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1

THE

BTJTTEKFLIES

OF THE

EASTERN UXITED STATES.

FOR THE USE OF CLASSES IX ZOOLOGY AND
PRIVATE STUDENTS.

BY

G. H. FRENCH, A.M.,

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY AND CURATOR IN THE SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

NORMAL UNIVERSITY.

1' II I L A I) E I, P II I A :

J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY.

1886.

Copyright, 1885, by G. H. FREXCH.

• • . . • ft

PREFACE.

FOR a number of years the writer of these pages lias
recognized the necessity of some form of manual to be
placed in the hands of students in zoology, to enable
them to identify the animals that should come before
them for examination. Jordan's " Manual of Verte-
brates" supplies this demand as to the vertebrate ani-
mals, but there are many other specimens of interest
within the reach of every student that do not belong
to this great branch of the animal kingdom, among
the most attractive of which are butterflies. Several
years ago, analytical tables of the butterflies of Illi-
nois were prepared and published for the use of our
classes in zoology. • These tables, followed by others
on the moths, notwithstanding many imperfections,
served so good a purpose in the class-room, and were
sought by so many private students, that the prepara-
tion of a more extended work on the Butterflies of the
Eastern United States has been undertaken. The work
embraces a brief description of the several stages of
butterflies, methods of capture and preservation, an ana-
lytical key, and a more complete description of all the
species that have been found in this region. In the
last part the preparatory stages are given so far as they

3

4 PREFACE.

are known. These preparatory stages are often essential
to a proper understanding of the relation that species
bear to one another, besides adding much to the interest
of the study of butterflies.

The locality represented in this work is shown on the
map on the opposite page, being all east of the western
boundaries of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas,
and Louisiana, as indicated by the heavy line. This
differs a little from what is denominated the East-
ern or Atlantic Province on the zoo-geographical map
by Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., in the third report of the
United States Entomological Commission, in that the
western boundary is by State lines, instead of following
a more sinuous line caused by variations of elevation,
etc., and the whole of Florida and the New England
States are included, but the portion of Canada included
in the map referred to is omitted here. For several
reasons it was found more convenient to take the bound-
aries as here given, making the field represented essen-
tially the same.

I would gratefully acknowledge here the valuable aid
I have received from Mr. William *H. Edwards, of Coal-
burgh, West Virginia, in the loan of specimens for
description, in the free use of his writings, from which
nearly all the descriptions of the preparatory stages have
been taken, in the use of advance-sheets of his new
catalogue of the " Butterflies of North America," for
the purpose of getting localities and arrangement of
species, and in many suggestions kindly given. Mr. C.
E. Worthington, of Chicago, also loaned me specimens
for description, thus aiding me much. I wish to
acknowledge also the aid and encouragement I have

PREFACE.

received from Dr. Robert Allyn, president of the
Southern Illinois Normal University, not only in the

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preparation of this volume, but in the interest of science
generally. Dr. S. H. Peabody, regent of the Illinois
Industrial University, also has thanks for revising a list

(j PREFACE.

of the accentuated names of the butterflies of the Eastern
United States. Last, but not least, I would acknowledge
valuable aid and encouragement from my wife, who has
been the companion of my studies in natural history for
many years, making it possible for me, at this time, to
prepare this volume. In the few instances where I have
not had specimens for description, the back volumes of
the " Canadian Entomologist" and the American En-
tomological Society's publications, Professor Fernald's
" Butterflies of Maine," and some other works, have
been used.

Electrotypes for illustrating this volume have been
received from the following persons :

From Professor C. V. Riley, Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 36, 37, 38, 39, 59,
60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 91, 92, 93.

From Henry Holt & Co., of New York, the figures
from Scudder's Butterflies, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 33, 41,
42, 45, 51, 52, 54, 55, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81,
82, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90.

From Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., the figures from " Guide
to the Study of Insects," Nos. 4, 6, 40, 44, 46, 47, 48,
49, 53, 72, 84.

From J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, the
figures from Saunders's " Insects Injurious to Fruits,"
Nos. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 58, 74.

From A. A. Tenney, the figures from Tenney's
" Elements of Zoology," Nos. 14, 15, 16.

All the rest were made specially for this work by
the St. Louis Type Foundry Company, from photo-
graphs taken by Mr. A. Hudson, of this place.

In the arrangement of species and nomenclature,

PREFACE 7

Edwards's u New Catalogue of the Butterflies of North
America" has been followed.

It has been suggested that I should give, in addition
to the table for tracing species to their description, a table
of larvae. In my opinion our present knowledge is not
sufficient to make a satisfactory one. Though much is
known of the preparatory stages of our butterflies, there
are still too many gaps : these, however, are being filled
up, so that in a few years a table can be given that will
be more satisfactory than any that could be prepared
now.

G. H. FRENCH.

CARBONDALE, ILL., June 8, 1885.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Classification 15-16

Different Stains of Development :

The Egg 16-18

The Larva 19-23

The Chrysalis, or Pupa 23-26

The Imago, or Perfect Butterfly 20-32

Habits of Butterflies 32-:} i;

Collecting Butterflies, — including Materials for Collect-
ing, Killing, and Preparing for tin- Cabinet : Caltim-t :

Bearing Butterflies from Eggs and Larva? 36-40

Use of the Analytical Kev . 49-50

V V

Names of Butterflies 50-51

Accentuated and Syllabicated List of the Butterflies of

the Eastern United State* 51-57

Analytical Key for the Determination of the Butterflies

of the Eastern United States 57-82

Family Papilionidae 83-140

Subfamily Papilioninae, — Papilio 83-105

Subfamily Pierina?, — Pieris, Nathalis, Anthocharis, Cal-

lidryas, Kricogonia, Colias, Terias 106-140

Family Nymphalidae 141-252

Subfamily Heliconinse, — Heliconia 141-143

Subfamily Danainse, — Danais 143-147

Subfamily Nymphalinse, — Colienis, Agraulis, Argynnis,
Euptoieta, Melitrea. Phyciodes, Eresia, Gra'pta, Va-
nessa, Pyrameis, Junonia, Anartia, Eunica, Timetes.

Yictorina. Diadema, Limenitis, Apatura, Paphia . . 147-229
Subfamily Satyrinae, — Debis, Neonympha, Satyrus,

Chionobas 229-250

Subfamily Libytheinae, — Libythea 250-252

9

10 CONTENTS.

I'AGE

Family Erycinidae 252-254

Subfamily Erycininoe, — Calephelis, Eumenia 253-254

Family Lycsenidso 254-298

Subfamily Theclinse,— Thecla 255-279

Subfamily Lycaminse, — Feniseca, Chrysophanus, Ly-

cama 279-298

Family Hesperidaj 299-387

Section 1, — Carteroeephalus, Ancyloxyphu, Thymel-

icus, Pamphila, Amblyscirtes 299-352

Section 2, — Pyrgus, Nisoniades, Pholisora, Eudamus,

Erycides, Megathymus . . . 352-387

Glossary 389-396

Index 397

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

NO. PAGE

1. Micropyle of egg of Colias Philodice -. 18

2. Proleg of Vanessa Antiopa 19

3. Head of Danais Archippus 20

4. Three facets of an insect's compound eye 26

5. Head of Eudamus Titvrus 27

•/

6. Venation of the wing of a butterfly 29

7. Scales from the wing of a butterfly 31

8. Insect-net : 36

9. Setting-board 40

10. Setting-needle 41

11. Papilio Philenor, imago 87

12: Papilio Philenor, larva 88

13. Papilio Philenor, pupa 89

14. Papilio Asterias, imago, male 90

15. Papilio Asterias, larva 92

16. Papilio Asterias, pupa 92

17. Papilio Turnus, imago 98

18. Papilio Turnus, larva 100

19. Papilio Turnus, pupa 101

20. Papilio Cresphontes, imago 102

21. Papilio Cresphontes, larva 103

22. Papilio Cresphontes, pupa 104

23. Pieris Protodice, imago, male 108

24. Pieris Protodice, imago, female 108

25. Pieris Protodice, larva and pupa 109

26. Pieris Oleracea-hiemalis, imasco and larva 112

• o

27. Pieris Oleracea, egg 113

28. Pieris Kapae, imago, male 114

29. Pieris Kapae, imago, female 114

30. Pieris Rapse, larva and pupa .116

11

12 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

NO. PAGE

31. Nathalis lole, imago, female 117

32. Colias Caesonia, imago, male 128

33. Terias Nicippe, pupa 137

34. Terias Mexicana, imago 138

35. Heliconia Charitonia, imago 142

36. Danais Archippus, imago 144

37. Danais Archippus, egg 145

38. Danais Archippus, larva 145

39. Danais Archippus, pupa 140

40. Argynnis Aphrodite, imago 157

41. Argynnis Atlantis, pupa 161

42. Argynnis Myrina, egg 162

43. Euptoieta Claudia, imago 165

44 Militsea Phaeton, imago 168

45. Militsea Phaeton, egg 169

46. Militsea Phaeton, larva ^ 169

47. Militsea Phaeton, pupa 170

48. Militsea Harrisii, larva 171

49. Militsea Harrisii, pupa 172

50. Phyciodes Nycteis, imago 172

51. Grapta Interrogations , pupa 185

52. Grapta Faunus, pupa 188

53. Grapta Progne, imago .- 190

54. Vanessa Antiopa, egg-cluster 194

55. Pyrameis Atalanta, egg 197

56. Junonia Ccenia, imago 201

57. Victori na Steneles, imago 204

58. Limenitis Ursula, imago 207

59. Limenitis Disippus, imago 210

60. Limenitis Disippus, egg 211

61. Limenitis Disippus, larva 212

62. Limenitis Disippus, pupa 213

63. Apatura Celtis, imago, larva, and pupa •. . . 216

64. Apatura Celtis, imago, larva, pupa, and egg 217

65. Apatura Clyton, imago, larva, pupa, and egg-mass ... 219

66. Apatura Clyton, imago, larva, pupa, and egg 220

67. Paphia Troglodyta, imago, male 226

68. Paphia Troglodyta, imago, female 227

69. Paphia Troglodyta, larva and pupa 228

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 13

NO. PAGE

70. Debis Portlandia, iniago 230

71. Satyrus Alope, pupa 247

72. Chionobus Semidea, imago 249

73. Thecla Calanus, imago 263

74. Thecla Strigosa, imago 266

75. Chrysophanus Hypophleas, egg 283

76. Chrysophanus Hypophleas, larva 284

77. Chrysophanus Hypophleas, pupa 284

78. Lycaena Pseudargiolus, form Lucia 288

79. Lvca3na Pseudargiolus, form Violacea . . . 288

•>

80. Lycaena Pseudargiolus, form Pseudargiolus 289

81. Lycoena Comyntas, imago 292

82. Pamphila Zabulon, egg 304

83. Pamphila Zabulon, larva 305

84. Pamphila Peckius, imago 317

85. Pamphila Ethlius, irnago 333

86. Pyrgus Tessellata, imago 352

87. Pholis-ora Catullus, egg 367

88. Eudamus Pylades, egg 369

89. Eudamus Tityrus, imago 374

90. Eudamus Tityrus, pupa 376

91. Megathvmus Yucca?, imago, female 381

»

92. Megathvmus Yucca?, egg and larva 384

tf

93. Megathymus Yuccre, pupa 386

THE BUTTERFLIES

OF THE

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

CLASSIFICATION.

MOST naturalists of this country divide insects into
seven orders, or, according to some, suborders, as follows :

HYMEXOPTERA, or membrane-winged insects, includ-
ing bees, wasps, ants, ichneumon-flies, saw-flies, etc.

LEPIDOPTERA, or scaly- winged insects, including but-
terflies and moths.

DIPTERA, or two-winged insects, including the true
flies of all kinds.

COLEOPTERA, or sheath-wTinged insects, including all
beetles.

HEMIPTERA, or half-membrane-winged insects, in-
cluding the true bugs, cicadas, etc.

ORTHOPTERA, or straight-winged insects, including
grasshoppers, katydids, crickets, etc.

NEUROPTEPtA, or nerve-winged insects, including
dragon-flies, ant-lions, etc.

The Lepidoptera have four membranous wings covered

15

16 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

with scales, that overlap one another and easily rub off.
They are divided into two somewhat natural divisions, —

butterflies and moths, — which may be known from each

«/

other by the antenna?, but by the practical entomologist
are readily distinguished by other characters. The an-
tennae, two slender organs projecting in front from the
upper part of the head, are filiform, and terminate in a
knob in butterflies, while in the moths, whatever their
shape, they do not terminate in a knob. Butterflies fly
in the daytime, while most of the moths fly at night
or just at the close of day. The first five families of
this order are known as butterflies, and all the others as
moths.

Both moths and butterflies have four distinct periods
of existence, — the egg, the larva, the chrysalis, or pupa,
and the imago, or perfect insect.

THE EGGL

The eggs are more or less globular, cone-shaped or
spindle-shaped. To the unaided eye they usually appear
to be smooth, but under the lens they present various
markings that are constant for a given species, but vary
with different species or in different groups. Those
belonging to the different genera of the subfamily
Pierinse are all of one general shape, as has been shown
by Mr. W. H. Edwards. They are long, slender, sub-
conic or spindle-shaped, and set on end, but differently
marked in different genera. This may be seen by re-
ferring to the egg of Pieris Oleracea, Fig. 27. The
eggs of Danais, Heliconia, and Agraulis have each their
own pattern. All Argynnis eggs, whether of the large
or the small species, are thimble-shaped. " So Melitsea,

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 17

Phyciodes, Limenitis, Apatura, Paphia, Satyrus, Neo-
nympha, and Chionobas may all be distinguished as
readily by the egg as by the butterflies." And the
same may be said of all the other genera so far as their
eggs are known. It has been shown that both the larvae
and the eggs of the different species of a genus bear
the same relation to each other that the imagines, or per-
fect insects, do, and this relation or congruence renders
the study of the preparatory stages important, if we
would know the true relation that different species bear
to one another, or in fact the position of different genera,
" Most eggs," Mr. Edwards says, " are green when
laid, yellowish, as in Pieris, Colias, and many Papilios,
bluish, as in Grapta, grayish, as in Limenitis. Lycaena
has a deep-green surface concealed by a white net-work,
but which can be peeled off. Parnassius is white ;
Pholisora Catullus is brown; the Hesperian eggs, as a
rule, are white. Many eggs turn red a few hours after
deposition, as Colias, Anthocharis, and Mditcea Phceton.
And all these, as well as most other species, change to
black before hatching, as the dark larva can be seen
through the transparent shell."

Many eggs are ribbed longitudinally, with transverse
striaB between the ribs. In some these ribs run in
irregular lines, making an irregular net- work of cells ;
in others they are regular, the net-work presenting the
appearance of a series of parallelograms, as in Fig. 27.

In some cases the eggs are not ribbed, but are covered
with a series of irregular pits, as in Fig. 75. In some the
ribs run from base to apex, varying or not in promi-
nence ; in others they gradually diminish before reaching

the base, leaving that part perfectly smooth. The egg of
b 2*

18 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

I/imenitis Disippus presents on the ridges of the cells

numerous little filaments, giving the

T7IT,, 1 ' O

X IG. 1. , . , , -p^,.

egg a bristly appearance (see Jbig.
60). In all these there is a cluster
of irregular cells at the summit or
apex that differ from the others,
often being situated at the bottom of
a cavity or depression. This portion
of Co- of the egg is known as the micropyle.
Has Phiiodice. x GO. Butterflies vary in their manner of

depositing their eggs. Some place them singly on the
leaves of their food-plant, while others lay them in
clusters, from a dozen to a hundred in a cluster. In the
case of Vanessa Antiopa, Fig. 54, they are placed around
a small twig of willow. The Papilios, with the ex-
ception of P. Philenor, deposit their eggs singly. The
Graptas lay their eggs in strings or singly. Usually the
manner of depositing the eggs may be taken as an index
of the larva's being gregarious or feeding singly.

The time of the egg period, or the time from deposi-
tion to hatching, varies in different species, depending
somewhat upon the temperature. In some species they
hatch in from three to four days, as in Grapta, Colias,
and Pieris. The Papilios and Danais Archippus hatch
in from four to six days ; Phyciodes Tharos, in from four
to seven days ; P. Nydeis, in twelve ; Limenitis Disippus,
in from five to eight ; Argynnis Diana, in fifteen ; A.
Cybele, Aphrodite, Alcestis, and Atlantis, in from fifteen
to twenty, etc. ; while, according to Mr. S. H. Scudder,
there are some species that pass the winter in the egg
state.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 19

THE LAKVA.

The larva, or caterpillar, is elongated or somewhat
worm-like, usually plainly separable into thirteen joints
or segments, the first of which is the head. Joints two,
three, and four have each a pair of short legs, the
rudiments of the legs of the perfect butterfly. Joints
seven, eight, nine, ten, and thirteen have each a pair of
membranous legs, the end of each
armed with a circle of minute hooks,
as seen in Fig. 2. By means of , ^

these hooks the larva is enabled ' to
grasp firmly any object which is not
too smooth, as the surface of glass.

In this case the larva first spins a From larva of v. AH«-

r> MI J.T. i i °Pa- a> ProleS' X 4/4 ; &>

covering of silk over the glass, and circlet of hooks at end of

then walks over it easily. These legs pn>ieg, X »; c, one of the

hooks, X 12.

are called prop-legs, or, as it is more
often abbreviated, prolegs. These disappear at the close
of the larval period, when the larva changes to a chrys-
alis.

On each side of the body are nine oval stigmata, or
breathing-pores, often called spiracles. These are situ-
ated in joints two and five to twelve inclusive. These
stigmata open into a series of air-tubes which ramify
through the system, each stigma leading to a single trunk
of the system. Close to the origin of this trunk a large
air-canal runs along each side of the body, connecting
all the trunks of one side. Joints three and four, having
no stigmata, receive their branches of the system of air-
passages from this trunk. Like the air-passages in the
lungs of the vertebrate animals, these tracheae continue to

20

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

divide1 and subdivide till the minute tubes penetrate all
parts of the body, especially alLparts of the circulatory
system. It is in these ultimate divisions that the inter-
change of gases takes place which constitutes the purifi-
cation of the blood, or circulating fluid.

The head is of a rounded or oval form, and has a harder
covering than the other parts of the body. When the
larva is first hatched the head is nearly globular, divided
down the front by a suture which forks about the middle.
As the larva approaches maturity the head usually
changes in shape, assuming the characters that are
peculiar to the species. The lower edge of the little
triangular piece which stands between the forks of the
frontal suture supports a little membrane, the labruni,

FIG. 3.

a, Head of larva of Danais Arclrippus from beneath, X 1° : &> labrum ; ind, mandi-
ble; mx, maxilla, with two palpi; Im, labiuni, with one pair of palpi; s, spinneret;
o, antenna ; o, ocelli ; b, side view, and c, front view, X 3- (Scudder, after Burgess.)

or upper lip, and back of this are two stout biting jaws,
or mandibles, with serrated edges, that work laterally (see
Fig. 3). The mouth lies between these jaws, and back of
them are the secondary jaws, or maxillae, which in many
insects have a movement similar to that of the mandibles,
but thev do not in the butterfly larvae. They consist

. V V

of a pair of fleshy prominences, and each of them has

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 21

two feelers, called palpi, the outer composed of several
joints, the inner of only one. Between, and partly below
or back of the maxilla is the labiuni, or under lip, being
more like the rnaxillse than like the upper lip. This
bears on each side at the tip a small jointed appendage :
these appendages are termed the labial palpi. Between
these is another appendage, tubular, which is similar to
the spinneret of the spider, and from which the cater-
pillar spins a web over smooth surfaces as a support for
its feet in walking, and the silk it fastens its feet to in
moulting and in changing to a chrysalis. Back of the
jaws, somewhat in the form of a crescent, are the eyes,
or ocelli, five or six on each side.

The bodies of different caterpillars differ greatly in
their external covering as well as in shape. Some ap-
pear to be naked, but even these are covered with a
delicate pile ; others have simple or compound spines or
tubercles, usually arranged in longitudinal rows with a
definite number to each joint, generally beginning with
joint three, or the second thoracic segment.

Usually the larva? of butterflies are cylindrical, in some
a little enlarged at or near the middle ; in others, as
in some Papilios, the thoracic segments are enlarged,
and at times assume shapes peculiarly their own. In
such cases the head is often smaller than the succeeding
joints, and when at rest is drawn back, as it were, into
the joint behind. In others the second segment is
smaller than the head, as with many of the Hesperians.

Most butterfly larva? have the thoracic and abdominal
legs as given at first, but in some, as the Lycrenida?, the
prolegs are very small, and the caterpillar seems to glide
over surfaces instead of walking, the under side being

22 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

a muscular pad,, by whose expansions and contractions
the larva moves. .

The Papilios have in the upper part of the second
segment a peculiar V-shaped extensile appendage, known
as a "scent-organ," or osmateria, which they protrude
from a transverse slit when disturbed, but which is at other
times concealed. This organ is without doubt used as a
defence, the disagreeable odor emitted repelling enemies.
In some of the Lycaenidae the posterior part of the body
has extensile organs that secrete a sweet fluid which is
eaten greedily by ants. These in turn guard the larvae
against the attacks of ichneumon-flies, very much as they
protect plant-lice from the attacks of enemies for the
sweet fluid they get from, the honey-tubes of the lice.

In passing from the eggs to the full-grown larvae,
caterpillars moult or shed their skins from four to five
times. At each moult they not only come out in a skin
that- is larger than the old one, which thus permits further
growth, but the color and other markings are usually
changed.

In habits of feeding each species has its larval peculi-
arities. Some feed singly, as the larvae of Grapta Comma,
on the under side of a hop- or nettle-leaf. Some stitch
together the edges of a leaf, making a more or less closed

O ~ 7 O

retreat ; others feed on the surface without any attempt
at concealment, as Papilio Crespliorites, but here the color
and shape so mimic an object which would be distasteful
to birds that it is not molested by them. The young
larvae of Apatura are gregarious, but are not protected
by a web. After the third moult they scatter, and the
rest of the time are solitary. Melitcea Phaeton larvae
make a web, within which they feed till after the third

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 23

moult, when they close every place of egress and pass
the winter in the web. In the spring they leave the web
and bask in the sunshine on the leaves.

THE CHKYSALIS, OK PUPA.

When ready to change to a chrysalis, the larva seeks
some retreat, if it be one of the species that does not
pupate in a web or a cluster of leaves, where it prepares
to change to the pupal or quiescent period. In the
Papilionidse and Lycaenida} this preparation consists in
spinning a button of silk on the under side, or side, of
some object, within which it entangles the hooks of the
anal feet. Then a loop of silk is woven from side to
side that will- support the body a little in front of the
middle, in which the body is allowed to rest, held in
place by the anal feet. Soon the skin is shed, and the
chrysalis appears limp and pale, but as the moisture is
evaporated the outside hardens, and it assumes a shape
and color peculiar to the species. In others, as the
NymphalidaB, the button of silk is spun and the anal
feet are entangled in it, but the front part of the body
hangs down without the loop of silk to support it.
The anterior part bends 4ike a fish-hook, after which
the skin is shed and the chrysalis suspended by the anal
hooks.

In the larva there was but little distinction of parts,
as head, thorax, and abdomen. In the chrysalis there is
more of a division of these parts, the head and thorax
being united, but the abdomen readily separable.

In moths the head part of the chrysalis is usually
rounded, but in butterflies, especially some of the large
Papilios, the cephalo-thorax bears several prominences

24 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

and ridges, often continued along the abdomen. The
ventral part contains cases for the wings, antennae,
tongue, palpi, and legs. The wing-cases extend back
several joints on the abdomen, often as far as the pos-
terior edge of the fifth joint. Between the wing-cases.
and extending back varying distances, are four other
cases, the centre the tongue-case, next cases for the an-
terior pair of legs, next cases for the middle pair, and
outside of these the antennae-cases. The base of the
tongue-case is larger than that organ is, but the expan-
sion of this part is used as a covering for the palpi and to
fill up the space between the legs. The posterior pair of
legs are folded beneath the wings, and are not shown in
the chrysalis by any case. When the chrysalis has
become dry and hard, these cases are inseparable; but
when the larva skin is first cast off and the parts are soft,
they may be separated by a sharp-pointed instrument.

The anterior part of the head may be rounded, but
more often it ends in two conical points or a single point.
Just back of this part, and near the base of the antennae,
is a smooth, crescent-shaped belt which corresponds in
position to the ocelli of the larva. The use of this is not
fully known, though it is without doubt a covering for
the eyes. Back of these parts, on what- is called the pro-
notum, is often another elevation with ridges running
along the sides. In Linienitis there is a prominent,
rounded elevation back of the mesonotum. In some
species the elevations and depressions are too complicated
for general description.

The abdomen is more or less conical, tapering towards
the anal joint, which ends in a complicated series of hooks
known as the cremaster. These hooks are fitted for

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 25

being fastened into the button of silk to which the anal
legs were attached before changing from the larva to the
pupa state. The joints back of the wing-cases are more
or less movable. In the chrysalides of the Papilios the
lateral ridges of the cephalo-thorax are continuous to the
cremaster ; in others, as some of the Nymphalidse, there
are rows of tubercles or spines. In all cases the abdomen
contains a row of stigmata on either side which corre-
spond to those in the larva, except the anterior, whose
places are covered by the wing-cases.

The outside covering of the chrysalis is a fine, horny
substance known as chitiue, the same as forms the hard
parts of all insects. In most of the pupse this is in color
greenish, yellowish gray, or some shade of brown, some-
times ornamented with bright metallic spots.

While the pupal period seems externally to be one of
inactivity, internally great changes are going on, — the
preparation for a change from the worm-like caterpillar,
which can only creep or slide over a leaf or twig, to the
airy and graceful butterfly. The time in which this
change takes place, the pupal period, varies greatly,
ranging from six or seven days to several months, as
with those that hibernate in this state ; but about four-
teen days is the usual time.

AVhen the pupal period draws to a close, the pupa-case
is burst open on the dorsal part of the cephalo-thorax,
and the butterfly, or imago, emerges with all its parts
limp and moist. This bursting of the case is accom-
plished partly by the moisture that is exuded from the
interior for the purpose of softening the inner integu-
ment of the shell, and partly, it seems, by favorable

atmospheric conditions, as the moist atmosphere of a
B 3

26 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

damp evening or a warm rain is more conducive to this
change than dry weather.

THE IMAGO.

After emerging from the pupa-shell the butterfly finds
some place, often the pupa-case, where it may rest with
the body hanging downward, and after a moment's delay,
as if for rest, it proceeds to expand the wings, which
were before not larger than the finger-nail. This is done
partly by their own weight, but mostly by forcing air
into the hollow veins that constitute the framework of
the wings. After the wings are expanded to their full
size, the insect remains till they are fully dry before it
flies away.

A butterfly has three principal divisions of the body, —
the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head is more or
less globular, and contains the mouth parts, the eyes, and
the antennae as its principal divisions. On either side
of the head are the eyes, two convex hemispheres that
are made up of a great number of small eyes
or facets, the whole on each side of the head
being known as a compound eye. In some
species as many as three thousand six hundred
of a com- and fifty facets have been counted in a single
pound eve< Each of these is hexagonal in shape (see
Fig. 4), and contains all the parts of a perfect
eye. The surface of this compound eye may be smooth,
or moderately covered with short hairs, which are situ-
ated between the facets. Some of the moths have besides
the compound eyes ocelli above these, and it is said one
species of the butterflies has one on each side ; but aside
from this these insects have only the compound eyes.

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

27

Above the eyes are the antennae, two long, jointed
organs, each composed of many joints, which may be
divided into three groups, — those of the base, the stalk,
and the club. The two joints composing the base are
larger than the others ; the stalk is merely a jointed
thread; the club has the joints shorter and broader. In
some cases the antennae are bare, in others they are more
or less clothed with scales. The use of these organs is
not fully known, but they are supposed by many to be
organs of hearing. In the upper part of the club are
microscopic pits connecting with nerves, showing that
the antenna? are sense-organs ; and it is probable they
are not connected with the same sense in all insects. In
some beetles, and some grasshoppers, ants, and bees, the
sense is without much doubt one of touch ; in some
moths it seems to be one of smell.

On the under side of the head are the mouth parts.
These consist first of a three-jointed pair
of palpi, which are densely covered with
hair-like scales, and which project out-
ward and often curve upward more or
less closely to the front of the head. Be-
tween the palpi, and attached to the head
near the base of them, is the proboscis,
or tongue (see Fig. 5). This is a long,
tapering, horny tube, through which the
insect sucks or draws up fluid substances

1 t Head of E. Tity-

frorn flowers or other objects. When rus, showing

at rest, the tongue is Coiled backward tongneandonean-

FIG. 5.

tenna.

between the palpi like a watch-spring ;

when uncoiled, it is often as long as the body of the

insect. It consists of two lateral halves united down

28 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

the middle, each of which is composed of a great num-
ber of rings, convex on the outer part and concave
on the inner, and the tube is formed by the union of
these concave surfaces. The head is clothed with a dense
coat of hair-like scales, often spoken of as hairs, and
the arrangement of some of these is of value in deter-
mining genera or species.

The thorax is connected or joined to the head by the
neck, arid bears the legs and wings. It consists of three
joints, to each of which is attached on the under side a
pair of legs, but only the two posterior joints are fur-
nished each with a pair of wings. Each leg is composed
of a basal joint, called the coxa, at the end of which is a
small piece called thetrochanter. Beyond this is the femur,
the longest joint of the leg ; attached to this is the tibia,
followed by the tarsi, or foot, which consists of five joints
placed end to end, the last of which usually has a pair
of curved claws. The middle and hind tibiae usually
have a pair of spurs at the end of each, and are some-
times more or less armed with spines. The hind tibiae
in some species have an additional pair of spurs near the
middle. In some species the front tibiae have an ap-
pendage on the middle of each, called an epiphysis.

In one family, the Nymphalidae, the front legs are so
much aborted as to be of no service in walking ; and such
are said to be four-footed butterflies. In the other fam-
ilies the pair of fore legs is directed forward, and the
middle and hind legs backward ; but in this family the
second pair of legs is directed forward.

The first ring of the thorax, the prothoracic, is smaller
than the others, and its only appendages are a series of
scales arising from the upper side, forming the collar,

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

29

FIG. 6

and on each side a small, scaly piece covering the base
of the fore wings, and known as the shoulder-tuft, lap-
pet, or pteiygoid. The second and third thoracic joints
bear each a pair of wings. These are composed of mem-
branes supported by a
framework of slender,
tapering tubes between
the membranes. The
fore wings are the largest,
triangular in general
outline, while the hind
wings are more or less
rounded or square. The
veins or framework are
nominally five principal
veins, — the costal, sub-
costal, median, sub-
median, and interim J.
The first two are close
together near the front
edge of the wing, and Fore and hind wing of a butterfly : 1? foro

form, the COSta (see Fig. wing; «, costal vein; Mubcostal vein; 61,
_x ™, -, . b 2, b 3, b 4, b 5, five subcostal veinlets ; c, in-

6). .he median paSSeS dependent vein; (7, median vein; dl,d 2,d3,

d 4, four median veinlets ; e, submedian vein ;
/, internal vein ; b and d are situated in the
discal cell; 01, g 2, </3, the upper, middle,

through the middle from

o

the base to near the

Outer third where it and lower discal veinlets ; 11, hind wing (the

lettering the same).

usually joins the sub-
costal by a cross-vein ; and from this and the cross-vein
are given off several branches, the subcostal also being
branched on its upper side, more in the fore wings than
in the hind. The area between the subcostal and median
veins is known as the discal cell, or the cell, the branches

3*

30 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

of the median vein as the median venules or veinlets,
the branches of the subcostal as the subcostal venules
or veinlets, the branches from the cross- vein as the discal
venules or veinlets. The space through which these
venules pass is sometimes spoken of as the discal space,
or disk. The submedian and internal veins occupy the
area below the median, the latter being short and some-
times wanting.

The arrangement of these veins — called by some
authors nerves and nervures — is of value in classification,
and they also serve to locate markings which rest either
near or upon them. When the wings are expanded
(and that is presumed to be the case in the following
descriptions of species and in the key), the front edge is
called the costa, the part next to the body the base, the
edge farthest from the body the outer or terminal margin,
the part opposite the costa the posterior or hind margin
(the inner margin of some authors). The angle between
the costa and the outer margin is called the apex ; the
one between the outer and hind margin may be known
as the posterior angle when applied to the fore wings.
The hind wings have the costa, outer margin, and apex
the same as the fore wings, the latter being sometimes
spoken of as the outer angle, but the part of the hind wing
next to the body is called the internal or inner margin,
and the angle at the end of this the anal angle.

In Europe, and to some extent in this country, a
system of numbering the veins has been adopted. The
plan is to number them in order at their termination
along the margin of the wing, without regard to their
length. By this plan the one extending from the base
of the wing below the median would be called 1, the first

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

31

FIG. 7.

or lower branch of the median 2, the second branch 3,
and so on round the outer margin and costa to the costal
vein, which will have the highest number. If, however,
there are two veins below the median, the subniedian and
internal, the first is called 1 a, the second 1 6. The same
system is observed with the hind wings.

The membranes of the wings are concealed beneath a
covering of minute colored scales. The membrane itself
is not colored, the colors of
the wing being due to the
various hues of the scales.
These are arranged in regular
rows (see Fig. 7), and lap
over one another like shingles
on a roof. The scales are
modified hairs, and are of
various shapes. The basal end
by which the scale is attached
to the wing comes more or
less abruptly to a point ; but the other end varies, being
rounded or variously toothed or pointed. This covering
has gained for these insects the scientific name Lepidop-
tera, from two Greek words which signify scaly-wings.

These scales cover both the upper and the lower surface,
and they are usually of a different color below from what
they are above. Sometimes this difference is merely a
difference in shade of the same general color, at other
times it is more than that, as in the Papilios, etc. The
two sexes are often different on the upper surface, but
are more nearly alike beneath, as in many of the Pam-
philas.

The abdomen is either oval, as in Papilio, Vanessa,

Section of butterfly-wing showing
how the scales are attached.

32 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

etc., or more slender, as in Pieris, or nearly conical, as
in some of the Hesperidse. It consists of eight or nine
segments, each furnished with a spiracle on each side.
The digestive system, which in the larva state was an
alimentary canal, consisting of a cylindrical muscular
tube extending from one end of the body to the other,
enlarging in some places and contracting in others, so
as to be naturally divided into oesophagus, stomach, and
intestines, now has changed into a more slender, tortuous
tube twice the length of the body. The respiratory
system is similar to that in the larva state. The ner-
vous system consists of seven ganglia, while in the larva
there were eleven. The reduction is due to the fusion
during the pupa state of those in the anterior part of
the body, forming two thoracic ganglia, which distribute
nerves to the legs and the muscles of the wings. The
ganglia in the head and abdomen give off fibres to the
various organs of these parts, each ganglion serving as
a brain to the part in which it is located, but at the
same time communicating with the other ganglia by
nervous filaments.

HABITS OF BUTTEKFLIES

Butterflies are day-flyers. They rejoice in the warm
sunshine, few being seen on the wing if the weather be
cloudy with a cold wind. On the side of a mountain as
the sun was setting, throwing different portions into the
shadow from the base to the top, the writer has seen the
butterflies fly from cluster to cluster of flowers up the
acclivity, going just fast enough to keep in the sun-
shine. The kinds that are to be found only in the
woods will be seen flitting about in a patch of sunshine

EASTERN UNITED STATED. 33

where the .sun shines through a break in the trees, sip-
ping sweets from the flowers or basking on a leaf; but if
some other patch of sunshine is sought, it is by nearly
direct flight. It is true such butterflies as Debis Port-
landia are almost habitually in the shade ; but even they
are more active on sunshiny days than when the sky is
overcast with clouds.

The direction of the wind seems to affect all insect

«

life. Though the sun may shine in a cloudless sky, if
the wind blow moderately strong from the northwest,
butterflies take to the wing but little ; and there is more
in this than the fact that a wind prevents their flying
with ease. A much stronger south wind would tempt
them forth and cause them to be blown about where the
wind was strongest, but behind some hill or sheltering
wood they would be found more at their ease.

The habits of different species in the places they fre-
quent vary greatly. There are a few species, as Colia*
Phttodice, Danais Archippus, and a few others, that are
to be found everywhere within the limits of their range,
in wood and field, town and country. Papilio Astcrias
is another species that has a wide range, while P. Tro-
iluSj Ajax, Philenoi', and Oresphontes are confined more
to the open woods, where they may be seen in search of
their food-plants, or hovering over the flowers of some
Vernonia or Eupatorium, or slaking their thirst at a
damp place in the road. AVith wind and weather favor-
able, these may often be seen on flowers at a distance

*/

from the woods. Cattidryas Eubule and Sennas, when
they occur in this region, are to be found in the fields or
open wroods ; but they fly rapidly, stopping for a moment

on flowers, seemingly as though migrating. From this
c

34 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

manner of flying, which is usually in a north or south
general direction, the writer has thought that they did
not breed here, but that the larvae were to be found
farther south ; and this has in a measure been confirmed
by never finding any larva? or eggs on their food-plants.
The food-plant of a species determines to some extent
the places of its resort. Cabbage and turnips being
largely the food-plants of Pieris Rapce, this species will
be found more about gardens and fields where these
plants are grown. The tame and prairie grasses furnish-
ing food for the different forms of Satyrus Alope, this
species will be found in meadows and prairies ; while the
Neonymphas and Debis Portlandia, feeding more on the
grasses growing in shady woods, may be sought in these
places. The Neonymphas fly low and with a jerking
motion, unless disturbed, but Debis has a different flight.
The male selects some tree, on whose trunk he may be
found, darting out upon every intruder, large or small,
to return again to his post ; the female being near by,
perched upon a blade of grass or a leaf. The Theclas
are to be found in some open wood or on bushes along
the border of a clearing. They rest upon the sunny side
of a bush on a leaf, frequently flitting out and back again
to the same or an adjoining leaf; and Feniseca Tarquinius
has a similar habit. The Lycsenas are to be found more
about grasses and flowers, or hovering over some moist
place in the path or about some pool or small stream.
The different species of Pyrarneis or Junonia are often
to be found in a path or road, from which they will fly
up to alight a short distance ahead, flying past you after
this is repeated a few times. Limenitis Disippus has a
similar habit, being found not far from some clnrnp of

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 35

willows. L. Ursula is more often found in or near the
woods on the lower leaves of some tree or shrub, or
sipping moisture from a mud-hole. The Pamphilas are
essentially grass insects, and are seen more frequently
about the rank growths of semi- water-grasses of a swamp
than in any other place, except a blossoming clover-field.
In spring the wild plums and judas-trees form a resort
for several species of Eudamus, Nisoniades, and Papilios,
as wrell as for many other insects.

Some species flock together in great numbers, espe-
cially after they have multiplied to a great extent, as
Danais Archippus ; others are seldom to be found ex-
cept in pairs, as Debts Portlandia already spoken of, and
Paphia Troglodyta. The latter, instead of sitting upon
the trunk of a tree, takes position on a leaf, a stick, or a
stump, where he stands guard over his mate, chasing
away every intruder and returning again to the same
place. When the sun sinks in the west, or the sky
becomes overcast with clouds, the butterflies prepare for
the night's sleep. In doing this, they usually attach
themselves to the under side of a leaf, with the wings
folded back to back, and the fore wings thrown back so
as to be partly covered by the hind wings. Many
species are of such colors on the under side that in this
position they are not conspicuous, the colors simulating
those of the surrounding objects. The coppery brown of
the under side of Paphia closely resembles that of a dead
oak-leaf, and so do the dull browns of Satyrus, Neo-
nympha, and others, though some are more variegated.
The writer has frequently seen Argynnis Cybele fly about
several low trees and try several leaves before finding
one to its liking. Butterflies will sometimes do this to

36

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

avoid danger. A female Calidryas Sennce was struck at
by the writer with a net as it was passing on the wing.
It dodged the net, but at once turned from its course and
flew to a small oak-bush, where it settled, in an attitude
of repose, on the under side of a leaf, from which it was
taken by the hand.

Some species hibernate in the butterfly, or imago, state,
as Vanessa Antiopa and some of the Graptas. If a chip
is cut from a tree in the forest so that the sap flows a
little, these butterflies may be seen late in the fall, when-
ever the weather is mild, sipping at such a place. As it
becomes cooler they retire to some sheltered place, where
they anchor themselves by the hooks in their feet and
become lethargic, remaining there till the warmth of
spring arouses them from their slumbers. The wounded
trees, fresh-cut stumps, and early flowers furnish them
the food their system demands in the spring; and in
due time the eggs are deposited for the new generation.

COLLECTING BUTTEKFLIES.

This may be considered under two heads, — collecting

the adult imagines
FIG. 8. -.

and rearing them

from the eggs or
larvae. In the first
a few implements
are essential, though
they need not be ex-
pensive,— a net and
a poison-bottle. A
net to be used easily should be made as light as possible,
though it must be stout enough to be serviceable. It

insect-net.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 37

may consist of three parts, the bag, hoop, and handle,
as shown in Fig. 8. The hoop, c, should be made of
about Xo. 8 wire, and nine inches in diameter will be
a convenient size. Any tinsmith can make this. The
wire, after being bent in the form of a circle, should have
the two ends bent out so that they may come together as
in c, though not left so long, an inch and a half being
long enough. The second part of the hoop, shown at b,
consists of a tin ferrule which may be a socket for the re-
ception of the handle. This should be four and a half
inches long, three-fourths of an inch wide at the large
end, and tapering down so that the two ends of the
wire when placed close together will just fit in. Place
these in the small end of the ferrule till the tin comes
against the circle, and fasten with solder. Many use a
patent brass socket with an adj ustable wire fastened with
a screw, but I find these heavier than the one here de-
scribed, besides being more expensive, this not costing
more than from fifteen to twenty-five cents. The bag
part of the net, a, should be made of some strong but
light material, such as " Swiss," though mosquito bar will
do very good service. If the material used is a yard
in width, this may be taken for the length of the bag, and
the dimensions the other way so much as will go round the
hoop. The bottom of the bag should be rounded, the cloth
of the other end put over the wire, and over this a piece
of strong muslin, and the whole sewed close to the Avire.
For a handle a stick about the size of a walking-cane

o

will answer, or one two and a half feet in length, made
of some light but stout wood. Black walnut and ash
are preferable to any of the softer woods, as they are not

so easily broken. The handle should not be more than

4

38 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and should taper a
little at one end so as to fit into the socket of the hoop.
A net made in this way is light enough to be used easily
by even a child without straining the wrist, and yet is
strong enough for all ordinary purposes. If it is desirable
to put the net in a valise or trunk when one is travelling,
the handle may be made in two pieces by sawing it in
two in the middle, having a close-fitting tin or brass
ferrule made to hold it together when in use.

Chloroform has been used to some extent for killing
insects, but what is called a " poison-bottle" is pref-
erable to this, on account both of expense and of ease
in use. This is made by placing in a large-mouthed
bottle several pieces of cyanide of potassium, the amount
depending upon the size of the bottle. If the bottle
is large and the glass thin, it is better to break the cyan-
ide into pieces not larger than a pea, as otherwise the
bottle may be broken by expansion of the poison-cake.
After the chemical is in the bottle, pour in water to the
depth of half an inch or less, and slowly sprinkle in
plaster of Paris till a hard, dry cake is formed, having
some loose plaster on top of the cake. Upon turning the
side and rolling it round, this will absorb any moisture
on the inside of the bottle. Wipe down the sides now
with a cloth, using a stick if necessary, pour out the
dry plaster, wipe again both inside and out, put in the
cork, and the bottle is ready for use. Quinine-bottles
are a very good size for small insects. The glass jars
with tin tops in which " Old Reliable" baking-powder
is put up make excellent bottles for general use. It is
better to have several poison-bottles, so that one may be
had for use at any time without disturbing those that

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 39

may be in another waiting to be spread. In excursions
for butterflies it is well to have two or more bottles, so
that when an insect is killed it may be put into another
bottle, and not be beaten by the fluttering wings of the
next capture. Even then but few should be kept to-
gether in the second bottle, as they soon get rubbed by
being carried about. Some means of pinning them in
the field as soon as they have been in the poison-bottle
long enough to insure their not coming to life again is
preferable. To avoid this rubbing, the writer obtained
a small tin box with a handle at the top, and the lid
fastening with a clasp, made a cyanide-cake in the bot-
tom, and put a sheet of cork round the inside, with the
edge coming just to the top of the box. This box is
eight and a half inches long by six wide, and five high ;
but that is rather small to hold a large number of cap-
tures. With a box of this kind it is necessary to use
only one bottle, as when the insects are pinned on the
inside of the box thev are still under the influence of the

«/

poison, and hence may be pinned as soon as they become
quiet in the bottle. This has another advantage over a
box without the cyanide, as the specimens need not be
spread till the next day after they are captured, or even
longer. If allowed to remain long in the box, however,
the pins are liable to corrode.

The subject of using the net may be passed over
briefly, as a little practice is of more value than pages of
verbal directions. When the insect is in the net, a quick
turn of the hand brings the top down with a fold in the
bag and prevents its escape. Then by carefully getting
its body between the thumb and finger outside the net,
with the wings closed back to back, fluttering is pre-

40

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

vented, and the wings are kept from being broken or
the scales from being rubbed from the body and wings.
After this is done,, the poison-bottle, with the cork out,
may be inserted under the net and the butterfly let into it,
where he will soon succumb to the poisonous fumes. In
taking small specimens out of the net it is not necessary
to seize them between the thumb and finger : with the
hoop on the ground, the bottom of the net may be raised
up, when they will fly upward as far as they can get.
Inserting now the open bottle into the net, the specimens
are easily secured.

After the butterflies are captured, what we shall do with
them depends upon whether they are to be at once pre-
pared for the cabinet, or whether for any reason this
cannot be done. Only entomological pins, or those pre-
pared specially for this use, should be used in pinning
specimens. For butterflies, Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 6 of Klaeger's
make are considered the best, suiting the pin to the size

of the insect. The pin
should be inserted into
the middle of the thorax,
and passed through till
at least one-fourth of
the pin is above the
body, some preferring
as much as one-third
being left above. This

Setting-board. wil1 give r°°m to take

hold of the pin in trans-
ferring from box to box without injury to the covering
of the thorax, and will bring the specimens to the same
height in the cabinet. After pinning, the wings should

EIG. 9.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 41

be spread in the manner represented by Fig. 9, on what is
called a setting-board. This may be made of any length
desired, and several sizes should be on hand to accom-
modate different-sized specimens. They may be made by
taking clapboards or siding, sawing them into strips, and
nailing them to blocks of wood one inch high, as in the
figure, the thin edge of the board inward, with a space be-
tween for the bodies of the insects, varying according to
the size of the specimen to be pinned on the board. This
makes the boards slope a little towards the middle, and
brings the outer part of the wings a little higher
than next to the body ; but this is best, as when
taken from the boards they may droop a little.
If the setting-boards are twenty-three inches
long, it will be necessary to support them by a
block in the middle. Under the space between
the boards should be fastened a narrow strip of
one-eighth inch cork, or a piece of thin paste-
board, through which the pins must be pushed
till the lower side of the wings, when spread,
comes on a level with the boards.

In spreading insects' wings setting-needles
(see Fig. 10) should be used. In handling speci-
mens a pair of spring forceps with smooth points
are essential to prevent rubbing by the fingers.
The setting-needle is made by taking a medium-
sized needle in a pair of pliers and forcing the needie.
eye end into a piece of soft wood. Five of
these will be found convenient, — one with which to bring
the wings down if thev stand erect, and the other four

O •/

to bring the wings round in place, inserting each one into
the soft setting-board through the wing when the latter

o o o

4*

42 '/'///•; jtuTrjwwjKS OF THE

is where it is wanted. It is customary now among ento-
mologists to bring the fore wings forward until the hind
margins of these wings shall form a straight line, as in
Fig. 32, and then bring the hind wings far enough round
to look natural. When the wings are in place, put
on each side from one to two narrow strips of paper, as
shown in the figure.

After the insects are spread on the boards they may
be put into a drying-case, where they should remain from
five to ten days, according to the size of the specimens
and the state of the weather. A convenient case may
be made in the form of a box long enough to hold the
boards, set on edge, with shelves put in it three inches
apart, and with a door in front. It may be deep enough
for two of the boards to go on each shelf. If the back
of the case is made of wire-cloth the specimens will dry
more readily.

If conveniences are not at hand for spreading butter-
flies when caught, as in travelling, they may be pinned,
but not spread, and put into empty boxes, to be relaxed
and spread at some future time ; or they may be put into
papers or small envelopes, with such notes as to place and
date of capture, etc., as may be of interest marked on the
outside. To prepare a paper for this purpose, take a strip
of ordinary writing-paper a little longer than wide, and
fold it obliquely across the middle so that a quarter of an
inch shall project beyond each of the sides of the triangle
thus made. With the butterfly inside of this, the wings
folded back to back, and the projecting part folded
over the edge on each side, a receptacle is formed which
will keep the insect in good condition as long as de-
sired. The size of the papers should vary with the size

EASTERN UNITED STATES 43

of the specimen to be put up. Insects put up in this way
may be packed in boxes and sent through the mails to
any distance with little danger of injury.

When desirable to prepare specimens, not spread, for
the cabinet, they may be put into a jar or box having
two inches of wet sand in the bottom, over which a couple
of thicknesses of paper have been placed. By remaining
in such a place from twenty-four to forty-eight hours, or
longer if not pliable by that time, the specimens become
softened so that the wings may be spread the same as
fresh specimens. The jar or box containing the speci-
mens should be kept in a cool place, as otherwise the
insects may mould before they are relaxed enough to be
spread.

Some form of a cabinet to hold the specimens after
they are dry is a necessity. The best form is that con-
sisting of a series of closed drawers, all enclosed by doors,
as this double enclosing insures partial immunity from
museum pests. Among the many patterns or styles the
simple is often as good as the more complicated. This
may consist of drawers of any desired size, with a glass
top set into a frame that matches tightly on to the lower
part. For a large cabinet the glass may be sixteen by
twenty inches, and the drawers one and three-fourths or

t/

one and seven-eighths inches deep on the inside from the
bottom to the glass. As many as seventy-two of these
drawers may be arranged in a cabinet in three upright
rows, or a less number if desired. For a smaller cabinet
the drawers may be smaller, as, for instance, fourteen by
sixteen inches glass with the same depth ; and any num-
ber from sixteen to forty, arranged in two rows. It is
better to have the cabinet made of some hard wood, as

44 THM BUTTERFLIES o/-' T1IK

cherry or black walnut, though the drawers, all but the
front, may be of pine. When made, the drawers should
be lined on the bottom with insect cork, and this and the
sides, up to the glass, covered with white paper. If
the paper be ruled both ways with blue lines one-fourth
of an inch apart, this will facilitate putting specimens in
with regularity, and will not detract from the looks.

Some use boxes made in the form of books, which are
convenient on some accounts, but cannot be recommended
except as a temporary expedient.

Museum pests are great destroyers of collections.
These consist of one or more species of Dermestidse, a
family of small beetles, which in the larva state eat any
dead animal matter if it be dry, and one or more species
of small mites. Camphor gum wrapped in a piece of
thin cloth and put into a corner of the drawer, or a
naphthaline cone pinned in, will destroy the mites, but
the Dermestes must be sought and killed. Nothing short
of vigilance will keep them out. When a cabinet is free
from them, careful guarding against their introduction
in new specimens added to it will generally insure im-
munity from them. Where specimens are suspected of
being infested, they should be placed in a box away from
the cabinet and watched, and not introduced until known
to be free from these pests.

One of the best means of obtaining good specimens
of many butterflies is by raising them from the eggs or
captured larvae. Besides good specimens, a knowledge
of the preparatory stages is thus obtained, and this is
not less important than the habits and other items we
learn about the imagines. It is now well known, chiefly
through the investigations of Mr. Edwards, that the

EASTERN UNITED STATES.. 45

females of most, if not of all, of the species of butter-
flies when caught and confined with the proper food-
plant will readily deposit eggs. If the plant be small,
it may be transferred to a flower-pot, and the whole
covered with a Swiss muslin bag, supported by two or
three sticks set in the dirt in the pot. If the food-plant
is a tree or bush, then a limb may be enclosed in the
bag with the butterfly in it. The female placed in the
bag may not deposit eggs at once, but in most cases she
will do so within two or three days. Some species do
not lay their eggs till some time after their emergence
from the chrysalis, as the eggs are not sufficiently
matured in the ovaries. With such species it is better
to take a specimen which by its worn appearance shows
that it has been some time from the chrysalis. It may
be desirable to keep the butterfly alive for several days,
and this can be done only by feeding her, as without
food she would starve. A method recommended by
Mr. Edwards is to put raw dried apples into a small
dish with a little sugar and water. The insect will eat
this readily, and by this means eggs may be secured
when they would not be otherwise.

If the food-plant is not known, several plants may be
tried till one is found upon which the butterfly will
oviposit. Often a food-plant may be guessed by know-
ing what an allied species feeds upon ; though this does
not always hold true. In the part of this work devoted
to the descriptions of species, the food-plants of the
species are given so far as known. A> will be. seen, there
are a number of species of whose preparatory stages
nothing is known, embracing, among others, nearly all
of the Hesperidse.

1 1) THE /il'TTK/iVLl/W OF 7V//-;

Jn food ing the larva', some entomologists leave the
muslin bag over the limb where the eggs were deposited
until the eggs hatch, and allow the larvae to feed on the
leaves thus enclosed. This is a good way to obtain chry-
salides for butterflies with little expense of labor in feed-
ing and caring for the larvae, if only the perfect insects
are desired, but it gives very little chance for observations.

If it is desirable to study the larvae as they grow (and
nothing about entomology can be more interesting), the
eggs, with the leaves on which they are placed, should be
removed to some vessel where they will not dry up, and
where they will be secure from the attacks of ants.
Ordinary jelly-glasses with tin tops are good for this
purpose. When the eggs begin to hatch, the young
larvae may be transferred to another jelly-glass, or, if
there are only a few of them, they may be left for a day
or two in the same dish, introducing tender leaves for
them to eat. Mr. Edwards suggests the use of tubes
for a few of the larvae, so that they may be more easily
observed while young than in a larger dish. The time
of depositing the eggs should be noted, also the time of
hatching, and the shape and color of the young larvae,
making observations every twelve or twenty-four hours.

The larvae of butterflies moult or shed their skins
from four to five times in coming to maturity, and
usually they present different colors and markings each
time they change their outer covering. These notes,
taken at least as often as they moult, and a description
of the egg and chrysalis, with the dates at which these
changes take place, form the life-history of the species.
To this should be added any other itirns of interest that
may be observed, such as the food-plant, whether solitary

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 47

or gregarious, the manner of feeding and place of rest-
ing, place and manner in which the chrysalis is formed,
manner of depositing the eggs, etc. Such life-histories
form a valuable part of our knowledge of these insects.

Moulting is a critical period in the history of a cater-
pillar. To make preparation for it the larva fixes its
feet to some object, and after remaining quiet for a time
bursts the skin open on the back of the thorax, and
through this opening comes out of its old skin. At
first all the external parts are soft and tender, for which
reason it is easily injured. Soon the parts harden by
evaporation of the water, and the caterpillar then resumes
its feeding. During the time of moulting it should not
be transferred from one vessel to another if it can be
avoided. The time of moulting may be known by the
enlargement of the neck or second segment, caused by
the partial withdrawing of the head from the old skin
and pushing it up against this part.

If the larvae when first hatched are placed in tubes,
they may afterwards be placed in a jelly-dish, where
they may be kept till of considerable size. The writer
has kept several species in jelly-dishes till they were
three-fourths of an inch long. From this they may be
transferred to the breeding-cage, or vivarium. Some
entomologists use a cage made of wire gauze over a frame-
work, with a zinc bottom to hold dirt and the food, but
these are expensive. The writer has used for a number
of years boxes of different sizes with a glass in front for
a door, sliding in upright grooves. Upon the bottom of
the box is placed two and a half inches of garden-soil and
sand, — just enough of the latter to prevent the soil from
drying in hard cakes. By wetting the dirt occasionally,

48 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

and placing the food-plant on the dirt or setting it up
against the sides, the conditions can be made very nearly
what they are where the larvae feed unconfined on the
grass or tree in their freedom ; and this making their
condition as nearly as possible what it is in nature is
essential to successful breeding.

It is a mistaken idea that larvae will not bear confine-
ment in close vessels. Being obliged to leave home
for a time when two species were about half grown, I
had some of each put into jelly-dishes with their food-
plants and took them with me. They were kept in
these dishes till they reached maturity by being fed each
day, and they produced the imagines without the loss of
a single individual ; and this is not the only instance
in which the writer has kept them in this way.

In an article in the " Canadian Entomologist" on
rearing larvae (vol. xvi. page 116), Mr. W. H. Edwards
says, " Larvae bear confinement in tight glasses well, and
I often receive them from correspondents as distant as
Florida or California, through the mails, in good condi-
tion. The plants keep well in this sort of confinement
also. I have never used what are known as breeding-
cages, which are expensive if purchased, and are trouble-
some to make at home." Farther on in the same article
he says, " As for large larvae, as of the Papilios, I
generally use powder-kegs (wood), or nail-kegs, one or
the other of which can be had anywhere. Remove the
top hoop, and use the second one to bind down the
cotton-cloth cover ; put a little earth in the bottom, and
in it set a two-quart glass fruit-jar filled with water, in
which branches of the food-plant are placed. No
further care is required than to substitute fresh branches

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 49

for the old ones as the leaves are consumed, and the
larvae will go on to pupation. This is when it is
desired to get chrysalides by wholesale.

"But where observation of the larvae is necessary,
glass tubes and tumblers, and gauze-covered flower-pots,
and tin pails and nail-kegs, will answer all the purposes
of elaborate and expensive cages, and be more satisfactory,
I apprehend. At any rate, all my work is done in this
way." A reference to Mr. Edwards's publications will
attest the success of his methods of rearing butterfly

larvae.

USE OF THE KEY.

In the preparation of the following key for the aid of
the student in identifying specimens, an effort has been
made so to combine a key to the genera with one to the
species that they shall be one key, and at the same time
have the merits of separate keys. This has been done
by inserting, at the end of a description referring to a
genus, the generic name as well as the number referring
to where the specific descriptions begin. If the genus
to which a given specimen belongs is known, it will not
be necessary to begin at the first of the key and go
through till the particular genus is reached, but by
running the eye over the names at the right-hand side
of the page the genus may be found, and the number
after the generic name will direct where to go to find
the species.

In the preparation of the key such characters have
been used as would be the most readily recognized by
the student, facility in identification being aimed at,
though by so doing the tables were made in a measure

artificial. The numbers in parentheses after the species
c d 5

50 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

refer to the numbers at the head of each specific descrip-
tion in the body of the work, the other numbers at the
right-hand side of the page refer to other parts of the key.

NAMES OF BUTTEKFLIES.

Few of our American butterflies have common names
that are generally recognized. The few that have com-
mon names are mostly such as have obtained them by
reason of their being injurious insects, such as the Rape
or European Cabbage Butterfly, etc. For this reason
only the scientific names are used in this work. If it
is desirable to use a common name, the specific name
can be used as such ; indeed, this has for some time been
the custom in many localities. For instance, Papilio
Asterias is spoken of as the Asterias butterfly, P. Ajax
as the Ajax butterfly, etc. Pieris JRapce, because of its
being brought to this country from Europe, is usually
called the European Cabbage butterfly, though it is often
called the Rape butterfly.

The scientific names are, like the scientific names of
other groups of natural objects, Latin words, and as
such are subject to the rules of that language in pronun-
ciation. By observing the place of accent as given in
the following list, and remembering that, with few ex-
ceptions, in Latin each vowel makes a syllable, little
difficulty need be experienced in pronunciation. To
those who are classical scholars no such suggestions are
necessary.

The scientific name consists of two words, the first the
generic name, or the name of the genus. This has nearly
its parallel in the last word of a man's name. The second
is the specific name, or that which is used to identify the

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 5J

particular kind. In the names of human beings, the
given name, or that which is used to designate a par-
ticular individual, in a measure corresponds with this.
After the specific name is given, in an abbreviated form,
the name of the entomologist who described the insect
originally under the specifie name here used.

ACCENTUATED LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE
EASTERN UNITED STATES.

1. Pa-piFi-o A'jax, Linnaeus.

2. Pu-piFi-o Pki-le/nor, Linnaeus.

3. Pa-piFi-o As-te'ri-as, Fabricius.

" " aberr. Cal-ver-ley/i-i, Grote.

" var. As-te-ro-Fdes, Reakirt.

4. Pa-piFi-o Tro'i-lus, Linnaeus.

5. Pa-piFi-o Pal-a-me'des, Drury.

6. Pa-piFi-o Tur'nus, Linnaeus.

" " dim. form Glau'cus, Linnaeus.

7. Pa-piFi-o Cres-phon'tes, Cramer.

8. Pa-piFi-o Po-lycFa-mas, Linnaeus.

9. PFe-ris Il-a-i're, Godart.

10. PFe-ris Mo-nus'te, Linnaeus.

11. PFe-ris Pro-todxi-ce, Boisduval and Leconte.

" " form Yer-na^is, Edwards.

12. PFe-ris NVpi, Esper.

" " aberr. Yir-gin-i-en'sis, Edwards.

" form 01-e-raxce-a ^Es'ti-va, Harris

13. Pi'e-ris Vir-gin-i-en'sis, Edwards.

14. PFe-ris Ra'pae, Linnaeus.

" " var. Man'ni, Mayer.

" var. No'vae An'gli-ie, Scudder.

15. Na-tha^is Fo-le, Boisduval.

" " var. I-re'ne, Fitch.

16. An-thoclFa-ris 0-lym'pi-a, Edwards.

17. An-thoclFa-ris Ge-nu'ti-a, Fabricius.

18. Cal-lid^-y-as Eu-bu'le, Linnaeus.

19. Cal-lid'ry-as Sen'nae, Linnaeus.

52 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

20. Cal-lid'ry-as Phil'e-a, Linnaeus.

21. Cal-lid'ry-as A-gar'i-the, Boisduval.

22. Kric-o-go'ni-a Lys'i-de, Godart.

" " form Te-ris'sa, Lucas.

23. Co'li-as Cae-so'ni-a, Stoll.

24. Co'li-as Eu-ryth'e-me, Boisduval.

« " form A-ri-ad'ne, Edwards.

" " " Kee-way'din, Edwards.

25. C(/li-as Phi-lod'i-ce, Godart.

26. Co'li-as In-te'ri-or, Scudder.

27. Te'ri-as Ni-cip'pe, Cramer.

28. Texri-as Mex-i-ca'na, Boisduval.

29. Te'ri-as Li'sa, Boisduval and Leconte.

30. Te'ri-as De'li-a, Cramer.

31. Te'ri-as Ju-cun'da, Boisduval and Leconte.

32. Hel-i-co/ni-a Char-i-toxni-a, Linnseus.

33. Danxa-is Ar-chip^us, Fabricius.

34. Dan'a-is Ber-e-ni'ce, Cramer.

35. Co-la/nis Juxli-a, Fabricius.

36. A-grau'lis Ya-niFlse, Linnaeus.

37. Ar-gynxnis I-daxli-a, Drury.

" " aberr. AsVta-roth, Fisher.

38. Ar-gynrnis Di-axna, Cramer.

39. Ar-gyn'nis Cyb'e-le, Fabricius.

40. Ar-gyn'nis Aph-ro-di'te, Fabricius

41. Ar-gyn'nis Al-ces'tis, Edwards.

42. Ar-gyn'nis At-lan'tis, Edwards.

43. Ar-gyn'nis My-ri'na, Cramer.

44. Ar-gyn'nis Mon-tixnus, Scudder.

45. Ar-gynrnis Bel-lo'na, Fabricius.

46. Eup-toi-e'ta ClaivMi-a, Cramer.

47. Mel-i-tae'a Pha'e-ton, Drury.

" " aberr. Su-per'ba, Strecker.

" « » Phse-thu'sa, Hulst.

48. Mel-i-tas'a Har-ris'i-i, Scudder.

49. Phy-ci-o'des Nyc'te-is, Doubleday and Hewitson.

50. Phy-ci-o'des Car-lo'ta, Keakirt.

51. Phy-ci-o'des Pha'on, Edwards.

52. Phy-ci-o'des Tha'ros, Drury.

" " form Mar'ci-a, Edwards.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 53

Phy-ci-o'des Tlia'ros, form Mor'phe-us, Fabricius.

" " " aberr. Pack-arMi-i, Saunders.

53. Phy-ci-o'des Bates'i-i, Reakirt.

54. E-re'si-a Fris'i-a, Poey.

55. Grap'ta In-ter-ro-ga-ti-o'nis, Fabricius.

" form Fa-bri9/i-i, Edwards.

Um-bro'sa, Lintner.

56. Grap'ta Com'ma, Harris.

a " form Har-ris'i-i, Edwards.

" Dry'as, Edwards.

57. Grapxta Fau'nus, Edwards.

58. Grap'ta Gra9/i-lis, Grote and Robinson.

59. Grapxta Prog'ne, Cramer.

GO. Grap'ta J AFbum, Boisduval and Leconte.

61. Va-nes'sa An-ti'o-pa, Linuajus.

" " aberr. Lint-ne'ri-i, Fitch.

62. Va-nes'sa Mil-ber'ti-i, Godart.

63. Py-ra-me'is At-a-lan'ta, Linmeus.

64. Py-ra-me'is Hmi'te-ra, Fabricius.

65. P^'-ra-me^s CaKdu-i, Linnteus.

66. Ju-noxni-a Coe'ni-a, Iliibncr.

67. A-narti-a Jafro-phie, Linnaeus.

68. Eu'ni-ca Mon'i-ma, Cramer.

69. Ti-me'tes Pet're-us, Cramer.

70. Vic-to-rKna Sten'e-les, Linnneus.

71. Di-a-de'ma Mi-sip'pus, Linna?us.

72. Li-men-i'tis Ui^su-la, Fabricius.

73. Li-men-i^is Ar/the-mis, Drury.

" " form Lani'i-na, Fabricius.'

" " " Pro-ser'pi-na, Edwards.

74. Li-men-i'tis Di-sip'pus, Godart.

" " var. Flor-i-den'sis, Strecker.

" li aberr. Pseu-do-do-rip'pus, Strecker.

75. Li-men-i'tis E^-os, Edwards.

76. Ap-a-tn/ra Cel'tis, Boisduval and Leconte.

77. Ap-a-tuxra A-li9/i-a, Edwards.

78. Ap-a-tu'ra Cly^on, Boisduval and Leconte.

" " form Pro-ser'pi-na, Scudder.

" " " 0-cel-la'ta, Edwards.

79. Ap-a-tu'ra Flo'ra, Edwards.

5*

54 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

80. IVphi-a Trog-lod'y-ta, Fabricius.

81. De'bis Port-lan'di-a, Fabricius.

82. Ne-o-nym'pba Can'tbus, Boisduval and Leconte.

83. Ne-o-nyrn'pba Gein'ma, Hiibner.

84. Ne-o-nym'pba A-re-o-la'tus, Smitb and Abbott.

85. Ne-o-nym'pba Eu'ry-tris, Fabricius.

86. Ne-o-nym'pha So-syb'i-us, Fabricius.

87. Sat'y-rus Pe-ga'la, Fabricius.

88. Sat'y-rus Al'o-pe, Fabricius.

" " form Ma-rit'i-ma, Edwards.

« " « Nepb'e-le, Kirby.

" » » O-lyni'pus, Edwards.

89. Cbi-o-nc/bas Jutrta, Hiibner.

90. Chi-o-nc/bas Se-mid'e-a, Say.

91. Lib-y-tbe'a Bacb-manxni, Kirtland.

92. Ca-lepb'e-lis Cse'ni-us, Linnaeus.

93. Ca-leph'e-lis Bo-re-a'lis, Grote and Kobinson

94. Eu-me/ni-a Atxa-la, Poey.

95. Tbec'la Ha-le'sus, Cramer.

96. Thec'la M Alburn, Boisduval and Leconte.

97. Thec/laFa-vo/ni-us, Smitb and Abbott.

98. Thec'la Au-toFy-cus, Edwards.

99. Thecxla Hu'mu-li, Harris.

100. Tbec'la A-cardi-ca, Edwards.

101. Tbec'la Ed-wardsxi-i, Saunders.

102. Tbec'la Witt-feld'i-i, Edwards.

103. Tbec'la CaFa-nus, Hubner.

" " var. Lo-ra'ta, Grote and Kobinson.

104. Thec'la On-ta'ri-o, Edwards.

105. Thec'la Stri-go'sa, Harris.

106. Tbec'la Smi-la'cis, Boisduval and Leconte.

107. Tbec'la A'cis, Drury.

108. Thec'la Po'e-as, Hubner.

109. Tbec'la Col-u-meFla, Fabricius.

110. Thec'la Au-gusxtus, Kirby.

111. Thec'la Fnis, Godart.

" " var. Ar'sa-ce, Boisduval and Leconte.

112. Thec'la Hen'ri-ci, Grote and Kobinson.

113. Tbecxla Ni'pbon, Hubner.

114. Thecxla Lse'ta, Edwards.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 55

115 Thec'la Ti'tus, Fabricius.

116. Fen-i-se'ca Tar-quin'i-us, Fabricius.

117. Chrys-o-pha/nus Di-o'ne, Scudder.

118. Chrys-o-pha'nus Tho'e, Boisduval and Leconte.

119. Chrys-o-pha'nus Ep-ix-an'the, Boisduval and Leconte.

120. Chrys-o-pha/nus Hy-poph'le-as, Boisduval.

121. Ly-cae'na Lyg'da-nms, Doubleday.

122. Ly-cse'na Scud-de'ri-i, Edwards.

123. Ly-cse'na Pseu-dar-gi'o-lus, Boisduval and Leconte.

" " form Lu'ci-a, Kirby.

" " " Mar-gi-na'ta, Edwards.

" " " Yi-o-la'ce-a, Edwards.

" » " Ni'gra, Edwards.

" u " Neg-lec'ta, Edwards.

124. Ly-C3exna Co-myn'tas, Godart.

125. Lv-C8exna Fi-le^us, Poev.

*• •>

126. Ly-C8exna I-soph-tbayma, Herrick-Schaeft'er.

127. Ly-csexna Ex-'i-lis, Boisduval.

128. Ly-C8exna An/mon, Lucas.

129. Ly-cse'na The-o^us, Lucas.

130. Car-te-ro-ceph/a-lus Manxdan, Edwards.

131. Car-te-ro-ceph/a-lus O'ma-ha, Edwards.

132. An-cy-lox'y-plia ISTu'rai-tor, Fabricius.

133. Thy-meFi-cus PowVshiek, Parker.

134. Para'phi-la Mas-sa-soxit, Scudder.

135. Pam'phi-la ZaVu-lon, Boisduval and Leconte.

u " var. Ho-bo/mok, Harris.

" " form Po-ca-hon'tas, Scudder.

" " var. Quad-ra-qur'na, Scudder.

136. Pam-'phi-la Sas'sa-cus, Harris.

137. Pam/phi-la Me'te-a, Scudder.

138. Pamxphi-la Un'cas, Edwards.

139. Pana'phi-la Sem-i-no^e, Scudder.

140. Pam'phi-la Le-o-narMus, Harris.

141. Pam^hi-la ISIes'ke-i, Edwards.

142. Pam'phi-la Hu'ron, Edwards.

143. Pana'phi-la Phy-lae'us, Drury.

144. Pam'pbi-la Bret'tus, Boisduval and Leconte.

145. Pam'phi-la O'tlio, Smith and Abbott.

'' " var. E-ger'e-met, Scudder.

56 '/'//•# BUTTERFLIES OF TJIE

140. Pam'phi-la Peck'i-us, Kirby.

147. Parn'plii-la Mys'tic, Scudder.

148. Pam'phi-la Cer'nes, Boisduval and Leconte.

149. Pam'phi-la My'us, French.

150. Pam'phi-la Man-a-ta'a-qua, Scudder.

151. Pam'phi-la Ver'na, Edwards.

152. Pam'phi-la Ves'tris, Boisduval.

153. Pam'phi-la Met-a-com'et, Harris.

154. Pam'phi-la Ac'ci-us, Smith and Abbott.

155. Pam'phi-la Lo'am-mi, "Whitney.

156. Pam'phi-la Mac-u-la'ta, Edwards.

157. Pam'phi-la Pa-no'quin, Scudder.

158. Pam'phi-la O-co'la, Edwards.

159. Pam'phi-la Eth'li-us, Cramer.

160. Pam'phi-la Bi-mac'u-la, Grote and Eobinson.

161. Pam'phi-la Pon'ti-ac, Edwards.

162. Pam'phi-la Di'on, Edwards.

163. Pam'phi-la Ar'pa, Boisduval and Leconte.

164. Pam'phi-la Pa-lat'ka, Edwards.

165. Pam'phi-la Vi-tel'li-us, Smith and Abbott.

166. Pam'phi-la Del-a-wa're, Edwards.

167. Pam'phi-la Bys'sus, Edwards.

168. Pam'phi-la 0-sy'ka, Edwards.

169. Pam'phi-la Eu-fa'la, Edwards.

170. Pam'phi-la Fus'ca, Grote and Kobinson.

171. Pam'phi-la Hi-an'na, Scudder.

172. Pam'phi-la Vi-a'tor, Edwards.

173. Am-bly-scir'tes Vi-a'lis, Edwards.

174. Am-bly-scir'tes E'os, Edwards.

175. Am-bly-scir'tes Sam'o-set, Scudder.

176. Am-bly-scir'tes Tex'tor, Hiibner.

177. Pyr'gus Tes-sel-la'ta, Scudder.

178. Pyr'gus Cen-tau're-se, Rambur.

179. Nis-o-ni'a-des Bri'zo, Boisduval and Leconte.

180. Nis-o-ni'a-des Ic'e-lus, Lintner.

181. Nis-o-ni'a-des Som'nus, Lintner.

182. Nis-o-ni'a-des Lu-cil'i-us, Lintner.

183. Nis-o-ni'a-des Per'si-us, Scudder.

184. Nis-o-ni'a-des Au-so'ni-us, Lintner.

185. Nis-o-ni'a-des Mar-ti-a'lis, Scudder.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 57

186. Nis-o-ni'a-des Ju-ve-na'lis, Fabricius.

187. Nis-o-ni'a-des Pe-tro'ni-us, Lintner.

188. Nis-o-ni'a-des Nre'vi-us, Lintner.

189. Phol-i-so'ra Ca-tul'lus, Fabricius.

190. Phol-i-sc/ra Hay-hurst'i-i, Edwards.

191. Eu-da'mus Pvl'a-des. Scudder.

v •

192. Eu-da'mus Ba-thyl'lus, Smith and Abbott.

193. Eu-da'mus LyQ'i-das, Smith and Abbott.

194. Eu-da'rnus Cel'lus, Boisduval and Leconte.

195. Eu-da'mus Zes'tos, Hiibner.

196. Eu-da'mus Tit'y-rus, Fabricius.

197. Eu-da'mus Pro'te-us, Linnseus.

198. E-r3T97i-des Bat-a-ba-nox, Lefebvre.

199. E-iy9'i-des A-myn'tas, Fabricius.

200. Meg-a-thy'mus Yuc'cse, Boisduval and Leconte.

201. Meg-a-thy'mus Cof-a-qui/, Strecker.

ANALYTICAL KEY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE EASTERN UNITED
STATES.

1.

Antennas filiform, terminating in a knob or club,

BUTTERFLIES, 2
Antennse not knobbed, MOTHS.

2.

Having six feet adapted for walking, 3

Having four feet adapted for walking, the front pair aborted, 35

3.

Body rather slender, width of thorax from one-eighth to one-
sixth the length of hind margin of fore wings, 4
Body robust, width of thorax from one-fourth to one-half the

•/

length of hind margin of fore wings, Hesperidae, 120

4.

General or ground colors black, white, or yellow ; size generally

from medium to large, Papilionidae, 5

Colors blue, coppery, or blackish ; size generally small,

Lycaenidae, 89

58 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

Colors black and green, with fulvous .abdomen; or l>rownish

fulvous, with many black spots, Erycinidse, £s, 87

Colors black and fulvous, palpi beak-like,

Libythea Bachmanni, £ (91)

5.

Large species, hind wings tailed ; or black with subrnarginal

bands of yellow spots, Papilio, 6

Small or medium-sized species, hind wings not tailed, Pierinae, 14

6.

Ground or principal color black, 7

Ground color yellow, with several black bands, Papilio Turnus, (6)

7.
Wings crossed by a number of greenish or greenish-yellow

bands, red at anal angle, Papilio Ajax, (1)

Wings crossed by one or two rows of yellow or greenish spots, 8

8.

Wings crossed by one row of spots, 9

Wings crossed by two rows of spots, 11

9.

Wings tailed, 10

Wings not tailed. Papilio Polydamas, (8)

10.

No blue clouds on hind wings, spots greenish, Papilio Philenor, (2)
Blue clouds on hind wings, spots yellow,

Papilio Turnus, var. Glauca, 9

11.

Rows of spots yellow, 12

Rows of spots bluish or greenish, two rows on hind wings and

near the posterior angle of fore wings, Papilio Troilus, (4)

12.

Spots parallel with the outer margin, 13

Rows of spots not parallel with the outer margin,

Papilio Cresphontes, (7)

13.
Orange anal patch pupilled with black, Papilio Asterias, (3)

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 59

Orange anal patch not pupilled with black,

Papilio Palamedes, (5)
14.

Antennas abruptly terminating in an ovoid club, 15

Antennas truncated at the end and obconic, or terminating in-
sensibly in an obconic club, 22

15.

Abdomen shorter than the hind wings ; color white or very

pale yellow, 16

Abdomen as long as or longer than the hind wings ; color
lemon-yellow, black at apex, along hind margin of fore
wings and costa of hind wings, Nathalis lole, (15)

16.
Under side of hind wings without marks, or marked along the

veins, Pieris, 17

Under side of hind wings covered with a greenish net-work,

Anthocharis, 21
17.

Fore wings with no black bar at the end of the cell, 18

Fore wings with a black bar at the end of the cell, and more or

less of a black border, Pieris Protodice, (11)

18.
Under side of hind wings plain white, apex of fore wings

black, Pieris Ilaire, (9)

Under side of hind wings plain yellow, Pieris Rapse, (14)

Under side of hind winirs marked along; the veins, 19

o o /

19.
Black border to both wings, Pieris Monuste, (10)

No black border to the wings, 20

20.
Under side of hind wings pale yellow, with brownish along

the veins, Pieris Napi, aberr. Virginiensis, (12)

Under side of hind wings white, with brownish along the veins,

Pieris Virginiensis, (13)
21.
No orange at apex of fore wings,

Anthocharis Olympia, (16)
A large orange apical patch, Anthocharis Genutia, (17)

GO THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

22.
Antennae insensibly terminating in a club, truncate at the end,

Callidryas, 23
Antennae terminating in an obconic club, 26

23.
Color above, lemon-yellow or dirty yellowish white ; beneath,

lemon-yellow, with or without orange tint, 24

Color above, orange or whitish orange, 25

24.

Clear lemon-yellow above and below, with slight greenish tint ;
female with discal dot and terminal row of spots,

Callidryas Eubule, (18)

Color above, lemon-yellow, or dirty whitish yellow; beneath,
orange-tinted ; female with discal dot on fore wings and
terminal border, Callidryas Sennas, (19)

25.
Color light orange with reddish-orange spots,

Callidryas Philea, (20)

Color light orange or orange-tinted white ; orange-tinted be-
neath ; subterminal band on under side of fore wings
straight, Callidryas Agarithe, (21)

26.
Hind wings with an orange discal spot ; both wings with black

border, Colias, 27

Hind wings without discal spot, 30

27.

Ground color yellow, 28

Ground color orange, or at least an orange patch in the middle

of fore wings, Colias Eurytheme, (24)

28.
Fore wings black at base, the yellow making a " dog's head,"

with the discal dot for an eye, Colias Caesonia, (23)

Fore wings without black at base, 29

29.
Under side with a submarginal row of dark points,

Colias Philodice, (25)

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 61

Under side without submarginal row of dark points,

Colias Interior, (26)
30.

Color yellow or orange, with black terminal border, Terias, 31
Color white, base of fore wings yellow, Kricogonia Lyside, (22)

81.

Hind wings with a prominent angle, color yellow,

Terias Mexicana, (28)
Hind wings rounded, not angled, 32

32.

Ground color orange, Terias Nicippe, (27)

Ground color yellow, 33

33.

Fore wings without black on the hind margin, Terias Lisa, (29)
Fore wings with black along the hind margin, 34

34.
Under side with pink at apex of fore wings and over hind

wings, Terias Delia, (30)

Under side without pink, Terias Jucunda, (31)

35.
Small species, brownish fulvous with many black spots ; or

black and green, with abdomen orange, Erycinidae, ^s, 87
Not having the above characters, Nymphalidse, 36

36.

Fore wings long and narrow, twice as long as wide, 37

Fore wings not long and narrow, 38

37.

Black, with yellow zebra stripes, Heliconia Charitonia, (32)

Fulvous, with black border and oblique stripe, Colaenis Julia, (35)

38.

Palpi remote, not extending much beyond the head ; discal cell
of hind wings closed ; a black spot on vein of hind wings
of <*) , Danais, 39

Palpi nearly connivent, porrect, discal cell generally open;

veins of fore wings not dilated at base, 40

6

62 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

Palpi close, elevated, very hairy ; discal cell always closed ;

veins of fore wings usually dilated at base, 79

Palpi several times as long as the head, contiguous, in the form

of a heak ; wings angled ; females six-footed,

Libythea Bachmanni, ^ (91)

39.

Color fulvous, veins black, Danais Archippus, (33)

Color fulvous brown, veins not black, Danais Berenice, (34)

40.

Eyes naked, 41

Eyes hairy, 69

41.

Club of antennas short, ovoid, usually flattened in dry speci-
mens, 42
Club of antennas obconic or gradually terminating in a knob, 62

42.

Outer margin of fore wings sinuous, 43

Outer margin of fore wings not sinuous, 49

43.

Silver spots on under side of wings, Agraulis Vanillas, (36)

No silver spots on under side of wings, 44

44.

Three large " eye-spots" on the upper surface, Junonia Ccenia, (66)
Five or six small eye-spots, with or without pupils, on the

upper surface of the hind wings, Apatura, 46

Upper surface without eye-spots, 45

45.

Fulvous, with a paler mesial band, Euptoieta Claudia, (46)

Fulvous, marked with four somewhat united basal lines, and
three bands on the fore wings that are partially united,

Eresia Frisia, (54)
46.

One eye-spot near outer margin of fore wings, 48

No eye-spots on fore wings, 47

47.
Two outer rows of pale spots lighter than the ground color,

Apatura Clyton, (78)

EASTERN UNITED STATES. (33

*

Two outer rows of spots not lighter than the ground color

Apatura Flora, (79)
48.

Hind wings fulvous, Apatura Alicia, (77)

Hind wings dark brown, Apatura Celtis, (7G)

49.
General color (except 9 °f Diana) fulvous, under side of wings

(except Bellona) with silver spots, Argynnis, 50

General color black, with a terminal border of red spots,

Melitsea Phaeton, (47)
General color fulvous, with a prominent black border ; no

silver spots on the under side, 57

50.

Under side of wings with silver spots, 51

Under side of wings without silver spots, though white spots

may be present, 56

51.

Basal two-thirds of wings of £ dark fulvous brown, outer
third fulvous ; £ blue-black, outer third blue,

Argynnis Diana, (38)

Fore wings fulvous, hind wings black, Argynnis Idalia, (37)

Both wings fulvous, 52

52.

Basal part of wings plain fulvous brown,- 53

Basal part of wings not di tiering from the rest, size medium,

Argynnis Myrina, (43)
53.

Basal half of wings fulvous brown, Argynnis Cybele, (39)

Less than half of wings brown, 54

54.

Under side of hind wings with a light submarginal band, 55

Under side of hind wings without a light submarginal band,

Argynnis Alcestis, (41)

55.

Under side of hind wings light brown, Argynnis Aphrodite, (40)
Under side of hind wings maroon, Argynnis Atlantis, (42)

56.
With white spots on the under side, Argynnis Montinus, (44)

64 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

Under side without wliite spots, Argynnis Bellona, (45)

57.
Under side of hind wings fulvous : a central and basal band of

buff spots; submarginal lunules white, Mellitsea Harrisii, (48)
Under side of hind wings brownish or brownish yellow,

Phyciodes, 58
58.

Broad central band of white or light buff on under side, 59

Central band of under side narrow or wanting, submarginal

row of spots small, 60

59.
Submarginal row of dark brown spots on under side of hind

wings pupilled with white, Phyciodes Nycteis, (49)

Submarginal row of spots on tinder side with no more than one

pupilled with white, Phyciodes Carlota, (50)

60.
Upper side of fore wings with a pale fulvous or almost white

band beyond the cell, 61

Upper side of fore wings without a whitish band,

Phyciodes Tharos, (52)
61.
Expanse from 1 to 1.25 inches; a black terminal patch on

under side of hind wings, Phyciodes Phaon, (51)

Expanse from 1.25 to 1.5, inches; no black terminal patch on

under side of hind wings, Phyciodes Batesii, (53)

62.

Hind wings tailed, 63

Hind wings not tailed, 64

63.
Hind wings with two prominent tails, apex of fore wings

truncate, Timetes Petreus, (69)

Hind wings with one tail and a prominent angle, apex rounded,

Victorina Steneles, (70)
Hind wings with one short tail, apex pointed,

Paphia Troglodyta, (80)
64.
Gray; two round black spots on hind wings, one on fore wings,

Anartia Jatrophae, (67)
Color not gray, 65

EASTERN UNITED STATES. (55

65.

Ground color dark chocolate with bluish-purple reflections, two
white patches on fore wings and one on hind wings,

Diadema Misippus, (71)

Ground color purplish brown, Eunica Momma, (68)

Ground color black or fulvous, "or mahogany-brown,

Limenitis, 66

66.

Ground color black, 67

Ground color fulvous or mahogany, 68

67.

Wings without broad white bands, Limenitis Ursula, (72)

Both wings with broad white bands, Limenitis Arthemis, (73)

68.

Upper side fulvous, under side paler, Limenitis Disippus, (74)
Both surfaces mahogany-brown, Limenitis Eros, (75)

69.
A golden or silver spot on under side of hind wings,

Grapta, 70
No golden or silver spot on under side of hind wings, 75

70.

Spots in the discal cell of fore wings wholly or partly separate, 71
Spots in the cell of fore wings blended into a transverse dash,

Grapta J Album, (60)

71.

Silver spot on under side of hind wing in two pieces, forming

a semicolon, Grapta Interrogationis, (55)

Silver spot single, 72

72.
Fore wings with a subterminal row of three round black spots,

the lowest double, 73

Fore wings with a subterminal row of three round black spots,

the lowest single, 74

73.

Silver mark a distinct comma, Grapta Comma, (56)

Silver mark an open L, Grapta Gracilis, (58)

e 6*

(]Q THE BUTTERFLIES OF TllK

74.

Under side of wings fawn color, marked with brown and lilac,

Grapta Faunus, (57)

Under side dark brown ; a light band across the fore wings,

Grapta Progne, (59)

75.
Apex of fore wings distinctly truncate, the angles sharp,

Vanessa, 76
Apex of fore wings somewhat truncate, the angles rounded,

Pyrameis, 77

76.

Ground color maroon-brown, outer margin yellow, supple-
mented by a row of blue spots, Vanessa Antiopa, (61)
Ground color brown, submarginal band fulvous,

Vanessa Milbertii, (62)
77.
Ground color black, band on fore wings and outer margin of

hind wings fulvous, Pyrameis Atalanta, (68)

Ground color fulvous, 78

78.
Five eye-spots on under side of hind wings,

Pyrameis Cardui, (65)
Two eye-spots on under side of hind wings,

Pyrameis Huntera, (64)
79.

Wings entire, eyes hairy or naked, 80

"Wings dentate, hind wings strongly angled in the middle,

eyes hairy, Debis Portlandia, (81)

Hind wings dentate, eyes naked, Satyrus, 85

80.

Under side of hind wings without thick marbling of dark-
brown abbreviated lines, alternating with gray and brown, 81

Under side with marbling of dark-brown abbreviated lines, al-
ternating with gray and brown, Chionobas, 86

81.

Wings blackish brown or wood-brown, 82

Wings russety, eye-spots above prominent on both wings,

Neonympha Canthus, (82)

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

82.

With eye-spots above, Neonympha Eurytris, (85)

Without eye-spots above,

83.
With two black marks on the outer margin of hind wings

above, Neonympha Gemma, (83)

Without marks above, 84

84.
Transverse lines on the under side dark brown,

Neonympha Sosybius, (86)

Transverse lines on the under side ferruginous ochre,

Neonympha Areolatus, (84)

85.
Fore wings with a buff band containing one ocellus, or one

ocellus and a small black spot, Satyrus Pegala, (87)

Fore wings with or without a buff band, but with two ocelli,

Satyrus Alope, (88)
86.

With eye-spots above, Chionobas Jutta, (89)

Without eye-spots above, Chionobas Semidea, (90)

87.
Brownish fulvous or brown ; numerous rows of small black

spots, 88

Black and green ; abdomen orange, Eumenia Atala, (94)

Brown ; expanse 1 inch or more, Calephelis Borealis, (93)

Brownish fulvous ; expanse .8 of an inch, Calephelis Csenius, (92)

89.

Palpi projecting in front scarcely the length of the head ; an-
tennae reaching to the middle of the fore wings ; colors
blue, black, or blackish brown, Thecla, 90

Palpi projecting in front more than the length of the head ;

antennae not reaching to the middle of the fore wings 107

90.

Hind wings with two slender tails, or an angle in place of the
second, 91

68 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

Outer margin of hind wings dentate; no orange crescents be-
neath, 104
Hind wings entire, anal angle sharp, 106

91.

Upper side of wings blue, with a black border, 92

Upper side of wings dusky or blackish brown, 94

Upper side black, more or less tinged with blue ; a red line be-
neath edged with white, Thecla Poeas, (108)

92.

Under side of abdomen orange, Thecla Halesus, (95)

Under side of abdomen not orange, 93

93.
Dark blue ; border one-fourth the length of wing,

Thecla M Album, (96)
Pale blue ; border more than one-fourth the length of wing,

Thecla Acis, (107)
94.
A pale-blue patch between two orange spots on under side of

hind wings near anal angle, 95

No blue patch near anal angle ; under side green marked with

brown and white, Thecla Smilacis, (106)

95.

Upper surface with orange at anal angle, 96

Upper surface without orange, or at least very faint, 98

96.
Orange on hind wings, a crescent enclosing a black spot,

Thecla Humuli, (99)
Orange, a patch or band not clearly denned, 97

97.

The points of the W formed by the inner line on the under
side of the hind wings touching the outer line,

Thecla Favonius, (97)
The points of the W not touching the outer line,

Thecla Autolycus, (98)
98.

Under side pale bluish gray, Thecla Acadica, (100)

Under side not pale gray, 99

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

99.
Under side with three or more whitish stripes,

Thecla Strigosa, (105)
Under side with not more than two stripes, 100

100.

Color dark brown, 101

Color yellowish brown, Thecla Edwardsii, (101)

101.
Marks at the ends of cells on under side of both win^s, 102

o /

No marks at the ends of cells, Thecla Ontario, (104)

102.

Under side ash-gray, Thecla Columella, (109)

Under side brown, 103

103.

Inner line on the under side double, Thecla Calanus, (103)

Inner line on the under side single, Thecla Wittfeldii, (102)

104.

Brown beneath ; outer half lighter, 105

Dark brown ; under side with two light bands edged with
white on the hind wings and one on the fore wings,

Thecla Niphon, (113)
105.
A fine dark-brown line separating the two colors of the under

side, Thecla Augustus, (110)

A white line marking the separation ; first tooth outside of

anal angle curving outward, Thecla Irus var. Arsace, (111)
A white line marking the separation ; first tooth outside of anal

angle not curving outward, Thecla Henrici, (112)

106.
Under side of hind wings with one row of orange spots,

Thecla Titus, (115)
Under side of hind wings with two rows of orange spots,

Thecla Lseta, (114)

107.

Color above fulvous, or coppery and black, 108

Color above blue, or bluish black, Lycaena, 1.12

70 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

108.
Wings fulvous ; border of fore wings and base of liind wings

black, Feniseca Tarquinius, (116)

Wings coppery, or purplish black with fulvous bands,

Chrysophanus, 109
109.
Color above black with a coppery tinge ; under side gray, with

black points, 110

Color distinctly coppery ; orange border on hind wings above
and below, 111

110.
Size medium ; half row of orange crescents on under side of

hind wings, Chrysophanus Dione, ( 117)

Size small; crescents faint, Chrysophanus Epixanthe, (119)

111.

Size medium, Chrysophanus Thoe, (118)

Size small, Chrysophanus Hypophleas, (120)

112.
Hind wings without tails, 113

Hind wings with a slender tail ; color blue, or black tinged with
blue; hind wings with two orange crescents,

Lycaena Comyntas, (124)

113.
Upper surface blue, 114

Upper surface not blue, 118

114.

Under side with black spots, having metallic scales near the

anal angle, 115

Under side without such spots, 116

115.

Upper side blue, narrow or broad border, or almost black ; one
anal spot on under side circled with metallic green scales,

Lycaena Filenus, (125)

Upper side violet-blue ; two or three anal spots ; under side of
hind wings with two black spots circled with metallic blue,

Lycaena Ammon, (128)

Upper side almost white, with broad border, or pale violet-blue ;
under side white, with many dark lines ; anal spot circled
with blue, Lycaena Theonus, (129)

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 71

116.
Under side of hind wings with a border of metallic spots,

Lycaena Scudderii, (122)
Under side without metallic spots, 117

117.

Under side dark gray, Lycaena Lygdamus, (121)

Under side pale bluish gray, Lycaena Pseudargiolus, (123)

118.
Upper surface black,

Lycaena Pseudargiolus, var. Violacea, fo (123)
Upper side brown, under side brown, with numerous white

bands, 119

119.
Six subterminal round black spots on under side of hind wings,

Lycaena Isophthalma, (126)
Seven subterminal round black spots on under side of hind

wings, Lycaena Exilis, (127)

120.

Knob of antennae thick, ovoid, or elongate ovoid, 121

Knob of antenna? spindle-shaped, 185

121.

Knob of antenna without a hook or bent projection at the end, 122
Knob of antennse ending in a hook or bent projection, 126

122.

Knob blunt, conical, without a spine, 123

Knob elongate or ovoid, rounded at the tip, straight or a little

semilunar; somewhat compressed, Pyrgus, 125

Knob rounded ; the last joint ending in a short, slender spine ;
fore wings brown washed with yellow ; hind wings yel-
low, with brown border, Ancyloxypha Numitor, (132)

123.

Third joint of palpi concealed by hair of second; abdomen
much longer than hind wings; brown, with fulvous yel-
low spots, Carterocephala, 124

Third joint of palpi free ; abdomen but little if any longer than
hind wings ; brown ; costal edjjre vellow,

C5 * * ^J v

Thymelicus Poweshiek, (133)

72 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

124.

Costal edge not yellow ; marginal and abdominal rows of spots,

and several near the base, Carterocephala Mandan, (130)

Costal edge yellow, to near the end of cell ; submarginal row of

spots, Carterocephala Omaha, (131)

125.
Black, with three more or less complete rows of transverse

white spots, Pyrgus Tessellata, (177)

Brownish black, with two rows of transverse white spots,

Pyrgus Centaureae, (178)

126.

Tip of antennae suddenly bent, with a much contracted, pointed
little hook, nearly half as long as the knob ; third joint of
palpi almost concealed, Pamphila, 127

Antennas similar ; fringes light ; black at the ends of the veins ;
abdomen thin, scarcely reaching the anal angle,

Amblyscirtes, 182

127.
Hind wings yellow, with an outer border of dark brown, not

more than one-third the length of the wing, 128

Hind wings brown, with a yellow band, 141

Hind wings without a yellow band, 155

128.

Border of hind wings less than one-fourth the length of wing, 129
Border of hind wings one-fourth the length of wing or more, 133

129.

Fore wings without a black sex-mark or stigma in the middle, 130
Fore wings with a black sex-mark in the middle, 131

130.
Fore wings with a brown patch beyond the cell ; veins in the

yellow part usually yellow, Pamphila Zabulon, £ (135)

Fore wings without a patch beyond the cell ; veins brown,

Pamphila Delaware, £ (166)

131.

Border of hind wings a series of triangular spots,

Pamphila Phylaeus, £ (143)
Border of hind wings continuous, 132

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 73

132.
Yellow of hind wings clear ; fringes fuscous,

Pamphila Sassacus, £ (136)
Yellow of hind wings brownish ; fringes white,

Pamphila Uncas, £ (138)

133.

Fore wings with a black stigma or sex-mark in the middle, 134
Fore wings without a sex-mark, 139

134.

Fore wings with a brown patch connected with the upper end

of stigma, 135

Fore wings with a brown oblique ray connected with the upper

end of stigma, 138

Fore wings with the buown subapical patch not connected with
the stigma ; stigma and spot containing it nearly circular,

Pamphila Huron, £ (142)

135.

Under side ferruginous brown, 136

Under side not ferruginous brown, 137

136.
Yellowish-white bands on under side of both wings,

Pamphila Leonardus, ^ (140)
Yellowish-white bands on under side of fore wings,

Pamphila Meskei, £ (141)

137.

Under side dark brown, overlaid with yellow scales and a yel-
low band, Pamphila Brettus, ^ (144)
Under side yellow, with a paler yellow band,

Pamphila Mystic, £ (147)
138.

Under side of hind wings dark brown sprinkled with dark yel-
low scales, with yellow band but no yellow ray before
inner margin, Pamphila Pontiac, ^ (161)

Under side of hind wings dark yellow, a paler ray from cell

out, and one before inner margin, Pamphila Dion, ^ (162)
Under side of hind wings dark brown, heavily overlaid with
russety brown ; a pale ray through cell,

Pamphila Palatka, £ (164)

D

74 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

139.
Fore wings brown, a broad yellow band, and the basal part

heavily washed with yellow ; under side of hind wings

fulvous yellow, with pale, obscure band,

Pamphila Byssus, £ (167)
Fore wings with basal two-thirds yellow ; under side of hind

wings brown, heavily overlaid with russety brown, with a

pale ray through the cell, Pamphila Palatka, 9 (164)

Fore wings yellow ; under side of hind wings yellow, without

marks, 140

Fore wings dark brown, with a row of yellow spots, and a spot

in the cell, Pamphila Viator, £ and £ (172)

140.

Fore wings yellow at the base, Pamphila Vitellius, £ (165)

Fore wings dark brown at base ; a bar of brown at end of cell,

Pamphila Delaware, £ (I66)
141.

Fore wings with an oblique black sex-mark, 142

Fore wings without a sex-mark, but with a row of spots be-
yond the middle, 143

142.

Under side of hind wings ferruginous brown, with two yellow

bands, Pamphila Peckius, £ (146)

Under side of hind wings yellowish brown, with two white
bands, the basal one broken, the outer one sending a ray
outward from its posterior end, Pamphila Metea, ^ (137)

Unde.r side of hind wings ferruginous brown, with one yellow

band and a spot, Pamphila Leonardus, £ (140)

Under side of hind wings brown, sprinkled with yellow ; five

white spots, Pamphila Seminole, £ (139)

143.
Basal half of costal margin of fore wings yellow, or heavily

washed with yellow, 144

Costa not yellow, only sprinkled at least, 148

144.

The cell of fore wings yellow, except at base, 145

Cell of fore wings dark brown, 146

EASTERN I'M TED STATES. 75

145.
Band on upper side of hind wings reduced to a yellow central

patch, Pamphila Vitellius, 9 (165)

Band on upper side of hind wings not abbreviated,

Pamphila Mystic, 9 (147)
146.

Under side of hind wings ferruginous brown, 147

Under side of hind wings ochre-yellow, with a paler band and

brown clouds, Pamphila Phylaeus, 9 (143)

147.
Under side of hind wings with one yellow band and a spot,

Pamphila Leonardus, 9 (140)
Under side of hind wings with very indistinct band, or none,

Pamphila Meskei, 9 (141)
148.

Yellow band of hind wings faint, 149

Yellow band of hind wings distinct, 150

149.

Under side of hind wings dark brown, with rusty brown scales
and a continuous pale band,

Pamphila Zabulon form Pocahontas, 9 (135)
Under side of hind wings dark brown, washed with ochre scales
and with two or three small spots ; upper side of hind
wings sprinkled with yellow, Pamphila Sassacus, 9 (136)
Under side of hind wings brown, washed with ochre, a sub-
terminal white band sending a ray outward from its pos-
terior end, Pamphila Metea, 9 (137)

150.

Under side of hind wings with two light bands, 151

Under side of hind wings with one light band or none, 152

151.

Under side of hind wings dark brown washed with pale yel-
low; bands white, separate, Pamphila Uncas, 9 (138)
Under side of hind wings ferruginous brown, with the two
yellow bands united in the middle,

Pamphila Peckius, 9 (146)
152.

Under side of hind wings dark brown, sprinkled with pale yel-
low and ferruginous scales, 153

76 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

Under si do of hind wings dark brown, sprinkled with ferrugi-
nous brown, 154

Under side of hind wings dark rusty yellow ; two yellow ray

stripes, Pamphila Dion, 9 (162)

Under side of hind wings fulvous yellow, with obscure pale

band, Pamphila Byssus, 9 (167)

153.
Under side of hind wings with a white band and two or three

unconnected spots, Pamphila Huron, 9 (142)

Under side of hind wings with a band of five small white spots,
and a bar across cell of fore wings above,

Pamphila Seminole, 9 (139)

154.

Under side of hind wings with a band of five elongated yellow

spots, Pamphila Pontiac, 9 (161)

Hind wings with three whitish spots above and below,

Pamphila Ethlius, $ and 9 (159)

155.

Fore wings with an oblique stignia or sex-mark, 156

Fore wings without a sex-mark, 166

156.

Fore wings with the basal half more or less yellow, 157

Fore wings without distinct yellow on the basal half, 161

157.

Washed with greenish yellow, a large subquadrate black patch
below stigma sending a spur towards posterior angle,

Pamphila Otho var. Egeremet, fa (145)
Patch below stigma only moderate, 158

158.

Cell of fore wings and costa beyond cell clear yellow, 159

Costal margin not clear yellow, 160

159.
Under side of hind wings sprinkled with yellow, but without

bands, Pamphila Cernes, fa (148)

Under side of hind wings sprinkled with pale yellow, with an

obscure discal whitish band, Pamphila Myus, fa (149)

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 77

160.

Costal margin of fore wings with six or seven yellow rays
above and beyond the cell ; under side of hind wings yel-
low; no spots, Pamphila Arpa, £ (163)

Costal margin somewhat washed with yellow, but without rays ;
under side of hind wings brown, sprinkled with yellow ;
no spots, Pamphila Bimacula, fo (160)

161.
Fore wings with a row of four or more white spots beyond the

middle, 163

Fore wings without white spots, olivaceous brown, 162

162.
With a row of faint spots on under side of both wings,

Pamphila Metacomet, £ (153)
Without a row of faint spots on under side of wings,

Pamphila Vestris, £ (152)

163.

Spots in three subcostal interspaces and one in first median in-
terspace, 164

Three spots in subcostal and two in median interspaces, and one

in submedian, 165

164.

Outer part and basal portion of under side of hind wings lilac,
with brown cloudings and a faint purplish band,

Pamphila Accius, fa (154)
Outer part of under side of hind wings gray, with no bands,

Pamphila Hianna, £ (171)

165.
Fore wings with a small whitish spot in lower side of cell near

the end, Pamphila Verna, fa (151)

Fore wings with no spot in the end of cell,

Pamphila Manataaqua, fa (150)

166.

Fore wings with a yellow or whitish spot in the end of cell, 167
Fore wings with two spots in the end of cell,

Pamphila Loammi, ^ (155)
Fore wings without a spot in the cell, 171

7*

78 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

167.

Spot in anterior part of cell near the subcostal vein, 168

Spot in posterior part of cell near the median vein,

Pamphila Panoquin, £ and 9 (157)

168.

Spot in cell white, rounded, 169

Spot a yellow ray, six yellow spots in the discal row, 170

169.

Under side of hind wings gray, a ray near inner margin with-
out gray ; a very faint whitish band,

Pamphila Eufala, £ and 9 (169)

Outer and basal part of under side of hind wings lilac, ante-
rior part brown clouded ; an indistinct purple band,

Pamphila Accius, 9 (154)
Outer part of under side of hind wings gray, with no bands,

Pamphila Hianna, 9 (171)

170.
Under side of hind wings sprinkled with yellow, without a

band, Pamphila Cernes, 9 (148)

Under side of hind wings sprinkled with pale yellow, with dim

whitish discal band, Pamphila Myus, 9

171.

"Wings without marks, Pamphila Fusca, ^ and- 9 (170)

Pore wings with a more or less distinct outer row of spots

extending to subrnedian vein, 172

Fore wings with more or less of an outer row of spots, but not

reaching submedian vein, 176

172.

A band on under side of hind wings, but not very distinct, 173
No band on under side of hind wings, 175

173.

Outer row of fore wings with two spots beyond the cell ; under
side of hind wings lilac along outer margin,

Pamphila Zabulon form Quadraquina, 9 (135)
No spots beyond the cell of fore wings, 1 74

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 79

174.
Under side of hind wings rusty brown,

Pamphila Otho, $ and 9 (145)

Under side of hind wings dark reddish brown, sprinkled with
pale yellow scales, Pamphila Manataaqua, 9 (150)

175.

Under side of hind wings yellow, Pamphila Arpa, 9 (163)

Under side of hind wings dark brown, the veins gray,

Pamphila Ocola, £ and 9 (168)

176.
Under si'de of hind wings without spots or bands, spots above

not very distinct, 177

Under side of hind wings with a more or less distinct row of

spots, 78

177.

Under side of hind wings dark brown sprinkled with gray,

Pamphila Osyka, £ and 9 (168)

Under side of hind wings reddish brown, Pamphila Vestris, 9 (152)
Under side of hind wings dark brown sprinkled with dusky
yellow, Pamphila Bimacula, 9

178.

Under side of hind wings with three white spots, two of which

are contiguous, Pamphila Maculata, £ and 9 (156)

Under side of hind wings with a faint row of pale spots, 179

Under side of hind wings with distinct yellow band, 181

179.
Under side of body and antennae distinct greenish,

Pamphila Otho var. Egeremet, 9 (145)

Under side of body gray, 180

180.

Fore wings with an outer row of five distinct white spots, the

fifth twice as large as the fourth, Pamphila Verna, 9 (151)

Fore wings lacking the anteapical spots of the outer row, or the
merest trace of one spot, if any ; band on under side of hind
wings distinct, Pamphila Metacomet, 9 (153)

181.

Under side of hind wings yellow ferruginous ; a yellow band,
one stripe of which extends as a ray to middle of cell,

Pamphila Massasoit, £ and 9

BUTTERFLIES OF THE

Underside of hind wings dull olivaceous, with clouds of black-
ish brown ; a yellow band towards outer margin,

Pamphila Brettus, £ (144)

182.
Fore wings with no distinct spots except the anteapical, 183

Fore wings with more than the three anteapical spots, 184

183.
Under side of hind wings washed with lilac, with no clearly

denned row of spots, but with a row of whiter clouds ;

fringe alternate gray and fuscous, Amblyscirtes Vialis, (173)
Under side of hind wings washed with chalky scales, with a

row of whitish points, one in the cell and two above the

cell ; fringes white and fuscous, Amblyscirtes Eos, (174)

184.
Under side of hind wings with an outer row of connected pale

yellow spots, and one in the cell, Amblyscirtes Samoset, (175)
Under side of hind wings with an outer row of spots, and one

below the cell, Amblyscirtes Textor, (176)

185.

Palpi gray or brownish below, 18G

Palpi white below, 203

186.

Palpi surpassing the front by more than the length of the eyes,

Nisoniades, 187
Palpi surpassing the front by less than the length of the eyes, 196

187.
Fore wings without a subterminal row of white transparent

spots, 188

Fore wings with a subterminal row of white semi-transparent
spots ; four near the costa and the others in median inter-
spaces, 191

188.

Upper side of fore wings not overlaid with pale bluish scales

on the outer part, 189

Upper side of fore wings heavily overlaid with pale bluish

scales on the outer part, 190

189.

The discal cross-vein of fore wings not conspicuously marked in

brown, Nisoniades Brizo, (179)

EASTERN UNITED STATES. gj

The discal cross-vein of fore wings conspicuously marked in

brown, Nisoniades Ausonius, (184)

190.

Outer row of large spots overlaid with light in the centre so as
to make them appear as an irregular row of black rings,

Nisoniades Icelus, (180)
Outer row of large spots only slightly sprinkled with pale

scales, Nisoniades Somnus, (181)

191.

Upper surface umber-brown, 192

Upper surface dark brown, 194

192.
Dark spot in base of cell of fore wings and the two rows of

spots very distinct, Nisoniades Martialis, (185)

The spot in base of cell of fore wings not distinct, 193

193.

The mesial band distinct, Nisoniades Lucilius, (182)

The mesial band not distinct, Nisoniades Persius, (183)

194.
No pale umber patch at the end of cell of fore wings,

Nisoniades Juvenalis, (186)
A pale umber patch at the end of cell of fore wings, 195

195.

Umber patch at the end of cell only, Nisoniades Naevius, (188)
Umber patch at the end of cell, between median and submedian

veins and near posterior angle, Nisoniades Petronius, (187)

196.
Under side of hind wings not banded with brown and purple,

Eudamus, 197
Under side of hind wings banded with brown and purple,

Erycides, 206
197.

Hind wings rounded at the anal angle, 198

Hind wings more or less produced or tailed at the anal angle, 201

198.
Fore wings with white spots, 199

Fore wings with yellow bands, 200

82 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

199.

White spots mere points on the costa and in the median inter-
spaces, Eudamus Pylades, (191)
White spots larger, forming almost continuous bands,

Eudamus Bathyllus, (192)

200.
Outer part of under side of hind wings white,

Eudamus Lycidas, (193)
Outer part of under side of hind wings not white,

Eudamus Cellus, (194)

201.

Hind wings produced, not tailed, 202

Hind wings tailed, Eudamus Proteus, (197)

202.
Under side of hind wings with a white band in the middle,

Eudamus Tityrus, (196)
Under side of hind wings without a white band in the middle,

Eudamus Zestos, (195)

203.
Palpi surpassing the front by about the length of the eyes ;

small species, Pholisora, 204

Palpi surpassing the front by less than the length of the eyes ;

large species, 205

204.

Outer margin entire, Pholisora Catullus, (189)

Outer margin dentate, Pholisora Hayhurstii, (190)

205.

"Without yellow markings above, Erycides, 206

With yellow markings above, Megathymus, 207

206.

Upper side without white spots, Erycides Batabano, (198)

Upper side with white anteapical spots, also at end of cell and

in median interspaces, Erycides Amyntas, (199)

207.
Hind wings with a yellow border only on the anterior part of

the outer margin, if present at all, Megathymus Yuccas, (200)
Hind wings with a yellow border reaching to the submedian

vein at least, Megathymus Cofaqui, (201)

EASTERN UNITED STATES. §3

FAMILY PAPILIONID^E.

THE butterflies of this family, the highest of the Lepi-
doptera, may be known by their broad wings, which are
erect in repose ; the antennae are slender, the knob either
straight or slightly curved; the body slender and fur-
nished with six feet fitted for walking, the first pair of
normal size and directed forward, the other two pairs
directed outward and backward. The larvae are smooth,
or only moderately provided with short hairs or pile,
never provided with branching or simple spines, and in
only one instance — Papilio Phiknor — provided with
fleshy protuberances. The chrysalides are naked, the tip,
or cremaster, fastened to a button of silk, and the body
suspended obliquely in a loop of silk that passes round
it a little in front of the middle. The family is divided
into two subfamilies, Papilioninae and Pierinae.

SUBFAMILY PAPILIONIN^E.

This contains only the genus Papilio. These are
large butterflies, often known as swallow-tails. The
wings are ample; the fore wings triangular; the hind
wings concave next to the body, and usually provided
with a tail-like appendage before the anal angle ; the
outer margin dentate, with the teeth quite prominent
near the tail. The larvae are smooth, or with a few
short scattered hairs ; spindle-shaped, being thickest
through about the fourth segment, P. Philenor being
provided with four rows of slender fleshy processes.
In the upper anterior part of the second segment is a

84 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

forked scent-organ which is capable of being thrust out
at will or withdrawn into a slit-like receptacle. When
extended, this organ gives oif a disagreeable odor which
serves as a protection to the larva.

1. PAPILIO AJAX, Linn.

Expanse of wings from 2.6 to 3.5 inches.

Upper surface of body and wings varying from pale
black to deep black, banded and marked with a color vary-
ing from greenish yellow to pale blue-green. These are
arranged in three bands common to both wings, the one
next to the body narrow, the third bifid on the fore
wings from the costa to the median vein ; and three
short bands not reaching farther than the median vein.
There is also a subterminal band on the fore wings
crossed by the black veins, and a row of spots on the
hind wings parallel with the outer margin. Body
blackish, with two whitish lines on the sides.

There are three dimorphic forms of this species, and
one variety. The first of these is the Avinter form,
WALSHII, Edw. — In this the black is pale, the light
parts greenish yellow ; the tail to the hind wings about
.6 of an inch long, black, tipped with light ; and the
red before the anal ocellus is a bent bar ; after the ocellus
are two blue lunules.

Var. ABBOTTII, Edw. — Expanse from 2.6 to 2.8
inches. This resembles the above, but has a more or
less distinct crimson streak on the hind wings nearly
parallel with the internal margin.

Winter form, TELAMONIDES, Feld. — Expanse from
2.8 to 3.2 inches. This is about the same in color and
markings as form Walshii, but the tail is a little longer,

EASTERN UNITED STATES. §5

and the outer end is not merely tipped with greenish
yellow, but bordered on each side from half to two-
thirds the distance from the tip to the base, and the
anteanal crimson bar is sometimes two spots.

Summer form, MARCELLUS, Bd. — Expanse from 3.2
to 3.5 inches. This is black, with the light part blue-
green ; the tail over an inch long and bordered with
yellow, and the auteanal crimson mark one or two spots
instead of a bar.

All of these forms have the markings of the upper
side repeated beneath, with a more or less prominent
crimson stripe through the middle of the hind wings
nearly parallel to the inner margin.

Of these three forms the last is the one found in
summer, and comes from chrvsalides formed the same

/ •/

season, wThile the others emerge from chrysalides that
have wintered over. They were originally described as
separate species, and were generally considered so till
Mr. Win. H. Edwards proved their identity by breeding
the different forms.

The eggs are deposited on the leaves of the pawpaw,
upon which the larvae feed. They are pale green, glob-
ular, smooth, .016 of an inch in diameter. The young
larva is black, covered with minute papillae, from each
of which proceed fine hairs. After the first moult it is
ash-colored, still covered with the papillae. These are
lost at the second moult, when the larva assumes the
general form and smooth skin which it shows at ma-
turity ; the color yellowish white, with transverse gray
stripes. After the third moult the color is smoky brown,
each segment crossed by four lines, of which the ante-
rior is yellow and the rest white ; the second, third, and

8

86 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

fourth segments without yellow ; at the junction of the
fourth and fifth joints is a velvety-black band, preceded
by white and followed by yellow. At the fourth moult
the color becomes darker, each segment crossed by a
pale yellow and four gray stripes.

In some of the larvae the general color is gray, with
white, black, and yellow bands on the fourth and fifth
segments, and the segments after the fifth crossed by one
yellow and two dull white stripes. In other specimens
the color is blue-green, each segment crossed by gray,
yellow, and clear white, the white band replaced by
turquoise-blue. In still others the color is pale green
throughout, except one yellow stripe on each segment,
the bands being blue, black, and yellow.

Chrysalis from .8 to .9 of an inch long, cylindrical,
tapering posteriorly from the middle of the abdomen ;
head triangular, terminated by two short lateral points ;
another, beak-like, on the thorax ; from this two small
ridges pass along the wing-cases and down the abdomen
to the extremity, and between them two others starting
from the upper segments of the abdomen, on the outer
sides of which last, in those chrysalides which are brown,
is a fine light-colored line. Color dead-leaf brown or
bright green.

Location from Pennsylvania to Texas, and through
the Mississippi Valley, where it flies from March or
April till cool weather in the fall.

2. PAPILIO PHILENOK, Linn.

Expanse of wings from 3.5 to 4.5 inches.
Body and wings black ; the hind wings of the male re-
flecting a metallic green, those of the female a steel-blue.

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

87

Parallel with the outer margin of the fore wings there
is a row of more or less distinct spots running from the
posterior angle half-way to the apex ; on the hind wings
are six whitish spots between the venules, the one before
the anal ocellus very small. Tail about .3 of an inch.

On the under side the marginal spots on the fore wings
are more distinct, as are also the yellowish crescents in

Fia. 11.

Pai>ilio Philenor (natural size).

the fringe. The metallic sheen of the hind wings occu-
pies the outer half of the wing, and contains a crescent
of seven orange spots, each bordered with white on its
costal side, and more or less completely with black the
rest of the way.

The egg is spherical, the surface much covered with a
rough crust, which rises to a summit, either small and

88

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

FIG. 12.

pointed, or rather large and truncated ; the sides of this
crust irregularly melon-ribbed. Color of the surface
russet, of the crust bright ferruginous.

The young larva is ferruginous, marked longitudinally

by many rows of low, conical,
black tubercles, each supporting
a black hair. When mature
(Fig. 12), it is two inches long;
color velvety black, with a slight
purplish or chestnut-brown hue ;
covered with long fleshy tubercles
of the same color as the bodyr
and shorter orange-colored tuber-
cles, as follows : two brown ones
on joint 2 ; two brown ones and
two orange ones on joint 3 ; joints
4 and 6 the same ; joint 5 with
four orange tubercles; joints 7
to 10 each with two brown lat-
eral tubercles and two orange
ones; joints 11 and 12 with four
brown tubercles that often have
orange bases ; joint 13 with two
dorsal brown tubercles but no
lateral ones. Joints 8 to 11 have each a lateral orange
spot just before and above the spiracles, which are sunk
into the flesh and scarcely perceptible. Head, legs, and
venter the same color as the body; the top of joint 2
with an orange transverse spot on the anterior edge, from
which is thrust out the osmaterium, or scent-organ.

The chrysalis, represented in Fig. 13, — a, shaded back
view ; b, lateral outline, — is at first yellowish green, but

P. Philenor, larva.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 39

soon becomes marked with gray and violet, with more
or less yellow on the back.

This insect feeds on the different species of Aristo-

FIG. 13.

P. Philenor, chrysalis.

lochia, or pipe-vine, and is usually abundant where these
plants are found. The larvae are to be found in groups
on the leaves in July and August; the pupal period
lasting about three weeks.

3. PAPILIO ASTEEIAS, Fab.

Expanse of wings from 3 to 4 inches.

Upper surface of body and wings black. The fore
wings have two rows of yellow spots parallel with the
outer margin, eight spots in each row, more prominent in
the male than in the female. There are one or two spots
before the inner row towards the apex, and in the male a

bar at the end of the discal cell. The fringe is black,

~ /

cut with yellow opposite the spots of the two rows. The
spots are continued across the hind wings, the outer row

being lunate, with a more or less complete row of blue

8*

90 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

clouds between the rows of yellow spots. At the anal
angle there is an orange ocellus with a posterior or outer
border of yellow, and a central black spot. Fringes as
on the fore wings. Tail black, about .3 of an inch
long.

On the under side the spots are repeated, those on the
hind wings washed with orange. The body has a row

FIG. 14.

Papiiio Asterias, male.

of yellow spots on each side, which continue as partial
rings on the under side of the abdomen.

Yar. ASTEROIDES, Keak. — This form is marked
nearly as in the typical Asterias. In the male the inner
row of yellow spots of the fore wings is almost obsolete,
except the spot on the hind margin, which is prolonged
into a dash. Hind wings as in Asterias female, but the
blue clouds are reduced to small rounded patches ; tails
not so long as in the typical form. Below, a discal
row of large fulvous sagittiform spots on the fore wings.
Hind wings as in the typical form.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 91

Aberr. Calverleyii, Grote. — Two specimens of this
singular form have been taken, one a male, in August,
1863, by Mr. Louis Fischer, in the neighborhood of
New Lots, Queens County, Long Island, and another,
a female, in April, 1869, by Mr. T. L. Mead, near En-
terprise, Florida; both being suffused forms, probably
caused by the action of cold on the chrysalides soon after
pupating.

In the male the upper surface has the basal two-thirds
black without marks, and the remainder of the wings
yellow, a narrow outer margin, and tail black. The
boundary between the black and yellow on the fore
wings is dentate, with the black extending out on the
veins. The hind wings have a narrow subterminal
creuate orange line, and an orange patch in place of the
ocellus.

The under side is like the upper, except that on the
hind wings there are elongate orange patches between
the veins, leaving narrow yellow lines along the veins
and between the ends of these patches and the black on
the basal part, the subterminal line being dusky. The
orange extends a little on to the fore wings as a partial
terminal border.

The female is like the male, except that there is more
black along the veins ; the outer margin of the wing is
more broadly bordered with black ; there is a yellow bar
at the end of the cell of the fore wings ; the hind wings

O J O

have two rows of orange intervenular patches in the
yellow field, the inner round and the outer elongate tri-
angular, with gray spaces between ; and the ocellus has a
few black scales.

The under side is like the upper, except that there are

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

two discal bars, with yellow on the subcostal vein, and
the orange patches of the hind wings are larger.

The eggs are of a delicate light yellow, smooth and
round, with the exception of being slightly flattened
where they are attached to the leaf. These are depos-
ited on the leaves of parsley, celery, parsnips, and other
related plants upon which the larvae feed.

The young larvse are nearly black, with a broad white
band across the middle, and another on the hind part of
the body ; thickly beset with bristles which arise from
little tubercles. The second stage diifers little from the
first ; as also the third, though there are bright spots on
the body. The fourth stage is a bright green ground
color with black bands, which are broad on the middle
of the segments. These bands are interrupted by brick-
red spots, which are arranged in three rows on each side.
The tubercles are scarcely perceptible.

The fifth stage is the mature larva. When full grown

Fia. 15.

FIG. 16

Papilio Asterias, mature larva.

Papilio Asterias, pupa.

the caterpillar is about an inch and a half long, of a
bright green color, with a transverse black band on each
segment containing a row of yellow spots. The scent-
organ in this species is yellow.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 93

The chrysalis is an inch and a quarter long, of a pale
green, ochre-yellow, or ash-gray color, with two short
ear-like projections above the head, just below which, on
the upper part of the back, is a little prominence. This
chrysalis, like all the Papilios, is attached at the tip by a
button of silk, and supported by a loop round the middle
of the body. The last brood winter in the chrysalis state.

United States generally.

4. PAPILIO TROILUS, Linn.

Expanse of wings from 3.5 to 3.75 inches.

Upper surface of body and wings black, the fore wings
crossed by a marginal row of greenish-yellow spots ; in
some specimens a part of a second row extends from the
hind margin forward. No spot in cell. Hind wings with
the marginal lunules and an inner row of spots forming
a broad macular band, all blue in the female and blue-
green in the male. The costal spot of this inner row is
mostly orange. There is a row of blue clouds between
these two rows. Ocellus part orange, not pupilled.
Tail .4 of an inch long.

On the under side the spots are more prominent :
nearly two full rows of blue-green spots on the fore
wrings, and two rows of orange spots on the hind wings.
Body black, with two rows of yellow spots on the sides.

The larva when full grown is a little more than one
and a half inches long, the body thickest from the third
to the fifth segment. It is bright green above, a yellow
stripe edged behind with black across the anterior part
of the second segment. On joint 4 are two prominent
yellow ocelli annulate with black, and a large pupil
filling most of the lower portion ; a line of black in

94 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

front of the segment, and a pale pinkish spot above,
margined with darker. On the fifth segment are two
more ocelli. Segments 6 to 11 have each four blue dots
margined with black, and there is a yellow line along
the sides of the body edged with black below.

The chrysalis is 1.3 inches long, shaped in general
as the allied species, the two prominences on the head
projecting forward and outward, and from each of these
extends a ridge along the side to the anal extremity con-
taining a slight projection opposite the dorsal pronotal
elevation. Color above the ridge pinkish orange clouded
and spotted with blackish brown, there being a dorsal
line, and on the abdomen four round spots to each
joint. Below the color is mostly brown, veined and
clouded with yellowish.

This species feeds on the leaves of spice-bush and
sassafras.

Atlantic, Southern, and Western States.

5. PAPILIO PALAMEDES, Drury.

Expanse of wings from 3.5 to 4 inches.

Upper surface olive-black ; the fore wings crossed by
two rows of prominent yellow spots, the costal three of the
inner row nearer the margin than the others, and having
another spot standing before them ; a bar at the end of
the discal cell. Hind wings with an outer row of yellow
lunules and a band corresponding to* the inner row of
the fore wing's. Between these there is a more or less

o

complete row of blue clouds, this space somewhat washed
with yellow : the more yellow the less blue. Anal ocellus
orange, partly bordered with yellow, not pupilled ; some
orange in the band near the internal margin. Tail .4

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 95

of an inch long, black, with a central ray of yellow.
Body black, with a yellow lateral stripe.

On the under side the fore wings are about as above ;
the hind wings have the band wliite, with orange clouds
on its outer edge between the veins, and each lunule has
a broad dash of orange ; the blue clouds more prominent
than above. There is also a dull yellow stripe across
the wings nearly parallel with the inner margin.

The egg is spherical, a little flattened at the base. The
color is greenish yellow. It hatches in five days.

The young larva is .1 of an inch long ; cylindrical,
greatly thickened from joints 3 to 6, from 6 tapering
to 12, then thickening to the end. There are eight rows
of fleshy processes, those at the ends being, larger than
the others. Color of body brownish yellow marked
with white; a white band, not very clearly defined,
passes along the sides of segments 3 to 8 ; segments 12
and 13 white. It moults in four days.

After the first moult, its length is .33 of an inch. In
this stage the two subdorsal rows of tubercles, or fleshy
processes, are minute on joints 6 to 10 ; the whole of
the two dorsal rows minute. Color yellow-brown,
darkest posteriorly ; white marks as before.

In two days it moults again, when it is .36 of an
inch long ; the same general shape as before. Joint 3 is
a little excavated on the anterior part of the dorsuni;
on the second is a square-topped ridge, but the processes
have disappeared. On joints 12 and 13 the processes
are as during preceding stage, but the rest of the dorsal
and subdorsal have disappeared. Color yellow-brown to
dark brown ; the sides of posterior segments of a black
hue; white stripes as before. During preceding stage

9G THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

joint 4 had a large suboval black ocellus in a narrow
yellow ring. Now the front part of ocellus is velvety
black, but back of this it is vitreous black.

After three days it moults the third time. The length
is .8 of an inch, color about the same, the anterior seg-
ments a little darker, their surfaces finely and thickly
but indistinctly dotted green ; the middle segments
lighter-colored and distinctly dotted green ; the side-
bands salmon color ; the last segments a redder salmon ;
13 white above base at extremity; along base of body,
with a little above spiracles, a white macular band ; on
dorsum of 13 are two small conical white processes; 011
dorsum of 5 are two abbreviated bars of red lilac, one
on each side in the subdorsal row, and on 6 to 10 is a
small rounded lilac spot on each in same row ; on side
of 8 to 10 one similar spot to each ; below the basal
ridge is a small indistinct blue-lilac spot on each segment
from 6 to 1 1 ; ocellus as before ; the buff ring now open
on anterior side ; head greenish yellow.

In four days more it moults the last time, taking nine
days from this to reach maturity. The mature larva is
1.6 inches long; cylindrical, shaped as during the pre-
ceding stages. Color dull velvety green on joints 3, 4,
5, and on 12, 13, nearly solid, but a little specked with
lighter green ; the other segments light and dark green
in fine markings ; the basal ridge whitish green ; under
this is a fine black line from 3 to 12, and on 6 to 11 is a
subtriangular blue spot in black edging on each segment
just below the line; 2 has a narrow yellow ridge in
front, nearly flat on top, the curves rounded ; on anterior
side of this and next it is a black subdorsal dash on
each side ; behind the ridge is a black rough band ;

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 97

the scent-organs light yellow-brown ; the ocellus on the
side of 4 with a vitreous black process, the circlet orange-
red, having a black stripe within its anterior edge, and
a blue spot on its upper side ; the blue spots along the
body are set in fine black rings ; on the dorsuin of 5 at
posterior edge is a buff spot just outside the lilac spot
and touching it ; head olive-green.

The chrysalis is 1.4 inches long, the ventral side
highly arched, the dorsum much incurved ; the former
narrow at summit, rounded, sides sloping. Color varia-
ble ; one phase shows the whole dorsal side a delicate
green, with a darker green dorsal stripe from mesonotuni
back ; below mesonotum a subdorsal low red tubercle on
each side; on either side of the abdominal segments
two rows of dull lilac points; whole ventral side one
shade of green, a little darker than dorsum and less
yellow ; lateral ridge cream color, more or less marked
by a red line, which broadens on the process of head ;
on ventral side below head two red dots near the middle
line ; a series of white dots along the margins of the
wing-cases ; below the ridge, on last segments, are traces
of blue spots.

The natural food-plant seems to be red bay, or Persea
Carolimmis, though they readily eat sassafras.

Gulf States, Florida to Virginia.

6. PAPILIO TURNUS, Linn.

Expanse of wings from 3.5 to 4.5 inches.

Upper surface of wings clear pale yellow, oosta and
outer border of fore wings, and outer and posterior bor-
der of hind wings, black ; the outer portion of the black

along the costa suffused with yellow ; the outer border
E g 9

98

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

having a row of eight yellow spots on the fore wings,
and five lunules on the hind wings, the first more or less
orange ; the anal ocellus orange, with yellow on the pos-
terior part, not pupillecl. The fore wings have four
black bands or stripes; the first, about one-fourth the
distance from the base to the outer margin, is continued

FIG. 17.

Papilio Turnus (natural size).

two-thirds across the hind wings, where it turns abruptly
to meet a black edging that extends along the base of
the fore wings and along the inner margin of the hind
wings to this point. The second extends from the
costa to the median vein, or sometimes beyond ; the third
extends from the costa across the end of the discal cell ;
the fourth, from the costa to the fifth subcostal venule or
beyond. The broad black terminal border of the hind

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 99

wings contains a series of more or less prominent inter-
vennlar blue clouds, sometimes small and not reaching the
costal end of the border, at other times suffusing most of
the black, and it may be some of the yellow. Tail .5 of
an inch long, black, edged on the inside with yellow.

Under side similar to the upper, but the black termi-
nal borders suffused with yellow, and the lunules washed

»/

with orange, there being a little of this on the posterior
part of the yellow ground color.

Body black, with a broad yellow stripe on each side.

Sometimes the ground color instead of being pale
yellow is more or less tinged with dark yellow border-
ing on orange, and this may be suffused with black.
These are transition stages between the typical form and
the black female.

Aberr. form 9 GLAUCA, Linn. — This is black instead
of yellow. In this case the spots and lunules of the
outer border remain the same, but the blue clouds of
the hind wings extend in a crescent band from the costa
to the internal margin, preceded by a wavy black line,
and more or less of the wing inside this line washed
with blue. The black ground color is usually dull, so
that the transverse black bands can be traced, at least on
the under side.

The eggs are nearly globular, smooth ; dark green when
first laid, but soon change to greenish yellow, speckled
with reddish brown.

The young larva is of a brownish color mottled with
black, and has a large whitish spot on the middle of the
back. On each side of the dorsurn on the second and
last three segments a tubercle, and two on each side of
third and fourth. Duration of this period four days.

100 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

During the .second stage, or after the first moult, the
color is blackish brown, mottled with light brown or
dark green, and dorsal ly dotted with white. Dorsal
patch yellowish, tubercles black. In five days it moults
the second time, when the length is .7 of an inch. The
color is mottled light and dark green on the anterior
and last segments ; the large patch salmon-colored, as
is often more or less of the last segment ; tubercles and
lilac spots as before ; on fourth segment a round ochra-
ceous patch appears, on which is a black ring with a lilac
centre ; head brown.

Moults the third time in four days, when the length
is one inch ; anterior segments much thickened. Color
green, the salmon patch nearly and sometimes wholly
lost ; the spots on joint 4 pale green, central points purple ;
on the same segment are two small purple spots between
the others ; on joint 5 is a row of four purple spots, and
on 9 to 11 there is one spot on each side of each. Moults

FIG. 18.

Papilio Turnus, full-grown larva.

the last time in five days. The mature larva is about
1.5 inches long, of a deep green color, paler beneath, the
head reddish brown. The anterior edge of segment 2
and the posterior part of segment 5 are yellow; the
anterior part of 6 is velvety black. Some examples
are dark reddish brown, or blackish, with the same

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 1Q1

markings. Head above pinkish brown. In about

seven days it changes to a chrysalis. This is 1.4 inches

long ; cylindrical, thickest at the fifth

and sixth segments, and tapering rap- FIG. 19-

idly to the last ; shaped as in Fig. 19.

Color variable. Some examples light

or wood-brown striped with dark

brown ; others very dark, either brown

or blackish ; some with a few broken

stripes of green.

rrn i /• -i • Papilio Turnus, pupa.

Ine Iarva3 feed on a great variety
of trees, — apple, quince, thorn, plum, cherry, birch, bass-
wood, ash, alder, oak, sassafras, catalpa, willow, and tulip-
tree being given. The eggs are deposited singly on the
leaves, and hatch in a little less than two weeks. The
mature larvae rest on the upper side of the leaf, covering
it with silk and curving it up so as partially to enclose
itself.

Atlantic States ; Mississippi Valley to Texas.

7. PAPILIO CRESPHONTES, Cram.

Expanse of wings from 4 to 5.25 inches.

Wings above olive-black, crossed by two rows of prom-
inent yellow spots. One row begins at. the apex of the
fore wings and extends across the hind wings near the
base, the part on the hind wings being a band reaching
from costa to inner margin. The second row begins on
the costa above the end of the cell, extends outward till
it meets the first row, the third spots of each row coa-
lescing ; opposite the sixth spot of the first row it is re-
newed, and extends in three spots to the posterior angle.

From the apex of the hind wings it is continued to the

9*

102 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

FIG. 20.

Papilio Cresphontes (natural size).

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

103

inner margin just below the ocellus. Ocellus jet-black,
with an orange bent bar, and clouded with blue on the
basal side. There are some blue clouds inside the yellow
row. Tail .4 of an inch long, black, with an ovate yellow
spot near the tip.

Most of the ground color of the under side yellow,
the blue clouds more distinct, and some orange beyond
the discal cell of hind wings and at the anal angle.

Body black above, sides and under parts yellow.

Egg spherical, a little flattened at the base, pale ochre,
with sometimes a greenish tinge, at other times inclining

to orange.

FIG. 21.

P. Cresphontes, larva.

The young larva is dark brown, beset with tubercles,
from which spring short hairs, the sixth and eleventh
segments straw color. After the first moult there is but
little change, as also after the second. After the third

104

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

moult the body becomes shining, the tubercles disappear-
ing, except on joints 2 to 5 ; thickest through joint 4 ;
from joint 4 to 5 an abrupt decrease in size, as shown
in the figure. Head olivaceous, the ridge on joint 2
pale olivaceous, parts of joints 6 and 7 creamy tinged
with olivaceous ; the terminal part of the body some-
what enlarged and pearly-whitish on the back, tinged
with olivaceous round the edges ; the rest of the body
olivaceous brown.

The mature larva is 1.75 inches long, shaped much
as before the last moult, a prominent ridge extending
across the second segment, along the sides and over the
back of segment 4, this being the highest part. Inside
this space it is somewhat flattened. The dark parts are
dark brown ; a white band extends from above the head
round to the elevation on joint 4, the lateral portion
being mottled with olive and brown ; several white rings

on the elevated ridge,

FIG. 22- and a few on the dor-

sum, of joint 5. On
the dorsuru of joints
6 to 8 is a light space
extending a little
over on the sides ;
another similar space
on the posterior part
of the body ; from
two to four small blue
spots on each joint
back of the third.

The chrysalis is 1.5 inches long, some a little shorter;
shaped as in the figure ; the abdomen with a subdorsal

P. Cresphontes, pupa.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 1Q5

row of small tubercles. Color variable. One form gray
marked with dark gray and brown, another pale green
marked with gray and brown ; the latter color mostly on
the head and down the ventral part of the thorax.

There are two broods of this insect in a season in
this latitude, the larva feeding on prickly-ash, orange,
hop-tree (Ptelea trifoliata), and Dwtamnus Fraxinella.

Southern and Western States ; Ohio, West Virginia,
Michigan, New York, Connecticut.

8. PAPILIO POLYDAMAS, Linn.

Expanse of wings 3.5 inches.

Color of upper surface greenish black ; a single row
of yellow spots to each wing, nearly parallel with the
outer margin. The apex is more produced than in the
preceding species, and the row of spots only partly fol-
lows the flexures ; the row on the hind Avings not curved
so much as the outer margin, and forming a continuous
band but for the black veins. No ocellus or tail.

On the under side the black has a brownish tinge ;
the yellow spots of the fore wings are repeated except
towards the apex, but the yellow spots of the hind wings
are absent ; but close to the margin are seven red spots,
the anal one a bar, the rest more or less figure-3-shaped.

Body black, with a narrow orange stripe on each side?
and orange spots on the collar.
• Indian River, Florida ; Cuba, Mexico.

106 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

SUBFAMILY PIERIN.E.

In the United States this subfamily contains all of
the Papilionidse except the genus Papilio. The butter-
flies do not have the tail to the hind wings, though a
few have an angle in the outer margin of these wings ;
and the inner margin of the hind wings is convex and
bent downward so that the two sides form a gutter, in
which the abdomen apparently rests. The larvae are
cylindrical, have a few scattered hairs over the body,
sometimes a fine short pile also, but lack the scent-
organ of the Papilios. Some of the chrysalides, as Pieris
and Colias, resemble those of the Papilios except in size,
but others are strongly projecting ventrally so as to be
nearly triangular.

9. PIEJIIS ILAIBE, Godt.

Expanse of wings 2.5 inches.

Wings white ; the apex brownish black, the costa and
the anterior two-thirds of the outer margin bordered with
the same ; a very slight border of black in the fringe of
the hind wings. This color is not repeated on the under
side except along the costa. The basal part of the costa
of the hind wings is tinged with dark yellow. Body
black, with white hairs.

Indian River, Florida; Texas, Arizona.

10. PIERIS MOFUSTE, Linn.

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches.
Wings white, costa black, a black border on the outer
margin, covering about the outer fourth of the wing at

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 1Q7

the apex, but narrowing to a point at the posterior angle.
This border is serrated on its inner edge, with two or
three white rays extending nearly across the border near
the apex. Hind wings with a very narrow border com-
posed of triangular spots. Female has a bowed black
line on the middle of the fore wings.

The under side has the border less distinct than above,
the veins colored, and a shade partly across the middle
of the hind wings. In the female the border is more
prominent than in the male.

This species, the largest one of the genus with us, is
spread over the Gulf portion of the Southern States,
where it is known as the Larger Cabbage Butterfly.

According to Professor Riley, the eggs are light yellow,
subovoid, with the base applied to the leaf, smooth.

The larva, when full grown, is about 1.6 inches long,
lemon-yellow in color, with four longitudinal bands of
a purplish shade. Each joint is somewhat spotted with
black and covered with sparse delicate bristles.

The chrysalis is pale yellowish marked with blackish,
and characterized by two black filamentous spines on
the middle of its body.

The food-plants are cabbage, kale, lettuce, turnip •
and it has also been found feeding on a species of Cleoine
and Polanisia.

Southern States, Texas.

11. PIERIS PROTODICE, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.8 inches.

Summer form, PKOTODICE, Bd. — Lee. Male. — Upper
surface white, fore wings with a broad black dash or bar
across the end of the discal cell (Fig. 23), and a submar-

108

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

Pieris Protodice, mule (natural size).

ginal row of three more or less distinct spots, the last
almost or quite touching the hind margin. There are

traces of rays run-
FIG. 23. nine; from this row

o

to the outer edge.
Hind wings with-
out spots.

On the under side
the spots and bars
are repeated ; the
veins of the hind
wings are broadly
marked with green-

ish yellow sprinkled with brown scales, and the tips of
the fore wings tinged with greenish yellow.

Female (Fig. 24). — The color is the same, and the

fore wings have the
bar at the end of
cell and the sub-
terminal row of
spots, but these
show a tendency
to blend, and the
outer margin sup-
ports a border of
triangles connect-
ing with the sub-

terminal row by rays. The hind wings have a zigzag sub-
terminal blackish line, the outer portions sending rays to
the margin, where they are somewhat expanded. The base
of both wings is more sprinkled with dark scales than in
the males. The under side similar to that of the male.

. 24.

P. Protodice, female (natural size).

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

109

Winter form, VERXALIS, Ed\v. — This form is smaller
than the summer form, and the dark colors are more
prominent. The spots of the subtermmal row of the
fore wings are more inclined to be connected. It ex-
pands scarcely 1.6 inches.

Body black, with some white hairs and scales.

The eggs are long, slender, pointed, and deposited
singly on the under side of the leaves of its food-plant,
often a number on one leaf.

FIG. 25.

P. Protodice, larva and pupa.

The larva when first hatched is of a uniform orange
color, with a black head. When full grown it averages
1.15 inches in length and is nearly cylindrical. The
most common color is green verging into blue, each
joint with six transverse wrinkles. There are four
longitudinal yellow lines each equidistant from the
other, and each interrupted by a pale blue spot on the
first and fourth wrinkles of each joint. There are traces
of another substigmatal line. On each wrinkle is a row
of various-sized, round, black, piliferous spots, those on

wrinkles one and four being largest and most regularly

10

110 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

situated ; a black hair arising from each spot. Head
concolorous with the body, covered with black spots, and
usually with a yellow or orange patch each side.

The chrysalis is .65 of an inch long, varying in color,
but mostly bluish gray more or less sprinkled with black,
with the ridges and prominences edged with buff or flesh
color.

This butterfly is usually known as the Southern
Cabbage Butterfly, though it is to be found in all parts
of the United States, from Canada to the Gulf, and from
the Atlantic to the Pacific. Though it has such a wide
range, it is to be met with as an injurious insect only
in the Southern States and the States bordering on
these. In the Northern States P. Rapce is more
common, in many places driving out Protodice. Where
the two occur, the European species is more destructive,
as the larvse of this species not only eat the outer leaves,
but may be found boring into the head as well, while
the Protodice larvae feed mostly on the outer leaves.

There are several broods during a season, the broods
somewhat intermingling, so that larvae of various stages
of growth may be found at any time. It hibernates in
the pupa state.

Middle, Southern, and Western States to the Pacific.

12. PIEEIS NAPI, Esper.

It has been shown by Mr. Edwards that some one
or more forms of this variable species are to be found
from Arctic America as far south as California on the
west, and Michigan and New England on the east,
being mostly represented in the regions farther to the
north. As a mere matter of information, the full ar-

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

rangeinent of the forms as found in Mr. Edwards's new
catalogue is given, with the locality of each, after which
those occurring in the Eastern United States will be
considered.

PIERIS NAPI, Esper.

Arctic form, BRYONI^, Ochs. — Alaska.
Yar. HULDA, Edw. — Kodiak, Alaska,

1. Winter form, YEXOSA, Scud. — California to British

Columbia.
Aberr. FLAVA, Edw. — California.

2. Winter form, OLERACEA-HIEMALIS, Harr.
Yar. BOREALIS, Grote. — Labrador, Anticosti.
Yar. FRIGIDA, Scud. — Boreal America.

Aberr. YIRGINIENSIS, Edw. — New York, Ontario.

3. 1. Summer form, ACADICA, Edw. — Newfound-

land.

2. Summer form, a. PALLIDA, Scud. — California to

British Columbia.
6. CASTORIA, Reak. — California to British

Columbia.
Aberr. FLAVA, Edw. — California.

3. Summer form, OLERACEA-^STIVA, Harr. —

New England to Michigan ; Ontario, Quebec.

Aberr. YIRGINIEXSIS, Edw. — Expanse of wings 1.7
inches. Upper side white, less pure than the form
Oleracea, and much obscured by gray-brown scales,
which are scattered over the whole surface, but are dense
on apex, costa, and basal half of fore wings, and at base
and along the subcostal and median venules of hind
wings ; a gray patch on costa of hind wings.

112

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

Under side wh'ite, the vcnules all bordered with gray-
brown, most conspicuously on the median vein of both
wings and the branches of this vein on hind wings ;
shoulder pale orange.

The female expands 1.9 inches; similar to the male,

the surface usually still
. 26. more obscured.

New York.
Summer form, OLE-

RACEA-^STIVA, HaiT.

This is often of larger
size of wings, and the
wings are thinner, and
purer white on the
upper side, than in
liiemalis(Fig. 26). Also
the base is less obscured,
and the costa, apex, and outer margin not at all. On the
under side it is either white or delicate yellow ; the veins
of both wings but scantily edged with brown scales, and
often not at all over considerable areas.

The females have the basal and apical areas pale gray,
and not infrequently there is a trace of the spot of Napi
on upper median interspace ; sometimes also a trace of
the second spot, and of the gray bordering to the hind
margin of fore wings. The veins beneath are more
edged with brown scales than in the male. The shoul-
ders of hind wings are of a very pale yellow, and often
there is no color at all.

New England to Michigan.

The eggs, represented in Fig. 27, are somewhat pear-
shaped, pale greenish white in color, marked with about

Pieris Napi, winter form, Oleracea-hiemalis :
a, larva.

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

113

FIG. 27.

fifteen sharp longitudinal ridges with cross-lines between.
Length about .05 of an inch.

The young larva is of a glassy white, thinly clothed
with fine short hairs. As with several other species, the
egg-shell from which it emerges forms the
first meal of the young larva.

The mature larva is about 1.25 inches
long, of a pale green color, with a darker
dorsal line, the entire surface covered with
fine short whitish hairs.

The chrysalis is of a greenish or whitibh
color finely speckled with black, and shaped
much as the other species.

The larva, when ready to pupate, leaves P- Napi) form
the cabbages and seeks some protected place oieracea; egg,
on the under side of a board or a fence-rail,
where it spins its button and loop of silk and changes
to a pupa. This habit is not confined to this species,
but is common to the rest of the genus occurring in the
eastern United States.

13. PlERIS VlRGINIEXSIS, Edw.

This is a form occurring in West Virginia, like Oie-
racea, except that it has no yellow on the under side of
the wings. It is single-brooded, producing no summer
form, while farther north the aberrant form Virginien-
sis is one of the spring forms of Oieracea, and the parent
of Oleracea-wstiva, a summer form. The preparatory
stages are like those of the preceding species, it seeming
to be a descendant of one of its forms, probably Ole-
racea-cestiva.

West Virginia.

h 10*

J14

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

Pieris Rapce, male (natural size).

14. PIERIS KAI-.K, Linn.
Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.8 inches.
Upper surface white, the usual form having a brownish-
or grayish-black patch across the apex. The male has a

submarginal round
spot in the first me-
dian interspace (see
Fig 28), and a some-
what elongated spot
on the costa of the
hind wings. The
females have a sec-
ond round spot at
the same distance
from the outer margin on the upper side of the subme-
dian vein. The base of the wings is dusted a little with

gray scales, more so
in the female.

On the under side
the fore wings are
white, pale yellowT to-
wards the apex, and
with two black spots
in both sexes corre-
sponding to the two
on the upper side of
the fore wings of the female. Hind wings pale yellow,
without marks, but sprinkled with black atoms.
Body black above, white beneath.
Var. NbvJE-ANGLLE, Scud. — This form occurs, so far
as is now known, only in the Eastern States and New

/ *-

York. Ground color of both wings dull sulphur-yellow.

FIG. 29.

P. Rapse, female (natural size).

EASTERN UNITED STATES. H5

Farther south the winter form, or the one that comes
in early spring from, chrysalides that have hibernated,
tends to pure white on the upper surface. One male
in the writer's cabinet has an obscure patch on the apex
of the fore wings, and the costal mark of the hind wings
about as much obscured, no trace of the spot in the me-
dian interspace except what shows through from below.
Another male has scarcely a trace of the apical patch, or
the costal mark, with perhaps half a dozen scales in the
median interspace. On the under side these specimens
differ a little from the usual form, both being more suf-
fused \vith black on the hind wings, the fore wings witli
scarcely any or" no yellow at the apex, and only a few
scales in place of the usual dots.

Var. MANXI, Mayer. — This is a pale yellow form,
having all the usual markings, but the upper surface pale
yellow of a clear type and not ochraceous-tinted. Under
side like the others. Found in both sexes.

Georgia ; Chicago, Illinois.

The larva of this species feeds on cabbage, turnips,
and some other plants. It is not a native of this country,
but was introduced from Europe about 1863, since which
time it has spread over the most of the United States.
It is usually known as the European Cabbage Butter-

fly-

The eggs are deposited irregularly over the surface of
the leaf of the food-plant, mostly on the under side.
They are somewhat pear-shaped, flattened at the base,
and the apex truncate. In color they are yellowish,
marked with twelve longitudinal ribs, crossed by very
fine lines between.

The young larva is pale yellow. It first eats the shell

116

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

FIG. 30.

of the egg from which it emerges, then covers a space
with silk, where it rests except when feeding.

When full grown, the larva is about an inch and a
half long, of a pale green color, finely dotted with

black ; a pale yellow dorsal stripe,
sometimes indistinct, and a row of
yellow spots along the region of the
stigmata.

The chrysalis (Fig. 30, 6) varies in
color from a dull yellowish green to
an ash-gray, a light gray with nu-
merous black points being the most
common form.

There are probably two broods of
this species in the most northern por-
tions of the United States, in the lat-
itude of Southern Illinois three at
least occur, and it is quite probable
that still farther south there are four or five. Like the
other species, it hibernates in the pupa state.

New England to the Rocky Mountains ; south to
Georgia.

15. NATHALIS IOLE, Bd.

Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.15 inches.

Upper surface yellow ; a large patch of black across
the apex of fore wings, and a stripe of the same along
the hind margin. The fringes and a little along the
outer part of the costa are yellow ; and the black along
the hind margin does not quite reach that margin, nor
does it extend to the end of the wing, but bends forward
a little before reaching the posterior angle, where it is

P. Rapte : a, larva ; b,
pupa.

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

117

FIG. 31.

Nathalis lole, female.

more or less completely separated from the apical patch
by yellow.

The hind wings have a black stripe along the basal
two-thirds of the costa, the rest of the wing being yellow
in the male, except a few black
scales on the outer ends of some
of the veins ; but in the female
there is a partial broad, dusky
outer border, separated from the
black of the costa by a yellow
space, the surface having a tinge
of yellow.

On the under side the posterior stripe of the fore
wings is repeated, in the female somewhat dull, the
bent portion being replaced by three dots ; in the female
these three dots, or spots, form a prominent posterior
part of a subterniinal row, the posterior stripe wanting
or dull. The anterior and outer portion of the fore
wings is, in both sexes, washed witli orange • the apex
and hind wings of the female grayish.

Var. IRENE, Fitch. — This has the under side of the
fore wings destitute of a blackish central dot, and of the
three black spots near the posterior angle, the posterior
one is connected with the posterior stripe ; and the base
of the wing instead of its outer margin is orange-yellow.

Illinois, Missouri to California, New Mexico, Arizona.

16. ANTHOCHARIS OLYMPIA, Edw.

Expanse of wings 1.25 inches.

Upper surface white, gray at base of wings ; a large
gray patch at the apex of the fore wings, partially re-
placed by white. Costal margin slightly specked with

118 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

black; a black bar at the end of cell. Tlic hind wings
have a few black scales at the outer angle and a small
wedge-shaped black spot near the base on costa.

Under side white. The fore wings have a small gray
subapical patch on costa, nearly covered with green
scales, and a faint greenish patch on the outer margin.
Discal spot narrow, lunate, enclosing a white streak.

Hind wings crossed by bands of yellow-green on a
gray ground. The one near the base is slightly trifid
on the costa, the outer one broadly trifid, but running
from the outer margin instead of the costa, the middle
and outer one joined on the median vein. There is also
a spot of the same color between the anterior ends of the
second and third.

Body black above, the under side white, the thorax
tinged with greenish yellow.

West Virginia, Indiana, Nebraska.

17. ANTHOCHARIS GENUTIA, Fab.

Expanse of wings 1.55 inches.

Upper surface white, with a large orange apical patch,
bordered outwardly with black, in which there are seven
yellowish- white spots on the edge of the wing. There
is a black dot at the end of the discal cell, some specks
on the costa, and several somewhat triangular spots on
the outer border of both wings.

Under side of hind wings and apex of fore wings
pale greenish yellow, the rest of fore wings tinged very
slightly with this color; hind wings and apex of fore
wings finely netted with black. Discal dot of fore wings
reproduced.

Body black above, white below; antennae annulate

EASTERN UNITED STATES. H9

with black and white. Apex of fore wings produced
so that the outer margin is excavated below the apex.
New York to Virginia ; Western States, Texas.

18. CALLIDBYAS EUBULE, Linn.

Expanse of wings 2.5 inches.

Upper surface bright lemon-yellow, usually paler on
the internal margin of hind wings; and the male with
paler rays of raised scales extending inward from the
outer margin of the fore wings between the veins, the
anterior five of these rays extending almost to the cell,
the rest triangular. The hind wings have a similar
border, but it is narrower and more continuous. The
male is without spots; the female has a dark brown
spot with a ferruginous centre at the end of the cell
of the fore wings, and the costa and fringe brown, with
brown at the ends of the veins.

The under side of the male is almost a greenish yellow,
Avith a more or less distinct ferruginous bar at the end
of the cell of the fore wings, and a white or silvery spot
circled with ferruginous on the cell of the hind wings. In
some examples there are no other marks, but in others
there are traces of marks Avhich are more distinct in the
female.

The under surface of the female is greenish yellow,
but little darker than the male, with the costa rosy and
the fringe ferruginous brown. There is a bar at the end
of cell of fore wings composed of five rosy spots circled,
and separated by brown and ferruginous. On the end
of cell of hind wings are two silvery- white spots circled
like the others, and set in a patch of brown and fer-
ruginous scales. On the fore wings beyond the cell are

120 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

two rows of elongate, wavy, ferruginous and brown
patches, one of these, of three spots, extending from near
the apex obliquely inward, and the other, of two spots,
submarginal and nearly parallel with the outer margin.

The hind wings are similarly marked, except that the
first row has only two spots ; there being also six more
or less distinct round spots near the base, — two above the
cell, one in the cell, two below the cell, and one at the
insertion of the wings. There are also three others
farther out below the cell. The fore wings are usually
sprinkled with fine ferruginous scales.

Thorax black above, the head and prothorax more or
less rosy, abdomen yellow; all the under parts yellow.
Antennae rose tipped with ferruginous.

In the larval state this species is said to feed on the
species of Cassia.

Southern States to West Virginia and Ohio, Illinois,
Iowa, Arizona, Southern California; occasionally in
New York and Rhode Island.

19. CALLIDEYAS SENN^, Linn.

Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.75 inches.

Male. — Upper surface clear lemon-yellow, the same
shade as C. Eubule. Like that species, this has an outer
border of intervenular spots of the same shade of yellow
as the wings, and the scales composing these spots are
slightly raised, as though placed over the others, so that
in certain lights they seem lighter than the other parts,
the remainder of the wing having in the same lights a
slight greenish tinge. On the fore wings, beginning at
the costa, those in the first and second subcostal inter-
spaces reach almost to the base of these spaces, the same

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 121

as they do in Eubule, the third does not go quite so near,
while the fourth does not extend more than a third of
the distance from the margin to the cell, in Eubule both
of these going as near to the cell as do the first and
second. The remainder are blunt conical, similar to
those of the border of Eiibule, but a little more blunt.
In one small specimen from Indian River, Florida, all
of these are more abbreviated than in the above descrip-
tion. On the hind wings the border is a band scarcely
sinuous on the inner edge, narrowing towards the anal
angle. In the small specimen the border extends along
only the anterior half of the margin. Like Eubu'c,
there are no colored spots on the upper surface.

Under side a little darker than above, slightly orange-
tinted, except along the hind margin of the fore wings.
Marked after the pattern of Eubule. There are on the
fore wings two purplish-brown spots on the end of the
cell, the lower twice as large as the upper, elliptical, with
an elliptical rosy patch in the centre; the upper with
rosy scales on the cross- vein. In addition, there are
the usual three series of spots along the outer margin,
— the first three parallel with the apical portion of the
costa, and situated in the first three subcostal interspaces ;
the next three in the next three interspaces, extending
obliquely inward, the lower spot not quite half-way from
the margin to the cell ; the third series contains only
two spots, lying nearly parallel with the outer margin :
these spots vary from a washing to sprinkling of dark
brown scales with a few rosy.

Hind wings have one spot at the end of the cell with
a central silver spot, and four rows of somewhat scattered

spots, all of them a little oblique : the first row consists of
F 11

122 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

a rosy spot at the base of the wing and a dark one on
each side of the costal vein in line ; the second, passing
obliquely through nearly the middle of the cell, contains
three geminate spots ; the third, not quite in a straight
line, contains the spot at the end of the cell, which is
composed of several small spots ; the fourth, submarginal,
consists of four elongate, irregular patches, the third near-
est the margin. Besides these, both wings are sparsely
sprinkled with orange scales. The margin of each wing
is edged with a fine line, with orange-brown points at the
ends of most of the veins.

Female. — About three forms of this sex are to be
met with. One is of the same color above as the male,
with a dark brown round spot at the end of the cell,
nearly divided by a rosy orange line ; and a brown
edging along the outer margin of the fore wings, with
small spots at the ends of the veins, these being mere
points on the hind wings, and the edge orange. Another
form is dirty whitish yellow, the discal spot a little
larger ; and both Avings have a terminal border of quite
prominent, slightly lunate spots, there being four or
five small clusters of scales within the margin in the
subcostal and discal interspaces. Another form is more
like the first, but less clear yellow. A fourth form is
smaller • than the others, expanding about two inches.
In this the general color is darker than in the male, with
the hind wings considerably orange-tinted. The spot at
end of cell is fully twice as large as in the first, with the
central spot shorter and broader, the outer border broader
than in the second form, some of the spots approaching
conical, with, on the fore wings, the three series of three
spots each of the under side represented by small patches

EASTERN UNITED STATES. ]23

of scales. On the hind wings the two small spots of the
under side at the end of the cell show through.

Under side of the same orange-tinted color as in the
male, but darker ; marks the same, but generally heavier.
The first form has the two discal spots at the end of the
cell blended, an irregular dark brown outline within in a
rosy orange patch, with some silver scales in the centre ;
the hind wings have a round silver mark at the end of the
cell on the cross-vein, and another above and outside,
both in a rosy orange patch, with a sprinkling of orange
scales, the other spots not heavier than in the male. The
second form is dirty whitish yellow as above, as also the
third ; the discal spot of the fore wings is larger and mostly
rosy silver, the terminal border more prominent. The
fourth example differs from the others in having the
marks much heavier ; the spot at the end of the cell
of the fore wings is a large silver patch, somewhat
divided into four parts ; the subterminal spots and the
rows on the hind wings are inclined to blend, and the
outer margin has a terminal border of rosy scales which
shades out into the general color, almost reaching, on
the fore wings, the subterminal spots ; and the surface is
more sprinkled with the rosy scales.

Thorax black above, with whitish hairs ; abdomen
yellow ; head brownish rosy, extending to the tip of
palpi, sides rosy ; beneath yellow, more or less tinted
with orange.

The larva is said to be deep citron-yellow, punctured
wTith black, and a blue transverse line on each segment ;
abdomen below and feet yellow, with a lateral range of
small blue lines above the feet.

Food-plant, Cassia.

124 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

Indian River, Florida; Texas, Arizona, Southern
Illinois.

20. CALLIDKYAS PHILEA, Linn.

Expanse of wings 3.5 inches.

Female. — Upper surface dark yellow, washed a little
with orange along the costa, with a prominent orange
border to the hind wings not quite reaching the apex,
there being a marginal row of dark brown spots along
the outer third of the costa to the apex and round the
outer margin of both wings. At the apex these are
blended into an apical patch. Discal dot not very
prominent. The fore wings have a submarginal row of
spots answering to those usually found on the under
side.

Under side yellow, heavily sprinkled with ferruginous,
more prominent towards the base of the hind wings.
Marks similar to those of C. Sennce, but heavy, and the
brown has a washing of rose color.

The males are yellow, with a patch of light orange
near the anterior margin of the fore wings, nearer the
base than the outer margin. Hind wings with the
orange border similar to that of the female, except that
it lacks the brown spots.

Occasionally in Texas, Illinois, and Wisconsin.

21. CALLIDRYAS AGARITHE, Bd.

Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 3 inches.

Male. — Upper surface clear light orange, a little paler
over the inner portion of the hind wings ; without spots,
but with a terminal border of elevated scales which in
certain lights seem to be paler ; the border in width

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 125

nearly one-fourth the length of the fore wing, but about
half as wide on the hind wings ; crenate on the inner
edge on the fore wings.

Under side paler yellow than above, but orange-tinted,
scarcely darker than the under side of the male Sennce ;
nearly without marks. At the end of the cell of the
fore wings there is usually a small blackish-brown spot,
with or without a few rosy scales, some examples not
having either the black or the rosy. There is a more or
less distinct oblique stripe of dark scales extending from
near the apex to near the hind margin, usually stopping
at the lower branch of the median, opposite the lower side
of the cell, almost half-way from the outer edge to the cell.
The hind wings have at the end of the cell a faint dark
brown circle, and one in the interspace above outside
the cell ; in .some examples scarcely a trace of these.
Besides these there are traces of a submarginal row of
spots, and a row through the end of the cell like Scnnce,
but they are represented by a few scattered scales or not
at all ; also some scales in the places along the costa and
near the base of the cell, representing an inner row.

Female. — This is more of the color of the dirty yellow
form of Sennce, or dirty whitish yellow. At the end of
cell of fore wings an elliptical blackish-brown spot ; the
costa blackish brown, the costal margin sprinkled with
this, the apex blackish brown ; along the outer margin
a series of brown semi-oval spots at the ends of the veins,
which are not quite connected, these extending along the
hind wings nearly to the anal angle. Extending from
the apical patch on the fore wings is an oblique row of
six spots separated by the veins, and three smaller ones

in the subcostal interspaces. The hind wings have three

11*

126 THK BUTTERFLIES OF THE

submarginal spots, which are not quite so distinct as those
on the fore wings.

Under side whitish sprinkled with rosy scales, es-
pecially along the outer margin and apex of fore wings
and outer margin of hind wings ; subterminal row of
spots of the upper side repeated, but not the terminal.
The spot at the end of the cell is large, long, silvery,
surrounded with blackish scales, broken into four or five
parts, much as on Sennce.

The hind wings have the silver spots, one on the cross-
vein at the end of the cell and the other on the inter-
space above and outside, these circled with blackish
brown and with rosy scales. Besides these there are
the same traces of spots that are found on the male,
though a little more prominent.

Thorax black, with whitish hairs, abdomen yellow,
head and palpi above dark, below concolorous with the
wings ; antennae brown, with brownish tip.

Florida, Texas, Kansas, Arizona, occasional in Ne-
braska.

22. KEICOGONIA LYSIDE, Godt.

Expanse of wings from 1.7 to 1.95 inches.

Upper surface white, in some examples very slightly
green-tinted. The fore wings with the basal third
bright lemon-yellow, shading a little into the white on
the outer edge ; the apex yellow-tinted ; the base of the
wing black-edged. Hind wings uniform white, except a
little tinting of yellow at the base.

There are two forms of this, a winter form, LYSIDE,
Godt,, which has the upper surface as above described ; the
under side of the fore wings as on the upper surface, ex-

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 127

cept that there is more yellow at the apex, and the costal
margin is yellow-tinted. The hind wings uniform pale
yellow, heavily sprinkled with whitish or slightly buff-
tinted scales, giving the wing a slight grayish cast ; a
few brown scales on the middle of the cross-vein.

Summer form, TERISSA, Luc., is like the winter form
above, except that there is a bronzy black bar about .15
of an inch long on the hind wings from the costa back
about two-thirds the distance from the base. The under
side of fore wings the same, but the hind wings are more
yellow-tinted, lack the whitish scales, and the brown on
the cross-vein is more distinct.

Texas ; Indian River, Florida.

23. COLIAS C^SONIA, Stoll.

Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 2.5 inches.

Upper surface yellow, with a broad terminal border,
the inner part bent inward along the costa, and making
a deep sinus between the second discal and the second
median venule. The base of the wing has a heavy
shading of black scales, the anterior portion extending
half-way across the wing, and from the median vein to
the costa. This leaves the yellow portion somewhat
resembling a dog's head, the discal dot answering for an
eye. Hind wings with a narrow black border, dentate
on the inside ; an orange discal spot, and a smaller one
just outside the cell.

In the female the yellow of the fore wings is more
encroached upon by the black basal shading, with a
sprinkling of black atoms over the " dog's head," and
rays of black between the veins of the hind wings.
There is also a slight blue reflection over the " dog's

128

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

head." Costa, antennae, and portions of the fringe
rosy.

On the under side the discal spots are more prominent
than above, and pupilled with silver ; a submarginal row

FIG. 32.

Colias Caesonia, male (natural size).

of dots are black on the fore wings, but red on the hind
wings. Ground color of hind wings and apical portion
of fore wings dark yellow ; a rosy ray from the body
outward on the hind wings.

The larva is said to be green, with a lateral white
band, punctured with yellow ; -besides this band, there is
on each segment a transverse black baud, bordered with
yellow. It feeds on the different species of clover.

Southern States, Mississippi Valley, Texas to Cali-
fornia ; occasional in Minnesota.

24. COLIAS EURYTHEME, Bd.

Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.35 inches.
Varying considerably in color, but the usual form of
male orange-yellow, shading to sulphur-yellow on the

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 129

costa of both wings and on inner margin of hind wings ;
the base and inner margin sprinkled with black scales.
Outer border black, broadest at apex, somewhat irregular
on inner edge, extending a little on the costa and hind
margin of fore wings ; the anterior veins yellow where
they cross the black. In width the border is about one-
fourth the length of the wing. Discal spot black. On
the hind wrings the border is narrower, and does not
reach the anal angle. Discal spot of hind wings oraniiv,
composed of two spots. Both wings have a roseate
reflection.

Under side yellow, middle of fore wings tinged with
orange. On both wings a subterminal row of dots, the
three posterior of the fore wings black, the rest brownish,
also two dots on the costa near the apex. Discal spots
repeated, the anterior black, with a few light scales ;
posterior geminate, silvery, annulate with roseate brown
or ferruginous ; a dash on the costa of the hind wings
near the apex, and a rosy spot at the base.

The typical female is of the same general color, a
little more yellow along the costa and beyond the discnl
cell. The border instead of being solid black contains
a row of yellow spots, the -third from the posterior end
on the fore wings subobsolete. The hind wings have
the border wider than in the males, and it contains the
rudiments of a row of spots. The black scales scattered
over the base cover more of the wings than in the male.
Under side similar to that of the male.

A white or albino female form is sometimes found,
with all the markings as in the yellow form. There
are the following seasonal and local variations from the
typical form.

130 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

-Winter form, .VmAU^E, Edw. This lias an expanse
of wings in the male of from 1.3 to 1.6 inches; in the
female, of from 1.6 to 1.8 inches. The upper surface is
of a bright lemon-yellow. On the fore wings an orange
patch extends from the hind margin to the median vein
or beyond, sometimes very pale, but usually decided and
gradually passing into the yellow beyond.

Hind wings sometimes slightly tinted, but more often
without orange save the discal spot. Marginal borders
narrow, scarcely half as wide as in the form Keeway-
din.

Under side more greenish yellow than Keewaydinj a
large double discal spot on the hind wings, silver, annu-
late with ferruginous, and placed in a patch of pink
ferruginous.

In the female the orange on the fore wings is much
as in the male, the hind wings greenish yellow much
dusted over with black scales. Marginal borders narrow,
the border on the fore wings only partly enclosing the
submarginal spots, or even without trace of spots, es-
pecially on the -hind wings.

This form is found only in the Southern States, more
distinctly marked in Texas than elsewhere : here the
summer form Eurytlieme flies through the summer, but
the forms Ariadne and Keewaydin, from chrysalides win-
tered over, take its place in the spring, Ariadne being the
first one that emerges. In the Northern States Keeway-
din is the winter form, while in the mountain regions
Keewaydin and Eurytlieme are found flying together
during the summer.

Winter form, KEEWAYDIN, Edw. This may be
known from the typical Eurytheme by its smaller size,

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

its duller yellow and less roseate reflection, and both
sides more sprinkled with black scales. The costal yel-
low of the fore wings is broader, encroaching more upon
the orange, the latter being deepest near the base. In
some specimens there is very little or even no orange on
the fore wings, and in the latter case there is no orange
on the hind wings except the large discal spot. Those
specimens that have considerable orange on the fore
wings have the hind wings washed with orange, but not
so deep as the fore wings. The orange discal spot is
larger than in the form Eurytheme.

On the under side the yellow is less of a deep yellow
and more of a greenish yellow, resulting from a sprink-
ling of fine black scales. The discal spot of the fore
wings is more or less triangular, white in the centre;
the hind wings have one or two discal spots, annulate,
with roseate scales, less ferruginous than the typical form.

Summer form, EURYTHEME, Bd. — This is the form
first described.

The egg of this species is .06 of an inch long, narrow,
fusiform, tapering evenly from the middle to each ex-
tremity, the base broad, the summit pointed; ribbed
longitudinally, and crossed by numerous striae. Color
buff-white when first deposited, but after one or two days
changing to crimson, and near the close of the stage to
black.

The young larvae are cylindrical, of even diameter to
the eleventh segment, each segment several times creased,
and on the ridges thus formed many black points, from
which spring white hairs. Color dark brown or choco-
late.

After the first moult the length is .125 of an inch;

132 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

shaped as before; body covered with minute black
tubercles, disposed on the ridges so as to form both
longitudinal and transverse rows, each tubercle sending
out a white hair. Color dull green, head ovoid, dark
brown.

After the second moult the length is .28 of an inch.
Color dark green, head as before.

After the third moult the length is .45 of an inch ;
cylindrical, long and slender. Color dark green ; at
base of body a white stripe, through which runs a crim-
son line, and under this stripe are black, semicircular or
ovate spots, sometimes seen only on segments 3 to 6, but
usually from 3 to 11, sometimes wanting. Towards the
last of the stage a paler subdorsal line. Tuberculated
and pilose as before.

After the fourth moult the length is .56 of an inch.
Color dark green, but varying, some examples having
the sides only dark, the dorsum yellowish ; the subdorsal

•*

stripe sometimes wanting, but usually present. Head
ovoid, yellowish green.

The mature larva is from 1.1 to 1.2 inches long,
cylindrical, each joint as in the early stage several times
creased, and on the ridges thus formed several fine
papillae, white or black, each supporting a fine short
white hair. Color dark green, at the base of body a
band of pure white, through which runs a bright crimson
line from segments 2 to 11 almost continuously. Be-
neath this band, from joint 3 to 12, is a large semicircular
or semi-ovate black spot to each joint, the anterior ones
largest. There is a faint white subdorsal line thickened
at the posterior end of each joint so as to present a well-
defined white spot. Above this a line of crimson, broken

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 133

on each segment. Beneath these lines, on joints 5 to 10,
is a black dot to each joint. Under side, feet and legs
pale green ; head ovoid, pale or yellow green.

The chrysalis has the anterior part and the wing-cases
dark green, the abdomen yellow-green. There is a light
buff stripe on each side of the abdomen from the end
of the wing-cases to the extremity, and on the ventral
side of this stripe a demi-band of dark brown. Between
the stripe and the bend are three black dots, one to each
segment, with a submarginal row of black dots on the
wing-cases.

(lover forms the food-plant of this species.

Western States to the Pacific; occasionally in the
Middle States to Massachusetts.

25. COLIAS PHILODICE, Godt.

Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.5 inches.

Upper surface of wings sulphur-yellow, with a broad
terminal border of black, broader on the fore wings of
the female than on those of the male, and containing a
submarginal row of yellow spots which are absent in the
male. Discal dot of fore wings black,, elliptical in the
males, oval in the females ; on the hind wings orange,
usually with a smaller accompanying dot. The antennae,
costa, collar, and fringes are roseate.

Under side about the same color as above, but sprinkled
more or less with brown scales, except from the cell to
the posterior margin of the fore wing, the winter forms
more heavily sprinkled than the summer. Discal spots
silvery in the centre, the anterior annulate with black,
the posterior brown set in a pinkish-brown patch. There
is a submarginal row of dots, the last three on the fore

12

134 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

wings black, all the rest brown with pink-brown scales ;
a roseate spot at the base of hind wings.

A female form occurs with the wings nearly or quite
white, and also a black form. The winter forms, or
those from hibernating chrysalides, are usually somewhat
smaller than the summer forms.

The eggs are pale yellow when first deposited, but
change in a few hours to a dark crimson. They are
spindle-shaped, attached by one end, ribbed longitudi-
nally, and crossed by numerous stride. These are de-
posited on the leaves of clover, Medicago (lucern), buf-
falo-pea, and some other allied plants. From these a
brownish-green larva hatches in six or seven days which
is .06 of an inch long, cylindrical, of uniform size from
segment 2 to segment 11, then tapering to the last. Color
brownish green, each segment creased by four or five
transverse creases ; each ridge with several black dots
on each side, each dot supporting a short whitish clubbed
process. Head obovate, dark brown. At first the larva
eats little holes in the leaves, but as it grows older it
eats the whole leaf from the outside.

After the first moult it is .12 of an inch long; shaped
and creased as before ; the whole upper surface covered
with minute whitish tubercles which are black at their
summits, these tubercles forming longitudinal and trans-
verse rows on the ridges. Color dull green ; head black.

After the second moult the length is .3 of an inch.
Color blue-green, showing a faint whitish lateral . stripe ;
head pale green ; tuberculated as before.

After the third moult the length is .7 of an inch ; the
principal changes are : lateral stripe white and distinct,
with usually a red or orange discoloration on the anterior

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 135

segments, sometimes black lunate spots beneath the
stripe.

The mature larva is 1.2 of an inch long ; cylindrical,
tapering slightly from joint 7 to the anal and from joint
5 to the head ; the tubercles and white hairs as before.
Color dark green, pale on the under side ; in line with
the spiracles a white or creamy- white stripe, through the
middle of which runs a streak of crimson, broken at
the junction of the segments ; frequently below this
stripe is a series of lunate black spots. Head pale

green.

The chrysalis is an inch long, of a yellowish-green
color, with a yellow line along each side. From the
time that the egg is deposited to the emergence of the
butterfly from the chrysalis is about forty days during
the warm part of the year, and the number of broods
will vary according to the locality. This is not usually
considered a very injurious insect, but Professor C. H.
Fernald, of Orono, Maine, estimates that these cater-
pillars often destroy as much as twenty-five per cent, of
the entire clover-crop. Their numerous parasites and
other enemies serve in a great measure to keep them in
check.

Atlantic States to the Mississippi Valley.

26. COLIAS INTERIOR, Scud.

Expanse of wings 2.25 inches.

Professor Fernald says that the males of this species
closely resemble those of C. Philodice, except that the
submarginal row of dots on the under side of the wings
is entirely wanting in both sexes, and the terminal black
band of the fore wings does not reach the hind margin,

136 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

am] is almost wholly wanting on the hind wings of the
females.
Maine.

27. TERIAS NICIPPE, Cram.

Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.9 inches.

Upper surface orange ; a black terminal band in the
males unbroken from the posterior angle of the fore
wings to the base of the costa, but broadest at the apex ;
the basal portion on the costa washed with yellow. On
the hind wings the border extends from apex to anal
angle, the inner edge irregular. Inner margin of hind
wings yellow.

The female has the border of the fore wings broken
at the posterior angle, and the anal half of the border to
the hind wings is so much suifused Avith orange as to
leave only scattering black scales, most numerous on
the veins. There is a narrow black discal spot on the
fore wings of both sexes.

This species may vary from the color given above to
sulphur-yellow, but orange is the color of most speci-
mens.

Under side of the hind wings canary-yellow, the fore
wings yellow along the costa and terminal border, the
rest orange. Males with a brown spot on the costa of
hind wings two-thirds the length from the body out,
and brown scales scattered over the surface ; discal spot
of fore wings not prominent. Females have a white
space towards the outer end of the hind wings enclosed
in a subterminal row of brown spots, the first two united
and continued obliquely inward nearly across the white
space ; on the inside three spots in a row, the middle of

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 137

which is on the end of the cell. Fore wings as in the
males.

This species feed on senna, Cassia Marilandica, and
possibly other species. The eggs are long, narrow, spindle-
shaped; the .sides marked by about thirty longitudinal
ribs without cross-strise. When first deposited they are
greenish yellow, turning red after a few hours.

The young larva is whitish, semi-translucent, a few
whitish clubbed appendages to each segment.

The mature larva is about an inch long, cylindrical,
thickest through joints 2 and 3. Dorsal surface pale
green, the lower part of the sides soft whitish green.
Each joint has four or five creases, and on the ridges are
small tubercles, which send out short hairs. Along the
basal ridge is a whitish stripe, sometimes containing an
orange patch to each joint, or there is an orange line the
whole length. The chrysalis is long, slen-
der ; the ventral side greatly produced, so
as to be somewhat triangular. Color of

o

dorsum pale green or whitish green, with
a darker line ; of wing-cases and ventral
side of abdomen, yellow-green, side-ridges
cream color, with several brown spots on
different parts of the body. Terift8 Nicippe'

. . pupa.

Pacific to the Gulf of Mexico, Missis-
sippi Valley, Arizona, California; occasional in New
England.

28. TERIAS MEXICANA, Bd.

Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.9 inches.

Upper surface pale yellow, the anterior half of the hind

wings deeper yellow. Fore wings with a broad black ter-

12*

138

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

niinal bonier, attenuated on the posterior margin to near
the base, a broad quadrate of yellow in the middle ex-
tending two-thirds the distance across the border. Fringe

FIG. 34.

Terias Mexicana, male.

and apical portion of the costa white. The hind wings
have a prominent angle at the end of the first median
venule, a narrow terminal border ending before reaching
this angle, with scarcely a trace of a discal dot. The
female is a little more yellow.

Under side yellow, except the posterior two-thirds of
the fore wings, which are almost white. Discal dots
more prominent than above ; a broken brown bar ex-
tending nearly across the hind wings from above the
anal angle, and some brown scales scattered over the
surface.

This species seems to be gradually spreading over the
North and East ; the habitat as given in Mr. Edwards's
new catalogue being Texas, Arizona, Southern California,
Kansas ; occasional in Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, and Wis-
consin, and Ontario, Canada ; the last four places having
been added since 1877.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 139

•

29. TERIAS LISA, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings from 1.15 to 1.45 inches.

Male. — Upper surface yellow, a black terminal border
broadest at the apex, narrow at posterior angle, the inner
edge of the border somewhat dentate, the costa suffused
with black scales. The hind wings have a narrow border
also dentate within ; a few black scales on the cross-bar
of fore wings. Fringe roseate, antennae and collar black.

Under side uniform yellow, with scattered brown
scales, part of those on the hind wings forming a more
or less distinct submarginal row of spots ; a pinkish or
pinkish-brown apical spot to the hind wings.

The female differs from the male in the border of the
fore wings not reaching the posterior angle, in that of the
hind wings being more or less abbreviated, in the ground
color being a duller yellow, and in the base of the fore
wings being more densely powdered with blackish.

Specimens occur having the ground color whitish or
white.

The larva is green, with four lines along the body, and
is said to feed on clover and some other leguminous
plants.

Isle of Shoals, Maine ; south to the Gulf of Mexico ;
Western States, Arizona. .

30. TERIAS DELIA, Cram.

Expanse of wings from 1.15 to 1.5 inches.

Upper surface citron-yellow, with a broad, black,
terminal border, broadest at the apex, and somewhat
dentate internally, terminating abruptly before reaching
the posterior angle ; costa sprinkled with black scale.-;.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

A black bar runs along the posterior part of the fore
wing, parallel with the hind margin, not reaching the
posterior angle, and bordered with darker yellow below.

The hind wings have a somewhat triangular apical
patch in line with some indistinct marginal points or
rays on the ends of the veins. Fringes rosy above.

Under side of the fore wings yellow, with the outer
margin .and apical portion wine-red. Hind wings tinged
with wine-red, and having a transverse undulate, brown-
ish, interrupted band.

On the female the black longitudinal bar is nearly
wanting, and the base is sprinkled with blackish.

The larva is green, with a longitudinal white line above
the feet, and is said to feed on clover, Cassia, and per-
haps other allied plants.

Gulf States.

31. TERIAS JUCUNDA, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.4 inches.

Closely related to the preceding, but is white on the
under side of the hind wings, and without pink or wine
color on the under side of the fore wings. The white
is sprinkled over with gray scales.

The female is paler, marked like the female of T.
Delia, the fore wings powdered with blackish. Under
side like the male.

Gulf States.

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

FAMILY NYMPHALID^].

THESE may be known by their ample wings, slender
antennae, the knob slender or not, and by having in both
sexes, with the exception of the genus Libythea, only
four feet adapted for walking. The front pair of legs
are present, but have no developed tarsi, being mere
lappets placed against the prothorax ; the second pair
are directed forward, and the third or hind pair back-
ward. The larvae are more or less hairy, or covered
with more or less branching spines ; the head is more or
less bilobed, the apex of these lobes often supporting
branching spines. The chrysalides are naked, often very
irregular in shape, and attached to a button of silk by
the hooks of the cremaster alone. The family is repre-
sented in the United States by five subfamilies, — Helico-
ninse, Danainse, Nymphalina3, Satyrinse, and Libytheinse

SUBFAMILY HELICONIN^E.

In this the wings are long, rather narrow, with a
slender body and antennae. It is represented by but
one species, Hdlconia Charitonia3 where the characters
of imago, larva, and chrysalis may be found.

32. HELICONIA CHAEITONIA, Linn.

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 4 inches.

Wings long and narrow. Upper surface black, banded
with lemon-yellow, as in Fig. 35 ; three of these on the
fore wings and two on the hind wings. The outer one
on the fore wings is obliquely transverse before the apex,
the second nearly parallel just outside the cell, the third

142

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

extends from the base on both sides of the median vein to
the third vcnule, from which it bends obliquely outward,
reaching the margin in a dot.

The two basal bands of the hind wings form a straight
line when the wings are spread ; below this is a line of

FIG. 35.

Heliconia Charitonia (natural size).

dots, the outer end bending round so as to form a sub-
marginal row from about the middle of the outer margin
to the apex. There are a few marginal dots at the anal
angle, and usually two or three red dots at the base.

Under side dull black, with the yellow lines and dots
repeated, though paler. The costa of the fore wings
with red at the base, three red dots on the base of the
hind wings, and two below the first band.

The egg is described by Mr. Edwards as cylindrical,
one-half higher than broad, flat at base, tapering very
slightly from base to about three-fourths the length,
then conoidal, the top flattened and a little depressed.
Marked by fourteen longitudinal ridges crossed by low
horizontal ridges. Color yellow.

The young larvae are cylindrical, tapering slightly
from about the seventh segment ; marked by four prin-

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 143

cipal rows of flattened tubercles and two rows of smaller
ones. Color pale reddish brown.

After the first nioult the color is light brown, chang-
ing as the stage proceeds to greenish white mottled with
brown ; armed with six rows of spines, which are short,
slender, tapering, and black, with a few short black
bristles on the sides. The truncated head is a little
depressed in the middle, and each vertex armed with a
short tapering black process thinly beset with bristles.

There are but few changes during the next inter-
vals, except in size, and in the color gradually becoming
whiter.

The mature larva is from 1.25 to 1.5 inches long,
cylindrical, armed as after the first moult. Color dead-
white, with no gloss, smooth, no hairs, and spotted with
black or brown.

The chrysalis is very irregular in shape, two leaf-like
appendages extending from the head. Color brown,
marked with varying shades of the same, and some gray
or whitish.

This insect feeds on the passion-flower ; and there are
many interesting things connected with its life and habits.

Florida to South Carolina.

SUBFAMILY DANAIJSLE.

In this group the head is broad, the palpi far apart.
The wings are ample, the discal cell of the fore wings
open, but that of the hind wings closed, or with a vein
across the outer end of it. The larvae are cylindrical,
banded transversely, two fleshy appendages from the top
of the joints near the end. The chrysalides are well
represented in Fig. 39.

144

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

33. DANAIS AKCHIPPUS, Fab.

Expanse of wings from 3.75 to 4.5 inches.

Upper surface tawny red or fulvous, with the veins
heavily marked with black, a black terminal border
containing two rows of white spots, and a complete and
a partial row of white or lighter fulvous spots in a black
space beyond the cell of the fore wings. The males have

FIG. 36.

Danais Arcliippus, male (natural size).

a black spot beside the second median venule, near the
middle of the hind wings.

The under side is paler than above, especially the hind
wings, and the white spots are more prominent.

Body black, with white spots.

Usually the larva of this species is to be found on
the different species of milk-weed (Asclepias), but it
feeds on other plants of the order as well.

When first deposited, the eggs are white, but in two or

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

145

three days they turn yellow, and just before hatching
they change to dull gray. They are somewhat conical
in form, and marked by about twenty-five longitudinal

FIG. 37.

Dauais Archippus : a, egg, X 30 ; c, natural size.

ribs, with about the same number of transverse ridges, as
shown in Fig. 37.

The young larva, which hatches from this in about a
week, is yellowish white, with a large black head. It
first eats the egg-shell, after which it eats the leaves.

FIG. 38.

Danais Arcliippiis, mature larva (natural size).

The mature larva is about 1.75 inches long ; the head

yellowish, marked by two triangular black stripes. The

body above is marked with transverse stripes of black,

yellow, and white, as shown in Fig. 38. Joint 3 supports

G k 13

146 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

two long, black, fleshy horns which point forward ; joint
11 has a similar pair which point backward, but they are

shorter. Under side black, with green-
FIG. 39. igh between the joints.

The chrysalis (Fig. 39) is about an
inch long, color bright green dotted
with gold, and with a band of golden
dots extending more than half-way
round the body above the middle.
The band is shaded with black, and
the cremaster is black. There are
ArcMppus, two or more broods in a season, and
chrysalis. ft hibernates in the butterfly state.

United States generally.

34. DANAIS BERENICE, Cram.

Expanse of wings from 2.75 to 3.5 inches.

Upper surface reddish chocolate-brown, with a black
terminal border containing two partial rows of white
dots on the fore wings, but the dots are obliterate on the
hind wings. The fore wings have two oblique rows of
white spots beyond the cell, the inner one crossing the
end of the cell, and a few dots forming a submarginal
row. The males have a black spot beside the second
median venule of the hind wings.

The under side is similar to the upper, except that the
terminal border contains two full rows of white spots,
and the veins of the hind wings are heavily marked
with black edged with gray.

The larva is " whitish violet, with transverse stripes
of a deeper color ; a transverse band of reddish brown
on each ring, divided in its length by a narrow yellow

K ASTERN UNITED STATES. 147

band. Along the feet a longitudinal band of yellow-
citron. Long, fleshy processes of brown-purple, disposed
in pairs on the second, fifth, and eleventh rings."

The chrysalis is similar to that of D. Archippus;
green, with golden points on the anterior side, and a
semicircle of the same color on the dorsal side, a little
beyond the middle, separated from a blue band by a row
of small black dots. The larva feeds on Neriuni and
Asclepias.

Southern States, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona.

SUBFAMILY NYMPHALLN^E.

The palpi are approximate, more or less porrect ; the
discal cells generally open, and the veins of the fore
wings not dilated at the base. The wings are various,
but none of ours have as narrow wings as the Helico-
ninaa. The larvae are cylindrical, and furnished with
several (usually seven) rows of more or less branching
spines or tubercles. The chrysalides vary from nearly
cylindrical to considerably depressed on the dorsal side
just back of the thorax, as in Figs. 41, 47, 51, etc.

35. COL^KTS JULIA, Fab.

Expanse of wings 3.1 inches.

Upper surface clear reddish fulvous, the prominent
veins of the fore wings narrowly black ; the fore wings
with a narrow terminal black border without spots, but
the border on the hind wings twice as broad as the one
on the fore wings, and containing two more or less com-
plete rows of narrow fulvous spots. Costa black, with a
narrow fulvous line between the black costal and sub-
costal veins. Outer third of costal region and round

148 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

the apex lias the black border a little widened. Above
the outer end of the cell begins a curved black stripe
which runs from the subcostal vein across the upper part
of the end of the cell, and along the first median venule
to the outer border ; a spur from the border above this
stripe extends inward one-third the distance to the cell.
The subcostal vein beyond the cell is fulvous to the black
at the apex.

Under side pale fulvous brown, paler on the outer
third, and somewhat clouded. The hind wings have at
the base two small white spots annulate with black, and
a fulvous spot. At the posterior angle of the fore wings
are two geminate whitish spots in black, at the anal
angle two pairs of these spots, and one pair at the apex :
these spots form part of two indistinct pale fulvous ter-
minal lines. Fore wings long and narrow, the hind
margin not more than half the length of the costa ; hind
wings triangular.

Southern Florida, Texas.

36. AGEAULIS YANILL^E, Linn.

Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 3 inches.
Upper surface rich reddish or yellowish fulvous, the
veins of the fore wino\s black on the outer two-thirds of

O

the Aving, the black enlarged at the ends of the median
venules and submedian vein. There are three white
spots in the cell of the fore wings, each set in a black
patch, one at the end and two in the middle ; and three
black spots between the submedian vein and the median
venules. Hind wings with an outer border of black
containing circular fulvous spots between the veins, and
three black spots, one in the cell and two subinarginal.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. J49

Under side of hind, wings and apical portion of fore
wings yellowish brown streaked a little with yellow, the
rest of fore wings fulvous. There are twenty-three or
twenty-four silver spots edged with black on each of the
hind wings, and about ten on the apex and outer margin
of the fore wings ; those on the hind wings and apex
of fore wings mostly large.

The eggs are conoidal, truncated, the top a little arched ;
the sides more or less convex, marked bv fourteen ribs

*

from base to top, and crossed by eleven tiers of strise;
the spaces between the ribs are quadrangular, the spaces
at the summit hexagonal.

o

The young larva is cylindrical, thickest at joint 4,
tapering slightly to the anal extremity. Color brownish
orange, glossy; on cadi side of the dorsal line, on each
joint after the second, is a row of conical, pale black
tubercles, and two similar rows on each side forming;

' O

transverse rows of six tubercles, from the top of each of
which springs a short black hair. On joint 2 is a black
dorsal collar with fine tubercles. Head brown.

After the first moult the color is about the same, but
after moulting again it is more of a dark or red brown,
with a-subdorsal greenish-brown band, and head black'.
After the third moult the color changes to dark glossy
orange, with the dorsal stripe olive-brown and a sub-
dorsal of the same, and the lower part of the body olive-
brown.

The mature larva is 1.5 inches long, of a red-orange
color, with a broad dorsal line of greenish black, and a
broad slate-black band outside this reaching to the first

o

lateral, except a narrow stripe of the ground color. Base
slate-black, orange through the region of the spiracles.

13*

150 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

Each segment is furnished with six long, tapering black
spines, blunt at the top, from each of which springs a
bristle. Feet and legs black ; head ovoid, deeply cleft,
with high conical vertices, on each of which stands a
stout, spinous, recurved process.

The chrysalis is a little more than an inch long,
slender, the thorax much compressed, the wing-cases
very prominent, forming a narrow carinated hunch,
which rounds abruptly on posterior end. Colors varia-
ble, some specimens buff with greenish markings, or on
the abdomen greenish brown ; some black, the wing-
cases and anterior parts mottled in light and dark black ;
some with the anterior parts pink-tinted mottled with
greenish black.

The larva of this beautiful insect feeds on the passion-
flower. It is found in the Southern States; Arizona,
California, and occasionally as far north as Coalburgh,
West "Virginia ; Cape May, New Jersey ; Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.

37. AEGYNNIS ID ALIA, Drury.

Expanse of wings from 2.75 to 3.6 inches.

Male. — Upper surface of fore wings fulvous, black
along the costa, with a black outer border which is a little
wider than the costal border; base and hind margin
brown. In the cell are three black bars, at the end an-
other bar with an open 8 united to it enclosing a fulvous
spot. Beyond the cell runs a transverse zigzag line, a
submarginal row of black dots, and next the border a
row of black crescents. On the costa, instead of a sub-
terminal spot there is a black patch, with another between
this and the zigzag line.

EASTERN I XI TED STATES.

Hind wings black, with violet reflections ; the base of
the wing washed with fulvous. There is a black spot in
the cell, an irregular row of yellowish spots beyond the
cell, and a marginal row of fulvous spots. Fringes alter-
nate spots of black and white. Under side of fore wings
fulvous, wiiite along the costa, a marginal row of silver
spots enclosed in black crescents, and some silver on the
costa and near the apex. The black of the upper side
repeated. Under side of hind wings yellowish brown,
with twenty-nine silver spots and patches, besides some
silver shading.

The female differs from the male in being larger, in
the terminal band of the fore wings being broader and
containing a row of white spots, with six more white
spots near the apex, and in the outer row of spots on the
hind wings being of the same color as the inner.

An aberrant form, ASHTAROTH, more suffused than
the typical form, is sometimes found.

Mr. Edwards describes the egg as conoidal, truncated,
rounded at the base, the sides well rounded, depressed at
the summit, marked vertically by about eighteen ribs,
half of which extend to the summit, and between these
equidistant transverse slightly-raised striae.

In about twenty-five days the larva hatches from
this. It is cylindrical, somewhat thickest in the middle.
Color pale yellow-brown, translucent ; each segment from
3 to 12 marked by a transverse row of eight elongate
tubercular dark spots, the whole forming eight longitu-
dinal rows; one or two long, black, curved hairs arising
from each tubercle. Head bilobed, the vertices rounded.

After the first moult the color becomes cinereous,
mottled and striped with brown ; a macular stripe along

152 TIIE BUTTERFLIES OF Till]

the dorsal rows of spines, and another just outside the
first laterals. The spines from six rows are long, fleshy,
black, each beset with short black hairs. Head black.

After the second moult the larva is mottled and striped
with light and dark cinereous, the spines longer, each dull
yellow at base.

After the third moult the dark portions become black,
and the light a dirty white, and the dorsuni has a white
stripe with a central black line ; at the juncture of several
segments a transverse white stripe, on which are short
black lines. Each segment is crossed longitudinally by
black stripes, interrupted by the spines, with a wedge-
shaped mark between the spines. Head light brown.

The color after the fourth moult is buff, with the mark-
ings much as before. The larva moults five times before
reaching maturity, when it is 1.75 inches long, velvety
black, banded and striped with oclirey yellow changing
to dull orange or red, and furnished with six rows of

O '

tapering, fleshy spines, each of which has several small
black bristles. Two of the rows along the back are
silvery white, with black tips, those at the end of the
rows somewhat smaller. The spines of the rows along
the sides are smaller, and yellowish or orange at the base.
The head is reddish above and black beneath.

The chrysalis, to which the larva changes in some shel-
tered place, is 1.1 inches long, and shaped as in allied
species. The color is brown and yellow over the ab-
domen, the niesonotuin pinkish brown, the wing-cases
brown, pink-tinted, with dark brown and black patches
over the body.

This species, like others of the genus, feeds on violets
in the larval state. In the North it is single-brooded,

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

but in the southern part of its range there are two
broods in a season. It occurs from Maine to Nebraska,
New Jersey, Arkansas.

38. ARGYNNIS DIANA, Cram.

Expanse of wings from 3.25 to 4 inches.

Male. — Upper surface from the base to beyond the
middle of the wings dark velvet-brown, the rest of the
wings deep orange, forming a wide band, crenate next
to the brown, and with a brown shading along the veins
almost to the edge, and a brown line near the margin.
Inside this line are two rows of brown dots more or less
distinct, one subrnargmal, the other- next to the- brown
space.

Under side of fore wings black at base, beyond which
are the zigzag and other markings found on the under
side of A. Cybele and other related species, the color
between these markings that of the outer part of the wing
above, but somewhat suffused with black. Outer part
similar to that above, but paler.

Hind wings with the basal two thirds of a leaf-brown
color, the outer part same as above, without spots. Be-
tween these parts is an edging of black, more or less
covered with silver scales, terminating at each margin
in a triangular silver spot. Between the costal and sub-
costal veins is a silver crescent edged internally with
black ; some silver scales at the juncture of these veins,
and in the cell. Just within the margin rests a continu-
ous band of silver crescents.

The female has the upper part blue- or green-black,
the outer third of fore wing a little paler, with three rows
of blue or whitish spots ; the inner row reinforced by

154 TIIE BUTTERFLIES OF Till:

three more at the end of the cell. The hind wings have
the style of the marks more like that of the males.

On the under side the basal two-thirds of the fore
wings are marked like the males, but the colors are
black and pale blue ; the apical portion dark brown,
an apical whitish spot edged within with silver, a row
of whitish spots near the margin, another answering to
the inner one above, and between these several light bars
tinged a little with pale buff. Hind wings with the
basal two-thirds dark brown, the outer portion with the
veins brown, and the part between the veins black
washed with brown. The silver marking the same as
in the males.

The egg is conoidal, truncated, depressed at the summit,
marked vertically by about eighteen prominent, slightly
wavy ribs, eight of which extend from, base to summit
and form there a serrated vein or crown, the ribs crossed
bv about twelve transverse striae.

f

The young larva is about .05 of an inch long, cylin-
drical, greenish brown, with rows of tuberculated darker
spots, from each of which grows a black hair; head
brown.

The mature larva is velvety black, the body armed
with six rows of long fleshy spines which radiate from it
like spokes, and from each of which proceed several short
black bristles. The length of most of these spines is .2
of an inch, but the two on the top of the second segment
are .3 of an inch long and bend forward over the head.
The base of the spines is deep orange or fulvous. Be-
tween each pair of dorsals are two whitish dots placed
transversely. The head is brown in front and fulvous
behind. When full grown it is 2.5 inches long.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 155

The chrysalis is cylindrical, with a depression on the
dorsal portion near the anterior part, and several slight
elevations on the anterior part. Color brown, marked
with different shades of the same.

Food-plant, violets.

AVest Virginia to Georgia, Southern Ohio to Illinois,
Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas.

39. ARGYNNIS CYBELE, Fab.

Expanse of wings from 3 to 3.5 inches.

Upper surface fulvous or yellowish fulvous, the base
of the wing to the end of the cell, and below this to the
zigzag line, yellowish brown, there being more of the
yellow in the male. In the cell of the fore wings are
the usual five black bars, all but the fourth bent outward
in the lower half, the two outer united above. Beyond
the cell are the usual zigzag black line and the subter-
rninal row of dots, the middle ones of the fore wings the
largest. Just within the outer margin is a terminal
narrow line, and within this, and on the fore wings, with
their points resting on this line, is a series of crescents ;
the fore wings edged with the same color. The cell of
the hind wings with three more or less distinct bars.

Under side of fore wings pale yellowish brown, the
apical space yellowish and enclosing a bright brown
costal patch ; the lines and dots the same as above, but
near the apex more brown. The apical five or six of
the spaces enclosed within the subrnarginal crescents are
wholly or partly silver, with three silver patches within
this line.

The hind wings have the basal two-thirds reddish
brown more or less mottled with yellow, the outer

15G THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

boundary of this color a row of seven silver spots.
Outer margin brown, fading into yellow at the anal
angle, and within this another row of seven large silver
spots rounded within and edged with brown. Between
these two rows is a bright yellow band without spots.
In all there are twenty-four or twenty-five silver spots
to each wing.

Like both the preceding species, this feeds on violets.
The egg is conoidal, truncated, broad at base, the sides
moderately rounded, depressed at the summit ; marked
by eighteen, longitudinal ridges, half of which reach the
summit, with transverse striae between the ribs.

The young larva is like that of A. Diana. The mature
larva is from 1.8 to 2 inches long. Color velvety black,
the under side chocolate-brown. As in A. Diana, there
are six rows of slender black spines which are reddish
yellow at the base, and beset with many short black
bristles. Between each dorsal pair of spines on the
joints from 3 to 11 are two gray transverse dots. The
spines of the second joint are wholly black, and directed
forward, but they are not longer than the others. Head
small, subcordate, the front flattened and finely tuber-
culated, the back rounded, the vertices having on the
anterior side of each a small black process. Color of
front dull dark brown, of back reddish yellow.

The shape of the chrysalis is similar to that of A.
Diana. The color is variable, sometimes glossy dark
brown, with fine mottlings of reddish orange not dis-
tinct, or dark brown mottled with drab, or dark brown
mottled with light brown.

Atlantic and Western States to Nebraska.

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

157

40. ARGYNNIS APHKODITE, Fab.

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches.

Upper surface of wings bright reddish fulvous ; the
basal third of both wings washed with cinnamon-brown.
The black markings, similar to those of A. Cybeh, but
not quite so heavy, are shown in Fig. 40.

The black bars forming the median zigzag line are
often not connected by black on the veins, so that they

FIG. 40.

>

Argynnis Aphrodite (natural size).

form a broken line. The two lines at the outer margin
of the female are more or less blended, and the two are
present on the hind wings of both sexes. The under
side of the fore wings is pale reddish fulvous, the apical
portion and along the costa buff, with pale brown mark-
ings ; six marginal and three submarginal silver spots.
The hind wings are cinnamon-brown, marked as in A.
Cybele, but the submarginal yellow band is narrower,
spotted with brown, almost or quite obliterate on its ex-
tremities. The silver spots are smaller than in A. Cybele,

and are more or less edged with black.

14

158 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

This may be known from Cybele by its smaller size,
by its being less brown on the base of the wings on the
upper side, and by the submarginal band on under side
of hind wings being narrower and spotted with brown.

The preparatory stages are almost identical with those
of A. Cybele, though the larvae are a little smaller ; and
this also feeds on violets.

It is found in the Northern, Middle, and Western
States to Tennessee ; also in Nebraska, Montana, and
Kansas.

41. ARGYNNIS ALCESTIS, Edw.

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches.

This closely resembles the preceding, the upper sur-
face being fulvous, in the female a little more yellowish
than in A. Aphrodite, and the brown at the base a little
wider, but narrower than in A. Cybele, extending on the
fore wings from the inner bar of the cell outward to
the lower end of the zigzag; line : this line being; contin-

C5 O / O

nous instead of broken on the fore wings of the female.
On the hind wings of the female there is a round black
spot in the cell nearer the base than the other usual
marks.

Under side of fore wings of the male reddish fulvous,
the apex cinnamon-brown, with the usual black and
silver spots. Under side of hind wings uniform brown,
without the submarginal yellow band, the silver spots
the same as in the preceding species. The under side
of the female is the same, except that the color on the
apex of the fore wings and the whole of the hind wings
is rather dark reddish brown, with sometimes a few
yellow scales' near the central silver spots. The female

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 159

lias nine silver spots on eaeli fore wing1 and twenty-five
on each hind wing, and the black marks of both sexes
are heavier than in A. Aphrodite. This species may
readily be known from the preceding by the absence of
the yellow snbmarginal band on the under side of the
hind wings.

The eggs are described as conoidal, truncated, not
so broad at the base as IdaMa, the sides less rounded ;
depressed at the summit ; marked vertically by about
eighteen prominent, slightly wavy ribs, half of which
reach the summit ; and crossed by transverse striae.

The young larva is translucent greenish brown, each
joint from 3 to 12 marked by eight rows of tubercular
dark spots, from each of which arises a long, black,
clubbed hair, which is curved forward. On the second
segment is a blackish dorsal patch, with two small spots
on each side, all furnished with hairs.

The color after the first moult is yellow-green mottled
with brown on the dorsum ; as in the other species, six
rows of spines ; the dorsals begin at joint 2 and run to
13, the laterals begin at 5 and stop at 12 and 13. The
spines are long, tapering, black, and beset with many
short and fine bristles. Head subcordate, black.

After the second moult the color is black-brown, the
sides less dark than the dorsum. The tubercles of the
dorsal spines are buff oil the outside ; the first laterals
have black tubercles, the second buff; the intermediate
tubercles on anterior segments are yellow. After the
next moult the color is velvety black with a brown tint,
with the buff changed to dull yellow and a little of it
on the first laterals. The head has the front shining
black ; the back is yellow. After the fourth moult the

160 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

yellow is orange or reddish yellow, and the lower lateral
spines are of this color half-way to the tip.

The mature larva is about 1.5 inches long, cylindrical,
velvety black. The six rows of spines are of about
equal length, the dorsals about .15 of an inch, those on
the top of the second segment directed forward, and all
are beset with short black bristles. Those on the dorsal
rows are translucent brown at base, except on joints 3
and 4, where they are dull yellow ; all of the two lateral
and the intermediate rows are dull yellow from the base
half-way to the top ; tops of all the spines black. Head
subcordate, deeply cleft, flattened in front, on each vertex
a small conical process. It moults five times in coming
to maturity.

The chrysalis is of the same shape as that of Diana,
the color varying. Some are red-brown irregularly
mottled with black, others are drab and black.

Like the others, the food-plant is violets.

Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, Montana, Colorado.

42. ARGYNNIS ATLANTIS, Edw.

Expanse of wings about 2.5 inches.

Upper surface fulvous, obscured by brown scales on
the fore wings from the second bar in the cell obliquely
to below the median zigzag line on the hind margin ;
the two marginal lines of both wings so blended that
not much of the ground color is left. Marks as in A.
Aphrodite.

The under side of fore wings is reddish fulvous, the
costa and apex light buff, the apical patch and outer
margin brown, with the usual apical silver spots. The
hind wings are dark red-brown, much mottled with

T71

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

greenish gray or drab, the subniarginal band pale yellow,
usually pure from margin to margin. Silver spots the
same as in Aphrodite.

This species resembles A. Aphrodite, but may be
known by its smaller size, and bv its being
more brown at the base of the wings above,
and having a darker color on the under side of
the hind wings.

The early stages are almost the same as those
of A. Cybele and Aphrodite, and the food-plants
are violets. The pupa, or chrysalis, is repre-
sented in outline in Fig. 41. It has been found
in New England, New York, and Iowa. Atlantis,

pupa.

43. ARGYNisris MYKINA, Cram.

Expanse of wings from 1.7 to 1.85 inches.

Upper surface yellowish fulvous, less than the basal
fourth of the wing dusky brown. In the cell of the
fore wings are the usual five bars, the second and third
united, but not the fourth and fifth, the fourth an open
3. Beyond the cell the usual black zigzag line ; and
below the cell under the double bar a longitudinal dash,
with projections towards the cell, the inner running to
the base of the wing. Outer margin black, inside this
a line composed of crescents, with the usual subinarginal
row of black dots, the whole more or less blended at the
apex, so that the marginal line and the row of crescents
form a band containing a row of fulvous spots.

Hind wings with the margin and row of black spots
as in the fore wings, except that they are less prominent
anteriorly. Within the median zigzag line is another

crossing the end of the cell, where it sends out a short
I 14*

162 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

spur, the cell containing two more or less distinct round
spots.

The under side of the fore wings is fulvous, the
apical portion yellow, the markings on that and the
outer margin rusty brown ; the black marks much as
they are above ; a marginal row of silver crescents, and
three subapical.

The hind wings rusty brown mottled with patches
of yellow, mostly through the middle and outer por-
tions ; a marginal row of seven and a sub-
. 42. marginal row of eight silver spots ; between
the two rows a row of black-brown dots.
Inside the second row about eight more
silver spots, one in the cell pupilled with
black.

The eggs are pale green, shaped some-
Egg of Argyii- wrhat like the frustum of a cone, and marked
ms Myrma> with about fourteen longitudinal ribs and

fine transverse strise (Fig. 42).

The young larvse are pale green, with a brownish-
black head. Brown patches nearly cover joints 5, 7, 9,
and 11. Black hairs arise from tubercles on all the
joints and curve forward. In passing from the young
to the mature larvae they moult four times. The mature
larvse are an inch long, ashy brown mottled with velvety
black, with six rows of fleshy spines beset with black
bristles, those on the second segment three and a half
times as long as the others and pointing forward. Head
bronze-colored.

The chrysalis is .6 of an inch long; light brown
streaked with darker, and armed with two rows of sharp
conical tubercles on the back. The perfect insect flies

EASTERN UNITED STATI 163

from June to July, and is found from Xew England to
Montana^ and in Colorado.
It feeds on violets.

44. ARGYXNIS MOXTINUS, Scud.

Expanse of wings 1.75 inches.

Upper surface rich reddish fulvous, much the color of
A. Bellona, marked with the usual zigzag line beyond
the middle and the row of round black spots ; the sub-
marginal row of black lunules and the black terminal
edge somewhat suffused on the fore wings, so that there
is but little clear fulvous between the edge and the
lunules. The cell of the fore wings is marked with four
marks, — three black bars almost straight, and an elon-
gate 0 : the latter is the second from the base, and may
be considered as formed of two bars, making the number
five, as in other species. Below the cell there is an open
V, the point turned outward. The basal portion of both
wings is suffused with black, extending out somewhat
along the posterior and internal margins.

The under side of the hind wings and the apical por-
tion of the fore wings are deep cinnamon-red, the rest is
ochraceous fulvous, the markings of the fore wings faintly
repeated. Hind wings with the median broken line re-
peated less distinctly than above, obsolete opposite the
cell, and partially so between this and the costa. Costa
black, more or less bordered within by ochre scales. In
place of the round spots of the upper side there is a series
of ferruginous spots, some indistinct and others with a
few black scales. Between this and the median line is a
broken line or shade of salmon scales, not very clear,
and outside this the round spots are patches of ochre

1(54 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

scales. Just within the outer border is a series of spots
whieh are white rather than silver, the anal and the two
next the costa rather distinct, the rest not very promi-
nent. At the end of the cell is a curved black line, and
below this are two more, each bordered on the outside with
white or whitish. Above the cell is a straight black line,
outside of which is a white patch. Near the base are
three white spots with some black scales, and a black
spot with a few white scales near the end of the cell.
The males and females do not differ.

Found on the lower half of the barren summits of
the White Mountains, New Hampshire, during July and
August.

45. AEGYNNIS BELLONA, Fab.

Expanse of wings about 1.6 inches.

Upper side fulvous, the marks on the wing inside
the terminal border similar to those of A. Myrina, but
the dusky brown covers fully the basal fourth of the
wings. In the male the edges of the wings are scarcely
black, but in the female they are distinctly so. Inside
the terminal edging is a row of oval spots instead of
crescents, with some suffusion between this and the edge.

The under side of the fore wings is fulvous, with the
apical portion rusty brown, the apex yellow, the brown
tinged with purple. Hind wings rusty brown tinged with
yellow in the middle and outer two fifths, and a costal
patch washed with whitish purple, this portion containing
two rows of dark spots. There are no silver spots. The
yellow on the middle of the under side of the hind wings
is in scattered scales, not gathered together enough to
form a band or spots.

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

165

According to Professor Fernald, the eggs of this species
are similar to those of A. Myrina in form,, size, color,
and markings, and it closely resembles that species in all
the early stages. The mature larva, however, does not
have the spines on the second segment lengthened.

Food-plant, violets.

Northern United States, Colorado.

46. EUPTOIETA CLAUDIA, Cram.

Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.75 inches.
Upper surface fulvous, a paler band crossing both
wings near the middle, bordered on the inside by a zig-

FIG. 43.

Euptoieta Claudia (natural size).

zag black line similar to that in the species of Argynnis.
FroDi this pale space to the base the wings are somewhat
duller fulvous and a little powdered with black scales.
Beyond the central pale baud are two transverse lines,
with a row of round spots between them, the edge of

the wino- black ; all these lines are connected by black

;

along the veins. The cell of the fore wings contains
three black bars, the two outer united at the ends and

1(3(3 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

enclosing a pale space. Below the cell is a bar bent
outward in the middle.

Under side of fore wings fulvous to the zigzag line,
with discal pale spot. The outer half of the wing is
pale, with a little submarginal reddish wash below the
apex, and a large gray triangle on the costa. A brown
spot near the posterior angle sends a marginal streak
towards the apex.

The hind wings are pale brown in the basal half,
streaked with white along the veins, and with transverse
striae of darker brown. Beyond the middle they are
whitish, shading off into the same brown as the base,
with more or less whitish along the margin, the anal
portion of the outer half being nearly as dark as the
base, while the costal portion is almost white. There
are about three indistinct submarginal ocelli.

The egg is conoidal, depressed at the top, flat at the
base, shaped much like the eggs of Argynnis, but
taller in proportion to the breadth, and the sides less
rounded ; marked by about twenty longitudinal ribs,
half of which reach the summit, forming a serrated
vein round the depression, marked by cross-strise.

The young larvae are cylindrical, thickest from joint
6 to joint 9. Color greenish yellow, each joint from
3 to 1 2 crossed transversely by two irregular rows of
dark tuberculated spots or points on a pale ground, with
a black hair from each. The second segment has a black
stripe across the dorsum. Head black.

The color after moulting is reddish yellow, with two
dorsal rows and one lateral row of indistinct whitish spots,
which cover the junction of the segments and are in line
with the spines. There are six rows of short, fleshy,

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

tapering black spines, each beset with many short, fine
black hairs. Collar reddish, edged with white. After
the second moult the color is a shade darker and the
white rows are more distinct. After the third moult the
color is a little darker, shining, spines blue-black. Head
bilobed, -brown-black in front, red behind the vertices.
It moults four times before reaching maturity.

The mature larva is 1.2 inches long, cylindrical.
Color orange-ochre, smooth, striped longitudinally with
black, which is almost concealed by the white spots
that cover it. Two of these stripes are subdorsal, and
another is just above the spiracles. Over the feet is a
macular white stripe. Along the centre of the back, from
joint 4 to joint 12, is a small white elongated spot, edged
with black, over the centre of each joint. The spines
are in six rows. The dorsals on joint 2 are orange
at base, as are also those between the anterior joints ;
but all the rest arise from lustrous blue-black conical
tubercles, and all the spines are blue-black thickly beset
with fine, short black bristle-. Between the anterior
pair of dorsals is a black patch, and on the edge of the
joint is a white spot. Head subcordate, front brown-
black, vertices orange-red, with a patch of the same on
the middle of the front.

The chrysalis is .8 of an inch long, of a pearl-white
color, iridescent, marked with dark brown patches and
points. On the abdomen there are four rows of conical
tubercles.

There are two or three broods during a season, the
last one probably hibernating in the larval state. It
feeds on violet, passion-flower, mandrake, Sedum, Des-
modium, and Portulacca.

168 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

New York to the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi Valley,
Colorado, Arizona, California ; and occasional in New
Hampshire.

47. MELITJEA PHAETON, Drury.

Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.25 inches.
Upper surface black, spotted with fulvous and pale
yellow. The fulvous spots are a marginal row on both
wings and in the discal cells. The marginal spots are

nearly round on the

FIG. 44. fore wings, but on

the hind wings they
are blunt conical,
the points inward.
Those in the cells
of the fore wings
are two clusters,

Melitea Phaeton (natural size). Olie °f three at the

end, and the other

of two in the middle ; and there is a cluster of four
on the hind wings. There may be all of these present,
or they may vary from this to none. There are also two
or three more or less distinct spots on the costa of the
hind wings. The yellow spots are two submarginal rows
on both wings, the outer a series of crescents, the inner
round ; two half rows beyond the cell of the fore wings,
and two or three spots in the cells. A part of these may
be absent.

The under side is black, with the marginal row of
orange or fulvous spots, two large spots in the cell of
the fore wings, and six spots of the same in the basal
half of the hind wings, arranged in two irregular rows.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 169

Between these, or inside the marginal orange spots, are
four rows of pale yellow spots.

Body black, a row of yellow spots on the side ; palpi,
club of antennae, legs, and a broken stripe beneath on
each side, orange.

The egg is obovate, truncated, rounded at base, flat or
slightly depressed at the summit. The upper third is
marked with from twelve to eighteen vertical
ridges which gradually fade out below. Color
lemon-yellow when first deposited, but changing
in a few days to dull crimson, and finally, just
before hatching, to black, this period being from

Phaeton, X

nineteen to twenty days. 10.

The young larva is cylindrical, translucent,
yellowish, a row of brown tubercles to each joint, from
each of which arises a pencil of hairs.

The mature larva is from 1.1 to 1.3 inches long,
cylindrical, the joints at the ends the smallest, the dorsum
and sides armed with

seven rows of long, FIG. 46.

tapering, fleshy spines,
each of which springs

from a round, shining,
blue-black tubercle, the

-, i (* -, . . M. Phaetoii. larva.

tubercles ot each joint

nearly meeting. Each spine bristles with stout black
hairs, giving the larva the appearance shown in Fig. 46.
There is also another row of similar but much smaller
spines below the stigmata ; in this row joint 4 has no
spine, joints 5 to 10 each have two in line, joint 11 has
one, and joint 12 has a tubercle without a spine. On
the under side of the body, on joints 5 and (3, in line
H 15

170

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

FIG. 47.

with the legs, is a single small tubercle with a short

branching spine. Joints 2 and 3, part
of joint 4, and the last two or three
joints are black ; the others are deep
reddish fulvous striped transversely with
black.

The chrysalis (Fig. 47) is shaped
much as in Argynnis, the abdomen and
thorax furnished with several rows of
tubercles. Color white, marked and
spotted with brownish black, the tuber-

M. Phaeton, pupa.

cles orange.

The food-plants are Chelone glabra,
Lonicera ciliata, and Viburnum dentatum.
United States east of the Rocky Mountains.

48. MELIT^A HARKISII, Scud.

Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.75 inches.

Upper surface of wings fulvous, the basal half and
terminal border black, with five fulvous spots in the
cell of the fore wings, two more below the cell, and
three in the cell of the hind wTings. The base is not
wholly black, but is sprinkled with fulvous scales. The
border of the fore wings is broadest at the apex, where
it contains two pale dots ; below this it extends inward
along the veins. Towards the anal angle it is more
broken up, so as to present a black edge and two in-
distinct lines.

On the under side the wings are fulvous, with a large
black subapical patch, which sends backward a subter-
minal band, with two rows of white spots extending
more or less through it. There are four black bars in

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

the cell and one beyond, and a white costal patch. Hind
wings fulvous, with a median pale yellow band trav-
ersed by two black lines near the edges, so as to be three
nearly complete bands. Inside this baud are six spots of
the same color, — two in the cell, three above, and one be-
low. Beyond the median band is a subterminal row of
crescents, with a row of black pupilled spots between the
band and the crescents ; all the light spots edged with
black. Fringes white, black at the ends of the veins.

The eggs are lemon-yellow, in shape the frustum of
a cone, with fifteen or sixteen longitudinal ribs which are
elevated above the surface more in the middle than at
either extremity.

The young larva is cylindrical, yellow-green, some-
what pilose ; head obovoid, bilobed, the vertices rounded,
dark brown.

After the first moult the larva is armed with seven
rows of short black spines, tapering, and thickly set with
short black bristles. Color yellow-brown. Very little
change takes place after the second moult, save that the
color is ochre-yellow, with five transverse black stripes
on each segment. After the fourth moult the color is
red or orange ochraceous, striped as before, three to a
segment. In coming to maturity it moults five times.

The mature larva is of a deep red fulvous color, crossed
by black stripes, one before and two after each transverse
row of spines, and with a dorsal black
stripe. The last two joints are nearly
all black, and on joints 9 to 11 the
fulvous bands are spotted. The spines
are in seven principal rows, with a row
of smaller ones just above the feet. The spines are long,

172

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

tapering, black, each thickly set with long, divergent

black hairs.
FIG. 49. The ciirysaiis (-pig. 49) is cylindrical, but

with a small depression on the back of the
thorax, abdomen with several rows of sub-
conic tubercles. Color pure white, marked
and spotted with black, or brown-black and
orange.

The food-plants are Aster and Diplopappus
umbettatus, and the imago is to be seen in
June.

New England, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Il-
linois.

49. PHYCIODES NYCTEIS, Doub. — Hew.

Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.75 inches.

Upper surface fulvous, a broad black terminal border,
on the fore wings broadest at the apex, enclosing a sub-

terminal row of fulvous
spots, more distinct in the
female than in the male.
At the end of the cell is
a broad black patch con-
nected by a line with a
smaller one on the sub-
median vein (see Fig. 50).

"Pio. 50.

Phyciodes Nycteis, male (natural size). Jn £jie CgH and below

it several indistinct black

marks, the base black, this extending outward along the
costa and hind margin to the black patches.

The hind wings have the basal half marked the same
as the fore wings, though sometimes more suffused.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 173

There is a broad terminal border almost meeting the
basal black on the costa, and sending a shade across the
wing through the fulvous space, also a subterminal row
of black spots, some of which are pupilled.

Under side of fore wings pale fulvous, with three or
four not very prominent bars in the cell, a somewhat
triangular patch beyond, and a terminal brown-black
border with the subterminal row of spots, three apical
silver-white lunules, and two more marginal near the
middle, the lunules resting on a terminal yellow line
edged within with brown.

The hind wings are dark brown broken by pale yellow,
especially in the basal portion, where it is the principal
color. A row of large silvery white spots crosses the
wing near the base, and a similar band crosses the middle
of the wing, broken by brown veins and edged on the
outside by a crenate brown line, and a marking of pale
yellow beyond. The subterminal row of round black
spots is reproduced, part pupilled with white. There is
the terminal yellow line the same as on the fore wings,
with a row of silver- white lunules, the middle and two
apical much the largest.

The eggs are deposited in clusters of about a hundred
on the under side of the food-plant. They are whitish
green, somewhat in the form of a truncated cone, the
lower third of the outside smooth, the middle part
marked with hexagonal cells, and the top by longitudinal
ribs. They hatch in from nine to thirteen days.

The young larva is .06 of an inch long, with a dark
brown head, and a yellowish green body clouded with
brown, with scattered black hairs. After the first moult
it is smoky brown; and, like Melitsea, armed with seven

174 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

T

rows of stout, fleshy, tapering black spines, and a minute
row over the feet. After three or four days it moults a
second time, when the color is black-brown, and this color
remains through the next stage, with sometimes a broken
yellow stripe along the side. To come to maturity it
moults four times.

The mature larva is an inch in length, blackish brown
above and greenish brown beneath. Head black, cordate,
the sides high and rounded, and clothed with numerous
black hairs arising from black papillse. The spines
long, black, tapering, armed with short black hairs, each
springing from a shining black tubercle, except those of
the lowest row, which stand upon greenish or yellowish
tubercles. A black band runs along the base, with a
yellow stripe in the line of the lower lateral spines, and
a broken yellow stigmatal stripe. In some cases this is
ochre or reddish yellow. The back and sides are much
dotted with white.

The chrysalis is similar in shape to M. Phaeton, with
five rows of conical tubercles on the abdomen. The
color varies extremely : some are wholly greenish yellow,
others pink-brown, others gray-brown ; with usually but
few dark markings.

The food-plants are Dlplopappus umbettatus, Aster,
Actinomeris, and sunflowers.

Maine to North Carolina and west, Mississippi Valley.

50. PHYCIODES CARLOTA, Reak.

Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.5 inches.

Upper surface much as in P. Nydeis, except that
most of the wing is black, there being some fulvous spots
near the base of the fore wings, a fulvous band through

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 175

the middle crossed by the black veins, a subtermiual row
of whitish dots in the broad black terminal border, and
a white lunule in the middle of the border near the edge
of the wing. In the female there are traces of other
white lunules just within the margin. The hind wings
are similarly marked, except that there is a row of black
submarginal spots circled with fulvous, and the lunules
are faint in the males.

Under side of fore wings fulvous, marked about the
same as in P. Nycteis, except that there is more black
through the middle. The terminal border is as above.

O '

save the terminal lunules. Between median venules one
and two there is a large conical whitish spot, the base on
the double terminal line ; this double line running in
zigzag to the apex, the inner points silvered more broadly
towards the apex, and the inner point sending a white ray
to the margin. The same is repeated towards the pos-
terior angle, but with less silver.

The hind wings dark brown washed with whitish,
more towards the base, only two yellowish spots in the
cell. Near the base is a broken silvery band, and through
the middle a silver band crossed by the brown veins,
the outer margin dentate. The submarginal row of black
spots as above, only they are pupilled with white and not
circled with fulvous. The margin is similar to that of
the fore wings, save that the large spot is silvery instead
of whitish.

Southern and Western States, Kocky Mountains, Mon-
tana to Arizona ; occasional in West Virginia.

176 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

51. PHYCIODES PHAON, Edw.

Expanse of wings from 1 to 1.4 inches.

Upper surface of fore wings fulvous, the base, costa,
hind margin, outer margin, and a band through the
middle black. The basal half of wing contains several
irregular black marks, and the median black band is
expanded on the costa and hind margin. Beyond the
median band there are two light bands crossed by the
black veins and separated by a black shade which expands
into a triangle on the costa and hind margin. The first
light band is pale fulvous, almost buff; the second is the
same fulvous as the ground color, and contains a black
dot near the posterior angle. The outer edge brownish
black, with a pale lunule in the middle of the border.

Hind wings similar to the fore wings, only the inner
margin is fulvous, the median black band is narrower,
both light bands are fulvous, and the outer contains a
row of black dots. In most specimens there are only
a few narrow whitish lunules near the anal angle, but
sometimes these continue to the apex.

The under side of fore wings is orange fulvous, the
basal half marked with a darker shade, the median
black band as above, and also the two light bands, only
the inner is more whitish and the shade separating them
is obliterate except the triangles. Terminal border black,
pale at the edge, with a crenate black line near the edge,
and a pale yellow patch in the middle, and one at each
end.

There are two forms of this having the under side of
hind wings differently colored. The winter form is pale
buff washed with umber-brown, the basal half with more

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 177

or less complete bands of pale spots edged with brown ;
the row of black spots the same as above ; a submarginal
row of lunules, the middle large, silvery, the others more
or less obscure. The summer form is pale buff, with
irregular transverse brown lines, the brown dots smaller,
a terminal brown border accompanying the submarginal
row of lunules and partly obscuring three of them, a
small brown patch on the costa and sometimes a little in
the centre.

Gulf States, Texas ; occasional in Kansas.

52. PHYCIODES THAEOS, Drury.

Expanse of wings from 1.15 to 1.5 inches.

There are two dimorphic forms of this species, the
winter form, Marcia, and the summer form, Morpheus.
It was supposed that these two forms were distinct species
till Mr. W. H. Edwards proved by rearing them that
they arc seasonal forms of one species, the difference in
coloration being due to the effects of cold w^hile hiber-
nating. Besides these two well-marked forms there are
several minor variations, only one of which is named.

f V

Winter form, MARCIA, Edw. — This has the upper
surface reddish fulvous marked with black. There are
two rows of more or less distinct coalescing circles near
the base of the wing, the first of two circles, the second
of four, and an ellipsoid at the end of the cell ; a patch
of black beyond the cell on the costa and one on the
hind margin, sometimes the two being connected by a
dentate line. The outer border is broad, black, and
through it runs a crenated line with a yellowish or ful-
vous lunule in the middle, in some examples distinct, in
others connected with the central color ; a black dot near

m

178 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

the posterior angle. Hind wings very much as in P.
Phaon.

The under side of fore wings is yellowish fulvous,
with yellow spots and four black patches, — two on the
costa before the apex, one at the posterior angle, and one
on the hind margin ; the outer margin with the lunules
as in P. Phaon, only yellow.

The hind wings resemble closely those of the winter
form of PJiaon, the yellow perhaps a little deeper. The
terminal, costal, and middle brown patches are present in
some examples, the wing being well suffused with brown.

Summer form, MORPHEUS, Fab. — This is scarcely dis-
tinguishable from Marcia on the upper side, though the
black is more inclined to be in lines. The under side
of fore wings like Mar da. Under side of hind wings
yellow-buff, the brown patches on the costa and in the
cell absent, though in some specimens there is a slight
discoloration at the end of the cell. In some females a
slight costal patch is present.

Aberr. PACKARDII, Saund. — This differs from the
usual forms in the wings being brown above, with a
cupreous tinge and sprinkled with fulvous atoms. The
fulvous is in bauds : first a macular band near the base
of the fore wings, not quite reaching either margin ; a
patch across the outer part of the cell ; and a wide band
beyond the cell, crossed by black veins, narrow on the
costal end. On the hind Avings a large fulvous patch
covers about the inner half, containing several roundish
black spots ; beyond this is a macular band of fulvous
between two broad brown bands. Under side pale.

The eggs are deposited in clusters of two hundred or
more on different species of Aster, both wild and culti-

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 179

vated. They are pale green, conoidal, depressed at the
top and rounded at the base. The lower half is indented
like the surface of a thimble, the upper half has about
fifteen ribs. They hatch in from four to seven days.

The young larva is yellowish green clouded with
brown, with a dark brown head. It is covered with
scattered black hairs.

After the first moult the larva is armed with seven
rows of short, fleshy, brown spines, each thickly set with
short concolored bristles ; also at the base of body a
row of small spines. Body striped longitudinally with
light and dark brown and sordid white. Head subcor-
date, the vertices rounded ; two gray bands, the rest
black. There are but few changes after the second and
third moults.

The mature larva is .85 of an inch long, with a cor-
date, shining, bronze-colored head, having two oblique
white stripes on each side and a spot of the same color
above the mouth. The body is dark brown dotted with
yellow, and has seven rows of tapering fleshy spines
armed with blackish bristles.

The first brood passes four moults before reaching
maturity, when it changes to a chrysalis, from which the
imago emerges in from seven to thirty days. The larvae
of the second brood pass three moults, when they become
lethargic and hibernate. In the spring they revive, go
to feeding, and moult twice more before reaching ma-
turity, the chrysalides from these producing the butterflies
in from one to two weeks.

The chrysalis is about half an inch long, cylindrical,
with a deep depression back of the mesonotum, and
several rows of fine tubercles on the abdomen. The

180 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

color varies much, being light cinereous covered with fine
abbreviated brown streaks ; or cinereous on dorsimi, the
abdomen and wing-cases tinted with yellow-brown ; or
dull white clouded with brown ; or wholly dark brown
speckled with gray.

The butterflies are to be seen from May through the
season.

United States generally, except the Pacific States.

53. PHYCIODES BATESII, Reak.

Expanse of wings from 1.25 to 1.63 inches.

Male. — Fore wings black, two transverse maculate ful-
vous bands beyond the cell, the inner pale, arising nearly
at the costa and converging to the hind margin. The
cell contains three or four abbreviated bars, none of them
extending below the median vein. The basal half of
the area below this vein is deep black, rarely containing
a narrow fulvous streak ; a spot of fulvous in the middle
of the outer margin.

Hind wings black, the two fulvous bands of the fore
wings continued nearly to the inner margin, much wider
than on the fore wings, the separating line very much
attenuated in the middle. The outer band contains a
series of rounded black spots between the venules, and
beyond these an indistinct row of connected lunules.
There are" two fulvous spots within the cell, preceding
the first transverse band, the inner semicircled by the
outer. Fringes white or whitish, more or less cut with
black at the ends of the veins.

Under side of fore wings fulvous ; a large triangular
black patch upon the middle of the hind margin is con-
nected at its apex with an irregular, dilating bar running

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

thence to the costa ; a short bar between this and the
apex. Three connected black lunules, the central much
the widest, run from beyond the middle of the hind
margin to the third median venule. In some this line
is prolonged by the addition of one or two more very
delicate crescents.

Hind wings ochrey yellow, with indistinct pale fulvous
lines near the base, and a row of rounded dots followed
by pale lunules of the same color near the outer margin ;
rarely one of the last is bright ferruginous.

Female. — Similar to the male on the upper surface,
the inner band of the fore wings paler than in the male.
On the under side the reticulations are plainer.

West Virginia, Maryland, New York to Ohio.

54. ERESIA FRISIA, Poey.

Expanse of wings 1.4 inches.

Upper surface reddish fulvous, the base dusky. Across
the inner third are four more or less distinct sinuous
black lines, which are fine and nearly distinct on the hind
wings, but are heavier and more blended on the fore
wings, and in places connected by cross-lines. Beyond
the basal third the fore wings are crossed by three black
bands and a terminal border, the first and second united
into a broad band at the end of the cell, reaching from the
median vein to the costa, with a fulvous spot at the end of
the cell just within the edge of the band, the two bands
approaching each other near the submedian ; the third
band expanded from the costa back to the fifth subcostal
venule, from which it gradually contracts across two
interspaces, expanding abruptly at this point, where it

unites with the second band, to separate again below the

16

182 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

second branch of the median, from which it continues
without much variation to the hind margin. The spaces
between these bands are paler fulvous than the base'
and the hind wings, the subterminal being whitish. The
first and second of these bands of black are continued
across the hind wings in black shades hardly positively
enough marked to be called lines. The broad terminal
border of the hind wings contains a series of connected
whitish lunules.

The under side has a little more than the basal half
of the fore wings fulvous, with four or five large whitish
spots ; the terminal portion dark brown, with the border
whitish and two large whitish patches. The hind wings
are marked much like a Phyeiodes, an oblong brown
shading from the base along the middle of the wing to
the centre ; a whitish band marks the outer third, a sub-
terminal row of whitish lunules, before which is a series
of brown sagittate spots.

This resembles to some extent some of the forms of
Phyeiodes Tliaros, but the diiference may be seen by com-
paring the descriptions.

Found at Key West, Florida, and Cuba.

55. GRAPTA INTERROGATIONS, Fab.

Expanse of wings from 2.3 to 2.75 inches.

This is a dimorphic species, the hibernating form being
known as form Fabricii, the other as Umbrosa. There
are about four broods in a season ; and while the last
brood or hibernating butterflies are the pale forms, the
others are more or less mixed, as Mr. Edwards has shown.

Dimorphic form, FABRICII, Edw.- -This has the upper
side fulvous, marked with ferruginous brown and spotted

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 133

with black. The fore wings have two black spots in the
cell, one round, the other a short bar, and a wide bar at
the end, broadest at the costa ; and a row of four spots
from the hind margin to beyond the cell, all but the
last round. Outer border ferruginous brown, with a
subapical bar of the same.

Hind wings with four more or less distinct median
black spots, and a broad ferruginous brown border en-
closing a subniarginal row of fulvous spots. Edges of
both wings whitish purple.

The costa is rather falcate, the apex truncate, and the
hind wings have a short tail.

Under side clouded in shades of brown, in some ex-
amples partly suffused with purple, without the striking
diversity of color found on Umhrosa} the common row
of black points more or less obsolete, costal edge of fore
wings near the base clouded witli small yellow spots,
with some yellow color below. Discal silvery or golden
mark on the hind wing an interrupted C.

Dimorphic form, UMBROSA, Lintn. — This has the
fore wings as in Fabncii, but with less purple edging.
The hind wings have the outer two thirds overlaid
with black, in some examples quite intense, the tail
purple.

The under side is variegated with ferruginous brown,
olivaceous, and more or less purple. The basal third is
limited by an irregular ferruginous, partly olivaceous
band, within which the ground color is yellow-brown
streaked with ferruginous. Beyond this band the fore
wings have a narrow belt of vellow-brown, and bevond

o •/ */

this the colors are brown and olivaceous. There is a
lilac patch near the posterior angle, and another sub-

184 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

aj)ical. The costal margin of the hind wings is oliva-
ceous, with a median band similar to that of the fore
wings ; the inner margin and tail portion of the outer
margin lilac. Crossing both wings is a row of black
points, those on the hind wings within a brown ferru-
ginous band.

The female differs from the above in having the under
side more of a brown suffused with blue-gray.

The eggs are pale green, conoidal in form, with the
base flattened. The sides are rounded, and marked by
eight or nine ribs, which are low near the base, but higher
above, terminating abruptly around a small flat space at
the top.

The young larvae are whitish yellow, somewhat marked
with brown, head shining black. After the first moult
their color is black more or less specked with white, and
they begin to be clothed with short spines, all black except
those on the eighth and tenth segments, which are whitish.
After the second moult they begin to assume the type
they retain to maturity. The spines are in seven rows,
fleshy at base, slender and many-branching at extremity ;
the dorsal and first lateral on joint 3 are black, on joints
.2, 4, and 11 russet, the rest yellow ; the second laterals
black throughout, the lowest row greenish ; head bilobed,
black, with short black spines at vertices. After the third
moult the larvae vary greatly both in color of body and
spines. Some are black finely specked with yellowish ;
others are yellow-brown specked with yellow tubercles ;
others gray-brown, with indistinct reddish lines between
the spines on the dorsal and two lateral rows, and -much
tuberculated ; others are black, with fulvous stripes and
profusely covered with yellowish tubercnlated spots and

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

185

PIG. 51.

G. Interroga-

points. The spines vary from black to fulvous and
green and yellow. After the fourth moult
the larva feeds four or five davs and changes

V

to a chrysalis.

The chrysalis (Fig. 51) is an inch long,
variable in color from light yellowish to
dark brown ; the head deeply notched, a
thin prominence on the thorax, and eight
silvery spots on the back.

The food-plants are hop, elm, nettle, false
nettle, and basswood.

United States generally, except the Pacific
States ; Arizona.

56. GRAPTA COMMA, Harris.

Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 2.5 inches.

Upper surface fulvous, the outer border black, with a
little edging of lilac. The fore wings have a subapical
patch of brown, and another at the posterior angle, each
enclosing a fulvous spot. Like G. Iiif<'i'rogationis, this
species has two spots in the cell and a bar at the end,
but there are only three round spots between the cell and
the posterior angle, the lowest supplemented by a shade
above it.

Hind wings with ferruginous brown next the border,
shading out towards the middle, with a series of pale
fulvous spots next the border, and an irregular row of
black spots across the middle.

The under side is marbled with light and dark brown,
and washed with olive, and in the males with more or
less of pink. Across the middle the shades are darker,

clearly defined externally, beyond which it is washed with

16*

186 THE BUTTERFLIES OF Till:

pink. The hind wings have a discal silvery C. Both
wings have the submarginal row of dots in a more or
less distinct band of olive and ferruginous brown. In
the female these shades are not so distinct, with less
pink, in some specimens the whole surface being washed
somewhat with blue-gray.

This is a dimorphic species, the last brood of the
summer, or the one that hibernates, being known as the
winter form, HARRISII, Edw., from which the above
description is taken. The summer forms are called
DRYAS, Edw., and differ from the others in having the
hind wings above suffused with black, as in Umbrosa of
the preceding species, and the under side more suffused
with brown.

This species feeds on the same plants as G. Interroga-
tionis.

The eggs are green, and similar in form to those of
that species, with ten longitudinal ribs and cross-strife
between them.

The young larvae are one-tenth of an inch long,
black, covered with short hairs. After the first moult
the color is either brown-black or black, with whitish
lines at the junctures of the segments ; armed with seven
rows of branching spines, stout, black, and beset with
short bristles. In the black examples all the tubercles
are black; in the specimens with white lines, on seg-
ments 4, 6, 8, and 10 the spines spring from whitish tu-
bercles. Besides these there is a row of minute spines
over the feet. Head dark brown. After the second
moult the color is dark olive-brown, or black-brown, or
reddish brown, two or three fine white transverse lines
to each joint, and two white bars on the back. After the

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

next moult the color is black, with the stripes the same,
and a yellow substigmatal baud.

The mature larvae are from an inch to an inch aud
a quarter long, aud quite variable in color. Some are
black, with yellow bases to the spines, others are nearly
white, with red spots along the sides, while still others
have a reddish or vinous tint instead of black.

The chrysalis is about four-fifths of .an inch long, of
various shades of gray or brown, with golden protu-
berances on the abdomen, and a flattened prominence
on the head.

Eastern, Middle, and Northwestern States ; North
Carolina, Tennessee, Kansas to Texas.

57. GRAPTA FAUNUS, Edw.

Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.25 inches.

Upper surface fulvous. Next the apex of the fore
wings, the base of both wings, and the inner margin of
hind wings dusky. The fore wings have a broad black
outer border, dentate at the apex, and bordered within
by a series of subobsolete tawny lunules. The markings
on the wings are much as in G. Comma, but are heavier
and more black and less brown.

Under side of both wings dark brown on the base,
with an irregular common blackish band across the
middle, darkest on its outer edge and within the ab-
dominal margin, where its outline is obliquely serrated.
Beyond this band the color is pale brown mottled with
grayish white, which is clearest on the fore wings. The
whole surface is clouded with vinous, and more or less
crossed by fine abbreviated streaks of brown. Apex of
fore wings yellow-brown, with three small lanceolate

188 TnE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

ferruginous spots, the lower enclosing a blue or green
point. The outer margin of both wings, below these, is
bordered by a series of confluent blue-black — sometimes
olive-green — spots following the outline of the wing.
Within these is another series of rounded spots of the
same color. On the disk of hind wings is a white G
varying in form.

The mature larva is one inch and a quarter long ; head
black, furnished with two branching horns and a few
scattered white hairs. Upper side of joints 2 to 6 brick-
red striped transversely with blue, yellow, and black, a
few white hairs on joint 2. There are four branching
yellow spines, with black tips, on joints 3 and 4, and six
on joints 5 and 6. Joints 7 to 12 are white, with a
faintly-marked black stripe along the back, each joint
with three transverse yellow bands and two oblique black
spots. These joints have each seven spines, all white ex-
cept the one next the lowest, which is brown. Last two
joints black, with seven and four spines respectively. Sides
red, with two black bands, the lowest spotted with blue.
The chrysalis (Fig. 52) is grayish brown. Head
with two biforked horns, the outer point very short;
thorax with an elevated keel-like ridge on top,
with a small tubercle on each side. At the
base, below this, there is a larger tubercle, and
behind it another keel-like protuberance, hol-
lowed on top ; there are six raised silver orna-
ments on the dorsal surface, the first resembling;

' O

in shape a capital G ; the second is an oblong
G. Faunus, gpof^ and the third is a sharply-pointed tuber-

cle. The abdominal segments are furnished
with eight rows of tubercles ; on each side are five

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 139

brown spots, and below the spiracles there is a brown
stripe.

The food-plants are gooseberry, currant, willow, and
birch.

Mountains of New England and New York, Michigan,
Nebraska, Washington Territory ; occasional from West
Virginia to Georgia.

58. GKAPTA GRACILIS, Gr. — Eob.

Expanse of wings 2.25 inches.

Upper surface fulvous, darker at the base and fading
out paler in the outer half, the fulvous browrn border
of the fore wings replaced on the hind wings by yellowish
edged internally by ferruginous brown. Next this border
is a series of elongate yellow lunules, confluent on the
hind wings, where they are supplemented internally by
a rusty brown shade. On the fore wings there is the
usual subapical brown patch, also one at the posterior
angle, usually connected with a shade of the same. In
the middle area of the fore wings are the usual five
dots and bar of black, and three black spots on the hind

wings.

The color of the greater part of the under side is
olivaceous yellow, with the usual vinous brown shade
through the middle, sharply defined outwardly, beyond
which the wing is paler. There are three elongate
patches of this color, edged with darker, in the cell of
the fore wings, and the base of both wings is marked
with the same. The whole wing is marbled with fine
abbreviated streaks of either brown or a darker shade
of the ground color. There is the usual submarginal
row7 of points in an olivaceous band, the three subapical

190

TITE BUTTERFLIES OF TIIK

preceded by white shading. Next the margin, along
the middle of both wings, is a series of elongate lunules,
dark olive or greenish, the posterior and anal angles
washed with white. There is also the usual discal G to
the hind wings.

This is found in the White Mountains of New Hamp-
shire.

59. GRAFT A PEOGNE, Cram.

Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2 inches.
Upper surface bright fulvous, a little paler near the
extremities. The border to the fore wings is black or

FIG. 53.

Grapta Progne, — right wing the under surface.

blackish brown, brown at the apex, with the yellow
lunules and subapical and posterior patches as in G.
Gh'aciliSj as also the black spots in the central area, as

shown in Fig. 53. The outer half of the hind wino;s

<-> ~

blackish, shading with the fulvous ; the yellow lunules
of Gracilis showing more or less as points, with the
black central spots more or less distinct.

Under side grayish brown, closely streaked with fine
abbreviated lines of dark brown, with the usual median

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 191

dark brown shade. Beyond this on the fore wings the
ground color is pale gray, whitish near the costa, with
the usual rowr of points. Just within the edge is a row
of confluent crescents, greenish edged with black within.
Discal G slender and somewhat abbreviated.

The egg is conical, the base rounded ; marked by eight
or nine vertical ribs, which gradually increase in promi-
nence from the base upward and are crossed by many
transverse striae.

The young larva is at first dull green, the last joint
with a brownish tint, but later it becomes dull white and
brown, with the usual black tubercles and black cervical
spot. After the first moult the color is greenish brown,
with seven rows of large branching spines. All are
black, but they arise from light yellow tubercles, and are
yellow about half-way up; on joints 12 and 13 they are
almost wholly yellow. Head bilobed, black. After the
second moult the color is at first yellow, but in twelve
hours changes to brown with white cross-lines. After the
third moult it is glossy black from joints 3 to 11, crossed
on the posterior half of most of the joints by three white
lines, with white or gray oblique stripes on the ridges on
which the spines stand from joints 5 to 11.

The mature larva is from 1 to 1.2 inches long, of a
buff color, the cross-stripes on the posterior parts of the
joints black and pale buff. In front of each dorsal
spine is a V-shaped reddish bar with the spine within
the angle, and an oblique bar of the same color in front
of each of the laterals, from its base, directed forward
and downward. The second laterals stand on a straight
or slightly-arched bar of the same color. The spines on
joints 3, 4, and 5 are the largest. The dorsals are white,

192 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

yellow at the bottom, — the yellow being reddish or honey-
yellow, — and arise from yellow tubercles. The first laterals
are white from joints 5 to 11, but those on joints 3, 4,
and 12 are black, with buff branches. The second laterals
are black, with yellow bases and tubercles. The spines
on joint 2 are yellow. Head subcordate, on each vertex
a large compound spinous process, the body black, the
branches partly black and partly yellow.

The chrysalis is similar to that of the other species,

and is .7 of an inch long, with several rows of tubercles

on the abdomen. Colors dull green, brown, and pinkish

•white. There is much variation in color of both larvae

and pupae.

The food-plants are gooseberries and currants, and
there are two broods in a season, the last brood of
butterflies hibernating.

Northern and Western States.

60. GRAPTA J ALBUM, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings 2.75 inches.

Upper surface dull yellowish, dusky at base, washed
more or less with rusty brown, especially on the basal
half. Outer border of fore wings dull black, with a
double crenate line, and two more or less obscured large
costal bars, — one at the end of the cell, and the other
between the cell and a white subapical patch; a black
spot in the cell, with three black spots below the cell, the
one nearest the base of the wing quite large.

The hind wings have a black and brown border a
little within the margin, the yellow outside sprinkled
with brown atoms ; a large black space below the costa,
beyond which is a whitish patch.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 193

Under side grayish brown, the usual darker band
across the middle, which on the hind wings is but little
darker than the base ; beyond this greenish white, the
whole surface finely reticulated with brown lines. There
are the usual three elongate patches edged with dark
brown in the cell of the fore wings, the subrnarginal
row of ashy-blue lunules edged with dark, and the row
of points between these and the median band. The
lunules do not reach the apex of the fore wings.

The mature larva is two inches long, head with black
markings on the sides, thickly set with little points
and with short spines; somewhat cordate, the vertices
surmounted by two shining black, thick spines, verticel-
lated near the tip. The dorsal and subdorsal rows of
spines shining black except at the base, which is reddish,
with long branches, those of the anterior joints more
thickly branched than the others. The super- and sub-
stigmatal rows reddish tipped with black.

The chrysalis is one inch long, of a beautiful green
color, delicately reticulated, with six golden spots on the
back. The spines and projections are similar to those
in G. Comma.

The food-plant is not known, but Professor Fernald's
surmise is that it may be willow. The butterfly hiber-
nates, the new brood appearing about the middle of
August.

Northern States to Wisconsin.

61. VANESSA ANTIOPA, Linn.

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3.5 inches.
Upper surface rich dark maroon-brown, the border
yellow sprinkled with brown, and preceded by a black
i n 17

194

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

band containing a row of blue spots. The costa is
mottled with yellow and contains two yellow patches.

Under surface traversed by numerous fine black ab-
breviated lines, the outer margin pale buff sprinkled
with brown, and preceded by a series of confluent gray,
blue-black-edged lunules.

Aberrant form, LINTNERII, Fitch. — This form differs
from the one usually seen in having the outer pale bor-
der twice as wide as in the typical Antiopa, occupying
one-third the length of the wing, and in being wholly
destitute of the blue spots. The general color is more
reddish ; the costal margin is black, with small whitish
transverse streaks, but destitute of the two patches.

Another form has " the broad outer border of a tar-
nished pale ochre-yellow, hue, speckled with black the
same as Antiopa, and becomes quite narrow at the anal
angle. The wings beneath are similar to those of Antiopa,
but are darker and without any sprinkling of ash-gray
scales or any whitish crescent in the middle of
the hind pair, and the border is sprinkled with
gray whitish in wavy streaks, without forming
the distinct band which is seen in Antiopa."
This is Mr. Bunker's description, stripped of
a few superfluous words, of a specimen taken
near Rochester, New York.

The female deposits the eggs in a cluster
round the twigs of willow, elm, or poplar
near the petiole of a young leaf, upon which
the young larvse may feed. The mature larvse
are two inches long, black, minutely dotted
with white, which gives them a grayish look ; with a
dorsal row of brick-red spots. Head black, roughened

Cluster of

eggs of V.

Antiopa,

X2.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 195

with small black tubercles. The spines on the body are
black, rather long, slightly branching. There are four
on joints 2 and 3, six on joints 4 and 5, and seven each
on joints 6 to 12. The last joint has two pairs of short
spines, one behind the other.

The chrysalis is dark brown or gray, with two rows
of spines along the back of the abdomen, two on the head
in front, three on the edge of the wing-covers on each side,
and a thin prominence on the middle of the thorax.

This species hibernates in the butterfly state, and the
first brood of caterpillars may be seen in June. The
second brood of caterpillars appears in August.

North America generally.

62. VANESSA MILBEBTII, Godt.

Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 2.25 inches.

Upper surface brownish black, with a broad fulvous
band between the middle and the outer margin, paler on
its inner edge. One example from Colorado has fully half
the band pale buff. On the fore wings the pale band
contains a black patch on the costa, with a white spot on
one or both sides. There are two fulvous spots in the
cell. The border is composed of two parts, the inner
black, the outer a black-brown crenate line, on each side
of which it is a little paler. The black on the hind wings
supports a row of violet lunules.

Under side dark brown, with the usual wavy lines and
spots ; the outer half yellowish brown, differing in shade
on different specimens, with a subniarginal row of gray-
blue lunules which are black-edged.

The mature larva is a little more than an inch long-

ft?

with a black head sprinkled with minute whitish dots,

196 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

from which spring pale hairs. The body is nearly black
above, with small white dots and pale hairs, which give
it a grayish color. The spines are arranged as in V.
Antiopa, and are black and brandling. It has a greenish-
yellow lateral line, above which is a broken line of
brighter orange-yellow shade.

The chrysalis is .8 of an inch long, slightly angular ;
the frontal beaks short, conical ; thoracic projection
forming nearly a right angle; dorsal spines but little
elevated, — the superior one exceeding very little the
others in size; wing-cases as in V. Antiopa; terminal
spine short, flattened, curved.

The larvae are to be found on the wild nettle, and there
are two broods in a season.

Northern States to Montana, Colorado, Arizona,
Pacific States.

63. PYRAMEIS ATALANTA, Linn.

Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 3 inches.

Upper surface black, a little brownish over the basal
half. Each wing is crossed by a reddish fulvous baud,
the one on the fore wing extending in a curved line
from the costa at one-third the distance from the base
of the wing almost to the posterior angle ; the one
on the hind wing a terminal border not reaching the
apex nor the anal angle, and containing a row of black
limules. The fore wings have an oblique white costal
bar half-way from the fulvous band to the apex, and a
submarginal row of fine round white spots from the costa
to near the fulvous band, the fourth the largest. Near
the anal angle is a blue bar in a black space.

Under side of fore wings black, gray at the apex, the

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 197

fulvous and white repeated, blue along the costa, in the
cell, and beyond the fulvous band. The hind wings are
marbled with brown, olive, olive-brown, gray, and pale
violet, a series of five partially distinct submarginal
ocelli imperfectly pupilled.

The eggs are green, barrel-shaped, with
nine vertical ribs which are highest at the top,
the ribs grooved on each side perpendicularly
to the surface of the egg.

The young larva is greenish brown, semi-
translucent, and furnished with ten rows of

P Atalaritn

black, curved hairs. Joints 2 and 13 have egg) x 20.'
black dorsal patches.

After the first moult it is wholly black-brown, armed

•/

Avith seven rows of short, slender, branching black spines.
Head bilobed, the vertices rounded. After the third
moult the body is more black, each segment creased, on
the creases many minute whitish tubercles ; a maculae
greenish-yellow stigniatal band ; head brown. In reach-
ing maturity it passes four moults.

The mature larva is 1.3 inches long, cylindrical, en-
larged in the middle, and of a velvet-black color thickly
sprinkled with fine yellow points, with a stigmatal line of
greenish-yellow patches. It has seven rows of moder-
ately long, slender, branching spines, which are usually
black ; but in some specimens they are pale yellow-
white, more or less reddish at base. Head rounded,
bilobed, the vertices rounded, thickly covered with black,
simple spines.

The chrvsalis is from .85 to .95 of an inch long;,

•/

cylindrical, the abdomen stout, the dorsal tubercles
gilded, the lateral in two rows and black. Color vari-

17*

198 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

ous, usually reddish gray, more or less reticulated with
black.

The food-plants are nettle and hop.

United States generally.

64. PYKAMEIS HUNTERA, Fab.

Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.25 inches.

Upper surface fulvous, a little tawny at base, the
apical portion of fore wings black, this continued as a
border to the posterior angle. The apical black contains
an oblique fulvous bar beyond the cell, and the submar-
ginal white dots of P. Atalanta, the first two blended,
and one farther down in the fulvous. Besides this there
are five triangular black marks, two of which are in the
cell. The border of both wings consists of three more
or less distinct lines, the inner on the hind wings in the
form of a shade. The apical portion of the border
on the fore wings is washed with lilac ; and there is a
gray-blue bar at the anal angle. Hind wings have a
subniarginal row of five black spots, the second and
fifth pupilled with blue. Costa black.

The under side of fore wings is red, except the apical
portion, which is marked as above. Hind wings marbled
with brownish black and white, with two large ocelli.
The outer border is four black lines, with violet between
the two inner.

The mature larva is 1.25 inches long, the body velvety
black, between the joints four transverse lines of pale

vellow alternating with narrow black lines. On each

./

joint there are seven dark brown tubercles, from which
arise short, branching, black spines. On joints 6 to 12
in the snbdorsal region are large shining white spots.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 199

Joint 2 is short, has but little black, and lacks the
tubercles and spines. Head bilobed, black, sparsely
clothed with gray hairs. Between joints 12 and 13 is a
large whitish patch crossed by a fine black line. Below
the stigmata are two yellow lines, the lower interrupted,
both spotted with black.

The chrysalis is yellowish, moderately angular ; head-
case bifid, slightly projecting, and edged with brown
above ; thoracic projection forming an obtuse angle ;
dorsal spines minute, of nearly uniform size, brown-
tipped ; segments with rows of brown dots, and also of
brownish markings.

The food-plants are G-napliaUum polycephalum, Arte-
misia Ludoviciana, and probably other allied species.

United States generally.

65. PYKAMEIS CARDTJI, Linn.

Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.5 inches.

Upper surface reddish fulvous, the fore wings marked
as in P. ffuntera, except that the bar in the apical black
portion of the fore wings is white instead of fulvous, and
the white subrnarginal dot in the fulvous is absent, as
is also the violet apical shade. The hind wings have the
submarginal black spots, with a very little blue in the
fourth and fifth, and the border is broken.

The under side is much as it is in P. Huntera, but
there are five ocelli on the hind wings instead of two,
and thev are smaller.

•/

The mature larva is 1.5 inches long, cylindrical, rather
robust. The general color of the substigmatal region, as
well as that of the middle part of each joint, and the greater
part of the thoracic joints, is a delicate lilac. Between the

200 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

joints are two lines of bright yellow, the posterior slightly
double, the space between the yellow lines occupied by
two narrow black lines and one white line, all the light
lines between the thoracic joints being white. There are
seven rows of tubercles, from which arise branching spines,
the dorsal and lowest lateral tubercles white, the rest red-
dish brown. The spines are whitish yellow, the tips of
the branches black. Joints 3 and 4 have only four spines
each. The dorsum has a double, broken yellow line, the
dashes of which it is composed extending from the an-
terior transverse yellow line to the tubercle on the centre
of the joint. There is also a yellow dash in front of
each of the brown tubercles ; all the yellow being rather
dark. Below the stigmata, between the lower tubercles,
is a light lemon-yellow line. Stigmata black, with some
black spots over the body. Head black.

This butterfly is distributed over the United States
generally, and is known by the common name of Thistle
Butterfly. It is double-brooded, and hibernates in the
butterfly state. The larvse feed on thistle, burdock,
sunflower, and hollyhock.

66. JTJNONIA CCENIA, Hub.

Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.5 inches.

Upper surface dark olive-brown, each wing with two
eye-spots, a large and a small one, the large ones the
posterior of the fore wings and the anterior of the hind
wings, the small ones on the fore wings sometimes ob-
scure. There is an oblique whitish band beyond the
cell of the fore wings, the lower part expanding so as
more or less to enclose the eye-spot. There are two
fulvous bars in the cell, and there is a little fulvous

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 201

outside the large eye-spot, and a subterminal fulvous
border to the hind wings not reaching either margin.
The border to both wings consists of three somewhat
crenate black lines, the ground color between a little
pale. Sometimes the fore wings have a little subapical
white, and a subterminal fulvous bar outside the small
ocellus.

Under side variable, ranging from reddish brown and
brownish fawn to brownish buff; these colors being found
on the hind wings and the apex of the fore wings, with

FIG. 56.

Junonia Ccenia (natural size).

brown wavy lines of varying shade. The eye-spots of the
fore wings are as above, but both of those on the hind
wings are small, with two points between them and one
near the costa. The fore wings have the white band and
three fulvous bars in the cell.

The mature larva is black, the dorsuni sprinkled with
fine white specks, with two somewhat broken lines of
creamy white on each side, the lower side of the joints
back of joint 4 and a ring back of the head dull ochre.

202 VHE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

On each joint there is a transverse row of tubercles tipped
with spines, the two stigruatal on each side dull ochre,
the rest black.

The chrysalis is like that of P. Cardui and P. Hun-
tera, but blackish varied with whitish, without metallic
spots.

The larvae feed on species of Gerardia, plantain, and
snapdragon, and are to be found in the Middle and
Southern States to the Pacific; occasionally in Massa-
chusetts and Maine.

67. ANARTIA JATROPH^E, Linn.

Expanse of wings 2 inches.

Color gray, with a livid tint, two round black spots
to each wing, those 011 the hind wings in the position of
the eye-spots of J. Ccenia, but lacking the apical one on
the fore wings, slightly pupilled. Outer border consists
of three dull-brownish crenate lines, the outer on the
edge of the wing. Wings crossed by several wavy lines
the same color as the border, five of these being bars in
the cell of the fore wings and at its end, with several
shades along the costal .region.

Under side paler, the spots and transverse marks as
above, the outer margin washed with brown. Antennae
black, the club ferruginous.

This species is found only in Florida and Texas.

68. EUNICA MONIMA, Cram.

Expanse of wings 1.6 inches.

Upper surface dark brown, with a decided purple re-
flection. Across the apical portion of the fore wings are
two oblique rows of whitish spots, the one across the end

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 903

of the cell consisting of three spots, the outer or sub-
apical of two. Fringes fuscous gray.

Under side brownish drab, the white spots repeated,
and the space about these blackish brown. The hind
wings are crossed by three brown, tortuous lines. Be-
tween the middle and the outer are six obscure brownish
eye-spots, some black in the centre, some white, in two
sets of three each.

Florida and Texas.

69. TIMETES PETREUS, Cram.

Expanse of wings 3 inches.

Upper surface bright fulvous red, costal edge of fore
wings black, more prominent towards the apex. Both
wings are crossed by three black lines, which are nearly
parallel to the outer margin. On the hind wings the
outer line is double, expanded on the costa, where the
included space is white. The hind wings have a black
border which sends a shade on the posterior angle of the
fore wings and is shaded inward with brownish black
about the anal angle. On the inner edge of the border
is an ocellus at the end of the outer transverse black
line, another elongate one at the anal angle, and a trace
of a third farther towards the apex. Hind wings ending
in a tail .6 of an inch long, and the anal angle prolonged
into another .2 of an inch, the latter with some gray-blue
and purple scales. Apex of fore wings produced, the
angle below the apex prominent.

Under side brown, with a violet reflection, the lines
darker brown, ashy at the anal angle. Body fulvous
above, white beneath.

Indian River, Florida.

204

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

70. VICTORINA STENELES, Linn.

Expanse of wings 3.3 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dull black, marked by grass-
green spots or markings. These consist of a row or
band extending obliquely across the middle of the fore
wings and the base of the hind wings, and a subterminal
row common to both wings. The first row occupies about

FIG. 57.

Victorina Steneles, male (natural size).

the middle third of the fore wing and is broken up into
oblong spots, but on the hind wing it is continuous, there
being but little black between this and the base. Fig.
57 shows how this band is broken up into spots, con-
sisting of two beyond the cell ; then an interspace with-
out a spot; the third in the upper median space, con-
tinued into the cell by a blunt conical spot, the vein
separating them, and both rounded inwardly ; the fourth

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 205

occupies the lower two-thirds of the lower median inter-
space, somewhat boot-shaped, the foot extending into the
cell; the band is continued to the hind margin by a
single nearly quadrate patch, with the brownish subnie-
dian vein crossing it. This band continues across the
hind wing to the inner margin, crossed by the brownish
veins. The outer row consists of small spots between
the veins, nearly round, the first four on the fore wings
and the last two on the hind wings inconspicuous, the
others varying in diameter from one-third to nearly the
whole distance between the veins. Besides these bands
or rows of spots there are two small patches along the
costa, somewhat paler than the others. The black be-
tween the rows has a shade of drab across it, more prom-
inent on the hind wings, it being orange-tinted near the
anal angle.

Under side with the green repeated but much enlarged,
so as to cover most of the under surface ; the inner band
bordered on each side on the hind wings and partially on
the fore wings with orange, the outer band tinted on the
inside with orange and brown. Ground color of the
outer part yellowish drab, of the basal part almost white,
the two shading into each other.

Fore wings considerably falcate, the apex slightly pro-
duced, the outer margin dentate ; the hind wings more
strongly dentate, with a tail near the middle .2 of an inch
long ; the excavation in margins of both wings white.

Female. — This resembles the male closelv, but differs

•/ ./

in the third spot of the median band not being accom-
panied by a spot in the cell, and in the under side having

more orange.

Florida, Cuba, Mexico, Central America to Brazil.

18

206 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

71. DIADEMA MISIPPDS, Linn.

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches.

Wings dark chocolate color, almost black, but when
held against the light in a certain direction display a
bluish-purple tint. The fore wings have a large white
oval spot in the middle, and another smaller oblong
white spot at the tips. The hind wings have a white
spot larger than in the fore wings : on the edges of all
these spots the purple color before mentioned is very
conspicuous.

In vol. i. page 30, of " Papilio," Mr. W. H. Edwards
quotes the description of this species from Westwood's
edition of Drury, which is given substantially above, and
states that a fine male of the species had been taken at
Indian Kiver, Florida, by Mr. Wittfeld, November 11,
1880, two others being seen at the same time but not
captured. This is supposed to be the first time the
species has been taken in the United States during the
present generation, though by Drury it was credited to
this country as far north as New York.

72. LIMENITIS UESULA, Fab.

Expanse of wings 3 inches.

Upper surface black tinged with bluish or greenish,
and a little with fulvous at the apex of the fore wings.
Along the outer margin are two rows of blue or green
spots, the outer in the form of crescents, the inner
lunules.

Under side brownish black, the outer border repeated,
preceded by a row of black and a row of fulvous spots,
some of the latter obsolete near the posterior angle.

EASTERN .UNITED STATES. 207

There are two fulvous spots in the cell of the fore wings,
three near the base of the hind wings, and some on the

O J

costa of both wings near the base.

The larva, according to Harris, is like that of L. Di-
sippus in form, of a brownish color, more or less varie-
gated with white on the sides, and with green above, and,

FIG. 58.

Limenitis Ursula (natural size).

like that of Disippus, has two long barbed brown horns
on the second (third ?) segment.

The chrysalis is not to be distinguished from that of
Disippus in form and color, and the butterfly emerges
from it in eleven days after the insect has entered this
state.

The food-plants are willow, wild gooseberry, wrild
cherry, apple, plum, hawthorn, oak. Vacdnium stami-
neum, and Oarpinus Americana.

Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Kansas.

208 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

73. LIMENITLS ARTHEMIS, Drury.

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches.

Upper surface black, a white band crossing both wings,
that on the fore wings curving from the middle of the
costa to near the posterior angle, from which place it is
continued across the hind wings to above the anal angle.
The fore wings have a white subapical spot and two
marginal rows of faint green lunules. The hind wings
have the lunules more distinct, and inside them a row of
fulvous spots.

The under side is fulvous brown, marked as in L. Ur-
sula, except that in this the white band of the upper
surface is repeated.

This is a dimorphic species, the two forms at first
supposed to be distinct species, but Mr. Edwards has
reared both forms from eggs deposited by the same
female, which proves them to be only forms of the same
species. The above description applies to the one known
as dimorphic form LAMINA, Fab. The other, dimorphic
form PROSERPINA, Edw., may be known by the white
band of the fore wings being obsolete on its anterior
half, or by there being at most only a whitish stripe oc-
cupying some part of the position of the band on the
other form.

The egg is grayish green, dome-shaped, with the whole
surface covered with six-sided reticulations, from each
angle of which arises a short, tapering, white spine.

The young larva hatches from this in from seven to
nine days. It is yellowish brown, covered with fine
tubercles, each supporting a fine club-shaped hair. The
young larva is said to eat away the leaf on both sides of

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 209

the midrib, and when at rest is to be found on this
stripped portion.

After the first moult the color is blackish brown, with
a light brown patch on joint 8, covering the dorsuin and
part of the sides. On all the joints back of the second
there is a broad ridge, in most cases followed by two
narrow ones; the broad one on joint 3 elevated and
bearing two tawny conical processes, crowned by a clus-
ter of little fleshy knobs. Besides these there are other
lower processes along the back. After the second moult
the dorsal patch becomes pale buff, and extends partly
over joints 7 and 9.

Five days after this moult each larva begins to make
its hibernaculum, or case in which to hibernate, and three
days later they close themselves in these cases, where they
remain till the following spring. After they emerge from
the hibernaculi they feed about two days and moult the
third time, wrhen they are red-browrn speckled and mottled
with black, with the processes ferruginous. Joints 2 to 4
are yellowish inclining to buff. After the fourth moult
the color remains about the same.

The mature larva is 1.2 inches long; the red color
two days after the fourth moult begins to change to
green, olive, and partly a light and deep green ; the
dorsal patch to sordid buff, dull red buff, or whitish ; the
anterior segments to gray or whitish. The head changes
from red to blue, and becomes dark drab.

The chrysalis is .9 of an inch long, subcylindrical,
the abdomen somewhat compressed laterally and termi-
nating rather abruptly; the general shape much lik >
that of L. Disippus. The color of the wing-cases and
anterior parts silvery gray, the former tinged with brown
o 18*

210 THll nilTTERFLlEfi OF THE

or pale black along their hind margins ; the wing-cases
varying somewhat in shade. Dorsal side of abdomen
yellow-white, gray towards extremity ; ventral side al-
most wholly gray and brown ; dorsal appendage dark
smoky brown, with silvery corrugations before and after
it. The butterfly emerges from the chrysalis from June
to July.

The food-plants are willow, aspen, basswood, and
probably thorn.

Northern United States.

74. LIMENITIS DISIPPUS, Godt.

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches.
Upper surface fulvous, the lines black ; on the fore
wings a black triangular patch, containing three white

FIG. 59.

Limenitis Disippus, — right wings the under side (natural size).

spots on the costa beyond the cell, continued to the pos-
terior angle in a narrow line. A black line crosses the

o

hind wings about two-thirds of the distance from the

o

base, as shown in Fig. 59. Outer border black, contain-

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

211

ing a row of white spots; and there are two anteapical
white spots, the lower one quite small. Fringes black
spotted with white.

Under side similar to the upper, but the fulvous is
paler ; the border contains two rows of white spots,
and white spots between the veins in front of the trans-
verse line of the hind wings, and on the costa of the
fore wings in front of the cell.

Yar. FLORIDEXSIS, Strecker. — This form has the
upper surface dark, almost mahogany color, but the

FIG. 60.

L. Disippus: a, egg, X30> c> ssime, natural size; d, more enlarged
view of one of the cells.

under side is as pale as the usual form. This form is
found from the southern part of Illinois south.

Yar. PSEUDODORIPPUS, Strecker. — On this the mesial
black stripe of the hind wings is wanting ; the anteapical
black patch almost gone, — only indicated by a darkish
shade devoid of the usual three white spots. Under sur-
face same as above, save that in the submarginal row of
white lunules there is no intervening black line between
them and the reddish ground color. This was from a
single female taken in the Catskill Mountains, Xew York.

; THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

The egg represented in Fig. 60 is similar in form and
size to that of L. Arthemis. The eggs are pale yellow at
first, but soon change to gray.

The young larva is yellowish brown mottled with dark
streaks, especially below the stigmata ; head twice as
large as joint 2, and bilobed. Each joint is divided by
a transverse impressed line, and on the top of the folds
thus made are four elevated spots, the anterior the largest.
There is also a subdorsal and substigniatal row of similar

TIG. 61.

L. Disippus : a, mature larva ; c, hibernaculum ; d, leaf eaten all but

midrib.

warts, from each of which springs a pale bristle. The
second period scarcely differs from the first. In the
third period the horns acquire their mature proportions,
and the whole surface of the larva becomes more granu-
lated. In the fourth or last period the blue points
appear, and the lateral rows of tubercles lose their con-
spicuousness to a great extent.

The mature larva is 1.2 inches long; general color
either whitish or olive-green. Body thickly granulated.

EASTERN J'NITED STATES.

213

FIG. 62.

Head dull olive, with dense minute prickles ; bilobed,
upon the vertices a pair of prickly horns. Back specked
and mottled above the stigmata with olive of different
shades, except joints 3 and 9 and the upper parts of 8 and

10, but with a continuous pure white substigmatal line.
Below this, on joints 5 to 11, is a large olive patch, on
joints 7 to 10 extending to the tip of the prolegs. A
pair of black, transversely-arranged dorsal dots in the
sutures behind joint 3, and a more or less obvious lateral
one just above, and behind the sixth and eighth pair
of stigmata. Joints 4 to 8 and 10 to 12 with more or
less shining, elevated, blue dots. On joint 3 is a pair of
prickly, cylindrical, black horns, transversely
arranged, .16 of an inch long; on joints 4,

11, and 12, a pair of dorsal tubercles, each
crowned by a little bunch of from eteht to

•* o

twelve prickles ; on joint 6, a pair of similar
tubercles, but larger and of a yellowish color ;
on joints 5, 7, 8, and 10, tubercles similar to
those on joints 4, 11, and 12, but smaller; on
joint 13, four black, prickly, dorsal horns.

The pupa (Fig. 62) is similar in form to
that of L. Arthemis, and is marked with burnt pupa,
umber-brown, ash-gray, flesh color, and white.

The winter is passed in a hibernaculum consisting of
a leaf, similar to L. Arthemis, except when there is more
than one brood in a season. In this case it is only the
last brood that has a torpid state.

The food-plants are apple, plum, willow, poplar, and
oak.

United States generally.

214 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

75. LIMENITIS EROS, Edw.

Expanse of wings from 2.6 to 3 inches.

Upper surface dark red-brown, mahogany color, the
black markings heavier than in L. Disippus, the white
spots in the border of the hind wings subobsolete, while
in the males there are often a series of white crescents in
front of the black line of the hind wings.

The under side is as dark as the upper, or scarcely
lighter, with the white marks more prominent than in
L. Disippus, and a white spot near the base of each wing.

The following description of the preparatory stages,
arranged from Mr. Edwards's account of the life-history
of this species, will show how the two species differ in
the larva state.

The egg is similar to that of L. Disippus, but a little
higher in proportion.

The color of the larva after the first moult is mottled
tawny and dark brown, the appendages on joint 3 one-
third as large as in Disippus (.01 of an inch).

After the second moult, color more black, less tawny,
the appendages .03 of an inch long, thick, club-shaped,
covered closely with grains, mostly tawny, a few black.

After the third moult, color black, the tops of all the
tubercles tawny, the appendages .06 to .08 of an inch
long, clubbed as before, tawny.

After the fourth moult, color variable, either dark red-
brown, the anterior segments brown-buff, the patch light
buff, pink-tinted, or dark yellow-brown, the anterior
segments yellow- white, the patch yellow, with buff tint ;
the appendages .12 to .22 of an inch long, clubbed and
closely covered throughout with tawny grains (the shorter

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 215

processes clubbed, the longer tapering, but clubbed at
tip). Head amber color, in some cases yellow-brown, the
top and sides pinkish.

In 1878, Mr. Herman Strecker briefly described, in
his Catalogue of Butterflies, a Southern form as darker
than Disippus, under the name Var. Floridensis, but
gave no marks of difference except the color. In the
December number of the " Canadian Entomologist" for
1880, Mr. "W. H. Edwards, recognizing two forms in
the Southern States as differing from L. Disippus, de-
scribed the one farthest separated from Disippus as L.
Eros, presuming that the other form was Mr. Strecker' s
var. Floridensis : the one described as Eros contained
points of difference besides color, and Mr. Strecker's de-
scription made no mention of any other distinction. In
a subsequent number of the " Canadian Entomologist"
Mr. Strecker claimed that Mr. Edwards had redescribed
his variety Floridensis ; but the Xew York Entomological
Club sustained Mr. Edwards in his name Eros for the
form to which it was given. Following that decision,
the two names are used in that way in Mr. Edwards's
New Catalogue, and the nomenclature here is based on
that arrangement.

The food-plant is willow.

Florida, Georgia.

76. APATUEA CELTIS, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.75 inches.

Upper surface russety gray or fawn color, inclined to
olivaceous, shaded with black-brown. The outer half
of the fore wings, except the hind margin, and two spots
and a bar in the cell, dark brown, with an irregular row

216

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

of seven pale yellow spots beyond the cell. There are
three submarginal black ocelli, the lower not pupilled,
the middle pupilled, with the lower of three white spots ;
a little tawny near the posterior part of the margin.
Hind wings more uniformly shaded with brown, with
two marginal rows of fawn lunules ; and beyond the
middle six round eye-like spots, not pupilled, in a pale
field. In certain lights the upper surface has a little
iridescence.

Under side light gray, less brown than above, the

FIG. 63.

Apatura Celtis: a, egg; b, larva, dorsal view; c, d, pupa; e, imago, male, the
dotted line showing form of female.

middle of the fore wings with a slight yellow tinge.
The fore wings have two ocelli, the hind wings seven,
all annulate with pale yellow, and all but one on each
wing with a pupil, the pupil of those on the hind wings
pale blue.

The mature larvse, as described by Professor Hi ley, are
rather more than an inch long, of a pea-green color, with
a series of yellow spots along the middle of the back,
and three yellow lines on each side, the intermediate one
undulating, often obsolete on the anterior part of each
joint, and containing a little lead-colored dimple. The

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

217

body is more or less thickly granulated with pale papillae ;
swells in the middle, from which it tapers both ways, the
anal extremity ending in two horns. The back and sides
are flattened, the latter sloping slightly roof fashion.
The most characteristic feature is the head, which, though
variable in color, is always surmounted in this stage by

FIG. 64.

A. Celtis : /, egg, magnified ; g, larva, lateral view ; h, imago, under side ; i, j, k, L m,
the five different larval heads ; n, o, dorsal and lateral view of larval joint, enlarged.

two antlers. The heads in the different stages are well
represented in Fig. 64.

The second brood of larvae after passing the second or
third moult cease to eat, station themselves on the under
side of a leaf, shrink in size and change their color some-
what, and become torpid. In this state they hibernate.

Food-plant, hackberry.

Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi Valley.

77. APATURA ALICIA, Edw.

Expanse of wings 2.25 inches.

Upper surface dull fulvous, a little more than the outer

half of fore wings dark brown, except the hind margin
K 19

218 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

and a spur from the posterior angle. The cell has the
three marks of the preceding species, also the row of
spots beyond the cell, but the three next to the costa are
white. Above the posterior angle is an eye-spot with a
pale blue centre and a reddish annulus.

Hind wings with a border consisting of an edge and
two black lines, with six ocelli within this border, about
four of which are pupilled ; and some shading of brown
near the base.

Under side grayish white shaded with gray, the middle
of the fore wings tinged a little with yellow. Marked
much as above, the middle of the terminal lines yellow.
There are two ocelli on the fore wings and seven on the
hind wings, annulate with yellow and black, except the
posterior one of the fore wings, w7hich lacks the black,
the anal one double.

Florida to Texas.

78. APATUKA CLYTON, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.5 inches.

Male. — Upper surface of fore wings rusty fulvous at
the base, the remainder blackish brown, the veins some-
times ferruginous. The hind wings are blackish brown,
the inner side with long greenish-brown hairs. Both
wings have a black line forming the inner part of the
terminal border, which is preceded by a series of rusty
yellowish spots, obsolete at the apex of fore wings. Be-
yond the cell of fore wings are two rows of yellowish or
rusty yelloAV spots, the outer row lacking two of reach-
ing the hind margin ; and there are two black bars in the
cell. The hind wings have within the outer margin a
series of six round black spots circled with ferruginous.

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

219

Under side of fore wings brown in several shades,
gray in the cell ; the marks of the upper side repeated,
but not hi the same colors, also a sinuous median black
stripe. Hind wings purplish brown at base, limited
through the middle by a darker sinuate line. Beyond
this is a pale shade followed by another brown space
containing the usual seven small ocelli. Outer border
of both wings two crenate purplish-brown lines.

Female. — The fore wings are lighter, less brown on

FIG. 65.

c

( i

Apatura Clytoii : a, eggs ; I, larva ; c, pupa ; d, imago, male, the dotted line showing
the form of female (all natural size).

the outer part, and the spots have a decided yellow tint.
The under side in some examples quite pale.

This species is dimorphic, but not seasonally, as there
is only one brood during a season. The description
given applies to the dimorphic form OCELLATA, Edw.
Dimorphic form PKOSEBPIXA, Scud., differs from this
in having the hind wings wholly blackish brown, except
a little ferruginous at base, the round spots showing very
little or not at all.

220

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

The under side is darker, with more of a purplish tint,
and the ocelli of the hind wings are obscured.

The eggs of this butterfly are deposited in dense
clusters, those of A. Celtis singly. When first deposited
the eggs are pale yellowish white, but towards time for
hatching the mass becomes more buff-colored.

The larva, in its first stage, is, according to Professor
C. Y. Riley, easily distinguished from that of Celtis by
its copal-yellow, instead of black, head ; and in the other

FIG. 66.

Apatura Cl.yton : g, larva, half grown, dorsal view ; /;, imago, male, under side ; i,j,
k, I, m, the five different heads of larva ; n, o, dorsal and lateral views of larval joint ;
p, egg, enlarged ; q, larvae as when hibernating (natural size).

stages by a dark dorsal line, and a straight instead of
wavy suprastigmatal line. The head is also larger, more
pubescent, broader at the apex, and with the antlers
larger, more spiny and hairy. These characters are well
shown in the two illustrations which accompany each of
the two species compared. According to Mr. W. H.
Edwards, there is only one brood of Clyton in the latitude
of West Virginia, the larvae hibernating after the second
or third moult.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 221

The food-plant is hackberry, Celtis occidentals.
New York to the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi Valley,
Kansas.

79. APATURA FLORA, Edw.

Expanse of wings about the same as A. Clyton.
Male. — Both wings more excised than is usual in

o

Clyton, and the hind wings more prolonged and more
pointed at the anal angle. Upper surface of both wings
uniform bright orange ferruginous, except the area be-
yond the cell of the fore wings, which is of a deep shade
of ferruginous, blackened in the middle of the several

O J

interspaces. The fore wings are scarcely at all obscured
at base, and the two rows of spots are bright orange
ferruginous, of the same shade as the general surface,
instead of being yellowish as in the usual Clyton.

The hind wings have the base and inner margin but

o o

slightly obscured, and a broad bright stripe extends from
the middle of the wing to the marginal band. The
ocelli lie in this field, and are large. The marginal band
of each wing is remarkably broad, so that on the hind
wings it nearly reaches the ocelli ; and, except in the two
interspaces next the outer angle, there is a total absence
of the submarginal crenated line always seen in var.
Ocellata. of Clyton. Furthermore, there is an absence
of the light patch on costal margin. The peculiar shape
of the wings, the uniform bright shade of ferruginous,
extending even to the rows of spots beyond the cell, the
large ocelli, the broad marginal band, and the absence of
the crenated line and of the costal patch, strike the eye
at once.

On the under side the pattern is as in var. Ocellata

19*

222 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

of Clytonj but the colors are all intense; the cell and
nearly all the spots of the fore wings buff,, the extra
discal area deep ferruginous ; the basal area of hind
wings deep gray-brown, tinted with ferruginous next the
costa and towards the anal angle. The sinuous discal
stripe is deep ferruginous, as is also the field on which
are the ocelli, and between this stripe and field the space
is lilaciuous ; the ocelli intense ferruginous, with obsolete
rings, and lilacinous pupils. On both wings the broad
marginal band is cut by a conspicuous blue-black stripe
from the anal angle to the second subcostal venule on the
fore wings. This stripe is so expanded next the posterior
angle of the fore wings as to occupy full half the width
of the band.

Female. — Duller colored, but as little obscured as the
male. The fore wings are crossed by a broad, sinuous,
deep black discal band, which in the usual Clyton is
brown or ferruginous, and the bars in the cell are black
and heavy. A broad submarginal black stripe com-
pletely crosses both wings, the margin outside this stripe
being ferruginous, concolored with the cell. The cre-
nated line is absent from the hind wings even at the
outer angle.

This description is slightly modified from Mr. Ed-
wards's description as given in " Butterflies of North
America," vol. ii. The following description of the pre-
paratory stages is from the same author in the " Canadian
Entomologist" for May, 1881.

The egg is similar to that of Clyton, nearly spherical,
flattened at base, marked by eighteen or twenty slightly
prominent vertical ribs and many fine equidistant striae :
color yellow-green.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 223

The young larva, which hatches in six or seven clays, is
.08 of an inch long, cylindrical, tapering from joint 3 ;
pubescent, and of a pale translucent green color. The
head is twice as broad as the second segment, subglobose,
bilobed, the surface thickly pitted with yellow excava-
tions ; color shining yellow or ochrey brown. Towards
the last of the stage the body is less tapering, each
segment well rounded, with dark green dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines, the last more decidedly green. After six
days the larva moults, when it is .14 of an inch long,
the body a little thickened at joint 7, tapering slightly
each way, the last segment ending in a forked tail.
The surface is closely covered with yellow and yellow-
white tubercles, arranged in longitudinal rows, and
also in regular cross-rows. These tubercles are stout
at the base, subconic at the top, of irregular size, and at
the top of each is a short white appendage. Dorsal
and subdorsal stripes dark green, the last narrow. The
dorsum is covered by two bands of tubercles, divided by
the green stripe, each band made up of two rows, the
outer row whitish, the inner yellow. The subdorsal
region, or below the lateral stripe, is another band of
two rows, and as the stage proceeds these separate, show-
ing a dull green line between them, the lower row run-
ning with the basal ridge of the body. The tails are
divergent from base, short, tapering, rough with tubercles,
and these give out longer hairs than elsewhere. Under
side, feet, and legs yellow-green. Head subquadrate, the
sides rounded, the whole surface shallowly pitted and
covered with short yellow7 dowai ; color greenish white,
with dark brown spots and patches, a large brown tri-
angle over the mandibles, a small subtriangular patch at

^24 THK BUTTERFLIES OF THE

the top in the depression, a subcrescent patch along the
base of each vertex, a stripe from the vertex half-way
down the side, and another down the back ; the ocelli
black on a brown ground ; on each vertex a short, com-
pressed, fleshy, white process, and single white spurs
along the back of the head at the top and down the
sides ; on the sides and top of the processes and spurs
many long white hairs.

After four days the larva moults again, when it is
.26 of an inch long ; the shape similar but stouter, the
sides somewhat less rounded than the dorsuni, the base
broadest, and the tails more produced. The tubercles
remain as during the preceding stage, but broader and
flattened, the two rows of each dorsal band a little sep-
arated, so as to show a dull green imperfect line ; the side-
stripe much widened, joint 2 wholly yellow. The head
is shaped as before, the depression more angular, green
behind, green with dark brown patches at the sides and
front ; these patches much extended, the one at the top
nearly meeting by a triangular projection the triangle
from the mandibles, and the one from base of process in
nearly all cases protracted to outer end of mandibles, so
that the white in front is confined to two curved vertical
stripes, forming with a cross-line between the two triangles
the letter H. The processes are stout, short, cylindrical,
evenly forked at the top, each fork bluntly rounded, and
a little tapering ; at the base is a spur turned forward,
and along the back and sides are single spurs ; color of
process black in front, green behind. Along the back of
the head at the top are spurs in line, and so down the
sides, diminishing gradually in length, the upper ones
bent down ; all, as well as the processes, pilose.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 225

It moults again in three days, but the characters do
not change. Length from .38 to .4 of an inch.

In five days more it moults again, when it measures
.6 of an inch, the shape and markings unchanged.

The mature larva is from 1.2 to 1.4 inches long, sub-
cylindrical and robust, the dorsurn well rounded, the
sides much less convex, rather flattened, and sloping to
a broad base ; the last segment ending in a forked tail.
It is banded with tubercles as at the first part of this
stage, but these have constantly diminished in size as
the larva progressed, and are in no place so distinct, and
many have disappeared altogether. General color either
bright yellow or ochre-yellow, a little whitened along
the edges of the dorsal area ; dorsal stripe very narrow,
and either black or deep blue, but greenish on two or
three anterior joints ; the two side-stripes are dull or
sordid green, as is also the under siclo. Head subquad-
rate, the sides rounded, the front moderately rounded,
the top depressed, on each vertex a short stout stag-horn
process, with four prongs, these and the entire front and
sides of the processes black ; the back is green, and upon
it and at the sides below are four green similar prongs,
spurs similar to those in the former stage ; the rest of
the head greenish white and black, and thickly covered
with a fine yellow clown ; the processes and spurs much
covered with long white hairs.

The chrysalis is from .7 to .85 of an inch long, shaped
much as in the other species. The color is pale yellow-
green, finely streaked and speckled with light buff over
head-case, mesonotum, and wing-cases, and speckled over
abdomen. In six or seven days after pupation the butter-
fly emerges. Like the other species, this feeds during the
p

22b

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

larval state on hackberiy, with habits similar to those
of Clyton.

Texas, Florida.

80. PAPHIA TROGLODYTA, Fab.

Expanse of wings from 1.7 to 1.9 inches.
Male (Fig. 67). — Upper surface copper-red, outer
margin edged with a black border, with gray or purple

FIG. 67.

Paphia Troglodyta, male (natural size).

reflections. At the end of the cell of the fore wings is
a black bar, and a black patch on the costa'of the hind

wings.

Under side dead-leaf brown with a gray lustre, tinted
on hind margin of fore wings with reddish, and through-
out covered with dark scales. The basal half of fore
wings deep-colored, limited without by a wavy edge ; be-
yond this, and reaching to the dark marginal border, is
a broad wavy band of paler color, bifurcate at the costal

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

227

margin. There is a small cluster of luteous scales in
the subcostal interspace of the hind wings and on the
middle of the outer area,

Female. — This has the upper side pale red, the mar-
ginal border of fore wings very broad, enclosing a yellow-
red wavy band imperfectly bifurcated. The hind wings
have a similar band, contracted at the apex, and greatly
expanded through the middle, which is partially sepa-

FIQ. 68

Paphia Troglodyta, female (natural size).

rated from the apical portion by a line. The under side
is vinous brown, with gray reflections.

The young larva is light bluish green thickly covered
with soiled wrhite papillae. Scattered among these are
light orange papilla? of a larger size, with occasionally
one of brown. The head is larger than the third seg-
ment, which is the largest in the body. At each moult
some of the papillse disappear, especially the brown ones,
the green shade becoming more apparent and the skin
softer.

228

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

The mature larva is 1.55 inches long, cylindrical,
tapering each way from the third joint. Color light
bluish green ; surface rough, covered with whitish pa-
pillae. Head bilobed, a pair of orange papillae on the

FIG. 69.

Paphia Troglody ta : a, larva ; b, pupa.

vertex. Neck green, constricted, retracted within joint 2
when at rest.

The chrysalis is at first light green, soon changing to
whitish green or to light cinereous brown ; the whole
surface indistinctly marked with fine parallel streaks of
darker color. In form short, thick, gibbous, the ab-
dominal joints contracted almost into a hemisphere.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 229

The food-plant is Croton capitatum, and probably also
Croton monanthogynum, as the butterfly is to be found
where the first plant does not grow but the latter does.

Western States from Illinois to Texas, Nebraska.

SUBFAMILY SATYBINJE.

In this group the palpi are close, elevated, very hairy,
the discal cells always closed, and the veins of the fore
wings usually dilated at base. In Debis the eyes are
hairy, in Satyrus naked, while in Neonympha they vary,
some species being hairy and others naked. The butter-
flies in the Eastern United States vary from russet to
dark wood-brown or nearly black, and in most species
have eye-spots on the under side of the hind wings at
least. The larva? are cylindrical, tapering slightly from
the second segment, the head larger than this segment.
The body is more or less provided with small tubercles
supporting hairs. Grass constitutes the principal food-
plant. The chrysalides are more nearly cylindrical than
in the preceding subfamily.

81. DEBIS PORTLANDIA, Fab.

Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.25 inches.

Upper surface wood-brown, rather light, the outer
third a little paler, the division marked by a darker
shade of the ground color, more pronounced on the fore
wings, the line dentate with two prominent teeth oppo-
site the discal cell, from which it bends inward before
a whitish somewhat oblong costal patch. In this paler
terminal space there is an anteapical whitish dot in line

with four or five round dull black spots annulate with

20

230

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

Debis Portlandia, male (natural size).

yellowish, two of them small, the three larger pupilled
with dark black. On the hind wings there are five

subequal rather large
FIG. 70. eye-spots. The outer

border is composed of
two lines slightly paler
than the ground color,
with a dark line and a
dark internal shade.

Under side browrn as
above, with a violet
tinge, traversed by two
brown sinuous lines, be-
tween which there is a discoidal arc of the saine^ color.
The eye-spots are brighter and blacker than above, the
iris yellow and pupil white, the anal one on the hind
wings double. Those on the fore wings are enclosed in
an oblong white ring. A similar ring enclosing those of
the hind wings is crenate, the first and the last cut oif
from the others by cross-lines. The border is composed
of white, brown, and dark yellow lines.

This species is to be found in woodlands, the male
sitting on the body of some tree, from which it flies upon
the approach of any intruder. After flitting about the
trespasser upon its domain it returns to the same or an
adjacent tree. The females are mostly to be found on
the wild grasses that grow in such places, upon which
the larvae feed.

The eggs are obovoid, the base a little flattened, and
under the middle thereof is a slightly rounded protuber-
ance of less diameter, smooth. Color greenish white.
The young larva is cylindrical, head twice the dianie-

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 231

ter of any other joint, body tapering slightly from joint
2 back. Each segment from 3 to 12 is creased, making
six ridges ; on each of the first and fifth is a minute tu-
bercle with a rather long hair bent forward, making two
dorsal rows, with a similar row on the sides, and more
lower down. Color of body whitish yellow, changing
to pale green. Head slightly cordate, on each vertex a
slight protuberance with a long curved hair, and other
hairs over the surface. Color yellow.

After the first moult there is but little change, the
body ending in two long, slender, blunt-tipped tails ;
color green, tubercles white. After the second moult
the color is light green, the subdorsal tubercles more
yellow, horns lonir, with red tips. After the third moult
the color is the same. The larva hibernates in this stage,
moulting twice more after reviving from its lethargy in
the spring. After the fourth moult the color is yellow-
green, with dark green dorsal and subdorsal stripes, and
one below these, all narrow.

The mature larva is from 1.2 to 1.4 inches long, the
dorsurn much arched, and sloping about equally each
way from the middle, ending in two small, short, slender
tails. Each joint is creased, the first ridge broadest and
bearing many fine whitish tubercles, mostly arranged in
rows. Color yellow-green striped with dark green and
yellow. Head yellow-green, the vertices bearing stout,
tapering horns, red-tipped.

The chrysalis is .6 of an inch long, green, the ventral
sides of abdomen whitish ; top of head-cases and edge
of wing-cases cream color, the surface smooth and glossy.

The butterfly emerges from the chrysalis in about
fourteen days, appearing on the wing in July, specimens

232 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

being: seen from this time through most of the season.

o o

It occurs from Maine to the .Rocky Mountains and to
the Gulf of Mexico.

82. NEONYMPHA CANTHUS, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2 inches.

Upper surface pale brownish gray, the outer third of
both wings paler, the line of division between this paler
portion and the basal distinct and dentate. On the fore
wings this pale band contains three or four blurred ocelli ;
the hind wings having six, larger and more distinct. The
outer border contains three lines, two light and one dark,
besides the dark edge.

The under side is a little more brown-tinted, the
darker shade denned on its outer edge by a brown line,
another brown line cutting the inner third. The terminal

band has the ocelli all annulate with vellow-buff, out-

«/

side this buff a brown and then a whitish ring, the first
and fourth on the fore wings and all on the hind wings
pupilled with white. There are five ocelli on the fore
wings and six on the hind wings, the anal one geminate.
Border as above.

The eggs are subround, broadest at the base, where
they are flattened, smooth ; color greenish white. These
are laid singly on the stems of grass, hatching in about
seven days.

The young larva is at first yellow-white, changing
later to pale green. It is cylindrical, long, slender, the
last segment bluntly forked ; on each joint a few tubercles,
from each of which arises a clubbed white hair. The
head is nearly twice as broad as the second segment, with
a rounded prominence on each vertex, indented at the

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 233

top with a little tubercle in the middle of the hollow,
from which springs a bristle ; color light brown.

After the first moult, which takes place in eight days,
the more slender tails are pink-tipped, creased trans-
versely, and on the creases fine white tubercles with
short bristles. The color is at first greenish yellow,
but afterwards changes to pale green.

Along the middle of the back is a dark green stripe
free from tubercles, and on each edge of this is a
line of white tubercles, another along the side, and a
third along the base ; between the last two are two
other white lines. The head is yellowish green, with
the surface finely tuberculated. On each vertex is a long,
tapering, rough horn, tipped with brown, and marked
in front by a reddish stripe, which is extended down the
side of the face.

In nine days it moults a second time, when it is .4 of
an inch long, of the same form as before, and yellowish
green, with the same tuberculated lines. In fifteen days
it moults a third time, when it is .55 of an inch long, of
the same form and color as before, but very soon changes
to brown and buff. Along the middle of the back is a
brown stripe, on each side of which is a reddish buff
band, which changes to greenish on the outer side. There
is another buff band on the side, through the middle of
which runs a brown line. The basal ridge is buff. In
a few days the larvae become lethargic, and in this state
they pass the winter. Soon after their revival in the
spring they moult the fourth time, when they are .62
of an inch long, pale green, with a dark stripe along the
back, and a yellowish white one just below ; the two lines

on the side and the basal stripe of the same color. Tails

20*

234 THV BUTTERFLIES OF THE

green ; head emerald-green, the horns reddish, the stripe
down the face dark brown. In thirty days they pass
the fifth and last moult.

In some cases they hibernate after the fourth moult,
when the color is green ; but twenty-four hours after it
changes to yellow-buff and red-brown, the dorsal stripe
pale brown ; the bands on each side of a greenish yellow,
the side brown, with a dull green line running through
it. The head has the face green, the stripes reddish brown.

The mature larva is 1.2 inches long, slender, the dor-
sum arched ; the last segment ending in two long, slender,
conical tails, which are rough with tubercles. The joints
are creased with six ridges to a joint, the whole surface
finely tuberculated, a fine hair arising from each. Color
of body green, dorsal stripe darker, on each side of this
a pale green band, on the outer edge of which is a yellow-
green stripe. On the side a pale green band divided by
a yellow line. Head with a long, conical, tapering process
from each vertex, the whole head rough with fine tubercles.
Color of head yellow-green, the horns red, a brown stripe
down the sides.

In a recent communication Mr. W. H. Edwards gives
the following description of the chrysalis : Length .62 of
an inch, slender ; much resembles in shape the chrysalis
of Debis Portlandia, the head-case more produced than in
that species, bevelled to an edge transversely, excavated
at the sides ; mesonotum carinated, sides flat, apex almost
angular, a very little rounded ; color green ; top of head-
case and dorsal edges of wing buff; a buff mid-dorsal
stripe, with a buff subdorsal stripe on each side; also a
faint lateral stripe of the same color.

Northern States.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 235

83. XEONYMPHA GEMMA, Hub.

Expanse of wings 1.25 inches.

Upper surface gray, with a little wood-brown tint, no
marks except two darker shades near the middle of the
outer edge of the hind wing.

Under side about the same color, sprinkled with buff
scales, the outer edge with a slight golden reflection. On
the fore wings are three not very distinct, wavy, brown,
transverse lines. On the middle of the outer surface of
the hind wings is a large oval patch composed of white
and reddish-brown scales, giving the patch a slight violet
tint when seen without a glas>. In the outer edge of
this patch, standing on the iutervenular spaces, are four
roundish, vandyke-brown spots, on each an anchor-shaped
spot of pale, metallic, bluish scales. The margin of the
wing towards the apex and anal angle has a border of
metallic, bluish scales, with dentations up the sides of the
veins. There are two brown lines on the hind wings,
besides a brown bordering to the terminal patch.

The eggs are globular, seemingly smooth, but under
a high magnifying power are seen to be reticulated in
irregular hexagons, the ridges flat and broad, having at
the bottom of each depression a white point. Color yellow-
ish green. These are deposited on grass, and hatch in
from three to six days.

The young larvae are .12 of an inch long, cylindrical,
a little thickest in the middle, ending in two divergent
tails, the point blunt and tipped with a white bristle.
Color white, with white scattering hairs, after a few days
changing to alternate stripes of white and green. Head
subpyriforni, one-half broader than the second segment,

236 TirE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

broader than high, with a slight angular depression at the
summit ; at each vertex a straight, round, divergent horn,
thick at base, pointed at top. Color of head and horns
blackish brown. It moults the first time in from six to
nine days, when it is a little thicker in the middle, the
tails more slender and brown-tipped. Each joint is
several times creased, and on the summit of each ridge
is a row of white tubercles with white hairs. Color
dark green, banded and striped longitudinally with white.
Head higher, brown, green-tinted in front.

Moults the second time in from five to ten days, when
it is .34 of an inch long ; shaped and striped as before.

Moulting again in from five to eight days, the length
is .55 of an inch. The color is reddish buff, the summer
and fall larvae with a dorsal band of dark brown ; the
subdorsal stripe reduced to a broken dark brown line,
distinct only at the extreme hinder end of each segment
from 3 to 10 ; in the middle of each side a dark
brown stripe, at the base a rounded ridge, buff-colored,
and below this a brown line. Head green in front, with
brown stripes, back part and horns gray-brown. The
spring larvae after the third moult are bright yellow-
green striped with dark green, tails pink-tipped. They
remain in this stage from five to six days.

The chrysalis is .52 of an inch long, cylindrical,
thickest through joints 6 and 7, shaped much as in the
preceding species. The color of the dorsuni and entire
abdomen of the summer and fall broods is sordid yellow-
buff, the wing-, antennae-, and palpi-cases more yellow,
the surface finely streaked with brown. In the spring
brood the color is blue-green, the dorsum streaked ir-
regularly with whitish green.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 237

There are three broods of the larvae in a season, eacli
moulting only three times in coming to maturity.
West Virginia to Gulf of Mexico, Southern Illinois.

84. NEOXYMPHA AREOLATUS, Sm. — Abb.

Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.5 inches.

Upper surface wood-brown, somewhat grayish, the
border-lines faint, and without eye-spots.

Under side scarcely paler than above, but sprinkled
with buff scales. Fore wings with three small dark
brown spots narrowly circled with yellow and containing
a few silvery scales. Hind wings with five various-
shaped elongate spots, the long diameter with the length
of the wing, each with bluish metallic scales, sometimes
in a bunch, sometimes a buff centre with metallic points
around it ; each spot circled with buff. There is a
common, dull, dark yellow line a little in front of the
middle of the wings, another just touches the end of the
cell, and a third is submarginal, the last two nearly meet-
ing at their ends on each wing, forming a broad band
without change of ground color, in which the ocelli are
placed ; the margin of the wing of the same color. On
the fore wings these lines are not so distinct as on the
hind wings.

The eggs are nearly globular, smooth, but under a
high magnifying power are seen to be thickly covered
with shallow depressions. Color pale green.

The young larva, which hatches in six days, is cylindri-
cal, the last joint bluntly forked. Color delicate green.
Over the body are many white hairs, and among these
are black clubbed hairs in longitudinal roAvs. Head

o

about twice as wide as any joint, a little depressed at the

2,°>8 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

top, upon each vertex a short semiovoid appendage
tipped with two divergent black hairs ; color black.
Moults after eight days.

After the first moult the body is a little arched ; tails
longer, faintly red. Color of body green, surface thickly
covered with fine yellowish tubercular points ; the back
of the head and triangle over the mandibles green, the
rest red-brown. It is now .22 of an inch long. It moults
again in nine days, with a length of .3 of an inch, but
the color does not change. It moults three times in
coming to maturity.

The mature larva is from 1.1 to 1.3 inches long,
joints 3 and 4 creased and divided into five ridges, the
rest into six ; surface thickly covered with small sharp
tubercles ; tails reddish, slender. Head reddish, on each
vertex a little conical process.

The chrysalis is from .48 to .54 of an inch long. The
color is green, the edges of the carina, wing-cases, and
top of head-case cream color ; some points and patches
of whitish. The butterfly emerges from this in about
ten days.

The food-plants are grasses, mostly of the coarser
kinds.

Gulf States ; occasional in New Jersey.

85. NEONYMPHA EURYTKIS, Fab.

Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.75 inches.

Upper surface brownish black or wood-brown ; near
the outer margin of each wing two eye-spots circled with
yellow, the small pupils often double. The anterior
ocellus of the hind wings is often obsolete, and the pos-
terior is often supplemented by a small one at the anal

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 239

angle. There are three dark lines forming the outer

o o

border, — one on the edge and two a little within the
edge ; and in some specimens the ocelli are in a band
a little paler than the ground color.

The under side is drab-gray, both wings crossed by two
rusty lines ;, the ocelli more prominent than above, each
of the ocelli of the hind wings repeated, with the smaller
one at the end of the series, and silver traces of two more
between ; the triple terminal lines as above.

The egg is of a yellowish-green color, nearly round,
covered with fine irregularly hexagonal reticulations.

The young larva hatches from this in eight days. It
is .08 of an inch long, cylindrical, tapering each way
from the middle, the last joint ending in two short tails,
with fine white hairs on the body. Color pinkish white,
marked longitudinally by seven crimson lines. Head
subglobose, nearly twice as broad as any other segment,
depressed slightly at the top, with a small conical process
from each vertex ; color dark brown.

In seven days it passes the first moult, when it is .16 of
an inch long, and changes to drab, of either a green or a
red tint, with five dull red stripes, the whole surface finely
but roughly tuberculated, each tubercle emitting a short

O V / ^J

hair. Color of head yellowish finely mottled with red. In
six days it moults the second time, when it is .24 of an
inch long, shaped as before, with a fleshy ridge at the
feet. Color dull ochrey yellow, striped with seven brown
stripes ; head yellow marked with broAvn. It feeds four-
teen days before moulting the third time, when it is .44
of an inch long. The color is the same marked with
reddish, the stripes subobsolete. It is thirty days before
it moults the fourth and last time.

240 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

The mature larva is 1 inch long, flat at base, the
dorsuin rounded, the last joint forked. Color of dorsum
yellow-brown, the sides darker; a dorsal brown band,
and on each side of this, from joint 4 to joint 11, is a
series of dark brown patches. The subdorsal area is sep-
arated from the dorsal by two wavy parallel lines, the
upper dark, the lower yellowish, and on the side of
each joint from 5 to 11 there is an oblique dark stripe.
Basal ridge yellowish, the tails tipped with red. Head
yellow-brown, with a small conical process on each ver-
tex. The whole surface of the body is covered with
sharp tubercles of irregular size, each emitting a short
brown hair.

The chrysalis is .5 of an inch long, shaped as Sosybius ;
cylindrical ; the abdomen stout, and larger than the an-
terior portion. Color pale yellow-brown, the wing-cases
and anterior parts streaked with fine, abbreviated brown
lines ; brown spots on the wing-cases, the abdomen with
two brown stripes and two rows of brown dots. The
butterfly emerges in eleven days.

There are probably two broods in a season, the last
brood of larvae passing the winter in a torpid state.
They feed upon grass, the eggs being deposited singly
upon the blades. They are very sluggish at all times,
and frequently pass days without eating.

Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Nebraska.

86. NEONYMPHA SOSYBIUS, Fab.

Expanse of wings 1.35 inches.

Upper surface wood-brown, somewhat grayish, the
border-lines faint, and both wings without ocelli.

Under side a little paler than the upper, two brown lines

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 241

crossing the wino;s, between which is a brown dash at the

o ~ /

end of the cell of each wing ; border-lines three, the
inner crenate. Xear the outer end of the fore wings,
below the costa, is a black eye-spot annulate with yellow
and ptipillecl with pale blue ; there is also a small one be-
tween this and the costa, and there are traces of three more
towards the hind margin. The hind wings have two
distinct ocelli, with a small one before the first, another
after the second, and traces of two more, with silver,
between the two.

The egg is semiovoid, the base flattened, and the
sides at base rounded ; the surface under a low power
appears smooth, but under a high magnifying power it
is seen to be covered with shallow thimble-like depres-
sions. Color greenish white.

In four days a larva .09 of an inch long hatches
from this. The shape is cylindrical, marked by five
or six longitudinal tuberculated ridges, each tubercle
emitting a clubbed white hair. Color Avhite. Head
much larger than the second joint, bilobed, the vertices
Avithout processes, black.

After six days it moults the first time and is .2 of
an inch long, cylindrical, tapering both ways from the
middle, the last joint forked. The color is light green,
the tubercles white, with three green stripes ; legs and
under side green. After seven days it moults the second
time, the color being blue-green, the head yellow-green.
In six days it moults the third time, being then .42 of
an inch long, stout ; color pale green, with the tubercles
white, head emerald-green. It moults four times in
coming to maturity.

The mature larva is .76 of an inch long, cylindrical,
L 21

242 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

thickest in the middle, the last joint ending in divergent
tails. The color is emerald-green, much covered with fine
yellow tubercles placed on ridges, caused by the creasing
of the segments, and with larger tubercles placed in
longitudinal rows, each emitting a white hair. Head
round, broader than high, bilobed, covered with yellow,
conical, fine points.

The chrysalis is like that of N. Eurytris. The color
is green, on the abdomen yellow-green ; on each side
of dorsum of abdomen is a small ridge, and on each
side of this are three black dots placed in pairs. On
each side below the wing-cases is a brown stripe ; keel of
mesonotum brown, with brown mottlings on the wing-
cases. The imago emerges in thirteen days.

The eggs are deposited on grass, and there are two
broods in a season. The butterfly is found with Gemma
and Eurytris within the edge of the forest, or, if in the
open country, always near timber. •

Middle and Southern States, Mississippi Valley.

87. SATYEUS PEGALA, Fab.

Expanse of wings 2.5 inches.

Upper surface blackish brown, a broad buff band on
the outer part of the fore wings, not reaching either
margin, and containing a single pupilled ocellus on its
anterior end. In some female specimens another ocellus
is found on the posterior end of the band, but more often
the second ocellus is represented in both sexes by a black
dot or a small round spot. Near the anal angle of the
hind wings is a single black ocellus.

Under side brownish gray, both wings crossed by
many abbreviated brown lines. The buff band and

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 243

ocelli of the fore wings repeated, the hind wings with six
ocelli in two sets of three each.

The larva is said to be gray, with one broad and one
narrow white band. The food-plant is coarse wild grass.

Gulf States ; occasional in New Jersey on the coast ;
Mount Holly, N.J.

88. SATYRUS ALOPE, Fab.

Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.5 inches.

There are two dimorphic forms and five varieties and
sub-varieties of this species, being mostly local instead of
seasonal. It occurs from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico,
and from the Atlantic to the Pacific : in different parts
of this region the different forms breed true to their
type, but on the border-land between these different local-
ities there are numerous intergrades connecting them
all. The principal form found in the Atlantic States
from North Carolina to New York is Alope; the form
Nepliele in its typical markings occurs in Canada, with
intergrades in New England and other bordering territory;
Mar it i ma occurs on Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket
Islands ; Texana is found in Texas ; the one found from
Illinois to the Rocky Mountains is Olympus; and the
Pacific slope is represented by Boopis and Incann. The
following descriptions of such forms as occur in the
Eastern United States, as well as of the preparatory
stages, are abbreviated from Edwards's " Butterflies of
North America."

Dimorphic form, ALOPE, Fab. — Male. — Upper sur-
face blackish brown, darkest over the basal area ; outer
margin consisting of two fine parallel lines, a little

244 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

within which is a black stripe. The fore wings have
a transverse yellow band beyond the cell, sometimes
a little ochraceous, and often more or less encroached
upon by the brown ground. On this area are two ocelli ,
round, black, of variable size, and with or without a
central point, which is white with blue scales. Be-
hind the cell is a blackish indistinct sexual dash in the
males. The hind wings have a small ocellus in a yellow
ring near the anal angle (often wanting).

Under side yellow-brown ; the band enlarged and of
a paler color ; the ocelli repeated, enlarged ; the marginal
lines distinct ; the brown area covered with abbreviated
darker streaks, which over the base and disks form some-
what concentric broken rings, limited without by a
common dark stripe. On the fore wings this stripe
borders on the yellow band ; on the hind wings it is
irregularly sinuous from margin to margin, throwing
out a rounded prominence against the cell, followed by
a rounded sinus on the median interspace. Across the
middle of the cell, and below it, a dark stripe ; the extra
discal area less streaked. The ocelli vary from none to
six, the full number being most often present, disposed
in two groups of three, the middle one of each group
the largest ; all black, rounded, in narrow yellow rings,
and with white dots in the centre edged by blue scales.

Female. — This differs from the male in the band being
generally broader, clearer, and well denned on both edges,
the ocelli well developed, with occasionally additional
black points on the hind wings corresponding to the ocelli
on the under side. A larger percentage than of the
males have no ocelli on the under side of the hind wings.

New York to North Carolina.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 245

Var. MAIUTIMA, Edw.- -This form is of small size,
dark color, and the band on the fore wings reddish
yellow.

Martha's Vineyard, Long Island, Eastern New Jersey.

Dimorphic form, NEPHELE, Kirby. — Male. — Upper
surface blackish brown, the marginal lines and stripe
as in Afope, but often obsolete. The fore wings have
two small black ocelli, placed as in Alope, without ring
or band, but in some examples a faint yellowish shade
represents the ring ; sometimes a white dot in each ocellus,
but usually the lower one is blind. Hind wings with
or without ocellus, but if present it is blind and without

ring.

Under side dark yellow-brown, faintly streaked as in
Alope, but with less distinct ness, and in many examples
the discal stripe is nearly or quite obsolete, especially on
the hind wings. The ocelli of the fore wings are en-
larged, the rings distinct but not clear yellow, being
dusky, or more or less obscured. The hind wings have
small ocelli in fine russet rings, with central white dots
and a few bluish scales ; the number varies from none to
six, but the largest proportion have six, and very few
have less than three.

Female. — This has the upper side lighter and more
brown ; the area which in Alope is occupied by the band
is of a slightly paler shade than the rest of the wing.
The ocelli are large, with white centres and blue scales,
and either without rings or imperfectly ringed with
dusky yellow, the hind wings either with or without an
ocellus. The under side is paler, the area of the band a
little lighter than elsewhere, the rings sometimes quite

246 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

bright, but oftener dull or obscure yellow. The ocelli
of the hind wings rarely six, more often less than three,
sometimes none.

New England, New York.

Var. OLYMPUS, Edw. — This equals in size the typical
form. The males are almost black. The ocelli are very
small and without rings, but in some examples there is
a faint russet or yellowish tint about them, and perhaps
on the space between them. On the under side the rings
are russet or ochraceous on both wings, and there is
a perceptible bronzy reflection on the under side of the
hind wings, especially in the males.

Illinois to the Rocky Mountains.

The egg is conoidal, rounded at base and somewhat
flattened, truncated, the sides slightly convex; marked
by about eighteen vertical ridges, crossed by numerous
fine low ridges ; summit rounded, covered with shallow
cells. Color lemon-yellow. It hatches in from fourteen
to twenty-eight days.

The young larva is .1 of an inch long, the head
considerably larger than the other segments. The body
is carnation, with seven crimson longitudinal lines, the
head light lemon-yellow specked with brown ; sparsely
hairy. On the body there are six rows of long white
bristles, a part of which point forward and a part back-
ward.

The larvae become lethargic soon after leaving the eggs,
and thus hibernate. As soon as they begin to feed in the
spring the color changes to pale green with the lines red,
but later the ground color becomes deep green and the

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 247

stripes darker green. After the first nioult the larva is
.16 of an inch long, cylindrical, the anterior part the
thickest, the body ending in two conical tails covered
with tubercles and bristles. Each joint is creased, the
ridges bearing many tubercles with long white hairs.
Color pale green, with seven green stripes, basal ridge
pale yellow, tails reddish. After twenty-three days it
moults the second time, when it is much as before.
Length .3 of an inch, the color yellowish green, with the
basal side yellow, and the stripes dark green. In four-
teen days it passes the third moult, the length being-
then .44 of an inch. It moults four times before reach-
ing maturity.

The mature larva is 1.25 inches long, cylindrical,
robust, thickest in the middle, with two sharp, conical,
divergent tails. Each joint is crossed by five or six
creases, the ridges covered with fine white papillae, each
supporting a long or short white hair, if long appressed
to the surface. Color yellow-green, varying, on some
the dorsum more yellow ; a dorsal green stripe and a
basal yellow one, with sometimes a faint yellow lateral
line. Head vivid green. It takes fourteen days to pass
from the third to the fourth moult, and
twenty-eight days more to the time when
the larva ceases feeding and pupates.

The chrysalis is a little more than half an

t/

inch long, cylindrical, the abdomen conical,
the wing-cases slightly raised at the mar-
gins ; head-case short, roundly excavated at g Alo e
the sides, the top narrow. The male is one
shade of either yellow-green or deep green, covered with
smooth specks and patches of lighter color, with several

248 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

cream-colored lines. The female has three longitudinal
yellowish bands. The butterfly emerges in fourteen
days.

The larva feeds on meadow-grass, and the butterfly is
found mostly in the open fields, differing in both par-
ticulars from Pegala.

89. CHIONOBUS JTJTTA, Hub.

Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.25 inches.

Male. — Upper surface wood-brown or grayish brown •
the fore wings with an oblique shade, below the cell, and
with a subterminal row of six yellowish spots, the first,
third, and sixth small, with or without black central
points, the others with each a round black spot. Hind
wings with four yellowish patches more or less shading
into the ground color, the anal one with a small black
spot, and traces of one in the patch next to this.

Under side of the fore wings much as in C. Semidea.
Color about as above, crossed by a great number of ab-
breviated dark brown lines, obscure on the fore wings,
except along the costa and near the apex, where the
brown is more distinct and alternate with gray. About
five of the yellowish patches are visible, only two of
them distinct, and these have round black spots pupilled
with white. The hind Avings are much darker than the
fore wings, and the dark marks are not distinctly defined ;
sprinkled with white scales over the basal third, and an
irregular band of these beyond the cell and along the
outer margin ; a submarginal row of intervenular white
points.

Female. — Upper surface of fore wings as in the male,
only the yellowish patches are expanded and somewhat

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

249

blended. On the hind wings, instead of the subter-
niinal row there is a broad terminal suffusion of yellow-
ish and brown, with mere traces of an anal spot.

Under surface as in the males, except that the hind
wings are lighter, the dark brown lines more clearly de-
fined and alternating with grayi-sh and yellowish brown,
the bands and points of white as in the male.

This species occurs in the northern parts of both
Europe and America, but Orono, Maine, is the only
place where it has been found in the United States.
The larva is unknown, but it is probable that it feeds
on Carex.

90. CHIONOBUS SEMIDEA, Say.

Expanse of wings 1.9 inches.

Upper surface clear wood-brown, the darker mark-
ings of the under side showing through a little ; costa
spotted with white, dark brown,
and pale gray-brown. Fringes
pale whitish towards the apex,
widely cut with brown at the
ends of the veins.

Under side about the same
color as above, the fore wings
traversed by a great many ab-
breviated lines, which are obscure
dark brown, except on the costa
and apical portion, where the
marks are dark umber-brown
alternating with white. The

marks are somewhat gathered into bands just beyond
the cell. Hind wings much as the fore wings, only that

FIG. 72.

Chionobus Semidea, under side.

250 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

the dark lines are all clear dark brown, inclined to be
gathered into bands through the cell and beyond it ; the
alternating light spots before the first and beyond the
last are white or whitish, making two irregular whitish
bands, with more sprinkling of white along the veins
beyond the outer whitish band. Antennae annulate with
brown and white, the knob fulvous.

The larva is said to feed on Carex rigida.

White Mountains, N.H.

SUBFAMILY LIBYTHEIN^E.

The insects of the one genus belonging to this sub-
family are readily known by their long, beak-like, por-
rect palpi, and by the males 'having four feet adapted for
walking, while the females have six.

91. LIBYTHEA BACHMANNI, Kirtl.

Expanse of wings 1.8 inches.

This species is readily known by the beak-like palpi,
which are about three times as long as the head, and the
quadrate apex to the fore wings. The upper surface is
brownish black on the fore wings ; the lower half of the
cell, and the space below that, about twice as large, are
fulvous, with a patch of the same at the end of the cell
of the hind wings. The fore wings have a white ante-
apical patch, at the end of the cell an oblique white bar,
with a quadrate white spot beyond its posterior end.

The under side is brown, the fulvous area enlarged,
the hind wings and tips of the fore wings lilac-tinted,
the white spots repeated. The under side of the male is
clouded with cretaceous.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 251

The egg is of a pale green color, in shape an oblate
spheroid, somewhat pointed at the base, and a little
truncated and depressed at the summit, marked by eigh-
teen or twenty longitudinal ribs, crossed by corrugations.
This hatches in about four days.

The voiing larva is .04 of an inch in length, cvlin-

• o / •/

drical, each joint with four transverse creases; covered
with fine short down. Color green, semi-translucent.
Head twice as broad as joint 2 ; obovoid ; color yellow-
brown.

After the first moult, which takes place in two days,
the length is .08 or .09 of an inch. In two days more
it passes the second moult, and the length is .12 of an
inch. Upper side dark green, a faint shade of yellow
over and along the basal ridge, rather macular. In two
days more it passes the third moult, when the length is
from .26 to .28 of an inch. The color is dull green,
yellowish along and over the basal ridge, specked with
white or yellow-white as before this moult. In two
days more it passes to the fourth moult.

The mature larva is from .7 to .9 of an inch long,
cylindrical, thickened at joints 3 and 4, the dorsum
of the last segment abruptly curved down to the end.
Color dark green, the lower side, and also the feet and
legs, pale green. It is creased as in the preceding stages,
and on the ridges are pale or whitish yellow points.
Along the sides is a supra-stigmatal stripe, above which
the color is yellowish for a little way, also a narrow
dorsal line, sometimes a subdorsal one. Head ovoid,
smooth, green.

The chrysalis is half an inch long, compressed ; head-
case square, mesonotal process rounded. Color blue-

252 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

green, a faint yellow dorsal line from the last joint to
the middle, where it forks, sending a branch over each
wing-cover to the tip of the head-case, where they meet ;
a lateral abdominal yellow line. The abdomen marked
with many white tubercles.

This butterfly differs from most others in that the
males have only four feet developed for walking, while
the females have all six fully developed. The eggs are
deposited in the developing ends of twigs of Celtis
occidentalis on the partially-developed leaves, only one
to a branch. The time for reaching maturity after the
fourth moult is four days, and the pupal period is from
five to seven days.

Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Texas, Arizona.

FAMILY ERYCINID^E.

This family is represented by small or medium-sized
butterflies, with the same arrangement of feet as the last
subfamily of the Nymphalidse, or the males with four
feet and the females with six ; but they may readily be
known from the Libytheinse by the palpi, which are
short or only of moderate length. Little is known of the
preparatory stages, but, according to Mr. H. "W. Bates,
" the metamorphoses are variable, some genera resem-
bling the Nymphalidce, in the chrysalis being suspended
by the tail, and others the Lycsenidse, in being recumbent
and girt with a silken thread. Too little is known of
the caterpillars to enable us to say whether they offer
any peculiarity." The preparatory stages offer good
bases of classification, often showing the relation one
group bears to another even when the imagines do not

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 253

show this so clearly. The feet indicate that this family
should follow Nymphalidse, while the preparatory stages
of Lemonias Nais show that they should come next to
the Lycsenidse on the other side. Nearly all the species
are found in America, mostly in the tropics.

SUBFAMILY EKYCINIJ^E.

92. CALEPHELIS GENIUS, Linn.

Expanse of wings .8 of an inch.

Upper surface ferruginous, the wings crossed by four
or five more or less sinuous blackish lines, almost separa-
ble into spots. Beyond these are two lines of shining
black-lead color, the inner sinuous ; a row of black
points between them.

Under side yellow fulvous, the lines and spots more
distinct. Fringes blackish.

Southern States.

93. CALEPHELIS BOREALIS, Gr. — Rob.

Expanse of wings from 1 to 1.2 inches.

Upper surface umber-brown, shaded a little with red-
dish, both wings with four transverse sinuous lines of
dark brown, the space along the outer row darker-shaded ,
near the outer margin two metallic lead-colored lines,
with a row of dots between, the inner line sinuous.
Outer margin reddish.

Under side yellowish orange, with the rows and spots
of the upper surface repeated, but with less distinctness,
except the metallic lead lines.

This species has been found in New York, New Jersey,
West Virginia, Michigan, and Illinois.

22

254 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

94. EUMENIA ATALA, Poey.

Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.8 inches.

Male. — Upper surface black, the fore wings washed
with green three-fourths the distance from the base to
the apex. Hind wings with a little green on each side
of the median vein, and with a broad border of inter-
venular blue-green lunules.

Under side black ; the fore wings without marks ; the
hind wings with three rows of small blue-green spots,
the outer two parallel with the outer margin, the inner
sinuous, just beyond the cell. On the inner margin is
a large, somewhat oblong, reddish-orange patch, dentate
towards the base, extending from the middle of the
margin to near the base. Fringes black.

Body black ; abdomen, except a portion of the base
above, orange.

Female. — This differs from the male in having the
green scales sprinkled throughout the discal cell of the
fore wings and sometimes below this ; the border lunules
of the hind wings slightly yellowish green ; the spots
on the under side yellowish green ; and the apex above
and below bluish ; fringe white.

Florida.

FAMILY LYCJENID^ZE.

These are mostly small butterflies, having six feet
adapted for walking. The larvse are more or less oblong-
oval or oval, with the head retractile into the second
segment, and a dorsal tuberculous ridge. The chrysalis
is short, attached by the anal extremity, with the tip of
the abdomen bent forward and the body girt about with

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 255

a silkeii thread much as in the Papilionidse, but closer to
the object to which it is attached. The number of feet
and the manner of attaching the chrysalides would imply
close relationship with the Papilionidaa, and some authors
place them next to that family ; but the head of the
adult closely oppressed against the body, the larvae, by
their shape, retractile heads, short feet, and manner of
moving over a surface, suggesting the Limacodes group
of the Bonibycidae, and the shape of the eggs somewhat
like those of the Hesperidse, all seem to indicate that
they should be placed below the jSTyrnphalidaB and the
Erycinidse. There are two subfamilies, Thecliuse and
Lycseuinse.

SUBFAMILY THECLIN^E.

These generally have a rather stout body, the palpi
very short, and the antennae reaching to the middle of
the fore wings ; often the anal angle more or less pro-
duced, with one or two slender tails projecting from the
outer margin near the anal angle.

95. THECLA HALESUS, Cram.

Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.6 inches.

Male. — Upper surface bright glossy blue, the outer
fourth black, except towards the anal angle of the hind
wings, where the border becomes narrow ; a border of
about the same width on the inner margin : a black

O /

sex-mark in the cell of the fore wings. Hind wings
with two black tails, before the larger of which is a blue
lunule, with a smaller one each side; the anal angle
produced.

Under side brown-black, with a red spot at the base of

256 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

the fore wings, and two more at the base of the hind
wings, the fore wings with a dash of blue along the
median vein. The hind wings have the blue lunules
repeated, with three others standing before these, yellow-
green in a black ground.

Body blue-black above, black beneath, with the under
side of abdomen orange.

o

Female. — Larger than the male, about half of each
wing dull black, and the hind wings have two tails. The
under side lacks the blue on the fore wings.

According to Morris, the larva is green, slightly pubes-
cent, the head testaceous. On the back there is a small
ray, and on the sides are nine oblique bands of obscure
green. At the base of the feet is a marginal ray of yel-
lowish green. The chrysalis is russety painted with
brown. Food-plant, oak.

Gulf States, Illinois, Nevada, California, Arizona.

96. THECLA M ALBUM, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings 1.3 inches.

Upper surface rich glossy violet-blue, a broad outer
border and costal margin of black. The hind wings
have two tails, and a fulvous spot preceded by white at
the anal angle.

Under side brownish gray, the fore wings with a single
white line beyond the middle, bent inward on the second
median venule, and then outward again below. This is
continued across the hind wings, making a rude W before
the tails, from this extending inward to the inner margin.
Between this and the margin is a second line, the anterior
half consisting of a series of shallow crescents, the whole
edged outwardly with black, broken before the first tail

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 257

by an orange patch which extends inward to the first line.
Outer margin of wing white, with a large pale blue patch
before second tail, separated from the anal angle by a
black spot, a white spot in the subcostal area of the
hind wings towards the base. Tails black, white-tipped.
Lower part of knob of antennae and costa fulvous. The
female has the black border on the upper side broader
than the male.

The larva is slightly pubescent, pale green, a little
yellowish, with a dorsal stripe and seven oblique streaks
of dark green. Head black, a marginal ray of yellow,
slightly shaded with obscure green on its upper side.
Food-plant, oak.

The chrysalis is brownish gray, with the anterior part
and the wing-cases pale greenish gray.

Gulf States, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio.

97. THECLA FAVONIUS, Sm. — Abb.

Expanse of wings from 1 to 1.3 inches.

Upper surface brownish black, the male a little the
brighter. Males with a blackish sex-mark in the cell
of the fore wings, and a fulvous patch beyond the middle
of the hind wings, and a smaller spot at the anal angle.
The females have a similar patch, more or less distinct,
on the fore wings ; and both sexes have the anal portion
of the outer margin with a white line just within the
edge, continuous as a dull streak to the apex.

The under side is brownish gray, crossed by two white
broken lines common to both wings, the inner forming
a W on the hind wings similar to that on the under side
of M Album, the two converging from before back, the
outer touching the points of the W, from which the two

r 22*

258 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

run parallel to the inner margin. The inner line is
edged with black within, and the outer black on the out-
side. A broad fulvous band extends on the outside of
the second line from the outer point of the W to near the
apex, where it tapers to a point, with more or less black
between this and the outer edge. In front of the tails
pale blue, sprinkled with black, with black at the anal
angle. Subcostal patch as in M Album.

The larva is said to be yellowish green, with a dorsal
line and eight oblique streaks of dark green. Marginal
line green, yellow below.

Chrysalis ash-gray, with two rows of blackish points
on each side of the abdominal rings.

Gulf States, South Carolina.

98. THECLA AUTOLYCUS, Edw.

Expanse of wings from 1.05 to 1.1 inches.

Upper surface brown, the fore wings with a large
patch of clear ochraceous in the outer half, in some
examples almost a broad band nearly from margin to
margin, or it may be subtriangular, with a blackish
sex-mark in the cell. Hind wings with a patch of the
same before the tails, and a little fulvous at the anal
angle. Tails two ; between their bases there is usually
a black spot.

Under side brownish gray or fawn color, with two
white, more or less broken lines ; the two on the fore
wings, and the inner one on the hind wings, edged with
brown, the other with a black border, the position of the
edging; as in Favonius. The inner line of the hind wings

o ~ o

makes a shallow W, the outer line sending out three den-
tations, one opposite each tail and one opposite the anal

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 259

angle. The outer line has a series of fulvous crescents
outside the black, and beyond this a black spot at the
anal angle, one between the bases of the tails, and between

O / '

these there is a pale blue patch.
Texas, Missouri.

99. THECLA HUMULI, Harr.

Expanse of wings from 1.05 to 1.2 inches.

Upper surface blackish, with a slight blue-gray tint,
the males with a blackish patch at the end of the cell of
the fore wings. Along the outer margin of the hind
wings is a series of more or less distinct pale blue spots,
interrupted by a large orange crescent enclosing a black
spot, the blue spot towards the anal angle with a similar
black spot ; an orange spot at the anal angle. Margin
of hind wing black, with a white line within ; two slender
tails, tipped with white.

Under side gray, two blackish-brown lines crossing
both wings, the inner edged externally, and very slightly
internally, with white, and the outer on the hind wings
faintly edged on the inside with white ; these two lines
converging a little posteriorly, the inner, on the hind
wings, forming a very shallow W. The orange and
black spots of the upper surface are repeated, but the
orange is enlarged to a patch ; the anal angle is black,
with an orange spot before it. Both wings have black
outer margins, supplemented with white on the hind

wings.

The larvae are " green, downy caterpillars," feeding on
the common hop-vine. The butterfly is to be seen in
May.

Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Montana.

260 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

100. THECLA ACADICA, Edw.

Expanse of wings 1.2 inches.

Upper surface dark grayish brown, costal edge of both
wings red or reddish, the males with the usual subcostal
sex-mark. Hind wings with one tail, a very slight angle
in place of the second. The anal portion of the hind
wings edged with white, and before this a distinct fulvous
band.

Under side gray, varying from brownish gray to gray-
white. At the end of each cell a short bar edged with
white. Beyond this a bent row of black spots surrounded
with white, those on the hind wings not reaching the
inner margin. Beyond these is a row of black crescent-
like spots, bordered within with white and without by
fulvous, the latter fading out towards the apex of the
fore wings; the last and the third from the last on the
hind wings large, with the usual blue patch between
them, these two with a black outer edging.

Of the preparatory stages of this species Mr. "Win.
Saunders gives substantially the following. Found feed-
ing on willow four succeeding years. Length .63 of an
inch, onisciform. Head very small, pale brown and
shining, drawn within joint 2 when at rest. Body above
green, of a moderately dark shade, thickly covered with
very short whitish hairs, scarcely visible without a lens.
From joint 3 to 10 a dorsal line of darker green than
the ground color. Dorsal region flat ; rather wide ; bor-
der, a raised whitish-yellow line, beginning at joint 3 and
fading out on joints 12 and 13. Sides of body inclined
at an almost acute angle and faintly striped with oblique
greenish-yellow lines. A whitish-yellow line borders

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 261

the under surface, beginning on joint 2 and extending
round the hind end of the body. This line is raised the
same as that bordering the dorsal ridge.

The chrysalis is .32 of an inch long, thickly covered
with minute hairs. Color pale brown, with many dots
and patches of darker shade, a dark ventral stripe from
joint 7 to the end of the body. Sides with four or five
short lines of dark brown.

Northern States, Montana, Nevada, Arizona.

101. THECLA EDWARDSII, Saund.

Expanse of wings 1.1 inches.

Upper surface pale wood-brown, the male with the
usual subcostal sex-mark, hind wings with one short tail
and an angle in place of the second tail ; two faint black-
ish spots on the hind wings, one between the tail and the
angle, and the other towards the anal angle, faint orange
crescents before each.

Under side paler than the upper, two rows of spots
across each wing as in the lines of the preceding species,
but here they are shorter, with spaces between. The spots
of the inner row, except the last two on the hind wings,
are oblong and oval, each surrounded with white, the last
two longer than the others. The outer row is a series
of blackish crescents, edged on the inner side with white,
on the outside with orange, fading out towards the apex
of the fore wings, more prominent at the anal portion
of the hind wings ; the usual blue patch between the
next to the last and the margin, and the two black spots
of the other species. At the end of the discal cell a spot
similar to the spots of the inner row.

Maine to Nebraska, Colorado.

262 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

102. THECLA WITTFELDII, Edw.

Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.7 inches.

Male. — Upper surface black-brown ; fore wings have
a large oval stigrna; hind wrings have the edge of the
hind or outer margin on posterior half pure metallic
blue ; a large fulvous spot in second median interspace
over a black spot on the margin; two tails, the posterior
one very long, measuring .24 of an inch on the anterior
side, the other .1 of an inch; black tipped with white.
Fringes of fore wings fuscous, of hind wings the same
to the upper median venule, then white, and next anal
angle long, brown, with a whitish line running through
them.

Under side dark browrn, the outer margins narrowly
edged with white ; the costal edge of the fore wings
next the base red. Both wings are crossed by two
macular white lines, the outer one subrnarginal, nearly
parallel to the margin, and quite regular, broken at the
venules, crenated on posterior half of hind wings, and
ending in an oblique streak up the inner margin ; each
spot edged with black on outer side, and on fore wings,
in the median interspaces, there is more or less fulvous
outside the black. On the hind wings is a large spot
on the margin below the lower median venule, made
by blue-white scales on the brown ground ; in the next
interspace are three deep red fulvous spots, diminishing
gradually in size, the outer one sometimes obsolete, the
largest with a black patch on its marginal side. Anal
angle black, overlaid on inner margin by white and a red
streak. The inner of the two lines is extra-discal, some-
what irregular, especially on the hind wings, and joins

EASTERN I' SITED STATES. 263

the other at the lower median venule of the hind wings.

C5 '

then makes an angle in submedian interspace, and ends
in a streak up the inner margin. In the cell of each
wing are two parallel abbreviated white streaks or bars.

Female. — Upper side as in the male except the stigma.
The tails measure .26 and .12 of an inch respectively.
Under side as in the male.

This species differs from Calanus in the longer tails,
in the larger size, and in the inner of the two lines on
the under side being single, whereas in Calanus it is
double or chain-like.

Indian River, Florida.

103. THECLA CALANUS, Hub.

Expanse of wings 1.1 inches.

Upper surface dark wood-brown, with slight brassy
green reflection, the males with the usual sex-mark ; hind
wings with two tails, both
rather short ; a fine, white FIG. 73.

marginal line from the anal
angle to the longest tail, with
a black mark between the
tails.

Under side grayish brown;
both wings crossed by two

0 , Thecla Calanus, male, the under side

darker, broken lines, on the attheioft.

hind wings both lines white,

edged on both sides, but more distinctly so on the out-
side of the inner line and on the inside of the outer line.
These parts of the lines on the fore wings are distinctly
white, but only now and then a few white scales on the

/ •/

other side of these lines. On the hind wings the outer

264 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

line shows the open W mark, but the inner is broken at
the second median venule, both extending some distance
up the inner margin. The black spot between the tails
is repeated, another at the anal angle, the space between
these spots, the line and the edge of the wing, being filled
with blue and black scales. Next to the outer line are
three orange crescents, one before each black spot, and
one in the first median interspace. At the end of the
cell on both wings is a short double bar edged on both
sides with white.

Var. LOKATA, Gr. — Rob. — This is a form in which
the under side has an extra basal streak common to
both wings, composed of powdery dark blue scales.
This is slightly irregular, and is lost inferiorly among
the longer scales which clothe the inner margin of the
hind wings.

The larva, according to Mr. Wm. Saunders, has the
head small, pale greenish yellowr, with a minute black
dot on each side. Body yellowish green, streaked above
with yellowish white, and thickly covered with fine,
short, white hairs ; second joint of a darker shade of
green than the rest of the body. A dark green dorsal
stripe on joints 3 to 5, the full width of the dorsal crest;
narrow on the four terminal joints, almost obsolete on
those intermediate. A faint whitish dorsal line runs
through the entire stripe. Dorsal crest edged with yel-
lowish white, most apparent where it borders the darker
portions of the dorsal stripe. Sides of the body with a
few faint oblique lines of yellowish white. Body mar-
gined on each side with the same color close to the under
surface, extending round the posterior joint.

After the last moult the body becomes more whitish

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 265

green, with the dorsal stripe greenish brown. On joint
5 a streak of dark brown crosses the end of the dorsal
stripe, extending down the sides ; with several brown
dots along the sides. Joints 10 and 11 with an oblicjue
brown streak on each side. The sides of the body with
five or six oblique white lines.

Before pupating the larva assumes a delicate pink
color.

The chrysalis is .4 of an inch long, pale brown,
sprinkled with many dots of a darker shade, is thickly
covered with short yellow hairs, and has a ventral line
of dark brown.

The larvae feed on oak.

Atlantic and Western States, Texas, Colorado, New
Mexico. Yar. Lorata is found in West Virginia.

104. THECLA ONTARIO, Edw.

Expanse of wings 1.1 inches.

Upper surface dark grayish brown, fore mugs of male
with an oval sex-mark near the costal margin ; and one
tail, and an angle in place of the second. From the base
of tail to the anal angle a fine white marginal lino, with
a few fulvous scales at the anal ano-le. Between the first

O

and second median venules is an indistinct marginal
dark spot, in front of which is a small fulvous crescent.
Under side uniform light brown, with two transverse
lines, common to both Avings, much as in T. Huinuli.
The inner line of the fore wings is edged without with
white, as is also the corresponding one on the hind Avings.
The outer line on the fore wings is indistinct at the ex-
tremities, and shows a very little external white edging
through the middle; but on the hind wings this line is

M

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

distinctly white-edged internally. On the hind wings
the inner line forms a shallow W, the outer line being
dentate in this part of its course, both extending part
way up the inner margin. . The black spot of the upper
side is repeated, with another at the anal angle. The
outer line has along its course from in front of the black
spot back to the inner margin a fulvous stripe, with a
large light blue patch between the black spots.

The body above is fuscous ; beneath, abdomen ashy
brown, thorax blue-gray ; palpi white tipped with black ;
antennae anuulated white and black; club black tipped
with ferruginous.

New England States.

105. THECLA STRIGOSA, Harr.

Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.2 inches.

Upper side dark brown, the males without spots ; but
the females sometimes have a fulvous spot near the anal

angle, and they are paler in color.
Under side pale reddish brown.
The outer part of both wings is
crossed by four irregular, rather
wavy, white lines, varying a little
in different specimens, but the
two inner ones on the fore wings
approach each other on the hind
margin. The third is shorter
than the second, and the fourth
reaches onlv to the middle of the

•/

wing. The inner line on the hind
wings extends nearly across, then,
bending, runs part way up the inner margin, preceded in

FIG. 74.

Thecla Strigosa, the lower
showing under side.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 267

the last part of its course by another line nearly parallel
to it. Above the termination of these two is a circlet
of white on the margin. The outer line is short, and
limited to the middle of the wing. The fore wings have
a submarginal row of indistinct brown lunules, edged on
the inside with white ; the hind wings have a similar
series, which are bright red towards the anal angle, and
edged on the inner side with black followed by white,
and enclosing, next to the anal angle, a large black space
which is nearly covered with blue scales. Beyond this
is a small black spot ; and there is another at the angle,
surmounted by a red stripe, edged like the lunules, and
extending up the inner margin. The lunules next the
apex usually exhibit a few scales of red. The margins
of both wings are edged with a fine whitish line.

The body is fuscous, beneath grayish white ; palpi
white, the upper joint black tipped with white; antenna?
annulated black and white ; club fuscous tipped with
white.

According to Mr. "Win. Saunders, the larva feeds on
a species of thorn (Cratcegus). The following is his
description of it :

Length half an inch. Head greenish brown. Body
flattened, sloping abruptly at the sides. Color velvet-
green, with a darker-colored dorsal stripe. The anterior
edge of second segment yellowish brown, with a few
darker dots ; the middle segment is laterally striped with
two or three faint yellow oblique lines, the last two seg-
ments have each a lateral yellow patch, and there is a
faint yellow basal line from the fifth to the terminal
segment. Under surface bluish green.

The chrysalis is .37 of an inch long, nearly oval ; the

268 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

head-case rounded. The body is dark reddish brown,
with black markings, and thickly covered with fine
hairs. The anterior segments have many black patches
on them, and there is a dark ventral line from joint
6 to joint 12.

Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Montana, Colo-
rado.

106. THECLA SMILACIS, Bd. — Lee,

Expanse of wings 1.1 inches.

The upper surface dark brown ; the middle area of
both wings, except a broad costal border, ochraceous
between the veins. Hind wings with two slender tails,
black tipped with white.

Under side yellowish green, sprinkled with brown
scales, the end of the cell and along hind margin of fore
wings, and the middle portion of the outer fourth of hind
wings, washed with brown having a violet tinge. On
the hind wings a curving white bar at the end of the cell,
and a straight subcostal bar shaded outside with ferru-
ginous brown. Beyond the cell a prominent white line,
sinuous on the hind wings, heavily shaded internally
with ferruginous brown. Edge of wings white ; on the
hind wings between this and the white line, from the
inner margin towards the apex, is a series of five brown-
black spots slightly edged internally with white, the first
and third supplemented by two others nearer the margin.
Between these spots and the edge the space is covered
with a mixture of white, black, and brown scales. End
of veins black.

It is said that the larva of this species is green, with
the head and feet blackish. It has four rows of red spots,

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 269

of which the two dorsal are formed of smaller spots, and
the one on each side is composed of spots which are some-
what larger.

The chrysalis is grayish brown, with the abdomen
more clear and reddish.

The larva feeds on Smilax.

Atlantic and Western States, Northwest Texas.

107. THECLA Acis, Drury.

Expanse of wings about 1 inch.

Upper side of fore wings entirely dark brown, with-
out any marks or spots. Hind wings the same color ;
each wing with two tails, the one near the anal angle
much longer than the other. < lose above this tail is a
bright red spot, edged outwardly with black, and another
at the anal angle. Fringes white.

Under side of both wings lead color. A very narrow
black and white line crosses the fore wings, parallel to
the outer margin ; and an indented, irregular line crosses
the hind wings, beginning near the middle of the anterior
edge, and meeting just below the extremity of the body.
Two long reddish spots are visible on this side, below
which are four black ones.

The above is substantially Drury's description. A
female from Florida Keys differed a little, as the follow-

V '

ing will show.

Color of the upper side brown, with the inner half
of the hind margin of the fore wino\s and the inner half

o o

of the hind wings bright blue. Only the anal red spot
is visible.

On the under side the common black and white line is

prominent on both wings ; outside this on the hind wings

23*

270 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

is a trace of another from the apex, meeting the inner
line before the shorter tail, but renewed again before the
inner or longer tail, from which it goes to the inner
margin. Before the space between the base of the two
tails and the inner line is a patch of orange shading
into yellow outwardly, with a little yellow outside the
outer line near the inner margin. Between the orange
patch and the outer margin is a spot of red and black at
the anal angle, with a patch of blue and black between.
Between the orange patch and the apex the outer line is
bordered externally by a black shading, and outside of
this some pale gray scales.

Basal third of costa orange. Antennae black annu-
late with white ; knob black tipped with orange.

Key "West, Florida.

108. THECLA POEAS, Hub.

Expanse of wings from .9 inch to 1.1 inches.

Upper surface blackish brown, in some specimens
entirely so, in others a few blue scales along the inner
margin of the hind wings, in still others nearly all the
hind margin blue, with the same color extending over the
base of the fore wings. In such blue- washed specimens
there is a series of marginal black lunules along the
outer margin of the hind wings. The hind wings have
two unequal tails, black tipped with white. The costa
of the fore wings red-edged, more distinctly seen on the
under side.

Under side brownish or russety gray, with two lines
beyond the middle, common to both wings, as in allied
species. The inner is clear white, edged on the inside with
narrow black, and farther in heavily shaded with reddish

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 271

orange ; the line making an open W near the anal angle
of the hind wings. Outer line black, more or less ob-
solete on the fore wings, on the hind wings shaded more
or less with white on botli sides ; the usual black spot
between the base of the tails and at the anal angle, with
the blue patch between. In some examples the black
extends as a shade along the margin towards the apex ;
in one specimen the black spot between the tails is pre-
ceded by a reddish-orange crescent. Both wings have
traces of discal bars.

Southern States, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana.

109. THECLA COLUMELLA, Fab.

Expanse of wings 1 inch.

Male. — Upper ' surface grayish brown, a large, quad-
rate, blackish stigma in the end of the cell of the fore
wings. The hind wings have one tail, and about two
black spots near the anal angle.

Under side gray, with a distinct lilac reflection. The
fore wings have a dark bar across the end of the cell,
somewhat obscure; beyond the cell is a slightly-bent row
of black spots, not reaching the hind margin, each convex
outwardly and bordered with white. Outside this are
two rows, parallel with the outer margin, of faint white
lunules, with a dusky shade between the rows and out-
side the outer row.

The hind wings have the bar across the end of the cell,
a dot in the cell and one above near the edge, the curved
row of black and white spots continuous with the fore
wings ; all having a slight sprinkling of orange scales
on the black. Outside the line of spots are also the two
rows of white lunules and dusky shades, a little more

272 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

distinct than on the fore wings. In the outer row, be-
tween the second and third median venules, is an orange
patch with a black spot outside, the two colors blending
on their edges ; a black spot at the anal angle sprinkled
a little with orange, and a blue patch between them.
Fringe whitish, tail black.

Female. — Of the same color above as the male, ex-
cept that the inner half of the hind wings is washed
with pale blue, and the outer margin of the hind wings
has about five black spots. The stigma of the fore wings
absent.

The under side is the same as the male, but the spots
and marks are more distinct. Body bluish gray above,
whitish beneath.

Florida, Texas ; occasional in New York.

110. THECLA AUGUSTUS, Kirbv.

»/

Expanse of wings from .9 to 1 inch.

Upper surface dark brown, tinted with rusty brown
on the outer part of the hind wings, on some examples a
slight greenish reflection.

Under side of the fore wings lighter than above and
more distinct brown, with a faint transverse line marking
the outer fourth, beyond which is a row of small dots
continued across the hind wings. The basal half of the
hind wings is quite dark brown, but the outer half is
about the shade of the fore wings, the whole sprinkled
with light purplish scales. There are no tails.

In Maine this butterfly is on the wing from the middle
of May to the middle of June. The early stages and
food-plant are unknown.

Eastern States.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 273

111. THECLA IRTJS, Godt.

Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.25 inches.

Three forms have until recently been included in this
species, two of which are still retained as varieties, while
the third is set apart as the next species.

Var. ARSACE, Bd. — Lee. — This has the upper side
of the wings dark brown, with greenish reflections. The
stigma on the fore wings of the males is three times as
long as wTide.

Under side of the wings blackish brown on the basal
half, and lighter beyond. The outer part of the fore
wing is overlaid more or less with white scales. The
tooth of the hind wing next outside the anal angle
curves outward, and there is a more or less prominent
black spot within the margin between the base of the
tooth mentioned and the one next outside. In the hoary
outer space of both wings is a* transverse row of brown
points, clouded somewhat on the hind wings.

This variety is found in the Atlantic and Western
States.

Var. MASSII, H. Edw. — This form has been found
only on Vancouver Island.

Morris says the larva of this species feeds on Vac-
cinium, and is yellowish green, with two dorsal inter-
rupted lines ; one lateral line and eight oblique streaks
pale green.

112. THECLA HENRICI, Gr. — Eob.

Expanse of wings from .85 inch to 1.1 inches.
This species closely resembles var. Arsace of the pre-
ceding species in form and color as well as in markings,

274 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

but differs in having the outer part of the hind wings
somewhat rust-colored, the teeth shorter, and the first one
beyond the anal angle not curving outward, and in want-
ing the black spots on the under side of the hind wings
between the bases of the first two teeth. The stigma on
the fore wings of the males is shorter and wider, being
only twice as long as wide. It averages smaller than
var. Arsace.

According to Mr. Edwards, the eggs are deposited on
wild plums at the base of the flower-stalks. When
the young larvas hatch from the eggs they ascend the
flower-stalks and eat the newly-forming fruit. A hole
is eaten into the fruit large enough for the head to
enter, and thenceforward the caterpillar spends most of
his time with his head in the cavity, growing with the
growth of the plum, until the whole interior is eaten
out.

The eggs are shaped like those of Lyccena Violacea,
flattened and depressed : about this depression the ridges

are reduced, and the surface is finely reticulated, but

i/

elsewhere there is a white frosting of peaks and ridges.
Color whitish green. The lace- work seems to be sepa-
rable : in one case where the egg had been rubbed by
a leaf, apparently, a film was turned up, and the real
surface was seen to be delicate green.

In from five to six days the larva hatches. Length
.04 of an inch, oval, broadest anteriorly, the base
flattened ; dorsum high, sloping posteriorly ; summit a
little flattened, with two rows of long, recurved white
hairs on each side. Color brownish yellow.

Five days afterwards it moults the first time, when it is
.08 of an inch long, with a red-browrn dorsal stripe stop-

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 275

ping at joint 12 ; on each side of this dull yellow-green,
with a macular brown subdorsal line. Sides sloping, a
little incurved, red-brown, with a broken yellowish line ;
a similar but continuous line along the basal ridge. Body
much covered with short, stiff, brown hairs. Head cor-
date, smooth, yellow-green.

It moults again in three or four days, when it is .12 of
an inch long, shaped much as before, with a tuberculous
ridge across each segment from 4 to 11. Color red-brown
and dull yellow-green. Dorsal band red, tapering pos-
teriorly to a point, with a central green line ; outside
this band a green one, with a red-brown speck on each
segment. Sides red-brown, with green central line ; basal
ridge green.

In five days it moults the third time, and measures .3
of an inch ; but seven days later, when ready to pupate,
it is .56 of an inch long. The summit of the dorsuni is
flattened, a little concave, covered by a broad band cut
by a paler line ; the remainder of the elevated ridges
yellow-green. Sides red-brown, with an indistinct green
line. Basal ridge green, head yellow-green. One day
after moult the color changes to port-wine red ; the sub-
dorsal area remains yellow-green, but is red-tinted on
the posterior part of each segment ; the sides the same
red ; a pale red line along the basal ridge ; about the
spiracles a little green.

Chrysalis ,3 of an inch long ; black or blackish brown,
with obscure red band, and on each side a narrow black
stripe in the middle of the abdomen. In this stage the
species hibernates.

West Virginia, Maine.

276 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

113. THECLA NIPHON, Hiib.

Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.15 inches.

Upper side dark blackish brown, with a large rusty
brown space in the middle of each wing of the female,
but only near the anal angle of the male ; the males with
a small, oval, subcostal sex-mark.

Under side light brown, sprinkled with white scales
so as to be hoary, especially in a band beyond the common
white line. Fore wings with a brown bar at the end of
the cell, edged outside with white ; a brown spot farther
towards the base. Beyond the cell a somewhat zigzag
white line, not reaching the hind margin, bordered within
by a broader brown line. Beyond this a submarginal
row of dark brown lunate spots, shaded outside with
white, and in some examples sending white rays to the
white spots in the fringe. The hind wings with the
basal third quite hoary, defined externally by dark brown.
Cutting the outer third is a tortuous white line shaded
within with dark brown, the middle third of wing but
little hoary. The submarginal row of lunules continuous,
shaded a little with white externally, the space between
this and the white line quite hoary ; a little washing of
white along: the outer margin. There are no tails, but

o o /

about three prominent teeth or angles to each hind wing.

The larva is green and pubescent, longitudinal stripes
on the back, the middle one pale yellow, the other two
white. Near the feet there is usually a small marginal
white line. Head brown.

The chrysalis is grayish, with four rows of small spots,
of Avhich the two middle ones are blackish and indistinct,
the others ferruginous.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 277

Food-plant, pine.

Atlantic and Western States, Colorado.

114. THECLA LJETA, Edw.

Expanse of wings from .9 inch to 1.1 inches.

Male. — Upper side black, near the base of the fore
wings a few scales of deep metallic blue ; next the anal
angle a band of the same color, which extends half-way
along the outer margin, sprinkled with black. Beyond
this a fine line of blue scales follows the margin to the
outer angle. Anal angle edged with red ; fringe gray.

Under side of hind wings and apex and costal margin
of fore wings slate-blue, with a green reflection ; costal
edge of fore wings red ; disk of same wings smoke-color.
Beyond the cell, on the costal margin, a transverse, ab-
breviated series of five small red spots, edged outwardly
with white, the last two obscured by the smoky hue of
the disk.

The hind wings have two series of red spots parallel
to the outer margin, those of the exterior small, and
towards the outer angle minute, each more or less sur-
rounded by a delicate white border, in which are a few
black scales ; the inner series crosses the middle of the
wing, is sinuous, the spots large, brighter red and cres-
cent-shaped, bordered outwardly with white in which
are a few black scales. Edge of wing at anal angle and
at the intersection of the adjoining venules red. Body
black above, beneath white. Antennae annulate white
and black ; club black, red at tip ; palpi white.

Female. — Upper side black, the base of fore wings
and hind margin for two-thirds its length, and all of

hind wings except the costa, dark metallic blue. Under

24

278 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

side greenish gray, losing the green tinge on the hind
margin of fore wings. In addition to the five spots on
disk of male there are two blackish, rather indistinct
spots, below the others, nearer the base.

Larva and food-plant unknown.

Maine to West Virginia ; Atlantic City, N.J. ; Ari-
zona.

115. THECLA TITUS, Fab.

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.5 inches.

Upper surface dark wood-brown, the hind wings with
a marginal row of seven orange spots from the anal angle
towards the apex or outer angle. On some specimens
these are partially or wholly wanting.

Under side grayish brown, with lilac reflections. The
fore wings with two transverse rows of black spots, the
inner edged on the outside with white ; the outer smaller,
touched without with vermilion, and slightly with white
on the inside. Hind wings with two similar rows, but
the outer one more distinct and with prominent ver-
milion spots on the outside, the two anal spots blended,
each vermilion spot with a few black scales next the
margin, and some white at the anal angle. Cell with
two dashes at the end, placed end to end.

According to Mr. Sannders, this species is to be found
on wild cherry and plum. When full grown it is .7 of
an inch long, elliptical. Head very small, bilobed, black,
and shining, with a streak of dull white across the front
above the mandibles. Body above dull green, with a yel-
lowish tint, especially on the anterior joints, and thickly
covered with very short brown hairs. These arise from
small pale yellow dots, which are slightly raised. A dark

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 279

green dorsal line from joint 2 to joint 4 ; a patch of dull
pink or rose color on anterior joints, faint on joint 2,
covering but a small portion of its upper surface, nearly
covering the dorsal crest on joint 3, and reduced again
to a small faint patch on joint 4. On the posterior joints
is a much larger rosy patch, extending from the posterior
of joint 9 to the end of the body ; joint 9 merely tinged,
enlarged on joint 10 to a considerable-sized patch widen-
ing posteriorly ; behind this the body covered with rosy
red. The side of joint 10 close to the under surface
has a streak of the same color, and there is a faint con-
tinuation of this on joint 9. There is a wide dorsal
crest from joint 3 to joint 9. Posterior part of body
suddenly flattened, sides acutely sloped.

The chrysalis is .45 of an inch long, glossy pale brown,
with many small dark brown or blackish dots, and thickly
covered with verv short brown hairs, too fine to be seen

ff

without a lens.

New England to Arizona.

SUBFAMILY LYCJENLN^E.

In this the palpi project in front more than the length
of the head, and the antenna do not reach to the middle
of the fore wings. The anal angle is rounded, with or
without one or two slender tails on the outer margin of
the hind wings.

116. FENISECA TARQUINIUS, Fab.

Expanse of wings from 1.25 to 1.4 inches.
Upper surface yellow, somewhat orange-tinted. The
fore wings have a dark brown border, irregular on the

280 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

inside, and narrow on the hind margin; it sends an
angle inward near the apex, a bar is at the end of the
cell, and there is a separate spot below, and a black basal
dash. The hind wings have the anterior half dark
brown, the lower edge crenate, with a few small spots
along the outer margin.

Under side of fore wings pale yellow ; the costal and
terminal margins and the whole of the hind wings red-
dish yellow washed with white, with numerous white
circles whose enclosed spaces lack the white. The spots
in the pale yellow part are dark brown.

The larva is said to feed on thorn, alder, wild currant,
Viburnum, and Vaccinium : it is green, with three dorsal
white stripes, and one at the base of the feet.

Chrysalis grayish ; back darker, marked with promi-
nent tubercles.

There seem to be two broods of this species in a
season, as the butterflies have been taken in the same
locality in June and again in August.

Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley.

117. CHBYSOPHANUS DIONE, Scud.

Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.8 inches.

Upper surface brownish gray, with slight coppery
reflections. Hind wings without tails, but angled, the
anal angle a little produced. Hind wings of female
with five black lunules along the margin from the anal
angle, preceded by continuous orange crescents, the
orange extending to the posterior angle of the fore
wings. Some of the heavy marks of the under side
show through. The males have the black lunules, but
with very little orange.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 281

Under side grayish white, both wings with a double
marginal row of dark spots, the outer obscure on the fore
wings and the apical portion of the hind wings. Be-
tween the two on the anal half of the hind wings, and a
little at the posterior angle of the fore wings, the space is
filled with orange, more prominent in the female. The
fore wings have a sinuous row of elongate, bright black
spots across the disk, with two similar spots in the cell,
a bar at the end, and a spot belowT. The hind wings
have spots in the same position, with two subcostal and
one near the inner margin.

Iowra to Kansas, Nebraska.

118. CHRYSOPHANUS THOE, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.5 inches.

Upper surface of the male coppery brown, with violet
reflections, a narrow terminal blackish border. The hind
wings have an orange fulvous terminal border, crenate
within, and containing five black lu miles on the black

/ o

edge. The female has the fore wings fulvous, with a
broad blackish border, and the black spots of the under
side, except the terminal double row ; hind wings as in
the male, but more blackish.

Under side of fore wings fulvous, the terminal border
of hind wings orange fulvous ; under side of hind wings
and terminal border of fore wings grayish white, the
latter growing narrow from the apex back. The posi-
tion of the. black marks is the same as in C. Dione, but
they are heavier.

According to Mr. Saunders, the eggs are nearly round,
a little flattened at the apex, flattened also at the base.

Color- greenish white, thickly indented ; at the apex

24**

282 THE BUTTERFLIES OF T1IK

is a considerable depression, around which the indenta-
tions are small, increasing in size as they approach the
base.

The food-plant is dock, Rumex crispus, and there are
two broods in a season.

Maine to Nebraska, Ohio, Kansas, Colorado.

119. CHRYSOPHANUS EPIXANTHE, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings from .85 to 1 inch.

Upper surface of the male brown, with a strong violet
reflection, the female more grayish brown, with little of
the violet reflection. The spots of the under side, except
the subterminal row, show through somewhat ; and there
is a sinuous orange fulvous line from the anal angle of
the hind wings along the margin, fading out about the
middle.

Under side yellowish gray, the hind wings of the male
but little yellow-tinted. The orange fulvous line is re-
peated, only more distinctly, with scarcely a trace of a
subterminal row of black spots on the hind wings. On
the fore wings are three large spots of this row from the
posterior angle towards the apex. The cliscal row of spots
on the fore wings is distinct, as are also the two spots
and bar of the cell, and the one below the cell. On the
hind wings the spots are all small, with the bar across
the cell absent, as also one subcostal spot.

According to Mr. Saunders, the eggs are nearly round,
slightly flattened at the apex, flattened also at the base.
Color milk-white, thickly indented ; a deep depression
at the apex, and around this a number of indentations,
which are nearly uniform in size all the way to the
base, — in this respect differing from the eggs of Thoe.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 283

Food-plant unknown, but probably dock. The butter-
fly flies through the last of June and early part of July.
Maine, New England, Kansas.

120. CHRYSOPHANUS HYPOPHLEAS, Bd.

Expanse of wings from .9 to 1 inch.

Upper surface of fore wings shining fulvous, with a
blackish brown border, narrow on the costa and hind
margin. Beyond the cell is a row of prominent black
spots, the first three and the other four in sets nearly
confluent; a spot and bar in the cell. Hind wings
blackish brown, with a terminal fulvous band, not reach-
ing the apex, containing four black spots on the edge ; at
the end of the cell a black bar.

Under side of fore wings fulvous, paler than above,
the apex and the whole of hind wing gray, the gray of
fore wings narrowing backward to the posterior angle.
The spots of the upper surface are repeated, with some of
the terminal border of the fore wings. The hind wings
have two subcostal black spots, two spots in the cell and
a narrow bar at the end, and a spot below the cell, be-
sides the usual curved and sinuous discal row, the spots
of this row white outside. Along the outer margin is a
crenate orange-red line, shaded within with faint reddish,
the whole between two faint rows of blackish spots.

Aberr. var. FASCIATA, Strecker, has the transverse
row of spots on the fore wings much enlarged,
and blended together so as to make an irreg-
ular band.

The egg (Fig. 75) is shaped and marked o.HyPopiiieafl,
like that of the other species, as shown in the egs' >
figure. It is pale green, overlaid with a white net-work.

284

77/75 BUTTERFLIES OF THE

FIG. 76.

According to Mr. Saunders, the larva is elliptical,
flattened on the under side, dull rosy red, with a diffused

•/

yellowish tint on the sides,
most distinct along the mid-
dle joints. The dorsal line
is a deeper shade of red.
The body is downy with
minute yellowish hairs.
This description was taken
from a larva not fully grown.
Mr. S. H. Scudder says that
the larvae are provided with
long hairs sweeping back-
ward behind their bodies,
most of them arranged in
longitudinal series.

The chrysalis is attached by the end of the abdomen,
FIG. 77. and is closely girt to the object to which it

is attached, as in Fig. 77.

Northern, Middle, and Western States ;

California.

\

C. Hypophleaa, larva.

C. Hypo.phleas,
pupa.

121. LYC^NA LYGDAMUS, Doubl.

. Expanse of wings 1 inch.

Upper surface silver-blue ; the males with only the
edge of the wings black ; the females with a rather
broad black terminal border, a little expanded on the
apex, and extending round on the costa. Fringes long,
fuscous.

Under side uniform gray-brown. The fore wings
have a small round black spot in the cell, a bent bar
at its extremity, edged with white. Across the disk is a

•/ 7 o

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 285

curved row of large round black spots,, the two lower
ones connected, all annulate with white. The hind wings
have a small black spot in the cell, another on the costal
margin, a narrow stripe at the end of the cell, and a sinu-
ous row of spots within the margin similar to those of
the fore wings; all edged with white. The under side
of the female is a little paler than that of the male.

The larva and food-plant are unknown. The butter-
flies appear in April.

Michigan, Wisconsin to Georgia, West Virginia.

122. LYC^ENA SCUDDERII, Edw.

Expanse of wings 1.1 inches.

The male, in size, form, and color, resembles ^Egon of
Europe. Upper side dark violet-blue, outer margin of
both wings and costal margin of hind wings edged with

o o o o

black, costal margin of fore wings with a fine black
border. Fringe white.

Under side dark gray. The fore wings have an oval
black discal spot, and a transverse, tortuous series of six
black spots, all edged with white, the one next the
posterior angle double, the fifth twice as large as the
others ; on the outer margin a double series of faint
spots.

Hind wings with four black spots near the base, one
being very minute and close to the inner margin ; a bar
at the end of the cell, and a series of eight spots in a
double unequal curve ; all of which, as well as the basal
spots, are edged with white. There is a marginal series
of six or seven metallic spots, each surmounted with a
spot of fulvous bordered inwardly by a dark crescent.
These metallic spots are edged outwardly, and sometimes

286 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

replaced, by black. Ends of venules expanded into
small black spots.

A more common form of the female has the base of
both wings violet-blue, and the black marginal spots of
the hind wings distinct, the two or three next the anal
angle surmounted with fulvous. Under side as in the
male.

A variety of the female has the upper side brown,
with a black discal spot on the fore wings. Hind wings
with a marginal row of obsolete spots surmounted by
grayish crescents.

Under side pale buff,, fore wings as in the male, except
that the discal spot is preceded by a small double spot,
and all the spots are larger. On- the hind wings the spots
are less distinct, and some of them are wanting. The
transverse series is set in a band of white ; marginal
spots without the metallic gloss.

New York, Michigan, Wisconsin.

123. LYCLENA PSEUDARGIOLUS, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings from .9 inch to 1.4 inches.

This species is subject to great variation. According
to the recent observations of Mr. W. H. Edwards, pub-
lished in his " Butterflies of North America," it may be
known under the following polymorphic forms, most of
which have heretofore been regarded as distinct species :

Winter form 1, LUCIA, Kirby.

Winter form 2, MARGIN ATA, Edw.

Winter form 3, YIOLACEA, Edw.

Dimorphic, male, NIGRA, Edw.

Yar. CINEREA, Edw.

Spring form, PSEUDARGIOLUS, Bd. — Lee.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 287

"Var. ARIZONIEXSIS, Ed\v.

Summer form, NEGLECTA, Edw.

Pacific form, PIASUS, Bd.

Yar. ECHO, Edw.

The first of these, Lucia, coming from hibernated
chrysalides, is to be found in spring in Alaska, British
America to Quebec, Anticosti, New England, New York,
and Colorado.

Maryinata has a similar range, except that it does not
occur quite so far north, being found in Ontario, Quebec
to Long Island, and Colorado.

Violacea has a more extended range, being found in
Alaska, vicinity of Lake Winnipeg, British America,
Ontario, Quebec, Anticosti, New England to West
Virginia, and Colorado. In the southern part of this
territory a black male Niyra has been found.

Yar. Cinerea appears to be the winter form in Arizona ;
under side ash-gray, with the markings obscure.

Pseudargiolus is a spring form ranging from Racine,
Wisconsin, south to Tennessee, and on the east extending
from Pennsylvania to Georgia.

Yar. Arhoniensis is a small form of this, found in
Arizona.

Negleda is a summer form when there is more than
one generation during a season, ranging from Canada
through New England to West Virginia and Georgia ;
occurring also in Montana and Nevada.

Piasus and its variety Echo are Pacific slope forms,
found in California and Arizona,

In general terms, the upper side of the wings of the
male is a deep azure-blue, with a delicate terminal black
line. Fringes black on the apical part of the fore wings,

288

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

but white barred with black on the rest of the fore wings

o

and on the hind wings.

The fore wings of the female have a broad blackish
outer border, in some examples extending along the
costa. The hind wings have a blackish costa, and a row
of dark spots along the outer margin. The ground
color is usually a lighter blue on the females than on
the males.

The under side is a very pale silvery gray, with a
silky lustre, and there are the following pale brown

markings : a row of spots along the
outer margin, each preceded by a cres-
cent; a curved row of elongate spots
across the disk of the fore wings ; and
several small spots on the basal part
of the hind wings.

The form Lucia has the terminal

Lycasna Pseudargi- i • i i i

, form Lucia, un- spots ot the under side so enlarged and

FIG. 78.

der side-

FIG. 79.

run together as to form a terminal band,
and the spots on the basal part of the hind wings are
enlarged and run together so as to form a more or less

complete triangular discal patch, as shown
in Fig. 78. This and Marginata are the
smaller forms.

Form Marginata has the terminal band
of the under side as in Lucia, but the
spots on the basal part of the hind wings
do not coalesce.

Form Violacea has the dark points
and crescents on the under side of the
wings quite prominent, but they do not coalesce, either
in the outer border or in the basal portion. The black

Lycasna Pseudai'-
giolus, furm Viola-
cea, under side.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 289

male Nigra has the under surface the same as in the
blue Violacea, but the upper surface is black.

Form Pseudargiolus is the largest of the series, ex-
panding 1.4 indies. The upper surface pIQ go.
of the male usually has a terminal border
to the hind wings of the same shade of
blue as the fore wings, the middle area
of the hind wings a little paler than this
border or the fore wings. The spots on
the under side are much smaller than on Lycama

giolus, form Pseu-

any of the preceding forms. dargioius, under

Form Neglecta resembles Pseudargio- sicle-
Ins, but is smaller, not expanding more than 1.1 inches;
spots on the under side small, as on Pseudargiolus.

The Pacific form Piasus is of a deeper blue, the under

j. f

side bluish, with the border spots subobsolete.

The winter forms of these butterflies deposit their
eggs in the clusters of flower-buds of dogwood (Corn us),
the young larvae obtaining their first food by boring into
the buds, but later eating their way into the ovaries. The
next brood of eggs are deposited on the flower-stems of
rattleweed (Cimicifuga raeemosa), while the fall brood
are to be found on Adinomeris squarrosa, and. probably
on A. helianthoides. In confinement they have been
known to eat several other plants ; and it is probable
that where rattleweed does not grow, the second brood
of larvae feed upon something else.

The eggs are .02 of an inch in diameter, round, flat
at base, the top flattened and depressed; the surface
covered with a white lace- work, the meshes of which are
mostly lozenge-shaped, with a short rounded process at
each angle. Ground color delicate green.
K t 25

290 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

In from four to eight days a larva .04 of an inch long
hatches from the egg. This has the under side flat, legs
retractile, upper side rounded, highest at joint 4, from
which the dorsum and sides slope gradually to joint 13.
Surface pubescent. On each side of the dorsal line is a
row of white clubbed hairs, with similar hairs at the
base and in front of joint 2, making a fringe round the
body. Color greenish white or brownish yellow. Head
minute, obovoid, retractile, black.

After the first moult, which occurs in from three
to five days, the length is from .07 to .08 of an inch ;
the color of the spring and fall broods is brownish yel-
low, that of the summer brood the same, and also green-
ish white and reddish.

The second moult occurs in from three to five days
more, the length being from .12 to .16 of an inch. The
shape is as before, but the dorsum is covered from joint
3 to joint 10 by a low, broad, continuous, tuberculous
ridge, cleft to the body at the juncture of the segments,
the anterior edge of each joint depressed, the sides in-
curved. Joint 2 is more flattened than before, and the
outer border is thickened into a rounded rim, leaving
within the curve a flattened, depressed space. Color in
spring pale green, the dorsum whitish, usually a reddish
dorsal line from joint 3 to joint 10. In summer vari-
able, buff or pale green without spots, joint 2 brown;
in some the dorsum and sides are mottled with dark
green and brown ; occasionally one is wine-red, or red
with a white basal stripe, and white along the tuber-
culation. In fall dull green, more or less marked with
brown.

The third moult takes place in three or four days

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 291

more, but there is little change from the former period.
The fourth or last moult occurs three or four days after-
wards, and in five or six days from this the larva is ready
to pupate.

The mature larva is .4 of an inch long in the spring
and fall broods, and from .5 to .55 in the summer brood;
the shape as in the preceding stages. The color is
variable. In spring, usually the ridge is whitish, often
stained red, or it is brown, light or dark ; the upper
part of the side olive-green, with a darker green or
sometimes a dull red patch along the posterior edge of
each joint. Below this area it is pale green, and along
the base more or less brown. Joints 11 to 13 are
mottled in shades of green, often with brown, and joint
2 is either green or brown ; if the latter, then with a
brown patch in the depression. Color in summer, some-
times \\hite or delicate green, joint 2 being brown ; or the
ridge is light green and the sides dark, often with brown
patches over all ; or light green, witli a dorsal macular
deep green band, and a similar one along the base ; or
the whole surface may be wine-red or even chocolate-
brown. Color in fall, green, with more or less brown
in irregular patches. Head dark brown.

The chrysalis is dark brown or yellow-brown, varying,
the wing-cases dark, and sometimes green-tinted. On
the abdomen are two subdorsal rows of blackish dots,
sometimes a dark dorsal line.

In addition to the food-plants already given, Apios
tuberosa, Ei^ythrina herbacea, Spiraea salicifolia, Ceano-
thus Americanus, Cornus, and Ilex may be specified.

292 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

1 24. LYOENA COMYNTAS, Godt.

Expanse of wings from .7 to 1 inch.

Hind wings with one thread-like tail. The males are
dark violet-blue above, with a narrow blackish outer

border. Along the outer margin of
the hind wings are several black
spots, and usually one or two orange
crescents. The females are blackish
brown, some specimens with bluish
at the base, the black spots of the

Lycajna Corny ntas, left i • i • n_ i

wings, under side. hmd W111gS °ften obsCUre.

Under side whitish gray ; both

wings with a double row of spots along the outer margin,
the inner row crescents ; between this and the cells a row
of black spots circled with white, the row on the hind
wings broken twice. There is also a bar at the end of
each cell, and on the hind wings a spot in the cell, and
one above. Near the anal angle are two or three orange
crescents, enclosing each a black spot with a circle of
silver scales.

According to Mr. Edwards,, the eggs of this species
are deposited on red clover and Desmodium Marilandicum.
They are round, flattened, depressed at top, covered with
a frost-work of interlaced points. Color delicate green.

The young larvae are .05 of an inch long, cylindrical,
of a yellowish color, except two rows of white points
along the back, and one near the base on each side. A
long, curved, white hair has its origin in each of these
points. Head black and shining, retractile, nearly as
large as joint 2.

After the first moult they are .08 of an inch long,

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 293

onisciform, flattened , the dorsum flat at the top and
sloping towards the base. Color greenish, the whole
surface irregularly dotted with black ; and from most,
but not all, of the dots come white hairs, those on the
dorsum curved back, those nearer the base curved partly
downward and partly back. Head obovate, long, and
narrow, smaller in proportion to the second segment
than at the last stage, and partly concealed, even when
active, in joint 2. Color black.

After the second moult thev are .12 of an inch Ions:,

o"

broader and flatter than before. On each side of the
narrow dorsal ridge is a slightly-raised ridge, caused by
the tubercles ; at the base of the body a fold, and the
hairs from this and the ridge are longer than elsewhere.
Color green, but with a rusty tint, caused by the numer-
ous reddish points. Above the fold these take the form
of a line or slight stripe.

Moulting again, the length is .2 of an inch, and the
color clear apple-green ; the crests of the dorsal ridge,
and also the folds at the base, are whitish ; part of the
way a reddish line on each side of the fold ; also a double
oblique line of pale green on each side of each segment.

After the fourth moult they are .36 of an inch long,
and the width is about one-fourth the length. They
are of the same general form as before, but highest in
front, and sloping backward. Color greenish, with darker
green lines, and oblique vinous lines on the sides. Head
black.

The chrysalis is .26 of an inch long, shaped much
like the mature larva ; of a greenish, brownish, or sordid
white color, with three rows of black dots, and sparingly
clothed with whitish hairs.

25*

294 T1IE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

The above description was taken from larvse fed on
Desmodiurn. Those that fed on clover differed in color-
ation, as follows : color russet, varying towards vinous,
interspersed with green ; at third moult some were pale
green dorsally, the white being caused by the tubercles,
the sides vinous, the dorsal stripe and oblique lines
vinous ; others had the back as well as the sides vinous,
and this variation and character persisted to maturity.
The chrysalides of these larvae were sordid white on the
upper surface and lower side of the abdomen, the former
specked with brown ; dorsal stripe brown, as were also
the dots ; under side of thorax and of head-case, and the
whole of the wing-cases, apple-green.

Atlantic States to the Rocky Mountains, Colorado.

125. LYC^JNA FILENUS, Poey.

Expanse of wings from .75 to .95 of an inch.
Upper side of the male blue, with a slight black

border ; fringes white. In both sexes there is a small
* <~>

round black spot near the outer edge of the hind wings.
The female is blackish brown, with the middle area of
the basal half of both wings washed with blue.

Under side ash-gray, usually paler in the male than
in the female, with a discoidal crescent on the middle of
each wing, bordered on each side with white ; and three
sinuous common bands, formed of small black spots
circled with white, of which the outer are a little less
distinct and somewhat sagittate. The space which sepa-
rates the iiHier band from the median is usually whiter
than the rest of the surface, and forms a band of small
white quadrangular spots. The base of the hind wings
has a transverse row of three very black points annulate

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 295

with white, of which the external, out of Hue with the
others, is the largest. The hind wino-s have on the

7 O O

outer edge and near the anal angle a black eye-spot,
more or less annulate with yellow, sprinkled behind
with golden-green atoms.
Gulf States.

126. LYC^NA ISOPHTHALMA, Herr.-Schaeff.

Expanse of wings .75 of an inch.

Upper surface brown, slightly grayish at the base and
along the costal margin, a row of five blackish spots
along the outer margin of the hind wings, the three next
the anal angle the most distinct, the other two sometimes
almost obliterated.

Under side of nearly the same color as the upper,
slightly hoary at the base, the wings crossed by about
seven rows of elongate white spots and an inner row of
white circles. There is a submarginal row of six con-
spicuous black spots on the hind wings. The spot near-
est the anal angle is almost entirely covered with metallic
green, and the rest of the spots present detached scales
of this color, generally on the side nearest the margin.

Palpi dark brown above, white beneath, with a few
black hairs ; antennae annulate black and white ; club
reddish brown, red at the tip.

Florida, Georgia.

127. LYC^NA EXILIS, Bd.

Expanse of wings from .6 to .7 of an inch.

Male. — Upper side brown, sometimes reddish brown,
bluish at base of both wings, and slightly fuscous along
the hind margins ; hind wings bordered by a series of

296 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

round fuscous spots ; fringes long, pure white, except at
the outer angle of the fore wings and against the lower
median interspace, where they are fuscous.

Under side of fore wings dark gray at base, without
markings, fulvous on disk, crossed by interrupted white
streaks ; the margin gray, presenting a series of obsolete
lunules, in front of each of which is a white border,
forming a broken line like those on the disk. Hind
wings dark gray at base, paler gray over part of the
disk, then brown, followed by a broad white submarginal
space ; the base marked by three fuscous points placed
transversely, and the brown disk crossed by white
streaks as on the fore wings ; outer margin bordered
by a row of black spots, of which the first, next the anal
angle, is duplex and covered with metallic green scales ;
the next four are large, dead-black, and metallic only at
their base ; the next two Avholly covered with metallic
scales.

Female. — Same size, paler-colored above, marked like
the male.

This description is of specimens taken in Texas.
Boisduval's description of those taken in California is
as follows :

Upper side clear brown ; hind wings paler, with a
blackish border.

Under side of fore wings very clear brown, with white
interrupted transverse striae, more or less distinct.

Under side of hind wings white, with brown stride,
and a marginal row of seven black ocelli powdered with
golden atoms.

California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas,
Florida.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 297

128. LYC^ENA AMMON, Luc.

Expanse of wings 1.05 inches.

Male. — Upper surface clear violet-blue, the edge of
the wings black, and a small black spot near the anal
angle. Fringes white, cut with black at the ends of the
veins, broadly so on the fore wings.

Under side dark gray. The fore wings have a gray
bar at the end of the cell, with a white line on each side;
beyond the cell a curved row of intervenular gray spots,
each with its inner and outer border of white. Along the
outer fourth of the wing is a broad white band, dentate
without, and a subterminal row of white lunules en-
closing gray spots, the anterior half of lunules somewhat
dusky. Edge of wings black, with a white inner border.

Hind wings with the same markings, the white band
broader; in addition, the basal half has three round
black spots annulate with white, — one in the cell, two
near the costal margin, — and a gray spot near the inner
margin. Near the anal angle are two round black spots,
with a more or less complete annulus of metallic blue
scales, the outer spot having before it an orange lunule.

Female. — Upper surface the same as in the male, outer
part of hind wings a little paler, with costal and outer
border of black ; the latter on the fore wings a little
mottled with blue, and on the hind wings containing a
series of blue lunules and two bright black spots, the
outer, or one farthest from the anal angle, with an orange
lunule before it. Under side the same as in the male.

Food-plant and larva unknown. The species is a
native of Cuba, but has been found at Indian River
and in Southern Florida.

298 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

129. LYCJENA THEONUS, Luc.

Expanse of wings from .9 to .95 of an inch.

Male. — Upper surface violet-blue, rather pale, except
at the terminal border. The marks of the under side
can be seen through the blue.

Under side white, crossed by seven or eight brown-
gray stripes, appearing along the costa as though this
were the color, and as if there were eight more or less
wavy white transverse lines arranged in pairs enclosing
a space of the ground color a little darker. Along the
outer margin two rows of spots, the outer roundish or
oval, the inner lunate. On the fore wrings the second,
fourth, fifth, and sixth lines do not reach more than half-
way across the wing, leaving a large white space. On
the hind wings near the anal angle are two round black
spots in place of two of the gray, each containing a circle
of metallic violet scales ; the spots annulate with pale
yellow. The lines on the hind wings are more broken
up into spots than those on the fore wings.

Female. — Upper surface white, with a violet-blue tint,
more prominent on the basal half, with a broad outer
border extending round the costa to the base. On the
hind wings this border contains a series of white lunules,
the two next the anal angle enclosing a round black
spot. The markings of the under side show through
more plainly than in the males. Under side the same
as in the males.

Palpi black ; antennae black and white ; club black,
tipped with white ; body black above, white beneath,
with a yellowish tinge.

Florida Keys.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 299

FAMILY HESPERIDJE.

This family may be known by their robust bodies and
their triangular fore wings, and by the knob of the an-
tennae usually ending in an attenuated portion, — that is,
mostly bent or hooked ; they have six feet adapted for
walking. In their robust bodies and coarse scales, which
are not closely appressed, these butterflies resemble some
of the higher moths. When in repose, the wings are
either spread or closed back to back and thrown back
so that the costal edge of the hind wings is next to the
costal edge of the fore wings.

The family is divided into two sections, which bear to
each other somewhat the relation of families.

SECTION I.

The butterflies in this division have the knob of the
antennae thick ovoid or elongate ovoid. The larvse are
more or less spindle-shaped. The pupae are somewhat
conical, like those of the moths, smooth, and found in
puparia composed of leaves fastened together, in which
the larvae seclude themselves.

130. CARTEROCEPHALUS MANDAN, Edw.

Expanse of wings 1.12 inches.

Upper side of wings dark brown, overlaid with a few
yellowish scales, and marked with dull ochraceous spots,
as follows : one row extends along the outer margin,
often nearly obliterated ; another across the disk, or be-
tween the margin and the end of the cell, two of which
are out of line and nearer the outer margin ; the cell is

O '

300 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

more or less filled with the yellow, mostly in the form
of two patches, and there is a small spot resting on the
lower side of the cell near the middle, and another below
the subrnedian vein, about one-fourth of the distance from
the base. The hind wings have a row of small spots
along the outer margin, a row of larger spots within
this, across the disk, and one near the base of the wing.

Under side of fore wings much paler than the upper,
the light markings much larger and coalescing. The
hind wings are of the same yellowish as the fore wings,
the spots of the upper side repeated, but larger and of
a white color, ringed with brownish, with an additional
spot above the basal. The veins are all brownish.

White Mountains, N.H., and Maine, where it flies
about the middle of June.

131. CARTEROCEPHALUS OMAHA, Edw.

Expanse of wings 1 inch.

Upper side brown, much marked with bright fulvous,
which covers the central margin of the fore wings from
near the base to near the end of the cell and back to the
median vein, except a brown streak in the cell from the
base. A submarginal row of confluent spots extends
from the costa to the hind margin, broken opposite the
cell, twro small spots ranging outside the line, with a
space between them and the costal spot. Edge of hind
margin also fulvous.

The hind wings have a similar row, or rather one
long spot or band, across the wing, and two spots on the
disk and on the costa. Fringes fulvous.

Under side pale brown washed with fulvous, which last
color prevails on the apical part of the fore wings and

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 3Q1

oil the anterior part of the hind wings. The spots of
the upper side reappear, enlarged, and two spots near the
apex of the fore wings are connected with the costal spots.
West Virginia, Colorado, California.

132. ANCYLOXYPHA NUMITOR, Fab.

Expanse of wings from .8 to 1 inch.

Upper surface of fore wings blackish brown, washed
more or less with dull dark yellow ; the cell dusky, but
in front of the cell nearly clear yellow, and more yellow
below the cell than in it. Hind wings dark yellow,
costa and outer margin blackish brown.

Under side of fore wings brown, the costa and outer
margin, to near the posterior angle, yellow. Hind
wino;s uniform yellow.

o »

Harris states that the chrysalis is rather long, nearly
cylindrical, but tapering at the hinder extremity, and
with an obtusely-rounded head. It is reddish-ash-col-
ored, minutely sprinkled with brown dots.

Maine to Texas, Nebraska.

133. THYMELICUS POWESHIEK, Park.

Expanse of wings 1.2 inches.

Upper surface dark brown, the costal margin to near
the apex dull yellow.

Under side of fore wings dark brown, the basal two
thirds of costal edge dull yellow, the apex washed with
yellowish white. Hind wings dark brown, the veins
white ; the whole surface, except between the subniediau
vein and near the inner margin, sprinkled with white
scales. Fringes brown, basal half white all round.

Iowa, Illinois, Montana, Colorado.

26

302 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

134. PAMPHILA MASSASOIT, Scud.

Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.4 inches.

Male. — Upper surface blackish brown, with a slight
violet reflection on the fore wings; three small, sub-
obsolete, yellow, intervenular dots in a row near the
costa beyond the cell, and occasionally a faint, small,
yellowish spot or two on the middle of the hind wings.
Fringe slightly paler, yellowish round the anal angle.

Under side of fore wings about the same color as the
upper, the costal and outer margin tawny orange-yellow,
the spots of the upper side repeated with more distinct-
ness ; a few scales in two small patches near the middle.
Basal color of hind wings blackish brown, but so washed
with tawny orange as to be almost that color, paler than
the female. Across the wing, a little beyond the middle,
is a series of six pale yellow spots ; the first indistinct ;
the second nearly square, with the outer end rounded ;
the third oblong, reaching from near the margin to the
middle of the cell, a faint brown bar at the end of the
cell ; the fourth and fifth oblong, one-third the length of
the third ; the sixth, like the first, subobsolete. Body,
head, and antennae, above, the color of the upper surface ;
below, pale whitish yellow.

Female. — Above, the markings of the under side show
more plainly than in the males ; the yellow of the under
side is darker, and the fourth and fifth spots on the under
side are pointed towards the base and somewhat blended
with the third.

Food-plant and larva unknown.

Eastern and Middle States, Nebraska, Colorado,
Texas.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 3Q3

135. PAMPHILA ZABULON, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings 1.2 inches.

Male. — Upper surface pale dull yellow, the fore wings
dusky at the base, the outer fourth blackish brown, den-
tate within ; the same extending along the hind margin
to near the base, and very narrowly edging the costa.
There is an oblique bar at the end of the cell, and a patch
beyond, almost touching the apical portion of the border ;
beyond this patch the border is narrowed, with a narrow
line of vellow intervening. Hind wings bordered all

«/ o

around with blackish brown.

Under side of fore wings pale yellow, the basal half,
except the costal margin, dark brown, the marks of the
outer end repeated with less distinctness. The hind
wings have a broad, pale yellow, slightly clouded band
across the wins; beyond the middle ; the basal third,

o •/

except a costal patch, reddish brown. The outer border
contains several irregular pale brown spots ; and there
is a dark brown, yellow-washed streak below the sub-
median vein.

Var. HOBOMOK, Harr. — This form has the markings
of the male much as in the typical form, but the dark
spots are more pronounced, with often a subterminal
patch above the discal bar, and the yellow is bright
tawny. The hind wings have the yellow band of the
under side narrower, leaving a continuous outer border,
in width one-fourth the length of the wing, with some
lilac scales.

The female of this form has the yellow a little paler
than the ordinary male, the veins all brown, more dusky,
suffusing over the basal half of the wings, with the yellow

304 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

on the under side of the hind wings more contracted than

in the male.

i .

Dimorphic form female POCAHONTAS, Scud. — This
form of female is similar to QUADRAQUINA, but duller
in color, traces of a spot in the cell of the fore wings, the
four posterior spots of the outer row not clearly defined.
Hind wings a little pale in the middle. The marks on
the under side are somewhat blurred, and the hind wings
have an indistinct subterminal band.

Yar. female QUADRAQUINA, Scud. — This has the
upper surface the same shade as the outer border of the
male, with a slight vinous reflection ; beyond tli3 middle
of fore wings a broken row of pale yellow spots, three
near the costa, then two nearer the outer margin, which
are small and mostly oblong, then four to the hind
margin, trapezoid, and all but the third larger. Hind
wings without spots.

Under side blackish brown, the costal margin of
both wings washed with tawny ochre, the apex of the
fore wings whitish, the outer portion of the hind wings
washed with lilac. The spots of the upper surface are
repeated, the posterior four enlarged and more or less
confluent.

Body dark brown, with greenish hairs above, paler
beneath.

The eggs (Fig. 82) are pale green, nearly globular,
FIG 82 somewhat flattened, and under a strong lens
they appear reticulated over the surface with
fine six-sided markings. These are deposited

p. zabuion, on grass, upon which the larvae feed.

The young larva, which hatches from the
egg in about ten days, is .1 of an inch long, with a large,

EASTERN UNITED STATE*. 395

prominent, shining black head, and a creamy-white body,

with a yellowish tino-e posteriorly.

'

• . 83

The second segment is half circled

with a black line.

The larvae station themselves on

. P. Zabulon, larva (natural

the inside ot the leaves, near the size).

joints, and, by drawing portions of
the leaves together with silk, form a rude case, in which
they secrete themselves.

Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi Valley.

136. PAMPHILA SASSACUS, Harr.

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.4 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dull dark yellow, the outer
border of fuscous or dark grayish brown, not quite one-
third the length of the wing, crenate within, the base
dusky. On the fore wings is a black, oblique stigma, or
sex-mark, below the cell, with a little ftisnm.s below it,
and at its end a fuscous patch, which is separated from the
border by a few fulvous spots in a broken line ; veins
fuscous. The yellow of the hind wings is surrounded
bv a fuscous border.

V

Under side brownish fulvous, the posterior half of
fore wings fuscous ; the five subterminal spots of the
upper surface repeated, a spot at the end of the cell, a
large triangular patch, with dentate outline, all yellowish
white. The hind wings have a subterminal band of
six whitish spots across the anterior two thirds of the
wing, and a spot at the end of the cell. One specimen
having a slight greenish-yellow wash to the under surface
has these spots indistinct.

Female. — This differs from the male in having the
u 26*

306 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

hind wings washed in the centre with yellow,, the yellow
area less than in the male and not clear yellow. Nearly
all of the fore wing is dark grayish brown or fuscous, the
basal half, or in some examples a little more, washed with
yellow, or only the anterior edge and a portion of the
base sprinkled with yellow scales. The fore wings have
a row of eight yellow spots, of which 4 and 5 are out
of line with the others, being nearer the margin ; and
two elongate spots, more or less distinct, in the outer
part of the cell.

Under side grayish brown, a little pale, the hind
wings and the anterior and outer portion of the fore
wings well sprinkled with ochraceous scales ; the spots
of the fore wings repeated, pale, the lower of the outer
row broadly expanded ; the hind wings with a faint
row of three or four spots beyond the cell.

Body brown above, with grayish hairs, lighter beneath.

The larva is said to feed on grass, the butterfly ap-
pearing on the wing in the middle of June.

New England, New York to Nebraska, Georgia,
Florida, Colorado.

137. PAMPHILA METEA, Scud.

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.35 inches.

Female. — Upper surface dark brown tinged ochra-
ceous, especially on the hind wings. Fore wings with
the following white markings : two small spots at the ex-
tremity of the cell ; three small spots, one above the other,
on the costal border, a little more than three-fourths the
distance from the base ; below these, and half-way be-
tween them and the outer margin, one above the other,
two small spots ; placed successively a little nearer the

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 3Q7

base than the last, two more spots, somewhat larger,
between the branches of the median vein, and traces of
a small one on the submedian.

Hind wings uniform, in tint, with a faint ochraceous
repetition of the markings beneath. The outer margin
of both wings is narrowly edged with black, the fringes
slightly paler than the upper surface.

Under side dark brown, on the hind wings ap-
proaching to black, with some grayish scales towards
the outer border. The fore wings have the markings
of the upper surface repeated with greater distinctness
than above, and a large pale brown spot at the posterior
angle.

Hind wings with a band formed of grayish-white
spots between the venules, starting at the costa at two-
thirds the distance from the base, nearly reaching; the

/ •, ^^

outer margin in the space between the subcostal and
median veins, thence bent towards the inner margin at
a little less than a right angle, terminating at the sub-
median.

Male.-'-This form scarcely differs from the female on
the upper surface, except that the spots are a little more
distinct and pale yellow, especially the row on the hind
wings. Stigma, or sex-mark, oblique, narrow, black,
broken, the upper part longer than the lower.

Under side as in the female. Body black above,
with greenish hairs, below gray, with a few greenish
hairs on the thorax ; palpi yellowish white, gray at the
tip.

Grass is the food-plant of this species.

It has been found in Connecticut, New York, Texas,
and Colorado.

308 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

138. PAMPHILA UNCAS, Edw.

Expanse of wings from 1.35 to 1.6 inches.

Female. — Upper surface fuscous, the base and posterior
part of the fore wings, and a broad band through the
hind wings from the base out, washed with dusky fulvous.
The fore wings have a subterminal broken row of spots,
all whitish but the last, which is yellowish, also a small
spot at the end of the cell ; the two between the branches
of the median vein wTith the outer angles much extended.
Hind wings with the subterminal spots of the under
side showing through a little.

Under side fuscous gray, sprinkled with pale yellow
scales. The spots on the upper surface of the fore wings
are repeated, white in color, those of the subterminal
row blended into three groups, the lower widened pos-
teriorly, so as to suffuse most of the posterior angle area.
The hind wings have two very much bent white bands,
the outer not reaching the inner margin.

Male. — Upper surface fuscous, the fore wings, with the
cell and a patch below the stigma, distinct yellow, in-
clining to fulvous, the hinder portion, from the end of
the cell to the posterior angle, washed with yellow, and
a row of five yellow spots in the outer fuscous field,
the two beyond the cell much out of line with the others.
The stigma very oblique, narrow, jet-black, contracted
in the middle.

Hind wings, with all but a costal edge and a very
narrow terminal border, heavily washed with yellow,
inclining to a fulvous shade in the central portion.
Fringes white, fuscous at base. Under side as in the
female.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 309

Larva and food-plant unknown, though the latter
may be grass.

Delaware to Ohio, Dakota to Arizona.

139. PAMPHILA SEMIXOLE, Scud.

Expanse of wings 1.35 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dark brown, slightly tinged
with violet, the fore wings, with the basal half and costal
edge, sprinkled with fulvous yellow ; a broken row of
dull yellow spots beyond the middle, consisting of three
below the costa in line, two beyond the cell farther to-
wards the margin, and three, larger than the others, be-
tween the branches of the median vein and above the
submedian, each of these three reaching from vein to
vein ; a yellow bar at the end of the cell. Stigma black,
narrow, broken near the middle, the parts slightly
curved, the ends overlapping each other a little.

Hind wings with brownish-yellow hairs, and a row
towards the outer margin of about five small yellow spots.

Under side scarcely paler than the upper, the hind
wings more tinged with reddish, sprinkled with yellow
scales wiiich are pale on the hind wings, more distinct ful-
vous yellow along the costal edge of the fore wings and
near the anal angle of the hind wings. Spots of upper
side repeated, but paler, almost white, spot 7 of the fore
wings enlarged, and spot 8 shading out on each side.

Female. — Similar to the male, but scarcely sprinkled
with yellow ; lacking the stigma ; the spots a little more
prominent. Under side as in the male.

The larva and food-plant are unknown.

It has been found in Florida, North Carolina, New
Jersey, and Iowa.

31() THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

140. PAMPHILA LEONARD us, Harr.

Expanse of wings frorn 1.3 to 1.4 inches.

Male. — Upper surface blackish brown, more or less
overlaid with fulvous yellow scales from the base to the
outer third of the fore wings, with a broken subter-
minal row of clearer yellow spots ; three of these below
the costa in line, two beyond the cell farther out, and
separated from the cell by a space without yellow, and
two or three below, in line with the first, continued
by an oblique shade to the hind margin ; also a dis-
tinct spot at the end of the cell. Stigma black, oblique,
concave below. The hind wings have a curved band
not reaching either margin ; an obscure spot in the
cell, and greenish-yellow hairs over the inner half of
the wings.

Under side bright reddish brown, the fore wings
blackish from the cell to the hind margin, but not
reaching the outer margin except at the posterior angle.
The spots of the upper surface are repeated, but the
spots below the cell are blended and enlarged into a
subtriangular patch. The hind wings have a small
spot at the end of the cell, and beyond a curved row
of six or seven spots.

Female. — This form has the basal third of the fore
wings only moderately sprinkled with yellow scales, and
the stigma is absent. The spots in the outer row are
larger than in the males. Under side like the male.

According to Mr. Scudder, this species feeds on grass
in the larval state.

New England to West Virginia ; Indian River,
Florida; Kansas.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 31 1

141. PAMPHILA MESKEI, Edw.

Expanse of wings from 1.5 to 1.6 inches.

Male. — Upper side dark brown, marked and spotted
with reddish fulvous ; three small spots in subcostal in-
terspaces of fore wings, two others opposite the cell and
towards the outer margin, and in line with these an
oblique row crossing the median interspaces, the lower
spots merged in the fulvous of disk or cell to base and
anteriorly to costa ; the stigma in two sections, the ante-
rior one completely crossing the lower median inter-
space, a narrow, smooth, black, slightly bent ridge ; the
lower one in submedian interspace parallel to the line
of the other, short, not reaching either veuule; be-
hind the stigma is a narrow, blackish, rough patch.
The hind wings have the central part obscure fulvous,
with an imperfectly denned series of spots between the
cell and the outer margin. Fringes of the fore wings
fuscous next the margin, whitish outside ; of the hind
wings, fuscous next the margin, then fulvous, and out-
side whitish.

Under side of hind wings bright ferruginous, of one
shade, and without spots; apex of fore wings bright
ferruginous, the outer margin a little obscured, the spots
indistinctly repeated, next the base and against the stigma
black.

Female. — Color dark brown ; the fore wings have
spots placed as in the male, distinctly denned through-
out, the basal area being brown, instead of fulvous as in
the male. Hind wings as in the male, though the spots
may be more clearly defined.

Under side as in the male, but on the disk of the hind

312 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

wings is an indistinct bent row of small paler spots cor-
responding to the spots of the upper side.

Body above black, covered with fulvous hairs ; thorax
below yellowish ; abdomen the same, with a fulvous tint ;
palpi light yellow, with a fulvous tint; antennae black
above, yellowish below ; club black on both upper and
under surface, on the sides fulvous.

Larva and food-plant unknown.

Texas ; Indian River, Florida.

142. PAMPHILA HURON, Edw.

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.5 inches.

Male. — Upper surface of fore wings dark yellow
tinged with fulvous, dusky at base, the veins fuscous,
and a fuscous outer border about one-fourth the length
of the wing, crenate within, narrowed opposite the cell,
before which there is a fuscous patch. Stigma some-
what quadrate, the upper outer angle produced, velvety
black above and below, with a nearly round blackish
patch beyond.

Hind wings with the central portion of the wing
yellow, but washed a little with dusky, a continuous
fuscous border round the wing.

Under side dull yellowish fulvous, the hind wings and
terminal portion of the fore wings tinged with grayish ;
the basal half of the fore wings from the cell to the hind
margin, and a border to the posterior angle, blackish.
The fore wings have a faint subterminal band, much as
on the under side of P. Leonardos. Base of hind wings
dusky, a faint subterminal band.

Female. — This has the upper surface blackish fuscous,
the fore wings washed with yellowish from the base to

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 313

the outer third along the costal and hind margins ; a
black space in place of the stigma of the male ; the usual
broken subterminal row of spots, the first three and the
last two translucent. Hind wins;s with yellowish scales,

^J v f

and greenish hairs over the inner half, an indistinct spot
in the cell, and a band beyond not reaching either margin,
in width about one-fourth the length of the wing.

Under side like that of the male in color ; the row
of spots of the fore wings repeated, the hind wings with
two much curved rows of white confluent spots.

Atlantic States to Florida, Mississippi Valley, Texas,
Arizona.

143. PAMPHILA PHYL^US, Drury.

Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.3 inches.

Male. — Upper surface yellow, dusky at base along the
veins, and on the costal and inner margin of the hind
wings. Fore wings with an outer border of eight cunei-
form fuscous spots, the length being about one-fourth
the length of the wing, the third and fourth from the
apex about half as long as the others, and the eighth
half- wedge-shaped. Stigma slender, oblique, velvety
black, with a fuscous patch below ; a bar at the end
of the cell, with two rays from it. Hind wings with a
border of five cuneiform spots, the second very short.

Under side paler than the upper, and the yellow not
so bright. Fore wings fuscous below the cell and along
the hind margin, the stigma and part of the terminal
spots showing, but not those at the apex. The hind
wings have two subobsolete rows of fuscous spots, the
inner across the middle of the wing.

Female. — Upper side dark brown, with a little vinous
o 27

314 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

reflection. The fore wings have the basal third washed
with dull yellow, the spots brighter dark yellow. There
is a spot at the end of the cell, and an oblique broken row
behind ; the first three in the subcostal interspaces are ob-
long, slightly narrowed at the base ; the next two oppo-
site the cell, farther towards the margin, small and round
or quadrate ; number 6 like 2 and 3 ; number 7 quad-
rate ; number 8 a mere point ; number 9 triangular, and
extending as a shade along the hind margin to the base.
Hind wings overlaid on basal and inner portions with
dull yellow hairs, and with a subterminal row of spots
much as in the female of P. Huron.

Under side darker yellow than in the male, the fus-
cous covering more than the posterior half of the wing ;
the spots of the upper side repeated, whitish.

According to Dr. A. W. Chapman, the larva of this
species when full grown is .7 of an inch long, fusiform,
of a uniform dull green color, and thickly granulated
with pale points. The collar on joint 2 is dark brown.
Head small, dark brown.

The chrysalis is .5 of an inch long, nearly cylindrical,
pubescent. Color pale green ; a black line, interrupted
on the posterior joints, extends from back of the head-
case to the last joint, with a lateral black streak on the
thorax, and a row of spots on the abdomen. More or
less punctured throughout.

Food-plant, grass.

Middle and Gulf States to the Pacific.

144. PAMPHILA BRETTUS, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings 1.1 inches.

Male. — Upper surface yellow, with a fuscous terminal

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 315

border crenate within, covering about one-fourth the
length of the wing, receding somewhat opposite the cell
of the fore wings ; the base dusky ; the veins of the outer
half of the fore wings fuscous. The stigma has the cen-
tral streak dull black, with velvety black each side of
this, and a small blackish patch below. A fuscous streak
extends from the lower end of this to the base along the
submedian vein, and another irregular-shaped patch ex-
tends from the upper end of the stigma so as almost to
touch the terminal border opposite the cell.

Under side dark brown, overlaid with yellow^ ; costal
portion of fore wings yellow, basal portion fuscous. An
irregular subterminal yellowr band crosses both wings.

The egg is white, smooth, hemispherical. It is de-
posited on grass (Paspalum sdaccitm).

The young larva is white, with a" large black head,
and black collar. AVhen full grown it is one inch long,
pale green, with a dark dorsal stripe, and an obscure line
on each side. Collar black, on each side a black dot sepa-
rated from the collar. Stigmata black. Head rounded,
projecting obliquely, granulated with black, the sides of
face and two streaks on upper part of face yellow-white.

Chrysalis .75 of an inch long. Color pale green, the
abdomen whitish ; wing-cases smooth, finely veined ; the
antennse-case extending in a filiform point to the end of
the abdomen. On each side of head-case a dark point,
and a row of dark points along the sides of the abdomen.

Gulf States, West Virginia.

145. PAMPHILA OTHO, Sm. — Abb.

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.25 inches.

Upper surface dark brown, with a little vinous re-

316 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

flection. The fore wings have a series of yellow spots,
— the •first three anteapical, the next two between the
branches of the median vein, and the sixth a small one
on the submedian. The hind wings have the usual
greenish-yellow hairs over the inner part, and two small,
faint, contiguous spots at the end of the cell. The male
diifers from the female in having an oblique stigma, and
in having an overlaying of greenish-yellow scales on the
basal portion of the wings, though scarcely enough to
change the color.

Under side yellowish brown, the posterior half, or
more, of the fore wings blackish. The spots of the fore
wings are repeated, except the last one. The hind wings
have an indistinct yellowish band of five or six spots.

Var. EGEREMET, Scud. — This is similar to the other
form, but differs in wanting the marks on the upper side
of the hind wings, and the anterior and posterior spots
of the fore wings are lacking.

The under side is dark blackish brown, obscure at the
base, the hind wings, especially of the male, sprinkled
with olivaceous scales, the posterior part of the fore
wings more blackish, and the costal "margin sprinkled
with yellow. The spots of the fore wings are repeated,
and there is an indistinct row of spots across the hind
wings. There is the same difference between the males
and the females on the upper surface as in the form Otho.

This is a variable species, the form Otho seeming to
be the Southern form, while Eger&met is the Northern,
with intergrades covering the intervening ground. One
of these forms, a female, named Ursa, Worth., differs
from the form Otho in having the posterior spot on the
fore wings lacking, and in there being traces of a band

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 317

of elongate spots on the upper side of the hind wings,
seen fairly only in certain lights.

Body above dark brown, lighter beneath.

Atlantic States, Mississippi Valley, Texas.

146. PAMPHILA PECKITJS, Kirby.

Expanse of wings 1 inch.

Female. — Upper surface dark blackish brown, the
markings dark yellow, slightly fulvous-tinted ; there
is a slight sprinkling of yellow scales over the surface,
especially the basal portion. The mark-
ings of the fore wings are : a slight ray FIG. 84.
in the upper part of the cell, and traces
of one in the lower part ; and a broken
band of seven spots beyond the middle,
the two opposite the cull beyond the line
of the others. The first three of these Pamphiia
spots are oblong in the subcostal inter-
spaces ; the next four mostly quadrate ; sometimes the
fourth of the seven is wanting, and there are occasionally
a few scales on the submedian vein in line with the last
spots. Hind wings with a band of five spots, in width
about one-fourth the length of the wing ; spots 3 and
4 the largest.

Under side fulvous brown, .the basal half of the fore
wings fuscous ; the spots of the fore wings are repeated,
lighter yellow, there being eight of them instead of seven.
The hind wings have two broad pale yellow bands, a
little irregular in outline, the lower part of the inner
often united with the middle of the outer, as in Fig. 84.

Male. — Of the same color as the female, the basal two
thirds of the fore wings heavily washed with yellow ;

27*

318 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

the outer two thirds of the cell, and the space in front
of that, nearly clear yellow ; below the cell an oblique,
sinuous, velvety-black sex-mark ; and below this a nearly
round brownish-olive patch. The outer third is sprinkled
with yellow scales, and contains the outer row of spots
found on the wing of the female, the seventh spot partly
lost in the olive patch. The hind wings are similar to
those of the female, but are sprinkled with yellow.
Under side the same as in the female.

According to Professor Fernald, this species feeds on
grass. The eggs are pale greenish yellow, strongly con-
vex above, and flattened at the base, and the surface is
faintly reticulated. They hatch in fourteen days. The
young larva is .1 of an inch long, with a large shining
black head. The body is dull brownish yellow, dotted
with black, with a ring of brownish black on the second
segment. Under side paler than the upper, and the whole
surface clothed with fine hairs. The butterfly is on the
wing from June to July.

New England to Wisconsin, Illinois, "West Virginia,
Kansas.

147. PAMPHILA MYSTIC, Scud.

Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.2 inches.

Male. — Upper surface, yellow, slightly brownish-
tinted ; an outer border of dark blackish brown, about
one-fourth the length of the wing, not crenate on its inner
edge, but receding a little opposite the cell of the fore
wings and at the apex ; base dusky. Stigma oblique,
black, slender, with a blackish patch below it, and an
irregular patch from the end of the cell outward, the
corners of which connect with the outer border, leaving

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 319

a small yellow spot enclosed. This patch, the stigma,
and the dusky base form a continuous line.

The hind wings have the outer border narrower than
the border of the fore wings, but have broad inner and
costal borders ; veins dark, with some shading at the end
of the cell.

Under side somewhat paler than the upper, the fore
wings blackish below the cell and along the hind margin,
a band of paler yellow beyond the middle, the posterior
spots expanded. Hind wings with a broad subregular
subterminal band, and a patch in the cell ; all indistinct.

Female. — The fore wings dark brown, the outer two
thirds of cell pale yellow, and some yellow suffusion in
front of mis. There is the usual row of spots marking
the outer third : the first three oblong ; the fourth ob-
scure ; the fifth triangular ; the sixth oblong ; the seventh
subquadrate, convex within, concave without ; the eighth
irregular. The hind wings have a patch at the end of
the cell, and a band of five spots beyond, the first a little
out of line with the others ; the ground color the same
as that of the fore wings.

The under side is marked as in the male, but the sur-
face is more fuscous, except the anal portion of the hind
wings and the anterior basal portion of the fore wings,
which are but little darker than in the males.

Like many other species of Pamphila, this feeds on
grass in the larval state. The eggs are, according to Mr.
Scudder, of a pale yellowish-green color, strongly convex
above, and with the base flattened. The surface appears
smooth under a lens, but under a power of eighty diam-
eters is seen to be faintly reticulated. The egg period
lasts eight or ten days. The young larva is .1 of an

320 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

inch long, with a large shining black head, and a white
body tinged with yellowish brown, this tinge being more
apparent towards the posterior part.

The full-grown larva is of an oval outline ; the head
not large in proportion to the size of the body, but
prominent and much larger than the second segment;
it is of a dull reddish-brown color, edged with black on
the hinder part, and clothed with minute whitish hairs.
The body is dull brownish green, with hairs similar to
those on the head ; a dorsal line and numerous dots over
the surface of the body are of a darker shade. Joint 2
is pale whitish, with a line of brownish black across the
top. The last joints are paler than the rest, and the
under side of the body is paler than the upper.

So far as known, there is only one brood in a season,
and the butterflies are on the wing in June and July.

New England to New York.

148. PAMPHILA CERNES, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.1 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dark olivaceous brown, with a
little vinous reflection ; fore wings, with the cell, the cos-
tal area to half-way between the cell and the apex, and a
patch beyond the upper end of the stigma, clear yellow.
The whole area below the cell, except a dusky patch out-
side the stigma, washed with yellow. Stigma oblique,
velvety black, contracted a little in the middle. Hind
wings with olive hairs and sprinkled with yellow scales.

Under side blackish or fuscous, the posterior part of
the fore wings clear, the outer half of the anterior por-
tion of the fore wings and all of the hind wings overlaid
with yellow ; the cell and costal margin before the cell

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 321

of the fore wings clear yellow. The fore wings have
five spots marking the outer third, the three costal ob-
scure, the two between the median venules pale yellow,
the lower excavate externally.

Female. — Upper surface of the same ground color as
in the male, the fore wings with a ray of clear yellow in
the cell, and the basal half sprinkled with yellow scales,
more so on the costal and hind margins. The five yel-
low spots that are on the under side of the fore wings of
the male are distinct on the upper surface of the female,
with some scales on the submedian vein in line with the
others. Hind wings as in the male, but not sprinkled
so heavily.

Under side as in the male, but not so heavily overlaid
with vellow.

V

Body dark brown above, with greenish hairs ; a little
lighter beneath.

The larva is unknown.

New England to Montana, Florida.

149. PAMPHILA MYUS, French.*

Expanse of wings .95 of an inch.
Male. — Upper surface dark olivaceous brown, with a
slight vinous reflection, about the same shade as P. Cer-

o /

nes, which it much resembles. The fore wings have the
discal cell and the area in front of the cell like Cernes,
heavily washed with yellow of a little darker shade than
in that species, the same color extending beyond the cell
along the costal area three-fourths the distance from the
base to the outer margin ; below the cell the same shade

* Mr. E. M. Aaron thinks this is P. Baracoa, Luc.
v

322 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

of yellow extends along the median veiii the same dis-
tance, the area below this to the hind margin rather
heavily sprinkled with yellow scales, except the space
beyond the lower half of the stigma, being in this much
like Gemes. In Cemes there is a quadrate sinus of the
terminal dark brown of the wing dipping into the yel-
low beyond the cell, coming up to the cross-vein. In
this species the sinus is of the same width, but extends
inward above the median vein, ending in a point half-
way to the base of the wing. The stigma is black, nar-
row, oblique, entire, though constricted below the middle,
shorter than in Gernes, does not reach the submediau
below, and the upper end reaches only the second branch
of the median, while in Cernes it passes beyond this
venule, the lower third bent a little towards the base,
not more than half as wide as in Cernes; below the
stigma an oblong patch of blackish scales which are
bronzy in certain lights. The hind wings are sprinkled
with yellow scales, the inner half with yellowish hairs
which are less olivaceous than in Cernes.

One specimen has on the fore wings, marking what
is above described as the outer boundary of yellow, five
small yellow spots which are paler than the yellow along
the costa, — three in a line back from the costa, and two
in the median interspaces; the yellow washing does not
quite reach to these spots, there being less yellow also at
the base ; varying in amount of yellow, as is sometimes
seen in different specimens of Cernes.

Under side of fore wings much as above, the yellow
orange-tinted, the row of slightly paler spots at the end
of the yellow showing more distinctly than above, the
apical half of the terminal space sprinkled with yellow,

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 323

the posterior half of the wing black ish, the sinus beyond
the cell heavily sprinkled over.

Hind wings dark brown, with a vinous reflection,
sprinkled with pale yellow scales, a narrow discal baud
of small confluent whitish spots marking the outer third,
much as in the species of Amblyscirtes, not very dis-
tinct.

Female. — This lacks the stigma of the male, is marked
above much as the female of Cernes, but is of a darker and
brighter yellow, the whole area in front of the cell and
to the anteapical spots nearly clear yellow, the rest of
the basal two thirds sprinkled with yellow, much as in
the male. On the under side the obscure band on the
hind wings is a little more distinct than in the male.

o

Body concolorous with the wings above, the thorax
with olivaceous hairs, the abdomen sprinkled with yel-
low; beneath yellowish white, about the shade of
Cernes.

Florida, specimens obtained during the summers of
1883 and 1884.

150. PAMPHILA MANATAAQUA, Scud.

Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.3 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dark brown, with a brassy re-
flection. The^ fore wings have, about three-fourths the
distance from the base, two or three small yellow inter-
venular spots in a line back from the costa, and a series
of three more below these, — two between the branches of
the median vein and one above the submedian ; the first
of these nearly square, the second oblong, twice as broad
as long, the third small. The stigma is black, narrow,
oblique, extending from the forking of the median at

324 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

the end of the cell to the submedian. Hind wings

o

without marks, the hairs on the inner half brown and
olivaceous.

Under side tawny yellowish brown, the fore wings
with the spots as above, but paler, the one above the
submedian shaded out considerably with white. Hind
wings with a transverse row of four subobsolete pale
yellow spots.

Female. — The same color as the male, the spots in
the discal row of fore wings larger and more distinct,
the one above the submedian somewhat hour-glass-
shaped ; base of fore wings sprinkled with yellow, the
cell washed with the same. The stigma absent.

Under side as in the male, but the surface more
sprinkled with pale yellow, the washing of yellow on
the fore wings repeated, the spots the same as in the
male, but a little more distinct.

Body dark brown above, with olivaceous hairs, below
yellowish white.

United States generally.

151. PAMPHILA VERNA, Edw.

Expanse of wings 1.25 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dark brown, with a slight pur-
plish reflection. The fore wings have the costal edge
slightly sprinkled with yellow ; the small, yellowish,
translucent, intervenular spots in a line back from the
costa, nearly three-fourths the distance from the base to
the apex, and two larger spots between the branches of
the median vein, the second twice as large as the first ;
a few scales are seen above the submedian in line with
these, and there is a small spot in the lower part of the

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 325

cell near the end. Stignia black, oblique, narrow, some-
what constricted, but not broken. Hind wings without
spots, hairs yellowish green. Fringes yellowish gray.

Under side about the same color as above, all but
the posterior part of the fore wings and a stripe within
the inner margin of the hind wings tinged with yellow
bronze having a purplish reflection. Spots on the fore
wings repeated ; the spot on the subniedian considerably

•

enlarged.

Hind wings with a faint discal row of five small
whitish spots.

Female. — This differs little from the male in mark-
ings and color; there is less sprinkling of yellow scales,
and the few scales above the subniedian may be absent.

•/

Under side as in the male. Stigma absent from the fore
wings above.

Body concolorous with the wings above, gray be-
neath.

The larva and food-plant are unknown.

New York, Maryland to Georgia, West Virginia,
Ohio, Indiana, Kansas.

152. PAMPHILA VESTRIS, Bd.

Expanse of wings 1.28 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dark glossy brown, as in P.
Metacomet ; outer margin blackish brown ; fringes dark

* o / o

brown. Fore wings with some dull yellowish scales on
the inner half of the costa, on the outer side of the stigma,
and within it, between the median and submedian veins,
Stigma velvety black, consisting of two acutely ellipsoidal
spots, which join on the lower median venule and have
their extremities resting on the submedian and second

28

326 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

branch of the median ; the inner spot with distinct black
scales near the submedian vein.

Under side brown, blackish over the stigma, with
obscure yellow shades exterior to it "as the only mark-
ings. Abdomen above concolorous with the wings, with
yellowish scales laterally. Thorax beneath, and abdomen
contiguous, brown, with some longer clay-colored hairs.
Palpi clothed with bristling yellow scales, from which
the tip of the last joint barely projects.

Female. — Fore wings with dull yellow scales and
hairs, more numerous on the inner half of the hind
margin, and nearly absent from the outer margin ; two
yellow spots between the branches of the median vein,
the outer one scarcely more than a dot, the inner sub-
quadrangular ; no anteapical spots, but in their place some
clustering yellow scales.

Under side dark brown, the fore wings reddish brown
basally, and the hind wings of the same shade through-
out, except towards their inner margin. The two spots
of the upper surface of the fore wings are reproduced
beneath somewhat more obscurely. Thorax and front
of head clothed with yellowish scales ; palpi with black
scales above, and beneath with some clay-colored scales.

California, Colorado, Indian River, Florida.

153. PAMPPIILA METACOMET, Harr.

Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.3 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dark brown, slightly glossed
with greenish yellow above ; the usual oblique velvety-
black stigma. The under side of the wings slightly paler,
the hind wings with a transverse row of four very faint
yellowish dots, which, however, are often wanting.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 337

»

Female. — Of the same color as the male, lac-king the
stigma, and having two yellowish dots between the
branches of the median vein, and two more anteapical
near the costa beyond the cell. The under side has the
spots of the upper surface reproduced ; hind wings as in
the male.

This butterfly is to be found in July, the larva feeding
on grass.

New England to Montana, Kansas, Nevada.

154. PAMPHILA Accius, Sm. — Abb.

Expanse of wings 1.4 inches.

Upper surface dark blackish brown, slightly olive-
tinted. Males with an oblique black stigma, with a white
dot at the upper end of it in the upper median interspace,
and three small white dots in the subcostal interspaces
beyond the cell. The females lack the stigma, but have
besides the anteapical spots an oblique row of three in
the median interspaces and above the submedian, the
middle spot the largest.

Under side dark reddish brown, the posterior part of
fore wings and inner part of hind wings blackish. The
folio wing parts are suffused with lilac : the outer part of
the fore wings, narrowing from the middle to both mar-
gins ; a similar space on the hind wings, also a patch in
the middle. The white spots of the upper surface are
repeated.

Some specimens have a white spot at the end of the
cell of the fore wings besides those mentioned.

The mature larva is 1.33 inches long, slender, nearly
white, but under the lens mottled and dotted with darker
lines and points, the rings on the posterior half of each

328 TIIE BVTTKIIFLIES OF TJIE

9

joint more prominent and less dotted; collar black.
Head rather small, oblique, oval, flattened frontally ;
white, with a black band around the top and sides, a
black streak down the middle of the face, and a short
black streak on each side of this last, not reaching the
band at top.

The chrysalis is smooth, white, the head-case tapering
into a slender pointed beak.

The larva was found in August by Dr. A. W. Chap-
man wrapped in the leaves of a large grass (Erianthus
alopecuroides).

Gulf States, North Carolina, Eastern Pennsylvania,
Southern Illinois.

155. PAMPHILA LOAMMI, Whitn.

Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.5 inches.

Male. — Wings above dark glossy brown, darker ba-
sally. Fringes light brown, with a blackish line at ex-
treme base. Fore wings with a subcostal transverse row
of quadrate whitish spots, situate one in each of the three
terminal subcostal interspaces near the base ; the upper
one one-half its length nearer apex. A large subquad-
rate spot crossing second median interspace at one-third
the distance from its base. An obsolescent transverse
line in lower median interspace, equidistant between its
base and spot in second interspace. A narrow black
stigma broken by the lower branch of the median vein ;
upper portion straight, commencing at second branching
of median and crossing the interspace to first median
venule near its source. The lower portion of the bar
commences below the venule about its own width re-
moved outwardly, is strongly concave within, and reaches

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 329

the submedian vein about two-fifths its distance from the
base. Hind wings without spots.

Under side dark chestnut-brown. Apex of fore
wings and border of hind wings with a bloom of pearly
scales. Fore wings with the markings of the upper side
repeated, and two minute dots in subcosto-niediau inter-
spaces, resting one on each venule ; one in first median
interspace and a transverse line in third. These five,
including one in second interspace repeated above, are
in line from apex to internal margin.

Hind wings with a curved sub-basal row of three
small irregular white spots. The first is in the costo-
subcostal interspace one-fourth the distance from its
base, the second in the cell, and the third on the sub-
median vein. A subterminal sinuate row ; the first
double, situate in the costo-subcostal interspace midway
between its other spot and its extremity. A black streak
extends from this spot sharply outward to the next spot
below the subcostal vein, which is followed in the suc-
ceeding interspaces by five small transverse spots. All
the spots of the hind wings have a black border.

Female. — General coloration a little lighter than in
the male. Fore wrings above with two spots at extrem-
ity of cell. An irregular transverse band commencing
with three subcostal spots, the upper one not removed
outwardly as in the male ; the fourth twice its own width
nearer the margin ; the fifth in line with the first three ;
the sixth twice its width nearer the base ; the seventh
largest, removed its width internally; the eighth double
or with upper half obsolete.

Under side of fore wings with upper markings re-
peated. Hind wings with basal row inconstant. First

28*

330 THK 7: UTTER FLIES OF THE

three spots of subterminal row running towards the outer
margin ; the others running at a right angle from the
third, towards the inner margin. In one female example
the subterminal row of hind wings is indicated above by
a few lighter scales.

The larva and food-plant are unknown.

Taken in Florida and North Carolina.

156. PAMPHILA MACULATA, Edw.

Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.5 inches.

Female. — Upper surface uniform dark brown. The
fore wings have three small round spots in the subcostal
interspaces beyond the cell, extending from the costa
back ; two more, of larger size, in the median interspaces ;
and a third below these on the submedian vein, the latter
sometimes obsolete. The hind wings have a small spot
on the middle, in some examples obsolete. All these
spots are semi-transparent, yellowish.

Under side nearly as above, fore wings washed with
white near the posterior angle, spots of fore wings as
above. The hind wings have three spots in a trans-
verse row across the disk. Body black ; palpi yellowish.

The larva, when full grown, is one inch long, slender,
pale green, finely pubescent, the last two joints deeper
green, collar light brown. Head oval, oblique, densely
pubescent, slightly granulated, light brown.

The chrysalis is .8 of an inch long, cylindrical, dull
green ; pubescent, especially about the head. Head-case
blunt, wing-cases smooth. On joints 8, 9, and 10 are
two flat tubercles on the ventral side. Anal hook broad,
triangular.

Gulf States ; occasional in New York.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 331

157. PAMPHILA PANOQUIN, Scud.

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.3 inches.

Male. — Upper surface brown, with a bronze lustre.
The fore wings have two of the usual three anteapical
spots, those present representing the second and third of
the usual number ; subquadrate, the outer corners with
a tendency to extend outward in points. There are
usually one or two beyond the cell nearer the margin
than the anteapical spots ; when both are present the
lower one is much the larger and a little nearer the
cell. Below these is an oblique row of three spots, — two
in the median interspaces and one in line on the subnie-
dian vein, the second a little more than twice as large as
the upper, the one on the submedian often small ; also a
small spot in the lower side of the cell at the outer end.
All these spots are pale yellowish. Stigma small, oval,
parallel to the costa.

Under side of nearly the same color as the upper,
much powdered with bronze scales on the costal margin
of the fore wings, and at the base and along the veins
of the hind wings. The spots of the fore wings show
more distinctly pale yellow. On the outer part of the
hind wings there is a white stripe following one of the
discal venules, with a spot below and occasionally one
above.

Female. — Without the stigma, colored and marked
like the male, but usually lacking the upper spot beyond
the cell.

The larva and food-plant are unknown.

Gulf States ; Atlantic City, N. J.

332 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

158. PAMPHILA OCOLA, Edw.

Expanse of wings 1.4 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dark brown, slightly bronzy;
the fore wings with one or two small spots in the sub-
costal interspaces, the first one of the usual three being
absent, often the second also, those present being mere
points. There are three other spots in a bent row, — two
in the median interspaces and one on the submedian
vein, the one on the submedian so far towards the margin
as to be out of line with the other two ; the first or
upper about one-fourth as large as the second, the second
concave on the outside. All these spots are dull, dusky,
translucent yellowish.

Under side of about the same shade as the upper, the
spots of the fore wings repeated. The costal margin and
most of the outer margin of the fore wings, and the veins
of the hind wings, somewhat bronzy.

Female. — Color and markings the same as in the male,
the second of the three oblique spots more than three
times as large as the first. The bronze on the costal
margin of the under side of the fore wings is very
distinct.

Larva and food-plant not known.

Gulf States ; Eastern Pennsylvania ; Whitings, Ind.

159. PAMPHILA ETHLIUS, Cram.

Expanse of wings from 2 to 2.15 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dark blackish brown, some yel-
low scales over the basal part of both wings. The fore
wings with seven whitish, translucent spots, as shown in
Fig. 85. There are two in the two lower subcostal in-

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

333

terspaces, the upper of the usual series absent ; one in
the second interspace below these, beyond the cell, in
line with the first two ; the fourth and fifth in the
median interspaces ; the sixth on the submedian vein ;
the seventh on the lower side of the cell near the outer
end. The first of these is oblong, the second quadrate,
the third oblong (the long way transverse to the wing
instead of longitudinal), the first and third nearly twice
as large as the second. The fourth is a little less than

FIG. 85.

Pampliila Ethlius (natural size).

half as large as the fifth, both somewhat trapezoidal,
concave on the outer side ; the sixth is about the size of
the fourth, concave on the inside, the outside rounded ;
the seventh is oblong, rounded outwardly and concave
inwardly. The hind win^s have three marks similar to

«/ C3

the fourth on the fore wings, though not quite so large,
the first or anterior one often double. The fringes are
fuscous, darker at the base. The outer margin of the
hind wings is sliohtlv excavate near the middle, below

o . cr* *

which it is a little produced, somewhat like Eudam it
Tfryrus, but broader and not so prominent.
Under side ochraceous brown over the hind wino^,

c1 7

and on the fore wings the costal margin and apical and

334 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

outer portion, ending in a point at the posterior angle,
the rest of the fore wing blackish. The spots of the
upper surface are repeated.

Female. — Like the male, except that the first three
spots on the fore wings are more nearly of the same
size.

Body concolorous with the wings above, with yellow-
ish hairs, gray beneath.

Larva and food-plant unknown.

Gulf States ; occasional in New York.

160. PAMPHILA BIMACULA, Gr. — Rob.

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.5 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dark brown, with a slight
purplish tinge ; the basal half of the fore wings washed
•with yellow inclining to fulvous, more apparent along
the basal third of the costa and on both sides of the
stigma, where it is nearly clear yellow. Stigma oblique,
velvety black, broken in the middle into two narrow ellip-
tical parts. There is a small pale spot in the first median
interspace, and a few pale scales beyond the upper part
of the cell in the place of the usual second and third
anteapical subcostal spots. Hind wings without spots,
but the middle and basal areas with olivaceous yellow
hairs.

Under side grayish brown ; the basal half of the ante-
rior part of the fore wings, and the anterior part of the
hind wings, heavily washed with yellow tinged with fer-
ruginous ; the rest of the hind wings, except the inner
margin, and the outer part of the fore wings, well
sprinkled with the same. The posterior part of the
outer margin of the fore wings lacks these scales, and

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 335

the basal half of the hind part is black. The fore wings
have two pale spots in the median interspaces, the upper
whitish and about one-third the size of the lower. Inner
margin of hind wings sprinkled with gray. Fringes
white, gray at the base.

Female. — Upper surface of the same general color as
in the male, with very few of the yellow scales, and those
mostly along the costa of the fore wings. There are
two pale spots in the median interspaces ; the anteapical
scales as in the males. The hind wings have fewer of the
olive-yellow hairs. Under side as in the males, with
less gray on the inner margin of the hind wings.

Body black, the hairs of the thorax of nearly the same
color as the yellow on the fore wings, those on the
abdomen olive-yellow. Under side of body and palpi
white.

Larva and food-plant unknown.

The butterfly is found in July from New England to
Nebraska; Illinois.

i

161. PAMPHILA PONTIAC, Edw.

Expanse of wings from 1.25 to 1.4 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dark blackish brown or fuscous,
the basal two thirds of the fore wings so heavily washed
with rather dark yellow as to make it clear yellow, sepa-
rated by the brown veins in the cell, beyond the stigma
and in the subcostal interspaces ; the base of the wing
and the bases of the subcostal interspaces having but
little of the yellow, as also the area below the subme-
diau vein. Stigma oblique, rather broad, velvety black,
broken by the lower median veuule into two elliptical
parts which join by their oblique ends; the upper end

336 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

stopping at the second branching of the median,, the
lower on the submedian about one-third the distance
from the base.

Hind wings with the central area yellow, consisting
of a broad band across the disk composed of four oblong
spots between the veins, the second wholly or partially
divided into two spots, and a small spot in the end of
the cell ; the width of the band about one-third the length
of the wing. The inner third with yellowish olivaceous
hairs.

Under side dark brown, slightly ferruginous, the fore
wings, with the basal two thirds, fuscous, shading out-
wardly into the brown. The costal margin is over-
laid with yellow which extends into the cell. Mark-
ing the outer third is a band of dull yellow spots, — the
two anterior in the two lower subcostal interspaces, the
third in the second space below these, the next two in
the median interspaces, and the sixth below the fifth,
separated only by the vein ; the last four forming a
continuous band but for the brown veins. The hind
wings, as well as the apical portion of the fore wings,
are sprinkled with ferruginous yellow, the band of the
upper surface repeated, but the spots somewhat con-
tracted.

Female. — Upper surface dark or fuscous brown, as in
the male, with slight vinous reflection, the base a little
sprinkled with yellowish olivaceous scales. Two-thirds
the distance from the base is a band of eight more or less
distinct yellow spots, the sixth and seventh a little pale.
The first three of these spots are in the subcostal inter-
spaces, twice as long as broad ; the next two beyond the
cell, subquadrate, the fifth with its outer side in line with

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 337

the first three, the fourth with its inner side in the same
line ; the sixth and seventh in the median interspaces,
much larger than the others, the outer sides excavate ;
the eighth less distinct, and somewhat hour-glass-shaped.
The hind wings have a band through the middle, as in
the males, but the spots are smaller and the spot in the
cell is absent.

Under side as in the male. Body coucolorous with
the wings above, under side pale yellow.

Larva and food-plant unknown.

Massachusetts to Nebraska ; JS"ew Jersey.

162. PAMPHILA Diox, Edw.

Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.6 inches.

Male. — Upper surface almost a copy of P. Pontiac,
but differs in the space above the cell of the fore wings
being more dusky, less washed with yellow, the base a
little more dusky, the cross-bar at the end of the cell
more distinct, the space beyond the cell as far as the yel-
low extends being nearly filled with clear yellow, while
in Pontiac the upper half is dusky and the stigma is
narrower, and there is more yellow below the submedian
vein. The stigma is oblique, velvety black, divided in
the middle into two elliptical portions, the upper slightly
the 'longer, of medium width, the two parts not touching
each other, there being a more distinct separation than in
Pontiac. The area on both sides of the stigma is clear
yellow, of about the same shade as in Pontiac. The
hind wings have the yellow band or area broader than
in Pontiac, the first spot less prominent, the second
longer, reaching well into the cell, without any dividing

cross or longitudinal marks, the remaining three spots
p w 29

338 THE BUTTEJi FLIES OF THE

not very distinct, more obscured by the brownish-yellow
hairs than are those in Pontiac.

Under side ochraceous yellow, tinged with brown,
especially the costal and apical portions of the fore
wings and the greater part of the hind wings ; the pos-
terior part of the fore wings blackish. The spots are
obscure in the brownish-ochre ground, but are distinct
in the blackish portion, pale yellow. They are two
subcostal, a few scales, beyond the cell, two in the me-
dian interspaces, and the largest one extending from the
lower median venule to the submedian ; the cell well
washed with brownish ochre, but not containing pale
yellow rays as in Pontiac. The hind wings contain no
bands or spots, but the area between the median vein
and its lower branch and the submedian is paler than
the ground color, and there is another pale ray from
the middle of the cell outwrard to near the outer

margin.

Female. — Of the same shade of brown as the male,
both having a slight vinous reflection. The fore wings
have a small yellow spot at the end of the cell, and the
usual outer row of spots. These consist of the three
anteapical in the subcostal interspaces, the first one only
a few scales, the others elongate ; the fourth and fifth at
the end of the cell, the first only a few scales ; the sixth
and seventh in the median interspaces, rounded inwardly,
concave externally ; the eighth in the medio-submedian
space, partially or wholly divided in the middle. The
hind wings are similar to those of the male, the stripe
from the middle of the cell to near the outer margin
quite prominent, but mere traces of three other elongate
spots. Under side as in the male.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 339

Body eoncolorous with the wings above, beneath pale
yellow.

Larva and food-plant unknown.
Nebraska ; Whitings, Ind.

163. PAMPHILA ARPA, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.8 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dark olivaceous brown,, the base
of the fore wings and along the costa with yellowish
scales. The cell of the fore wings,, a patch before the
stigina, and a band outside the stigma, crossing three in-
tervenular spaces and a little less than half the distance
to the outer margin, are clear golden yellow. There
are also five or six vellow ravs between the subcostal

•/ V

venules. Stigma long, slender, somewhat constricted in
the middle, oblique, black. The hind wings are sprin-
kled a little with yellow scales in the middle, the inner
part with olivaceous hairs.

Under side dark golden-yellow, the posterior part of
the fore wings blackish. Across the outer portion of
the fore wings are about three pale spots, there being
scarcely a trace of one on the submedian vein. Hind
wings without spots.

Female. — The upper surface the same brown as the
male, with a little sprinkling of yellow scales at the
base. The fore wings have the rays between the sub-
costal venules, but not so distinct, except the lower
two ; and there are three spots in an oblique row, — one
on the submedian vein and two between the branches of
the median. Under side as in the male.

The mature larva, according to Dr. Chapman, is nearly
two inches long; pale green striped with yellow, the

340 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

joints after the second thickly lined with fine streaks
of green and yellow. Spiracles black. Head high,
narrow, blackish, bordered round the top and sides by
white, and with two white incurved (concave to each
other) streaks on the upper third of the face; these
separated by velvety black.

Chrysalis. — Length 1.2 inches, nearly cylindrical,
light brown, covered with white powder; the abdom-
inal joints pubescent; the wing-cases prolonged into
a short subulate point ; the abdomen long, tapering
slightly, the end bluntly rounded.

The larva feeds on saw-palmetto, forming a tube of
the fan-like segments of the leaves, in which it lies con-
cealed until it changes.

Gulf States.

164. PAMPHILA PALATKA, Edw.

Expanse of wings from 1.45 to 1.5 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dark brown ; the outer third of
the cell of the fore wings, and about the middle third of
the wing below the cell, except a narrow posterior bor-
der, clear yellow ; the basal third of the wing washed
with yellow, blending into the clear yellow of the middle,
so that without a glass the whole of this appears yellow.
Beyond the cell there are about three yellow spots in
the subcostal interspaces, sometimes the first and second
obscure. Stigma oblique, narrow, broken in the middle,
dull black. There is also a bar across the end of the
cell. Hind wings yellow, with a broad terminal and
costal border.

Under side of hind wings and anterior part of fore
wings brown, heavily overlaid with russety scales, so as

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 341

to give these parts a russety brown appearance ; the pos-
terior part of the fore wings blackish. The yellow of
the fore wings is repeated, that part in the cell tinged
with orange and expanded basal ly. The hind wings are
without distinct spots, but have a ray through the cell a
little paler than the rest of the wing.

Female. — Resembles the male, but lacks the sex-mark
above, and has the anteapical row of spots a little more
distinct. The under side has the costa of the fore wings
more suffused with orange.

Body dark brown above, sprinkled with yellow scales,
and with greenish-yellow hairs. Under side of thorax
pale yellowish ; abdomen buff, tinged with brown ; palpi
pale yellow, brownish at the ends. Antenme yellow
beneath, the tips fulvous ; above annulate with brown
and vellow ; the knob brown.

«/

The mature larva is two inches long, cylindrical, with
the collar a black line connecting two black lateral spots.
Anal plate semicircular, projecting. Body yellowish
green, thickly dotted with minute, dark, hair-tipped
tubercles ; spiracles black ; under side bluish. Head
obliquely projecting, brownish, the upper part of the
face white and marked by three black stripes.

According to Dr. Chapman, the larva feeds on a
species of grass (Claudium e/fusum), drawing the faces
of the strongly-keeled leaves together, and in the tube
thus formed lying concealed when not feeding.

Gulf States, Nebraska.

165. PAMPHILA YITELLIUS, Sm. — Abb.

Expanse of wings 1.2 inches.

Male. — Upper surface bright yellow ; fore wings with

29*

342 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

an outer border of dark bronzy brown, in width about
one-fifth the length of the wing, and extending as a nar-
rower border along the hind margin, where it is sprinkled
with yellow scales. Costa narrowly black. Hind wings
with the margin bordered with brown, leaving the mid-
dle area yellow, suffused somewhat with brownish ; hairs
yellow. Fringes pale yellowish, dusky at apex of fore

wings.

Under side clear rich yellow, without spots, the pos-
terior part of the fore wings smoky black. Body covered
with dusky yellow hairs above, paler yellow beneath.

Female. — Outer fourth of the fore wing, and a border
along the hind margin of about the same width, the same
dark bronzy brown as the border of the male ; the re-
maining area of the fore wings dull yellow sprinkled
with brown, also brown along the veins. Hind wings
the same brown as the border of the fore wings, with
the centre slightly washed with yellow. Under side as
in the male.

Body dark brown above, with yellow hairs ; under side
pale yellow, the palpi and the under side of the antennae
paler than the body.

Larva and food-plant unknown.

Georgia, Southern Texas, Iowa, Nebraska.

166. PAMPHILA DELAWARE, Edw.

Expanse of wings 1.2 inches.

Male. — Upper surface yellow, slightly fulvous-tinted ;
the veins, except the subcostal, brown ; the fore wings
with a dark brown outer border, in width about one-
eighth the length of the wing, extending only a little
along the hind margin, its inner edge but slightly crenate.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 343

Hind wings with the outer border about the same
width, but the costal and inner margin a little broader.

Under side about the same color as the upper, without
spots ; the basal half of the posterior part of the fore
wings smoky black, extending as a narrow posterior
border along the outer half.

Female. — Dark brown marked with pale yellow.
The basal two fifths of the fore wings brown ; beyond
this a band of yellow extending half-way to outer mar-
gin, and not quite reaching either margin, separated into
spots by the veins and venules, making in all ten inter-
venular yellow spots, besides the one that fills the outer
third of the cell. Hind wings as in the males, but paler,
the veins dark.

Under side almost a lemon-yellow, the black on the
fore wings as in the males, with the addition of a border
from the posterior angle half-way to the apex, and most
of the outline of the cell black.

The larva, according to Dr. Chapman, feeds upon a
large species of grass (Erianthus alopecuroides), rolling
itself in a leaf. When full grown it is one inch long,
fusiform, bluish white ; collar black, ending in a dot on
each side; a lunate black band on joint 13 and anal
plate. The surface is thickly dotted with minute black
tubercles. Head oval, oblique, white, smooth, slightly
bilobed ; a dark band about the top and sides, a black
vertical streak on the middle of the face, and a short
streak of the same color on each side of this.

The chrysalis is narrow, greenish white ; the head-
case blunt, black-tubercled, and bristly ; the last joint
black.

Massachusetts to Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Montana.

344 THK BUTTERFLIES OF Till]

167. PAMPHILA BYSSUS, Edw.

Expanse of wings from 1.6 to 1.7 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dark glossy brown ; basal half
of costa of fore wings ferruginous, as well as a little of
the cell below adjoining ; at the end of the cell an irregu-
lar yellow-fulvous bar within ; across the disk a bent
yellow-fulvous band, starting on costal margin about
three-fifths the distance from base to apex, bending
round the cell, and continued to middle of submediaii
vein, narrow at top, but below the cell widening rap-
idly, on the submedian being in width about one-third
the length of this part of the wing. The basal half
of hind margin washed with fulvous.

The hind wings have a fulvous patch in the middle,
consisting of a broad band beyond the cell, not reaching
either margin, and a small spot in the cell, sometimes
the spot obsolete. The hairs of basal area next the
inner margin fulvous. Fringes of fore wings dark gray-
brown, of hind wings lighter.

Under side wholly ferruginous (individuals varying
a little in shade), except that the posterior half of the
fore wings is blackish. The spots of the upper side are
repeated indistinctly ; on the hind wings, in most ex-
amples, the surface is without spots, in some there is
a faint paler color indicating the patch of the upper side.
The veins and branches are a shade more yellow than
the ground color.

Body above covered with fulvous hairs ; beneath, the
thorax and ventral part of abdomen yellowish, sides of
abdomen and legs ferruginous.

Female. — Upper side of same brown as the male, and

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 345

marked with fulvous in a similar manner, but the band
is narrow and of nearly uniform width throughout,
except at the bend opposite the cell, where it is much
restricted.

Under side as in the male, but in six cases out of seven
the band of the upper side of the hind wings is indicated
below with much distinctness.

In one male the fulvous band is diffused, and the
basal area is also fulvous, so that the whole of the wing
is of that color, except a stripe around the end of the cell,
and the outer margin. The males have no stigma.

Larva and food-plant unknown.

Indian River, Florida ; Texas.

168. PAMPHILA OSYKA, Edw.

Expanse of wings 1.1 inches.

Male. — Upper surface uniform brown, with a slight
green tinge, without spots. Stigma long, broadest at the
upper part, depressed in the middle. Under side brown.
Body gray beneath ; palpi greenish white.

Female. — Of the same size as the male, and the same
color above except the stigma. Under side clear gray,
except on hind margin of fore wings, which is brown.
On the costa of fore wings are three minute semi-trans-
parent spots in a line, and on the disk are two others at
an obtuse angle with the first. Palpi white.

Larva and food-plant unknown.

Gulf States ; Whitings, Ind.

169. PAMPHILA EUFALA, Edw.

Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.2 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dark olive-brown. The fore

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

wings have three small white semi-transparent spots be-
yond the cell in the subcostal interspaces, and two spots
below in the submedian interspaces, the first subquad-
rate, and the second oblong, about twice as large as the
first; both small. Besides these there are one or two
opaque white points at the end of the cell ; wanting in
some examples. Hind wings without spots.

Under side a little paler than the upper, hind wings
and costal and apical portions of fore wings sprinkled
with gray. The spots of the fore wings are repeated.

Female. — Similar to the male, but on both surfaces
there is a slight violet tint, more apparent along the
veins.

Body black above, hairs dark olivaceous brown ;
under side, and palpi, whitish.

Larva and food-plant unknown.

Florida, Texas.

170. PAMPHILA FUSCA, Gr. — Rob.

Expanse of wings 1.05 inches.

Male. — Upper surface glossy olivaceous blackish,
without spots, but with a faint and variable yellow-
ish-brown reflection equally distributed. Fringes pale,
without spots.

Under side of wings shaded with lustrous golden-
brown scales. Fore wings about the same shade as
above, with the golden-brown on the anterior and ter-
minal portions. Hind wings evenly covered with pale
golden-brown scales, except a space before the inner
margin, extending from the base to the outer margin.

Body above concolorous with the wings ; beneath pale
yellowish olive, palpi yellowish white.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 347

Female. — Similar to the male, but the palpi are paler,
as is also the under side of the abdomen.
Larva aud food-plant not known.
Gulf States.

171. PAMPHILA Hi ANN A, Scud.

Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.45 inches.

Male. — Upper surface dark brown; the fore wings
with three small white anteapical spots in the subcostal
interspaces, one larger in the first median interspace, and
a small one in the upper part of the outer end of the cell.
Hind wings without spots.

Under side about the same color as above, the basal
two thirds, except posterior part of fore wings, sprinkled
with brown, the outer part sprinkled with gray. The
spots of the upper side are reproduced with a little more
distinctness, and there is a dim curved line in the second
median interspace of the fore wings. Hind wings witli
a small white point below the costa beyond the middle.

Female. — Differs from the male in having the spots
larger, two small ones opposite the cell of the fore wings,
out of line with the others, and a spot somewhat larger
than the others in the base of the second median inter-
space. On the under side the hind wings have a small
spot on the anterior part, near the base.

Body blackish above aud below ; palpi dark gray.

The larva and food-plant are not known.

Massachusetts to Nebraska.

172. PAMPHILA VIATOR, Edw.

Expanse of wings 1.5 inches.

Male. — Upper side of fore wings dark brown, with a

348 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

reddish tint. There is a double yellow spot in the outer
end of the cell, and a discal row of spots across the wing.
The first three of these are in the subcostal interspaces,
the first subobsolete or obsolete; below these are three
more, — two in the median interspaces, and one irregular
one, somewhat hour-glass-shaped, with the lower part the
broadest, extends from the submedian to the lower branch
of the median. This may be divided in the middle into
two spots.

The hind wings have a broad brown margin, broader
along the costa and outer part than along the inner mar-
gin, the whole of the rest of the wing yellow, broken into
long spots by the brown veins.

Under side of fore wings smoky along the hind mar-
gin, reddish brown along the costa and apex ; the spots
of the upper side repeated indistinctly. The hind wings
pale brown, with the spots repeated indistinctly.

Some examples have two small spots beyond the cell
of the fore wings, and the other spots somewhat enlarged,
the spot on the submedian with the lower part shading
out towards the base. The two spots beyond the cell do
not show on the under side.

Female similar to the male, but a little larger.

Body above brown, below gray ; palpi whitish ; club
of antennse brown tipped with fulvous.

Larva and food-plant unknown.

Gulf States, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Illinois, Wis-
consin.

173. AMBLYSCIRTES YIALIS, Edw.

Expanse of wings 1 inch.

Upper surface dark blackish brown, with slight violet

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 349

reflection. The fore wings have three small white ante-
apical dots in the subcostal interspaces, about three-fourths
the distance from the base to the apex, and traces of spots
in the median interspaces. Hind wings without spots.
Fringes gray, spotted with dark brown at the ends of
the veins.

Under side as above ; the apical half of the fore wings,
and all of the hind wings except a ray before the anal
angle, washed with lilac scales, the anterior basal part of
the hind wings only sprinkled. There is a clustering of
the gray scales across the disk of the hind wings, con-
stituting a rather indistinct connected series of about
four spots forming a curve, made more apparent by there
being less gray just before these than on other portions
of the wing. There is a white spot in the fringe at the
apex of each wing.

Body olivaceous brown above, lilac-gray below, in-
cluding the palpi.

In the larval state this species feeds on grasses, the
butterfly appearing from the first to the middle of
July.

Orono, Maine ; Middle, Southern, and Western States.

174. AMBLYSCIRTES Eos, Edw.

Expanse of wings 1 inch.

Upper surface grayish brown. The fore wings have
three white spots in line from the costa back, as in A.
Vialisj but no other spots. Fringes alternate white and
fuscous on the fore wings, but on the hind wings fuscous
only at the tips of three or four venules in the middle
of the margin.

Under side broAvn, with a whitish or chalky tint at

* V

30

350 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

the apex of the fore wings and along the outer margin,
and over most of the hind wings, quite dense on the outer
margin. The spots on the fore wings are repeated, a
little enlarged, and accompanied by a fourth below the
others and towards the outer margin. The hind wings
have a mesial row of whitish points, not reaching either
margin, irregular, rather forming a double row, with a
similar point in the cell and two in the interspace above
the cell.

Texas, Georgia, Florida.

175. AMBLYSCIRTES SAMOSET, Scud.

Expanse of wings 1.1 inches.

Upper surface dark brown, sprinkled with greenish
scales, which give a greenish shade to the wings. The
fore wings have a row of pale yellow spots beyond the
middle, consisting of three near the costa in the subcostal
interspaces, mere dots ; the fourth, in line with these, in
the second interspace beyond the cell ; the fifth and sixth
are in the median interspaces, the sixth much larger than
any of the others ; the seventh some light scales above
the submedian vein, forming two indistinct spots. There
are traces of a small spot in the end of the cell. The
hind wings have a faint trace of a discal line.

Under side lighter than the upper, overlaid with green-
ish scales, with the exception of the posterior part of the
fore wings. The spots of the fore wings are repeated,
with two at the end of the cell. Hind wings with the
discal band distinct, but not reaching either margin, an
indistinct spot in the cell and two above it. The discal
band is composed of about five white spots which are
united. The fringes are white, marked with dark brown

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 35!

at the ends of the veins on the fore wings and the middle
veins of the hind wings.

The larva is said to feed on a coarse grass (Andropo-
yoii). The butterfly is on the wing through the middle
of June.

Northern and Middle States, Maine to Georgia, Wis-
consin, Iowa.

176. AMBLYSCIRTES TEXTOE, Hub.

Expanse of wings 1.15 inches.

Upper surface olive-brown, the fore wings with an
irregular row of six small angular white spots running
from the costa back to the middle of the wing, about
three-fourths the length of the wing from the base. The
first three of these are in the usual subcostal interspaces,
the next two in the interspaces beyond the cell, the sixth
in the first median interspace. There is a trace of the
seventh in the upper pail of the second median inter-
space, farther back than the others. The first is a mere
point, but there is a gradual increase in size up to the
third and fourth, this being out of line with the others,
the fourth, fifth, and sixth about the same size. The
hind wings are without spots, but there is a faint trace
of the discal band of the under side. Fringes long,
whitish, cut with brown at the ends of the veins.

Under side of fore wings as above, with the spots
more distinct, the seventh being an elongate spot reach-
ing from vein to vein, and a small spot above the sub-
median. In addition to these there are two minute dots
at the end of the cell. All these are yellowish white.

Hind wings browrn, with a gray-violet tint, except
near the inner margin. Across the disk, beyond the

352 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

l, is ;i tortuous connected row of irregular yellowish-
white spots extending from costa near apex to near inner
margin. This is somewhat dilated at the extremities,
and sends a short ray outward beyond the cell. Across
the end of the cell extends another somewhat broken
row, consisting of two or three spots in and below the
cell, the two being connected by the white veins, giving
the hind wings a somewhat reticulated appearance.

Food-plant not known.

North Carolina to Texas.

SECTION II.

In this division the knob of the antennae is spindle-
shaped. The larvae are more or less cylindrical, with the
head usually larger than the second segment. Habits
of larva and pupa mostly similar to those of Section I.

177. PYRGTJS TESSELLATA, Scud.

Expanse of wings 1.2 inches.

Male. — -Upper surface black, the basal third and hind
margin of fore whiffs overlaid with white hairs, as also

O O *

the inner part of hind wings. The
FIG. 86. outer two thirds of fore wings con-

tain about thirty white spots ar-
ranged somewhat in four irregu-
lar transverse rows ; and five more
on the costal edge, as shown in

Pyrgus Tessellata, male (nat- Fig. 86. The llllld wingS have
ural size). -i • i , *, .

about eighteen spots, arranged in

three rows, the spots of the inner row the largest, the
middle ones crescents, the outer ones points. Fringes
white, with black at the ends of the veins.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 353

Under side of fore wings yellowish white along the
costa and the outer margin, the spots of the upper
surface repeated, but more or less blended, the space
between the spots brownish black. Hind wings white,
faintly yellowish ; a spot near the base, two irregular
transverse bands, and a marginal row of lunules are
brownish, these corresponding to the spaces between
the rows of white above.

Female. — Darker, owing to the spots being smaller,
the marginal row of points subobsolete. Under side
also darker.

Pennsylvania to the Gulf, Atlantic to the Pacific.

178. PYRGUS CENTAURE^, Ramb.

Expanse of wings 1.25 inches.

Upper surface black, tinged with brown, sprinkled
somewhat with white scales over the basal half. There
is a bar of white in the end of the cell of the fore wings,
a less distinct spot of the same below the middle of the
cell, and a subterminal row of white spots. There are
first three spots in the subcostal interspaces three-fourths
of the distance from the base to the apex ; two spots be-
yond the cell, the upper half-way from the third spot to
the margin ; spot five in line with the first three ; and an
oblique row of four more, — two in the median interspaces
and the other two in the niedio-submedian interspace, one
next to each vein. Besides this, the cross- vein at the end
of the cell has some white scales. In addition to these,
there are five white spots on the costal edge.

The hind wings have two obscure rows of white spots,
the first crossing the end of the cell, the spot on the cell
being the most distinct ; the second subterminal, consist -
x 30*

354 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

ing of a series of interveuular, somewhat sagittate spots.
Fringes white, cut with black at the ends of the veins.

Under side a little paler than the upper, sprinkled
over with white scales so as to be grayish brown. The
spots of the fore wings are repeated, but enlarged and
coalescing. The hind wings have three distinct bands
of white, one near the base which does not show on
the upper side, consisting of three patches united ; the
middle -one enlarged and blended ; the subterminal one
not much more prominent than on the upper surface.

Body black above, with gray hairs, the scales and hairs
below white ; antennae annulate with black and white ; tip
of club ferruginous.

New York, West Virginia, North Carolina, Colorado.

179. NISONIADES BRIZO, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.5 inches.

Upper surface dark brown, the outer portion of the fore
wings sprinkled with gray. Near the outer margin of
the fore wings is a row of small gray spots, and between
these and the cell is a row of larger contiguous gray
spots, varying from oval to orbicular, bordered, except
where they come together, by a line of darker brown
than the ground color ; the spots of the upper end of the
row have the brown pointed outwardly. A similar row
crosses the wing about through the middle, but this has
no points on the outside ; and there is a dark spot at
the base of the cell. The hind wings have two wavy
rows of ochre-yellow spots, which are dull and ob-
scure.

Under side a little paler than the upper, with two rows
of white spots parallel with the outer margin, common

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 355

to both wings; the hind margin of the fore wings dull
whitish.

'Atlantic States to the Rocky Mountains, Colorado,
Arizona.

1 80. NISONIADES ICELUS, Lintn.

Expanse of wings from 1.15 to 1.25 inches.

Upper surface blackish brown, sprinkled with pale
bluish scales. A band, somewhat lighter than the basal
part of the wing, crosses the fore wings so as to bring
the end of the cell in its middle. This band- is heavily
overlaid with bluish scales, especially on the costal half.
Preceding this is a band of darker brown, subquadrate,
contiguous spots, with a slight sprinkling of bluish
scales. Beyond the band which crosses the end of the
cell is another band of ovate spots, the bases rounded,
the costal half with the spots narrower and more pointed,
the anterior four or five with whitish, imperfectly-defined
spots in their centres, and the rest overlaid with bluish
scales. Between this baud and the outer margin is a
row of obscure brown spots without the pale scales. The
hind wings have two irregular rows of dull ochraceous
spots along the outer margin.

Under side paler than the upper side, the hind wings
with the two rows of spots repeated. The fore wings
have two rows of spots parallel with the outer margin,
both elongate, the outer on the edge and extending into
the fringe. Inside these, and corresponding witli the
second band of the upper side, is a row of white spots,
the first six small, the seventh and eighth larger and
quadrate, the ninth and tenth obscure.

According to Mr. Liutner, the egg is of a pale green

356 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

color, in shape semi-ellipsoidal, its base flat, and its
apex depressed betAveeu the tips of the ribs, which termi-
nate exterior to the depression. It is distinctly ribbed
with from ten to twelve longitudinal ribs, and connecting
the ribs are from thirty to thirty-five transverse striae.
Diameter, .031 of an inch ; height, .028 of an inch.

The larva is unknown. The butterfly may be seen
in June.

New England to Michigan, Illinois, Florida, Colo-
rado, Arizona, Washington Territory.

181. NISONIADES SOMNUS, Lintn.

Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.45 inches.

Male. — Dark brown in color, approaching N. Persius.
Fore wings without the anteapical white spots above,
and the large patch of bluish- white scales resting on the
discal cross-vein of N. Icelus. The black transverse
bands have the position and character of those of N.
Icelus, but are almost lost in the ground color. Hind
wings nearly as dark as the fore wings, showing indis-
tinctly the two rows of pale brown spots.

Under side of wings bronze by reflection. The fore
wings have a short costo-apical white streak in cell 8, or
between the third and fourth subcostal venules, and a
minute white dot above this, or in cell 9 (N. Icelus
usually has a subquadrangular white spot in the upper
interspace beyond the cell and the two lower subcostal
interspaces, and occasionally the spots form a continuous
line nearly across the wing from the lower median inter-
space to next the lower subcostal interspace). There is
an intervenular series of pale streaks, and on the hind
wings the two rows of yellow-brown spots are indistinct.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 357

Female. — Paler brown than the male. The two trans-
verse bands of the fore wings are quite distinct,, and
between them, on the discal cross-vein, is a conspicuous
patch of whitish scales ; no white anteapical spots. Upon
the margin is a row of rounded brown spots, separated
from the contiguous band by whitish scales. The bands
are broader than in N. Icelus, and are almost drawn
together on the second submedian vein ; the connected
series of spots composing each are shaped much as in
N. Icelus, are heavily bordered with black, and bear
bluish scales. The hind wings contain a geminate discal
mark, a submarginal row of yellowish spots much bent
inwardly opposite the cell, and a maro-inal row of small
linear whitish spots.

Under side bronze like the male. The hind wings
have the two rows of spots repeated ; the fore wings
have a marginal row of linear whitish spots, a regularly
curved submarginal row of eight oblong yellowish spots,
and a single white anteapical spot.

The palpi are shorter than in N. Icelus, shaggy, some
of the hairs of the second joint extending to the tip of
the third. The tibia? of the posterior pair of legs are
without the pencil of hairs characteristic of N. Icelus.

Indian River, Florida.

182. NISOXIADES LUCILIUS, Lintn.

Expanse of wings from 1.1 to 1.25 inches.

Upper surface dark brown, with a red lustrous reflec-
tion. Like N. Icelus, there is a paler band at the end
of the cell of the fore wings, and this is preceded and
followed by a darker band, the inner not well defined,
and interrupted. In the female, and sometimes in the

358 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

«

male, there Is a white hyaline spot resting on the outer
end of the two cellular teeth formed by this band, some-
times obsolete. The submarginal baud consists of in-
terspaceal, sagittate, fuscous spots, which are somewhat
squarely truncated anteriorly and have umber-colored
scales centrally. Its course is direct from the submedian
vein to the subcostal venule, whence it is broadly reflected
anteriorly to the costal margin, embracing in this portion
four interspaceal minute white hyaline spots, of which
the first, third, and fourth are nearly in line, the second
and largest lying behind. Between the median venules
are two hyaline spots, of which the inner one is some-
times obsolete in the male or wholly absent. Between
these two bands the ground color is umber-brown, with
a few bluish-gray scales towards the submarginal band,
and a large number between the subcostal venules. The

o

sagittate spots of the submarginal band are bordered
externally with gray, followed by a series of round um-
ber spots having a few gray scales resting on obscure
yellowish spots between them and the brown marginal
line. Fringes umber, with a very few basal gray scales.
Hind wings of a more uniform brown than the fore

O

wings, and more shaded with red, with two rows of ob-

o / '

scure yellowish-brown marginal spots ; the discal spots
at the end of the cell barely seen.

Under side reddish brown, the fore wings conspicu-
ously so at the apex. The four subapical hyaline spots
are constant, and there is usually a small white spot in
the cell. The median spots are larger than the subapical,
and are subquadrangular in form. Hind wings without
discal spots. Both wings with two rows of spots along
the outer margin.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 359

The eggs are .03 of an inch in diameter, marked with
fourteen ribs and twenty-five transverse stride.

The larva at maturity is .8 of an inch long, yellowish
green in color, with a bluish-green dorsal line. The legs
are tipped with fuscous. On joint 8 is an oblong yellow
spot on each side of the dorsal line, a similar mark on
joint 2, and a brown spot on the head.

The chrysalis is cylindrical, conical, not angulated,
thorax slightly elevated. Head-case rounded in front,
depressed below a line drawn from the anal spine across
the base of the wings to the humeral tubercle. Towards
the close of this period the eye-cases are purple, the wing-
cases whitish, the abdomen green, except at the tip, Avhere
it is brown.

Food-plant Aqullcfjla Ganadensis. There are two
broods in a season, possibly three, the butterflies appear-
ing in May and about the last of August or in the fore
part of September.

New York, Middle and Western States.

183. NISOXIADES PERSIUS, Scud.

Expanse of wings from 1.2 to 1.4 inches.

Upper surface blackish brown, the outer part of the
fore wings sprinkled with pale bluish scales in the males,
but in the females a little at the base also. Like the
other species, this has a mesial band crossing the discal
cell, and a submarginal band, the first more obscure
than the second, except below the median vein and in
the cell ; the upper point in the cell containing a dis-
tinct hyaline spot in the females, but more obscure in
the males. In the outer band spots 1 and 4 and 7 and
8 contain each a distinct white hyaline spot, the second

;>60 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

larger and a little out of line ; spots 9 and 10 arc united
into an hour-glass-shaped spot. Spots 1 to 5 are nar-
rowly ellipsoidal, 6 to 8 are somewhat truncated inter-
nally, all the others are strongly pointed internally. Be-
tween these two bands the space in the end of the cell
and between the median and submedian veins is lighter

o

and more reddish brown than the rest of the wing. Be-
tween the submarginal band and the margin is a series
of roundish brown spots, each tipped externally with a
gray crescentic spot resting on a terminal brown line.

Hind wings more of a reddish bro\vn than the fore
wings, with two rows of indistinct ochraceous spots near
the outer margin, and a spot at the end of the cell. The
males are darker brown than the females, and for that
reason the bands are more obscure.

Under side of the female grayish brown, the apical
portion of the fore wings gray ; the white hyaline spots
are repeated, and both wings have two marginal rows
of whitish spots. The males, as above, are darker than
the females.

According to Mr. S. H. Scudder, the larva feeds on
willow, poplar, and Lespedeza capitata. The butterflies
are to be seen in June.

New England to Montana, Washington Territory,
Colorado, New Mexico.

184. NISONIADES AUSONIUS, Lintn.

Expanse of wings 1.06 inches.

Eore wings above pale umber-brown, with grayish
scales sprinkled over most of the surface (more diffused
than in the other species), except on the fuscous bands,
showing especially beyond the submarginal band. There

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 361

are two brown basilar spots resting on the subcostal and
median veins, not so dark as those of the disk. The
discal band, usually continuous in this genus, here con-
sists of three elongate ftiscous dashes (appearing to the
unaided eye- as a single spot) resting on the, subcostal
near the discal cross-vein, extending nearly half-way to
the median, the intervening space having merely an
indication of the spot, which appears distinctly in most
of the species as the inner cellular tooth of the discal
band ; following this is an obscure fuscous spot at the
fork of the first and second median venules, and, beyond,
the usual hour-glass-shaped spot, extending from the
second median venule to the subrnedian, with its con-
striction on the interspaceal fold. The discal cross-vein
is conspicuously marked in brown. The submarginal
band of fuscous spots is doubly curved, being convex
towards the outer margin from the costa to the third
median venule, thence concave to its termination at the
submedian. It consists of four acir.ely ellipsoidal fus-
cous spots between the subcostal venules, which are
wholly destitute of the usual hyaline spots, followed by
three others of similar form but of greater breadth, the
next subacute externally, and the last similar in outline
to the corresponding one of the discal band. There is a
marginal row of interspaceal brown spots, the first four
of which are surrounded by gray scales and lie near the
margin, and the remaining four more remote than in N.
Martialis ; also a row of obscure brown spots resting on
the tips of the venules and extending on the fringe.

Hind wings of a darker ground than the fore wings,
sprinkled with blackish scales, darker basally, and with

pale yellow-brown spots. Discal spot and marginal row
Q 31

362 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

obsolete, subraarginal crescentic in form. On each side of
the subinarginal row of spots is a range of oval fuscous
spots, subconnected.

Under side reddish brown, with the terminal margin
gray. The fore wings have the fuscous spots of the sub-
marginal band and marginal row as on the upper surface ;
of the discal band the spots in the cell are alone obscurely
visible ; the basal ones are lost in the general color. The
marginal brown spots below the subcostal venules rest
centrally on elliptical gray patches, while those of the
hind wings approach a semioval form, and are preceded
by gray crescents, which nearly enclose them by uniting
with some marginal gray scales ; at the tips of these
crescents a subinarginal row of fuscous spots is obscurely
seen. Discal spot obsolete.

Middle States, West Virginia.

185. ISTisoNiADES MARTI ALIS, Scud.

Expanse of wings 1.5 inches.

Upper surface of female blackish towards the tip of the
fore wings, the rest slightly grayish. Near the base of
the cell a dark blackish-brown spot, and beyond this the
mesial and subinarginal bands of spots of the same color,
the first obscure on the costa and broken on the median
vein, the last spot being placed farther towards the base,
so as to be out of line with the others. On the upper
outer point in the cell is a somewhat elongate white hya-
line spot, expanded externally and posteriorly, and on
the lower point traces of a second spot. Submarginal
row as in N. Persius, but the hyaline spots much larger,
the one in spot 8 being twice as long as broad, and the
hour-glass spots above the submedian vein have pale

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 363

brown centres. The marginal row of brown spots lacks
the gray crescents, there being only mere traces of them,
and are not set in a grayish field, there being some bluish
scales inside this row over most of the wing, but none
outside ; and there is not so much difference between the
color of the end of the cell and the rest of the wing as
in N. Persius. Hind wing with only traces of spots in
the usual places.

Under side a little paler brown than the upper, all the
hyaline spots distinct. The marginal and submarginal
bands of the fore wings are dimly outlined, the outer set
in a paler ground. The usual double row of spots on
the hind wings is dim.

The male differs from the female in having the bands
and hyaline spots less distinct, and the ground color a
little darker.

Atlantic States to Florida, Mississippi Valley, Kansas,
Colorado.

186. NISOXIADES JUVENALIS, Fab.

Expanse of wings from 1.3 to 1.6 inches.

Upper surface dark smoky brown, so dark that the
usual bands are a little obscure. These are the mesial
and submarginal bands of spots on the fore wings, and
an obscure spot at the base of the cell. The mesial band
would be obscure were it not for the few gray scales that
border the spots. The upper point in the cell contains
a small hyaline spot. The submarginal band contains
five or six hyaline spots, the first four situated in spots
1 to 4 of the band, and the fifth in spot 7. The spots
of this band are shorter and less pointed than in N.
Persius and N. MartiaMs, the last two scarcely united ;

364 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

a few gray scales each side of the band. Outside this
band is a series of blackish-brown roundish spots, with
a few whitish scales between each spot and the obscure
marginal line.

Hind wings dark smoky brown, with a mere trace of
the usual double row of marginal spots.

Under side nearly as dark as the upper, with purple re-
flections, especially on the hind wings. The hind wings
show mere traces of the usual two rows of spots ; the
fore wings have the hyaline spots distinct, and the mar-
ginal and submarginal bands are to be seen, but the field
on which they rest is not so pale as in N. Martialis.
Fringes concolorous with the wings.

According to Harris, the larva of this species feeds
on species of Apios and Lathyrus, and perhaps other
Legmninosae. It is green, with pale stripes, and has a
heart-shaped brown head.

The chrysalis is rather long and tapering, pale yellow-
ish brown, with a few minute hairs on the body, and
with the tongue-case prominent and projecting beyond
the middle of the breast. There are two broods of these
insects, the last hibernating in the chrysalis state. Prob-
ably there are more than two broods in the Southern States.

Atlantic States to Florida, Mississippi Valley, Colo-
rado, Arizona.

187. NISONIADES PETRONIUS, Lintn.

Expanse of wings from 1.9 to 2 inches.

Upper surface dark blackish brown, the submarginal
band of subsagittate spots oblique, black, being more
drawn out inwardly towards the base as it approaches
the hind margin. The black markings of the wings are

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 365

more strongly contrasted with the dark brown ground
than in N. Ncevius, but less so than in N. Juvenalis, —
about equal to N. Persius. The white hyaline spots of
the fore wings are of medium size, smaller than in the
average N. Juvenalis ; the spot in the discal cell is small ;
that in the upper median interspace on the transverse
band of sagittate spots is crescentic, concave towards the
base ; below this, in the second median interspace, is a
smaller white spot, wanting in some examples. The
four anteapical spots in the same band are not quite
in a line, as they are in N. Juvenal ix, the third stand-
ing a little farther towards the base than the others;
the second and third being oblong, instead of quadrate
as in N. Juvenalis.

There are fewer white scales on the fore wings than
in N. Juvenalis, there being scarcely any on the basal
side of the submarginal band, and only a few on the
outer side. The pale on the outside of the marginal
band is very dim. The usual two submarginal rows on
the hind wings are very obscure.

Under side reddish brown, especially the hind wings,
which show two rows of pale brown submarginal spots,
which become obsolete before reaching the front margin
of the wing, and wholly want the white spots in cells 6
and 7 which characterize N. Juvenalis. The white spots
of the fore wings are larger than above.

Head : above the eyes and just behind the " locklet"
are a few white scales ; behind and beneath the eyes are
some pale yellow-brown scales, and similar-colored hairs
compose most of the palpal covering, in strong contrast
with the dark brown color of the legs, thorax, and

abdomen.

31*

366 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

This is the largest species of the genus, and is sepa-
rable from Juvenalis and Propertius by its darker color,
less distinct ornamentation, less rounded wings, and the
absence of white spots of the hind wings in cells 6 and
7 ; from Ncevius by its larger size, more distinct mark-
ings, and the contrasting lighter shade of the palpi.

Indian River, Florida.

188. NISONIADES N^vius, Lintn.

Expanse of wings from 1.45 to 1.65 inches.

Upper surface fuscous, almost black, with a purple
reflection. The fore wings have four minute, subquad-
rangular, costo-apical, hyaline spots, of which the fourth
may be obsolete, resting on the first four spots of the
submarginal band, and a similar spot on spot 7 of this
band, but none on spot 8 nor at the end of the discal
cell. An irregular umber-brown spot centres on the
discal cross- vein, and between the median and submedian
veins is another, showing more distinctly in the female.
The terminal row of obscure, rounded, intervenular fus-
cous spots rest on a dark umber-brown ground. All the
markings are nearly lost in the dark ground ; those best
defined are two confluent trapezoidal spots above the
submedian vein, forming the posterior termination of
the transverse row of spots, and defined without and
within by a W in umber-brown. The spots of the trans-
verse row are not of the ordinary sagittate form. The
hind wings dark brown, showing faintly the two rows
of intervenular paler brown spots, more distinctly in the
female. Fringes dark brown, lighter upon their outer
half in some males, and pale, approaching whitish, in the
female.

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

Under side paler brown, and showing more or less
distinctly the two ordinary rows of pale brown spots
towards the outer margin, and in one male a white spot
in the cell, not seen on the upper surface. Head and
palpi concolorous with the thorax, abdomen, and legs.

Indian River, Florida.

189. PHOLISORA CATULLUS, Fab.

Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.1 inches.

Upper surface deep brownish black. The fore wings
have a submarginal row of eight white hyaline spots,
3, 4, and 5 curving outward beyond the cell, 6 and 7
in the two median interspaces, 8 above the submedian.
The first three are subquadrate, the rest mere dots.
There is also a small spot at the end of the cell. Hind
wings without marks. Fringes concolorous with the
wings.

Under side more of a brownish black, the spots on the
fore wings repeated. The body and head are black above,
the head with three longitudinal white stripes,
the ends of the palpal hairs the same color ;
the palpi and head white beneath, the body
black.

Fig. 87 represents the egg of this species. catuiius,'x
The larva feeds on Monarda punctata, Che-
nopodium album, Ambrosia, and perhaps some related
plants. It is found in the United States generally.

190. PHOLISORA HAYHURSTII, Edw.

Expanse of wings from 1 inch to 1.1 inches.
Upper surface blackish brown, both wings crossed by
two deeper brown bands, more distinct in the female ;

368 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

the mesial one crossing the fore wings before the end of
the cell, the other submarginal, just beyond the end of
the cell. In the submarginal band the fore wings have
two small white spots near the costa, and a white point
in the second median interspace. Hind wings dentate
on the outer margin, the fringe of the points concolorous
with the wing, that of the hollows paler. The bands
show more plainly on the female than on the male, on
account of the ground color being a little paler, and there
is a trace of a third anteapical spot.

Under side a little paler than the upper, a little sprin-
kled with ochraceous scales, the spots of the upper side of
the wings repeated.

Body above concolorous with the wings, below gray-
ish ; head and palpi above with a few brownish-yellow
scales, below white.

West Virginia to Kansas, Florida, Texas, New
Mexico.

191. EUDAMUS PYLADES, Scud.

Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.5 inches.

Upper surface dark brown. The fore wings are
marked by several white hyaline spots : first three ante-
apical in the subcostal interspaces ; three more above the
cell, about two-fifths the distance from the base of the
wing to the apex, — both of these in a line back from the
costa ; two more in the median interspaces, and one below
the lower median venule, close to this venule and nearer
the margin than the others. All of these are small,
those of the costal region subquadrate, the others trian-
gular, the one in the lower median interspace more or
less obsolete. There is also a curved brown mark be-

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 359

yond the cell from the lower end of the anteapical row.
The lower three are arranged in the form of a triangle,
and when one is obsolete its place is indicated by a mark
of deeper brown than the rest of the wing. Hind wings
without spots. Fringes fuscous gray, dark brown at the
ends of the veins.

Under side of fore wings about the same color as the
upper, but shaded with darker brown at the base, and
sprinkled with pale blue scales on the outer part. The
hind wings colored as above, but with two irregular
bands across them, limited by wavy
black lines, and sprinkled on the outer
part with pale blue lines. Body above
and below dark brown.

Fig. 88 represents the egg of this spe-
cies magnified twenty-eight diameters.
The larva feeds on clover, the perfect

. . E.Pylades,egg,X28.

insect being found in June, or earlier in
the Southern States.

New England to Florida, Dakota, Colorado, Cali-
fornia.

192. EUDAMUS BATHYLLTJS, Sm. — Abb.

Expanse of wings from 1.4 to 1.5 inches.

Upper surface dark brown, about the same color as E.
Pylades, with a slight grayish tinge. This is almost an
exact copy of E. Pylades with the spots enlarged. The
spots in the middle of the costa of the fore wings are
connected with one in the cell that extends from the sub-
costal to the median vein, hour-glass-shaped, sometimes
separated in the middle into two triangular spots. These
are in line with two of the three spots below, forming a
y

370 TIIE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

triangle, the one in the second median interspace and the
one below the lower branch of the median, the spot in
the first median interspace being outside the line. The
middle one of these last three spots is as large as the one
in the cell, but is not so much constricted in the middle ;
the upper is next in size, and the lower one is small.
The anteapical series consists of three quadrate, white,
hyaline spots, with a white spot next the costa. Hind
wings without spots, but with some brown clouding in
the middle. Fringes pale gray, brown at the base, cut
with brown at the ends of the veins on the fore wings.

Under side as in E. Pylades, except that there is more
gray on the hind margin of the fore wings, and the white
spots are larger than in that species, being a little larger
than on the upper side. Body and head above concol-
orous with the wings ; below grayish, the head and palpi
whitish.

West Virginia to Florida, Illinois, Kansas, New
Mexico.

193. EUDAMUS LYCIDAS, Sm. — Abb.

Expanse of wings from 1.9 to 2 inches.

Upper surface dark brown, slightly yellow-tinted, with
a purple reflection along the costa. The fore wings are
crossed from near the middle of the costa in a direction
towards the posterior angle by a yellow band of spots,
consisting of the same spots as are found on E. Bathyllus.
The spot in the cell and the one in the second median in-
terspace are greatly enlarged, so as to be nearly or quite
quadrate ; the others also are enlarged, but not to the
same extent. Beyond this band there is the usual ante-
apical row of four spots, the fourth a little out of line,

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 371

and, not in line with the others, a small triangular spot
above the base of the first median venule. Hind wings
without spots. Fringes of fore wings dark brownish
gray, cut with black at the ends of the veins ; those of
the hind wings with the pale part paler ; those of the
inner margin black ; a black line edging both wings, and
shading in a little on the hind wings.

Under side of fore wings brown, blackish inside the
mesial band, grayish along the hind margin, the apex
shaded with black and having a few whitish scales. The
spots of the mesial band are more confluent than above,
the others less distinct.

Hind wings with the base dark, slightly grayish ;
through the middle an irregular broad black band, not
reaching either margin, and having a large patch of brown
in it at the end of the cell, the black sprinkled with gray
scales. Outside this to the margin of the wing it is pure
white through the middle half; the apical portion, the
anal portion, and along the inner margin white more or
less tinged with brown ; the whole crossed by abbreviated
brown streaks.

Body black, the under side of head and palpi slightly
sprinkled with gray.

Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi
Valley.

194. EUDAMTJS CELLUS, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings from 1.9 to 2 inches.

Upper surface dark blackish brown ; the fore wings
crossed by a broad continuous yellow band, beginning
near the middle of the costa and ending in a point near
the posterior angle, bending inward a little here towards

372 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

the hind margin. From the costa to the lower branch
of the median the band is of nearly uniform width, but

V /

the rest of the distance it tapers a little. The inner edge
is nearly straight, but the outer sends out an angle just
below the end of the cell. Three-fourths of the distance
from the base, extending from the costa back, is a short
anteapical line composed of three quadrate coalescing
yellow spots, and a small dqf; next the outer lower corner
of the third spot. Hind wings without marks, except a
little yellowish at the apex. Fringes black or blackish,
with a few gray or whitish spots between the veins.

Under side of fore wings the same as the upper, ex-
cept that the hind margin is gray, the apical half of the
outer margin reddish brown, and the costal portion of
the mesial band and the anteapical line paler yellow.
Hind wings dark purplish brown, with three irregular,
somewhat poorly defined, darker brown bands, and a
very slight sprinkling of buff scales. Along the outer
margin is a series of deep brown lunules surrounded by
scattering pale blue scales.

Body black, under side of palpi and head pale ochra-
ceous.

West Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico, Texas, Arizona.

195. ETJDAMUS ZESTOS, Hub.

Expanse of wings from 2.2 to 2.4 inches.

Upper surface dark brown, with a slight bronze reflec-
tion, marked almost like the upper surface of E. Tityrus.
This consists of a yellow band from near the middle of
the costa back towards the posterior angle, ending in a
blunt point about the middle of the medio-submedian
interspace, the point below the lower median fork being

EASTERN UNITED STATE*. 373

about twice as large as in E. Tityrus. The inner edge
of the band above the median fork is nearly straight,

being; notched a little at the subcostal vein, but is a little

& '

more oblique than in E. Tityrus. The outer edge is
more irregular, the spot in the cell and the one in the
lower median interspace being concave, and there are
notches at the median and subcostal veins. The spot
outside the band in the first median interspace is nearly
square. Beyond the band is the usual anteapical line of
three spots, extending obliquely outward in a curve.

Under side of about the same general color as the upper,
the fore wings with the markings of the upper surface.
The hind wings have a faintly-indicated median band of
a slightly paler color than the rest of the wing, not reach-
ing either margin, and two faint spots between this and
the anal angle, and more or less scattering tawny scales.
Both wings below have a strong purplish reflection, the
outer margin slightly paler. Fringes concolorous with
the wings, the hind wings paler, but without brown at
the ends of the veins.

Body above purple-brown ; thorax covered with tawny
hairs, beneath more or less shaded with fulvous ; palpi
fulvous. Club of antennae brown above, fulvous below
and at the sides.

This strongly resembles E. Tityrus above, but the yel-
low spots are less confluent and more opaque, the general
color is deeper, and the fringes are not divided by brown
at the ends of the veins. The under side lacks the con-
spicuous silver band on the under side of the hind wings.
This was described by Mr. C. E. Worthington as E.
Oberon.

Florida ; Sauford, Marco Island.

32

374 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

196. EUDAMUS TITYRUS, Fab.

Expanse of wings from 1.8 to 2.1 inches.

Upper surface dark brown. The fore wings are
crossed by an oblique yellow band of four large spots
from the middle of the costa to near the posterior angle,
where it ends in a rounded point, the lower part of the
spot below the lower median fork being but little nar-
rower than the upper part which rests against the vein.
The inner edge of this band is nearly straight, a little

FIG. 89.

Eudamus Tityrus, the left hand showing the under side of wings.

convex, the band narrowed a little as it approaches the
costa. The outer edge is regularly dentate, the spot in
the cell and the one below being straight on the outside.
Beyond the band there is a narrow spot in the first me-
dian interspace extending from vein to vein. The ante-
apical line near the costa is obliquely curved outward
and composed of three spots. Fringes gray, cut with
brown at the ends of the veins.

Under side brown, about the same shade as above, the
outer and costal edges tinged with purplish gray. The

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 375

fore wings have the yellow spots of the upper side re-
peated, the spots more confluent. The hind wings have
a conspicuous silvery white band in the middle, nearly
reaching the costa, but not so near the inner margin.
This band is narrow in the anterior portion, but broadly
expanded in the middle, and rounded posteriorly, so as
to be somewhat flask-shaped. Palpi brown, slightly
yellowish beneath.

The larva of this species is to be found on the common
locust, rose acacia, Wistaria, and in the South on a species
of wild bean. When young, it cuts into the edge of a
leaf, and, drawing the flap over and fastening it with
silk, makes for itself a retreat, within which it stays.
As it increases in size, a larger section is cut in the leaf;
and, when this will no longer serve the purpose of pro-
tection, two or more leaves are fastened together. The
larvae feed mostly at night, keeping themselves concealed
within their retreats during the daytime.

The egg is nearly globular, flattened at the base, with
fifteen ridges from base to apex; diameter, .04 of an
inch. Color white, with a bright red spot at the apex,
and a ring of the same color a little above the middle.
The duration of this period is about four days.

The young larva is .1 of an inch long, orange; the
head short, a little oblique, black ; joint 2 dark brown ;
a few hairs scattered over the body. Before the close of
this period the body shows a profusion of fine elevations.

In nine days from hatching the larva moults the first
time, when it is .2 of an inch long, with the colors the
same as during the preceding period, except that the
second segment is pale reddish brown, with a central
transverse dark brow^n stripe.

376 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

After the second moult, which occurs eleven days
later, it is .55 of an inch long, the ground color yellow-
ish black, with about six transverse yellow lines to each
joint ; the interspaces being dotted with yellow, giving
the body a yellowish appearance. The last two seg-
ments are a little orange-tinted. Head cordate, this and
the second segment brownish black, the latter shining,
the head with an orange spot on each side above the
ocelli.

In seven days more the larva moults again, when it
is .75 of an inch long, with the color of the body un-
changed ; but the head is dark brown, and the second
segment is black, with the sides and under parts red;
the rest orange, the prolegs with a dark yellow base.

The larva moults the fourth time in four days more,
when it is .9 of an inch long, but at the close of this
stage, before pupating, it is 1.15 inches long. The head
is broader than the middle of the body, a little oblique ;
and the second segment tapers anteriorly to a distinct
neck. The body is a little flattened, tapering from the
middle each way. The color remains about the same,
the head assuming a little more of a wine color, and
the top of the second segment and the jaws dark brown,
the sides and feet on this joint about as before.

The time from the last moult to the change to a chrys-
alis varies with the season. One that
moulted September 1 pupated October 4.
This change takes place in the cluster
of leaves it has woven together for a
E. Tityrus, chrysalis. retreat during the larval period. Before
pupating it lines the retreat with a thin coating of silk.
The chrysalis is .76 of an inch long, the head-case

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 377

blunt conical; the dorsum from near the head nearly
straight, as shown in Fig. 90 ; the ventral side strongly
ventricose, tapering abruptly from the end of the wing-
cases to the tip of the abdomen, the cremaster a some-
what triangular piece, .06 of an inch long. Color red-
dish brown, finely mottled and spotted with dark brown,
the end of the humerus blackish brown, with two smaller
spots between them. Stigmata and eyes darker than the
general color.

There are two or more broods of these butterflies in
a season, the last brood hibernating in the pupa state,
while the others emerge from the chrysalides in about
two weeks.

United States generally.

197; EUDAMUS PROTEUS, Linn.

Expanse of wings from 1.9 to 2 inches.

Upper surface dark olive-brown ; base of fore wings,
basal half of hind wings, and upper part of body with
light green hairs. The fore wings have an oblique
transverse row of four whitish hyaline spots, extending
from the costa near the middle to near the posterior
angle. These spots are in the same position as the
spots composing similar bands in E. Zestos, Tityrus, etc. ;
but they differ in being of about the same size and
separated by the dark brown veins, the one in the cell
constricted a little in the middle, the lower three near
one another only at their corners. Beyond this band is a
spot in the first median interspace, also constricted in the
middle ; and beyond the cell is an anteapical row of five
spots, curved, the first two spots oblong, the third nearly

quadrate, the fourth and fifth elongate in the direction

32*

378 T1IE VUTTERh'LlEX OF THE

of the lino, the fourth often divided in the middle into
two spots.

Hind wings without spots, the anal angle produced
into a tail .5 of an inch long, outer margin dentate.
Fringes of fore wings gray, cut with brown at the ends
of the veins ; of hind wings white, except those of the
tail on the inner margin, which are black.

Under side of fore wings brown, the costa at base, the
area between the two bands, and the outer margin pur-
plish glaucous. The spots are enlarged, and are more
confluent than above. The hind wings have the same
glaucous color all over their surface except the tail, the
anal two-thirds of the outer margin, and two bands
through the wings, which are olive-brown, the tail almost
black. The inner of these two bands reaches only to
the subcostal vein, and above that and a little to each
side are two black patches. The whole surface is
sprinkled over with a few whitish and yellowish scales.
Palpi pale gray, underneath almost white.

The mature larva is 1.5 inches long, fusiform, a fine
dark dorsal line, a bright yellow subdorsal band, which
is dilated on the twelfth segment, and a pale green line
along the base of the body. The dorsal space, between
the bands, is gray dotted with black and yellowish ar-
ranged in transverse lines. The sides are gray, with the
upper half dotted with black. Collar lustrous black ;
anal plate yellow, greenish in the middle. Under side
pale green, legs black, prolegs yellow. Head large,
round, brown, pubescent, slightly depressed at top; a
yellow spot on each side of the mouth, narrowing up-
ward, and fading into the light brown of the upper
part of the face.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 379

Chrysalis. — Covered with a white powder. The larva
feeds on leguminous plants, — Phaseolus perennis and
Clitoria Mariana.

Southern States; occasionally in New York.

198. ERYCIDES BATABANO, Lef.

Expanse of wings from 2.3 to 2.6 inches.

Male. — Upper surface deep smoky brown, with a
pronounced indigo-violet reflection. Fore wings with-
out markings, other than a few scattering blue or green
scales about the base of the wings. Fringes concol-

o o

orous.

Hind wings with a row of brilliant blue or green
elongated submarginal spots, more or less confluent, in-
terrupted by the veins, and becoming obsolete towards
the costal margin. Fringes with some white in the
intervenular spaces.

Under side of fore wings paler, with a purplish cast,
a few blue or green scales along the costa, about the
base, and near the posterior angle. Hind wings much
like the upper side, but deeper, the purplish reflection
at the costal margin gradually changing to deep indigo
as it approaches the abdominal folds ; a few blue or
green scales in the median space and along the inner
margin. Submarginal spots as above, but brighter.

Female. — Upper side paler than in the male, gradu-
ally growing deeper over both wings until nearly black
at the anal angle, both wings with a faint purplish re-
flection in certain lights. Markings on the hind wings
like those of the male. Beneath differing from the male
only in its paler color, and in having a purple reflection,
which is more prominent than on the upper side.

380 TnE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

Body deep brown above and below, some blue or
green scales on the collar, front, and shoulders, and
arranged in bands on the posterior segments of the
abdomen. Palpi greenish white. Antennae dark brown.
Hind wings produced a little at the anal angle.

Florida.

199. ERYCIDES AMYNTAS, Fab.

Expanse of wings 2 inches.

Upper surface dark brown, almost black, with a
strong purple reflection. A little beyond the middle
of the cell of the fore wings is a white hyaline bar
extending across the cell, emarginate externally. Below
this, and a little farther out, in the second median inter-
space, is a similar but larger subquadrangular spot, and
in the first median interspace is another, more oblong
in shape. The first two of these three spots represent
two of the four spots which form the median oblique
band of Eudamus Tityrus and allied species. There
is near the apex an oblique row of three anteapical
small spots, subquadrate in form, the first the smallest.
Hind wings without spots. Fringes fuscous, those of
the fore wings darkest ; the anal angle somewhat pro-
duced.

The under side has the spots of the upper surface of
the fore wings repeated. The surface along the costa, a
broad apical portion and the external margin of the fore
wings, and all of the hind wings, except two bands of
spots and the anal angle, rich purple, not very dark ;
all the rest of the surface is dark brown. The dark
brown portion consists of two transverse bands, marking
nearly the division of the wing into thirds, and a broad

EASTERN UNITED STATES.

381

portion around the anal angle. Body black ; palpi and
under side of head gray.
Key West, Florida.

200. MEGATHYMTJS Yucos, Bd. — Lee.

Expanse of wings from 2.5 to 3 inches.
Male. — Upper surface deep umber-brown, the base
of both wings tinged with yellow, the markings yellow.

FIG. 91.

Megathymus Yuccae, female (natural size).

The fore wings have a large spot in the outer end of the
cell that is subquadrate ; above this in the interspaces are
three small spots in an oblique line, but little more than
mere dots. Beyond these is a submarginal row of spots
which begin in the usual line of anteapical spots about
four-fifths the distance from the base to the apex, but
the two spots opposite the cell are nearer the outer mar-
gin, and from these they gradually run nearer the mar-
gin, till the last one is close to the posterior angle, as
shown in Fig. 91. The first of the four anteapical spots

382 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

is a mere dot, the next three are a little longer than wide,
the fifth and sixth are narrow but reaching from vein to
vein, the seventh and eighth are in the median inter-
spaces, and the ninth is above the submedian. The last
three are somewhat irregularly convex on the inner side,
but less so on the outer. Hind wings without spots, but
with a yellow washing along the outer margin.

Under side deep brown, like the upper, but brighter,
the outer portion of both wings pearly gray, with a patch
of the same color on the middle of the costa of the hind
wings, and a white crescent below it, and the same scales
sprinkled along the inner margin and the faint streaks
through the wings. The spots of the fore wings are re-
peated, but somewhat enlarged, the color paler yellow,
whitish in the costal region.

Female. — The general color and markings of the fore
wings as in the male, but much larger. The spot in the
cell extends from vein to vein, and inward along the
median a little way towards the base, the three spots
above nearly as long as the spot in the cell is wide. Be-
sides the much enlarged anteapical spots, which are paler
yellow than the other spots, there are three oblique pale
yellow spots on the costa before the apex. The lower
three spots of the submarginal band are widened, so that
the inner upper corner almost reaches the cell. Hind
wings, besides the yellow scales along the margin, have a
discal row of four small spots not reaching either margin.
Under side as in the male, except that the spots are more
prominent, and the spots near the costa of the fore wings
are more washed with white. The female is larger than
the male, the smaller of the expanses given applying to
the male.

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 333

According to Professor C. V. Riley, the larva of this
species lives inside the stem and root of the Yucca, or
Spanish Bayonet, being the only one of our butterflies
that lives in the larval state as a borer on the inside
of the stems of plants, unless we include the allied
species J/. Cofaqui. There is a probability that when
the life-history of that species is known it will be found
to have similar habits. The eggs are deposited singly
on the leaves, and, when hatched, the larva conceals
itself in a web between some of the more tender ter-
minal leaves. Generally it will be found at first near
the tip of a leaf, where the sides naturally roll up and
afford a safe retreat. It then gradually works to the
base, feeding as it goes, and rolling and shrivelling the
blade as it descends. Other blades are often joined, the
insect living among the blades till it is about one-fourth
grown, seldom entering the stem before that time.

The egg is subconical, the top flattened or depressed
and with a slight central dimple, the base concave,
smooth but not polished. Color pale green when first
deposited, but inclining to buff-yellow or brown before
hatching. The diameter is about .1 of an inch, the
height about .06.

The young larva is about .2 of an inch long, of a
dark brick-red color, head and top of the second segment
pitchy black. The abdominal joints show two princi-
pal transverse folds. There are six rows of stiff black
hairs arising from the body or from very small tubercles.
Head larger than the second segment, rounded, but some-
what flat in front ; cervical shield narrow and in one
piece ; both minutely punctured. No anal plate.

The full-grown larva averages 2.6 inches in length by

384

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

A of an inch in diameter. Color dull translucent white.
Surface faintly aciculate, sparsely armed dorsally with
minute, evenly-distributed, short, rufous bristles, spring-
ing from the general surface, and not very noticeable
with the naked eye ; covered more or less copiously with
a white, glistening, powdery secretion of a waxy nature.
Cylindrical ; the abdominal joints with eight annulate

FIG. 92.

Megathymus Yuccse : a, egg, side-view, enlarged ; b, egg from which the larva has
hatched ; bb, bbb, unhatched eggs, natural size ; c, newly-hatched larva, enlarged ;
cc, full-grown larva, natural size ; d, under side of head of same, enlarged to show
the trophi.

or transverse wrinkles to each joint, — the first three oc-
cupying the anterior half, the third more prominent and
widening laterally, and the other five on the posterior
half of the joint, all best defined dorsally. The thoracic
joints somewhat larger than the rest, more deeply and
irregularly wrinkled ; the substigniatal region with lon-
gitudinal folds. Head black, perpendicular, and aspe-
rous or deeply shagreened ; epistoma and labrum brown,
small, and usually with a transverse median ridge, the

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 335

^-shaped mark white, forking before the suture, the forks
having the shape of U ; mandibles stout, subtriangular,
non-dentate ; antennae (Fig. 92, /) two-jointed, exclusive
of the bulbus, the terminal joint twice as long as the
basal ; maxillae and labium and mentuni forming a sub-
quadrate piece, bulging out prominently from beneath,
the parts seemingly soldered together and separated only
by deep sutures ; the maxillary palpi (Fig. 92, e) consist-
ing of two broad joints ; the labium small, trapezoidal,
highly polished, with the spinneret (h) twice as long as
the palpi (g), which are small, recurved, and two-jointed,
exclusive of the bulbus; a few stout bristles on the
labrum, on the palpigerous piece of the maxilla, on the
mentum, on the base of the mandibles, and around the
ocelli, which are not easily distinguished from the more
globular of the shagreenations. Cervical shield more
glabrous than the head, and scarcely darker than the
body, except around the hind border. Thoracic legs
very short, but stout, with the horny parts deep brown,
and sparsely armed with bristles. Prolegs well devel-
oped, the hooks in a double row, and forming a distinct
purple-brown, transversely oval annul us, but slightly
broken at the narrow ends. Anal shield rounded be-
hind, coriaceous rather than corneous, and with a slight
increase of bristly hairs, especially around the border.
Stigmata large, with a purple-brown, oval annul us.

Chrysalis. — Average length 1.5 inches; cylindrical,
broadest at the shoulders, recurving ventrally towards
the tip, and terminating in a broad, flattened, posteriorly
rounded, transverse, slightly decurving flap, the borders
thickened basally and extending ventrally. Eyes prom-
inent, with a transverse carina ; wing-cases reaching the
B. z 33

386

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE

FIG. 93.

hind part of the fourth abdominal segment. Surface
but slightly polished, and faintly corrugate ; a few ex-
tremely minute, bristle-like spines distributed over the

abdominal joints dorsally, and the two
or three terminal joints with stiff rufous
hairs, increasing posteriorly. Color
black-brown anteriorly, paler on the
abdomen, and more or less densely
covered with a white powdery secre-
tion like that on the full-grown larva.
There is but one brood in a season,
the butterflies appearing in April and
May. The eggs hatch in about ten
days, but the larva does not pupate till
late in the following winter or early in
the spring. The burrow often extends

^WQ fee£ Qr more below the Surface of

the ground. Before pupating, the larva
makes a place of exit for the butterfly, lightly closing
this cavity near the top. It then makes a cell suf-
ficiently farther down to give it room enough to pupate,
and in this it undergoes its transformations.
Southern States, New Mexico, Arizona.

201. MEGATHYMUS COFAQUI, Strecker.

Expanse of wings from 2.25 to 2.6 inches.

This differs from M. Yuccce in having more yellow at
the base of the wings, the female having the yellow spots
in and above the cell of the fore wings connected in a
continuous row with those below instead of the spots be-
yond the cell, and the anteapical spots making up with
these the row across the wing. This is due to the greater

Megathymus Yuccae,

EASTERN UNITED STATES. 387

w

expansion inwardly of the three lower spots, so as to
bring them under the cell. Below the median vein there
is a yellowish spot about one-third the distance from the
base to the margin. The anteapical spots and the two
beyond the cell are like those in M. Yuccce. Hind wings
with a yellow spot on the costa and a more distinct
yellow border, besides the discal row of yellow spots.

The male has on the outer half of the fore wings an
irregular row of five pale yellow spots of various sizes
and shapes, the lower three pointed internally. The
hind wings have a rather narrow, even, straw-colored
border. Fringes dirty white.

The under side of the fore wings of both sexes is like
the upper, the hind wings with the addition of some gray
shading on the costa and several subterminal white spots,
otherwise much as in the other species.

The whole of the upper surface of the hind wings of
the male, except the space occupied by the outer border,
is thickly covered with long, fine, black hairs, which
stand nearly at right angles to the surface, to the height
of nearly a quarter of an inch. The basal third of the
under side of the fore wings is furnished with a similar
coat of hairy appendages.

Florida, Colorado.

GLOSSARY

Abdomen, the posterior part of the body.

Aciculate, needle-shaped, more slender than subulate.

Alba, or Albus, white.

Anal, pertaining to the posterior part of the body.

Anal angle, the inner or posterior angle of the hind wings, next to

the body.

Annulate, furnished with colored rings.
Annulus, a ring.
Anteapical, before the apex ; on the front or costal portion of the

wing, near the apex.

Antennce, two articulated organs of sensation, situated on the head.
Anterior margin, the front margin of a wing ; the costa.
Apex, that part of a wing which is farthest from the body ; the angle

between the costa and the outer margin.
Approximate, near to ; near together.
Aureus, golden yellow.

Azure, sky-blue : — nearly the same as cceruleus.
Basal, relating to the base.

Base, as applied to a wing, that part which is joined to the body.
Bifid, cleft.
Bipupillate, applied to an ocellate spot having two pupils or dots

within it of a different color from the rest of the spot.
Blind, applied to a round spot destitute of a central spot or pupil.
Body, the three parts of an insect, — head, thorax, and abdomen.
Bronze, the color of old brass.
Cceruleus, color of the sky ; sky-blue.
Ccesius, pale blue, approaching gray.
Canus, hoary, with more white than gray.
Capillary, hair-like ; long and slender, like a hair.
Carina, a keel.

33* 389

390 GLOSSARY.

Carinate, keeled ; having a longitudinal prominence like the keel

of a boat.

Carneous, flesh-colored.
Caterpillar, the larva.
Cauda, the tail.
Caudate, tailed : — generally applied to the posterior wings of Lepi-

doptera to indicate tail-like projections.
Cell, usually in Lepidoptera the space between the subcostal and

median veins ; the discal cell.
Chitine, the hard part on the outside of insects.
Chrysalis, the third stag6 of the insect, counting the egg one.
Cilice, fringes.
Ciliate, fringed.
Cinereous, ash color ; gray tinged a little with blackish ; the color

of wood ashes.
Cingula, a colored band.
Clavate, club-shaped.
Coalesce, to grow together or unite.
Collar, scales back of the head, forming more or less of a ring ; the

neck.
Concolorous, of the same color, as the body agreeing in color with

the wings.

Confluent, running into each other.
Connivent, converging or approaching.
Contiguous, touching ; placed so near as to touch.
Convergent, approaching, each other towards the tip.
Cordate, heart-shaped.
Corrugated, wrinkled. •
Costa, the thickened anterior part of the wing from the base to the

apex.

Coxa, the jointed base of the leg.
Cremaster, the anal hooks of the chrysalis, which fasten into silk to

hold the chrysalis in place.
Crenate, scalloped.
Cuneiform, wedge-shaped.
Cupreous, coppery ; the color of copper.
Cyaneus, dark blue, like Prussian blue.
Dentate, toothed.

Diaphanous, semi-transparent ; clear.
Dichotomous, forked ; dividing by pairs.

GLOSSARY. 391

Diffuse, spreading.

Dimorphous, two-formed : — applied to a species existing in two

forms having different colors or markings.
Disk, the surface within the margin, — usually between the end of

the cell and the outer margin.
Dorsal, of the back.
Dor sum, the back or upper surface.
Echinate, set with prickles.
Edematous, dull translucent white.
Edge, the margin.
Egg, the first stage of an insect.
Elliptical, in the form of an ellipse.
Emarginaie, notched.

Entire, the margin smooth, or without teeth.
Epupillate, applied to an ocellate spot included in a colored ring, but

destitute of a pupil or central dot.
Erect, upright.

Eyes, the organs of sight, composed of numerous hexagonal facets.
Face, the anterior or front part of the head.
Fascia, a transverse band or broad line.
Fasciated, banded.
Feet, the organs of motion.
Femur, the thigh or third part of the leg.
Ferruginous, of the color of iron-rust.
Filiform,, thread-shaped.
Flexuous, zigzag without acute angles.
Fuliginous, sooty ; soot-colored.
Fulvous, orange-yellow.

Fuscous, dark brown with a slight mixture of gray.
Fusiform, spindle-shaped ; gradually tapering towards each end

from near the middle.
Geminate, situated in pairs.
Genus, an assemblage of species which correspond in particular

characters.
Glabrous, smooth.
Glaucous, gray bluish green.
Globular, like a round ball.
Glutinous, slimy, viscid.
Granulated, covered with small grains.
Gregarious, living in society, or many feeding together.

392 GLOSSARY.

Griseous, light gray

Habitation, or Habitat, a situation or locality frequented by insects.

Head, the anterior part of the body.

Hibernaculum, a case of web and leaves in which larvae or pupie

hibernate ; or a cocoon of silk.
Hibernate, to pass through or survive the winter.
Hind margin, that part of the fore wings which is included between

the base and the posterior angle.
Hirsute, rough with strong hairs.
Hispid, bristly ; rough with stiff, short, sparse hairs.
Hoary, covered with a fine white silvery substance or pubescence.
Humerus, the anterior base of the wing.
Hyaline, transparent ; vitreous.
Imago, the perfect or adult insect.
Imbricated, tiled ; placed one over another, like shingles on the

roof of a house.
Immaculate, without spots.
Incanous, hoary.

Inconspicuous, not readily discernible.
Inner margin, or Interior margin, that margin of the hind wings

which extends from the base to the anal angle ; by some authors

used to denote the posterior or hind margin of the fore wings.
Iris, of an ocellate wing-spot, is a circle that surrounds the principal

spot.

Irrorate, sprinkled.
Joints, or Articulations, the divisions of the body or segments of the

larva ; the divisions of the pupa, more particularly the abdomen ;

the divisions of the antennae.
Keel, the carina.

Labial palpi, articulated filaments, one on each side of the labium.
Labium, the lower lip.
Labrum, the upper lip.
Lanceolate, lance- or spear-shaped.

Larva, the second stage of an insect, counting the egg the first.
Larvarium, a retreat of silk and leaves, or of silk, in which some

larvae stay when not feeding.
Lateral, situated on the side.
Lenticular, lens-shaped.
Lepidoptera, an order of insects having four wings covered with

minute imbricated scales ; butterflies and moths.

GLOSSARY. 393

Lethargic, becoming torpid or inactive.
Ligula, tongue.
Lilacinous, lilac color.

Linear, narrow and of nearly uniform width.
Lineated, streaked, or marked with lines.
Livid, dark gray, verging towards violet.
Longitudinal, the direction of the longest diameter.
Lunate, crescent-shaped ; formed like a new moon.
Lurid, of a dirty brown color.
Luteus, unmixed yellow.

Macula, a spot larger than a puncture, of some other than the gen-
eral color.

Maculate, or Maculated, spotted.
Mandibles, the upper jaws.
Margin, the edge of a wing, or along the edge.
Maxillce, the lower jaws, placed between the upper jaws and the

lower lip.

Maxillary palpi, filaments attached to the maxillae.
Mesial, middle, as a band or stripe across the middle portion of the

wing.
Mesonotum, the covering of the middle of the dorsal portion of the

thorax.
Mesothorax, that division of the thorax to which the middle pair

of legs are attached.
Metamorphoses, transformations.
Metathorax, that division of the thorax to which the hind pair of

legs are attached.

Micropyle, the apex of the egg of an insect.
Moult, or Molt, shedding or casting off the larva skin.
Nebulous, clouded.

Nervures, divisions of the nerves or veins of a wing.
Niger, black a little tinged with gray.
Obconic, inversely conic.
Obcordate, inversely heart-shaped.

Oblong, the transverse diameter much shorter than the longitudinal.
Obovate, inversely egg-shaped.
Obsolete, indistinct.
Occiput, the hinder part of the head.
Ocelli, eye-like spots on the wings of Lepidoptera ; simple eyes of

insects.

394 GLOSSARY.

Ochreous, yellow with a slight tinge of brown.

Orbicular, round.

Order, the subdivision of a class.

Osmateria, scent-organs of the larvas of the genus Papilio.

Oval, broadly elliptical.

Ovate, egg-shaped.

Overlaid, heavily sprinkled with scales of a different color from the

ground color ; clouded ; overcast.
Palpi, in butterflies, the three jointed organs beneath the head

between which the tongue is coiled like a watch-spring.
Piceous, pitchy ; the color of pitch.
Pile, very minute, short hairs.
Pilous, having long, sparse hairs.
Polymorphous, applied to a species existing in several different forms

as to color, markings, or size.
Porrect, straight out.

Posterior angle, the angle formed by the outer margin and the pos-
terior or hind margin of the fore wing.
Posterior margin, that portion of the fore wing-s which is opposite

the costa.

Proboscis, the tongue, or sucking organ.
Prolegs, the fleshy legs of caterpillars.
Pronotum, the anterior part of the covering of the thorax; the

covering of the thorax.
Prothorax, the first division of the thorax, to which the first pair

of legs are attached.

Pruinous, hoary ; covered with a whitish powder.
Pubescent, coated with fine hair or down.
Punctured, marked with small impressed dots.
Pupa, the third stage of an insect, counting the egg the first ; the

chrysalis.

Pupate, to assume the pupa form.
Pupil, of an ocellus, the central point.
Quadrangular, having four angles.
Quadrate, square, or nearly square.
Remote, separate ; not near together.
Reniform, kidney-shaped.
Reticulate, resembling net-work.

Retractile, capable of being exserted or drawn in at pleasure.
Retuse, ending in an obtuse sinus.

GLOSSARY 395

Ribs, ridges on eggs from the base to the apex.

Roseus, rose color.

Rosy, rose color.

Rufous, reddish.

Rugous, or Rugose, wrinkled.

Sagittate, arrow-shaped.

Sanguineous, of the color of arterial blood.

Scabrous, rough, with projecting points.

Scales, the dust or imbricated pieces covering the wings.

Segment, a ring or division of the body.

Sericeous, silky.

Serrate, saw-toothed.

Sessile, connected with the part to which it is attached without the

intervention of a peduncle or stalk.
Seta, a bristle.
Sexes, the two divisions of animals : in insects distinguished by £

for male and 9 f°r female.
Sinuate, indented.

Sinus, an indentation or excavation.

Sparse, scattered.

Species, an assemblage of individuals possessed of permanent char-
acters of size, color, and ornamentation, by which they may be
distinguished from other forms, and which breed true to their
type.

Spinous, armed with spines.

Spiracles, breathing-holes on the side of the body ; the stigmata.

Sprinkled, marked with thinly-scattered scales of another color than
the ground color.

Stigmata (singular, Stigma), the breathing-holes on the sides of the
body ; also, sometimes, spots on a wing.

Strice, lines ; transverse elevated lines on eggs.

Striate, marked with lines.

Submarginal, applied to a space or line within the margin.

Subocellate, applied to an ocellus without a pupil.

Suffused, blurred with a color other than the usual one.

Sulphureous, bright yellow ; the color of sulphur.

Tail, the terminal segment of the abdomen ; an appendage at the
posterior part of the hind wings.

Tarsi, the feet.

Tawny, dull yellowish brown.

396 GLOSSARY.

Terminal, at the extremity.

Testaceous, tile or brick color.

Thorax, that part of the body which is back of the head.

Tibia, that part of the leg which is next to the foot.

Tongue, the sucking-tube of Lepidoptcra.

Torpidity, a lethargic state of hibernation.

Transverse, crosswise.

Trochanter, an appendage at the base of the thigh.

Trophi, the mouth parts.

Truncate, cut square off.

Tubercle, a small swelling or prominence.

Variety, a form of one or more examples of a species differing from

the usual form, but not breeding true to type.
Veins and Venules, the framework of the wings.
Venter, the lower part of the body.
Ventricose, distended.
Villi, soft hairs.
Violaceous, violet color.
Vitellinus, yellow with a slight tinge of red.
Vitta, a longitudinal colored line.
Washed, covered with scales of a color different from the ground

color, but not quite obscuring the latter.

INDEX.

Acadica, 260.
Accentuated List, 51.
Accius, 327.
Acis, 269.
Agarithe, 124.
Agraulis Vanillae, 148.
Ajax, 84.
Alcestis, 158.
Alicia, 217.
Alope, 243.
Amblyscirtes Eos, 349.

Samoset, 350.
Textor, 351.
" Vialis, 348.

Ammon, 297.
Ainyntas, 380.
Analytical Key, 57.
Anartia Jatrophse, 202.
Ancyloxypha Numitor, 301.
Anthocharis Genutia, 118.
Olympia, 117.
Antiopa, 193.
Apatura Alicia, 217.
" Celtis, 215.
" Clyton, 218.
" Flora, 221.
Aphrodite, 157.
Archippus, 144.
Areolatus, 237.
Argynnis Alcestis, 158.

Aphrodite, 157.

Atlantis, 160.

Bellona, 164.

Cybele, 155.

Diana, 153.

it

34

Argynnis Idalia, 150.

" Montinus, 163.

" Myrina, 161.
Arpa, 339.
Arthemis, 208.
Asterias, 89.
Atala, 254.
Atalanta, 196.
Atlantis, 160.
Augustus, 272.
Ausonius, 360.
Autolycus, 258.

Bachmanni, 250.
Batabano, 379.
Batesii, 180.
Bathyllus, 369.
Bellona, 164.
Berenice, 146.
Bimacula, 334.
Boreali?, 253.
Brettus, 314.
Brizo, 354.
Byssus, 344.

Cabinet, 43.
Caenius, 253.
Csesonia, 127.
Calanus, 263.
Calephalis Borealis, 253.

" Caenius, 253.
Callidryas Agarithe, 124.

" Eubule, 119.

" Philea, 124.
Sennoe, 120.

397

398

INDEX.

Canthus, 232.

Cardui, 199.

Carlota, 174.

Carteroccphalus Mandan, 299.

" Omaha, 300.

Catullus, 367.
Cellus, 371.
Celtis, 215.
Centaureae, 353.
Cernes, 320.
Charitonia, 141.
Chionobas Jutta, 248.

" Semidea, 249.
Chrysalis, the, 23.
Chrysophanus Dione, 280.

" Epixanthc, 282.

" Hypophleas, 283.

Thoe, 281.
Classification, 15.
Claudia, 165.
Clyton, 218.
Coenia, 200.
Cofaqui, 386.
Colasnis Julia, 147.
Coleoptera, 15.
Colias Caesonia, 127.

" Eurytheme, 128.

" Interior, 135.

" Philodice, 133.
Collecting Butterflies, 36.
Columella, 271.
Comma, 185.
Comyntas, 292.
Cresphontes, 101.
Cybele, 155.

Danainae, 143.

Danais Archippus, 144.

" Berenice, 146.
Debis Portlandia, 229.
Delaware, 342.
Delia, 139.
Diadema Misippus, 206.

Diana, 153.
Dion, 337.
Dione, 280.
Diptera, 15.
Disippus, 210.

Edwardsii, 261.

Egg, the, 16.

Eos, 349.

Epixanthe, 282.

Eresia Frisia, 181.

Eros, 214.

Erycides Amyntas, 380.

" Batabano, 379.
Erycinidae, 252.
Ethlius, 332.
Eubule, 119.
Eudamus Bathyllus, 369.

" Cellus, 371.

" Lycidas, 370.

" Proteus, 377.

" Pylades, 368.

" Tityrus, 374.

" Zestos, 372.
Eufala, 345.
Eumenia Atala, 254.
Eunica Monima, 202.
Euptoieta Claudia, 165.
Eurytheme, 128.
Eurytris, 238.
Exilis, 295.

Faunus, 187.

Favonius, 257.

Feniseca Tarquinius, 279.

Filenus, 294.

Flora, 221.

Frisia, 181.

Fusca, 346.

Gemma, 235.
Genutia, 118.
Glossary, 389.

INDEX.

399

Gracilis, 189.
Grapta Comma, 185.

" Faunus, 187.

" Gracilis,' 189.

" Interrogationis, 182.

" J Album, 192.

" Progne, 190.

Habits of Butterflies, 32.
Halesus, 255.
Harrisii, 170.
Hayhurstii, .367.
Heliconia Charitonia, 141.
Heliconina?, 141.
Heniiptera, 15.
Henrici, 273.
Hesperidse, 299.
Hianna, 347.
Humuli, 259.
Huntera, 198.
Huron, 312.
Hymenoptcra, !.">.
Hypophleas, 283.

Icelus, 355.
Iclalia, 150.
Ilaire, 106.
Imago, the, 26.
Interior, 135.
Interrogationis, 182.
lole, 115.
Irus, 273.
Isophthalma, 295. '

J Album, 192.
Jatrophse, 202.
Jucunda, 140.
Julia, 147.
Junonia Ccenia, 200.
Jutta, 248.
Juvenalis, 363.

Kricogonia Lyside, 126.

I.svta, 277.
Larvtj the, 19.
Leonardus, 310.
Lepidoptera, 15.
Libythea Bachmanni, 250.
Libytheina1, 250.
Limenitis Arthemis, 208.
Disippus, 210.
" Eros, 214.
" Ursula, 206.
Lisa, 139.

List of Illustrations, 11.
Loammi, 328.
Lucilius, 357.
Lycaena Ammon, 297.
" Comyntas, 292.

Exilis, 295.
" Filenus, 294.
" Isophthalma, 295.
" Lygdamus, 284.
" Pseudargiolus, 286.
Scudderii, 285.
Theonus, 2ns.
Lycaenidae, 254.
Lycaeninae, 279.
Lycidas, 370.
Lygdamus, 284.
Lyside, 126.

Maculata, 330.
M Album, 256.
Manataaqua, 323.
Mandan, 299.
Martialis, 362.
Massasoit, 302.
Megathymus Cofaqui, 386.
" Tuccaa, 381.

Melitaaa Harrisii, 170.
" Phaeton, 168.
Meskei, 311.
MetacometJ 326.
Metea, 306.
Mexicana, 137.

400

INDEX.

Milbertii, 195.
Misippus, 206.
Monirna, 202.
Montinus, 163.
Monuste, 106.
Myrina, 161.
Mystic, 318.
My us, 321.

Naevius, 366.
Names of Butterflies, 50.
Napi, 110.
Nathalis lole, 115.
Neonympha Areolatus, 237.
" Canthus, 232.

" Eurytris, 238.

" Gemma, 235.

" Sosybius, 240.

Neuroptera, 15.
Nicippe, 136.
Niphon, 276.

Nisoniades Ausonius, 360.
" Brizo, 354.

" Icelus, 355.
" Juvenalis, 363.

Lucilius, 357.
Martialis, 362.
'* Ncevius, 366.
" Persius, 359.

" Petronius, 364.

" Somnus, 356.

Numitor, 301.
Nycteis, 172.
Nymphalidae, 141.
Nymphalinae, 147.

Ocola, 332.
Olympia, 117.
Omaha, 300.
Ontario, 265.
Orthoptera, 15.
Osyka, 345.
Otho, 315.

..

<c

Palaniedes, 94.
Palatka, 340.
Pamphila Accius, 327.

" Arpa, 339.

" Bimacula, 334.

" Brettus, 314.
Byssus, 344.

" Cernes, 320.

" Delaware, 342.

" Dion, 337.

" Ethlius, 332.

" Eufala, 345.

" Fusca, 346.

" Hianna, 347.

" Huron, 312.

Leonardus, 310.

" Loammi, 328.

" Maculata, 330.

" Manataaqua, 323.

" Massasoit, 302.

" Meskei, 311.

" Metacomet, 326.

" Metea, 306.
Mystic, 318.

" Myus, 321.

" Ocola, 332.
Osyka, 345.

" Otho, 315.

" Palatka, 340.

" Panoquin, 331.

" Peckius, 317.

" Phylams, 313.

" Pontiac, 335.

" Sassacus, 305.

" Seminole, 309.

" Uncas, 308. -

" Verna, 324.

" Vestris, 325.

" Viator, 347.

" Vitellius, 341.

" Zabulon, 303.
Panoquin, 331.
Paphia Troglodyta, 226.

INDEX.

401

Papilio Ajax, 84.
" Asterias, 89.
" Cresphontes, 101.
" Palamedes, 94.
" Philenor, 86.
" Polydamas, 105.
" Troilus, 93.
" Turnus, 97.
Papilionidae, 83.
Papilioninae, 83.
Peckius, 317.
Pegala, 242.
Persius, 359.
Petreus, 20.".
Petronius, 364.
Phaeton, 168.
Phaon, 176.
Philea, 124.
Philenor, 86.
Philodice, 133.
Pholisora Catullus, 367.

" Hayhurstii, 367.
Phyciodes Batesii, 180.
" Carlota, 1 74.
. " Nycteis, 172.
" Phaon, 176.
" Tharos, 177.
Phylaeus, 313.
Pieris Ilaire, 106.
" Monuste, 106.
" Napi, 110.
" Protodice, 107.
" Rapre, 114.
" Virgin iensis, 113.
Poeas, 270.
Polydamas, M>5.
Pontiac, 335.
Portlandia, 229.
Poweshiek, 301.
Proteus, 377.
Protodice, 107.
Pseudargiolus, 286.
Pupa, the, 23.
aa

Pylades, 368.
Pyraineis Atalanta, 196.

" Cardui, 199.

" Huntera, 198.
Pyrgus Centaurese, 353.
" Tessellata, 352.

Rapte, 114.

Samoset, 350.
Sassacus, 305.
Satyrinte, 229.
Satyrus Alope, 243.
Pegala, 242.
Scudderii, 285.
Semidea., 249.
Seminole, 309.
Sennse, 120.
Smilacis, 268.
Somnus, 356.
Sosybius, 240.
Steneles, 204.
Strigosa, 266.

Tarquinius, 279.
Terias Delia, 1:59.
" Jucunda, 140.
" Lisa, 139.
" Mexicana, 137.
" Nicippe, 136.
Tessellata, 352.
Textor, 351.
Tharos, 177.
Thecla Acadica, 260.
" Acis, 269.
" Augustus, 272.
" Autolycus, 258.
" Calanus, 263.
" Columella, 271.
Edwardsii, 261.
Favonius, 257.
Halesus, 255.
Henrici, 273.

<t

34*

402

INDEX.

Thecla Huinuli, 259.

" Irus, 273.

" Lgeta, 277.

" M Album, 256.

" Niphon, 276.

" Ontario, 265.

" Poeas, 270.

" Smilacis, 268.

" Strigosa, 266.

" Titus, 278.

" Wittfeldii, 262.
Theclinae, 255.
Theonus, 298.
Thoe, 281.

Thymelicus Poweshiek, 301.
Timetes Petreus, 203.
Tityrus, 374.
Titus, 278.
Troglodyta, 226.
Troilus, 93.
Turnus, 97.

Uncas, 308.

Ursula, 206.

Use of the Key, 49.

Vanessa Antiopa, 193.
Vanillse, 148.
Verna,, 324.
Vestris, 325.
Vialis, 348.
Viator, 347.
Victorina Steneles, 204.
Virginiensis, 113.
Vitellius, 341.

Wittfeldii, 262.
Yuccas, 381.

Zabulon, 303.
Zestos, 372.

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