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Butterflies .
and moths

of Newfoundland
and Labrador

(F^.:

^ \

Fig. 1. Life history of the shorttailed swallowtail butterfly, Papilio brevicauda
Saunders. From a painting by Philip Henry Gosse at Carbonear, Newfoundland,
1827-1834 and published in his Entomologia Terrae Novae. Courtesy National
Museums of Canada.

Butterflies .
and moths

of Newfoundland
and Labrador

The Macrolepidoptera

Ray F. Morris

Research Station

St. John's West, Newfoundland

Research Branch
Agriculture Canada

Publication 1691
1980

© Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1980

Available in Canada through

Authorized Bookstore Agents
and other bookstores

or by mail from

Canadian Government Publishing Centre

Supply and Services Canada

Hull, Quebec, Canada K 1 A 0S9

Catalogue No. A 43-1691/1980E Canada: $15.00

ISBN 0-660-10297-8 Other countries: $18.00

Price subject to change without notice.

Cover photos: left, Papilio brevicauda Saunders, shorttailed swallowtail
butterfly; right, Platarctia parthenos (Harris), St. Lawrence tiger moth.

CONTENTS

Acknowledgments 7

Introduction 9

Historical aspect 9

More recent trends 11

Physical geography of Newfoundland and Labrador 13

Topography and ecology 13

Geology and soils 18

Climate 21

Butterflies and moths 23

Characteristics 23

Development 25

Egg stage 25

Larval stage 26

Pupal stage 27

Adult stage 27

Collecting 28

Classification and identification 30

Butterflies 32

Papilionidae (swallowtails) 32

Pieridae (whites and sulfurs) 36

Danaidae (milkweed butterflies or monarchs) 40

Satyridae (satyrs and wood nymphs) 42

Nymphalidae (brushfooted butterflies) 46

Lycaenidae (hairstreaks, blues, and coppers) 61

Hesperiidae (skippers) 66

Moths 71

Sphingidae (sphinx moths or hawkmoths) 71

Saturniidae (giant silkworm moths or emperor moths) 77

Amatidae 78

Arctiidae (tiger moths and allies) 79

Noctuidae (owlet or cutworm moths and underwings) 85

Notodontidae (notodontid moths or prominents) 189

Lymantriidae (tussock moths) 194

Lasiocampidae (tent caterpillar moths and allies) 197

Thyatiridae (thyatyrid moths) 199

Drepanidae (drepanid moths) 200

Geometridae (geometrid moths or geometers) 202

Checklist of species

Butterflies 274

Moths 277

Collection points in Newfoundland

arranged alphabetically 296

arranged numerically 299

Collection points in Labrador

arranged alphabetically 302

arranged numerically 302

Plates 1-34 304

Glossary 372

References 374

Index to insects 381

Index to host plants 402

Acknowledgments

It is a pleasure for me to express my gratitude to all who have assisted
in the preparation of this book.

Assistance in obtaining records of Newfoundland and Labrador insects,
including nomenclature, determination, and distribution of specimens, in the
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, was provided by members of the
Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa. I am particularly indebted to
former Director Dr. D. F. Hardwick; Drs. E. G. Munroe, W. C. McGuffin,
and A. Mutuura; J. D. Lafontaine; and technicians G. Lewis, K. Bolte, D.
Kritsch, and E. Rockburne of the Lepidoptera and Trichoptera Section.
Their help, encouragement, and interest in the preparation of this book and
in the identification of the many specimens collected throughout Newfound-
land and Labrador during the past 25 years is gratefully acknowledged.
Without their assistance, this publication would not have been possible.

The assistance of the following contributors for providing distribution
records of Newfoundland and Labrador specimens in local collections is also
acknowledged:
Dr. W. J. Carroll, Director, Newfoundland Forest Research Centre, Department of

the Environment, St. John's, Nfld.
Mr. K. E. ■ Pardy, Curator, Newfoundland Forest Insect and Disease Museum,

Department of the Environment, St. John's, Nfld.
Dr. C. D. Ferris, University Station, Laramie, Wyo.
Mr. Don Eff, 445 Theresa Dr., Fairview Estates, Boulder, Colo.
Mr. John S. Nordin, 1826 Roan Drive, Warrington, Pa.
Mr. Jim Troubridge, R.R. 3, Caledonia, Ont.

Dr. F. Martin Brown, 6715 So. Marksheffel Rd., Colorado Springs, Colo.
Rev. J. C. E. Riotte, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ont.
Dr. G. B. Straley, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bldg. 12, City

Hall, Virginia Beach, Va.
Dr. J. A. Garland, Lyman Entomological Museum, Macdonald College, Que.
Mr. W. W. Gregory, 1373 Hixon St., Oakville, Ont.
Dr. C. F. dos Passos, Washington Corners, Mendham, N.J.
Dr. L. D. Miller, Curator, Allyn Museum of Entomology, 3701 Bay Shore Rd.,

Sarasota, Fla.
Dr. Barry Wright, Curator of Zoology, Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, N.S.
Mr. B. S. Jackson, Resident Naturalist, Oxen Pond Botanic Park, Department of

Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.

I am indebted to Dr. D. S. Fletcher, British Museum (Natural Histo-
ry), Cromwell Road, London, England, and Dr. F. H. Rindge, Curator

Lepidoptera, American Museum of Natural History, New York, for their
invitation to spend several weeks at their museums to examine collections of
Newfoundland and Labrador specimens.

The encouragement and assistance received from Dr. D. G. Hamilton,
formerly Director General, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, and Mr.
H. W. R. Chancey, Director, Research Station, St. John's West, Newfound-
land, were at all times very much appreciated. I should also like to
acknowledge the help of Mr. H. G. Morry, entomology technician at the St.
John's Research Station, and the many student assistants who have
enthusiastically collected, pinned, spread, and labeled many lepidopterous
specimens during the past 25 years. The assistance of Ms. Janet Tapper and
Ms. Sandra Scott for compiling the label data and checking the many
records, and of Ms. Margaret Hannaford for typing the manuscript, is also
acknowledged.

The colored plates and the maps were provided by the Graphics
Section, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa. The cooperation
received from Mr. H. R. Jackson, Head, Graphics Section and Mr. Tom
Stovell, photographer, is appreciated.

The editorial assistance provided by the Scientific Editing/Text Proc-
essing Section, Research Program Service, Research Branch, Ottawa, was
most helpful and is gratefully acknowledged.

Introduction

Historical aspect

The first study of Newfoundland insects was made by the wealthy
young British naturalist Joseph Banks. Banks is well known as the naturalist
who sailed with Captain Cook on his voyage around the world from 1768 to
1771, but few people realize that this same Joseph Banks made an earlier
voyage to Newfoundland and Labrador in 1766. While on the fishery patrol
ship Niger, Banks spent 4V2 months at St. John's, at Croque on the east side
of the northern peninsula, and at Chateau Bay on the Labrador coast
collecting plants, animals, birds, and insects. His collections were recorded
in 1971 by Dr. A. M. Lysaght in a book entitled Joseph Banks in
Newfoundland and Labrador 1766, his diary, manuscripts and collections.
Dr. Lysaght could not trace any specimens of the insects collected by Banks.
All that remains are Banks' diary and a few paintings by a draftsman,
Sydney Parkinsons. It is possible that some of the specimens are in the
Banksian cabinets in the Entomology Department of the British Museum.
Dr. Lysaght points out that many specimens lack locality labels, but it is
possible these could be supplied by an experienced Newfoundland
entomologist.

Another pioneer in Newfoundland entomology was the famous British
naturalist Philip Henry Gosse, who observed butterflies on Carbonear Island
between 1832 and 1835. In 1882 Gosse wrote to William Saunders, Editor
of the Canadian Entomologist, as follows:

I began the study of Insects in 1832, when I was a clerk in a
mercantile house at Carbonear, Newfoundland. For more than three years
I pursued the study with great ardour and industry, making careful
drawings of nearly every species I found, of all orders, often magnified.
These drawings, in a small 4to tquarto] book, I still possess, and for minute
care I think they are in nowise inferior to any that I have executed in later
years. They have never been used for publication, save a few slight allusions
in my 'Canadian Naturalist', and I have of late thought some of you
American entomologists might be interested in looking over so early a
record, since you are including Newfoundland in your Fauna. If it would
give you the least pleasure, I will at once post it to you.

At Saunders' request, Gosse sent the book with the following note:

I do not know what is known to the U.S. entomologists about the
economy and natural history of the insects of Newfoundland. I am pretty
sure English entomologists know nothing at all about them, for my own
drawings and observations have never been published. Therefore, I have
thought it just possible that these early notes of mine may embody facts
sufficiently graphic and interesting to be published in one of your maga-
zines. If you think so, you are perfectly at liberty to use them. I only
stipulate that my ipsissima verba be not changed.

Gosse's book contained excellent colored illustrations of many Coleopt-
era (beetles), Hemiptera (true bugs), Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crick-
ets), Diptera (two-winged flies), Hymenoptera (bees and wasps), and Lepi-
doptera (butterflies and moths). Dr. Saunders published Gosse's records of
butterflies from Carbonear Island in the Canadian Entomologist in 1883;
however, he was not interested in the other groups.

In 1930 Dr. F. A. Bruton of Somerset, England, published a paper
entitled Philip Henry Gosse's entomology of Newfoundland in the Entomo-
logical News, Vol. XLI. Bruton notes that Gosse's Entomologia Terrae
Novae was discovered after considerable searching by a grandson, Dr. Philip
Gosse, in response to a number of requests from Canada and Newfound-
land, Bruton describes it as a small book of 60 to 70 pages, containing
nearly 250 beautiful hand-painted illustrations of insects, larvae, and pupae.
Bruton had the insects identified and classified by the British Museum of
Natural History and they are listed according to order in his paper.
Entomologia Terrae Novae is now in the National Museum, Ottawa. None
of Gosse's specimens are known to exist today. The frontispiece (Fig. 1) of
this book was photographed from Gosse's painting of the shorttailed swal-
lowtail, Papilio brevicauda Saunders, by kind permission of Miss A. E.
Dawe, Chief of the Library Division, National Museums of Canada,
Ottawa. It was thrilling to look at Entomologia Terrae Novae and hard to
believe that such colorful and accurate illustrations are 140 years old.

A Norwegian naturalist, Peter Stuwitz, was sent to Newfoundland in
1839 by the Swedish-Norwegian Government and stayed at St. John's until
his death in 1842. His main task was to investigate the fishing industry, but
he found time to collect insects during his travels around the island. These
were sent back to Norway and are still preserved at the Zoological Museum
in Oslo. They are labeled "Newfoundland, P. Stuwitz," but unfortunately
the localities are not included.

The North American literature on the Lepidoptera of Newfoundland is
very limited. Early partial lists were recorded by Bates (1875) and Edwards
(1883). More recent notes are those of Winn (1913) and Holland (1969).
Dos Passos (1935, 1936, 1938, and 1943) has published several papers in the
Canadian Entomologist on the butterflies of Newfoundland. Descriptions,
notes, and collecting records for Labrador are given by Eidman (1935),
Englehardt (1913), Hensel (1965), McDunnough (1921 and 1930), Moschl-
er (1860), Packard (1868, 1888, and 1891), Scudder (1875 and 1895), and

Walker (1916). In 1949 Dr. Harry Krogerus investigated the Lepidoptera of
Newfoundland with a Finnish-Swedish biological team and recorded 282
species (Krogerus 1954). Krogerus' records include 249 species collected by
the expedition and 33 others previously reported in the literature, but not
observed in the field. They are all included in this publication.

The insect fauna of Newfoundland is not impressive or large in
numbers; however, it is extremely interesting to North Americans because
many specimens are of European origin. In Newfoundland's early develop-
ment, ships from Great Britain and Europe came out in ballast to take back
cargoes of fish. The dumping of ballast into harbors was prohibited, so it
was thrown on shore with whatever insect material it contained. Many
insects, particularly the soil-inhabiting species, were introduced to North
America in this manner. In later years, up to the time of Confederation with
Canada in 1949, there were no restrictions on bringing plants into New-
foundland, and many insects were imported with them. Dr. Carl H. Lin-
droth stated, without any exaggeration, that Newfoundland has received
more animals and plants from Europe than has any other part of North
America (Lindroth 1957). Nineteen introduced species of carabid beetles
have been recorded on the eastern coast of the Avalon Peninsula, and Dr.
Lindroth stated that this was the highest number in any part of North
America.

Another way in which insects reach Newfoundland is by the "drift
migrant method." An example of this is the monarch butterfly, which is
seen in eastern Newfoundland nearly every year in August and early
September, although it is not known to breed there. These butterflies
migrate each fall from southern Ontario to Florida and Mexico to overwin-
ter and it is probable that storms carry some of them hundreds of miles off
course to Newfoundland. A less frequent visitor to Canada is the black
witch moth {Erebus odora Linnaeus), which normally lives and breeds in
tropical regions of North America, particularly southern Florida and the
warmer sections of the Gulf of Mexico. This species has been captured in
Newfoundland after hurricane or near-hurricane storms.

More recent trends

Although early collections of Newfoundland insects may be found in
European and United States museums, Canadian collections have been
developed in recent years. The Canadian National Collection in Ottawa has
many specimens from Newfoundland and Labrador, including those donat-
ed by the Canadian Northern Insect Survey. In addition, many members of
the Biosystematics Research Institute, who are responsible for maintaining
the Canadian National Collection, have spent considerable time during the
summer months collecting insects at various localities in Newfoundland.

In Labrador, some members of the Moravian Mission, which operated
stations at Okak, Hopedale, Hebron, Ramah, Makkovik, Nain, Nutak, and

11

Cartwright, have collected insects from time to time. Probably the most
important naturalist was Rev. W. W. Perrett. Not only was he an outstand-
ing missionary who worked among the Eskimos and settlers of Labrador for
45 years, but he had a great interest in nature. He collected many moths as
he strolled around the gardens at Hopedale and other settlements in the
evening. Many of these moths, collected between 1918 and 1936, are now in
the Canadian National Collection or in the Royal Ontario Museum in
Toronto.

Insects collected by Dr. E. Munroe in 1948 at Knob Lake (now called
Shefferville), Que., are considered to exist in Labrador as well, as Knob
Lake is on the border between the two provinces. Dr. Munroe's records are
included in this publication.

A collection of Newfoundland and Labrador insects obtained during
the past 25 years is housed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, St.
John's West, Nfld. The collection contains approximately 10 000 specimens,
most of them identified by members of the Biosystematics Research Insti-
tute. New specimens are being added each year.

The Newfoundland Forest Research Centre at St. John's, now part of
Environment Canada, maintains a collection of forest insects, both larvae
and adults. Most Lepidoptera in this collection have been reared from larvae
collected by forest rangers in Newfoundland. Records of species and their
distribution were made available through the kindness of the Regional
Director, Dr. W. J. Carroll, and are included in this publication.

There are very few amateur entomologists in Newfoundland and
Labrador. However, scientists and amateur collectors have become increas-
ingly interested in insects during the past 10 years, mainly because of the
general public's increasing concern for the environment. In addition,
entomology courses and graduate studies at Memorial University have
encouraged an interest in Newfoundland insects among both amateurs and
professionals.

Amateur entomologists from other areas of Canada and the United
States continue to come to Newfoundland and Labrador during the summer.
Their principal aim is to collect something different or to capture a few
specimens of the shorttailed swallowtail butterfly, Papilio brevicauda
Saunders.

12

Physical Geography of Newfoundland and

Labrador

The island of Newfoundland, with an approximate area of 112 000
km^ lies across the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is located
between parallels 46°35' and 51°39'N and the meridians 52°36' and
59°25'W (Fig. 2). It is approximately twice the size of Nova Scotia and
about the same size as Pennsylvania. It is the 12th largest island in the
world, in shape resembling an equilateral triangle with sides slightly over
480 km in length. In the northwest it is separated from Labrador by the
Strait of Belle Isle, which is only 18 km across at the narrowest point. In the
southwest, it is 105 km across the Cabot Strait to Cape Breton Island. The
Avalon Peninsula at the southeast corner of the island is, except for
Greenland, the most easterly part of North America (Fig. 2).

Labrador is the large peninsula of high land that forms the northeast
corner of North America, and is politically a part of the province of
Newfoundland. It lies approximately between 51°21'N in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence and 60°27'N in the Hudson Strait and between 55°40' and
67°18'W. Labrador covers about 292 000 km^ of territory, nearly three
times the area of Newfoundland.

Topography and ecology

Newfoundland is a huge plateau that slopes gradually from west to
east, and from northeast to southeast. The highest elevations are on the west
coast, where the Long Range Mountains, running northward from Bonne
Bay (Fig. 3), occasionally rise to 762 m above sea level. West of the Long
Range Mountains are the Anguille Mountains, which extend along the
southwest coast almost to the corner of the island. Some distance east of the
Long Range a fairly deep depression, approximately 32 km wide and
running in a northeast and southwest direction, contains Deer Lake and
Grand Lake. Red Indian Lake is in a shallower depression running parallel
to Deer and Grand lakes and to the east of them. These depressions are the
only really significant interruptions to an even decline in the plateau from
west to east. The longest river in Newfoundland is the Exploits, which
empties into Notre Dame Bay in the north central part of the province some
320 km northeast of its source. The second longest river, the Gander, flows
for 160 km in the same general direction as the Exploits, but about 64 km to
the east of it.

13

GREENLAND

Fig. 2. Map of Newfoundland and Labrador showing their geographic relationship
with the surrounding areas.

14

Fig. 3. Map of Newfoundland.

Although the shape of the plateau surface has considerable topograph-
ical interest, the nature and content of the surface has a greater influence on
the flora of the area and its relationship to the insect fauna. Approximately
three-fifths of the total area (112 000 km^) consists of barren lands,
boglands in various stages of decomposition, and innumerable lakes. The
so-called "barrens" vary from those with virtually bare rock surfaces to
those with sufficient soil cover to produce large areas of brushy plants and
limited amounts of wild grasses. Soil cover tends to vary inversely with the
elevation. Some of the bogs are shallow and partly covered with stunted
spruce and larch. Others are much deeper and wetter and have a fresh,
spongy sphagnum surface that has scarcely started to decay. Still others
have reached the dry mature peat stage. The many lakes and ponds occupy
shallow basins hollowed out by glacial action. All but a small part of the

15

remaining two-fifths of the island is covered by forests of varying quality.
The chief forest regions lie within the watersheds of the main rivers, the
Humber, the Exploits, the Gander, and the Terra Nova. The principal forest
trees are balsam fir, black spruce, white spruce, eastern white pine, red pine,
tamarack, trembling aspen, balsam poplar, white birch, yellow birch, pin
cherry, choke cherry, mountain ash, mountain maple, red maple, speckled
alder, and black ash. Moss-covered barrens are found above 366 m because
there is insufficient soil to support a forest cover.

In Labrador, the lofty cliffs that flank the seaboard from 56° to 60°N
form three mountain ranges, but they are not the northern terminus of the
great Appalachian range of mountains of eastern North America, as was
previously thought (see Fig. 4). The southern range, the Kiglapaits or
"Dog-Teeth" mountains, towers 838 m above the fjord of Port Manvers.
The second range, the Kaumajets or "Shining Tops," rises 1220 m above the
ocean at Cape Mugford. The northern range, the Torngats or "Devils," rises
to a height of 610 m and is named for its sharp peaks that were never
rounded off by an ice cap. The large triangular piece of territory to the
south of the mountain ranges and the land forming the southeast boundary
of Labrador slope gradually to the seaboard. Some 30 rivers drain into
Hamilton Inlet, which is tidal for its first 217 km. To the south of this inlet
are the Mealy Mountains, rising to about 610 m, and a sandy beach leading
to Sandwich Bay, about 80 km away.

Labrador forms a part of the Canadian Shield and is therefore built up
of Precambrian rocks. It has many fine rivers, some of them more than 480
km long. Probably the best known is the Churchill River, flowing into
Hamilton Inlet, with its hydroelectric development at Churchill Falls. The
towns of Wabush, Labrador City, and Knob Lake have recently been built
near the extensive deposits of iron ore in northwest Labrador. The mineral
labradorite was first discovered near Nain by the Moravian Mission in 1770.

Although the flora of Labrador is subarctic, it is singularly profuse.
The land is not nearly as barren as the first glimpse of the cliffs and hillsides
along the coast might suggest. On the contrary, the valleys and low hillsides
are covered by dense woods of conifers, birches, and poplars. There are no
pines and all timber is referred to as spruce. The Churchill River watershed
and plateau have an estimated 103 600 km^ of commercially valuable
forests, parts of which were harvested for the Liner Board Mill at Stephen-
ville between 1974 and 1976.

Attractive lichens and mosses grow over the cliff faces and give the
appearance of elaborate carpet gardens. Brilliantly colored red azaleas, blue
gentians, white orchids, and bunch berries provide a magnificent display,
sometimes growing right to the water's edge. The baked-apple or cloudberry
(Rubus chamaemorus) is harvested commercially.

16

69° 68° 67° 66° 65° 64° 63° 62° 61° 60° 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53°

Fig. 4. Map of Labrador.

17

Geology and soils

The character and distribution of soils in Newfoundland have been
greatly affected by the movement of ice masses that passed over the entire
surface during the Pleistocene period. Soils formed before the glacial period
were stripped from the underlying rocks and those that exist now have been
formed during the short period since the last Wisconsin glaciers receded,
about 10 000 years ago. This means that they are relatively young and are
not very deep because not enough time has elapsed to permit much soil
development under Newfoundland climatic conditions.

Climate, vegetation, and topography have also had their effect on the
speed and character of soil formation. The humid, continental, rather cool,
short summer season and the coniferous vegetation associated with it have
produced podzolization in most cases (Clayton et al. 1977). This means that
most of the soluble mineral elements as well as the organic matter have been
removed from the topsoil and deposited in the subsoil. This leaching,
combined with the lack of limestone in the underlying rocks, has produced a
universal condition of strongly acid soils.

No description of Newfoundland's soils would be complete without
mentioning the marsh or boglands, of which there are approximately 16 000
km'. These vary greatly in depth, degree of decomposition, and drainage
needs. They are all very acid and deficient in phosphorus and potash.
Extensive collecting of moths with light traps was undertaken between 1957
and 1968 at the Substation at Colinet (Fig. 5) to determine what changes
were occurring in the insect population as the peat soils were developed for
agricultural purposes. Figures 6-9 give some idea of other areas in New-
foundland where specimens were collected.

Generally speaking, Labrador has very limited areas of soil suitable for
agricultural use. Small garden plots are cultivated in southern coastal
communities, particularly where a Moravian Mission is established. How-
ever, in most of these areas the soils are shallow and stony or of just plain
peat, and all are highly acid. In the Goose Bay, Churchill River, and North
West River areas the soil is generally sandy and considerable small garden-
ing is carried on. Soil surveys in this area indicate that there are scattered
sections where small fields, 0.5-2 ha in extent, could be cleared and
cultivated with reasonable success. However, the soil would have to be
managed judiciously. It would require drainage, topdressing with organic
materials, liming, and fertilization before satisfactory crops could be
produced.

18

Fig. 5. A bog habitat at the Peat Substation, Colinet, where many interesting
species were captured.

Fig. 6. Gros Morne National Park, Bonne Bay, western Newfoundland. Many
specimens were taken in this general area at Glenburnie, Woody Point, Norris Point,
and Lomond.

19

Fig. 7. Newfoundland Government Farm, Pynns Brook, western Newfoundland,
showing light trap in a typical birch-spruce forest area.

Fig. 8. Codroy Valley area in western Newfoundland, which includes the com-
munities of Doyles, Tompkins, South Branch, O'Regan's, and Searston. Many
species have been taken in and around these communities.

20

Fig. 9. The Avalon area near Pouch Cove, Newfoundland. Areas like this, com-
monly referred to as barrens, have yielded many interesting species.

Climate

Being an island, Newfoundland has a variable climate because of the
currents that wash its shores. Any warming influence of the sea is modified
by the cold, ice-laden Labrador current that sweeps down the east and west
coasts. This makes the island colder than other coastal areas in comparable
latitudes and causes a late, cold spring followed by a short, cool summer.
However, this is to some extent compensated for by a long period of fine
weather in the fall, although late spring and early fall frosts are normal. On
the other hand the winters are mild, particularly in southeastern areas of the
island. However, in January the average temperature of the west coast,
because of its proximity to the continental landmass, is 3°C lower than that
of the east coast. The lowest temperatures, both in summer and winter, are
found in the northern extremity of the island. The mean July temperature is
about 14°C, although 27°C may be reached during warm spells. The
warmest region is on the western side near Corner Brook, which is some 2°C
warmer than the eastern regions.

21

The rainfall in Newfoundland ranges from about 750 mm in the
northwest to 1500 mm on the south coast and is evenly distributed through-
out the year. Fog is prevalent and occurs most often in the southeast coastal
areas. It is produced as a result of the warm, moist winds from the
southwest meeting air cooled by the Labrador current. From December
throughout the winter months the northeast and northwest coasts are
usually closed because of ice. However, the south coast is entirely ice-free
throughout the year.

The climate of Labrador is more continental than that of Newfound-
land. It is not generally affected by the storms that track northward along
the Atlantic seaboard. Rainfall in summer is not excessive; the infrequent
storms are cyclonic in nature but tornadoes and typhoons are unknown on
the coast. Even thunderstorms are almost nonexistent except in the northern
mountains. Magnetic storms, on the other hand, are violent and common.
The temperature in Labrador, particularly along the coast, is quite moder-
ate in summer but in the interior it may become rather warm, sometimes
reaching 32°C. The summer is usually short with early fall frosts, but the
long hours of daylight compensate for the short growing season. Although
the temperature of the water outside the bays is never higher than 9°C on
the surface, in the bays it rises to 16-18°C, and temperatures of 21-27°C
are common on land. Fog is scarce north of the Strait of Belle Isle and
seldom occurs in Labrador.

22

Butterflies and Moths

Characteristics

Insects are the largest single group of living animals in the world. There
are more than 800 000 species, including countless varieties of butterflies,
moths, beetles, flies, bugs, bees, grasshoppers, and crickets. All mature
insects, however, possess basic similarities in that they are cold-blooded and
have a segmented exterior shell or exoskeleton and six jointed appendages.
Their closest relatives, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, and crustaceans, have
similar characteristics.

The wings are the most characteristic feature that distinguishes butter-
flies and moths from other insects. They are well developed and covered
with what looks like fine powder, but is actually thousands of tiny overlap-
ping scales, visible under a microscope. Because of these scales butterflies
and moths have been placed in the order Lepidoptera, which means
"scale-winged."

Some basic differences between butterflies and moths make differentia-
tion possible. Butterflies are diurnal, that is, they fly during the day,
especially in bright sunny weather, whereas moths, with a few exceptions,
are nocturnal, that is, they fly at night and are attracted to electric lights.
The exceptions are in the families Sphingidae, Noctuidae, and Geometridae,
where a few species are both diurnal and crepuscular, flying in daylight or
at dusk. Most butterflies hold their wings vertically when at rest, but moths
usually rest with their wings held horizontally. Butterflies have clubbed
antennae, with the exception of members of the skipper family (Hes-
periidae), which have hooked antennae, whereas the antennae of moths may
be threadlike, or plumose, resembling miniature feathers, but are never
clubbed.

Although the wings of butterflies and moths differ in size, shape, and
color according to species, they are basically similar in structure. Every
species has two pairs of wings attached to the thorax, or midsection, of the
body. The females of a few families of moths have segmented or rudimen-
tary wings and are flightless. The delicate membranous areas of the wing
are supported by riblike veins; the arrangement of these veins can facilitate
identification. Many species of Newfoundland and Labrador butterflies and
moths are easily identified by the shape and color pattern of the wings (Fig.

11).

23

Beneath the wings, attached to the thorax, are three pairs of legs. There
is an interesting development in butterflies of the family Nymphalidae,
which have dwarfed front legs and depend on the other four legs for
walking. This characteristic accounts for their common name of "brushfoot-
ed butterflies."

The heads of butterflies and moths bear the sensory organs, which
consist of two antennae, a pair of compound eyes, and a tongue, or

tubercle

anal plate

dorsal line
subdorsal line
-lateral line

spiracle metathorax

spiracular line | prothoracic shield
mesothorax

anal prolegs

ventral prolegs

1— subspiracular line
' — subventral line
' midventral line

thoracic legs

10

vertex

epicranium

showing

reticulations

submedian arc

:lypeus

11

costal nnargin

distal spot
antemedial line
basal line
lunule

frenulum

Fig. 10. Diagrammatic drawing of a larva, showing possible longitudinal lines.

Fig. 1 1 . Head of a larva.

Fig. 12. Diagrammatic drawing of a geometrid fore and hind wing.

24

proboscis. The antennae are used for detecting scents. Each compound eye is
composed of many individual cells or facets, arranged to form one large
conspicuous compound eye on each side of the head. The hollow tongue is
coiled beneath the head when not in use, but may be extended for feeding on
nectar or other sweetened liquids.

In addition to the head and thorax, there is an abdomen that functions
primarily in nutrition, respiration, and reproduction. Located along each
side are openings or spiracles through which air enters the breathing system
and travels to the vital organs through tracheae and tracheoles, a complex
and delicate maze of air passages. The eggs develop within the abdomen of
the female and must be fertilized by a male of the same species. Females of
some species may produce several hundred eggs.

Butterflies and moths, like other animals, obtain protection from their
enemies by adaptation of their form and color. Some resemble objects of no
interest to their predators, such as a dead leaf {Polygonia adults, Limenitis
and Polygonia pupae), a bud (lycaenid larvae and pupae), or a bird
dropping (young Papilio and Limenitis larvae). Others, such as the dull-col-
ored adults of many Noctuidae, Satyridae, and Geometridae, and the green
larvae and pupae of the Pieridae merge into the background and become
invisible. Still others show a brilliant flash of color when in flight, then drop
suddenly to a resting position, exposing the dull-colored underside of the
wings. This alternation of brilliance and drabness, typical of Polygonia,
Vanessa, and Catocala is confusing to a pursuer. Some butterflies and
moths obtain protection through mimicry. For instance, the viceroy butterfly
{Limenitis archippus Cramer) is edible to birds but resembles the inedible
monarch (Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus)) in color and habits. Similarly, the
diurnal hummingbird or common clear-wing moth {Hemaris thysbe (Fab-
ricius)) is protected by its resemblance to the bumble bee {Bombus spp.).

Development

The life of a butterfly or moth has four very distinct stages or changes
in form. These changes are known collectively as a complete metamorphosis,
a process that many other groups of insects undergo.

Egg stage

After mating, the female oviposits her eggs on or near specific host
plants that will provide suitable food for the larvae. The eggs may be laid
singly on the top or bottom of a leaf, on stems and bark, or in flower
blossoms. Others may be laid in a mass on or around a twig of the host
plant. Some moths will even scatter their eggs on soil and lower shrubs as
they fly at dusk. When viewed through a microscope, most insect eggs reveal
amazing beauty in both shape and design. Some may be plain, smooth, and

25

oval, others elongate, ribbed, or with very intricate patterns. The color varies
with the species and may be pure white, cream, yellow, blue, or shades of
green and black.

The egg is a valuable stage in the life cycle, being a small, compact unit
that is produced in large numbers, is well protected against drought and
cold, and can be left to fend for itself if placed in a suitable environment.
The duration of the egg stage is variable, depending on the species. In some
species the egg overwinters; in others development is complete and the larva
hatches in 7-10 days. Immediately before hatching, the egg darkens consid-
erably and the young larva then gnaws through the shell. Many newly
hatched larvae eat their empty egg shells before feeding on plant foliage.

Larval stage

Butterflies and moths consume food at a rapid rate during this stage,
and cause a great deal of economic damage to agricultural crops, ornamen-
tal shrubs, trees, and flowers. The larvae grow at a tremendous rate and
shed their skin 3-6 times, depending on the species. Each larval change is
known as an instar. Many larvae have special protective adaptations; some
are very hairy or spiny; others, depending on their host plant, have bitter or
poisonous juices and are quite distasteful. Some larvae of the swallowtail
family (Papilio spp.) have a Y-shaped scent organ, the osmeterium, that can
be protruded from the first thoracic segment and emit an unpleasant odor.
Other swallowtail larvae have a pair of large, orange, black-pupiled eyespots
on the thorax that give a snake-like appearance and frighten away preda-
cious birds and animals.

The larval stage is highly specialized, biologically speaking, as the
nutritive part of a butterfly's or moth's life cycle (Figs. 10 and 12).
Undisturbed, a larva eats, and eats, and then eats some more. It transforms
incredible amounts of plant material into tissues and stored foods to be used
during the succeeding pupal and adult stages.

Many of our species of butterflies and moths hibernate in the larval
stage. Most of these do so when partly grown, but a number spend the
winter as newly hatched larvae, not eating until spring.

A larva is one of the few creatures that can produce silk. This is
accomplished by means of a special gland in the head called the spinneret.
Some weave silken threads into nests in which to rest; others web together
the foliage on which they feed. The larvae of many moths produce silken
cocoons in which to pupate. It is from the cocoon of the silkworm (Bombyx
mori Linnaeus) that the world obtains its supplies of raw silk.

Only a small percentage of larvae survive to the pupal stage. Many are
eaten by birds and others are destroyed by parasitic wasps and flies.
Countless numbers are destroyed by virus and mold infections and bacteria.
Agricultural chemicals, applied by man to control harmful insects, also
eliminate many less harmful species.

26

Pupal stage

After growth is completed, the larva looks for a suitable place in which
to pupate, then performs the last larval molt and transforms to a pupa. The
pupa is an intermediate, usually quiescent form assumed after the larval
stage by insects that undergo complete metamorphosis and is maintained
until the beginning of the adult stage. It is usually inactive and only able to
wriggle its abdomen. Internally, however, a drastic reorganization takes
place. The larval structures mostly break down and disappear and in their
place the complex organs of the adults develop. When the transformation is
completed the last molt occurs, and the adult emerges from the old pupal
shell.

The pupae are exceedingly varied in shape and color. Some are plain,
oval, and mummy-like. Others have elaborately sculptured shapes, or long
spiny or knobby projections. Some are dull and plain brown or green; others
are brilliantly colored, with metallic gold or silver markings. Each species,
however, maintains its own true patterns.

Butterfly and some moth pupal structures have a spiny process at the
end of the abdomen known as the cremaster. This is usually caught into a
silk button spun by the larva, and so holds the pupa in place. Most butterfly
pupae are not enclosed in silken cocoons as are so many moth pupae, but
hang from the cremaster. There may also be a silk girdle around the pupa.

The pupal period may be short (8-10 days) or of very long duration (a
year or more), depending on the time of year or the particular species. Many
species hibernate as pupae; in most the adult emerges after one winter, but
in a few species two winters may pass before the adult appears.

Adult stage

Several days before the butterfly or moth emerges, the pupa (or
chrysalis) turns darker. In some species, the colors of the forewings may be
observed inside the pupal case immediately before emergence. The casing
splits suddenly and in a matter of moments a creature emerges that is often
unrecognizable as a butterfly or moth. At first the wings are very small and
rumpled, but soon the newly emerged adult pumps a special fluid into the
tubular veins of the soft and pliable wings, which soon expand, becoming
permanently rigid and ready for flight. The adult does not increase in size
after this point.

Most butterflies and moths in Newfoundland and Labrador produce
only one brood or generation a year. There are a few species, however, such
as the imported cabbageworm, that have two or three generations a year.
Some moths in Labrador, on the other hand, require 2 years to complete a
single generation.

Almost everyone has observed butterflies and has never ceased to be
amazed at their habits and behavior. An interesting habit frequently

27

observed in Newfoundland is a "Mud Puddle Club" gathering of the
Canadian tiger swallowtails, Papilio glaucus canadensis Rothschild &
Jordan. This is our most common butterfly and is usually in flight from
mid-June to late July. They sometimes swarm and gather in large numbers
at puddles or damp places on country roads; about 30 adults were seen on a
heap of stable manure at La Manche. Klots (1960) listed the sulfurs {Colias
spp.) and the swallowtails {Papilio spp.) as constant puddle visitors.
Although less frequently observed among moths, a number of species of the
family Geometridae, including the species Rheumaptera, also frequent mud
puddles.

Collecting

There are approximately 12 000 butterflies and moths known to occur
in North America. Although the Lepidoptera of many areas of Canada and
the United States are well known, they are not as well known in Newfound-
land and Labrador. Systematic collecting can provide valuable information
on the ranges and habits of many species and will quite probably reveal
some species not yet discovered. Most species of Lepidoptera have rather
limited flight seasons, and many can be taken in good condition for only a
week or two during the year. Thorough collecting in any locality, therefore,
requires repeated searching of each type of habitat at all suitable seasons.

The life histories of most Canadian Lepidoptera are inadequately
known, hence the assembling of a collection of well-preserved, identified
specimens of eggs, larvae, and pupae is most important. Also, information
on food plants and preferences is most useful and at the same time one of
the simplest contributions that can be made by individual collectors.

There are four principal methods of collecting adult Lepidoptera: with
a net; by attracting them to artificial light; by the use of baits or natural
attractants; and by rearing from the early stages. Each method has advan-
tages and disadvantages.

Equally important is the time-consuming work of curating these collec-
tions. Eggs and larvae are usually preserved in alcohol (70% ethanol); pupae
can be preserved wet in ethanol or dry on pins. The alcohol must be kept at
a safe level to prevent drying out, and the pupae on pins must be protected
with paradichlorobenzene or naphthalene from dermestids and other
museum pests.

The net is most often used for day-flying Lepidoptera, but it can also be
used in conjunction with a flashlight or lantern to catch nocturnal species,
particularly those attracted to flowers. Many diurnal Lepidoptera are
attracted to flowers, some to wet places on roads. Butterflies are usually
most prevalent from late morning to mid-afternoon, and moths fly most
freely just after sundown. Warm, sunny, calm weather is generally best for
collecting butterflies and diurnal moths.

28

Collecting with lights is the most productive method of obtaining
moths. A strong black fluorescent light gives best results, and should be
placed with a white sheet or other reflecting surface behind or below it.
Adult moths attracted to the sheet can be carefully picked off in killing vials
or bottles as they alight. Sufficient killing bottles should be available so that
moths can be picked up singly to avoid damaging specimens. When killing
jars are attached to light traps, they should be strong enough to kill very
quickly, otherwise specimens will become damaged. Collecting with lights
should not be confined to the early evening as some species rarely appear
before midnight and there is generally a change in species as the night
progresses. Excellent specimens have been taken in parks with a gas lantern
hanging in a camper trailer near a nylon screen opening. As moths arrive on
the netting they may be carefully captured.

The most widely used baiting method for Lepidoptera is called "sugar-
ing," and recipes vary with individual preferences and available materials.
This method chiefly attracts cutworm moths (Noctuidae) but species of
other families will also, at times, be attracted. Sugar baits are sweet
smelling liquids made up largely of sugar in some form and partly ferment-
ed. There is no standard formula, and collectors generally develop their own.
The mixture usually consists of brown sugar and molasses to which stale
beer is added. Mashed bananas, overripe peaches, or fermenting fruit juices
may be added. The mixture becomes more attractive if left overnight to
ferment; this process may be accelerated by adding a pinch of yeast. It is
important that the mixture be aromatic, giving off odors of the lower
alcohols and esters. The mixture must also be thick enough not to run off or
soak into the trunks of trees. It should be applied with a brush to fence posts
and tree trunks at dusk, covering a patch of about 150 x 150 mm at breast
height. For convenience, the trees selected should be along a path that forms
a closed circuit, reasonably sheltered from wind and with mixed vegetation.
The sites should be periodically visited after dark when the moths and other
insects are imbibing. The number of insects attracted will vary with locality,
season, weather, and the presence or absence of natural food sources.
Specimens may be captured from the baits by holding an open killing bottle
or a net directly below and, if necessary, moving it up slowly until it touches
the insect.

Rearing Lepidoptera from the early stages has many advantages.
Specimens can be obtained in a perfectly fresh condition; females are
obtained in as large a number as males; a series of a species can be obtained
from eggs laid by one female; and, most important, the life histories and the
food-plant preferences of each species can be learned. Rearing can be
carried out by inducing a captured female to lay eggs or by collecting eggs,
larvae, or pupae in their natural surroundings. The care of larvae is usually
simple but very time consuming; essentials are clean surroundings and an
abundance of fresh food. Both larvae and pupae should be handled as little
as possible. Larvae should never be handled directly but should be trans-
ferred on a leaf or twig from one jar or cage to another. Butterflies and

29

moths emerging from the pupae should be given plenty of room, and should
not be interfered with until their wings are hardened.

Lepidoptera are best killed with cyanide, but liquid killing agents such
as tetrachlorethane are reasonably satisfactory. Because these insects are so
easily damaged, the following precautions must be taken: the killing bottle
must be clean; other insects must not be put in with Lepidoptera; some
absorbent paper or cotton wool should be placed in the bottom of the jar;
only one or two specimens should be put in at a time; and a bottle with
specimens lying loosely in it should never be carried any distance. The
specimens should be packed in layers of cotton wool if carrying is necessary.

Ideally, adult Lepidoptera should be pinned and spread as soon as they
have been killed. When this is not possible, specimens can be layered on a
sheet of cotton wool and covered with a layer of facial tissues in a large,
shallow box. It is better to pin the specimens, even though time or facilities
for spreading the wings are not available, as pinned specimens are less liable
to be damaged. Insert the pin vertically through the middle of the thorax
with the body of the specimen 15 mm below the top of the pin. Care should
be taken to use a pin of the appropriate size. The scale of sizes is
approximately as follows: for noctuids and other average-sized stout-bodied
butterflies and moths, No. 3; for large geometrids and the smaller butter-
flies. No. 2; for small geometrids, Nos. 1 and 0; and for smaller forms. No.
00.

Eggs of some Lepidoptera may be preserved dry, but those with
delicate shells should be preserved in 70% alcohol. For general purposes,
larvae should be killed in hot water and preserved in alcohol. Preservation in
alcohol will not retain colors, which should be recorded in notes and, if
possible, color photographs. Skins of larvae can be inflated with wax, giving
a very natural-looking specimen but one whose structure is difficult to study.
Molted skins and head capsules of larvae that are being reared should be
preserved. Also, the pupal skins from which adults have emerged should be
preserved and associated with the adults to which they belong, either by
being placed on the same pin or by an appropriate system of labeling.

Methods of collecting, rearing, and storing are described in great detail
in a book compiled by J. E. H. Martin, entitled The insects and arachnids of
Canada. Part I. Collecting, preparing, and preserving insects, mites, and
spiders. This book is available by mail from the Canadian Government
Publishing Centre, Printing and Publishing, Supply and Services Canada,
Hull, Quebec, KIA 0S9, price $3.50 in Canada, or from your local
bookseller.

Classification and identification

A prime characteristic of science is its orderliness; hence a systematic
method of naming, grouping, and classifying all known animals and plants

30

was an early scientific development. The method employs Latin as the
international language of classification, although common or popular
names, which may vary from country to country or from region to region,
will be in the local language.

The imported cabbageworm can illustrate the method of classification.
Its scientific name is Pieris rapae (Linnaeus), where the first word, Pieris,
refers to the genus, or general group into which this butterfly and its closest
relatives have been placed. The second word, rapae, designates the species,
the specific kind of butterfly within the general group. Under natural
conditions, a species can only breed with its own kind and not with related
species in the same genus. Some species may be subdivided into subspecies
according to minor but inherited characteristics developed within certain
areas of its distribution. The last word in the scientific name, Linnaeus, is
the name of the person who first described the species. Carolus Linnaeus
originated this method of classifying animals and plants in 1758, thus his
name is attached to many species, and the method is known as "the Linnaen
Binomial System of Classification." The last word appears as (Linnaeus),
the parentheses indicating that the species was originally classified or placed
in some other genus and that it has subsequently been removed and placed
in another genus.

The identification of butterflies, moths, and other insects often provides
as much enjoyment to scientists and amateurs as does collecting specimens
in the field. Many species can be identified by comparing newly captured
specimens with photographs in prepared texts. It is hoped that this book will
provide assistance to those interested in observing and studying the butter-
flies and moths of Newfoundland and Labrador.

31

BUTTERFLIES

Family PAPILIONIDAE swallowtails

No family of butterflies is as impressive or as easily recognized as the
swallowtails. Few other butterfly families approach the majestic size charac-
teristic of most Papilionidae. Except for the monarch butterfly, Danaus
plexippus (Linnaeus), which visits our shores each year, the swallowtails are
the largest butterflies known in Newfoundland and Labrador.

There are numerous brightly colored species of swallowtails in the
jungles and rain forests of South America, Africa, and the Far East. There
are fewer species in more temperate regions but the family maintains a high
degree of beauty; unattractive species are unknown. The swallowtails of
Newfoundland and Labrador belong to the genus Papilio. They are charac-
terized by the distinctive shape of the hindwings, where well-developed wing
extensions or **tails" appear along the lower margins.

In general, the swallowtails are strong and erratic fliers. They may soar
for long periods, pausing from time to time at mud puddles, or to feed at
favorite flowers. They are sometimes attracted to unpleasant substances,
such as decaying manure or animal matter.

The larvae feed openly on the vegetation of their choice, usually well
camouflaged with appropriate coloring and markings. All larvae have a
scent organ on the prothoracic segment, near the base of the head. This
Y-shaped fleshy horn, called an osmeterium, is normally inverted in a
concealed fold in the skin but can be thrust forward in an instant. The
osmeterium is frightening in appearance and can emit an obnoxious odor to
discourage predators.

The pupae have a pair of projections on the head, the ventral surface is
bowed, and there is a dorsal hump or keel on the thorax. Pupae are usually
suspended by a tuft of silk at the anal end and a loose girth in front of the
thorax. This family passes the winter in the pupal stage.

Approximately 15 species and subspecies of swallowtails are recorded
in Canada (Gregory 1975), but only 2, P. brevicauda and P. g. canadensis,
are found in both Newfoundland and Labrador. Two others, P. p. asterius
and P. p. glaucus, are said to occur in Newfoundland, but no specimens
exist to confirm this report.

32

Genus Papilio Linnaeus

p. polyxenes asterius Stoll BLACK OR PARSNIP SWALLOWTAIL

Plate 1, I

According to Ebner (1970) the black swallowtail is common and
widespread throughout the eastern part of southern Canada and the United
States. The larva, sometimes called the parsleyworm, is often found in
backyard gardens on carrots {Daucus spp.), parsnips (Pastinaca spp.), and
parsley {Petroselinum spp.), sometimes in sufficient numbers to be con-
sidered a pest.

There are several reports in the literature of this butterfly occurring in
Newfoundland. A specimen from Carbonear illustrated in Gosse's
Entomologica Terrae Novae of 1835 is labeled as a black swallowtail, and
Gosse refers to it by this name in his diary of 1903. Couper (1869) also
stated that the species occurred in Newfoundland, but Pardy (1974) record-
ed it as ajax Linnaeus. All these records are thought to be misidentifications
of brevicauda Saunders. Because brevicauda was at one time regarded as a
subspecies o{ polyxenes, this confusion is understandable.

The species is illustrated here to show the difference in the length of the
tails of asterius (PI. 1, 1) and brevicauda (PI. 1, 2), which is the main
characteristic for separating the two species. Until authenticated specimens
are obtained, it must be considered that asterius does not exist in New-
foundland and Labrador.

P. brevicauda Saunders SHORTTAILED SWALLOWTAIL

Plate 1,2

Few butterflies in Newfoundland and Labrador are seen as often and
are as well known as this attractive swallowtail. It is widely distributed in
Newfoundland (Fig. 13), southern Labrador, Quebec, the Maritime Prov-
inces, on Anticosti Island, and on the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Klots (1951) lists three subspecies: P. b. brevicauda Saunders in Newfound-
land and Anticosti, P. b. bretonensis McDunnough in the Maritime Prov-
inces, and P. b. gaspeensis McDunnough on the Gaspe Peninsula, Que.
These subspecies have few distinguishing characteristics, although the New-
foundland form is the largest and has the most orange on the spot band.

Adults have been collected in Newfoundland from mid- June to late
July and in Labrador from late June to early August.

The young larva is brownish black with a white saddle, resembling a
bird dropping, but the older larva is green and has a black band containing
small round yellow spots across each segment. It feeds on Umbelliferae such

33

Fig. 13. Distribution of Papilio brevicauda Saunders in Newfoundland. Collection
points in Newfoundland are listed alphabetically on page 296 and numerically on
page 299.

as cow-parsnip {Heracleum spp.), parsley {Petroselinum spp.), and angelica
{Angelica spp.). A single generation occurs annually and the pupae overwin-
ter. The life history of the species (with the exception of the egg stage) was
illustrated by Gosse (1835) and is reproduced as the frontispiece in this
publication (Fig. 1).

34

p. glaucus canadensis Rothschild & Jordan

CANADIAN TIGER SWALLOWTAIL

Plate 1,3

This pretty yellow and black subspecies ranges south from Newfound-
land and Alaska into northern areas of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michi-
gan, and to the mountains of New England. It is a widely distributed and
sometimes abundant resident of Newfoundland (Fig. 14), where adults are
in flight from mid-June to late July.

Fig. 14. Distribution of Papilio glaucus canadensis Rothschild & Jordan in
Newfoundland.

35

The larva is smooth and green, and has a pair of large, orange,
black-pupiled eyespots on the metathorax, probably a form of protection
from birds and other animals that feed on insect larvae. Behind the eyespots
there is a transverse orange and black stripe. Protection is also obtained by
extending the foul-smelling osmeterium. The larva feeds on the tender
leaves of young ash {Fraxinus spp.), wild cherry {Prunus spp.), birch
{Betula spp.), poplar (Populus spp.), and apple {Malus spp.). The pupa is
rough and brown, and sometimes has a mottled appearance. It is the
overwintering stage. A single generation occurs each year.

P. glaucus glaucus Linnaeus EASTERN TIGER SWALLOWTAIL

(Not illustrated)

Clarke and Clarke (1951) reported that both this subspecies and
canadensis occur in Newfoundland. They thought that Rothschild and
Jordan's description of canadensis, which was from Newfoundland speci-
mens, fitted Newfoundland specimens less accurately than it did specimens
from any other northern region. Although they are small, many specimens
of both sexes from Newfoundland would be assigned to P. g. glaucus on the
basis of the differential characters given.

Clarke and Clarke (1951) further support their claim by the fact that
black females occur in Newfoundland, as they do in Maryland and Virginia,
but not in New England, where black females of glaucus have never been
found. These authors state that it is somewhat surprising to see this melanic
character appear far to the northeast, in Newfoundland, where it is presum-
ably a local variation of the New England type. The adult insects closely
resemble canadensis except for the dark females. They appear in mid- June.
The species is not found in Labrador.

The larvae feed on tender leaves of ash (Fraxinus spp.) and wild cherry
(Prunus spp.).

Family PiERIDAE whites and sulfurs

The pierids are medium to small-sized butterflies, usually white or
yellowish in color, with black marginal wing markings. This is one of the
major, worldwide families of butterflies, and the most primitive next to the
skippers. Their pigments, formed from the uric acid wastes of their bodies,
are not found in other families. The front legs are well developed and the
tarsal claws are bifid. The members of this family are divided into three
subfamilies: the whites, the sulfurs or yellows, and the orange tips. There are
approximately 36 species in Canada, 9 ol which are tound in Newfoundland
and Labrador. A few are serious agricultural pests, the most common being
the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (Linnaeus).

36

The eggs are elongate, spindle-shaped, and reticulated. The larvae are
usually smooth, plain green, and slender. Most pupae have a central
projection forward from the top of the head, and are suspended by both the
cremaster hook and a silk girdle. Preferred food plants include the Crucife-
rae (mustard family), the Leguminosae (cassias), Mimosaceae (mimosas
and acacias), and Fabaceae (peas, beans, clovers, vetches, etc.). The larval
life tends to be short, so that many species have a number of generations
each year.

Sexual dimorphism is marked, females consistently differing from
males in pattern. Sometimes the dimorphism is also in color; white females
occur in many yellow and some other-colored species.

Genus Colias Fabricius

C. hecla Lefebre ARCTIC SULFUR

Plate 2, 1

The southern limits in North America of this arctic species are
Labrador, Baffin Island, and Churchill, Man. It is also found in arctic
Europe and Asia.

Cashman collected the only specimen recorded from Labrador at
Cartwright, 12 August 1955. However, it is probable that the species is
more widespread than this single record would indicate. It has not been
recorded from Newfoundland.

The larva is green with light lateral stripes and is covered with many
tiny, hair-bearing black tubercles. It feeds on milk vetch {Astragalus spp.)
and usually Hibernates as a fully grown larva. However, hibernation may
also be as a pupa.

C eurytheme Boisduval ALFALFA CATERPILLAR

Plate 2, 2

The adult insect can be recognized by the orange coloring on the upper
surface of the wings. This marking differentiates it from its close relative, C.
philodice, the clouded sulfur. Klots (1951) stated, "the eurytheme- philodice
relationship cannot be expressed by our rigid system of nomenclature. They
are neither obviously separate species, nor subspecies of the same species but
something more fluid and in between these states."

The species is distributed from the Atlantic Provinces across Canada to
the Pacific, and south to Florida and Mexico. In Newfoundland, specimens
have been taken at St. John's, Long Pond, Witless Bay, North River,
Lethbridge, Terra Nova National Park, Ladle Cove, Cormack, and
Lomond. Adults are in flight from late June to late August. The species has
not been reported from Labrador.

37

The larva feeds on alfalfa {Medicago sativa) and is sometimes a pest on
this crop. It is also found on white clover {Trifolium repens), milk vetch
(Astragalus spp.), and lupines [Lupinus spp.). It is grass green in color and
has an indistinct dorsal stripe and white lateral stripes, edged below with
black. The species overwinters as a pupa and possibly as an adult.

C philodice Godart CLOUDED SULFUR

Plate 2, 3

This is the most common yellow butterfly in Canada. It is sometimes
seen in swarms on muddy country roads or hovering over clover fields. It is
found from Newfoundland and the Maritime Provinces west to Ontario and
south to Florida and Texas. Its relationship with C. eurytheme, with which
it is often confused, is discussed under that species. It is widespread in
Newfoundland, where specimens have been taken at Kilbride, Goulds,
Renews, St. Shotts, Cupids, Port de Grave, North River, Terra Nova Park,
Glenwood, Ladle Cove, Deer Lake, Cormack, Pasadena, Pynns Brook,
Doyles, and Burgeo. The flight season extends from early July to late
August. It is not found in Labrador.

The larva is grass green in color and has short hairs, a faint darker
dorsal stripe and whitish lateral stripes. It feeds on white clover (Trifolium
repens) and other clovers, vetch (Vicia spp.), lupines (Lupinus spp.), alfalfa
(Medicago sativa), and other Leguminosae. The species hibernates as a
pupa and sometimes as an adult or larva.

C interior Scudder PINK EDGED SULFUR

Plate 2, 4

This species ranges throughout Labrador, Newfoundland, northern
New England, and New York, and extends south in mountainous terrain to
Virginia, and west to Michigan and Minnesota. Specimens have been taken
in Newfoundland at St. John's, Witless Bay Line, Cupids, Port de Grave,
North River, New Melbourne, Peter's River, Lethbridge, Gander, Spring-
dale, Woody Point, Glenburnie, Corner Brook, Cormack, Kitty's Brook,
Gaff Topsail, Millertown Junction, Glenwood, The Tolt, Coal Brook,
Doyles, Codroy Valley, View Hill, Table Mountain, Doctor's Hills, Flower's
Cove, and Winterland. In Labrador, specimens have been taken at Goose
Bay, Happy Valley, Cartwright, and Hebron. The flight season in New-
foundland begins in mid-July and continues to mid-August, and in Labrador
it occurs from early to late July.

The larva is a rich yellowish green with a narrow darker dorsal stripe.
It has innumerable small papillae bearing short dark hairs, and a white
lateral fold with a bright crimson line. It feeds on sourtop and blueberry
(Vaccinium spp.) and hibernates as a first instar larva.

38

C. pelidne Boisduval & LeConte PELIDNE SULFUR

Plate 2, 5

This eastern arctic species extends from Newfoundland and Labrador
west at least as far as the northern Rocky Mountains. In Newfoundland,
specimens have been taken at St. John's, Port aux Basques, Table Moun-
tain, The Tolt, Burnt Islands, Mummichog Park, St. John Island, Flower's
Cove, St. Anthony, and Doyles. In Labrador, it is widely distributed at
Hebron, Nutak, Okak, Nain, Black Island, Davis Inlet, Hopedale, Cart-
wright, and Knob Lake. McDunnough (1921) reported receiving many
specimens of the subspecies C p. labradorensis Scudder from Hopedale;
however, Klots (1951) stated that labradorensis was a synonym. The adults
are in flight in Newfoundland from early July to early August and in
Labrador from mid-July to late August.

C palaeno chippewa Edwards PALAENO SULFUR

Plate 2, 6

Klots (1951) stated that the species was widely distributed in arctic and
subarctic areas of North America, Europe, and Asia. In Canada the
subspecies occurs from Labrador westward and is common at Churchill,
Man. Moschler (1860) and Packard (1888) both reported the species from
Labrador. No specimens have been taken in recent years.

C nastes Boisduval NASTES SULFUR

Plate 2, 7

This is an arctic species, extending north and west from Labrador.
Moschler (1860) and Packard (1888) reported the species from Labrador,
where it is widely distributed along the coast. Scudder (1895) reported it
north of the Moravian settlement at latitude 59°N. McDunnough (1921)
reported two specimens from Nain. Since then, many specimens have been
taken by Perrett in 1927, Stearns in 1954, and McAlpine in 1954 at Nain,
Nutak, and Hebron, respectively, and by Ferris at Nain on 14 July 1975.
The nastes sulfur is not found in Newfoundland.

The adults are characteristically small and dirty white in color, and
both sexes have eight spots in the wing border. They are in flight from
mid-July to mid-August.

The larva is generally dark moss green, but the head is lighter and has
a pair of yellow and white lateral stripes. The body has many tubercles (Fig.
10), which bear short black spines. The larva feeds on milk vetch
{Astragalus spp.). The species hibernates as a fully grown larva.

39

Genus Pieris Schrank

p. napifrigida Scudder MUSTARD WHITE

Plate 2, 8

Mustard whites occur in races throughout North America. Records by
Holland (1931) and dos Passos (1935) from Newfoundland were of the
subspecies P. n. acadia, whereas early reports from Labrador were of P. n.
frigida. McDunnough (1921) reported frigid a from Hopedale, Labrador,
and adjacent Quebec areas, and acadia from southern Newfoundland.
However, more recently frigida has been recorded from Carbonear, St.
Phillips, St. Anthony, Baccalieu Island, and Doctors Brook in Newfound-
land and from Hopedale, Hamilton Inlet, and Cartwright in Labrador.
Adults are in flight in both Newfoundland and Labrador from mid-June to
early August.

The larva is velvety green with a middorsal stripe and greenish yellow
lateral stripes. It feeds on most cultivated and wild members of the mustard
family (Cruciferae). The pupa is the overwintering stage.

P. rapae (Linnaeus) IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM

Plate 2, 9 and 10

This species was introduced into Quebec about 1860 and has since
spread all over the continent. It was recorded from Newfoundland by dos
Passos (1935) and Krogerus (1954). The adults are widely distributed
throughout the island (Fig. 15) and are believed to migrate at times into
Newfoundland from the Maritime Provinces and the New England States.
The species has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva, known as the "green grub" in Newfoundland, has a middor-
sal line and yellow lateral lines, and is covered with tiny hair-bearing
wartlets. It feeds on most plants of the mustard family (Cruciferae) and also
on mignonette {Reseda spp.). There are two or three generations yearly and
the pupa hibernates. The species is a severe pest on cabbage, cauliflower,
and rutabaga in Newfoundland.

Family DANAIDAE milkweed butterflies (monarchs)

This fascinating family of butterflies populates many of the tropical
areas of the Orient, Africa, and South America in great abundance and
diversity of form. However, only one variety, the monarch butterfly, Danaus
plexippus (Linnaeus), is established throughout Canada.

One of the more interesting features about danaids is their disagreeable
body juices, which discourage many insectivorous birds from eating them. In
fact, some palatable butterflies and even some moths gain protection by
mimicking the color patterns of danaids, particularly the viceroy, Limenitis
archippus (Cramer), which mimics the monarch. This phenomenon is
known as Batesian mimicry.

40

fi

f \

(f^

^-m^

i }

-^

/© /

>

V4-

-^

./m#@®

/

@

y

£3jM @

^ rA

^^

t@.;^/2-^@^ nJV

Ji

^-^^^"^^'^-^^^^

2^;:r@j/

(

@wi

f /^ @r

Fig. 15. Distribution oi Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) in Newfoundland.

Genus Danaus Kluk

D. plexippus (Linnaeus)
Plate 3, 1

MONARCH BUTTERFLY

This is a widespread migratory species that populates Ascension Island,
the Canaries, and the Azores, and is frequently found in western Europe. It

41

has spread across the Pacific from Hawaii to Formosa and the Andaman
Islands (Klots 1951). This butterfly is observed in Newfoundland each year
and was extremely numerous in 1973. Adults have been taken at St. John's,
Goulds, Portugal Cove South, Cappahayden, St. Shotts, Carbonear, Doyles,
Ramea, and Haystack (in Placentia Bay) from early August to early
November. They are not known to breed in Newfoundland and are con-
sidered to be migrants. They have not been observed in Labrador.

The larva, when fully grown, measures nearly 5 cm in length and has a
smooth yellow skin with a number of transverse black stripes. It feeds on
milkweed {Asclepias spp.), which is not found in Newfoundland, or on
dogbane {Apocynum spp.). A pair of black fleshy tentacles is conspicuous at
each end of the larva. The pupa is a beautiful, translucent green with golden
spots on each side. The adults overwinter in the southern United States and
Mexico.

The monarch is best known for the great swarms that gather at night
during the autumn migration southward.

Family SATYRIDAE satyrs and wood nymphs

This is a fairly large family of butterflies that is widely distributed
throughout the world wherever environmental conditions support grasses or
sedges for the larvae to feed on. Some species such as the arctics {Oeneis)
and alpines (Erebia) inhabit the treeless tundras of the arctic or the
summits of mountain ranges. Other species are found on the grassy plains of
Africa, the prairies of the Midwest, and in the tropical rain forests.

Members of this family are usually brown in color, and are dull
compared to the brightly colored swallowtails and the gay brushfooted and
sulfur butterflies. The numerous ringlets or blue-pupiled eyespots are the
only features that brighten the otherwise dull-colored wings of some species.

The satyrs and wood nymphs found in Newfoundland and Labrador are
small to medium-sized butterflies that frequent grassy meadows and wood-
land glades. Most species appear early in the season and restrict themselves
to their breeding grounds. They fly low and seek cover in tall grasses and
shrubs when alarmed. They are generally difficult to catch. Gregory (1975)
reported 30 species in Canada, 8 of which have been recorded from
Newfoundland and Labrador.

The eggs are reticulated and are usually spherical, but sometimes
elongated. The larvae are striped and spindle-shaped, and the last segment is
somewhat forked. Growth is slow, so that many species are single brooded.
Larvae feed on grasses and sedges. The pupae are plain brown or green, and
may be suspended by the cremaster, or may rest in a shallow cell on the
ground among debris, or under rocks.

42

Genus Coenonympha Hubner

C inornata inornata Edwards INORNATE RINGLET

Plate 4, 1

According to Klots (1951), the species is found from Labrador,
Quebec, and Ontario west to Lake Winnipeg, Man., and south to northern
Minnesota and northern Michigan. In Newfoundland, specimens of the
subspecies inornata have been taken at St. John's, New Melbourne, Gander,
Corner Brook, Georges Lake, Harmon Field, Codroy, and St. Anthony,
where adults are in flight from late May to late July. They have not been
observed in Labrador.

The larva is long and slender, has two short projections on the last
abdominal segment, and feeds on grasses. The species hibernates as a pupa.

C. inornata mcisaaci dos Passos MCISAAC'S RINGLET

Plate 4, 2

This ringlet is similar to the previous subspecies, except that the male is
a much darker, greener gray. The female is pale and buff-colored. C. /.
mcisaaci was originally described in 1935 by dos Passos from specimens
taken at Doyles Station. Forbes (1960) reported that the subspecies
occurred in Newfoundland and Bradore Bay, Que., in forested areas. It is
common in Newfoundland, frequenting cultivated meadows, bogs, and
marshy ground; its distribution is shown in Figure 16. The adults are in
flight from early June to late July. The species is not found in Labrador.

The larva is similar in appearance and habits to C /'. inornata.

Gsnus Oeneis Hubner

O. chryxus (Doubleday) CHRYXUS ARCTIC

Plate 3, 2

This subarctic species ranges from the arctic south to the Gaspe,
southcentral Canada, and northern Michigan. Bruton (1930) and dos Passos
(1935) reported that the species was found at Carbonear by Gosse in
1832-35, but no specimens have been observed there in recent years. There
are no records from Labrador. Forbes (1960) reported adults in flight from
late May to early June.

The larva is sluggish, stout, and buff in color with a plain head and
broad stripes. It feeds on grasses and sedges and hibernates when partly
grown.

43

Fig. 16. Distribution of Coenonympha inornata mcisaaci dos Passos in
Newfoundland.

O. taygete Geyer
Plate 3, 3

WHITE VEINED ARCTIC

Klots (1951) reported that this species has been found in the Arctic, in
Labrador, and in the mountainous areas of Gaspe in the east and in the
Rocky Mountains and Alaska in the west. It is not known to exist in
Newfoundland but is fairly common in Labrador. Adults have been taken
from late June to late August at Nain, Hebron, and Hopedale.

44

O. jutta terraenovae dos Passes JUTTA ARCTIC

Plate 3, 4 and 5

The wide-ranging, circumpolar species O. jutta is found in both Old
and New Worlds, extending farther south than most other Oeneis species. In
North America, it ranges from the Arctic south to Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, Maine, New Hampshire, and northern Michigan. It is often found
on acid muskeg bogs. Adults have a strong erratic flight and are very wary
and hard to approach, let alone to catch. The subspecies terraenovae was
described by dos Passos (1935) from specimens taken at Doyles Station and
Codroy Valley.

The adults are in flight in Newfoundland from mid-June to early
August and in Labrador from late June to early August. Specimens have
been taken at St. John's, Goulds, Cape Broyle, and Doyles Station in
Newfoundland and at Nain, Cartwright, Hopedale, and Churchill Falls in
Labrador. Moschler reported terraenovae from Labrador in 1860. Hettasch
reported O. j. jutta from Nain, but this is a doubtful record.

The larva is sluggish and stout, and has a plain head and broad dark
stripes. It feeds on sedge {Carex spp.) and bog-rush (Juncus spp.). The pupa
is yellowish green, dotted with brown. This subspecies hibernates in various
stages of development.

O. polixenes (Fabricius) POLIXENES ARCTIC

Plate 3, 6

The species is widely distributed in the arctic and there is one isolated
colony on Mt. Katahdin, Maine. There are no records of this butterfly
occurring in Newfoundland, although Belle Isle has been considered as
northwest Newfoundland by some authors. In Labrador, adults have been
taken at Nain, Hopedale, Rocky Bay, Hebron, Belle Isle, and L'Anse-au-
Loup. Scudder (1895) reported the species along the Labrador coast at
latitude 59°N. The flight period in Labrador is from early July to
mid-August.

Adults may be differentiated from other Oeneis species by the frag-
ments of white veining on the underside of the hindwing. The lower surface
of the forewing is dull, and the eye spots on the wings are small.

O. melissa (Fabricius) MELISSA ARCTIC

Plate 3, 7

This heavily scaled butterfly is widely distributed in the arctic areas of
both Old and New Worlds. It extends south to Labrador and has been found
in one isolated colony in New Hampshire. It closely resembles polixenes,
but may be distinguished by the upper surface of its wings, which is dull and

45

dark, and has no eye spots. Also, the outer edge of the hindwing is more
irregularly and finely scalloped than that o{ polixenes.

Klots (1951) reported that the subspecies O. m. melissa was rare in
Newfoundland but more common in Labrador. Adults have been taken in
Labrador at Nain, Hopedale, and Knob Lake. Moschler (1860) and Scud-
der (1895) both reported species in Labrador as oeno Boisduval. Scudder
identified it on the Labrador coast near Nachvak Fiord. The adults are in
flight from late June to late July.

Eggs are laid on dry objects close to sedge (Carex spp.), which is the
main food. The larva is stout and has stripes interrupted by broad pale
transverse shades. When it is not feeding, it leaves the plants and hides. The
species hibernates twice as a larva because 2 years are required to complete
larval development. The pupa is brown with darker wingcases.

Genus Erebia Dalman

E. disa Thunberg DISA ALPINE

Plate 4, 3

The species is distributed from Labrador west to Alaska, and as far
south as Smoky Falls and Ogoki, Ont. It can be distinguished from related
species because it has three or four eye spots in a reddish patch on its
forewings, but none on its hindwings. It is not known to occur in Newfound-
land, but in Labrador adults have been taken at Cartwright and Goose Bay.

The adults are in flight from late June to mid-July. Details of the
immature stages of this species in Labrador are not available.

Family NYMPHALIDAE brushfooted butterflies

This is the largest single family of true butterflies, most of them
medium to large in size and powerful fliers. The group is worldwide in range
and some, like the mourningcloak {Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus)), are
familiar sights on several continents.

Although members of the family are diverse in appearance, size, and
habitat, they are united by the singular feature of the front pair of legs. In
both sexes these are much smaller than the remaining four, and are useless
for walking. Furthermore, the front legs are hairy and brushlike in appear-
ance (hence the common family name).

Gregory (1975) listed approximately 62 brushfooted species in Canada;
23 of them are widely distributed in Newfoundland and Labrador. This
family comprises the largest group of butterflies in the province.

46

The adults, as a rule, are active fliers and are found on a wide variety of
habitat including sunny meadows, marshes, roadsides, gardens, forest trails,
and dry meadows. Some members, such as the fritillaries, are avid flower
visitors; others, including the angle wings, feed on sap or decaying fruit.

Almost all Newfoundland brushfooted butterflies are single brooded. A
great many hibernate as pupae, but some overwinter as adults and immature
larvae.

The eggs are nearly spherical and have vertical ribs. They are often
very strong and flangelike, with the usual close circular ribbing. The larvae
are quite varied, but most of them are spined. They feed on the foliage of
many different trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. The pupae are angular
and have smooth, nearly straight ventral surfaces. They are suspended at the
hind tip by a button of silk, but never with a girth.

Genus Speyeria Scudder

S. atlantis (Edwards) ATLANTIS FRITILLARY

Plate 4, 4

The species is distributed across Canada from Newfoundland to British
Columbia and the Northwest Territories. In the United States it ranges
from the Atlantic to Arizona and California. A subspecies, canadensis, was
described by dos Passos (1935) from specimens taken at Doyles Station in
Newfoundland; another specimen, taken at Witless Bay, is in the Allyn
Museum Collection in Sarasota, Fla. Ferris (pers. commun.) recorded this
species at Mummichog Park, and sighted it at Cormack. It has been found
at Goose Bay in Labrador. The adults are in flight in Newfoundland from
early July to mid-September and in Labrador during mid-July. They are
swift fliers and frequent open woods.

The larva is black and has several rows of barbed spines. As far as is
known it feeds at night on violets {Viola spp.) and hides during the day. The
species hibernates as a newly hatched larva and although generally con-
sidered to produce a single generation each year, the adults emerge over an
extended period of time.

Genus Boloria Moore

B. selene terraenovae (Holland) SILVER BORDERED FRITILLARY

Plate 4, 5

The species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New
England west to Alaska and south to Virginia and North Carolina. Holland

47

(1898) described B. s. terraenovae from adults collected in Newfoundland.
Its present distribution in Newfoundland is shown in Figure 17. Ferris (pers.
commun.) reported that he collected the species, which he identified as B. s.
atrocostalis (Huard), at Happy Valley and Nain in Labrador, and at
Mummichog Park, Cormack, and Deer Lake in Newfoundland in 1975. The
adults are in flight in Newfoundland from late June to early September and
are at times fairly common in moist meadows.

Fig. 17. Distribution of Boloria selene terraenovae (Holland) in Newfoundland.

48

The larva has long anterior subdorsal spines and probably feeds on
violets {Viola spp.). It hibernates when newly hatched or partly grown.
There are probably two broods a year.

B. eunomia (Esper) BOG FRITILLARY

Plate 4, 6

This arctic species has been found in Labrador, Quebec, Ontario,
Manitoba, Mt. Katahdin in Maine, and from the Rocky Mountains to
Colorado. The subspecies B. e. triclaris Hiibner has been reported from
Labrador and is found in arctic and subarctic areas. One of the earliest
Labrador reports was by Moschler (1860). Adults have been collected in
Labrador at Nain, Black Island, Hopedale, Nutak, Hebron, and Knob Lake.
Packard (1888), Scudder (1895), and McDunnough (1921) recorded speci-
mens along the coast of Labrador. The adults are in flight from early July to
mid-September but their swift movement makes them difficult to catch. The
bog fritillary has only two Newfoundland records, one from Table Moun-
tain, 15 July 1959, and a second from Terra Nova National Park, 3 July
1977, by Kevin Moore.

The species can be separated from others by the spots of the submar-
ginal row on the underpart of the hindwing. In addition, the front two or
three spots on the underside of the forewing are round, white, and ringed
with black, whereas in other species they are solid black.

The larva is silver gray, finely dotted with white above. It feeds at night
on violets {Viola spp.) and smartweed {Polygonum spp.), and hides during
the day.

B. chariclea (Schneider) ARCTIC OR CHARICLEA FRITILLARY

Plate 4, 7

This species extends across the Arctic and boreal North America from
the Atlantic to the Pacific, ranging southward along the Rocky Mountains
and the Alleghenies. It has been reported from Newfoundland by Seitz
(1924) and Krogerus (1954), and from Labrador by Moschler (1860),
Packard (1888), Scudder (1895), and McDunnough (1921).

A single specimen taken at Terrenceville by Krogerus on 14 August
1951 and adults observed at Gambo and Newman Sound, 1978, are the only
recorded Newfoundland finds. In Labrador, adult specimens have been
taken at Nain, Hopedale, and Knob Lake, where they are in flight from
early to late July.

B. chariclea is similar to B. titania boisduvalii but is smaller and has
more pointed forewings. The median areas of the upper surface of the
hindwings are more heavily suffused with dark scales. Also, the silver spots
on the underside of the hindwings are more prominent and there is a large
costal spot and a long pointed distal one.

49

Little is known about the immature stages of this butterfly in New-
foundland and Labrador.

B. titania boisduvalii (Duponchel) PURPLE LESSER FRITILLARY

Plate 4, 8

This subspecies extends from the Arctic south to Labrador and Church-
ill, Man. It was probably described from specimens taken in Labrador. It is
similar to B. chariclea, but may be separated by the marking on the
underside of the hindwing. The silver spots are greatly invaded, and
sometimes obliterated, by the darker yellow brown or red brown ground
color.

Although never observed in Newfoundland, the species is widely dis-
tributed throughout Labrador. Adults have been taken at Hebron, Nain,
Davis Inlet, Hopedale, Cartwright, Lake Attikamagen, and Knob Lake. The
adults are in flight from early July to early August.

The larva is gray with a black head, black dorsal and lateral stripes,
and orange spines. It feeds on violets (Viola spp.).

B. freija (Thunberg) FREI JA FRITILLARY

Plate 4, 9

This is a circumpolar species found in Newfoundland and Labrador and
on the summits of the Rocky Mountains as far south as Colorado. It also
occurs in Alaska, Scandinavia, and northern Russia. Adults have been taken
in Newfoundland at St. Anthony and Burgeo and in Labrador at Nain,
Davis Inlet, Hopedale, Happy Valley, Rocky Bay, and Goose Bay. They are
in flight in Newfoundland from mid to late June and in Labrador from
mid- June to late August.

The species can be recognized by the large white basal and submedian
costal spots, and the long, pointed white submedian spot on the underside of
the hindwings.

The larval stages are not very well known in Newfoundland and
Labrador.

B. polaris (Boisduval) POLAR FRITILLARY

Plate 4, 10

This is another circumpolar species ranging from Baffin Island and
Labrador to Southampton Island and Churchill, Man.

The adults are easily identified by their rather narrow front wings and
the large number of small white markings on the underside of the hind-
wings. They have a rapid, somewhat erratic flight. The species is not

50

recorded from Newfoundland, but Moschler reported it in Labrador in
1860, and specimens have since been taken at Hebron, Nain, Hopedale, and
Knob Lake. The adults are in flight from early July to late August.

B. frigga saga (Staudinger) SAGA FRITILLARY

Plate 4, 11

This subspecies ranges from the north coast of Quebec, and Ogoki,
Ont., to Churchill, Man., and Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska. It was first
reported in Labrador by Moschler (1860) and later by Packard (1888).
Adults have been taken at Nain from early July to early August. The
species has not been recorded from Newfoundland.

Forbes (1960) stated that the young larva is chocolate brown in color
and has light lateral spotting and light brown spines. It probably feeds on
birch (Betula spp.).

B. bellom (Fabricius) MEADOW FRITILLARY

Plate 4, 12

Forbes (1960) described this species as common and widely distributed
in the north, south to Virginia, and west at least to Alberta. This is the only
Boloria species not also found in Europe. The shape of the narrow forewing,
seeming to be cut off diagonally at the apex, is distinctive and separates it
from other related species. The underside of the hindwing is marked with
brown, gray, lilac, and purple. There is one light spot near the costal margin.
There are no records from Newfoundland, but a single specimen taken at
Cartwright, Labrador, 25 July 1955, by E. E. Stearns is in the Canadian
National Collection.

The larva is mottled, with a blackish lateral band and spines of even
length. It feeds on violets {Viola spp.) and hibernates as a newly hatched or
half-grown larvae.

Genus Chlosyne Butler

C harrisii (Scudder) HARRIS' CHECKERSPOT

Plate 4, 13

According to Klots (1951), this species is distributed from the Mari-
time Provinces west to Manitoba and south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
West Virginia, Georgia, northern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and
Wisconsin. It was first recorded in Newfoundland by Geddes (1886). Later
dos Passos (1935) referred to Geddes' find but stated that he had not seen
specimens from Newfoundland.

51

The species has not been observed or taken in Newfoundland and
Labrador since the original find of Geddes in 1886.

Genus Phyciodes Hubner

p. tharos arctica dos Passos PEARL CRESCENT

Plate 4, 14

Krogerus (1954) gave the distribution oi P. tharos as throughout North
America from the Slave River and southern Labrador to Texas and Florida.
The subspecies P. t. arctica was described by dos Passos (1935) from
specimens taken at Port au Port, Nfld. This butterfly is widely distributed in
Newfoundland, occurring in open spaces, in meadows, and along roadsides
and frequently visiting mud puddles. It often visits flowers but also alights
on leaves, stones, and bare ground. Specimens have been taken from late
June to late August at Port de Grave, Adies Pond Road, Gander, Glenwood,
Bishop's Falls, Springdale, Cormack, Steady Brook, Deer Lake, Lomond,
Doyles Station, Crabbes, Table Mountain, View Hill, Stony Brook, and
Harmon Field. There are no records from Labrador.

The larva is black with yellow dots, yellow lateral bands, and eight rows
of yellow brown spines. It feeds on aster {Aster spp.) and hibernates when
partly grown. There is only one generation a year.

Genus Polygonia Hubner

p. satyrus (Edwards) SATYR ANGLE WING

Plate 5, 1

This butterfly is distributed in Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario, New
York, Michigan, and Minnesota, and throughout western North America.

It is not found in Labrador and is considered very rare in Newfound-
land. Specimens reported by dos Passos (1935) were taken at Doyles Station
on 23 August 1934 by Mclsaac. The subspecies P. s. marsyas (Edwards)
was recorded by dos Passos (1943) from Doyles Station on 5 and 23 August
and 10 and 12 September. Three hibernating specimens are also recorded by
dos Passos dated 23 June. No specimens have been taken since.

The larva feeds on nettle {UrUca >>pp.) and makes a cruae nest. It is
deep brown in color with a white dorsal area beginning at the metathorax. It
has thorny spines. The species is single brooded and hibernates as an adult.

52

P.faunus (Edwards) GREEN COMMA

Plate 5, 2

This species ranges from Eastern Canada and New England south to
South Carolina, Minnesota, and Michigan and west to the Pacific. It was
previously recorded from Newfoundland by dos Passos (1935). The green
comma can be identified by its heavy spotting above and the pronounced
black margins of the fore and hindwings, but the best distinguishing
characteristic of this butterfly is the continuous row of small, attractive
greenish spots near the outer margins of the underside of the wings. Adults
have been taken in Newfoundland at Kilbride, Gambo, Lethbridge, Rattling
Brook, Gander, Grand Falls, Bonne Bay Road, Cormack, Pinchgut Lake,
Reidville, Harmon Field, and Doyles Station. The adults are in flight from
mid-May to early September. The species has not been recorded from
Labrador.

The larva, when fully grown, is approximately 2.5 cm long, is reddish or
yellowish brown in color with a white saddle near the center of the back, and
is heavily spined. It feeds on birch {Betula spp.), willow {Salix spp.), and
alder (Alnus spp.). The species is single brooded and the adult overwinters.

P. gracilis (Grote & Robinson) HOARY COMMA

Plate 5, 4

Forbes (1960) stated that the species is distributed from Newfoundland
and Labrador to the Yukon, and southward in the mountains, especially the
White Mountains in New Hampshire and the Adirondacks. No specimens
have been recorded from Newfoundland but 14 were taken at Goose Bay,
Labrador, by Beckel and Delabio in 1948 and 1949, and a single specimen
was collected at Happy Valley by Ferris in 1975. The adults are in flight
from early June to mid-August. The species can be identified by the gray
underside of the hindwing, and by the contrasting pale postmedian shade on
both wings.

The life history in Newfoundland and Labrador is almost unknown.
The larva is said to feed on birch {Betula spp.), willow (Salix spp.), and
currant and gooseberry [Ribes spp.). The species is single brooded.

P. progne (Cramer) GRAY COMMA

Plate 5, 3

This butterfly is distributed from Newfoundland west to the Pacific and
eastern Siberia, and south to North Carolina, Missouri, and Illinois. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Corner Brook, Reidville, Cor-
mack, Harmon Field, and Whites Road. They are in flight from late May to
late August. There are no records of the gray comma occurring in Labrador.

53

This butterfly can be differentiated from its relatives by the markings
on the underside of its wings. Shades of black and gray are dominant, and
there is a thin silver mark near the center of each hindwing that resembles a
bent letter L. When closed, the wings resemble the bark of a tree. The insect
has a rapid flight but not as rapid as other members of the family. It visits
flowers but is also attracted to rotting fruit and compost.

The spiny larva is yellowish brown in color, and feeds on currant and
gooseberry {Ribes spp.) and sometimes on elm {Ulmus spp.). The species
hibernates as an adult.

Genus Nymphalis Kluk

A^. vau-album (Denis & Schiffermuller) COMPTON TORTOISESHELL

Plate 5, 5

Forbes (1960) stated that this butterfly is most widely distributed in
Canada, but is also found on low ground from Newfoundland to Massachu-
setts and New York, and at higher levels in the mountains between North
Carolina and the Missouri Ozarks. The species is, at times, fairly common
in central Newfoundland but is rare in Labrador. Dos Passos (1935)
reported that the species was collected in Newfoundland, and Packard
(1888) reported it from Labrador. Adults have been taken in Newfoundland
at St. Phillips, Gander, Boyd's Cove, and Lumsden. Adults were observed in
hundreds at Jonitons Provincial Park, near Gander, 23-28 August 1976,
alighting on the trunks of white birch trees. The species has also been
reported in Newfoundland by B. Jackson, who observed five adults feeding
on goldenrod (Solidago spp.) at Terra Nova National Park, Trinity, and
Eastport. The adults are in flight from mid-August to early September.

This large handsome butterfly prefers a habitat of dense woodland. It is
crafty and difficult to capture. At times it may be found resting with wings
upright on gravel roads and trails near forest areas. It hibernates in the
adult siage and is one of the first butterflies out of hibernation in the spring.
It lives for nearly a year. The species can be quickly identified by the small
but distinct white J-shaped marking on the undersurface of each hindwing.

The larva is light green, and somewhat speckled and striped; the head
and body have black bristly spines. It feeds on white birch (Betula papyrif-
era), willow {Salix spp.), and poplar {Populus spp.). There is only one
generation each year.

A^. milberti milberti (Godart) MILBERT'S TORTOISESHELL

Plate 5, 6

Milbert's is the most common and colorful of the three subspecies of
tortoiseshell butterflies found in Canada. It ranges from Newfoundland and

54

central and southern Canada south in the mountains to West Virginia, and
north to Alaska. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's,
Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, North River, Port de Grave, Bay Roberts, and Cor-
mack. Adults have been taken in the field from early June to very early
October, but are never common. There are no records from Labrador.

Although closely related to the following subspecies, milberti can be
differentiated from viola by the pale basal edge of the submarginal band on
the upper side of the forewings. A'^. m. milberti is more prevalent in the
north, whereas viola predominates in the south.

The life history of the two subspecies is probably very similar.

TV. milberti viola (dos Passos)

Plate 5, 7

This subspecies was described by dos Passos (1938) from specimens
collected at Doyles Station in western Newfoundland. It is widespread
throughout Newfoundland (Fig. 18) but has not been recorded from Labra-
dor. Adults are in flight from early May to early November.

The eggs are laid during the first warm days of spring on nettles
{Urtica spp.). They hatch within 5 days and enclose themselves collectively
in a silken web within which they feed and mature. When fully grown, the
spiny larva is about 2.5 cm long, black dorsally and green ventrally. The
species overwinters as both adult and pupa. There are probably two broods a
year.

A^. antiopa (Linnaeus) MOURNINGCLOAK

Plate 5, 8

This magnificent butterfly is found around the world in the North
Temperate Zone. As the Camberwell beauty it is a greatly prized species in
England, where it occurs as a migrant from Europe. The mourningcloak is a
long-lived species that is widely distributed in Newfoundland, where it is one
of the first butterflies on the wing in spring.

Adults have been taken in Newfoundland at St. John's, Kilbride, Bay
Bulls, Witless Bay Line, Manuels, Cupids, North River, Ferryland, Car-
bonear, Gambo, Gander, Cormack, Lomond, Corner Brook, Gaff Topsail,
Glenwood, Grand Falls, Victoria Lake, St. George's, and Doyles Station.
The butterflies are in flight in Newfoundland from late April to late
September. The species was reported in Labrador by Moschler (1860), and
single specimens were taken at Cartwright in September 1925 by W. W.
Perrett, and at Happy Valley in July 1975 by Ferris.

55

f^^fr@

^^@

1 y

i

V

/y^^

.^^

jnS

' @

Av2fi

n/ir^^^

^@

@

@®

XW

@

^v^

/^

f^jg^

\® M

JV^

. Nf^fiiK

\ /ts^c^^Oi^

^'-^-^^^Uo*'

Fig. 18. Distribution of Nymphalis milberti viola (dos Passes) in Newfoundland.

The larva feeds on willow {Salix spp.) and elm {Ulmus spp.). The eggs
are laid in a dense single-layered cluster, tightly packed around a twig. The
mature larva, frequently referred to as the spiny elm caterpillar, is often
found feeding in great numbers. Its colorful black body is speckled with red
and white dots and has long barbed spines. The five pairs of fleshy prolegs
are orange red in color. The species hibernates as an adult and has a single
generation each year.

56

Genus Vanessa Fabricius

V. atalanta (Linnaeus)
Plate 5, 9

RED ADMIRAL

The red admiral occurs from Newfoundland east through central and
southern Canada, and south through Florida and Texas to the Antilles and
Guatemala. It is easily recognized because each forewing is split by a large
showy orange red band. The species is widely distributed and common

Fig. 19. Distribution of Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus) in Newfoundland.

57

throughout Newfoundland (Fig. 19) but has not been recorded from Labra-
dor. Adults have been taken from late May to mid-October. They are
difficult to capture while flying because their flight is rapid and erratic.
However, they are attracted to rotting fruit, garbage, and decaying mulch,
and when they alight on these materials they are fairly easy to capture.

The spiny caterpillar varies in color from black to brownish yellow, and
has many raised white warts along its sides. It feeds on nettles (Urtica spp.)
within the protection of a silken nest. The species is single brooded and
hibernates as an adult or pupa.

V. virginiensis (Drury)

PAINTED BEAUTY, AMERICAN PAINTED LADY

Plate 6, 1

This is a widespread species, inhabiting much of Canada and the
United States, and extending south to Cuba and Guatemala in the tropics.
The undersides of the wings are strongly tinged with delicate pink and are
more attractive than the rusty brown and black upper wing surfaces. V.
virginiensis has two large eyespots on each hindwing, and this enables it to
be distinguished from the related form, cardui, which has four. This
butterfly is rare in Newfoundland. Adults have been taken at St. John's,
Bay Bulls, and Ferryland by B. Jackson (1976), and at Musgravetown by R.
Stead (1972) between late August and late September. They have also been
observed at Mt. Pearl. None have been recorded from Labrador.

The mature larva is spiny and black with a row of small white spots
along the sides. It lives in its own silken nest, where it feeds on everlasting
(Antennaria spp.) and other composite plants. The species hibernates as an
adult or pupa and is single brooded.

V. cardui (Linnaeus) PAINTED LADY

Plate 6, 2

This butterfly is found in all parts of the temperate regions of the earth
and in many tropical areas. In North America, it is distributed over the
entire continent, but is somewhat sporadic in its appearance. The species is
well known for its extreme abundance one year and its scarcity the next. It
is widely distributed throughout Newfoundland and Labrador (Figs. 20a
and b). Moschler reported it in Labrador in 1860 and it has been taken at
Hopedale and Cartwright. In Newfoundland, the adults are in flight from
early June to mid-October and in Labrador from mid-July to
mid-September.

The painted lady is often confused with the American painted lady but
may be distinguished by the eyespots, as described under virginiensis. The
painted lady is a swift flyer and prefers open spaces. It is attracted to a great
variety of flowers.

58

The larva feeds on thistle {Cirsium spp.) and other composite plants.
At maturity, it is yellowish green, mottled with black, and has yellow spines.
It feeds singly within a silken shelter that encloses part of the host plant.
The painted lady overwinters as an adult or pupa. The overwintering adult
appears in spring as an extremely faded individual.

Fig. 20a. Distribution of Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) in Newfoundland.

59

Fig. 20b. Distribution of Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) in Labrador. Collection points
in Labrador are listed alphabetically and numerically on page 302.

60

Genus Limenitis Fabricius

L arthemis (Drury) WHITE ADMIRAL

Plate 6, 5

The white admiral is an easy butterfly to identify. The upper surface of
the wings is a deep shade of bluish black, with a bold, curved white band on
each wing. It is essentially a native of the forested areas of Canada,
extending south into northern New England, New York, Pennsylvania,
Michigan, and Minnesota. The white admiral is an inhabitant of open
woodlands, particularly sunny trails. It is rare in Newfoundland, but adults
have been taken at St. David's, Corner Brook, Coal Brook, Reidville, Dildo
Run Park (near Twillingate), and Doyles Station. It has also been taken at
Goose Bay in Labrador. The white admiral is in flight in Newfoundland
from mid to late July and in Labrador from late July to mid- August.

Eggs are laid on birch {Betula spp.), poplar (Popuius spp.), and willow
{Salix spp.). The fully grown larva is somewhat grotesque, black with spines
and a white saddle. The species overwinters as a partly grown larva in a
hibernaculum, which it makes by folding together a leaf of the host plant.
There is a single generation each year.

Family LYCAENIDAE hairstreaks, blues, and

coppers (gossamer-winged butterflies)

This is an extensive and interesting family of butterflies, and is
worldwide in distribution. Gregory (1975) recorded 56 species in Canada,
10 of them in Newfoundland and Labrador.

The local lycaenids are small, frail, delicate butterflies that can fly with
amazing speed. Depending on the species, they are found in all types of
environment from the high foliage of the deciduous forest to a low swampy
bog or meadow. Some, such as the spring azure {Celastrina argiolus
pseudargiolus), are abundant throughout the summer, whereas others, such
as the bog copper {Lycaena epixanthe phaedrus), are rare and may be
found for only a few weeks.

The life cycles are variable also, but for the most part adults are single
brooded. The larvae of many species are green, usually short, broad, and
oval, and rather flattened and sluglike. They feed on a wide variety of
plants, eating the buds, leaves, flowers, and fruits. However, some larvae
possess glands that secrete honeydew to attract ants, with which they have a
symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship; some live in ant nests, feeding
on debris or on the ant brood; and some feed on aphids. The pupae are
robust, usually covered with hairs, and are brownish in color. Most species
hibernate in either the egg or larval stage. Adults are attracted to flowers
and may often be collected on the blossoms of clover (Trifolium spp.) and
alfalfa {Medicago sativa).

Genus Callophrys Scudder

C augustinus (Westwood) BROWN ELFIN

Plate 6, 9

The brown elfin is distributed from the Atlantic Provinces and New
England west to northern Manitoba and south at least as far as North
Carolina and the western mountains of New Mexico. It is found in early
spring in brushy areas and along the edges of open woods, where the food
plants occur. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Port de Grave,
Holyrood, and St. John's from mid-May to early June and in Labrador at
Goose Bay in mid-May.

The brown elfin may be distinguished from other elfins by the two
shades of reddish brown on the undersides of the fore and hindwings; the
basal regions are a rich deep color that contrasts boldly with the paler
marginal areas. In addition there is a series of small dots parallel to the
margin of the hindwing and the top half of the forewing.

The larva feeds on blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) and laurel (Kalmia
spp.). When fully grown it is a vivid green color, with a number of yellow
green markings. The species hibernates as a hairy, dull-colored pupa and
has one generation annually.

C a. helenae (dos Passos)
Plate 6, 10

This subspecies was described by dos Passos from specimens collected
at Doyles Station. Klots (1951) gave its distribution as Newfoundland and
Cape Breton Island. It may be identified by its wings, which are golden
brown above, with distinct markings and contrasts of colors beneath, and
checkered fringes.

In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Holyrood,
Gander, Cinq Cerf River, Harmon Field, and Doyles Station from mid-May
to late June. The species has not been reported from Labrador.

Its life history and feeding habits are similar to those of C. augustinus.

C. niphon clarki (Freeman) PINE ELFIN

Plate 6, 11

The pine elfin is distributed from the Atlantic Provinces to Manitoba,
and south to Florida, Texas, and Colorado. The larval stage was recorded
from St. George's by Reeks and Smith (1945) on balsam. According to D.
Lafontaine of the Biosystematics Research Institute in Ottawa, it is prob-
able that the western species eryphon, not niphon, exists in Newfoundland.
Recent occurrences of eryphon in the east and the fact that they are
reported to feed on balsam make Reeks and Smith's record doubtful until
specimens are obtained.

62

Genus Lycaena Fabricius

L dorcas Kirby DORCAS COPPER

Plate 6, 12 and 13

This is a northern species extending across Canada to Alaska and south
to the Atlantic States and Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. In New-
foundland, adults have been taken at Petty Harbour, Butterpot Park,
Witless Bay Line, Seal Cove, Come By Chance, Kitty's Brook, Millertown
Junction, Corner Brook, Doyles Station, Cow Head, Lomond, and St. Pauls.
In Labrador, specimens have been taken at Davis Inlet, Hopedale, and
Cartwright. The adults are in flight in Newfoundland from early to late
August and in Labrador from late July to late August.

The male is dark brownish purple dorsally. The female is brown,
reflecting very little violet, and sometimes has traces of orange smears on
the forewing. The undersides of the sexes are similar. The forewings are a
toast brown color, moderately dotted with black spots; the hindwings have a
purplish sheen.

Details of the life history of the dorcas copper in Newfoundland and
Labrador are not available. The food plant is thought to be cinquefoil
(Potentilla spp.), but larvae have never been successfully reared to the adult
stage.

L. epixanthe phaedrus (Hall) BOG COPPER

Plate 6, 14 and 15

The species L. epixanthe is distributed throughout Canada from New-
foundland to British Columbia and south to Minnesota, Michigan, and the
New England States. The subspecies L. e. phaedrus is found in Newfound-
land and Nova Scotia. It is widely distributed in Newfoundland, and adults
have been taken at St. John's, Paradise, Donovans, Witless Bay Line, Biscay
Bay, Port de Grave, Carbonear, Heart's Content, New Melbourne, Gander,
Gaff Topsail, Stephenville Crossing, Doyles, Cow Head, Eddies Cove West,
Doctors Brook, Hawkes Bay, St. Barbe, and St. Anthony. Adults are in
flight from mid-July to mid-August. Ferris (pers. commun.) reported taking
L. e. amecitus (Scudder) males at View Hill, near South Branch, on 9 July
1975. The species has not been reported from Labrador.

The male has a faint purplish gloss on the upper side of the wings,
whereas the female is grayer and duller. The black spots on the underside of
the hindwings are clear cut, distinct, and round.

The life history in Newfoundland is not completely known, but the
large cranberry {Vaccinium macrocarpon) has been established as its food
plant. A single brood is produced each year and the subspecies hibernates as
an egg, which is able to withstand being flooded in winter.

63

Genus Plebejus Kluk

p. argyrognomon aster (Edwards) NORTHERN BLUE

Plate 6, 16-18

The northern blue is generally distributed throughout Canada and the
northern United States, west to Alaska. The subspecies P. a. aster was
described by Edwards (1882) from a number of adults taken from the Cape
Race region of the southern Avalon Peninsula. It occurs in Newfoundland,
and south of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken at Quidi Vidi, Witless Bay Line, Flatrock, Portugal Cove, Petty
Harbour, Port de Grave, Carbonear, St. Shotts, Winterton, Heart's Con-
tent, Black Duck, Georges Lake, View Hill, Mummichog Park, Codroy
Valley, Eddies Cove, Eddies Cove West, Cow Head, Hawkes Bay, The Tolt,
St. Pauls, and St. John Island, The adults are in flight from late July to
mid-August. No specimens have been taken from Labrador. P. a. aster may
be distinguished from P. a. empetri by its smaller size and darker underside
with indistinct markings.

Its life history in Newfoundland and Labrador is unknown, but in
Europe the larva of this butterfly feeds on various legumes.

P. argyrognomon empetri (Freeman) NORTHERN BLUE

Plate 6, 19

This subspecies of northern blue is found in Labrador, Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, but has not been recorded from
Newfoundland. It has been collected at Hopedale and Cartwright in Labra-
dor. The adults are in flight from late July to mid-August. It may be
distinguished from P. a. aster by its deeper blue color, the heavy black
pattern of the underside, and the rather large, distinct dark spots.

The life history is unknown except that the female lays her eggs on
black crowberry {Empetrum nigrum) and the larva probably feeds on this
plant.

P. aquilo Boisduval ARCTIC BLUE

Plate 6, 8

This is a circumpolar arctic species, distributed in Canada from
Newfoundland and Labrador west to the Pacific. The species also occurs in
the Rocky Mountains as far south as California and Arizona. Its small size,
dull colors, hairiness, and dingy appearance give it a real "arctic"
appearance.

The arctic blue is widely distributed and fairly common in Newfound-
land and Labrador. In Newfoundland, specimens have been taken at Pouch

64

Cove, Carbonear, Ferryland, Steady Brook, Lomond, Doctor's Hills, St.
Anthony, South Branch, Codroy, Table Mountain, and Port aux Basques.
The adults are in flight from early to late July. Moschler (1860) reported it
in Labrador. Adults have since been taken at Chateau Bay, Belle Isle, Battle
Harbour, Hopedale, Black Island, Hebron, Nain, Nutak, Okak, Payne Bay,
Rocky Bay, Ryans Bay, Sugluk, Kangalak, and Knob Lake. In Labrador,
the adults are in flight from late July to mid-August.

Details of the life history in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
known. However, females have been observed ovipositing on diapensia
{Diapensia lapponica) and blueberries {Vaccinium spp.).

Genus Glaucopsyche Scudder

G. lygdamus couperi Grote SILVERY BLUE

Plate 6, 6 and 7

The silvery blue butterfly is distributed from Newfoundland west to
Manitoba and south into northern Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and
Wisconsin. It can be distinguished from related species by its predominantly
gentle tone of silvery blue on the upper surface of both wings. On the
underside the species is dark brownish gray and displays a crooked row of
black spots near the margin of each wing. The male has a narrow black
border surrounding the upper surface of the wings' outer margins, whereas
in the female the border tends to be suffused and broader.

The silvery blue is considered to be somewhat rare in Newfoundland. It
was reported by Holland (1898), Seitz (1924), and dos Passos (1935) as
taken by Gosse at Carbonear 1832-35. It was also taken at St. Anthony by
B. B. Moore and J. B. Wallas in 1951. The adults are in flight from
mid- June to mid-July. The silvery blue has a rather rapid flight, and occurs
in both open woods and fields. No specimens have been observed from
Labrador.

The white-flecked, light green larva is slug shaped and has a black head
and dark green dorsal stripes bordered with light yellow green. It is closely
attended by ants and feeds on wild peas {Lathyrus spp.) and vetch (Vicia
spp.). The species is single brooded and probably hibernates as a pupa.

Genus Celastrina Tutt

C argiolus pseudargiolus (Boisduval & LeConte)

SPRING AZURE, JENNY LIND
Plate 6, 3 and 4

The species ranges over almost the whole of Canada and the United
States. Dos Passos (1935) reported the subspecies C. a. lucia and form

65

marginata from Newfoundland but these are now considered as C a.
pseudargiolus. This subspecies is the largest of the blue butterflies. Most of
the upper surface of the male is sky blue with thin black outer marginal
lines on the forewings. Females often have these marginal lines to a greater
degree and the outer third of the forewings is quite dark in some.

The spring azure, or Jenny Lind as it is sometimes called, is widely
distributed in Newfoundland and Labrador (Figs. 2\a and b). The adults
are in flight from early June to mid-August, and from mid-June to late July,
respectively.

Eggs are laid on dogwood {Cornus spp.), sumac {Rhus spp.), blueberry
{Vaccinium spp.), and other plants. The larva is white, tinged with pale rose,
and has a dusky dorsal stripe and slanted greenish marks on the sides; its
body is covered with white hairs. Ants are known to attend the larvae to
obtain the sweet liquid that they secrete. There is only one brood a year and
hibernation is as a pupa.

Family HESPERIIDAE skippers

Skippers are a very large, worldwide group of stout-bodied insects with
proportionately small wings. Gregory (1975) listed 57 species of skippers in
Canada, 4 of which occur in Newfoundland and Labrador.

The family contains many brightly colored species in the tropics, but in
temperate latitudes they are not so attractive. In Newfoundland and Labra-
dor, they are varying shades of black, brown, and orange, and in many
instances collectors consider them so dull in appearance that, unfortunately,
they disregard them altogether.

Skippers are generally easily identified by their distinctive antennae,
which are markedly hooked at the tips. The adults, with few exceptions, are
swift, erratic fliers and many are attracted to flowers. The larvae are plain,
dull colored, and unornamented, with few hairs, but often with distinctive
head patterns. They feed mainly on grasses and pupate within a loose, silken
cocoon, a characteristic much commoner among moths than butterflies. The
pupa is generally suspended by a silk girdle inside the silken cocoon.

Genus Pyrgus Hubner

p. centaureae (Rambur) GRIZZLED SKIPPER

Plate 6, 20

The grizzled skipper is a circumpolar species, occurring all over north-
ern North America and on the higher mountains southward. Two subspe-

66

Fig. 2\a. Distribution of Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus (Boisduval &
LeConte) in Newfoundland.

cies, including P. c. freija, were originally described from specimens taken in
Labrador, the most northerly part of their range.

P. centaureae has been recorded from Newfoundland by dos Passos
(1935) but is not considered common. In Labrador, specimens have been
taken at Nain, Hopedale, and Knob Lake. Packard (1888) first reported the
species from Labrador. The adults are in flight in Labrador from mid-June
to very early August.

67

Fig. 2\b. Distribution of Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus (Boisduval &
LeConte) in Labrador.

68

The species may be distinguished from its relatives by the basically
white marginal area of its hindwing. Also, the subterminal lunules are large
and are joined to the vein lines to make a series of small outer subterminal
spots. Although very little is known about the early stages of the grizzled
skipper, it is believed that the larva feeds on grasses.

Genus Carterocephalus Lederer

C palaemon (Pallas) ARCTIC SKIPPER

Plate 6, 21

The arctic skipper has a wide distribution but despite its name is not
truly arctic. It is found across central and southern Canada, and south to
Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Minnesota. It is also
found in Europe and Asia. Adults have been collected in Newfoundland at
the Oxen Pond Botanical Park in St. John's, Gander, Grand Falls, Spruce
Brook, Harmon Field, and Doyles Station between late June and mid-July.
Three specimens, now in the Canadian National Collection, were taken at
Cartwright in Labrador by E. Cashman on 28 July 1955. Specimens were
also collected by Ferris at Nain and Happy Valley in 1975.

The mature larva is yellowish green and has a pale dorsal line and finer
yellowish lateral lines. It feeds on grasses and hibernates when fully grown.
The species is single brooded.

Genus Thymelicus Hubner

T. lineola Ochsenheimer EUROPEAN SKIPPER

Plate 34, 1

The European skipper was first found in North America near London,
Ont., and has since spread throughout Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick,
Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland. The species was
first observed in Newfoundland by B. Jackson at the Oxen Pond Botanical
Park, St. John's, 3 August 1976 (Jackson 1978). He captured 2 adults and
observed approximately 12 others flying in a grassy meadow. Three adults
were taken at Wooddale, near Grand Falls, 26 July 1977 and Eberlie
collected three specimens at Deer Lake, 28 July 1977 (Eberlie 1978). A
single specimen was taken from the radiator of a car, 24 July 1975. It is
considered a serious pest of hayfields in Quebec and Prince Edward Island.

The larva feeds on coarse grasses, usually between blades that are spun
together. It is green, with yellowish incisions between the bands; there is a
darker green dorsal stripe and yellow lateral lines. When fully grown it spins
some lower stems of grass together with a network of white silk to hold the

69

pupa. The species overwinters in the egg stage. The eggs are pale greenish
yellow and oval in shape. They are laid in August in dried grass seed heads
or inside the sheath of a leaf, and hatch the following spring.

Genus Hesperia Fabricius

H. comma borealis Lindsey COMMA, LABRADOR SKIPPER

Plate 6, 22

The comma, or Labrador skipper as it is sometimes called, extends
from northern Newfoundland and Labrador through northern Quebec and
Manitoba to the Yukon. Adults have been taken in Newfoundland at St.
Barbe, Loon Motel (32 km west of St. Anthony), and St. John Island from
mid- July to early August, and in Labrador at Nain, Hopedale, and Cart-
wright from mid to late July. H. c. borealis was originally described from
specimens taken at Nain, Labrador. Ferris reported the subspecies manitoba
Scudder from Nain. A specimen of laurentina Lyman was also recorded
from Nain and is now at the Allyn Museum of Entomology in Sarasota, Fla.

The species may be differentiated from related species by the white
spots on the underside of the hindwing, which coalesce to form a continuous
band, and by the presence of dark patches outside and, in some specimens,
inside these spots.

The life history of borealis in Newfoundland and Labrador is not
known but it is thought to be single brooded.

Genus Polites Scudder

p. coras (Cramer) PECK'S SKIPPER

Plate 6, 23

Peck's skipper occurs in Eastern Canada, the northern Atlantic States,
west to Kansas, Iowa, and Illinois, and south to Georgia and Texas. Adults
have been taken in Newfoundland at Deer Lake, Woody Point, Doyles
Station, South Branch, and St. Anthony from mid-June to late July, and in
Labrador at Cartwright from mid-July to early August.

Peck's skipper may be easily distinguished from related species by its
small size and the characteristic light patch, consisting of greatly enlarged
and fused spots on the underside of the hindwing. It frequently visits
summer flowers.

The fully grown larva is deep maroon, mottled with light brown, and
has white streaks and a blackish head. It feeds on grasses. The species is
probably single brooded, and hibernates as a fully grown larva or pupa.

70

MOTHS

Family SPHINGIDAE sphinx moths (hawkmoths)

This is a moderate-sized family of nearly 1000 species. Hodges (1971)
reported 115 species in the southwestern United States. The largest number
of species is found in the wet, tropical parts of the world; only 13 species
occur in the cooler climate of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Sphingids are medium to large-sized moths that have rather long,
slender wings. The body is usually long and torpedo-shaped. Adults are
often observed hovering in front of deep-throated flowers to feed on nectar
and thus are often called hummingbird moths. Some species are diurnal,
some crepuscular, and others nocturnal.

The eggs are rounded or slightly flattened with very little surface
sculpturing. They are usually laid singly, but in a few cases are found in
masses. The larva is cylindrical or tapering at the anterior segments. The
1 1th segment usually has a caudal horn, which is occasionally replaced with
a button-like structure. The body has sparse, very fine secondary hair. The
pupa is torpedo-shaped like the body of the adult, and its head is distinctly
narrower than ihe thorax. The 5th and 6th segments are movable. Pupation
occurs either in a chamber in the soil, or in a loosely spun cocoon on or
above the ground.

Genus Agrius Hubner

A. cingulatus (Fabricius)

SWEET-POTATO HORNWORM, PINK SPOTTED HAWKMOTH

Plate 7, 1

A. cingulatus is a tropical and semitropical insect occurring throughout
the southern parts of the United States. It breeds in the Gulf Coast region,
including Florida, and may be resident on the east coast of the United States
north to South Carolina. It is sometimes found in the northern United
States and Canada, but only as a straggler.

Four specimens have been taken in Newfoundland, one at Corner
Brook by the Forest Research Laboratory, 31 August 1960, one at Port aux

71

Basques, 5 August 1975, one at St. John's, 10 October 1977, and another at
Mt. Pearl, 23 August 1968. They were probably stragglers, but are nonethe-
less of interest because of their large size and beauty. The larva feeds on
sweet potato {Ipomoea batatas) and other members of the Convolvulus
family. When fully grown, it bores into the ground and forms a chamber in
the soil where pupation occurs.

Genus Ceratomia Harris

C undulosa (Walker) WAVED SPHINX

Plate 7, 2

The waved sphinx ranges widely from the Atlantic Provinces to western
and southern Alberta, south to Florida and west to Kansas and Texas.

A single specimen taken at Corner Brook by the Forest Research
Laboratory and reported by McGugan (1958) is the only record of this
species occurring in Newfoundland. Ferguson (1954) reported it as a
common species near Annapolis, N.S. It is not found in Labrador.

The larva is grayish green to green with seven pairs of lateral, greenish
oblique bands on the body. It feeds on ash {Fraxinus spp.), privet {Ligus-
trum spp.), and hawthorn {Crataegus spp.).

Genus Sphinx Linnaeus

S. canadensis Boisduval

Plate 7, 3

This species is distributed from Newfoundland to Massachusetts, west
to Ohio and Montana. Brower (1974) reported it to be widespread but
scarce in Maine. He observed adults in flight from mid-June to early
August. According to Forbes (1948), the species has been reported from
Newfoundland. However, no specimens have been observed or taken in
recent years, and the species has not been recorded from Labrador.

Forbes (1948) stated the larva may feed on blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)
and Brower (1974) reported that it had been reared on ash {Fraxinus spp.).

S. kalmiae J. E. Smith LAUREL SPHINX

Plate 8, 1

This species is known to occur from Newfoundland west to southeast-
ern Saskatchewan and south to Georgia, Arkansas, and Mississippi. In
Newfoundland, S. kalmiae has been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Colinet,

72

Gander, Gambo, Corner Brook, Cow Head, Lomond, Stephenville Crossing,
and Tompkins. It has not been recorded from Labrador. The adults are in
flight from mid-July to mid-August and, although widely distributed, are
never abundant.

The larva is yellowish green, with somewhat paler thoracic segments.
The oblique bands are comprised of a very narrow white central line,
preceded by a blue black one and followed by a rather broad yellow one that
extends to the horn. The caudal horn is dark blue mottled with black. The
pupa has a fairly short, slightly curved tongue case that is not completely
flat against the surface of the body.

Larval food plants are diverse and include laurel {Kalmia latifolia),
lilac (Syringa vulgaris), privet {Ligustrum spp.), ash {Fraxinus spp.), and
poplar {Populus spp.).

S. gordius Cramer APPLE SPHINX

Plate 8, 2

The apple sphinx has a fairly wide range, from Newfoundland and
Labrador south to central Florida, west to the Peace River, Alta., and south
along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. Its seasonal abundance
varies considerably, but it is the most common sphinx in Newfoundland,
where adults have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Mt. Pearl, Goulds,
Colinet, Wild Cove, Gander, Pynns Brook, and Tompkins. The adults are in
flight from early June to late August. Specimens have been taken in
mid- July at Goose Bay in Labrador.

The fully grown larva is yellow green with seven pairs of lateral oblique
bands that have purple anterior borders. The caudal horn is quite short and
has a purple lateral border that is a continuation of the seventh band. The
larva feeds on apple (Malus spp.), prairie crab apple (Malus ioensis), ash
{Fraxinus spp.), blueberry {Vaccinium spp.), eastern larch (Larix laricina),
and white spruce {Picea glauca). Pupation takes place in the soil, and the
pupa has a very short tongue case. The species is single brooded.

S. drupiferarum J. E. Smith

PLUM TREE SPHINX, WILD CHERRY SPHINX

Plate 8, 3

Forbes (1948) stated that this moth ranged, in races, from Quebec and
Maine to Georgia and west to the Pacific. According to McGugan (1958)
the species has been collected from western Newfoundland, eastern Nova
Scotia, eastern and central Ontario, and central British Columbia. The
Newfoundland record is based on larvae taken at St. George's. There are no
records from Labrador.

73

The larva is grass green with a deep red brown stripe on its head and
horn and purple-shaded lateral stripes. It is a solitary defoliator on apple
{Malus spp.), cherry {Prunus spp.), plum {Prunus spp.), and lilac {Syringa
spp.).

Genus Smerinthus Latreille

S. jamaicensis (Drury) TWIN-SPOTTED SPHINX

Plate 8, 4

The twin-spotted sphinx is found from Newfoundland south to Georgia
and west to British Columbia and Arizona. Although considered rare in
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride,
Colinet, Gambo, Gander, Lewisporte, Millertown Junction, Badger, Gaff
Topsail, Kitty's Brook, Corner Brook, Pynns Brook, and Tompkins, where
they are in flight from late June to early September. The species has not
been recorded from Labrador.

The larva has a soft pinkish horn no longer than the height of the head.
It feeds on cherry {Prunus spp.), willow {Salix spp.), and aspen {Populus
spp.). There is a single generation each year and the pupa is the overwinter-
ing stage.

S. cerisyi Kirby CERISY'S SPHINX MOTH

Plate 9, 1

This sphinx moth occurs in small numbers from Newfoundland, the
Maritime Provinces, and Ontario west to British Columbia. It also occurs in
races from Rhode Island, N.Y., west across the United States to the Pacific
and south in the Rocky Mountains to Mexico City. In Newfoundland, adults
have been taken at Grand Falls, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, and Tompkins
from early June to mid-July. The species is not found in Labrador.

The larva has a blue, black-tipped horn and is a solitary feeder on
willow (Salix spp.), and poplar (Populus spp.). The species is single
brooded, and hibernates as a pupa.

Genus Paonias Hubner

p. excaecatus (J. E. Smith) BLINDED SPHINX

Plate 9, 2

In Canada, the blinded sphinx is known to exist from Newfoundland
west to Saskatchewan and the interior of British Columbia. Forbes (1948)

74

stated that it extends south from Canada to Florida and west to the
Mississippi Valley. Krogerus (1954) reported taking larvae at Corner Brook,
Newfoundland, from a small shadbush {Amelanchier spp.). In Labrador, a
single adult was taken at Nagrak [Nachvak] Fiord by E. E. Sterns, 15
August 1954. This specimen is now in the Canadian National Collection.

The larva has a blue green horn, and sometimes has fairly regular
subdorsal and lateral rows of red spots. It feeds on wild cherry {Prunus
spp.), birch (Betula spp.), and aspen {Populus spp.) and is most prevalent
during August. The pupa overwinters.

Genus Pachysphinx Rothschild & Jordan

p. modesta (Harris) MODEST SPHINX, BIG POPLAR SPHINX

Plate 9, 4

This large, beautiful sphinx is found across Canada from central
Newfoundland and Labrador to the interior of British Columbia. Holland
(1903) stated that the species ranged across the United States and as far
south as northern Mexico. McGugan (1958) reported it from central
Newfoundland in the Grand Falls area and E. E. Sterns collected adults in
mid-August, 1954, at Nagrak [Nachvak] Fiord and Hebron, Labrador. In
Canada, adults are in flight from early June to mid-August, but are most
abundant in late June.

The green larva is a solitary defoliator on poplar {Populus spp.) and
willow (Salix spp.). The species is single brooded and hibernates as a pupa.

Genus Hemaris Dalman

H. thysbe (Fabricius)

HUMMINGBIRD MOTH, COMMON CLEAR-WING

Plate 9, 6

The hummingbird moth ranges across Canada from Newfoundland to
British Columbia, south to Florida and west to Texas. This beautiful diurnal
moth is widely distributed in Newfoundland. For protection the species
mimics a bee. Adults have been taken at St. John's, Bell Island, Logy Bay,
Kilbride, Ferryland, Cappahayden, Gambo, Gander, Glenwood, Fortune,
Woody Point, Spruce Brook, and Harmon Field. Adults are in flight from
mid-June to early September and frequently visit flowers, particularly lilacs.
Specimens taken by A. English at St. John's, 5-8 July 1919, are in the
Canadian National Collection. There are no records from Labrador.

The larva has a very rough round head and an even rougher cervical
shield. Its skin is green and somewhat granular, and it has a long, slender-

75

tipped horn and red spiracles. White subdorsal lines and a pale double
dorsal line, often red in the center, extend to the horn. The larva normally
feeds on viburnum {Viburnum spp.), hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), honeysuck-
le {Lonicera spp.), and snowberry {Symphoricarpos spp.).

The species is single brooded and overwinters as a brown pupa enclosed
in a rather dense cocoon, formed on the surface of the ground under fallen
leaves.

Genus Proserpinus Hubner

p. flavofasciata (Walker) YELLOW-BANDED DAY SPHINX

Plate 9, 3

According to Forbes (1948), this moth ranges from Maine to British
Columbia, but only in a narrow strip of country, as it has been found in
southern Quebec but not south of Massachusetts. This sphinx is generally
considered a collector's prize when taken. The only record from Newfound-
land is a single specimen taken at Cormack on 16 June 1961; this was
probably a migrant from Quebec. The moths are diurnal and mimic bumble
bees in their appearance and behavior, as their coloring is yellow and black,
their bodies are hairy, and they frequently visit flowers.

The larva is brown and has rows of black dots. The horn is replaced by
an eyespot with a rough, obliquely pointed center and a deep black ring
round the outside. The larva feeds on fireweed {Epilobium spp.) and the
species hibernates as a pupa.

Genus Hyles Hubner

H. gallii intermedia (Kirby) DARK- VEINED DEILEPHILA

Plate 9, 5

According to Forbes (1948), the species ranges from Labrador to
Georgia in the east and from Vancouver Island to California in the west. In
Newfoundland, adults of the subspecies H. g. intermedia have been taken at
St. John's, Lethbridge, Glenwood, Grand Falls, Pynns Brook, Doctors
Brook, Corner Brook, and Tompkins from late May to late July. In
Labrador, adults were taken at Hopedale by W. W. Perrett from mid-July
to late July. This subspecies is considered rare in both Newfoundland and
Labrador.

The larvae are black or green in color. The black form has diffuse
yellow powdering on the dorsal and subdorsal regions and a regular subdor-

76

sal series of eyespots. In the green form, the last eyespot is extended to the
horn. Both forms feed on fireweed {Epilobium spp.). The species hibernates
as a pupa.

Family SATURNMDAE

giant silkworm moths (emperor moths)

Most of this family are medium-sized or very large. All species weave a
cocoon for pupation. None of them has a frenulum for coordinating wing
movement in flight. The tongue is aborted, or at most extremely rudimen-
tary, indicating that adult moths of this family do not feed. Most species are
beautifully colored, and many have large colored or opaque eyespots on their
wings.

The antennae of the males, and sometimes of the females, are either
singly or doubly bipectinated to the tips. Bipectination also occurs in other
families of moths, but it never extends to the tip of the antenna as in this
family.

Well-known saturniids include the cecropia moth {Platysamia cecropia
(Linnaeus)), the luna moth {Actias luna (Linnaeus)), and the polyphemus
moth {Antheraea polyphemus (Cramer)). None of these are found in
Newfoundland, and only the polyphemus moth has been recorded from
Labrador.

Genus Antheraea Hubner

A. polyphemus polyphemus (Cramer) POLYPHEMUS MOTH

Plate 10, 1

The species is the most widely distributed of all North American
Saturniidae, occurring from coast to coast across Canada and the United
States and south to Mexico. Although found in Labrador, it has never been
recorded in Newfoundland.

A single specimen of A. p. polyphemus, taken by E. E. Sterns at
Hebron in Labrador, 12 August 1954, is the only representative of this
family from Newfoundland and Labrador. The specimen is in the Canadian
National Collection, and was probably a stray from a more southern
Canadian region.

The larva is a beautiful bright green with an almost translucent quality,
and has silvery white raised lateral lines. The larva feeds on many species of
trees and shrubs, including white birch {Betula papyrifera), willow {Salix
spp.), maple (Acer spp.), cherry {Prunus spp.), hawthorn {Crataegus spp.),

77

trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides), and shadbush {Amelanchier spp.).
The cocoon is firm and compact, ovoid in shape, and has a tough, thick,
rigid outer covering of silk. It is wrapped in a leaf, drops to the ground when
the leaves fall, and passes the winter there concealed in the leaf litter.
Consequently it is very difficult to find. The moth is single brooded in
Canada. The life history of this beautiful moth is fully described by
Ferguson (1972).

Family AM ATI DAE

This family consists of approximately 2000 species. Many of them are
thickly covered with hair and resemble arctiids (tiger moths) in both
appearance and habits. They also spin cocoons similar to those of arctiids.
However, the moths of this family can easily be distinguished from related
families by the structure of the hindwing. The subcostal vein in amatid
moths can only be seen at the base of the wing, where it is separated from
the radial vein for a very short distance.

Almost all members of this family are diurnal and brilliantly colored.
Many species are mimics of Hymenoptera (bees and wasps) and several
mimic chrysomelid beetles. The larvae are tussock-like, and have dense
feathery hair growing from warts, and some long pencils of hair. They
generally feed on grasses and pupate in cocoons lined with larval hairs.

Genus Ctenucha Kirby

C virginica (Charpentier)
Plate 10,2

This species is distributed from Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova
Scotia south to Pennsylvania and west to Manitoba. Forbes (1960) reported
C virginica as occurring in Newfoundland. A single specimen was taken at
Tompkins, 7 July 1975. Larvae of the species appeared in outbreak numbers
in St. George's and Robinsons in 1977 and adults emerged in large numbers
from 27 June to 15 July. In Labrador, adult specimens were taken at
Hebron and Nogbak [Nachvak] Fiord by E. E. Sterns during the period
10-15 August 1954.

The adult moth is easily recognized by its coloration. The forewing is
brown black, the hindwing black, the body a brilliant peacock blue, and the
vertex and shoulders orange.

The larva has a red and black head and a brown body with narrow and
broken subdorsal and lateral lines. The hair may vary from practically all
white with black dorsal tufts to mostly black. The larva is a general feeder,

78

but confines itself chiefly to grass. The outbreak at St. George's and
Robinsons caused light damage to hay and pasture fields.

Family ARCTIIDAE tiger moths and allies

This is a large family of some 2000 species, but only 14 of them are
known in Newfoundland and Labrador. Most adults have stout, thickly
haired bodies, and closely resemble the noctuids. The head is often retracted
into the thorax and the legs are short and strong, with very short spurs.
Most adults are brilliantly colored. The eggs are usually laid in clusters of
about 100. The larvae are hairy, and remain in groups at first, scattering
later in almost all cases to feed singly. They develop colorful tufts of hairs
from large warts on the thorax and abdomen, which is why they are often
called "woolly bears." The pupae are stout, and the cremaster, if there is
one, is weak; the warts are usually represented by groups of minute setae;
the cocoon is light or even flimsy, mainly covered with barbed larval hairs,
with little or no silk. Most species overwinter as larvae, a few as pupae.

Genus Lexis Hampson

L bicolor (Grote) YELLOW-EDGED LEXIS

Plate 10,3

The species occurs in all provinces of Canada in appreciable numbers
and in the northern areas of the United States. In Newfoundland, it has
been observed at St. Anthony, Corner Brook, Grand Falls, Gander, Gambo,
and Swift Current, and in Labrador at Cartwright. Adults are in flight in
Newfoundland from early July to early August and in Labrador from late
July to mid-August.

The larva is clay colored with brown mottling and a black head. The
thorax has large anterior and smaller posterior warts. It feeds on lichens
growing on conifers but can, however, develop satisfactorily under artificial
conditions on the trees themselves. McGugan (1958) recorded the principal
host plants as white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam fir {Abies balsamea).

Genus Halisidota Hubner

H. maculata (Harris) SPOTTED TUSSOCK MOTH

Plate 10,4

The spotted tussock moth occurs in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
Ontario, west to Manitoba and Colorado, south to Massachusetts and west

79

across the United States to California. In Newfoundland, specimens have
been taken at Doyles, Tompkins, South Branch, Stephenville, Corner Brook,
Pasadena, Pynns Brook, Lewisporte, Kilbride, and St. John's, and in Labra-
dor at Nachvak Fiord. The adult is in flight in Newfoundland during July
and in Labrador in mid-August.

The larva is cream or yellow in the middle and blackish at the ends, and
is conspicuously marked with massive tufts of black hair and some thin
pencils of white hair. It feeds mainly on alder {Alnus spp.), willow (Salix
spp.), poplar {Populus spp.), and maple {Acer spp.).

Genus Phragmatobia Stephens

p. fuliginosa (Linnaeus) RUBY TIGER MOTH

Plate 10,5

This is a circumpolar species, extending throughout Canada from the
Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains and Alaska, and south along the Appala-
chian Mountains into the Carolinas. It has been taken in Newfoundland at
Colinet, Stephenville, and Lomond, but is not recorded from Labrador. The
adult is in flight from late June to mid- July.

The larva is blackish and the stiff hair is black in front and tawny in the
middle and at the rear; there are no tufts of longer hair. The species is single
brooded and hibernates as a partly grown larva.

Genus Apantesis Walker

A. Virgo (Linnaeus) VIRGIN TIGER MOTH

Plate 10,6

This species is generally distributed throughout Eastern Canada, south
to Florida and west to Arizona. Specimens have been taken at Tompkins
and Cow Head in western Newfoundland, where the adult is in flight from
early July to early August. There are no records from Labrador.

The larva is black, with dorsal warts. The upper hairs are black and the
lower ones are reddish. There is sometimes a pale dorsal line. Ferguson
(1954) reared adults from larvae found in May under logs and flat stones in
fields and open grassy places.

A. parthenice (Kirby)
Plate 10,8

This moth is similar to A. virgo but the vein lines are much finer and
usually there are no median spots on the hindwing. Forbes (1960) reports its

80

distribution as being quite common across Canada from Nova Scotia to
Vancouver and across the United States from Smoky Falls to Iowa. Adults
have been taken in light traps in Newfoundland at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, and
Colinet, where the adult is in flight from mid-June to late July. A.
parthenice has not been reported from Labrador.

The larva is usually wholly black, but may have some brown hair or a
pale dorsal line. Forbes (1960) stated it can be carnivorous on occasion.

A. quenselii (Paykull)
Plate 10,9

According to Forbes (1960), this species is found in the arctic, south to
Mt. Katahdin, Maine, and Mt. Washington, N.H., and west to Manitoba
and the mountains of Colorado and Vancouver Island. Moschler (1860)
recorded it in Labrador, and 14 specimens in the Canadian National
Collection were taken at Hopedale, Labrador, between 1924 and 1928 by
W. W. Perrett, but the species has not yet been found in Newfoundland.
The adult is in flight from late June to late July.

The larva is black with a broken dorsal line.

A. virguncula (Kirby) LITTLE VIRGIN MOTH

Plate 10,7

Holland (1903) reported that this species occurs in the northern United
States and Canada. Ferguson (1954) called it a bog species, abundant on
the Mount Uniacke bogs and the barren bogs at Peggy's Cove in Nova
Scotia. In Newfoundland, specimens have been taken at St. Anthony,
Fortune, and Colinet. Forbes (1960) stated that the subspecies A. v.
spcciosa Moschler from Labrador was smaller but nearly identical in
pattern with A. virguncula from Newfoundland. However, the Newfound-
land specimens have narrower forewings and the subterminal line toward
the costa curves in an S-shape, suggesting A. quenselii. The adult is in flight
from mid-July to mid-August.

The larva is black dorsally, reddish ventrally, and has some shiny-based
warts.

Genus Diacrisia Hubner

D. virginica (Fabricius)

YELLOW WOOLLY BEAR, VIRGINIAN TIGER MOTH

Plate 10, 11

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Hudson Bay to Vancouver, and south to Florida and Mexico. In Newfound-

81

land, specimens have been taken at Port aux Basques, South Branch, St.
George's, Stephenville Crossing, Georges Lake, Corner Brook, Hampton,
Eddies Cove, Cow Head, Pynns Brook, and Lewisporte. The adults are in
flight from early July to mid-August. The species has not been recorded
from Labrador.

The orange brown or pale yellow, hairy larva is one of the commonest
woolly bears and may be found feeding on a variety of garden plants. In
some areas it can cause damage by feeding on corn silks. Ferguson (1954)
reported it on vines {Ampelopsis spp.). McGugan (1958) lists willow {Salix
spp.), trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides), Manitoba maple (Acer
negundo), and alder {Alnus spp.) as the most common larval host plants.

Genus Pyrrharctia Packard

p. Isabella (J. E. Smith) BLACK-ENDED BEAR

Plate 10, 10

According to Forbes (1960) this arctiid is distributed quite generally
across temperate Canada and the United States. It has not been taken in
Newfoundland, but is known to occur in western Labrador because E. G.
Munroe took a single specimen in August 1948 at Knob Lake on the
Quebec-Labrador boundary. The attractive larva, brown in the middle and
black at each end, is a familiar woolly bear in many areas.

Genus Estigmene Hubner

£. acrea (Drury) SALTMARSH CATERPILLAR

Plate 33, 3

This species is distributed from the Atlantic Provinces to the interior of
British Columbia and south to Central America, but is not seen in the far
north. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Pynns Brook and
Tompkins. The species is considered rare and has not been recorded from
Labrador.

The larva has a dull brownish body with some mottling and faint
broken lines. The hair is usually dusty gray brown dorsally and tawny
laterally, or is sometimes all tawny. It is a very general feeder, mainly on
low plants, but is also an efficient climber on cherry {Prunus spp.), apple
{Malus spp.), alder {Alnus spp.), and poplar {Populus spp.). The species
overwinters as a pupa.

82

Genus Hyphantria Harris

H. textor Harris SPOTLESS FALL WEBWORM

Plate 10, 13

According to Forbes (1960), the species is distributed in Eastern
Canada and the eastern United States, Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico.
In Newfoundland, only two specimens are recorded, both taken by Krogerus
on 1 July 1949 around the village lamps at Port aux Basques (Krogerus
1945). McGugan (1958) included original records designated as H. textor
Harris under the species H. cunea (Drury). Ferguson (1954) noted some
specimens with black-spotted primaries and stated they were merely forms
of textor, not cunea. The larva is sometimes abundant in the fall, frequently
in large webs on apple trees {Malus spp.).

H. cunea (Drury) FALL WEBWORM

Plate 10, 12

McGugan (1958) gives the distribution of H. cunea and H. textor as
general throughout southern Canada from coast to coast. Forbes (1960)
considered H. cunea to be rare north of central New York and eastern
Massachusetts, but to be more common than H. textor from southern New
York to Florida. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at South Branch,
St. George's, Stephenville, Corner Brook, Deer Lake, and Grand Falls.

The larva feeds in colonies that form a distinct web over the branch of
the tree as feeding progresses. It is found on pin cherry {Prunus pensyl-
vanica), willow {Salix spp.), alder (Alnus spp.), apple {Malus spp.), and
many other trees and shrubs.

Genus Platarctia Packard

p. parthenos (Harris) ST. LAWRENCE TIGER MOTH

Plate 11, 1

This species is widely distributed across Canada from Newfoundland
and Labrador to the Yukon and British Columbia, south to Massachusetts
and New York, and west to Colorado. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken at Colinet, Corner Brook, Pynns Brook, Tompkins, Doyles, River of
Ponds, and St. Anthony; and in Labrador at Cartwright, Hopedale, Goose
Bay, and Nachvak Fiord. Packard (1888) recorded the species from all the
Moravian Stations in Labrador. The adults are in flight in Newfoundland
and Labrador from early July to mid-August.

83

The larva is black with some white warts and long, irregular hairs. It is
a solitary defoliator on willow {Salix spp.), alder {Alnus spp.), and birch
{Betula spp.)- This moth is considered rare and is usually taken in small
numbers.

Genus Arctia Schrank

A. caja (Linnaeus) GARDEN TIGER MOTH

Plate 11,2

Forbes (1960) gave the distribution of this species as general in the
north, and south to Ithaca and Saratoga, N.Y. The race of ^. americana is
found across Canada from Labrador to Saskatchewan. It is not known to
occur in Newfoundland but Moschler recorded it from Labrador in 1860
and Packard (1888) reported the species as prevalent all along the coast of
Labrador. It is widely distributed in Quebec, appearing late in the season,
usually in October and early November.

The larva is black with some pale warts on the thorax and abdomen.
The hairs are long, mainly mixed black and white but with some tawny
coloring on the sides and thorax. The white hairs are longest, particularly
toward the rear. McGugan (1958) recorded the larvae as feeding on willow
(Salix spp.), alder (Alnus spp.), and birch (Betula spp.).

Genus Utetheisa Hubner

U. idae Clarke
(Not illustrated)

Clarke described this species from specimens taken by a Commander
G. S. Stephenson on 1 July 1937, supposedly from Swain's Island, New-
foundland. Clarke stated they were strikingly similar in all characteristics
except genitalia to two other species of Utetheisa, bella (Linnaeus) and
ornatrix (Linnaeus), found in North America. A paratype of U. idae Clarke
was deposited in the Canadian National Collection.

However, Forbes (1960) reported that the type specimen of U. idae was
similar to a species found near the Indian Ocean, and Robinson and
Robinson (1974) stated that it was identical with U. puchelloides marshal-
lorum Rothschild, which is found on Swain's Island, American Samoa.
Thus it seems that Commander Stephenson's specimens were attributed to
the wrong Swain's Island and that the species does not, in fact, occur in
Newfoundland or Labrador.

84

Family NOCTUIDAE

cutworm or owlet moths, underwings

This is a very large family of medium-sized, stout-bodied moths. Most
species have well-developed mouthparts and palps. The tongue is always
coiled, but is sometimes weak and perhaps not functional.

The body is usually hairy, with spreading or divided tufts of hair on the
thorax, and sometimes with distinct dorsal tufts on the abdomen. The legs
are strong, and have two pairs of spurs on the hind tibia. The valves of the
male genitalia are usually visible externally, as are the two lobes of the
female ovipositor.

The family is distinguished from others by the quadrifid forewing, the
fusion, without any thickening, of the subcostal and radial veins of the
hindwing near the base, and the presence of ocelli and a developed tongue.

The width of the eggs is usually greater than the length, and they are
often laid in clusters with some overlapping. They generally have a well-
marked raised pattern radiating from the middle of the top.

The larvae can usually be recognized by the absence of hairs. The
majority are plant feeders, although a few are carnivorous and feed on scale
insects. Many species feed openly on plant leaves and stems and then rest
among leaf litter on the ground or burrow into the soil. Some larvae pupate
in the soil, others excavate rotting wood and form cocoons with the chips,
and still others form regular silk cocoons. Most species hibernate as pupae
or partly grown larvae, but a few hibernate in the egg stage.

Genus Androloma Grote

A. mac-cullochi (Kirby)
Plate 11,4

This species is distributed from Labrador, Quebec, and Ontario west to
the Northwest Territories and British Columbia. It is not found in New-
foundland but adults have been taken at Hopedale, Goose Bay, and Cart-
wright in Labrador, where the moths are in flight from early July to late
August. McDunnough (1921) reported specimens taken at Hopedale, 14
July and 23 August. Specimens taken by W. W. Perrett at Hopedale
between 1918 and 1933 are now in the Canadian National Collection. The
St. John's Forest Research Laboratory took two specimens on the Churchill
Falls Road, near Goose Bay, 21 July 1975 and 19 July 1976.

The larva, according to Crum (1956) is about 30 mm long, and
generally white in color with a black middorsal stripe. Its head and body are
covered with a network of fine black markings, and it has a cream-colored

85

subdorsal stripe, which is cut into by large black tubercles. According to
Forbes (1954) it feeds on plants of the grape (Vitaceae) and evening-prim-
rose (Onagraceae) families, and Crumb (1956) has found it on fireweed
{Epilobium spp.).

Genus Alypia Hubner

A. octomaculata (Fabricius) EIGHT-SPOTTED FORESTER

Plate 11,3

The eight-spotted forester extends from Eastern Canada and the north-
ern Atlantic States westward beyond the Mississippi. Krogerus (1954)
reported the species, which is common in eastern North America, on small
grass and gravel islands in the mouth of Grandy Brook at Burgeo, at
Tompkins, and north as far as Lomond. He also reported the moths flew
very rapidly in bright sunshine in late July and were difficult to capture.
Ferguson (1956) expressed doubt that this species was present in Newfound-
land. There are no records from Labrador.

The spectacular larva is about 35 mm long. It is white, with about eight
fine black transverse lines, a single orange stripe on each segment, and very
prominent black tubercles. It feeds on the foliage of decorative vines
(Ampelopsis spp.).

A. langtoni Couper LANGTON'S FORESTER

Plate 11,5

This species extends from Eastern Canada and the northern Atlantic
States west to California, British Columbia, Alaska, and the Yukon. It has
not been observed in Labrador, but in Newfoundland adults have been taken
at St. George's, Spruce Brook, and Springdale, where they are in flight in
mid- July. It is quite probable that Krogerus's misidentified octomaculata
specimens are actually langtoni males, because both are very similar except
for the shape of the wing spots.

The larva is similar to A. octomaculata, except that the white coloring
is more evident than the black and the black tubercles are much more
conspicuous. It feeds on fireweed {Epilobium spp.).

Genus Colocasia Hubner

C propinquilinea Grote CLOSE-BANDED DEMAS

Plate 11,6

This species is distributed in Canada from the Atlantic Provinces west
to Manitoba, and in the United States from Maine to western Pennsylvania

86

and Tennessee. One unlabeled specimen reported by Pardy (1974), probably
taken at St. George's in the early fifties, is the only record of its occurrence
in Newfoundland. It has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is white, shaded with black laterally, and has a red or dark
brown head. It is a solitary feeder on birch {Betula spp.), maple {Acer spp.),
and beech {Fagus spp.), and forms a cocoon between the leaves.

Genus Panthea Hubner

p. acronyctoides Walker

Plate 11,7

This species is found in all provinces as far west as eastern British
Columbia and also in Maine, New York, Massachusetts, Minnesota, and
Wisconsin in the United States. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at
St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Colinet, Port Blandford, Burin, Main Brook Junction,
Big Falls, Georges Lake, Corner Brook, Woody Point, Doyles, and Tomp-
kins. Moths are in flight from mid-May to mid-August. They have not been
recorded from Labrador.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on balsam fir {Abies balsamea),
spruce {Picea spp.), and tamarack {Larix spp.). Its body is contrastingly
mottled in white with shades of brown and black and has conspicuous
oblique white lateral patches. Brown and McGuffin (1942) fully described
and illustrated this larva. The cocoon is constructed of tough silk.

Genus Raphia Hubner

R. frater Grote BROTHER

Plate 11,8

According to Forbes (1954) this species is distributed from Nova Scotia
and Ontario south to New Jersey and Mississippi and west to British
Columbia, Colorado, and New Mexico. It has not been reported from
Newfoundland but adults have been taken at Hebron and Nagrak [Nach-
vak] Fiord in Labrador during July.

The larva is a light translucent green, dusted with white, with a pair of
yellow, red-tipped tubercles close together dorsally on the 2nd abdominal
segment. It is a solitary feeder on trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides)
and balsam poplar {Populus balsamifera). The species is single brooded and
hibernates as a pupa.

87

Genus Acronicta Ochsenheimer

A. americana (Harris) AMERICAN DAGGER

Plate 11,9

The American dagger moth is distributed from Newfoundland west to
Alberta and south to Georgia, Kansas, and Texas. In Newfoundland, adults
have been taken at Mt. Pearl, Gander, Corner Brook, Cormack, Daniel's
Harbour, St. George's, and Gambo and are in flight from mid-July to
mid-August. There are no records from Labrador.

The larva is about 50 mm long and greenish white in color with black
markings. It has very long tufts of yellow or white hair and dense secondary
hair. It feeds on maple {Acer spp.), birch {Betula spp.), and other deciduous
trees. The pupa is formed in a dense, rather flat cocoon in which it
hibernates. The species is single brooded.

A. dactylina (Grote) FINGERED DAGGER

Plate 11, 10

This species occurs generally from Newfoundland west to Alberta,
south to the district of Columbia and the mountains of North Carolina, and
west across the United States to Colorado. In Newfoundland, adults have
been taken at Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, St. John's, Gander, Pynns Brook, Corner
Brook, Dribble Brook, Stephenville Crossing, St. George's, Doyles, and
Tompkins. Adults are in flight from mid-May to early September. The
species has not been recorded from Labrador. Although the markings on the
forewings of this moth are similar to A. americana, it can be distinguished
by its smaller size and white hindwings.

The larva has black skin covered with short dense hair that is brown
dorsally and yellowish laterally. There are three long black pencils of hair. It
is a solitary feeder on birch {Betula spp.), willow {Salix spp.), alder {Alnus
spp.), and trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides), and is generally con-
sidered rare.

A. lepusculina Guenee COTTONWOOD DAGGER

Plate 11, 11

The species ranges all over North America from Eastern Canada and
the Atlantic States to the Pacific. It has been collected in Canada from
Newfoundland to British Columbia, with the exception of Prince Edward
Island. Krogerus collected larvae at Glenwood in Newfoundland between 22
and 24 August 1949. No adults have been taken in either Newfoundland or
Labrador. The species is considered rare throughout Canada except in
British Columbia, where it is generally common.

88

The larva's skin may be pale or black, the yellow hair is fine and soft,
and there are three pencils of long hair. It is a solitary defoliator on
trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides), willow {Salix spp.), and balsam
poplar {Populus balsamifera). The species overwinters as a pupa and is
single brooded.

A. leporina (Linnaeus) MILLER (BR.)*

Plate 11, 12

This species ranges from Newfoundland to southern New York and
west to British Columbia. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Mt.
Pearl, Kilbride, Gander, Comfort Cove, Deer Lake, Harvey's Stillwater,
Humber, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, and Tompkins from late May to
mid-July. In Labrador, a single moth was taken at Goose Bay, 27 July 1948,
by W. W. Beckel.

The larva is greenish white and about 40 mm long. The skin is covered
with minute rounded granules and fine hair that is always turned forward on
one side and back on the other side, probably because it lies in a doubled-up
position when resting. It feeds on trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides),
birch {Betula spp.), and willow {Salix spp.).

A. innotata Guenee
Plate 11, 14

The species is found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, northern Quebec,
and Ontario, south to New Jersey, west to Manitoba, and in a darker race to
the Pacific. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Gander, Rattling
Brook, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, St. George's, Flat Bay Brook, and
Doyles from mid- June to early August. The species has not been reported
from Labrador and is generally rare except in the Prairie Provinces.

The larva is about 30 mm long and has dark greenish skin with two
rows of yellow spots on each side, sparse dull white hair, and short spinules.
The larva is a solitary defoliator on birch {Betula spp.) and cherry {Prunus
spp.).

A. radcliffei (Harvey)
Plate 11, 13

The species ranges from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Quebec
south to Maine and North Carolina and west to Manitoba, Saskatchewan,
and British Columbia. In Newfoundland, it is generally considered to be
rare, but adults have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Corner Brook, and
St. George's from late June to late July. It is not recorded from Labrador.

*(BR.) denotes a common name used in Great Britain.

89

The larva is about 30 mm long and has a red head and a black body
with seven longitudinal yellow stripes. It is a solitary defoliator on shadbush
{Amelanchier spp.), birch [Betula spp.), and wild cherry {Prunus spp.).

A. grisea Walker GRAY DAGGER

Plate 11, 15

According to Forbes (1954) this moth is distributed from Labrador and
northern localities in Ontario west to the Pacific, and south to central Maine
and the mountains of New Hampshire and New York. Prentice (1962)
stated that the species is distributed quite generally from Newfoundland to
British Columbia. In Newfoundland, adults have been collected at St.
John's, Mt. Pearl, Gander, Hampden, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, Doyles,
Tompkins, and Port aux Basques; and in Labrador at Hamilton Inlet and
Goose Bay. The moths are in flight in Newfoundland from late June to
mid-August and in Labrador from mid to late July.

The larva is green or brown, with a somewhat mottled head and a
purplish middorsal stripe that broadens to form a central patch over
abdominal segments 5-7. It feeds on willow (Salix spp.), birch [Betula
spp.), alder (Alnus spp.), and apple (Mains spp.). The species is single
brooded and probably hibernates as a pupa.

A. superans Guenee
(Not illustrated)

This species ranges from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Quebec, and Eastern Ontario south to Maine and the District of Columbia
and west to Manitoba. In Newfoundland, a single specimen was taken at
Pynns Brook, 9 June 1976, and is considered rare. It is not recorded from
Labrador.

The larva is green, with a black brown dorsum that is set off by a
slightly yellow subdorsal line. The dorsal surface has very long but sparse
hair. The head is a mottled brownish color. Prentice (1962) reported that
the larva is a solitary feeder, active from mid-July to mid-August, and that
the species overwinters as a pupa. Larvae feed on plum {Prunus spp.), apple
{Mains spp.), mountain ash {Sorbus americana), and birch {Betula spp.)
(Forbes 1954).

A. fragilis (Guenee) FRAGILE DAGGER

Plate 11, 16

This delicate little moth is distributed from western Newfoundland to
British Columbia and south through Maine to Virginia. In Newfoundland,
specimens have been taken at Doyles by A. Mutuura, and at Tompkins.

90

Adults are in flight from mid to late July. This species is considered rare
and has not been reported from Labrador.

The larva is about 25 mm long, pale gray faintly tinged with green, and
has brown and black spots on the head. It has a narrow brown middorsal
band and a paler broken subdorsal band on its thorax and abdomen. It is
most numerous in mid and late August, feeding on birch {Betula spp.),
mountain ash (Sorbus spp.), and apple {Malus spp.). The species is single
brooded and hibernates as a pupa.

A. auricoma Fabricius
Plate 34, 12

This European species was first observed at Kilbride in July 1976. One
adult moth was taken on 4 July and a second on 9 July. This is a first record
for the species in Canada. It occurs in England and extends to southern
Russia and Siberia.

A. impressa Walker PRINTED DAGGER

Plate 12, land 2

The printed dagger moth has been collected at widely scattered points
in Canada from Newfoundland to British Columbia, and in the United
States south to central New York and west to the Rocky Mountains. It is
fairly common in Newfoundland and specimens have been taken at St.
John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Colinet, Gambo, Glovertown, Glenwood, Miller-
town Junction, Robert's Arm, Ming's Bight, Kitty's Brook, Cow Head,
Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, Stephenville, South Branch, Tompkins, Port
aux Basques, and Burgeo. Adults are in flight from late June to late August.
The species has not been reported from Labrador.

The larva is black dorsally and brown elsewhere, with lateral red lines.
It feeds on willow (Salix spp.), aspen, and poplar (Populus spp.). The
species is single brooded and overwinters as a pupa.

A. longa Guenee
(Not illustrated)

According to Forbes (1954), this moth is distributed throughout
Canada and from Massachusetts to Florida, and west to Texas and the
Rocky Mountains. In Newfoundland, Moore and Wallace collected eight
specimens at St. Anthony between 21 June and 9 July 1951. The species has
not been reported from Labrador.

The larva has a black or red brown head and a blackish or gray body,
finely striated with a longitudinal middorsal stripe and somewhat obscure
oblique ones. It feeds on willow {Salix spp.), birch {Betula spp.), cherry

91

(Prunus spp.), and alder {Alnus spp.). The spindle-shaped cocoon is formed
between leaves that are drawn together.

A. oblinita (J. E. Smith) SMEARED DAGGER

Plate 12,3

This species has been found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, northern Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and western British
Columbia, and south to Florida and across the United States to Texas.
According to Ferguson (1954) it is widely distributed and common in Nova
Scotia. In Newfoundland, specimens are recorded by Prentice (1962) as
being taken near Corner Brook. The species has not been observed in
Newfoundland since 1962 and it is not recorded from Labrador.

The larva, known as the smartweed caterpillar, is brilliantly colored;
the head is black and the body, also black, is dotted with yellow in a variable
pattern. It has black warts with tufts of stiff hair located in transverse red
bands. The larva is a general feeder on low shrubs and herbs, particularly
smartweed {Polygonum spp.), fireweed (Epilobium spp.), willow {Salix
spp.), and alder {Alnus spp.). The pupa overwinters in a silk cocoon between
leaves.

Genus Harrisimemna Grote

H. trisignata (Walker) HARRIS' THREE SPOT

Plate 12,4

According to Forbes (1954) this species is distributed from Nova Scotia
and Quebec to Mississippi and west to Saskatchewan and Missouri. In
Newfoundland, it is represented by a single specimen taken at Corner
Brook, 16 August 1956, and now in the Canadian National Collection, and
by three specimens collected at Tompkins, 3-8 July 1975.

The larva is patchily marked with brown, black, and white and is
grotesque in appearance because as many as four cast-off head capsules and
parts of the prothorax from previous larval molts may remain attached as a
hanging chain. It feeds on lilac {Syringa spp.), holly {Ilex spp.), and
blueberry {Viburnum spp.).

Genus Euxoa Hubner

E. detersa (Walker)

Plate 33, 6

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Maine west to Manitoba and south to New Jersey and Colorado. In

92

Newfoundland, where the species is considered rare, adults have been
collected at Tompkins during August. There are no records from Labrador.

According to Forbes (1954), the larva is thin-skinned and brownish,
with white dorsal, subdorsal, lateral, and spiracular lines and black spira-
cles. The head and cervical shield are also brownish. The larva feeds on
grass, and may be found most frequently in wet places or sand barrens.

E. perpolita (Morrison) POLISHED DART

Plate 12,5

The polished dart is distributed from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
west through Quebec to British Columbia, south into the New England
States and New York and west to Montana. It was recorded by Krogerus
(1954) at Millertown Junction, 21 August 1949, but no additional speci-
mens have been taken. It has been found in Labrador.

Details of the immature stages of this species in Newfoundland are not
available.

E. scandens (Riley) WHITE CUTWORM

Plate 33, 12

Hardwick {\910a) reported the species as being distributed on the
Atlantic coast and west through southern Canada and the northern and
central United States to Alberta and Utah. In Newfoundland, adults have
been collected at Doyles, Millville, and Tompkins, where the moths are in
flight from mid-July to early August. The species has not been recorded
from Labrador.

The larva is a translucent pale gray, with a whitish dorsal area, some
whitish lateral shading, and white spiracular lines with contrasting black
spiracles. The head and cervical shield are a mottled buff color. This
cutworm lives in sandy places, hiding by day in the soil, feeding at night,
and climbing for food if necessary. It has been reported as damaging young
apple trees in spring by feeding on the buds. The species overwinters as a
partly grown larva (Forbes 1954).

E. messoria (Harris) DARKSIDED CUTWORM

Plate 12,6

According to Forbes (1954) the species is distributed from Nova Scotia
and Quebec south to New Jersey and west to British Columbia. In New-
foundland, adults have been taken at St. John's and Pynns Brook, where
moths are in flight from early to mid-September. They have not been
recorded from Labrador.

93

This is one of the most common cutworms in Canada and a notorious
pest in many Canadian agricultural areas. It is dull gray with dark sides and
a flecked head. It feeds on a wide variety of vegetable plants, tobacco, and
weeds by cutting off the plants at ground level. The larva hibernates when
partly grown, maturing the following season.

E. Ontario (Smith)
Plate 12,7

This species is found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Quebec, northern Ontario, and the northern New England States. The
moths are strongly attracted to the honeydew produced by aphids on birch.
They are fairly common in Newfoundland but are not recorded from
Labrador. Adults have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Mt. Pearl,
Colinet, Gambo, Lumsden, Lewisporte, Kitty's Brook, Pynns Brook, Tomp-
kins, and St. Anthony and are in flight from late July to mid-September.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

E. quebecensis (Smith)

Plate 12,8

According to Forbes (1954) this species extends from Newfoundland,
Quebec, and northern Ontario west to the Pacific and south to Colorado.
Forbes reported moths in flight in late August and September in Newfound-
land. Adults have been taken at Goose Bay, Labrador, from mid to late
July.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.

E. tessellata (Harris) STRIPED CUTWORM

Plate 12,9

This species is common from Nova Scotia to Virginia and west to
Vancouver Island. In Newfoundland, where it is considered rare, adults have
been taken at Kilbride, Pynns Brook, Doyles, and Tompkins from late July
to early September. It has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is grayish and has yellow dorsal shading and white dorsal,
subdorsal, and spiracular lines. Dark flecks on the head are partially fused
into lines. The larva feeds on vegetable crops and is sometimes a serious
pest.

E. pleuritica (Grote)

Plate 34, 2

This species occurs in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine, Massachu-
setts, northern New York, west through southern Canada and the northern

94

United States to the interior of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon,
and south in the Rocky Mountains to central New Mexico. The species is
rare in Newfoundland and only one adult specimen has been taken at
Kilbride, 13 August 1976. It has not been found in Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

E. campestris (Grote) SILLY DART

Plate 12, 10

This species is distributed from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to
New York, west to the Pacific, and south to New Mexico and Arizona. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride,
Colinet, Gander, Woody Point, Pynns Brook, Kitty's Brook, and Tompkins.
The moths are in flight in Newfoundland from mid-August to late Septem-
ber, but have not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is a translucent dull brown with pale dorsal, subdorsal, and
lateral lines, and a more distinct white subspiracular line. Its head is brown,
streaked with a darker brown. The cutworm has been reported as injurious
in Manitoba under the name E. insulsa.

E. dissona (Moschler) DISSONANT DART

Plate 12, 11

According to Hardwick (1970«) the dissonant dart is distributed in
subarctic northeastern North America, occurring as far west as the North-
west Territories. It also occurs at higher elevations in the Appalachians of
New Hampshire and Maine. In Newfoundland, adults have been collected
at Witless Bay Line, Tompkins, and Port aux Basques from mid to late July.
The species is widely distributed in Labrador and adults have been taken at
Nain, Rama, Makkovik, Cartwright, Hopedale, and Belle Isle. Moschler
(1860) recorded the species in Labrador and Packard (1888) reported it
^rom the Moravian Stations in Labrador. The moths are in flight in
Labrador from late June to early August.

The larva has a black head and blackish body with pale dorsal and
subdorsal lines. It hibernates when partly grown and there is a single brood
each year.

E. diver gens (Walker)
Plate 12, 12

According to Hardwick (1970^) this species is distributed from coast to
coast in southern Canada and the northern United States. In the west it

95

ranges from the southern Yukon and the Northwest Territories to central
California and northern New Mexico, but is found only at higher altitudes
in the more southern parts of its range. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken at Tompkins, Gander, Doyles, and Millville. The moths are in flight
from mid-July to early August. The species is considered rare in Newfound-
land and is not reported from Labrador.

The larva has a shining brown head and a translucent dirty gray body
with an unmarked pale dorsal area. It hibernates when partly grown. There
is a single brood each year.

E. sinelinea Hardwick

Plate 33, 7

According to Hardwick (1970^) this species is distributed from Goose
Bay in Labrador south to central Michigan. In Newfoundland, a single
specimen was taken at Tompkins on 30 July 1975 and in Labrador 20
specimens were taken at Goose Bay by Beckel between 20 July and 5
August 1948. The species was described by Hardwick (1965) from a male
specimen taken at Goose Bay.

The immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are unknown but
are probably similar to those of E. divergens, which the adult moth closely
resembles.

E. redimicula (Morrison) FILLET DART

Plate 12, 13

This species is distributed from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
through southern Quebec and Ontario to New York and west to Saskatche-
wan and Montana. In Newfoundland, Krogerus (1954) reported taking a
single specimen at Deer Lake, 12 July 1949, on a sandy area between the
town and the lake itself. The species has not been observed since, and is not
recorded from Labrador.

Details of the larval stage in Newfoundland are not available.

E. westermanni (Staudinger)
Plate 12, 14

Hardwick (1970«) stated that the species was recorded from Greenland
and Labrador in the east, and from Great Bear Lake and the Canadian
Rocky Mountains in the west. In the Rocky Mountains, it occurs at least as
far south as Lake Louise, Alta. It has not been found in Newfoundland, but
has been collected at Hopedale and Cartwright in Labrador, where the
moths are in flight from mid to late July.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.
96

E. soli t aria (Smith)
(Not illustrated)

Although treated as a distinct species by Forbes (1954), Hardwick
(1970«) considered the species as synonymous with E. dissona. He stated,
"The Northern Insect Survey which was conducted by the Entomology
Research Institute, Ottawa, over a period of 12 years in the Arctic and
Subarctic regions of North America, provided a fairly good picture of the
noctuid fauna of northeastern North America. Of the few species of Euxoa
occurring in the region, only two, dissona (Moschler) and chimoensis
Hardwick, bear the slightest resemblance to Smith's original description
(the forewing of the specimen, which was collected in Labrador, is described
by Smith as yellowish rust red). The species chimoensis Hardwick has little,
if any, reddish coloring to the forewings and the transverse lines are dark
brown rather than pale gray. Some of the weakly marked, reddish-suffused
specimens of dissona, however, match Smith's original description fairly
well, and it is for this reason the name solitaria is tentatively placed here."
Although Smith described solitaria from Labrador, the original specimen
has never been located, so its identity remains unknown.

E. ochrogaster (Guenee) REDBACKED CUTWORM

Plate 12, 15

According to McDunnough (1950) this moth is generally distributed
throughout Canada and the northern and western United States. It is fairly
common in Newfoundland and adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt.
Pearl, Kilbride, Foxtrap, Cupids, Colinet, Gander, Lewisporte, Millertown
Junction, Badger, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, Plum Point, St. Anthony,
and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from mid-July to mid-September.
They have not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is the well-known redbacked cutworm, a serious pest of a
wide variety of cultivated plants, including cereals, sugar beet, and flax in
the Prairie Provinces (Beirne 1971). It is reddish dorsally and has dark
subdorsal bands and a pale median line. The underside is grayish to
brownish and the head is yellow brown. The larva hibernates when partly
grown and the species is single brooded in Newfoundland.

Genus Agrotis Ochsenheimer

A. mollis (Walker)
Plate 12, 16

According to Forbes (1954) the species has been found in Newfound-
land, the Hudson Bay area, and Alberta, south to Mt. Desert, Maine, and in

97

Colorado. Ferguson (1954) reported it as rare in Nova Scotia. In New-
foundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Colinet, Lewis-
porte, and Gander from mid-July to early August. In Labrador a single
specimen, now in the Canadian National Collection, was taken at Cart-
wright, 2 August 1955.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

A. patula Walker
Plate 12, 17

The species is known from Labrador, Knob Lake, Que., and Churchill,
Man., and from the Rocky Mountains to Alaska and Siberia. It is not
recorded from Newfoundland but specimens taken by W. W. Perrett at
Hopedale, Labrador, between 1928 and 1936 are now in the Canadian
National Collection. The moths are in flight from late July to late August.
Packard (1888) reported that the subspecies A. p. septentrionalis was found
at the Moravian Stations in Labrador. Holland (1903) illustrated a female
specimen (Plate 22, 31) taken at Nain.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.

A. venerabilis Walker DUSKY CUTWORM, VENERABLE DART

Plate 12, 18

The dusky cutworm is distributed from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
south to Texas and west to British Columbia and California. In Newfound-
land, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Colinet,
Pynns Brook, Georges Lake, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from
late August to mid-September. Ferguson (1954) reported them as abundant
in Nova Scotia, but not common in Newfoundland. The species has not been
reported from Labrador.

The larva has a reticulate head with heavy bars on the front and a
granulose body. The back, to below the level of the spiracles, is dark with
pale flecks, and the underside is pale. This cutworm is sometimes a pest on
vegetable crops and particularly likes white clover {Trifolium spp.). The
species is single brooded and hibernates as a partly grown larva.

A. musa Smith
Plate 12, 19

According to Draudt {in Seitz 1924) this species is recorded from
Newfoundland. Forbes (1954) reported that the only specimen he had seen

98

from Newfoundland was the type specimen described by Smith. He con-
sidered it to be a possible aberration of volubilis, but further stated it was
unlike any seen from elsewhere. Two specimens now in the Canadian
National Collection were taken by W. E. Beckel at Goose Bay, Labrador, 3
and 20 August 1948.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

A. volubilis Harvey VOLUBLE DART

Plate 12,20

The species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec,
and Maine south to North Carolina and west to the Pacific. In Newfound-
land, adults have been taken at St. John's and Colinet. The moths are in
flight from mid-June to mid-July. They have not been reported from
Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

A. obliqua (Smith)

Plate 12,21

The species is represented by a single specimen taken at Kilbride, 12
July 1968. It is considered very rare in Newfoundland and is not recorded
from Labrador. -

A. ipsilon (Hufnagel) BLACK CUTWORM

Plate 13, 1

This species has a wide distribution in the Old and New Worlds, and
occurs almost everywhere in Canada and the United States. It is one of the
most abundant noctuids in Newfoundland and Labrador (Figs. 22^ and b).
Adults are in flight from early June to late September in Newfoundland,
and from early to mid-September in Labrador.

The larva is heavily granulose, with a pale head and gray body. It is a
notorious cutworm that, according to Beirne (1971), will attack any kind of
plant. In Canada it is known to have damaged crops of potato, tomato,
turnip, mangel, radish, cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce, carrot, corn, oats,
barley, grasses, and many others. A. ipsilon is a burrowing species that feeds
at night. It is single brooded in Newfoundland and overwinters as a pupa.

99

Fig. 22a. Distribution of Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) in Newfoundland.

Genus Actebia Stephens

A. fennica (Tauscher) BLACK ARMY CUTWORM, FINNISH DART

Plate 13,4

This circumpolar species ranges from Newfoundland to British
Columbia, and south to Massachusetts and Wisconsin. In Newfoundland, it
is widely distributed but rare; adults have been taken at Kilbride, Colinet,

100

Fig. lib. Distribution of Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) in Labrador.

Eddies Cove West, Port au Choix, Cow Head, and St. Anthony, where they
are in flight from early July to early September. In Labrador, specimens
have been taken at Goose Bay, Hopedale, and Cartwright, where the moths
are in flight from mid-July to mid-August.

101

The larva is about 32 mm long, smooth skinned, and black or brownish
black in color. It has a white dorsal line and a broad white spiracular line
with a brown central stripe. Its head is broad and brown. This cutworm
often damages blueberry crops {Vaccinium spp.) in northern Canada. The
species is single brooded and hibernates as a partly grown larva.

Genus Spaelotis Boisduval

S. clandestina (Harris)

W-MARKED CUTWORM, CLANDESTINE DART

Plate 13,3

The species has a wide range in North America, from Eastern Canada
and the northern Atlantic States west to the Rocky Mountains. It is also
found in Greenland. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's,
Ml. Pearl, Kilbride, Colinet, Gander, North Pond, South Pond, Bay L'Ar-
gent, Pynns Brook, Tompkins, and St. Anthony. The moths are in flight
from early June to mid-September. They have not been reported from
Labrador.

The larva is about 28 mm long and 5 mm wide, smooth skinned, and
varies from pale to dark gray. A thin, pale, broken middorsal line with black
subdorsal spots forms a W-shape on each segment. According to Beirne
(1971) this cutworm can be a serious pest on vegetables, root crops, alfalfa
{Medicago sativa), clover {Trifolium spp.), and blueberry {Vaccinium
spp.). There is only one generation a year and the partly grown larva
hibernates under logs and similar objects.

Genus Eurois Hubner

E. occulta (Linnaeus) GREAT GRAY DART

Plate 13,2

This beautiful large gray moth is a circumpolar species. In North
America it extends from Greenland and the eastern part of Canada and the
United States at least as far as Colorado. It is widely distributed but never
abundant in Newfoundland and Labrador (Figs. 23^ and b). In Newfound-
land the moths are in flight from early July until early September and in
Labrador from mid-July to early September.

The larva is about 55 mm long and has a violet-tinged head with curved
bands on the sides of the face. The body is dark velvety black dorsally,
usually with a faint middorsal line. The larva is a solitary feeder on
tamarack {Larix spp.), snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.), and blueberry
{Vaccinium spp.). The species is single brooded and hibernates as a partly
grown larva.

102

Fig. 23a. Distribution of Eurois occulta (Linnaeus) in Newfoundland.

E. astricta Morrison
Plate 13,6

GREAT BROWN DART

This large brown moth is distributed from Labrador, Newfoundland,
Quebec, and the northern Atlantic States west to the Rocky Mountains and
Colorado. It is widely distributed in Newfoundland and is sometimes
abundant. Krogerus (1954) reported that as many as 200 adults visited bait
at Kitty's Brook in one night. Moths have been taken at St. John's, Mt.

103

Fig. 23b. Distribution of Eurois occulta (Linnaeus) in Labrador.

Pearl, Kilbride, Chamberlains, Colinet, Gambo, Gander, Cow Head, Port
au Choix, Eddies Cove West, St. Anthony, Kitty's Brook, Glenwood,
Lewisporte, Millertown Junction, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, Georges

104

Lake, Tompkins, and Doyles. The moths are in flight from early July to late
August. In Labrador, adults have been collected at Cartwright from late
July to mid-August.

The larva is about 50 mm long with a pinkish brown head and black
lines on the sides of the face. The body is dark lilac brown, uniformly
penciled with black. It has a fine white middorsal line and yellowish
subdorsal and lateral lines. The species is a solitary defoliator on trembling
aspen (Populus tremuloides), birch (Betula spp.), maple {Acer spp.), and
balsam fir {Abies balsamea), is single brooded, and hibernates as a partly
grown larva.

Genus Ochropleura Hubner

O. plecta (Linnaeus) FLAME-SHOULDERED DART

Plate 13,5

This small, well-marked species is circumpolar in its distribution. It has
a wide range in Canada from Newfoundland and Labrador west to British
Columbia, and in the United States from the Atlantic west to Texas. It is
common at light traps in Newfoundland. Adults have been taken at St.
John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Goulds, Carbonear, Colinet, Eddies Cove West,
Port Au Choix, St. Anthony, Woody Point, Corner Brook, Georges Lake,
Stephenville Crossing, St. George's, South Branch, Doyles, and Tompkins.
The moths are in flight from mid-June to late August. In Labrador, adults
were taken at Cartwright, 25-26 July 1955.

The larva is approximately 30 mm long and the upper surface is usually
reddish brown with broken dorsal and subdorsal white lines. The spiracular
lines are edged on both sides with buff and white; the underside is grayish.
The favorite food plant is willow {Salix spp.).

Genus Metalepsis Grote

M. fishii (Grote)

Plate 34, 3

The species is found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Maine, Quebec, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New
York. It is rare in Newfoundland, and a single adult specimen taken at
Kilbride, 10 May 1976, is the only record to date. Adult moths are in flight
in April and May.

Details of immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

105

M. salicarum (Walker)
Plate 13,7

The species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec,
and northern Ontario west to Alberta, and south to New York and
Massachusetts. It is rare in Newfoundland, although adults have been taken
at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Goulds, Pynns Brook, and Corner Brook.
The moths are in flight from late April to early June. They have not been
recorded from Labrador but probably exist there. Ferguson (1954) reported
the species in Nova Scotia as locally common near lights, around bait, and
on willow catkins.

The pupa is the overwintering stage.

Genus Cerastis Ochsenheimer

C tenebrifera (Walker) REDDISH SPECKLED DART

Plate 13, 10

This species is distributed from Newfoundland and Quebec to New
Jersey and Illinois. It is very rare in Newfoundland and is represented by a
single specimen taken at Kilbride, 11 July 1968. Forbes (1954) reported
that it was present in Newfoundland. It is not found in Labrador.

The larva is about 40 mm long, green shaded with red and with a
broad, pale lateral stripe. The head is reticulate, and has a dorsal stripe in
front and two short vertical bars on the sides. The food plants are dandelion
{Taraxacum spp.), lettuce {Lactuca spp.), and grape {Vitis spp.). The pupa
overwinters.

Genus Peridroma Hubner

p. saucia (Hubner) VARIEGATED CUTWORM

Plate 13,9

The variegated cutworm has a worldwide distribution. It occurs across
Canada from Newfoundland to British Columbia and north to Hudson Bay.
It is sometimes a serious agricultural pest. In Newfoundland, adults have
been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Trepassey, Moreton's Har-
bour, Browns Arm, Wooddale, Pynns Brook, St. David's, Stephenville
Crossing, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from early July to early
October and at times are locally numerous. Larvae have been taken in early
July at Goose Bay in Labrador.

The larva is about 40 mm long, pale gray to dark brownish gray in
color, with a W-shaped mark on the 8th abdominal segment. Its head is

106

whitish, with broad black submedian arcs and dark reticulations. Beirne
(1971) lists approximately 30 vegetable, fruit, and ornamental plants on
which this pest feeds. It is not known to overwinter in Newfoundland and
may possibly migrate into the area. In other areas, the winter is spent in the
pupal stage.

Genus Hemipachnobia McDunnough

H. monochromatea (Morrison)

Plate 13,8

This species is distributed from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to
Alberta and south to the T^Jorthern States, including New York. It is fairly
common near bogs in Newfoundland. Adults have been taken at St. John's,
Goulds, Colinet, Lomond, Georges Lake, and Burgeo and are in flight from
mid-June to late July. The species has not been reported from Labrador.

The young larva feeds on sundew [Drosera spp.) but later moves to
cranberry {Vaccinium spp.). It is red brown dorsally, pale ventrally, and has
a white middorsal line edged with black, and three dark lateral lines. The
head is a dark tawny yellow. The species overwinters as a fully grown larva
and is single brooded.

Genus Paradiarsia McDunnough

p. littoralis pectinata (Smith)
Plate 13, 11

According to Forbes (1954) this subspecies is distributed in Labrador,
Quebec, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and probably farther west. It
has not been recorded from Newfoundland but six specimens, now in the
Canadian National Collection, were taken at Cartwright, Labrador, be-
tween 26 July and 2 August 1955.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.

Genus Graphiphora Ochsenheimer

G. haruspica (Grote) SOOTHSAYER DART

Plate 13, 12

This species has a wide range in North America, extending from the
Atlantic to the Pacific in both Canada and the northern United States. It

107

has only been found in western and central Newfoundland and is sometimes
common in restricted localities. Adults have been taken at Gander, Glen-
wood, Cow Head, Doyles, Tompkins, and St. Anthony. The moths are in
flight from mid-July to late August. The species has not been recorded from
Labrador.

The larva is 35-40 mm long, its head is white with strong black
reticulations, and its body is pale gray to blackish, often with a purplish
tinge. The middorsal line is fine and white, widening into yellow spots
posteriorly. It is a common cutworm that feeds on a variety of plants, but is
periodically reported in large numbers on forest trees, particularly birch
{Betula spp.). The species hibernates as a fully grown larva.

Genus Rhyacia Hubner

R. quadrangula (Zetterstedt)
Plate 13, 13

This species is found in Iceland, Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, subarctic Quebec, and Manitoba. In Newfoundland, adults
have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Lumsden, Lewisporte, Gander,
Tilting, Fogo Island, Cow Head, Port au Choix, and St. Anthony. The
moths are in flight from late June to early September. In Labrador, adults
have been taken at Hebron, Hopedale, and Cartwright. W. W. Perrett
provided 104 specimens for the Canadian National Collection from Hope-
dale between 1923 and 1925. Packard (1888) reported the subspecies
umbratus from the Moravian Stations.

Details of the immature stages of this species in Newfoundland are not
available.

Genus Chersotis Boisduval

C juncta (Grote)

Plate 13, 14
Plate 33, 8

The species is distributed from Newfoundland, Maine, Quebec, and
Ontario west to Alberta and south to Arizona and California. In Newfound-
land, five adults were taken at Tompkins, 27-29 July 1975 and a single
specimen at Badger, 27 July 1978. Krogerus (1954) reported taking C. j.
patefacta Smith adults at St. George's, Stephenville, Corner Brook, and
Cow Head. These are now considered to be C juncta. The species is
considered rare in Newfoundland and is not recorded from Labrador.

108

The larva is gray, with a broken yellow dorsal line bordered with dark
lines, a yellow subdorsal, and a broader brown spiracular stripe. The head is
yellow brown with three dark stripes. The larva feeds on sweetclover
{Melilotus spp.) and campion {Lychnis spp.) and is considered a cutworm in
habits (Forbes 1954).

Genus Heptagrotis McDunnough

H. phyllophora (Grote)

Plate 13, 17

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
northern Ontario south to North Carolina in the mountains and west to
Wisconsin. It is common on bogs and in the surrounding woodlands. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride,
Chamberlains, Colinet, Lethbridge, Gander, Woody Point, St. George's,
Tompkins, and St. Anthony. The moths are in flight from early July to
mid-September. The species has not been recorded from Labrador.

The mature larva is about 30 mm long, smooth skinned, and generally
dark in color. Its head is suffused with dark brown and pinkish reticulations.
The body has a strong white middorsal line broken between segments.
Crumb (1956) reported its food plant to be antelope brush.

Genus Diarsia Hubner

D. rubifera (Grote)

Plate 13, 15

The species is known from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, New
Jersey, and New York west to Wisconsin and Manitoba. It is rare in
Newfoundland, but adults have been taken at Colinet, Gambo, Gander,
Millertown Junction, Kitty's Brook, Corner Brook, Cow Head, St. George's,
and Georges Lake. The moths are in flight from mid-July to late August.
They have not been reported from Labrador.

The larva is brown dorsally, mottled with white, and has finely dark-
edged middorsal and subdorsal lines and a duller lateral line. The underside
is gray, and the head is deep brown with a pale spot on each side.

D. dislocata (Smith)
Plate 13, 16

The distribution of this species in North America seems to be some-
what uncertain. Seitz (1924) reported finds from Eastern Canada, but it is

109

possible that the species ranges throughout the boreal parts of the country.
Krogerus (1954) reported this moth as quite common in the northwestern
parts of Newfoundland. Adults have been taken at Colinet, Eddies Cove
West, Port au Choix, St. Anthony, and Pynns Brook, where they are in
flight from mid-July to mid-August. In Labrador, moths have been taken at
Hopedale, Cartwright, Goose Bay, and Knob Lake from mid-July to
mid-August.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

D. jucunda (Walker)

Plate 13, 18

According to Krogerus (1954) the species is found in eastern and
central parts of Canada, extending south to the middle Atlantic States. It is
fairly common in the spruce forests of Newfoundland. Adults have been
taken at Colinet, Witless Bay Line, Port au Choix, Corner Brook, Lomond,
St. George's, and George's Brook. The moths are in flight from mid- July to
mid- August. The species has not been recorded from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

D. pseudorosaria freemani Hard wick

Plate 13, 19

This subspecies was first described by Hardwick (1950) from specimens
taken by Perrett at Hopedale, Labrador, 1933-35. It ranges from the coast
of Labrador and Newfoundland west to the foothills of the Rocky Moun-
tains. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's and Tompkins,
where the moths are in flight from early to late July. In Labrador, adults
have been taken at Cartwright and Hopedale.

Details of the immature stages of this species in Newfoundland and
Labrador are not available.

Genus Amathes Hubner

A. c-nigrum (Linnaeus) SPOTTED CUTWORM

Plate 14, 1

This circumpolar species has a wide range in North America, extending
throughout Canada and the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
It is widely distributed in Newfoundland but is not reported from Labrador.

110

In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Goulds, Kilbride,
Chamberlains, Colinet, Salmonier, Gander, Lewisporte, Corner Brook, Cow
Head, Port au Choix, Pynns Brook, Georges Lake, Stephenville, Doyles, and
Tompkins. The moths are in flight from mid-June to early September.

The larva is a well-known cutworm, about 35 mm long and drab gray to
brown in color. It has faint pale middorsal and subdorsal lines, a broad,
hardly noticeable lateral line, and a series of black trapezoidal wedges on its
posterior segments, larger toward the rear. According to Beirne (1971) it
feeds on a wide variety of vegetable and grain crops, sometimes causing
extensive damage. The larva hibernates when partly grown and there is
probably a single brood each year.

A. smithii (Snellen)

Plate 14,2

The species is distributed from Newfoundland to Vancouver Island, and
south to New Jersey and Colorado. It is widely distributed (Fig. 24) and is
at times very abundant in Newfoundland, but is not recorded from Labra-
dor. The moths are in flight from mid-July to early September.

The larva is similar to A. c-nigrum, but may be distinguished by its
more distinct dorsal and subdorsal stripes. Also, the body is browner in color
and has fewer subdorsal black spots. This cutworm does a certain amount of
damage by climbing and feeding on cultivated plants in the autumn when
the weeds it usually feeds on are not available. Prentice (1962) reports that
it also occasionally feeds on birch (Betula spp.) and alder (Alnus spp.).

The partly grown larva overwinters and there is a single brood each
year.

A. oblata (Morrison) ROSY DART

Plate 14,3

The species is distributed from the eastern parts of Canada and the
northern Atlantic States west to British Columbia, Montana, and Cali-
fornia. This pretty moth is rare but widely distributed in Newfoundland.
Adults have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Chamberlains, Colinet,
Gander, Lewisporte, Pynns Brook, Port au Choix, St. Anthony, Doyles, and
Tompkins. The moths are in flight from late June to mid-August. In
Labrador, adults have been taken at Cartwright and Goose Bay, where they
are in flight from early to late July.

The larva is a pale reddish brown with a faint broken white dorsal line
and a reddish lateral line with a yellow upper edge. The head is brown with
darker reticuladons and the prothoracic shield has black points forming a
V-shape. This climbing cutworm causes some damage to willow {Salix spp.)
and hibernates as a fully grown larva.

Ill

Fig. 24. Distribution of Amathes smithii (Snellen) in Newfoundland.

A. collaris (Grote & Robinson)

Plate 33, 9

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Maine south to New Jersey and west to Alberta and Colorado. In New-
foundland, adults were collected at Mt. Pearl and Pynns Brook from late
July to late August. The species is considered to be rare in Newfoundland
and is not recorded from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

112

A. bicarnea (Guenee) PINK SPOTTED DART

Plate 14,4

The species is widely distributed in North America from Newfoundland
and Nova Scotia west to British Columbia and south to Washington, D.C.,
and in the mountains of North Carolina and Colorado. It is generally rare in
Newfoundland. Adults have been taken at St. John's, Glenwood, Cow Head,
St. John Island, Corner Brook, and Tompkins. The species has not been
reported from Labrador.

The larva is about 30 mm long, smooth skinned, and pale to dark brown
in color. It has strong, pale middorsal and subdorsal lines. The head is pale
with strong black submedian arcs and reticulations. This cutworm causes
some damage, and probably hibernates as a partly grown larva. The species
is single brooded.

A. tenuicula (Morrison)
Plate 14, 5

According to Forbes (1954) the species is distributed from Newfound-
land, Gaspe, and the Laurentians, Que., south to Virginia and west to the
Pacific. It is rare in Newfoundland and is not recorded from Labrador. The
moth closely resembles A. bicarnea, but may be distinguished from it by the
front of the head, which has less black, and by the thorax, which has little or
no black. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl,
Kilbride, Chamberlains, Witless Bay, Salmonier, Burin, Gander, Pynns
Brook, Doyles, and Tompkins.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

A. opacifrons (Grote)
Plate 14,6

This is a bog species, distributed from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
west to Alberta and south to Connecticut and New York. In Newfoundland,
adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Colinet, Come By
Chance, Gambo, Millertown Junction, Cow Head, St. Anthony, Pynns
Brook, Harmon Field, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from early to
late August. The species has not been recorded from Newfoundland.

The larva is clay colored, finely reticulated with dark brown. The
middorsal line is narrow and white, the subdorsal line broad, and the lateral
band whitish but not so distinct. The head is yellow with brown crescent-
shaped marks. The larva feeds on bog plants, including leatherleaf {Chama-
edaphne spp.) and blueberry {Vaccinium spp.). The species is single brooded
and hibernates as a young larva.

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Genus Pachnobia Guenee

p. tecta (Hiibner)

Plate 14,7

According to Forbes (1954) this species is found in Labrador, the
Yukon, Alaska, Northern Scandinavia, and Russia, but not in Newfound-
land. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Knob Lake and Hopedale and
were first recorded by Moschler (1860) and Packard (1888) at the Moravi-
an Stations and along the entire coast. The moths are in flight from
mid- June to early August and can be distinguished from related species by
their sparsely but distinctly haired eyes.

The larva is reddish brown, thickly striated with black. The middorsal
line is white, edged with black on the abdomen, but the subdorsal lines are
faint. The spiracles are white and ringed with black. The larva is said to feed
on low plants.

P. wockei (Moschler)
Plate 14,8

This species is recorded only from Labrador and Quebec. Packard
(1888) reported it as being present at the Moravian Stations in Labrador. E.
G. Munroe collected nine specimens at Knob Lake between 5 July and 1
August 1948, and these are now in the Canadian National Collection.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.

P. scropulana (Morrison)
Plate 14,9

The species is found in Labrador, Mt. Washington, N.H., and Church-
ill, Man., but not in Newfoundland. In Labrador, adults have been taken at
Makkovik, Hopedale, Cartwright, and Knob Lake. The moths are in flight
from mid-June to the beginning of August.

Details of the immature stages of this species in Labrador are not
available.

P. okakensis (Packard)
Plate 14, JO

This species is found in Labrador and Mt. Washington, N.H., but not
in Newfoundland. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Nain, Okak,
Makkovik, Hopedale, and Knob Lake. The moths are in flight from early
June to late August. W. W. Perrett took several hundred moths at Hopedale

114

between 1922 and 1936. These are now in the Canadian National
Collection.

Details of the immature stages of this species in Labrador are not
available.

Genus Anomogyna Staudinger

A. atrata (Morrison)

Plate 14, 11

Forbes (1954) recorded the species from Newfoundland, New Hamp-
shire, Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia. A paler subspecies exists in
the Yukon and Alaska. Adults taken at Knob Lake in Labrador by E. G.
Munroe between 24 July and 1 August 1948 are now in the Canadian
National Collection.

Details of the life history of the species in Newfoundland and Labrador
are not available.

A. fabulosa Ferguson
Plate 14,12

This species has been collected in Labrador at Hopedale by W. W.
Perrett, 4 August 1932, and at Cartwright by E. E. Sterns, 1 August 1955.
Both specimens are in the Canadian National Collection. No specimens
have been taken since. There are no records from Newfoundland.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.

A. sincera (Herrich-Schaffer)
Plate 34, 4

Forbes (1954) reported the species as occurring in Labrador and
southward in the mountains. Prentice (1962) recorded it from Newfound-
land only. Larvae collected at Birchy Lake between mid-August and the end
of September in 1941 and 1944 were reared to adults successfully after the
pupa had overwintered. The larva is recorded as a solitary feeder on spruce
{Picea spp.) and is rare.

Although Prentice (1962) believed the adults to be the same species as
the European A. sincera, they are now considered to be synonymous with A.
fabulosa.

115

A. speciosa mixta (Walker)
Plate 14, 13

Forbes (1954) gave the distribution of the species as Labrador to
Hudson Bay, south through the mountains of New Hampshire, Vermont,
and New York, and in Scandinavia. Walker described the subspecies from
Labrador specimens and Smith described A. s. livalis from Newfoundland
ones. However, Forbes stated the two subspecies are not obviously distinct.
Seitz (1924) reported the species from Newfoundland, where adults have
since been taken at St. John's, Colinet, and St. Anthony from mid-July to
mid-August. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Hopedale, Goose Bay,
and Knob Lake, where the moths are in flight from mid-July to early
August. Packard (1888) reported the species from all the Moravian Stations
in Labrador.

The larva is a shining chestnut brown marbled with black dorsally and
a greenish color underneath. The middorsal and subdorsal lines are clear
only on the thorax; the lateral lines are yellow. The larva feeds on blueberry
{Vaccinium spp.) and grasses.

A. perquiritata perquiritata (Morrison)

Plate 14, 14

This species was first reported from Newfoundland by Seitz (1924).
Forbes (1954) reported that the species was distributed in Newfoundland,
Quebec, and westward in Canada, and south in New Hampshire and New
York. Prentice (1962) gave the distribution as being from Newfoundland to
the interior of British Columbia, but more abundant in Eastern Canada.
Adults of the nominate subspecies have been taken at Cartwright, Labrador,
from early July to early August.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on balsam fir {Abies balsamea), white
spruce (Picea glauca), tamarack {Larix spp.), and black spruce {Picea
mariand). The larva is about 25 mm long, smooth skinned and green to gray
in color. The strong middorsal and subdorsal lines are white with black
edges. The head is a pale greenish brown. The species overwinters as a
partly grown larva and is single brooded.

A. perquiritata bedded (Hampson)

Plate 14, 15

This subspecies is distributed in Newfoundland; A. p. perquiritata is
the subspecies found in Labrador. Adults of bedded have been taken at St.
John's, Molliers, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Grand Falls, Victoria Lake, Sandy
Lake Road, Great Cat Arm, St. Anthony, and Tompkins. The moths are in
flight from early July to early August.

The larva is probably similar to that of A. p. perquiritata.
116

A. laetabilis (Zetterstedt)

Plate 14, 16

The species is recorded by Forbes (1954) from Labrador, Newfound-
land, Alberta, and the Yukon. It is also found in Europe. Adults were taken
by W. W. Perrett between 1922 and 1931 at Hopedale, Labrador, where the
moths are in flight from early July to late July. The male moth has a
wingspan of 30-35 mm but the female is smaller and flightless.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

A. homogena McDunnough

Plate 14, 17

This species, which is similar to A. sincera but with a much duller
ground color, has been found in Labrador, northern Newfoundland, parts of
Quebec, Alberta, and the Northwest Territories. In Newfoundland, a single
specimen was taken at St. Anthony by Moore, 10 July 1951. In Labrador,
the species is more widespread, and adults have been taken at Davis Inlet,
Hopedale, Matamek River, and Knob Lake from late July to mid-August.

Details of the immature stages of this species in Newfoundland and
Labrador are not available.

A. imperil a (Hiibner)

Plate 14, 18

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Labrador, Quebec, Mt.
Washington, N.H., and Hudson Bay west to Alberta and Colorado. It has
also been found in Norway, Sweden, and Amur in the USSR. In Newfound-
land, where the species is rare, adults have been taken at St. John's,
Kilbride, and Colinet from early August to early September. In Labrador,
adults have been collected at Ramah Bay, Hebron, Nutak, Hopedale,
Cartwright, Goose Bay, and Knob Lake. The moths are in flight from early
July to mid-August. Packard (1888) reported the subspecies A. i. com-
parata from the Moravian Stations in Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are
unknown.

A. elimata (Guenee)
Plate 14, 19

Prentice (1962) reported that the species is generally distributed
throughout Canada from Newfoundland to the interior of British Columbia.
However, although prevalent in Eastern Canada generally, it is considered
rare in Newfoundland. Adults have been taken at Colinet, Grand Falls,

117

Corner Brook, and St. Anthony. The moths are in flight from early August
to mid-September. They have not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is about 25 mm long, and velvety green to gray in color with
whitish middorsal and subdorsal lines. It is a solitary feeder on balsam fir
{Abies balsamea), pine (Pinus spp.), and spruce {Picea spp.) during the
night, hiding deep in moss during the day. The larva feeds until late in the
fall, then hibernates and pupates the following spring. The species is single
brooded.

A. dilucida (Morrison)

Plate 14,20

Forbes (1954) stated that the species was distributed from southern
Labrador and Ontario to the mountains of North Carolina. It is never
abundant in Newfoundland. Adults have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride,
Colinet, Gander, Pynns Brook, and Tompkins from mid- July to mid-Sep-
tember. In southern Labrador, six adult specimens were taken by Dr.
Eldmann at Matamek River between July and September 193L

The larva is found in dry upland areas feeding on blueberry {Vaccinium
spp.). Ferguson (1954) reared larvae on larch {Larix spp.). The smooth-
skinned larva is about 35 mm long and brown dorsally with an inconspic-
uous white middorsal line.

A. youngii (Smith)

Plate 14,21

Forbes (1954) recorded the species from Ontario, Maine, New York,
and New Jersey. A. youngii is found on acid bogs and is considered very
rare in Newfoundland. A single specimen taken at Colinet, 23 August 1962,
is the only record from Newfoundland. There are no records from Labrador.

The larvae are reported by Forbes (1954) to feed on blueberry {Vac-
cinium spp.).

Genus Aplectoides Butler

A. condita (Guenee)

Plate 15, 1

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, and Quebec south to Massachusetts and Pennsylvania and west
to British Columbia. Prentice (1962) reported a specimen from northern
New Brunswick that was reared from a larva on balsam fir. In Newfound-
land, adults have been taken at Doyles and Tompkins and are considered
rare. The moths are in flight from late June to early July. They are not
found in Labrador.

118

The larva feeds on balsam fir {Abies balsamea), hibernates in a tough
cocoon, and pupates the following spring.

Genus Anaplectoides McDunnough

A. pressus (Grote)
Plate 15,2

The species extends from the Atlantic, throughout the eastern and
central parts of Canada and the United States, to the Rocky Mountains. In
Newfoundland, it frequents spruce and balsam woods on marshy ground.
Adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Eddies Cove, Port au
Choix, St. Anthony, Pynns Brook, Stephenville, Doyles, and Tompkins. The
moths are in flight from mid-July to late August. They have not been
reported from Labrador.

The smooth-skinned larva is about 30 mm long, generally pale brown,
with dark segmental markings dorsally. The middorsal line is pale and
strong. The head is pale brown with black reticulations. Crumb (1956)
stated that the larva feeds on corn salad {Valerianella spp.).

A. prasina (Schiffermuller) GREEN ARCHES (BR.)

Plate 15,3

This is a circumpolar species. It ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific
throughout Canada and the northern United States. It is rare in Newfound-
land, but adults have been taken at St. John's, Gander, Eddies Cove West,
Port au Choix, and Pynns Brook. The moths are in flight from late July to
mid-August. They have not been reported from Labrador.

The larva is about 35 mm long, smooth skinned, and generally dark
gray. The middorsal and subdorsal lines are pale and broken. The head is
about 3.5 mm wide and has black submedian arcs and reticulations. This
cutworm causes some economic damage and is reported to feed on huckle-
berry (Vaccinium spp.), maple {Acer spp.), and foxglove {Digitalis spp.).

Genus Protolampra McDunnough

p. rufipectus (Morrison)
Plate 15,4

The species is distributed from the eastern parts of Canada and the
United States west to British Columbia, Montana, Arizona, and California.
Prentice (1962) reported it in small numbers from Nova Scotia, New

19

Brunswick, Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia. It is prob-
ably transcontinental in distribution. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken at St. John's, Gander, Glenwood, Lewisporte, Kitty's Brook, and
Pynns Brook. The adults are in flight from early to late August. The species
has not been reported from Labrador.

The larva is about 30 mm long and the skin is smooth with a silky
sheen. Its body is purplish gray to dark brown, shaded with green on the
sides and with a slightly broken whitish middorsal line. The head is pale and
mottled. The larva generally feeds on grasses but has also been observed on
birch {Betula spp.), aspen {Populus spp.), and willow (Salix spp.).

Genus Cryptocala Benjamin

C. acadiensis (Bethune) CATOCALINE DART

Plate 15,5

The catocaline dart is distributed throughout Eastern Canada, south to
the Atlantic States and west to Montana. Forbes (1954) reported the species
from Labrador. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Gandtr,
Lewisporte, Pynns Brook, Cow Head, St. George's, Doyles, and Tompkins.
The moths are in flight from mid-July to early August. Although Ferguson
(1954) reported that the species was often abundant in Nova Scotia, it is
considered rare in Newfoundland. Krogerus (1954) reported that there were
four specimens of this species in the collection of P. Stuwitz, which was
made in Newfoundland about 1850 and is now in the Oslo Museum. There
are no available specimens from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

Genus Eueretagrotis Smith

E. perattenta (Grote)
Plate 15, 6 and 7

The species is distributed from the Atlantic throughout southern
Canada and the northern United States, as far west as the Rocky Moun-
tains. It frequents wooded areas with rich vegetation and at times is
common in Newfoundland. Adults have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride,
Chamberlains, Gander, Cow Head, Eddies Cove West, St. Anthony, Corner
Brook, Lomond, Georges Lake, Stephenville, St. George's, Doyles, and
Tompkins. The adults are in flight from mid-July to late August. A
specimen was taken at Nachvak Fiord in Labrador by McAlpine, 15 August
1954.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

120

Genus Abagrotis Smith

A. placida (Grote) RED CUTWORM

Plate 15,8

Forbes (1954) reported that this species occurred rarely in Ontario and
New York, but was more common in the west. The only records from
Newfoundland are by Krogerus (1954) who reported taking six specimens at
Gander, Kitty's Brook, and Corner Brook. Ferguson (1956) doubted Kroge-
rus' records because A. placida is a rare species. Its presence in Newfound-
land is possible but seems unlikely because there are no other records from
the Atlantic Provinces. There have been no further records of its occurrence
in Newfoundland, and there are no records from Labrador.

It has been reported that the larva has caused damage in Michigan.

A. alternata (Grote) GREATER RED DART

Plate 15,9

This species is distributed from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to
Alberta and Utah and south to Mississippi. In Newfoundland, a single
specimen taken at Kilbride, 15 August 1971, is the only record. It is not
recorded from Labrador.

The larva is a climbing cutworm that causes damage to cherry (Prunus
spp.) and strawberry {Fragaria spp.). Its head is pale, reticulated with
brown, and the body is heavily mottled with dark brown. The slender broken
middorsal, faint subdorsal, and white lateral lines are shaded with red.
According to Crumb (1956) its body is about 35 mm long and its head 3
mm wide.

Genus Rhynchagrotis Smith

R. cupida (Grote)
Plate 15,10

The species is distributed from Newfoundland west as far as Manitoba
and Vancouver Island and south to North Carolina. It is rare in Newfound-
land, where adults have been taken at Colinet, Lewisporte, and Gander from
late July to late August. There are no records from Labrador.

The smooth-skinned larva is about 30 mm long, the upper surface
varying in color from brown to gray. The middorsal and subdorsal lines are
pale, broad, and broken. The ventral surface is pale gray. The larva feeds on
the buds and new growth of apple trees (Mains spp.).

121

Genus Scotogramma Smith

S. trifolii (Rottenberg) CLOVER CUTWORM

Plate 15, 11

This moth has a very wide distribution in North America, extending
from the Atlantic to the Pacific and south to the southern boundaries of
Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Texas. The species is rare in Newfound-
land and Labrador. A single specimen taken in Newfoundland by Krogerus
at South Branch, 4 August 1949, and a single specimen taken by Perrett at
Hamilton Inlet, Labrador, 14 August 1933, are the only records to date.

The larva, sometimes called the clover cutworm, has been reported by
Forbes (1954) to cause damage to cabbage {Brassica spp.) and clover
{Trifolium spp.). Crumb (1956) also records it on Russian thistle (Salsola
spp.), sugar beet {Beta spp.), lamb's-quarters {Chenopodium spp.), and
probably many other plants. Beirne (1971) stated that it was regarded as a
minor pest of the mustard family (Cruciferae) in eastern Ontario. It is about
32 mm long, smooth skinned, dusky green but sometimes varying to pale
brown, yellowish, or gray.

Genus Mamestra Ochsenheimer

M. curialis (Smith)

Plate 15, 12

The species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec,
Maine, and New Hampshire west to Alberta. In Newfoundland, where it is
rare, three specimens were taken at St. John's, three at Kilbride, 12, 22, and
23 July 1976, and one at St. George's, 15 July 1976. It has not been
recorded from Labrador.

The larva is reported by Forbes (1954) as a cutworm that is occasional-
ly injurious in Canada.

Genus Polia Ochsenheimer

p. nimbosa (Guenee)

Plate 34, 5

This species is found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and
Maine, south to the mountains of Virginia, and west to British Columbia. In

122

Newfoundland, a single adult was taken at Stephenville, 14 August 1976.
The species is considered rare and has not been recorded from Labrador.
Ferguson (1954) reported it as locally common in Nova Scotia.

Prentice (1962) reported collecting two larvae on red alder {Alnus
rubra) in British Columbia and stated that the species was a solitary
defoliator. He considered it to be rare in forest insect survey collections.

P. leomegra (Smith)

Plate 15, 13

The species was first reported from Newfoundland by Draudt {in Seitz
1924). Forbes (1954) reported that several specimens were taken at Grand
Lake on 28 August (year not listed) and considered they might be a dark
form of P. imbrifera or an eastern colony of P. carbonifera. In Labrador,
adults have been taken at Cartwright, Goose Bay, and Knob Lake from
mid-July to early August.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

P. rogenhoferi (Moschler)
Plate 15, 14

This species is found from southern Labrador west to Alberta and
Colorado. In Newfoundland, a single specimen taken at Gander, 29 July
1949, is now in the Canadian National Collection, and three specimens were
collected at Tompkins between 1 July and 28 September 1975. The species
is considered rare and is not recorded from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages of this species in Newfoundland are not
available.

P. carbonifera (Hampson)
Plate 15, 16

This large robust moth is distributed from Newfoundland west to
Alberta and is also found in the mountains of Colorado. In Newfoundland,
adults have been taken at Colinet, where the moths are in flight from late
July to mid-August. In Labrador, adults have been collected at Knob Lake
and Goose Bay between 20 and 22 August 1948.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

123

p. imbrifera (Guenee)

Plate 15, 17

This species is distributed in Canada from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
and Quebec to British Columbia, and in the United States through the
northeastern and central parts to Colorado, the mountains of Virginia, and
west to New Mexico. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Gander,
Georges Lake, Cow Head, Pynns Brook, Tompkins, and Doyles. The moths
are in flight from early July to mid-August.

The larva has dark diamond-shaped markings dorsally, and is reported
to feed on chokeberry {Aronia spp.).

P. atlantica (Grote)
Plate 15, 15

The species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Ontario west to Alberta, south to Virginia, and west to the Rocky Moun-
tains. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Kilbride, Eddies Cove
West, Woody Point, Corner Brook, Georges Lake, and Stephenville Cross-
ing. The moths are in flight from early to late July. They have not been
recorded from Labrador.

The larva is about 36 mm long, smooth skinned, and varies in color
from yellowish green to dark brown. The middorsal line is broken and
inconspicuous and the subdorsal line is divided into sections from the middle
of each segment to the middle of the next. The head is brown and
approximately 3 mm wide. The larva has been reared on honeysuckle
{Lonicera spp.), dandelion {Taraxacum spp.), plantain (Plantago spp.), and
clover {Trifolium spp.).

P. nevadae canadensis (Smith)

Plate 15, 18

The species is distributed from Newfoundland, New Brunswick, and
Ontario to Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia, south to Maine and
New York, and west to California. It is rare in Newfoundland, represented
by a single specimen of P. n. canadensis taken by Krogerus (1954) at
Corner Brook, 1 1 July 1949. It has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is a dark reddish brown with oblique subdorsal dark shades,
and a broad white lateral line, partly filled with red. Its head is reddish and
reticulate, with distinct vertical bands. It is a general feeder, particularly on
poplar {Populus spp.), but also on tamarack {Larix spp.) and juniper
(Juniperus spp.). The species is single brooded and probably overwinters as
a pupa.

124

p. radix (Walker) DIMMOCK'S MAMESTRA

Plate 15, 19

The species is distributed from Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
and Quebec to Maine and New Hampshire, west to the Pacific, and south to
California and New Mexico. It is not common but is fairly widely distribut-
ed in Newfoundland. Adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl,
Kilbride, Chamberlains, Gander, Corner Brook, Georges Lake, Pynns
Brook, Stephenville, St. George's, Doyles, and Tompkins. The moths are in
flight from early June to mid-August. A single specimen was taken at Goose
Bay, Labrador, 21 July 1948.

The larva is light gray brown with blackish subdorsal wedge-shaped
marks that each has an oblique dark line from the posterior end to the
middorsal line, forming a W-shape. The dorsal and subdorsal lines are faint,
and the lateral line is broad and pale. The head is black, with small dotted
pale patches. The larva is a cutworm in habits, and is reported to feed on
willow {Salix spp.), white birch {Betula papyrifera), and alder (Alnus spp.).

P. legitima (Grote) STRIPED GARDEN CATERPILLAR

Plate 15,20

The species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Quebec south to Georgia and west to the Pacific. In Newfoundland, adults
have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Colinet, Lethbridge, Georges Lake,
Doyles, and Tompkins. The moths fly freely in the daytime from mid-June
to early August, especially during cloudy weather. They are not common in
Newfoundland and are not reported from Labrador.

The larva is about 35 mm long, smooth skinned, and violet brown or
yellow green in color. It has prominent black and yellow longitudinal stripes
and a yellow head with brown markings. It is a general feeder, sometimes in
exposed positions on low plants, but the preferred foods are slender grasses
such as Agrostis spp.

P. tacoma (Strecker)

Plate 34, 6

This species closely resembles P. legitima and at times it may be hard
to distinguish between the two species. However, P. tacoma is generally
larger and the dark brown suffusion of the basal and median areas of the
forewings contrasts sharply with the smooth, blue gray postmedian shade.
The species is found throughout the eastern parts of Canada and the United
States. Adults have been taken at Kilbride in Newfoundland, where moths
are in flight from mid to late July. They are not recorded from Labrador.

The larva is probably similar to that of P. legitima.

125

p. rugosa (Morrison)

Plate 16, 1

This rather pretty moth is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario south to Maine and New
York. It is rare in Newfoundland and is not recorded from Labrador. Adults
have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Colinet, and Tompkins, where the
moths are in flight from late June to mid-July.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

P. lilacina (Harvey)
Plate 16,2

This species is known in Canada from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Quebec west to Alberta, and in the northern United States from Maine,
New Hampshire, Connecticut, and New York west to Washington and
Oregon. It is widely distributed and common in some localities in New-
foundland but is not recorded from Labrador. Adults have been taken at St.
John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Gander, Pynns Brook, Stephenville, St.
George's, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from late June to late
August.

The larva is about 34 mm long, dark, and smooth skinned, with
prominent black, yellow, and purplish longitudinal stripes. Its head is
whitish, faintly tinged with yellow, and with black to brownish reticulations.
It feeds on aster {Aster spp.) and has also been found on asparagus
{Asparagus spp.).

P. adjuncta (Boisduval)
Plate 33, 13

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine,
and Quebec west to Manitoba and south to Kentucky. In Newfoundland, a
single adult was taken at Pynns Brook, 11 July 1975. The species is
considered rare in Newfoundland and is not reported from Labrador.

The larva is olive green with a pale mottled head. The 1st and 2nd
abdominal segments have deep olive semicircular patches, divided by a pale
middorsal line, and the 8th segment has a pair of olive triangles. The other
segments have slightly darker oblique shades. The thorax has a yellow
spiracular line with a dark lower margin. The larva feeds on low plants and
hibernation may be as a larva or pupa.

P. pulverulenta (Smith)

Plate 16,3

This species is known from Newfoundland, Labrador, and Nova Scotia
west to the Pacific and Alaska, south to New York, and west to Colorado

126

and Washington. It is not common in Newfoundland, but adults have been
taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Pynns Brook, Georges Lake, St.
George's, and St. David's. The moths are in flight from mid-June to
mid-August. In Labrador a single specimen was taken at Hopedale, 6
August 1928, by W. W. Perrett.

The larva is approximately 32 mm long, smooth skinned, and has a
brilliant green body with yellow longitudinal stripes, and a brownish green
unmarked head. It is a solitary feeder on willow (Salix spp.), tamarack and
larch {Larix spp.), and aster {Aster spp.). The species is single brooded and
overwinters as a pupa.

P. ingravis (Smith)

Plate 16,4

This species is distributed throughout Canada. In Newfoundland,
adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Goulds, Colinet,
Pynns Brook, St. George's, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from late
May to late July, and at times are fairly common. Adults have been taken at
Cartwright in Labrador from late June to mid-July.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on a variety of trees and shrubs
including willow (Salix spp.), alder (Alnus spp.), trembling aspen {Populus
tremuloides), and gooseberry (Ribes spp.).

P. frustrata McDunnough

Plate 16,5

This species is found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
and Maine. It was first described from specimens taken by McDunnough at
Humber in 1946. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's,
Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Goulds, Colinet, North Pond, Terra Nova National
Park, Deer Lake, Sandy Lake, Birchy Basin, White Bay, Humber, and St.
George's. The moths are in flight from mid-June to late July but a single
specimen was taken at St. John's on 20 October 1965. It has not been
recorded from Labrador.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on tamarack {Larix spp.). The pupa
overwinters.

P. cristifera (Walker)
Plate 16,6

This species has been found in Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick, Maine, and from Ontario west to British Columbia. It is

127

common on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta. It is rare
in Newfoundland and Labrador; single specimens have been taken at St.
John's, 7 July 1967, and at Cartwright, 12 July 1955.

The larva is a brown cutworm with a tawny head and body and faint
subdorsal oblique shading. It feeds on willow {Salix spp.), larch and
tamarack (Larix spp.), and alder (Alnus spp.).

P. lutra (Guenee)
Plate 16,7

This species is found in all provinces of Canada and south as far as
North Carolina and California. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at
St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Topsail, Witless Bay Line, Benton, Gander, and
Doyles. The moths are in flight from early July to early August but always
in small numbers. They have not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is about 37 mm long, smooth skinned, and occurs in two color
phases, green or yellow with purplish markings. It feeds on alder {Alnus
spp.), willow {Salix spp.), birch {Betula spp.), spiraea {Spiraea spp.), and
plaintain {Plantago spp.).

P. secedens (Walker)
Plate 16,8

This species is found in Labrador, Quebec, Maine, Manitoba, and
Alberta, but not in Newfoundland. In Labrador, single specimens have been
taken at Cartwright, 5 July 1955, by E. Stearns; Hopedale, 1 July 1933, by
W. W. Perrett; and Knob Lake, 31 July 1948, by E. G. Munroe.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.

Genus Lacinipolia McDunnough

L. lustralis (Grote)
Plate 33, 10

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, Maine, and Quebec west to Alberta and south to Virginia. In
Newfoundland, the species has been taken only at Colinet and has not been
recorded from Labrador.

The larva is a pale-backed cutworm very similar to L. olivacea and L.
renigera except that the back is broader and the diagonal dorsal pattern is
inconspicuous.

128

L. anguina (Grote)

Plate 16,9

This small gray moth occurs from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to
Maine, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania and west to Alberta and Arizona. It
is rare but widely distributed in Newfoundland; single specimens have been
taken at Corner Brook, Georges Lake, and Colinet. The moths are in flight
from early to late July.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

L. renigera (Stephens) BRISTLY CUTWORM

Plate 16, 10

This pretty species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Maine south to Georgia and west to the Pacific coast. It is fairly common in
Newfoundland. Adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride,
Chamberlains, Georges Lake, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, Stephenville, St,
George's, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from early July to late
August. They are not found in Labrador.

The larva is about 25 mm long and 4.5 mm wide at the middle and the
skin has coarse, isolated granules and is generally gray. Tubercles of
moderate size bear simple setae, hence the name bristly cutworm. The larva
feeds on apple {Mains spp.), grape {Vitis spp.), and many species of
herbaceous plants.

L. lorea (Guenee)
Plate 16,11

This moth occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario,
and Maine south to Virginia and west to Utah and British Columbia.
Ferguson (1954) reported it as common in Nova Scotia. In Newfoundland,
it is represented by a single specimen taken by the Forestry Research
Laboratory at Lake St. George in 1954.

The larva is clay colored, pale dorsally with vague oblique shading,
flattened, and exceptionally wide. The head is blackish, mottled with white.
Although a cutworm, this larva stiffens straight out when disturbed instead
of curling up. It pupates in a cocoon on the ground.

L. olivacea (Morrison)
Plate 16, 12

Krogerus (1954) stated that this moth was distributed throughout
southern Canada and the United States as far south as Florida and
California. Ferguson (1954) recorded it in Nova Scotia as common in the

129

Annapolis Valley and Cumberland County but scarcer elsewhere. It is
widely distributed in Newfoundland but not common. Adults have been
taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Chamberlains, Colinet, Glenwood, Kitty's
Brook, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, Cow Head, Georges Lake, Stephenville,
Doyles, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from mid-July to late
August. The species has not been reported from Labrador.

The larva is about 25 mm long, light gray to brownish in color, and the
skin has coarse, isolated granules. It is a cutworm that feeds on clover
{Trifolium spp.), grasses, and probably various herbs.

Genus Lasionycta Aurivillius

L. albinuda (Smith)
Plate 16, 13

This species is found only in Labrador. Forbes (1954) reported it from
Rama and a single specimen was taken by W. E. Beckel at Goose Bay, 13
July 1948.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.

L. subdita (Moschler)
Plate 16, 14

This species occurs only in Labrador and was first recorded by Moschl-
er in 1860. W. W. Perrett took 2 specimens, 1 July 1928, and E. G. Munroe
took 15 specimens at Knob Lake during the period 13-27 July 1948.
Packard (1888) reported that the species occurred at the Moravian Stations
in Labrador.

Genus Lasiestra Hampson

L. leucocycla moeschleri (Staudinger)

Plate 16, 16 and 18

This subspecies occurs in Labrador and other localities in the Hudson
Bay area, but has not been recorded from Newfoundland. It is very similar
to L. leucocycla but has more gray in the ground color. A few specimens in
the Canadian National Collection are labeled from "Bang Hass, 1913,
Labrador only," and another one was taken at Hopedale, 25 July 1923, by
W. W. Perrett.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.
130

L. leucocycla flanda (Smith)

Plate 16, 17

This subspecies was described by Smith from specimens taken in
Newfoundland. It may be differentiated from L. I. moeschleri by the more
distinct double lines on the forewing, the deeply serrated postmedial line
that tends to break up into two alternate series of white dots, and the more
ocherous hindwing.

Seven specimens were taken at Gander during the period 15-24 July
1949.

The immature stages of this colorful moth in Newfoundland have yet to
be determined.

L. phoca (Moschler)

Plate 16, 15

According to Forbes (1954) this species occurs in Labrador; Churchill,
Man.; Alberta; and Mt. Baker, Wash. Packard (1888) reported it from the
Moravian Stations in Labrador. Adults have more recently been taken at
Hopedale, Cartwright, and Knob Lake. The moths are in flight from early
July to early August. There are no records from Newfoundland.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are unknown.

Genus Anarta Ochsenheimer

A. cordigera (Thunberg) SMALL DARK YELLOW UNDERWING

Plate 16, 19

This species occurs in Labrador, Quebec, Ontario, Maine, west to
Colorado and British Columbia, in the Yukon, and in northern Europe.
Moschler (1860) reported it in Labrador and Packard (1888) from the
Moravian Stations there. Adults taken by W. W. Perrett at Hopedale
between 1924 and 1933 are in the Canadian National Collection. The moths
are in flight from late May to late July. They have not been found in
Newfoundland.

The larva is crimson with yellow dark-edged dorsal and lateral lines,
and dark oblique subdorsal shades on each segment. It feeds on blueberry
(Vaccinium spp.) and bearberry {Arctostaphylos spp.).

A. melanopa (Thunberg) BROAD-BORDERED WHITE UNDERWING
Plate 16,20

This species occurs throughout arctic alpine areas in North America
and Europe, ranging southward along the highest mountains. It is diurnal

131

and often locally common. In Newfoundland, a single specimen was taken
by Krogerus at Grand Bruit, 18 June 1949. Krogerus also observed larvae at
Port au Choix, 4 August 1949, feeding on Dryas integrifolia, a. ground cover
growing on open limestone fields by the seashore (Krogerus 1954). In
Labrador, adults have been taken at Hopedale, Natasklivan Pt., and Knob
Lake, where moths are in flight from early to late July.

The larva is rosy purple, with red-spotted yellow dorsal and lateral
lines. It feeds on Vaccinium spp. and Dryas spp.

A. richardsoni tamsi Benjamin
Plate 16, 21 and 22

This Labrador subspecies may be differentiated from typical richard-
soni by its strongly contrasting black and gray pattern and yellow scaling.
Adults have been taken at Hebron, Makkovik, Nain, Okak, and Hopedale,
where they are in flight from mid- June to late July.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.

Genus Sideridis Hubner

5. maryx (Guenee)

Plate 16,24

This species occurs in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Maine,
Ontario, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and west to the Pacific. It is not
common generally but is sometimes plentiful at bait in specific localities. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Gander, Corner Brook,
and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from late June to mid- July.

The larva is brown and mottled, with pale, vague middorsal and
spiracular lines. The head is also mottled brown.

Genus Astrapetis Hubner

A. sutrina (Grote)

Plate 16,23

This species is recorded in Newfoundland, Labrador, Quebec, and
Manitoba. Adults have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Goulds, St.
Anthony, and Tompkins in Newfoundland, and at Cartwright in Labrador.

132

The moths are in flight from mid-June to late July in Newfoundland and
from early to late July in Labrador. The species is considered rare but has
been taken at light traps each year since 1964.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

Genus Protorthodes McDunnough

p. oviduca (Guenee)

Plate 33, 11

This species is distributed in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec,
Ontario, and south to Florida. In Newfoundland, a single specimen was
taken at Pynns Brook, 9 July 1975. The species is considered rare and is not
recorded from Labrador.

According to Forbes (1954) the larva is dull brown but the dorsal area
is paler and filled with dark diamonds. The head is shining brown with dark
adfrontals, and the tubercles and shields are black. The posterior third of
the cervical shield and the 8th abdominal segment are orange in color.

P. lindrothi Krogerus
Plate 17,1

This new species was described by Krogerus (1954) from five speci-
mens taken at Badger, Nfld., by Dr. Carl H. Lindroth, 22-23 June 1951.
Adults have also been collected at Glenwood and Gander. From limited
records, the moths have been seen in flight from 22 June to 1 July. Larvae
were also collected by Krogerus at Glenwood on 23 August 1949. The
species has not been found in Labrador.

The immature stages in Newfoundland have not been described.

Genus Pseudorthodes Morrison

p. vecors (Guenee)

Plate 17,2

According to Krogerus (1954) this species is distributed from Eastern
Canada and the New England States west to the Mississippi. Ferguson
(1954) reported it as not especially common in Nova Scotia. In Newfound-
land, adults have been taken at Kilbride, South Branch, and Tompkins
between 2 July and 19 July. The species has not been recorded from
Labrador.

The larva is said to feed on low plants.

133

Genus Nephelodes Guenee

TV. minians Guenee BRONZED CUTWORM

Plate 17,3

This species is distributed from Eastern Canada south to Virginia and
west to the Rocky Mountains. It is widely distributed and common in
Newfoundland (Fig. 25) but is not recorded from Labrador. The moths are
in flight from early July to late September.

The larva is 35-45 mm long and 9 mm wide. Its skin is set closely with
small, dark, nearly flat, shining granules, and its general color is dark brown
to blackish, distinctly paler ventrally and usually with a bronzy sheen. It is a
localized but sometimes significant pest of grasslands in the Atlantic
Provinces (Beirne 1971); severe outbreaks have occurred in reclaimed salt
marshes in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia around the head of the Bay of
Fundy. Eggs are apparently laid in late summer and hatch in the fall. The
larva feeds on grasses, cereal crops, and weeds, and pupates in July.

Genus Cerapteryx Curtis

C graminis (Linnaeus) ANTLER MOTH (BR.)

Platen, 4

The only part of North America where this European species is found is
Newfoundland. South (1961) reported that it occurred in all parts of the
British Isles, through Northern Asia to Siberia. In Newfoundland, the first
specimen was taken at St. John's, 10 August 1966 (Hardwick 1969) and
since then there has been a gradual population buildup. Adults have been
taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Goulds, Chamberlains, and Kilbride. The
moths are in flight from late June to late August. In 1975, a single specimen
was taken at Kilbride as late as 24 September but this may have been part
of a second brood.

The larva is a glossy, bronzy brown and the skin is very wrinkled. It
feeds on grasses, and in some years and localities in Europe occurs in
enormous numbers, denuding considerable areas of grasslands. When feed-
ing on hillsides, the larvae are sometimes washed off by heavy rain, and
drains and ditches become filled with them.

Genus Orthosia Ochsenheimer

O. revicta (Morrison)
Plate 17,5

This species has been found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec,
Ontario, and Maine, south to New Jersey, and west to the Pacific. In

134

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l&^<^ \ h^^^^

Fig. 25. Distribution of Nephelodes minians Guenee in Newfoundland.

135

Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Gander, Mt. Pearl,
Kilbride, Grand Falls, Pynns Brook, and Corner Brook but never in very
large numbers. The moths are in flight from mid-May to mid-July. They are
not found in Labrador.

The larva is about 25 mm long, smooth skinned, and brown in color.
The middorsal and subdorsal lines are pale and obscure with diffuse dark
markings. It is a solitary defoliator on a wide variety of deciduous trees
including willow {Salix spp.), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides),
maple {Acer spp.), and birch (Betula spp.). The species is single brooded
and overwinters as a pupa.

O. hibisci (Guenee) GREEN FRUITWORM

Plate 17,6

This species has been found in all provinces of Canada except Prince
Edward Island, but is most common in the Prairie Provinces. It occurs
generally throughout the northern United States as far south as Georgia,
and is also found in Alaska. In Newfoundland, adults have been collected at
St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Pynns Brook, and Corner Brook. The moths
are in flight from early May to mid- June but are considered rare. There are
no records from Labrador.

The larva is about 33 mm long, smooth skinned, and olive green in
color with a strong white middorsal line. The head is green, with yellowish
or white markings. The larva is a general feeder on a wide variety of
deciduous trees and shrubs, particularly trembling aspen {Populus tremul-
oides), willow {Salix spp.), white birch {Betula papyrifera), and balsam
poplar {Populus balsamifera). The species is single brooded and overwinters
as a pupa in the soil.

Genus Ceramics Guenee

C picta (Harris) ZEBRA CATERPILLAR

Plate 17,7

This species is distributed in Canada from Newfoundland and Nova
Scotia west to Alberta, south to New Jersey, and across the United States to
Colorado and California. Adults have been taken in Newfoundland at
Tompkins, St. John's, St. George's, Pynns Brook, and near St. Anthony. The
moths are in flight from mid-July to early August and are considered to be
rare. They are not recorded from Labrador.

The mature larva is about 35 mm long and 5 mm wide, and is black in
color with prominent black and yellow longitudinal stripes. The head is
reddish and unmarked. It is a general feeder on herbs and a wide variety of

136

garden and field crops. Beirne (1971) listed 27 varieties of vegetables and
fruits attacked by this insect but stated that it is not normally a significant
pest.

Genus Faronta Smith

F. diffusa (Walker) WHEATHEAD ARMYWORM

Plate 17,8

This species is distributed generally throughout North America. Adults
have been taken in western Newfoundland at St. George's, Pynns Brook,
Georges Lake, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from late June to late
July but are never plentiful. The species has not been recorded from
Labrador.

The larva is about 25 mm long, broad, and tapers posteriorly. It is
smooth skinned, and varies from green, yellow, or pink to a brownish color.
It feeds on various grasses, particularly timothy, and on the heads of cereal
crops.

Genus Leucania Ochsenheimer

L. commoides Guenee

Plate 17,9

Krogerus (1954) stated that the species was generally distributed
throughout North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Forbes (1954)
reported that it occurred from Nova Scotia to British Columbia and south to
Florida and New Mexico. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at
South Branch, Stephenville Crossing, and Woody Point. The adults are in
flight from early to late July and are rare. The species is not recorded from
Labrador.

The larva is straw colored with conspicuous dark middorsal and subdor-
sal lines and a greenish yellow head with a dark ventral band in front. It is
believed to feed on grasses.

L. insueta Guenee
Plate 17, 10

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Labrador, and Nova
Scotia south to the District of Columbia and west to the Pacific. Adults
have been taken in Newfoundland at Kilbride, Colinet, Georges Lake,
Codroy Pond, Tompkins, and Doyles, where the moths are in flight from
mid- June to late August. In Labrador, a single specimen was taken by
Beckel at Goose Bay, 20 July 1948.

137

The larva is light brown with a slight, pale middorsal line and darker
subdorsal and lateral bands. Its head is shining brown, with distinct vertical
black bands and faint reticulations. The species is single brooded and feeds
on grasses.

L. comma (Linnaeus)
Plate 17, 11

This species is somewhat similar to L. insueta, but is smaller and
without a reddish tint. However, Forbes (1954) stated that it was hardly
more than a subspecies. Ferguson (unpublished) reported that L. comma
and the closely related L. insueta were abundant in southwest Newfound-
land but there was no evidence of interbreeding. The only specimens in the
Canadian National Collection are from Newfoundland, indicating that the
species is probably a European introduction. Adults have been taken in
Newfoundland at Gander, St. Anthony, Doyles, Table Mountain, and
Tompkins from late June to late August.

Genus Pseada/ef /a Franclemont

p. unipuncta (Haworth) ARMYWORM

Plate 17, 12

This species is widely distributed throughout the Old and New Worlds.
It is found from Newfoundland across Canada to the Pacific, and south to
Texas. It is widely distributed in Newfoundland (Fig. 26) but is not
recorded from Labrador. The moths are in flight from mid- June to late
September, sometimes in large numbers.

The larva is the well-known armyworm. It is about 35 mm long and 5
mm wide, smooth skinned, and varies in color from red through pinkish and
pale gray to the more usual dark gray. It has fine white middorsal,
subdorsal, and lateral lines edged with blackish shades. According to Beirne
(1971) the species does not survive the winter in Canada, but is a migrant
from the south in May. The preferred foods are grasses and cereal crops, but
the armyworm will attack a wide range of plants when necessary. It is a
serious agricultural pest and, when numerous, the larvae move like an army,
destroying crops in their path. Fortunately they disappear as quickly as they
appear.

Genus Aletia Hiibner

A. oxygala (Grote)
Plate 17, 13

This species is distributed throughout Canada and Alaska, south to
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Colorado, Utah, and California. It is widely

138

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Fig. 26. Distribution of Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) in Newfoundland.

139

distributed in Newfoundland but is not recorded from Labrador. Adults
have been taken at St. John's, Chamberlains, Colinet, Salmonier, Witless
Bay Line, Gander, Lewisporte, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, Cow Head,
Georges Lake, Burin, Stephenville, St. George's, Doyles, and Tompkins. The
moths are in flight from early June to mid-September.

The larva is about 30 mm long and 4 mm wide at the middle, tapering
posteriorly. It is smooth skinned and varies in color from light yellow to pale
brownish. The head is whitish with faint black submedian arcs and reticula-
tions. The larva feeds on grasses and sedges, hiding at the base of the tufts
by day, but does not normally leave the food plant.

Genus Brachionycha Hubner

B. borealis (Smith)
Plate 17, 14

Forbes (1954) gave the distribution of this species as Pennsylvania,
Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Krogerus (1954) reported taking
larvae in Newfoundland at Gambo, 26-27 August 1949, and at Gander, 1
September 1949. There have been no further records for Newfoundland and
the species has not been reported from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

Genus Cucullia Schrank

C intermedia Speyer
Plate 17, 16

This species has been collected from Newfoundland west to Saskatche-
wan but is most common in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. It has also been
found in the northern United States west as far as the Rocky Mountains. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Colinet,
Eddies Cove West, Port au Choix, St. Anthony, Woody Point, Pynns Brook,
Corner Brook, Spruce Brook, Stephenville Crossing, and Tompkins. The
moths are in flight from mid-June to early August. They have not been
recorded from Labrador.

The larva is black with a series of yellow spots, large in front but
gradually decreasing or fading out to the rear. It feeds on white birch
(Betula papyrifera) and trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides).

40

C.florea Guenee

Plate 17, 17

This species is distributed from Eastern Canada and the Atlantic States
west to Montana and Colorado. In Newfoundland, a single specimen taken
by Krogerus at Spruce Brook, 8 July 1949, is the only representative of the
species taken to date. There are no records from Labrador.

Ferguson (1954) reported rearing the species from larvae that were
green with thin white and yellowish lines. He fed them aster {Aster
umbellatus) and goldenrod {Solidago graminifolia).

C. asteroides Guenee
Plate 17, 18

The species is found from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
wick, and Quebec west to Saskatchewan and south to Maine, Tennessee,
and California. A single specimen taken at Gander by Krogerus, 5 July
1949, is the only record of its occurrence in Newfoundland. There are no
records from Labrador.

The larva is about 40 mm long and 6 mm wide, has a slightly granulose
skin, and is generally green with black longitudinal stripes. It feeds on aster
{Aster spp.) and goldenrod {Solidago spp.).

Genus Homohadena Grote

H. badistriga (Grote)
Plate 17, 15

This species has a wide range, extending from the Atlantic regions of
Canada and the United States west to Texas, Kansas, and Colorado. A
single specimen taken at Millertown Junction by Krogerus, 21 August 1949,
is the only record of its occurrence in Newfoundland. It has not been
reported from Labrador.

The larva is about 35 mm long and 5 mm wide at the middle, tapering
posteriorly. The skin bears very small, rounded granules and is generally
brown. The head is coarsely granulose and pale brown. The larva feeds on
honeysuckle {Lonicera spp.).

H. infixa (Walker)
Plate 17, 19

This species occurs across Canada from Newfoundland to British
Columbia. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride,
Chamberlains, Mt. Pearl, Witless Bay Line, and Seal Cove, but are

141

uncommon. The moths are in flight from late July to mid-August. The
species has not been recorded from Labrador.

The immature stages in Newfoundland are unknown but are probably
similar to H. badistriga.

Genus Apharetra Grote

A. dent at a Grote

Platen, 20

This species is distributed from eastern and central Canada and the
northern United States west at least as far as Alberta. In Newfoundland,
adults have been taken at St. John's, Colinet, Gander, Glenwood, and
Tompkins; although widely distributed they are somewhat rare. The moths
are in flight from early to late August. The species has not been recorded
from Labrador.

Ferguson (1954) reported the larva feeding on blueberry {Vaccinium
spp.) in Nova Scotia. Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are
not available.

A. purpurea McDunnough

Plate 18, 1

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Quebec, and Ontario
west to at least Manitoba and south to New Jersey and Massachusetts. In
Newfoundland, single specimens have been taken at Colinet, 10 August
1961, Pynns Brook, 5 July 1975, and two specimens at Lewisporte, 6 August
1976. There are no records from Labrador.

The larva feeds on blueberry {Vaccinium spp.).

Genus Sympistis Htibner

S. Melaleuca (Thunberg)

Plate 18,2

This species is found in Labrador, Quebec, Manitoba, and the North-
west Territories. First reported in Labrador by Moschler (1860), adults have
since been taken at Hebron, Hopedale, and Knob Lake, where moths are in
flight from early July to late August. Packard (1888) reported the species as
being found at all the Moravian Stations and along the entire Labrador
coast. It has not been found in Newfoundland.

142

The larva is found on crowberry (Empetrum spp.). It is dark chocolate
brown, shading into violet gray on the sides, and has a slight orange-colored
head with black setae and mouthparts. The middorsal line is yellow brown
and the subdorsal lines are orange yellow in color.

S. lapponica (Thunberg)
Plate 18,3

According to Forbes (1954) this species occurs in Labrador, Greenland,
Baffin Island, the Northwest Territories, and arctic Europe. In Labrador, a
single specimen taken at Davis Inlet by W. W. Perrett, 7 August 1928, is
the only record to date. Packard (1888) also reported the species as
occurring in Labrador, at the Moravian Stations. Adults resemble S.
melaleuca, but may be distinguished by the more triangular forewing and
the deeper scalloping of the postmedial line.

The larva is dark brown, grayish, or reddish, with a dorsal series of
black spots, a pale lateral line, and a series of dark oblique subdorsal
streaks. It feeds on blueberry {Vaccinium spp.) and birch {Betula spp.).

S. labradoris (Staudinger)

Plate 18,4

This species occurs in Labrador, along the Hudson Strait, on Baffin
Island, in Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and arctic
Eurasia. In Labrador, four adults were taken at Hebron, 9-10 August 1954.
Packard (1888) reported the species as Anarta zetterstedtii Staudinger from
the Moravian Stations in Labrador. S. labradoris may be differentiated
from the two preceding species by its dark smoky forewing and obscure
markings.

According to Forbes (1954) the larva feeds on Dryas spp.

S.funesta (Paykull)
Plate 18,5

This species is found in Labrador, New Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba,
Alberta, and Wyoming. A western subspecies occurs in British Columbia
and Alaska. It is also recorded from arctic Eurasia and Switzerland. Adults
have been taken at Hopedale, where they are in flight from late June to
mid-August. Two specimens from the Wolley-Dodd collection, labeled
Labrador 1913, are now in the Canadian National Collection. This species
was recorded by Moschler in 1860 from Labrador, but no locations were
given. Packard (1888) also reported that this moth was found at the
Moravian Stations in Labrador. There are no records from Newfoundland.

The adult may be differentiated from related species by its dark
hindwing with a white fringe.

143

Genus Feralia Grote

F. jocosa (Guenee)

Plate 18,6

This species is generally distributed and common throughout Canada
and the northern United States. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken
at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Pasadena, and St. George's, but Prentice
(1962) indicated a much wider distribution. The moths are in flight from
mid-May to mid- July. They have not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is about 30 mm long and 5 mm wide at the middle, tapering
slightly. Its general color is green with conspicuous longitudinal white lines.
It is a solitary defoliator on balsam fir {Abies balsamea), white and black
spruce [Picea spp.), and hemlock {Tsuga spp.). The species is single brooded
and overwinters as a pupa.

F. comstocki Grote

Plate 18,7

This species occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Quebec, and Maine west to British Columbia and Oregon and south to the
mountains of North Carolina. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at
St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, and Colinet, where moths are in flight from
late May to mid- July and are considered rare. The species has not been
recorded from Labrador.

The larva is similar to that of F. jocosa, but has red spots that are more
or less connected to form undulating lines. Ferguson (1954) reported it as
probably feeding on balsam fir {Abies balsamea) and Prentice (1962)
reported that Douglas-fir {Pseudotsuga taxifolia) was its preferred host. It
is a solitary feeder and the pupa is probably the overwintering stage.

Genus Bombycia Stephens

B. algens (Grote)

Plate 33, 14

This species is found from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine, and
Ontario south to New York and west to Alberta and Colorado. The eastern
specimens are usually lighter colored than those from Alberta. In New-
foundland, single specimens were taken at Mt. Pearl, 21 August 1975, and
at Kilbride, 22 August 1976. Ferguson (1954) reported that B. algens was
abundant in No'a Scotia in wet marshy habitats where cattails grow. The
species has not been recorded from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.
144

Genus Hillia Grote

H. iris (Zetterstedt)

Plate 18, Sand 13

This species is found in Labrador, northern Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, Maine, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. It is also
found in northern Scandinavia and Eurasia. In Newfoundland, adults have
been taken at St. Anthony, 20-22 August, and in Labrador at Hopedale,
14-20 August. The species is considered rare in both Newfoundland and
Labrador. Two forms of adults are known to exist: iris is typically light gray
with a violet tint; vigilans is a dark brown form with black outside the
subterminal line, and a darker hindwing.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on willow {Salix spp.) in June and
probably also feeds on low plants in damp areas.

Genus Lithomoia Hubner

L solidaginis (Hubner) GOLDENROD BRINDLE

Plate 18,20

The goldenrod brindle occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
Quebec, and Ontario west to Manitoba and Vancouver and north to Alaska.
It also ranges from Maine south to Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania,
and Washington. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's,
Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Gander, Pynns Brook, and Tompkins, where the moths
are in flight from late August to mid-October. The species has not been
recorded from Labrador.

The larva is about 33 mm long and 5 mm wide at the middle, smooth
skinned, and generally dark gray in color. The middorsal, subdorsal, and
ventral lines are white and the head is pale brown with faint pinkish or
brownish reticulations. The larva feeds on blueberry {Vaccinium spp.),
Labrador-tea {Ledum spp.), and spiraea {Spiraea spp.).

Genus Lithophane Hubner

L. amanda (Smith)
Plate 18,9

This species occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Ontario
west to British Columbia and south to Maine, Pennsylvania, and New York.
The Forest Research Laboratory successfully reared larvae taken from

145

willow (Salix spp.) at Hawkes Bay. The adults emerged 7-14 November
1966. The species is considered rare in Newfoundland and has not been
recorded from Labrador.

The larva is a solitary feeder on willow {Salix spp.), birch {Betula
spp.), and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). It is green in color, with
a broad white dorsal line and yellowish spiracular lines. The head is pale
green variegated with white.

L. georgii Grote

Plate 18, 12

This species ranges from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns-
wick to British Columbia and the Northwest Territories. It is also found in
Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, and
west to Colorado, Utah, and California. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken at Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, and Gallants. The moths are in flight from
mid-September to mid-October. The species has not been reported from
Labrador.

The larva is about 32 mm long and 6 mm wide. Its skin is rough but not
granulose and is generally green in color with a white middorsal stripe. It
feeds on apple {Malus spp.), willow {Salix spp.), birch {Betula spp.), and
raspberry {Rubus spp.).

L. pexata Grote

Plate 18, 11

This species occurs from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to
British Columbia and south to Washington, D.C. Adults have been collected
in western Newfoundland by the Forestry Research Laboratory at Corner
Brook and Grand Lake. The moths are in flight from mid-September to late
October, but are considered rare. They are not recorded from Labrador.

The larva is a solitary feeder on alder {Alnus spp.) and birch {Betula
spp.).

L. lepida (Lintner)
Plate 18, 14

This species is found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Maine,
New York, New Jersey, and west to Saskatchewan. In Newfoundland, a
single specimen taken at Gambo by Krogerus, 27 August 1949, is the only
record for the species. There are no records from Labrador.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on jack pine {Pinus banksiana) and
red pine {Pinus resinosa). The species is single brooded and probably
overwinters as an adult.

146

L. thaxteri Grote NONCONFORMIST (BR.)

Plate 18, 15

This species is distributed from Newfoundland to British Columbia,
and north to the Northwest Territories. It is considered rare in Newfound-
land and is not found in Labrador. Adults have been taken at Kilbride, St.
John's, Mt. Pearl, and La Scie Road, where the moths are in flight from
early June to late October.

The larva is bluish green with a yellow brown head. The middorsal and
subdorsal lines are white and the lateral lines are yellow. It feeds on
tamarack {Larix spp.), alder {Alnus spp.), and willow (Salix spp.).

Genus Xylene Ochsenheimer

X. nupera (Lintner) RED SWORDGRASS MOTH (BR.)

Plate 18, 17

The red swordgrass moth is found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Ontario and west to British Columbia. It also occurs in Maine, Vermont,
New Hampshire, New York and west to Colorado, Utah, California,
Oregon, and Washington. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St.
John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, St. Thomas, and Carbonear. Adults are in flight
from mid-May to mid-June and in late September, but are never numerous.
The species has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is about 45 mm long and 7.5 mm wide, and occurs in both a
green and a darker phase. The head is greenish or brown, unmarked, or with
faint greenish or pink reticulations. The middorsal and subdorsal lines are
pale and sometimes inconspicuous. Crumb (1956) reported it feeding on Iris
spp. and willow {Salix spp.) whereas Ferguson (1954) observed it on marsh
grasses and sedges {Scirpus spp.).

X. curvimacula (Morrison) DOT AND DASH SWORDGRASS MOTH
Plate 33, 15

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, Maine, and Quebec south to New Jersey and west to Vancouver
Island and Oregon. In Newfoundland, a single specimen was taken at
Tompkins, 27 June 1975. The species is considered to be rare in Newfound-
land, and has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is dull brown with a faint white dorsal line, oblique subdorsal
shades, and white spiracles. The adult moth overwinters and the species is
single brooded.

147

X. thoracica (Putnam-Cramer)
Plate 18, 18 and 19

This species is similar to X. nupera, but the forewings have a more
bluish cast, more distinct markings, and less brownish shading. In Canada,
it is found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Alberta, and British
Columbia. In the United States it occurs in Maine, New Hampshire, New
York, Colorado, Utah, and Alaska. In Newfoundland, a single specimen
taken at Colinet, 18 October 1962, is the only record to date. It is not found
in Labrador.

The larva is reported by Ferguson (1954) to feed on various plants, but
shows a preference for willow {Salix spp.).

X. cineritia (Grote)
(Not illustrated)

This species occurs from Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, and Quebec south to Maine and New Jersey and west to
Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and Washington. In Newfoundland,
adults have been taken at Colinet during early May and from mid to late
September. In Labrador, a single specimen was taken by W. W. Perrett at
Hopedale, 17 October 1934.

The larva is about 42 mm long and 6 mm wide, smooth skinned, and
pale yellowish brown to dark brown in color. The middorsal and subdorsal
lines are obscure but have dark margins. The head is pale brown with darker
brown reticulations. Ferguson (1954) reported that the feeding habits were
similar to those of X. thoracica, and Crumb (1956) observed larvae on
lupines {Lupinus spp.).

Genus Xylotype Hampson

X. acadia Barnes & Benjamin
Plate 18, 16

This species occurs in Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario,
New Hampshire, southern Alberta and southern British Columbia. In
Newfoundland, adults have been collected at Mt. Pearl, Pynns Brook, and
Tompkins, where moths are in flight from late August to early October. In
Labrador, adults have been taken at Hopedale, Goose Bay, and Matamek
River. The moths are in flight from mid-August to early September but are
rare.

Prentice (1962) reported the larva to be a solitary defoliator on alder
{Alnus spp.) and tamarack {Larix spp.).

148

Genus Platypolia Grote

p. anceps (Stephens)

Plate 18, 10

This species occurs from Eastern Canada west to Alberta and south to
the northern Atlantic States. In Newfoundland, a single specimen was taken
at Gander, 1 September 1949, by Krogerus and another at Stephenville, 15
September 1975. There are no records from Labrador.

Ferguson (1954) reported that larvae were reared on Aster macrophyl-
lus by Brower at Maine. Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland
are not available.

Genus Mniotype Franclemont

M. ducta (Grote)

Plate 19, 1

This species is found in Newfoundland, Labrador, and Nova Scotia,
west to Alberta, and south to the New England States and Wisconsin. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride,
Colinet, Eddies Cove West, Cow Head, Port au Choix, St. Anthony, Corner
Brook, Georges Lake, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from mid-June
to mid-August. In Labrador, a single adult was taken at Cartwright, 29 July
1953.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

M. ferida Smith

Plate 19,2

According to McDunnough (1946^) the description of this species is
based on females from Newfoundland. It is also known from Labrador, the
Hudson Bay area, and Arrowhead Lake, B.C. In Newfoundland, adults
have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Corner Brook, Port au Choix, St.
Anthony, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from late June to early
August. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Cartwright, Hopedale, and
Goose Bay, where moths are in flight from early to late July. Forbes (1954)
noted the species closely resembled M. tenera as described by Smith from
Alaska, and it is possible that the three species M. miniota, M. ferida, and
M. tenera may in fact be races of one species.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

149

Genus Fishia Grote

F. enthea Grote

Plate 19, 4 and 5

According to Forbes (1954) this species is found in Nova Scotia,
Maine, Ontario, Manitoba, and Alberta. In Newfoundland, four adults were
collected at Colinet on a peat bog, 27-29 September 1960, and a single
specimen at St. John's, 21 September 1975. The species is considered rare,
and is not found in Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

Genus Sutyna Todd

S. privata (Walker)
Plate 19,8

This species is found in Eastern Canada and the New England States.
In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride,
Colinet, Plum Point, Woody Point, Pynns Brook, and Tompkins. The moths
are in flight from mid-July to late October but never in large numbers. They
have not been recorded from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

Genus Epiglaea Grote

E. apiata (Grote)

Plate 19,9

This species is distributed from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to
British Columbia, south to Maine, New Jersey, New York, and Washing-
ton, D.C., and west to Illinois. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at
Mt. Pearl, Colinet, Kilbride, St. John's, Pynns Brook, and Tompkins, from
mid-September to late October. The species is never common.

The larva is about 36 mm long and 5 mm wide, smooth skinned, and
reddish brown in color. The head is pale with brown submedian arcs and
reticulations. The larva feeds on cranberry {Vaccinium spp.).

Genus Agrochola Hubner

A. lota (Clerck) RED-LINED QUAKER (BR.)

Plate 34, 11

This species is widely distributed throughout Great Britain and Europe.
In Newfoundland, the Forest Research Centre reared four adults from

150

larvae found on willow at St. John's. The moths emerged 3-27 September
1976. This is a first record for the species in Canada (Pardy 1977). In
Europe the moth flies in September, October, and sometimes November.

The larva is ocherous brown, tinged with reddish or purplish brown on
the sides. There are three whitish lines along the back; the center one is
composed of spots and the outer ones are not well defined. The lateral line is
reddish. The head is glossy and pale reddish brown, marked with darker
brown. In Europe the larva feeds on willow {Salix spp.) and may be found
on the foliage from early summer. It frequently spins the topmost leaves of a
branch together to form a daytime retreat.

Genus Parastichtis Hubner

p. discivaria (Walker)

Plate 34, 7

This species is known to occur in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine,
and New Hampshire, south to North Carolina in the east and from the
Yukon to Utah in the west. Ferguson (1954) reported the species as "not
common" in Nova Scotia. Two adult moths taken at Lewisporte, 6 August
1976, are the only records of the species occurring in Newfoundland to date.
It has not been recorded from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

Genus Sunira Franclemont

S. bicolorago (Guenee)
Plate 19,6

This species occurs from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to
Alberta and Colorado, and south to North Carolina. Although reported as
numerous in some areas in Canada, it is considered rare in Newfoundland.
Adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, and Pynns Brook
from mid-September to mid-October. It is not found in Labrador.

The larva is about 27 mm long, 4 mm wide at the middle, and smooth
skinned. It is dark brown in color, with white flecks and purple tinges. The
middorsal and subdorsal lines are obscure. The head is deep brown with
black reticulations. Crumb (1956) stated that the larva feeds on tobacco
{Nicotiana spp.), dock {Rumex spp.), maple {Acer spp.), and cabbage
{Brassica spp.).

151

Genus Xanthia Ochsenheimer

X. lutea (Stromberg) PINK-BARRED SALLOW (BR.)

Plate 19,3

This species is distributed from Newfoundland west to British
Columbia, Washington, and Oregon and south to Pennsylvania. It is rare in
Newfoundland. Adults have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Mt. Pearl,
and Pynns Brook from mid-September to early October. They are not found
in Labrador.

The larva is about 25 mm long and 4 mm wide at the middle, smooth
skinned, and blackish in color with purple tinges. The middorsal line is
visible only on the thorax, and the subdorsal line is inconspicuous. The head
is pale brown with strong black submedian arcs and reticulations. The larva
feeds on willow (Salix spp.), preferring the catkins.

Genus Apamea Ochsenheimer

A. verbascoides (Guenee)

Plate 19, 10

This species occurs in Eastern Canada west to Saskatchewan, and in
the northern and middle Atlantic States. In Newfoundland, adults have
been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Chamberlains, Eddies Cove West, and
Cow Head. The moths are in flight from late July to mid-August, but are
never very abundant. However, more collecting would, no doubt, show a
wider distribution. The species has not been recorded from Labrador.

A. vultuosa (Grote)
Plate 19, 11

This species is found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine, Ontario,
south to New Jersey, and west to Alberta. It is replaced on the coast of
British Columbia by the related species, A. multicolor. In Newfoundland,
adults have been taken at St. John's, Eddies Cove West, and Port au Choix
from mid-July to early August. The species is considered uncommon and is
not found in Labrador.

The larva is about 32 mm long and 5 mm wide at the middle, tapering
posteriorly. The general color is brownish with a pale middorsal line on a
dark area. The head is darker brown with black submedian lines and
reticulations. The larva feeds on grasses.

152

A. amputatrix (Fitch) YELLOWHEADED CUTWORM

Plate 19,7

This moth has a wide range in North America, extending from
Labrador and the eastern areas of Canada and the United States west to
Montana, Colorado, Washington, and California. The species is widespread
and abundant in Newfoundland (Fig. 27). The moths are in flight from late
June to late August. The species has been listed by Forbes (1954) as
occurring in Labrador.

The larva is a true cutworm, hiding underground by day and feeding at
night. It is a pale smoky color with a tawny head. Beirne (1971) reported
that it infested tobacco and grainfields in Ontario between 1896 and 1911.

A. alia (Guenee)
Plate 19, 12

This species is widely distributed in North America from the Atlantic
to the Pacific, north to Natashquan, Que., and south to New Jersey and
New Mexico. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's,
Kilbride, Mt. Pearl, Woody Point, Eddies Cove West, Corner Brook, and
Georges Lake. The moths are in flight from late June to late August. They
do not occur in Labrador.

The larva is about 35 mm long and 5 mm wide at the middle, tapering
posteriorly. The skin is smooth, generally black, with faint middorsal and
subdorsal lines. The head is pale brown with black submedian lines and
reticulations. The larva feeds on grasses.

A. commoda (Walker)

Plate 19, 13

This species occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Maine,
and Ontario west to Alberta, and south to New York. In Newfoundland,
adults have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Colinet, Witless Bay Line,
Salmonier, Gander, Corner Brook, Stephenville, and Tompkins. The moths
are in flight from mid-July to mid-August, but are never abundant. They
are not found in Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

A. impulsa (Guenee)
Plate 19, Hand 15

This species is known from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Labra-
dor, the Hudson Bay area, and British Columbia, south to Maine and New

153

Fig. 27. Distribution oi Apamea amputatrix (Fitch) in Newfoundland.

Jersey, and west to California. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at
St. John's, Kilbride, Colinet, Witless Bay Line, Gander, Corner Brook,
Georges Lake, Stephenville, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from
late June to late August. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Hebron
and Cartwright from early to mid-August.

154

Forbes (1954) described the larva as mottled gray brown with a yellow
head, a reticulate body, a narrow broken pale dorsal line, traces of a
subdorsal line, and a narrow pale spiracular line.

A. indocilis (Walker)

Plate 19, 16

This colorful species is widely distributed in Eastern Canada and the
northern Atlantic States, and extends south to New York and west to the
Rocky Mountains. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's,
Eddies Cove West, St. Anthony, and Doyles. The moths are in flight from
mid- July to mid-August, and are considered rare. The species has not been
recorded from Labrador.

The larva is about 20 mm long and 4 mm wide at the middle, smooth
skinned, and generally gray in color, slightly tinged with purple. The
middorsal line is continuous but pale, and the head is brown with black
submedian arcs and reticulations. The larva feeds on coarse grasses and
sedges.

A.finitima Guenee

Plate 19, 17

This moth is a circumpolar species that ranges throughout North
America. It is widely distributed in Newfoundland; adults have been taken
at St. John's, Kilbride, Chamberlains, Mt. Pearl, Carbonear, Lewisporte,
Woody Point, Port au Choix, St. Anthony, Corner Brook, and Tompkins.
The moths are in flight from mid- June to late August. In Labrador, adults
have been taken at Cartwright and Goose Bay from early July to late
August.

The larva is about 25 mm long and 4.5 mm wide at the middle, the skin
is coarsely and intricately wrinkled but not granulose, and the general color
is purplish gray. The middorsal line is strong and whitish and the head is
brown with darker brown submedian arcs and reticulations. The larva feeds
on wheat {Triticum aestivum), wild-rice {Zizania spp.), corn {Zea mays),
and grasses. Beirne (1971) reported it as a pest on ryegrass {Lolium spp.)
and bromegrass {Bromus inermis) in southern Manitoba.

Genus Agroperina Hampson

A. lateritia (Hufnagel)
Plate 19, 18

This is a circumpolar species and is generally distributed throughout
Canada and the United States. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at
St. John's, Colinet, Gander, Woody Point, Doctors Brook, St. Anthony, and

155

Tompkins. The moths are in flight from mid-July to mid-August and are
plentiful at times. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Hebron, Hope-
dale, and Goose Bay from mid-July to late August.

Forbes (1954) described the larva as a cutworm, dark gray with a
brown head and black plates.

A. dubitans (Walker)

Plate 19, 19

This species is generally distributed throughout the continent from
Newfoundland to British Columbia, and from the Atlantic States to Cali-
fornia. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Carbonear,
Witless Bay Line, Gambo, Millertown Junction, Kitty's Brook, and Tomp-
kins. The moths are in flight from mid-July to late August, and are widely
distributed and at times abundant. The species has not been recorded from
Labrador.

The larva is about 35 mm long and 6 mm wide at the middle, tapering
posteriorly. The skin is smooth and has many impressed lines dorsally. The
general color is a drab gray usually tinged with pinkish dorsally. The larva
feeds on grasses.

A. cogitata (Smith)
Plate 19,20

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine,
and Quebec to the Pacific. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St.
John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Donovans, Chamberlains, Salmonier, Gander,
Badger, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, St. Anthony, Tompkins, and Doyles.
The moths are in flight from early July to early September and are fairly
common. In Labrador adults have been collected at Cartwright, Hamilton
Inlet, and Goose Bay from mid-July to early August.

The immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are unknown, but
are probably similar to A. dubitans.

A. inficita (Walker)
Plate 19,21

This is a northern species, occurring from Newfoundland and Nova
Scotia to Quebec. Brower (1974) also reports it from northern Maine. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Kilbride, St. John's, Mt. Pearl,
Gambo, Lewisporte, Kitty's Brook, Cow Head, Port au Choix, St. Barbe,
Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, Stephenville, and Tompkins. The moths are in
flight from late July to mid-September but are never abundant and are not
found in Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.
156

Genus Crymodes Guenee

C devastator (Brace) GLASSY CUTWORM

Plate 20, 1

This moth is found throughout the North American continent. In
Newfoundland, it is widely distributed and abundant; adults have been
taken at Kilbride, Terra Nova National Park, Gander, Cow Head, Port au
Choix, Port Saunders, Eddies Cove, St. Anthony, Corner Brook, St.
George's, and Stephenville. The moths are in flight from mid-July to
mid-August. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Nutak, Hopedale,
Goose Bay, and Knob Lake from mid-July to late August.

The larva is 35-40 mm long and 5.5 mm wide at the middle, tapering
slightly posteriorly. The skin is slightly granulose and the general color is a
translucent greenish white with a dark subcutaneous middorsal line. The
head is a bright reddish brown with dark subdued reticulations. It is
essentially a subterranean turf-feeding species, but is destructive to many
plants in the absence of its normal food. Beirne (1971) records it as a
sporadic pest on cereals, corn, and tobacco.

C. maillardi (Geyer) NORTHERN ARCHES (BR.)

Plate 22, 19

This subarctic species is found in northeastern Canada and in the
northeastern United States. It also occurs in northwest Europe. Packard
(1888) reported the species as Hadena exulis from the Moravian Stations in
Labrador. Two adults taken at Hopedale, 10 August 1923 and 14 August
1934, are in the Canadian National Collection. Moschler (1860) also
reported it from Labrador. In Newfoundland, a single specimen was taken
at St. Anthony, 16 July 1951.

The larva in Europe is ocherous white shaded with gray, and has a
reddish brown head, yellow plates, and black spiracles. It feeds on grasses,
boring into the lower stems and roots when very young, and normally
hibernates twice.

Genus Trichoplexia Hampson

T. exornata (Moschler)
Plate 20, 2

This species has been taken in Labrador, Newfoundland, Quebec, and
Maine. A larger subspecies is found from Alberta to Colorado. In New-

157

foundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Witless Bay Line, Topsail,
and Colinet from late June to mid-July, but they are considered rare. In
Labrador, adults have been taken at Hopedale, Cartwright, and Knob Lake
from early July to late August.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

Genus Luperina Boisduval

L. passer (Guenee)

Plate 20, 3

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec,
and Maine south to New Jersey and west to Alberta and Oregon. In
Newfoundland, four adults now in the Canadian National Collection were
taken by J. B. Wallace at St. Anthony, 8-9 August 1951. The species was
first reported as occurring in Newfoundland by Draudt (in Seitz 1924) and
is probably more widespread than indicated, although it has not so far been
recorded from Labrador.

The larva is reported by Forbes (1954) to feed on dock (Rumex spp.).

Genus Oligia Hubner

O. modica (Guenee)
Plate 34, 8

This species is distributed in Newfoundland, the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
south to Georgia, and west to Manitoba and Colorado. Brower (1974)
reported the species from 24 localities in Maine. In Newfoundland, adults
have been taken at Gander and Pynns Brook, where moths are in flight from
late July to late August. There are no records of the species from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

O. bridghami (Grote & Robinson)
Plate 20, 4

This colorful species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
Quebec, and Maine south to Long Island and Pennsylvania and is represent-
ed by the closely related species O. violacea on the Pacific Coast. It is fairly

158

common and widely distributed in Newfoundland. Adults have been collect-
ed at St. John's, Kilbride, Colinet, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, and
Tompkins. The moths are in flight from mid-July to late September. There
are no records from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

O. minuscula (Morrison)

Plate 20, 5

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Maine west to Manitoba and south to New Jersey and New York. It is
extremely rare in Newfoundland but four adults have been taken at Colinet,
Georges Lake, and Tompkins during the last half of August. The species is
usually associated with bogs, but has not been recorded from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

O. illocata (Walker)

Plate 20, 6

This species has been collected in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, Ontario, southwestern Alberta, and in the interior and south
coastal regions of British Columbia. In the United States, it occurs in
Pennsylvania, and west to Colorado. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Colinet, Pynns Brook, Portland, and
Tompkins from mid-July to mid-October. At times the moths are common
but never abundant. The species has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on alder (Alnus spp.), birch {Betula
spp.), and willow {Salix spp.).

Genus Eremobina McDunnough

E. claudens (Walker)
Plate 20, 7

This species, originally described from a Newfoundland specimen, is
distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Maine west to the Rocky
Mountains and south to the middle Atlantic States. The species is widely
distributed in Newfoundland (Fig. 28) but is never common. The moths are
in flight from mid-July to mid-September. They have not been reported
from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

159

Fig. 28. Distribution of Eremobina claudens (Walker) in Newfoundland.

160

Genus Hypocoena Hampson

H. rufostrigata (Packard)

Plate 33, 1

Forbes (1954) gave the distribution for this species as southern Labra-
dor and the Saguenay River, Que., west to Alaska, and south in the west to
Utah and California. Packard (1888) reported the species from Caribou
Island, Labrador. There are specimens in the Canadian National Collection,
from Brador Bay, Que., near the southern Labrador boundary, which
indicates that the species probably occurs in the adjoining Labrador region.
It has not been recorded from Newfoundland.

The moth is described by Forbes (1954) as a pale clay color shaded
with light pink. The veins, especially the outer ones, are streaked with black,
and there are dark streaks in between them.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.
H. inquinata (Guenee)
Plate 20, 8

This species is found from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and
Maine west to Alberta, south to Connecticut, and west across the United
States to Colorado. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's,
Kilbride, Mt. Pearl, Donovans, Chamberlains, Bellevue, Colinet, and Pynns
Brook. The moths are in flight from mid-July to late August, but are never
abundant. The species has not been reported from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

H. basistriga McDunnough

Plate 20, 9

This species is widely distributed in Western Canada from Saskatche-
wan to British Columbia. The only records of its existence in Eastern
Canada are from Newfoundland, where adults have been taken at Colinet
and Kilbride from mid-September to mid-October, and Labrador, where a
single specimen, now in the Canadian National Collection, was taken by
Perrett at North West River, Hamilton Inlet, 4 September 1922.

Very little is known about the immature stages in Newfoundland and
Labrador.

Genus Ipimorpha HCibner

/. pleonectusa Grote

Plate 20, 11

This species is found from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and
Maine west to Manitoba and Alberta and south to New Jersey. In New-

161

foundland, adults have been taken at Gambo, Gander, Notre Dame Junc-
tion, Buchans Junction, Pynns Brook, and Badger, but the species is
considered rare. The moths are in flight from early July to late August.
They have not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is about 25 mm long and 4 mm at the middle, tapering
posteriorly. The green skin is closely covered with minute granules, and has
a broad white middorsal line that becomes narrower on the thorax. The
head is yellowish white. The larva feeds on poplar, particularly trembling
aspen {Populus tremuloides).

Genus Helotropha Lederer

H. reniformis (Grote)

Plate 20, 12

This species is distributed across Canada and the United States from
the Atlantic to British Columbia and California. In Newfoundland, adults
have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Cow Head, Eddies Cove
West, Port au Choix, Tompkins, and Doyles. The moths are widely dis-
tributed and locally common, and are in flight from late July to early
October. Two color phases, including the dark variety, atra Grote, are
present among local specimens.

The larva is about 35 mm long, 5 mm wide at the middle, smooth
skinned, and generally dull black in color. The middorsal line is pale and
subdued. The larva bores in the stems of sedges {Scirpus spp.) and probably
iris {Iris spp.).

Genus Amphipoea Billberg

A. velata (Walker)
Plate 20, 13

This species is distributed throughout the eastern regions of Canada
and the United States, south to the mountains of North Carolina and west
to Wisconsin. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt.
Pearl, Kilbride, Donovans, Salmonier, Gambo, Gander, Pynns Brook,
Corner Brook, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from late July to early
September and at times are fairly common. The species has not been
recorded from Labrador.

162

The larva is green, with slender middorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular
stripes that usually have dark upper edges. The head has oblique dark side
stripes. The larva feeds on grasses, and is sometimes abundant, but is not
considered injurious.

A. americana (Speyer)

Plate 20, 14

This species is common and widely distributed from the Atlantic west
to California and Colorado. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at
Kilbride, Mt. Pearl, St. John's, Goulds, Renews, Colinet, Gambo, Glen-
wood, Lewisporte, Kitty's Brook, Georges Lake, Woody Point, Brig Bay,
Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, Stephenville, and Tompkins. The moths are in
flight from mid-July to early October. The species has not been recorded
from Labrador.

The larva is believed to be a minor pest on young corn.

Genus Hydroecia Guenee

H. micacea (Esper) POTATO STEM BORER, ROSY RUSTIC MOTH

Plate 20, 15

This species occurs in Eastern Canada and the northern Atlantic States
and was probably introduced from Europe. In Newfoundland, adults have
been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Bell Island, Trepassey, St.
Mary's, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, Stephenville, and Tompkins. The
moths are in flight from mid-August to late September and at times are
fairly common. They are not found in Labrador.

The larva is about 30 mm long and 4 mm wide at the middle, tapering
posteriorly. It is smooth skinned and generally pale in color with purplish
transverse bands on all segments except the prothorax and the 9th abdomi-
nal segment. The head is yellow without markings. The larva bores in the
stems of various plants and apparently prefers potatoes. The damage it
causes is usually light or moderate, although it has been known to destroy
50% of the potato stems in small gardens. However, it is not considered a
major pest. There is only one generation a year. The eggs are laid in the fall
on various grasses and hatch in May. The larva feeds first on young grass
blades and later moves to other, larger plants and enters their stalks,
ultimately causing them to wilt and die. Beirne (1971) lists corn, potato,
tomato, rhubarb, sugar beet, beans, and strawberry as crops that are subject
to larval attack.

163

Genus Papaipema Smith

p. impecuniosa (Grote)
Plate 20, 16

This species is found in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and
Maine, south to New York, and west to Alberta. Forest Insect Surveys in
Newfoundland have recorded the species, but this report is considered
doubtful because no specimens have been observed or taken in recent years.
Ferguson (1954) reported that the species was taken occasionally in Nova
Scotia.

The larva is said to bore into aster {Aster umbellatus) and sneezeweed
{Helenium spp.).

P. pterisii Bird
Plate 20, 17

This species occurs in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Maine,
southern New York, and Pennsylvania. It is considered rare in Newfound-
land, where adults have been taken at Colinet, Pynns Brook, and Tompkins
from mid-September to early October. The species has not been recorded
from Labrador.

The larva, as far as is known, bores into bracken {Pteridium aquili-
num). It completely eats out the tender rootstock, killing the plant.

P.frigida{Sm\i\i)
Plate 20, 18

The species is found from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and
Maine south to New York and west to Manitoba and Colorado. In New-
foundland, adults have been taken at Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, and Colinet. The
moths are in flight from late July to mid-October, but never in large
numbers. The species has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is about 30 mm long and 5 mm wide at the middle, somewhat
whitish in color and when young has pale reddish brown segmental bands. It
feeds on meadow rue {Thalictrum spp.).

P. thalictri Lyman

Plate 20, 19

This species was at one time considered to be a form of P. frigida and
the distribution of the two species is similar. In Newfoundland, adults have
been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Pynns Brook, and Tompkins.

164

The moths are in flight from early September to early October but are never
common. The species has not been recorded from Labrador.

Genus Euplexia Stephens

E. benesimilis McDunnough

Plate 20, 10

This species occurs in Canada and the United States from the Atlantic
region west to British Columbia, Alaska, Washington, and California. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride,
Eddies Cove West, Corner Brook, St. George's, Table Mountain, Doyles,
and Burgeo. The moths are in flight from late June to late July, but are
never common. The species has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is about 28 mm long and 4.5 mm wide, smooth skinned, and
occurs in both green and brown phases. The head is green with dark
reticulations. The larva is a solitary defoliator, feeding on shield ferns
{Dryopteris spp.), alder {Alnus spp.), foxglove {Digitalis spp.), and willow
{Salix spp.). There is one brood a year and the pupa overwinters.

Genus Phlogophora Treitschke

p. iris Guenee
Plate 20, 20

This species is found in the Atlantic Provinces and the northern
Atlantic States^ extending south to southern New York and west to Min-
nesota and Manitoba. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St.
John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Gander, Lewisporte, Pynns Brook, Corner
Brook, Woody Point, Stephenville, and Tompkins, where the moths are in
flight from late June to early August, but are never common. The species
has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is about 35 mm long and 5.5 mm wide at the middle, and the
skin is smooth and generally gray. The middorsal line is pale and interrupt-
ed at the junctures of segments by small black dots. The head is brown with
dilute black submedian lines and reticulations. It is a cutworm in habits and
feeds on dandelion (Taraxacum spp.), dock (Rumex spp.), and thistle
{Cirsium spp.). The species is single brooded and overwinters as a fully
grown larva.

P. periculosa Guenee
Plate 20, 21

This species is very common in North America and is generally
distributed from the Atlantic to the Pacific throughout Canada and the

165

United States. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt.
Pearl, Goulds, Kilbride, Chamberlains, Cupids, Salmonier, Gambo, Burin,
Glenwood, Lewisporte, Millertown Junction, Kitty's Brook, Pynns Brook,
Steady Brook, Gallants, Cow Head, Port au Choix, Eddies Cove, Corner
Brook, Georges Lake, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from late June
to late August and are common in some localities. The form brunneum was
taken by Ferguson at Donovans, 27-28 August 1954. In Labrador, adults
were taken at Matamek River by Eldmann between July and September
1931.

The larva is about 32 mm long and 5 mm wide at the middle. It is
smooth skinned and varies from light brown to dark green. The middorsal
line is yellow and the head pale brownish to greenish gray with reddish,
brownish, or green reticulations. It feeds on alder {Alnus spp.), blueberry
(Vaccinium spp.), and plum {Prunus spp.).

Genus Euherrichia Grote

E. monetifera (Guenee)

Plate 20, 22

This very pretty species ranges from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
Quebec, and Maine south to Florida and west to Wisconsin. In Newfound-
land, a single specimen taken by Krogerus at Stephenville Crossing, 6 July
1949, is the only record to date.

The larva is green with oblique white lines and feeds on bracken
{Pteridium aquilinum).

Genus Agriopodes Hampson

A. fallax (Herrich-Schaffer) GREEN MARVEL

Plate 21, 1

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec,
and Manitoba south to Illinois, Texas, and Florida. In Newfoundland, a
single specimen taken by Mutuura at Doyles, 29 July 1968, is the only
record to date.

The larva is about 28 mm long and 5 mm wide at the middle, tapering
somewhat posteriorly. It is velvety green in color, with inconspicuous but
definite tufts of hair growing from warts. The middorsal and subdorsal lines

166

are narrow and white and the head is wrinkled and has black dots on the
edge. The larva feeds on arrowwood (Viburnum spp.) and poplar [Populus
spp.).

Genus Amphipyra Ochsenheimer

A. pyramidoides Guenee COPPER UNDERWING

Plate 21, 5

This large coppery-colored moth is found from Newfoundland and
Nova Scotia to British Columbia, from Maine to the Rocky Mountains, and
south to Arizona and California. In Newfoundland, a single specimen taken
by Krogerus at Kitty's Brook, 18 August 1949, is the only specimen to date.

The larva is about 35 mm long and 6 mm wide at the mjddle, and is
light green in color. It has a small head, a slight bump on the 1st abdominal
segment, and a high sharp one on the 8th segment. The middorsal, subdor-
sal, and spiracular lines are fine and white with the latter angled almost up
to the top of the hump of the 8th segment. The larva feeds on basswood
{Tilia spp.), elm (Ulmus spp.), birch [Betula spp.), poplar (Populus spp.),
and raspberry (Rubus spp.).

A. tragopoginis (Linnaeus) MOUSE (BR.)

Plate 21, 2

This is a circumpolar species. In North America, it has a wide range in
southern Canada and the United States. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Chamberlains, Colinet, Gambo,
Corner Brook, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from mid-July to
mid-October and at times are quite common. The species has not been
reported from Labrador.

The larva is about 35 mm long and 5 mm wide at the middle. The skin,
of a general green color, bears minute spinelike granules both dorsally and
ventrally. The strong middorsal line, spiracles, and subventral line are white.
The head is green, without markings. The larva feeds on strawberry
(Fragaria spp.) and plantain (Plantago spp.).

Genus Nedra Clarke

A^. ramosula (Guenee)
Plate 21, 7

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Maine, and Wisconsin south to Florida,

167

Mississippi, and Arkansas. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St.
John's and Colinet where the moths are in flight from mid to late July. The
species is considered rare in Newfoundland and has not been recorded from
Labrador.

The larva is about 37 mm long and 4.5 mm wide at the middle,
tapering posteriorly. Its general color is dark brown both dorsally and
ventrally with broken, pale middorsal and subdorsal lines. It is reported to
feed on St. John's- wort {Hypericum spp.).

Genus Andropolia Grote

A. contacta (Walker)
Plate 21, 4

This large blue gray moth is found in Newfoundland, the Maritime
Provinces, the Atlantic States, and west to the Rocky Mountains. It is rare
in Newfoundland, although adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl,
Gambo, Gander, St. Anthony, and Tompkins, where the moths are in flight
from mid-August to early September. It has not been recorded from
Newfoundland.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on deciduous trees, and prefers
trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), willow {Salix spp.), and birch
{Betula spp.).

Genus Hyppa Duponchel

H. xylinoides (Guenee)
Plate 21, 8

This species occurs from the Atlantic Provinces west to British
Columbia and south to southern New York and Virginia. It is widely
distributed, but never abundant in Newfoundland and is not recorded from
Labrador. Adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Colinet, Kil-
bride, Chamberlains, Carbonear, Gander, Lewisporte, Woody Point, Glen-
burnie, Cow Head, Port au Choix, Eddies Cove West, St. Anthony, Corner
Brook, Georges Lake, and Doyles. The moths are in flight from early July to
early August.

The larva is a cutworm that feeds on cranberry {Vaccinium spp.). It is
yellow brown to black with darker sides, and has a distinctive hump on the
8th abdominal segment. The lateral line is pale and white-edged and the

168

head is shining brown. The species is single brooded and pupates between
leaves on the ground.

H. indistincta Smith
Plate 21, 3

This species is known to exist in Labrador, Newfoundland, Alberta,
British Columbia, and Washington. Adults have been taken in Newfound-
land at Pynns Brook in late July and in Labrador at Goose Bay and
Hopedale, 18-20 July.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

Genus Platysenta Grote

p. sutor (Guenee)
Plate 21, 6

This species is found in Labrador and Maine, west to Wisconsin and
south to South America. In Labrador, a single specimen was taken at Goose
Bay, 15 August 1948. It has not been found in Newfoundland.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.

Genus Elaphria Hubner

E. versicolor (Grote)

Plate 21, 9

Recognized as an eastern species, E. versicolor has been collected from
Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Maine, and west to the interlake region in
Manitoba. Prentice (1962) recorded the species from central Newfoundland
in the Grand Falls area. No specimens have been taken during recent years
and the species is considered rare.

The larva is about 16 mm long, 2.5 mm wide at the middle, mottled
black and brown in color, and has a swollen thoracic region. It feeds on
balsam fir {Abies balsamea) and white spruce {Picea glauca).

E.festivoides (Guenee)
Plate 21, 10

This species has a wide range that extends from Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, and Maine south to Florida and Texas and west to British Columbia

169

and New Mexico. However, it is rare in Newfoundland and is not recorded
from Labrador. Six specimens taken by Krogerus at South Branch, 4 July
1949, are the only records to date. Ferguson (1954) reported that the species
was often plentiful at light traps and bait in Nova Scotia.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

Genus Platyperigea Smith

P, multifera (Walker)
Plate 33, 2

This species is found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine, Quebec,
Ontario, Minnesota, and south to the District of Columbia. In Newfound-
land, five adults were taken at Pynns Brook between 8 August and 4
September 1975. The species is considered rare in Newfoundland and is not
recorded from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

Genus Enargia Hiibner

E. infumata (Grote)
Plate 34, 9

This species occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns-
wick west to the interior of British Columbia, south to Maine and New
York, and west across the United States to Colorado and California. In
Canada it is most common in western Alberta. In Newfoundland, adult
moths have been taken at Gander from mid to late August and at times are
fairly common. The species has not been reported from Labrador.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on trembling aspen (Populus tremul-
oides) and is also recorded as feeding on white birch {Betula papyrifera),
willow (Salix spp.), and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera). When fully
grown it is green with white dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines, white
tubercles and white, black-ringed spiracles. The head is yellowish green.

Genus Bellura Walker

B. diffusa (Grote) BROWNTAILED DIVER

Plate 21, 11

The browntailed diver is found in Newfoundland, Quebec, and Ontario,
south to Maine and New Jersey, and west to Michigan and Illinois. It occurs

170

frequently in Newfoundland but never in large numbers. Adults have been
taken at St. John's, Kilbride, and Colinet from early July to early August.
The species does not occur in Labrador.

The slender larva is unique in that the 9th segment is only half as high
as the 8th and the spiracles are turned backward and overhang the opening,
enabling the larva to breathe under water. The early instar larva is a leaf
miner, and later a borer in the petioles of the yellow pond-lily {Nuphar
spp.). The species is single brooded and pupation occurs within the petiole,
near the water level.

Genus Pyrrhia Hubner

p. umbra (Hufnagel) BORDERED SALLOW

Plate 21, 12

The bordered sallow is a circumpolar species, found throughout south-
ern Canada and the northern United States. In Newfoundland, adults have
been taken at Kilbride, South Branch, and Tompkins, where moths are in
flight from early July to late August. The species has not been recorded in
Labrador.

Hardwick (1970^) reported that the larva was a general feeder on
flowers and fruits, primarily those of herbaceous plants.

The larva is about 30 mm long and 5 mm wide at the middle, tapering
posteriorly. The skin bears short spinules growing from an enlarged base.
The color of the skin may be white with orange markings, white with black
markings in varying degrees with or without orange markings, or green
throughout. The head is pale brown, marked with black. The larva feeds on
monkshood {Aconitum spp.), cabbage {Brassica spp.), alder {Alnus spp.),
and balsam poplar {Populus balsamifera).

P. exprimens (Walker)
Plate 21, 13

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine,
and Ontario west to Alberta and south to New York and Texas. It is rare in
Newfoundland, where a single larval specimen taken at St. George's by the
Forest Research Laboratory in 1958 emerged as an adult 3 March 1959. It
has not been recorded from Labrador. The species is similar to P. umbra,
but may be distinguished from it by the dark brownish border of the
hindwing.

171

The larva varies in color from a bluish white with yellow brown lateral
stripes to drab pink with orange lateral stripes. It is a solitary defoliator on
balsam poplar {Populus balsamifera), trembling aspen {Populus tremul-
oides), willow (Salix spp.), rose {Rosa spp.), and plum (Prunus spp.).

Genus Helicoverpa Hardwick

H. zea (Boddie)

CORN EARWORM, BOLLWORM, TOMATO FRUITWORM

Plate 21, 14

This species is widely distributed throughout the world and occurs in
nearly every part of Canada and the United States where corn is grown. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride,
and Topsail, where moths are in flight from early July to early September.

The larva is a serious pest of sweet corn, tomatoes, cotton, and many
other crops. Beirne (1971) stated that the species is recorded as causing
harm in corn-growing areas of Canada from Newfoundland to British
Columbia, and in some years has infested the total crops of small plots in
Newfoundland. It is a strong-flying immigrant from the south and does not
usually survive the winter in Canada. The larva is about 30 mm long and 5
mm wide at the middle, tapering posteriorly. The skin bears short spinules
and the general color varies from red, maroon, orange, yellow, and green to
nearly black. The head, of the same color as the body, is often flecked with
brown and sometimes reticulated with white, or rarely with black, markings.

Genus Lithacodia Hubner

L. bellicula Hubner
Plate 21, 16

This species is distributed from eastern and central parts of Canada
south to Maine, New York, Florida, Colorado, and New Mexico. It is rare
in Newfoundland but adults have been taken at Gander and Eddies Cove
West, where the moths are in flight from early to late July. The species is
said to be common on bogs. It has not been recorded from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

L. albidula (Guenee)
Plate 21, 17

This small cream-colored noctuid ranges from Eastern Canada and the
Atlantic States west to the Pacific. It is widely distributed and common in

172

Newfoundland, where adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl,
Kilbride, Gander, Springdale, Steady Brook, Lomond, Woody Point, Ste-
phenville, Stephenville Crossing, St. George's, Piccadilly, South Branch,
Doyles, Tompkins, Port aux Basques, Burgeo, Grand Bruit, and Cinq Cerf
River. The moths are in flight from mid-June to late July and usually
frequent open, grassy places. They are not found in Labrador.

The larva is about 23 mm long and 2.5 mm wide at the middle,
tapering posteriorly. It is smooth skinned, and soft gray in color, sometimes
tinged with pink. The head is dull white and smooth, and has black
reticulations. The larva feeds on grasses in moist localities.

L. carneola (Guenee)
Plate 21, 18

This small colorful pink and black noctuid is found throughout Eastern
Canada, extending south to New York and Georgia and west to Saskatche-
wan and Colorado. It is rare in Newfoundland, and a single specimen taken
by Krogerus at South Branch, 2 July 1949, is the only record for the species.
It is not recorded from Labrador.

The larva is yellowish brown with an underlying greenish tint, and
darker middorsal and lateral stripes. The upper half of the head is spotted
with brown, and has a vertical clear band on the front. It feeds on dock
(Rumex spp.) and smartweed {Polygonum spp.).

Genus Nycteola Hubner

N.frigidana (Walker)
Plate 21, 19

This small bluish ash gray noctuid occurs across Canada from New-
foundland to British Columbia, in the northern parts of the United States,
and south as far as Virginia. It is generally rare in Newfoundland and is not
recorded from Labrador. Adults have been taken at Bishop's Falls and
Buchans and Krogerus (1954) reported taking larvae at Corner Brook, 16
August 1949.

The larva is about 22 mm long, 2.5 mm wide at the middle, smooth
skinned, and green in color without markings. The spiracles are pale with a
pale brown rim and the head is plain green. The larva feeds on willow {Salix
spp.), is single brooded, and overwinters as a pupa.

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N. cinereana Neumoegen & Dyar
Plate 33, 20

Prentice (1962) stated that this species occurred in Newfoundland,
throughout most of Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, and in southern
British Columbia. It is similar to TV. frigidana but the ground color is paler
and the black shades are rarely present. In addition, the midcostal area of
the forewing is often somewhat darker, and the hindwing slightly paler.
Adults have been taken at Grand Falls and Corner Brook. They have not
been found in Labrador.

The larva is usually a solitary feeder on balsam poplar {Populus
balsamifera), and trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides) but when abun-
dant may form a web and feed as a colony.

Genus Caloplusia Smith

C. ignea simulans McDunnough
Plate 21, 21

This subspecies occurs in Labrador, northern Quebec, and the White
Mountains of New Hampshire, but has not been recorded from Newfound-
land. It was described from specimens taken in Labrador at Rocky Bay, 17
July 1915. Four additional specimens were taken at Knob Lake by Munroe,
17-27 July 1948. Packard (1888) reported this moth and stated it was
prevalent at the Moravian Stations in Labrador.

Genus Syngrapha Hubner

S. paralis (Hubner)

Plate 22, 21

This species is found in arctic regions of North America and south as
far as Labrador and Alberta, and also in arctic areas of Europe. It is various
shades of dull gray in color with a black brown median patch on the
forewing below the discal cell. The hindwing is blackish with a vague but
contrasting whitish postmedial band. The species was reported in Labrador
by Moschler (1860) and was recorded by Packard (1888) as being prevalent
at all the Moravian Stations in Labrador. It was also collected on a
mountain near Knob Lake, but has not been recorded from Newfoundland.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador have not been recorded.

S. alticola (Walker)

Plate 21, 20

This species is found in Labrador, Quebec, and Alberta. A single adult
was taken at Knob Lake by Munroe, 22 July 1948, and is the only

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representative of the species to date. It was also reported, however, by
Moschler in 1860 from Labrador, although a specific location was not given.

Details of the immature stages of this species in Labrador are not
available.

S. microgamma nearctica Ferguson

Plate 21, 22

The species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Maine
west to British Columbia. In Newfoundland, adults of S. m. nearctica have
been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, and Tompkins, where moths
are in flight from late June to mid-July. The species is considered rare and is
not recorded from Labrador. Ferguson (1954) reported that it flew by day
on bogs in Nova Scotia and was extremely hard to capture.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

5. montana (Packard)

Plate 21, 23

This species occurs from Labrador, Quebec, and Ontario west to
Saskatchewan and south to the mountains of Maine and New Hampshire.
In Labrador, adults have been collected at Cartwright, where moths are in
flight from late July to early August. They have not been recorded from
Newfoundland.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.

S. diasema (Boisduval)
Plate 21, 15

This Arctic species is found in the New and Old Worlds. It occurs in
Labrador, northern Ontario, and the Yukon (where it is known as S. borea).
It is also found in Lapland. In Labrador, adults have been taken at
Hopedale and Knob Lake, where at times they are fairly common. The
moths are in flight from late July to late August. They are not recorded
from Newfoundland.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.

S. rectangula (Kirby)
Plate 22, 2

This species is distributed across Canada from Newfoundland to British
Columbia, and south to Maine and the central United States. In Newfound-

175

land, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Victoria
Road, Clarenville, Gambo, Gander, Glenwood, Lewisporte, Millertown
Junction, Kitty's Brook, Cow Head, Pynns Brook, North Branch Road,
Tompkins, and Doyles. The moths are in flight from early July to early
September and are common at times in certain localities. The species has
not been reported from Labrador.

The larva is about 22 mm long and 4 mm wide at the middle, tapering
posteriorly. The skin bears minute spinules and is generally green with
strong, sharply defined white lines. Its head is green and unmarked. The
larva feeds on balsam fir {Abies balsamea), white spruce {Picea glauca),
and hemlock {Tsuga spp.).

5*. u-aureum (Guenee)
Plate 22, 3

This species occurs from Newfoundland and Labrador to Churchill,
Man., and probably to Greenland and Iceland. In Newfoundland, adults
have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Mt. Pearl, Colinet, Lethbridge,
Gander, Lewisporte, Pynns Brook, Tompkins, and St. Anthony. The moths
are in flight from mid-July to mid-August. In Labrador, adults have been
taken at Hebron, Cartwright, and Hopedale, where moths are in flight from
late July to mid-September.

The larva is said to feed on blueberry {Vaccinium spp.).

S. alias (Ottolengui)

Plate 22, 4

This species occurs from coast to coast in Canada, in the New England
States, and south to New York. It is widely distributed in Newfoundland
and is common in some localities but is not recorded from Labrador. Adults
have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Portugal Cove, Come By Chance,
Gambo, Gander, Kitty's Brook, Pynns Brook, Cow Head, Port au Choix,
South Brook, Jeffrey's, Searston, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight
from early July to early September.

The larva is identical with S. rectangula. It is a solitary defoliator on
white and black spruce (Picea spp.), balsam fir {Abies balsamea), and horse
chestnut {Aesculus hippocastanum).

S. interrogationis (Linnaeus)

Plate 22, 5

This species is found from Labrador to Alaska. It also inhabits northern
Europe and mountainous areas south to the Pyrenees. In Labrador, adults

176

have been taken at Cartwright, Hopedale, and Goose Bay, where the moths
are in flight from early August to mid-September. They are not found in
Newfoundland.

The larva has a double whitish middorsal line, several wavy and broken
subdorsal lines, and a broad spiracular line on which the white, black-ringed
spiracles lie. It feeds on blueberry {Vaccinium spp.).

S. altera variana (Ottolengui)

Plate 22, 6

This subspecies occurs in the eastern and central areas of Canada and
in the northern Atlantic States. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at
St. John's, Gander, and Cow Head, where moths are in flight from early to
late August. A single specimen was taken at Knob Lake by Munroe, 1
August 1948, indicating that S. a. variana also occurs in Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

S. octoscripta (Grote)

Plate 22, 7

This species is distributed across the entire continent from Newfound-
land and Labrador to Alaska, and ranges south to Washington and the mid
Atlantic States. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's,
Kilbride, Lewisporte, Kitty's Brook, Cow Head, Port au Choix, Eddies Cove
West, St. Anthony, Corner Brook, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight
from late July to late August. Adults have also been collected in Labrador
at Hopedale, Hamilton Inlet, Matamek River, and Goose Bay, where moths
are in flight from mid-August to mid-September. Although widely distribut-
ed in Newfoundland and Labrador, the species is never common.

The larvae are said to feed on blueberry {Vaccinium spp.).

S. surena (Grote)
Plate 22, 8

This species is found in Newfoundland, Labrador, northern Quebec,
and northern Ontario. In Newfoundland, two adults were taken at Colinet,
12 and 18 August 1962, and in Labrador two were taken at Hopedale by
Perrett, 15 and 18 August 1925. Although this moth is rare, it is probably
more widely distributed than is presently indicated.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

177

5". epigaea (Grote)
Plate 22, 9

This beautiful moth is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
Maine, Massachusetts, and New York west to British Columbia and
Colorado. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt.
Pearl, Kilbride, Goulds, Colinet, Gambo, Gander, Glenwood, Millertown
Junction, Kitty's Brook, Pynns Brook, Cow Head, Bottom Brook, and
Tompkins. The moths are in flight from mid-July to late August. The
species has not been reported from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

S. selecta (Walker)
Plate 22, 11

This species extends throughout Canada and the northern United
States. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Kilbride, St. John's,
Mt. Pearl, Gambo, Gander, Lewisporte, Buchans Junction, Kitty's Brook,
Spruce Brook, Pynns Brook, Cow Head, Port au Choix, St. Anthony,
Fischells Brook, Jeffrey's, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from early
July to early September. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Matamek
River and Goose Bay, where moths are in flight from late July to early
September. Specimens taken at Matamek River are now in the Canadian
National Collection, labeled 1931. There is no such official name as
Matamek River; it is thought to be an old Indian name for a small river near
the North West River in Labrador.

The larva is indistinguishable from that of S. rectangula. It feeds on
white spruce (Picea glauca), balsam fir {Abies balsamea), and pine (Pinus
spp.).

Genus Anagrapha McDunnough

A. falcifera (Kirby) CELERY LOOPER

Plate 22, 1

This species occurs throughout Canada from Newfoundland and
Labrador to British Columbia, and in the United States from Maine to
Oregon and south to Texas. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at
Harmon Field, South Branch, and Port aux Basques, where the moths are in
flight from mid-June to early August. In Labrador, two specimens were
taken by McAlpine at Hebron, 10 August 1954.

The larva is about 30 mm long and 5 mm wide at the middle. The green
skin bears small spinules. The middorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines are

178

white, the spiracles are white, ringed with black, and the head is green and
unmarked. The larva feeds on celery {Apium spp.), cabbage {Brassica spp.),
lettuce {Lactuca spp.), corn {Zea spp.), and sugar beet [Beta spp.).

Genus Autographs Hubner

A. ampla (Walker)
Plate 22, 10

This species is distributed across Canada from Newfoundland to British
Columbia, and in the United States from Maine to Colorado, Washington,
and Oregon. It is rare in Newfoundland and is not found in Labrador.
Adults have been taken at Gander, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, and St.
John's, where the moths are in flight from mid-July to mid-August.

The larva is about 30 mm long, 5 mm wide at the middle, and widens
posteriorly to segment 8. The dark green skin bears minute, rounded
granules. The middorsal line is strong and white and there is a yellowish line
above the white spiracles. The head is green and unmarked. The larva feeds
on alder {Alnus spp.), wild cherry {Prunus spp.), willow {Salix spp.), and
trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). The species is single brooded and
overwinters as a partly grown larva.

A. bimaculata (Stephens)
Plate 22, 14

This species ranges from the Atlantic Provinces and the New England
States west to the Rocky Mountains and New Mexico. The species is widely
distributed in Newfoundland (Fig. 29), where it is at times locally common,
but is not recorded from Labrador.

The larva is pale green, tapers a little anteriorly, and has a dark
middorsal line, and a white lateral line that widens in the middle of the
segments. The species probably hibernates as a partly grown larva and is
single brooded.

A. mappa (Grote & Robinson)
Plate 22, 15

This species occurs in eastern, central, and western parts of Canada,
and in the northeastern United States. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Gander, Lewisporte, Kitty's Brook, Port au
Choix, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, St. George's, Doyles, and Tompkins.
The species has not been recorded from Labrador.

179

Fig. 29. Distribution of Autographa bimaculata (Stephens) in Newfoundland.

The larva is about 30 mm long and 5 mm wide at the middle. The skin
bears minute rounded granules, is dark green in color with white flecks on
the underside, and white subdorsal and lateral stripes. The larva feeds on
stinging nettle {Urtica spp.). The species is single brooded.

180

A. pseudogamma (Grote)

Plate 22, 20

This species occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Maine west
to Alaska, and sporadically south to Arizona. In Newfoundland, adults have
been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Corner Brook, St. Anthony, St. David's,
and Tompkins, where moths are in flight from early July to late August. In
Labrador, adults have been taken at Cartwright and Hopedale, where moths
are in flight from early to mid-August. The species was first reported from
Newfoundland as the (ormfreya Strand (Draudt, in Seitz 1924).

The immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador have not been
clearly defined.

A. flagellum (Walker)

Plate 22, 17

This species ranges from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Maine west
to Alberta. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Gander,
Cow Head, Eddies Cove West, St. John Island, and St. Anthony. The moths
are in flight from mid-July to late August. The species is widely distributed
but is rare in Newfoundland and not reported from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

Genus Trichoplusia McDunnough

r. m(Hubner) CABBAGE LOOPER

Plate 22, 12

This very important economic species is known to occur from New-
foundland to British Columbia, south to California and also in the tropics. It
is not reported from northern Canada. Summer migration from the south
may account for its wide distribution in southern areas of Canada. In
Newfoundland, adults have never been taken in night light traps but were
reared from larvae infesting cabbage and broccoli at St. John's and Grand
Falls in 1978. Larvae were reared under laboratory conditions and moths
emerged in mid-September.

The larva, commonly known as the cabbage looper, is about 30 mm
long, 4 mm broad at the middle and tapering posteriorly. It is generally
green in color with minute rounded granules on the skin. The middorsal,
subdorsal, and lateral lines are white and the spiracles pale with a brown
rim. It overwinters as a pupa that is not hardy in cold climates. The larva
feeds on, and is often injurious to, members of the cabbage family. Beirne
(1971) stated that this species is normally the third most important pest of
cabbage and related plants.

181

Genus Chrysaspidia Hubner

C putnami (Grote)

Plate 22, 18 . -

This pretty gold and brown moth is known from Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, and Maine west to British Columbia and south to Oregon, Cali-
fornia, and Mississippi. Forbes (1954) recorded it as also occurring in
Labrador. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Colinet, Mt. Pearl,
St. John's, Carbonear, Gander, Lewisporte, Pynns Brook, Tompkins, and
Doyles. The moths are in flight from mid- June to early August and are
considered uncommon.

The larva is about 35 mm long and 5 mm wide at the middle, tapering
posteriorly. It is generally green in color and has minute dark spinules on the
skin and white middorsal, subdorsal, and lateral lines. The head is green and
faintly freckled with black. The larva feeds on grasses and hibernates when
partly grown.

C. venusta (Walker)
Plate 33, 5

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Maine west to Alberta and south to the District of Columbia. In Newfound-
land, a single adult specimen was taken at Tompkins, 14 August 1975. The
species has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva feeds on swamp sedges or grasses in very wet areas.

Genus Plusia Ochsenheimer

p. aereoides Grote
Plate 33, 4

This species is widely distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
and Maine west to Vancouver Island and south to Texas. In Newfoundland,
a single adult was taken at Tompkins, 13 August 1975. The species is
considered rare in Newfoundland and has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is humpbacked and green with white markings. It feeds on
aster {Aster spp.) and meadowsweet {Spiraea spp.).

182

Genus Pseudeva Hampson

p. purpurigera (Walker)

Plate 22, 13

This species ranges from Eastern Canada and New England west to
Alberta, Colorado, and New Mexico. It is rare in Newfoundland and is not
recorded from Labrador. Adults have been taken at Glenwood, Kitty's
Brook, Pynns Brook, and Tompkins, where the moths are in flight from
mid- July to late August.

The larva is translucent green with double white middorsal and oblique
lateral lines. Abdominal segments 1-3 and 8 are somewhat swollen with
enlarged tubercles. The larva feeds on meadow rue (Thalictrum spp.).

Genus Chrysanympha Grote

C.formosa (Grote)
Plate 22, 16

This delicate colorful species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, and Maine west to Manitoba and south to North Carolina. It is rare
in Newfoundland and is not recorded from Labrador. Adults have been
taken at St. John's, Gander, Kitty's Brook, and Tompkins, where the moths
are in flight from mid to late August.

The fully grown larva is high and truncate posteriorly. It is light green
in color and has a waxy middorsal line and pale indentations. It feeds on
blueberry {Vaccinium spp.). The cocoon is distinctive, translucent, and
interspersed with little masses of dense white silk.

Genus Catocala Schrank

C. ilia (Cramer) ILIA UNDERWING

Plate 23, 1

This beautiful underwing is found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
Quebec, Maine, and Ontario, west into Minnesota, and south to Kansas,
Missouri, Texas, and Florida. Forbes (1954) reported its occurrence in
Newfoundland (Draudt, in Seitz 1924). A single specimen was taken at
Tompkins, 22 August 1976. It has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is about 55 mm long and 8 mm wide at the middle, tapering
posteriorly. It is generally pale gray and smooth skinned. The longitudinal

183

stripes are very narrow and not of a contrasting color. The underside is
somewhat rose colored with black spots. The larva feeds on oak (Quercus
spp.).

C relicta Walker WHITE UNDERWING

Plate 23, 2

This species is found from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the
Hudson Bay area west to the Pacific and south to Pennsylvania and
Arizona. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Claren-
ville, Grand Falls, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, and St. George's where the
moth is in flight from late June to early October. The species is considered
rare in Newfoundland and is not recorded from Labrador.

The larva is about 60 mm long and 7 mm wide at the middle, tapering
posteriorly. It is a pale greenish gray and smooth skinned; the usual light
and dark stripes are almost completely absent. Its head is brownish and
coarsely granulose. It feeds on willow (Salix spp.) and poplar {Populus
spp.). The species is single brooded and overwinters as an egg.

C unijuga Walker

Plate 23, 3 (female)

This beautiful underwing is widely distributed, ranging from Eastern
Canada to the Northwest Territories and from New England through the
central United States to Missouri, Colorado, and North Carolina. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Tompkins, Cow Head, Port au
Choix, and Doctors Brook from late July to mid-August. The species is rare
in Newfoundland and is not recorded from Labrador.

The larva is about 50 mm long and 6 mm wide at the middle, smooth
skinned, and generally dark gray in color. The middorsal stripe is pale and
very irregular. The underside is pinkish with segmental dark spots. The head
has black side stripes broadly connected across the vertex. The larva is a
solitary defoliator on poplar {Populus spp.) and willow {Salix spp.).

C briseis Edwards BRISEIS UNDERWING

Plate 23, 4 (female)

This colorful species ranges from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west
to the Mackenzie River area and British Columbia, and from the New
England States west to Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Colorado. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Pynns Brook and Cow Head,
where moths are in flight from early August to early September. The species
is considered rare in Newfoundland and is not recorded from Labrador.

The larva is gray in color with lines in two shades, orange dorsal
tubercles, and a well developed rusty or purplish hump on the 5th abdominal

184

segment. The underside is purplish pink with strong black dots and the head
has black side lines connected across the vertex. The larva feeds on poplar
{Populus spp.) and willow {Salix spp.).

Genus Caenurgina McDunnough

C crassiuscula (Haworth) GRASS LOOPER

Plate 24, 1

This species occurs generally across North America from the Atlantic
to the Pacific and south to Mexico. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Paddys Pond, Colinet, Cow Head, St. Pauls,
Adies Pond Road, St. Anthony, Corner Brook, Harmon Field, Cinq Cerf
River, Grand Bruit, Burgeo, and Grandy Brook. The moths are in flight
from mid-May to late August but are never common. The species has not
been reported from Labrador.

The larva is about 35 mm long and 3.5 mm wide at the middle,
tapering posteriorly. Its color varies from pale gray to dark brown or nearly
black and it is smooth skinned. There are prominent pale brownish or pink
lines middorsally, subdorsally, and subventrally. The larva feeds on clover
(Trifolium spp.), lupines (Lupinus spp.), and grasses.

Genus Erebus Latreille

E. odora (Linnaeus) BLACK WITCH

Plate 24, 5

This large moth normally inhabits tropical areas and does not breed
north of the Gulf of Mexico. However, it often flies north in the fall and has
been taken in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan,
and Alberta. Morris (1973) recorded a specimen from St. John's, 27 August
1970, and a find by W. J. Hintemberg at Spruce Brook, 15 July 1929.

According to Crumb (1956) the larva is about 70 mm long and 11 mm
wide at the middle, and is generally dark gray, tinged with brown. It has a
large dorsal black patch on the 1st abdominal segment, enclosing a round
pale spot. It feeds on trees of the Acacia group.

Genus Scoliopteryx Germar

S. libatrix (Linnaeus) HERALD MOTH, SCALLOPED OWLET

Plate 24, 4

This spectacularly colored moth has a worldwide distribution and
occurs throughout North America. It is widely distributed in Newfound-

185

land, but is never common. Adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl,
Kilbride, Gambo, Glenwood, Westport, Fleur de Lys, Fortune Harbour,
Southeast Arm, Hampden, Hawkes Bay, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, St.
George's, and South Branch. The moths are in flight from mid-June to late
August. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Goose Bay, 6-10 August
1948.

The larva is about 40 mm long and 5.5 mm wide at the middle,
tapering posteriorly. It is smooth skinned and green in color with a yellow or
reddish spiracular line. It feeds on willow {Salix spp.), and sometimes on
Populus spp. Pupation takes place in a thin cocoon between the leaves.

Genus Bomolocha Hubner

B. bijugalis (Walker)
Plate 24, 3

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Maine south to Florida, and west to the Rocky Mountains. In Newfound-
land, Krogerus reported taking adults at Corner Brook, Lomond, and
Glenburnie during the period 11-19 July 1949. No further specimens have
been taken. The species has not been recorded from Labrador and is
considered rare in Nova Scotia.

The larva is about 25 mm long, 3 mm wide at the middle, smooth
skinned, and dark green in color. The spiracles are orange with a brown rim
and the head is green with sparse black flecks along the dorsal line and on
the occiput. The larva feeds on dogwood (Cornus spp.).

Genus Lomanaltes Grote

£. eductalis (Walker)

Plate 24, 2

This species is known from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Min-
nesota and south to New York and Pennsylvania. It is rare in Newfoundland
and has not been recorded from Labrador. Adults have been taken at
Gander, Stephenville Crossing, Woody Point, South Branch, and Doyles,
where the moths are in flight from early to late July.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on alder {Alnus spp.).
186

Genus Rivula Guenee

R. propinqualis Guenee

Plate 24, 6

This small noctuid is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
the Atlantic States west to Texas and the Rocky Mountains. In Newfound-
land, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Georges Lake, Cow
Head, Doctors Brook, and Eddies Cove West, where the species is abundant
at times. Moths are in flight from mid-July to late August. It has not been
recorded from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

Genus Epizeuxis Hubner

E. americalis (Guenee)

Plate 24, 7

This colorful small noctuid ranges from Labrador, Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, and Maine south to Florida and Texas and west to the Pacific.
In Newfoundland, where the species is rare, adults have been taken at Mt.
Pearl, Colinet, St. George's, and Woody Point. The moths are in flight from
mid- July to mid-August. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Goose Bay
from 20 July to 14 August.

The larva is about 18 mm long and 2 mm wide at the middle, and is
generally dull gray in color, sometimes suffused with pink. The skin is
almost unpigmented and has small isolated round granules interspersed with
larger ones. The spiracles are dark and the head is brown with no markings.
Crumb (1956) stated that the larvae live in anthills and feed on debris,
including the needles and dead leaves of various trees.

E. aemula (Hiibner)

Plate 24, 8

This species is known to occur from the Atlantic Provinces, Ontario,
and Maine south to Florida and west to British Columbia and New Mexico.
In Newfoundland, where it is abundant only in some areas, adults have been
taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Eddies Cove West, and Doyles. The moths
are in flight from late July to mid-August. The species has not been
recorded from Labrador.

The larva is about 19 mm long and 12.6 mm wide at the middle. The
skin is set closely with small round granules, and the color varies from
darkish gray tinged with pink to rosy pink throughout. The spiracles are

187

brownish with black rims and the head is brownish and closely reticulate.
The larvae usually feed on dead leaves on the forest floor, but can also be
found in webs on the foliage of spruce, where they may have been feeding on
dead needles or lichens. They have also been reported as damaging corn
fodder in Mississippi.

Genus Chytolita Grote

C petrealis Grote

Plate 24, 9

This species is distributed throughout the eastern areas of Canada and
the United States, south as far as Virginia and Tennessee, and west to
Montana. It is reported to be common in Nova Scotia and Maine. It is
widely distributed in Newfoundland but considered uncommon. Adults have
been taken at Gander, Millertown, Lomond, Woody Point, Corner Brook,
Georges Lake, and Stephenville Crossing. Forbes (1954) reported that the
species frequents swamps and acid bogs. It is not found in Labrador.

The larva is said to feed on tamarack (Larix spp.), but little is known of
its habits except that it is a solitary defoliator.

Genus Philometra Grote

p. metonalis (Walker)

Plate 24, 10

This small noctuid is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Quebec west to British Columbia and south to Maine, North Carolina, and
Tennessee. It is rare in Newfoundland and is not found in Labrador. Adults
have been taken at St. John's, Gander, Lomond, Glenburnie, Corner Brook,
and Tompkins, where the moths are in flight from mid- July to mid-August.

The larva is about 20 mm long and 2.4 mm wide at the middle, and is
dark gray in color. The skin bears an irregular mixture of fine and coarse
granules. There is a dorsal line and a wider but less distinct lateral one. The
spiracles are black and the head is pale but closely reticulated with dilute
black. The larva feeds on lettuce (Lactuca spp.), dandelion {Taraxacum
spp.), and dead grass and leaves, and pupates among the roots of grass.

Genus Palthis Hubner

p. angulalis Hubner

Plate 24, 11

This small noctuid occurs in eastern and central parts of Canada and
the United States, south to Washington, D.C., Texas, and the Gulf of

188

Mexico. It is common in central and western Newfoundland, but is not
recorded from eastern areas or from Labrador. Adults have been taken at
Gander, Corner Brook, Steady Brook, Lomond, Eddies Cove West, Port au
Choix, and South Branch. The moths are in flight from early July to early
August.

The larva is about 22 mm long and 3 mm wide at the middle, tapering
posteriorly, with a dorsal hump on the 8th abdominal segment. It is dusky
brown, tinged with pink, and the skin bears coarse granules. It has a dark
middorsal line and small, dark, shield-shaped dorsal markings on each
segment. The spiracles are black with pale centers and the head is brown
with black reticulations. The larva, which is the hibernating stage, feeds on
serviceberry {Amelanchier spp.), blackberry (Rubus spp.), and alder {Alnus
spp.).

Genus Schrankia Hubner

S. turfosalis Wocke MARSH OBLIQUE-BARRED (BR.)

(Not illustrated)

Krogerus (1954) reported this species from Newfoundland as a first
record for North America. It has a wide range across the northern parts of
Europe and Asia, where it is found on peat bogs.

This small noctuid has a wingspan of approximately 23 mm. The
forewings are a whitish ocherous color, sprinkled with brown. The first of
three dark cross lines is often indistinct, the second is bent under the black
central dot, and the third runs obliquely to the tip of the wing. The last two
have whitish edges.

In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Corner Brook, Lomond,
Woody Point, Glenburnie, Daniel's Harbour, Eddies Cove West, and Kitty's
Brook. The moths are in flight from mid-July to mid-August. They have not
been found in Labrador.

Nothing is known about the early stages of this species in
Newfoundland.

Family NOTODONTIDAE

notodontid moths, prominents

This family contains over 2000 species, many of them found in the wet
tropics. Most species are of moderate size, and only a few of the larger ones
have a wing expanse of more than 50 mm. The forewings of some notodon-

189

tids have a prominence or backward projecting lobe on the inner margin
which is responsible for the common name of prominents, although in fact
more larvae than adults bear these striking prominences. There are 10
known species of this family in Newfoundland and Labrador.

In general appearance, many Notodontidae bear a strong resemblance
to the Noctuidae. Their rather stout bodies and their legs, especially the
femora, are covered with hair. The wings are strong and not very broad, and
the anal angle of the hindwings rarely reaches the end of the abdomen,
Notodontids can be easily distinguished from the noctuids by the position of
the wing veins. The median vein of their forewings does not arise nearer to
the cubitus than to the radial vein, as it does in the noctuids. In addition,
their subcostal and first radial veins do not coalesce with the radial sector
vein of the hindwing as in the noctuids.

The eggs are upright, usually low or nearly spherical and not strongly
sculptured. The larvae resemble noctuid larvae, but almost always the anal
prolegs are reduced or modified, and raised when at rest. In some species
they are not used for walking. The larvae feed on the leaves of shrubs and
trees. The most common species live exposed, but some remain in folded
leaves. They may be smooth or covered with hairs; some are humpbacked,
and many have spines or fleshy tubercles. They pupate in thin cocoons or in
the ground.

Genus Ichthyura Hubner

/. apicalis Walker
Plate 25, 1

This species is found from Newfoundland to British Columbia and
south to Mexico. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's,
Kilbride, Gambo, Gander, Glenwood, Millertown Junction, Kitty's Brook,
Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, and Tompkins, where they are in flight from
early June to early August. Although widely distributed, they are never
common and are not recorded from Labrador.

The fully grown larva is a dull yellow brown color, and has three faint
dorsal lines and bright yellow brown warts. The species is single brooded
and feeds on poplar {Populus spp.) and willow {Salix spp.).

/. albosigma (Fitch)

Plate 25, 2

This species occurs from Newfoundland to British Columbia but is
common in the Prairie Provinces. It ranges south to Maine, New Jersey, and
Missouri. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Gander, Lethbridge,

190

Springdale, Pynns Brook, and Bear Cove. The moths are in flight from
mid-July to late August and are considered rare. The species has not been
recorded from Labrador.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on trembling aspen {Populus tremul-
oides) and willow {Salix spp.), and usually feeds within a folded leaf. It is
light yellow in color, with a broad smoky lateral and three small dorsal
stripes. A black horn on the 1st abdominal segment is two or three times as
long as it is thick.

Genus Notodonta Ochsenheimer

A'', stragula Grote
Plate 25, 3

This species is recorded from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and
Ontario south to Maine, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania and west to Alberta
and California. It is represented in Newfoundland by a single larval
specimen taken by Krogerus (1954) at Glenwood, 24 August 1949. No
additional specimens have been taken or observed since. It has not been
recorded from Labrador.

The larva has fleshy humps on its 2nd, 3rd, and 8th abdominal
segments. The anterior segments are gray and shaded brown, the posterior
segments are mottled with brown, and there is yellow on the sides of the
humps. There are double pale dorsal lines and about six oblique pale
subdorsal lines on the middle segments. The larva feeds on poplar {Populus
spp.) and willow {Salix spp.).

A^. simplaria Graef

Plate 34, 10

This species is known to occur from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Maine west to British Columbia and south to central New York. It is
generally considered rare. The moth is dark powdery gray with a wing
expanse of 40-55 mm. The terminal, medial, and basal lines on the
forewings appear to be waved on wing veins, dark on pale. The hindwing of
the male is white, brown-veined, and shaded with very pale gray, except for
the posterior third, which is completely gray. The hindwing of the female is
mostly light gray. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Gander,
Glenwood, Millertown Junction, Corner Brook, and Hampden Road. The
moths are in flight from mid-May to mid-August. They have not been
reported from Labrador.

The larva is similar to TV. stragula, but is somewhat paler. It is a
solitary defoliator on poplar {Populus spp.) and willow {Salix spp.).

191

Genus Phoesia Hubner

p. rimosa Packard

Plate 25, 4

This beautiful medium-sized moth occurs from Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, and Ontario south to North Carolina and west to California. It is
widely distributed in Newfoundland and is at times common. Adults have
been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Gander, Glenwood, Millertown Junction,
Gaff Topsail, Kitty's Brook, Corner Brook, Stephenville, Stag Hill, and
Tompkins. The moths are in flight from early July to late August. They
have not been found in Labrador.

The larva is green, gray, or brown, unicolorous or shaded, and is easily
recognized by its sphinxlike appearance. It feeds as a solitary defoliator on
trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides).

Genus Lophodonta Packard

L. ferruginea Packard
Plate 25, 6

This species occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and
Maine south to North Carolina and west to Colorado and eastern Manitoba.
In Newfoundland, 12 adults were taken by Hennigar at Gander during the
period 5-31 July 1949.

The larva is green, paler on the back, with an oblique pink line on the
side of the head, not reaching the vertex, but continuing on the thorax as a
lateral pink line and on the abdomen as a yellow line. There is also a double
yellow dorsal line. The larva feeds as a solitary defoliator on white birch
{Betula papyrifera).

Genus Nadata Walker

TV. gibbosa (J. E. Smith)

Plate 25, 5

This beautiful tan-colored moth occurs from Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, Quebec, and Maine south to Florida and west to California and
British Columbia. It is widely distributed in Newfoundland, and adults have
been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Mt. Pearl, Carbonear, Gambo, Gander,
Glenwood, Badger, Pynns Brook, St. George's, and Tompkins. The moths
are in flight from late June to mid-August. In Labrador, a single specimen
was taken by McAlpine at Hebron, 12 August 1954.

192

The larva is a solitary feeder on white birch (Betula papyrifera), willow
(Salix spp.), maple (Acer spp.), and oak {Quercus spp.)- The species is
single brooded and overwinters as a pupa.

Genus Schizura Doubleday

S. ipomoeae Doubleday

Plate 25, 15

This species is recorded from Newfoundland west to Saskatchewan,
and in the interior of British Columbia. It is also generally distributed
throughout the United States. In Newfoundland, the species was taken as a
larva by Krogerus (1954) at Corner Brook and Glenwood, 15-23 August
1949. No additional specimens have been recorded.

The larva has a high, soft, forked process on the 1st abdominal segment
and paired humps ending in tubercles on the 5th and 8th segments. The
thorax is light green and the abdomen is dark brown with a white V on the
5th and 6th segments and some irregular pale shades on the back. The larva
feeds on oak {Quercus spp.), birch {Betula spp.), maple {Acer spp.), and
other trees.

S. unicornis (J. E. Smith)
Plate 25, 8

The species is generally distributed from Newfoundland to British
Columbia, and from Maine to Florida, and west to Georgia, Texas, and
Colorado. In Newfoundland, it is widely distributed but never common.
Adults have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Mt. Pearl, Corner Brook,
Georges Lake, and Doyles. The moths are in flight from late June to late
August. They are not recorded from Labrador.

The larva is similar to 5". ipomoeae, but does not have raised tubercles
on the 5th abdominal segment. It is a solitary defoliator on white birch
{Betula papyrif era), willow {Salix spp.), alder {Alnus spp.), and other trees.

Genus Gluphisia Boisduval

G. septentrionalis Walker
Plate 25, 9

This somewhat dull-colored species occurs in Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia to Hudson Bay, south to Georgia, and west to the Pacific. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride,

193

Lethbridge, Terra Nova National Park, Gander, Millertown Junction, and
Pynns Brook. The moths are in flight from late June to mid-August but are
rare. The species has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is light green, but the head is darker and has a black line on
each side. The body has a subdorsal yellow line that runs round the edge of
the anal plate, and there are often dorsal red spots. The larva feeds on
trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides), balsam poplar {Populus spp.), and
other trees. The species is single brooded and overwinters in the pupal stage.

Family LYMANTRIIDAE tussock moths

Members of this family are medium-sized moths; the male usually has
a small body and ample wings, but the female has a heavy body and is
sometimes wingless. The male antennae are broadly pectinate to the apex
and generally strongly down-curved. The female also often has pectinate
antennae. The legs are covered with woolly hairs and this makes them very
conspicuous when at rest because the forelegs are then stretched forward.
Tussock moths are mostly nocturnal but the males of some species fly in the
daytime. Of the 46 recognized species and subspecies that occur in Canada
and the United States 35% have been reported as pests, probably a higher
proportion of economically important species than any other family of
Lepidoptera in our fauna (Ferguson 1978). Six species are found in
Newfoundland.

The larvae of the tussock moths are among the most beautiful of our
caterpillars. They are covered with brightly colored tufts of hairs, which
account for the common name. A typical larva has a hairy body, several
conspicuous tufts of hairs on the dorsal area of the abdomen, often contain-
ing poison spinules, and long pencils of hairs at each end of the body. These
hairy larvae may be distinguished from those of all other families in North
America by the presence of dorsal glands, one in the middle of each of the
6th and 7th segments. The larva pupates in a thin cocoon, often incorporat-
ing some of the hair.

The eggs are laid in a cluster, frequently on top of the cocoon and are
usually covered with hair from the large anal tuft, a hardened frothy
substance, or both.

Genus Gynaephora HiJbner

G. rossii (Curtis)

Plate 25, 16

This species occurs in northern areas including Labrador, Frobisher
Bay, Baffin Island, the Northwest Territories, and Alaska. It has also been

194

taken on the tops of mountains to the south, including Mt. Albert, Que.; Mt.
Katahdin, Maine; and Mt. Washington. The species has not been recorded
from Newfoundland and is rare in Labrador. Two specimens taken at
Hopedale by Perrett, 23 June and 4 August 1923, are the only records
available.

The larva is black but appears gray because the matted and feathery
tufts of hair have gray tips, except for one yellow tuft in each segment. The
head is gray and the thorax has scattered yellow hairs. The larva feeds on
willow {Salix spp.), but has also been reared by Brower (1974) on cinquefoil
{Potentilla trifoliata). Ferguson (1978) reported that the larvae live in one
of the severest habitats occupied by arctic insects. They may actually
become frozen and development may take up to 11 years; however, this
probably varies with conditions.

Genus Orgyia Ochsenheimer

O. antiqua nova Fitch RUSTY TUSSOCK MOTH

Plate 25, 11 and 12

This subspecies is distributed throughout Canada from Newfoundland
to British Columbia, and in the United States south to Massachusetts and
west to the Pacific. In Newfoundland, Krogerus (1954) reported the species
at Carbonear, Torbay, King's Cove, Gander, Glenwood, Southwest Pond,
Lomond, Steady Brook, Corner Brook, Spruce Brook, and South Branch.
The male moths are in flight from late July to early September, but the
females are wingless. The species has not been reported from Labrador.
Fergus (1978) referred all North American specimens of antiqua, except
those from the Pacific Northwest, to the subspecies nova Fitch.

The larva is mainly mottled black and light gray with red warts and a
black or chestnut-colored head. On young larvae, the first two toothbrush
tufts of hair are black and the last two are pale. The larvae feed on various
trees and shrubs, but particularly on balsam fir {Abies balsamea), tamarack
{Larix spp.), white spruce (Picea glauca), willow {Salix spp.), and white
birch {Betula papyrifera). The species is single brooded and overwinters as
an egg. It has been recorded on more than 50 host trees in Canada. It is
sometimes abundant, causing conspicuous defoliation. In 1975, about 30
children handling larvae in a biology class at Gander broke out in a hivelike
rash that lasted for 48-72 h.

O. leucostigma (J. E. Smith) WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH

Plate 25, 13

In Canada, this species ranges from Newfoundland to Alaska. It is rare
in Newfoundland but adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl,

195

Lethbridge, Gander, Boyd's Cove, Grand Falls, Bishop's Falls, Corner
Brook, Tompkins, Doyles, and Newmans Cove. The male moths are in flight
from mid-August to early October but the females are wingless and have
simple antennae. The species has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is a general feeder on at least 60 different trees. It is most
common on balsam fir {Abies balsamea), white birch (Betula papyrifera),
white spruce {Picea glauca), tamarack (Larix spp.), and maple (Acer spp.).
It has a bright red head. The body varies from light green to dark gray, and
has a contrasting yellow subdorsal band and cream toothbrush tufts of hair.
The species is single brooded and overwinters as an egg in a mass covered
with white froth.

Genus Dasychira Hubner

D. vagans (Barnes & McDunnough)
Plate 25, 7 and 14

This species occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Ontario
west to British Columbia, and south to the Catskill Mountains of New York
and North Carolina, and west to Utah. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken at Georges Lake and at Portland Creek by R. Holland (1969). The
moths are in flight from early to late July. Ferguson (1978) recognized two
subspecies, D. v. vagans Barnes & McDunnough in the east and D. v. grisea
Barnes & McDunnough in the west.

The larva has mostly white hair, mixed with some black hairs, cream or
light brown tufts, and single modified hairs. It is a solitary defoliator on
trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), willow (Salix spp.), birch (Betula
spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), and apple (Malus spp.). The species is single
brooded and overwinters as a partly grown larva.

D. plagiata (Walker) PINE TUSSOCK MOTH

Plate 25, 17

This species is generally distributed from Newfoundland west to Alber-
ta. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Gander, Burin, Stephenville
Crossing, and Doyles, where moths are in flight from late June to early
August and at times are locally common. Ferguson (1978) reports the
species as occurring at Goose Bay, Labrador.

The larva is a solitary feeder on conifers, including white spruce (Picea
glauca), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), and
tamarack (Larix spp.). However, it may be collected and reared successfully
on a number of deciduous trees. The species is single brooded and overwin-
ters in the larval stage.

196

Genus Leucoma Hubner

L. salicis (Linnaeus) SATIN MOTH

Plate 25, 10

This European pest was introduced on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts
about 1920 and now occurs in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
wick, eastern Quebec, and southern British Columbia. It is also found in the
New England States. In Newfoundland, adults have been collected at St.
John's, Kilbride, Mt. Pearl, Chamberlains, Carbonear, Lewisporte, Pynns
Brook, Corner Brook, Cow Head, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight
from early July to late August and at times are locally common. The species
has not been reported from Labrador.

The larva has 10 large double cream dorsal patches, a vermiculate
pattern of black on large yellowish red warts along the sides, and yellowish
hairs. It feeds chiefly on poplar {Populus spp.) and willow {Salix spp.) and
at times may cause extensive defoliation. The species is single brooded and
hibernates as a young larva in a silken shelter on the rough bark of its host
tree.

Family LASIOCAMPIDAE

tent caterpillar moths and allies (lasiocampids)

This family, as described by Franclemont (1973), is of moderate size
and world wide in distribution, but with its greatest development in the
tropics. Only two species occur in Newfoundland. The best known repre-
sentatives of this family are the tent caterpillars and the lappet caterpillars.
The adults are stout-bodied, hairy moths of medium size. The antennae are
bipectinate to the apex in both sexes, and are from one-quarter to one-half
as long as the front wings; the teeth of the antennae of the male are usually
much longer than those of the female. The most distinct characteristic that
separates this family from others is that there is no frenulum, the hook that
joins the hind and forewing in flight; instead, the humeral angle of the
hindwing is expanded, and is strengthened by the development of extra
veins.

The more common species represent three genera: Malacosoma, which
includes the tent caterpillars, and Tolype and Phyllodesma, which include
the lappet caterpillars. The larvae are cylindrical or flattened, and very
hairy, with a considerable amount of secondary hair on all parts of the head
and body. They feed on the foliage of trees and are often very destructive.

197

Genus Malacosoma Hubner

M. americanum (Fabricius) EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR

Plate 26, 1 and 2

The eastern tent caterpillar is distributed from Newfoundland to
central Ontario, with the exception of Prince Edward Island. There are also
scattered collections in southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The species is
reported by Prentice (1963) as occurring in central Newfoundland, but no
additional specimens have been observed or taken. It does not occur in
Labrador.

The fully grown larva is approximately 65 mm long. The head and body
are deep black with a white stripe along the back and many short, irregular,
brownish markings along the side of each segment. There is also a row of
oval pale blue spots nearly surrounded by black on each side. The body is
sparsely covered with long, fine light brown hairs. The larvae build tents for
shelter and these are common in the forks of wild cherry {Prunus spp.) and
apple {Malus spp.) during June. The species is single brooded and overwin-
ters as an egg.

M. disstria Hubner FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR

Plate 26, 3 and 4

The forest tent caterpillar is distributed from Newfoundland west to
British Columbia and in the adjoining United States. Franclemont (1973)
noted that records exist for its occurrence in all states in the USA except
Nevada and Arizona. It is rare in the eastern extremes of its range but is
abundant in Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia, where it periodically
occurs in large numbers over extensive areas. In Newfoundland, a single
male adult was taken by the Forest Research Centre at Georges Lake
during July 1951, and Raske (1976) captured eight male moths at Corner
Brook, 19 July 1975. The species is considered rare in Newfoundland and is
not reported from Labrador.

The fully grown larva is approximately 50 mm long. The head and body
are generally pale bluish and there is a row of keyhole-shaped spots along
the back. It is a colonial defoliator, but the mature larva frequently wanders
and feeds singly on trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides), white birch
{Betula papyrifera), maple {Acer spp.), and willow (Salix spp.). The cocoon
is usually spun in a folded leaf or in crevices in bark. The species is single
brooded and overwinters as an egg in a mass of 100-350 entirely encircling
a twig.

198

Family THYATIRIDAE thyatirids

This is a very small family with only 12 known species, of which 3
occur in Newfoundland. It includes moths of medium size with elongated
wings. The front wings are usually slightly widened at the anal angle (Plate
26, 5, 6, and 7) and are generally conspicuously marked with wavy or zigzag
lines. The antennae are filiform and are of a velvety texture in the male. The
moths are diurnal and when at rest fold their wings on the abdomen in a
rooflike manner.

The larvae are hairless and live on the leaves of shrubs and trees. They
often conceal themselves in a case made by loosely fastening together leaves
or by folding a single leaf. They overwinter in a very thin cocoon within the
folded leaves.

Genus Habrosyne Hiibner

H. scripta Gosse
Plate 26, 5

This colorful species is known to occur from Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, and Maine west to Alberta and Alaska. Forbes (1923) reported it in
New York and New Jersey. It is widely distributed but never common in
Newfoundland, where adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl,
Kilbride, Gander, Eddies Cove West, Port au Choix, St. Anthony, Corner
Brook, Georges Lake, Stephenville, and Doyles. The moths are in flight
from late June to mid-August. In Labrador, adults have been taken at
Goose Bay from late July to early August.

The larva has a dull, slightly wrinkled head and feeds on blackberry
(Rubus spp.) and other members of the Rosaceae family.

Genus Pseudothyatira Grote

p. expultrix Grote

Plate 26, 6

This species ranges across Canada and the northern United States from
the Atlantic to the Pacific. In Newfoundland, although widely distributed,
the species is considered rare. Adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt.
Pearl, Kilbride, Badger, Lomond, Corner Brook, Georges Lake, and Doyles.
The moths are in flight from mid-June to very early August. The species has
not been recorded from Labrador.

199

The larva is a solitary feeder on white birch {Betula papyrifera) and
sometimes on mountain ash {Sorbus spp.). It is a mottled, dead-leaf brown,
with a dark dorsal line and a rather smooth head. The brown back shades
gradually into a paler ventral surface.

P. cymatophoroides Guenee
(Not illustrated)

Prentice (1963) reported the species as occurring in scattered collec-
tions from forest trees in Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Ontario, Manito-
ba, and British Columbia. Brower (1974) reported the moth from 45
localities in Maine. In Newfoundland adults have been taken at Corner
Brook. The species is considered rare in Newfoundland and is not reported
from Labrador.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on birch {Betula spp.), alder (Alnus
spp.), aspen {Populus spp.), mountain ash (Sorbus americana), apple
{Malus spp.), and willow (Salix spp.). Larvae are most active during
August, but may be found in the field from early July to early October.

Genus Euthyatira Smith

E. pudens (Guenee)

Plate 26, 7

According to Forbes (1923) this colorful moth is distributed from
Newfoundland south to West Virginia and west to British Columbia. In
Newfoundland, adults have only been taken at St. John's, where moths are
in flight from mid to late June. The species is considered rare in Newfound-
land and has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is translucent and has four black spots on its head. It lives
concealed in a loosely folded leaf and feeds on cornel and red osier dogwood
(Cornus spp.).

Family DREPANIDAE drepanids

The members of this family have small, slender bodies, and are known
as hooktip moths because of the sickle-shaped apex of the front wings (Plate
26, 9, 10, 11, and 12). However, there is one species in Canada, Eudeilinia
herminiata (Plate 26, 8), that does not have these typically shaped wings.

The larvae of this family are remarkable in having vestigial anal
prolegs, and caudal segments that are prolonged into a somewhat lizardlike
tail. They live on the foliage of shrubs and trees, and pupate in a web
between leaves, or in a rolled leaf.

200

Four species, representing three genera of this family, are known to
occur in Newfoundland.

Genus Eudeilinia Packard

E. herminiata (Guenee)

Plate 26, 8

This small delicate snow white moth is generally distributed over most
of southern Canada and the northern United States. In Newfoundland, it is
widely distributed but never common. Adults have been taken at St. John's,
La Manche, Salmonier, Lethbridge, Corner Brook, and Piccadilly. The
moths are in flight from late June to late August. The species has not been
reported from Labrador.

The larva has a single tubercle on its anal plate. It feeds on shrubby
species of dogwood (Cornus spp.).

Genus Oreta Walker

O. rosea americana (Herrich-Schaffer)

Plate 26, 10

This small, pretty moth occurs in Eastern Canada, west to Manitoba,
and south to Connecticut, Ohio, and New Jersey. In Newfoundland, adults
have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Salmonier, Colinet,
Gander, Bay L'Argent, Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, Georges Lake, and
Tompkins. There is a second form, irrorata, which does not have yellow
bands, and at times both forms are fairly common in some areas. The moths
are in flight from early July to late August. Neither form has been recorded
from Labrador.

The larva has a prominent hump on the metathorax and the caudal
process is twice as long as the head. The head is more or less bilobed, and
often wider than high, with primary setae only. The larva feeds on Vibur-
num spp.; Ferguson (1954) reported it at times plentiful on witherod (K
cassinoides).

Genus Drepana Schrank

D. arcuata Walker
Plate 26, 11

This species occurs across Canada from the Atlantic Provinces to
British Columbia, and south to Pennsylvania and Indiana. It is widely

201

distributed, and at times fairly common in Newfoundland. Adults have been
taken at St. John's, Salmonier, Chapel Island, Gander, Eddies Cove West,
Pistolet Bay, Hawkes Bay, St. Anthony, Corner Brook, Georges Lake, St.
George's, South Branch, Doyles, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight
from late June to late July. The species has not been recorded from
Labrador.

The larva has a caudal process about the same length as the head.
There are hairy warts on the mesothorax, the metathorax, and the 2nd
abdominal segment, and minute ones on the 8th. It is probably a solitary
defoliator on white birch {Betula papyrifera) and alder {Alnus spp.).

D. bilineata (Packard)
Plate 26, 12

This straw-colored, medium-sized moth has been collected from New-
foundland to British Columbia, and south to New Jersey and New York. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride,
Chamberlains, Corner Brook, and St. Anthony, and are considered rare.
The moths are in flight from mid- July to mid-August. They are not found in
Labrador.

The larva has enlarged warts on the mesothorax, the metathorax, and
the 8th abdominal segment. The caudal process is about as long as the
height of the head. It is a solitary defoliator on white birch {Betula
papyrifera), speckled alder {Alnus rugosa), and trembling aspen (Populus
tremuloides).

Family GEOMETRIDAE geometrids (geometers)

This is a very large family, mainly of medium size, although there are
some small and a few large species. Usually the body is slender, and the
wings are broad and delicate in appearance. These moths are often found on
the borders of woods and in forests, rarely in meadows and pastures. Their
flight is neither strong nor long-sustained. Many species hold their wings
horizontally when at rest, scarcely overlapping, but some assume other
positions.

The family is distinguished from other families of moths by the sharp
angle and brace vein at the base of the subcostal vein of the hindwing.

A few genera have some wingless females, but these always have
well-developed antennae and legs. The wingless genera are not closely
related to one another, and most of them have close relatives with normal
wings.

202

The larvae of this family are known as measuringworms, spanworms, or
loopers. They are familiar insects, attracting attention by their peculiar
manner of locomotion, in which the body is arched as the prolegs at the
caudal end are placed near the thoracic legs. The thoracic legs are then
moved forward, and thus progress is made in the characteristic looping
manner. It was this unusual way of moving that suggested the name of a
typical genus, Geometra, from the Greek word meaning a landmeasurer.

Sometimes a measuringworm, for protection while resting, will cling by
its anal prolegs and hold the body out straight and motionless, thus
resembling a twig. Most geometrid larvae are leaf-feeders, and some species
occur in such large numbers as to be serious pests.

Most pupae are slender and brown, but some are green, or even
mottled. The pupal stage is usually passed in a flimsy cocoon or in a cell in
the soil.

Genus Archiearis Hubner

A. infans (Moschler) FIRST BORN GEOMETER

Plate 26, 13

This colorful species is distributed from Newfoundland west to Alberta,
north to the Northwest Territories and Alaska, and south to Pennsylvania,
Wisconsin, and New York. It is considered rare in Newfoundland and has
not been reported from Labrador. Adults and larvae have been taken by the
Forest Research Centre at Tors Cove and Badger, where moths are in flight
from mid-May to early June. They have been observed flying freely in the
sun around young birch in early June while depositing their eggs on the
opening buds, but are very difficult to capture.

The larva is green, with a paler head and underside, slender white
longitudinal lines, and a broad subspiracular line. Its favorite food plant is
white birch (Betula papyrifera), but it has also been observed on willow
(Salix spp.) and trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides).

Genus Leucobrephos Grote

L. brephoides (Walker)
Plate 26, 15

This medium-sized species is found in arctic regions and south to New
York, Wisconsin, Manitoba, Alberta, and central British Columbia. It has
not been recorded from Newfoundland, but two specimens from Labrador
are in the Canadian National Collection. They are both labeled "Labrador,

203

12 May, A. P. Low, No. 794," but the specific locality and the year in which
they were taken are not indicated. The moth has similar habits to those of
A. infans, flying near noon in early spring, sometimes before the snow is off
the ground.

The larva is green with yellowish reflections and a lighter ventral
surface. The longitudinal lines are yellow and fine, except the subspiracular,
which is broad. The larva is a solitary defoliator on aspen (Populus spp.),
white birch {Betula papyrifera), alder {Alnus spp.), and willow {Salix spp.).

Genus Synchlora Guenee

S. liquoraria albolineata (Packard)
Plate 26, 14

This small green geometrid moth is known to occur in Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, and Maine. Adults have been taken in western Newfoundland
at Doyles, Tompkins, and Pynns Brook, where they are in flight from early
to mid- August. Ferguson (1969) reported collecting larvae at Doyles and
Millville on raspberry {Rubus spp.), Rudbeckia spp., and Aster spp.
Although Forbes (1948) stated that this moth is common generally in North
America, it is considered rare in Newfoundland and is not recorded from
Labrador.

The larva is light brown or greenish, with thin lines and mottled
markings of a darker shade, including a thin and somewhat interrupted
middorsal line (Ferguson 1969). It feeds on flowers and seeds of various low
plants, especially raspberry (Rubus spp.) and members of the Compositae
family. Ferguson (1954) reared a larva on huckleberry {Gaylussacia spp.).

Genus Mesothea Warren

M. incertata (Walker)

Plate 26, 16 and 17

This small moth occurs from Newfoundland and Labrador west to
Saskatchewan and south to Pennsylvania. In Newfoundland, adults have
been taken at St. John's, Holyrood, Colinet, La Manche, Cape Broyle,
Harmon Field, Table Mountain, Port aux Basques, Burgeo, Cinq Cerf
River, Grand Bruit, Grandy Brook, and Doyles Station. The moths are in
flight from late May to early July, and at times are fairly common. In
Labrador, adults have been taken at Cartwright and Goose Bay from late
May to late July, and are also common there at times. The moths are blue
green on emerging, but some soon fade to a reddish brown. They are usually
diurnal and are most common on bogs and blueberry barrens.

204

The larva is said to feed on blueberry {Vaccinium spp.), and is
sometimes found on Myrica spp., willow {Salix spp.), and wire birch
{Betula populifolia) on bogs. However, Ferguson (1969) recorded finding
the moth on bogs where none of these plants were growing.

Genus Scopula Schrank

S. junctaria (Walker)

Plate 26, 18

This species is found from Newfoundland south to New York and west
to Alberta. It is widely distributed and common in certain localities in
Newfoundland, but is not known to occur in Labrador. Adults have been
taken at St. John's, Kilbride, Gander, Springdale, Davis Pond, Lomond,
Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, Piccadilly, Stephenville, St. George's, Doyles,
and South Branch, where they are in flight from early July to early August.
A single specimen taken at Pynns Brook 8 July 1975 has been identified as
the subspecies S. j. junctaria Walker.

The larva is slender and smooth, and often rests with the forepart of its
body coiled. It feeds on low plants and hibernates in this stage. According to
McGuffin (1967) it pupates in a delicate cocoon of silk and soil particles
after six or seven larval instars. The pupal stage lasts 1 1 or 12 days.

S.frigidaria {MosqMqv)
Plate 26, 19

This small grayish white species occurs from Newfoundland and Labra-
dor to northern Quebec and west to Manitoba and the Yukon, but is not
found in temperate areas of Canada. Forbes (1948) reported it flying in
midsummer at Churchill, Man. The distribution of the species in Newfound-
land and Labrador is shown in Figures 30^ and b. The moths are in flight in
Newfoundland from late June to early August and in Labrador from late
June to mid-August, and at certain localities are fairly common.

Details of the immature stages and foods in Newfoundland and Labra-
dor are not available.

S. inductata (Guenee)

Plate 26, 20

This small, dull clay-colored moth occurs from Newfoundland and
Prince Edward Island west to British Columbia, and south to Alabama. In
Newfoundland, specimens have been taken at St. John's, Salmonier, Leth-
bridge, Gander, Eddies Cove, St. Barbe, St. George's, and South Branch,

205

Fig. 30a. Distribution o{ Scopula frigidaria (Moschler) in Newfoundland.

where moths are in flight from early to mid-July. The species is considered
rare in Newfoundland and has not been reported from Labrador.

The mature larva, according to McGuffin (1967) is 17-28 mm long,
dark brown dorsally and light brown ventrally, and has a light brown head
with darker brown streaks on the lobes. The subdorsal line is fine and white.
The larva feeds on ragweed {Ambrosia spp.), aster {Aster spp.), and
sweetclover {Melilotus spp.). Hibernation may be as a larva or a pupa.

206

Fig. 30b. Distribution oi Scopulafrigidaria (Moschler) in Labrador.

207

Genus Holarctias Prout

H. sentinaria Geyer

Plate 26, 21

This small, tawny brown moth is found in northern Labrador, west to
the Rockies, Alaska, and south in the mountains of Colorado. The species
has been taken in Labrador at Rama and Hebron, where the moths are in
flight from mid- July to mid- August. Moschler (1860) reported the species
from Labrador, and Packard (1888) from all the Moravian Stations in
Labrador. One specimen from Rama, now in the Canadian National
Collection, was taken in 1889 by A. Strecker and J. D. Sornboyer. There
have been no records from Newfoundland.

The 5th-instar larva is 10 mm long and 1 mm broad, the head is black
and the body is light gray with black lines. The larva hibernates when partly
grown. The food plant in Labrador is unknown, but McGuffin (1967)
reported rearing larva in captivity on smartweed {Polygonum spp.).

Genus Cyclophora Hubner

C pendulinaria (Guenee) SWEET FERN GEOMETER

Plate 26, 22

The sweet fern geometer is known to occur from Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, and Ontario west to British Columbia and south to New Jersey and
Tennessee. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt.
Pearl, Bay Bulls, Gander, Lomond, Woody Point, Glenburnie, Eddies Cove
West, St. Anthony, Corner Brook, Doyles, Port aux Basques, Rose Blanche,
Grand Bruit, and Burgeo. The moths are in flight from mid-June to late
July, and in some localities are quite common. In Labrador, adults have
been taken at Cartwright and Goose Bay, where they are in flight from
early July to early August.

According to Forbes (1948), the larva occurs in two color phases: light
green with lighter dorsal and spiracular lines and several broken lines; and
irregularly mottled with contrasting patches of black, white, yellow, and red
that tend to form oblique side stripes. Both forms usually have a black
lateral spot on the 1st segment of the abdomen. However, Forbes found that
the larva also occurred in intermediate colorings. The larva, according to
McGuffin (1967), feeds on sweet fern (Comptonia spp.), birch (Betula
spp.), and alder (Alnus spp.). It is also found on willow {Salix spp.), larch
(Larix spp.), and oak {Quercus spp.). The species overwinters as a green
pupa with a black stripe.

208

Genus Carsia Hiibner

C. sororiata labradorensis (Sommer)
Plate 27, 1

In Newfoundland, moths have been taken at St. John's, Colinet, Port
de Grave, Tompkins, and Bay L'Argent, where they are in flight from early
August to mid-September. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Hebron,
Nutak, and Cartwright from late July to late August. At times, in certain
localities, the moths are fairly common. Forbes (1948) stated labradorensis
is hardly distinct from other North American subspecies.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are
unknown but are probably similar to C s. thaxteri.

C. sororiata thaxteri Swett
Plate 26, 23

The species sororiata is circumpolar and is distributed in North
America from Newfoundland and Labrador to British Columbia and south
to Mt. Washington, N.H. C. s. thaxteri closely resembles C. s. labradoren-
sis, but is lighter in color. In Newfoundland, specimens have been taken at
St. John's, Come By Chance, Gander, Gaff Topsail, and St. Anthony, where
the moths are in flight from late July to mid-September. In Labrador, adults
have been taken at Cartwright, Hopedale, and Goose Bay from early to late
August.

The larva, described from a European specimen, is rather stout, deep
brownish red above and greenish yellow below, with very fine dark dorsal
and subdorsal lines and a broad yellow spiracular line, marked with red
between the middle segments. It feeds on blueberry (Vaccinium spp.).

Genus Acasis Duponchel

A. viridata (Packard)
Plate 27, 2

This species occurs from Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova Scotia, and
Quebec to British Columbia and south to Virginia. Forbes (1948) reported
it as rare in New York and Ferguson (1954) stated it was never common in
Nova Scotia. It is rare in both Newfoundland and Labrador. A single
specimen taken by Krogerus (1954) at Burgeo, 22 June 1949, and four
specimens taken at Mt. Pearl, 10-21 June 1976, are the only records for
Newfoundland, and a single specimen taken at Cartwright by Sterns, 5 July
1955, and now in the Canadian National Collection, is the only known
record for Labrador.

209

The larva is short, chunky, and sluggish. It has been reported to feed on
witherod {Viburnum cassinoides) in a thin web on the underside of a flower
head.

Genus Cladara Hulst

C limitaria (Walker)
Plate 27, 3

This species is distributed from coast to coast in Canada and as far
south as Pennsylvania. It is most common in the eastern and western areas
of its range. In Newfoundland, adults have b^en taken at St. John's, Mt.
Pearl, Kilbride, Colinet, Gambo Road, Norris Arm, Whites Road, Pynns
Brook, Harmon Field, Tompkins, and St. George's, where they are in flight
from mid-May to early August. Prentice (1963) reported that the species is
also found at Corner Brook and St. Anthony. In Labrador, adults have been
collected at Goose Bay from early to mid-June.

The mature larva, as described by McGuffin (1958a), is 13-19 mm
long, has a roughened body, and is green with a yellow green subdorsal line,
a yellow subspiracular line, and a green midventral line flecked with white.
The head is rough, unmarked, and pea green in color. The larva feeds on
conifers, particularly balsam fir {Abies balsamea), Douglas-fir {Pseudot-
suga taxifolia), spruce {Picea spp.), and hemlock {Tsuga spp.). The species
hibernates as a pupa.

C. atroliturata (Walter) SCRIBBLER

Plate 27, 4

This species is known to occur from Newfoundland west to British
Columbia and south to New Jersey, but it is recognized as rare. In
Newfoundland, moths have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Gander,
Tompkins, and Steady Brook, where they are in flight from mid-May to late
July. The species has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on alder {Alnus spp.), white birch
{Betula papyrifera), willow {Salix spp.), and maple {Acer spp.).

Genus Lobophora Curtis

L. nivigerata Walker
Plate 27, 5

This rather rare species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, Maine, and Ontario west to Alberta and Wisconsin, and south to
Massachusetts, central New York, and Minnesota. In Newfoundland, adults

210

have been taken at Gander and St. Anthony, where they are in flight from
early to late July. The species has not been recorded from Labrador.

The mature larva is 16-20 mm long, gray green or green flecked with
white, and slightly roughened. The head is pale yellow green, with or
without flecks. There is a prominent yellow middorsal line and a fine yellow
spiracular line. The larva feeds on trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides)
and the pupa is the hibernating stage.

Genus Trichodezia Warren

T. albovittata (Guenee) WHITE STRIPED BLACK

Plate 27, 6

This small black and white moth is transcontinental in its distribution,
occurring as far south as North Carolina. The moth is diurnal and frequents
rich, damp woodland, or the edges of partly shaded streams where there is
abundant vegetation such as violets, grasses, or meadow rue. In Newfound-
land, the species is widespread (Fig. 31) and at times fairly common. In
Labrador, adults have been taken at Cartwright, where the moths are in
flight from about 5-25 July.

The mature larva is 8-20 mm long and has a pale green head with a
black line. The thorax and abdomen are green and almost smooth. There is
a black line along the thorax at the base of the legs that meets the line on
the head. The food plants are fireweed (Epilobium spp.), meadow rue
{Thalictrum spp.), and snapweed {Impatiens spp.). The species hibernates
as a pupa (McGuffin 1958a).

Genus Operophtera Hubner

O. bruceata (Hulst) BRUCE SPANWORM

Plate 27, 7

The Bruce spanworm is distributed from Newfoundland west to the
interior of British Columbia and south to New Jersey. The female is
wingless and a light brownish gray in color. The species is considered to be
rare in Newfoundland and has not been recorded from Labrador. Moths
have been reared by the Forest Research Centre from larvae collected at
Glenwood and Appleton in 1955 and 1956. Bruton (1930) reported that
adults were taken at Carbonear by Gosse in 1832, and Prentice (1963)
shows the species as occurring in the St. George's area of western New-
foundland. A single adult was collected at Mt. Pearl, 9 November 1975.

211

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Fig. 31. Distribution of Trichodezia albovittata (Guenee) in Newfoundland.

The larva is green, darker dorsally, with three longitudinal yellow green
stripes. The head, shields, and sides of the prolegs are sometimes black. The
insect feeds on trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides), willow {Salix spp.),
birch (Betula spp.), and balsam poplar {Populus balsamifera), and periodi-
cally occurs in high numbers locally in the Maritime Provinces and Quebec.
It is sporadically injurious to apple trees in British Columbia (Downing et
al. 1956). This species overwinters as an egg, hatching during the first warm
days of spring.

212

O. brumata (Linnaeus) WINTER MOTH

Plate 27, 8

The distribution of this introduced species is still limited to Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, and British
Columbia. It is most common in Nova Scotia, where the larvae often cause
severe defoliation of the principal host trees. In Europe, it is recognized as a
serious pest of fruit trees, mainly apple. The female moths of this species are
wingless. In Newfoundland, a single male moth was reared by the Forest
Research Centre from a larva collected at St. John's. The moth emerged 30
February 1966. No specimens have been taken since then, but it is quite
possible this species still exists in Newfoundland, but at an undetectable
level.

The mature larva is 10-13 mm long. The reticulate head is gray or pale
green, and the thorax and abdomen are smooth and pale green or green,
with pale gray or green longitudinal lines. The larva feeds on oak {Quercus
spp.), apple (Malus spp.), maple {Acer spp.), and elm {Ulmus spp.). The
species overwinters in the egg stage (McGuffin \95Sa).

Genus Epirrita Hiibner

E. autumnata henshawi (Swett) AUTUMNAL OR NOVEMBER MOTH

Plate 27, 9

This subspecies is found in the Atlantic Provinces, Quebec, and
Ontario. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl,
Daniel's Harbour, Plum Point, Glenburnie, St. Anthony, and Tompkins,
where the moths are in flight from mid-August to mid-October. Prentice
(1963) indicated that henshawi was widely distributed throughout the
province. In Labrador, many adults taken at Hopedale by W. W. Perrett
from late July to mid-September during the years 1931-35 are now in the
Canadian National Collection.

The larva is dirty green dorsally and pale bluish white ventrally,
sometimes with lateral yellow lines and orange spiracles. It is a solitary
defoliator on balsam fir {Abies balsamea), white and red spruce {Picea
spp.), and tamarack {Larix spp.).

Genus Triphosa Stephens

T. haesitata affirmaria (Walker) TISSUE MOTH

Plate 27, 10

Forbes (1948) gives the distribution of this medium size, dark brown
geometrid moth as Labrador to North Carolina and west to Alberta. In

213

Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Gander, and Georges
Lake, where moths are in flight from mid to late August. No specimens
have been observed from Labrador.

The larva is green dorsally with two fine lines on each side. It has a
whitish yellow supraspiracular stripe and is white or pale gray ventrally. It is
a solitary defoliator on cascara {Rhamnus spp.) and oak {Quercus spp.),
and in Europe has been found on wild plum {Prunus spp.) and buckthorn
{Rhamnus spp.).

Genus Hydria Hubner

H. undulata (Linnaeus) SCALLOP SHELL MOTH

Plate 27, 11

The scallop shell moth occurs from Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova
Scotia, and Maine south to New York and North Carolina and west to the
Pacific. It is also recorded in Eurasia. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken at St. John's and Bruton (1930) reported the species taken by Gosse
at Carbonear in 1822. The moths are in flight from mid- July to early
August. In Labrador, 16 adults were taken at Cartwright by Sterns during
the period 9 July - 2 August 1955.

The larva is dark olive dorsally, with three pairs of pale lines, and is
yellow green ventrally. The head is a shiny orange brown with black
markings laterally and dorsally. This species is single brooded and overwin-
ters as a pupa in the soil. The larva is a solitary feeder on willow {Salix
spp.), spiraea {Spiraea spp.), and azalea {Azalea spp.).

Genus Eupithecia Curtis

This is a very large and obscure genus that is nearly worldwide in
distribution and difficult to differentiate. There are approximately 62
species in Canada, 25 of which occur in Newfoundland and Labrador. The
wings of the moths are evenly round as a rule, giving them a characteristic
appearance. Many species can only be separated by genital characteristics.

E. misturata frostiata Swett

Plate 27, 12

This small moth has a scattered and discontinuous distribution from
Newfoundland west to Ontario and south to Pennsylvania, New York, and
North Carolina. In Newfoundland, Prentice (1963) reports that adults were

214

taken at or near St. George's, Flower's Cove, Grand Falls, and Wesleyville.
Adults were taken at Pynns Brook during mid-June 1975. However, there
are no records of its occurrence in Labrador. The subspecies is considered
rare in all regions.

The larva is 10-15 mm long, and has a rough, yellow, russet, or pale
brown head and a pale gray thorax and abdomen with a dark gray
middorsal line and a dark brown subdorsal line. The larva is a solitary
defoliator on tamarack {Larix spp.). The pupa overwinters and there are
two generations annually.

E. subfuscata (Haworth) GRAY PUG (BR.)

Plate 27, 13

Krogerus (1954) stated that this circumpolar species is generally
distributed in North America, extending across the northern half of the
continent and down the Pacific coast into Oregon and presumably Cali-
fornia. E. subfuscata is one of the most common members of this genus in
Newfoundland. Adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride,
Salmonier, Lethbridge, Gander, St. Barbe, and Eddies Cove West, where
they are in flight from late June to early August. The species has not been
recorded from Labrador.

The larva is about 18 mm long and may vary in color, but is normally
brown with contrasting diagonal mottling. It is a general feeder with a
strong preference for flowers of the Compositae family. It has also been
recorded feeding on willow {Salix spp.), alder (AInus spp.), black spruce
(Picea mariana), balsam poplar {Populus balsamifera), apple {Malus spp.),
and fireweed {Epilobium spp.). It is free-living and the species hibernates as
a pupa.

E. tripunctaria Herrich-Schaffer WHITESPOTTED PUG (BR.)

Plate 27, 14

According to McDunnough (1949), this small circumpolar species
ranges through Nova Scotia, Quebec, Labrador, New York, Alberta, British
Columbia, and California. Brower (1974) recorded it from Maine. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Corner Brook, Flower's Cove,
Port au Choix, and St. Anthony, where the moths are in flight from
mid-July to early August. It is interesting to note that the species has not
been taken in eastern Newfoundland. In Labrador, a single adult collected
at Cartwright by Sterns, 26 July 1949, is the only available record.

The mature larva is about 15 mm long. Its rough head is dark brown
with pale brown patches. The thorax and abdomen are rough and covered
with small, rounded, wartlike spicules. Dorsally there are dark stripes on the
brown thoracic segments, and dark triangles on the anterior abdominal

215

segments (McGuffin 1958fl). The larva feeds on the flowers and seeds of
Viburnum spp., and the flowers of^ Angelica spp. and elder {Sambucus spp.)-
The species probably hibernates as a pupa.

E. fletcherata Taylor

Plate 27, 15

This species occurs from Newfoundland west to British Columbia, and
in New York, Maine, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. Pren-
tice (1963) reported the species as widely distributed in western and central
regions of Newfoundland, but never common. In Labrador, adults have been
taken at Cartwright and Hopedale during the period 9-14 July.

The free-living larva is about 13 mm long. Its color varies from yellow
brown to orange or brown dorsally, and a paler color ventrally. The head is
rough and grayish yellow to brown. The middorsal line is gray or dark
brown, becoming double on the thorax, and forming diamond-shaped pat-
ches on the anterior abdominal segments. The larva feeds on tamarack
(Larix spp.), spruce {Picea spp.), willow {Salix spp.), and alder (Alnus
spp.). The species hibernates as a pupa (McGuffin 1958a).

E. bradorata McDunnough

Plate 33, 17

This species occurs in Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova Scotia, Maine,
Quebec, and Ontario. Prentice (1963) recorded a single specimen collected
near Sultan, Ont., and reported that the species was rare. In Newfoundland,
adults have been taken at Mt. Pearl, 9-13 July 1975, and Kilbride, 10 June
1975, where moths are in flight from mid- June to early July. The species
has also been taken at Hopedale, Labrador.

Both larvae and pupae have been recorded on white spruce {Picea
glauca).

E. luteata Packard

Plate 27, 16

Prentice (1963) reported that this species has a general distribution
throughout most of the survey region from Newfoundland to British
Columbia, but is most common in the Atlantic Provinces and Alberta. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Grand
Falls, Woody Point, Stephenville Crossing, St. George's, South Branch,
Doyles, and Burgeo. The moths are in flight from late June to mid-July.
Packard (1888) reported their presence in July on Caribou Island,
Labrador.

The larva is 10-13 mm long, grayish yellow to yellow brown in color
and has a rough, light yellow head. The middorsal line is grayish purple,
somewhat thicker anteriorly and the lateral lines are yellowish brown. Some

216

larvae have grayish purple bands in the first five or six abdominal segments.
The larva is a solitary defoliator on white spruce {Picea glauca), balsam fir
{Abies balsamea), tamarack {Larix spp.), and black spruce {Picea maria-
na). The species hibernates as a pupa.

E. palpata Packard

Plate 27, 17

This species occurs in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
and from Quebec to British Columbia. It is also found in Maine, New York,
and Connecticut. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's,
Mt. Pearl, Daniel's Harbour, South Branch, Stephenville Crossing, and
Burgeo. The moths are in flight from late June to late July and are
considered rare. They are not found in Labrador.

The free-living larva is 10-18 mm long. The thorax and abdomen are
rough and may be yellow, orange, or red in color. The head is reddish
orange and the longitudinal lines are dark gray, orange, or yellow. The larva
feeds on pine {Pinus spp.). The species hibernates as a pupa.

E. transcanadata MacKay

Plate 27, 18

This species is found across the continent from Newfoundland to
British Columbia, but is most common in the eastern and western areas of
its range. In Newfoundland, Prentice (1963) reported it to be widely
distributed throughout the province from the Codroy Valley in the west to
Terra Nova National Park in the east and from Bay d'Espoir in the south to
Hawkes Bay in the north. Specimens have been collected at South Brook
and Doyles, where the moths are in flight from early to late July. The
species has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva resembles E. palpata, but is darker in color. It has been
collected from a wide variety of hosts, but it generally feeds on white spruce
{Picea glauca) and balsam fir {Abies balsamea). However, in British
Columbia Douglas-fir {Pseudotsuga taxifolia) is the preferred host. The
insect hibernates as a pupa.

E. columbiata erpata Pearsall
Plate 33, 19

This subspecies has been recorded from Newfoundland, New Bruns-
wick, Maine, Massachusetts, and Manitoba. In Newfoundland, a single
adult moth was taken at Mt. Pearl, 28 June 1975.

The larva is 10-22 mm long, and is pale gray suffused with pink
dorsally, and pale yellowish white ventrally. There is a brown middorsal line
and a red subspiracular line. The rough head is light brown with brown

217

markings arranged in a herringbone pattern. The larva is free-living on
choke cherry {Prunus virginiana) in June and July. The pupa is the
overwintering stage.

E. satyratafumata Taylor SATYR PUG (BR.)

Plate 27, 19

This subspecies occurs in Eastern Canada and the New England States
(McGuffin 1958a), and is also found in Europe. In Newfoundland, adults
have been taken at St. John's during July and in Labrador at Hopedale,
Cartwright, and Goose Bay from early July to early August. This moth is
considered rare in both areas.

The larva is normally green or whitish, with four diamond-shaped
dorsal blotches connected by a dark line, or bisected by a pale dorsal line.
Some larvae have extensive diagonal blotching. They feed on low plants and
Viburnum spp. Ferguson (1954) reported rearing the species from larvae on
the flower heads of bristly sarsaparilla {Aralia hispida), meadow rue
{Thalictrum spp.), witherod {Viburnum cassinoides), turtlehead {Chelone
glabra), and meadowsweet (Spiraea latifolia). Rindge (1952) reported
larvae feeding on the fruit of witherod, flowers of turtlehead, and blossoms
of Spiraea spp.

E. gibsonata Taylor

Plate 27, 20

This species is distributed throughout Eastern Canada, New England,
and the northern Atlantic States, and has been found in southeastern
Manitoba, northern Minnesota, and the coastal regions of British Columbia
(McGuffin 1958^). In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's,
Burgeo, Grandy Brook, and Port aux Basques, where the moths are in flight
from late June to late July. The species is considered rare in Newfoundland
and has not been reported from Labrador.

The larva is 17-19 mm long, and has a rough green body and pea green
head. The longitudinal lines are bluish green to yellow and there is a large
gray spot in the middle of the first eight abdominal segments. It is a solitary
defoliator, particularly on eastern white cedar {Thuja occidentalis). The
species hibernates as a pupa.

E. russeliata Swett

Plate 27, 21

This small, smoky brown moth is distributed from Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, and Maine south to Connecticut and New York. In New-
foundland, adults have been collected at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Colinet,
Lethbridge, Gander, Woody Point, Eddies Cove West, Steady Brook,

218

Corner Brook, St. George's, Tompkins, Port aux Basques, Burgeo, and
Grand Bruit. The moths are in flight from mid-June to mid-August and are
at times common in certain localities. Ferguson (1954) reported this species
to be the commonest Eupithecia in Nova Scotia; it was most abundant in
heathy or acid bog areas and in spruce forests. It has not been recorded from
Labrador.

The larva has been recorded on white spruce {Picea glauca), sheep-
laurel {Kalmia angustifolia), and Rhododendron canadense.

E. strattonata Packard

Plate 27, 22

According to McDunnough (1949) this species is widespread through-
out Eastern Canada, New England, and the northern Atlantic States, and
ranges west to Michigan. In Newfoundland, adults have been collected by
Krogerus (1954) at Woody Point and Port aux Basques from early to
mid- July. No specimens have been taken since and the species is not
recorded from Labrador.

The mature larva is 17-23 mm long, and has a very rough yellow green
body and a head of the same color. The longitudinal lines are gray dorsally,
yellow laterally, and fine and white ventrally. The larva is free-living,
feeding on spiraea {Spiraea spp.) and alder (Alnus spp.). This species
hibernates as a pupa.

E. grata Taylor

Plate 27, 23

According to McDunnough (1949) this species is distributed through-
out Eastern Canada, possibly extending to the western provinces. A single
adult taken by Krogerus at Port aux Basques, 28 June 1949, is the only
record from Newfoundland. There are no records from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

E.fumosa (Hulst)
Plate 27, 24

McDunnough (1949) stated that this species was widespread, extending
from eastern areas of Canada and the United States across the continent to
British Columbia and Colorado. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken
at Tompkins, Lomond, Port au Choix, and Eddies Cove West, where moths
are in flight from mid-July to early August. The species is considered rare in
Newfoundland and is not recorded from Labrador.

The larva has been reported on currant (Ribes spp.) in Manitoba.

219

E. coagulata Guenee

Plate 27, 25

This large Eupithecia species is transcontinental in its distribution,
ranging as far north in Canada as Waskesiu and Meadow lakes, Sask., and
as far south in the United States as Arizona and California (McGuffin
1958(3). In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Su John's, Gander,
Glenwood, Eddies Cove West, Corner Brook, and Port aux Basques, where
the moths are in flight from mid-July to late August. The species is never
common in Newfoundland and has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is 12-18 mm long, and has a yellow or pale gray body and a
rough pale brown or brown speckled head. The gray brown middorsal line
becomes double on the thorax and forms an elliptical or diamond-shaped
marking on each of the first five abdominal segments. The anterior spiracles
are centered in red orange patches. The larva is free-living, feeding on the
flowers of yarrow {Achillea spp.), goldenrod {Solidago spp.), aster (Aster
spp.), and monkshood {Aconitum spp.). This species hibernates as a pupa.

E. nimbicolor (Hulst)
Plate 27, 26

This species is transcontinental, ranging from Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, Maine, Quebec, and Ontario to British Columbia and south to
Arizona and California. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at
Colinet, Cinq Cerf River, and Burgeo, where the moths are in flight from
mid to late June and are locally common on bogs.

The larva is 15-20 mm long and displays two color patterns in the 3rd
and 4th instars. One is pale yellow green with fine gray, brown, and yellow
longitudinal lines, and the other is yellow with gray, pale orange, and
reddish brown longitudinal lines (McGuffin 1958^?). Preferred foods are the
flowers of yarrow {Achillea spp.) and painted-cup {Castilleja spp.), and the
foliage of willow {Salix spp.), Rosa spp., and Ribes spp.

E. gelidata Moschler

Plate 27, 27

This species is transcontinental in North America, and extends south to
Colorado and New Mexico and north to Alaska (McGuffin 1958«). In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Bonavista, and St.
Anthony, where moths are in flight from mid to late July. In Labrador,
adults have been taken at Cartwright and Hopedale from mid- July to late
August. Moschler recorded specimens taken in Labrador in 1860, and
Packard (1888) reported the species from the Moravian Stations in Labra-
dor. These moths are considered rare in both Newfoundland and Labrador
with no appreciable variation in annual numbers.

220

The larva is 15-22 mm long, and has a rough, yellow green body and a
pale brown or green head. It is a solitary defoliator on white and yellow
birch {Betula papyri/era and B. lutea), and occasionally on willow {Salix
spp.) and alder {Alnus spp.). This species hibernates as a pupa.

E. perfusca youngata Taylor ANGLE BARRED PUG (BR.)

Plate 27, 28

According to McDunnough (1949) this subspecies is widespread
throughout the Atlantic Provinces, Quebec, and Ontario, extending south
through the New England States into New York and Pennsylvania. In
Newfoundland, adults have been collected at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Woody
Point, Eddies Cove West, Steady Brook, Corner Brook, and Tompkins,
where the moths are in flight from mid-July to mid-August. A single
specimen taken at Colinet, 2 August 1962, has been identified as E.
perfusca Hulst. This species is rare in Newfoundland and is not recorded
from Labrador.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on alder {Alnus spp.), willow (Salix
spp.), and white birch {Betula papyrifera) and is most prevalent in August.

E. pusillata interruptofasciata Packard JUNIPER PUG (BR.)

Plate 33, 18

This subspecies is distributed throughout eastern North America. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Kilbride, where the moths are in
flight from mid-August to early October. They are not found in Labrador.

The mature larva is 10-14 mm long and its skin is rough and light
green with a gray green middorsal line and a white subdorsal line. The head
is rough and pale russet green in color. The larva is free-living on juniper
{Juniperus spp.). This subspecies overwinters as an egg or perhaps as a larva
in the egg shell.

E. filmata Pearsall

Plate 27, 29

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova Scotia,
and Maine west to British Columbia and south to the Catskill Mountains
and Long Island, N.Y. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St.
John's, Grand Falls, Reidville, Felix Cove, and St. Fintan's, where the
moths are in flight from late May to mid- June. Prentice (1963) showed a
much wider distribution of the species in Newfoundland than indicated here.
In Labrador, a single specimen taken at Cartwright by Cashman, 29 June
1955, is the only record to date.

221

The mature larva is 12-18 mm long with a pale brown head and a pale
yellow body that has broad brown dorsal and brown lateral stripes, whose
lower edges become diffuse in the spiracular area and form various patterns
from lines to T-shaped markings (McGuffin 1958a). It feeds on spruce
{Picea spp.) and occasionally on balsam fir {Abies balsamea). The species
hibernates as a pupa in a light web under spruce needles.

E. albicapitata Packard
Plate 27, 30

This pale gray northern species occurs across Canada from the Atlantic
to the Pacific and in the mountainous districts of New York and the New
England States. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Stephenville
Crossing and Glenburnie, where the moths are in flight from early to
mid- July. This species is considered rare and has not been reported from
Labrador.

The larva is about 10 mm long and has a flesh-colored body with red
lines and a rough brown head. It is recorded as a solitary feeder on the cones
of spruce {Picea spp.), fir {Abies spp.), and pine {Pinus spp.) in New
Brunswick, Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia. It also probably feeds
on Chermes galls on conifers. This species hibernates as a pupa.

E. mutata Pearsall CLOAKED PUG (BR.)

Plate 27, 31

This species is found from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to
Ontario and Alberta, and in New England and the northern Atlantic States.
In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Grand Falls, St. Anthony,
Glenburnie, and Stephenville Crossing, where moths are in flight from early
to mid-July. This species has not been recorded from Labrador.

The somewhat stout larva is about 10 mm long, and is a dirty pink
color, but without the red lines of E. albicapitata. The head and shield are
shining brown. The larva bores in the cones of spruce {Picea spp.) and
sometimes balsam fir {Abies balsamea) and pine {Pinus spp.). The species
hibernates as a pupa.

E. anticaria Walker
Plate 27, 32

According to McDunnough (1949) this species is distributed from
Nova Scotia west to the Rocky Mountains and is also found in the northern
Atlantic States and Arizona. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at
St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Gander, Woody Point, St. George's, Tomp-
kins, Cinq Cerf River, and St. Anthony. The moths are in flight from
mid-June to late July. This species has not been recorded from Labrador.

222

The larva is 16-21 mm long and according to Ferguson (1954) is
slender and green in color with a bright scarlet lateral line. It is often found
feeding on the flower heads of meadowsweet {Spiraea latifolia), and is quite
unlike other known Eupithecia larvae. It has also been reported on flowers
of painted-cup {Castilleja spp.), aster (Aster spp.), and goldenrod {Solidago
spp.). This species hibernates as a pupa.

Genus Chloroclystis Hubner

C rectangulata f. nigrosericeata (Haworth)
Plate 34, 13

This species is very widespread and common in Europe where the main
host plants are reported to be hawthorn {Crataegus spp.), cherry {Prunus
spp.), and Pyrus spp. In 1970 Ferguson collected it in Nova Scotia, where it
is fairly well distributed, including Cape Breton Island. In Newfoundland, a
single specimen was taken at Stephenville, 10 July 1976. The larva probably
fed on Prunus spp. and Pyrus spp.

Genus Horisme Hubner

H. intestinata (Guenee)
Plate 27, 33

This dark gray, medium-sized moth is distributed from Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario west to Alberta and British Columbia
and south to Florida. It is considered a rare species in Newfoundland and is
not recorded from Labrador. A single specimen taken at Eddies Cove by
Krogerus, 30 July 1949, is the only record for the species.

The mature larva is 22-23 mm long, and has a rough, pale brown body
and a pale brown head. The longitudinal lines are brown to dark brown and
vary in width. The setae are moderately long, black, and pointed. The larva
is free-living on clematis {Clematis spp.), and the species overwinters as a
pupa.

Genus Eustroma Hubner

E. semiatrata (Hulst)
Plate 27, 34 and 35

This medium-sized, black and brown moth is found in Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, Quebec, Maine, New York, and west to British Columbia and
California. It is widely distributed in western Newfoundland, but is con-

223

sidered rare. Adults have been taken at Woody Point, Cow Head, Port au
Choix, and Corner Brook. The moths are in flight from early to mid-August.
A single specimen taken at Goose Bay in Labrador, 13 August 1949, is the
only record for that area.

The mature larva, according to McGuffin (1958a), is 24-28 mm long
and has a slightly rough, gray, mottled thorax and abdomen and a white
reticulate head with black or brown markings. The setae are long, pale
brown, and pointed. The larva feeds on fireweed {Epilobium spp.).

Genus Eulithis Hubner

E. propulsata (Walker)
Plate 28, 1

This ocher yellow, medium-sized moth is distributed from Newfound-
land, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Maine south to Pennsylvania and west to
the Pacific, including the Yukon and Alaska. In Newfoundland, adults have
been taken at St. John's, Terrenceville, Bay L'Argent, Gander, Kitty's
Brook, Gull Pond Road, Port au Choix, Cow Head, Corner Brook, Spruce
Brook, and Stephenville. There is one record from Labrador by Moschler
(1860). The moths are in flight from late July to August and are considered
rather rare. Bruton (1930) reported that this species was taken at Car-
bonear by Gosse in 1832.

The mature larva is 18-30 mm long and has a pale gray or pale brown
reticulated thorax and abdomen and a pale yellow or pale brown head with
brown markings. The middorsal line is dark brown or gray, broken by a
conspicuous white triangle at the posterior edge of the anterior abdominal
segments. The larva is free-living, feeding on currant and gooseberry (Ribes
spp.). The egg is probably the overwintering stage (McGuffin 1958a).

E. testata (Linnaeus) CHEVRON MOTH

Plate 28, 2

This light ocher yellow, medium-sized moth is found in Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Maine, south to New Jersey and New York, and
west to the Yukon and Vancouver Island. It is also found in Eurasia. In
Newfoundland adults have been taken at Kilbride, Colinet, and St. Antho-
ny, where the moths are in flight from early July to mid-September. The
species is locally common, but unaccountably absent in many localities.
There are no records of its occurrence in Labrador.

The larva, as described by McGuffin (1958a), is 16-18 mm long and
has a pale gray reticulate body and a pale gray head with black or brown
dots. The longitudinal lines are dark brown dorsally and pale brown

224

ventrally. The larva feeds on birch {Betula spp.), poplar {Populus spp.),
willow {Salix spp.), and alder {Alnus spp.).

E. destinata (Moschler)

Plate 28, 3

This species is known to occur from Labrador to the White Mountains
of New Hampshire and west to California. In Newfoundland, adults have
been collected at Great River, Corner Brook, Woody Point, Port au Choix,
and St. Anthony, where the moths are in flight from mid-July to late
August. In Labrador, the species is widely distributed but never common.
Adults have been taken at Hebron, Hopedale, and Goose Bay from mid-July
to mid-September. Packard (1888) reported the species along the entire
coast of Labrador.

The larva is 20-28 mm long, the reticulate body is light brown, and the
head is pale gray with a broad inverted U-shaped brown band framing the
face. There is a fine, dark gray middorsal line and various other gray or
brown lines on the body. The larva is free-living on willow {Salix spp.).

E. flavibrunneata (McDunnough)
Plate 28, 4

This species is most common in the Prairie Provinces and is also
reported from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Maine. In Newfoundland,
it is represented by a single specimen taken by the Forest Insect Service on
white spruce {Picea glauca) 1.6 km north of Gargamelle (near Port au
Choix) on 13 August 1965.

The mature larva is 21-26 mm long and has a pale brown reticulate
body and a pale brown and white head. There is a brown pattern of lines and
oblique shapes on abdominal segments 1-5. The larva is free-living on
willow {Salix spp.).

E. explanata (Walker)
Plate 28, 5

This medium-sized moth is widely distributed from Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Maine west to Manitoba and
south to Massachusetts. In Newfoundland, the species is widespread and at
times fairly common in certain localities. Adults have been collected at St.
John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Colinet, Gander, Lumsden, Glenwood, Miller-
town Junction, Gaff Topsail, Terrenceville, Burin, Woody Point, Pynns
Brook, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from late June to mid-Sep-
tember. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Goose Bay, where they are
in flight from July to early September.

225

Very little is known about the immature stages in Newfoundland and
Labrador. Prentice (1963) reported finding the pupal stage on balsam fir
(Abies balsamea) and white spruce {Picea glauca).

E. serrataria (Barnes & McDunnough)
Plate 28, 6

This species is distributed throughout Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
Quebec, Maine, Ontario, and New Hampshire. In Newfoundland, it is
occasionally common, but is generally scarcer than E. explanata, and has
not been recorded from Labrador. Adults have been taken at St. John's,
Musgravetown, Terrenceville, Gander, Kitty's Brook, Stephenville, Fischells
Brook, and Cartyville. The moths are in flight from late June to
mid-August.

Details of the early stages in Newfoundland are not available.

Genus Diactinia Warren

D. silaceata (Denis & Schiffermuller) SMALL PHOENIX (BR.)

Plate 28, 7

This species is known to occur in Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova
Scotia, Maine, Quebec, and Ontario. Forbes (1948) gave its distribution as
general in northern areas of the continent. It is also found in Eurasia. In
Newfoundland, adults have been collected at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Salmoni-
er, Gander, Corner Brook, Georges Lake, St. George's, and St. Anthony.
The moths are in flight from late June to mid-August and are considered to
be somewhat rare. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Cartwright and
Hopedale, where they are in flight from early July to early August.

The mature larva, as described by McGuffin (1958^), is 24-31 mm
long, and both the pale yellow or pink body and the pale russet green or pale
brown head are finely reticulated. The longitudinal lines are gray green,
yellow green, dark brown, pink, or pale gray. The larva feeds on fireweed
{Epilobium spp.) and snapweed {Impatiens spp.). There are four larval
instars and the pupa overwinters.

Genus Plemyria Hubner

p. georgii Hulst
Plate 28, 8

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Maine west to British Columbia and Washington. The species is considered

226

rare in Newfoundland and is not recorded from Labrador. Adults have been
taken at Pinsent's Ridge, Corner Brook, and Southwest Pond by the Forest
Research Centre. The moths are in flight from mid-July to late August.

The mature larva is 18-23 mm long, and has a rough body, yellow
green in color with a rose-colored lateral line, and densely covered with
minute convex spicules. The reticulate head is pale green or russet green
with fine brown markings. The larva feeds on alder (Alnus spp.), willow
(Salix spp.), and birch {Betula spp.) and may be free-living or may live in
slight webbing among the leaves.

Genus Dysstroma Hubner

D. walkerata (Pearsall) MARBLED CARPET (BR.)

Plate 28, 9 and 10

This species is extremely variable in coloring; two forms are illustrated.
It is distributed from Labrador west across Canada to the Yukon and south
through New York to North Carolina. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Clarenville, Lethbridge, Bay
L'Argent, Burin, Gander, Woody Point, Georges Lake, Doyles, and Tomp-
kins. The moths are in flight from mid-July to late September and at times
are fairly common. In Labrador, McDunnough (1946/?) reported three
males from Hopedale. A single specimen was collected at Cartwright, 2
August 1955, and Packard (1888) reported that the species occurred along
the entire coast.

The larva, according to McGuffin (1958^), is 13-25 mm long and has a
slightly reticulate green body and head with white or cream-colored lon-
gitudinal lines. It is free-living on larch (Larix spp.) and alder {Alnus spp.)
and hibernates in the second of four larval instars.

D. mackieata Cassino & Swett
Plate 28, 11

The only places in Canada where this northern species is distributed are
Labrador and Quebec.

In Labrador, adults have been taken at Cartwright and Goose Bay. The
moths are in flight from mid-July to mid-August and at times are common.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.

D. citrata (Linnaeus) DARK MARBLED CARPET (BR.)

Plate 28, 12

This species occurs across Canada from Newfoundland to British
Columbia and south to Maine and New York. In Newfoundland, adults

227

have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Goulds, Gambo, Gander,
Glenwood, Woody Pt., Cow Head, Hawkes Bay, Port au Choix, Eddies
Cove West, St. Anthony, Corner Brook, and Georges Lake. The moths are
in flight from mid-July to mid-September and at times are locally common.
In Labrador, the species has been taken at Hopedale, North West River,
Hamilton Inlet, and Goose Bay, where the moths are in flight from late July
to early September.

The larva is 17-28 mm long and 1-2 mm wide, and has an almost
smooth green body, and a reticulate pale green head with no markings. The
longitudinal lines are gray green or blue green dorsally, and fine and white
ventrally. The larva is free-living and feeds on a wide variety of low plants
including Symphoricarpos spp., alder (Alnus spp.), Rosa spp., willow {Salix
spp.), and currant {Ribes spp.). The species overwinters as an egg.

D. brunneata (Packard)
Plate 28, 13

This species occurs from Newfoundland, Labrador, Maine, and Quebec
to Alaska. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Eddies Cove West
and Port au Choix, where the moths are in flight from mid- July to early
August. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Cartwright where they are
in flight from early to late August. However, they are rare in all localities.
Packard (1888) reported the species as Petrophora suspectata from all
Moravian Stations in Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

D. hersiliata (Guenee)

Plate 28, 14

This species is distributed across Canada from the Atlantic to the
Pacific and south to Pennsylvania, but is considered rare in both Newfound-
land and Labrador. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's,
Carbonear, Eddies Cove West, Port au Choix, Pynns Brook, Stephenville,
and Tompkins, where the moths are in flight from early to late August. In
Labrador, a single specimen, now in the Canadian National Collection, was
taken at Cartwright by Cashman, 2 August 1955.

The mature larva is green and rough and has minute secondary spines
and small white tubercles. The rounded head is pale green and rough. The
dorsal line is dark green, the subdorsal line is white, and there is a trace of a
lateral one. The larva feeds on currant and gooseberry {Ribes spp.).

228

D. hersiliata cervinifascia (Walker)

Plate 28, 15

This subspecies, which is easily distinguished from D. hersiliata by the
black bar near the base of the forewing, is northern in its distribution but
ranges to the mountains of Pennsylvania, and west to Manitoba. In New-
foundland, adults have been taken at Carbonear, Bay L'Argent, Port au
Choix, and Doyles, where the moths are in flight from mid-July to mid-
August. This subspecies is considered rare in Newfoundland and is not
recorded from Labrador. It is probably just a color variation of hersiliata
and not a true subspecies.

The larva, according to Forbes (1948), is thought to be green with a
yellow head, and with white subdorsal, broken midventral, and traces of
lateral lines. The skin is spinulose with white tubercles and setae. The
cocoon, containing a green pupa with a white middorsal line, is an open net
type. The larva is said to feed on currant {Ribes spp.).

Genus Thera Stephens

T. contractata (Packard) EVERGREEN SPANWORM

Plate 28, 16

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine,
and Quebec west to Manitoba and Wyoming. In Newfoundland, it is
represented by a single specimen taken by the Newfoundland Forest
Research Centre at Miguels Lake, 10 July 1958 (Pardy 1974). There are no
records of the species from Labrador.

The larva, as reported by McGuffin (1958<3), is similar to that of the
following species, T. otisi. In fact, he could find no constant difference in
color pattern or measurements between the two species. The larva of T.
contractata is a solitary defoliator on juniper {Juniperus spp.).

T. otisi (Dyar)
Plate 28, 17

This species is normally found only in Alberta and British Columbia,
but has been taken in Newfoundland at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Lethbridge,
Gander, Miguels Lake, Tompkins, Stephenville, Woody Point, and St.
Anthony. The moths are in flight from early July to mid-August and are
generally rare.

The mature larva is 1 1-18 mm long and has a reticulate, russet-colored
head and a rough, pale green thorax and abdomen. It has a white or yellow
subdorsal line, a red line above a white line in the subspiracular area, and a
yellow green midventral line. The food plant is common juniper {Juniperus
communis).

229

Genus Hydriomena Hubner

H.furcata (Thunberg)
Plate 28, 18 and 19

This species is distributed from Newfoundland west to Alaska and
south to northern California. A duller, smoky variety (Plate 28, 18), is
found in Labrador. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's,
Terrenceville, New World Island, and St. Anthony. The moths are in flight
from late July to late August and are considered rare. In Labrador, this
species has been taken at Hopedale and Goose Bay, where the moths are in
flight from mid-July to early September.

The mature larva is 12-20 mm long. The head is brown with dark
brown markings, the thorax and abdomen are slightly rough and red in
color, and there is a longitudinal black or brown middorsal line. The larva is
a solitary defoliator, primarily on willow (Salix spp.), but may wander and
feed on other forest trees and shrubs.

H. dimsaria frigidata (Walker)
Plate 28, 20

This subspecies occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
wick, Quebec, and Ontario west to Manitoba and south to New York. In
Newfoundland, adults have been collected at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Leth-
bridge, Lomond, South Branch, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from
late June to early August and are generally considered rare. This subspecies
has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva, according to McGuffin (1958^), is 10-18 mm long, slightly
rough, and pale gray in color, often suffused with pink on the anterior half
of each abdominal segment. The middorsal line is a dark gray, broadened on
the first six or seven abdominal segments to form rectangular gray patches.
The slightly roughened head is light brown with brown markings. The larva
is a solitary defoliator on white spruce {Picea glauca), balsam fir {Abies
balsamea), and pine (Pinus spp.).

H. renunciata (Walker)
Plate 28, 21

The species is found in Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova Scotia, Maine,
Quebec, south to Florida and west to the Pacific. McGuffin (1958^)
reported it is found across Canada. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Lethbridge, Gander, St. Anthony, Pynns
Brook, Georges Lake, St. George's, Tompkins, and Doyles, where the moths
are in flight from mid-June to late July. In Labrador, adults have been
taken at Hamilton Inlet and Cartwright, where the adults are in flight from
mid-July to early August. This species is considered rare in both regions.

230

The mature larva is 13-18 mm long, the head is brown with dark brown
markings, and the thorax and abdomen are slightly rough and pale brown in
color. The middorsal line is brown and in some larvae widens into rectan-
gles. The setae are long, brown, and pointed. The larva feeds principally on
alder {Alnus spp.), but has been collected and reared on other hosts.

H. ruberata (Freyer)

Plate 29, 1

This circumpolar species occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
the Atlantic States to the Pacific. It is considered rare in Newfoundland and
has not been recorded from Labrador. Adults were taken by Krogerus
(1954) at South Branch and Stephenville Crossing, 3-6 July 1949.

The larva, described from European specimens, is usually brown with
inconspicuous markings. It is social when young and feeds on willow {Salix
spp.) by webbing together the terminal leaves, and sometimes the catkins.
The species is single brooded and hibernates as a pupa.

Genus Xanthorhoe Hubner

X. lacustrata (Guenee)
Plate 29, 2

This species is found in Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova Scotia,
Quebec, west to Alberta and British Columbia, and in Maine, Pennsylvania,
and Texas. In Newfoundland this species has been taken at St. George's and
Tompkins, where moths are in flight in mid-June. In Labrador, a single
specimen was taken at Cartwright by Cashman, 28 July 1955, and is now in
the Canadian National Collection.

The mature larva is about 22 mm long and has a rough brown body and
a smooth greenish yellow head. The middorsal line is a series of dashes and
patches, and the subdorsal and subventral lines are wavy and brown. The
larva feeds on snapweed {Impatiens spp.) and probably hibernates when
partly grown.

X. labradorensis (Packard)

Plate 29, 3

This species occurs in Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Quebec, south to North Carolina, and west to British Columbia. In New-
foundland, adults have been taken at St. Anthony and St. George's from
mid-June to mid- July and in Labrador at Cartwright, Hopedale, and
Caribou Island from early to late July.

231

The mature larva, according to McGuffin (1958a), is approximately 16
mm long, and has a smooth head with brown markings, and a pale brown
thorax and abdomen with dark brown dorsal markings. The larva feeds on
Alyssum spp. and hibernation is probably as a pupa.

X. munitata (Hiibner) RED CARPET (BR.)

Plate 29, 4

This Arctic-alpine species is widespread in Canada from the Atlantic to
the Pacific, including the Yukon and the Northwest Territories. In New-
foundland, the species is widely distributed (Fig. 32) and at times locally
common. The moths are in flight from late June to mid-August. In
Labrador, adults have been taken at Hopedale and Cartwright, where they
are in flight from early July until early September and are common in some
years.

The mature larva is 22-25 mm long, pale in color, mottled with
purplish brown on abdominal segments 1-5 and has faint dotted dorsal and
subdorsal lines. The head may be smooth or slightly rough, and is pale with
brown markings. The larva feeds on lady's-mantle {Alchemilla spp.), chick-
weed {Stellaria spp.), and groundsel {Senecio spp.).

X. ferrugata (Clerck) RED TWIN SPOT

Plate 29, 5

This circumpolar species occurs throughout Canada, and extends south
to Pennsylvania. In Newfoundland, the species has been taken at St. John's,
Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Salmonier, Steady Brook, Lomond, Doctors Brook, St.
Anthony, Tompkins, Port aux Basques, Rose Blanche, Burgeo, and Grand
Bruit. Moths are in flight from mid-June to late July and at times are fairly
common. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Nagrak [Nachvak] Fiord,
Cartwright, Hopedale, and Knob Lake, where adults are in flight from late
June to mid-August. Specimens of the form unidentaria (Haworth) were
recorded at St. John's, 30 July 1968, at Mt. Pearl, 1 July 1976, and at
Kilbride, 4-5 July 1976.

The mature larva is 14-25 mm long, pale gray in color with brown
middorsal and subdorsal lines. The head may be smooth or slightly rough
and is pale gray with brown spots. The larva feeds on dandelion {Tarax-
acum spp.), ground-ivy (Glechoma spp.), and smartweed (Polygonum spp.).

X. ramaria Swett & Cassino
Plate 29, 6

This species is somewhat rare but can be found throughout arctic and
mountainous areas of Canada. It has been recorded by Brower (1974) at
Mt. Katahdin, Maine. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Hopedale,

232

Fig. 32. Distribution of Xanthorhoe munitata (Hiibner) in Newfoundland.

Cartwright, Hebron, and Knob Lake. The moths are in flight from mid-
June to late July and are considered rare. The wings have an irregular
pattern of lines and diagonals. This species has not been recorded from
Newfoundland.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.

233

X. baffinensis McDunnough
Plate 29, 7

This unique species is, as the name implies, found on Baffin Island. In
Labrador, it is represented by a single specimen taken at Knob Lake, on the
Quebec-Labrador boundary, by Munroe, 1 July 1948. No additional speci-
mens have been taken and the species has not been recorded from
Newfoundlajid.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.

X. algidata (Moschler)
Plate 29, 8

This species is found in Quebec, Labrador, and western Newfoundland,
and in the mountains of New York and New Hampshire. In Newfoundland,
adults have been taken at Steady Brook and St. Anthony, where the moths
are in flight from late June to mid-July and are, at times, locally common.
In Labrador, adults have been taken at Hopedale, Cartwright, and Knob
Lake, where they are in flight from mid- July to mid-August.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

X. iduata (Guenee)

Plate 29, 9

According to Krogerus (1954) this species is found in eastern and
central areas of Canada, and south to North Carolina. In Newfoundland,
adults have been taken at St. Barbe and Eddies Cove West, where the moths
are in flight from mid to late July. In Labrador, a single specimen was taken
at Cartwright by Stearns, 6 August 1955.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

X. abrasaria congregata (Walker)

Plate 29, 10

This subspecies is distributed throughout arctic Canada, and south in
the higher mountains to New Hampshire and New York. In Newfoundland,
adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Colinet, Gander, Woody
Point, Eddies Cove, Eddies Cove West, Doctors Brook, St. Anthony,
Georges Lake, St. George's, Stephenville, Doyles, Tompkins, Codroy Valley,
and Burin. The moths are in flight from mid-July to mid-August and at
times are locally common. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Cart-
wright, Hopedale, Goose Bay, and Knob Lake, where they are in flight from

234

mid-July to late August. Packard (1888) also reported the subspecies from
Caribou Island, Labrador.

Ferguson (1954) reported this subspecies as always occurring in spruce
forest, although the larvae may not feed on conifers. However, further
details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

Genus Dasyuris Guenee

D. polata punctipes (Curtis)
Plate 29, 11

This subspecies is found in Labrador, Bradore Bay, Que., Port Burwell,
Ont., and Churchill, Man. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Hope-
dale, Hebron, and Nain, where the moths are in flight from early July to
late August. Many moths, now in the Canadian National Collection, were
taken at Hopedale by Perrett between 1922 and 1934 and more were taken
at Hebron by McAlpine between 19 July and 22 August 1954. Munroe
(1951) reported that some of the species from Hopedale are transitional to
the subspecies described below from Bradore Bay. D. p. punctipes has not
been found in Newfoundland.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.

D. polata bradorata Munroe
Plate 29, 12

This subspecies was described by Munroe (1951) from a series of
specimens taken by W. J. Brown at Bradore Bay in the Strait of Belle Isle
between 30 July and 4 August 1930. Six specimens now in the Canadian
National Collection were taken at St. Anthony by Moore and Wallis, 8-20
August 1951, and these are the only records from Newfoundland. However,
more extensive collecting would probably prove D. p. bradorata to have a
wider distribution.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

Genus Orthonama Hubner

O. obstipata (Fabricius) GEM

Plate 29, 13 and 14

This species is worldwide in its distribution. In North America, it is
found from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken at Woody Point, Eddies Cove West, and South Branch. The moths are

235

in flight from early to late July and are considered rare. The species has not
been reported from Labrador.

The mature larva is 13-19 mm long. Its body is slightly roughened and
green to reddish brown in color, and its pale brown head is reticulate and
thickly dotted with dark brown. The middorsal and subdorsal lines are
double but indistinct. The abdominal segments have five purplish interseg-
mental cross bands, each terminated laterally by a black longitudinal dash.
The larva feeds on smartweed (Polygonum spp.) and dock {Rumex spp.)
and there are probably two or more generations a year (McGuffin 1958a).

O. evansi McDunnough

Plate 29, 15

This rare species has been recorded from Nova Scotia, Quebec, and
Ontario. In Newfoundland, a single specimen was taken by Krogerus at
Stephenville Crossing, 7 July 1949. No additional specimens have been
taken or observed and there are no records from Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

Genus Entephria Hiibner

E. aurata (Packard)

Plate 29, 16

This species is distributed from Labrador and Newfoundland west to
the Northwest Territories, south to Maine, New Jersey, and New York, and
west to Colorado. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Port au
Choix and St. Anthony, where moths are in flight from early July to
mid-August. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Hopedale and Knob
Lake, where they are in flight from mid-July to late August.

The larva (Forbes 1948) is strongly mottled with red dorsally. It is
found on heath {Erica spp.), orpine {Sedum spp.), saxifrage {Saxifraga
spp.), and other alpine plants.

Genus Mesoleuca Hiibner

M. ruficillata (Guenee)

Plate 29, 17

This species is found from Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
Maine, and Quebec west to British Columbia and south to Carolina. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Mt. Pearl, Carbonear, and

236

Glenburnie, where the moths are in flight from mid to late July. In
Labrador, adults have been taken at Cartwright, where they are in flight
from late June to late July and are at times fairly common.

The mature larva is 18-28 mm long and has a smooth green body and a
pale green head with brown markings. There is a red or brown triangular
spot at the posterior edges of each of abdominal segments 1-7. The
longitudinal lines are dark green dorsally and red laterally. There are four
larval instars and the species hibernates as a pupa. The larva feeds on
raspberry {Rubus spp.).

Genus Epirrhoe Hubner

E. alternata (Miiller)

Plate 29, 18

This circumpolar species is distributed from Labrador, Newfoundland,
and Nova Scotia south to the District of Columbia and west to Alaska and
Washington. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt.
Pearl, Kilbride, St. Barbe, Eddies Cove, Eddies Cove West, St. Anthony,
Stephenville, Table Mountain, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight in
Newfoundland from mid-July to mid-August and although widely distribut-
ed are never common. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Cartwright
and Hopedale, where they are in flight from early July to early August.

The mature larva is 17-20 mm long and has a slightly rough pale gray
body and a reticulate pale gray head with brown dots. The middorsal line is
dark brown oa the thorax and posterior abdominal segments, and there is a
brown dorsal cross on each of abdominal segments 1-5. The other longitudi-
nal lines are brown and irregular. The larva feeds on bedstraw {Galium
spp.), is free-living, and has four larval instars. The species hibernates as a
pupa (McGuffin 1958a).

Genus Spargania Guenee

S. magnoliata Guenee
Plate 29, 19

This species occurs from Newfoundland south to North Carolina and
west to the Pacific. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's,
Mt. Pearl, Gander, Port au Choix, St. Anthony, Pynns Brook, Corner
Brook, and Georges Lake. The moths are in flight from late June to
mid-August and are considered rare. This species has not been recorded
from Labrador.

237

The mature larva is 18-30 mm long and has a slightly roughened green,
yellow green, or pale gray body and a green head with fine brown flecks.
The longitudinal lines are pale gray, double gray, or brown. The larva feeds
on fireweed {Epilobium spp.) and evening-primrose {Oenothera spp.), is
free-living, and has four larval instars. The species hibernates as a pupa
(McGuffin 1958^).

S. luctuata obductata (Moschler)
Plate 29, 20

This circumpolar subspecies is distributed in North America from
Labrador south to New York and North Carolina and west to the Pacific. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Mt. Pearl, Gander, Lomond,
Pynns Brook, Corner Brook, and St. George's, where the moths are in flight
from mid-June to mid-July. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Hope-
dale, Makkovik, Hamilton Inlet, and Cartwright, where they are in flight
from mid- June to late July. This species is considered rare, but at times may
be locally common in both Newfoundland and Labrador.

The mature larva, according to McGuffin (1958<3), is 20-25 mm long,
and exists in two color forms. The green form has a pale russet green head, a
yellow green body with grayish yellow green, yellow, and green longitudinal
lines. The brown form has a pale brown head with brown markings, a yellow
or pale brown body, and a brown middorsal line with a brown cross on each
of abdominal segments 1-7. There are four free-living larval instars, which
feed on fireweed {Epilobium spp.). This species overwinters as a pupa.

Genus Euphyia Hubner

E. unangulata (Haworth)

Plate 29, 21

This species is distributed from Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
and Maine south to the District of Columbia and west to Alaska and
Washington. It is also known to occur in Eurasia. In Newfoundland, adults
have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Lethbridge, Cow Head, Port au
Choix, St. Barbe, St. Anthony, Corner Brook, Georges Lake, St. George's,
Tompkins, and Port aux Basques. The moths are in flight from late June to
early August and, at times, are quite common in some localities. In
Labrador, adults have been taken at Cartwright and Goose Bay, where they
are in flight from early July to early August.

The larva is brown, mottled, and variegated, with short dorsal lines at
both ends. The first five abdominal segments have arrowhead-shaped dorsal
markings which are dark but are edged on the inside with white. The larva
feeds on bedstraw {Galium spp.) and plants of the Caryophyllaceae family.

238

Genus Rheumaptera Hubner

R. hastata (Linnaeus) SPEAR-MARKED BLACK

Plate 29, 22 and 23

This circumpolar species is distributed in North America from Eastern
Canada west to Manitoba, and south to Pennsylvania. R. h. gothicata
(Guenee) is considered only a color variation of R. hastata. The variations
in color are shown in Plate 29, 22 and 23; both forms occur in offspring of
the same parent female. It is widely distributed in Newfoundland (Fig. 33)
and is at times fairly common in some localities. These diurnal moths are in
flight from mid-June to late July. In Labrador, adults have been taken at
Cartwright, North West River, and Hamilton Inlet, where they are in flight
from early to late July.

The mature larva, as described by McGuffin (1973), is 14-20 mm long
and has an almost smooth dark brown to black body and a slightly
roughened brown to dark brown or black head. The body may or may not
have light lines; however, the spiracles of the abdomen are usually in light
patches. The larvae feed within a shelter of leaves tied together and the
pupal stage overwinters. Host plants include birch (Betula spp.), alder
{Alnus spp.), willow {Salix spp.), and wax myrtle {Myrica cerifera).

R. siibhastata (Nolcken)
Plate 29, 24

This species is distributed from Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
and Maine west to Alberta and Vancouver Island. It is similar to R. hastata,
but is smaller, the black coloring is more solid, and the underside of the
hindwing is normally almost solid black. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken at Pynns Brook, St. Anthony, and St. George's, where the diurnal
moths are in flight during mid- July. In Labrador, adults have been taken at
Cartwright, Goose Bay, and Knob Lake, where they are in flight from late
June to mid- July. This species is rare in both areas.

The mature larva is 12-17 mm long and has a light brown body with a
light brown to white spiracular line. Other longitudinal lines are dark brown
to black. The head is brown with dark brown markings in a herringbone
pattern on the lobes. The larva feeds on alder {Alnus spp.), birch {Betula
spp.), and willow {Salix spp.). The eggs are white or yellowish and are
usually attached to the undersides of leaves of the host plant. The larva
drops to the ground when fully grown, pupates, and hibernates in this stage.
There is only one generation a year.

239

Fig. 33. Distribution o{ Rheumaptera hastata (Linnaeus) in Newfoundland.

Genus Perizoma Hubner

p. basaliata (Walker)
Plate 29, 25

This species is known to occur from Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova
Scotia, Ontario, Maine, New Hampshire, and New York to Alberta. In

240

Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Corner Brook, Glenburnie,
Woody Point, Lomond, Cow Head, Port au Choix, Eddies Cove West, and
St. Anthony. The moths are in flight from early July to mid-August. In
Labrador a single specimen was taken at Cartwright by Stearns, 5 August
1955.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland and Labrador are not
available.

P. alchemillata (Linnaeus) SMALL RIVULET (BR.)

Plate 29, 26

This species is found throughout the greater part of Europe, Asia
Minor, and central Asia. It is relatively new to North America and is found
only in Newfoundland (Morris and Bolte 1977). Adults were first taken at
St. John's, 22 July 1954, and were also reported from Donovans and Mt.
Pearl by Ferguson (1958) in the same year. Adults have since been taken at
Bay Bulls, Kilbride, Lethbridge, Stephenville, St. George's, and Tompkins,
where they are in flight from early July to early August. The species is now
widely distributed and at times fairly common.

The larva, as described by South (1961), is plump, purplish dorsally,
yellowish green ventrally, and has a glossy black head. The dorsal line is
broad and yellow, and the lateral lines, also yellow but narrower, are above
black spiracles. The larva feeds on the seed capsules of hemp nettle
{Galeopsis spp.) and is single brooded. The species probably hibernates as a
pupa.

Genus Anticlea Stephens

A. vasiliata (Giienee)

Plate 29, 27

This species is found from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine, and
Quebec south to New Jersey and west to the Pacific. In Newfoundland, the
species is widely distributed but not common. Adults have been taken at St.
John's, Kilbride, Mt. Pearl, Pynns Brook, Harmon Field, St. George's, and
Tompkins. The moths are in flight from mid-May to early July. This species
has not yet been recorded from Labrador but probably exists there.

The mature larva is 20-30 mm long and has a slightly rough green
head and a green thorax and abdomen with faint white lines. The larva is
free-living, has five instars, and feeds on raspberry {Rubus spp.). The
species probably hibernates as a pupa.

A. multiferata (Walker)
Plate 29, 28

This species is transcontinental in its distribution, occurring in Labra-
dor, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Maine, west to the Pacific,

241

and north to the Yukon. In Newfoundland, adults have been collected at St.
John's, Mt. Pearl, Grand Bruit, Burgeo, and Port aux Basques, where the
moths are in flight from mid to late June. Eight adults were taken at
Cartwright in Labrador by Stearns between 5 and 19 July 1955, but the
species is rare in both Newfoundland and Labrador.

The mature larva is about 20 mm long and has a finely reticulate white
head with a broad brown line on the upper angles, a finely reticulate or
smooth thorax and abdomen, and a yellow prothoracic shield. It feeds on
fireweed {Epilobium spp.) and has four instars. The species probably
hibernates as a pupa (McGuffin 1958a).

Genus Venusia Curtis

V. cambrica Curtis WELSH WAVE (BR.)

Plate 29, 29

This circumpolar species occurs across North America from Labrador
to Alaska and from North Carolina to northern California. In Newfound-
land, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Salmonier, Bay
L'Argent, Lethbridge, Gander, Glenburnie, Lomond, Port au Choix, Eddies
Cove West, Pynns Brook, Spruce Brook, Georges Lake, St. George's,
Tompkins, and Doyles. The moths are in flight from late June to mid-
August and at times are locally common. Five adults, now in the Canadian
National Collection, Ottawa, were taken at Cartwright, Labrador, by
Stearns between 26 July and 2 August 1955.

The mature larva is 12-18 mm long and has a smooth pale green head,
a slightly rough, pale green or yellow green thorax and abdomen, and
sometimes a red triangular marking on the back of abdominal segments 1-6.
It is free-living and feeds on alder {Alnus spp.) and mountain ash (Sorbus
americana). The species hibernates as a pupa.

V. comptaria (Walker)

Plate 29, 30

This species occurs in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine, Quebec,
and Ontario, and south to Wasiiington, D.C. In Newfoundland this species
is represented by a specimen taken at Gander by Krogerus, 2 June 1949,
and another at Paddys Pond (approximately 13 km west of St. John's), 20
May 1976. There are no records from Labrador.

The mature larva is 8-16 mm long, has a rough, pale green head, and a
green, slightly rough thorax and abdomen. It is free-living, matures in four
instars, and feeds on alder {Alnus spp.) and mountain ash {Sorbus america-
na). The pupa is the overwintering stage.

242

Genus Hydrelia Hubner

H. lucata (Guenee)

Plate 29, 31

This species occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and
Maine south to Virginia and Kentucky. In Newfoundland, specimens have
been taken at St. George's, 11-12 July 1976, and by Krogerus (1954) at
Glenburnie and Steady Brook between 10 and 19 July 1949. The Krogerus
specimens were labeled as H. inornata; however, these specimens have
recently been determined by K. Bolte of the Biosystematics Research
Institute, Ottawa, to be H. lucata. For comparison, a specimen of H.
inornata is shown in Plate 29, 32. The species has not been found in
Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available.

H. albifera (Walker)
Plate 30, 1

This species is known to occur from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, Maine, and Ontario south to Pennsylvania and west to eastern
British Columbia. In Newfoundland, adults have been collected at Mt.
Pearl, Lomond, Glenburnie, St. Barbe, Eddies Cove West, St. John Island,
Corner Brook, Spruce Brook, South Branch, and Table Mountain. The
moths are in flight from late June to late July. The species is considered to
be rare in Newfoundland and is not recorded from Labrador.

The mature larva is 9-10 mm long, has a pale green or pale russet
green head with pale brown specks, and a slightly rough green thorax and
abdomen. The setae are long, brown, and pointed. The larva is free-living on
dogwood (Cornus stolonifera) .

H. terraenovae Krogerus
Plate 30, 2

This species was described by Krogerus (1954) from a single female
moth collected 30 July 1949 at Eddies Cove West. So far, the species is
known from Newfoundland only. The type specimens are now in the
Canadian National Collection. No additional specimens have been taken or
observed since.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are not available so
far.

243

Genus Lomographa Hubner

L. semiclarata (Walker)
Plate 30, 3

This species is known to occur from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, Quebec, and Maine south to New York and Virginia and west to
southern British Columbia. The moths are diurnal and are reported to be
locally common at times. In Newfoundland, adults have been collected at
St. John's, Tors Cove, La Manche, Ferryland, Holyrood, and Millertown,
where they are in flight from early to late June. There are no records from
Labrador.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on cherry {Prunus spp.) and hawthorn
{Crataegus spp.).

L. vestaliata (Guenee)

Plate 30, 4

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec,
Maine, and Ontario south to Alabama and Texas and west to Alberta and
Colorado. In Newfoundland, adults have been collected at widely separated
localities, including Carbonear, Bay d'Espoir, Terra Nova, and Corner
Brook. The moths are in flight from mid-June to mid-July.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on choke cherry and pin cherry
{Prunus spp.), mountain ash {Sorbus spp.), and hawthorn {Crataegus spp.).

L. glomeraria (Grote)

Plate 30, 5

This species occurs in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Maine, Quebec, and Ontario, west to Manitoba and Wisconsin, and south to
Alabama. In Newfoundland, adults have been collected at St. John's,
Kilbride, Pynns Brook, and Tompkins, where the moths are in flight from
early to late June. The species is widely distributed in Newfoundland and is
at times fairly common, but is not recorded from Labrador.

The larva is translucent blue green with thin whitish dorsal and lateral
lines and a yellow green head (Ferguson 1954). It is a solitary defoliator on
cherry {Prunus spp.) and hawthorn {Crataegus spp.).

L. glomeraria ab. merricki (Cassino & Swett)

Plate 30, 6

This aberration is found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and
Quebec. It is similar to the preceding species but may be differentiated by

244

the median area of the forewing, which is a contrasting dark brown. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Pynns
Brook, and St. George's, where the moths are in flight from late May to late
June. This moth has not been recorded in Labrador.

Details of the immature stages in Newfoundland are unavailable but
are probably similar to those of L. glomeraria.

Genus Cabera Treitschke

C. borealis (Hulst)

Plate 30, 7 and 8

This northern species is known to occur in Labrador and northern
Quebec, and west to Alberta and British Columbia. In Labrador, adults
have been taken at Hopedale and Cartwright from early to late July. The
species is locally common in Labrador, but is not recorded from
Newfoundland.

The larva has a pale green or pale yellow green thorax and abdomen,
with a green middorsal line and a gray or green subspiracular line. The head
is russet green or yellow green with a dark brown or red brown bar on the
lower side of each cheek. The larva feeds on willow {Salix spp.) and when
fully grown ties leaves together with silk and pupates within this shelter
(McGuffin 19586).

C. variolaria Guenee PINK STRIPED WILLOW SPANWORM

Plate 30, 9

This small white moth is found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, Maine, the Hudson Bay area, west to British Columbia, and
south to North Carolina and Arizona. In Newfoundland, the species is
represented by a single specimen taken at Gander by Hennigar, 29 July
1949. The species is considered rare, but is probably more widespread than
present records indicate.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on willow {Salix spp.) and sometimes
trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides). It has a smooth green head with
pink lateral lines on the upper side, and a pale green or pale yellow green
abdomen with eight brown middorsal spots, each flanked with a pale lilac
patch. There is also a brown larval form of this species that has a pale blue
abdomen.

C. erythemaria Guenee
Plate 30, 10

This species is distributed in Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova Scotia,
Maine, Quebec, and Ontario, south to Pennsylvania, and west to Manitoba

245

and British Columbia. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St.
John's, Kilbride, Mt. Pearl, Goulds, Chamberlains, Lethbridge, Gander,
Eddies Cove West, Cook's Harbour, St. Anthony, Pynns Brook, Corner
Brook, Georges Lake, Doyles, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from
late June to mid-August. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Cartwright
from early to mid-July.

The mature larva is green, with a red brown stripe on each side of the
head. The body has a diffuse white dorsal stripe and a white patch on the
middle of each segment, divided by a deep crimson dash (Forbes 1948). The
larva is a solitary defoliator on willow {Salix spp.).

Genus Isturgia Hubner

/. truncataria (Walker)
Plate 30, 11

This small, colorful, diurnal species is found in Newfoundland, Labra-
dor, Nova Scotia, and Maine, south to New Jersey, and west to Alaska,
Colorado, and Arizona. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at
Portugal Cove, St. John's, Colinet, Cinq Cerf River, Grand Bruit, and St.
Anthony. Specimens from St. Anthony were taken by Winn (1913). The
moths are in flight from early to late June and are found in peat or
sphagnum bogs as they fly around their host plants during the day. In
Labrador, adults have been taken at Cartwright and Goose Bay, where the
moths are in flight from early June to early July.

The mature larva is 15-16 mm long and has a russet to green head with
five brown marks, and a green body that has light green or white lines with
gray margins. The larva feeds on bearberry {Arctostaphylos spp.) and has
five instars. The species overwinters as a pupa.

Genus Semiothisa Hubner

S. bisignata (Walker) REDHEADED INCHWORM

Plate 30, 12

This species, according to Prentice (1963), is distributed from New-
foundland west to central Ontario, with records of single specimens collected
in Manitoba and Alberta. McGuffin (1972) gave the distribution as Nova
Scotia to northwestern Ontario and south to North Carolina. In Newfound-
land, Prentice (1963) reported that the species was taken in the Bale Verte
area. No additional specimens have been taken or observed.

246

The mature larva is 14-22 mm long, and has a russet green head
suffused with brown and a yellow green to green body with green or
greenish white longitudinal lines. It feeds on eastern white pine (Pinus
strobus) and spruce (Picea spp.), and has five instars. The species hibernates
as a pupa.

S. signaria dispuncta (Walker)

Plate 30, 13

This subspecies is transcontinental in its distribution, occurring from
Newfoundland and Labrador to the Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C. (McGuf-
fin 1972). In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt.
Pearl, Kilbride, Topsail, Salmonier, Villa Marie, Mussel Pond, Triton
Brook, Pynns Brook, Lomond, Glenburnie, St. Barbe, Eddies Cove West,
Daniel's Harbour, Piccadilly, Stephenville Crossing, St. George's, Stephen-
ville, South Branch, Tompkins, Doyles, Table Mountain, Port aux Basques,
and Grand Bruit. The moths are in flight from early June to late July and at
times are locally common. In Labrador, adults have been taken at Cart-
wright and Goose Bay, where they are in flight from late June to early
August. Packard (1888) reported this subspecies from Square Island,
Labrador.

The mature larva is 20-30 mm long, and has a yellow green head with
brown markings, and a light green body with double gray, white-flecked
green, and black longitudinal lines. The larva feeds on balsam fir {Abies
balsamea), spruce {Picea spp.), tamarack {Larix spp.), and pine {Pinus
spp.), and has five, and occasionally six, instars. The pupa is the overwinter-
ing stage.

S. submarmorata (Walker)

Plate 30, 14

McGuffin (1972) stated that this species was distributed from Nova
Scotia to western Alberta. Ferguson (1974) reported that adults were taken
in Newfoundland at Topsail, Bonavista South, Witless Bay Line, Salmonier,
Grand Falls, Doyles, and Millville. The adults were in flight from late June
to early August. This species has not been reported from Labrador.

The mature larva is 16-19 mm long, and has a light green to gray green
head and a green body with double russet green, light green, and double
dark gray longitudinal lines. It is a solitary defoliator on tamarack {Larix
spp.). The species hibernates as a pupa (McGuffin 1972).

S. oweni (Swett)
Plate 30, 15

This species was originally described as a variety of S. granitata by
Swett in 1907, based on a male specimen collected in August at Grand

247

Lake, Newfoundland. In 1917, the variety was raised to the rank of a
species by Barnes and McDunnough. The species is now distributed from
Newfoundland, Maine, and Nova Scotia to western Alberta. In Newfound-
land, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Salmonier,
Grand Lake, Pynns Brook, St. George's, Doyles, and Tompkins. The moths
are in flight from early July to early August and are considered rare.

The mature larva is 17 mm long, and has a chestnut brown head and a
green body with double gray longitudinal lines. It is a solitary defoliator on
tamarack {Larix spp.). The species hibernates as a pupa.

S. sexmaculata (Packard)

Plate 30, 16

This small gray brown species was described by Packard in 1866 from
specimens (both male and female) taken at Square Island, Labrador. It is
distributed from Newfoundland to eastern British Columbia, north to the
Northwest Territories, and south to Massachusetts, New York, and Oregon.
The species is widely distributed and common in Newfoundland and Labra-
dor (Figs. 34a and b). The moths are in flight in Newfoundland from late
May to mid-August and in Labrador from late June to early August.

The mature larva is 12-18 mm long and is found in green and brown
forms. The green form has a green head and body with dark green and
whitish lines. The brown form has a gray head with dark gray or purplish
gray markings, and a light gray body with double gray lines. The host plant
is tamarack {Larix spp.) and the species hibernates as a pupa (McGuffin
1972).

S. neptaria (Guenee)

Plate 30, 17 and 18

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Maine west to Vancouver Island, north to the Yukon and Northwest
Territories, and south to New Hampshire, New York, and California.
Forbes (1948) reported the race trifasciata taken at Grand Lake, New-
foundland. No specimens have been taken or observed since. The moths are
in flight from late June to mid-July and are considered rare. They have not
been found in Labrador.

The mature larva, as described by McGuffin (1972) is 18-25 mm long
and is known to exist in green and gray brown forms. The green form has a
light gray green head with brown on the lobes, and a yellow green body with
double green lines. The gray brown larva has a light gray to light brown
head and a light brown to reddish yellow body with double gray or brown
lines. The larvae feeds on willow (Salix spp.) and poplar {Populus spp.).
The species hibernates as a pupa.

248

Fig. 34a. Distribution o( Semiothisa sexmaculata (Packard) in Newfoundland.

S. hebetata (Hulst)
Plate 30, 19

This species is distributed from Labrador to the Yukon and south to
Colorado. The dark-lined form was originally described as a distinct species
but was later relegated to the form ponderosa of hebetata (McGuffin 1972).
The species has been taken in Labrador at Cartwright and Goose Bay,
where moths are in flight from mid to late June. They are considered rare
and have not been recorded from Newfoundland.

249

Fig. 34b. Distribution of Semiothisa sexmaculata (Packard) in Labrador.

The mature larva is 18-24 mm long and may be found in two color
forms. The brown form has a yellow head heavily marked with reddish
brown, and a brown body with brown lines and patches. The green form has

250

a yellow green head with gray green markings, and a yellow green body with
gray green double lines. The larva feeds on willow {Salix spp.). There are
five instars, and the pupa hibernates.

Genus Itame Hiibner

This is a large genus of homogenous species. There are 20 species in
Canada, 10 of which have been recorded from Newfoundland and Labrador.
Some species are related in such complex ways that they can be separated
only with great difficulty. Ferguson (1953) and McGuffin (1972) have
described the Canadian species in detail.

All species of the genus overwinter in the egg stage. The eggs are oval
to ellipsoidal, sculptured, and sometimes have tiny white knobs on ridges.
They are laid on the stems or branches of host plants or on the ground near
the host plant. The larvae of this genus feed stretched out along the leaves of
host plants and, after completing five instars of growth, form brown pupae
either in cocoons of soil particles held together loosely with silk, or on the
surface of the ground without cocoons.

/. pustularia (Guenee) LESSER MAPLE SPANWORM

Plate 30, 20

This species is distributed from western Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
and Quebec south to Florida and west to Wisconsin, Iowa, and Saskatche-
wan. In Newfoundland, a single specimen was taken by the Forest Research
Service at Stephenville Crossing, 6 August 1966. The species is considered
rare and has not been reported from Labrador.

The mature larva is about 20 mm long, and has a green head and a
cream body with double green lines. It feeds on maple {Acer spp.). The egg
is the overwintering stage.

/. argillacearia (Packard)
Plate 30, 21

This species occurs in Newfoundland, Maine, Quebec, southern
Ontario, New York, and New Jersey. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken on a sphagnum bog at Colinet. The moths are in flight from mid-July
to early August, and are considered rare. The species has not been reported
from Labrador.

The larva has been reported on Vaccinium spp.

/. andersoni (Swett)
Plate 30, 22

This species is known from Newfoundland and Labrador west to
northern British Columbia and the Yukon. In Newfoundland, adults have

251

been taken at Kilbride, Gander, St. John Island, and Port au Choix, where
the moths are in flight from mid-July to early August. In Labrador, adults
have been collected at Cartwright and Knob Lake, where the moths are in
flight from late July to early August. The species is considered rare in both
regions.

The mature larva is 14-17 mm long, and has a white head with black
patches, and a light body with two subdorsal rows of fine black dots and a
lateral black line. Ferguson (1954) reported rearing adults from larva on
Vaccinium spp.

/. sulphurea (Packard)
Plate 30, 23 and 24

This species occurs from Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Maine south to
Massachusetts and west to British Columbia and California. The various
races of the species have been illustrated by McGuffin (1972). In New-
foundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Carbonear, Fortune,
Gander, Gaff Topsail, Grand Lake, Woody Point, Doctor's Hills, Eddies
Cove West, St. Anthony, Corner Brook, and Spruce Brook. The moths are
in flight from mid- July to mid-August and at times are locally common. In
Labrador, 104 adults, now in the Canadian National Collection, were taken
at Cartwright by Stearns between 10 July and 1 1 August 1955.

The mature larva is 18-20 mm long, and has a light green body with a
lateral cream stripe and a less distinctly green head with a lateral cream
stripe on the lower lobe. It is a solitary defoliator on cranberry {Vaccinium
spp.) and meadow fern {Myrica gale).

I. brunneata (Thunberg)
Plate 30, 26 and 27

This circumpolar species is distributed from Labrador, Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, and Maine west to Alaska and British Columbia and south to
Massachusetts, Michigan, and Wyoming. It is also found in northern
Europe, the mountains of central Europe, Siberia, and Japan (McGuffin
1972). In Newfoundland, adults have been collected at St. John's, Colinet,
Port de Grave, Gander, Springdale, Davis Pond Road, Woody Point, and
Eddies Cove, where the moths are in flight from early July to late August.
In Labrador, the species has been taken at Cartwright and Goose Bay,
where they are in flight from late July to mid-August.

The mature larva is brown and has many longitudinal lines that are
predominantly green dorsally, reddish brown subdorsally, yellowish lateral-
ly, and a dirty white ventrally. The host plants are trembling aspen
(Populus tremuloides), birch {Betula spp.), and Vaccinium spp.

252

/. subcessaria (Walker)
Plate 30, 25

This species occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine and
Quebec west to Manitoba and Iowa and south to Pennsylvania and' New
York. Adults were recorded from Newfoundland by Bruton (1930) who
reported that a specimen was taken by Gosse at Carbonear in 1832 No
specimens have been taken or observed since and none have been recorded
from Labrador. McGuffin (1972) stated that moths were present in July
and early August and Forbes (1948) reported that the larva fed on red
currant and could also be found on wild currant and gooseberry (Ribes
spp.). ^ ^ ^

/. anataria (Swett)
Plate 30, 28

This species is distributed from Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia
and Maine west to British Columbia, Alaska, and the Yukon and south in
the eastern United States to Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and New
York. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt Pearl
Gander, Badger, Pynns Brook, and St. Anthony, where the moths are in
flight from late June to mid-August. This species is generally considered
rare, but at times may be locally common. In Labrador, adults have been
collected at Cartwright, Hopedale, and Goose Bay, where they are in flight
from mid-July to mid-September.

The mature larva is 12-22 mm long, and has a light brown to brown
head and a light gray to green body with double black lines. It feeds on
birch {Betula spp.), willow {Salix spp.), alder (Alnus spp.), and shrubby
cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa, known as widdy in Newfoundland).

/. exauspicata (Walker)
Plate 30, 29

This species is found in Newfoundland, New Brunswick, and Maine
v^est to British Columbia, south to Pennsylvania in the east, and Idaho and
Oregon in the west. In Newfoundland, the species is represented by a single
specimen, now in the Canadian National Collection, taken by the Forest
Kesearch Service at Trinity, 12 July 1967. It is not found in Labrador.

The mature larva is 20-25 mm long, and has a light gray or light green
body with double black lines and a light gray, light green, or light brown
head with black markings. It feeds on willow (Salix spp.), elm (Ulmus
spp.), poplar {Populus spp.), alder {Alnus spp.), and hawthorn {Crataegus
spp.). *

253

/. bitactata (Walker)
Plate 30, 30

This species occurs in Labrador, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and
Maine, west to British Columbia and the Yukon, south to Pennsylvania in
the east and California in the west. In Newfoundland, adults have been
taken at Cow Head, Georges Lake, and St. Anthony. The moths are in
flight from mid-July to late August and are considered rare. In Labrador,
adults have been taken at Hopedale, where they are in flight from mid to
late August.

The mature larva is 15-20 mm long and is known to exist in two
phases. The green phase has a light russet green head and a green body with
double white lines and a yellow lateral line. The brown phase has a brown
head and a light gray body with double gray lines, usually with dark oblique
markings. The larva feeds on currant and gooseberry {Ribes spp.) and alder
(Alnus spp.).

/. loricaria (Eversmann)
Plate 30, 31 and 32

This species is distributed from Newfoundland west to British
Columbia and Alaska and south to New York and Colorado. In Newfound-
land, adults have been taken at Gander, where three specimens, now in the
Canadian National Collection, were taken 29-31 July 1949. The female
wings are reduced to short pads. The species has not been reported from
Labrador.

The mature larva has a pea green head and a green body with a green
middorsal line flanked by a white line, a greenish white lateral line, and a
light midventral line. It feeds on poplar (Populus spp.), willow (Salix spp.),
and birch (Betula spp.).

Genus Eufidonia Packard

E. convergaria (Walker)

Plate 30, 33

This geometrid occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine, and
Ontario west to eastern British Columbia and south to Wisconsin and West
Virginia. It is most common in the Prairie Provinces. In Newfoundland,
adults have been taken at St. George's, where the moths are in flight during
early July. This species is considered rare and has not been recorded from
Labrador.

The mature larva is green with double gray green dorsal and addorsal
lines, a yellowish subdorsal line that has a dark lower edge, and a white

254

spiracular line with a yellow or crimson lower edge. The head has small
brown spots in a diagonal pattern. The larva feeds on pine (Pinus spp.),
tamarack (Larix spp.), hemlock [Tsuga spp.), and spruce {Picea spp.).

E. discospilata (Walker)
Plate 31, 1

The range of this species is more northern than that of E. convergaria,
which it very closely resembles. It is found from Newfoundland west to
British Columbia and south to Massachusetts. In Newfoundland, adults
have been taken at St. John's, Goulds, Cochrane Pond, Cape Broyle, La
Manche, Ferryland, Colinet, Holyrood, Salmonier, Gander, Grand Falls,
Springdale, St. Anthony, Steady Brook, South Branch, Port aux Basques,
Grandy Brook, Burgeo, Grand Bruit, and the Cinq Cerf River. The moths
are in flight from early June to late July and are rare in all localities. In
Labrador, adults have been taken at Goose Bay and Cartwright, where they
are in flight from mid-June to late July.

The mature larva is green and has light dorsal lines with gray green
edges, yellow lateral lines with a scarlet lower edge, and white ventral lines.
It feeds on blueberry {Vaccinium spp.), laurel {Kalmia spp.), and birch
(Betula spp.).

Genus Hypagyrtis Hubner

H. piniata (Packard) PINE MEASURINGWORM

Plate 31, 2

This species ranges from Newfoundland to British Columbia and across
the northern United States. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at
Clarenville, Sweet Bay, Lewisporte, South Brook, Spruce Brook, St.
George's, and Grand Bruit. Prentice (1963) reported that the species is
widely distributed throughout Newfoundland. The moths are in flight from
mid- June to mid-August and are never common. There are no records from
Labrador.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on balsam fir {Abies balsamea),
spruce {Picea spp.), tamarack {Larix spp.), and pine {Pinus spp.).

Genus Protoboarmia McDunnough

P. porcelaria (Guenee)
Plate 31, 3

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec,
and Maine west to Vancouver Island and south to Texas and Florida. In

255

Newfoundland, the species is generally in or near coniferous forests. Adults
have been taken at Salmonier, Gander, Goose Arm Road, Wiley Brook,
Cormack, Lomond, Glenburnie, Woody Point, Corner Brook, St. George's,
and Doyles. The moths are in flight from early to late July and at times are
moderately common. The species has not been reported from Labrador.

The larva is a solitary feeder on balsam fir {Abies balsamea), spruce
{Picea spp.), tamarack {Larix spp.), pine {Pinus spp.), birch {Betula spp.),
and many other forest trees. Prentice (1963) lists 45 host trees from survey
records.

Genus Anavitrinella McDunnough

A. pampinaria (Guenee) CRANBERRY SPANWORM

Plate 31, 4

This species is distributed from Newfoundland to British Columbia.
Prentice (1963) reported that this moth was found at Corner Brook,
Gander, Gambo, and Terra Nova in Newfoundland. The moths are in flight
from mid-June to mid-August and are considered rare. They are not found
in Labrador.

The larva, a general feeder, is usually pale yellowish green, but
sometimes gray or brown. It has a broad reddish brown dorsal stripe edged
with black, and a small black spot on each side of the 5th segment. It is a
solitary defoliator on yellow birch {Betula lutea), willow {Salix spp.), white
spruce {Picea glauca), and dock {Rumex spp.).

Genus Iridopsis Warren

/. larvaria (Guenee)
Plate 31, 5

This species is distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine,
and Ontario south to Georgia and west to Alberta and Oregon. In New-
foundland, adults have been taken at Salmonier, Gander, Lomond, Glenbur-
nie, Pynns Brook, St. George's, and Doyles. Although widely distributed, the
species is considered rare. The moths are in flight from early to late July.
They have not been recorded from Labrador.

The mature larva is green, shaded with dull red. The dorsal band is
widened in the middle of each segment and is broken between the abdominal
segments (Forbes 1948). The larva is a solitary defoliator on birch {Betula

256

spp.), alder {Alnus spp.), willow {Salix spp.), and poplar {Populus spp.).
The species hibernates as a pupa.

Genus Anacamptodes McDunnough

A. vellivolata (Hulst)
Plate 31, 6

This species occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns-
wick west to central Saskatchewan and south to Florida, Oklahoma, and
Texas. Prentice (1963) reported that the species was taken at Grand Falls,
but no specimens have been taken or observed since.

The larva is red brown, heavily mottled and banded with purple,
especially laterally, and with yellow patches near the spiracles. The head is
reddish brown and yellow (Forbes 1948). It is a solitary defoliator on pine
{Pinus spp.), spruce {Picea spp.), and tamarack (Larix spp.) and is con-
sidered to be rare.

Genus Aethalura McDunnough

A. anticaria (Walker)
Plate 33, 16

Prentice (1963) reported that this species had a discontinuous distribu-
tion from Nova Scotia west to southern British Columbia. It was first
collected in Newfoundland in 1975 at Tompkins, St. George's, and Pynns
Brook. The moths were in flight 6-25 June and were fairly common.

The larva feeds on white birch {Betula papyrifera), alder {Alnus spp.),
and occasionally on willow {Salix spp.). The St. John's Forest Research
Laboratory reared adult moths from larvae found feeding on balsam fir
{Abies balsamea) at Grand Falls, 14 July 1976. It is sporadic in its
appearance and may be plentiful in some regions and rare in others in the
same year.

Genus Ectropis Hubner

E. crepuscularia (Denis & Schiffermuller) SMALL ENGRAILED (BR.)
Plate 31, 7

This moth is widely distributed throughout southern Canada from
Newfoundland to Vancouver Island, and south to West Virginia. The
species is widely distributed in Newfoundland and adults have been taken at

257

St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Windsor Lake, Baine Harbour, Exploits Dam, West-
ern Brook, Western Brook Pond, Ochre Hill Road, South Brook, Cormack,
Pynns Brook, St. George's, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from
mid-June to mid-July. In Labrador, a single specimen was reared from a
larva taken at Snug Harbour by the Forest Research Centre. The adult
emerged under laboratory conditions 27 February 1970.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on 70 host trees (Prentice 1963), the
most common being hemlock {Tsuga spp.), balsam fir {Abies balsamea),
Douglas-fir {Pseudotsuga taxifolia), and tamarack {Larix spp.).

E. crepuscularia f. abraxaria (Walker)

Plate 31, 8

This form is usually found in association with the previous species and
has a similar, but more restricted, distribution. It can be differentiated by
the dark, heavy lines in front of the antemedial line and behind the
postmedial line on the forewing. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken
at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, and St. George's, where the moths are in flight
from mid-May to late June. However, they have not been recorded from
Labrador.

The larval feeding habits and host trees are probably similar to those of
the preceding species.

Genus Erannis Hubner

E. tiliaria (Harris) LINDEN LOOPER

Plate 31, 9

This species occurs from Newfoundland west to central Alberta and
Colorado, and south to Pennsylvania and New York. In Newfoundland,
adults have been taken at Terra Nova, Grand Falls, Corner Brook, St.
George's, and South Branch. The male moths are in flight from mid-Octo-
ber to mid-November. The females are wingless and are usually found on
the trunks of trees. The species is considered to be rare in Newfoundland
and has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva is either yellow or red brown dorsally, with numerous fine
black hair lines. The underside is yellow and more or less contrasting, and
laterally there are three black striae on each side. The larva feeds on
numerous trees and shrubs, but particularly on basswood {Tilia spp.), elm
{Ulmus spp.), white birch {Betula papyrifera), maple {Acer spp.), and
trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides).

258

Fig. 35. Distribution of Bistort betularia cognataria (Guenee) in Newfoundland.

Genus Biston Leach

B. betularia cognataria (Guenee)
Plate 31, 10

PEPPER-AND-SALT

This medium-sized, stout-bodied geometrid moth occurs from New-
foundland west to central Alberta and south to New Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania. In Newfoundland, this subspecies is widely distributed (Fig. 35) and
at times locally common. It has not been recorded from Labrador.

259

The mature larva is rather large, about 75 mm long, and has a deeply
bilobed head, which accounts for its commonly used name of cleftheaded
spanworm. The larva varies in color from gray to brown or green. Its body is
granulate and has slightly enlarged tubercles, a large hump on the side of
the 5th and a transverse ridge with raised tubercles on the 8th abdominal
segments. It is a general feeder on deciduous trees, particularly willow
(Salix spp.), white birch {Betula papyrifera), alder {Alnus spp.), tamarack
{Larix spp.), and trembling aspen {Populus tremuloides). This species
overwinters as a pupa in the soil.

Genus Aspilates Treitschke

A. conspersarius Staudinger

Plate 31, Hand 12

This species occurs in the subarctic areas of Labrador and Quebec. In
Labrador, adults have been taken at Hopedale, Nain, and Knob Lake. The
moths are in flight from early July to late August and are considered rare.
They are not found in Newfoundland.

Details of the immature stages in Labrador are not available.

Genus Campaea Lamarck

C. perlata (Guenee) LIGHT EMERALD

Plate 31, 13

This delicate, medium-sized, greenish white moth is distributed from
Newfoundland and Labrador south to North Carolina and west to the
Yukon and Arizona. The species is widely distributed in Newfoundland
(Fig. 36) and is at times locally common. The moths are in flight from
mid-June to mid-August. They have also been found in Labrador at
Cartwright and Goose Bay, where they are in flight the first three weeks in
August.

The mature larva is mottled brown, resembling a piece of bark. Its pale
head is heavily spotted with black, especially on the sides (Forbes 1948). It
is a general feeder and has been recorded on 65 host trees and shrubs by
Prentice (1963), The commoner hosts include: trembling aspen {Populus
tremuloides), willow {Salix spp.), white birch {Betula papyrifera), and
tamarack {Larix spp.). The larva overwinters and when fully grown pupates
in a light cocoon.

260

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Fig. 36. Distribution of Campaea perlata (Guenee) in Newfoundland.

Genus Homochlodes Hulst

H. fritillaria (Guenee)

Plate 31, 14

This moth occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine, and
Quebec west to Wisconsin and south to North Carolina. The species is rare
in Newfoundland and has not been recorded from Labrador. Adults have

261

been collected at Mt. Pearl, St. George's, Stephenville Crossing, and Grand
Bruit, where the moths are in flight from mid-June to early July.

According to Forbes (1948), the mature larva is deep brown, with pale
subdorsal bands on the thorax, and curved oblique subdorsal black lines on
the abdominal segments. It can jump strongly by coiling and suddenly
uncoiling its body. It feeds on bracken {Pteridium spp.).

Genus Plagodis Hubner

p. phlogosaria iris Rupert
Plate 31, 15 and 16

This subspecies occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Maine
west to Ontario and Saskatchewan. Prentice (1963) reported that the
species P. phlogosaria (Guenee) was taken at Bale Verte, but it is now
generally recognized that only P. p. iris occurs in Newfoundland. For
comparative purposes both are illustrated in Plate 31, 15 and 16. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Goulds, Mt. Pearl,
Mary March Park, Baie Verte, White Bay, Pynns Brook, Deer Lake, Corner
Brook, and St. George's. The moths are in flight from early June to
mid- July and although widely distributed are never common. The subspecies
has not been recorded from Labrador.

The mature larva is 26 mm long, has a pale gray head heavily mottled
with black, and a thorax heavily marked with black. The first six abdominal
segments are light gray, strongly suffused with purple brown. There are
strong dorsal humps or ridges on the mesothorax and 5th and 8th abdominal
segments, the largest being on the 5th and the smallest on the 8th. The larva
is a solitary defoliator on white birch {Betula papyrifera), alder {Alnus
spp.), willow {Salix spp.), poplar {Populus spp.), basswood {Tilia spp.),
apple {Mains spp.), and cherry {Prunus spp.). Munroe (1959) also reported
that a specimen from Newfoundland had been reared on "fir" but suggested
the record needed further confirmation.

Genus Anagoga Hubner

A. occiduaria (Walker) BARRED UMBER

Plate 31, 17

This moth occurs from Newfoundland west to British Columbia and
Alaska and south to North Carolina and northern California. In Newfound-
land, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Corner
Brook, St. George's, Port aux Basques, and Grand Bruit. The moths are in
flight from early June to early October and are considered rare, the

262

numbers varying little from year to year. The species has not been recorded
from Labrador.

The larva is 23 mm long, and is reddish brown or violet gray, mottled
with yellowish brown. There is a middorsal brown stripe that is strongest on
the back of the thorax and 1st abdominal segment. The larva has a dorsal
hump on the 5th abdominal segment and a ridge on the 8th. It is a solitary
defoliator on birch {Betula spp.), willow {Salix spp.), alder {Alnus spp.),
raspberry {Rubus spp.), and shrubby cinquefoil {Potentilla fruticosa).

Genus Hyperetis Guenee

H. amicaria f. nyssaria (Guenee)
Plate 31, 18

This form of amicaria is distributed across Canada from Newfound-
land to British Columbia and south to Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and
Georgia. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl,
Kilbride, Cape Broyle, Cupids, Spaniards Bay, Gander, Jackson's Cove,
Steady Brook, Corner Brook, Piccadilly, St. George's, South Branch,
Doyles, Port aux Basques, Burgeo, Grandy Brook, and Grand Bruit. The
moths are in flight from mid-June to mid-July but are never common. The
species is not recorded from Labrador.

The larva is green with a violet dorsal band and reddish lines on the
side of the head. It is a solitary feeder on birch {Betula spp.), alder {Alnus
spp.), willow {Salix spp.), balsam fir {Abies balsamea), and trembling
aspen {Populus tremuloides).

H. nepiasaria (Guenee)

Plate 31, 19

This species occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns-
wick south to New York and North Carolina and west to Michigan. The
species is usually found in areas where laurel {Kalmia spp.) and rhododen-
dron {Rhododendron spp.) grow. It is essentially a species of acid soil
conditions, such as bogs, heaths, and scrubby woodlands. In Newfoundland,
the species is considered rare but adults have been taken at St. John's, Boat
Harbour, Lake Ambrose, St. George's, and Pynns Brook. The moths are in
flight from mid- June to mid-July.

Ferguson (1954) reported rearing a number of adults from larvae on
sheep-laurel {Kalmia angustifolia).

263

Genus Metarranthis Warren

M. duaria (Guenee)
Plate 32, 1 and 2

This moth is known from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and
New England States west to Illinois, Manitoba, and British Columbia, and
south to North Carolina and Washington. In Newfoundland, adults have
been collected at St. John's, Kilbride, Mt. Pearl, Cape Broyle, Colinet, La
Manche, Port aux Basques, Grand Bruit, Cinq Cerf River, and Burgeo. The
moths are in flight from early June to early July but are never common. The
species has not been recorded from Labrador. It was originally believed that
the subspecies, M. d. septentrionaria Barnes & McDunnough occurred in
Newfoundland as well as the species M. duaria (Guenee); however, it is now
generally recognized that only the latter exists here. For comparative
purposes both are illustrated in Plate 32, M. duaria in 1 and M. d.
septentrionaria in 2.

The mature larva is various shades of gray or brown, with a pale dorsal
line. It is a solitary defoliator on choke cherry {Prunus virginiana) and other
wild cherry {Prunus spp.), willow (Salix, spp.), trembling aspen {Populus
tremuloides), serviceberry {Amelanchier spp.), blueberry {Vaccinium spp.),
and bass wood {Tilia spp.).

Genus Metanema Guenee

M. inatomaria Guenee
Plate 32, 3

This species occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Maine,
and Ontario south to New Jersey and west to British Columbia. In
Newfoundland, a single specimen, now in the Canadian National Collection,
was taken by Hennigar at Gander, 19 July 1949. No specimens have been
taken or observed since, and there are no records from Labrador.

Forbes (1948) described the larva as short, stout, and flattened. It feeds
on poplar {Populus spp.) and forms a cocoon in a crevice in the bark.
Prentice (1963) reported it on trembling aspen, largetooth aspen, and
balsam poplar {Populus spp.), willow {Salix spp.), hazel {Corylus spp.), and
birch {Betula spp.). The pupa is also flattened.

M. determinata Walker
Plate 32, 4

This species is found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Quebec, Maine, and Ontario, south to New Jersey and west to Alberta and
Alaska. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken at St. John's, Kilbride,

264

and Gander. The moths are in flight from mid to late July and are
considered rare. The species is not recorded from Labrador.

The larva, as described by Forbes (1948), is slender, somewhat flat-
tened and twiglike, smooth, and light brown with vague oblique mottling.
The subventral line is deep brown, narrow, and lightly broken in the middle.
It is a solitary defoliator on willow {Salix spp.). The pupa is unusual in
being decidedly flattened dorsoventrally.

Genus Selenia Hubner

S. alciphearia Walker
Plate 32, 5

This species is found in Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova Scotia,
Quebec, Maine, and Ontario, south to New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and
New York, and west to Alberta and British Columbia. In Newfoundland,
adults have been taken at St. John's, Mt. Pearl, Kilbride, Hampden, and
Tompkins. The moths are in flight from mid-June to early July and are
considered rare. In Labrador, two specimens were taken at Cartwright, 29
June 1955.

The larva is dark to rusty brown frosted with gray dorsally, with a
contrasting pale patch on the back of abdominal segments 2, 4, and 5.
Segments 4 and 5 have transverse ridges bearing enlarged tubercles. The
larva is a solitary defoliator on willow {Salix spp.), alder {Alnus spp.), birch
{Betula spp.), and maple {Acer spp.).

Genus Ennomos Treitschke

E. subsignaria (Hubner) SNOW-WHITE LINDEN

Plate 34, 14

This species is known to occur from Newfoundland to Saskatchewan
but is most common in southern Ontario. It is also found in the New
England States and New York. In Newfoundland, adults have been reared
from larvae taken on willow {Salix spp.) and white birch {Betula papyrif-
era) at Shoal Harbour and St. George's. Moths emerged from mid-July to
mid-September. The species is considered rare in Newfoundland and is not
known to occur in Labrador.

The larva, commonly known as the elm spanworm, is a solitary
defoliator on a wide variety of trees. Prentice (1963) lists 23 host species, of
which sugar maple {Acer saccharum) and white elm {Ulmus americana) are
the most preferred.

265

Genus Pero Herrich-Schaffer

p. honestaria (Walker)
Plate 32, 6

This species occurs from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Maine, and
Quebec south to Florida and west to Texas and British Columbia. In
Newfoundland, adults have been taken at Carbonear, Colinet, Georges
Lake, and Tompkins. The moths are in flight from late June to mid-July and
are considered to be rare. The species has not been recorded from Labrador.

The larva has a strongly bilobed light grayish brown head, and a brown
body with paler longitudinal shades. There is a transverse ridge on the 8th
abdominal segment, but otherwise the body is nearly smooth. The larva is a
solitary defoliator on wild cherry {Prunus spp.). Pupation takes place in the
soil.

P. morrisonaria (Henry Edwards)
Plate 32, 7

This species has been recorded from Newfoundland to British
Columbia, south to Virginia and west to the Pacific. It is widely distributed
in Newfoundland (Fig. 37) and is occasionally locally common with little
variation in numbers from year to year. The species has not been recorded
from Labrador.

The larva is similar to P. honestaria in appearance, but feeds on
conifers. It is a solitary defoliator on balsam fir {Abies balsamea), white
spruce {Picea glauca), willow (Salix spp.), tamarack (Larix spp.), and alder
(Alnus spp.).

Genus Nepytia Hulst

A^. canosaria (Walker) FALSE HEMLOCK LOOPER

Plate 32, 8

This species is generally distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
Quebec, and Maine south to Pennsylvania and west to southern Saskatche-
wan. In Newfoundland, according to Prentice (1963), this insect has been
found at Terra Nova, Gander, Grand Falls, Millertown, Comfort Cove,
Badger, Georges Lake, and Bay d'Espoir. The moths are in flight from early
July to early October and are said to be fairly common throughout Eastern
Canada. They are not found in Labrador.

The larva is about 31 mm long, and is pale dull yellow or reddish. The
head is pale or reddish brown with black dots, and the body has black dots
on the tubercles and a yellow lateral line. The dorsal area is sometimes red

266

Fig. 37. Distribution of Pero morrisonaria (Henry Edwards) in Newfoundland.

brown, edged with a broken white subdorsal line. The underside is a pale
flesh color. Dethier (1942) described the life history of this species in great
detail. It feeds on balsam fir {Abies balsamea), white and black spruce
(Picea spp.), hemlock {Tsuga spp.), and tamarack {Larix spp.). The pupa is
green with white subdorsal and lateral lines, and brown ventral lines. The
species overwinters as a pupa attached to the needles of spruce trees.

267

Genus Caripeta Walker

C divisata Walker GRAY SPRUCE LOOPER

Plate 32, 9

This species is widely distributed throughout Canada from Newfound-
land to British Columbia, but is most prevalent in the extreme western and
eastern areas of its range. In the United States it ranges from Maine south
to Florida. It is widely distributed in Newfoundland (Fig. 38) and at times is
fairly common in coniferous areas. The species has yet to be recorded from
Labrador but probably exists there.

The mature larva is about 30-35 mm long and varies in color from
yellow to light brown. The middorsal line is the same color as the body but is
edged with fine brown lines, giving an appearance for most of its length of
light diamond-shaped areas outlined by dark obliques on each segment.
There are usually small gray crosses on the diamond-shaped areas on the
first four abdominal segments (McGuffin 1943). The larva feeds on white
and black spruce {Picea spp.), hemlock {Tsuga spp.), balsam fir {Abies
balsamea), and tamarack {Larix spp.), and the species overwinters as a
pupa.

C divisata ab. nigraria Forbes
Plate 32, 10

In this melanic aberration of the preceding species the white in the
basal and outer thirds of the forewings is largely replaced by black, but
usually with some white longitudinal shades not corresponding to the normal
markings. The discal spot remains white (Forbes 1948). In Newfoundland, a
single specimen was reared from larvae taken by the Forest Insect Survey at
Fischells Brook. The moth emerged in a laboratory, 27 December 1944, and
is now in the Canadian National Collection. An additional moth was taken
in a light trap at Chamberlains, 5 August 1976.

The immature stages are probably similar to those of the preceding
species.

C piniata (Packard)
Plate 32, 11

This species has a scattered and discontinuous distribution from New-
foundland to Saskatchewan and south to Maine and New Jersey. In
Newfoundland, Prentice (1963) recorded the species from Terra Nova,
Grand Falls, and Badger. The moths are in flight from mid-June to
mid- July and are considered to be rare. They have not been found in
Labrador.

268

Fig. 38. Distribution of Caripeta divisata Walker in Newfoundland.

The larva is a solitary defoliator on jack pine, eastern white pine, and
red pine {Pinus spp.), and has also been found on white spruce {Picea
glaucd). It is similar to the larva of the following species, C angustiorata,
with which it is often confused.

C. angustiorata Walker
Plate 32, 12

BROWN PINE LOOPER

This species has been recorded from Newfoundland to the interior of
British Columbia, but it is most common along the eastern slopes of the

269

Rocky Mountains in Alberta. It also extends south to Virginia. In New-
foundland, adults have been taken at Newman Sound and Birchy Lake by
the Forest Research Centre. The moths are in flight from late May to
mid-June and are considered to be rare. The species has not been recorded
from Labrador.

The larva is a pale lilac color with dark brown or whitish marbling and
whitish gray specks, giving a slate gray or reddish effect. The head is double
lobed, the prothorax has small warts on the sides, and the metathorax and
most of the abdominal segments have transverse saddle-shaped ridges with a
tubercle at each end, those on the 8th segment being higher (Forbes 1948).
The larva is a solitary feeder on jack pine, eastern white pine, and lodgepole
pine {Pinus spp.).

Genus Besma Capps

B. quercivoraria (Guenee)
Plate 32, 13

This species occurs in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Maine, and Ontario, west to British Columbia, and south to Nebraska, New
Hamsphire, Florida, and Texas. In Newfoundland, adults have been taken
at St. John's, Parson's Pond, St. George's, and Neyle's Bridge. The moths
are in flight from late April to late May and are considered to be rare.
There are no records from Labrador.

The larva is green, sometimes very pale, and sometimes striped with
red. There are lateral humps on the mesothorax and a large lateral and
dorsal transverse enlargement of the 3rd abdominal segment. Tubercles on
the 6th segment are considerably enlarged and connected by a ridge. The
larva is a solitary defoliator on white birch (Betula papyrifera), willow
(Salix spp.), and sugar maple {Acer saccharum).

Genus Lambdina Capps

L. fiscellaria (Guenee) HEMLOCK LOOPER

Plate 32, 14

This species extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific across Canada and
south to Georgia and Florida. In Newfoundland, it is widely distributed
(Fig. 39) and in some seasons is a serious pest in Canadian forests. From
1972 to 1975 it destroyed millions of hectares of mature timber in western
and central Newfoundland. A single specimen was taken at Snug Harbour,
Labrador, by the Forest Research Centre, 20 August 1969.

270

Fig. 39. Distribution o^ Lambdina fiscellaria (Guenee) in Newfoundland.

Larvae have been collected from 38 trees, of which balsam fir {Abies
balsamea), white spruce {Picea glauca), eastern hemlock {Tsuga canaden-
sis), and tamarack (Larix spp.) were the preferred hosts. When fully grown,
the larva is 30-35 mm long, and is yellowish with dark markings. The head
is marked with irregular brown or blackish spots. Dorsally the body is
obscurely marked with areas of brown, white, and yellow and there are four
black dorsal dots on each anterior abdominal segment. The sides are darker,
with wavy lines of dark or reddish brown interrupted by an occasional dash
of yellowish white. Ventrally there are five broken, wavy brown lines,
sometimes indistinct. This species overwinters in the egg stage.

271

Fig. 40. Distribution of S icy a macularia (Harris) in Newfoundland.

Genus Sicya Guenee

S. macularia (Harris)
Plate 32, 15 and 16

This species is widely distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
Quebec, and Ontario west to Alberta and south to New Jersey and
California. It ranges throughout Newfoundland (Fig. 40), but is considered
to be rare in all localities, with very little variation in annual numbers. It has
not been recorded from Labrador.

272

The mature larva is green and yellow with a brown dorsal line on the
thorax only. The outstanding feature of the larva of this species is the
presence of middorsal tubercles. There is one on the 3rd and one on the 5th
abdominal segment. The larva is a solitary defoliator on trembling aspen
{Populus tremuloides), willow (Salix spp.), and alder {Alnus spp.) and has
also been reported on Spiraea and Ceanothus spp.

Genus Apicia Guenee

A. confusaria Hiibner
Plate 34, 15

This species occurs in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, west to Manitoba
and south to Florida and Texas. Although reported to be common at times,
it is considered rare in Newfoundland. Specimens have only been taken at
St. George's in western Newfoundland, where moths are in flight from mid
to late July. There are no records from Labrador.

The mature larva is smooth, with slightly raised white tubercles on the
8th abdominal segment. The head is white with brown markings and the
body is brown with yellow lateral lines. The larva feeds on dandelion
{Taraxacum spp.), aster {Aster spp.), goldenrod {Solidago spp.), and clover
{Trifolium spp.).

Genus Prochoerodes Grote

p. transversata (Drury) LARGE MAPLE SPANWORM

Plate 32, 17 and 18

This species is widely distributed from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,
and Quebec west to the Pacific and south to Maine and Florida. In
Newfoundland, adults have been collected at St. John's, Colinet, Kilbride,
Gander, Glenwood, Deer Pond, Pynns Brook, and Tompkins. The moths are
in flight from mid- July to late September and are considered to be rare. No
specimens have been recorded from Labrador.

The mature larva is about 50 mm long and purplish brown to light
wood brown in color. The 2nd thoracic segment is swollen and has reddish
streaks, the posterior part of the 4th abdominal segment is swollen dorsally
and has white markings, and the posterior part of the 8th segment has a pair
of prominent tubercles. The larva feeds on trembling aspen {Populus
tremuloides), balsam fir {Abies balsamea), white birch {Betula papyri/era),
eastern white cedar {Thuja occidentalis), maple {Acer spp.), and is occa-
sionally found on many other species. Hibernation is as a brown pupa within
a folded leaf.

273

Checklist of species

BUTTERFLIES

Common name of butterfly

Nfld.

Labr.

or larva

Family PAPILIONIDAE

swallowtails

Genus Papilio Linnaeus

P. polyxenes asterius Stoll

black or parsnip swallowtail

+^

P. brevicauda Saunders

shorttailed swallowtail

+

+

P. glaucus canadensis

Canadian tiger swallowtail

+

+

Rothschild & Jordan

P. glaucus glaucus Linnaeus

eastern tiger swallowtail

+

Family PIERIDAE

whites and sulfurs

Genus Colias Fabricius

C. hecla Lefebre

arctic sulfur

+

C. eurytheme Boisduval

alfalfa caterpillar

+

C. philodice Godart

clouded sulfur

+

C. interior Scudder

pink edged sulfur

+

+

C. pelidne Boisduval &

pelidne sulfur

+

+

LeConte

C. palaeno chippewa Edwards

palaeno sulfur

+

C nastes Boisduval

nastes sulfur

+

Genus Pieris Schrank

P. napifrigida Scudder

mustard white

+

+

P. rapae (Linnaeus)

imported cabbageworm

+

Family DANAIDAE

milkweed butterflies
(monarchs)

Genus Danaus Kluk

D. plexippus (Linnaeus)

monarch

+

Family SATYRIDAE

satyrs and wood nymphs

Genus Coenonympha Hiibner

C inornata inornata Edwards

inornate ringlet

+

+

C. inornata mcisaaci dos Passos

Mclsaac's ringlet

+

Genus Oeneis Hiibner

0. chryxus (Doubleday)

chryxus arctic

+

0. taygete Geyer

white veined arctic

+

* Doubtful record

274

Common name of butterfly
or larva

Nfld.

Labr.

O. jutta terraenovae dos Passos
O. polixenes (Fabricius)
O. melissa (Fabricius)

Genus Erebia Dalman
E. disa Thunberg

Family NYMPHALIDAE

Genus Speyeria Scudder
S. atlantis (Edwards)

Genus Boloria Moore
B. selene terraenovae (Holland)
B. eunomia (Esper)
B. chariclea (Schneider)
B. titania boisduvalii

(Duponchel)
B. freija (Thunberg)
B. polar is (Boisduval)
B.frigga saga (Staudinger)
B. bellona (Fabricius)

Genus Chlosyne Butler
C harrisii (Scudder)

Genus Phyciodes Hiibner
P. tharos arctica dos Passos

Genus Polygonia Hiibner
P. satyrus (Edwards)
P.faunus (Edwards)
P. gracilis (Grote & Robinson)
P. progne (Cramer)

Genus Nymphalis Kluk
A^. vau-album (Denis &

Schiffermiiller)
A'^. milberti milberti (Godart)
N. milberti viola (dos Passos)
N. antiopa (Linnaeus)

Genus Vanessa Fabricius
V. atalanta (Linnaeus)
V. virginiensis (Drury)

V. cardui (Linnaeus)

Genus Limenitis Fabricius
L. arthemis (Drury)

jutta arctic
polixenes arctic
melissa arctic

disa alpine
brushfooted butterflies

atlantis fritillary

Harris' checkerspot

+

+

+

+

-1-

+

+

pearl crescent

+

satyr angle wing

+

green comma

+

hoary comma

+

gray comma

+

-f

+

silver bordered fritillary

+

+

bog fritillary

+

+

arctic or chariclea fritillary

+

-1-

purple lesser fritillary

+

freija fritillary

+

+

polar fritillary

+

saga fritillary

+

meadow fritillary

+

+

Compton tortoiseshell

+

+

Milbert's tortoiseshell

+

mourningcloak

+

+

red admiral
painted beauty,
painted lady
painted lady

American

-f
+

+

-f

white admiral

+

+

275

Common name of butterfly Nfld. Labr.
or larva

Family LYCAENIDAE

Genus Callophrys Scudder
C. augustinus (Westwood)
C. augustinus helenae (dos

Passos)
C. niphon clarki (Freeman)

Genus Lycaena Fabricius
L. dorcas Kirby
L. epixanthe phaedrus (Hall)

Genus Plebejus Kluk
P. argyrognomon aster

(Edwards)
P. argyrognomon empetri

(Freeman)
P. aquilo Boisduval

Genus Glaucopsyche Scudder
G. lygdamus couperi Grote

Genus Celastrina Tutt
C. argiolus pseudargiolus
(Boisduval & LeConte)

Family HESPERIIDAE

Genus Pyrgus Hiibner
P. centaureae (Rambur)

Genus Carterocephalus Lederer
C. palaemon (Pallas)

Genus Thymelicus Hiibner
T. lineola Ochsenheimer

Genus Hesperia Fabricius
H. comma borealis Lindsey

Genus Polites Scudder
P. coras (Cramer)

hairstreaks, blues, and
coppers (gossamer-winged
butterflies)

brown elfin

pine elfin

Dorcas copper
bog copper

northern blue

+

+
+

+

northern blue

+

arctic blue

+

+

silvery blue

-f

spring azure, Jenny Lind

+

+

skippers

grizzled skipper

+

+

arctic skipper

+

+

European skipper

+

comma, Labrador skipper

+

+

Peck's skipper

+

+

276

MOTHS

Common name of moth or
larva

NHd.

Labr.

Family SPHINGIDAE

Genus Agrius Hiibner
A. cingulatus (Fabricius)

Genus Ceratomia Harris

sphinx moths (hawkmoths)

sweet-potato hornworm,
pink spotted hawkmoth

Genus Hemaris Dalman
H. thysbe (Fabricius)

Genus Proserpinus Hiibner
P.flavofasciata (Walker)

Genus Hyles Hiibner

H. gal Hi intermedia (Kirby)

Family SATURNIIDAE

Genus Antheraea Hiibner
A. polyphemus polyphemus
(Cramer)

+

C. undulosa (Walker)

waved sphinx

+

Genus Sphinx Linnaeus

S. canadensis Boisduval

+

S. kalmiae J. E. Smith

laurel sphinx

+

S. gordius Cramer

apple sphinx

+

S. drupiferarum J. E. Smith

plum tree, wild cherry
sphinx

4-

Genus Smerinthus Latreille

S. jamaicensis (Drury)

twin-spotted sphinx

+

S. cerisyi Kirby

Cerisy's sphinx moth

+

Genus Paonias Hiibner

P. excaecatus (J. E. Smith)

blinded sphinx

-1-

Genus Pachysphinx Rothschild &

Jordan

P. modest a (Harris)

modest sphinx, big poplar
sphinx

+

hummingbird moth, +

common clear-wing

yellow-banded day sphinx -|-

dark-veined deilephila -f

giant silkworm moths
(emperor moths)

polyphemus moth

-I-

+

-I-

+

+

277

Common name of moth or Nfld. Labr.
larva

Family AMATIDAE

Genus Ctenucha Kirby

C. virginica (Charpentier)

Family ARCTIIDAE

Genus Lexis Hampson
L. bicolor (Grote)

Genus Halisidota Hiibner
H. maculata (Harris)

Genus Phragmatobia Stephens
P.fuliginosa (Linnaeus)

Genus Apantesis Walker
A. virgo (Linnaeus)
A. parthenice (Kirby)
A. quenselii (Paykull)
A. virguncula (Kirby)

Genus Diacrisia Hiibner

D. virginica (Fabricius)

Genus Pyrrharctia Packard
P. isabella (J. E. Smith)

Genus Estigmene Hiibner

E. acrea (Drury)

Genus Hyphantria Harris
H. textor Harris
H. cunea (Drury)

Genus Platarctia Packard
P. parthenos (Harris)

Genus Arctia Schrank
A. caja (Linnaeus)

Genus Utetheisa Hiibner
U. idae Clarke

Family NOCTUIDAE

Genus Androloma Grote
A. mac-cullochi (Kirby)

Genus Alypia Hiibner

A. octomaculata (Fabricius)
A. langtoni Couper

Genus Colocasia Hiibner
C. propinquilinea Grote

tiger moths and allies
yellow-edged lexis
spotted tussock moth
ruby tiger moth
virgin tiger moth

little virgin moth

yellow woolly bear,
Virginian tiger moth

black-ended bear

saltmarsh caterpillar

spotless fall webworm
fall webworm

St. Lawrence tiger moth

garden tiger moth

cutworm or owlet moths,
underwings

eight-spotted forester
Langton's forester

close-banded demas

4-

+

+

+

+
+

+

-I-

+
+

+

+

-I-

+

+

+

4-

278

Common name of moth or
larva

Nnd.

Labr.

Genus Panthea Hiibner
P. acronyctoides Walker

Genus Raphia Hiibner
R.f rater Grote

Genus Acronicta Ochsenheimer
A. americana (Harris)
A. dactylina (Grote)
A. lepusculina Guenee
A. leporina (Linnaeus)
A. innotata Guenee
A. radcliffei (Harvey)
A. grisea Walker
A. superans Guenee
A.fragilis (Guenee)
A. auricoma Fabricius
A. impress a Walker
A. longa Guenee
A. oblinita (J. E. Smith)

Genus Harrisimemna Grote
H. trisignata (Walker)

Genus Euxoa Hiibner
E. detersa (Walker)
E. perpolita (Morrison)
E. scandens (Riley)
E. messoria (Harris)
E. Ontario (Smith)
E. quebecensis (Smith)
E. tessellata (Harris)
E. pleuritica (Grote)
E. campestris (Grote)

E. dissona (Moschler)
E. divergens (Walker)
E. sinelinea Hardwick
E. redimicula (Morrison)
E. westermanni (Staudinger)
E. solitaria (Smith)
E. ochrogaster (Guenee)

Genus Agrotis Ochsenheimer
A. mollis (Walker)
A. patula Walker
A. vene rati lis Walker

brother

Harris' three spot

+

American dagger

+

fingered dagger

+

Cottonwood dagger

+

miller (Br.)*

+

4-

+

gray dagger

+

-1-

fragile dagger

+

+

printed dagger

+

+

smeared dagger

+

+

+

+

+

+

polished dart

+

white cutworm

+

darksided cutworm

+
+

+

striped cutworm

4-

+

silly dart

+

dissonant dart

+
+

+

+

+

fillet dart

+

+

+

redbacked cutworm

+

+

+
+

dusky cutworm,

+

venerable dart

*(Br.) denotes a common name used in Gt. Britain

279

Common name of moth or

Nfld.

Labr.

larva

A. musa Smith

+

+

A. volubilis Harvey

voluble dart

+

A. obliqua (Smith)

+

A. ipsilon (Hufnagel)

black cutworm

+

+

Genus Actebia Stephens

A.fennica (Tauscher)

black army cutworm,
Finnish dart

+

-}-

Genus Spaelotis Boisduval

S. clandestina (Harris)

w-marked cutworm,
clandestine dart

+

Genus Eurois Hiibner

E. occulta (Linnaeus)

great gray dart

+

+

E. astricta Morrison

great brown dart

+

+

Genus Ochropleura Hiibner
O. plecta (Linnaeus)

Genus Metalepsis Grote
M. fishii (Grote)
M. salicarum (Walker)

Genus Cerastis Ochsenheimer
C tenebrifera (Walker)

Genus Peridroma Hiibner
P. saucia (Hiibner)

Genus Hemipachnobia
McDunnough
H. monochromatea (Morrison)

Genus Paradiarsia McDunnough
P. littoralis pectinata (Smith)

Genus Graphiphora
Ochsenheimer
G. haruspica (Grote)

Genus Rhyacia Hiibner

R. quadrangula (Zetterstedt)

Genus Chersotis Boisduval

C. juncta (Grote)

Genus Heptagrotis McDunnough
H. phyllophora (Grote)

Genus Diarsia Hiibner

D. rubifera (Grote)
D. dislocata (Smith)
D. jucunda (Walker)

D. pseudorosaria freemani
Hardwick

flame-shouldered dart

reddish speckled dart

variegated cutworm

+

+
+

+

+

+

+

+

+

soothsayer dart

+
+

+
+

+

-t-

+

+

+

+

280

Common name of moth or
larva

Nfld.

Labr.

Genus Amathes Hiibner
A. c-nigrum (Linnaeus)
A. smithii (Snellen)
A. oblata (Morrison)
A. collaris (Grote & Robinson)
A. bicarnea (Guenee)
A. tenuicula (Morrison)
A. opacifrons (Grote)

Genus Pachnobia Guenee
P. tecta (Hiibner)
P. wockei (Moschler)
P. scropulana (Morrison)
P. okakensis (Packard)

Genus Anomogyna Staudinger
A. atrata (Morrison)
A. fabulosa Ferguson
A. sincera (Herrich-Schaffer)
A. speciosa mixta (Walker)
A. perquiritata perquiritata

(Morrison)
A. perquiritata bedded

(Hampson)
A. laetabilis (Zetterstedt)
A. homogena McDunnough
A. imperita (Hiibner)
A. elimata (Guenee)
A. dilucida (Morrison)
A. youngii (Smith)

Genus Aplectoides Butler
A. condita (Guenee)

Genus Anaplectoides
McDunnough
A. pressus (Grote)
A. prasina (Schiffermuller)

Genus Protolampra McDunnough
P. rufipectus (Morrison)

Genus Cryptocala Benjamin
C acadiensis (Bethune)

Genus Eueretagrotis Smith
E. perattenta (Grote)

Genus Abagrotis Smith
A. pi acid a (Grote)
A. alternata (Grote)

Genus Rhynchagrotis Smith
R. cupida (Grote)

spotted cutworm

rosy dart

+

+

pink spotted dart

4-

+

+
+
+

+

+
+

+

+

+

+
+

+

4-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

green arches (Br.)

+

+

catocaline dart

+

+

red cutworm

+

greater red dart

+

+

+

281

Common name of moth or Nfld. Labr.
larva

Genus Scotogramma Smith

S. trifolii (Rottenberg) clover cutworm + -I-

Genus Mamestra Ochsenheimer

M. curialis (Smith) +

Genus Polia Ochsenheimer
P. nimbosa (Guenee)
P. leomegra (Smith)
P. rogenhoferi (Moschler)
P. carbonifera (Hampson)
P. imbrifera (Guenee)
P. atlantica (Grote)
P. nevadae canadensis (Smith)
P. radix (Walker)
P. legitima (Grote)
P. tacoma (Strecker)
P. rugosa (Morrison)
P. lilacina (Harvey)
P. adjuncta (Boisduval)
P. pulverulenta (Smith)
P. ingravis (Smith)
P. frustrata McDunnough
P. cristifera (Walker)
P. Intra (Guenee)
P. secedens (Walker)

Genus Lacinipolia McDunnough
L. lustralis (Grote)
L. anguina (Grote)
L. renigera (Stephens)
L. lorea (Guenee)
L. olivacea (Morrison)

Genus Lasionycta Aurivillius
L. albinuda (Smith)
L. subdita (Moschler)

Genus Lasiestra Hampson

L. leucocycla moeschleri +

(Staudinger)
L. leucocycla flanda (Smith) +

L. phoca (Moschler) +

Genus Anarta Ochsenheimer

A. cordigera (Thunberg) small dark yellow +

underwing
A. melanopa (Thunberg) broad-bordered white + +

underwing
A. richardsoni tamsi Benjamin +

Genus Sideridis Hiibner

S. maryx (Guenee) +

+

+

-1-

+

+

+

+

+

+

Dimmock's mamestra

+

-1-

striped garden caterpillar

+

+
+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

bristly cutworm

+
+
+

+
+

282

Common name of moth or Nfld. Labr.
larva

Genus Astrapetis Hiibner

A. sutrina (Grote) -I- +

Genus Protorthodes
McDunnough

P. oviduca (Guenee) +

P. lindrothi Krogerus +

Genus Pseudorthodes Morrison

P. vecors (Guenee) -f-

Genus Nephelodes Guenee

N. minians Guenee bronzed cutworm +

Genus Cerapteryx Curtis

C. graminis (Linnaeus) antler moth -f

Genus Orthosia Ochsenheimer

O. revicta (Morrison) +

O. hibisci (Guenee) green fruitworm +

Genus Ceramica Guenee

C picta (Harris) zebra caterpillar +

Genus Faronta Smith

F. diffusa (Walker) wheathead armyworm -f-

Genus Leucania Ochsenheimer

L. commoides Guenee -f

L. insueta Guenee + +

L. comma (Linnaeus) +

Genus Pseudaletja Franclemont

P. unipuncta (Haworth) armyworm +

Genus Aletia Hiibner

A. oxygala (Grote) +

Genus Brachionycha (Hiibner)

B. borealis (Smith) +^

Genus Cucullia Schrank

C intermedia Speyer +

C florea Guenee +

C asteroides Guenee -f

Genus Homohadena Grote
H. badistriga (Grote) +

H. infixa (Walker) +

Genus Apharetra Grote

A. dentata Grote +

A. purpurea McDunnough +

Genus Sympistis Hiibner
S. melaleuca (Thunberg) -I-

S. lapponica (Thunberg) +

283

Common name of moth or
larva

Nfld. Labr.

S. labradoris (Staudinger)
S.funesta (Paykull)

Genus Feralia Grote
F. jocosa (Guenee)
F. comstocki Grote

Genus Bombycia Stephens
B. algens (Grote)

Genus Hillia Grote
H. iris (Zetterstedt)

Genus Lithomoia Hiibner
L. solidaginis (Hiibner)

Genus Lithophane Hiibner
L. amanda (Smith)
L. georgii Grote
L. pexata Grote
L. lepida (Lintner)
L. thaxteri Grote

Genus Xylena Ochsenheimer
X. nupera (Lintner)
X. curvimacula (Morrison)

X. thoracica (Putnam-Cramer)
X. cineritia (Grote)

Genus Xylotype Hampson
X. acadia Barnes & Benjamin

Genus Platypolia Grote
P. anceps (Stephens)

Genus Mniotype Franclemont
M. ducta (Grote)
M. ferida Smith

Genus Fishia Grote
F. enthea Grote

Genus Sutyna Todd
S. privata (Walker)

Genus Epiglaea Grote
E. apiata (Grote)

Genus Agrochola Hiibner
A. lota (Clerck)

Genus Parastichtis Hiibner
P. discivaria (Walker)

Genus Sunira Franclemont
S. bicolorago (Guenee)

+

-1-

-f-

+

4-

+

goldenrod brindle

+

nonconformist (Br.)

+
-1-
+
-1-
-1-

red swordgrass moth (Br.)
dot and dash swordgrass
moth

4-
+

+
-f

+

+

•f

+

+
+

-1-
+

+

-f

+

red-lined quaker (Br.)

-1-
-1-
+

284

Common name of moth or Nfld. Labr.
larva

Genus Xanthia Ochsenheimer

X. lutea (Stromberg) pink-barred sallow (Br.) +

Genus Apamea Ochsenheimer

A. verbascoides (Guenee) +

A. vultuosa (Grote) -I-

A. amputatrix (Fitch) yellowheaded cutworm + +

A. alia (Guenee) -f

A. commoda (Walker) -I-

A. impulsa (Guenee) + -I-

A. indocilis (Walker) +

A. finitima GutntQ 4- -|-

Genus Agroperina Hampson

A. lateritia (Hufnagel) -f +

A. dubitans (Walker) +

A. cogitata (Smith) + +

A. inficita (Walker) +

Genus Crymodes Guenee

C. devastator (Brace) glassy cutworm + +

C. maillardi (Geyer) northern arches (Br.) + +

Genus Trichoplexia Hampson

T. exornata (Moschler) -f- -j-

Genus Luperina Boisduval

L. passer (Guenee) +

Genus Oligia Hubner

O. modica (Guenee) +

O. bridghami (Grote & +

Robinson)

O. minuscula (Morrison) -I-

O. illocata (Walker) +

Genus Eremobina McDunnough
E. claudens (Walker) +

Genus Hypocoena Hampson

H. rufostrigata (Packard) -l-

H. inquinata (Guenee) +

H. basistriga McDunnough -I- +

Genus Ipimorpha Hubner

/. pleonectusa Grote +

Genus Helotropha Lederer

H. reniformis (Grote) -I-

Genus Amphipoea Billberg
A. velata (Walker) +

A. americana (Speyer) -|-

Genus Hydroecia Guenee

H. micacea (Esper) potato stem borer, rosy +

rustic moth

285

Common name of moth or
larva

Nfld. Labr.

Genus Papaipema Smith
P. impecuniosa (Grote)
P. pterisii Bird
P.frigida{Sm\i\\)
P. thalictri Lyman

Genus Euplexia Stephens
E. benesimilis McDunnough

Genus Phlogophora Treitschke
P. iris Guenee
P. periculosa Guenee

Genus Euherrichia Grote
E. monetifera (Guenee)

Genus Agriopodes Hampson
A.fallax (Herrich-Schaffer)

Genus Amphipyra Ochsenheimer
A. pyramidoides Guenee
A. tragopoginis (Linnaeus)

Genus Nedra Clarke
A^. ramosula (Guenee)

Genus Andropolia Grote

A. contacta (Walker)

Genus Hyppa Duponchel
H. xylinoides (Guenee)
H. indistincta Smith

Genus Platysenta Grote
P. sutor (Guenee)

Genus Elaphria Hiibner
E. versicolor (Grote)
E. festivoides (Guenee)

Genus Platyperigea Smith
P. multifera (Walker)

Genus Enargia Hiibner
E. infumata (Grote)

Genus Bellura Walker

B. diffusa (Grote)

Genus Pyrrhia Hiibner
P. umbra (Hiifnagel)
P. exprimens (Walker)

Genus Helicoverpa Hardwick
H. zea (Boddie)

+

+

+

+

+

green marvel

+

copper underwing

+

mouse (Br.)

+
+
+

+

+

+

+

+

+

browntailed diver

+

bordered sallow

-1-

corn earworm, boUworm,

+

tomato fruitworm

286

Common name of moth or
larva

Nfld.

Labr.

Genus Lithacodia Hiibner
L. bellicula Hiibner
L. albidula (Guenee)
L. carneola (Guenee)

Genus Nycteola Hiibner
N.frigidana (Walker)
A^. cinereana Neumoegen &
Dyar

Genus Caloplusia Smith
C. ignea simulans
McDunnough

Genus Syngrapha Hiibner
S. par alls (Hiibner)
S. alticola (Walker)
S. microgamma nearctica

Ferguson
S. montana (Packard)
S. diasema (Boisduval)
S. rectangula (Kirby)
S. u-aureum (Guenee)
S. alias (Ottolengui)
S. interrogationis (Linnaeus)
S. altera variana (Ottolengui)
S. octoscripta (Grote)
S. surena (Grote)
S. epigaea (Grote)
S. selecta (Walker)

Genus Anagrapha McDunnough
A.falcifera (Kirby)

celery looper

+
+

+

+

Genus Autographa Hubner

A. ampla (Walker)

+

A. bimaculata (Stephens)

-f-

A. mappa (Grote & Robinson)

+

A. pseudogamma (Grote)

+

A. flagellum (Walker)

+

Genus Trichoplusia McDunnough

T. ni (Hiibner) cabbage looper +■

Genus Chrysaspidia Hubner

C. putnami (Grote)

+

C. venusta (Walker)

+

Genus Plusia Ochsenheimer

P. aereoides Grote

+

Genus Pseudeva Hampson

P. purpurigera (Walker)

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

■f

+

+

+

+

4-

+

+

+

+

287

Common name of moth or

Nfld. Labr.

larva

Genus Chrysanympha Grote

C. formosa (Grote)

+

Genus Catocala Schrank

C. ilia (Cramer)

ilia underwing

+

C. relicta Walker

white underwing

+

C. unijuga Walker

+

C. briseis Edwards

briseis underwing

+

Genus Caenurgina McDunnough

C crassiuscula (Haworth)

grass looper

+

Genus Erebus Latreille

E. odora (Linnaeus)

black witch

+

Genus Scoliopteryx Germar

S. libatrix (Linnaeus)

herald moth, scalloped
owlet

+ -f

Genus Bomolocha Hiibner

B. bijugalis (Walker)

+

Genus Lomanaltes Grote

L. eductalis (Walker)

+

Genus Rivula Guenee
R. propinqualis Guenee

Genus Epizeuxis Hiibner
E. americalis (Guenee)
E. aemula (Hiibner)

Genus Chytolita Grote
C. petrealis Grote

Genus Philometra Grote
P. metonalis (Walker)

Genus Palthis Hiibner
P. angulalis Hiibner

Genus Schrankia Hiibner
S. turfosalis Wocke

Family NOTODONTIDAE

Genus Ichthyura Hiibner
/. apicalis Walker
/. albosigma (Fitch)

Genus Notodonta Ochsenheimer
A^. stragula Grote
A'^. simplaria Graef

Genus Phoesia Hiibner
P. rimosa Packard

+

+
+

+

marsh oblique-barred (Br.) -f

notodontid moths,
prominents

+
+

+
+

+

+

288

Common name of moth or Nfld. Labr.
larva

Genus Lophodonta Packard
L. ferruginea Packard

Genus Nadata Walker
yv. gibbosa (J. E. Smith)

Genus Schizura Doubleday
S. ipomoeae Doubleday
S. unicornis (J. E. Smith)

Genus Gluphisia Boisduval
G. septentrionalis Walker

Family LYMANTRIIDAE

Genus Gynaephora Hiibner
G. rossii (Curtis)

Genus Orgyia Ochsenheimer
O. antiqua nova Fitch
O. leucostigma (J. E. Smith)

Genus Dasychira Hiibner
D. vagans (Barnes &
McDunnough)

D. plagiata (Walker)

Genus Leucoma Hiibner
L. sal ids (Linnaeus)

Family LASIOCAMPIDAE

Genus Malacosoma Hiibner
M. americanum (Fabricius)
M. disstria Hiibner

Family THYATIRIDAE

Genus Habrosyne Hiibner
H. scripta Gosse

Genus Pseudothyatira Grote
P. expultrix Grote
P. cymatophoroides Guenee

Genus Euthyatira Smith

E. pudens (Guenee)

Family DREPANIDAE

Genus Eudeilinia Packard
E. herminiata (Guenee)

Genus Oreta Walker
O. rosea americana
(Herrich-Schaffer)

tussock moths

pine tussock moth

satin moth

tent caterpillar moths and
allies (lasiocampids)

eastern tent caterpillar
forest tent caterpillar

thyatirids

drepanids

+

+
+

rusty tussock moth +

white-marked tussock moth +

+
+

+
-f

-t-

+
+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

289

Common name of moth or
larva

Nnd. Labr.

Genus Drepana Schrank
D. arcuata Walker

D. bill neat a (Packard)

Family GEOMETRIDAE

Genus Archiearis Hiibner
A. infans (Moschler)

Genus Leucobrephos Grote
L. brephoides (Walker)

Genus Synchlora Guenee
S. liquoraria albolineata
(Packard)

Genus Mesothea Warren
M. incertata (Walker)

Genus Scopula Schrank
S. junctaria (Walker)
S.frigidaria (Moschler)
S. inductata (Guenee)

Genus Holarctias Prout
H. sentinaria Geyer

Genus Cyclophora Hiibner
C. pendulinaria (Guenee)

Genus Carsia Hiibner

C sororiata labradorensis

(Sommer)
C. sororiata thaxteri Swett

Genus Acasis Duponchel
A. viridata (Packard)

Genus Cladara Hulst
C. limitaria (Walker)
C. atroliturata (Walker)

Genus Lobophora Curtis
L. nivigerata Walker

Genus Trichodezia Warren
T. albovittata (Guenee)

Genus Operophtera Hiibner
O. bruceata (Hulst)
O. brumata (Linnaeus)

Genus Epirrita Hiibner

E. autumnata henshawi (Swett)

Genus Triphosa Stephens
T. haesitata affirmaria
(Walker)

geometrids (geometers)
first born geometer

sweet fern geometer

scribbler

white striped black

Bruce spanworm
winter moth

autumnal or November
moth

tissue moth

+

+

+

+

+

4-

+

+

+
+

4-

4-
+
+

+

+
+

•f

+

290

Common name of moth or

Nfld.

Labr.

larva

Genus Hydria Hiibner

H. undulata (Linnaeus)

scallop shell moth

+

+

Genus Eupithecia Curtis

E. misturata frostiata Swett

E. subfuscata (Ha worth)

gray pug (Br.)

+

E. tripunctaria

whitespotted pug (Br.)

4-

+

Herrich-Schaffer

E. fletcherata Taylor

+

4-

E. bradorata McDunnough

+

+

E. luteata Packard

+

+

E. palpata Packard

+

E. transcanadata MacKay

+

E. columbiata erpata Pearsall

+

E. satyrata fumata Taylor

satyr pug (Br.)

+

+

E. gibsonata Taylor

+

E. russeliata Swett

+

E. strattonata Packard

+

E. grata Taylor

+

E.fumosa (Hulst)

+

E. coagulata Guenee

+

E. nimbicolor (Hulst)

+

E. gelidata Moschler

+

+

E. perfusca youngata Taylor

angle barred pug (Br.)

+

E. pusillata interruptofasciata

juniper pug (Br.)

+

Packard

E. filmata Pearsall

+

+

E. albicapitata Packard

+

E. mutata Pearsall

cloaked pug (Br.)

+

E. anticaria Walker

+

Genus Chloroclystis Hiibner

C. rectangulata f.

+

nigrosericeata (Ha worth)

Genus Horisme Hiibner
H. intestinata (Guenee)

Genus Eustroma Hiibner
E. semiatrata (Hulst)

Genus Eulithis Hiibner
E. propulsata (Walker)
E. testata (Linnaeus)
E. destinata (Moschler)
E. flavibrunneata

(McDunnough)
E. explanata (Walker)
E. ser rat aria (Barnes &

McDunnough)

chevron moth

+

+

-f

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

291

Common name of moth or
larva

Nnd.

Labr.

Genus Diactinia Warren
D. silaceata (Denis &
Schiffermiiller)

Genus Plemyria Hiibner
P. georgii Hulst

Genus Dysstroma Hiibner
D. walkerata (Pearsall)
D. mackieata Cassino & Swett
D. citrata (Linnaeus)
D. brunneata (Packard)
D. hersiliata (Guenee)
D. hersiliata cervinifascia
(Walker)

Genus Thera Stephens
T. contractata (Packard)
T. otisi (Dyar)

Genus Hydriomena Hiibner
H. furcata (Thunberg)
H. divisaria frigidata (Walker)
H. renunciata (Walker)
H. ruberata (Freyer)

Genus Xanthorhoe Hiibner
X. lacustrata (Guenee)
X. labradorensis (Packard)
X. munitata (Hiibner)
X. ferrugata (Clerck)
X. ramaria Swett & Cassino
X. baffinensis McDunnough
X. algidata (Moschler)
X. iduata (Guenee)
X. abrasaria congregata
(Walker)

Genus Dasyuris Guenee
D. polata punctipes (Curtis)

D. polata bradorata Munroe

Genus Orthonama Hiibner
O. obstipata (Fabricius)
O. evansi McDunnough

Genus Entephria Hiibner

E. aurata (Packard)

Genus Mesoleuca Hiibner
M. ruficillata (Guenee)

Genus Epirrhoe Hiibner
E. alternata (Miiller)

small phoenix (Br.)

marbled carpet (Br.)
dark marbled carpet (Br.)

evergreen spanworm

red carpet (Br.)
red twin spot

gem

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

4-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-f

+

+

4-

+

+

+

+

+

+

4-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

292

Common name of moth or
larva

Nfld.

Labr.

Genus Spargania Guenee
S. magnoliata Guenee
S. luctuata obductata
(Moschler)

Genus Euphyia Hubner
E. unangulata (Haworth)

Genus Rheumaptera Hubner
R. hastata (Linnaeus)
R. subhastata (Nolcken)

Genus Perizoma Hubner
P. basaliata (Walker)
P. alchemillata (Linnaeus)

Genus Anticlea Stephens
A. vasiliata (Guenee)
A. multiferata (Walker)

Genus Venusia Curtis
V. cambrica Curtis
V. comptaria (Walker)

Genus Hydrelia Hubner
H. lucata (Guenee)
H. albifera (Walker)
H. terraenovae Krogerus

Genus Lomographa Hubner
L. semiclarata (Walker)
L. vestaliata (Guenee)
L. glomeraria (Grote)
L. glomeraria ab. merricki
(Cassino & Swett)

Genus Cabera Treitschke
C borealis (Hulst)
C. variolaria Guenee

C erythemaria Guenee

Genus Isturgia Hubner
/. truncataria (Walker)

Genus Semiothisa Hubner
S. bisignata (Walker)
S. signaria dispuncta (Walker)
S. submarmorata (Walker)
S. oweni (Swett)
S. sexmaculata (Packard)
5*. neptaria (Guenee)
S. hebetata (Hulst)

spear-marked black

small rivulet (Br.)

Welsh wave (Br.)

+
+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

pink striped willow

+

spanworm

+

+

!

+

+

redheaded inchworm

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

293

Common name of moth or Nfld. Labr.
larva

Genus Itame Hiibner
/. pustularia (Guenee)
/. argillacearia (Packard)
/. andersoni (Swett)
/. sulphurea (Packard)
/. brunneata (Thunberg)
/. subcessaria (Walker)
/. anataria (Swett)
/. exauspicata (Walker)
/. bitactata (Walker)
/. loricaria (Eversmann)

Genus Eufidonia Packard
E. convergaria (Walker)
E. discospilata (Walker)

Genus Hypagyrtis Hiibner
H. piniata (Packard)

Genus Protoboarmia
McDunnough
P. porcelaria (Guenee)

Genus Anavithnella
McDunnough
A. pampinaria (Guenee)

Genus Iridopsis Warren
/. larvaria (Guenee)

Genus Anacamptodes
McDunnough
A. vellivolata (Hulst)

Genus Aethalura McDunnough

A. anticaria (Walker)

Genus Ectropis Hiibner
E. crepuscularia (Denis &

Schiffermiiller)
E. crepuscularia f. abraxaria

(Walker)

Genus Erannis Hiibner
E. tiliaria (Harris)

Genus Bistort Leach

B. betularia cognataria
(Guenee)

Genus Aspilates Treitschke
A. conspersarius Staudinger

Genus Campaea Lamarck

C. perlata (Guenee)

lesser maple spanworm

pme measurmgworm

cranberry spanworm

small engrailed (Br.)

linden looper
pepper-and-salt

-h

+

-1-

-1-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-+•

+

-1-

+

+

+

+

light emerald

-f-

+

-I-
+

+

+

+
+

+
+

+

+

+

294

Common name of moth or
larva

Nfld. Labr.

Genus Homochlodes Hulst
H.fritillaria (Guenee)

Genus Plagodis Hiibner
P. phlogosaria iris Rupert

Genus Anagoga Hiibner

A. occiduaria (Walker)

Genus Hyperetis Guenee
H. amicaria f. nyssaria

(Guenee)
H. nepiasaria (Guenee)

Genus Metarranthis Warren
M. duaria (Guenee)

Genus Metanema Guenee
M. inatomaria Guenee
M. determinata Walker

Genus Selenia Hubner
iS*. alciphearia Walker

Genus Ennomos Treitschke
E. subsignaria (Hubner)

Genus Pero Herrich-Schaffer
P. honestaria (Walker)
P. morrisonaria (Henry
Edwards)

Genus Nepytia Hulst
A'^. canosaria (Walker)

Genus Caripeta Walker
C. divisata Walker
C divisata ab. nigraria Forbes
C piniata (Packard)
C angustiorata Walker

Genus Besma Capps

B. quercivoraria (Guenee)

Genus Lambdina Capps
L. fiscellaria (Guenee)

Genus Sicya Guenee
S. macularia (Harris)

Genus Apicia Guenee
A. confusaria Hubner

Genus Prochoerodes Grote
P. transversata (Drury)

barred umber

snow-white linden

false hemlock looper

gray spruce looper

brown pine looper

hemlock looper

large maple spanworm

+

+

+

+
+

+

+
4-

+

+
+

+
+

+

+

+

+

+

295

Collection points in Newfoundland

Arranged alphabetically

1 12 Adies Pond

1 1 3 Adies Pond Road
62 Appleton

251 Aquaforte

88 Badger

133 BaieVerte
237 Baine Harbour

2 Bauline Line (Torbay)

259 Bay Bulls

223 Bay d'Espoir

230 Bay L'Argent

22 Bay Roberts

1 34 Bear Cove
6 Bell Island

60 Benton

106 Big Falls

104 Birchy Basin (Birchy Lake)

247 Biscay Bay

79 Bishop's Falls
182 Black Duck

27 Blow Me Down

143 Boat Harbour

45 Bonavista

169 Bonne Bay Road

181 Bottom Brook

80 Botwood
149 Brig Bay

97 Buchans

90 Buchans Junction

220 Burgeo

235 Burin

215 Burnt Islands

29 Burnt Point

253 Cape Broyle

249 Cappahayden

24 Carbonear

214 Channel (Port aux Basques)

229 Chapel Island

218 Cinq Cerf River

34 Clarenville

202 Coal Brook

261 Cochrane Pond

206 Codroy

200 Codroy Pond

242 Colinet

16 Colliers Ridge

33 Come By Chance

7 1 Comfort Cove

226 Conne River Pond

142 Cook's Harbour

114 Cormack

173 Corner Brook

163 Cow Head

197 Crabbes(St. David's)

199 Crabbes River

236 Creston

18 Cupids

160 Daniel's Harbour

127 Davis Pond

126 Davis Pond Road

117 Deer Lake

54 Deer Pond

151 Doctors Brook (Doctor's Hills)
10 Donovans

21 1 Doyles (Doyles Station)

190 Dribble Brook

50 Eastport
144 Eddies Cove

152 Eddies Cove West
93 Exploits Dam

185 Felix Cove

252 Ferryland

194 Fischells Brook

170 Fishers Brook

192 Flat Bay

191 Flat Bay Brook
3 Flatrock

132 Fleur de Lys

146 Flower's Cove

67 Fogo

234 Fortune

69 Fortune Harbour

13 Foxtrap

99 Gaff Topsail

180 Gallants

58 Gambo

61 Gander

154 Gargamelle

35 Georges Brook

179 Georges Lake

168 Glenburnie

63 Glenwood

51 Glovertown

1 16 Goose Arm Road

260 Goulds

233 Grand Bank

296

217

Grand Bruit

32

Heart's Content

84

Grand Falls

195

Heatherton

102

Grand Lake

227

Hermitage

219

Grandy Brook

15

Holyrood

137

Great Cat Arm

101

Howley

205

Great Falls

96

Howley Lake

86

Great Rattling Brook

173

Humber (Corner Brook)

83

Great River

124

Indian Pond

175

Gull Pond Road

128

Jackson's Cove

118

Halstead (Pynns Brook)

196

Jeffrey's

108

Hampden

78

Jumpers Brook

107

Hampden Road

264

Kilbride

183

Harmon Field

46

King's Cove

81

Harvey's Stillwater

100

Kitty's Brook

158

Hawkes Bay

64

Ladle Cove

240

Haystack (on Long Island)

94

Lake Ambrose

297

254 La Manche

174 Lark Harbour

129 LaScie

130 La Scie Road
39 Lethbridge

73 Lewisporte
167 Lomond

1 1 Long Pond (Talcville)

140 Loon Motel
263 Maddox Cove

138 Main Brook Junction

17 Makinsons

12 Manuels

91 Mary March Park

36 Middle Brook
85 Miguels Lake

92 Millertown

89 Millertown Junction

225 Milltown

207 Millville

131 Ming's Bight
256 Mobile

232 Molliers

265 Mount Pearl

210 Mummichog Provincial Park

38 Musgravetown

244 Mussel Pond
44 Newmans Cove
48 Newman Sound
30 New Melbourne

74 Neyle's Bridge
76 Norris Arm

201 North Branch Road

57 North Pond

19 North River

120 North Twin Lake

75 Notre Dame Junction
47 Ochre Hill Road

162 Parson's Pond

119 Pasadena

227 Pass Island

145 Paynes Bay (Paynes Cove)

245 Peter's River
262 Petty Harbour
184 Piccadilly

177 Pinchgut Lake

53 Pinsent's Ridge (Terra Nova)

141 Pistolet Bay
148 Plum Point
153 Port au Choix
186 Port au Port

214 Port aux Basques (Channel)

37 Port Blandford

20 Port de Grave
161 Portland Creek

43 Port Rexton

155 Port Saunders

5 Portugal Cove

248 Portugal Cove South

4 Pouch Cove

224 Pushthrough

1 1 8 Pynns Brook (Halstead)

1 Quidi Vidi (St. John's, Windsor
Lake)

221 Ramea

77 Rattling Brook

115 Reidville

222 Rencontre West
250 Renews

159 River of Ponds

204 Riverview Hill (View Hill)

123 Robert's Arm

216 Rose Blanche

139 St. Anthony

147 St. Barbe

197 St. David's (Crabbes)

198 St. Fintan's

189 St. George's (Tolt)

150 St. John Island

1 St. John's (Quidi Vidi, Windsor
Lake)

164 St. Pauls

7 St. Phillips
246 St. Shotts
193 St. Teresa

8 St. Thomas
28 Salmon Cove

243 Salmonier

49 Saltons Brook

103 Sandy Lake

105 Sandy Lake Road

14 Seal Cove

208 Searston

65 Seldom

21 Shearstown
203 South Branch
122 South Brook
121 South Pond

70 Southeast Arm

55 Southwest Pond

23 Spaniards Bay

125 Springdale

178 Spruce Brook

176 Stag Hill

171 Steady Brook

187 Stephenville

298

188

Stephenville Crossing

25

Victoria Road

87

Stony Brook

95

Victoria Lake

41

Sweet Bay

204

View Hill (Riverview Hill)

239

Swift Current

241

Villa Marie

212

Table Mountain

172

Watsons Brook

11

Talcville (Long Pond)

59

Wesleyville

109

Taylor's Brook

156

Western Brook

53

Terra Nova (Pinsent's Ridge)

157

Western Brook Pond

52

Terra Nova National Park

135

Westport

238

Terrenceville

136

White Bay

213

The Tolt

110

Whites Brook

72

Thwart Island

111

Whites Road

66

Tilting

165

Wild Cove

189

Tolt (St. George's)

98

Wiley Brook

209

Tompkins

1

Windsor Lake (St. John's, Quidi

9

Topsail

Vidi)

2

Torbay (Bauline Line)

40

Winter Brook

255

Tors Cove

231

Winterland

82

Tote Lake

31

Winterton

42

Trinity

257

Witless Bay

56

Triton Brook

258

Witless Bay Line

68

Twillingate

166

Woody Point

26

Victoria

Arranged

nume

Tically

1

St. John's (Quidi Vidi, Windsor

28

Salmon Cove

Lake)

29

Burnt Point

2

Torbay (Bauline Line)

30

New Melbourne

3

Flatrock

31

Winterton

4

Pouch Cove

32

Heart's Content

5

Portugal Cove

33

Come By Chance

6

Bell Island

34

Clarenville

7

St. Phillips

35

Georges Brook

8

St. Thomas

36

Middle Brook

9

Topsail

37

Port Blandford

10

Donovans

38

Musgravetown

11

Long Pond (Talcville)

39

Lethbridge

12

Manuels

40

Winter Brook

13

Foxtrap

41

Sweet Bay

14

Seal Cove

42

Trinity

15

Holyrood

43

Port Rexton

16

Colliers Ridge

44

Newmans Cove

17

Makinsons

45

Bonavista

18

Cupids

46

King's Cove

19

North River

47

Ochre Hill Road

20

Port de Grave

48

Newman Sound

21

Shearstown

49

Saltons Brook

22

Bay Roberts

50

Eastport

23

Spaniards Bay

51

Glovertown

24

Carbonear

52

Terra Nova National Park

25

Victoria Road

53

Terra Nova (Pinsent's Ridge)

26

Victoria

54

Deer Pond

27

Blow Me Down

299

55 Southwest Pond

56 Triton Brook

57 North Pond

58 Gambo

59 Wesleyville

60 Benton

61 Gander

62 Appleton

63 Glenwood

64 Ladle Cove

65 Seldom

66 Tilting

67 Fogo

68 Twillingate

69 Fortune Harbour

70 Southeast Arm

7 1 Comfort Cove

72 Thwart Island

73 Lewisporte

74 Neyle's Bridge

75 Notre Dame Junction

76 Norris Arm

77 Rattling Brook

78 Jumpers Brook

79 Bishop's Falls

80 Botwood

81 Harvey's Stillwater

82 Tote Lake

83 Great River

84 Grand Falls

85 Miguels Lake

86 Great Rattling Brook

87 Stony Brook

88 Badger

89 Millertown Junction

90 Buchans Junction

91 Mary March Park

92 Millertown

93 Exploits Dam

94 Lake Ambrose

95 Victoria Lake

96 Howley Lake

97 Buchans

98 Wiley Brook

99 Gaff Topsail

100 Kitty's Brook

101 Howley

102 Grand Lake

103 Sandy Lake

104 Birchy Basin (Birchy Lake)

105 Sandy Lake Road

106 Big Falls

107 Hampden Road

108 Hampden

109 Taylor's Brook

110 Whites Brook

1 1 1 Whites Road

1 12 Adies Pond

1 13 Adies Pond Road

114 Cormack

115 Reidville

1 16 Goose Arm Road

117 Deer Lake

1 1 8 Pynns Brook (Halstead)

119 Pasadena

120 North Twin Lake

121 South Pond

122 South Brook

123 Robert's Arm

124 Indian Pond

125 Springdale

126 Davis Pond Road

127 Davis Pond

128 Jackson's Cove

129 La Scie

130 La Scie Road

131 Ming's Bight

132 Fleur de Lys

133 BaieVerte

134 Bear Cove

135 Westport

136 White Bay

137 Great Cat Arm

138 Main Brook Junction

139 St. Anthony

140 Loon Motel

141 Pistolet Bay

142 Cook's Harbour

143 Boat Harbour

144 Eddies Cove

145 Paynes Bay (Paynes Cove)

146 Flower's Cove

147 St. Barbe

148 Plum Point

149 Brig Bay

150 St. John Island

1 5 1 Doctors Brook (Doctor's Hills)

152 Eddies Cove West

153 PortauChoix

154 Gargamelle

155 Port Saunders

156 Western Brook

157 Western Brook Pond

158 HawkesBay

159 River of Ponds

160 Daniel's Harbour

300

161 Portland Creek

162 Parson's Pond

163 Cow Head

164 St. Pauls

165 Wild Cove

166 Woody Point

167 Lomond

168 Glenburnie

169 Bonne Bay Road

170 Fishers Brook

171 Steady Brook

172 Watsons Brook

173 Corner Brook (Humber)

174 Lark Harbour

175 Gull Pond Road

176 Stag Hill

177 Pinchgut Lake

178 Spruce Brook

179 Georges Lake

180 Gallants

181 Bottom Brook

182 Black Duck

183 Harmon Field

184 Piccadilly

185 Felix Cove

186 Port au Port

187 Stephenville

188 Stephenville Crossing

189 St. George's (Tolt)

190 Dribble Brook

191 Flat Bay Brook

192 Flat Bay

193 St. Teresa

194 Fischells Brook

195 Heatherton

196 Jeffrey's

197 St. David's (Crabbes)

198 St. Fintan's

199 Crabbes River

200 Codroy Pond

201 North Branch Road

202 Coal Brook

203 South Branch

204 Riverview Hill (View Hill)

205 Great Falls

206 Codroy

207 Millville

208 Searston

209 Tompkins

210 Mummichog Provincial Park

21 1 Doyles (Doyles Station)

212 Table Mountain

213 TheTolt

214 Port aux Basques (Channel)

215 Burnt Islands

216 Rose Blanche

217 Grand Bruit

218 Cinq Cerf River

219 Grandy Brook

220 Burgeo

221 Ramea

222 Rencontre West

223 Bay d'Espoir

224 Pushthrough

225 Milltown

226 Conne River Pond

227 Pass Island

228 Hermitage

229 Chapel Island

230 Bay L'Argent

231 Winterland

232 Molliers

233 Grand Bank

234 Fortune

235 Burin

236 Creston

237 Baine Harbour

238 Terrenceville

239 Swift Current

240 Haystack (on Long Island)

241 Villa Marie

242 Colinet

243 Salmonier

244 Mussel Pond

245 Peter's River

246 St. Shotts

247 Biscay Bay

248 Portugal Cove South

249 Cappahayden

250 Renews

25 1 Aquaforte

252 Ferryland

253 Cape Broyle

254 La Manche

255 Tors Cove

256 Mobile

257 Witless Bay

258 Witless Bay Line

259 Bay Bulls

260 Goulds

261 Cochrane Pond

262 Petty Harbour

263 Maddox Cove

264 Kilbride

265 Mount Pearl

301

Collection points in Labrador

Arranged alphabetically

3

15
4

2
26
12
28

4

9

28
18
11

22

Battle Harbour (Great Caribou 25

Island, Caribou Island) 24

Belle Isle 1

Black Island 10

Caribou Island (Great Caribou 21

Island, Battle Harbour)

Cartwright 14

Chateau Bay 27

Churchill Falls 16

Davis Inlet 17

Goose Bay (Happy Valley) 20

Great Caribou Island (Battle 7

Harbour, Caribou Island) 23

Hamilton Inlet 19

Happy Valley (Goose Bay) 25

Hebron 6

Hopedale 5

Kangalaksiorwik Fiord 13
(Kangalak)

Knob Lake (Schefferville)

Lake Attikamagen

L'Anse-au-Loup

Makkovik

Nachvak Fiord (Nagrak Fiord,

Nogbak Fiord)
Nain

North West River
Nutak
Okak Bay

Ramah Bay (Rama, Rama Bay)
Rocky Bay

Ryans Bay (Rycon's Bay)
Saglek Bay (Sugluk)
Schefferville (Knob Lake)
Snug Harbour
Square Island
Tuktuinak Island (Tukarek Isle)

Arranged numerically

1 L'Anse-au-Loup 16

2 Chateau Bay 17

3 Belle Isle 18

4 Great Caribou Island (Caribou 19

Island, Battle Harbour) 20

5 Square Island 21

6 Snug Harbour

7 Rocky Bay 22

8 Cartwright

9 Hamilton Inlet 23

10 Makkovik 24

1 1 Hopedale 25

12 Davis Inlet 26

13 Tuktuinak Island (Tukarek Isle) 27

14 Nain 28

15 Black Island

Nutak

Okak Bay

Hebron

Saglek Bay (Sugluk)

Ramah Bay (Rama, Rama Bay)

Nachvak Fiord (Nagrak Fiord,

Nogbak Fiord)
Kangalaksiorwik Fiord

(Kangalak)
Ryans Bay (Rycon's Bay)
Lake Attikamagen
Knob Lake (Schefferville)
Churchill Falls
North West River
Goose Bay (Happy Valley)

302

303

Plates 1-34

All Specimens in Plates 1-34 are reproduced at natural size

Plate 1

1, Papilio polyxenes asterius Stoll, male

2, P. brevicauda Saunders, male

3, P. glaucus canadensis Rothschild & Jordan, male

304

305

Plate 2

1, Colias hecla Lefebre, male

2, C. eurytheme Boisduval, male

3, C. philodice Godart, female

4, C interior Scudder, female

5, C. pelidne Boisduval & LeConte, male

6, C. palaeno chippewa Edwards, male

7, C nastes Boisduval, female

8, Pieris napi frigida Scudder, female

9, P. rapae (Linnaeus), female

10, P. rapae, male

306

• 1

7

//

10

307

Plate 3

1, Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus), male

2, Oeneis chryxus (Doubleday), female

3, O. taygete Geyer, female

4, O. jutta terraenovae dos Passes, male

5, O. j. terraenovae, paratype female

6, O. polixenes (Fabricius), male

7, O. melissa (Fabricius), male

308

309

Plate 4

1, Coenonympha inornata inornata Edwards, female

2, C. /. mcisaaci dos Passos, male

3, Erebia disa Thunberg, male

4, Speyeria atlantis (Edwards), female

5, Boloria selene terraenovae (Holland), male

6, B. eunomia (Esper), male

7, B. chariclea (Schneider), male

8, B. titania boisduvalii (Duponchel), male

9, B.freija (Thunberg), male

10, B. polaris (Boisduval), female

11, B.frigga saga (Staudinger), male

12, B. bellona (Fabricius), male

13, Chlosyne harrisii (Scudder), male

14, Phyciodes tharos arctica dos Passos, male

310

311

Plate 5

1, Potygonia satyrus (Edwards), female

2, P.faunus (Edwards), female

3, P. progne (Cramer), male

4, P. gracilis (Grote & Robinson), male

5, Nymphalis vau-album (Denis & Schiffermiiller), male

6, A^. milberti milberti (Godart), male

7, A^. m. viola (dos Passos), female

8, TV. antiopa (Linnaeus), female

9, Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus), female

312

313

Plate 6

1, Vanessa virginiensis (Drury), female

2, V. cardui (Linnaeus), female

3, Celastrina argiolus pseudargiolus (Boisduval & LeConte), male

4, C a. pseudargiolus, female

5, Limenitis arthemis (Drury), male

6, Glaucopsyche lygdamus couperi Grote, male

7, G. I. couperi, reversed male

8, Plebejus aquilo Boisduval, male

9, Callophrys august inus (West wood), male

10, C a. helenae (dos Passes), female

11, C niphon clarki (Freeman), reversed male

12, Lycaena dorcas Kirby, female

13, L. dorcas, male

14, L. epixanthe phaedrus (Hall), male

15, L. e. phaedrus, female

16, Plebejus argyrognomon aster (Edwards), male

17, P. a. aster, female

18, P. a. aster, reversed female

19, P. a. empetri (Freeman), reversed female

20, Pyrgus centaureae (Rambur), female

21, Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas), male

22, Hesperia comma borealis Lindsey, male

23, Polites coras (Cramer), male

314

315

Plate 7

1, Agrius cingulatus (Fabricius), male

2, Ceratomia undulosa (Walker), male

3, Sphinx canadensis Boisduval, female

316

317

Plate 8

1, Sphinx kalmiae J. E. Smith, male

2, S. gordius Cramer, male

3, S. drupiferarum J. E. Smith, male

4, Smerinthus jamaicensis (Drury), male

318

319

Plate 9

1, Smerinthus cerisyi Kirby, male

2, Paonias excaecatus (J. E. Smith), male

3, Proserpinus flavofasciata (Walker), male

4, Pachysphinx modesta (Harris), female

5, Hyles gallii intermedia (Kirby), male

6, Hemaris thysbe (Fabricius), male

320

321

Plate 10

1, Antheraea polyphemus polyphemus (Cramer), male

2, Ctenucha virginica (Charpentier), female

3, Lexis bicolor (Grote), male

4, Halisidota maculata (Harris), male

5, Phragmatobia fuliginosa (Linnaeus), male

6, Apantesis virgo (Linnaeus), male

7, A. virguncula (Kirby), male

8, A. parthenice (Kirby), male

9, A. quenselii (Paykull), male

10, Pyrrharctia Isabella (J. E. Smith), male

11, Diacrisia virginica (Fabricius), male

12, Hyphantria cunea (Drury), male

13, H. textor Harris, male

322

m

11

12

'' 13

323

Plate 1 1

1, Platarctia parthenos (Harris), male

2, Arctia caja (Linnaeus), male

3, Alypia octomaculata (Fabricius), female

4, Androloma mac-cullochi (Kirby), male

5, Alypia langtoni Couper, female

6, Colocasia propinquilinea Grote, male

7, Panthea acronyctoides Walker, male

8, Raphia frater Grote, male

9, Acronicta americana (Harris), female

10, A. dactylina (Grote), male

11, A. lepusculina Guenee, male
\1, A. leporina (Linnaeus), male

13, A. radcliffei (Harvey), female

14, A. innotata Guenee, female

15, A. grisea Walker, male

16, A.fragilis (Guenee), male

324

325

Plate 12

1, Acronicta impressa Walker, female

2, A. impressa, female

3, A. oblinita (J. E. Smith), male

4, Harrisimemna trisignata (Walker), male

5, Euxoa perpolita (Morrison), male

6, E. messoria (Harris), female

7, E. Ontario (Smith), female

8, E. quebecensis (Smith), male

9, E. tessellata (Harris), female

10, E. campestris (Grote), female

11, E. dissona (Moschler), male

12, E. diver gens (Walker), male

13, E. redimicula (Morrison), male

14, E. westermanni (Staudinger), male

15, E. ochrogaster (Guenee), male

16, Agrotis mollis (Walker), female

17, A. patula Walker, male

\%, A. venerabilis Walker, male

19, A. musa Smith, female

20, A. volubilis Harvey, male

21, A. obliqua (Smith), male

326

327

Plate 13

1, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), male

2, Eurois occulta (Linnaeus), female

3, Spaelotis clandestina (Harris), male

4, Actebia fennica (Tauscher), male

5, Ochropleura plecta (Linnaeus), male

6, Eurois astricta Morrison, male

7, Metalepsis salicarum (Walker), male

8, Hemipachnobia monochromatea (Morrison), male

9, Peridroma saucia (Hiibner), female

10, Cerastis tenebrifera (Walker), male

11, Paradiarsia littoralis pectinata (Smith), male

12, Graphiphora haruspica (Grote), male

13, Rhyacia quadrangula (Zetterstedt), male

14, Chersotis juncta (Grote), male

15, Diarsia rubifera (Grote), female

16, D. dislocata (Smith), male

17, Heptagrotis phyllophora (Grote), female

18, Diarsia jucunda (Walker), male

19, D. pseudorosaria freemani Hardwick, male

328

329

Plate 14

1, Amathes c-nigrum (Linnaeus), male

2, A. smithii (Snellen), male

3, A. oblata (Morrison), male

4, A. bicarnea (Guenee), male

5, A. tenuicula (Morrison), male

6, A. opacifrons (Grote), male

7, Pachnobia tecta (Hiibner), male

8, P. wockei (Moschler), male

9, P. scropulana (Morrison), male

10, P. okakensis (Packard), male

11, Anomogyna atrata (Morrison), male

12, A. fabulosa Ferguson, male

13, A. speciosa mixta (Walker), male

14, A. perquiritata perquiritata (Morrison), male

15, A. p. bedded (Hampson), male

16, ^. laetabilis (Zetterstedt), male

17, A. homogena McDunnough, male

18, /^. imperil a (Hiibner), male

19, A. elimata (Guenee), male

20, A. dilucida (Morrison), male

21, A. youngii (Smith), male

330

331

Plate 15

1, Aplectoides condita (Guenee), male

2, Anaplectoides pressus (Grote), male

3, A. prasina (Schiffermiiller), male

4, Protolampra rufipectus (Morrison), male

5, Cryptocala acadiensis (Bethune), male

6, Eueretagrotis perattenta (Grote), male

7, E. perattenta, female

8, Abagrotis placida (Grote), female

9, A. alternata (Grote), female

10, Rhynchagrotis cupida (Grote), male

11, Scotogramma trifolii (Rottenberg), male

12, Mamestra curialis (Smith), male

13, Polia leomegra (Smith), male

14, P. rogenhoferi (Moschler), female

15, P. atlantica (Grote), male

16, P. carbonifera (Hampson), male

17, P. imbrifera (Guenee), female

18, P. nevadae canadensis (Smith), male

19, P. radix (Walker), female

20, P. legitima (Grote), female

332

333

Plate 16

1, Polia rugosa (Morrison), male

2, P. lilacina (Harvey), male

3, P. pulverulenta (Smith), male

4, P. ingravis (Smith), male

5, P. frustrata McDunnough, male

6, P. cristifera (Walker), male

7, P. lutra (Guenee), male

8, P. secedens (Walker), male

9, Lacinipolia anguina (Grote), male

10, L. renigera (Stephens), male

11, L. lorea (Guenee), male

12, L. olivacea (Morrison), male

13, Lasionycta albinuda (Smith), female

14, L. subdita (Moschler), male

15, Lasiestra phoca (Moschler), male

16, L. leucocycla moeschleri (Staudinger), male

17, L. l.flanda (Smith), male

18, L. I. moeschleri, male

19, Anarta cordigera (Thunberg), female

20, A. melanopa (Thunberg), female

21, A. richardsoni tamsi Benjamin, female

22, A. richardsoni (Curtis), female

23, Astrapetis sutrina (Grote), female

24, Sideridis maryx (Guenee), female

334

W 24

335

Plate 17

1, Protorthodes lindrothi Krogerus, paratype female

2, Pseudorthodes vecors (Guenee), female

3, Nephelodes minians Guenee, male

4, Cerapteryx graminis (Linnaeus), female

5, Orthosia revicta (Morrison), male

6, O. hibisci (Guenee), female

7, Ceramica picta (Harris), female

8, Faronta diffusa (Walker), male

9, Leucania commoides Guenee, male

10, L. insueta Guenee, male

11, L. comma (Linnaeus), male

12, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Ha worth), male

13, Aletia oxygala (Grote), male

14, Brachionycha bore alls (Smith), male

15, Homohadena badistriga (Grote), female

16, Cucullia intermedia Speyer, female

17, C.florea Guenee, male

18, C asteroides Guenee, female

19, Homohadena infixa (Walker), male

20, Apharetra dentata Grote, female

336

337

Plate 18

1, Apharetra purpurea McDunnough, male

2, Sympistis melaleuca (Thunberg), male

3, S. lapponica (Thunberg), male

4, S. labradoris (Staudinger), female

5, S.funesta (Paykull), male

6, Feralia jocosa (Guenee), male

7, F. comstocki Grote, male

8, Hillia iris (Zetterstedt), male

9, Lithophane amanda (Smith), male

10, Platypolia anceps (Stephens), male

11, Lithophane pexat a Grote, female

12, L. georgii Grote, male

13, Hillia iris (Zetterstedt), male

14, Lithophane lepida (Lintner), male

15, L. thaxteri Grote, male

16, Xylotype acadia Barnes & Benjamin, male

17, Xylena nupera (Lintner), male

18, X. thoracica (Putnam-Cramer), female

19, X. thoracica, male

20, Lithomoia solidaginis (Hiibner), female

338

339

Plate 19

1, Mniotype ducta (Grote), female

2, M.ferida Smith, female

3, Xanthia lutea (Stromberg), female

4, Fishia enthea Grote, female

5, F. enthea, female

6, Sunira bicolorago (Guenee), female

7, Apamea amputatrix (Fitch), male

8, Sutyna privata (Walker), female

9, Epiglaea apiata (Grote), female

10, Apamea verbascoides (Guenee), female

11, A. vultuosa (Grote), male

12, A. alia (Guenee), female

13, A. commoda (Walker), male

14, A. impulsa (Guenee), female

15, A. impulsa (Guenee), female

16, A. indocilis (Walker), male

17, A.finitima Guenee, female

18, Agroperina lateritia (Hufnagel), male

19, A. dubitans (Walker), male

20, A. cogitata (Smith), male

21, A. inficita (Walker), male

340

341

Plate 20

1, Cry modes devastator (Brace), female

2, Trichoplexia exornata (Moschler), male

3, Luperina passer (Guenee), male

4, Oligia bridghami (Grote & Robinson), male

5, O. minuscula (Morrison), female

6, O. illocata (Walker), male

7, Eremobina claudens (Walker), male

8, Hypocoena inquinata (Guenee), male

9, H. basistriga McDunnough, male

10, Euplexia benesimilis McDunnough, male

11, Ipimorpha pleonectusa Grote, female

12, Helotropha reniformis (Grote), male

13, Amphipoea velata (Walker), male

14, A. americana (Speyer), male

15, Hydroecia micacea (Esper), male

16, Papaipema impecuniosa (Grote), female

17, P. pterisii Bird, male

18, P.frigida (Smith), male

19, P. thalictri Lyman, female

20, Phlogophora iris Guenee, male

21, P. periculosa Guenee, male

22, Euherrichia monetifera (Guenee), female

342

343

Plate 21

1, Agriopodes fallax (Herrich-Schaffer), male

2, Amphipyra tragopoginis (Linnaeus), male

3, Hyppa indistinct a Smith, male

4, Andropolia contacta (Walker), male

5, Amphipyra pyramidoides Guenee, male

6, Platysenta sutor (Guenee), female

7, Nedra ramosula (Guenee), male

8, Hyppa xylinoides (Guenee), female

9, Elaphria versicolor (Grote), female

10, E.festivoides (Guenee), male

11, Bellura diffusa (Grote), male

12, Pyrrhia umbra (Hiifnagel), male

13, P. exprimens (Walker), female

14, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), male

15, Syngrapha diasema (Boisduval), female

16, Lithacodia bellicula Hiibner, female

17, L. albidula (Guenee), male

18, L. carneola (Guenee), female

19, Nycteola frigidana (Walker), male

20, Syngrapha alticola (Walker), female

21, Caloplusia ignea simulans McDunnough, male

22, Syngrapha microgamma nearctica Ferguson, female

23, S. montana (Packard), female

344

345

Plate 22

1, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby), male

2, Syngrapha rectangula (Kirby), female

3, S. u-aureum (Guenee), male

4, S. alias (Ottolengui), male

5, S. interrogationis (Linnaeus), female

6, S. altera variana (Ottolengui), male

7, S. octoscripta (Grote), female

8, S. surena (Grote), male

9, S. epigaea (Grote), female

10, Autographa ampla (Walker), female

11, Syngrapha selecta (Walker), female

12, Trichoplusia ni (Hiibner), male

13, Pseudeva purpurigera (Walker), male

14, Autographa bimaculata (Stephens), male

15, A. mappa (Grote & Robinson), male

16, Chrysanympha formosa (Grote), male

17, Autographa flagellum (Walker), male

18, Chrysaspidia putnami (Grote), male

19, Cry modes maillardi (Geyer), male

20, Autographa pseudogamma (Grote), female

21, Syngrapha paralis (Hiibner), male

346

347

Plate 23

1, Catocala ilia (Cramer), male

2, C. relicta Walker, male

3, C. unijuga Walker, female

4, C briseis Edwards, female

348

349

Plate 24

1, Caenurgina crassiuscula (Haworth), male

2, Lomanaltes eductalis (Walker), male

3, Bomolocha bijugalis (Walker), female

4, Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linnaeus), female

5, Erebus odora (Linnaeus), male

6, Rivula propinqualis Guenee, male

7, Epizeuxis americalis (Guenee), female

8, E. aemula (Hiibner), female

9, Chytolita petrealis Grote, male

10, Philometra metonalis (Walker), male

11, Palthis angulalis Hiibner, male

350

351

Plate 25

1, Ichthyura apicalis Walker, male

2, /. albosigma (Fitch), male

3, Notodonta stragula Grote, male

4, Phoesia rimosa Packard, male

5, Nadata gibbosa (J. E. Smith), male

6, Lophodonta ferruginea Packard, male

7, Dasychira vagans (Barnes & McDunnough), female

8, Schizura unicornis (J. E. Smith), male

9, Gluphisia septentrionalis Walker, male

10, Leucoma salicis (Linnaeus), male

11, Orgyia antiqua nova Fitch, male

12, O. a. nova, female

13, O. leucostigma (J. E. Smith), male

14, Dasychira vagans (Barnes & McDunnough), male

15, Schizura ipomoeae Doubleday, male

16, Gynaephora rossii (Curtis), male

17, Dasychira plagiata (Walker), female

352

353

Plate 26

1, Malacosoma americanum (Fabricius), male

2, M. americanum, female

3, M. disstria Hiibner, female

4, M. disstria, male

5, Habrosyne scripta Gosse, male

6, Pseudothyatira expultrix Grote, male

7, Euthyatira pudens (Guenee), male

8, Eudeilinia herminiata (Guenee), female

9, Oreta rosea (Walker), male

10, O. r. americana (Herrich-Schaffer), male

11, Drepana arcuata Walker, male

12, D. bilineata (Packard), male

13, Archiearis infans (Moschler), male

14, Synchlora liquoraria albolineata (Packard), male

15, Leucobrephos brephoides (Walker), male

16, Mesothea incertata (Walker), male

17, M. incertata, male

18, Scopula junctaria (Walker), male

19, S.frigidaria (Moschler), male

20, S. inductata (Guenee), male

21, Holarctias sentinaria Geyer, male

22, Cyclophora pendulinaria (Guenee), male

23, Carsia sororiata thaxteri Swett, male

354

355

Plate 27

1, Carsia sororiata labradorensis (Sommer), male

2, Acasis viridata (Packard), female

3, Cladara limitaria (Walker), male

4, C atroliturata (Walker), male

5, Lobophora nivigerata Walker, female

6, Trichodezia albovittata (Guenee), female

7, Operophtera bruceata (Hulst), male

8, O. brumata (Linnaeus), male

9, Epirrita autumnata henshawi (Swett), male

10, Triphosa haesitata affirmaria (Walker), male

11, Hydria undulata (Linnaeus), female

12, Eupithecia misturata frostiata Swett, female

13, E. subfuscata (Haworth), male

14, E. tripunctaria (Herrich-Schaffer), female

15, E.fletcherata Taylor, female

16, E. luteata Packard, male

17, E. palpata Packard, male

18, E. transcanadata MacKay, male

19, E. satyrata fumata Taylor, female

20, E. gibsonata Taylor, male

21, E. russeliata Swett, female

22, E. strattonata Packard, male

23, E. grata Taylor, male

24, E.fumosa (Hulst), female

25, E. coagulata Guenee, female

26, E. nimbicolor (Hulst), female

27, E. gelidata Moschler, female

28, E. perfusca youngata Taylor, female

29, E.filmata Pearsall, female

30, E. albicapitata Packard, female

31, E. mutata Pearsall, male

32, E. anticaria Walker, female

33, Horisme intestinata (Guenee), male

34, Eustroma semiatrata (Hulst), female

35, E. semiatrata, male

356

357

Plate 28

1, Eulithis propulsata (Walker), male

2, E. testata (Linnaeus), male

3, E. destinata (Moschler), male

4, E.flavibrunneata (McDunnough), male

5, E. explanata (Walker), male

6, E. serrataria (Barnes & McDunnough), male

7, Diactinia silaceata (Denis & Schiffermiiller), male

8, Plemyria georgii Hulst, male

9, Dysstroma walkerata (Pearsall), male

10, D. walkerata, male

11, D. mackieata Cassino & Swett, male

12, D. citrata (Linnaeus), female

13, D. brunneata (Packard), female

14, D. hersiliata (Guenee), male

15, Z). h. cervinifascia (Walker), female

16, Thera contractata (Packard), male

17, T. otisi (Dyar), female

18, Hydriomena furcata (Thunberg), male

19, H. furcata, male

20, H. divisaria frigidata (Walker), male

21, H. renunciata (Walker), male

358

13

14

16

. '*iV :

V--'

«g- j,»3aB».ijsji™^, ,^ _,^ ^

12

^/

20

359

Plate 29

1, Hydriomena ruberata (Freyer), male

2, Xanthorhoe lacustrata (Guenee), female

3, X. labradorensis (Packard), female

4, X. munitata (Hiibner), male

5, X.ferrugata (Clerck), male

6, X. ramaria Swett & Cassino, female

7, X. baffinensis McDunnough, male

8, X. algidata (Moschler), male

9, X. iduata (Guenee), male

10, X. abrasaria congregata (Walker), male

11, Dasyuris polata punctipes (Curtis), male

12, D. p. bradorata Munroe, female

13, Orthonama obstipata (Fabricius), male

14, O. obstipata, female

15, O. evansi McDunnough, male

16, Entephria aurata (Packard), male

17, Mesoleuca ruficillata (Guenee), female

18, Epirrhoe alternata (Miiller), male

19, Spargania magnoliata Guenee, female

20, S. luctuata obductata (Moschler), male

21, Euphyia unangulata (Haworth), male

22, Rheumaptera hastata (Linnaeus), female

23, R. h. gothicata (Guenee), female

24, R. subhastata (Nolcken), male

25, Perizoma basaliata (Walker), male

26, P. alchemillata (Linnaeus), female

27, Ant idea vasiliata (Guenee), male

28, A. multiferata (Walker), male

29, Venusia cambrica Curtis, male

30, V. comptaria (Walker), male

31, Hydrelia lucata (Guenee), male

32, H. inornata (Hulst), male

360

29

30

31

32

36

Plate 30

1, Hydrelia albifera (Walker), female

2, H. terraenovae Krogerus, female

3, Lomographa semiclarata (Walker), male

4, L. vestaliata (Guenee), male

5, L. glomeraria (Grote), male

6, L. glomeraria ab. merricki (Cassino & Swett), male

7, Cabera borealis (Hulst), male

8, C borealis, female

9, C. variolaria Guenee, male

10, C erythemaria Guenee, female

11, Isturgia truncataria (Walker), female

12, Semiothisa bisignata (Walker), female

13, S. signaria dispuncta (Walker), female

14, S. submarmorata (Walker), male

15, S. oweni (Swett), female

16, S. sexmaculata (Packard), male

17, S. neptaria (Guenee), male

18, S. neptaria, male

19, S. hebetata (Hulst), male

20, Itame pustularia (Guenee), male

21, /. argillacearia (Packard), male

22, /. andersoni (Swett), male

23, /. sulphurea (Packard), female

24, /. sulphurea, male

25, /. subcessaria (Walker), male

26, /. brunneata (Thunberg), female

27, /. brunneata, male

28, /. anataria (Swett), male

29, /. exauspicata (Walker), male

30, /. bitactata (Walker), male

31, /. loricaria (Eversmann), female

32, /. loricaria, male

33, Eufidonia convergaria (Walker), male

362

363

Plate 31

1, Eufidonia discospilata (Walker), male

2, Hypagyrtis piniata (Packard), male

3, Protoboarmia porcelaria (Guenee), male

4, Anavitrinella pampinaria (Guenee), male

5, Iridopsis larvaria (Guenee), female

6, Anacamptodes vellivolata (Hulst), male

7, Ectropis crepuscularia (Denis & Schiffermiiller), female

8, E. c. f. abraxaria (Walker), male

9, Erannis tiliaria (Harris), male

10, Biston betularia cognataria (Guenee), male

11, Aspilates conspersarius Staudinger, male

12, A. conspersarius, female

13, Campaea perlata (Guenee), female

14, Homochlodes fritillaria (Guenee), male

15, Plagodis phlogosaria iris Rupert, male

16, P. p. iris, female

17, Anagoga occiduaria (Walker), male

18, Hyperetis amicaria f. nyssaria (Guenee), female

19, H. nepiasaria (Guenee), female

364

12

15

) ^/,^-£2es^

18

365

Plate 32

1, Metarranthis duaria (Guenee), male

2, M. d. septentrionaria Barnes & McDunnough, female

3, Metanema inatomaria Guenee, male

4, M. determinata Walker, male

5, Selenia alciphearia Walker, male

6, Pero honestaria (Walker), male

7, P. morrisonaria (Henry Edwards), male

8, Nepytia canosaria (Walker), female

9, Caripeta divisata Walker, female

10, C. d. ab. nigraria Forbes, male

11, C. piniata (Packard), male

12, C. angustiorata Walker, male

13, Besma quercivoraria (Guenee), female

14, Lambdina fiscellaria (Guenee), male

15, Sicya maculaha (Harris), male

16, S. macularia, female

17, Prochoerodes transversata (Drury), male

18, P. transversata, female

366

367

Plate 33

1, Hypocoena rufostrigata (Packard), male

2, Platyperigea mult if era (Walker), male

3, Estigmene acrea (Drury), male

4, Plusia aereoides Grote, male

5, Chrysaspidia venusta (Walker), male

6, Euxoa detersa (Walker), male

7, E. sinelinea Hardwick, female

8, Chersotis juncta (Grote), male

9, Amathes collaris (Grote & Robinson), male

10, Lacinipolia lustralis (Grote), female

11, Protorthodes oviduca (Guenee), female

12, Euxoa scandens (Riley), male

13, Polia adjuncta (Boisduval), male

14, Bombycia algens (Grote), male

15, Xylena curvimacula (Morrison), female

16, Aethalura anticaria (Walker), male

17, Eupithecia bradorata McDunnough, male

18, E. pusillata interruptofasciata Packard, female

19, E. columbiata erpata Pearsall, female

20, Nycteola cinereana Neumoegen & Dyar, male

368

16

17

'15

369

Plate 34

1, Thymelicus lineola Ochsenheimer, male

2, Euxoa pleuritica (Grote), male

3, Metalepsis fishii (Grote), male

4, Anomogyna sincera (Herrich-Schaffer), male

5, Polia nimbosa Guenee, male

6, P. tacoma (Strecker), male

7, Parastichtis discivaria (Walker), female

8, Oligia modica (Guenee), male

9, Enargia infumata (Grote), male

10, Notodonta simplaria Graef, male

11, Agrochola lota (Clerck), female

12, Acronicta auricoma Fabricius, female

13, Chloroclystis rectangulata f. nigrosericeata (Ha worth), male

14, Ennomos subsignaria (Hubner), male

15, Apicia confusaria Hubner, male

370

p

-*^?^

^1

i-*?'

12

13

14

15

371

Glossary

adfrontals In lepidopterous larva, a pair of narrow oblique plates separat-
ing the frons from the epicranium,

anal plate A triangular sclerite covering the anal opening; present in many
insects.

bifid Cleft or divided nearly to middle line; forked.

caudal process Small projection at the anal end of an insect body.

cervical shield The sclerite on the prothorax of caterpillars just behind the
head; prothoracic shield.

ciypeus A sclerite on the lower part of an insect head, to which the labrum
is attached.

cremaster The terminal spine or spines of the abdomen that help a
subterranean pupa work its way out of the earth; the anal hooks by
which many pupae suspend themselves.

crepuscular Active or flying at dusk.

distal That part of a segment or appendage farthest from the body.
diurnal Active or habitually flying by day only.
dorsal Of or belonging to the upper surface.

epicranium The region between and behind the eyes in an insect head.

filiform Threadlike.

free-living Living without the confines of a self-made protective
environment.

frenulum A spine, simple in males, compound in females, arising from the
base of the hindwings in many Lepidoptera, projecting beneath the
forewing to unite the wings in flight.

frons The upper anterior portion of the head capsule.

fusiform Spindle-shaped; broad at the middle and narrowing toward the
ends.

granules Minute grainlike elevations on the skin.

hibernaculum A tent or sheath made of a leaf or other material in which a
larva hibernates.

instar The stage of an insect between molts. The first instar is the stage
between hatching and the first molt.

lunule Small crescent or moon-shaped marking on the wing.

mesothorax The middle segment of the thoracic region of insects.
metathorax The third segment of the thoracic region.

372

nocturnal Active at night.

occiput The whole posterior surface of the head.

palp A mouth feeler.

papilla Minute soft projection on the body.

pectinate Comblike, especially applied to antennae with even processes
like the teeth of a comb.

plumose Feathered; like a plume; used to describe antennae that have long
ciliated processes on each side of each joint.

prothorax The first of the three thoracic segments.

pubescent Clothed with soft, short, fine, closely set hair.

quadrifid Deeply cleft into four parts.

reticulate Covered with a network of lines, which may be raised.

sclerite A hardened, chitinous plate on the body wall; part of the exoskele-
ton; any piece of the body wall bounded by sutures.

serrate Sawlike; with notched edges like the teeth of a saw.

seta Slender, hairlike appendage; a hollow structure, developed extension
of the epidermal layer.

spiracle A breathing pore.

tubercle A small solid pimple or button on the skin; a granular prominence
on the skin.

ventral Of or relating to the under surface.

vertex The top of the head between the eyes, frons, and occiput.

373

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379

INDEX TO INSECTS

Numbers in boldface indicate the principal entry; those in italic type refer to color
illustrations. Host plants are listed separately.

Abagrotis 121, 281

alternata 121,281,555

p/flc/V/fl 121, 281,555
abrasaria congregata, Xanthorhoe 234,

292, 361
acadia, Xylotype 148, 284, 339
acadiensis, Cryptocala 120, 281, 333
Acasis 209, 290

viridata 209, 290, 357
acrea, Estigmene 82, 278, 369
Acronicta 88, 279

americana 88, 279, 325

auricoma 91, 279, 371

dactylina 88, 279, 325

fragilis 90, 279, 325

grisea 90, 279, 325

impressa 91, 279, 327

innotata 89, 279, 325

leporina 89, 279, 325

lepusculina 88, 279, 325

longa 91, 279

oblinita 92, 279, 327

radcliffei 89, 279, 325

superans 90, 279
acronyctoides, Panthea 87, 279, 325
Actebia 100, 280

fennica 100, 280, 329
Actias luna 11

adjuncta, Polia 126, 282, 369
admiral, red 57, 275

white 61, 275
aemula, Epizeuxis 187, 288, 351
aereoides, Plusia 182, 287, 369
Aethalura 251, 294

anticaria 257, 294, 369

Agriopodes 166, 286

fallax 166, 286, 345
Agrius 71, 277

cingulatus 71, 277, 317
Agrochola 150, 284

lota 150, 284, 371
Agroperina 155, 285

cogitata 156, 285, 341

dubitans 156, 285, 341

inficita 156, 285, 341

lateritia 155, 285, 341
Agrotis 97, 279

ipsilon 99, 100, 101, 280, 329

mollis 97, 279, 327

musa 98, 280, 327

obliqua 99, 280, 327

patula 98, 279, 327

septentrionalis 98

venerabilis 98, 279, 527

volubilis 99, 280, 527
fl/fljc, Papilio 33

albicapitata, Eupithecia 111, 291, 557
albidula, Lithacodia 172, 287, 5^5
albifera, Hydrelia 243, 293, 5(55
albinuda. Lasionycta 130, 282, 555
albosigma, Ichthyura 190, 288, 555
albovittata, Trichodezia 211, 212, 290,

557
alchemillata, Perizoma 241, 293, 55/
alciphearia, Selenia 265, 295, 557
Aletia 138, 283

oxygala 138, 283, 557
alfalfa caterpillar 37, 274
algens, Bombycia 144, 284, 369
algidata, Xanthorhoe 234, 292, 361

381

alia, Apamea 153, 285, 341

alias, Syngrapha 176, 287, 347

alpine, disa 46, 275

alpines 42

altera variana, Syngrapha 111, 287, 347

alternata, Abagrotis 121, 281, 333

Epirrhoe 237, 292, 361
alticola, Syngrapha 174, 287, 345
Alypia 86, 278

langtoni 86, 278, 325

octomaculata 86, 278, 325
amanda, Lithophane 145, 284, 339
Amathes 110,281

bicarnea 113, 281, 331

c-nigrum 110, 111,281,55/

co//flm 112, 281,569

oMfl/fl 111, 281, 55/

opacifrons 113, 281, 55/

smithii III, 112,281,55/

tenuicula 113, 281, 55/
amatid moths 78
Amatidae 78, 278

americalis, Epizeuxis 187, 288, 351
American

dagger 88, 279

painted lady 58, 275
americana, Acronicta 88, 279, 325

Amphipoea 163, 285, 343

Arctia 84
americanum, Malacosoma 198, 289,*

355
amicaria f. nyssaria, Hyperetis 263,

295, 555
Amphipoea 162, 285

americana 163, 285, 5^5

ve/om 162, 285, 343
Amphipyra 167, 286

pyramidoides 167, 286, 345

tragopoginis 167, 286, 345
ampla, Autographa 179, 287, 347
amputatrix, Apamea 153, 154, 285, 341
Anacamptodes 257, 294

vellivolata 257, 294, 5(^5
Anagoga 262, 295

occiduaria 262, 295, 565
Anagrapha 178, 287

falcifera 178, 287, 5^7
Anaplectoides 119, 281

prfljma 119,281,555

pressus 119, 281, 555
Anarta 131, 282

cordigera 131, 282, 555

melanopa 131, 282, 555

richardsoni 132, 555
^am5/ 132, 282, 555

zetterstedtii 143
anataria, Itame 253, 294, 565
Anavitrinella 256, 294

pampinaria 256, 294, 565
ancep^. Platypolia 149, 284, 559
andersoni, Itame 251, 294, 565
Androloma 85, 278

mac-cullochi 85, 278, 525
Andropolia 168, 286

contacta 168, 286, 5^5
angle

barred pug 221, 291

wing, satyr 52, 275

wings 47
angulalis, Palthis 188, 288, 55/
anguina, Lacinipolia 129, 282, 555
angustiorata, Caripeta 269, 295, 567
Anomogyna 115, 281

arrara 115, 281,55/

dilucida 118,281,55/

^//mara 117,281,55/

fabulosa 115,281,55/

homogena 111, 281, 55/

imperita 117,281,55/
comparata 1 1 7

laetabilislll,2S\,331

perquiritata bedded 116, 281, 55/
perquiritata 116, 281, 55/

^mcerfl 115, 117,281,57/

speciosa livalis 1 1 6
m/x/fl 116,281,55/
>'ow«^// 118, 281,55/
Antheraea 11, 111

polyphemus 11

polyphemus 11, 277, 525
anticaria, Aethalura 257, 294, 569

Eupithecia 222, 291, 557
Anticlea 241, 293

multiferata 241, 293, 56/

vasiliata 241, 293, 56/
antiopa, Nymphalis 46, 55, 275, 5/5
antiqua nova, Orgyia 195, 289, 555
antler moth 134, 283
Apamea 152, 285

fl/m 153, 285, 5^/

amputatrix 153, 154, 285, 5^/

commoda 153, 285, 5^/

finitima 155, 285, 5^/

impulsa 153, 285, 5^/

382

indocilis 155, 285, 341

multicolor 152

verbascoides 152, 285, J^/

vultuosa 152, 285, 341
Apantesis 80, 278

parthenice 80, 81, 278, 525

quenselii 81, 278, J2i

v/r^o 80, 278, 323

virguncula 81, 278, 323
speciosa 8 1
Apharetra 142, 283

^enrara 142, 283, 337

purpurea 142, 283, 339
apiata, Epiglaea 150, 284, 341
apicalis, Ichthyura 190, 288, 353
Apicia 273, 295

confusaria 273, 295, 577
Aplectoides 118, 281

co«^/rfl 118,281,555
apple sphinx 73, 277
aquilo, Plebejus 64, 276, 315
Archiearis 203, 290

infans 203, 204, 290, 555
archippus, Limenitis 25, 40
^rcr/fl 84, 278

americana 84

co/fl 84, 278, 325
arctic

blue 64, 276

fritillary 49, 275

skipper 69, 276

sulfur 37, 274
arctic, chryxus 43, 274

jutta 45, 275

melissa 45, 275

polixenes 45, 275

white veined 44, 274
arctics 42
Arctiidae 79, 278
arctiids 78

arcuata, Drepana 201, 290, 355
argillacearia, Itame 251, 294, 363
argiolus pseudargiolus, Celastrina 61,

65, 66, 67, 68, 276, 315
argyrognomon aster, Plebejus 64, 276,
575

empetri, Plebejus 64, 276, 575
army worm 138, 283
armyworm, wheathead 137, 283
arthemis, Limenitis 61, 275, 575
Aspilates 260, 294

conspersarius 260, 294, 365

asteroides, Cucullia 141, 283, 337
Astrapetis 132, 283

sutrina 132, 283, 335
astricta, Eurois 103, 280, 329
atalanta. Vanessa 57, 275, 575
atlantica, Polia 124, 282, 333
atlantis fritillary 47, 275
atlantis, Speyeria 47, 275, 577

canadensis, Speyeria 47
atra, Helotropha 162
atrata, Anomogyna 115, 281, 557
atroliturata, Cladara 210, 290, 357
augustinus, Callophrys 62, 276, 575

helenae, Callophrys 62, 276, 575
aurata, Entephria 236, 292, 361
auricoma, Acronicta 91, 279, 577
Autographa 179, 287

ampla 179, 287, 347

bimaculata 179, 180, 287, 347

flagellum 181, 287, 347

mappa 179, 287, 347

pseudogamma 181, 287, 347
autumnal moth 213, 290
autumnata henshawi, Epirrita 213, 290,

357
azure, spring 61, 65, 66, 276
badistriga, Homohadena 141, 142, 283,

337
baffinensis, Xanthorhoe 234, 292, 567
barred umber 262, 295
basaliata, Perizoma 240, 293, 361
basis triga, Hypocoena 161, 285, 343
bear, black-ended 82, 278

yellow woolly 81, 278
bears, woolly 79
bee, bumble 25
bees 78

bella, Utetheisa 84
bellicula, Lithacodia 172, 287, 345
bellona, Boloria 51, 275, 577
Bellura 170, 286

diffusa 170, 286, 345
benesimiliSy Euplexia 165, 286, 343
Besma 270, 295

quercivoraria 270, 295, 367
betularia cognataria, Biston 259, 294,

365
bicarnea, Amathes 113, 281, 557
bicolor, Lexis 79, 278, 323
bicolorago, Sunira 151, 284, 5^7
big poplar sphinx 75, 277
bijugalis, Bomolocha 186, 288, 557

383

bilineata, Drepana 202, 290, 355
bimaculata, Autographa 179, 180, 287,

347
bisignata, Semiothisa 246, 293, 363
Biston 259, 294

betularia cognataria 259, 294, 365
bitactata, Itame 259, 294, 363
black

army cutworm 100, 280

cutworm 99, 280

-ended bear 82, 278

swallowtail 33, 274

witch 11,185,288
blinded sphinx 74, 277
blue, arctic 64, 276

northern 64, 276

silvery 65, 276
blues 61, 276
bog

copper 6 1 , 63, 276

fritillary 49, 275
bollworm 172, 286
Boloria 41, 51, 215

bellona 51, 215, 311

chariclea 49, 50, 275, 311

eunomia 49, 275, 311

eunomia triclaris 49

freijaSQ,215,3ll

frigga saga 51,215,311

polaris 50, 275, 311

selene atrocostalis 48

terraenovae 47, 48, 275, 311

titania boisduvalii 49, 50, 275, 311
Bombus spp. 25
Bombycia 144, 284

algens 144, 284, 369
Bombyx mori 26
Bomolocha 186, 288

bijugalis 186, 288, 351
bordered sallow 171, 286
borea, Syngrapha 175, 287
borealis, Brachionycha 140, 283, 337

Cabera 245, 293, 363
Brachionycha 140, 283

borealis 140, 283, 337
bradorata, Eupithecia 216, 291, 369
brephoides, Leucobrephos 203, 290, 355
brevicauda, Papilio 2, 10, 12, 32, 33, 34,
274, 305

bretonensis, Papilio 33

brevicauda, Papilio 33

gaspeensis, Papilio 33

bridghami, Oligia 158, 285, 343
briseis, Catocala 184, 288, 349
briseis underwing 184, 288
bristly cutworm 129, 282
broad-bordered white underwing 131,

282
bronzed cutworm 134, 283
brother 87, 279
brown

elfin 62, 276

pine looper 269, 295
browntailed diver 170, 286
Bruce span worm 211, 290
bruceata, Operophtera 211, 290, 357
brumata, Operophtera 213, 290, 357
brunneata, Dysstroma 228, 292, 359

Itame 252, 294, 363
brushfooted butterflies 24, 42, 46, 47,

275
bumble bee 25
cabbage looper 181, 287
cabbageworm, imported 27, 31, 36, 40,

274
Cabera 245, 293

borealis 245, 293, 363

erythemaria 245, 293, 363

varioiaria 245, 293, 363
Caenurgina 185, 288

crassiuscula 185, 288, 55/
caja, Arctia 84, 278, 325
Callophrys 62, 276

augustinus 62, 276, 315
helenae 62, 276, 315

eryphon 62

niphon clarki 62, 276, 315
Caloplusia 174, 287

ignea simulans 174, 287, 345
Camberwell beauty 55
cambrica, Venusia 242, 293, 361
Campaea 260, 294

perlata 260, 261, 294, 365
campestris, Euxoa 95, 279, 327
canadensis. Sphinx 72, 277, 317
Canadian tiger swallowtail 28, 35, 274
canosaria, Nepytia 266, 295, 367
carbonifera, Polia 123, 282, 333
cardui, Vanessa 58, 59, 60, 275, 315
Caripeta 268, 295

angustiorata 269, 295, 367

divisata 268, 269, 295, 367
ab. nigraria 268, 295, 367

piniata 268, 295, 367

384

carneola, Lithacodia 173, 287, 345
carpet, dark marbled 227, 292

marbled 227, 292

red 232, 292
Carsia 209, 290

sororiata labradorensis 209, 290,

357

thaxteri 209, 290, 355
Carterocephalus 69, 276

palaemon 69, 276, 315
Catocala 25, 183, 288

briseis 184, 288, 349

ilia 183, 288, 349

relicta 184, 288, 349

unijuga 184, 288, 349
catocaline dart 120, 281
cecropia, Platysamia 11
cecropia moth 77
Celastrina 65, 276

argiolus pseudargiolus 61, 65, 66,

67, 68, 276, 315
celery looper 178, 287
centaureae, Pyrgus 66, 67, 276, 315

freija, Pyrgus 67
Cer arnica 136, 283

picta 136, 283, 337
Cerapteryx 134, 283

graminis 134, 283, 337
Cerastis 106, 280

tenebrifera 106, 280, 329
Ceratomia 72, 277

undulosall, 211,317
cerisyi, Smerinthus 74, 277, 321
Cerisy's sphinx moth 74, 277
chariclea, Boloria 49, 50, 275, 311
chariclea fritillary 49, 275
Chersotis 108, 280

juncta 108, 280, 329, 369
patefacta 108
chevron moth 224, 29 1
chimoensis, Euxoa 97
Chloroclystis 223, 291

rectangulata f. nigrosericeata ll'i,

291,57/
Chlosyne 51, 275

harrisii 51, 275, 57/
Chrysanympha 183, 288

formosa 183, 288, 347
Chrysaspidia 182, 287

putnami 182, 287, 5^7

ve«M5rfl[ 182, 287, 369

chrysomelid beetles 78
chryxus arctic 43, 274
chryxus, Oeneis 43, 274, 309
Chytolita 188, 288

petrealis 188, 288, 351
cinereana, Nycteola 174, 287, 369
cineritia, Xylena 148, 284
cingulatus, Agrius 71, 277, 317
citrata, Dysstroma 111, 1^1, 359
Cladara 210, 290

atroliturata 210, 290, 357

limitaria 210, 290, 357
ciandestina, Spaelotis 102, 280, 329
clandestine dart 102, 280
ciaudens, Eremobina 159, 160, 285, 343
clear-wing, common 25, 75
cleftheaded spanworm 260
cloaked pug 222, 291
close-banded demas 86, 278
clouded sulfur 37, 38, 274
clover cutworm 122, 282
c-nigrum, Amathes 110, 111, 281, 331
coagulata, Eupithecia 220, 29 1 , 357
Coenonympha 43, 274

inornata inornata 43, 274, 311
mcisaaci 43, 44, 274, 31 1
cogitata, Agroperina 156, 285, 341
Colias 28, 37, 274

eurytheme 37, 38, 274, 307

hecla 37, 274, 307

interior 38, 274, 307

nastes 39, 274, 307

palaeno chippewa 39, 274, 307

pelidne 39, 274, 307
labradorensis 39

philodice 37, 38, 274, 307
coilaris, Amathes 112, 281, 369
Colocasia 86, 278

propinquilinea 86, 278, 325
columbiata erpata, Eupithecia 211, 291,

369
comma 70, 276
comma, gray 53, 275

green 53, 275

hoary 53, 275
comma

borealis, Hesperia 70, 276, 315

manitoba, Hesperia 70
comma, Leucania 138, 283, 337
commoda, Apamea 153, 285, 341

385

commoides, Leucania 137, 283, 337
common clear-wing 25, 75
comptaria, Venusia 242, 293, 361
Compton tortoiseshell 54, 275
comstocki, Feralia 144, 284, 339
condita, Aplectoides 118, 281, 333
confusaria, Apicia 273, 295, 371
conspersarius, Aspilates 260, 294, 365
contacta, Andropolia 168, 286, 345
contractata, Thera 119, 292, 359
convergaria, Eufidonia 254, 255, 294,

363
copper, bog 61, 63, 276

Dorcas 63, 276
coppers 61, 276
copper underwing 167, 286
coras, Polites 70, 276, 315
cordigera, Anarta 131, 282, 335
corn earworm 172, 286
Cottonwood dagger 88, 279
cranberry spanworm 256, 294
crassiuscula, Caenurgina 185, 288, 351
crepuscularia, Ectropis 151, 294, 365

f. abraxaria, Ectropis 258, 294, 365
crescent, pearl 52, 275
cristifera, Polia 127, 282, 335
Cry modes 157, 285

devastator 157, 285, 343

maillardi 157, 285, 347
Cryptocala 110, 2Sl

acadiensis 120, 281, 333
Ctenucha 78, 278

virginica 78, 278, 323
Cucullia 140, 283

asteroides 141, 283, 557

florea 141, 283, 337

intermedia 140, 283, 337
cunea, Hyphantria 83, 278, 323
cupida, Rhynchagrotis 121, 281, 333
curialis, Mamestra 111, 282, 333
curvimacula, Xylena 147, 284, 369
cutworm 153, 156, 278
cutworm, black 99, 279

black army 100, 280

bristly 129, 282

bronzed 134, 283

clover 122, 282

darksided 93, 279

dusky 98, 279

glassy 157, 285

red 121,281

redbacked 97, 279

spotted 110,281

striped 94, 279

variegated 106, 280

white 93, 279

w-marked 102, 280

yellowheaded 153, 285
cutworm moths 85
Cyclophora 208, 290

pendulinaria 208, 290, 355
cymatophoroides, Pseudothyatira 200,

289
dactylina, Acronicta 88, 279, 325
dagger, American 88, 279

Cottonwood 88, 279

fingered 88, 279

fragile 90, 279

gray 90, 279

printed 91, 279

smeared 92, 279
Danaidae 40, 274
danaids 40
Danaus 41, 274

plexippus 25, 32, 40, 41, 274, 309
dark marbled carpet 227, 292
darksided cutworm 93, 279
dark-veined deilephila 76, 277
dart, catocaline 120, 281

clandestine 102, 280

dissonant 95, 279

fillet 96, 279

Finnish 100, 280

flame-shouldered 105, 280

great brown 103, 280

great gray 102, 280

greater red 121,281

pink spotted 113, 281

polished 93, 279

reddish speckled 106, 280

rosy 111, 281

silly 95, 279

soothsayer 107, 280

venerable 98, 279

voluble 99, 279
Dasychira 196, 289

plagiata 196, 289, 353

vagans 196, 289, 353
grisea 196
vagans 196
Dasyuris 235, 292

polata bradorata 235, 292, 361

386

punctipes 235, 292, 361
deilephila, dark-veined 76, 277
demas, close-banded 86, 278
dentata, Apharetra 142, 283, 337
destinata, Eulithis 225, 291, 359
determinata, Metanema 264, 295, 367
detersa, Euxoa 92, 279, 369
devastator, Cry modes 157, 285, 343
Diacrisia 81, 278

virginica 81, 278, 323
Diactinia 226, 292

silaceata 226, 292, 359
Diarsia 109, 280

dislocata 109, 280, 329

jucunda 110,280,529

pseudorosaria freemani 110, 280,

329

rubifera 109, 280, 329
diasema, Syngrapha 175, 287, 345
diffusa, Bellura 170, 286, 345

Faronta 137, 283, 337
dilucida, Anomogyna 118, 281, 331
Dimmock's mamestra 125, 282
disa alpine 46, 275
disa, Erebia 46, 275, 311
discivaria, Parastichtis 151, 284, 371
discospilata, Eufidonia 255, 294, 365
dislocata. Diarsia 109, 280, 329
dissona, Euxoa 95, 97, 279, 327
dissonant dart 95, 279
disstria, Malacosoma 198, 289, 355
divergens, Euxoa 95, 96, 279, 327
divisaria frigidata, Hydriomena 230,

292, 359
divisata, Caripeta 268, 269, 295, 367

ab. nigraria, Caripeta 268, 295, 367
Dorcas copper 63, 276
dorcas, Lycaena 63, 276, 315
dot and dash swordgrass moth 147, 284
Drepana 201, 290

arcuata 201, 290, 355

bilineata 202, 290, 355
Drepanidae 200, 289
drepanids 200, 289
drupiferarum. Sphinx 73, 277, 319
duaria, Metarranthis 264, 367

septentrionaria, Metarranthis

264, 367
dubitans, Agroperina 156, 285, 341
ducta, Mniotype 149, 284, 341
dusky cutworm 98, 279
Dysstroma 227, 292

brunneata 228, 292, 359

citrata 227, 292, 359

hersiliata 228, 229, 292, 359
cervinifascia 229, 292, 359

mackieata 227, 292, 359

walkerata 227, 292, 359
earworm, corn 172, 286
eastern

tent caterpillar 198, 289

tiger swallowtail 36, 274
Ectropis 257, 294

crepuscularia 257, 294, 365
f. abraxaria 258, 294, 365
eductalis, Lomanaltes 186, 288, 351
eight-spotted forester 86, 278
Elaphria 169, 286

festivoides 169, 286, 345

versicolor 169, 286, 345
elfin, brown 62, 276

pine 62, 276
elimata, Anomogyna 117, 281, 331
elm caterpillar, spiny 56

spanworm 265
emperor moths 77, 277
Enargia 170, 286

infumata 170, 286, 371
Ennomos 265, 295

subsignaria 265, 295, 371
Entephria 236, 292

aurata 236, 292, 361
enthea, Fishia 150, 284, 341
epigaea, Syngrapha 178, 287, 347
Epiglaea 150, 284

apiata 150, 284, 341
Epirrhoe 237, 292

alternata 231, 292, 361
Epirrita 213, 290

autumnata henshawi 213, 290, 357
epixanthe, Lycaena 63

amecitus, Lycaena 63

phaedrus, Lycaena 61, 63, 276, 315
Epizeuxis 187, 288

aemula 187, 288, 351

americalis 187, 288, 351
Erannis 258, 294

tiliaria 258, 294, 365
Erebia 42, 46, 275

disa 46,215, 311
Erebus 185, 288

odora 11, 185,288,557
Eremobina 159, 285

claudens 159, 160, 285, 343

387

eryphon, Callophrys 62
erythemaria. Caber a 245, 293, 363
Estigmene 82, 278

acrea 82, 278, 369
Eudeilinia 201, 289

herminiata 200, 201, 289, 355
Eueretagrotis 120, 281

perattenta 120, 281, 333
Eufidonia 254, 294

convergaria 254, 255, 294, 363

discospilata 255, 294, 365
Euherrichia 166, 286

monetifera 166, 286, J^5
£'m//7/i/5 224, 291

destinata225,29\,359

explanata 225, 226, 291, 359

flavibrunneata 225, 291, J59

propulsata 224, 291, 559

serrataria 226, 291, 559

r^^ra/fl 224, 291,559
eunomia, Boloria 49, 275, 577

triclaris, Boloria 49
Euphyia 238, 293

unangulata 238, 293, 567
Eupithecia 214, 219, 220, 223, 291

albicapitata 222, 291, 557

anticaria 111^ 29 1 , 557

7>raJora/a 216, 291,569

coa^/flrfl 220, 291,557

columbiata erpata 211, 291, 569

yr/marfl 221, 291,557

yy^rc/ierara 216, 291,557

/wmo5fl 219, 291,557

^e/fV/fl/fl 220, 291,557

^/7>50rta/fl 218, 291,557

grfl/fl 219, 291,557

/M/ea/fl 216, 291,557

misturata frostiata 214, 291, 357

mutata 222, 291, 357

nimbicolor 220, 291, 357

paipata 211, 291, 357

perfusca 221

>'OMrt^ara 221, 291,557

pusillata interruptofasciata 221,

291,569

russeliata 21%, 29\, 357

satyrata fumata 218, 291, 357

strattonata 219, 291, 357

subfuscata 215, 291, 357

transcanadata 217, 291, 357

tripunctaria 215, 291, 357
Euplexia 165, 286

benesimilis 165, 286, 343
Eurois 102, 280

astricta 103, 280, 529

occM/ra 102, 103, 104, 280, 329
European skipper 69, 276
eury theme, Colias 37, 38, 274, 307
Eustroma 223, 29 1

semiatrata 223, 291, 357
Euthyatira 200, 289

pudens 200, 289, 355
Euxoa 92, 279

campestris 95, 279, 327

chimoensis 97

^e/er^fl 92, 279, 369

dissona 95, 97, 279, 327

divergens 95, 96, 279, 327

insula 95

messoria 93, 279, 527

ochrogaster 97, 279, 527

onrflr/o 94, 279, 327

perpolita 93, 279, 527

pleuritica 94, 279, 577

quebecensis 94, 279, 527

redimicula 96, 279, 527

scandens 93, 279, 569

sinelinea 96, 279, 569

solitaria 97, 279

tessellata 94, 279, 527

westermanni 96, 279, 527
evansi, Orthonama 236, 292, 567
evergreen spanworm 229, 292
exauspicata, Itame 253, 294, 565
excaecatus, Paonias 74, 277, 527
exornata, Trichoplexia 157, 285, 5^5
explanata, Eulithis 225, 226, 291, 559
exprimens, Pyrrhia 171, 286, 5^5
expuitrix, Pseudothyatira 199, 289, 555
exulis, Hadena 157
fabulosa, Anomogyna 115, 281, 557
falcifera, Anagrapha 178, 287, 5^7
fall webworm 83, 278
fallax, Agriopodes 166, 286, 345
false hemlock looper 266, 295
Faronta 137, 283

diffusa 137, 283, 557
faunus, Polygonia 53, 275, 575
fennica, Actebia 100, 280, 529
Fera//fl 144, 284

comstocki 144, 284, 339

jocosa 144, 284, 559
ferida, Mniotype 149, 284, 5-^7
ferrugata, Xanthorhoe 232, 292, 567

388

ferruginea, Lophodonta 192, 289, 353

festivoides, Elaphria 169, 286, 345

fillet dart 96, 279

filmata, Eupithecia 221, 291, 357

Jinitima, Apamea 155, 285, 341

fingered dagger 88, 279

Finnish dart 100, 280

first born geometer 203, 290

fiscellaria, Lambdina 270, 271, 295, 367

Fishia 150, 284

enthea 150, 284, 341
fishii, Metalepsis 105, 280, 371
flagellum, Autographa 181, 287, 347
flame-shouldered dart 105, 280
flavibrunneata, Eulithis 225, 29 1 , 359
flavofasciata, Proserpinus 76, 277, 321
fletcherata, Eupithecia 216, 291, 357
florea, Cucullia 141, 283, 337
forest tent caterpillar 198, 289
forester, eight-spotted 86, 278

Langton's 86, 278
formosa, Chrysanympha 183, 288, 347
fragile dagger 90, 279
fragilis, Acronicta 90, 279, 325
frater, Raphia 87, 279, 325
freija, Boloria 50, 275, 311
freija fritillary 50, 275
frigga saga, Boloria 51, 275
frigida, Papaipema 164, 286, 343
frigidana, Nycteola 173, 174, 287, 345
frigidaria, Scopula 205, 206, 207, 290,

355
frigga saga, Boloria 51, 311
fritillaria, Homochlodes 261, 295, 365
fritillaries 47
fritillary, arctic 49, 275

atlantis 47, 275

bog 49, 275

chariclea 49, 275

freija 50, 275

meadow 51, 275

polar 50, 275

purple lesser 50, 275

saga 51, 275

silver bordered 47, 275
fruitworm, green 136, 283

tomato 172, 286
f rust rata, Polia 111, 282, 335
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia 80, 278, 323
fumosa, Eupithecia 219, 291, 357
funesta, Sympistis 143, 284, 339
furcata, Hydriomena 230, 292, 359
gallii intermedia, Hyles 76, 277, 321

garden tiger moth 84, 278
gelidata, Eupithecia 220, 29 1 , 357
gem 235, 292
geometer, first born 203, 290

sweet fern 208, 290
geometers 202, 290
Geometra 203

Geometridae 23, 25, 28, 202, 290
geometrids 24, 202, 203, 204, 213, 254,

259, 290
georgii, Lithophane 146, 284, 339

Plemyria 226, 359
giant silkworm 77, 277
gibbosa, Nadata 192, 289, 353
gibsonata, Eupithecia 218, 291, 357
glassy cutworm 157, 285
Glaucopsyche 65, 276

lygdamus couperi 65, 276, 315
glaucus

canadensis, Papilio 28, 32, 35, 36,

274, 305

glaucus, Papilio 36, 274
glomeraria, Lomographa 244, 245, 293,
363

ab. merricki, Lomographa 244,

293, 363
Gluphisia 193, 289

septentrionalis 193, 289, 353
goldenrod brindle 145, 284
gordius. Sphinx 73, 277, 319
gossamer-winged butterflies 61, 276
gracilis, Polygonia 53, 215, 313
graminis, Cerapteryx 134, 283, 337
granitata, Semiothisa 247
Graphiphora 107, 280

haruspica 107, 280, 329
grass looper 185, 288
grata, Eupithecia 219, 291, 357
gray

comma 53, 275

dagger 90, 279

pug 215, 291

spruce looper 268, 295
great

brown dart 103, 280

gray dart 102, 280
greater red dart 121, 281
green

arches 119,281

comma 53, 275

fruitworm 136, 283

grub 40

marvel 166, 286

389

grisea, Acronicta 90, 279, 325
grizzled skipper 66, 276
grub, green 40
Gynaephora 194, 289

rossii 194, 289, 353
Habrosyne 199, 289

scripta 199, 289, 355
Hadena exulis 157
haesitata affirmaria, Triphosa 213, 290,

357
hairstreaks 61, 276
Halisidota 79, 278

maculata 79, 278, 323
Harris'

checkerspot 51, 275

three spot 92, 279
harrisii, Chlosyne 51, 275, 311
Harrisimemna 92, 279

trisignata 92, 279, 327
haruspica, Graphiphora 107, 280, 329
hastata, Rheumaptera 239, 240, 293,
361

gothicata, Rheumaptera 239, 361
hawkmoth, pink spotted 71, 277
hawkmoths 71, 277
hebetata, Semiothisa 249, 293, 363

ponderosa, Semiothisa 249
hecla, Colias 37, 276, 307
Helicoverpa 172, 286

zea 112, 286, 345
Helotropha 162, 285

atra 162

reniformis 162, 285, 343
Hemaris 75, 277

thysbe 25, 75, 277, 321
Hemipachnobia 107, 280

monochromatea 107, 280, 329
hemlock looper 270, 295
Heptagrotis 109, 280

phyllophora 109, 280, 329
herald moth 185, 288
herminiata, Eudeilinia 200, 201, 289,

355
hersiliata, Dysstroma 228, 229, 292,
359

cervinifascia, Dysstroma 119, 292,

359
Hesperia 70, 276

comma borealis 70, 276, 315
manitoba 70

laurentina 70
Hesperiidae 23, 66, 276
hibisci, Orthosia 136, 283, iJ7

Hillia 145, 284
/m 145, 339

vigilans 145
hoary comma 53, 275
Holarctias 208, 290

sentinaria 208, 290, 555
Homochlodes 261, 295

fritillaria 261, 295, 565
homogena, Anomogyna 117, 281, 55/
Homohadena 141, 283

badistriga 141, 142, 283, 557

/«/7xfl 141, 283, 557
honest aria, Pero 266, 295, 567
hooktip moths 200
Horismell2>, 29\

intestinata 113, 291, 357
hornworm, sweet-potato 71, 277
hummingbird moth 25, 75
Hydrelia 243, 293

albifera 243, 293, 363

inornata 243, 361

lucata 243, 293, 361

terraenovae 243, 293, 363
Hydria 114, 291

undulata 114, 291,357
Hydriomena 230, 292

divisaria frigidata 230, 292, 359

furcata 230, 292, 559

renunciata 230, 292, 559

ruberata 231, 292, 567
Hydroecia 163, 285

micacea 163, 285, 5'</5
//y/^5 76, 277

^fl//// intermedia 76, 277, 527
Hymenoptera 78
Hypagyrtis 255, 294

piniata 255, 294, 565
Hyperetis 263, 295

amicaria f. nyssaria 263, 265, 565

nepiasaria 263, 265, 565
Hyphantria 83, 278

c««ea 83, 278, 525

rex^or 83, 278, 525
Hypocoena 161, 285

basistriga 161, 285, 5^5

inquinata 161, 285, 5^5

rufostrigata 161, 285, 569
//VP/?at 168, 286

indistinct a 169, 286, 345

xylinoides 168, 286, 345
Ichthyura 190, 288

albosigma 190, 288, 353

apicalis 190, 288, 555

390

idae, Utetheisa 84, 278

iduata, Xanthorhoe 234, 292, 361

ignea simulans, Caloplusia 174, 287,

345
ilia, Catocala 183, 288, 349
ilia underwing 183, 288
iliocata, Oligia 159, 285, 343
imbrifera, Polia 123, 124, 282, 333
impecuniosa, Papaipema 164, 286, 343
imperita, Anomogyna 117, 281, 331

comparata, Anomogyna 117
imported cabbageworm 27, 31, 36, 40,

274
mpressa, Acronicta 91, 279, 327
mpulsa, Apamea 153, 285, 341
natomaria, Metanema 264, 295, 367
ncertata, Mesothea 204, 290, 355
nchworm, redheaded 246, 293
ndistincta, Hyppa 169, 286, 345
ndocilis, Apamea 155, 285, 341
nductata, Scopula 205, 290, 355
nfans, Archiearis 203, 204, 290, 355
njicita, Agroperina 156, 285, 341
njixa, Homohadena 141, 283, 337
nfumata, Enargia 170, 286, 371
ngravis, Polia 127, 282, 335
nnotata, Acronicta 89, 279, 325
inornata, Hydrelia 243, 361

inornata, Coenonympha 43, 274,
311

mcisaaci, Coenonympha 43, 44,
274,5/7
inornate ringlet 43, 274
inquinata, Hypocoena 161, 285, 343
insueta, Leucania 137, 138, 283, 337
insulsa, Euxoa 95
interior, Co lias 3S, 214, 307
intermedia, Cucullia 140, 283, 337
interrogationis, Syngrapha 176, 287,

347
intestinata, Horisme 223, 29 1 , 357
Ipimorpha 161, 285

pleonectusa 161, 285, 343
ipomoeae, Schizura 193, 289, 353
ipsilon, Agrotis 99, 100, 280, 329
Iridopsis 256, 294

larvaria 256, 294, 365
iris, Phlogophora 165, 286, 343

Hillia 145, 284, 339
irrorata, Oreta 201
Isabella, Pyrrharctia 82, 278, 323

Isturgia 246, 293

truncataria 246, 293, 363
Itame 251, 294

anataria 253, 294, 363

andersoni 251, 294, 363

argillacearia 251, 294, 363

bitactata 254, 294, 363

brunneata 252, 294, 363

exauspicata 253, 294, 363

loricaria 254, 294, 363

pustularia 251, 294, 363

subcessaria 253, 294, 363

sulphurea 252, 294, 363
jamaicensis, Smerinthus 74, 277, 319
Jenny Lind 65, 66, 276
jocosa, Feralia 144, 284, 339
jucunda, Diarsia 110, 280, 329
juncta. Chersotis 108, 280, 329, 369

patefacta, Chersotis 108
junctaria, Scopula 205, 290, 355

junctaria, Scopula 205
juniper pug 221, 291
jutta arctic 45, 275
jutta, Oeneis 45

jutta, Oeneis 45

terraenovae, Oeneis 45, 275, 309
kalmiae. Sphinx 72, 277, 319
labradorensis, Xanthorhoe 231, 292,

361
Labrador skipper 70, 276
labradoris, Sympistis 143, 284, 339
Lacinipolia 128, 282

anguina 129, 282, 335

lorea 129, 282, 335

lustralis 128, 282, 369

olivacea 128, 129,282,555

renigera 128, 129, 282, 335
lacustrata, Xanthorhoe 231, 292, 361
laetabilis, Anomogyna 117, 281, 331
Lambdina 270, 295

fiscellaria 270, 271, 295, 367
langtoni, Alypia 86, 278, 325
Langton's forester 86, 278
lappet caterpillars 197
lapponica, Sympistis 143, 283, 339
large maple spanworm 273, 295
larvaria, Iridopsis 256, 294, 365
Lasiestra 130, 282

leucocycla 130
flanda 131, 282, 335
moeschleri 130, 131, 282, 335

391

phoca 131, 282, 335
Lasiocampidae 197, 289
lasiocampids 197, 289
Lasionycta 130, 282

albinuda 130, 282, 335

subdita 130, 282, 335
lateritia, Agroperina 155, 285, 341
laurel sphinx 72, 277
laurentina, Hesperia 70
legitima, Polia 125, 282, 333
leomegra, Polia 123, 282, 333
lepida, Lithophane 146, 284, 339
Lepidoptera 23, 28-30, 194, 372
leporina, Acronicta 89, 279, 325
lepuscuiina, Acronicta 88, 279, 325
lesser maple span worm 251, 294
Leucania 137, 283

comma 138, 283, 337

commoides 137, 283, 337

insuetaUl, 138,283,557
Leucobrephos 203, 290

brephoides 203, 290, 355
ieucocycla, Lasiestra 1 30

Jlanda, Lasiestra 131, 282, 335

moeschleri, Lasiestra 130, 131,

282, 335
Leucoma 197, 289

salicis 197, 289, 555
leucostigma, Orgyia 195, 289, 555
lexis, yellow-edged 79, 278
Lexis 79, 278

bicolor 79, 278, 525
libatrix, Scoliopteryx 185, 288, 55/
light emerald 260, 294
lilacina, Polia 126, 282, 335
Limenitis 25, 61, 275

archippus 25, 40

arthemis 61, 275, 5/5
limitaria, Cladara 210, 290, 357
linden looper 258, 294
linden, snow-white 265, 295
lindrothi, Protorthodes 133, 283, 337
lineola, Thymelicus 69, 276, 371
liquoraria aibolineata, Synchlora 204,

290, 355
Lithacodia 111, 287

albidula 111, 287, 345

bellicula 111, 287, 345

carneola 173, 287, 345
Lithomoia 145, 284

solidaginis 145, 284, 339
Lithophane 145, 284

amanda 145, 284, 559

georg// 146, 284, 339

lepida 146, 284, 339

pexata 146, 284, 339

thaxteri 147, 284, 559
little virgin moth 81, 278
littoralis pectinata, Paradiarsia 107,

280, 329
Lobophora 210, 290

nivigerata 210, 290, 357
Lomanaltes 186, 288

eductalis 186, 288, 55/
Lomographa 244, 293

glomeraria 244, 245, 293, 565
ab. merricki 244, 293, 565

semiclarata 244, 293, 565

vestaliata 244, 293, 565
longa, Acronicta 91, 279
looper, brown pine 269, 295

cabbage 181, 287

celery 178, 287

false hemlock 266, 295

grass 185, 288

gray spruce 268, 295

hemlock 270, 295

linden 258, 294
loopers 203
Lophodonta 192, 289

ferruginea 192, 289, 353
lorea, Lacinipolia 129, 282, 335
loricaria, Itame 254, 294, 363
lota, Agrochola 150, 284, 371
lucata, Hydrelia 243, 293, 361
luctuata obductata, Spargania 238,

293, 361
luna, Actias 11
luna moth 77
Luperina 158, 285

passer 158, 285, 343
lus trails, Lacinipolia 128, 282, 369
lutea, Xanthia 152, 285, 341
luteata, Eupithecia 216, 291, 357
Intra, Polia 128, 282, 335
Lycaena 63, 276

dorcas 63, 276, 315

epixanthe 63
amecitus 63

phaedrus 61, 63, 276, 315
Lycaenidae 61, 276
lycaenids 25, 61
lygdamus couperi, Glaucopsyche 65,

276, 315
Lymantriidae 194, 289

392

mac-cullochi, Androloma 85, 278, 325
mackieata, Dysstroma 227, 292, 359
macularia, Sicya 272, 295, 367
maculata, Halisidota 79, 278, 323
magnoliata, Spargania 237, 293, 361
maillardi, Cry modes 157, 285, i^ 7
Malacosoma 197, 198, 289

americanum 198, 289, 355

disstria 198, 289, 355
mamestra, Dimmock's 125, 282
M antes tra 111, 282

curialis 111, 282, 333
mappa, Autographa 179, 287, 347
marbled carpet 227, 292
maryx, Sideridis 132, 282, 335
marsh oblique-barred 189, 288
Mclsaac's ringlet 43, 274
meadow fritillary 51, 275
measuringworm, pine 255, 294
measuringworms 203
melaleuca, Sympistis 142, 143, 283, 339
melanopa, Anarta 131, 282, 335
melissa arctic 45, 275
melissa, Oeneis 45, 275, 309

melissa, Oeneis 46
Mesoleuca 236, 292

ruficillata 236, 292, 361
Mesothea 204, 290

incertata 204, 290, 355
messoria, Euxoa 93, 279, 327
Metalepsis 105, 280

fishii 105, 280, 371

salicarum 106, 280, 329
Metanema 264, 295

determinata 264, 295, 367

inatomaria 264, 295, 367
Metarranthis 264, 295

duaria 264, 295, 367
septentrionaria 264, 367
metonalis, Philometra 188, 288, 351
micacea, Hydroecia 163, 285, 343
microgamma nearctica, Syngrapha 175,

287, 345
milberti milberti, Nymphalis 54, 55,
275, 313

viola, Nymphalis 55, 56, 275, 313
Milbert's tortoiseshell 54, 275
milkweed butterflies 40, 274
miller 89, 279

minians, Nephelodes 134, 135, 283, 337
miniota, Mniotype 149

minuscula, Oligia 159, 285, 343
misturata frostiata, Eupithecia 214,

291,557
Mniotype 149, 284

ducta 149, 284, 341

ferida 149, 284, 341

miniota 149

tenera 149
modest sphinx 75, 277
modesta, Pachysphinx 75, 277, 321
modica, Oligia 158, 285, 371
mollis, Agrotis 97, 279, 327
monarch 1 1, 25, 32, 40, 41, 42, 274
monetifera, Euherrichia 166, 286, 343
monochromatea, Hemipachnobia 107,

280, 329
montana, Syngrapha 175, 287, 345
mori, Bombyx 26

morrisonaria, Pero 266, 267, 295, 367
mourningcloak 46, 55, 275
mouse 167, 286
multicolor, Apamea 152
mult if era, Platyperigea 170, 286, 369
multiferata, Anticlea 241, 293, 361
munitata, Xanthorhoe 131, 233, 292, 361
musa, Agrotis 98, 280, 327
mustard white 40, 274
mutata, Eupithecia 111, 291, 357
Nadata 192, 289

gibbosa 192, 289, 353
napi acadia, Pieris 40

frigida, Pieris 40, 274, 307
nastes, Colias 39, 274, 307
nastes sulfur 39, 274
Nedra 167, 286

ramosula 167, 286, 345
Nephelodes 134, 283

minians 134, 135, 283, 337
nepiasaria, Hyperetis 263, 295, 365
neptaria, Semiothisa 248, 293, 363
Nepytia 266, 295

canosaria 266, 295, 367
nevadae canadensis, Polia 124, 282, 333
ni, Trichoplusia 181, 287, 347
nimbicolor, Eupithecia 220, 29 1 , 357
nimbosa, Polia 111, 282, 371
niphon clarki, Callophrys 62, 276, 315
nivigerata, Lobophora 210, 290, 357
noctuids 79, 173, 187, 188, 189, 190
Noctuidae 23, 25, 29, 85, 190, 278
nonconformist 147, 284

393

northern

arches 157, 285

blue 64, 276
Notodonta 191, 288

simplaria 191, 288, 371

stragula 191, 288, 353
Notodontidae 189, 190, 288
notodontid moths 189, 190, 288
November moth 213, 290
nupera. Xylena 147, 148, 284, 339
Nycteola 173, 287

cinereana 174, 287, 369

frigidana 173, 174, 287, 345
Nymphalidae 24, 46, 275
Nymphalis 54, 275

antiopa 46, 55, 275, 313

milberti milberti 54, 55, 275, 313
viola 55, 56, 275, 313

vau-album 54, 275, 313
nymphs, wood 42, 274
oblata, Amathes 111, 281, 331
oblinita, Acronicta 92, 279, 327
obliqua, Agrotis 99, 280, 327
obstipata, Orthonama 235, 292, 361
occiduaria, Anagoga 1^1, 295, 365
occulta. Enrols 102, 103, 104, 280, 329
ochrogaster, Euxoa 97, 279, 327
Ochropleura 105, 280

plecta 105, 280, 329
octomaculata, Alypia 86, 278, 325
octoscripta, Syngrapha 111, 287, 347
odora. Erebus 11, 185, 288, 351
Oenels 42, 43, 45, 274

chryxus 43, 274, 309

jutta 45
jutta 45
terraenovae 45, 275, 309

melissa 45, 275, 309
mellssa 46

oeno 46

polixenes 45, 46, 275, 309

taygete 44, 274, 309

terraenovae 45
oeno, Oenels 46

okakensls, Pachnobla 114, 281, 331
Ollgla 158, 285

brldghami 158, 285, 343

lllocata 159, 285, 343

mlnuscula 159, 285, 343

modlca 158, 285, 371

vlolacea 158
ollvacea, Laclnlpolla 128, 129, 282, 335
Ontario, Euxoa 94, 279, 327

opaclfrons, Amathes 113, 281, 331
Operophterain, 290

^rwcea/a 211, 290, 557

brumata 213, 290, 557
orange tips 36
Oreta 201, 289

irrorata 201

ro5ea 555

ro5ea amerlcana 201, 289, 555
Or^>'/fl 195, 289

antlqua nova 195, 289, 353

leucostlgma 195, 289, 555
ornatrlx, Utetheisa 84
Orthonama 235, 292

evansi 236, 292, 5d/

obstipata 235, 292, 5(57
Orthosla 134, 283

;i/7?/5c/ 136, 283, 557

rmc/fl 134, 283, 557
otlsl, Thera 229, 292, 559
ovlduca, Protorthodes 133, 283, 569
oweni, Semiothlsa 247, 293, 565
owlet moths 85, 278
owlet, scalloped 185, 288
oxygale, Aletla 138, 283, 337
Pachnobla 114, 2S\

okakensls 114, 281, 331

scropulana 114, 281, 557

rec/fl 114, 281,557

wocA;^/ 114, 281,557
Pachysphlnx 75, 277

modesta 75, 277, 527
painted

beauty 58, 275

lady 58, 59, 275
painted lady, American 58, 275
palaemon, Carterocephalus 69, 276, 575
palaeno

chippewa, Collas 39, 274, 307

labradorensls, Collas 39
palaeno sulfur 39, 274
palpata, Euplthecla 111, 291, 357
Palthls 188, 288

angulalls 188, 288, 557
pamplnarla, Anavltrlnella 256, 294, 365
Panthea 87, 279

acronyctoldes 87, 279, 325
Paonlas 74, 277

excaecatus 74, 277, 527
Papalpema 164, 286

frlglda 164, 286, 343

Impecunlosa 164, 286, 343

pterlsll 164, 286, 343

thallctrl 164, 286, 343

394

Papilio 25, 26, 28, 32, 33, 274

ajax 33

brevicauda 2, 10, 12, 32, 33, 34,

274, 305
bretonensis 33
brevicauda 33
gaspeensis 33

glaucus canadensis 28, 32, 35, 36,

274, 505
glaucus 36, 274

polyxenes asterius 32, 33, 274, i05
glaucus 32
Papilionidae 32, 274
Paradiarsia 107, 280

littoralis pectinata 107, 280, i29
paralis, Syngrapha 174, 287, 5-^7
Parastichtis 151, 284

dis civ aria 151, 284, 577
parsley worm 33
parsnip swallowtail 33, 274
parthenice, Apantesis 80, 81, 278, 525
parthenos, Platarctia 83, 278, 525
passer, Luperina 158, 285, 5^5
patula, Agrotis 98, 279, 527
pearl crescent 52, 275
Peck's skipper 70, 276
pelidne, Colias 39, 274, 307

labradorensis, Colias 39
pelidne sulfur 39, 274
pendulinaria, Cyclophora 208, 290, 355
pepper-and-salt moth 259, 294
perattenta, Eueretagrotis 120, 281, 333
perfusca, Eupiihecia 22 1

youngata, Eupithecia 221, 291, 357
periculosa, Phlogophora 165, 286, 343
Peridroma 106, 280

saucia 106, 280, 329
Perizoma 240, 293

alchemillata 241, 293, 361

basaliata 240, 293, 361
per lata, Campaea 260, 26 1 , 294, 365
Pero 266, 295

honestaria 266, 295, 367

morrisonaria 266, 267, 295, 367
perpolita, Euxoa 93, 279, 327
perquiritata bedded, Anomogyna 116,
281,557

perquiritata, Anomogyna 116, 281,

557
petrealis, Chytolita 188, 288, 557
Petrophora suspectata 228
pexata, Lithophane 146, 284, 339

philodice, Colias 37, 38, 274, 307
Philometra 188, 288

metonalis 188, 288, 557
Phlogophora 165, 286

iris 165, 286, 343

periculosa 165, 286, 343
phlogosaria iris, Plagodis 262, 295, 365
phoca, Lasiestra 131, 282, 335
phoenix, small 226, 292
Phoesia 192, 288

rimosa 192, 288, 353
Phragmatobia 80, 278

fuliginosa 80, 278, 323
Phyciodes 52, 275

tharos 52
arctica 52, 275, 577
Phyllodesma 197

phyllophora, Hept agrotis 109, 280, 529
p/cffl, Ceramica 136, 283, 557
Pieridae 25, 36, 274
pierids 36
P/'em 40, 274

napi acadia 40
/ng/^fl 40, 274, 307

rapae 31, 36, 40, 4\, 214, 307
pine

elfin 62, 276

measuringworm 255, 294

tussock moth 196, 289
piniata, Hypagyrtis 255, 294, 365

Caripeta 268, 295, 367
pink

-barred sallow 152, 285

edged sulfur 38, 274

spotted dart 113, 281

spotted hawkmoth 71, 277

striped willow spanworm 245, 293
placida, Abagrotis 121, 281, 333
plagiata, Dasychira 196, 289, 353
Plagodis 262, 295

phlogosaria iris 262, 295, 365
Platarctia 83, 278

parthenos 83, 278, 325
Platyperigea 170, 286

multifera 170, 286, 369
Platypolia 149, 284

anceps 149 284, 339
Platysamia cecropia 11
Platysenta 169, 286

sutor 169, 286, 345
Plebejus 64, 276

a^M//o64, 276, 575

395

argyrognomon aster 64, 276, 315
empetri 64, 216, 315
piecta, Ochropleura 105, 280, 329
Plemyria 226, 292

georgii 116, 292, 359
pleonectusa, Ipimorpha 161, 285, 343
pleuritica, Euxoa 94, 279, 371
plexippus, Danaus 25, 32, 40, 41, 274,

309
plum tree sphinx 73, 277
Plusia 182, 287

aereoides 182, 287, J69
polar fritillary 50, 275
polaris, Boloria 50, 275, 311
polata bradorata, Dasyuris 235, 292,
361

punctipes, Dasyuris 235, 292, 361
Polia 111, 282

adjuncta 126, 282, 369

atlantica 124, 282, 333

carbonifera 123, 282, Ji5

cristifera 111, 282, iJ5

frustrata 111, 282, iJ5

imbrifera 123, 124, 282, iii

ingravis 111, 282, iJ5

legitima 125, 282, JJi

leomegra 123, 282, iiJ

//7fla/2a 126, 282, 555

/M/rfl 128, 282, 335

nevadae canadensis 124, 282, 333

nimbosa 111, 282, 371

pulverulenta 126, 282, 335

radix 125, 282, 555

rogenhoferi 123, 282, 555

rugosa 126, 282, 555

secedens 128, 282, 555

/flcomfl 125, 282, 371
polished dart 93, 279
Polites 70, 276

coras 70, 276, 315
polixenes arctic 45, 275
polixenes, Oeneis 45, 46, 275, 309
Polygonia 25, 52, 275

faunus 53, 275, 575

gracilis 53, 275, 313

progne 53, 275, 313

satyrus 52, 275, 313
marsyas 52
polyphemus, Antheraea 11

polyphemus, Antheraea 11, 111,

323
polyphemus moth 77, 277

polyxenes asterius, Papilio 32, 33, 274,
305

glaucus, Papilio 32
porcelaria, Protoboarmia 255, 294, 365
potato stem borer 163, 285
prasina, Anaplectoides 119, 281, 333
pressus, Anaplectoides 119, 281, 333
printed dagger 91, 279
privata, Sutyna 150, 284, 341
Prochoerodes 113, 295

transversata 273, 295, 367
progne, Polygonia 53, 275, 575
prominents 189, 190,288
propinqualis, Rivula 187, 288, 557
propinquilinea, Colocasia 86, 278, 325
propulsata, Eulithis 224, 29 1 , 359
Proserpinus 76, 277

flavofasciata 76, 277, 527
Protoboarmia 255, 294

porcelaria 255, 294, 365
Protolampra 119, 281

rM//p^c/M5 119, 281,555
Protorthodes 133, 283

lindrothi 133, 283, 337

oviduca 133, 283, 369
Pseudaletia 138, 283

unipuncta 138, 139, 283, 337
Pseudeva 183, 287

purpurigera 183, 287, 347
pseudogamma, Autographa 181, 287,

347
pseudorosaria freemani, Diarsia 110,

280, 329
Pseudorthodes 133, 283

vecors 133, 283, 337
Pseudothyatira 199, 289

cymatophoroides 200, 289

expultrix 199, 289, 355
pterisii, Papaipema 164, 286, 343
puchelloides marshallorum, Utetheisa

84
pudens, Euthyatira 200, 289, 355
pug, angle barred 221, 291

cloaked 222, 291

gray 215, 291

juniper 221, 291

satyr 218, 291

whitespotted 215, 291
pulverulenta, Polia 126, 282, 335
purple lesser fritillary 50, 275
purpurea, Apharetra 142, 283, 339
purpurigera, Pseudeva 183, 287, 347

396

pusillata interruptofasciata, Eupithecia

221,291,369
pustularia, Itame 251, 294, 363
putnami, Chrysaspidia 182, 287, 347
pyramidoides, Amphipyra 167, 286, 345
Pyrgus 66, 276

centaureae 66, 67, 276, 315
freija 67
Pyrrharctia 82, 278

Isabella 82, 278, 323
Pyrrhia 171, 286

exprimens 171, 286, 345

umbra 171, 286, 345
quadrangula, Rhyacia 108, 280, 329

umbratus, Rhyacia 108
quebecensis. Euxoa 94, 279, 327
quenselii, Apantesis 81, 278, 323
quercivoraria, Besma 270, 295, 367
radcliffei, Acronicta 89, 279, 325
radix. Polia 125, 282, 333
ramaria, Xanthorhoe 232, 361
ramosula, Nedra 167, 345
rapae. Pieris 31, 36, 40, 41, 274, 307
Raphia 87, 279

frater 87, 279, 325
rectangula, Syngrapha 175, 176, 178,

287, 347
rectangulata f. nigrosericeata, Chloro-

clystis 223, 291, 371
red

admiral 57, 275

carpet 232, 292

cutworm 121, 281

-lined quaker 150, 284

swordgrass moth 147, 284

twin spot 232, 292
redbacked cutworm 97, 279
reddish speckled dart 106, 280
redheaded inchworm 246, 293
redimicula, Euxoa 96, 279, 327
relicta, Catocala 184, 288, 349
reniformis, Helotropha 162, 285, 343
renigera, Lacinipolia 128, 129, 282, 335
renunciata, Hydriomena 230, 292, 359
revicta, Orthosia 134, 283, 337
Rheumaptera 28, 239, 293

hastata 239, 240, 293, 361
gothicata 239, 361

subhastata 239, 293, 361
Rhyacia 108, 280

quadrangula 108, 280, 329
umbratus 108

Rhynchagrotis 121, 281

cupida \2\,2%\, 333
richardsoni, Anarta 132, 335

tamsi, Anarta 132, 282, 335
rimosa, Phoesia 192, 288, 353
ringlet, inornate 43, 274

Mclsaac's 43, 274
Rivula 187, 288

propinqualis 187, 288, 351
rogenhoferi, Polia 123, 282, 333
rosea americana, Orel a 201, 289, 355
rosea, Oreta 355
rossii, Gynaephora 194, 289, 353
rosy

dart 111, 281

rustic moth 163, 285
ruberata, Hydriomena 231, 292, 359
rubifera, Diarsia 109, 280, 329
ruby tiger moth 80, 278
ruficillata, Mesoleuca 236, 292, 361
rufipectus, Protolampra 119, 281, 333
rufostrigata, Hypocoena 161, 285, 369
rugosa, Polia 126, 282, 335
russeliata, Eupithecia 218, 291, 357
rusty tussock moth 195, 289
St. Lawrence tiger moth 83, 278
saga fritillary 51, 275
salicarum, Metalepsis 106, 280, 329
salicis, Leucoma 197, 289, 353
sallow, bordered 171, 286

pink-barred 152, 285
saltmarsh caterpillar 82, 278
satin moth 197, 289
Saturniidae 77, 277
saturniids 77
satyr

angle wing 52, 275

pug 218, 291
satyrata fumata, Eupithecia 218, 291,

357
Satyridae 25, 42, 274
satyrs 42, 274
satyrus, Polygonia 52, 275, 313

marsyas, Polygonia 52
saucia, Peridroma 106, 280, 329
scalloped owlet 185, 288
scallop shell moth 214, 291
scandens, Euxoa 93, 279, 369
Schizura 193, 289

ipomoeae 193, 289, 354

unicornis 193, 289, 353

397

Schrankia 189, 288

turfosalis 189, 288
Scoliopteryx 185, 288

libatrix 185, 288, 351
Scopula 205, 290

frigidaria 205, 206, 207, 290, 355

inductata 205, 290, 355

junctaria 205, 290, 355
junctaria 205
Scotogramma 122, 282

trifolii 122, 282, 55J
scribbler 210, 290
scripta, Habrosyne 199, 289, 355
scropulana, Pachnobia 114, 281, 331
secedens, Polia 128, 282, 335
selecta, Syngrapha 178, 287, 347
selene atrocostalis, Boloria 48

terraenovae, Boloria 47, 48, 275,

311
Selenia 265, 295

alciphearia 265, 295, 367
semiatrata, Eustroma 223, 291, 357
semiclarata, Lomographa 244, 293, 363
Semiothisa 246, 293

bisignata 246, 293, i6J

granitata 247

hebetata 249, 293, 5(J5
ponderosa 249

neptaria 248, 293, J(55

ow/i/ 247, 293, i6i

sexmaculata 248, 249, 250, 293,

signaria dispuncta 247, 293, 56i

submarmorata 247, 293, J6i
sentinaria, Holarctias 208, 290, 555
septentrionalis, Gluphisia 193, 289, i55
serrataria, Eulithis 226, 291, 559
sexmaculata, Semiothisa 248, 249, 250,

293, 565
shorttailed swallowtail 2, 10, 12, 33,

274
Sicya 272, 295

macularia 272, 295, 567
Sideridis 132, 282

Wflryjc 132, 282, 555
signaria dispuncta, Semiothisa 247,

293, 565
silaceata, Diactinia 11^, 292, 559
silkworm 26

giant 77, 277
silly dart 95, 279
silver bordered fritillary 47, 275
silvery blue 65, 276

simplaria. Notodonta 191, 288, 371
sincera, Anomogyna 115, 117, 281, 371
sinelinea, Euxoa 96, 279, 369
skipper, arctic 69, 276

European 69, 276

grizzled 66, 276

Labrador 70, 276

Peck's 70, 276
skippers 36, 66, 276
small

dark yellow underwing 131, 282

engrailed 257, 294

phoenix 226, 292

rivulet 241, 293
smeared dagger 92, 279
Smerinthus 74, 277

cerisyi 74, 277, 321

jamaicensis 74, 277, 579
smithii, Amathes 111, 112, 281, 331
snow-white linden 265, 295
solidaginis, Lithomoia 145, 284, 339
sol it aria, Euxoa 97, 279
soothsayer dart 107, 280
sororiata labradorensis, Carsia 209,
290, 357

thaxteri, Carsia 209, 290, 355
Spaelotis 102, 280

clandestina 102, 280, 329
span worm, Bruce 211, 290

cleftheaded 260

cranberry 256, 294

elm 265

evergreen 229, 292

large maple 273, 295

lesser maple 251, 294

pink striped willow 245, 293
spanworms 203
Spargania 231, 293

luctuata obductata 238, 293, 361

magnoliata 231, 293, 567
spear-marked black 239, 293
speciosa livalis, Anomogyna 116

mixta, Anomogyna 116, 281, 557
Speyeria 47, 275

atlantis41, 275,577
canadensis 47
Sphingidae 23, 71, 277
sphingids 7 1
sphinx, apple 73, 277

big poplar 75, 277

blinded 74, 277

Cerisy's 74, 277

398

laurel 72, 277

modest 75, 277

plum tree 73, 277

twin-spotted 74, 277

waved 72, 277

wild cherry 73, 277

yellow-banded day 76, 277
Sphinx 11, 277

canadensis 72, 277, 317

drupiferarum 73, 277, 319

gordiusl3,2n,319

kalmiael2,211,3l9
sphinx moths 71, 74, 277
spiny elm caterpillar 56
spotless fall webworm 83, 278
spotted

cutworm 110, 281

hawkmoth, pink 71

tussock moth 79, 278
spring azure 61, 65, 66, 276
stragula, Notodonta 191, 288, 353
strattonata, Eupithecia 219, 291, 357
striped

cutworm 94, 279

garden caterpillar 125, 282

willow spanworm, pink 245, 293
subcessaria, Itame 253, 294, 363
subdita, Lasionycta 130, 282, 335
subfuscata, Eupithecia 215, 291, 357
subhastata, Rheumaptera 239, 293, 361
submarmorata, Semiothisa 247, 293,

363
subsignaria, Ennomos 265, 295, 371
sulfur, arctic 37, 274

clouded 37, 38, 274

nastes 39, 274

palaeno 39, 274

pelidne 39, 274

pink edged 38, 274
sulfurs 28, 36, 42, 274
sulphurea, Itame 252, 294, 363
Sunira 151, 284

bicolorago 151, 284, 341
superans, Acronicta 90, 279
surena, Syngrapha 111, 287, 347
sutor, Platysenta 169, 286, 345
sutrina, Astrapetis 132, 283, 335
Sutyna 150, 284

privata 150, 284, 341
swallowtail, black 33, 274

Canadian tiger 28, 35, 274

eastern tiger 36, 274

parsnip 33, 274

shorttailed 2, 10, 12,33, 274
swallowtails 26, 28, 32, 42, 274
sweet

fern geometer 208, 290

-potato hornworm 71, 277
swordgrass moth, dot and dash 147, 284

red 147, 284
Sympistis 142, 283

funesta 143, 284, 339

labradoris 143, 284, 339

lapponica 143, 283, 339

melaieuca 143, 143, 283, JiP
Synchlora 204, 290

liquoraria albolineata 204, 290,

355
Syngrapha 174, 287

alias 176, 287, 347

altera variana 111, 287, 347

alticola 174, 287, 345

borea 175

diasema 175, 287, 345

epigaea 178, 287, 347

interrogationis 176, 287, 347

microgamma nearctica 175, 287,

345

montana 175, 287, 345

octoscripta 177, 287, 347

paralis 174, 287, 347

rectangula 175, 176, 178, 287, 347

selecta 178, 287, 347

surena 177, 287, 347

u-aureum 176, 287, 347
tacoma, Polia 125, 282, 371
taygete, Oeneis 44, 274, 309
tecta, Pachnobia 114, 281, 331
tenebrifera, Cerastis 106, 280, 329
tenera, Mniotype 149
tent caterpillar, eastern 198, 289

forest 198, 289
tent caterpillars 197, 289
tenuicula, Amathes 113, 281, 331
terraenovae, Hydrelia 243, 293, 363

Oeneis 45
tessellata, Euxoa 94, 279, 327
testata, Eulithis 224, 291, 359
textor, Hyphantria 83, 278, 323
thalictri, Papaipema 164, 286, 343
tharos, Phyciodes 52

arctica, Phyciodes 52, 275, 311
thaxteri, Lithophane 147, 284, 339
Thera 229, 292

contractata 229, 292, 359

otisi 229, 292, 359

399

thoracica, Xylena 148, 284, 339
Thyatiridae 199, 289
thyatirids 199, 289
Thymelicus 69, 276

lineola 69, 276, 371
thysbe, Hemaris 25, 75, 277, 321
tiger moth, garden 84, 278

ruby 80, 278

St. Lawrence 83, 278

virgin 80, 278

Virginian 81, 278
tiger moths 78, 79, 278
tiliaria, Erannis 258, 294, 365
tissue moth 213, 290
titania boisduvalii, Boloria 49, 50, 275,

311
Tolype 197

tomato fruitworm 172, 286
tortoiseshell, Compton 54, 275

Milbert's 54, 275
tragopoginis, Amphipyra 167, 286, 345
transcanadata, Eupithecia 111, 291, 357
transversata, Prochoerodes 213, 295,

367
Trichodezia 111, 290

albovittata 211, 212, 290, 357
Trichoplexia 157, 285

exornata 157, 285, 343
Trichoplusia 181, 287

ni 181, 287, 347
trifolii, Scotogramma 111, 282, 333
Triphosa 213, 290

haesitata affirmaria 213, 290, 357
tripunctaria, Eupithecia 215, 291, 357
trisignata, Harrisimemna 92, 279, 327
truncataria, Isturgia 246, 293, 363
turfosalis, Schrankia 189, 288
tussock moth, pine 196, 289

rusty 195,289

spotted 79, 278

white-marked 195, 289
tussock moths 194, 289
twin spot, red 232, 292
twin-spotted sphinx 74, 277
u-aureum, Syngrapha 176, 287, 347
umbra, Pyrrhia 171, 286, 345
unangulata, Euphyia 238, 293, 361
underwing, briseis 184, 288

broad-bordered white 131, 282

copper 167, 286

ilia 183, 288

small dark yellow 131, 282

white 184, 288
underwings 85, 278
undulata. Hydria lU, 291, 357
undulosa, Ceratomia 11, 277, 317
unicornis, Schizura 193, 289, 353
unijuga, Catocala 184, 288, 349
unipuncta, Pseudaletia 138, 139, 283,

337
Utetheisa 84, 278

bella 84

idae 84, 278

ornatrix 84

puchelloides marshallorum 84
vagans, Dasychira 196, 289, 353

grisea. Dasychira 196

vagans, Dasychira 196
Vanessa 25, 57, 275

atalanta 57, 275, 313

carduiSS, 59,60,215, 315

virginiensis 58, 275, 575
variegated cutworm 106, 280
variolaria. Caber a 245, 293, 363
vasiliata, Anticlea 241, 293, 361
vau- album, Nymphalis 54, 215, 313
vecors, Pseudorthodes 133, 283, 337
velata, Amphipoea 162, 285, 343
vellivolata, Anacamptodes 257, 294,

365
venerabilis, Agrotis 98, 279, 327
venerable dart 98, 279
Venusia 242, 293

cambrica 242, 293, 361

comptaria 242, 293, 361
venusta, Chrysaspidia 182, 287, 369
verbascoides, Apamea 152, 285, 341
versicolor, Elaphria 169, 286, 345
vestaliata, Lomographa 244, 293, 363
viceroy butterfly 25, 40
vigilans. Hi Ilia 145
violacea, Oligia 158
virgin moth, little 81, 278
virgin tiger moth 80, 278
Virginian tiger moth 81, 278
virginica, Ctenucha 78, 278, 323

Diacrisia 81, 278, 323
virginiensis, Vanessa 58, 215, 315
Virgo, Apantesis 80, 278, 323
virguncula, Apantesis 81, 278, 323

speciosa, Apantesis 8 1
viridata, Acasis 209, 290, 357
volubilis, Agrotis 99, 280, 327
voluble dart 99, 280

400

vultuosa, Apamea 152, 285, 341

walkerata, Dysstroma 111, 292, 359

w-marked cutworm 102, 280

wasps 78

waved sphinx 72, 277

webworm 83

webworm, fall 83, 278

spotless fall 83, 278
Welsh wave 242, 293
westermanni, Euxoa 96, 279, 327
wheathead armyworm 137, 283
white

admiral 61, 275

cutworm 93, 279

-marked tussock moth 195, 289

striped black 211, 290

underwing 184, 288

veined arctic 44, 274
white, mustard 40, 274
whites 36, 274
whitespotted pug 215, 291
wild cherry sphinx 73, 277
willow spanworm, pink striped 245, 293
winter moth 213, 290
witch, black 11, 185,288
yvockei, Pachnobia 114, 281, 331
wood nymphs 42, 274
woolly bear, yellow 81, 278
woolly bears 79

Xanthia 152, 285

lutea 152, 285, 341
Xanthorhoe 231, 292

abrasaria congregata 234, 292, 361

algidata 234, 292, 361

baffinensis 234, 292, 361

ferrugata 232, 292, 361

iduata 234, 292, 361

labradorensis 231, 292, 361

lacustrata 231, 292, 361

munitata 131, 233, 292, 361

ramaria 232, 292, 361
Xylena 147,284

cineritia 148, 284

curvimacula 147, 284, 369

nupera 147, 148,284,559

thoracica 148, 284, 339
xylinoides, Hyppa 168, 286, 345
Xylotype 148

acadia 148, 284, 339
yellow

-banded day sphinx 76, 277

-edged lexis 79, 278

woolly bear 81, 278
yellowheaded cutworm 153, 285
yellows 36

youngii, Anomogyna 118, 281, 331
zea, Helicoverpa 172, 286, 345
zebra caterpillar 136, 283
zetterstedtii, Anarta 143

401

INDEX TO HOST PLANTS

Abies balsamea, see balsam fir 79, 87,
105, 116, 118, 119, 144, 169, 176,
178, 195, 196, 210, 213, 217, 222,
225, 230, 247, 255-258, 263, 266-268,
271,273

Acacia spp. 185

acacias 37

Acer spp., see maple 77, 80, 87, 88, 105,
119, 136, 151, 193, 196, 198, 210,
213,251,258,265,273
negundo 82
saccharum 265, 270

Achillea spp. 220

Aconitum spp. 171, 220

Aesculus hippocastanum 1 76

Agrostis spp. 125

Alchemilla spp. 232

alder {Alnus spp.) 53, 80, 82-84, 88, 90,
92, 111, 125, 127, 128, 146-148, 159,
165, 166, 171, 179, 186, 189, 193,
200, 204, 208, 210, 215, 216, 219,
225, 227, 228, 231, 239, 241, 253,
254, 257, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 273
red {A. rubra) 123
speckled {A. rugosa) 202

alfalfa 38,61, 102

Alnus spp., see alder 53, 80, 82-84, 88,
90, 92, 111, 125, 127, 128, 146-148,
159, 165, 166, 171, 179, 186, 189,
193, 200, 202, 204, 208, 210, 215,
216, 219, 225, 227, 228, 231, 239,
241, 253, 254, 257, 260, 262, 263,
265, 266, 273
rubra 123
rugosa 202

Alyssum spp. 232

Ambrosia spp. 206

Amelanchier spp. 75, 78, 89, 189, 264

Ampelopsis spp. 82, 86

angelica 34

Angelica spp. 34, 216

Antennaria spp. 58

Apium spp. 1 79

Apocynum spp. 42

apple (Malus spp.) 36, 73, 74, 82, 83,
90, 91, 121, 129, 146, 196, 198, 200,
213,215,262

prairie crab (A/, ioensis) 73

Aralia hispida 2 1 8

Arctostaphylos spp. 246

Aronia spp. 1 24

arrowwood 167

Asclepias spp. 42

ash 36, 72, 73

asparagus 126

Asparagus spp. 1 26

aspen {Populus spp.) 74, 75, 91, 120,
200, 204

largetooth {P. grandidentata) 264
trembling {P. tremuloides) 78, 82,
87-89, 105, 127, 136, 140, 146, 161,
168, 170, 172, 174, 179, 191, 192,
194, 196, 198, 202, 203, 211, 212,
245, 252, 258, 260, 263, 264, 273

aster 52, 126, 127, 140, 164, 182, 206,
220, 223, 273

Aster spp. 52, 126, 127, 182, 204, 206,
220, 223, 273

macrophyllus 149
umbellatus 141, 164

402

Astragalus spp. 37-39
azalea 214
Azalea spp. 2 1 4

balsam fir {Abies balsamea) 79, 87, 105,
116, 118, 119, 144, 169, 176, 178,

195, 196, 210, 217, 222, 226, 230,
247, 255-258, 263, 266-268, 271, 273

balsam poplar {Populus balsamifera)
87, 89, 136, 170-172, 174, 194, 212,
213,215,264

barley 99

basswood 167, 258, 262, 264
beans 37, 163
bearberry 246
bedstraw 237, 238
beech 87

^e/flspp. 122, 179

Betula spp., see birch 36, 51, 53, 54, 61,
75, 77, 84, 87-91, 111, 120, 128, 136,
143, 146, 159, 167, 168, 196, 200,
208, 212, 225, 227, 239, 252-256,
263-265
lutea 221, 256

papyrifera 125, 136, 140, 170, 192,
193, 195, 196, 198, 201-204, 210,
221, 257, 258, 260, 262, 265, 270,
273

populifolia 205
birch {Betula spp.) 36, 51, 53, 61, 75,
84, 87-91, 105, 108, 111, 120, 128,
136, 143, 146, 159, 167, 168, 193,

196, 200, 208, 212, 225, 227, 239,
252-256, 263-265

white {B. papyrifera) 54, 77, 125,
136, 140, 170,' 192, 193, 195, 196,
198, 200, 202-204, 210, 221, 257,
258, 260, 262, 265, 270, 273
wire {B. populifolia) 205
yellow (5. /wrea) 221, 256
blackberry 189

blueberry 38, 62, 65, 66, 72, 73, 92, 102,
113, 116, 118, 142, 143, 145, 166,
176, 177, 183, 205, 209, 255, 264
bog-rush 45
bracken 164, 166,262
Brassica s^ip. 122, 151, 171, 179
bromegrass 155
Bromus inermis 155
buckthorn 214
cabbage 40, 99, 122, 151, 171, 179, 181

campion 109
Carex spp. 45, 46
carrot 33, 99
Caryophyllaceae 238
cascara 214
cassias 37

Castilleja spp. 220, 223
cauliflower 40, 99
Ceanothus spp. 273
cedar, eastern white 218, 273
celery 179
cereals 97, 137, 157
Chamaedaphne spp. 1 1 3
Che I one glabra 2 1 8
Chenopodium spp. 1 22
cherry {Prunus spp.) 74, 77, 82, 89, 91,
121,223,244,262

choke {P. virginiana) 218, 244, 264

pin {P. pensylvanica) 83, 244

wild {Prunus spp.) 36, 75, 90, 179,

198, 264, 266
chestnut, horse 176
chickweed 232
chokeberry 124
cinquefoil 63, 195

shrubby 253, 263
Cirsium spp. 59, 165
clematis 223
Clematis spp. 223

clover 37, 38, 61, 102, 122, 124, 130,
185,273

white 38, 98
Compositae 204, 2 1 5
Comptonia spp. 208
Convolvulus 72
corn 99, 155, 157, 163, 179
cornel 200
corn salad 119

Cornus spp. 66, 186, 200, 201, 243
Corylus spp. 264
cotton 172
cow-parsnip 34

cranberry 63, 107, 150, 168, 252
Crataegus spp. 72, 76, 77, 223, 244, 253
crowberry, black 64, 143
Cruciferae 37, 40, 122
currant 53, 54, 219, 224, 228, 229, 254

red 253

wild 253
dandelion 106, 124, 165, 188, 232, 273
Daucus spp. 33

403

diapensia 65

Diapensia lapponica 65

Digitalis spp. 119, 165

dock 151, 158, 165, 173,236,256

dogbane 42

dogwood 66, 186,201,243

red osier 200
Douglas-fir 144, 210, 217, 258
Drosera spp. 1 07
Dry as spp. 132

integrifolia 132
Dry opteris spp. 165
elder 216
elm {Ulmus spp.) 54, 56, 167, 213, 253,

258

white {U. americana) 265
Empetrum spp. 143

nigrum 64
Epilobium spp. 76, 77, 86, 92, 211, 215,

224, 226, 238, 242
Erica spp. 236
evening-primrose 86, 238
everlasting 58
Fabaceae 37
Fagus spp. 87
fireweed 76, 77, 86, 92, 211, 215, 224,

226, 238, 242
nax97

foxglove 119, 165
Fragaria spp. 121, 167
Fraxinus spp. 36, 72, 73
Galeopsis spp. 241
Galium spp. 237, 238
Gaylussacia spp. 204
Glechoma spp. 232
goldenrod 54, 141, 220, 223, 273
gooseberry 53, 54, 127, 224, 228, 253,

254
grainfields 153
grape 86, 106, 129
grasses 42, 43, 66, 69, 78, 79, 93, 99,

116, 125, 130, 134, 137, 140, 147,

152, 153, 155-157, 163, 182, 185, 188
ground-ivy 232
groundsel 232

hawthorn 72, 76, 77, 223, 244, 253
hazel 264
heath 236
Helenium spp. 1 64
hemlock {Tsuga spp.) 176, 210, 255,

258, 267, 268

eastern {T. canadensis) 111

hemp nettle 241

Heracleum spp. 34

holly 92

honeysuckle 76, 124, 141

huckleberry 119,204

Hypericum spp. 1 68

Ilex spp. 92

Impatiens spp. 211, 226, 231

Ipomoea batatas 72

iris 162

Iris spp. 147, 162

Juncus spp. 45

juniper 124, 221, 229

Juniperus spp. 124, 221, 229

communis 229
Kalmia spp. 62, 255, 263
angustifolia 219, 263
latifolia 73
Labrador-tea 145
Lactuca spp. 106, 179, 188
lady's-mantle 232
lamb's-quarters 122
larch {Larix spp.) 118, 127, 128, 227

eastern (L. laricina) 73
Larix spp., see larch, tamarack 87, 102,

116, 118, 124, 127, 128, 147, 148,

188, 195, 196, 213, 215-217, 227, 247,

248, 255-258, 260, 266-268, 271
laricina 73
Lathyrus spp. 65
laurel 62, 73, 255, 263
leatherleaf 1 1 3
Ledum spp. 145
Leguminosae 37, 38
lettuce 99, 106, 179, 188
lichens 79, 188
Ligustrum spp. 72,13
lilac 73-75, 92
Lolium spp. 155
Lonicera spp. 76, 124, 141
lupines 38, 148, 185
Lupinus spp. 38, 148, 185
Lychnis spp. 109
Malus spp., see apple 36, 73, 74, 82, 83,

90, 91, 121, 129, 146, 196, 198, 200,

213,215,262
ioensis 73
mangel 99
maple {Acer spp.) 77, 80, 87, 88, 105,

119, 136, 151, 193, 196, 198, 210,

213,251,258,265,273
Manitoba {A. negundo) 82

404

sugar (A. saccharum) 265, 270
meadow fern 252
meadow rue 164, 183, 211, 218
meadowsweet 182, 218, 223
Medicago sativa 38, 61, 102
Melilotus spp. 109, 206
mignonette 40
milk vetch 37-39
milkweed 42
Mimosaceae 37
mimosas 37
monkshood 171, 220
mountain ash 90, 91, 200, 241, 244
mustard 37, 40, 122
Myrica spp. 205

cerifera 239

gale 252
nettle 52, 55, 58, 180
Nicotiana spp. 1 5 1
Nuphar spp. 1 7 1
oak 184, 193, 196,208,213,214
oats 99

Oenothera spp. 238
Onagraceae 86
orpine 236
painted-cup 220, 223
parsley 34
parsnip 33

cow- 34
Pastinaca spp. 33
peas 37, 65
Petroselinum spp. 34
Picea spp., see spruce 73, 79, 87, 115,
118, 176, 210, 213, 216, 222, 247,
255-257, 267, 268

glauca 73, 79, 116, 169, 176, 178,

195, 196, 216, 217, 219, 225, 226,

230,256,257,266,269,271

mariana 116, 215, 217
pine {Pinus spp.) 118, 178, 217, 222,
230, 247, 256

eastern white {P. strobus) 247, 269,

270

jack {P. banksiana) 146, 196, 269,

270

lodgepole {P. contorta) 270

red {P. resinosa) 146, 269
Pinus spp., see pine 118, 178, 217, 222,
247, 256, 257, 269, 270

banksiana 146, 196

contorta 270

resinosa 146, 269
strobus 247
Plantago spp. 124, 128, 167
plantain 124, 128, 167
plum (Prunus spp.) 74, 90, 166, 172,

214
Polygonum spp. 49, 92, 173, 208, 232,

236
pond-lily, yellow 171
poplar (Populus spp. ) 36, 54, 61, 73-75,
80, 82, 91, 124, 162, 167, 184, 185,
190, 191, 225, 248, 253, 254, 257,
262, 264
Populus spp., see aspen, balsam poplar,
poplar 36, 54, 61, 73-75, 80, 82, 91,
120, 124, 167, 184-186, 190, 194, 200,
204, 225, 248, 253, 254, 257, 262, 264
balsamifera 87, 89, 136, 170-172,
174,212,215
grandidentata 264
tremuloides 78, 82, 87-89, 105,
127, 136, 140, 146, 161, 168, 170,
172, 174, 179, 191,192, 194, 196,
198, 202, 203, 211, 212, 245, 252,
258, 260, 263, 264, 273
potato 99, 163
sweet 72
Potentilla spp. 63

fruit icosa 253, 263
trifoliata 195
privet 72, 73

Prunus spp., see plum and cherry 36, 74,

75, 77, 82, 89, 90, 92, 121, 166, 172,

179, 198, 214, 223, 244, 262, 264, 266

pensylvanica 83

virginiana 218, 264

Pseudotsuga taxifolia 144, 210, 217,

258
Pteridium spp. 262

aquilinum 164, 166
Pyrus spp. 223
Quercus spp. 184, 193, 196, 208, 213,

214
radish 99
ragweed 206

raspberry 146, 167, 204, 237, 241, 263
Reseda 40
Rhamnus spp. 214
rhododendron 263
Rhododendron spp. 263

canadense 219
rhubarb 163

405

Rhus spp. 66

Ribes spp. 53, 54, 127, 219, 220, 224,
228, 229, 253, 254

Rosa spp. Ml, 220, 228

rose 172

Rubus spp. 146, 167, 189, 204, 237, 241,
263

Rudbeckia spp. 204

Rumex spp. 151, 158, 165, 173, 236,
256

rutabaga 40

St. John's-wort 168

Salix spp., see willow 53, 54, 56, 61, 74,
75, 80, 82-84, 88-92, 102, 111, 120,
125, 127, 128, 136, 145-148, 151, 159,
165, 168, 170, 172, 173, 179, 184-186,
190, 191, 193, 195, 196, 198, 200,
203-205, 210, 212, 214-216, 220, 221,
225, 227, 228, 230, 231, 239, 245,
246, 248, 251, 253, 254, 256, 257,
260, 262-266, 270, 273

Salsola spp. 1 22

Sambucus spp. 216

sarsaparilla 218

Saxifraga spp. 236

saxifrage 236

Scirpus spp. 1 62

sedges 42-46, 140, 155, 162, 182

Sedum spp. 236

Senecio spp. 232

serviceberry 189, 264

shadbush 75, 78, 90

sheep-laurel 219, 263

shield fern 165

smartweed 49, 92, 173, 208, 232, 236

snapweed 211, 226, 231

sneezeweed 164

snowberry 76, 102

Solidago spp. 54, 141, 220, 223, 273

^or^M^spp. 91,200, 244
americana 90, 200, 241

sourtop 38

spiraea 128, 145, 214, 219

Spiraea spp. 128, 145, 182, 214, 218,
219,273

latifolia 21S, 223

spruce {Picea spp.) 87, 115, 118, 210,
216, 219, 222, 235, 247, 255-257
black {P. mariana) 116, 176, 215,
217,267,268

white {P. glauca) 73, 79, 116, 169,
176, 178, 195, 196, 213, 216, 217,

219, 225, 226, 230, 256, 266-269,
271

Stellaria spp. 232

strawberry 121, 163, 167

sugar beet 97, 122, 163, 179

sumac 66

sundew 107

sweetclover 109, 206

sweet

corn 172
fern 208
potato 72

Symphoricarpos spp. 76, 102, 228

Syringa spp. 74, 92
vulgaris 73

tamarack 87, 102, 116, 124, 127, 128,
147, 148, 188, 195, 196, 213, 215-217,
247, 248, 255-258, 260, 266-268, 271

Taraxacum spp. 106, 124, 165, 188,
232, 273

Thalictrum spp. 164, 183, 211,218

thistle 59, 122, 165

Thuja Occident alis 218, 273

Tilia spp. 167, 258, 262, 264

timothy grass 137

tobacco 94, 151, 153, 157

tomato 99, 163, 172

Trifolium spp. 61, 98, 102, 122, 124,
130, 185,273
repens 38

Triticum aestivum 155

Tsuga spp., see hemlock 176, 210, 255,
258, 267, 268
canadensis 271

turnip 99

turtlehead 218

Ulmus spp., see elm 54, 56, 167, 213,
253, 258
americana 265

Umbelliferae 33

Urtica spp. 52, 55, 58, 59, 180

Vaccinium spp., see blueberry, cranber-
ry, huckleberry 38, 62, 63, 65, 66, 72,
73, 102, 107, 113, 116, 118, 119, 132,
142, 143, 145, 150, 166, 168, 176,
177, 183, 205, 209, 251, 252, 255, 264

Valerianella spp. 1 1 9
vetch 37, 38, 65
viburnum 76

Viburnum spp. 76, 92, 167, 201, 216,
218
cassinoides 201, 210, 218

406

F/c/fl spp. 38, 65 128, 136, 145-148, 151, 159, 165, 168,

K/Wflspp. 47, 49-51 170, 172, 173, 179, 184-186, 190, 191,

violets 47, 49-51 193, 195, 196, 198, 200, 203-205, 210,

Vitaceae 86 212, 214-216, 220, 221, 225, 227, 228,

K///5spp. 106, 129 230, 231, 245, 248, 251, 253, 254,

wax myrtle 239 256, 257, 260, 262-266, 270, 273

wheat 155 withered 201, 210, 218

widdy 253 yarrow 220

wild-rice 155 Zea spp. 179

willow 53, 54, 56, 61, 74, 75, 77, 80, wfl>'5 155
82-84, 88-92, 105, 111, 120, 125, 127, Zizania spp. 155

407