liiiigiiiiiiiilliiiiil?! ,..;i:;:.l::t;i:-;i y.'.vh •f *fi. r ^•V v^ ; ^ f x'J;Vr^ -V.,r*V.T^^ ;■¥. S'*.. l- H K BUTTERFLIES EASTERN UNITED STxVTES AND CANADA WITH SPECIAL BEFERENCE TO NEW ENGLAND. Vol. II. ^.^5^ PORTRAII OF .MA.IUU JUllN LECUNTE. From a iniiiiaturu in tlie possession of tlie family. Reproduced by photogravure and |)rinted from three stones by .hilius Bion >>i Co., after a photograph by John M. Hlake. THK BUTTERFLIES OK THE |':astern united states and Canada WITH SPECIAL KEFERENCE TO NEW ENGLAND. BY SAiMUEL HUBBARD SCUDDEK. IN THREE VOLUMES. Vol. II. LYCABNIDAE, PAPILIONIDAE. HESPERIDAB. CAMBRIDGE: PUBLISHED BY TUK AUTHOR. 1H89. Fkintkd itY W. H. Wheei.ek, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vol. II. FAMILY LYCAENIDAE 767 Subfamily Iiemoniiuae 772 Gcuus Calophc'lis 783 ExcLRsrs XXV. The Names of Bullerjlies 785 Caleplielis borealis 788 Subfamily Lycaeniaae 791 Tribe Theclidi 798 Geuus Strjnion .- 802 ExcCRSCS XXVL Ilypermelamorphosis in Butterflies 80i Strymon titus 809 Genus Erora 816 Excursus XXVII. The Beit Localities for Collectors ; Favorite Butterfly Haunts . 817 Erora lacta 819 Genus Incisalia S23 ExcuBsus XXVIII. Habit as a Guide in Classification 826 Incisalia uiphon 829 Inci.salia irus 834 Incisalia augustus 842 Genus Uranotcs 846 Excursus XXIX. The Procession of the Season* 849 Uranotcs melinus 850 Genus Mitura ' 836 Excursus XXX. The Adornment of Caterpillars 859 Mitiim damon SCI x'l vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. Paoe Genus Tbccla ' ■ 868 Excursus XXXI. Seiual Ditersiti/ in Legs, IVings, and Scale Arrangement . . . 8?2 Tliccla outario 875 Thccla liparops 877 Tliccla calanus 885 Thecla edwardsii 892 Tliccla acadica 898 Tribe Lycaenidi 902 Geuus Evcres 905 Excunsus XXXII. Length of Life in Butterflies 909 Everes comyntas 911 Genus Cyaniris 918 Excursus XXXIII. Digoneutism in Butterflies ; Intensity of Life in America . . 923 Gyauiris pseudargiolus 927 Genus Nomiades 948 Excunsus XXXIV. Origin of Varieties in Butterflies, Possible and Probable . . 950 Nomiades couperi 953 Genus Rusticus 957 Excursus XXXV. The Friends and Associates of Caterpillars 962 Rusticus scudderii 964 Tribe Chrysophanidl 970 Genus Clirysoplianus 972 Excursus XXXVI. The Distribution of Butterflies in New England 975 Chrysophanus tlioe 977 Geuus Epidemia . . 982 Excursus XXXVII. Ucal Butterflies 984 Epidemia epixautlie . 985 Genus llcodcs 990 Excursus XXXVIII. Psychotogiad Peculiarities in our Butterflies ... 995 Heodes hyi)ophlaeas 908 Genus reniscca 1009 Excursus XXXIX. Periodicity in the Appearance of Butterflies 1014 Feniseca tarquinius 101 0 FAMILY PAPILIONIDAE 1027 Subfamily Pierinae 1033 Tribe Rhodoceridi 1040 Genus Callidryas • 1043 Excursus XL. Aromatic Butterflies 1047 Callidryas eubule 1053 TABLE OF CONTENTS. \ii Gcnns XouUiidin lOCl Excursus XLI. The ColvHitation of Sfw Engtaitd W,\ Xaiitliidin iiicip|>c lOGG GcDui Eurciim 1073 ExcUBSrs XLII. The Sirarminff and Mii/ra/ioiis of liutlerfliea 1077 Eurcnin li^« 1087 Gcmis Eurvnms 109ft Excursus XLIII. Color Prr/ereiieo of Butterflies; the Origin of Color in Butterjlies 1101 Euryiiius interior 1105 Eurymus pluloJicc 1111 Euryiniis eurytbcine 1126 Tribe Anthocharidi Ii;i7 Gemis Antliociiaris 1139 ExcUBSUS XLIV. Protective Coloring in Calcrpillars 114:5 Aiitliocbaris gcuutia 11J7 Tribe Pieridi 1154 Genus Pontia 1156 ExcUKSvs XLV. Cosmopolitan Butterjlies 1160 Poutin protodicc ... 1163 Genus Pieris 1171 ExcuKSUS XLVI. The Spread of a Butterfy in a new Region (witli a map) . . . 1 1 75 Pieris oleracea 1191 Pieris rapne 1205 Subfamily Papilioninae 1219 Genus Laertias 1230 Excursus XLVII. A Study of Certain Caterpillars 1234 Laertias pliilcnor . . 1241 Genus IphicUdes .... 1252 EXCTBSUS XLVIII. The Butterfly in Ancient Literature and Art. Bj C H. B. . 1257 Tpliiclides ajnx ... 1264 Genus Jasoniades 1280 ElCTmsus XLIX. Melanism and All/inism 1285 Jasoniades glaucns ...... 12S8 Genus Euphoeadcs .... 1305 ExcxTBSUS L. Deceptive Derices among Caterpillars ; or, the Defences of Caterpillars 1310 Euphocades troilus 1313 Genus Hcraclides . 1327 Excursus LL Southern Invaders 1332 Hcraclides crcsphontcs . . ... 1334 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS. Paoz Genus Papilio 1345 Excursus LII. The late of Suffusion in Butter/lies 1350 Papilio polyxenes 1353 FAMILY HESPERIDAE 1365 Tribe Hesperidi 1373 Genus Eudamus 1378 EscuESUS LIII. Effect of Cold on Development 1383 Eudamus jjroteus 1386 Genus Epargyreus 1393 ExcuKSUS LIV. Odd Caterpillars 1397 Epargyreus tityrus 1399 Genus Acbalarus 1112 ExcuKSUS LV. Variations in Habit and in Life according to Locality and Season of the Year 1415 Achalarus lycidas 1418 Genus Tliorybes 1423 ExcUESUS LVl. Some Singular Things about Caterpillars 1427 Thorybes bathyllus 1432 Thorybes pylades 1436 Gruus Tbauaos 1445 Excursus LVII. Nests and other Structures made by Caterpillars 1454 Tbanaos lucilius 1458 Tbanaos persius 14C8 Tbanaos juvenalis 1476 Tbanaos boratius 1486 Tbanaos terentius 1490 Tbanaos martialis 1493 Tbanaos ausonius 1498 Tbanaos brizo 1500 Tbanaos icclus 1507 Genus Pbolisora 1514 Excursus LVIII. The Perils of the Egg 1518 Pbolisora catuUus 1519 Genus Hcsperia 1527 Excubsus LIX. Anomalies in Oeographical Distribution 1531 Ilesperia montivaga 1536 Hcsperia ccntaureae 1542 Tribe Pamphilidi 1540 Genus Ancyloxipba 1551 Excursus LX. A Budget of Curious Facts about Chrysalids 1554 Ancyloxipba numitor 1558 TAIU.E OK CONTENTS. ix Paoi Genus Pninphila 15(J3 Excursus LXl. H%it Families 0/ PUmU are preferred by CatfrpHlanf . . . . 1507 Panipliila n\aiidau 1509 Genus Amiilyscirtea I575 EsciRsls LXII. Color Rfltitioiu 0/ Chrysalids to their SurroundiHgt 1578 Anililvscirtcs violis 15S2 Amblyscirtes soniosot 15Sn Genus Poaiics 1592 EltCCBSls LXIII. Buttrrjliea as Botanists 1594 I'onncs nmssasoit 1597 Genus Phjcannssa lOOd Excursus LXIV. Postures at rest and asleep 1602 Phycanassa viator ICO'i Genus Atn-tone 1607 Excursus LXV. The Enemies of Butterflies 1610 Atrytone logan 1611 AtrytoQc zabulou 1017 Genus Hylepliila 1625 Excursus LX\1. Seasonal Dimorphism 1627 Hylepliila pliylacus 1630 Genus Erynnis 1634- Excursus LXVII. The Costal Fold and Discal Streak of Skippers . ..... 1039 Eryuuis sassacus 1611 Erymiis manitoba ] 0 1-6 Erynnis metca I60O Erynnis attains 1053 Genus Atalopedes 1656 Excursus LXVIII. Flight in Butterflies 1059 Atalopedes huron 1661 Genus Anthomastcr 1067 EXCUBSUS LXIX. Butterfly Fision 1609 Anthomastcr Iconardus 1073 Genus Politcs 1078 Excursus LXX. Sexual Diversity in the Form of the Scales 1081 Politcs peckius 1683 Genns Thymelicus 16S9 Excursus LXXI. The Act of Pupation 1693 Tliymelicus actnn 1090 Tlivmclicus brettus 1701 Thymelicus mystie 1705 X TABLE OF CONTEXTS. Paox Genus Limochores 1711 ExcUBSUS LXXII. The Lam of Colorationat Pattern 1715 Limochores bimacula 1718 Limochores manataaqua 1720 Limochores taumas 1725 Limochores poutiac 1732 Genus Euphyes 1735 Excursus LXXIII. How Butterflies suck 1737 Euphyes metacomet 1739 Euphyes verua 1742 Genus Calpodes 1746 Excursus LXXIV. Odd Chrysalids 1749 Calpodes ethhus 1750 Genus Oligoria 1757 Excursus LXXV. Monstrosities 1759 Oligoria maculata 1761 Genus Lerema 1763 Excursus LXXVI. The Coloring of Butterflies as related to their Distribution . . 1766 Lerema accius 1768 Lerema hianna 1771 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Vol. II. PORTRAIT OF JOHN LeCONTE Frontinpiece. Paqb A Series of Figures suowing tue Cdaiiges during Pupation i.\ Astuo- cuAKis GBNUTIA. (Lent by Mr. W. H. Edwards.) 1152 Map suowdig the Progressive Distribution op Pleris rapae in Ajierica BETWEEN- 1S60 AND 188G (folded) Opposite page 1\%% A Series of Figures illustrating the Construction of the Median Girth IN THE Pupation of Eupuoeades iroilus. (By Dr. C. V. Riley.) . . . 1324 A Series of Figures illustrating the Mode op Fixation of tub Cremaster of the Curysalis in tue Pad constructed by the Caterpillar of DIFFERENT BUTTERFLIES. (By Dr. C. V. Rilcy.) 1694 II. FAM 1 L V I A CAEN IDAE. OOSSAMER-WINGBD BUTTERFLIES. Uur»lf!< Kabr. ; Uiiricolos Walik.; Kurnlia Eryciiiicns Bliimli.-Briilli!; Eryeiiiii Liio.; Clniv. Ervfiniilap Swains. Pli-bcii riiralos Linn. Onisiifornios N'lwni. Lycacniilap Kennie. TnnOis qu'un papillon, Ics deux niles en fleur, TeinliPKAKE.— ioi'e'if Luhour's Lost. Imago. Uf small size. Henil rather small; front always hlf;her than broad, nsually half a.s hiifh a^ain as broad; vertex separated, sometimes partly, sometimes wliolly, from occiput by a transverse sulcation; eyes neither prominent nor projecting beyond the general contour of the head. Tongue inserted below the middle of the lower half of the eye; papillae of tongue very long and slender, polyhedral, equal, the angles terminating at tlie truncate or hollowed tip in acicular points, the central process exceedingly slender, blunt tipped ; they are attached close to the outer edge of the tongue, conllncd to the apical tenth or thereal)outs and arc always separated from each other by at least half their own length. .Vntcnnae inserted in distinct pits, so far at the side as to infringe upon the eyes, the middle in direct continuation with the sides of the front; the club straight. Labial palpi very slender, cylindrical, of nearly uniform diameter. Prothoracic lobes reihiced to a mere lamina. Thorax moderately slender, not much compressed, the upper surface moderately arched, sometimes a little less so above; mesoscutellum pretty large. lozenge-shai)cd, forming about a right angle between the halves of the mesoscutuin into which it docs not greatly |irojcct, the suture between the two slight, the two pieces together forming posteriorly a reversed l)lunt cone; metathorax only sli^litly separated from tlio nicsothorax. Wings almost always broad anil sliort, the fore wings almost invariably simple, the hind wings fretiuently with thread-like tails. Fore wings : costal nervure terminating at from a little less than half to about two-thirds the distance from the base to the apex of the costal margin; sub- costal ncr^'ore with two or three superior and one inferior branches ; all simpleexcept- Inj; the last superior which is frequently forked ; at least one of tlie superior branches Is emitteil before the tip of the cell, ana>-e. Illml wIul's: costal 768 TIIK IJUTTKUrLlES OF NEW ENGLAND. nerviire terminatin.'r at or near the midcUe of the apex of the costal margin, sometimes emitting upward from near the base a curved precostal shoot ; subcostal nervure with three branches, itself not reaching the border, the third nervule connected at its base by an exceedingly slender vein, such as closes the cell; median nervure with three branches, itself not reaching the border; submedian nervui'e terminating at or just witliout the anal angle; internal nervure terminating generally near the middle of the inner margin. Fore legs of the female Ukc the other legs, although with less profuse armature and with nalied tibial spines ; of the male shorter, and either the armature and joints as in tlie female, excepting on the last joint, where all the apical armature is wanting and in their place generally a single, triangular, slightly curving median hook ; or the tarsi are one-joiuted and entirely devoid of armature. Eighth dorsal segment of male alxlomen entire on posterior margin, the upper organ mesially cleft and the sides variously developed, but usually much expanded, with a pair of slender, tapering, elbowed or strongly arcuate arms attached to the base, and with no median hook; clasps forming .slender and elongated or else tapering blades, sometimes bristled at the tip, the intermittent organ long and slender, often to au excessive degree. Egg. Tiarate or oblate spheroidal in shape, more or less deeply and densely re- ticulate, the angles of the reticulations often filamentous or spiny, the micropyle frequently sunken in an abrupt pit. Caterpillar at birth. Head generally smaller, never larger than the succeeding segments, smooth, generally with few liairs on the lower half and none on upper, the posterior margin encroached on by the softer integument behind so as not to extend behind tlie summit of the head in a downward curve. Body cylindrical or subcylin- drical, generally largest anteriorly and tapering from the very front backward, fur- nished witli long, longitudinally ranged, tapering, spiculiferous, cuticular appendages, sometimes as long as tlie body, and with a larger or smaller number of longitudinally ranged, larger or smaller chitiuous annuli or smooth lenticular elevations. First and last body segments, and sometimes others, with a corneous dorsal shield. Mature caterpillar. Head smaller, generally much smaller, than the body, oblique, the mouth being thrust forward, with only few hairs on minute papillae, without tubercles or spines, with scarcely any or no posterior contractions of the cranium, often completely retractile within the segment behind. Body oniscif orm or subonis- ciform, never elongate, often long-ovate, the sides sometimes tectiform, furnished with longer or shorter pile, among which are sometimes longer, longitudinally ranged, hairs or bristles; never spined, but occasionally furnished with fleshy or filamentous processes longitudinally arranged or confined to the first thoracic or eighth abdominal segments. Legs and prolegs generally short. Chrysalis. Fastened by a silken girth around the middle and by cremastral hooks to a silken pad at the tail, in almost any position, but with the head never lower or much lower than the tail and always in close embrace of the surface*. With rare possible exceptions (Bar), never enclosed in more of a cell than the loose attachment of the flaring edges of a leaf might give. Short, stout, compact, rounded, with no angular and few rounded prominences, in front bluntly rounded, though sometimes feebly emarginate, the ventral surface almost perfectly flat; head wholly upon the ventral surface, invisible from above; prothorax large. General characteristics of the family. This family is far more richly developed in tlie tropics — especially in those of the New World — than in the temperate zones. In the north temperate regions of the Old World, liowever, it forms a very considerable proportion of the butterfly • A few instances are known among tlie position (generally, perhaps always) very membcrsof the higher subfamily in which the similar to what they would have if closely chrysalis is held without a girlh, in a rigid girt. riir, lAMii.v i.vi ai;mii.\i;. 769 fniinit, ultlii>ii<;li i'.\liiliitiiiii tlu' wotfrii count ; c'Ii*c- wlu'fi' it is liifiicly outnuiulx'n'd liotli h\ ilic \\iii|iliali(lae and llie Hi'.H|icridac'. Till' l)iittorliii's 111' tlii'* jiroiip as a iidi' arc snialiri- iliaii lliu.-c of any otliiT family, not r.\cf|)tin<^ tlic II('B|H'rida('. from wliicli ilny arc i|iiickly distin>;iiislii'd l>y tht-ir nioiT vivid colors and el\('s of their small head, extensible neck and oldiijwe position of the mouth, to burrow into pods, seeds and fruit. The clirysalids aiv broad in propor- tion to their length, seldom, and then \erv slightly and roundly, angu- hited and are not only attached by the hinder extremity as those of tlie previous family, but tightly girt by a silken cord, passing aromid the bodv near the division between the thorax and abdomen ; their infei-ior surface is nearly straight, and closely pressed against the surface to which thev are attached. In one or two instances they secure a similar position by the tail fastenings alone, probably from the length of the cremastral area and the rigidity of the abdominal joints. Division of the family. In the lists and other systematic papers that I have pulilished wiiiiin the last ten or fifteen years, T have ventured to depart from the ordinary custom of entomologists by considering the Leni- oniinae and Lycaeninae as subfamilies of one great group, instead of classing them as distinct families ; but my reasons for this conclusit)n have never been fully stated. In brief, it may be said that these two groups bear to each other almost identical relations to those ])orne to each other by the Pierinae and Paj)ilioninae. Those who consider these two latter groups a.-* members of a single family slioidd regard the Lycaenidae as • fioilman ami .Salviii linvc rei'cnlly «l»- rliininnticm uf llio claws" lins "iifviT liccn 8crllM>n.'e provi'd hy future observations. In the [)erfect stage, we also find important I'haraeters common to these two groups and distinguishing them from the rest of the hutterHy world. Their small size and delicate structure would at once be remarked ; the front of the head between the eyes is much narrower than high, which is not true of any other group ; the eyes are not in the least prominent, and they are notched on the inner margin above to give room for the antenna! sockets, which the narrowness of the head between the eyes here renders necessary. As all these are characters which concern the funda- mental structure of the head and arc not found elsewhere, they must he regartled as of considerable taxonoinic weight. The antennae, including the club, are invariably straight, w ith none of the curves so common else- where, and especially in the lower groups. Both of the subfamilies agree with the Xymphalidae in the sligiit separation of the nicso- and meta- thomx. The ncuration of the wings is extremely simple. The struct- ure of the front legs has been so often insisted upon that it is not necessary to more than mention it, but it should be borne in mind that the ditference between the two subfamilies is comparatively slisjlit, while they both differ from all other buttei-flics in the broad fact that the front legs of the male are, and those of the female are not, aborted ; in no other group, excepting in the single aberrant subfamily Libytheinae (on that account placed hereby Bates), are the legs sexually heteromorphons, while here it is universal, though varying in degree. The difference between the two subfamilies is that of degree ; the difference between the family and other families is one of independent character. Add to this the unique character of the abdominal appendages of the male shared by both the subfamilies and we liave a totality of characters drawn from all stages, held by these two groups in common and in distinction from others, which cannot be exceeded by any other combination of eubtamilies in a homogeneous whole. Table of subfamilies of Lycaenidae, based on the egg. Convrrglng septae cxtondlng from the walls of the rclJs toward tlicir cent re... Lemonlliiue. Xo con verging septoo thrown off from walla of cells Lycaeninae. 772 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Table of subfamilies, based on the caterpillar at birth. Body with cliitiiious .lorsal ami substigmata) shields on every segment, to which the haired pa- pillae are eoiiliiied. and only sul)dorsaI annuli Lemoniiiiae. Body withehilinoiis dorsal shields of greater or less extent and distinctness only on first tlio- raoio and last abdominal segments, no snbstigmatal shields, and with anmili on the sides of the body Lycaeiiinae. Table of subfamilies, based on the matttre caterpillar. Head at least half as broad as the middle of the body; the latter scarcely onisciform Lemoniinae. Head less, generally far less, than half as broad as the middle of the body ; the latter more or less onisciform Lycaeninae. Table of subfamilies, based on the chrtjsalis. Body elongate, sparsely clothed with long hairs Lemoniinae. Body contracted, sparsely or densely clothed with short hairs or other dermal appendages Lycaeninae. Table of subfamilies, based on the imago. Labial jialpi minute, only theminuti' a])ical joint surpassing the face; fore wings proviilcd with a distinct internal nervure; hint (luul all North Amcrlrnn) ({enira. the i-ostal norviiro emllns In the niUhlle of the io>lal nuirf;ln, the innir mar- gin hardly ehannelled. Fore lesis of male -.'rently aborted, nilnnte. very nineh shorter than the otlier le(;8, entirely without armature, hnt clotlied with lon^ Imlrs, the tarsi conslsthifr of a single iinaniied joint. Middle tibiae longer than the hind pair. Male abdondnal appeiidajjes : n|i|ii-r or;:an eonslstin;: of annate lateral »lati<>n.s nnlti-d meslally ttiron:;h most of their length, but often leavinj; a notili between theni, together formlni; a hood-like plate, and bearlnj; l>eiiealh slender, taperinj; arms directed at llrst downward and then backward and somewhat inward. Intennltlent orsian not so hl;ihly developeil as In the next subfamily, not apicnlly expanded. Clasps variable In form, not dltTerlnft much from those of Lycaenlnae, as far as I have seen, but aeeompanlod above by a baekwani ilireeted. lonir and slender, basal tinner whieh appears to be ipilte wanting In Lyeaeninae. Egg. Kehlnold or tlarate in shape, mueh broader than lii-tli, domed aljove.the sum- mit witli a lariie.deep. central depres>ion. more or less al)rupt; the surface delicately reticulated; the cells either inconspicuous or very deep, the boundiu!; walls sharp, bearing at every angle of reticulation a delicate erect tllament. and sending toward, but not to. the centre of each cell less elevated delicate septae. Caterpillar at birth. Body tapering from in front backward ; the head as large as the tlrst segment, by which it Is partially covered or to which it is closely attached ; botly snb-cyliudrical : all the segments bearing a dorsal and, sometimes at least, a .sub- stlgmatal chitinous shield from whicli arise all the hairs and bristles of the body ; these are long, more or less arcuate, nniiutely spiculiferous; the body is also provided with chitinous annnll arranged longitudinally in tlie dorsal region; the spiracles of the eighth segment not hiuher than those i>f the rest of the body. The young caterpillars of Lemouiiuae ditler (so far as can be judged from an exam- ination of alcoholic specimens of a single species or two of North American forms, winch I owe to the favor of Mr. W. H. Edwards) from those of the Lycaenlnae in the possession of thickened chitinous shields on all the segments of the body, from which arise the spiculiferous hairs, seated on papillae. In the species examined (Chrysobia mils and vlrgidti) there is a broad and short dorsal shield entirely similar to what we are accustomed to see on tlie tirst tlioracic segment of Hesperidae. but much shorter than the same on Lycaenlnae. broken narrowly at the dorsal line to give better play to the dorsal vessel beneoth ; tliere is also a small snbstiginatal roundish shield from which a cluster of papilla-based hairs arise. The spiracles are situated between these two sets of chitlnons shields anti are not higher on the eight abdominal segment tlian on the others. There is a single subdorsal series of minute annuli on either side, extending the wiiole length of the body. In form, the structure of the head poste- riorly and Its relations to the segment behind, tliere is no distinction from Lycaenlnae, so that the peculiarities of the earliest larval stage lend countenance to that view of the Lcmoniinae which would regard them as a subfamily of Lycacnidae. Mature caterpillar. Head large, as broad as the segment posterior to it, to widch it is connected by a membrane w hlch is attached to the summit of the head : the lat- ter deeply emarglnate In the middle above and w ith no posterior declivity, provided with numerous long hairs but never with spines; body nearly er)ual, sub-cylindrical or sub-onisclfonn, short, being rarely more than three or fonr times as long as broad, fre<|uently covered with dense pile, and in addition, or in its place, ranged hairs or still' tlianieuts or fascicles of hairs arranged in longitudinal rows. Chrysalis. Hather short and plump, well rounded, with few prominences, but frenuently enlarged and to a slight degree angulate at the base of the winirs. largest on the abdomen; the anterior extremity formed of the large and broad protliorax ; the head bent over entirely upon the ventral surface ; the prothorax frearehiae, I lelieonii, \yni|iliales, etc. (^\'est- wood, liitrod. chissif. ins., ii : 2."i7). ".More than any other hutterflics," says Wallace (Trans, entom. Soc. Lund. [2] ii : H'y'I-S), writing of the fauna of the Amazons, these insects »ro the inliiibitaiits of the virgin forest, In wliosc dark recesses many of the rarer and lovelier species arc alone to be fonnd. The ftreat mass of the species have a very peculiar habit of Invariably selllin^ and reposinj; on the iimler surface of leaves with tile Willis expanded, bat there are some striking; exceptions to this nile. Nymi)ld- diuni always expands its winjjs in repose. Ciiaris [very closely allied to our C'alepiie- Is] always exposes itself on tlie upper surface of leaves. Tlie Erycinas lly as strongly and as rapidly as the Ilesperidae. Eniesis and Nyraplndinm are also rapid tlyers. . . . Most of tlie other genera are weak but ratlier active fivers. De Niceville states that the Indian species "all have an extremely rapid flight, so fast, indeed, as to l)e very difticidt to follow with the eye, but seldom for more than a few yards, when thev settle ajrain." The eggs of this group arc very imperfectly known, hut j)robahly will be found to agree in being of a tiaratc form, rather higher in proportion to their breadth than in Lycaeninae, with more or less distinctly reticulate siirtace, often with short, tapering filaments at the angles of the reticula- tion. The caterpillars, very few of which arc known, arc rather more varied in appearance and structure than those of the succeeding group ; and, like the perfect insects, are closely allied by structure to the Lycaeninae, while they often appear to ontwanlly resemble distantly related groups — particularly the Ilesperidae and Mor|)hinae. They are rarely so strikingly onisciform as the caterpillars of Lycaeninae, and are sometimes furnished with tufts of short hairs, and even, on the first thoracic segment, with long spines. The first segment of the body is not enormously developed, nor is the head retractile to the extent that is found in the Lycaeninae, Very little is known of the earlier stages of these insects or of their trans- formations. The ehrysalids closely resemble those of the ne.\t subfamilv, but are more elongated (as the caterjiillars usually are) and remarkable for the long, somctiines very long, and usually very scanty hairs with which they are clothed ; they have a less flattened ventral sui-face than the Lycaeninae. and arc usually much more variegated in color. Some are girt as in the Lycaeninae, others hang by the tail alone, but in some of these cases, perhaps all, stiffly, so as to hug the surface to which they are attached, and not to hang freely as in the Nym]>lialidae. I add, for the better ex- planation of the statements in this paragraph, a general review of all that can be Iearneieh he elsewhere speaks of as "not flattened beneatli. and secured rigidly by tlie tail in an inclined position without jrirdinir."' Stoir, indeed, figures tlie transformations of Stalachtis calliope ; he represents the caterpillar as cylindrical and slightly depressed, of uniform width throughout, about three and a half times longer than broad ; the head is hardly more than half as wide as the body, rounded and hairy ; the first thoracic segment bears a semilunate shield as wide as the head, and a similar though smaller shield is found upon the last segment, with bhu'k points on the intermediate ones ; the segments are distinctly moniliform and apparently are elevated at the base of slender hairs, longer than the segments, which appear to be clustered to a certain extent in fascicles and which are accompanied, apparently at the substig- matal fold, by a stouter bristle, as long as the width of the body on each segment ; besides this the body is covered with a shorter pile. The chrysa- lis is represented without attachment, but in a perpendicular position head downward, and is described by Stoll' as being attached to a leaf stem by its hinder extremity only by means of a stiff bristle (poll roide), "hang- ing perpendicularly with its head toward the earth, like the spiny caterpillars of the tetrapod butterflies" : the chrysalis has a form very similar, indeed, to that of Nemeobius, similar also in its markings and in being very sparsely covered with long hairs ; a dorsal view is given and the anterior extremity is apparently terminated l>y the prothorax. Finally, we have the far more satisfactory illustration of Chrysobia, in the figures given by Edwards, and here we are also able to draw upon our knowledge of the species from specimens kindly sent us for examina- tion by Mr. Edwards. The eggs of two species are figured and described by him, and these as well as those of the third, L. virgulti, he has kindly per- mitted me to see. They are flattened spheroids, broadly domed above, delicately and finely reticulated and bear at each angle of the sharp hexagonal reticulation a delicate filament no longer than the width of the cells. In nais these filaments are more pointed than in palmerii, but do not otherwise essentially difter, though figured and described differently by Edwards ; in virgulti they are as in nais. Such reticulation is common in the Ly- caeninae, but the cells of the reticulation have apparently one distinguishing quality in Chrysobia, which is that from the walls of the cell toward, but hardly to, the centre run low, sharp septae, reminding one very strikingly of the similar feature in coral polyps : very probably this may prove true of all Lemoniinae ; while, as far as I have seen, in the eggs of the Lycae- ninae there is no such radiate arrangement of the walls, though in some, especially in the Lycaenidi, the centre of the floor of the cell may be thick- ened and the thickening run in a radiate direction toward the walls of the o 782 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. cell without reaching tlicin. The mieropyle rosette, which I have seen only in nais, is a deep inf'undiijulif'orm pit at the very centre of which is a secondary minute puncture. That of palmerii is figured by P^dwards as forming a very broad, cratcriform, abrupt pit. The caterpillars at birth have been excellently figured by Mr. P^dwai-ds, but as I have already ofiven the characteristics observed in specimens they need not be re])i'ated licre. Mr. Edwards has kindly sent me a caterpillar of Chrysobia ver- gulti in its second stage, which is the only one of the later stages of the caterpillar 1 have seen in this tribe : but Mr. Edwards figures that of Chrysobia nais in an excellent manner. In this it appears that the cater- pillar is strictly cylindrical, nearly equal, tapers very gently from the middle of the body backward, more rapidly at the extreme tip, scarcely tapers forwards, and has somewhat abbreviated legs and prologs. The head, which is constructed precisely as I have described that of Nemeo- bius, is relatively lai'ger, being about three-fourths the greatest width of the body, and therefore not greatly narrower than the segment imme- diately posterior to it; according to Edwards, it is "partly covered" by this but not retractile ; the posterior border is dorsally emarginate as in Nemeobius, and long hairs are found upon it up to the summit. The body is covered with longitudinal rows of spreading fascicles of short hairs, two upon either side besides a stigmatal series of longer hairs ; some long arching hairs are also found at each extremity of the body, and the first thoracic segment is covered with a divided dorsal shield not conspicuously more corneous than the other parts of the body, bristling with hairs. The chrysalis has a shape precisely like that of Nemeobius, excepting in being slightly longer, and like it is attached both bj^ the tail and by a girdle round the middle ; the ventral surface is nearly flat, with a sinuate curve ; the body is sparsely covered with not very long hairs and the cremaster, while completely independent and protruding, is not pointed but apically truncate. We think that it will appear very clearly from this review that the structure of the early stages and the transformations of the Lemoniinae are not widely different from those of the Lycaeninae, by no means sufiiciently so to support the separation of the two groups as distinct families. There is, indeed, no more difficulty in harmonizing the somewhat curious differences one sees in the larval and pupal forms of the Lemoniinae than there is in those of Lycaeninae ; there is no more difficulty in retaining any one of them within the group than there is in retaining among the Lycaeninae such forms as Sjjalgis, figured liy Moore, or Curetis, figured by Horsfield, or our own Feniseca. On the other hand the subdivision of the subfamily suggested by Godman and Salvin would seem to be borne out by the characteristics of the early stages. For it would appear that we may even be able to separate these two groups by characters drawn from the early stages. It LEMONIINAE: THE GENUS CALEPHELIS. 783 would seem as if in tlie Ncincohiidi tlic eggs might be characterized by being nearly smootli witli shglit reticulation ; the caterpillars as densely clothed with pile, conspicuously so in certain definite regions, especially at the two extremities of" the l)ody ; and the chrvsalids would appear to be always girt round the middle ; while on the other hand in the Lemoniidi, as far as we yet know, the eggs are deeply reticulate and filamentous, the caterpillars are provided with fascicles of hairs definitely arranged in longitudinal series along the body, giving them the appearance, as Bar expresses it, of a Liparis ; while the chrysalis is usually not girt around tiie mi 790 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. very slight curve, its concavity outwards ; tlic upper lialf is the most nearly continuous ; there is a narrow, straijrlit, submarfiinal stripe of steel colored scales, distant by lialf an interspace's width from the outer border, edged with a few discontinuous blackish scales on the inner side and occasionally a few on the outer side; following it inwardly is a series of black dots like those of the upper surface; fringe as above. Hind wings with four series of black streaks like those above and similarly situated, the first indistinct; the fourth commences in the costo-subcostal interspace, just beneath the tip of tlie costal, crosses the upper subcostal interspace by a full interspace's width further outward, resumes its former course in crossing the lower subcostal and again leaps to the same extent outwardly at the subcosto-median and upper median interspaces, after which it again returns to its former direction and con- tinues interruptedly but with a uniform direction to the middle of the inner border; there is a transverse series of moderately slender, interruptedly continuous, steel col- ored lunules, scarcely bordered with black, one in each interspace, in the same rela- tive position as the transverse series of lunules in the fore wing; as tliere also, the scries is Ijent at the middle median nervule and the general direction of either half is a slight curve, its concavity outwards ; a submarginal steel colored stripe, followed inwardly by a row of black dots, just as in the fore wing; fringe as above. Abdomen above blackish mingled with grayish scales, below briglit saffron. Male abdominal appendages (34: 10, 11) with the lateral arms of the upper organ bent strongly, the basal portion stout and swollen, the distal tapering with great regu- larity to a fine point, bent slightly upward. Apical half of clasps bent about the middle so as to be directed straight backward, instead of slightly upward and inward as previously, the tip Ijlnnt and rounded ; basal finger about as slender as the distal portion of the lateral arm above, but bluntly pointed. Measurements in millimetres. MALES. FEMALES. Length of tongue, 6 mm. Smallest. Average. Largest. Smallest. Average. Largest. 13.25 7.25 1.75 4.5 hind tibiae and tarsi. . fore tibiae and tarsi.. Described from 2 S . Secondary sexual distinctions. On the upper surface of the wings I have found, in the male and not in the female, a very few untoothed scales so closely re- sembling others in similar situations in the lower Nymphalidae that I think it prob- able they are androconia (46: 17); they are of a quadrangular form, scarcely enlarging apically , three times as long as broad, the apex truncate with rounded angles, the basal lobes distinct, broad, well rounded; they measure .15 mm. in length or are slightly larger than the normal scales. This very rare butterfly has only been recorded from two or three localities, but these are so widely distant that we may hope for its detection at any point within tlie limits marked on our map (22 : 8). It was first discovei'ed by Messrs. Grote and Robinson in Coldenham, Orange Co., N. Y., and has since been taken in Michigan (Austin in coll. Univ. Mich.), the township of Ohio, 111. (Morrison), New Jersey (Edwards) and Coalburgh, W. Va., a single specimen or two (Edwards). I have also seen specimens from Tehuantepec (Sumichrast, Mus. Bost. soc. nat. hist. ) which seems indistinguishable and which in all probability is Godman and Salvin's laverna, an uncharacterized species, which they rc|)ort from Mexico (Presidio), Honduras, Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui, TBE STBFAMILT LTCAEyiX-iJEL 791 Calobre. Lioa Hil> Oiknbia. YcBeneb aaii E^nL K k be die suae oar species Ins eenabdr a wide lao^. aod ia aa^ ereafi is e» be looked fiir na New M«xn». eaetem C<>Iorkl>. Kaa^a^ and Xecnt^ka. or iBdeediiia]]BoecaBTpanoctkeDatt>HiBS»s«ppcJtt&crki:. Tkkea in Johr. fibe BEomk apeamenf ^iLtv 7. > j coo^wikoB vitb i&e soocbem species. C eaeoevs*. m is pcvbaJrK puTr- goaennr: boc beroad ^BfwebaTe aAknMrbn^ewbaBsoertr- :^t»c7. F' -—^ ~' ■*■ -^"cenuBa: tbe Bfe, bdbie aad ^tributwa c: i..-^ ..^csertfjr E >. . an«i ^ the DHxe de£Bnl>£e staee ^b« is tbe anlj Kpte- smcatiT« ot' the sdl^unflr in tibe BwcAerm UiuBed Sc30». Ic vooM be esp«ctallv DKnresOB^ n> kaow m «iax wsj tb«; ' - ^ sa^eaiaL Tbe allied spenes. P. caeaeos. b> so cv^mmoa ia tc :bac tke deter- miaatioa of all g^n^rie ieanns iadieearhrsc3^:e$oa^^i»c t» beififici^. This IS dte mosc oapoctaat iKvaa ia oar kaovled^ of die uaatfimMMEwag ot' Xonb AmefieaB battisffies tbat remaii^ to be £Ked. iiST or iLLrsTSJ.TW'ys.—CAr. xpfmr f>' Boxx.ir.r< gkfiwmf. '- "•'. 11^ ybus lixioaaaai. i^gvouasKS. PI. C ^. 2. Mate. iMdi .iis. --f Itoki smi a^pinii^tas ".4."--?. Tlbe sub;. -- . ^ CI ^e>rv& <>£ te: stciKmiM. SUBFAMILY LYCAENINAE. '>j_i»iiiiifri ITHhii BucsiL: LjvaeoRcie—V.t !.'»';«■ Vvuor. TemiftaB $ti)rp« Hurrf. TbMi&iae Swains. ; T^hjeianiK ?wi ;<. •,;•■.• <•• • . tniJivftOfc-M Bcafls - ■,«■, Tuagn H««>1 small: fcoat Ifcu or a I£ttiif nuuiii. ii:$tisUv tKvc: v ~' XH> taw ci«it> nuikrr liiistuivt^ l>w. from oi: -f tllwwtMfe uueoiHi: patptsImM'.- ^ - TtK>raLi vTiri*i>i<. tttou^fi ik'>« stwuIj. Ut $toa(a««>!$^ »»»«• »«y sci.>ttt^ $««t«C&iM«: « *T&t$ Hwvws ippntrs tu it»rtit«ra Fturiila ftHwU not nr<> Xar. lT-^$l; it vt; and Proc. Bosf. soc. nat. hist., xxiii : S.JT-SoS. 798 THE BUTTERFIJKS OF NEW ENGLAND. Table of tribes, based on the mature caterpillar. Head excessively small, not onc-foui-th, sometimes not one-sixth the width of the body ; dorsal shield of first thoracic segment wanting, or else covered with hairs as thickly as the neigh- boring ijarts Lycaenldi. Head modorately small, generally at least one-third, sometimes one-half the width of the body; dorsal shield of first thoracic segment distinct and naked or clothed nmch less abundantly with hairs than the neighboring parts. Highest portion of body segments lying behind the middle, generally next posterior edge; or if in the middle with the posterior slope more abrupt than the anterior ; head generally smaller than in Chrysuphanidi, capable of being extended two or three times its length beyond the body Theclidi. Highest portion of body segments at the middle or in front of the middle of the segments, the anterior slope the more abrupt; head generally larger than in Theclidi, not capable of special extension Chrysophanidi. Table of tribes, based on the chrysalis. Dermal append.ages formed of cylindrical, spiculiferous and pointed or apically stellate hairs. Dermal appendages tapering only at the tip, the spicules inclined at a slight angle. WTiole body shorter and stouter than in Lycaenidi, the abdomen especially being very short and full, rarely more than half as long again as broad Theclidi. Dermal appendages tapering throughout or apically stellate, the spicules, when present inclined at a right angle. Whole body longer and slenderer than in Theclidi, the al)domen especially being more elongate, generally nearly twice as long as broad.... Lycaenldi. Dermal appendages short, distinctly fungiform, without spicules Chrysophanidi. Table of tribes, based on the imago. Third superior subcostal nervule of fore wings simple; under surface of hind wings generally with continuous or subcontinuous markings Theclidi. Third suiierior subcostal nervule of fore wings forked; under surface of hind wings generally with discontinuous, though ranged markings. Stouter bodied, with colors of upper surface usually more or less violet; spines on under side of tarsi comparatively few and ranged in pretty regular series ; clasps tapering, apically pointed Lycaenldi. Slenderer bodied, with colors of upper surface more or less coppery ; spines on under side of tarsi numerous and clustered irregularly at the sides; clasps subequal, apically rounded Chrysophanidi. TRIBE THECLIDI. HAIRSTRBAKS. Papiliones subeaudati Wiener Verzeichniss. Theclides Kirb.; Theclinae Bull.; Theclidae Ephori Ilerbst. Guen. Armati Hiibner. Lass ab von mir, und licbe nur Die heiteren Sclimittirlinge, Die da gaukein im Sonneidicht — Lass ab von mir und dem Ungliick. Heine.— Xoss ab. Imago. Colors dark brown. Club of antennae usually increasing iu size through- out most of its extent, very long and very slender, from two to three times as broad as the stalk (occasionally a little more than that) and from five to eight times longer than broad. Patagia very long and slender, usually four or five times longer than broad ; third superior subcostal nervure of fore wings not forked ; tarsi armed beneath with an irregular mass of spines on either side ; fore tarsi of the male armed at tip with a pair of spines, only slightly larger and more curved than the others; parony- LYCAENINAK: TIIK TIUHK TIIIX'MDI. 799 tliln of other leijs simple; iiiilvillus .«imill hut prominent. I'ppcr orj;iiii of male nl)ilomliiitl ivppriiiliiin's with very hroml nliillon>i, expiuiili;il liitcriilly rntlicr than pos- teriorly : rliisps straljiht, nnnrnu'd, laporln;;. ;;eni'r»lly to a very delicate point; Intro- mlttent ornnn of exceptional length, aplrally llarin;;. Egg. Tlarale. about einlnciit i . or prrtir rrmiliirljr aixl conolilprmtily rnanttnl, iniwl |>r-!i)ia|>e«l Imt limailly tniiirato at tip, the Hlileit NlralKht, the aleni lonK. the lamina alioiit four tltiii-t »> Imii; n« hroail. Forr ' It foiir-rtft f tlie hlml tlhlae. the tarnl either «iiri>i«-"lnK (9>"r '•>■ terlii|;. anil only armed with the coi; ; of the rows of nplnex on the iniiler surface, and alM>ve with very short •nd deniie hair* In place of ncales ((f): In both ncxei the tlhlnl xplm-"! are nnknl, and excpptlnic In theite polntu and their dimlnlohed nltn they do not ilinv-r from tho!ie of the other legit Keiuora scarcely fringetl with halni, excepting on tin- fore Ic^^ of the male, where they are thickly clothed. Midillc tiblne anncd Ix-nenth with n (treat many rather recunilxMit. short ami rather >«li-iiilor spines, and at the llpwith rnther long anil stout spurs, clothed with scales nearly to the tl|i. Klp»i joint of tarsi a little longer tlian the three followliiu to);etluT. the socoml ami llfth nlmul e<|Uiil, and lonucr than the third and fourth, which are iijual ; amird lioneath on either side with rather long and slender spines, the apical ones of each Joint a little longer than the othcn ; under «nrfare, exreptlnit of the ba-sal Joint, devoid of scales. ClawK very itmall, conipreAsrd. Iwnl strongly close to the base, beyond nearly straight, tapering, the •pex very Rllghtly hookeent on the fle^hv ti»se-. pnlvlllus minute, projecting. ^' ulnal appendages; upper organ rnther small ; alatlons sulx|uadrate, scpa- rat- -p. tiMud notch, a.s In Thccla. not pointed ; lower edge produced to a bruad. roundiil lappet; arms long and slender, taperlii:; to a line point, strongly re- cur^etl. the apical portion straight ; cla.sps gibbous at luuc, beyond laminate, nttber stoat, tapering to a point. Bgg. Ecbloold shaped, much flattened below, above as In Uranotus or even more strongly convex. The surface covered with coarse, raised, roumled projections, each connected with those around It by a laminate ridge, much the lowest In the middle, and thus forming minute, triangular cells. Inferior surface, except exteriorly, smooth ; aK ■•nddenly stop at t! ■. sunken micropylc, cumpoiied of del -. with slight raised i ucen. CaterpUlai at btrth. Dody shapeil much na In Incisalia. with no sulcation of the dorsal area. Tlie last compound abilomlnal segment somewhat elongated but rounded at the tip. The latcroilopMil series of splcnll f erous hairs consisting of two on each abdominal segincnt, the larger central, the smaller posterior and out-slde of thl-t; the longer hair Is scarcely so long as the height of the iKMly, strongly curved, sweeping upward I •r half the length of one of the segments of the bocbiiu'tterlinge, tunimelt eueh. Von Zwoig zu Zweig 3Iit unsrer Schaar zu spielen Ini kiiblon, Im sauselnden Gestraucli ! ScnuLZE. — Liedder Voglein. These be the pretty genii of the fiow'rs, Daintily fed with honey and pure dew. rioon.— 77(6 Plea of the 3Iidsummcr Fairies. Imago (6: 24, 26). Head covered with moderately long, blackish brown hairs, varied by narrow streaks of wliite scales and hair.s ; eyes encircled with a moderately narrow border of snow white scales, which reach the base of the antennas in front, but fail of reaching it, by the diameter of the bas.il joint, behind : those of eitlier side are nnited by a transverse, slightly curved band of similar scales just above the base of the tongue; the compressed and slightly elevated tuft of hairs on the summit of the head has a median line of slightly longer white or dull white hairs. The b.Tsal joint of the antennae is tightly encircled by a cup of scales, snow white externally and above, dark brown elsewhere; antennae covered with blaclc scales, annulated, on the lower fourth of each joint of the stalk and on the basal three or four joints of the club, with snow white scales ; the edges of tliese annulations are rather even at base, very irregular at apex ; club black with a bronze tinge on the upper surface, mouse brown, most delicately flecked with very short minute gray hairs on the under surface of the male, the Iiase of each joint more or less distinctly banded witli yel- lowish brown, which sometimes expands so as to occupy nearly or quite all of the lower surface ; the whole basal portion of the under surface of the club is profusely flecked with white scales, which run u]) liighest on the outer side ; the terminal three or four joints of both sexes are entirely honey yellow, sometimes slightly infuscated, but at all times have a fulvous appearance to the naked eye. Palpi covered with snow white scales on the inner face and under edge of ba,sal and middle joints, on scarcely so much as the lower half of the outer face of the middle joint, on the base of the upper and sometimes of the inner portion and on the extreme apex of terminal joint, elsewhere with very dark slate brown scales. Tongue luteo-fuscous, edged ex- 810 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. ternally with fuscous, the tip slightly paler; the papillae (61:51) slender, rod-like, slightly largest in the middle, each separated from its neighbor by nearly its own length, about five times as long as broad and shorter than half the maxilla breadth, with six or eight vertical ribs terminating above in long produced points or bristles, as long as the central filament. Thorax entirely covered above with very long, mouse brown hairs, those of the pro- thoracic lobes and patagia tinged faintly with olivaceous, those at the posterior portion of the thorax still more slightly with faint bluish ; beneath covered with sil- very gray hairs. Femora covered with irridescent pearly white and dark brown scales, the former greatly predominating, the latter more prominent next the lower edge; this edge is rather broadly fringed with very long mingled grayish white and brownish hairs, mucli longer on the outer than on the inner half, and decreasing in length toward the apex ; tibiae covered with pearly white scales with intermingled blackisli brown scales, scattered especially upon the upper siirface and forming a rather large patch near the apex; spines black; spurs reddish, tipped with black; tarsi similarly covered above and on the sides with white scales, occasionally relieved by black scales, wiiich, on the upper surface and sometimes on the sides, form black spots situated at the base of each joint and near the apex of the basal joint; they are so large as to leave only a narrow, transverse band of white scales; under surface yellowish brown ; spines black ; claws reddish. Wings above uniform, blackish brown in bred, grayish slaty brown in captured specimens; either with the faintest possible indication of one or two small, submargi- nal.duU orange spots next the anal angle of fore wings (' sod, .\n' second brood must, therefore, appear late in June and in July, and the early appearance of the first brood indicates that the insect probably hibernates in the chrysalis state. As to the haunts of this insect, all (unless the New Jersey specimen, and pei'haps the London, be exceptions) seem to have been taken in mountainous regions. Mr. Saunders took his specimen in a wood ; Mr. Edwards one of his at the bottom of a freshly dug j)ost hole near a hop vine. Mine was taken on a road into a mountain ravine, just before it entered the woods from partially cleared ground. Desiderata. Manifestly we know so little about this insect that every fact about it is desirable; first of all, as a guide to the rest, the food plant of the larva and the number of broods annually. I did not hesitate to sacrifice my specimen to obtain eggs, and placed the creature over wild cherry, where she lived many days without laying, though her abdomen was full of eggs. The distribution and haunts of the insect make it probable that it will be discovered in a line across the country not far from our boundary with Canada, and in the Cordillera region north of Ai'izona. LIST OF ILLUSTBATIONS.-EBOBA LAETA. General. PI. 14, fig. 9. Female, Ijoth surfaces. PI. 23, fig. 2. Distril)utiou in North America. 39 : 17. Neuration. Egg. 55:2. Side view witli head and appen- Pl.Oo, fig. 8. Plain. dages enlarged, and details of the jiniifiQ structure of the legs in the fe- Pl. U, fig. U. Male, upi)er surface. '"''''^- LYCAENINAE: THE GEXUS INCISALIA. 823 INCISALIA MIXOT. Incisniin Miii., ScucUI. syst. rev. Am. Itutt., 31 Lycus (pars) HUbii. Verz. schinett. 74 (1816). (1ST2). " Thecla (pars) Auct. Tupe. — Licus niphon Jfubn. Upon his painted wings, the Ijutterfly Koani'd, a gay blossom of the sunny'sky. Willis G. Clark. Imago (55:1). Mead small, di-nscly clothed with scales and long hairs, arching forward or curving dow-nwaril. Front nearly tlat, very little swollen, but beneath a little tumid, barely surpassing the front of the eyes; above hollowed in a broadi sliallow chaiuiel ilown the front; as broad as the eyes on a front view and varying in height from somewhat less to scarcely more than half as high as broad ; upper border forming a distinct ridge in the middle, its angles considerably hollowed in front of the antennae ; lower border strongly and rather squarely arched. Vertex almost per- fectly flat, with a slightly raised ridge at the outer hinder portion of each antenna, and separated from the occiput by a very conspicuous, straight, transverse channel, deepest in the middle. Eyes rather large and full, rather densely pilose with moderate hairs, .\ntennae inserted with their hinder edge in the middle of the summit, separated by a space equ.al to or rather larger than the diameter of the second antenna! joint, the basal joint nalced ; considerably longer than the abdomen, composed of thirty-two or thirty-three joints, of which from fourteen to sixteen form the club, which is elon- gated, cylindrical, depressed a little, nearly equal for most of its length, increasing in size only at its first two or three joints and on the last four or five diminishing rather gradually to a bluntly pointed apex, the apical joint being exceedingly minute ; it is fully throe times as broad as the stalk and about five times as long as broad. Palpi slender, about half as long again as the eye, the terminal joint about three-quarters as long as the penultimate and clothed with recumbent scales and a few hairs, the other joints furnished profusely with large, long scales projecting on the under surface but surpassed by a moderately heavy fringe of long hairs, all compressed in a vertical plane. Patagia small, exceedingly long and slender, arched, and, excepting next theboi-ders, tumid, a little more tlian three times as long as broad, the inner border nearly straight , the basal half narrowing slightly, the apical half equal, less than half as broad as the broadest portion, and terminating in a well rounded apex. Fore wings (39 : 13) about three-fourths as long again as broad, the costal margin roundly and pretty strongly bent at a short distance from the base, beyond that straight, very slightly curved l)ackward at the tip, the outer angle scarcely rounded ; outer margin very slightly and regularly rounded, just above the middle of the wing a little full in the J , its general direction at an angle of about sixty or seventy degrees with the middle of the costal border; the inner margin straight, its outer angle slightly rounded; costal nervure terminating a little beyond the tip of the cell; subcostal with three superior branches, the first arising at or a little beyond the middle of the upper border of the cell ; the second, two-thirds the distance from there to the origin of the third, which arises just before the apex of tlie cell ; the main vein beyond the origin of the third is curved downward to meet the cross vein, either slightly and then continues in a straight course ( ? ), or pretty strongly and then springs back to resume its former straight course ($) ; the cross vein is very feelily developed es- pecially below ; cell a little less than half as long as the wing and about three times as long as broad. Hind wings with the costal margin strongly convex next the base, beyond nearly straight, outer angle varial)le, outer margin well rounded, very slightly prominent in the naiddlc of the median region, at least in the ? , the tips of the middle and lower 824 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. median iicrvules more or less slightly ami roundly iiroduced. Inner border rather stron-rly and regularly rounded, just before the tip considerably and roundly cniargl- nate, leaving a rounded lobe at the tip, directed inward. Sul)niedian nervure ter- ininatinj^ on tlie outer border, just beyond the anal angle ; internal nervure terminating just beyond the middle of the inner border. .■Vndroconia ril)bon-like, neai'ly equal throughout, with truncate apex, rounded at the angles, the base slightly lobed and tlie stem very short. Fore tibiae about llve-sLxths the length of the hind tibiae, the tarsi equalling or exceeding the tibiae In length; the last tarsal joint either resembles the same part in tlie other legs ( ? ) ; or It Is small, tapering, curved and bears at its tip only a p.air of nearly straight spines, the continuation of the row at the sides and is covered above with very short and close hairs {S ) \ otherwise, and excepting that in both sexes the tibial spurs are naked, these legs agree with tiie others. Femora ratlicr thinly (fore femora tliickly) fringed with very long hairs, especially in the male. Middle tibiae scarcely or not at all exceeding the hind tibiae in length, armed at the tip with a pair of rather long spurs, clothed with scales nearly to the tip. First joint of tarsi equal to the rest together (that of the hind leg tumid In the male), the others nearly equal, the second and fifth largest and equal, armed profusely on eitlier side beneath with rather long, not very slender spines, the apical one on either side of each joint a little longer than the others; under surface of all the joints but the Iwsal devoid of scales; claws small, compressed, strongly bent, with a curve at the middle, tapering, finely pointed ; paronychia simple, nearly as long as the claw, broad and heavy, nearly equal ; puhillus minute, projecting. Male abdominal appendages : upper organ rather large, but the alations rather small, separated, as viewed above, by a deep notch which is scarcely pointed at the extreme base ; neai'ly circular, furnished with strongly recurved lateral arms which scarcely taper excepting at the finely pointed tip ; clasps nearly straight, conical, rather rapidly and regularly tapering to a very finely drawn point, their lower edges sub- connate nearly throughout. Egg. Very depressed, echlnold-shaped, as broad at summit as at base, studded pro- fusely with prominent tubercles, each connected by six raised ridges to the neighbor- ing prominences, disposed with considerable regularity in rows, but confused above, and with cells of lesser size. Micropyle rosette sunken but very little, rather large, composed of nearly uniform cells divided by slightly raised lines. Caterpillar at birth. Head pretty well rounded, broadest and scarcely angular at the middle of the upper two-thirds, slightly broader than high. Body largest on the thorax, nearly equal on the abdomen as far as the posterior third, where It tapers to a rounded tip; flattened beneath a great deal, above flattened or hollowed a very little, the sides apparently sloping or even hollowed, the lower margin laterally pro- duced; abdomen furnished with a laterodorsal series of very elevated slender warts, nearly uniform in thickness, two on each segment, emitting very long, erect hairs, curving pretty strongly, the convexity forwards, tapering and very minutely splcu- liferous, giving the hair a frosted appearance under the lens; In the same series, im- mediately below. Is an anteriorly placed small wart, one on each segment, bearing a backward directed stout hair, rather short, equal or a very little larger at apex that at base, the apex rounded and the apical half minutely splcullferous. On the second and third tlioracic segments all these hair-bearing warts become more and more distant from each other and are placed side by side Instead of in a line ; and on the second segment there Is also a similar subdorsal pair. In addition, on the swollen basal fold of the body, there is another compound ventrostlgmatal series of similar but not quite so elevated warts, bearing straight, tapering, smooth, laterally directed hairs; tliere Is flrst a row of shorter hairs placed anteriorly, one to each segment; next and very close to it a row of hairs as long as the dorsal ones, one to a segment, placed centrally, and close to it a row of long hairs, two to each segment placed at equal distances from the edges of the segments ; these are continued thickly all around the edge of the last abdominal segment. Besides tlie hair-bearing warts there is a LYCAENINAE: THE GENUS INCISALIA. 825 series of lateral orsupralatoral leiiticlcs of a pretty larjrc size though but little elevated, two to n segiueiit, oue larger anterior ami a little higher than the other; the first tho- racic segment bears a transverse anterior row of ten or twelve warts emitting long curving hairs and a laterodorsal pair of similar ones, all about half as long as the abdominal dorsal ones. Legs not very long, pretty slender, tapering regularly, the claws moderate in Icngtli, tapering, very little curved. Chrysalis. Viewed from above tlie outline of the body is slender, sul)pyriforra, hardly twice as long as broad, scarcely and very broatUy lioUoweil along the posterior half of the thorax, the basal wing promineiues scarcely perceptible, very broadly rounded in front, still more so behind. Viewed laterally, the hollowing between thorax and abdomen is very slight and gradual ; the thorax is highest and equal on the posterior third, the front portion curving downward in the arc of a circle whose rsidius is about half as long as the body; the abdomen is highest and slightly higher than the thorax on the third segment, though scarcely higher than those in front on the suc- ceeding two, their curve being very broad and low ; behind, the abdomen falls in a very rapid curve, the whole of the eighth and nintli segmiMits being nearly perpendicular, making the posterior curve of the body much more abrupt than the anterior. Trans- versely the middle of the thorax has an elevated arch, the sides obliquely compressed above and scarcely hollowed, the ridge well rounded; transversely the abdomen is very regularly arched, forming a nearly exact semicircle perhaps a very little com- pressed; half of the tongue exposed, the Inner sides of the legs separated by it; basal wing prominence consisting of an exceedingly slight, low, broad, roundish elevation. Whole body covered equally with an interlacing, delicate, but very distinct network of raised lines, their points of intersection not raised but frequently enlarged and form- ing small round warts, similar to those wliich in the cells support the short spiculif- erotis hairs ; the latter are of equal length over all the body. Hooklets short and very slender, the stem nearly equal and slightly curved, the expanded portion four times as broad as the stem, transversely ov,l><><); iil|ibuii Iiuiiit(It (lUrrt*); lomlnl rldii cicuililrr); lli" plnr Tn. AilK l'>-|inl, |.! " : " ■ '■ M li., .-■ iMil. Sjul. rev. 1 . . S. Y. - \ '.!•., Dniw. Iii>. <»»., IT:i-t:'>: xs\: »l, tali. ; .. iiij .Can. ver. III. K. A. L«p., pi. 18, M m:., k. I'. I"-. I ■ I.-. ., !■' Ii. II ■•. lMi-r. Whalliaiiil woulil enuli the ullkrii-wlnirml flr, I • ■ ■ • ^• • ■ Ititoiii. r. \\ loiiiiiiloniir Nul (111. SlIKI.I.KY. An Piiilx^iiol i.n< /I- It i'i:i> . Silts. IlKMAN.t. ImjiKO f 6 : SI . i.\ ; 13 : I ' . Ilcml rovf-ntl with nixt-rctl xcaloti niul hair*, the occlpnt .. ■ I v... I.y -"line <'! lliv l>n...Al »iit<-iiiinl Joiiii, III)- two lij n imrrow lliio of tiilii;;li-il wliUc \-: > 'lilt of aiitonnnc hInrkNh lirowii. iinkiMJ, <>xposiMl : Htnlk ...,. .. .til ycllowlBh l)r«iw II. t-ncli Joint ciirlrcli'il very nnrrowly >v white !icalo!t, which on the under Inner slili- expand Into a con- S-i'ty blackluli l>r<>%vn. the lant three or four Jnlntii ^ Ith ferriiKlnou.H. nnil nt the lin.->e fuml^iheil with nn Ills iif pnlpi uniformly coviT' K n|{ and delicate dnti ntlraccoiis xreeii hnirs, brownish on |Mir portion, the patoffla incontiplciiou.ilr odi;c4l with wliltUh ' ' ■• •• T'lornx N profini'ly cloilied ^li niid fernit!iiioii?i liairs. ] ' ■ ' V •niiti . claw!t Inli-on.t, black tlp|»-d. \V ...■^ ^.--y brown witli a ferniulnouul I oinirai k»ni that It «»'••> t.i.i...|. 830 THK HUrrERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. edged with black, the iierviiles frequently black tipped; the fringe of the fore wings is blackish brown, interrupted .at the middle of the interspaces with dull white, toward which tlie blackish scales become lishter colored ; the fringe of the hind wing is longest and blackish at the nervule tips, elsewhere dull white, overlaitl on tlie basal two-fifths with dark Ijrown scales, sometimes tinged in part, especially in the female, with ferruginous ; inner edge of hind wings with intermingled slate brown and pale hairs. Discal spot on the fore wings of male very small and very inconspicuous, nearly obovate, the ends not quite fully rounded, 1.5 mm. long, twice as long as broad, dark grayish brown. Costal margin of hind wings straight, the outer angle broadly rounded, the outer margin regularly rounded, the rounded projection of the lower median nervule scarcely larger than that of the middle nervule, both distinct. Beneath : /ore lOinf/.s yellowish brown, fuliginous beneath the median nervure; two transverse bars of dark cinnamon brown cross the cell, the inner slightly bordered interiorly with black, tlie outer edged with a few white scales; an irregular, broken, dark cinnamon brown band, edged externally by a slender line of black scales, bor- dered conspicuously with white, crosses the wing, with a general direction subparallel to the outer border, at less than half the distance from the middle to the outer edge of the wing; from the costal border to the median nervure it is irregular in direction and has a slightly inward course, striking the latter just beyond the middle of the upper branch ; in the median interspaces it consists of two lunules opening inward, the inte- rior border of tlie upper arising beyond the exterior border of the upper portion of the band, the exterior border of the lower generally starting from the interior border of the upper; when the band crosses tlie medio-submedian interspace, which it seldom does, its upper extremity is distant from the lower end of the lunule above by the width of the interspace at this point; a sul)marginal row of small black sagittate spots, one in each interspace, is situated in a slender stripe of cinnamon scales, between which and the cinnamon line forming the border, the space is filled with pearly roseate scales, interrupted, beyond the middle, by an inconspicuous, irregular, cinnamon line, outside of which the scales are more pearly than roseate, and inside of which more roseate than pearly; some of the scales in the upper half of the wing, between the sagittate spots and the median band, and even sometimes as far as the inner discal bar, are tinged with roseate; these markings vary a good deal and are frequently blurred by a general sufl'usion of colors ; fringe like the upper surface, with the white more conspicuous. Hind unngs with an exceedingly broad, dark cinnamon brown band, generally much darker toward the edges, crossing the wing before the middle; exteriorly it is narrowly bordered, on all the transverse portions of the boun- dary, with black, surmounted by white; the interior border crosses the wing irregu- larly, anterior to the first divarication of the median nervure, and is broken at the subcostal nervure ; the exterior border crosses the wing in an exceedingly irregular course : starting at the costal border but a short distance beyond the first divarication of the subcostal nervure, it crosses the next interspace, between the subcostal nervules, midway Ijetween the divarication and the outer border; in crossing the two succeed- ing interspaces it turns inward again, until it reaches the median nervure; here it again turns suddenly outward and crosses the two median interspaces in a straight line at right angles to them, and reaches the lower nervule at a point midway between its origin and termination ; here the band suddenly diminishes one-half in width and the border crosses the remaining two interspaces in two undulations, the latter ex- tending furthest outward. Within the band the vein closing the cell is bordered on eitlier side by a line of black scales, sometimes confluent, inconspicuous when the Imiid is uniformly dark; inwardly the base of the wing is filled with a mixture of black, l)rown, dark orange, white and roseate pearly scales, forming irregular, dark and roseate patches ; outwardly the band is bordered by another much narrower but consitlerable band of dark fulvous and pale roseate scales, the latter predominating, giving it a gray appearance; its outer limit is marked by an extremely zigzag, some- times slender, sometimes conspicuous line of black scales, most conspicuous and ex- tending nearest the border in the median interspaces, in each of which it forms a a- LYCAKNINAK: IXCIS.VLIA Ml'IlOX. 831 Beyond this the wins is ilark ciiuianioii 1'1'1. II, tig. 8, incd. "So Spring returns, and, with her, Love, Whom small sweet larks in heaven ahove, Coy huttei'tly, coo-cooing dove, Fund youth and maid; Ay, all glad hearts are telling of, But nnne," he said. Gkwrs.— The Cliffs of Olendore. Pretty flower that .June remembers Blossom that July forgets. A. R. GROTB. Imago (6 : 19, 22). Head covered above and behind with long, overarching, coarse, brazen t.awny hairs, with a few scattered white ones ; in front with black scales, inter- spersed sparsely with dark brownish red hairs ; a rather broad band of snow white scales encircles the eye and basal antennal joint, excepting the back of the antennae; it is slender in front of and above the antennae, and the two are nearly connected by a similar band just above the tongue. Basal joint of antennae naked, blackish; stalk and base of club black, conspicuously annulated with white at the base of each joint, more broadly beneath than above, extending in a confluent, angulated streak over the whole under surface of the base of the club, and sometimes prolonged delicately to the colored tip; rest of club dark velvety brown, the terminal two or three joints luteous. Basal and middle joints of palpi gr.ay, with intermingled black and white scales, greatly elongated into a tuft, frequently with an infusion of long, luteo-ferru- ginous scales, the black scales the longer; above, and also the terminal joint black, with but few intermingled white scales ; extreme tip white. Thorax covered above with exceedingly long, fine, tow-colored hairs, sometimes tinged with a very pale greenish blue, the patagla with very pale brown, dull hoary and a few scattered dull ferruginous scales ; beneath, covered profusely with moder- ately long, hoary hairs, with some interrupted, short, brownish ones. Legs blackish or dark brown, the femora almost entirely concealed by a profusion of snow white scales and tufts of rather long, white, and testaceous hairs on the under border, the tibiae with a similar covering of white scales, especially on the inner side, but less frequent, the outer side having generally one or more distinct dark patches ; tibiae above with a slender annulation of white scales at the tip of each joint and a few scattered scales in the middle of the upper surface of the basal joint ; beneath yel- lowish brown ; spines black ; claws dark reddish yellow. Wings uniform dark, glossy, slate brown, with a very faint olivaceous reflection; either occasionally the base of the costal border of the fore wings, more or less of the anal angle, and sometimes the tip of the lower median nervule of the hind wings tinged delicately and faintly with ferruginous {$)■■, or, occasionally, the base of the costal border of the fore wings, and more or less of the centre of the outer half of both wings (on the hind wings especially toward the anal area) tinged distinctly but rather delicately with tawny ferruginous, the veins blackish ( $ ) ; fringe dark brown, with a central whitish line, most conspicuous near anal angle of hind wings, the darker parts sometimes interrupted with whitish at the interspaces, and especially on the upper half of fore wings ; internal border of hind wings with a fringe of pale browTi hairs, tawny at the anal angle; discal spot of fore wings of male very long (1.75-3 mm.), three or four times as long as broad, subfusiform, rounded at either end, blackish brown. The upper half of the cross vein connecting the first and second in- ferior subcostal nervules of the fore wings is bent strongly inward In passing upward, partaking to a certain extent the downward curve of the veins at this point, seen in the male. Costal margin of hind wings slightly concave, its outer angle abrupt, scarcely rounded, the outer border slightly and roundly angulated in the middle, even 836 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. in the male, the projection of the mkUllc median ncrvnle exceedingly slight, that of the lower median nervule distinct. Beneath; /ore wings lighter or darlicr grayisli tawny brown, made up of a mix. ture of tawny, very i)ale greenish and dark violaceous brown scales, tlie last predominating next the base, the first upon the apical lialf, the pale scales mainly scattered among the tawny ones ; below tlie median nervnre it is duller colored ; there is sometimes a faint dusky bar at the extremity of the discoidal cell; about tvvo-Ofths the distance from this bar to the outer border, subparallel to the latter, and extending over the brighter part of the wing is a narrow, transverse, irregu- lar, white and black stripe (the inner side black, the outer white), which is some- times continuous, but below the tipper median nervule is usually broken into short streaks, each crossing an interspace, and placed alternately a little within and a little without the geiier.al direction of the stripe; there is a narrow marginal, deeper cinna- mon tawny baud, occasionally made hoary by abundant pearly scales, often enclosing small, darker spots or longitudinal streaks in the interspaces, followed by a slender, indistinct line of paler scales, and again by a Ijand similar to the marginal band, but narrower, not so dark, and surmounted in each interspace by a small, often obsolete and usually indistinct, blackish, sagittate spot; fringe white, interrupted broadly at the nervure tips with black, edged at the extreme base with bluish black scales. Sind icings witli a very broad, nearly uniform, very dark reddish brown band in the basal half of the wing, composed of very dark purplish brown, ferrugiuous and violaceous, or pearly, or even occasionally bright green scales, the first predominating; tlie inte- rior edge of the band is always inconspicuous and frequently obliterated ; when pres- ent, it is indicated bj' the slightly paler base and occasionall.y l)y a line of darker scales, sometimes parti.ally lined with whitish ; it starts from the inner border, mid- way between the exterior edge of tlie baud and the base of the wing, and extends in a line parallel to the border as far as the median nervure, where it beuds at right angles, and terminates on the costal margin : the exterior limit of the band is more irregular, but preserves the same general direction ; it is marked by a narrow edging of white scales, which is sometimes wholly or partially obsolete, especially in the middle por- tion, and sometimes is preceded inconspicuously by a slender line of black scales; it starts from the costal border at about threc-tifths tlie distance from the base of the wing, crosses the first interspace at right angles to the border, and is almost always bordered more conspicuously with white at this point ; here it is broken and crosses the upper subcostal interspace in the same direction, but farther removed from tlie base of the wing by about the width of an interspace at this point ; the succeeding interspace is crossed in continuation of the primary course of the band and the line is then usually bent at an angle, with a straight course, but sometimes curved or even bent toward the tip of the lowest median nervule, where it reaches its greatest out- ward extension in crossing at right angles the upper median interspace at about three- fifths tlie distance from the base of the wing; from here it passes toward the inner border over the two succeeding interspaces, usually in a scries of descending steps; and then by a slight outward curve reaches the inner border a little before the tip of the abdomen. Beyond this is a paler band, as broad as the interspaces, made up of a mixture of pale slate and tawny scales, the portion on the lower half of the wing usually more or less brightened by an admixture of white scales ; the outer border of this baud, especially on the upper half of the wing, is ill-defined, but when most dis- tinct consists of a row of blackish or dark reddish brown zigzags in each interspace, sometimes reduced to a series of spots or dots, subparallel to the outer margin of the wing; th.at in the interspace next the inner margin consists of an oblique dash edging the upper portion of the angular excision on the inner margin of the wing and is met by a similar one edging the lower portion of the same, and which is limited exteriorly bove by a few long white scales. Beyond this b.and the wing is dark reddish brown, made up of dark tawny scales, frequently with a few intermingled green ones, and obscured and rendered hoary by cloudy, scattered pearly scales, which are almost confined to the lower two-thirds of the wing, but are usually absent from a small spot LYCAENINAE: INCISAI.IA lULS. 837 In the lower submeil inn iiitorspjioc, ami partiiiUy so in a sorics of obscnre marginal spots; frequently the lioary iiiarkinjrs of the posterior half of thewinjr are limiteil by a nearly straight line, formed by the lower half of the outer margin of the broad band and its continuation; outer edge marlw pine trees ; but Mr. Lintncr, who has found it so abundant near Albany, says it can be swept from its rest on the hot sandy road, though "the nude was often taken while resting on bushes by the road side." In Hight it is ordinarily the least active of tlie Theclidi, for, though when alarmed or aroused by the presence of a companion of its own kind it can show as great activity as any, its ordinary movements, along the sandy roads it loves to frequent, are ratiier sluggish than brisk and nervous, and in keeping with tliis it hugs the ground or Hies just on a level with the tops of the low whortleberries ; and even when disturbed rarely rises above one's head. When quiet, the wings are elevated and closely appresscd ; the wings arc very apt to be a little inclined, the bent j)ortion of the hind pair rest- ing flat upon the ground. Like the other species of the genus, it rubs the hind wings together, but when completely at rest, all the portion of the fore wings below the lowest median nervule is concealed by the hind wings. The antennae are straight, — excepting the vertical bend at the base, — almost parallel with the body, but turned slightly downward and divergent at an anfflc of about 100.° Desiderata. Our know-ledge of the distribiition of this insect, espec- ially in the west and along our northern boundary, leaves nnich to be desired, especially in view of the captures at Canmore and Vancouver. Considering the length of time the female is upon the wing, we need to enquire especially during how extended a period the eggs arc deposited ; and the time when the larva matures is equally unascertained for the north. We need further notes upon the haunts of the buttei-fly and the variation of the larva, as well as a full knowledge of its fooil plants ; it is hardly probable that it is confined to plum, and the indications of Abbot and Lintncr should be regarded. No parasites are known. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— INCISALIA IBUS. General. Chrysalis. PI. 23, fig. 4. Distribution in North America. PI. 84, fi^. 2G. .Side view enlarged. Effff. 32. Dorsal view. PI. 65, fig. 9. Colored. 33, 34. .Side views. 10. Plain. Imago. 61^ : 8. Micropyle. PI. C. fig. 19. Male, upper surface. Caterpillar. 22. Female, both surfaces. PI. 75. figs. 22. 23, 28. Full grown. 34:22. Male abdominal appendages. 79:42. Front view of head, first stige. 46:25. Androconium. io6 842 TlIK BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. INCISALIA AUGUSTUS— The brown elfin. [The brown eltin (Scudder); brown streaked butterfly (Maynard).] Thecla augustus Kirb., Faun. bor. amir., Incisalia aurjustus'}iUn.,ii<:\iA>i. Sy.st. rev. iv:29S, pi. 3,figs. 4-5(1837);— Morr., Syn. Lcp. Amer. butt., 31-32 (1872) ;— Scudd., Geol. N. N. Aiuer. 103 "(1862) ;— Harr., Ins. inj.'veg., 3d H., i ; 356-357 (1874) ; Butt., 129-130, 308, fig. 123 ed.,flg.l08oup.279 (1862);— G rote-Rob., Tran.s. (1881). Anier. ent. soc, i: 175-176 (1807);— Fern., Thecla auyustinim Westw., Gen. diurn. Butt. Me., 81-82 (1884) ;— Frenrh, Butt. east. U. Lep., ii : 4.86 (1852). S., 272 (1886);— Mayn., Butt. N. E., .36, pi. 5, Thecla irioides Boisd., Ann. Soe. ent. fr., figs. 44, 44a (1886) ;— Fyles, Can. out., .\i.\: (2) x: 289-290 (1852);— H. Edw.,Pac. coast 147 (1887). " Lep., 130 [27: 2] (1878). Thecla augustus var. irioides Scudd., Bull. Bufl'. soc. nat. sc, iii: 104 (1876). Figured by Glover, 111. N. A. Lep., pi. 28, Thecla augustus var. cmesinides Scudd., figs. 12, 13; pi. 38, fig. 8, ined. Bull. Buft'. soc. nat. sc, iii: 104 (187G). These gay idlers, the butterflies. Broke, to-day, from their winter shroud, These soft airs, that winnow the skies. Blow, just born, from the soft, white cloud. Bryant.— TAe Neio and the Old. When daisies pied and violets blue And lady-smocks all silver-white And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue Do paint the meadows with delight. Shakespeare.— ioije's Labour's Lost. Imago (6 : 25 ; 13 : 3). Front and summit of head covered with rufous hairs, those upon the summit slaty brown at base; eyes encircled, except at summit, by a slender row of white scales, intermixed with some slate brown scales, extending in front to the summit of the basal antenual joint and sometimes terminating behind in some rufous scales ; these rows arc not connected above the mouth by a similar band. Basal joint of antennae reddish brown, with a few white scales posteriorly ; stalk of antennae blackish, with snow white annulations at the base of each joint, especially broad beneath, where they occupy nearly half of the joint; at the base of the club, beneath, the white scales coalesce and form a large patch, extending about one-third w.ay up the club; club blackish or blackish brown, the apical and penultimate joints honey yellow and sometimes one or two of the following joints are partially discolored with the same. Bas.al and middle joints of palpi tufted with a grayish mixture of white, rufons and blackish brown elongated scales, the first predominating; terminal joint clothed with blackish brown scales, and excepting upon the upper surface, with a few scattered white scales, especially on the inside. Tongue pale testaceous at base, dusky beyond. Thorax covered above with long, soft, delicate, dark mouse brown hairs; patagia with scales and hairs of similar color mingled with some of a pale tint ; beneath, the tho- rax is covered with grayish hairs, intermingled at the sides with many rufous hairs _ Femora covered on either side with pearly scales and beneath clothed with long gray and brown hairs, the latter most abundant on the hind pair; tibiae and tarsi covered with dark brown scales having a purplish reflection, the tibiae with a few inter- sprinkled white scales especially on the fore legs, on the inner side of which they pre- dominate, and on the outer side of which they form two transverse lines crossing the leg at the middle and apex of the tibiae; the tarsi are also banded conspicuously with white at the apex of each joint; beneath they are yellowish brown ; claws dark reddish. Wings above dark soft slate brown, with very slight and delicate, dark, brassy green reflections, especially in sunshine, either occasionally ( J ) or usually ( ? ) with a slight LYCAKNINAK: INCISALIA AUGUSTUS. 843 tinge of dull fcrriisiiioiis next the anal angle of the hind wings; the female also pos- sesses a few bright ferruginous or orange scales jnst beyonil the apex of the discoidal cell of tlie fore wings, ami has the wliole upper surface of the wings occasionally tinged in the very slightest possil)le degree with dull ferruginous; wings all edged delicately with black; liind pair freiiuently witli a line of greenish pearly scales seated upon tlie outer margin, from the tip of tlie lower median nervule to the anal angle; basal half of the fringe blackish brown, apical half pearly white on the fore wings, Interrupted at tlie nervure tips with blackish brown ; on the hind wings similar, but with the white scales extensively supplanted by blackish ones. Discal dash on fore wings of male of medium size, 1.9 mm. long, obovate, broadly rounded at the tips, fully twice as long as broad, composed of blackish brown scales. Costal border of hind wings straight or slightly rounded, its outer angle very broadly rounded, the enter border rather regularly rounded (scarcely less so in the female), the projections of the median nervules very slight. Beneath : base of the fore iriiiys, as far as tlie transverse stripe, reddish tawny with a few dull slate brown scales scattered near the subcostal nervure; the parts covered by the hind wings dull slate colored; beyond the transverse stripe ocliraceous, a few paler scales scattered upon the upper half. The transverse stripe crosses the wing subparallel to the outer border, at about two-thirds the distance from the base to the outer border and consists of a narrow band of blackish, or very dark reddish brown scales, sometimes bordered exteriorly, more or less distinctly, with white; it is irregular in direction and varies considerably in different individuals; usually it is nearly straight with an angular bend inward between the subcostal and median iier- vnres ; about midway between it and the outer border is a series of blackish inter- spaceal dots. Mind icings crossed in the middle by an irregular line of blackisli scales, preserving a general course subparallel to the outer border, occasionally, and espec- ially near the margins, bordered exteriorly with white; it starts on the costal margin at about three-fifths the distance from the base and crosses the first interspace in a straiglit line ; next it follows the nervure outwardly for an equal distance and then crosses the next interspace at a right angle ; from here it sweeps around by a deep inward curve to an equal distance outward at the upper median nervure and, having crossed two interspaces at right angles to the nervures, is bent considerably inward again and seeks the inner border, where, after sometimes suffering a slight outward bend, it terminates at about the tip of tlie abdomen; within this median line the wing is filled with blackish purple and bright cinnamon red, the former predominating next the median line and upon the outer lower half and frequently bordering the extremity of the cell, the whole specked with scattered very pale purplisli scales ; out- side of it, broadly toward the costal, narrowly toward the inner margin, the wing is ochraceons next the stripe, merging gradually into reddish tawny, with which the outer margin is broadly bordered, especially next the anal angle; the whole of this space is also sparsely flecked with very pale purplish scales, and contains, midway between the median line and the outer border (nearer the median line on the lower half) and mostly or entirely in the ochraceons space, a series of minute interspaceal blackish spots, which are frequently seated upon paler ochraceons spots and normally form sagittate cappings to thera ; In the middle of the excision of the inner border, at the very margin, are a few wliite scales and the marginal row of white scales seen on the upper surface next the anal angle is repeated beneath; the outer margin is deli- cately bordered by a broken line of blackish scales; fringe of both wings very similar to that of the upper surface, blackish purple at the anal angle; the excision of the inner margin of the hind wings is fringed with long white hairs. Occasionally the whole under surface of the wings is suflused with a purplish light. Abdomen covered above and at sides with purplish brown scales, mingled with some pale slate brown scales next the thorax; beneath with grayisli hoary scales. Edges of the notch of the upper organ of male (24 : 32) separated; the alations slightly sinuous ; lower posterior angle of alations produced to a sharply pointed inconspicuous triangu- lar lobe; b.asal half of upper edge of clasps a little rounded. 844 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Measurements iu millimetres. MALES. 1 FEMAI-BS. Length of tongue, -l.So mm. Siuiillest. Average. Largest. Smallest. Average. Largest. 11.75 6.3 12. 6.3 i. 2.5 13. 6.75 11.75 6.75 12.5 7. 4. 2.5 13. 7.25 hind tibiae :iml tarsi., fore tibiae and tarsi.. Described from 29 3 , in 9 . Secondary sexual peculiarities. For the male stitjraa, see the description of the fore winss. The scales (46; 24) found in the stiarma are much longer and slenderer than in the other species, Ijeing about six titnes longer than broad, nearly equal, with slightly rounded quadrangular ends. Geographical variation. The form I. a. irioides, found on the Pacific Coast and looked on by many as a distinct species, diHers but slightly though with apparently constancy from the eastern type. It is slightly the larger, never has the median stripe of the under surface of the hind wings bordered with white, and lacks generally the depth of tint upon the basal half of the under surface of the Mud wings found in the eastern type; while the male has a slightly smaller discal stigma and the female nearly the whole upper surface of the wings distinctly suffused with dull ferruginous. Caterpillar. Last stage. "Carmine red, covered with very short hair, each seg- ment involute above, with deep double foveae" (H. Edwards). Length, 12.7 mm. (Nevada specimens). Chrysalis. "Pitchy brown, covered with very short bristly hair; ... wing-cases paler." Length, 10 mm. (H.Edwards). The chrysalis differs strikingly from I. nlphon in the absence of piceous blotches covering nearly the whole ground. In place of these are a few small, circular, blackish fuscous spots sparsely scattered over the body, on the abdomen accompanied on each side by two rows of slightly larger and more distinct spots, an infralateral central row and a laterostigmatal post-central row, each with one spot to a segment. The tracery of raised lines is obscurely fuscous, more delicate than in I. niphon. The hairs are black and rather more sparsely dis- tributed than in I. niphou, and the spiracles inconspicuous from being concolorons with the surroundings. (Nevada specimen.) Distribution (23:5). The distribution of this insect seems to l)e somewhat peculiar, as our map makes clear. Apparently reaching its maximum of development in New England, it occurs also in the Canadian fauna even as far as Cumberland House on the Saskatchewan, nearly in the centre of the continent, and has been described from California as a dis- tinct species of the Pacific coast ; it has also been found in Arizona (P>lwards), Utah (Palmer) and even in Colorado. Notwithstanding its occurrence in California and Colorado, it has not otherwise been reported in the United States west of New York (Albany, Lintner), but it follows the Appalachian chain to West Virginia. A specimen in the Yale Col- lege museum. No. 17G2, is credited to the District of Columbia (Dodge). North of our boundary it occurs as far east as Halifax, N. S. "not uncom- mon" (Jones) and has been taken at Quebec (Bowles), Bergerville (Fyles), Montreal (Caulfield), and even at London, Out. (Saunders) ; the western type occurs on the Saskatchewan as stated and at Vancouver Island (Fletcher). In New England it is widely distributed and will probably be found in al)iiiidance over all tiie wilder portion. The northernmost point from LYCAENINAK: INCISALIA AUGUSTUS. 845 wliieli it li;isi been n!j)orted is Norway "very coiiiiiioii" (Siiiitli), anil it it* also toiiiul at Orono, Me. (Fertiulil). It liay l)eoii taken in Milt'ord, N. II. "ratiier coniuiou" ( Wiiitney). In Massacliusettfi it has been found by many ol)servers in several j)Iaees near Boston, and is by no means rare ; it has also been taken in Andover (Merrill, Alcott, Sanborn, Scudder), Mount Tom and other rocky liills near Springfield (Dimmock), Middle- boro (Ilambly) and East Fabnonth on Cape Cod (Fish) ; a sinule male was taken at New Haven, Conn. (Smith. Mns. ^ ale College;, and 1 liave found it abundant on Nantneket. Food plant of caterpillar. The t'ood plant is unknown. Mrs. Ed- wards found her speeiiiiens ••crawling n[)on bare granite rocks, near patches of Seduni." I am satisfied that the caterpillar found by me on Vaccinium and formerly referred to this species does not belong here. Haunts. The l)uttei-fly ])refers rocky heaths where Vaccinium and other low shrubs grow in patches. It often flies in company with Cyani- ris pseudargiolus lucia, and is fond of alighting upon rocks or upon dead twigs lying on the ground. Mr. Faxon also says it is partial to the mouse ear ( Antennaria) . Life history. The butterfly is single brooded and generally makes its appearance toward the end of April or very early in ]May : in northern localities, about the middle of May; it always precedes I. irus by a few days in places where both occur ; occasionally it is found shortly after the middle of April and generall}' begins to be abundant during the first week in May ; it continues to fly during this month and rubbed specimens are occasionally found during the first half of June. ]\Ir. Bowles has even taken it in Quebec late in June. It lays its eggs in the latter half of j\Iay, and the caterpillar probably attains maturity in the latter part of June ; ]\Irs. H. Edwards obtained two fully grown on July 12 at Summit Sta- tion in the Sierra Nevada, which went into chrysalis July 15 and 17 ; the chrysalis then remains unchanged until spring. Habits, flight and postures. It invariably flies very low, even thougii alarmed, seldom rising inor(^ than a foot or two from the ground. Its natural movement is rather feeble, slow and fluttering ; it flies onh » ' a short distance and frequently alights. But when two come together, their flight is quite bewildering, circling about each other as they do with such rapidity tiiat the eye can scarcely follow them. It is very fond of alighting u[)on dead twigs, and one can but notice at such a time how closely the colors of the under siu-face, as it sits with erect wings, resemble those of a dead leaf or stick ; indeed, the apj)ear- ance of the butterfly when the woods are still bare of leafage seems to render such a protective resemblance the more important to it. On alighting, the butterfly at once begins rubbing the upraised hind winis backward and forward over each other, their extremities moving 846 THK BUTTERFLIES OF NEW KX(iLANI). over a space equal to about a f'ourtli or a fif'tli of their w idtli ; the insect frequently sidles about — even during this action — witli a twitching move- ment, as if seeking a suitable place of rest, though this is done Avithout reference to the sun. Desiderata. This insect has never been reared and the egg and early stages of the larva as well as its habits arc quite unknown. Even the food plant has yet to be found, for the only caterpillars we know were found full fed on the rocks. One should watch the action of the females during June, especially about Ericaceae or Ilosaceae, which are perhaps more likely than other plants to prove its food. Our knowledge of the geographical distribution of the butterfly leaves much to be desired, for on account of its early flight and easy disguise it has, no doubt, been over- looked in many localities where it occurs. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.—INCISALIA AUGUSTUS. General. P]. 34:32. Male abdominal appendages. PI. 23, fig. 5. Di3tril)Htion in North America. 46, fig. 24. Androconiiim. Imago. 65:1. Side view with head and appen- Pj. 6, fig. 25. Female, l)Oth surfaces. dages enlarged, and details of the struc- 13:3. Both surfaces. ture of the legs. URANOTES SCUDDER. Uranotes 8cudd., Bull. Buft'. soc. nat. sc, iii: Theela par.s Auctorum. 107 (1S7G). (Not Calliparaea Bon., 1851.) Callipareus Scudd., Syst. rev. butt., 30(1872). Type.—Strymonmelinus Hubn. The dandy Butterfly, All exquisitely drest, Before the Daisy's eye Displays his velvet vest : In vain is he arrayed In all that gaudy show ; What business hath a maid AV^ith such a foppish beau? Sutton.— r/ie Daisy. Imago (54:9). Head rather small, densely clothed with scales, which above are greatly elevated and curve forward, and on the upper part of the front moderately supplied with rather long, coarse hairs. Front scarcely tumid below, sunken above, especially in a short and broad shallow groove down the middle, in no part, except- ing below, advanced as far as the front of the eyes ; nearly half as high again as broad, neai'ly or quite equalling the eye in breadth as seen from the front: upper bor- der not raised in the middle, but infringing on the more elevated vertex, the corners considerably liollowed in front of the eyes; lower border very strongly arched. Ver- tex slightly tumid in the middle, higher than the summit of the front, forming, on either side, pretty large, gradually swollen buttresses to the bases of the antennae, and separated from the occiput by a straight, broad and rather deep, transverse channel. Eyes rather large and full, sparsely pilose, excepting on the posterior fifth, with mod- erately short hairs, longer beneath. Antennae placed in the middle of the anterior half of the summit, or a little in advance of it, and separated by a space fully equalling the width of the second antennal joint: considerably longer than the abdomen, con- sisting of thirty-two joints, of which thirteen or fourteen form the club, which is nearly four times as broad as the slightly compressed stalk, increases very gradually LYCAKNINAK: THE (JKNUS URANOTES. 847 ill size to near the tip, wliore it eiul^i in a Ijliiiilly romuleil yet slightly angulated apex, four joints enttM'iii!; into the diniinntion of size; it is nearly Ave times as long as broad, and rather strongly depressed. Palpi sliiiht, nearly half as long again as the eyes, the terminal joint a little longer than the penultimate and scarcely clothed with scales, while the other joints are furnished on the under surface with a considerable mass of long scales and a few hairs, all compressed in a vertical plane. Patagia exceedingly long and slender, scarcely arched and not tumid, but with a longitudinal, transversely rounded ridge, a little removed from the inner border; four or live times as long as broad, the basal half tapering slightly, the apical half cciual, half as l)road as the base, the apex bluntly rounded. Fore wings (39 : 12) scarcely more than half as long again as broad, the costal bor- der expanded somewhat at the very base, beyond straight three-fourths of the way to the tip, which is then curved slightly backward. Outer border roundly and slightly bent at the tip of the upper median nervule ((J), or at the tip of the lower subcost.al nervure and a little more prominently (?), the general course of the border being at an angle of about 45° with the middle of the costal border; inner border straight, the angle rounded. Costal nervure terminating scarcely beyond the tip of the cell ; sub- costal with three superior branches, the first arising a little beyond the middle of the upper border of the cell, the second halfway between tliis and the third, whicli arises just before the apex of the coll. the main br.anch tlex^'d downward in the least possible degree between its origin and the cell termination ; veins closing the cell very obscure throughout. Cell slightly more than half as long as the wing and fully four times as long as broad. Hind wings with the basal half of the costal border pretty strongly bowed, beyond nearly straight, and then curved liackward to the tip of the upper subcostal, where it joins the curve of the outer border with a well rouuded, regular curve ( ? ), or with a rounded, somewhat abrupt angle ((J) ; the outer border is a very little convex, more so in $ than in ) . This widely spread species will probably be found in every part of the United States, excluding Alaska. Strange to say, I have not received it nor found a single notice of its occurrence north of our boundary, excepting that it occurs rarely near Montreal (Lyman), and is found at Vancouver Island (Fletcher) ; yet along this border it is known in most of New England, at Albany, N. Y. (Lintner), Cleveland and Rockport, Ohio (Kirtland), northern Illinois (Worthington) , Wis- consin common (Hoy), Dallas County, Iowa (Allen), Dakota and Mon- 854 THK BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. tana (Edwards). It is abundant in all the southern states, occurring in Florida as far south as Indian River (Palmer), Capron and Enterprize (Schwartz) and in Texas at Waco (Belfrage) and tlie Rio Grande (Lint- ner, Aaron). It is even recorded by Doubleday as an inhabitant of Venezuela. Godman and Salvin give it from Mexico, Guatemala, Pan- ama and Venezuela and Godart from the Antilles. On the Pacific coast it is found in California, at least in tlie counties of Contra Costa (H. Ed- wards) and Shasta (Butler), and also in Nevada, near Truckee (Mc- Glashan) and in Arizona (Edwards). It is not only found everywhere in the great interior of the Mississippi Valley, but apparently in the elevated plateau region, having been brought from Georgetown (Mead), Manitou and Eugleman's Caiion, Colorado (Snow) and St. George, Utah (Pal- mer). In New England it is more abundant in the south than in the north, but has been found as far as Norway (Smith) and Ilallowell, Me. (Miss Wadsworth) ; in New Hampshire, at Dublin (Faxon), Milford (Whitney) and Suncook, N. H. (Thaxter) ; while in Massachusetts it has been taken in such elevated places as Mt. Toby (Sprague), Amherst Notch and Princeton (Scudder) and the top of Blue Hill (Scudder), besides numer- ous lower and more southern localities. Food plants and habits of the larva. In the north this caterpillar appears most frcrpiently to be found on the hop (Humulus lupulus Linn. ) , devouring the heads and causing much injury (Harris) ; indeed in some places, farmers have on this account abandoned all attempts to raise the plant. In the south Abbot states that it feeds on "parsley haw" (Crat- aegus coccinea Linn, is figured, and C. apiifolia is mentioned in Boisdu- val's notes), pine and snap beans (by which Dr. Chapman says common garden beans are meant). According to Boisduval and Le Conte — on Abbot's authority — it lives on Hypericum (H. aureum is the species men- tioned on the original) , and hence they named the species hyperici. Fi- nally Mr. A. C. Sprague found the larva in central Massachusetts, on Cynoglossum officinale. Such a variety of food plants seems extraordi- nary ; each belongs to a separate family and the Ilypericaceae and Coniferae are nearly at the antipodes of exogenous plants. The ciiterpillars found on Cynoglossum were very active when young, stretching themselves out in walking so as to be very slender and then con- tracting so as to be little more than an eighth of an inch in length. They feed upon the pods of the plant. Life history. It is the only one of our Theclidi which flies almost con- tinue >u.sly from May to September, being apparently rather long lived ; as far as we can judge it is double brooded, the insect wintering in the pupal state ; it first appears in the early days of May and may be seen through- out this month and part at least of June ; a new brood makes its advent LYCAENINAK: UltANOTES MELINUS. 855 early in July, ur even by tiiu very last of »Juiie, and Hies not only through July, wiien the wings become rubbed, but also through August and occa- sionally cMU until the middle of September. Mr. F. II. Spi'ague has even taken one October 10, at Wallaston. iMai<8. The caterpillars found by Mr. A. C. Sprague on Cynoglossum wore taken at the end of August in all stages. Some of them changed to chrvsalis toward the end of September, so that it is probable that it hiber- nates in the pupal state. In the extreme south, judging from Dr. Chap- man's extensive memoranda and other notes, the butterfly is seen from the middle of March to the middle of November and luiless the broods follow each other with such rapidity as to become entirely confounded, his statements would seem to indicate three broods, appearing about the mid- dle of March, the middle of June and the middle of September, undoubt- edly overlapping and growing successively more numerous in individuals ; but specimens taken by Palmer at Indian River, Florida toward the end of March were rubbed and ragged, so that in central Florida it probably aj)pears by the first of March. The duration of the chrysalis state is fourteen davs, according to a single observation by Abbot. The butterfly may be found about bushes and hop vines, and on Les- pedeza ; it is very common in the south, and not infrequent in the north. In South Carolina I found it in little companies of five or six, dancing rapidly in and out among Coniferae, six or eight feet above the ground. Parasites. One of the chrysalids raised by Mr. Sprague on Cyno- glossum gave birth to a parasite, Anomalon pseudargioli. Desiderata. Oin- knowledge of the seasons of this insect in all its stages and of the exact apparition of the successive broods of the butter- fly, either in the north or south, can by no means be considered as satisfac- tory ; the time of deposition of eggs, their duration and that of the pupa (in the north) are wholly unknown ; even the condition in which the insect hibernates is not proved. We liave then scarcely a single satisfac- tory datum whereon to build the history of this insect. Its habits, haunts and flight equally need investigation and a description of the young larva 8 most desirable. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— URANOTES MELINUS. Egij. Imago. P1.65, flg.5. Surface sculpture. P1.6, fig. 20. Female, both surfaces. 6. Side view of egg. 14:13. Both surfaces. 68:3. Micropyle. 34:20. Male abdominal appendages. Caterpillar. 39:12. Neunition. PI. 75, fig. 21 . Full -rown caterpillar. ^4 : 9. Side view with head and appendages Chrysalis. PI. 84, fig. 39. Side view. enlarged, and details of leg structure. General. PI. 23, fig. 6. Distribution in North America. 856 THE BUTTEHl-LIKS OF N'EW ENGLAND. ^^TUKA SCUDDER. Jlitura Scudd., Syst. rev. Am. butt. 31 (1872). Thecla pai-s Auctorum. Type. — Thecla smilacis Bnind.-LeC. Malheur, papillon.? que j'aiiue, Dijux ciiiljli'uic, A vous pour voire beauU!! . . . Uu doigt de votre corsage, Au passage, Froisse, h^las ! le velouti ! . . . Uiie toute jeune fille, Au eoeur tendre, au doux souris, Pergant vos coeurs d'une aiguille, Vous eontemple, I'oeil surpris : Et vos pattes sout eoup6es Par I'ongle blauc qui les mord, Et vos anteunes crisp^es Dans les douleurs de la niort 1 . . . De Nerval.— ies Papillons. Imago (54 : 10). Head rather small, densely clothed with scales, which are longer above, and rather abundantly furnished with moderately long, curving hairs, both above and in front. Front rather full, the middle longitudinal half being tumid, and increasingly so from above downward, considerably surpassing tlie front of the eyes throughout and especially below; at the upper extremity a short, narrow groove down the middle; the piece is slightly less than half as high again as broad, and fully as broad as the eye on a front view; the upper margin is raised to a scarcely per- ceptible transverse ridge, the corners considerably hollowed in front of the eyes; lower margin strongly and rather broadly convex, subquadrate ; vertex nearly flat in the middle, not higher than the front, at the sides developed into broad, tumid en- largements behind the antennae, and separated from the occiput by a broad and deep, straight, nearly uniform, transverse channel, with a small, central, circular pit. Eyes rather large and full, very sparsely pilose with not very long scattered hairs, becoming longer below and wanting above. Antennae inserted in the middle of the anterior half of the summit, and separated from each other by a space equalling the width of the Ijasal antennal joint; considerably longer than the abdomen, consisting of twenty- eight joints, of which eleven or twelve form the rather strongly depressed club, whicli is scarcely three times as broad as the stalk, about five times as long as broad, Increasing in size very gradually and mostly on the outer side, tapering more rapidly over the last four joints, the last bluntly rounded. Palpi scarcely half as long again as the eye, moderately .slender, the apical joint about three-quarters the length of the penultimate, and furnished with recumbent scales, the other joints heavily clothed with moderately large and long scales, and provided besides, along the under surface, with a thin fringe of rather long, coarse hairs, all in a vertical plane. I'atagia very long and slender, a little arched and tumid, nearly four times as long as broad, the basal half tapering slightly, the apical half equal, half as broad as the base, the apex bluntly rounded. Fore wings (39 : 14) fully two-thirds as long again as their width, the costal margin strongly bent a little way from the base, beyond straight, at the very tip bent slightly backward, rounding ofl' the outer angle, the outer margin very broadly and regularly curved, the inner margin straight. Costal nervure terminating a little beyond the tip of the cell ; first superior subcostal branch arising a little beyond the middle of the cell ; the second either half way ( ? ) , or not over one-quarter way ( (J ) , to the tip of the cell ; the third, either at the tip of the cell ( ? ), or very shortly beyond the second ($); the main stem either straight beyond the origin of the first branch ($), or curved downward pretty strongly beyond the origin of the second branch, slightly upward again beyond the apex of the cell, and then straight ((J) ; cross vein closing LYCAENINAE: THE GENUS MITURA. 857 the cell either nearly transverse, the two halves scarcely bent and very feeble, except- insr next the main branches, striking the subcostal opposite the origin of the last superior branch ($); or strongly bent, the lower half transverse and feeble, the upper oblique and strong, striking the subcostal nervure farther beyond the origin of the last superior branch, than that is beyond the first ( and a butterlly ; yet your butterfly was a grub. Shakespeare. — Coriolanus. Ix this section we propose to speak of the variety and style of coloring found in caterpillars without reference to the meaning or origin of their mai'kings, which we shall discuss separately on a future page. The colors of caterpillars are by no means so various nor the patterns so com- plicated as is the case with the winged butterflies themselves. But it is nevertheless true that as a general rule the different species may be sepa- rated from one another with considerable certainty by their markings and colors alone. With caterpillars the variety of the dermal appendages goes far toward making up tlic general appearance of the creature, and by their aid, combined with the colors and [)atterns, the separation of species may probably in all cases be tolerably sure. But excepting in so far as their tints are concerned we have here nothing to do with the appen- dages attached to the body, but only to the surface of the head and body themselves. The vast majority of butterfly caterpillars are green, though but exceedingly few of them, if indeed any, are uniformly green throughout. Most of them are longitudinally striped either with lighter and darker shades of green or with yellow or various shades of brown. Many of them have the additional adornment of points of brighter or darker colors, which are almost invariably confined to the little papillae with which the body is almost always studded. Such arc the vast majority of the Satyri- nae, the Pierinae, the Ilesperidae and the Libytheinae. These longitudi- nal stripes are by far more common than elsewhere in the middle of the back, where they mark the course of the dorsal vessel, on the lower portion of the sides, where they mark the allignment of the spirflcles, and midway or about midway between these two ; when most variegated the stripes are multiplied, especially upon the upper half of the body, and often show a greater degree of intensity at the extreme anterior or extreme posterior end of each segment. Other green caterpillars are marked with oblique stripes, which gener- 860 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. ally part from the chu-ker mcdiodorsal line at aliout such an angle, as Lubbock remarks, as the ribs of a leaf part from the main stem. These oblique stripes almost invariably run down the sides from in front back- ward, fjcnerally cross two or three segments, and may or may not join a stio-matal line below or the dorsal line above. Such markings are found almost exclusively among the Lycaeninae and here are extremely com- mon. Some shade of dark greenish brown is a ■Ncry common ground tint for the catei-pillars of butterflies, and these are often longitudinally striped, as is the case with the larger part of the Argynnidi, Vanessidi, etc. Here as before the stripes are more common in the neighborhood of the stigmatal line and the dorsal vessel. But they are more commonly broken by the varying intensity of the colors, and ai'e frequently accom- panied by an edging, which is but the ground tint intensified at their border. A considerably greater variety is also seen here from the more or less definite arrangement of the diflferently colored papillae in trans- verse lines across the body, so that by the combination of these two forms of transverse and longitudinal markings almost any conceivable pattern may arise, and one which may be highly complicated. Thus a bright colored spot marks each segment of the abdomen above in Euvanessa antiopa, giving it a very different aspect from the pepper-and-salt coloration of its near ally, Hamadiyas io of Europe. Then there are those caterpillars which, upon a bright green or olive ground, find all their conspicuous markings in dark stripes encircling or almost encircling the body, and generally especially conspicuous upon the upper surfixce. Such is notably the case in the genera Iphiclides, Papilio and Anosia, and less so in Cinclidia and Euphydryas. Or the lighter and darker colors of the body may segregate in a more massive way and exceedingly conspicuous broad bands follow the length of the body, as in some of the Melitaeidi of Europe ; or they may congregate in large dorsal, saddle-like patches, as in all our species of Basilarchia and in several of the Papilioninae, either in tlieir earlier or later stages. Indeed it is in the Papilioninae that we find perhaps upon the whole the most striking and extraordinary freaks of coloring to be found among buttei-flies, the great variety even among the few genera found in North America being only an intimation of what may be found in tropical regions, where the subfamily is so much more fully repi-esented. The eye-like spots of the swollen anterior segments, colored in such an extraordinary and admirable manner, the opalescent and jewelled dots which besprinkle the dorsal surface, the brilliant fleshy appendages which sometimes adorn the sides, the frequent contrasts of such colors as bright orange and velvety black, not to mention the curious diflTerences in the markings between the earlier and later stages, i-eveal the possibilities of natural selection in the LYCAENINAK: .MlirKA DAMON. 8G1 adornment of catcrpillart*. Tliese brilliant colors arc perhaps only possi- ble i)y tbeir possession of protective osmateria. We have spoken only of the body ; yet the head should not be over- looked, for though generally, if not black, of nearly the same color as the body, or of some tint which harmonizes well with it, it not unfrerpiently has attractive colors and markings of its own which merit a single word. The frontal triangle is one point around which the colors seem often to be sym- metrically disposed, and next in importance arc the crowning points of the hemispheres into wiiich the lieail is laterally divided. If important papil- lae are present, these are frequently colored in some striking contrast with the surface itself, and the surface, sometimes glistening, sometimes dead, is often punctate or rugulose with delicate tracery. Nor should we omit to mention the ocelli, which under the lens are often seen to have colors of striking beauty, and almost always are contrasted with their ground in some striking way by rings of pigment peculiar to them. MITURA DAMON.— The olive hair streak. [Green hair streak butterfly (Abbot) : aiilmni Thecia (Harris); the olive hair strealj (Scud- der); green strealied butterfly (Maynard).] Piii and reaches, on the nervule dividins the median interspace, its greatest proximity to the outer border — from two-thirds to three-fourths the distance from tlie base to the outer margin of the wing ; having crossed the lower median interspace as a strongly bent crescent, opening outward, it is again bent abruptly, crossing the next interspace, as near the base as the band at its origin, as a bent crescent, opening outward, and the last, a little more distant from the base, as a curved streak, opening .and directed inward ; the l)and terminates near the tip of the abdomen. Near the base of the wing are two streaks, colored like the extra-mesial band, but with the position of the colors reversed, one above the subcostal nervure and one in the discoidal coll ; the llrst is parallel to the initial portion of the extra-mesial band and is from one-third to one- half the distance from the base of the wing to the band ; the second is irregular in position and direction; usually it is bent at right angles, the lower limb nearly obsolete; sometimes it is merely a straight stripe, eitlier parallel to or bent away from the base at an angle with the first streak ; it is always situated considerably further from the base than the first and usually approaches the inward curve of the mesial band so as to be separated from it by only the width of an interspace. A very little beyond the outermost point of the extra-mesial baud there Is a row of four or five small, usually transverse blackish spots, distinct only in the median and submedian interspaces, lying subparallel to the outer border, each spot narrowly annulate with white atoms ; in the lower median interspace, a little beyond the spot of this series, there is another similar one, the space between filled with obscure orange ; and, similarly situated, next the inner border, is a white spot, often bisected transversely by a black line ; the outer margin of the wing Is distinctly bordered with white, interrupted at the nervure tips; upon this, as far as the row of .spots, often partially enveloping them, and lessening toward the anal angle (where it is often supplanted to a greater or less extent by ferruginous scales) the wing is gray with blackish or ferruginous scales, largely sprinkled with snow white atoms — the latter color often predominating in annuli as broad as the interspaces, giving the appearance of obscure large spots seated on the outer margin ; nervure tips on the lower half of the wing bordered with black ; extreme anal angle with a minute black spot; basal half of fringe dull ferruginous, middle faint milk white, tip pale brown; tails black, white-tipped, the longer with some ferruginous scales at base ; inner edge with brownish red and pale yellowish hairs. Abdomen dark brown above, at sides with scattered brownish yellow scales, beneath grayish yellow. Male appendages (34 : 28) ; alations of upper organ pretty regularly and broadly rounded, furnished with a slight, angular lobe at the upper base of the lateral arms ; the inferior edge rather broadly angled; clasps a little sinuous, produced to a needle-like point, the whole as long as the upper organ. Measurements in millimetres. MALES. FEMALES. Length of tongue, 3.5 mm. Smallest. Average. Largest. Smallest. 10.6 5.20 Average. Largest- 12. 12.35 6.5 4.25 3.25 12.75 7. 12.8 6.25 4. 2.75 14 2 fi. 6.75 hind tibiae and tarsi fore tibiae and tarsi Described from 20 3 , 19 9 . Length of longer tails, 1.5 to 3.25 ; aver. 2.25. Varieties. In one specimen, the portion of the extra-mesial band of the seconda- ries, which crosses the medio-submedian interspace, separates Itself entirely from the rest of the band, and forms an independent, longitudinal, slightly curved streak, almost connecting the lower basal streak with the extra-mesial band. A single specimen from the south differs from all otherwise similar specimens from the north in having the wings above of a uniform brown color, lighted up by no red- dish tints, and in having the longer tail of the hind wings 5.5 mm. long, or fully twice the length of the average northern specimens — in all which it agrees with the illnstra- 864 THE BUTTERFLIES (JF NEW ENGLAND. tioii ■^ivfu by Boisduval and LeConte. The basal spots oa the uiulcr surface of the hind wings are also reduced to two small, rouiidisli spots. A single female from Long Island (Graef) has the upper surface entirely l)lackish brown with no tawny scales, excepting a very few iucouspicuously scattered near the hind margin of the hind wings; the tails are of the usual length, and the extra-mesial band of the under surface of the hind wings is less tortuous thau common. Length of fore wing, 13.," mm. Secondary sexual peculiarities. The discal stigma of the male is described under the fore wing; the scales (46:23) found in it are remarkaljle for tlioir large size and breadth, as they are less than two and a half times longer than broad, with scarcely convex sides, and a general quadrangular shape, the basal lobes distinct but not prominent. Egg (65:-l). Prominences gi'anulose, .11 mm. apart, and .049 mm. broad; surface of shell more or less covered with rugosites. Micropyle rosette .22 mm. in diameter, composed of a central circle .00425 mm. in diameter, surrounded by sis oval cells, their longer axes directed toward the centre and .025 mm. long, the shorter .017 mm. long; outside of these are angular cells of scarcely larger size, averaging about .034 mm. in greatest length. Color pale bluish green. Height, .32 mm. ; breadth, .G2 mm. Caterpillar. First stage (71 : S) . Head pallid yellowish green, slightly iufuscated above ; ocelli black. Body Ijelow yellowish green ; sides (at least late in this stage) with a liroad, faint, reddish brown stripe, its lower edge next the upper limit of the lateral fold, narrowing anteriorly ; and a narrower dorsal baud of similar color but not so distinct, merging into the other posteriorly, and, anteriorly, fading out so as to be wholly absent from the thoracic segments. Hairs Ijrown. Seco)id stage. Head pale greenish luteous, the clypeus pallid and the labrum tinged with pink ; ocelli pale, in a black Held ; mouth parts pale green. Body pale, dull, lemon yellow, most conspicuous on lateral fold, the markings of the preceding stage repeated with slightly deeper colors. Whole body also bristling with numerous and tilmost equally distributed brown hairs, scarcely longer thau the middle segments of the body, coarse and slightly tapering at tip, Ijut equal elsewhere, microscopically spiculiferous. Legs and prolegs pale green. Spiracles pallid. Length, 1.75 mm. Last stage (75 : 30, 31). Head (79 : 27) pale green, incisures brown, clypeus white, labrum testaceous ; basal joint of antennae white, rest pale testaceous ; other mouth parts pale testaceous ; ocelli in a small circle, pale, with a basal black annulus. Body rich, dark velvety green, of exactly the color of juniper leaves, covered not very profusely with short, brown or brown tipped, whitish pile. The most conspic- uous markings are supralateral, broken rows of slightly oblique, white, sublunate dashes on each of the abdominal segments, more or less tinged with green, and gen- erally broadest in front ; and similar, but straighter, slenderer and more continuous streaks forming an infrastigmatal band; midway between these, on the posterior edges of the segments, is a line of faint, olilique, greenish white lines, far less con- spicuous. All these markings are found also on all the thoracic segments, but the upper two series on the first and second segments are merged into a large, transverse, and somewhat obscure spot, on the first segment sometimes cuneiform and dull orange. There is a slender, dorsal thread of pale green, marked at the incisures )jy a dark green dot. Spiracles white. Legs pellucid green, iufuscated apically ; prolegs, green, the claws black. Length, 15 mm. ; breadth, anteriorly, 3.0 mm. ; posteriorly 3 mm. Chrysalis (84:30,31). Rich wood-brown, the head, thorax aud appendages tend- ing to a faint, greenish luteous, the abdomen to ferruginous; after death or eclosion becoming dull yellowish brown, with a decided reddish tinge, heavily marked, espec- ially on the under surface aud the whole abdomen, with vermicular blotches of black- ish fuscous. In front of the abdomen, above and on the sides, these markings are mostly confined to roundish or transverse blotches, irregularly and variably disposed, but not occupying more than perhaps an eiglith of the surface ; on tlie abdomen they are no more regularly but more uniformly distributed, and occupy nearly or quite half LYCAEXINAE: MITURA DAMON. 865 the surface, in a very coarse, irresular reticulation, in wliicli may witli dilliculty lie recognized a ceuti-al, iufralateral series of roundish spots, and a postero-central, .suprastigmatal scries of similar spots !j;ro^vini: sonle^vllat ol)scurc posteriorly; and sometimes a macular, infrastiiimatal stripe; stiijmiita liriirlil luteons, the lips white. Tlie network of interlacinir riilges is concoloro\i> with the ground, the ridges distinct but delicate, low and equal, forming tolerably large cells, the lloor of which is minutely punctate, the punctae ovate. Tlie sparse, dark brown pile consists of hairs which are less than a third as long as the abdominal segments, tipped with blackish fuscous, minutely spiculiferous, and seated on very inconspicuous papillae. Spiracles testa- ceous, with white lips. Length. 9 mm.; breadth in middle of tliorax, 3.1 mm.; In middle of abdomen, 4.75 mm. ; height of thorax, 3 mm. ; of abdomen, 4. .5 mm. Distribution (23: 7). Tliis hutterHy is a menihcr of hotli the Caroli- niiin and Alleglianian taiinas, bcinsr tbimd in all the Atlantic state.s from northern Florida to Massachusetts. We know very little of its western extension as it has been seldom expressly recorded, but as it is found in the south as far west as nortlnvestorn Texas and in the north to Dakota (Mor- rison), it probably everywiiere extends to the Great Plains. Worthing- ton says it occurs in Illinois. .Saunders records it from Point Pelee in southern Ontario, and Dimmock took it at Cumberland Gap, Kentucky. In Xew England it occurs only in the southern portions and seldom in any great abundance. Its most northern known locality is the vicinity of Boston where it has been taken in West Roxbury, Hyde Park and Dor- chester "quite abimdant" (Faxon), Lynn (ISIcrrill), Quincy (P. S. Sprague), AVyoming (Morrison), Cami)ridgc anil Alilton (Harris), Blue Hill (F. H. Sprague) and Walpole, ]\Iass. (Guild). It has also been found at Springfield (Emery), Mt. Tom (Dimmock), Holyoke Range (Parker) and Holyoke, Mass. (Stebbins) ; and at New Britain (Dim- mock, Hulbert. .Scudder), Guilford (Smyth — Yale Coll. Mus.), Farming- ton (Norton) and New Haven, Conn, "'abundant" (Verrill, Smith. Harger — Mus. Yale Coll.). Haunts. The butterfly ma}' be found about red cedars and will hardly be found where these do not occur. The imder surface of the wings of the butterfly so closely resembles the color of the leaves of the red cedar that when it has once alighted upon this tree one can only disco\er it by jarring the trunk and startling it again to flight. Oviposition. The eggn are laid near the tips of the blossoming twigs of red cedar, a large number being found I)y ISIr. Hidbert and myself on these spots, while the less forward twigs vs-ere sought in vain for a single egg. They were generally tucked in or near the chinks of the overlap- ping scales but sometimes with no attempt at concealment. The female lays with wings erect, first rubbing together the hind wings slowly for a time, then raj>idly, immediately after which she hedges aliout as if to get into a good position, extends and lowers iier abdomen, deposits the Ggg, withdraws the abdomen and then flics away. The sight of the process suggested that perhaps the rubbing of the wings may here be the 109 866 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. mere result of the correllated action of muscles with those working to force the egg downward in the oviduct. The duration of tlic egg varies, but averages about a week. Food plant. Boisduval and LeConte, on the authoiuty of Abbot, state that this caterpillar feeds on Smilax — hence the name they gave ; but in the north it occurs only where Smilax does not grow, and it is the univer- sal opinion of those who have sought its haunts that here it feeds only upon red cedar (Juniperus virginiana Linn.). It has always been observed in the close vicinity of this tree, and independent notes to the same effect have been contributed by Messrs. Merrill, Verrill and Faxon. Mr. Faxon has for many years obtained specimens flying about an isolated cedar in the vicinity of Boston, and within a year or two Mr. E. M. Hul- bert and I obtained eggs in abundance from this tree, where indeed we saw the butterfly ovipositing and on which we have since raised it. Habits of the caterpillar. The color of the caterpillar is so exactly of tlie same rich green as the plant on which it feeds that it is admirably protected. It feeds on the tips of the sprigs, covering the head with the first thoracic segment as with a cowl while feeding, so that one would not know it was at work but for the regular muscular movements of the body. The excrement is of remarkably large size, the pellets of tlie full grown larva measuring a millimetre in diameter. It takes the catcr])illar a little more than five weeks to grow to maturity. Life history. This insect is double brooded, the earliest butterflies appearing about the first of May — sometimes not until the 7th or 10th ; they become abundant by the 15th or 20th and continue on the wing throughout June. The eggs, which they begin to lay about the middle of May, hatch in about a week, and the caterpillars take five or six weeks for their growth, so that they begin to go into chrysalis toward the end of June ; some of these chrysalids, in the opinion of Mr. Plulbert who has raised them in Connecticut, remain unhatched until the following spring ; others hatch in about a fortnight, and the second brood appears about the 20th of July and continues into August, much less abundant than the first. The chrysalids from the eggs laid by this brood pass the winter. In the south, Abbot bred larvae which changed to chrysalis and emerged in thirteen days in April, so that the butterfly there is probably triple brooded or polygoneutic. Habits of the butterfly. Dr. Harris observed that this pretty but- terfly was fond of the flowers of mouse ear, Antennaria plantaginifolia, in spring, and in August of those of the spearmint (^Mentha). Professor Parker also found it early in August on flowers of the mountain mint, Pyenanthemum incanum and Abbot says the butterfly "frequents black- berry blossoms in the neighborhood of Savannah." Sumac (Rhus) has also a great attraction for it. The butterfly is extremely active and when LYCAENINAE: MITURA DAMON. 867 playing with its mates or pursuing the female, may generally be seen around the tops of cedars, of a height of about twenty feet. Here each takes up position ready to have a scrimmage with the first one that ven- tures on the wing, and then three or four may often be seen whirling in circles about the tree-spires with wonderful rajtidity, a play which ceases almost as suddenly as it begins. Postures, ^^'hen walking, the body is inclined at an angle of about 20°, the tip trailing and the inner border of the hind wings parallel with the surface ; the wings are elevated, closely compressed and the hind pair scarcely at all concealed by the fore wings ; the antennae are spread at an angle of G5°-70° and viewed from above appear straight, but they curve a little downward and the clubs a little upward so as in general to droop a little below the plane of the body. "When at rest, the wings are held in the same po.sition, but the antennae diverge from 85° to 95°, and while retaining the same or a slightly less curve, are in general parallel with the body or even raised a very little above it ; the wings are often inclined from the vertical, sometimes as much as 45° ; on alighting, the butterfly, of whichever sex, often rubs the hind wings together. The action of the female in laying is described above. When at complete rest, the fore wings are dropped a little, although never farther than would bring the costal edge of the hind wings to the lowest median nervule of the fore wings ; the antennae then diverge as much as 95° and are raised above the plane of the body at an angle of at least 15°. Desiderata. The inland distribution of this insect, its food in the lar- val state in the south, the history of the second brood, the proportion of early chrysalids which hibernate, and the possible parasites of the insect are desirable subjects of investigation. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— MITUBA DAMON. General. Imago. PI. 23, fig. 7. Distril)Utiou in North America. PI. 6, fig. 17. Female, both surfaces. Enq, 18. Male, both surfaces. PI. 65 fl". 4. .Side view. ^ '• ^^- Male abdominal appeudages „ , .,, 39 : 14. Neuratiou. Caterpillar. PI. 17, fig. 3. Caterpillar at birth. 75 : 30, 31. Full grown caterpillars. 79 : 27. Front view of head, stage v. Chrysalis. PI. 84, fig. 30, 31. Side views. 46 : 23. Androconium. 54 : 10. Side view with head and appen- dages enlarged, and details of the struc- ture of the legs. 868 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. THECLA FABRICIUS. Thecla Fabr., III. Mag., vi : 286 (1807). Type— Pap. spini Wien. Verz. Meng SummervOgli schOner Art Eit uiitenii Bode wohl verwahrt; Es lift kei Chumincr uml kei Clil.ig, Uiul wartet u( si Ostertag ; Uml gangs au laiig, er eluiunt eiuol UikI sider scblofts unci 's isch em wohl. Hebel.— Z)er Winter. Imago (58:4). Head small, densely clothed with scales, and above with short hairs: (in the front the hairs are exceedingly short and sparsely scattered. Front not at .all ])rominent. .almost tl.at, barely surpassing the front of the eyes, slightly sunken down the middle above, below very slightly tumid ; twice as high as broad, or a very little less than that, from two-thirds to three-quarters the width of the eyes as seen in front ; upper border raised to a very slight ridge in the middle third, the corners considerably hollowed in front of the eyes, lower border strongly arched. Vertex a very little tumid in the middle, with a slight sign of a transverse ridge behind the middle, on either side forming a swollen buttress to the base of the antenna, and separated from the occiput by a broad, transverse furrow varying in depth, but always conspicuous. Eyes rather Large and full, very sparsely and very briefly pilose, excepting on the up])er third. Antennae inserted with the hinder edge of their bases just in front of the middle of the summit and separated from each other by three- quarters the width of the anteuual pit; about half as long again as the abdomen, con- sisting of from twenty-eight to thirty joints, of which from eleven to fourteen form the cylindrical club ; usually the latter is very gradually thickened, always but slightly, being scarcely twice as wide as the stalk ; it is, however, fully eight times longer than broad, and the tip is very bluntly rounded, four or five joints entering into the dimi- nution of size, but only the last two to any considerable extent. Palpi rather slender, fully half as long again as the eyes, the terminal joint aljout three-quarters the length of the penultimate and clothed with recumbent scales, the other heavily clothed, especially beneath, with long scales, closely compressed in a vertical plane. Patagia exceedingly long and slender, arched and very slightly convex, three or four times longer than broad, roundly shouldered on the inner margin near the base, the basal half, or a very little more than the basal half, narrowing regularly but slowly, the apical half, which is not more than half as broad as the widest portion, nearly or quite equal, terminating in a broadly rounded apex, the inner border through- out nearly or quite straight. Pore wings (39: 11) about half as long again as broad, the costal border pretty strongly convex and almost bent on the basal fourth, the middle half straight, the apical fourth very gently curved backward, the outer angle more than a right angle, scarcely rounded. Outer margin very gently and pretty regularly curved, apparently slightly more so in the ? than in the ^ , having a general direction at an angle of about 60° with the middle of the costal margin ; the inner margin straight, the outer angle rounded off. Costal nervure terminating just beyond the tip of the cell; subcostal nervure with three superior branches; the first arising at or a little beyond the middle of the outer four-fifths of the cell ; second midway or a little further between this and the apex of the cell ( $ ), or less th.an one-third the distance to the same ( white edging forming a continuous or crcnulate line calanus. These colors forming circular spots, generally completely encircled with white. Ground color of under surface slate brown edwardsii. Ground color of under surf ace pearl gray acadica. THECLA ONTARIO —The northern hair streak. [The northern hair streak (Scudder) ; Ontario streakeil butterfly Maynard).] Tkecla Ontario Edw., Trans. Amcr. ent. U. S., 265-266 (1886);— Mayn., Butt. N. Engl. 80C., ii: 209-210 (1868) ; Butt. N. Araer., i, The- 31-32. not the plate (1886). clttii, figs. 1, 2 (1869);— French, Butt. East. And darted up and down the butterfly, That seem'd a living blcssom of the' air. Bkyant. . . . I'll lead you about a round. Through bog, through bush, through brake, through brier. SnAKi!SPEARK. — A Mtdsiimmer-NiyhVs Dream. Imago (6 : 15). Head blackish, the eyes encircled, excepting next antennae and the usual space in its vicinity, with snow white scales, narrowly interrupted beneath, con- nected by a similar transverse band just above the tongue ; a narrow longitudinal stripe of long, mixed white and brownish hairs on the vertex, connected by a similar but slighter line just in front of the antennae; basal antennal joint edged behind with ■white; antennae purplish black, aunulated with white at the base of the joints of the stalk, narrowly above, broadly beneath, forming by their confluence at the base of the club, a pretty large, white patch, with a few scattered blackish scales ; club velvety black above, slightly obscured with hoary beneath, the terminal two joints orange. Basal and middle joints of palpi white within and without; the upper outer apex of the basal and the upper outer margin of tlie middle joint blackish brown ; terminal joint blackish brown, the apex and extreme base white and a few white scales beneath. Tongue luteous at base, fuscous beyond. Thorax covered above with dark mouse brown hairs, the prothoracic lobes with blackish brown and the front of the thorax with greenish and bluish gray hairs; beneath, with pale bluish hoary and on the pronotum with grayish hoary hairs. Fe- mora covered with nacreous scales, flecked with dark brownish scales, especially along the lower, inner border, the lower edge well tufted with grayish pearly aud dark brown hairs, the former in excess; tibiae white, flecked with dark brown scales, which especially collect along the median line of the upper surface, which is broken subapically and terininates before the apex; tarsi bi,ack, broadly annnlated at the apex of each joint, and at the middle of the flrst, with white ; under surface f usco-lutcous ; spines testaceous, black tipped ; claws ferruginous, darker apically. Wings above lustrous blackish brown with .a very slight ferruginous reflection, the veins very slightly, the scales surrounding the discal spot of fore wings in the m.ale decidedly, black; outer edge of all the wings black, preceded, in the lower median Interspace of the liiud wiugs and below that, by a slender line of white scales; in the 876 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. same interspace, and, usually, to a lesser extent, in the succeeding interspaces, and also in the upper median interspace, there is an orange lunule. seated, at least in the lower median interspace, upon a small blackish spot. Basal half of fringe fuscous ; apical half in the fore wings and in the subcostal and median field of the hind wings grayish pearly ; beyond this fuscous or nacreofuscous, with a pale median line; tails black, tipped, and the inner edge of the longest one bordered, with white ; inner field of hind wings obscured by grayish hairs. In the male the origin of the second superior subcostal nervule is scarcely removed beyond the first and is midway between it and the third, the last being scarcely a fourth way from the origin of the first to the tip of the cell ; beyond the origin of the third the main vein turns abruptly downward nearly at right angles a fifth way across the cell, and then as abruptly resumes a course parallel to the last superior branch. The upper half of the vein closing the cell is here most remarkable, being not only distinct throughout the whole of its upper half but bent at right angles, one branch continuous with the deflection of the main stem, the other, excepting a slight twist at the union, with that of the inferior branch; below, the inferior branch is connected with the median by a feeble vein which strikes the median normally beyond its last divarication, but the inferior branch opposite the twist which unites it with its bent cross vein, normally of course, but apparently quite out of place. In this peculiarity of neuration it is quite unique among Theclae. Discal dash of fore wings of male 2.5 mm. long, obovate, the ends well rounded, slightly more than twice as long as broad, grayish slaty black in color, conspicuous from its edging of black scales. The outer margin of the hind wings above the longer tail straight, the latter about as long as the width of an interspace, the shorter tail almost obsolete. Beneath uniform slate brown, lustrous by reflection. Fore loings with a slender, interruptedly straight, scarcely curved, transverse, silvery white stripe, bordered interiorly with blackish fuscous, starting from just within the costal border at about the middle of its apical three-fifths and terminating at the submediannervure, distant from the outer border by less than twice the width of an interspace ; beyond this is a transverse series of continuous, moderately broad, submarginal stripes of obscure fuscous, parallel to the margin, becoming obsolete near the costal margin, bordered most inconspicuously on the inner side with a few white scales ; costal edge fulvous nearly to the extremity. Hind ivings with an extra-mesial stripe similar to that of the fore wings, but more interrupted and, in the lower part of its course, variable in direc- tion ; starting from the costal border at about the middle of its apical three-fifths. It has, up to the lower median nervule, a general direction toward the tip of the sub- median nervure, but an outward curve in the subcosto-median interspace; in the medio-submedian interspace it forms a ^, the limbs placed at an angle of about 65° to each other; and as it terminates in the last interspace by a long, slightly curving streak whose general direction is parallel to the upper half of the A' the portion of the stripe contained in the last three interspaces forms a very distinct W ; a distantly submarginal series of blackish lunules follows this stripe, growing successively more important away from the costal border and arranged only in a slight degree subpar- allel to the hind margin ; the lunules are edged interiorly with pale bluish scales, most conspicuous next the inner margin, and are followed exteriorly, especially in the median interspaces and below them, by orange lunules, seated, especially in the lower median and lowermost interspaces, upon blackish spots ; in the latter, separated from them, next the inner margin, by aminute snow white spot ; the medio-submedian interspace is mostly filled with a large, blackish field, profusely flecked with caerulcan scales; outer border marked by a blackish line, preceded by a pale line, brightening on the lower portion into white ; fringe and tails as on the upper surface. Abdomen above blackish brown, on the sides paler brown, beneath grayish hoary. .Vppendages of the male (34 : 15) with the alations of the upper organ broadly, deeply, and roundly emarginate above, the lateral arms exceptionally long and slender, sud- denly tapering near the tip ; clasps tapering throughout with considerable regularity, but with slightly less rapidity beyond the gibbous base, the apex very finely pointed. LYCAENINAi: : I'llKCLA MPAROPS. 877 Mensurcnieuts iu luilliinctres. MALKS. 1 FEMALES. Smallest. Average. Largest. Smallest. Average. Largest. Lcntrth uf (ovv wiiP's Kt.To 14.25 8. 4.4 3.6 hind tibiae ami tarsi .. fore tibiae ami tarsi .. Described from 2 $ ,1 9 ■ Longest tails varying from 1.25 to 3.65 mm. in length. Secondary sexual peculiarities. For the discal stigma of the male see the description of the fore wing; the scales from the stigma (46: 19) differ from those of all the others in being much moregrsulually tapering at the base than at the tip, so as not to be lobed at all, and to have the sides broadly curved throughout ; it is also slenderer, being nearly four times as long as broatl, with a well rounded tip like that of T. wlwardsii. This rarest of our Tlieclae is evidently a member of the Alleghanian faima (23 : 8) ; it has been found, however, in very few localities : — near London, Ontario (Read), Amherst (^lerrill) and Waltham, ^Nlass. (Thaxter) and riantsville. Conn. (Shepard, Yale Coll. Mus.). Mr. Read captured a male in July, Mr. Thaxter his on sumac "in the middle of the berry season," and these are the only recorded dates. Doubtless like the other species it is single brooded and to be looked for in July. No other butterHv confined to our fauna is so little known. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— THECLA ONTARIO. General. PI. 23, lig. S. Distribution in North America. Iinado. PI. 6. lig. 15. Male, both surfaces. Copied from Edwards's figures in his Butterflies of North America, vol. i. 34 : 15. Male abdominal appendages. 40:19. Androconium. THECLA LIPAROPS. The striped hair streak. [TheOgeechee brown hiiir streak butterlly (Abbot) ; streaked Thecla (Harris) ; white striped hair streak (Scudder); white bordered streaked butterfly (Maynard).] Thecla liparops LeC, Boisd-LeC. Li5p. Amfir. sept., 99-100, pi. 31, figs. 1-4 (18.33);— Morr., Syn. Lep. N. Amer., 96-97 (1862);— Sendd.. Bull. Bufl". soc. nat. sc, iii : 111 (1876). Thecla strigosa Harr., Ins. inj. veg., 3ded.. 276 (1862);— Morr., Syn. Lep. N. Amer., 101 (1862);— Edw., Butt. N. Amer., i, Thecla ii, figs. 3-6(1869); Syn.N. A. Butt., 51-52 (1872); — Saund., Can. ent., i : 99-100 (1869) ; Ins. inj. fruit, 176-177, fig. 187 (18.83) ;—P.i<-k., Guide ins. 267-268 (1869) ;— French, Rep. 111. ins., vii: 157-158 (1878) ; Butt. east. U. S., 266-268, fig. 74 (1886);— Middl., Rep. 111. ins., x: 92-93 (1881) ;— Fern., Butt. Me., 79-80 (1884) ;— Mayn. Butt. N. E., 32-33, pi. 6, figs. 38, 3Sa (1886). Fapilio Abb., Draw. ins. Ga., Brit., Mus. vi: 51, figs. 16.5-167 (ca. 1800). Figured also by Abbot, Draw. ins. Ga., Oemler coll., Bost. soc. nat. hist. 22;— Glover, 111. N. A. Lep., pi. B, fig. 4; pi. E, fig. 17; pi. G, fig. 2; pi. K, fig. 3, ined. . . . dead July, whose children the sweetpeas Are sipped by butterflies with wings astir. Todhunter.— /« August. O, let me, true in love, but truly write. SiiAKKSPr.Anv..— Sonnet. Imago (6:11). Head black, with intermingled brown scales, especially in the mid- dle of the front; vertex with a short, longitudinal, median stripe of white hairs; eyes encircled with snow white scales, extending from the lower anterior edge of the an- tennae down the front and around nearly to the anteunae again, interrupted narrowly 878 THK BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLANTt. at the base of thr jialpi with brown scales; abroad, straight IkuuI just above the tongue, connecting tliese two. Antennae l)ronze black, the joints of tlie stalk rather broadly but irregularly annulated at the base with white; club velvety black above, beneath snow white at base, beyond obscure blackisli brown, sometimes faintly suf- fused with orange, the terminal four or Ave joints entirely orange both above and below. Palpi white, the outside of the extreme tip of the basal joint, the upper surface, the outside of the upper outer border (and sometimes the whole upper border), the inside of the upper inner border and a few hairs of the outer fringe of middle joint black or blackish brown; apical joint blackish brown, the apex and base and a few scales along the lower edge white. Tongue pale luteous on basal third, beyond infus- cated ; papillae (61 : 44) testaceous, equal, bluntly rounded at tip, with a slender, acicular, apical spine half as long as the width of the papilla. Thorax above covered in front with dark brown, elsewhere with mouse brown or sometimes grayish brown hairs, those of the patagia slightly tinged with greenish gray, the anterior scales of prothoracic lobes often pale gray; beneath covered with white hairs and scales, the latter mingled with grayish scales ou the sides; femora white with white liairs beneath, the sides speckled somewhat with blackish brown ; tibiae white, with a subapical, blackish brown, exterior patch and a similar obscure one in the middle of the basal two-thirds ; a few dark scales are also scattered irregu- larly ; tarsi black, the apices of all the joints and the sides and a medi.an annulation of the basal joint white; beneath luteous ; spines black; claws luteo-fulvous. Wings above uniform blackish brown, the hind wings softer, all the wings, but especially the front pair, with a very faint olivaceous retlection ; edged narrowly along tlie outer border with blackish, which is itself margined interiorly with a line of snow white scales on the lowest median and innermost interspaces of the hind wings; the hind wings occasionally with an obscure, submarginal orange spot in the lower median Interspace, sometimes followed in the succeeding interspaces by a few orange scales and usually with the greater distinctness just above the anal angle; these orange markings are always seated in the lower median and medio-subraedian interspaces upon an obscure blackish spot which is present even when the orange markings are obsolete ; fringe grayish brown on the fore wings and the upper part of the hind pair, merging into blackish brown toward the anal angle, and in this darker portion enlivened by a line of white, running through the middle; at the extreme anal .angle wholly white in a narrow space; inner edge of secondaries with long, grayish brown hairs, just above the orange spot in a minute space, white; tails black, tipped, and longer one edged on the inner side, with white. Discal stigma of fore wings of male oblong obo- vate, 1.8 mm. long, about twice as long as broad, at either extremity running in pro- jecting teeth along the nervures, obscure, dark grayish fuscous. Superior subcostal nervules of fore wings of female arising nearer the apex of the cell than in the other species ; the main stem of same not slightly flexed beyond the last superior branch as in the otlier species, but forming a very considerable angle with its previous course. Outer margin of hind wings pretty regularly curved, below the longer tail a little excised; the longer tail nearly half as long again as the width of an interspace, the shorter one nearly as long as the width of an interspace. Beneath dark brown, fresh specimens, especially of the female, with a very delicate, rufo-purplish slieen by reflection. Fore wings having the extremity of the cell marked by a large, very broad, quadrate, slightly darker spot — in fresh specimens often tinged with rufous — generally increasing in depth almost to black toward the outer and inner edges and then lined with a row of bluish white scales ; the spot is nearly or quite .as l)road as the body; outside of this is a very broad baud, only slightly nar- rower tlian this spot, colored and bordered like it, but broken and the parts removed successively inward to so great a distance at the uppermost and lowest median ner- vules, as to give the wing the appearance of being covered with a meaningless, irreg- ular scries of white stripes, wlience Harris's appropriate name. At the two points mentioned, the outer white border of the lower portion of the band is nearly or ex- actly continuous with the inner white edging of the upper fragment and the inner edg- LYCAENINAK: TURCLA MI'AROPS. 879 iiig of tlio portion embracod iti the nioiliau an'U is usually continuous with the outer eilaing of wliite scales of the discal spot; so that were it not for the darker fields of the band itself and its outer limits of black, we could not readily make the markinjis of this species accord with the sreneric type; the different parts of the band take the jTcneral course of the discal spot, but above the subcostal ucrvure it is curved rapidly inward to the costal border, or, more frequently, is broken into small fragments by each succeeding nervule and the inner edginj; of a portion comes nearly or quite in contact with tlie outer edsriufr of the discal spot again ; at the lower extremity of the whole baud, it usually narrows rapidly, sometimes abruptly, by the more or less gradual outward direction of the inner edging; outside of this l)and there is an inter- ruptedly continuous series of transverse, curving, outward opening, black lines parallel to the outer border and placed, in the upper third of the wing, midway between it and the outer border of tlie extra-mesial band, bordered interiorly with wliite and followed outwardly by a tint like that of the extra-mesi.al band, but often with a faint, pale stripe down the middle ; outer border with a distinct black line, edged interiorly with a narrower white line; costal border edged at base with dirty white; fringe of the tint of the wing. Hind icings with a discal spot and an extra-mesial band similar to those of the fore wings, but the discal spot is longer and the ijand more distinctly broken above, the uppermost fragment being in broken continuity (or nearly so) witli the discal spot, while the inner edging of the succeeding patch is, normally, in direct continuity with the outer edging of the patch above and of the discal spot, and its outer edge in continuity with the interior border of the succeeding portion of the band; below the submedian nervure, the band takes an entirely different shape, its two portions forming a broad V whose limbs, sometimes parted, lie at an angle of about 45*-' with each other and are broader at their extremities than at their junction; the outer edge of the first portion is proximately in broken continuity with the inner edging of the discal spot and both its extremities are often edged, partially at least, with wliite — a tendency which is shared by all the fragments of the band on the hind wings and to some extent on the front pair. Beyond this band is a series of curving black and white streaks like those of the fore wings, but to a greater or less degree forming lunules. followed by distinct, bright orange lunules in nearly or quite all the interspaces, but especially in the median and anal areas, edged very narrowly in the upper median interspace and above it, with bluish white, occasionally with black fol- lowed by white; they are seated, in the lower median and lowermost interspaces, upon a roundish black spot (the junction of whiaiulnl bair irtr>-ak fariiriil. Thenln fril'irer Boiwl^L^C., LiSp. ■ extit. fchiii<-tt., i, J>p. i. Pap. li. Gent, i, M-pt.. ;fi04, pi. 2<. fii'". l-ij (1>SB( ;- Buntid c. Armati 1). (it'i.. I-4(l«r)»j.l9>. .Syn. I>-p. X. An. Stnjinon c'llnnut I{ul• ~ ' Boc. nal. bij>t., .\ —Butt., 128, entuxa. ff... I:',. 30h, fl^'K. 122. li>J '1--1/;— M:-]'ll., Kcp. in*. ' '.au. <.-i)t,, ii : I'//- III., x:93 (1*11);— E.(i. [.i.4. fign. « Ca. 1*00). 40, *)3(1!*6). Fi-/ure'. ■ raiaeer God., Encycl. m^b., fi?. 5: pi. B, fig. 6: pi. E. figi*. 15,16; pi. I, tig. ix:(>' ;. 6. LA, Chacon d'eax, & M>n toar, Pa»»e. comine une j^enK-e De pt/fe»ie vu d'amour: t,. V.,,,-., ~r^. '.'jpOlons. But ir thf: ■ -nd. Ail :v.-^- ar ■>ELiKKspEABK. — Sonnet. Imago ^6 : 14 : 14 : 11). Head black, the sammit overarched by the projectinz Iiairs of the prothoracic lobes, and in front either tafted (^ j or covered with appressed scales ($) ; a broad l>and of snow whit« scales Ixtrders the ere in front and liefaind, connected, jnst above the tongue, br a transverse band of white scales and between the antennae by a narrow line of similar scales, intermingled with black hairs in front of I narrow line of w' ' ".• ' r; which iri covered w 1 r. ri tiie outside and po--terior iA.d-M'ir ■ji ' tac aijU;Qiia>i. i I :nt* of palpi covered with white scales. ' third of the i:. l above and ontside and a prolongation of the same downward apon the onter edge black : the black scales which break the continnity of the under portion of the white band encircling the eye form part of a broad band which crosses the base of the out- side of the basal joint; apical joint blackish brown, white-tipped and with a few scattered white scales. Antennae velvety black, sometimes with a pnrplish tinge: the joints of the stalk and of the base of the clnb ■ ■" -e. not very nar- rowly, with snow white scales, which extend nj. • in little points upon the outer and inner edge beneath: at the ba»e oi ti. - are a few additional scattered white scales, not forming a close p - .oward the tip of the antennae not more than a single joint further than above; clnb black, either covered beneath and at tip with exceedingly minute, scarcely paler olivaceous hairs ( ^ ) or, the terminal three or four joints and a narrow line along the under sur- face, or sometimes even the whole of the under surface and sides, bright fulvous ( § ). Tongue luteous. the edges faintly luteo-fuscous. Thorax covered above with bronze brown scalf-- 'g and del- icate, dark bluish zray and greenish gray hairs: with dark brown, pale-tipped hairs, posteriorly colored as '• .x; b-^ne^' .-ax is covered with soft mouse brown scales, mostly ' -jv pearly - .-» and hairs, having a bluish iridescence. Femora covered with dark brown scales, almost 886 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. or quite concealed by siio-vv white scales ; tibiae similar, Init alrove more or less tlecked with blackisli and having always a subapical dark patcli aud sometimes a patch in the middle of the basal half; tlie dark colors are most conspicuous on tlic liinil tibiae; tarsi bright Inteous beneath, above black, narrowly ainiulate with white at the apices of the joints aud In'oadly in tlic middle of the basal joint; spines black; claws dark reddish, brighter at base. Wings above uniform dark glossy, almost blackish brown, with the slightest possi- ble olivaceous reflection, the veins and outer edges blackish ; the hind wings softer from the presence of numerous greenish gray hairs on the lower half; basal half of costal edge of fore wings fulvous; hind wings fre()uently ( $ ) or almost never ((J) possessing in the lower median interspace a small, submarginal orange patch, seated on a blackish spot and in the next lower interspace a few orange scales ; outer border of hind wings in the same interspaces with a delicate line of pearly white scales seated njion the blackish edging of the whole wing; fringe of both wings light yel- lowish gray, blackish at base, excepting on the lower half of the hind wings, where between the tails, the fringe is pearly white, sometimes obscured with gray, blackish at base; below the lower tail it is blackish, narrowly pearly white at base; tails black-tipped, the longer fringed on the inner border with pearly white; there is a small patch of white scales at the excision of the inner margin, beneath which the fringe is blackish brown. Discal stigma (44:1) of the fore vvings of the male rounded obovate, nearly twice as long as broad, slightly darker than the ground color. Tlie portion of the sulicostal nervure of the fore wings (61 : 5) of the male which lies on either side of the second superior nervule curves strongly downward a little beyond the middle of the cell ; the vein connecting the inferior nervules to the main stem not transverse, but oblique; in these respects this species approaches P. Onta- rio rather than its other congeners, but is not greatly different from T. liparops. Outer margin of the hind wings above tlie longer tail nearly straight, the longer tail more than half as long again as the width of an interspace, the shorter very slight. Beneath uniform blackish slate brown {S) or dark slate brown (?), old specimens inclining to an ashy lute. Fore iBimjs with the extremity of the cell covered by a sub- quadrate slightly darker spot, usually widest above, the outer and inner borders edged with bluish pearly scales; the middle of the outer half of the wing is crossed by a moderately broad stripe of confluent quadrate spots, slightly darker than the ground color of the wing, and darkest next tlie outer border, distinctly bordered externally and frequently (J) or almost never {$) very faintly upon the inner side with bluish pearly scales ; the whitish external lining of each spot is usually more or less curved, opening inward, but is not infrequently straight; the direction of the band varies greatly ; its general course is : starting from a point close to but not upon the costal border at about the middle of its outer half, it passes in a rather regular and slight curve towaril the inner margin, gradually approaching the outer margin, as far as the lower median uervule and then turns inward again very slightly, aud terminates at the submedian nervure, at about two-thirds the distance from the lower outer angle that its origin had from the upper outer angle of the wing; usually, however, it is abruptly, though but slightly, broken at the upper median nervule, being removed inward slightly at this point ; the same thing usually occurs also at the lower median nervule; yet the band not infrequently continues on its course at this point and reaches still nearer the outer border at its very termination; occasionally the upper extremity of the l)and is bent abruptly' inward or outward and, linally, the spots may be so related that the outer white edging forms either a nearly continuous, gradually curving line, or a series of little curves, or a series of dentations or steps, the angle not in the middle but at the lower corner of each spot; the width of the band also varies, in some being three or four times as wide as in otliers; usually it is about the width of the eye; it varies but little in general location, although iu a few extreme specimens before me, it varies from the middle of the outer third to the middle of the outer two-thirds of the wing. Outside of this is a submarginal line of nearly or quite connected, delicate, transverse, l)lackish streaks, edged internally with white LYO.VEXIX.VK: T11K('I..\ (ALANUS. 887 soaU's, closoly pnriillol to the milor hurdor, hut ofti'H luiit linviinl nt tlio upper oxtreiiiltv ; It (loos not reach clllior Ixirilor: tlic whlto eilfiiiifi soiiii'tiiiR's foriu.s a coii- tlniious lino ami •ioinotiinos a -iorlos of tiroail s:i<;ittato stroaks; tJio ontor side of tlie blaok stronks are occasionally tliisliod dollcatoly, especially on the lower half of the will:;, with i>rans;e: the outer inar^iii Is cili:etl with black ami the frlufje Is dull fuscous, darkest toward base. Tiio extremity of the cell of the hind wiiii/s broadly bordered, as ill the fore wliiirs. with a sll;i;htly darker spot, but elon;;ate ipiadratc in shape, ileep- ost ill color at the outer and Inner bonier, where it Is edi;ed with bluish pearly scales; across the middle of the outer three-llfths of the wiiij; runs a stroiifrly ciirvluK, broken bauil. usually slightly narrower than tlie extra-iiicslal l)aiid of the fore wings, composed of partially continent ipiadrate spots, n little darker than the irronnd color, edged on tlic outsiiie illstlnctly. generally on the inside faintly, almost never on the upper or uniler sides, with bluish pearly scales : the whole band has a general direction closely jjaiallel to tlie outer border, but composed of partially independent spots, the upper outer angle of each of which, in the upper half of the wing, is usually placed a little outside of the lower outer angle of the one atiove. that next the costal border lying about mid- way between the coui-se of the band and that of the spot at the extremity of the cell; this rule never holds with the sjiot in the upper median interspace: tlie spots in tlie lower lialf of the band become elongate quadrate, tlial in the medio-sutimedian inter- space either straiglit or nearly so. directed upward and inward from the submedian nervnre. or is bent in the middle, the angle pointing inward ; the lowermost forms a Ions, straight streak, never bordered on the inner side witli whitish, running toward the liase at right angles to the previous spot when the latter is straight, or to its under half when It is bent. Xearerthe outer border of the wing than the outer border of this band Is a row of very narrow blackish stripes, slightly curved on the upper half, strongly curved, opening outward, on the under half of the wing, bordered narrowly on the inner side with bluish, pearly scales; that in the lowest interspace varies from this, being a straiglit streak, parallel to that in the extra-mesial band; the wliole of the medio-submedian interspace beyond this band is thickly powdered with bluish pearly scales ; in the lowest median interspace, and to a much less degree in tliose following it. sometimes even as far as tlie upper subcostal interspace, and also slishlly in the lowest interspace, this band is followed by orange Uinules, seated, in the lowest median interspace, upon a black spot ; the outer border is narrowly edged witli blackish fuscous, followed by a slender line of bluish pearly scales ; tails as on upper surface. Abdomen above and at sides blackisli brown, with a very dark, slight, violaceous rellection; at tip grayish yellow : beneath, white in tlie middle, dirty grayish wliite at the sides: alatioiis of upper organ of male appendages (34 : 24. 2.5) well rounded but apically slightly excise:est l,rf»iic»thof fore winir^ 14. 7.5 4.5 3. 15. 8. 4.8 3.4 13. 6.25 4. 2.75 10. 7J5 4.5 3. Ki 5 antennae* 7 5 bind tibiae and turtii... fore tildae and tarsi . . 4.T5 3.25 Desoribed from W) 3 , 26 ? Secondary sexual peculiarities. ¥ fore wing. The scales of the same (46 a little more than three times as long as with rounded and subequal angulations from those of T. edwardsil mainly in tl lobed than in any of our species excepti Egg (65: 3). Prominences high, nt times thickened, .04-.05 mm. apart, .025 Length of diseal stigma 2.5-3 mm. or the male stigma, see the description of the : 22) are slightly broader than in T. edwardsil, broad, both extremities very broadly rounded, ; the sides are almost straight. They differ e rounded form of the base, this being less ng T. Ontario. the tip rough or even denticulate, and some- mm. thick : the ridges arc less than half their 888 Tin; lu tterflies of new England. height, uiiiforra in elevation luul .021 mm. wide; the spaces between the ridges are circular pits, .021 mm. in diameter, tlie bottom of which is covered with a few thick- ened white points, all but two or three of which arc clustered around the periphery. Micropyle rosette (68 : 1) .06 mm. in diameter, composed of a central circle, .004 mm. in diameter, surrounded by four oval cells directed toward it, their longer axes .018 mm. long, and their shorter .0125 mm. Height, .47 mm. ; breadth, .7 mm. Color, accordin<; to Saunders, pale green. Caterpillar. Fourth staijc. Head pale greenish yellow, with a minute blacV; dot on each side; mandibles pale brown, with a faint whitish patch immediately above them. Body al)0ve yellowish green, streaked above with yellowish white, and thickly covered with flue, short white liairs; tirst abdominal segment of rather a darker shade of green than the rest of the body. .V dark green, dorsal stripe on the second and third thoracic and first abdominal segments, the full width of the dorsal crest; narrow on the four terminal segments, almost obsolete on those intermediate. A faint, whitish, dorsal line runs through the centre of this stripe. Dorsal crest edged with yellowish white, most apparent where it borders the darker portions of the dorsal stripe; sides of body with a few faint, oblique lines of yellowish white; substigmatal fold of the same color, whicli extends around the posterior segments. Under surface deeper bluish green, with a faint white bloom. Legs and prolegs concolorous. Ijcngth, 10 mm. (after Saunders). See also under uext stage. Last sta/je (75 : 20). Head very pale green, the base of the triangle a very little in- f uscated ; antennae pale, a fuscous spot at their interior base ; ocelli pale in a black field , labrum white ; mandibles reddish. First thoracic segment dull, pale, dirty green; behind it a dark, In'ownish green, dorsal stripe, nearly twice as broad anteriorly as posteriorly, almost blackish from the second thoracic to the first abdominal, and on the sixth to ninth abilomiual segments, bordered by a narrow, whitish liand on the second to fifth abdominal segments, placed a little oblirpiftly ; this is again bordered with pale, dull, roseate patches, narrow in front and broadening behind on each segment ; beneath this the sides are striped with narrow, oblique bands of whitish and greenish; the ventrostigraatal fold is pale bluish white, milk white on the seventh abdominal segment, and bordered w-ith roseate above, excepting at the very tip ; beneath bluish green ; body completely covered with minnte, white warts, emitting whitish hairs; spiracles white. Legs and prolegs bluish green; claws of former fuscous. Length, 13 mm.; breadth, 4 mm. ; height, 2.5 mm. ; length of long hairs, .48 mm. ; of short ones, .16 mm. Younger specimens, 9 mm. long (fourth stage?), sliow a more decided diflerence be- tween the length of the hairs, showing that the change in this respect from the juve- nile to the mature larva is gradual ; in these the longer hairs were .25 mm. and the short ones .04 mm. in length. These specimens also had the dorsal stripe entirely wanting on the second to fifth abdominal segments, and sometimes the bordering line and the lateral markings were obscured. Later in life, with no change of integument, the dorsal stripe may sometimes become uniform in color over the whole body. Other full grown specimens, taken at first both by Mr. Saunders and myself to be quite distinct, otl'er so many points of diflerence that I add a description of one of them in full ; it is the other extreme of the variation (75 : 26). Head very pale green- ish with a brownish tinge, the base of the triangle with a broad black band ; antennae with the Ixisal joint white, beyond very pale greenish brown ; ocelli white in a black field; labrum white; mandibles reddish brown. Body bright velvety grass green ; a faint, narrow, paler, dorsal line, from the middle of the second thoracic to the sixth abdominal segment, bordered by a darker line, more distinct posteriorly, and behind the sixth abdominal segment forming a not very broad dorsal band; this again is bordered, distinctly only on the posterior segments, witli paler green ; on the sides of each segment there is a narrow, indistinct, oblique, pale streak, bordered on either side, but more conspicuously below, with darker green; the ventrostigmatal fold is paler green, bordered above by a broader band of darker green; hairs reddish brown; spiracles pale brownish, the posterior half more dis- LYCAENLNAE: THECLA CALANUS. 889 tinctly marked. Legs vei'y pale greenish, the last joint a little infuscated externally, the tips of the claws reddish brown; prologs grass green, pale at tips. Length, 13 mm. ; breadth, 3.5 mm. ; height, 3 mm. ; length of longer hairs, .48 mm. ; of shorter hairs, 12 mm. See also Mr. Saunders's descriptions and comments (Can. ent. , ii:fiI-(!4). Chrysalis (84 : 25, 27). Thorax, wings and appendages dull, pale green, the thorax a little dusky and abundantly dotted with small, blackish fuscous spots, arranged to a cer- tain extent in streaks of varying disposition on the prothorax and the upper portion of the sides of the niesothorax, the former sometimes with a distinct, blackish, dorsal line, which becomes interrupted behind ; the wings with a few scattered dots on the upper half. Abdomen pale yellowish or reddish brown, sometimes with a dirty, roseate tinge ; a pale reddish, dorsal streak, marked irregularly, and sometimes centred with black and bordered by a pale, whitish band, obscured by yellowish brown ; sides profusely spotted with blackish fuscous, and bearing a lateral row of small, round, blackish spots, which connect below with some blackish fuscous spots, and thus form short, transverse streaks. The network of scarcely elevated, interlacing ridges is com- posed of rather larger cells than in most of the species, covering most of the body, and as distinctly on the sides as on the back, having no greater elevation at the inter- section ; the hairs are pretty abundant, pale yellowish, moderately long, nearly equal until close to the tip, where they taper to a tine point, fully half as long again on the front as on the sides ; they are very minutely and delicately spiculiferous, the spicules seldom visible as more than raised points, never exceeding one-fourth the diameter of the hair, directed well forward, distant from each other generally by the width of the hair. Spiracles pale green, with reddish lips, or reddish brown with pale lips. Length. 9 mm. ; breadth, 4.25 mm. ; height, 3.75 mm. ; length of hairs in front, .3G mm. ; length of haii-s on body, .23 mm. From specimens bred on oak and received from Mr. Sanndei'S. Another description. Greenish brown, more or less fuliginous, the raised tracery of surface more or less infuscated. There is an obscure dorsal stripe on the protho- rax and front of mesothorax, obscured by fuliginous; sides of mesothorax tinged with fuliginous. Abdomen above with an obscui-e dorsal stripe, most distinct and broadest on the third segment; and a series of dark, infralateral dots in the middle of the segments, which become large, oblique, blackish blotches on the foui-th to sixth segments; between this series and the wings, and including nearly the whole of the second segment, the abdomen is liglit yellowish brown ; spiracles faintly brownish fuscous. Wings dull, but pale Inteous, flecked with brown, the basal tubercle marked above with black. Eyes black, conspicuous; prothoracic spiracle pallid. Beneath wood brown, the apical halves of the appendages infuscated, the antennal clubs blackish; an infuscated, ventrolateral band on abdomen. Hairs straight, slightly tapering, bluntly pointed, faintly spiculiferous. Length, 10.5 mm. ; breadth of abdo- men, 3.5 mm. ; of front of mesothorax, 2.7 mm. ; length of hairs on thorax, .15 mm. Described from specimen bred on butternut and sent by Mr. Hulbert. Distribution (24: 2). Tliis is much more extensively distributed than the preceding butterfly, at least in latitude, being common to the Allc- ghanian and Carolinian faunas and even encroaching a little on tiie Canadian. Southward it occurs in Georgia "common" (Abbot), Alabama (Gosse) and Virginia (coll. Anier. ent. soc). Westward it reaches to Michigan (coll. Mich. Univ.), Wisconsin "not rare" (Hoy) and Iowa, — Des Moines (Austin) and New Jefferson (Allen) ; and even to eastern Nebraska (Carpenter), eastern Kansas rare (Snow), Colorado and New Mexico (Snow), and northern Texas. If Boisduval's auretorum be the same, as is probable, it even extends to California. Northward 890 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Mr. Saunders reports that it is "comparatively common" at Montreal* "where edwardsii is either unknown or comparatively rare" and it has also been found at London, Ont. (Saunders, Reed) and Ottawa, abundant (Billings, Fletcher). It seems to occur throughout most of New England, but has been taken in Maine only at Norway (Smith) ; in New Hampshire it has oc- curred at Walpolc "quite common" (Smith) and Milford (Whitney) ; in Vermont at Bellows Falls (Merrill) ; in Massachusetts at Andover (Treat), Woburn (Shute), Dorchester (P. S. Sprague), Wollaston and Quincy (F. H. Sprague), Cape Cod (Fish), Amherst (Parker), Spring- field abundant and Mt. Tom (Emery), Leverett, Mt. Toby and Montague (F. H. Sprague) ; in Riiode Island at Providence (Packard), and in Connecticut at Plantsville (Shepardin Yale Coll. nius. ) and New Britain (Hulbert). Food plant and habits of caterpillar. Mr. Saunders has bred this caterpillar upon oaks, and ]Mr. Abbot states that it feeds on red oak (Quercus rubra Linn.) and other oaks (in his British Museum manuscripts Q. falcata Michx. is figured) ; and he adds that it feeds also on hickory (Carya), a member of a neigiiboring family. Dr. Packard has found ()rc- sumably this species on Carya glabra Torr., and Mr. Hulbert has bred it on the allied butternut, Juglans cinerea Linn. Boisduval and LeConte, how- ever, state that it feeds on species of Crataegus, a genus belonging to another division of angiosperms, and this somewhat doubtful statement has been extensively copied without verification ; a sjjecimen of the imago in the museum of the Michigan University, however, is labelled "thorn"; and I find in Abbot's manuscript a statement that it feeds on "parsley haw," by which a Crataegus is probably meant. It devours the leaves by eating holes through them, not touching the edge ; it is rather slow in its movements, differing considerably in this respect from T. edwardsii. It is a cannibal, too, in its small way and when short of food has been seen to devour its younger and weaker brethren . The caterpillar varies greatly in markings, as may be seen by our il- lustrations, in which extreme types are represented, one being grass green and almost immaculate, the other of an impure color and marked with a broad and greatly interrupted dorsal stripe ; no one would at first take them to be identical. Seasons. The butterfly makes its first appearance toward the end of June, and continues to emerge from the chrysalis until after the first week in July — the females probably throughout July. It is much more abun- dant during July than subsequently, but occurs also during the whole of August and has even been taken in the first week of September, but *Caulficld says, generally rare, but abundant in 1874. LYCAENINAE. THECLA CALANUS. 891 wliether taken in June or September, all belong to one brood. The eggs, which I liiivc received from Mr. Saunders, are laid all through July and early in August, and perhaps sometimes remain unhatelied tlirougliout the winter. At other times, as in cases recorded by Saunders and A\'orthington, they hatch in a few days, but in each case these died. It is tolerably certain that if they hatch, they hibernate without eating (as the action of Mr. Worth- ington's caterpillars would indicate) , and that the egg may also hibernate,* as tliere is no indication of a second brood, even in the south. Kgg8 which I received from Mr. Saunders early in August did not hatch, and caterpillars found in the spring after the vegetation is out are only partly grown, again both in the north and in the south. It is usually not until toward the last of June in the north, sometimes not until July, that the larvae become full grown , and after passing fourteen to twenty days in chrysalis (Hulbert), emerge as butterflies. In the south, judging from the observations of Abbot and Gosse, the butterflies emerge late in April or early in May, after twelve days in chrysalis. Neither makes any allu- sion to a second brood. Behavior of the butterfly. In Georgia, according to Abbot, these butterflies are found in oak woods and frequent the blossoms of "Chin- quessin" [? Chinguapin, Castanea pumila Michx.]. In the west, Allen took them in company with T. edwardsii "on flowers of the Symphori- carpus which grew on the prairies, in hollows that were moist in the spring time. They were also found at the bottom of ravines, in a low, thick growth of timber." Caulfield finds them on blossoms of Asclepias and sumac. Lintner's specimens "were usually captured when resting on l)ushes after a short and rapid flight in the warm sunshine." Gosse, speaking of Theclidi in general, and of this species in particular, says (Lett. Alab., 37) "when at rest they often rub the surfaces of the hind wings upon each other, up and down alternately." It is not a little strange that, while out of nine specimens bred by Messrs. Saunders and Reed, seven were females, the proportion of males to females in specimens captured at large (out of ninetj-five examined) is as three to one. Is it possible that the females instinctively conceal them- selves in the thick foliage of trees ? Parasites. The caterpillars, although so small, are not free from the attacks of a dipterous parasite ; Exorista theclarum (89 : 17, 19) lays its eggs in the body of the larva, usually but one egg in each insect, although Mr. Saunders once obtained three Tachinae from one caterpillar. The puparium is of a "dark brownish red" color, 4.8 mm. long; one hatched July 11. Packard bred (Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist., xxi:34) from this caterpillar in June a Tachina fly, and Mr. Hulbert found a maggot in * That the chrys-ilis in.!}- hibernate, as be- facts then published, but not noticed by him, lieved by Edwards (Can. ent., xiv:52), the abundantly disprove. 892 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. September in each of three chrysalids ho expected to liibcrnate : both of these may belong to the same species of Exorista. Besides this the cater- pillar is attacked by a species of Tetrasticlius, T. theclae (89:6) which once came from a chrysalis reared from some larvae sent me by Mr. Saunders ; only males were obtained. Desiderata. Is the larva ever found on thorn ? When do the eggs hatcli y and if in the summer, what do the young caterpillars do, or where betake themselves? What are the characteristics of the early stages of the caterpillar? In what terms shall we describe the flight and postures of the butterfly? Arc the males really more abundant than the females? Those wishing to obtain parasites may be sure that wintering chrysalids contain them. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— THECLA CALANUS. General. Imago. PI. 24, tig. 2. Distribution in North America. pi. g, ug. 14. Feuiiilc, both .surface.s. 89 : 6. Tetrastiohus theclae. a parasite. 14 ; 11. Male, both surfaces. 17. Exorista theclarum, a i.arasite; head. 34:24. Male abdominal appendages, side 19. Exoristatheclarum, a parasite; wing. view. Erjg. 25. The same, viewed from below in PI. 65, fig. 3. Plain. outline. 68:1. Micropyle. 44:1. Stigma of fore wing greatly en- Caterpillar. larged. PI. 75, tig. 20, 26. Side views. *6; 22. Androconium from the stigma. Chi-y salts. 61 : 5. Neuration, fore wing i . PI. 84, tig. 25, 27. Side views. ^- Neuration, fore wing ?. THECLA EDWARDSII.— Edwards's hair streak. [Edwards's hair strealv (Scudder) ; Edwards's streaked butterfly (Mayuard).] TAecifa etiwarfisu S.aund.,MSS., [see Trans. eutom. soc, i: 172-173 (1867);— Saund., Cau. Amer. eutom.soc, 1:172(1867); Can.eut.,i: ent., i : 98-99 (1869);— Middl., Rep. Ins., III., 98-99 (1869)] ;—Scudd., Proc. Bost. soc. iiat. x: 93(1881). hist., xiii : 272-276 (1870) ;— French, Butt. east. Thccla fahricii Kirb., Syn. catal. Lep., 654 U. S.,261 (1866);— Mayn., Butt. N.E., 33, pi. 6. (1871). figs. ,39, 39a (1886). „. , • r-i n. xr » i 1 t « ^ , ^, TT T ■ • n, , Figured m Glover, III. N. A. Lep., pi. I, tig. 27(.ecte faZncer Harr., Ins. iiij. veg., 3d ed., . • , 276 ,1862) ;— Grotc, Can. ent., ii : 165-168 (1870) ; ' '"""^ ' xix : 179 (1887). (Not Polyom. falacerGod. ; nor Rust. arm. Thecla calamis Grote-Kob., Trans. Amef. calanuslliibn.) The wild lice and the butterfly Are bright and h:i|ipy things to see ; Living beneath a suniiner sky. Eliza Cook. Sie tanzen und tanzeii wohl allzumal Um eiue Lindo im griiuen Thai. Kerner. Imago (6; IC). Head blackish brown, the summit overarched by the prothoracic hairs; a broad band of snow-white scales borders the eye in front and behind, con- nected, just above till! tongue, by a transverse band of white scales; a few pale scales are arranged along the median line of the vertex ; posterior outer border of the basal joint of antennae edged with white scales. Apical half of basal joint of pjilpi cov- LYCAENIX.VK: TIIKCLA KDWAKDSII. 893 ered with Onrk brown scaU's. llio cdiitiiiiiatioii of tliose \v1ir-1i break tlip coiiiiiuiily of the wliito Imiul iMU-irdin^ the eyes; outsiile of iiihhlle joint lialf white, half lilack, (llviilcd l)y II line, rnnnini; from the niiiUUe of the apical half of the upper odjre to the middle of the basal half of the lower edtre ; inside of basal and middle joints while with a few brownish scales; terminal joint black, white-lipped, and with a ftreat many white scales at the base, parlicnlarly above and beneath ; sometimes the basal half, cxceptin": the sides, white. Antennae blackish brown, each joint of the stalk and the basal ones of the club rather broadly annulated at the base, the white scales frequently conlluent and forming an clonjrate trianjrular patch at the base of the club, especially in the male, on either side of a Inteo-fnlvous patch (generally more or less obscureil with fuscous in the male) which extends over the whole under surface of the club, broadening; toward the tip ami occupy inj; the whole circumference of the termi- nal three or four joints. IV.is-vl half of toujiue luteo-testaceous. Thorax covered above with obscure mouse brown hairs, scarcely tinged with oliva- ceous; prothoracic lobes covered with dark brown, mingled with some pale and gray hairy scales, sometimes with a greenish tinge ; beneath, the thorax is gray with longer bluish white and shorter blackish hairs; femora covered with white scales, specked more or less with blackish brown, beneath covered with long white hairs with a few intermingled black ones; remainder of legs dull luteous, obscured above mainly with blackish brown scales and a few whitish scales (the latter especially at the ai)ices of the joints, and a subapieal patch on the tibiae), on the sides mainly with white, with scattered l)lackish scales ; spines black, claws lilackish. tinged with red. Wings above uniform dark grayish slate brown, occasionally almost l)lackisli brown, fresh specimens with an exceedingly slight olivaceous reflection, the veins, usually in the male only, and the outer edges blackish brown; basal half of the costal edge of the /ore wings indistinctly fusco-fulvous. Hind tcinf/s almost always (?) or usually ((J) having in the lower median interspace, very seldom also in the medio-siibmedian iu the female, a submarginal. generally small orange patch (when most distlTict, developed as a high lunule) seated on a blackish spot, the latter generally obsolete; outer edge of the hind wings with a line of pearly white scales as in T. liparops; diseal spot on fore wings of male oblong obovate, three times as long as broad, obscure dark grayish fuscous; subcostal nervule of the fore wings on either side of the origin of the inferior nervule considerably curved downward one-third way across the cell, at about the middle of the outer two-thirds of the latter; upper cross vein closing the cell transverse and in continuation of the lower; outer margin of hind wings above the longer tail straight, the latter but little longer than the width of an interspace, the shorter one very slight. Beneath uniform ashy slate brown, the extremity of the cell In each wing marked by a spot very slightly darker tlian the ground color of the wing, and agreeing in every other particular with the same spot in T. liparops; both wings are crossed by an extra-mesial band, the general course and position of which, in all its varia- tious, corresponds to the similar band in T. calanus; but it is made up of entirely inde- pendent, though closely contiguous and sometimes even partially confluent, spots of a blackish brown color, completely encircled, although less distinctly above, below and on the inner side, with white; the spots of the fore wings vary greatly in shape; usu- ally they are transversely short ol)ovate, the upper ones roundish, the lower often quadrate orreniform; on the hind wings those above the lower median nervule are roundish, with a tendency to become transversely short obovate. Outside of this band, on the fore wings, is a submarginal continuous stripe of slender, transverse, blackish streaks, closely parallel to the outer border, edged narrow ly on the inner side with white scales and followed externally by a delicate flush of orange, generally quite inconspicuous and often very nearly obsolete; a similar submarginal series on the hind wings formed of curved, or, on the lower half, usually of sagittate spots, opening outwardly, followed by more distinct orange spots, especially next the anal angle and in the lower median interspace ; in the medio-submedian interspace the orange is reduced to a mere edging, and the rest of the interspace is fdled with abun- 894 rilK lUITTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. dantly ^scattere(l caerulean scales on a dark Kroiiml ; outer border of both wings marked narrowly with blacki.sh brown, on the hind wings and often on the lower por- tion of the fore wings, followed interiorly by a line of white scales; a black spot at the extreme an.al angle, following the line of white scales on the lower median inter- space; fringe and tails as in T. calaniis, except in being of the general color of the wings. Abdomen above of tlie color of the upper surface of the wings; at the sides gray- ish and beneath dirty white; alations of upper organ of male appendages (34 : 14) well rounded, the lower edge almost straight; clasps straight tapering slightly beyond the gibbous base. Measurements in millimetres. MALE.S. FEMALES. Length of $ discal spot 2-2.6. Smallest. Average. 14.5 8.15 4.5 3.25 Largest. 15.25 8.5 5. 4.15 Smallest. Average. Largest. Len"'th of fore wings 13.5 7.75 4. 3. 13. 6.5 1 3.75 1 2.5 15.75 7.5 5. 3.25 17.25 antennae hind til)iaeand tarsi., fore tibiae and tarsi.. 8.75 4.5 3.6 Described from 62 (J , 38 9 . Longer tails varying in length from 1.75 to 3.25 ; aver., i 2.1, 9 2.75. Secondary sezual distinctions. See description of fore wing for the appear- ance of tlie male stigmi. Tlie scales found there (46:20) are ribbon-like, scarcely tapering, the sides being parallel, the tip well rounded and hardly angulated, while the base is angulated, equally on both sides; the lamina, exclusive of the stem, is a little more than three times as long as broad, and differs from that of T. c.alanus in its greater slenderness and the inequality of form of the two extremities. Egg (65:2). Prominences very high, smooth-tipped, .064 mm. apart, .025 mm. in diameter, the ridges rather slender, uniform, abrupt, .0085 mm. thick; pits angular, and .at most .025 mm. in diameter, the bottom marked as in T. calanus ; at the summit assuming much more the appearance of pits, occupying scarcely more than half the otherwise uniform surface. Micropyle rosette (68:2) .07 mm. in diameter, composed of a minute central circle, surrounded by four oval cells, directed toward it, their longer axes .03 mm. long and their shorter half of that. Height, .44 mm. ; breadth, .82 mm. This egg may be distinguished from that of tlie preceding species by the smoothness of tlie tips of the prominences and their greater distance apart; also by the nature of the interspaces, which are not circular pits, as in that species, but agree better with the similar parts in Incisalia. Caterpillar. Fourth stage. Head shining pitchy black, the base of the triangle with a white or pellucid narrow band. Body scarcely tapering in advance of the seventh abdominal segment, the extremity very bluntly pointed ; grizzly brown, marked with dull, dirty pale yellowish brown ; dor- sum of the first thoracic segment and a dorsal stripe, excepting on the anterior edge of the second thoracic segment, grizzly brown, the stripe distinctly bordered as far as the seventh abdominal segment, narrowing posteriorly ; the I'est of the body above dull dirty pale yellowish, the sides of each segment with a short and broad oblique streak of grizzly brown, the upper edge only of which is well deflned because faintly bor- dered with dirty whitish ; the ventrostigmatal fold is paler than the upper surface and is bordered above with a very indistinct band of obscure yellowish brown : under surface of body pale, dull, bluish green; warts blackish and their hairs pale brownish, giving the body a speckled appearance; the second and third thoracic and the first to third abdominal segments have each three blackish spinous hairs in the laterodorsal row, the middle tlie longest; the fourth to seventh abdominal segments have two each, of equal length; spiracles whitish encircled with dark brown; legs pale green- ish, iufuscated externally. Prolegs pale, dull bluish green. Length, 5.5 mm. ; breadth, 1.5 mm. Last star/e (75 : 25) not differing from the previous. Length, 9.25 mm.; breadth, 3 mm. LYCAENINAK: TUKCLA KDWAKDSII. 895 Mr. S!iuiuk'rs"s ilesiTiptioii diU'ers soiucwliat from mine iiiul particularly in that lie found the ilorsal baiul "enlarging: to an indistinct patch at each extremity, most prom- inent on hinder segments and having a series of spots along its centre from tlfth to ninth [Hrst to llfth abdominal] sognients Inclusive of dull greenish gray, the hinder ones being almost diamond shaped." His specimens were lo mm. long. Chrysalis (84 : "20). Dull yellowish brown, slightly glossy, with many small spots of a darlut. if not, then the insect nni8t winter as a young hirva. The caterpiUar Iieconics full grown in .June and the chrysalis may be looked for from flio middle of June to the middle of July ; its duration is unknown. Flight and attitudes. It is an exceedingly lively insect, and it is diffi- cult to follo\y one in its rapid, changeable flight. It is very ])ugnacious, one seldom stirring out without meeting and having a tusscl with a fellow ; it will dash out at every passing grasshopper. The male far exceeds the female in activity. When alighted the wings are held erect, the under pair covering half the lower median intersi)ace of the fore wings ; the antennae, curving forward at the extreme base, are straight, raised at about an angle of 20° \vitli tiic body and divaricate about 80°. AYhcn not 80 alert, in the shade, the antennae may divaricate as much as 100° and be dropped to the same plane as the body. In walking on a perpendicu- lar surface, it uses all six legs, but when it stops it withdraws to the breast one or both the fore legs. I have only once or twice seen them rub their hind wings, and it then appeared as if both hind wings were moved toijcthcr over the ftire winsrs, and not alternately. Parasites. Mr. William Saunders found some chrysalids of this butter- fly which he reai-ed infested by Tetrastichus saundersii, which hibernated in the chrysalis case and made its appearance after the butterflies of the following year were upon the wing. Desiderata. Our fii-st object must lie to raise this insect in order to prove that the supposed earlier stages are really its own, and to secure full descriptions of the earlier stages of the caterpillar; our next to determine in what stage it passes the winter. Notes upon the southern and north- western distribution of the butterfly are also desirable. Does its pai-asite attack other caterpillars? If not, and, as appears from above, it escapes from the chrysalis only after the next season's caterpillars are gone, what does it do with itself till they come again ? LIST OF ILLUSTliATIOXS.-rHECLA EDWABDSII. General. Imago. PI. 24, li;;. 3. Distribution ill Xurtb America. PI. 6, fig. IG. Male, botli surfaces. £nn. 34:14. Male abdominal appendages. PI. 6.5, fig. 2. Plain. 89:"- N''"tation. 68:2. Micropvle. ^^^^O. Androconiuin. Z . ... 54 : 8. Side view of head and appendages Caterpillar. , , .,,.., < », . . . „ , „. T, , . enlarged, witb details of the structure of PI. 75, fig. 2.5. Dorsal view. ., , ' ^ the legs. Chrysalis. PI. 84, fig. 29. Side view. "3 898 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. THECLA ACADICA.— The Acadian hair streak. [The Acadian l)air:itreak (Sciulder) ; the pale streaked butterfly (Slaynard).] Thecla acadica Edw., Proc. Acad. nat. sc. Tliecla snuheyan 'Whitii., Proc. Bost. soc Phila|iUMiiiusly with black. Siilx-oslal ncrvnle on either side of the cross vein elosln;; the cell curved n little downward. tlii)ii;;h not so nun-li as In the other species of the sienns; upper cross vein dosing tlie cell nearly transverse, ami in continuation of the lower. Fore wiiig.s scarcely so broad as in the other species ; outer niaririu of the hind wluij.s rejiularly curved, its longer tail scarcely loMjrer tlian the breadth of an interspace, the shorter very slight. Beneath uniform luslrous, rather dark pearl gray, with n faint lavender reflection — paler gray and without the lavender rellection iu old specimens. E.\treniity of the Cell of tlie/nrc irinijs marked by a transverse, stralglil, narrow black streak, usually longest aliove, entirely and narrowly encircled witli wldte; midway bet ween tliis and tile outer border ami sul>parallel to tlie latter is a series of eiglit small ronndisli black spots enclrcleil witli white, one iu each interspace above the lowest: the upper four are placed in a sliglit curve, tlie arc of a circle whose centre is at the base of the wing ; the fourtli to tlie eighth form a nearly straight series, parallel to the outer border, the llfth a little wltliin the line : the lifth and sixth are tlie largest, the llrst smallest and the rest nearly equal, about one-fourth the size of the eye; the seventh and the eighth are approximated, their white edging confluent. Beyond this band is a submarginal .scries of not very prominent orange lunules. often obsolete, excepting in the median inter- spaces, surmounted l)y lilackishaud tiiese by wiiite scales, the whole parallel to the outer border. The sjiace lietween this and tlie border is often more or less iiifnscated and the outer margin is narrowly edged with t)hick, surmounted in the median and sub- median areas by a slender white line, sometimes continued as a pale inconspicuous line along the whole outer margin. Extremity of the discoidal cell of the laud icings bordered as in the fore wings, but, necessarily, with a longer streak; there is also a somewhat simitar series of roundish spots and streaks, encircled with white ; the upper four are placed iu an arc whoso centre is on the inner border, next the middle of the abdomen ; the llftli and sixtli lie on a line with the flrst. parallel to the discoidal streak ; the seventh consists of a subreniforni spot, toward which the discoidal streak points and tlie direction of w liich it frequently shows ; the last is a long and slender, curving or bent streak, iu the lowest interspace, having a direction nearly at right angles with the general course of the lower portion of the series and extending toward tlie l)ase farther than the tip of tlie abdomen ; the roundish spots of this series arc nearly equal in size, the llrst a very little the largest; usually they are very little larger than the spots of the fore wings. There is a submarginal series of orange lunules varying greatly iu size, conlluent on the lower half of the wing, each surmounted by a black line, almost sagittate, edged with white, and followed by dusky spots, giving place in the lower median and lowest interspaces to small, blackish, triangular spots and, in the medio- submedian interspace, to a very large dusky spot, profusely sprinkled witii caerulean, which almost divides the otherwise eutirely conlluent orange spots; outer border delicately edged with black, surmounted by a slender line of white scales; fringe and tails much as above. Abdomen above like the upper surface of the wings, the tip and sides grayish, beueatli white, edged with grayish; alations of upper organ of male (34: IG) well rounded, but slightly angled at the upper distal edge, the lower edge produced to a triangular lobe, overlapping the clasps; the latter straight and nearly equal beyond the slightly gibbous base, with which the apical portion is bent at a slight angle. Measurements in millimetres. Length of ^ti},'nla of i 1.6-2.2. licngth of furc wings 12.75 aiitemiiie " "" hind lilii;ie and tarsi fore tiliiiicand tiirsi MALKS. Largest. FEMALES. Smallest.! Average. Smallest. Average. Largest. 12.75 15. 0.75 7.25 4. 4.5 2..-. 3.2 16. 7.8 4.6 3.6 16. 7. 4.5 1 3.5 16. 7.5 4.5 3.7 16.5 7.7 5.25 :5.3ij» DescribetlfromlSj 69- Length of longer tails $ 2.2-2.76; 9 2-3.23 •Both fore legs of this individual were of from some eau.se; they should h.ive been the same length : they must have been stunted at least oiie-flflh longer. 900 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAXD. Secondary sexual distinctions. See descriptiou of fore -vviiig for appearance of the stigma. The scales of the same (46 : 21) very closely resemble those of T. calaims, bcins less than four times as long as broad, subequal, broadly rounded at the tip, l)ut with the sides of the base slightly lobed. Egg (65 : 1). Closely resembling that of T. calanus, but scarcely so high, and with somewhat deeper micropylic pit: prominences slender, tapering, truncate, much farther apart than their own height, uniform in elevation, about .015 mm. thick at tip; the cells are subcircular, averaging .0-1 mm. in diameter, reckoning from the centre of the walls ; the micropyle pit is .06u mm. in diameter. Height of egg, .4 mm. ; breadth, .72 mm. Caterpillar. Last stage (75: Ifi-18). Head (79: 25) shining, very pale greenish brown, the lower half of the triangle fuscous; antennae with the basal joint white, the apical reddish; ocelli white in a blackish field: labrum and mandibles reddish brown. Body grass green, deepest on the dorsal area, more or less distinctly marked with whitish. First thoracic segment with two faint, pale greenish laterodorsal lines and on either side two oblique lines, inclined from above backward and downward, the upper as indistinct as the laterodorsal line, the lower tinged with yellow; behind this segment the body is similarly marked ; there is a pair of very distinct laterodorsal white lines, approximating a little at the anterior extremity but otherwise parallel, extending distinctly as far as the end of the seventh abdominal segment and indis- tinctly to the tip of the body ; there is a distinct lemon yellow, sometimes whitish, infrastigmatal line, commencing with the distinct band of the first thoracic segment and extending to the tip of the body ; on the sides of the body between these two lines there are on each segment two fainter, narrower, obliqne, whitish lines, the lower in broken continuation with the upper of the pi'eceding segment; beneath uniform green; hairs white or colorless, straight or slightly curved, the longer two or three times longer than the shorter, those of the first thoracic segment brownish. Spiracles pale brownish encircled with pale. Legs very pale greenish, the claws fuscous at tip; prolegs green, their apices colorless. Length, 16 mm. ; breadth, i mm. ; height, 3.75 mm.; length of lateral hairs .28-. 44 mm. ; length of other hairs, .16 mm. ; of apical bristle of antennae, .2 mm. In younger specimens the lateral oblique stripes are obscure and in the oldest ones there are sometimes three instead of two on a segment. Chrysalis (84 : 85). Upper surface dull yellowish brown, obfuscated with blackish brown spots which are scattered over the whole surface, collected into obscure dusky stripes on the sides of the abdoininal segments, which curve around behind the spiracles, and are wanting along the narrow obscurely yellow subdorsal lines ; a black dorsal line on the thorax and a dusky dorsal stripe on the abdomen. Under surface and wings greenish plumbeous, dotted abundantly with blackish spots, the posterior border more or less obscured ; the network of interlacing ridges is composed of ratlier larger cells than in most of the other species, covering most of the body, as distinct on the sides as on the back, and is furnished at all points of intersection with little wiirts ; the hairs are pretty abundant, moderately long, about one-half as long again in front as on the sides, bluntly rounded at tip, their spicules at the most not more than one-third of the diameter of the spine in length, and directed considerably for- ward so as to give the sides of the spine a sharply serrate appearance. Hairs erect on the thorax, somewhat recumbent on the abdomen; thoracic spiracle white, others yellowish brown. Length, 10.5 mm. ; breadth, 4.5 mm. ; height, 4.5 mm. ; height of hairs on front, .28 mm. ; on .sides, .2 mm. Distribution (24:4). Tliis butterfly apparently occurs in tlie east only iu the vicinity of the boundary line of the Canadian and Alleghanian fau- nas, l)ut principally in the latter, in a narrow belt stretching from the Atlantic to Montana. But it also occurs in a hardly distinguishable LYOAENINAK: TIIECLA ACADICA. 901 form on the Pacific coast from Vancouver's Island to southern California, Nevada and Arizona ; and I have seen in the British Museum specimens from Nicaragua which to all appearance also belong here.* On the eastern side of the continent it has been found in Montana and Dacotah by Mor- rison, Iowa (Parker), Wisconsin "coninKJu" (Hoy), northern Illinois ( Worthington) , Michigan(Mu8. Mich. Univ. ) , London, Ont. (Saunders — to whose indefatigable researches our princi[)al knowledge of the insect is due), Ottawa( Billings), Montreal "very rare" (Lyman), Bethlehem and Albany, N. Y. (Lintner) and Philadelphia (Blake, Edwards). In New England it is rather widely distributed, having been found in Montpelier, Vt. (Minot), Milford "very rare" (Whitney) and Nashua, N. H. (Harr. Coll.), Williamstown and Cape Cod, Mass. (Scudder) and Farmington, Conn. (Norton). Haunts. The butterfly occurs in wet places where willows abound (Saunders) ; mv specimens were taken about thickets fringing streams. Food plant and habits of caterpillar. The larvae feed on dif- ferent species of willow (Salix), eating the leaves from the edge inward. They are very supple in their movements, their body curving like that of a snail, as they pass from one leaf to another or from the upper to the under surface. They move slowly, and if kept in too close confinement are subject to a species of diarrhoea which often proves fatal. At such a time one refuses food, grows pallid and shrunken, and at its worst stands in an arching posture thrusting out and withdrawing the head. When thus stretched the front half of the body becomes flattened and the hinder half swollen while the head is sometimes so far advanced as to disclose a long neck, the mouth sometimes on the ground, sometimes curved over inwards so as almost to touch the prolegs. This is accompanied by muscular con- tractions of various parts of the body and spasmodic movements of the legs and prolegs, the creature meanwhile standing, as it were, on tiptoe. Pupation. The day before the first preparation for pupation, the cat- erpillar takes on a decidedly purplish tinge, and, by the time the girth is made, it becomes a purplish roseate, the oblique stripes a little paler and the subdorsal and infrastigmatal lines still paler. In twenty-four hours the body becomes much shorter and thicker, the back quite regularly arched behind the first thoracic segment and the sides regularly rounded. It measures at such a time 11 mm. long, 5.2.5 mm. broad and 4 mm. high. The girth passes considerably forward and crosses the middle of the second thoracic segment. It is about three days after the spinning of the girth that the final change occurs. First, the form of the chrysalis can be detected beneath the larval skin, the separation of the thorax and abdo- men being evident ; then the skin splits and apparently is withdrawn by the shrinkage of the membrane alone, which frequently remains covering • 1 do not find these noticed in Godinan ami Salvin's Biolopjia centrali-americana. 902 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. a part of the abdomen, but generally collects as a shrivelled lunn) at the tail. At the close, the girth is found passing over the second abdominal segment. Life history. The butterfly generally appears about the 10-15 July, altliDUgli it sometimes occurs as early as the very end of June ; it remains upon the wing until the end of the first week in August — perhaps longer ; the eggs are doubtless laid during the last of July and remain unhatched until spring ; the caterpillars become fully grown in the latter part of June, and according to Mr. Saunders remain eight or nine days in chrysa- lis ; my own observations upon this point were not so carefully noted as they should have been, but I tiiink specimens received from Mr. Saunders remained nearly fourteen days in the pupa. Desiderata. The distribution of this butterfly needs particular attention ; the time and place of the deposition, the season of hatching of the eggs and the duration of the chrysalis state are points which need investigation. We require also a description of the earlier stages of the larva and notices of the flight, habits and posture of the butterfly. No parasites are known. Has the larva any other food than willow ? LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— THECLA ACADICA. General. Chrysalis. PI. 24, fig. 4. Distribution iu North America. PI. 84, flg. 35. Side view. Effff. ^_ ^ Imago. PI. 65, fig. I. Side view. PI. 6, fig. 13. Male, both surfaces. 34 : 16. Male abdominal appendages. Caterpillar. i6:21. Androcoiiiura. PI. 75, fig. 10, 17. Dorsal views. 18. Partly dorsal, partly lateral view. 79 : 25. Front view of head, stage v. TRIBE LYCAENIDI. BLUES. PajMliones polyophthahni Wieu. Verz. Lycaenides Kirb. ; Lycacninac (pars) Butl. ; Cives (pars) Herbst. Lycaenidae(pars) Guen6e. Adoleseentes Hubner. Ciipididi Scudder. Hued like a rainbow, sparkling as a dewdrop, Glittering as gold, and lively as a swallow. Each left his grave shroud,"and iu rapture winged him Up to the heavens. Anon. Frail feeble sprites I — the children of a dream! Like motes dependent on the sunny beam, Living but in the sun's indulgent ken. And when that light withdraws, withdrawing then. Hoon. — Plea oj the Midsummer Fairies. Imago. Colors above principally violet ; club of antennae usually equal throughout most of its extent, long and slender, being about three times as broad as the stalk and from four to five times longer than broad. Patagia long and slender, usually about two and a half times longer than broad; subcostal nervure of fore wings with three LYCAENINAK: TIIK I'KlIiK LYCAENIDI. 903 superior branolios; tlic outermost forkoil, the iiervuro itst'lf nimiiiii; in a very iliroct course to just l)elo\v the tip of the wins ; auilroconia battledore-shaped, linearly beaded ; tnrsi armed benealh with only two or throe rows of slender spines ; fore tarsi of male armed at ti[) witli a sIultIc moilian claw, broad at base and rapidly taperinu:, scarcely curved. I'pper or^an of male abdominal appcndajies furnisheil not witli liroad alntions but with •;il)bons expansions, bearini; l)aelvwanl or ilownw ard din'eted laminae or books ; clasps broad at the l)ase and taperiiiir more or less irregularly to a blunt or sharp point; intromittent or^an not so Ion;; as in Tlieclidi, but of similar shape. Egg. Tiarate. almost cAND. sloping towai'il each other at considerably more than a riglit angle, the posterior the more abrnpt. Eyes not large nor full, naked in every part. Antennae inserted in the middle of the summit, separated by a space equal to the width of tlie basal joint; barely longer than the abdomen, composed of about thirty-two joints, of which the last twelve form a depressed, elongate club, the first three of which broaden rather rapidly, but beyond them the club remains C(iual or even diminishes very sliglitly, tlie bluntly conical tip composed of three or four joints; the club is three times as broad as tiie stalls, and about four times as long as broad. Palpi slender, compressed, tapering, less than twice as long .as the eye, the apical joint three-fifths as long as the penultimate, and provided only with recumbent scales ; other joints also furnished beneath with a curving fringe of very long, thick scales, all closely compressed in a vertical plane. Patagia slender, arched longitudinally, but scarcely tumid, very small, about two and a lialf times longer than broad, tapering gradually and regularly, with straight sides on tlie Ijasal two-thirds, beyond whicli tliey are equal, bent slightly outward, so that the whole inner margin is al)out straiglit, and bluntly pointed. Fore wings (39 : 20) two-tliirds as long again as broad, the costal margin very gently convex, less so beyond the base, the outer angle scarcely rounded otl', the outer margin rather broadly and regularly rounded, having a general direction of about 55*^-60° with the costal margin, the inner margin straight, the angle rounded. Costal nervure terminating opposite the middle of the outer half of the cell, confluent for a part of the time with the first superior subcostal nervure ; subcostal nervure with three supe- rior branches ; the first, arising scarcely beyond the middle of the upper margin of the cell, runs at first into the costal, is completely confluent with it for a short distance, and tlien parting from it, ends on the margin opposite the apex of the cell ; second superior brancli arising at about one-fourth the distance from the origin of the first to the apex of the cell ; and tlie third at a little more tlian half way from the origin of the second to the apex of the cell, forking before the middle; cross veins closing the cell exceedingly faint and transverse, bent at a slight angle ; cell scarcely half as long as the wing, and three and one-half times longer than broad. Hind wings with the costal margin well curved, more strongly on the basal than the apical half, the outer border strongly rounded, very full on the upper half, and per- haps rather more so in tlie $ than in the $ , the medio-submedian interspace very slightly and roundly emarginate, the lower median nervule furnished with a very slen- der, thread-like tail, considerably longer than the width of the interspaces at its base; inner margin rather strongly convex near the base, beyond straightly excised, the angle abrupt but broad. Submedian nervure terminating at the anal angle; internal nervure terminating at about the middle of the inner border. Androconia rounded quadi-ate, the stem less than half as long as the lamina. Fore tibiae three-quarters the length of the hind tibiae ; fore tarsi not so crowded with spines as on the other legs, scaled beneath, the tiljial spurs naked and small, smaller in the male than in the female ; the terminal joint is either like that of the other legs (?), or it is furnished at tip with only a single, median, long, tapering, scarcely curving hook, without paronychia or pulvillus {$)■ Middle tibiae a little shorter than the hind pair, provided at tip with long and slender, tapering spines, mostly concealed by large scales. First joint of tarsi as long as the others combined, the second, third and fourth diminishing regularly in size, the fifth equal to the second; the terminal joint furnished beneath with two, the other joints with three rows of moderately long and slender spines, the terminal outer ones of each joint much longer than the others, spur-like and curved ; claws very small, short, gently curved, taper- ing but little, pointed; paronychia double, the upper piece long and very slender, tapering, almost flliform, incurved and delicately pointed, the lower piece a ciliate lobe, hardly longer than broad and rounded ; pulvillus wanting. Upper organ of male abdominal appendages forming a short, semicircular, laminate hood, tlie edges setose, the posterior margin entire; lateral arms slender, very long and strongly arcuate ; clasps forming a not very long, snbequal, somewhat bellied rib- bon, broadly rounded apically. LYCAKXINAK: TIIK CENUS EVEKFvS. 907 Bgg. ViTV ili'prosseil t'chiiioiil slmpuil, tlio whole iipper rsiirfiiri- almost pt'i-fcctly fliil. lliilUT nbovo tliAii 111 Oyniilrls niul not so hi;;li for Its hremltli ; t'ovorfd witli iiiod- criiti'ly pruinliioiit niul not itowiIimI lulieivlos, foiiiieclod by lino raised lines forniing anlii|uadrato or rlionilmivl cells, Imt with no snttordlnato Inheroles, the ndcropyle not sunken. Caterpillar at bittb. The head is as broad as llie body or barely narrower limn the llrst thorni-ic sej;nient ; frontal triangle larjte, more than half as high as the head, nearly as broad at base as MsU. Boily snbcyllndric, scarcely taperlnj; from in front backward, the lirst considerably larger than the other thoracic se;:nients, fnrnished with rather shorter bristles than the rest of the body, few in nnniber and rei;nlarly dis- posed. The other seitnients have re-jnlarly disposed appendages as follows: — a snl)- dorsal series of hljih papillae and long, laperinir liairs, as long as the widtli of the body, on the thoracic and llrst eight alidominal segments, a little in advance of the middle; a laterodorsal series of small papillae with shorter liairs, on the same seg- ments, centrally situated ; a laterostigmatal series of high papillae with comparatively short trniiciitc (but not. as represented in 71 : 5 clubbed) bristles, on the llrst six abdomi- nal segments, two to a segment, one anterior and a little lower with slightly longer bristle, the other posterior and higher. There is also a similar but longer infralaleral bristle, anteriorly placeil. on the thinl thoracic segment; and an infrastigmatal series of long hairs three to a segment, of which one is central, on a liigh papilla directly on the substigmatal fold, and the others are on lower papillae, one a little lower and ante- rior, the third above it and posterior. There are also series of hairless lenticles or annnlias follows : a snpralateral series on the thoracic and sixth to seventh abdominal segments, the former large, the latter small; a lateral series, large on the llrst eight abdominal segments, a small, infralateral one ou the fourth abdominal segment (and on all the segments a small, suprastigmatal series and on the abdominal segments a small, infrastigmatal series; these last I have been unable to verify since my notes were madei. .Ml hairs and bristles are microscopically spiculed. Mature caterpillar. Head hardly more than one-tenth the width of the body. Body longitudinally arched, more al)rn|itly curveil in front and behind, more strongly in front than behind, but in the middle with a narrow dorsal Held and tectiform sides, the incisures deeply cut. On most of the segments there is a subdorsal group of spiculiferous hairs, which in the earlier stages are subequal, long, erect and forward curving, but later are unequal, a single longer one curving outward, the shorter ones erect. The crateriform annuli of the llrst stage continues at least into the next; full notes were not taken. The caterpillar difters from that of Cyaniris in the great breadth and llatness of the last abdominal segment and in the more lateral position of the caruncles of the eighth abdominal segment. Chrysalis. Long and slender, nearly four times as long as broad, the sides, viewed from aliove. parallel and straight from the base of the wings to their tip, beyond which the abdomen tapers a very little and ends in a long elliptic curve. Viewed lat- erally, the abdomen is highest at the third and fourth abdominal segments and is very broadly and regularly arched; and, although not high, the upper part of tlie ninth seg- ment is perpendicular: transversely the abdomen is regularly rounded, forming perhaps a little more than a semicircle; three-fourths of the tongue exposed, the inner edges of the legs resting iigainst it; biis-il wing prf)minence apparently altogether absent; surface of the abdomen transversely, coarsely and infreciuently striated, particularly on the hinder part of the segments ami with very distant minute warts, perhaps l."i-20 on the dorsum of a single segment, giving rise to long, nearly equal, apically taper- ing, pretty slender hairs. Similar hairs are found all over the thorax where they are slightly longer. The body, says Dr. Harris, is slightly contracted laterally before the middle, broad- est behind the middle, more obtuse before than behind, and the thorax projects slightly above. This genii8 is represented by four or five species in tlio nortiierii licnii- 908 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. sphere, one in tlie Old World, and the others in the New, in both continents extending- t'roni oeean to ocean, thus encircling the globe; its northern limit in both worlds is abont Lat. 57" ; in America it extends sonth to Lat. 12° N. — almost to Sonth America, — while in Enrope it only reaches Lat. 43, and in Asia about five degrees further, to Kaschmir and northern China. Besides which the genus reappears in India and the Malayan archipelago, where several species are found. The transformations of several species arc known ; one American form is found throughout New England. The butterflies may be distinguished from all other indigenous Lycae- nidi by the presence of a thread-like tail at the tip of the lowest median nervule of the hind wings : on the upper surface tlie wings are violet in the male, dark brown suffused on the disc with the male colors in the female. Beneath they are very pale brown with faint marginal markings over most of the outer border ; these markings on the hind wings are intensified in the median interspaces forming, especially in the lower one, a blackish sf)Ot surmounted by a bright lunule ; there is also an extra-mesial series of blackish spots or dashes, nearly straight on the fore wings, strongly tortuous on the hind, besides a transverse dash at the tip of the cell and on the hind wings a couple of roiuid spots near the base. The butterflies are polygoneutic, the paleogean and probably the neo- gean species hibernating in curled leaves as full grown caterpillars and transforming to chrysalids in May, about a fortnight before the first brood of butterflies appears. The European butterfly, according to Speyer, flies over sunny flowery spots in thickets and on mountain meadows and is mostly found in hilly regions. The American species is found quite as often on plains and river bottoms. The diu-ation of the egg is but three or four days ; the caterpillars mature rapidly and tiie summer chrysalids evolve their inmates more quickly than those of spring. The caterpillars feed on a variety of Lcguminosae, the European species having been found on Lotus, Anthyllis, Medicago, TrifoHum, Pisum and Onobrychis and even on Rhamnus ; while ours are known to feed on Lespedeza, Phaseolus, Desmodium, Galactia, Trifolium and Astragalus. The cater- pillars of the European species are known to bore the husks and devour the peas of Pisum ; and an entirely similar habit has been discovered in one of the Californian species by Messrs. Wright and Riley, the latter of whom writes me that Everes amyntula "lives within the pod of Astraga- lus leucopsis, frequently in connection with a noctuid and a curculionid larva and always leaves the pod to pupate. While it feeds normally upon the young and tender seeds, it also shows quite a carnivorous propensity and will eat its associates just mentioned when they are not too active or large." The caterpillars are elliptical in form, flatter and more elongated than in Cyaniris, with a flatter terminal segment, of a greenish color, with a dark dorsal stripe and many oblique lateral lines. IlIK l.r.NCiTll Ol- I.Il F. OF 15UTTERFLIES. !)()9 Tlio clirvtiiilids are longer ami !«k'iiilercr than in C'vaniris, being nearly tour times longer than broad, theaiulonien but slightly more elevated than the thorax, and tiie whole body covered with long distant hairs by which thev mav readily be distingiiishcd : in color they resemble the cater])illars, or are darker and spotted with lilack. EXCURSUS XXXII. LENGTH OF LIFE IN BUTTERFLIES. \h\tor loiiitittir: Biittorrty limtUur: ••Hoyal in luirpk' iuul jrolil ami rod, "Sunsliinc ami blussoins are on my way; Krof. ami unknowing' sorrow, Wlial is tlio talk of sorrow? Blitlii-lv ami litlirlv to ami fro, Blitln- on tl]i> wing with (lowers for rest, With ll'owors for t'hv I'hoosin-r still a-blow. Hither ami tliitlier as likes nie best: Flannt throu^'h the iillo noon : Oh the joy of the while ! Hut the (lav is short ami the sinnmer sped, Minutes are many to bask anil to play, And alas for the end of joy so soon ; The earth is glad and the blue skies smile ; The (lavs are short and the rose is dead. Jlimites are many and joy is to-day; And ihou wilt be dyin;^ to-morrow." Hying is f:ir till to-morrow." Augusta Webster.— TAe BnUerjhj. AuRELlANS are frequently asked how long butterflies live. By this is generally meant what is the length of life of the mature insect. As is generally known, each species passes through one cycle of its existence once a year, though it very frequently happens that two, three, or even more generations succeed imc another during a single season, and it has been siqiposed (though ne\or proven) to be the case with sonic that two or more years are required for this cycle ; as is known to be true of some other insects. But with regard to the length of life of the butterfly itself, there is not a little variety ; when the disappearance of a given butterfly is in consequence of the approaching cold season it may well be and often is the case that the butterfly has merely gone into winter quarters to appear again on the wing the ensuing spring. In cases like these, the duration of life of a butterfly may be as long as eight or nine months or even more, for there are hibernating butterflies which emerge from the chrysalis by the beginning of August or even in July, but which do not go into winter quarters until September, October or even November, then appear again the next season as soon as advancing spring has begun to make itself felt, and continue upon the wing sometimes through June, sometimes even into July. It is impossible to say certainly whether or not the individuals flying latest in the spring number among them any which were earliest to escape from the chrysalis in the preceding season. But setting aside the chances of capture by their enemies, there is no reason to believe it impossible, and that they may spend and probably in many instances do spend fully ten months of the year in the winged con- dition. This conclusion may be reached also in another way. A\'e may add together the ordinary life period of the egg, the time it takes the caterpil- 910 THK BUTTERFLIES OF NEW EN(;LAK1). lar to rcaeli nmtuiity, and the period of tlie chrysalis, aud in these hibernating butterflies \vc shall rarely Hiid that these stages together occupy on the average more tlian two months. Tlie remaining ten months must therefore be the average time s[)ent ujion the wing. That many may li\o eleven months or even twelve seems probable, for a but- terfly may contiiuic to fly for some time after the first eggs are laid, especially in the case of those which lay but one at a time, where the eggs do not develop in the ovaries at once, but slowly and by degrees, and so are deposited in succession over a considerable period of time. In an article in the C'anadi;in Entomologist on this subject, Mr. ^\'. H. Edwards has labored to show that eggs are almost invarialdy laid by but- terflies fresh from the ciirysalis. and that the butterfly dies soon after the laying of the eggs. This proves quite too much, for if it were so, a buttei-fly would hardly fly more than a week. That eggs are often laid by butterflies soon after eclosion from the chrysalis is doubtless true, but there are quite as many cases, where egg laying is delayed for a consider- able length of time, — two, three or four weeks : an e-\aniination of the ovaries of butterflies will show that it is rarely the case that all the eggs are laid even within two or three days of each other, but that they mature by degrees too slowly for such rapid oviposition. There are of course some, in which the eggs are laid in masses, when a greater number are laid in a single day, but the cases are fiir more numerous where egg lay- ing is continued over many days, and sometimes jjrobably over several weeks. It is possible that the duration of the life of butterflies is gi-eater in the north than in the south. As one approaches the tropics, insectivorous birds and other creatures are far more destructi^'e of butterfly life than with us, and the chance of long life upon the wing must be greatly less- ened with the niunerous liabilities to disaster which overtake the poor butterfly in the warmer regions. There may even be a difltn-ence in this respect between districts so near each other as West Virginia and New England. For certainly my own experience of the overlapping of broods of difl'erent butterflies as seen by me in New England is ■s'cry difterent from that reported by Mr. Edwards in West Virginia, and inasmuch as these broods follow each other witii greater rapidity in Virginia than with us, the difference is thereby exaggerated. To judge from the statistics that I have collected from observations made in the field both by myself and numerous correspondents, I am in- clined to think that, in the case of those butterflies which are born and die the same season, the average length of life of the mass of them, that is, omitting mention of those which, cut off early, come to an imtimely end, to be not far from four to five weeks, varying in different species from three to six or seven. Of course it is impossible to arrive at any very ac- LVCAKXIXAi: ; KVKKl'.S (OMYNTAS. 911 curate iletenniuatiun rogaiding this, .siiicu in tlic case of any particular species we are obliged to base our conclusions on observations of" tlie times when the earliest butterflies were scni, wiuii ihcy liecauie most abimdant, when the numbers pei'ccptil)ly diminisiied, or specimens became old and worn, and when the last were seen. It is particularly difficult to decide upon the average age of individuals, when, as is not infre(|ucntly the case, a brood of l)uttcrflies is augmented by gradual accretions for a long period of time, three, four or five weeks. It is again difficidt in the case of tlioso butterffics. and there are not a few of them, like some of our Argynnidi, whii'li appear u|Hin llie wing in mid-suunncr, receive a sud- den accession to their nund)ers a mouth or two after the advent of the earliest and then only begin to lay their eggs. I, for one, can hardly believe that all these earliest individuals perish before the season for egg laying, and I even think from the condition of specimens, worse and worse as the season progresses, that some of the earliest live to the last and are upon the wing sometimes for two and three months of the year. •»*See a imperon the subject by W. H. Edwards (Can. eiit., xiii: 20r)-14). EVERES COMYNTAS.— The tailed blue. [Tlie least blue butterfly (Abbot); Coniyiitnj butterfly (Harris); tailed blue (Scudder).] Polyommntus comynlas God., Kiieycl. Cvpido comi/itlas Kirb., Syu. eatal. Lep., mtt\)., ix: GOS. 660 (1S19) ;— D'Urbaii, Can. 356(1871). nat., v: 246 (1860) ;— Jlorr., Syn. Lep. N. Plebeiiifi comyntas Kirb., Syii. catalhep., Amer., 83 (1862):— Harr., Ins. inj veg., 3d 653(1871). ed., 275 (1862) ; Eutoni. corresp., 275 (1869) . Ereres comyntas Seudd., Syst. rev. Amer. Argus comyntaa Boisd.-LeC, L^p. Am^r. butt.. 35 (1872); Butt., 130, 152, 308, fig. 125 sept., 120-121, pi. 36, tig.s. 6-9 (1833). (1881). Lycaena comyntas Doubl., List Lep. Brit. rapilin Abb., Draw. ins. Ga., Brit. nius., ii: 43-44 (1847) ;— Edw., Can. cut., viii : JIns., xvi : 58, tab. 242 (ea. 1800). 203-205 (1876);— Middl., Rep. ins. III., x: 9.-1-96 Figured also by Abbot, Draw. ins. Ga., (1881);— Fern., Butt. Me., 93-95, fig. 32 (1884);— Oemler coll., Bost. soc. nat. hist. 16;— Glover, French. Bu«. east. U. S., 292-294, flg. 81 (1886) ; III. N. A. Lep., pi. 2, tig. 3; pi. 9. fig. 11; pi. 26, — Mayn., Butt. N. E.. 40. pi. 5, figs. .50, .50a fig. 3; pi. 27, figs. 6, 9, lOV; pi. 28, figs. 9, 11; (1886). pK F, tig. 7, ined. . . . Sylphe arown with a few Iduish liairs near the liase ; below wliite. I'pper organ of male appendages i 34 : 2i;, 27) very siiort tlie sides prodiiceil triangularly behind and curved downward, the lateral anus very slender and stronglv recurved. Measurements In niilliinetres. | males. | FEMALES. Length of toncrue, 6 mm. | gniaiicst. Average. Largest. Smallest. Average. Largest. Length o( fore wing.-* 9.3 13.25 ti. 3.U 2.3 15.25 7.25 3.8 2.8 10. 4.5 2.5 1 1.8 12.5 5.76 3.33 2.35 15. 7 hind tiliiue and tar.4i .. 2.25 fore tibiae and tarsi .. L75 3.75 2.5 Accessary sexual peculiarities. Scattered upon the upper surface of the wings, apparently w ilii no regularity iior selection of place, are androconia of the normal battledore shape (46 : 31 ), the l.amiua with equal sides, broadly rounded apex, scarcely longer than broad and studded with about tifteen closely crowded rows of bead-like dots arranged longitudinally and regularly ; stem less than half as long as the lamina, rxpaudius <;raduaily as it joins it. They are mucli smaller than the ordinary scales, averaging about .<");< mm. in breadth. Egg (65:20). Surface covered uniformly l)oth above and on the sides with raised rounded bullions points, liiglier on tlie sides tliau on top, arranged in toleralily regular oblique rows, and averaging .04 mm. in distance apart; these are connected by fine raised ridges of mucli less elevation forming tolerably regular cells, the surface of which Is delicately punctate. Color delicate pea green, the elevated portions white. Toward the inlcropyle (68: .">, 12) the tubercles become smaller and closer and are more irregularly placed and the cells of course become smaller and often pentagonal. The micropylic space is siiarply bounded liy an angulate periphery, is alioiit .01 mm. In diameter, greener iu color, with ;i tracery similar to that of the neighlioring parts but still smaller and more delicate, tlie cells averaging about .01 mm. iu diameter, and only the outer ones punctate. Diameter of egg, .5 mm. ; height, .22 mm. ; height of tubercles. .o2 mm. Caterpillar, yirst stage. Head (79:3G) black, nearly as broad as body. Body pale green, sulicylindrlcal, nearly equal. Legs luteous. Length, .75 mm. Thinl stngf. Head (79 : 37) piceous, deeply and narrowly cleft at the crown, smooth with a very few rather long and extremely delicate hairs. Body rusty brown iu short longitudinal patches, edged with pallid yellow, with a darker dorsal stripe outwardly edged witii dull, [lailld yellow; the lower portion of the sides with a series of darker oblique stripes forming a broken suprastigmatal scries; aiinuli dusky; hairs pellucid; "S 914 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. spiracles luteous, witli a narrow, fuscous ring. Loirs and prologs pallid groon. Length, 3 mm. ; breadth of head, .35 mm. Fourth stage. Head piceous. Body pale green with a darker green dorsal stripe, broadest on the thoracic segments, somewhat pallid subdorsal ridges and the sides tinged with grisoous from the numerous dusky ringed annuli and papillae. Caruncles of eighth abdominal segment (first noticed in third stage) pallid, the spicules orange or pale salmon ; when at rest they are not wholly withdrawn but look like fleshy cups with corrugated edges and are a little more than .1 mm. in diameter; midway between spiracles of same segment is a long, erect, tapering, straight, spiculiferous, needle- like spine of a dusky color and about as long as the longest hairs. There is also a broad, tr.ansverse cleft between the spiracles of the seventh abdominal segment, occu- pying at least a third of the space between the spiracles. Last stage (75 : 37, 44). Head (79 : 38) piceous ; labrum pallid at base, beyond dark castaneons; antennae pale ; ocelli black; mouth parts pale green. Body dark green, with a fuscous dorsal stripe, from the second thoracic segment backward, enforced by black points, especially near the edges of the segments. Whole of first thoracic segment infuscated. Sides of the abdominal segments between the spiracles and the pallid green infrastigmatal fold dull vinous, becoming brownish posteriorly; sides above sjjiracles marked with a couple of bands of short, pale brownish fuscous lunules separated from each other by their own width, the convexity upward, each upper lunule of one segment also forming with the lower lunule of the next suc- ceeding segment an interrupted oblique line alternating with a series of oblique pale lines. Whole body, between the stigmata and the dorsal stripe and especially at the edges of the latter, besprinkled with pallid stellate papillae, each bearing a short brown spiculiferous hair, and with black, stellate, papillate points beaiMng a shorter brown spiculiferous hair. Legs green, with long castaneons claw; prologs green. Length, 7.5 mm. ; breadth, 2.5 mm. Chrysalis (84: 42, 47, 48). Pale green, the abdomen brownish yellow, the thorax and wings distantly and minutely spotted with l)lackish fuscous ; wings with about three narrow, longitudinal, blackish bands, oblique with respect to the body, extending from below upward and backward ; a blackish dorsal stripe interrupted on the abdomi- nal segments ; a suprastigmatal series of rather short, oblique, blackish dashes on the abdominal segments, and a longitudinal dash in its continuation on the meta- thorax; hairs white, the spicules blackish; spiracles luteous. Length, 7.25 mm.; breadth at abdomen, 1.75 mm. ; length of thoracic hairs, .6 mm. ; length of abdominal hairs, .5 mm. ; height at abdomen, 1.5 mm. Distribution (24:,")). This thread-tailed and smallest of New Eng- land blues is the most widely distributed, not only occupying the full extent of our Alleghanian and Carolinian faunas, but occurring both north and south of them and extending from the Atlantic to the Rocky Moun- tains and in the north to the Pacific. It has been found as far north as "arctic America" [Great Slave Lake?] (E. B. Eoss, Brit. Mus. ), Devil's Portage, Liard Eiver, Lat. 59° 25' N., Long. 126° 10' W. (McConnell) and the mouth of the Saskatchewan Eiver ( Scudder) , although the only other points north of the United States from Avhich it is reported are nearer the boundary, such as DufFerin and Woody Moimtain (Dawson), London, Ont., where it is "not very common" (Saimders), Ottawa, a single specimen (Fletcher), Chateaiiguay Basin (Jack), and Montreal rare (D'Urban, Lyman). Southward it occurs not only as far as the Gulf of Mexico — Apalachicola, Fla. (Chapman), Alabama (Go88e),but even in Central America — Nicaragua and Honduras (Brit. Mus.), south- LYCAENINAE: EVERES COMYNTAS. 915 cm Mexico, Guatemala and Costa llica (Godman and Salvin). West- ward it extends in aijundance to the central part of" the continent, — Wisconsin (Chaniberlin, Hoy), Iowa (Allen, Austin, Osborn, Parker), Missouri (Mich. Univ. Mus.), Kansas (Snow), Colorado occasional (Mead), Fort Niobrara Nebr. (Carpenter), Dakota and Montana (Ed- wards) and even to British Columbia and California (Mead). This latter point escaped my notice when the map was prepared. It is found throuijhout New England — even in the White Mountain district — and is everywhere a common insect, especially in the southern half. Haunts. The butterfly frequents the roadside or overgrown pasture- tracks in the vicinity of woods. Dr. Harris observed it in dry woods and pastures frequently alighting on flowers of Hedysarum or Lespedeza. In Iowa Mr. Allen found it "on low ground and about pools of water after a shower ; also at the edges of groves by river banks." Oviposition. Late one July, while plucking a Desmodium flower in the Botanic Garden at Cambridge, I startled one of these butterflies on a neighboring flower. It immediately returned after a short flight, alighted on the stalk I held in my hand and under my very eyes laid an egg on one of the green buds beyond the blue flowers, tucking it into the crevice between two adjoining seed vessels. Others, enclosed on Lespedeza, laid eggs high up on the stems, sometimes but rarely on the upper sui-faces of the leaves, sometimes on the stalk itself, but generally either on one side of the base of the leaf-stalks or tucked in between the flower buds in some crevice or in the axils of the leaves. Mr. Edwards says they lay "on clover, blossoms and leaves." He also obtained eggs from con- fined females which were "laid on the tender terminal leaves" of Desmo- dium and "deposited on the young leaves and on the flowerets of the head of clover." The eg:£s hatch in from three and a half to four davs. Food plants. The caterpillar feeds upon various leguminous plants, especially Lespedeza capitata, Phaseolus perennis, Desmodium marylandi- cum, species of Galactia and clover. It is also said to feed on red-root (Abbot) and rag-weed (Aaron) whatever they may be. I do not find any leguminous plants answering to these names. Habits of the caterpillar. Harris states that the larva lives solitary, in the heads of Lespedeza. This I have found to be the case, the cater- pillar preferring the heads even when they are mature and have little suc- culence. On clover Mr. Edwards found the tender leaves rapidly eaten by the very young larvae, a single larva eating out [from the upper sur- face] two or three furrows, the width of its body and side by side. As they became larger they seemed to feed on the calyces of the flowerets exclusively, curving them- selves to the surface of the clover head, or burrowing into it. On Desmodium, as there were no flowers in bloom, only the tender leaves and immature flower buds were eaten. 916 rilK BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLA^riX A caterpillar feeding on a {)lant flourisliing well in water wished to change to chrysalis and early on August 25 took up position on the upper surface of a leaf. The next day, noticing it had kept the same position but seemed a little less visible than before, I observed that it had woven together two overhanging leaves with a web of silk, so as entirely to con- ceal it from view above. On August 27 A. m. it had spun a loose band across its body and noticing that the overhanging leaves seemed now still a little nearer I discovered that the tip of one was attached by a few very slight long threads at considerable distance from each other to the leaf on which it itself rested. The head of the larva is completely concealed while it is restintf for the chanifc to occur. Life history. It is triple brooded ; the first butterHies appear from the sixth to the tenth of May and the brood usually becomes abundant in five or six days and continues plenty throughout the month ; by the mid- dle of June, sometimes by the end of the first week it has disappeared. The effss are doubtless laid toward the end of Mav and eai-lv in June ; they hatch in a few days, the caterpillar grows rapidly and the chrysalis continues but a short time,* for the second generation usually makes its appearance between the sixth and ninth of July, occasionally as early as the fourth and sometimes as late as the twelfth or fifteenth ; it is abundant in the latter half of the month but afterwards becomes rare, although fresh specimens may often be obtained the last of July and even very early in August and a few specimens continue on the wing until the third genera- tion makes its appearance. The eggs of tliis brood are laid principally in the latter half of July, those obtained by me being laid July 14 to 19 and 31 ; the caterpillars, maturing rapidly, attain their growth during the second week in August and after nine to eleven days spent in the chrysa- lis (Harris) the third generation appears, about the nineteenth or twentieth of the month, thougli sometimes as early as the fifteenth, and remains on the wing until at least the end of the third week of September ; this brood must lay its eggs early in September, giving the caterpillar time to attain its full growth before winter and to hibernate in this condition (which analogy with its Eui'opean and Californian representatives renders wholly probable), remaining unchanged until about a fortnight before the appearance of the butterfly in the spring. The European species, how- ever, is only double l)roodcd and its history may differ from ours in other respects. In the north, as among the White Mountains, our butterfly, too, can have but two broods, since specimens found just before the middle of July — the remnants of the first brood — were all worn. The number of broods in the southern states is unknown, but is very likely more than three, for the first generation appears as early as April 12th (Chapman) and the second about * In the south but eight ihiys, according to Abbot. LYCAENIXAK: KVKUKS CO.MV MAS. '.tl7 .Iiiiu' l' 1 ( .\.ljl) in Alnliania, antl I liiivc seen rubbed speeiniens from Georgia taken the last of October (Oeuiler). Kdwanls says that in West Virjjinia "there must be several sueeessive broods, as fresli individuals are seen every month from April to September." The date (Marcii 20, 1825) given by Harris for tiie time of this insect in ^lassaciuisetts is evidently an error. Behavior of the butterfly. Tlic fiiglit of the butterfly is fjuick and nervous and it isilsclt so small and (k'iicatc that one easily looses sight of it as it doubles in and out among the herbage, over the tops of which — unless very low — it is rarely seen. Its flights are of short duration and it alights fre(|uently after some seconds of uncertain quivering on the heads or terminal leaves of [)lants and low shrubs and vines, especially of Leg- uniinosae. Dr. Minot observed it when alighted, holding its wings per- pendicularlv or parted at an angle of about 15°, lub the hind wings u]) and down while the fore wings were motionless. Variation and dimorphism. It is not siu-prising that a polygoneutic insect with so wide a distribution slioidd be found very variable, but as vet no differences have been pointed out in successive broods as has been- done with its European congener. In Western examples the whole upper surface of the wings has a hoary aspect, and the dark spots of the under surface arc remarkably faint. Southern examples differ in the lesser depth of the purplish tint of the upper surface of the wings in the male, the narrower dark bordering of the same, and in the purer and more uni- form satin-gray of the under surface of the wings in both sexes. The great disparitv in the size of different individuals to which Mr. Edwards has called attention is marked, because there seems to be no regular gra- dation between the two, but two distinct sets in size. Mr. Edwards thinks these differences appear wherever comyntas occurs, but the only marked cases I iiave noted came from Long Island and Cape Cod, and I have thouirht them confined to the autumn brood. ]\Ir. Edwards calls atten- tion to the fact that in AVest Virginia the female is dimorphic, "most of this sex here being black, the others blue with broad black margins." The same is the case, rarely, in Long Island, but I have not seen it else- where. Desiderata. It can hardly be doubted that this variable insect is one of those whose successive generations present a difF(>rent aspect, as is the case with its European congener : observations shoidd be directed toward this point ; the dimorphism of the female indicated by Edwards should be looked into and its range in time and space studied ; so, too, the meaning and nature of the great disparity in size often found should be enquired into, the duration of the different stages of each generation investigated, and the condition in which it passes the winter determined. We have but imperfect knowledge of the food of the larva, as may be judged by eompar- 918 rm: butterflies of new enolanu. iiig the list of known food plants of the Auieriean and liiiioj)ean species ; finally, the Might and attitudes of tlie butterHy should he more fully studied and parasites of both egg and lai-va slioiild be disco\ered. LIST OF ILLUSTIIATIONS.—EVERES COMYNTAS. Eyg. Imago. n. 65, tig. 20. Obliciuc view. PI. 6, fig. "J. Male, both surfaces; colorod. C8:5, 12. Micropyle. jy Female, iipiu-r surface; coloml. Uaterpillar. 14:2. Male, both surfaces; plain. PI. 71, fig. 5. Caterpillar at birth. Si: 26,21. Male abiloininal appendages. 75:37,44. Mature caterpillars. 39:20. Neuratioii. 79:36-3S. Front views of liead, stiiges i, 40:31. Audroconiiini. iii, V. 55 : 3. Side view witli head and appendagcg Chrysalis. enlarged, and details of leg structure. PI. 84, fig. 42,4.S. .Side views. General. 47. Enlarged. PI.24, fig. 5. Distribution in Nortli America. CYANIRIS DALMAN. Cyaniris Dalni., Veten.slc. acad. handl., xxxvii : ()3, 94 (1810). riipe.—Piip. ari/lolus Linn. In their own bright Kathaian bowers. Sparkle such rainbow butterllies. That they might fancy the rich flowers, Thiit round them in the" sun lay sighing, Had been by luagic all set flying! MooRK.—Lalla Bookh. That come before the swallow dares, and take The winds of March with beauty; violets, dim. .SnAKE.spE.iuB.— Winter''s Tale. Imago (55: 5). He;iil (61 : 12) small, densely clothed witli .scales, -which are tufted about the ba.se of the anteunae, and provided with a considerable mass of long erect hairs, longest and most abundant iu the middle of the front. Front very gently curved tran.sversely, very slightly fullest below ; from a little above the middle, downward, barely surpassing the front of the eyes, not so elevated above, but vaguely grooved longitudinally ; scarcely twice as high as broad, as broad as the front view of the eyes ; sides parallel, upper border squarely excised, its angles slightly hollowed in front of the antennae; lower border strongly rounded. Vertex not vaulted, but with a slight, low tubercle on either side, midwiiy between the antennae and the middle of the hind border, abruptly elevated behind the antennae, forming a transverse ridge for their sup- port; separated from the occiput by a rather deep, slightly curving groove, its middle curving forward, the sides forming a right angle witli each other, the anterior slope of the groove the more abrupt. Eyes not very large, moderately full, delicately and distantly pilose on the lower two-thirds with very short hairs, increasiug iu length downward. Antennae inserted in the middle of tlie summit, separated by a space equal to the width of the antennal pits, slightly longer than the abdomen, composed of about thirty-four joints of which the last twelve or thirteen form a club similar in all respects to that of Everes, excepting that the tip is more broadly rounded. Palpi slender, scarcely more than half as long again as the eye, the apical joint very nearly half as long as the penultimate, the whole uuder surface, and particularly that of the Ijasal and middle joints, furnished with a mass of long, erect, delicate hairs, as long as the apical joint, which become shorter apically and which lie in a vertical plane, but not compressed. Patagia small, slender, uc:irly flat, scarcely arched longitudinally, two or throe times I.VCAKMNAE: I'lli; CKNl'S CYANIKIS. 919 loiifjor tliaii hroiul, itipcriiii; vory jiraduMlly and nitlicr ivii'iihivly, but to ii loss dei;ree near the iipcx, to a bluntly pointed tip, which is scarcely tnrnod downward. Fore winits (39 : Hi) about two-thirds as lonj; again as broad, the costal marajin very slightly and regularly bowed, scarcely more so at the base, tlie outer angle abrupt but rounded otf. the outer border curved a little at either end, nearly straight in tlie mid- dle half, perhaps a little fidler in the J* , its general direction at an angle of about (!.5° with the costal margin, the inner margin straight, the outer angle well rounded off. Costal norvure terminating a little l)efore the tip of the cell; subcostal with three superior branches, the tlrst arising at about tlireo-fifths the distance from the l)!ise to the apex of the cell; the second at about one-fonrth way from there to the apex of the cell; the third at some distance before the apex of the cell and opposite the base of the second median nervure, forking beyond its middle; the cross veins closing the cell are bent at a considerable angle and are very faint excepting immediately next the main norvures. Cell half as louir as the wing and about three and a half times longer than bro.ad. Hind wings with the costal margin gently convex at the base, beyond straight, the outer border pretty strongly rounded, rather fuller above than below and in the $ than in the ?, the inner border a little convex, the outer angle very broad. Sub- raeilian nervure terminating at the anal angle ; internal nervure terminating a little beyond the middle of the inner border. Androconia sli;;htly fan-shaped , the lamina expanding a little from the base, the .stem nearly half as long as the lamina. Fore tibiae a little more than three-rtfths the length of the hind tibiae; the fore legs either of the same structure as the others ( ?) ; or the claws are subconnate, nearly straight and overlap at tip, and the paronychia are wanting {$); excepting in diminished size they difl'er little from the other legs, but the tibial spur is naked and no longer than an ordinary spine, the tarsal spines are less frequent .and confined to two rows, the space between them scaled. Middle tibiae nearly five-sixths the length of the hind tibiae, provided at tip with nather short slender spines, mostly concealed by scales. First joint of tarsi a little longer than the three succeeding combined ; the second as long as the third and fourth together or as the fifth alone; the fourth scarcely half so long as the second ; joints furnished beneath with a triple row of slender spines, the apical spines of each joint longer; claws small, I'.ather strong, con- siderably curved, tapering, finely pointed; paronychia bifid, the superior lobe nearly as long as the claw, curved a little in the same direction as it, tapering a little ; in- ferior lobe tapering considerably, rather long, curved strongly inward so as to be generally concealed from view ; pulvillus wanting. Upper organ of m.ale abdominal appendages small but stout, gibbous, the lateral portions bearing each a posterior appressed lobe, provided at its posterior inner edge with an inward directed, delicate, slightly curving thorn, as long as the breadth of the lobe; clasps bulbous, or almost globular at base, emitting at tip a slender needle bent at base, so as to be directed inward and backward, crossing that of the opposite side. Egg. Very depressed echinoid shaped, the whole upper surface hollowed and in- creasingly so toward the centre; covered with not very prominent tubercles, connected by fine raised lines ; between every set of three, four or five of these a sligliter promi- nence, connected by similar lines to the higher ones. Caterpillar at birth. Head : ocelli four in number, arranged around a circular black spot, the posterior one largest, the other three about equal, two of them situated at equal distances along the upper border, the fourth below, nearly as far from the largest as the front upper one is. Body subcylindrical, tapering, flattened beneath and a little above, but still as high as broad, the sides well rounded though subtecti- form. and the lower margin produced laterally a little. First thoracic segment bear- ing above in the middle a slightly raised, large shield, the sides of which converge strongly anteriorly, making the anterior border very short, while the posterior is long and well rounded. It bears three arcuate rows of warts, emitting long, forward and upward directed hairs, the anterior row consisting of three, the middle of five, and 920 rilK BUTTERFLIES OF XEW ENGLAND. the posterior of six warts ; besides these, tlie segment is furnished with a row of warts emittiiift long hairs, parallel to and outside of the front border and sides of the shield ; the last segment of the abdomen bears a similar row in a reverse position ; besides tlicse, behind tlie tlrst thoracic segment, there is a laterodorsal scries of high, conical warts, one to a segment in each row, situated a little in advance of the middle, and omitting very long, curved, backward sweeping, tapering hairs; also a ventro- stigmatal row of small warts, tlireo on each segment, not placed in a line, emitting straiglit, delicate, tapering, llnely pointed liairs, of wliich one, a central one, is longer tliau tlie otlier two, and all are directed outward and a little downward, so as to reach the s\irface upon whicli the animal rests. In addition, there are on each side four longitudinal series of .smooth lenticles, two of them larger and two smaller; the two larger liave each one lentiele to a segment, placed in tlie middle, and consist of a supralateral and an infrastigmatal series; the smaller ones consist of a snprastigniatal series, two on a segment, at equal distance from either margin, and a laterostigmatal row, one on a segment, placed in the middle. Legs long and very .slender, the basal joint short, conical, the remainder cylindrical and equal ; claws pretty large, long, pretty strongly curved, tapering; prolcgs short and rather stent, globular at Ijase, beyond very short and lialf as l)road. the hinder pair quite long, tapering Irat little. Mature caterpillar. Head well rounded, rather broader than high, broadest above, tapering very slightly below, with a rounded curve which is rather broad and full beneath, docked squarely at the labrum; it is apparently deepest in the middle, and has tlie front full. Triangle very large, much higher than broad, extending nearly to tlie summit of the hea this writer attributes everytliiiig to tlie far greater dryness of the climate, when comparing castei-n America and Europe. This produces, according to him, a nervous irritahility, tiie recognition of which lias compelled a measure of self-restraint, and the exercise of this lias gone far to make the development ot' our political institutions possil^lc I AN'liat a futiu'c is before the future iniiabitants of our arid plains I Dirt'erences will be found in all t)ther climatic ijhenomena of the two continents. "From Europe as a standard," says Blodgett,* "the Ameri- can climate is singularly extreme both in temperature, humidity, quantity of rain, wind, and cloudiness or sensible humidity. The oscillations of the conditions are greater, and tiu'v \il>rate through long measures above and below the average. .Vll the irregular as well as regular changes are of this sort, and the European obsei'ver defines the climate as directly antagonistic to that he has left." These differences, however, as Hum- boldt and others long ago pointed out, have a broader bearing than the above statements would imply ; for they are characteristic of the eastern shores of both worlds as opposed to the western, the meteorological phe- nomena of the eastern United States being almost precisely paralleled by those of northern China, where great excesses of temperature occur, with wide variability, long summers and winters, and ra[)id transitions. Perhaps on these grounds we can most simply account for the difference in the number of broods in ccrtaiu butterflies on the two continents ; but, if so, then it follows that we ought to anticipate similar differences between the broods of some of the species found both in Europe and in eastern Asia ; a point about which wc can assert absolutely nothing, for want of data. These grounds, however, will certainly be insufficient to account for the differences to which we have alluded in man : for what contrast could well be greater than that existing between the national character of the Chinese and that of the Americans I We are rather forced to believe that the causes of the distinction between the European and the American, if these are due to physical agencies, must chiefly be sought elsewhere. CYANIRIS PSEUD ARGIOLUS— The spring azure. [The spring azure (Scutltler); pale blue butterfly (Maynard).— The difterent forms have received specitic names : C. p. lucia: Blue Lucia butterfly (Harris) ; spring azure (Soudder). C.p.violacea: DoUed azure (Scudder). C. p. neglecta: Pale azure (Gosse) ; azure blue but- terfly (Harris); southern azure, pale azure (Scudder).] Argus pseudargiolus Boisd.-LeC, L(!p. Brit, nuis., ii: 4.5(184") ;—Edw.,Proc.ent.soc. smiT. sept., llS-119, pi. .36, figs. 1-5 (183.3);— Philad., vi: 204-200 (1886) ; Butt. X. Amer., I, Morr., Syn. Lep. X. Am,, 82-83 (1862). Lye. ii, figs. 1-3 (1870) ; ii, pi. Lye. ii, iii, pp. 1- Lycaena pseudargiolus 'Do\x\>\.,l,\at. 1,6 f. 10 (1884); Can. ent., v: 223-224 (1873); vii: •Climatology of the United States, p. 221. 928 Tin; BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENCILANI). 81-82(1875); x: 1-U, lig. 80 (1S7S) ; Piip., iii : 85-97(188;!);— Krcnch, Rep. ins. III., v!i:15S (1S78) ; Butt. east. U. S., 286-291, ligs. 78-80 (1886);— Mi(l(ll.,Kci>- '"«• W., x: 95 (1881);— Fern. Butt. Me., 9fi-92. ti^'S. 29-31 (1884);— Miiyn., Butt. N. E.. 39-40, pi. 6. figs. 49, 49a-b, 49ac-cc, 49d (18«6). Cupido pseudargiolus Kirl)., .Syn. cat. Lep., 371 (1871). riebeius pseudargiolus Kill)., .Syu. cat. Lep., 6!):i (1871). Cyaniris pseudargiolus Scudd., Syst. rev. Am. butt., 34 (1872);— Butt., 174-179, 308, figs. 34,35,148-152(1881). Cyaniris ladon l$ntl., Knt. anier., i: 53 (1885). CY.VNIUIS PSEUDARGIOLU.S LUCIA. The early spring northern form. Pidyommatus Incia Kirb., Faun. bor. am., iv; 299-300, pi. 3, figs. 8-9 (1837) ; — Morr., Syn. Lep. N. Am., 90-91 (1862);— Harr., Ins. inj. veg., 3d ed.,275, fig. 106 (1862). Lyc-aena lucia Doubl., List. Lep. Brit, mus., ii: 45 (1847) ;— Streck., Lep., 82-83 (1S74). Cyaniris lucia Scud(l.,.Syst. rev. Am. butt., 34 (1872) ; Can. ent., viii : 61-66 (1876). Lycaena pseudargiolus form lucia Edw., Butt. N. Amer., ii, pi. Lye. ii, fig. 1, 1, 2, 2 (1884). Lycaena pseudargioltis form marginata Edw , Butt. N. Amer., pi. Lye. ii, figs. 3, 4,4 (1884). CYANIRIS P.SEUnARGIOLUS VIOI.ACEA. The typical spring form. Lycaena violacea Edw., Proc. ent. soo. Philad., vi: 201-204 (1866); Traus. Am. ent. soc, i : 287 (1867) ; Butt. N. Am., i, Lye. i, figs. 1-4 (18G9). Cyaniris violacea Scudd., Can. ent., viii : 61-66 (1876). Cyaniris pseudargiolus var. violacea Scudd., Bull. Butr. soo. nat. sc., iii: 114 (1876). Argus pseudargiolus Boisd.-LeC, L6p. Am. sept.,pl. 36fig. 3(18;?3). Lycaena pseudargiolus form violacea Eihv., Bnlt. N. Amer., ii, pi. Lye. ii, figs. 5,5, 6 (1884). CYANIRIS PSEUDARGIOLUS VIOI.ACEA NIGRA. The dark male of the spring form. Lycaena pseudargiolus form ni^ra Edw., Butt. N. Amer., Ii, pi. Lye. ii, fig. 7 (1884). CYANIRIS PSEUDARGIOLUS NEGLECTA. The summer form. Lycaena neglecta Edw., Proc. acad. nat. sc. Philad., 1862,56 (1862) ; Butt. X. Am., i. Lye. ii, figs. 4-6 (1870) ; — Saund., Can. ent., i : 100. (1869) ;— Lintn., Can. ent., vii: 122-123 (1875); Ent. contr., iv : 55-56 (1878) ;— Middl., Kep.ius. 111., x: 96 (1881). Cyaniris neglecta Scudd., Syst. rev. Am. butt., 34 (1872) ; Can. ent., viii : 61-66 (1876). Lycaena pseudargiolus form neglecta Edw., Butt. N. Amer., ii, pi. Lye. ii, figs. 10, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 15 (1884). Papilio argiolus Smith-Abb., Lep. ins. Geo., 29-30, pi. 15 (1787) ;— Abb., Dr.aw. ins. Geo. Brit, mus., xvi :57, 212 (ca. 1800). Polyonimatus argiolus Harr. , Hitchc. Rep., 590 (1833). Polyommatus pseudargiolus Gosse, Lett. Alab., 144-145 (1857);— Harr., lus. inj. veg., 3d ed.,274, fig. 105 (1862). Lycaena pseudargiolus Edw. Butt. N Am., i, pi. Lye. ii, figs. 4r6, 2 pp. (1870). Lycaena pseudargiolus form pseudargio- lus Edw., Butt. N. Amer., ii, pi. Lye. ii, figs. 8,9, 9, 18,19(1884). Polyimmatus deutargiolus Harr., MS., Ent. corr., 165 (1869). Figured by Glover, III. N. A. Lep., pi. 28, figs. 2-4; pi. A, fig. 14; pi. E, figs. 4,5; pi. F, figs. 5,6; pi. G, tig. 10, iued. (Not Papilio argiolus Linn., but possibly Pap. ladon Cram). Jiaitre avec le printemps, mourir avec les roses; Sur I'aile dn zi^phyr uager dans uu eiel pur; Balance sur le sein des flenrs h peine (5closes, S'enivrer de parfums, de lumiiire et d'azur; Secouant. jeune encor, la poudre de ses ailes, S'envoler comme nn souffle aux vofltes iJteruelles, Voilil du papillon le destin enchants. II ressemble an diSsir, qui jamais ne se pose, Et sans se satisfaire, elfleurant toute chose, Retourne cufiu au ciel chercher la voluptiM Lamartlne. — Le Papillon. . . . thou art much too fair To be death's conquest and make vrorms thine heir. Shakespeare.— (SonneJ. Imago (6:1, 3-."., S, 12 ; 13 : 4, 7). Head covered M-ith black scales and hairs, with a longitudin,al line of whitish hairs running down the middle of the front and summit, furnished behind with a mass of forward reaching dark brown scales with a few inter- mingled white ones upon them; sides, especially below, almost entirely white; eye LYCAKNINAn: CVANIKIS rSRUDARCiIOLUS. 929 bordered equnlly l\v a. pretty broad rim of |>iirc white scales, intorniplcd at tlie base of the antennae and sometimes for a considerable space behind tliem and connected at the lower portion of tlie front by a similar wliite baud; basal joint of antennae tip|)ed beliind with wliite. Palpi almost iMitirel.v silvery white, at least the upper portion of the middle and apiral joints black, the frln<;e below white, mingled witli black rather profusely in the apical half. Antennae black, the joints of the stem annulatcd rather narrowly with white at their extreme base, excepting on some of the basal joints beneath ; club black, the apical two joints (hill oranjre, two or three joints before them white above. Thorax covered above with minute, recumbent, black scales and long, violaceous hairs, becoraiug pale, gray and brown on the prothorax ; beneath covered with white hairs and scales. Legs white, the tibiae much marked with blackish brown, especially at the base, and the middle of each lialf above and to a less degree and more irregularly on the sides, the tibiae heavily marked above with black, especially be- yond the basal joint, all their tips white. Spurs dark tipped ; spines black. Claws yellowisli brown, edged with bhuki.-ih. Wings above (in tlie form neglecta) nearly uniform slightly pale bluish violet with no approach to purplish, the central parts of the wings occasionally very slightly paler, the hind wings usually to a considerable extent, being whitish blue excepting near the base and the outer border and in the vicinity of the uervules ; the costal nervure, subcostal nervules and occasionally most of the other uervules in the fore wing are faintly tinged with hoary violet, the subcostal nervules tipped minutely with black, between which the costal edge is hoary bhio, but on the basal half fuscous ; the outer border is edged with black in the hind wings as a mere thread, in the fore wings narrowly but slightly infringing on the costal margin above, attenuating to a mere thread below; hind wings with a subraarginal row of small, indistinct, some- times obsolete, deeper blue spots ( (J ) ; or of the same or a slightly fainter violet upon the fore wings as far upward as the middle of the cell, and excepting a broad marginal belt, half as broad again as an interspace, which, with the costal margin and a slender transverse streak marking the tip of the cell, is blackish brown ; the middle and some- times the whole of the outer portion of the violaceous space becomes rather suddenly pale, usually with scarcely a violaceous tinge ; hind wings violaceous only along the basal half of the median and submedian nervures and occasionally to a slight extent on the subcostal nervure, most of the rest of the wing being pale, almost white, occa- sionally faintly and slightly flecked with grayish, most of the costal border as far as the subcostal ner\'\ire grayish and the whole extent of the nervures including the tip of the cell marked to a greater or less extent with grayish fuscous, sometimes having an olivaceous tinge ; outer border edged with a thread of blackish followed by a slender pale line, and this by a subraarginal row of blackish fuscous spots in the interspaces (9) ; inner margin of hind wings, as far as the submedian. pale; fringe of fore wings pale, broadly and abruptly interrupted with blackish fuscous or grayish fuscous at the nervure tips in the lower half, above mostly blackish fuscous, minutely tipped with pale and sometimes narrowly interrupted with pale in the interspaces; fringe of hind wings pale or whitish, the basal half occasionally and very inconspicuously flecked with fuscous and also occasionally very narrowly interrupted with fuscous at the ner- vure tips. Above (in the form violacea) uniform bluish violet, inclining to purplish, the hiud wings seldom any paler than the fore wings, the costal edge of the fore wings fus- cous on the basal half, beyond hoary blue interrupted at the nervure tips with blackish ; the outer border is edged with black in the hind wings as a mere thread, in the fore wings narrowly, but slightly infringing on the costal margin, above, attenuated to a mere thread below (normal (? ) : or uniform quite dark slate brown, some of the ner- vures occasionally flecked distantly with blue, the outer border of the hind wings edged with a thread of black, followed sometimes by a few inconspicuous blue scales; Inner margin of hind wings more or less flecked with white or gray (J , form nigra) ; or of the same, perhaps a little darker, violet of the normal male on the lower inner "7 >.,:' 930 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW EXdLAND. portion of tlie winss, on the fore wings as far iipwanl as ttie mitlille of tlie cell an'! out- wartl to within the distance of the width of an interspace from the outer border, beyond which it is dark or blackish brown ; the tip of tlie cell faintly marked by a transverse, dnsky streak ; on the hind wings, excepting a broad, dark band on the costal margin, a marginal thread of black on the outer border, and asubmarginal series of small, blackish spots in the interspaces; the violet is not uniform in tint, becoming very gradually and very slightly paler on the outer portion of the fore wings and bathed in a much paler or whitish tinge over all but the basal half of the median area or over at least the space between the middle subcostal and the median nervules; the inner margin of the hind wings whitish ( ? ) ; fringe of fore wings more or less fuscous at the extreme base, beyond whitish, abruptly and generally not very broadly interrupted with blackish fuscous at the nervure tips, often and especially in the upper half of the wing almost entirely blackish fuscous ; fringe of hind wings whitish, sometimes entirely so, but more often obscured to a greater or less extent, especially below, by fuscous and frequently interrupted abruptly and rather nari-owly with blackish fuscous. Above (in the form lucia) nearly uniform bluish violet, scarcely in the least inclin- ing to purplish, the central parts of the wings occasionally a very little paler, but the hind wings seldom paler than the fore wings, the costal and br.anches of the subcos- tal faintly marked with hoary violet, tipped faintly with fuscous, between which the costal edge is hoary blue, tlie remainder being fuscous ; the outer border is edged as a mere thread with blackish, infrequently expanding very slightly on the upper portion of the fore wings, but never to the extent that occurs in the other species ((J) ; or a little darker violet, inclining slightly more to purplish upon the whole of the hind wings and on the lower bas.al portion of the fore wings, excepting the extreme base, as far upward as the middle of the cell, and outward to within a distance from the outer border equal to the width of an interspace on the lower portion of the wing, and to a little greater distance above, in all of which it is dark fuscous; in the basal half of the cell, the violet often extends to its upper limit and the tip of the cell is marked by a dusky, transverse streak; the tint of the hind wings is as deep and eipial as that of the fore wings; the outer border of the hind wings is edged with a blackish thread, sometimes expanding minutely at the nervure tips, and is followed by a submarginal row of small blackish spots ( ? ) ; the inner border of the hinil wings is somcwliat paler; fringe of fore wings mostly blackish fuscous, interrupted abruptly and either very narrowly or pretty broadly with pale or whit- ish at the interspaces, below the median nervule often pale on the basal and fuscous on the apical half; fringe of hind wings usually whitish, interrupted abruptly and narrowly, more broadly below than above, with brownish fuscous; sometimes almost wholly fuscous, though generally whitish above the middle subcostal nervule. Beneath (in the form neglecta) uniform very pale ash gray, scarcely tinged with pale bluish. Fore winijs with the apex of the cell marked by a slender, transverse, obscure, pale fuscous streak edged faintly with pale; middle of the outer two-fifths of the wing with a transverse, usually mostly obliterated series of pale, occasionally dark, fuscous, very slender, short bars, arranged, so far as present, as in the other forms; outer margin usually edged very faintly with a thread of pale fuscous, within which is sometimes a submarginal series of faint, pale fuscous, small, round spots and more frequently a series of slightly darker but still pale fuscous lunules, distant by more than an interspace from the outer border, wanting or less distinct on the upper half of the wing. Fringe white, narrowly and abruptly interrupted at the ner- vure tips, on the apical half with dull fuscous. Hind winijs with a basal series of three small, roundish, blackish spots, sometimes scarcely edged with pale, in the costo-subcostal interspace, tlie middle of the lower half of the cell and the internal interspace, the lowest frecjuently and the middle one occasionally absent; the lower- most is situated at the middle of the basal half of the inner border and the three fonn rather more than a right angle ; tlie tip of the cell is marked obscurely as in the LYCAENINAE: CYANI1U8 PSEUDARGIOLUS. 931 fore winiis niul beyond it is an extra-nicsial irregular series of small blackish or dark fuscous spots or dots, arraiisred finite as in violacea ; those in the lower subcostal and upper median interspaces are frequently absent and often many of the others, the uppermost beinit the most persistent: they are ^enei'ally reduced to faint dots or slender streaks, but when present they untlerijo the same variety of form that holds in violacea; the outer margin of the wing is faintly edged with a thread of pale fus- cous, followed by a submarginal series of small round spots, largest and darkest, generally blackish, on the lower half of the wing, smaller, paler, sometimes obsolete, but generally pale fuscous on the upper half; this is followed by a series of pale fuscous, strongly bent linear lunules darker nearer the inner border, often obsolete toward the costal border, distant at the farthest from the outer border by from one and a half to two interspaces. Fringe silvery white, occasionally, especially on the lower half of the wing, flecked slightly with pale fuscous. Beneath (in the form violacea) uniform pale ash gr.ay, occasionally begrimed slightly with fuscous but generally with a faint, pale bluish tinge. Fore ii-ings with the apex of the cell marked by a rather slender, equ.al, scarcely bent, transverse, fus- cous streak ; middle of the outer two-flfths of the wing with a transverse, considera- bly curving series of six fuscous or blackish fuscous, short, moderately broad bars, sometimes very faintly and narrowly edged with pale; that in the lower subcostal interspace and those in the interspaces below it are arranged iu a slightly curving or nearly straight row, snbparallel to the outer border, while the uppermost, in the next to the lowest subcostal interspace, is removed inwards from the line by about its own length; those in the lowest subcostal and the medio-subniedian interspaces are trans- verse, the latter usn.ally broken; the others more or less diagonal, directed from above downward anil outward ; the outer bonier is edged with a thread of blackish fuscous, sometimes expanding very slightly at the tips of the nervnles, followed by a submargi- nal series of quite small, obscure fuscous spots in the interspaces, followed at an equal distance by an obscure fuscous or dark fuscous, usually bent bar, opening outwards and often obsolete or nearly so in the upper half of the wing ; in the medio-submedian interspace it is never bent. Fringe at base bluish ashy mingled with fuscous, at tip white, interrupted alnniptly and not very broadly with dark fuscous, often extending to the base and sometimes occupying the whole apical half. Hind, wings with a basal series of three rather small, round, blackish spots, faintly edged with pale, iu the costo-subcostal interspace, the middle of the lower half of the cell and the internal interspace, the latter situated next the middle of the basal half of the inner border; the upper two spots are on a line with the lowermost spot of the extra-mesial series to be mentioned, and the lower two on a line with the upper- most spot of the same series; the tip of the cell is marked by a transverse, rather slender, equal, fuscous streak, formed of two scarcely curving halves, each opening outward ; beyond this is a transverse series of eight blackish, blackish fuscous or fus- cous spots, very faintly rimmed with whitish ; all but that in the medio-submedian inter- space, which is transversely curved or bent, opening inwards, are usually roundish or oval, but occasionally linear, especially in the subcosto-median interspace, where it is either longitudinal or slightly diagonal ; the uppermost is slightly larger than the others and sometimes extends linearly outward a little ; the upper two, in the costo- subcostal and upper subcostal interspaces are parallel to the upper two spots of the basal series and removed outward from the tip of the cell by their own width ; the four succeeding ones form a gently curving row opening upwards and a little inwards, that in the lower subcostal interspace varying from one-fourth to one-half the dis- tance from the tip of the cell to the outer border, that in the lower median interspace just below the streak at tip of cell ; the spot of the submedio-internal interspace is nearly in continuation of this curve and at the middle of the outer border, that in the medio-submedian being removed further outward and about one-half the width of an interspace; the outer margin of the wing is edged with a delicate fuscous line, followed by a submarginal series of small, round, dark fuscous spots, followed again, at an equal distance, by slender, obscure, pale fuscous, strongly bent or curving 932 TIIK HUTTERFLIKS OK NEW ENGLAND. lumiles or lines, outside of wliicli tlic wliole wing is often batlied to a very sliglit or sometimes even a considerable extent with brownish fuscous. Fringe silvery white, often marked to a sliglit degree with fuscous on the basal half and interrupted Hl)ruptly, usually very narrowly, sometimes ratlicr broadly, with brownish fuscous at tlie nervure tips. Beneath (in the form lucia) uniform pale ash gray, witli a faint, pale bluisli tinge. Fore wings with the apex of the cell marked by a moderately broad, equal, transverse, dark fuscous streak ; middle of the outer two-tlfths of the wing with a transverse, considerarably curving series of six dark or blackish fuscous, short, moderately broad bars, sometimes very faintly and narrowly edged with pale; all but the upper one are arranged in a curving or nearly straight row, subparallel to the outer border while the uppermost, in the next to the lowest subcostal interspace, is removed in- wards from the line usually by a little more than its own length; all of the bars are sometimes transverse, but those in the subcosto-meilian and upper, and sometimes the lower median interspaces, are frequently diagonal, directed from above downwai'd and outward ; outer Iwrder edged with a tliread of blackish fuscous, often obscured above, followed by an obscure, submarginal series of small, dark fuscous spots in the interspaces, followed at an equal distance by an obscure, dark fuscous series of con- tinuous, strongly curved, transverse bars, between which and the outer border the nervules are frequently infuscated, and the whole margin of the wing is usually washed in a dull, obscure, fuscous tinge. Fringe generally pale along the extreme base, beyond grayish fuscous or whitish, interrupted rather narrowly and abruptly with blackish or blackish fuscous at the nervure tips. Hind ivings with a basal series of tliree not very large, round sjjots, faintly edged with pale, one black one in the subcostal interspace, one black or dark fuscous one in the middle of the lower half of the cell, and a tliird black one in the internal interspace, the latter situated at the middle of tlie basal half of the inner border, arranged in relation to the extra-mesial band, as in violacea; the tip of the cell is marked by a transverse, moderately slen- der, equal, fuscous streak ; beyond this is an extra-mesial, transverse series of black- ish or blackish fuscous, quadrate spots, narrowly and indistinctly edged with pale, arranged quite as in violacea, but with those in the two parts of the series almost or quite continuous, when the markings are otherwise distinct; but usually all the mark- ings in tlie middle of the wing are blurred and run together to a considerable extent, so as in extreme, but not uncommon examples to present a grayish fuscous, large, irregular, central, subtriangular patch, bounded externally by the outer limits of the extra-mesial spots, above by a line connecting the middle of the lower border of the cell and the lower subcostal nervule, with projections extending toward the two costo-subcostal spots, and below by a line connecting the middle of the lower border of the cell and the submedian nervure where the extra-mesial band crosses it ; the outer border of the wing is broadly bathed, usually to a considerable extent, though sometimes but little, with dark grayish fuscous, bounded interiorly by a zigzag line, formed by a series of strongly bent, narrow bars in each interspace, darker than the rest of the outer border in specimens where the outer border is not pretty grimy, and reaching, in the middle of the interspaces, to the distance of one and one-half inter- space widths from the outer border; within this, even in the darkest specimens, may be seen a submarginal row of rather small, blackish, round spots, and a blackish thread edging the border. Fringe white, in the lower two-thirds of the wing often more or less gray, by an admixture of fuscous, and throughout interrupted abruptly and rather broadly at the nervure tips with dark fuscous. Abdomen above black or blackish brown, sides profusely covered with blue scales, particularly below, under surface white, often with a yellowish or bluish tinge. Male abdominal ;ippendages (34 : 33, 34) : upper organ furnished outside posteriorly with a bulbous, subtriangular lobe, bearing at its inner extremity a short, pointed, inward directed thorn ; clasps with tlie bulbous base rather large, the thorn a little curved and fnlly one-fourth as long again as the base. I,VC.\ENINAE: CV.VNllflS I'SKUDAIUilOLUS. 933 CYAMUI."* I'SKlDAmilOI.l'S NKGLKCTA.* Hcasurciiieiits in iiiillimctres. MALES. FRMALE8 ■ Length uf tongue, 3.5 nun. Sniallrst. Average. Largest. Smallest. Average. Largest. Length of fore wings 12.25-15.5 U.-7.4 2.75-4.25 2.-2.25 15.-lti.5 (i.7.V7.5 3.75-4.4 2.25-2.4 l(i.-17. 7.25-7.5. 3.15-4.5 2.t)-2.(i 13.-16. 1(1.-10.5 5.6-(i.5 -7. 3.25-3.9 3.6-4 2.5-2.6 1 2.5-2.8 16.-17.15 -7.35 Iiiiiil lil>iat' and Itwxi. . tore tibine and tarsi. . 3.6-4.2 2.5-2.8 CYANIRI8 PSEUDARtnOLUg VIOLACEA. Measurements in millimetres. 1 MALES. FEMALES. 1 Smallest. Average. Largest. Smallest. Average. Largest. LcDi^th of fore wind's 1 12.75 1 6. 3.5 14. G.5 3.75 2.4 16. C.6 3.75 2.5 13.6 6. 3.5 2.2 14. 6. 3.5 2.6 16 7 hind tiliiae and tarsi., fore tibiae and tarsi . . ^:6 CYANIRIS PSEUDARGIOLUS LUCLA. Measurements in millimetres. MALES. FEMALES. Smallest. Average. Largest. Smallest. Average. Largest. Xi6Dgth of fore wiugs 12. 5.75 3.25 2.1 U. 6.5 3.6 2.25 U.5 6.75 3.6 2.3 13. 6. 3.4 2.5 13.5 6. 3.5 2.6 14. 6.25 hind tibiae and tarsi.... fore tibiae and tarsi.... 3.6 2.5 Dimorphic forms. The distinctions between these have been pointed out above in describin"; tlio markinylc arc iiMimlly inoro iiniroriii mul more clrciiliir tlinii shown in llio llgiirc anil are about .(MM! mm. In illniiu'ter. while the sMrronn(lliiui it has been obtained from Georgia, ^'irginia, west- ern North Carolina, eastern Tennessee and e\cii soutlicrn Colorado (Ed- wards). In New England lucia has been everywhere found : it is extremely abundant in the northern half, not at all uncommon in tlic central por- tions, but comparatively rare in the south. Violacea is bv no means un- common, but having generally been mistaken for one of the other forms and so producing a confusion of statements, its exact distribution cannot be fully determined. It is, however, rather more common in the south than in the north, while noglccta is equally al)undaiit throughout the district. Haunts and abundance. Opc'u deciduous woods, whether dry or swampy, are the favorite haunts of tiiis butterHy, at the borders of which, or in their open shade, or by the road sides in their vicinity, it flutters in great numbers ; for wherever found it appears to be abundant, possessing, as Edwards well puts it, the whole country. It settles about damp spots, and in the west is never found on the prairies, but at the liottom of the deep wooded ravines beside the streams. Oviposition. The eggs are laid upon the buds, or the calyx of tlic flowers themselves if they have already opened, of the plant on which the larva feeds. As the flowers of these plants are always clustered, the cA1;( llol.US 1)47 80 wide a raiiLje of country, iiivoh iiig mtv diverse climates and Horas, with tlie atlcction of tlie caterpillars for the parts of the floral envelope rather than the leaves of its food plants, and the nmltifarious forms as- sumed both by the caterpillar and the imago, render the complete elucida- tion of its natural history one of the most per|ilexing and interesting problems open to the biologist. The difficulty attending the safe carriage of chrysalids of Lycaeninae through the winter is one great obstacle to success, wliich Mr. Kdwards witli all his attempts to simulate natural con- ditions, has I)eeu unal)K' as yet to entirely overcome. The relationship of each of the types that successively a[)pear in any one region in a single season to each other, and to the same types the succeed- ing season, needs to be made out in scores of examples to learn the degree of dependence one has upon another. Particularly is it necessary to understand the connection of the earliest a[)[)caring summer tyj)es with the other. This is a bit of patient work in which any one disposed can bear his part, and it is, before all, the most essential point to be studied in any one locality. Particularly should it bo followed out along the flanks of the Alleghanies from the Catskill region to West Virginia, that we may discover the exact changes which gradually come over the local history of the species from north to south. The food plants of the larva doubtless vary considerably in different regions, and therefore this also should be carefully looked into in many different stations. Actinomeris for instance, on which alone Mr. Edwards finds the later caterpillars, does not grow at all in New England, and must be replaced by something else. Those who doubt the intimate connection of "marginata" and lucia for which I have here contended need also to investigate the seasonal relations of the supposed intermediate form to the others and its segregation as a distinct type. The difficulty of connecting the history of the Pacific form, piasus, with our own, renders it not impossible that notwithstanding its very close resemblance it may prove distinct. Fuller study of its history, and a knowledge of the Cyanirides of Oregon and Washington Territory are requisite. The species of attendant ants should be determined. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— CYAKIRIS PSEUDARGIOLUS. General. Caterpillar. PI. 24, fig. 6. Distribution iu North America. PI. 75, figs. 29, 39. Mature caterpillars. 89 : 17. Exorista thcclarum, a parasite ; 40, 45. Same, dor.sal view. head. 70: 28. Front view of head, stage v. 19. The same; wing. 87: 14. Lateral caruncles, eighth abilom- Egff. inal segment. PI. 65, fig. 14. Oblique view. 19. Hinderextremity of bodyin out- 15. Surface sculpture. line, to show position of vesicle and ca- 18. Colored, side view. runcles. 68 : 6. Micropyle. / 948 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Chrysalis. PI. 13, fig. i (lucia). Male, upper surface. PI. 84, fig. 36,43, 44. Side views. 7 (lucia). Side view, under surface. Imago. 34 : 33, 34. Male abdominal appendages. PI. 6, fig. 1 (neglecta). Male, both surfaces. 39:16. Neuration. 3 (violacea). Male, both surfaces. 46:30. Androconiuin. 4 (neglecta). Female, upper surface. 55:5. Side view with head and appen- 5 (violacea). Female, upper surface. dages enlarged, and details of the structure 8 (lucia). Male, both surfaces. of the legs. 12 (lucia). Female, both surfaces. 61 : 12. Front view of head, denuded. NOMIADES HUBNER. Nomiades n(il)n., Syst. yerz. bek. schmett., Agrodiaetus Scudd.,Proc. Amer.acad.arts. sc, 67 (1S16). x: 106 (1875). Glaucopsyche Scudd., Syst. rev. Am. butt., 3.'! (Not Agrodi.ietus Hiibn. 1S25.) (1872.) Type.—Paj). semiargus Bott. . . . those little bright-eyed things That float about the air on azure wings. Keats.— C'o/irfo)-c. Imago (55 : 6). Head small, covered densely with scales which form a tuft behind the antennae, and tufted, besides, with a shaggy mass of long, erect delicate hairs above and on the upper half of the front. Front nearly flat, above almost depressed, with two distant, slight, longitudinal grooves, below considerably tumid, considerably surpassing the front of the eyes, scarcely half so high again as broad, as bro;ul as the eyes on a front view, the sides parallel, the upper border squarely docked and excised slightly at the angles, the lower rather broadly rounded, a little protuberant in the middle. Vertex very slightly protuberant in the middle, which portion is separated by a slender groove from the gradually rising elevations behind the antennae; sep- arated from the occiput by a distinct, deep, transverse channel, the walls of which slope toward each other at a very little more than a right angle, the posterior the more abrupt. Eyes moderately large and full, very delicately, inconspicuously and sparsely pilose with very short hairs, scarcely visible above. Antennae Inserted in the middle of the summit, separated by a space fully equal to the diameter of the antennal socket ; considerably longer than the abdomen, consisting of about thirty- one joints, of which the last twelve form a club which seems to correspond In every respect with that of Cyaniris. Palpi slender, compressed, scarcely more than half as long again as the eye, the terminal joint scarcely one-third the length of the penultimate; the joints provided beneath with a heavy compressed fringe of very long, straight hairs, directed more and more forwards toward the tip, the few on the apical joint nearl}' recumbent. Fatagia very slender, scarcely arched or tumid, barely two and a half times longer than broad, tapering rather rapidly and regularly at first, the apical two-fifths pro- duced as a long, equal, slender, straight, blimtly pointed lobe. Fore wings (39 : 19) fully two-thirds as long again as broad, the costal margin a little convex at the extreme base, beyond very slightly and regularly bowed, the outer angle but little rounded ofl"; outer margin very slightly convex above, on the lower third receding with a little stronger curve, the general direction of the margin about 5.5° to 60° with the costal margin ; inner border straight, scarcely concave in the mid- dle, the outer single somewhat rounded ott'. Costal nervure terminating jnst above the tip of the cell; subcostal nervure with three branches; first arising somewhat be- yond the middle of the upper border of the cell ; second about one-fourth the distance from this to the apex of the cell, the third as far before the apex of the cell as the basal separation of the first and second branches, its forking considerably beyond its LYCAENINiVE: THE GENUS NOMIADES. 949 niiiKlle ; cross veins closing the cell transvovsc, feeble on the inner, distinct on the outer halves; cell somewhat more tliiin lialf as long as the wing anil nearly four times as long as broad. Hind wings with the costal margin having the basal third rather strongly convex, beyond slightly convex, tl»e outer margin well rounded, rather full, though rounded at the upper angle, the inner margin convex, the outer angle broadly rounded. Sub- median nervure terminating next tlie anal angle; internal nervure terminating near the middle of the inner border. Androconia round oval, witli a pedicel nearly one-half the length of the lamina. Fore tiVtiae more than two-tliinls the lengtii of tlie hind tibiae and tlve-sixt!is the length of the tarsi ; last joint of the fore tarsi like those of the other legs ($),or provided with connate claws, resembling those of Everes ((?). Middle tibiae five- sixths the length of the hind tibiae, provided with short, tapering, scaly spurs. First joint of tarsi scarcely longer than the three succeeding joints combined, these diminishing in regular ratio, and the tifth scarcely longer than the third ; all furnished beneath witli short and rather slender, not very frequent spines, arranged on the first two or three joints in a triple, beyond in a double series, the apical spines of each joint larger tlian the others ; claws small, pretty strongly falcate, especially on the basal half , tapering, moderately stout, finely pointed; paronychia double, the upper lobe forming a very slender, curved, pointed, cliitinous claw, running beside and slen- derer than the true claw, the lower an equal, blunt-tipped, incurved, ciliate lamina, two or three times as long as broad ; pulvillus wanting. Upper organ of male abdominal appendages mostly formed of two lunate and bul- late alations, united above by their extremities and bearing beneath recurved, acicular, lateral arms. Clasps greatly elongated, depressed-laminate beyond the bullatc base, apically truncate and bearing an incurved acicular tooth. Mature caterpillar. Head rounded subquadrate, deeply cleft in the middle above, the triangle much more than lialf as high as the head, and higher than broad, sepa- rated from the cleft by a narrow space. Body arched longitudinally in a pretty regu- lar curve with submoniliform segments, descending more abruptly in front than behind, the last two or three segments being somewhat depressed; the first thoracic and last abdominal segments are the longest and subequal, but also the smallest, as thev are both considerably narrower than the body in the middle f viewed from above the body is regularly obovate and nearly four times longer than broad. The body is covered rather profusely with equally distributed, very small, flaring, stellate papillae, each Ijearinga rather coarse and short, tajiering, spiculiferous hair, and with a lesser number of simple minute papillae with similar but shorter hairs. Spiracles minute, circular, those of the seventh and eighth abdominal segments on an upward sloping line. Vesicle of the seventh abdominal segment present, but no caruncles on the eighth. Legs and prolegs as usual, each of the latter with from 16-18 slender, falci- form booklets. This group of insects is fairly well represented throughout the north temperate zone, a number of species being peculiar to each continent. In both it spreads from ocean to ocean, and over about an equivalent lati- tudinal range. In North America it occupies a broad belt, extending, with some interruptions, from the Atlantic coast, between Newfoundland and Georgia, to the Pacific, from Southern Californa to Southern Alaska. It has never occurred in New England itself, but only upon its borders. The butterflies are of a violet hue above, lustrous in the male, purplish in the female, and broadly (female) or very narrowly (male) bordered on the costal and outer margins with dark brown ; beneath they are slate gray, with a sinuous, extra-mesial series of rather large, roundish, black 950 TllK BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. spots edged with white, a transverse dash at the tip of the cell and, near the base of the hind wing, parallel to the di.scal dash, a couple of round, black spots : the subniarginal markings found in our other Lycaenidi are absent. So far as their history is known, tiie butterflies are single brooded, fly- ing principally in July and wintering as full grown caterpillars.* These feed upon the seeds, both inuiiature and mature, of leguminous plants, such as Astragalus, Trifolium, Coronilla, Ouobrychis, Mellilotus, Anthyl- lis and Vicia, but not being known to be provided with all the abdominal glands, sonae species at least lacking those of the eighth segment, it is uncertain whether or not they are attended by ants. The long life of the catei'pillar, sometimes as much as ten months, is here the most remark- able feature. The egg is pale green, almost white from the meshes of the raised tracery with which it is covered, flattened, turban-shaped, and laid in the crevices of flowers. The caterpillar is of course onisciform, tapers more than ordinarily in front, has the terminal segments depressed, and is of a slender, oval shape, with well marked segments ; it has a dorsal stripe and oblique lateral stripes, and in shape has been compared to the half of a grain of wheat. The chrysalis is of the ordinary form, rather plump, with long wing- cases, of a drab color, with a dorsal and laterodorsal series of dark spots or interrupted lines. One observed in England by Mr. Buckler changed without spinning any silk whatever. EXCURSUS XXXIV. — ORIGIN OF VARIETIES IN BUTTER- FLIES, POSSIBLE AND PROBABLE. . . . From every chink, And secret corner, wliere they slept away The wintry storms — or rising from their tombs, To higher life — by myriads, iorth at once, Swarming they pour"; of all the varied hues Their beauty-ljeaming parent can disclose. Ten thousand forms ! ten thousand different tribes ! People the blaze. TnoT.lso'S.— Summer. Probably there is no group of animals in which the study of variations can be pursued to as good advantage as butterflies. For here the opportunities for the action of natural selection are at the highest mark, and we see the result in the infinite variety and beauty of these delicious creatures. They live several separate lives in the course of one, and in each the forces of nature have new and distinct play. Many of them •Boisduval, however, states that the Euro- he describes the latter, he must have known pean N. cyllarus winters as a chrysalis ; and as it at its proper season. ORIGIN OF VARIETIES IN BUTTERFLIES. 951 undergo tlie cycle of their cliangcs luove tlian once n year, and thus oj)j)or- tunities are not only niulti[)lied but varied. Ordinary variation, due to unknown or diverse causes, as well as that which springs from latitudinal range and distinct climatic influence, ap- pears in butterflies as iu other creatures. In these cases we suppose advantageous variations to be perpetuated and intensified by the survival of the fittest, through the laws of inheritance. By slow accretions, a species multiplies into varieties, each departing from the other and from the original tyvie, until all become firndy fixed as species, again to undergo division. Now just as tiie climatic influences of latitude ap- pear to be an important factor in the development of new forms, so the difference of the seasons may work similar alterations in double brooded butterflies ; we have merely to suppose the zebra swallow-tail, for example, to hibernate exclusively in the imago state, to fix the variety I. a. ajax as the only form that will survive ; on the other hand, let the insect hibernate as now in the chrysalis and be only single brooded, and this form would become extinct ; suppose again both features to liold with different sets of individuals, gradually comnumicatiug this tendency in greater and greater force to tlieir offspring, and we should behold the spring and summer varieties changed to separate species. This is one ex- ample of a mode in which seasonal dimorphism may become an originator of new forms. It is plain that entirely similar results may follow from unequal letliargy in one brood of caterpillars, such as we find in the fritillaries and the crescent spots. Ordinary dimorphism again, or the appearance of different varieties in each brood, running through both sexes, must surely be a precursor of a division in the species; no doubt the change is gradual, so that cen- turies of direct experimentation would throw no light upon the change ; but we have only to suppose each form breeding true to itself and the eeparatitm w-ill be accomplished. In the case of the violet-tip, we have two strikingly different forms, which may be distinguished, not only by their coloring and markings, but even by the form of the wings and the sculpture of the hai'd pai'ts of the abdomen ; in fact, we hav-e two forms, permanently distinct from each other, to which we cannot apply the name of species simply because we know they have the same immediate parent- age ; we can hardly doubt that the separation of this species is nearly accomplished. The same may be aflSrmed of antigeny ; we find melanic antigeny both partial and complete ; in its partial condition in our spring azure it grows more and more nearly perfect as we pass southward : we see its form fixed in some species, and in others the melanic feature has been superinduced upon the opposite sex. The same is true of structural antigeny. Some species, which we can hardly doubt have had a common ancestor, scarcely 952 TIIIC BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. dift'ei- from each otliLT excepting in the character of their antigenic pecu- liarities, and this accounts for the close resemblance of the females of allied species of skippers. Origin through antigeny probably occurs with other animals, but in butterflies it must be unusually common. So, too, witii mimicry. The viceroy and the red-spotted purple are nearly identi- cal in all their earlier stages, and yet utterly diverse in the perfect but- terfly ; both must have sprung from a common source, from which the viceroy has diverged through mimicry in its final stage. Some naturalists would doubtless add here as a prime force in the origi- nation of new forms, that presumed sphere of sexual selection which traces to it as a cause all those differences in color and pattern displayed by the two sexes ; for it is a canon of their belief tliat most of the exquisite beauty of the wings of butterflies has arisen, as Darwin has shown good reason to be the case with the brilliant coloring of birds, tlirough sexual selection, the handsomest winning the day. The application, however, of any such theory to butterflies is effectually estopped by the statement of two facts. First, that the latest experimental researches of physiology show that buttei-flies have no power of vision distinct and defi- nite enough to enal)le them to distinguish the delicate patterns on the wiuffs of their consorts, butonlv masses of color. Second, that both col- oriiig and pattern as delicate and as minute as that of tlie winged butterfly is found in very many of their caterpillai's, whose power of vision (through simple and not compound eyes) must be of an immensely inferior grade — probably one that can simply distinguish vaguely the near presence of objects througli tlicir perception of liglit and darkness. Allusion has been made above to the differences observable in the male abdominal appendages of some varieties. Now as no two species of but- terfly agree in the structure of these appendages it would appear as if these differences were of exceptional importance and had been given them, as Dufour has remarked, as "the guarantee, the safeguard of legitimate pairing." The differences are sometimes feeble, sometimes extraordinary ; there is every grade between these extremes and the differences are very ^'aried in ch.aracter. Here then especially we have a foundation for that physiological isolation, not absolute but overpowering, which Romanes has 80 well urged as one of the principal elements in the origination of species, an isolation which has nearly or quite the same force as geographical se- gregation, of whose influence there is no doubt on any hand. The causes of this variation in these organs we can hardly conjecture; the amouut is immensely greater than the difference in any other structural feature, as may be seen by our plates. Considering how^ closely these parts are con- nected with the generative functions, their importance as a basis for the origination of new forms and as a basis as well in the classification of forms already originated can surelv not be doubted. \ NOMIADES COUPERI— The sUver blue.* Glaucopsyche couperi Grote, Bull. Buft', Lycaena lijgdamns Doubl., List. Lep. 80C. nat. sc, i : 185 (1S73) ;— Scudd., ibid., i: Brit, mils., ii : 45 (1847). 198(1874). Lycaena afra Edw.. Can. ent., xv: 211 Nomiades couperi Scudd., Can. ent.. viii; (ISS-S). ^ 22-23 (187()). Figured by Glover, 111. N. A. Lep., pi. H, Lycaena pembina Edw., Syn. N. Amer. fig. 6, ined. butt., 37 (1871);— Streck., Lep., 69, 84, pi. 10, figs. 10. 10, 11 (1874). (Not Lye. perabina Edw., Proc. Acad. nat. Glaucopsyche pembina Scudd., Syst. rev. sc. Phil. (lSfr2) ; nor Lye. lygdamus Doubl., Am. butt., 34 (1872). Entom. (1841).) A white-faced hornet hurtles by, Lags a turquoise buttertiy, — One intent on prey and treasure, One afloat on tides of pleasure! BIaurice Tiiompsox.— /» Haunts of Bass and Bream. On the first view to say, to swear, I love thee. Shakespeare. — Midsummer-Nig /it's Dream Imago (14 : 8, 10). Head covered with black scales, a narrow circlet of white sur- rounding the eyes with the exception of the antcunal spaces and connected across the lower part of the front by a white band ; middle of thfs front and summit with a longitudinal row of very long, rather profuse, whitish hairs and with a few similar ones at the back of the sides arching forwards. Palpi, excepting apical joint, white at the sides, black above, with a long fringe of mingled black and white hair-like scales, the black preponderating apically. the white toward the base ; apical joint blackish, white along the inside and at the tip: antennae blackish brown, the joints •This name was given independently to this butterfly by Gosse and myself. \ \ LYCAENINAE: NOMIADICS ('< (I'l'KIlI. 953 V \Ve have presented hut few examples, but these will be sufficient to show in how many ways butterHies may vary and how these variations may be appropriated for the development of species, the distinctions be- coming gradually intensified into complete and permanent diversity. This is natural selection. And by the avidity with which natiu-al selection seizes every possible variation to produce new forms, one would fairly suppose that its constant action would lead to endless variety. Now if on this theory we should maintain that all existing forms of animal life have sprung from a few original sources, then we maj- fairly conclude that nat- ural selection, by itself alone, would also lead to inextricable confusion, through which it would be impossible now to trace one thread of harmony. That it is not so, that the groupings and relations of structure among animals are clear to the human mind, that they present an orderly arrange- ment and a harmonious intercombination which appeals to his intellectual powers, is sufficient proof that natural selection, with all its wondrous and pervading power, acts under law, a law of evolution, which is no slave to the forces of nature, but brings them into subservience to its ends, a law which is working out the plans of a Supreme Intelligence, by ways which man may apprehend, but has not yet comprehended. \, 954 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. *; of the stem broadly .-inmilated witli white, tiiised witli yellowish so as sometimes to f occupy tlie whole basal half of the joint, particularly on the basal half; club black- ish, two or three apical joints e.xceptin-; the last whitish above, the whole of the extreme under surface whitish. Tonfrue luteo-testaceous, a little infuscated laterally. Thorax covered above with very long, silvery gray, profuse hairs, tinged more or less, and especially on the wing covers, with bluish; below gray with blackish and whitish scales and covered with rather long, brownish yellow hairs. Legs dull silvery gray, more or less marked minutely with blackish, the tibiae and tarsi more or less dis- colored above, the basal half of all but the basal joints of the latter blackish brown above. Spurs rcddisli at tip ; spines blackish ; claws reddish brown. Wings bright lustrous, somewhat greenish violet, the veins with a hoary aspect; the costal Ijorder of fore wings very narrowly, especially at base, the outer border of botli wings narrowly edged with black or blackish brown ( mm.; liroadth at thorax.:) mm.; at abdomen. M.t! mm. Distribution (24:.s). Tliis l)iitteitl\ hdoiigei to tlic Canadian fauna, altlioui;li it lias not been detected in all the ])laces we should have antici- pated and is very aliundant in certain spots beyond these boundaries. For in.xtaiK'o, it i.< not reported tVoni (^uel)ec, Montreal, Ottawa nor the AVhite Mountains, while Mr. Lintner has ob.-ier\cd large Hocks in a single spot in the vicinity of Albany, New York — the nearest point to New England at which it has yet been discovered. Mr. Edwards even writes that he has seen several specimens in the collection of Mr. Akhurst of Brooklyn, N. Y., which were .said to have been taken in that vicinity, while, on the other hand, Mr. Coiiper found it "common" on the northern shore of the Gulf of .">t. Lawrence opposite the Mingan Islands, a point closely ap- proaciiing the Hudsouian fauna. MiJschler reports it from the same region, 55° 35' W. Strecker quotes it from Anticosti, Thaxter brought it from Cape Breton, and it is pretty certainly this species which Edwards describes under the name of aster, taken in Newfoundland by Mead. In the west it has been taken as far south as London abundant (.Saunders) and Toronto, Ont. (Fletcher). Michigan (Edwards), northern Illinois (Wortbington) and AVisconsin "not i-are" (Hoy) ; but it belongs more properly farther north, for it has been taken at Charleton Island, Hudson Bay (Macoun t. Fletcher), at the mouth of the Saskatchewan (Scudder), LakeLabache (Edwards) and Fort Simpson on the McKenzie (Edwards). It has never been taken in New England, Init I do not see why it should not be found on some of the sandy plains of the Connecticut Kiver where Lupinus abounds. Oviposition. By confining the butterfly over Lupinus many eggs were laid, generally on the under side of the leaves or on the stalks, sometimes on the upper. They hatch in June in from seven to eight days. Food plant. The caterpillar has been taken in the field only by Mr. Saunders, who found it upon Lupinus perennis Linn, one of the Legumi- nosae. The European species to which it is closely allied are reported to feed upon Melilotus, Genista, Hedysaruni, Trifolium, Onobrychis and Co- lutea. Our species feeds with the utmost freedom on Lupinus. which grows in abundance in the locality near Albany where Lintner finds it, but it must find other food in the high north. Edwards states that it also feeds on Ccanothus, one of the Kbamnaceae. Habits of the caterpillar. In the spring of 1887 Mr. Lintner kindly guided me to bis happy hunting grounds at Centre near Albany, when for the first time I had the pleasure of making the personal acquaintance of this butterfly, of obtaining eggs and rearing the insect through all its stages. The caterpillar eats its way out of the shell by biting a hole at 968 'rHK BUTTERFLIKS OF NEW EX(;I.ANI). one side of the suimuit, otU'ii making a renifoini opening out of wliich it crawls as soon as possible, and leaves tlie rest of the egg intaet. The caterpillar has a very extensible head and flexible neck and its man- ner of feeding immediately after birth is rather remarkable ; it pierces the lower cuticle of the leaf, making a hole just large enough to introduce its minute head, and then devours all the interior of the leaf as far as it can j-ejich — nianv times the diameter of the hole — so tliat wlien tlie caterpillar o-oes elsewhere, the leaf looks as if marked with a circular lilister, having a central nucleus ; the nearly colorless membranes of the leaf being all that is left, and at the central entrance to the blister the upper membrane only. Tiie blister or pustule is 1.75 mm. in diameter, and the nucleus like open- ing to it only about .2.5 nun. in diameter. In later life, generally by the fourth stage, it feeds as well on the upper as on the under surface of the leaf, though it still seems to {>refer the under surface, and in either case eats entirely through the cuticle of the surface on which it rests down to the opposite integument, but never piercing the leaf: it still also retains to some degree its early habit, of piercing by means of its long neck helween the integuments to get the juicier parts ; and I have seen it bore out tlie cut end of a stem down to the rind on every side. Occasionally, when full grown, it eats the leaf entirely through. It shows no pro])ensity whatever to cannibalism, even under provocation. Mr. Saunders obser\ed this cater})illar accompanied by ants ; indeed he found their discovery "comparatively easy from the invariable presence of these active attendants." The ants were actively running about the leaves on which these caterpillars were found and repeatedly over the cat- erpillars themselves, which did not seem in the least disturbed by them. Their attendance was of course to obtain the fluids secreted from the seventh abdominal segment of the caterpillar, as in Cyaniris. Life history. This butterfly is double brooded throughout the whole of its range, the first generation making its advent during the last week in May, the females emerging the first week in June when the males are common ; the height of its abundance is about the 10th of June, and by the middle of the month the numbers begin to diminish, although speci- mens may be found even in July, so as to join the second brood when that is early ; the eggs are laid throughout June, hatch, as stated, in seven to eight days, the caterpillar becomes fully grown in alunit a month, and the chrysalis hangs from nine to eleven days. The second brood varies con- siderably in the time of its apparition. Mr. Saunders reports that the first butterflies appeared one year in London, August 2 ; while Mr. Lintner took the first at Albany on July 15, another year found them beginning to fly by the 7th, and one year even found them "very abundant" on the 9th. So, too, in the year in which they appeared July 15, a few of both sexes were LYCAENINAE: RUSTICUS SCUDDERII. 969 found as late as August 27, whiU' in that year in which they emerged early in .Inly, their nunihers were diminishing by the 21st, and at the end of the month all the speeiinens were "quite worn." They appear, therefore, to flv for from four to six weeks. The eggs are doubtless gen- erally laid in both July and August, but whether the mature larva or the chrysalis hibernates is unknown. Habits and flight. The butterfly collects in large numbers on damp ground. .Mr. Lintner once observed nearly two hundred in one spot, and caught fifteen in a single sweep of the net : it may also be found on leaves and flowers by the roadside with its wings partly expanded. Its flight is entirely similar to that of Cyaniris pseudargiolus but some- what less vigorous ; like that species it keeps close to the ground. AVhen walking up a vertical surface' the wings are kept back to back, erect, the antennae on a plane with the body, but raised above it by the basal curve, and divaricate about 90° ; they are alternately raised and lowered a little. When hanging at rest, the costal edges of the four wings are brought almost together, while the antennae, spread at an angle of about 60". are held forward from the vertical of the body at a slight angle. I cannot discover any odor in the males. Desiderata. The history of this butterfly needs to be closely followed after August to determine in what condition the insect passes the winter. If in the egg state, as one of its European congeners is said to do, where is the egg then laid ? Our knowledge of the geographical distribution of the insect leaves much to be desired ; it may be sought in the whole of northern New England with considerable chance of success ; no parasites have yet been obtained from the larva. Do the ants defend it so well that it has none ? LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— BUSTICUS SCUDDERII. General. Chrysalis. PI. 24, fig. 8. Distribution ia Nortli America. PI. 84, fig. 41. Side view. ^„„ 86:15,16. Dermal appeudages. PI, 65, fig. 12. Top view. Imago. 13. Side view. PI. e, fig. 6. Male, upper surface. Caterpillar. 1. Female, both surfaces. PI. 71, fig. 4. Caterpillar at birth. 34 : 29. Male abdominal appendages. To : 36. Stage iii, dorsal view. 39 : 18. Neuratiou. 38. Mature caterpillar, much enlarged. 46:29. Androconium. 79:32-35. Front views of head, stages i, 55:7. Side view with head and appen- iii, iv, V. dages enlarged, and details of the struct- 86:14. Caruncle, 8th abdominal segment. ure of the legs. 970 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. TRTBE CHRYSOPHANIDT. COPPERS. Papilionesrutili Wiener Verzeichniss. Lycaeninae (pars) Butler; Lycaenidae (pars) Civps (pars) Herbst. GuentSe. Villieantes Hiibner. Children of light, and air, and fire, they seem'd; Their lives all extaey and quick cross motion. Montgomery.— Pelican Island. The fairy Ijing of flowers Reigns there, and revels thro' the fragrant hours ; Gem full of life, and joy. Samuel Rogers.— TAe Voyage of Columbus. Imago. Colors coppery. Club of antennae equal for most of its extent, rather long and very slender, being two or three times as broad as the stalls, and from four to six times longer than broad. Patagia very long and slender, usually three or four times longer than broad; subcostal nervure of fore wings with three superior branches, the outermost forked, the nervure itself running in a direct or nearly direct course to just below the tip of the wing; tarsi armed beneath witli frequent spines, usually clustered upon the sides ; fore tarsi of tlie male armed at tip with a single median spine, diflering from tlie other spines only in size, and considerably curved. Upper organ of male appendages formed of a deeply cleft plate, whose lateral halves have the appearance of a tapering appendage, and bear at their extreme base slender, elbowed laminae directed backward ; clasps subequal and at tip bluntly rounded ; in- tromittent organ acicular, not apically flaring. Egg. Tiarate, but domed, truncate beneath but not above, the sunken portion of the upper surface, together with the micropylic pit, including less than one-eighth of the diameter of the egg; the pit itself generally, but not always, moderately deep ; surface either simply and finely reticulate, with a scarcely raised tracery, or pitted with polygonal cells, the angles of which do not rise conspicuously above the general surface. Caterpillar at birth. Head as broad as the body. Innermost dorsal bristles ar- ranged partly in a subdorsal series, one long and one short bristle to a segment in each row ; inf rastigmatal series with three bristles to a segment. Mature caterpillar. Body scarcely narrower in proportion to its lengtli than in Lycaenidi, but slightly broader than in Theclidi; segments arched somewhat; body clothed uniformly with very short liairs, or with longer hairs arranged in transverse series, sometimes springing from elevated bosses. Chrysalis. Body very variable in form (to include Feniseca), but either not form- ing a single, uniformly contoured mass (Feniseca) or else a single, long, oval mass, slenderer and relatively lower than in the Theclidi, and generally more elongated than in the Lycaenidi; dermal appendages fungiform. This group contains the stoutest of the Lycaeninae, and is far less numer- ous in species than the tribes already mentioned. Their heavy markings and the lustrous reddish or fulvous tint of their upper surface, which has won for them the popular name of "coppers," distinguish them at a glance from other groups. Their hind wings rarely bear the thread-like tails peculiar to many of the Lycaeninae, although in some exotic genera the anal angle is sometimes considerably produced. The disposition of the markings of the under surface closely resembles that in the Lycaenidi, to which they THi: (iENKKA OK CHRYSOPHANIUI. 971 are niucli more nearly allied than to the Theclidi. Many of the species frequent moist, boggy places, while others rejoice in the full blaze of the sun in arid paf^tiircs or by tiic roadside. Their flight is quick, usually sliort, abrupt and rather iut'requent ; they seldom wander far; like some of their allies they arc often very pugnacious, darting from their resting place at any passing object. The insects of this group arc peculiar to the temperate regions. South of the tropics a single species occurs in South America, two or three are found in New Zealand, and large numbers in Africa, though probably not appertaining to genera represented in northern latitudes. The mass of the species, however, are found in the northern hemisphere, and especially in the Old World. "With one exception, the American genera are either identical with or verj- closely allied to those of Europe, and tliis resem- blance is most marked when the species of the western half of the conti- nent are compared with those of the Old World. The eggs are more or less echinoid shaped, generally covered with deep and regular depressions. They are laid singly, though often a large number may be found upon the same plant. The larvae are shaped like an oblong, strongly convex shield, and like the Lycaenidi they feed upon herbaceous plants, rarely, however, on Leguminosae, most of them pre- ferring species of Rumex or other Polygonaceae, and they have been known to occur on Solidago and Viola ; in one instance, as we shall see, they are strictly carnivorous. The insects vary considerably iu the number of their generations, some being single, others double, and a few even triple brooded ; some pass the winter in the egg state, others in the chrysalis, and one or two, it is thought, may winter as caterpillars ; the butterflies never hibernate. They differ from other Lycaeninae in their late appari- tion, being seldom seen on the wing before June, but they resemble them in that few of the species fly after August. Table of genera of Chrysophanidi, based on the egrj. Egg studded with conspicuous sunken cells. Egg regularly tiarate in form; cells small. Cells formed in the interspaces of conical protubei-ances Chrysophanus. Cells composed of deep circular pits Epideinia. Egg broadly and abruptly truncate at base; cells large Heodes. Egg nearly smooth, the cells inconsiiicuous in size and depth Feniseca. Table of genera, based on the caterpillar at birth. Longer bristles at least half the length of the caterpillar ; no large bristles alligued with the lateral annuli. Longer bristles gently arcuate, in the arc of a circle whose radius is twice the width of the caterpillar Chrysophanus, Epideniia. Longer bristles strongly arcuate, in the arc of a circle whose radius is the width of the caterpillar Heodes. Longer bristles considerably less than half the length of the caterpiUar; a lateral series of large bristles alligned with the annuli Feniseca, 972 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Table of genera, based on the mature caterpillar. Body furnished with short hairs uniformly distributed Heodes. Body furnished with long hairs, arranged in transverse masses Feniseca. (Other genera nnl^nown.) Table of genera, based on the chrysalis. Abdomen smoothly contoured, last segments not separately protuberant. Only the lower half of the dorsum of ninth abdominal segment sloping forward Cbrysophauus. Wliole of the dorsum of the ninth abdominal segment sloping forward Heortes. Abdomen with irregular surface, the final segments forming a broad spatula Feniseca. (Epidemia unknown.) Table of genera, based on the imago. Third superior subcostal nervure of fore wing arising at the tip of the cell. First joint of middle and hind tarsi in male not greatly enlarged ; disk of upper surface of fore and hind wings not heterochroic. or only in the female. Fore and hind wings heterochroic above in the female; club of antenna comiiaiii- tively slender; fore tarsi of male jointed Chrysophanus. Fore and hind wings homoehroic above in both sexes; club of antenna comparatively stout; fore tarsi of male not jointed Fpideniia. First joint of middle and hind tarsi in male twice as stout as rest of tarsus; disk of upper surface of fore and hind wings heterochroic in both sexes Heodes. Third superior subcostal nervule of fore wing arising far beyond the tip of the cell Feniseca. CHRYSOPHANUS HUBNER. Chrysophanus Hiibn., Verz. bek. schmett., 72 (1816). Type.— Pap. hippothoe Linn. As rising on its purple wing The insect-queen of eastern spring, O'er emerald meadows of Kashmeer Invites the yuiiiig pursuer near. And liails liini on IrcMii flower to Hower A weary cliase and wasted hour, Then leaves him, as it soars on high, With panting heart and tearful eye : So beauty lures the full-grown cliild. With hue as bright, and wing as wMld ; A chase of idle'hopes and fears. Begun in folly, elo.sed in tears. Byron.— r/ie Giaour. Imago (55:8). Head moderately large, densely clothed with scales and rather abundantly supplied with long, curving hairs of eciual length in all parts. Front even, not swollen in any part, except in the least possible degree in the middle below, where it barely surpasses the front of the eyes ; half as high again as broad and of the width of the eye on a front view; upper border marked by the faintest possible transverse ridge, its angles rather deeply hollowed in front of the antennae; lower border rather strongly, not broadly rounded. Vertex slightly elevated in the middle and at either side to form low buttresses behind the antennae ; separated from the occiput by a broad, rather deep, slightly curving sulcation, having a slight pit in the middle, which affects the height of the occiput just behind. Eyes not very large, moderately full, naked. Antennae inserted with the posterior border in the middle of the summit, separated by a space equal to the width of the basal joint of the antennae; nearly or quite half us long again as the abdomen, composed of thirty- three joints, of which thirteen form the depressed cylindrical club, which is two and I.YCAKNINAK: rilF. CENTS CHRYSOPHANUS. 973 H hiilf tliiicH l)rt of Its lt'n;:tli iind bluntly poiiitcil nt the oxtri'iiilty, tliri'o nr four Joints riilfrlnjf Into tlir illnilniiliun of size. I'lilpl .sloinlcr, fully half ii.x Ion;; imnin ii- the eye, the nildillr Joint tiiprrinK only on the npliiil third, the terndnnl Joint more Ihiin half ns lonj; ii> the pennllirnate and elothcil with recnin- hent seaU's only, while the others are densely staled, especially below, and fnrnlshcd with a heavy fringe of very lon^. projeetlnit hairs. I'nta^la very lon^ nnd sletnler. somewhat arrhed and slightly tnnild, nearly or quite four times as \oi\is as broail, taperlnj,; on the basal half, the apleal half about one- third the width of the base, eniiiil (T very slightly enUn'KinK. nearly straight, the tip broadly rouinled; upper border not exeavated. Ki>re win;:s (39 : :>:t) two-thirds «> long again as broad, the eostal margin slightly and e<|iudly eurved iit l)asc and tip. the miildle two-thirds nearly straight; outer margin very broadly and uulforndy rounded, having sneh a general dire<-t ion as to form an angle of about f!.')" with the costal margin , the angle rounded oil'; Inner border scareely concave on the basal two-thirds, the angle well rounded. Costal vein terminating some distance before the tip of the cell, subcostal with three branches, tlrstarising a little ((J , 61: 7 ) or somewhat ( 9 ,61 : 8 ) beyond tlie mUidle of the upper bonier of the cell; seconering, feebly divided by faint impressed lines into simulations of Joints, tlie tip armed with only a single apical hook, dilTering from the spines which cro'wd np to it only in being longer and a little more curved ; furnished above with short, dense hairs, instead of scales ( (J ). All the femora provided with a fringe of rather close, long hairs on the under surface. Mid- dle tibiae either as long as (?) or a little shorter than ((J) the hind tibiae, rather abundantly armed beneath, and to a slight extent on the sides, with not very long but slender spines and at the apex with a pair of moderately short and slender spurs scaled nearly to the tip. First Joint of tarsi fully equalling the others together, the next three diminishing in regular ratio, the fifth equal to the second ; the Joints furnished very abundantly beneath with very long and rather slender spines, excepting on the basal Joint mostly collected upon the sides and in a naked field ; an apical pair on each Joint longer than the others; claws small, not stout, compressed, taiiering, con- siderably and regularly but not very strongly cur\-ed ; paronychia double, each lobe fully as long as the claw, equal, very slender, the superior straight, the inferior curv- ing strongly Inward and forward : pulvlllus Inconspicuous. Lateral alations of upper organ of male abdominal appendages pretty large, bent strongly downward In the middle, divergent, leaving a U-shaped opening between their bases; lateral arms very long and slender, acicular. strongly bowed. Clasps very uniform in size from base to tip. Egg. Slightly more rounded above than below, the base being rather broadly truncate; cells small, those In the middle of the egg disposed with some regularity in 974 TIIK HUTTKRl'l.IKS OF NEW KXdLAXl). diagonal rows, tlic walls of irreaulai- lioi^lit, beiiiK imich elevated into roiuuU'd bosses at the lines of jiineture. Microiivle rosette occiipyiiiir the whole floor of a pretty deep iufiiiidibuliform cavity, the sides of which are abrupt. Caterpillar at birth. The only spociuiens I have seen being dead and dried bodies extracted from ej;gs which did not hatch, I can only say that the caterpillars of this genus when they lirst emerge re.semble those of Heodes in almost every particular, but that the secondary warts of the infrastigraatal row are apparently absent. Chrysalis. Considerably more than twice as long as broad, the sides of the body straight and parallel from one extremity of the wing to the other; behind the wings the abdomen as viewed from above is elliptical, well rounded; in front of the wings the body tapers rapidly and has an appressed rounded front, the basal wing prom- inences being niarkeil only by the angle the front part of the body makes with the wings. Viewed from tlie side, the Mat bottom has the anterior fourth raised at a slight angle; the thorax is highest and nearly equal on the posterior third, in front of it very broadly arched, sloping about equally downward and forward. .Abdomen very broadly arched above, highest and very slightly higher than the thorax at the third and fourth segments, the last four segments curving rapidly downward, the posterior point being at the summit of the niuth segment, below which it curves forward slightly ; the downward curve at the posterior is much more rapid than at the anterior end of the body. Transversely the middle of the tliorax has a parabolic curve, well rounded above; the abdomen is well arched, regularly rounded, consideraljly higher than a semicircle. More than three-lifths of the tongue is exposed. Basal wing prominence consisting of a broad, low, rounded, slight elevation which would be scarcely notice- able but for the narrowing of the anterior part of the body. Body covered equally with a very delicate tracery of lines, equally raised everywhere excepting at the points of intersection where there are minute warts; they cross each other irregularly, form- ing angular, moderately large cells ; within the cells is frequently seated a large wart giving rise to a fungiform l)ristle, the basal three-fourths of the pedicel equal, mod- erately stout, the apical fourth rapidly expanding to a shallow, greatly expanded, infun- diljuliform disc, the horizontal edges of which are fringed with fleshy ciliate lobes. Hoolilets of cremaster rather long and slender, the stem equal, straight on basal, curved a little on apical half, the expanded portion transverse, three or four times broader than the stem, curved strongly, over the apical margin nearly straight, the sides strongly produced laterally and somewhat backward. This genus seems to have but a siugle form in America, confined to the eastern side of the continent, tiiough better rej)resented in Europe where its range is also more extended between the 37th and 56th parallels. The group comprises some of the larger Chrysophanidi. The wings of the sexes differ in coloring, though, at least in the American species, but little in form. The upper .surface is coppeiy brown, tliatof the fore wings mostly fulvous in the female, broadly bordered with dark brown on tlie fore, reddi,sli fulvous on the hind wing-s : and is furnished with transverse series of dark spots, the repetition of those beneath and which are more distinct on the fore wings of the female than of the male. Beneath, the fore wings are fulvous, the hind wings silvery gray, bordered as above ; both wings have a double, submarginal series of blackish spots and an extra- mesial tortuous series ; all the spots on the wings are small and generally round ; besides there is a dark bar at the end of the cell, and at equal dis- tances between this and the base two straight and transverse series of spots. The insects are double brooded and probably winter in the egg state. THKIR DISTRIBUTION IN NEW ENGLAND. 975 The American species flies in July aiul :it tlic ciul df August. Tlic Init- terflies are rather local and their flight low and not very active. The eggs are wliite, ecliinoid shaped, strongly pitted and with prominent, rounded elevations. The caterpillars, which are imperfectly known, feed upon Polygonaceae and especially Runicx. Tlic clirysalis has nuu'li the form of that of Heodes and of a similar d\dl brown. EXCURSUS XXXVI.— THE DISTRIBUTION OF BUTTERFLIES IN NEW ENGLAND. The wooils, the rivers, iind the niedovvcs greene, "With his aii-c-<'iitting wings he measured wide, Xe dill he leave the inountaines bare iinseene, Nor the raiilce grassie fenues delights iintride. Spenser. — Muiofiutmos. Probablv no district of equal extent in the United States possesses a greater variety of butterfly life than New England. Extending in a north- easterly direction over more than eleven degrees of latitude and sc* en and one-half degrees of longitude, its broad north-westerly side supporting a range of hills which forms the backbone of the district, higher than any equivalent range east of the Eocky Mountains, it exposes a vast coastal plain to the open sea, one-half of which receives the warm waters of the Gidf Stream, the other the colder Arctic flow which hugs the shore as far as Cape Cod. Its north-easterly extremity stretches far toward the Gulf of St. Lawrence, with its sub-arctic cold, and nourishes only the butter- flies of the Canadian fauna, while its low, sandy southern shore receives many a wanderer from the Carolinian fauna, which struggles to maintain a foothold and even to penetrate along the coatt and up the wainur river valleys. On tlie summits of the highest mountains we are even brought, as it were, into the very heart of Labrador and Greenland, and from there, one may say with but little exaggeration, we may look upon the tropica. The main distinction, then, which we find among the butterflies of dif- ferent parts of New England is that we find within its limits a commingling of northern and southern faunas. Indeed, as we have pointed out in the Introduction to this work, the line between the Allejrhanian and Canadian faunas divides it near the middle in an irregular course, influenced largely by the flow of the streams and the trend of the mountain chains. The different species which find their northern and southern limits within these districts have been detailed in the chapter of the Introduction bearing upon this point, and there are only one or two additional matters which may claim our attention here. The distril)ution of butterflies, as is well known, depends very largely upon that of their food plants, and the latter in most regions upon the 976 THE BUTTKRFLIES OF NEW ENGLAXl). character of the soil. In Xi'w Enghiiul, however, buried as it is from one extroinitx to the otlier l)eneath a vast slieet of drift, this element has the very weakest ])ro[)ortions. The distrihution of limestone areas has in most countries very close connection with the distrihution of plants, and were it not for this covering of drift, which envelops the \\liok' of New iMialand, we niiaht look here for some considerable difference between the eastern and western portions, since the limestones of New England are very largely confined to the Connecticut valley and the region west of it. Their effect, however, upon the actual character of the soil is, com- pared to that which we find in other regions, and consklcring theu' ex- tent, exceedingly small, and, jierhaps consequently, we have scarcely any butterflies whose limitations in an east or Avest direction can in any way be claimed to be dependent upon any other element than that of a northerly or southerly exposure. Polygonia satyrus, indeed, has been found only at a single point just outside the north-western extremity of New England, and here finds its easterly limit. It is a butterfly which belongs, properly speaking, to the other side of the continent, but, like others in the same category, doulitless extends across nearly the entire continent north of our own boundaries. But such examples as this should be looked upon rather as northerly forms which, belonging to the western and centi-al portions, but traversing the continent in northern latitudes, naturallj- invade our territory from the \^■est. The same should be said of Rusticus scudderii, the relations of which to New England are those of a northerly and westerly neighbor. Eurymus eurythemc is a fuither example. The only instances known to me where butterflies, entering New Eng- land from the west or west and south, do not cross the district at least nearly to its eastern boundaries are : Chrysophanus thoe, wdiich has never been found farther east than Amherst in the Connecticut Eiver bottom, Thecla acadica, whose New England distribution is exceedingly little known ; and Strymon titus, which appears only to reach the extreme west- ern border of Maine. Of these three, Chrysophanus thoe is the only striking example, and its' limitation may possibly be only apparent, and due to its localization. We see, therefore, that the geographical distribution of buttei-flies in New England is almost completely an element of the temperature. The mountains and the streams run in a general north-southerly direction, not only offering no obstacles to the freedom of movement north and south, but affording not infrequently a highway, facilitating movement. The relation of the coastal line to the currents are such that the extrenres of the north and south are intensified. In this narrow area, therefore, are crowded not only abundant representatives of the Canadian and Alle- ghanian faunas, but even some vagrant or ambitious members of the Hud- sonian, upon the mountain tops, and of the Cai'olinian, along the low southern coast. LYCAENlNAi:: CIIRYSOPIIANl S lllOK 077 CHRYSOPHANUS THOE— The bronze copper. [The bronze copper (ScudUer); the large copper butterlly (Mnyiiard).] Pnlyommatus tlioe Bohd. MS.; Grny, Griff. (I8TS): Butt. oust. U. S., 2Kl-2.t2 (l.SSG);— Ciiv. nil. kinsJ., ins., ii, pi. 58, tigs. 4, 4 a-b MiiliU., Hep. III. Ins., x: 9") (18W);— Siiuld., (1S82);— Boisd.-LcC, Up. Am. sept. 12o-12G, Biitt., 128-129, tigs. 12, 117, 124(1S.S1);— Miiyn., pi. 38, tigs. 1-3 (1833);— tiuiJr., loon, ri^gue RiUt. N. Eugl., 40-41. pi. 5, lig.s. 61,51a (188G). anini., ins., 490, pi. 81, tigs. 4, 4 a (1842?);— Li/caena thoe Kirb., Syn. cat. Lep., 343 JIorr..Syn. Lcp.N. Am..S4-' (18G9) ;— Gir., Trait6 d'eut., iii : Chri/sophanus hi/llus Bull., Cat. Fabr. Lcp,. 237, pi. 84, tigs. 4, 4a-b (1885). 173 (1869). Chrysiiphanus thne Wcstw.-Hewits., Gen. Figured by Glover, 111. N. A. Lcp., pi. 25, diurn. Lcp., ii: 498(1852);— D'Urb.. Can. uat., lig. 9, iued. v: 240 (1860) ;— French, llep. III. ins., vii : 158 [Not Papilio liylhis Cram.] Thy sun-ray is bright Ou the butterfly's wing. Eliza Cook. — Sprinij. Those be rubies, fairy favours. SukK^sv^KKE.— Midsummer-Night's Dream. Imago (5 : !), 12). Head covered with velvety black hairs and scales; a moderately narrow band of snow white scales and a few hairs runs around the eye, from the front of the antennae nearly to the back of the same, broadening on the lower half of the eye behind and connected together by a rather broad, white baud above the base of the tongue; a line of white hairs starts at the inner edge of these bands where they commence in front of the antennae, and passing on the inside of the latter run straight backward to tlie top of the head, where they curve toward each other and connect. Palpi with the basal and the greater part of the penultimate joint silvery white; the upper surface of the apical half of the latter, together with the apical third or fourth on both sides, abruptly changing to black, the white fringe on the nnder surface often with a few black hairs near the apex ; terminal joint black, excepting the under surface and the extreme tip which are white; occasionally the base is narrowly annulatcd with white on the outside. Basal joint of antennae clothed externally with white ; stalk black, annulated at the base of each joint with white, most broadly upon the lower portion of the outside, where, on the basal live or six joints, the white scales form a continuous line; club black, the basal joints narrowly annulated at their base with white, the apic.il two or three joints orange, and sometimes a portion of the under surface enlivened with an infuscated tinge of the same. Thorax covered above with brownish fulvous hairs, brightest on the prothorax and patagia; beneath pearly white, the legs the same, the basal half or more of the smaller tarsal joints black above; the same joints fuscous beneath, laterally edged with black; spines black; spurs white, tipped with light castaneous, the point darker; claws reddish luteous ; pulviUus blackish fuscous, sometimes pale at tlie edge. Wings above: Fore icings; second superior subcostal nervule originating at two- thirds the distance from the base of the first nervule to the apex of the cell in the male; third superior nervule arising midway (oii her lips Alit, tlie visionary butterfly, "Waiting my word to enterand make bright, Or flutter off and leave all l)lank a.s tirst. BROVTNiyG.—Pippa Passes. Imago (55 : 9). Head moderately large, densely scaled, and furnished above rather abundantly vrith very long, delicate, arching hairs and in front with shorter, stouter ones, shorter below than above. Front with even, scarcely convex surface, nowhere reaching the front of the eyes; half as high again as broad, and of the width of an eye on the front view ; upper border straight, its angles rather deeijly hollo\ved by the anteunal pits ; lower border ^-ery strongly aud rather broadly rounded. Vertex with even surface, separated from the occiput by a rather broad aud shallow sulcation, and behind it the somewhat tumid occiput marked by a mesial longitudinal indention. Eyes not very large, tolerably full, naked. Antennae inserted with the posterior border distinctly in advance of the posterior border of the eye, separated from each other by a space rather more than equalling the l)asal joint ; about half as long again as the abdomen, composed of thirty-four joints, of which sixteen form the compressed, subarcuate, obfusiform club, which is fully three times as broad as the stalk, less than four times as long as broad, increases gradually in size on the basal half, is broad aud bluntly rounded apically, only two joints entering into the rapid apical diminution. Palpi slender, nearly half as long again as the eyes, the middle joint tapering through- out more than the apical half, the apical half the length of the middle joint, and heavily covered with recumbent scales, while the others are heavily fringed beneath with long scales and projecting hairs. Patagia very long and slender, somewhat arched in both senses, two and a half times the basal width, tapering on the basal two-thirds, the apical half about a fourth the width of the basal, equal, the tip rounded ; upper border entire. Fore wings (39 : 22) half as long again as broad, the costal margin slightly convex at base and tip, the more strongly at base, the middle portion nearly straight; outer margin broadly rounded, more arcuate in the upper third than below; inner margin straight. Costal vein terminating scarcely before the tip of the cell ; subcostal with three branches, the first arising somewhat beyond the middle of the upper border of the cell ; the second much nearer the tip of the cell than the base of the first ( J ) or midway between them ( ? ) ; the third barely before the tip of the cell, forking raid- way ( J ) or a little less than midway ( ? ) from the base of the nervure to the end of the lower branch ; the subcostal nervure itself slightly flexed at the extreme apex of the cell ; cross veins closing the cell as in Chrysophanus ; the cell half the length of the wing and nearly four times as long as broad. Hind wings difi"ering in form from those of Chrysophanus only in being proportion- ally longer and with the outer margin less broadly rounded, Submedian nervure terminating at the anal angle ; internal nervure terminating scarcely beyond the mid- dle of the inner margin. Fore tibiae five-sixths as long as the hind tibiae in both sexes, tlie tarsi slightly shorter (^) or slightly longer (?) than the tibiae; terminal joints of fore tarsi either like those of the other legs (?), or forming a single entirely undivided joint, slender and tapering, armed at tip with a single apical hook dift'ering from the spines leading up to it only in being longer and curved (S)- The remainder of the legs agree in all respects with Chrysophanus, except that the tarsal joints beyond the lirst are more nearly equal in length. LYCAENINAE: TIIK (JKNUS KriDKMIA. 983 Male abdominal appeiulajjos pretty closely resembling those of Chrysophanus, but the alations of the upper organ are bent uearerthe base, appresscd and notcompressed, the interval between them V-shapcd ; the lateral arms are relatively smaller, bent less strongly and less regularly tapering. Clasps -with a small bnllate base, and beyond a very slender, elongate lamina, incurved at tip. Egg. ^[uch more rounded above than the beUnv. being higher in proportion to breadth than in Chrysophanus. Cells small and uniform, the walls of nearly uniform height, a little elevated in rounded bosses at the lines of juncture. Micropyle rosette occupying the tloor of a very deeply sunken well with vertical or overhanging walls. Caterpillar at birth. Only a dead and dried specimen has been seen, — not enough to distinguish it properly from Chrysophanus. This group of smaller Chrysophanidi is much better represented in America than in Europe, and on both continents spreads from ocean to ocean ; it thus occupies a belt of about 15° of latitude, mostly north of 40° N. Lat. In Europe there are a couple of species, one of which spreads across Asia as well, while in America we have three, one northern, one eastern and one western, besides a couple more western forms belonging to a distinct section of the genus, in which the basal tarsal joint of the males is not at all enlarged. In New England a single species occurs, which extends to the north until it meets the northern species thought by some to be rightfully considered the same. The butterflies are among the smallest of our coppers. The ground color of the upper surface of the front and hind wings is alike both in the maleandin the female (atleastin the American forms), though there is more or less difference in tone, sometimes a decided difference, between the males and the females, the former inclining to brown with purple reflections, the latter to dull or brownish fulvous. The difference is least conspicuous in the species here treated. Beneath, the general coloring is mvich as in Heodes, with in the main the same distribution of dark spots that is found in Chry- sophanus (repeated to a greater or less extent above) , only the extra-medial series on the laind wing is generally reduced nearly to black points or to slender lunules ; the markings here, which are usually very light, show a tendency to form an extra-mesial series of subconnected slender lunules, recalling in one of the extreme western species, their appearance in the species of Tharsalea. The antennal club is rather shorter than usual, and the fore tibiae of the male longer than usual, more than equalling the length of the fore tarsi. The insects, so far as known, are single brooded, flying a comparatively brief time in midsummer. They are extremely local, frequent marshy spots, and presumably hibernate in the egg, though their life history is in no way known. Their flight is short and not very vigorous. The eggs arc white, echinoid, strongly pitted, with nearly equal cell walls. The caterpillar is said to resemble that of Heodes and to feed on Polygonum. 984 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW EKGLAJSID. EXCURSUS XXXVII.— LOCAL BUTTERFLIES. There he arriving, roimd about doth (lie, Krom lieil to IjeJ, from one to other Ijorder; And takes survey, with curious linsic eye, Of every Howreaiul herlie there set in order; Now this, now that, he tasteth tenderly. Yet none of them he rudely doth disorder, Ne with his feete their silken leaves defaee; But pastures on the pleasures of each place. Spenser.— J/«topo«mos. There is a great difference between butterflies as regards their roam- ing habits. Some may be looked for almost anywhere. They course over the country in every direction seeking the sweetest flowers, and, al- though there may be certain haunts which they appear to prefer, they range the whole region in search of flowers. You may find them by the dusty wayside, in green meadows, along the river banks, in the shaded roadway through the forest. Others again, and they are by far the larger number, have their own special haunts which they rarely quit. There are some which may not he looked for excepting in the depths of the forests, though these are but few in our temperate climate ; such, for instance, is Anthocharis genutia, some of the satyrids, and most ofthe species of Thanaos. Others are fond of the shrubbery by streams, like many of the Theclidi, though they are not altogether confined to such localities. Many will be sought in vain out of the bright hot sunshine, like our common Heodes hypophlaeas ; while others again are limited to swampy areas, like many of the Melitaeidi and Epidemia epixanthe. In most at least of these cases, the cause of the limitation is seen in the distribution of the food plant. Where the food plant is scattered and grows equally well in nearly all localities, like the thistle, there you may look for the butterflies whose caterpillars feed upon these plants, such as the thistle buttei-fly. But this is by no means so absolute in some cases as in others, and there are a few species feeding upon special plants of narrow distribution which are excep- tionally local in their character. Thus the snake-head, growing only in marshy, boggy spots, nourishes Euphydryas phaeton, which one will rarely find flying a dozen rods from where the plant grows. Others again may have other limitations, like our White Mountain butterfly, which, although the sedges, which are its favorite food, occur all over the upper surface ot the mountains and even below the timber line, nourish the caterpillar only in the upper section of the barren summits. It follows from this that our cultivations have made much havoc with our butterflies, for as one spot after another, especially such as may nourish the moisture-loving plants, is brought under drainage and cultivation, the plants, unable to find in the immediate proximit}^ any suitable station, become for that locality extinct and with them the butterflies depending LYCAEXINAE: EPIDI'.MIA F.riX ANTIIK. 985 on them for food. So, too, in an opjjosite way, by tlio accidental or inten- tional flooding of such a locality, the bnttcrHy may again perish and sonie- tiiues also the food plant. Thus Mr. Edwards remarks of Euphydryas phaeton that it absolutely disappeared for four or five years from a swamp in the neighborhood of his residence after a disastrous and long; continued flood of the Kanawha River, and was only restored to its old home by artificial restocking. Of all our butterflies it is probable that the Melitaeidi and many of the Chrysophanidi arc the most local, the Vanessidi and Papilionidae the least 80, though this statement should by no means be taken too literally ; the exact relation of this localization to the distribution of the food plant can only be properly discussed when the food plants of our cater- pillars are better known, and then by one as familiar with the plants as with the butterflies. EPIDEMIA EPIXANTHE — The purple disk. [The purple disk (Gosse) ; Epixauthe l)ulteirty (Harris) ; marsli copper (ScudJer) ; brown copper (Maynard).] Polyommatus epixanthe Bolsd.-LeC. L^p. Lycaena epixanthe Harr., Ins. inj. veg., Amfir. sept., 127, pi. 38. figs. 4, 5 (183.3);— 3d ed., 271(1802). Morr., Syn. Lep. N. Amer., 85 (1862). Epidemia epixanthe Scudd., Bull. Buff. Chrysophanus epixanthe Westw.-Hewits., soc. uat. sc, iii : 128 (1876). Gen. diurii. Lep.. ii: -198 (1852);— Fern., Butt. Polyommatus amicetus Boisd. M.S.; Me., 88 (1834);- French, Butt. east. «r. S., Doubl., List Brit, nuis., ii : 55 (1847). 282-283 (1886);— Mayn., Butt. N. E., 41-42, pi. Figured by Glover, III. N. A. Lep., pi. 23, 5, figs. 53, 53 a (1886). figs. 14, 15; pi. F, tig. 4, ined. Men, like butterflies, Show not their mealy wings but to the summer. Shakespeare. — Troilus and Cressida. I'll malve one in a dance. Shakespeare.— iyOi'e's Labour's Lost. Imago (5:5. 7). Head covered with l)lack, mixed with brownish fulvous hairs, the latter especially on the summit; behind the eyes covered with black scales, but next the eye itself a band of white scales, narrow above, broad below; in front and about the antennae exactly as in H. hypophlaeas. Antennae black, the base of each joint of the stalk annulated narrowly (on the outer surface broadly) with white; b.asal half of the under outer surface of club white; beneath dull orange castaneous, the apical two or three joints orange luteous above. Palpi, excepting the apical joint, white, a few black hairs in the otherwise white fringe below, more abundant aplcally, the apical half of the middle joint above, and the apex at the sides black; apical joint black, excepting the white under surface, tipped minutely with white. Tongue black- ish testaceous. Thorax covered above with dark yellowish brown hairs, beneath with white hairs. Legs white, the tarsi sometimes dirty white, the apical joint of the tarsi and the basal two-thirds of the other joints, excepting the first, blackish brown above, the tarsal joints brownish yellow below; spines black; claws dark red. Wings above : Fore wings ; second superior subcostal nervule arising at three-fifths 986 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLANH). the distance from the base of the llrst iiervnle to the apex of the cell, in the male; third arising less than midway from the tip of the cell to the apex of the wing in both sexes. Either dark chocolate brown, with a slight olivaceous tinge, the basal three- fifths, excepting the costal and inner margins, tinged with bright, rosy violet, deepest next the base, best seen by reflected light, the separation between the bright and dark colors being very vague, passing midway between the apex of the cell and the outer border above, farther inward below, the veins dark brown {$); or, dark gray brown, the outer margin narrowly bordered with a sliglitly darker tint (?); cos- tal edge very dull orange ; a small, black spot just beyond the middle of the basal two- thirds of the cell, in the female only; a small, black spot in the middle of the outer two-thirds of the cell ; another similar one directly beneath it, in the medio-subme- dian interspace ; another, larger, transverse spot bordering the extremity of the cell ; in the female only, a transverse, bent series of seven similar spots, just beyond the middle of the wing, the upper four, above the median nervure, in a nearly straight line directed downward and a little outward from the costal border at two-thirds the distance from the base; the lower of these four is situated a very little less than half way from the apex of the cell to the outer margin ; the lower three spots, in the median and medio-submedian interspaces, are arranged in a nearly straight line, sub- parallel to the outer border, directed toward the middle of the upper series, and about at right angles to the inner border ; outer margin narrowly and vaguely edged ■with dark greenish brown ; basal half of fringe of about the same color, apical half pallid. Outer margin of hind wings uniform and continuous, the wings themselves either dark chocolate brown, the middle of the basal two-thirds tinged, more faintly than on the fore wings, with violet ($), or dark gray brown ( ? ) ; a blackish dot in the middle of the outer half of the cell, in the female, a similar one just above and just below it in the neighboring iutersp.aces ; the termination of the cell marked by an obscure blackish streak; an e.xtra-mesial series of seven .small, obscure, blackish spots (in the male usu.ally partially obsolete), that in the costo-subcostal interspace situated midway between the inner spot of the female and the outer border; the next, outside of it, just before the middle of the upper subcostal interspace; those in the next two interspaces, midway between the apex of the cell and the outer margin, those in the three succeeding interspaces in a slight curve opening Inward, the middle one just beyond the centre of the lower median interspace; a submarginal, crenate streak of orange starts from the very tip of the inner margin, where it is broad, and passes in a series of linear lunules, just keeping free of the outer margin and decreasing in size gradually, to the lower or even the middle subcostal nervule; it often reaches no further than the upper median nervule, and sometimes is mostly confined to an orange spot at the extreme tip of the inner angle; outer margin narrowly and vaguely lined with blackish, the basal third of the fringe very dark; beyond, paler than the same part of the fore wings. Beneath, dull, greenish, pale straw yellow, a little brighter along the outer border, and deepening to orange along the costal edge of the fore wings. Fore icings ; all the black markings of the upper surface of either sex are repeated in each sex beneath, and, in addition, a spot in the medio-submedian interspace, beneath the basal spot of the cell, and a submarginal row of pretty large, blurred, dusky spots on the lower half of the wing, distant an interspace's width from the outer border, sometimes obscurely edged outwardly with orange ; fringe of the color of the under surface. Hind wings with two nearly straight but slightly curving rows of three black, dot-like spots, each in the basal half of the wing, the middle spot of each situated in the cell at a little beyond the middle, one of the basal, the other of the apical two-thirds, the upper spots in tlie costo-subcostal, the lower in the medio-submedian interspaces, the latter at equal distances on either side of the first divarication of the median nervure; the tip of the cell is faintly marked with a fuscous line; there is a slightly irregular, bent, extra-mesial series of eight black, dot-like spots; the upper four, above the median nervure, in a nearly straight line (the third just outside of it), that in the costo-subcostal interspace being removed outward from the first subcostal divari- LYCAENINAK: KI'IUKMI A KlMXAXrilK. 987 cation by the willli of :iii iiitcrspaci, an 1 mukiu:;, witli Ihu other spots of the Interspace, equal ili.stiinces from the base of the wing; that in tlie snbcosto-median interspace is a little less than lialf way from the tip of tlie cell to the outer border; the fonrtli. with tlie sixth to the eiglith, form a nearly straijjlit line, curved very slight- ly outward, parallel to the outer margin, the spot in the medio-snbmedian interspace being nearly as far removed from the neighboring spot in the same interspace as that Is from the base of the interspace; the llfth spot, in the upper median interspace, is removed somewhat inward from the curve; the submargiiial series of continuous orange lunules of the upper surface is repeated beneath, extending almost entirely across the wing, becoming fainter and slightly farther removed from the outer border in its course from the inner border upward ; it is margined above with pale, obscure silver, often assuming the form of slight, sagittate spots; fringe pale, fusco- argenteous. darkest at liase. Abdomen blackish alwve, with a violet lustre; beneath, whitisli, tinged very slightly with straw-color. Appendages of male (34 : 3G) with the lateral alations of upper organ bent abruptly downward with au appressed face before the middle, the droop- ing portion gently tapering in its apical half to a rounded point; lateral arms a little expanded on their distal horizontal half, the pointed apex upturned. Clasps elbowed at the bullate base; beyond, the blade is many times longer than broad, expanded slightly before the tip, which is pointed and turned a little inward and upward. Measurements in millimetres. MALES. FEMALES. Length of toufjuc 4 mm. Smallest. Average. Largest. 13.5 6.75 4. 2.9 Smallest. 12. 5.8 3.6 2.9 Average. Largest. Leu'^h of fore wiivs,. 12.75 12.75 6.75 12.75 6.5 2.9 12 75 (i.T.T 6 5 hind tibiae and tarsi fore t ibiae and tarsi 2.9 Described from 323 , 89 . A pair from Canada (.Saunders) differ from others seen in having the under surface of the hind wings of a paler, more silvery tint. Accessory sexual peculiarities. Besides the difl'erent markings of the upper sur- face of the wings, the male has here some untoothed scales to be probably regarded as androconia (46 : 35) ; these are quadrangular, with gently convex sides, broadly rounded tip. and basal lobes of unequal width, the striations closely crowded and parallel; they are slightly asymmetrical and nearly three times longer than broad. Egg (65 : 16, 23). Completely covered with minute, deep, circular pits averaging .042 mm. in diameter and .0125 in depth, somewhat regularly disposed on the sides in oblique rows, running at about an angle of forty-live degrees with the base; above, the rows become confused and irregular, and on the summit the cells alter in shape and size until they nearly vanish. Micropyle pit .085 in diameter and .05 mm. deep ; the rosette (68 : 11) occupies the whole floor of the pit, and the cells seem to be par- tially concealed by the high and perhaps overhanging walls; the central cell is cir- cular, .002 mm. in diameter, and surrounded by four large cells, which are nearly circular, being .017 mm. long in the axis turned toward the centre, and .021 mm. in the transverse axis; the outer cells are nearly circular, .015 mm. in diameter; the walls bounding the cells are delicate but distinct. Color milk white. Height, .475 mm.: breadtli. .84 mm. Caterpillar. First stage. Studied only from a specimen that had died w ithin the egg, which would seem to show that it was dull yellow iu nature. Head fuscous. Bristles pale; the longest upper bristles are .4 ram. in length, and the spicules excessively minute; the lateral bristles are only .14 mm. long and.OOGo mm. in diam- eter at base, the spicules comparatively conspicuous, near the base of the bristle being as long as half the diameter of the bristle. Apparent length of body, .8 mm. Head (79 : 41) about .2 mm. wide. Comparisons. This species lias often of late been considered as iden- 988 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. tical witli the more northern form described under the name of dorcas. They arc certainly very nearly allied, but E. dorcas differs from the present species in the following particulars : The upper surfoce of the wino-s of the male is much less brilliant ; all the dark spots that appear on the upper surface of any of the wings of the female, are present quite as distinctly in the male, excepting the basal spot of the discal cell of the fore wings ; and these spots, or at least those of the extra-mesial row of the fore wings, are followed in the female by a broad orange flush ; the outer bordering is not so broad as in the present species ; and the tint of the whole under surface is different, being of a decidedly rusty yellow, perhaps a little deeper in the female than in the male. Distribution (25 : 2). This species is confined to the northern half of the Alleghanian and the southern part of the Canadian faunas, from the Atlantic westward to the iNIississippi. To the north it occurs in New- foundland (Brit. Mus., Gosse), Cape Breton (Thaxter), Quebec (Bowles), Montreal, generally very rai"e (Lyman), Ottawa, abundant (Fletcher), London, Ont. (Saunders), Michigan (Mus. Mich. Univ.) and Minnesota (Edwards) ; besides whicli I find a memorandum of its occurrence in Iowa and Nebraska, and Edwards credits it to Kansas. These last localities wei-e overlooked when the map was made. It has even been taken at Calgary (Geddes). To the south it is reported "neither common nor rare" at Philadelphia (Blake), but with this excep- tion and Xew York (Lintner). the New England localities are the only ones known. Here, in opposition to the species of Chrysophanus, it has only been found east of the Connecticut valley with the single exception of New Haven. It has been found about Orono, Me. (Fernald). at Milford "very plentiful in a few localities" (Whitney), Simcook, "not common" (Thaxter) and Hampton, N. H., abundant (Scudder), and in Massachu- setts at Andover (Sanborn, Clapp), the great meadows between Belmont and Lexington, "abundant" (Tiiaxter), Maiden, "hundreds" (F. H. Sprague), Newton (Faxon, Minot), West Roxbury (Faxon), Cam- bridge and Milton (Harris) and Walpole (Guild). Haunts. One reason for its apparent absence from districts where it must occur is its extreme localization. It never wanders from the cran- berry bogs or peaty meadows where its earlier, humbler life was passed, although its ally, Heodes, may abound upon the roadside plants in the immediate vicinity. When once its favorite haimt has been discovered, it may be taken at the proper season in large numbers. Food plant. The food of the caterpillar is unknown. Mr. W. Saunders suggests that it may be Menyanthes trifoliata Linn., since the butterfly is abundant where that occurs : but it seems more probable that it feeds upon some of the Polygonaceae which grow in marshy soil, such lA'CAKNIXAK: K.riDKMlA KPIXAXTIIK. 989 08 some species of Persicnriii. or iicrhapti the swiuiip dock, Rumex verti- cilliitiis Linn. See, however, the ne.xt paragraph. Life history. It appears to he single brooded. The earliest hiitterflies appear ilio ia.-it of June — alxmt the 2.")tli, and they heeonie al)undant dur- incj the first week in .lulv, but are evidently still emerging from the ehrv- salis during the third week in .July and may be found until at least the end of the first week in August. In (Quebec Mr. iiowles has found them only in August, but at Ottawa, Mr. Fletcher has found them abundant by July 1. The eggs are laid after the first week of July, but tiie subsequent stages are altogether unknown : as esss obtained bv Mr. Saunders were laid only on tlie cover of the chip box in which they were confined, it is proba- ble that the female deposits naturally on tlic under surface of leaves or twigs. As none of these eggs, laid July 8, ever hatched (though the caterpillars formed within), and the buttei-fly appears but once a year and then as late as July, it is probable that the eggs do not hatch until the succeeding spring, in which case they would certainly not be laid upon leaves of herbs but upon stems or twigs of some woody shrub. It may, flierefore. well be doubted whether they feed upon Polygonaceac at all. Possibly we should look instead to some of the neighboring family, Lauraceae ; Gosse says he met with it in Xewfoimdlaiid "ciiieily on some low shrubs, un- known to me, wliose leaves have an aromatic odor somewhat like that of the orange tree." Could be have had IJenzoin in mind? It is a frecpien- ter of suitable localities for this insect. Habits and flight. The butterfly flies very near the ground and fre- (piently alights on sumac and cranberry; ^laynard calls it "quite slug- Srish," but Saimders observes that the butterflies soon become much worn by frequent combats and speedily diminish in numbers. Nevertheless it is a far less active insect than Ileodcs hypophlaeas, which it much resem- bles in appearance, flight and attitudes. It is thought by some that it is far more abundant in some years than in others. Desiderata. The local habits of this insect render our knowledge of its gcogra[)hical distribution very imsatisfactory : of its earlier stages we know nothing except the structure of the egg and the probabilitv of its hibernation. It would be almost vain to search for the caterpillar in any spot where the butterfly had not been observed ; and as a first step to a knowledge of the early stages, the discover}' of the food plant is essential. The above account of the appearance of the butterfly rests upon far too meagre d.ata, for the insect may prove to be double brooded ; a single specimen taken in Hampton on July 8 was greatly worn, while large numbers found July 22 were in very fair condition, — facts which certainly look in that direction. The parasites of the insect and the flight and pos- tures of the butterfly also need investigation . 990 TIIK UUTTEUFLIES OF NEW KXCLAND. LIST OF ILLUSTIiATIONS.-EFIDEMIA El'IXANTHE. General. Jmayo. PI. 2o, fig. 2. Distribution in North America. PI. 5, li^'. 5. Female, upinr sin fiice. E'jg. 7. Male, both surfaces. Pi. 65, fig. 16. Colored. 34:3(1. Male abdoiiiinal appendages. 23. Plaiu. 39:22. Neuration. 68:11. Micropyle. 46:35. Androcouiuui. Cater))Ular. 55:9. Side view with head and appen- Pl. 79, fig. 41. Head, fir.st stage. dages enlarged, and details of leg structure. HEODES DALMAN. Heodes Dalni., Vet. acad. Imndl., xxxvii: QZ, Lycaena (pars) Auct. plur. 91 (1816). ChrTsojihanus (pars) Auci. Type.—Papilio phlaeas Linn. Blueiuen ohni Zahl I Dc Sinniner-Vogle thut d' Wahl weh. Hebel.— Z>je Wiese. Imago (55:10). Head moderately small, densely clothed with scales, which are elevated to high tufts behind the anteunae, and furnished also with numerous hairs, above very long and arching forward, behind longest and downward, in front rather long, diminishing in lengtli downward. Front flat, above a very little sunken down the middle, and at the upper extremity a distinct, narrow, rather shallow, longitudi- nal groove; on the lower two-thirds a little full down the middle, at the bottom sliglitly tumid, barely surpassing at a single point the front of the eyes ; less than half as high again as broad, of the width of the eyes as seen in front ; upper border not raised, the corners considerably hollowed in front of the antennae; lower border rather broadly rounded, the sides straight. Vertex scarcely elevated in the middle, laterally buttressing the antennae, well separated from the occiput by a broad, pretty deep, transverse, nearly straight sulcation, deepest in little pits in the middle and behind the antennae; occiput slightly but broadly sulcated along the middle longitu- dinally. Eyes not very large nor full, naked. Antennae inserted with their posterior edge in the middle of the summit, separated from each other by a space equal to the width of the second antennal joint; half as long ag.ain as the abdomen, composed of thirty-one joints of which twelve form the strongly depressed, elongated club, which is about three times as broad as the stalk, four times as long as broad, the first four or five joints increasing very gradually in size, beyond which the club is equal and ter- minates by the rapidly decreasing size of the last two or three joints, which form a very short but pointed cone. Palpi very slender, rather less than half as long again as the eye, the apical joint fully half the length of the penultimate, clothed only with re- cumbent scales, while the rest are densely clothed with erect scales, much the longest beneath and thinly fringed below with long, straight hairs projecting forward and upward. Patagia comparatively broad and oval at base, the posterior half forming an equal, slender, straight, very bluntly pointed lobe, scarcely one-third as wide as the base; the whole is fully three times as long as broad, the Inner border slightly hollowed just before the middle, the outer deeply, at the base of the posterior lobe. Fore wings (39 : 21) three-fifths as long again as broad, tlie costal margin bent and slightly convex in the middle of the basal third, beyond very nearly straiglit, the tip scarcely curved downward, the outer angle abrupt, but rounded otl'; outer border slightly and regularly curved, inclining at an angle of about 75° to the costal margin; inner margin scarcely hollowed and angulated at the middle, the outer angle rounded ofl'. Costal nervure terminating at the tip of the cell; subcostal with three superior branches; the first arising at the middle of the outer four-fifths of the cell; the second midway between the origin of the former and the apes of the cell ; the third at or barely I.YCAKNINAK : 'PIIK CKNTS IIKODKS. 991 ho fore the iipex of tlie cell, fork in;; iiiiihviiy between the huso of the nervuleaml the eiul of its upper hriiuch; cross veins transverse, obsolete, scarcely perceptible even next tlie main veins; cell half ns long as the wing anil nearly four times as long as broad. Hind wings consiilerably anil roundly expanded next tlic base, beyond, fully lialf way to the tip, scarcely convex, then curving downwards rather rapidly and somewhat abruptly ( roadly rounded, very sliglitly produced and angulated at tlie lower mciliau nervule, sliglitly and roundly cmarginate iu tlie inedio-snbniediau interspace; inner margin broadly ex- panded at the base, beyond scarcely convex, sliglitly bont just l)efore the straight apex, the angle abrupt and scarcely rounded. Snlnncdian nervure terminating on the outer border, just beyond the anal angle; internal nervure terminating considerably beyond the middle of the inner margin. Fore tibiae live-sixths the lengtli of the liind tibiae ( ? ), or scarcely shorter than they ( (J ), the spurs naked ; fore tarsi fully as long as ( $ ) or a little shorter than ( g ) the tibiae; tlie last tarsal joint either similar to the same part in the other legs ( ? ) ; or small, tapering, armed with only a stout, apical, tapering spine, whicli ditters from the other spines of the under surface which crowd up to it only iu size, and furnished above with very short and dense hairs instead of scales {$). All the femora provided with a fringe of rather close, long liairs on the under surface. Mitldle tibiae as long ns {$) or a little shorter than (?) tlic hind tibiae; armed beneath with rather short and slender, scattered spines and apically with a pair of rather long and stout spurs, only the tip bare. First joint of middle and hind tarsi rather strongly gibbous in the male: in the female of the usual appearance, considerably more than eijualling in length all the other joints combined; second, third and fifth joints about eipial, the fourtli smallest: joints armed beneath rather profusely witli ratlier long and slender, scattered spines, mostly collected in crowded rows at the sides, an apical pair on each joint a little longer than the others, the under surface devoid of scales, excepting on the first joint; claws small, compressed, not stont, tapering, finely pointed, falcate, but not very strongly curved ; paronychia double, the superior lobe as broad at base as the claw, nearly straight, considerably exceeding the claw in length, the tip en- largen of fun, as they clearly have no reference to any necessary functions of body, and seem intended only for gratification." (Trans. Vassar. br. inst., ii : 133-134.) It is but a short step from these characteristics to that of pugnacity, which is manifested by none of our own butterflies so conspicuously as by Heodes hypophlaeas. Watch one on a iiot and sunny day in a favorable place, and you will see the fellow dart at every passing object, be it but- terfly large or small, or even a blundering grasshopper. So, too, Junonia coenia has been described as "a most pugnacious little creature, and ap- pears to love a quarrel, for you may see three or four of them ascending in the air and buffeting each other, now rising, now falling, unremittingly continuing their aerial warfare." (Jones, Nat. inBerm., 120). How totally different this from the sluggish, lazy, easy-going manner of most of the satyrids, with their dainty ways, tossing themselves in graceful throws in and out the shridjbery ; or the hurried direct way of the species of Argynnis, or better of Eurymus, zigzaging from spot to spot as if on business of the greatest urgency, though not quite certain where it was ; or the bustling self-important actions of the larger skippers. Even in the butterflies of wilder spots, less frequently seen, how great a difference between the timid Pieris oleracea which, though it feeds upon the produce of the garden, will scarcely let you approach in any near proximity, and the showy Basilarchia arthemis that will allow you to approach and pick it up with the fingers. What a contrast between the dignified Anosia plexippus moving imperturbably along its own way, un- disturbed by the attacks of the smaller butterflies which dash about it, and the vacillating, dainty blues which cannot make up their minds just what to do ; or between the wary, artful Oeneis semidea and the bold and careless Euphoeades glaucus. How rarely one sees collected in one spot on a flower or about a moist spot more than two or three Heodes hypoph- laeas ; they are too vicious and quarrelsome to be companionable. How different the equally active but eminently social Eurymus philodice or Basilarchia arthemis, which congregate by hundreds, as do also Euphoea- des glaucus and many others. The cunning ways of Oeneis semidea in its rocky defences have been mentioned in our text, and a similar wiliness appears in others, sometimes shown in a mock stupidity, as it were, flying, as you cautiously pursue, just beyond the reach of your net, moving with greater and greater swiftness as you increase your speed, all the while against the \vind, when suddenly, after a quick movement upward, they open their wings to the breeze and are carried far behind you, thus evading the pursuit which they found becoming irksome, and leaving you heading the wrong way. 998 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. HEODES HYPOPHLAEAS— The American copper. [The Aiuericau copper l)uUcrfly (Harris) ; small copper (Gosse) ; copper butterfly (Emmons) ; sliortrtailed chrysophane (Emmous); small copper butterfly (Maynard).] Polyommatus hypophlaeas Boisd.,Auii. soc. Polyommatus phlaeas (pars) God., Encycl. cut. Fr., (•2)x:291 (1852) ; — Morr., Syn. Lep. m6th., ix: 609, 670-671 (1819);— Boisd.-LeC, N. A., 84 (18C2). Lep. Am. sept., 123-124 (1833);— Morr., Syu. Jleodes hypophlaeas Scudd., Bull. Bull", soc. Lep. N. A., 84 (1862). sc, iii : 128 (1876); Butt., 166,figs. 4, 7, 25, 42, Lycaena phlaeas Harr., nitchc. Eep., 690 68, 105 (1881). (18,32). Chrysophanus hypophlaeas Edw., Rev. Chrysophanus phlaeas Emm., Agric. N. cat. Lep. N. A., 59 (1884) ;— Freuch, Butt. east. Y., v: 216, pi. 46, fig. 4 (1854). U. S., 283-284, figs. 7.V77 (1886). Lycaena phlaeas var. americana Streck., Lycaena americana Harr., MS.; lus. inj. Lepid., 91 (1878). veg., 3d ed., 273-274, fig. 104 (1802). Lycaena bacchus Harr. MS. Chrysophanus americanus D'Urb., Can. Fapilio Abb., Draw. ins. Geo. Brit. nat., V : 246 (1860) ;— French, Eep. 111. ins., vii : Mus., vi : 58, fig. 13 (ca. 1800). 158 (1878) ;— Fern., Butt. Me., 89-90, figs. 27-28 Figured by "Glover, HI. y. A. Lep., pi. 27, (1884);— Mayn., Butt. N. E., 41, pi. 5, figs. 52, fig. 13; pi. Q, fig. 4, iued. 52 a-c (1886). Polyommatus americanus Morr., Syn. [XotPapilio phlaeas Linn.] Lep. N. A., 91 (1862). Colon de la plaine ithirin, Doux ornement de la nature, Aimable et brillant papillon, Vieiis me retracer sa beautiS ! Comment de cet affreux donjon Parle-moi de la liberty, As-tu su d6courir Teutrfie? Des eaux, des fleurs, de la verdure ; Parle-moi du bruit des torrents, Des lacs profonds, des frais ombrages Et du murmure des leuillages Qu'agite I'haleine des vents. As-tu vu les roses Colore? As-tu rencontrfi des amantsf Dis-moi I'histoire du printemps Et les nouvelles de I'aurore. Dis-moi si dans le fond des bois Le rossignol, & ton passage, Quand du traversais le bocage, Faisait ouir sa douce voix. De Maistre.— ie Prisonnier et le Papillon. Imago (5:11; 13:5). Head covered above and down the middle with blackish brown hairs ; behind, and also partly intermingling with the others, coppery fulvous scales and forward curving hairs ; eyes encircled with silvery white, very broadly be- hind, broadly in front, excepting next and just behind the antennae, where there is a velvety black patch, the white border of the front passing, narrowly, inside the an- tennae and terminating just behind it; the two belts are united by an equally broad one just above the base of the tongue. Basal joint of antennae silvery white, the stalk blackish brown above, interrnpted with white on the basal third or fourth of each joint, beneath, especially on the outside, almost wholly white; club black above, fuscous orange beneath, the basal half of the outside white, the apical joint, both above and below, orange, brighter in the male than in the female. Palpi, excepting the terminal joint, silvery white, the sides of the middle joint a little brownish at the apes, and with a few black hairs mingled with the white ones forming the fringe of its apical half ; apical half of the same joint tinged above with coppery, with inter- mingled black scales, or, blackish brown with white scales ; apical joint blackish brown, with some scattered white scales, especially within and beneath. Tongue black throughout, the extreme tip pale. Thorax covered with mouse brown hairs haviug a metallic greenish tinge, on the inner side of the patagia bluish, ou the sides of the prothorax grayish ; bene.ath white. Femora and tibiae also white; the apical joint of the tarsi and thebasal two- LYCAENINAE: IIEOUES HYl'ol'HI.AKAS. 9!)9 thirds of the other joints blackish brown iibove, the sides white ; beneatli all but the basal joint brownish yellow, edged on either side with l)lack ; spines and s)nir.s black ; claws very dark reddish. Above. /('ir tFimjs brilliant orange red with a metallic coppery lustre, near the l)asc, especially on the lower half, a very little darker; llic median veins in the male dark brown ; the costal border, as far as the subcostal nervurc (excepting the extreme base), the outer border for the widtli of at least an interspace — more broadly above, — and the apical half of the inner border dark gray brown with a slight greenish tinge ; in the female the costal border is oidy marked in tliis way very narrowly on its apical half, the basal half being eitlier greenish gray, or like the prevailing color of the wing, but with a decided greenish hue. The wing is ornamented l)y eight straight, quad- rate, transverse, very dark mulberry l)rown or black bars, each crossing an interspace ; two are in the cell and the otiiers form an irregular, transverse series in tlie middle of the outer half of the wing; one is near tlie middle of the cell, just over tlic llrst di- varication of the median, but does not reach either margin of the cell; another bor- ders, on both sides, the extremity of tlie cell; three others, the tlrst of the transverse series, are found respectively in the two lower subcostal and the siibcosto-median in- terspaces (and occasionally a fourth, small and obscure, in the next interspace above) forming a curving row, the interior edge of the lower one being midway between the extremity of the cell and the outer margin ; and the upper spot removed inward from it by its own width; one, in the upper median interspace, is removed inward by twice Its width from the one above it; and that in the lower median interspace by half its own width outward ; the lowermost, in the medio-sulnnedian interspace, is removed inward from the one above it by twice its widtli ami its exterior edge is at twice an interspace's widtli from the outer border ; the spot at the extremity of the cell is broader than the others, sometimes equalled by tlie lowermost ; basal half of fringe like the outer border; apical half pallid or wliitish. Hind tciuj/s dark gray brown, scarcely with a greenish tinge, the central portion of the basal third of the wing with more or fewer scattered, greenish coppery scales, the inner lialf with numerous gray brown hairs; outer border edged delicately with dark brown, followed by a broad band of orange red, broader tlian an interspace, extending from tlie inner border to the middle of the upper subcostal interspace, interrupted in tlie middle of each interspace by a small, round, blackish spot, occupying the exterior Ijorder of the band, or causing it to be sharply crenulate ; next the sliglitly sinuous interior edge, iu the middle of each interspace, is a faint, vague, roundish spot, slightly deeper in tint than the pre- vailing color, often scarcely discernible, capped by a cluster of perhaps half a dozen pale blue scales and these again by another indistinct dark spot; the extremity of the cell is marked by a narrow, blackish stripe; fringe as in the fore wings, the pale ex- terior half interrupted with brownish at the tip of the lower median and subraedian nervules. Beneath /ore wjngrs orange red, a little paler than the upper surface, without any coppery lustre; the dark spots of the upper surface are repeated l)eueath iu velvety black, nearly as large, quite as distinct, their corners rounded, edged Ijy a few scat- tered orange scales, and these by an obscure narrow encircling of white; in addition, there is a small, round spot, exactly similar to the others in character, lying in the cell, midway between the base and the extra-mesial cellular spot; the outer margin is oroadly bordered, below to the width of an interspace, next the costal margin nearly or quite as far as the black spots, with brownish slate gray ; in all the interspaces be- low the subcostal (on the upper slightly, in the others distinctly) broadly bordered with blackish, forming a stripe interrupted by the nervures; inner border, as far as the submedian, and. previous to its Urst divarication, as far as tlie median nervure, bordered with gray, enlivened by a greenish tint and a few orange scales; costal edge narrowly gray ; fringe like the outer bordering, but deeper in color, with a greenish tinge along the base and paler on the outer half. Hind wings brownish slate gray, slightly darker in a broad border to the outer margin, especially at its interior fuscous limit at from one and a half to two interspace's distance from the margin ; in the 1000 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. basal half of the wing two straight series of very small, roundish black spots, the inner consisting of one in the costo-subcostal interspace very near the base, the second of one just beyond the middle of the basal half of the cell, and a third, when present, of a dot in the raedio-submedian interspace, as far removed from tlie base as the width of the middle of the cell; the second row consists of slightly larger spots, in the same interspaces, that in tlie cell placed just within the middle of the outer half of the same, and the lower spot twice as far from the base of the wing as the width of the middle of the cell ; as on the upper surface, the extremity of the cell is indistinctly marked by a narrow, blackish stripe. Crossing the middle of tlie outer half of the wing is an irregularly sinuous series of eight small, transverse or roundish, black spots, faintly bordered externally, excepting generally the upper two, with pale scales; the upper two, in the interspaces next the costal border, are placed one aljove the other at right angles to the border, the upper in the costo-subcostal interspace, as far removed from the outer spot of the two ah-eady mentioned in the same interspace, as they are from each other; the next three spots form the arc of a small circle opening inward, whose opposite side would strike near the extremity of the cell, that in the subcosto-median interspace being situated half-way between the extremity of the cell and the outer border; the other spots form, with the fifth, an arc of a larger circle opening inwards, whose opposite side would reach nearly or quite to the inner spot of the cell ; the in- terior edge of the sixth spot is at the distance of two interspaces from the outer border; that of the medio-submedian interspace is doujble, being broken by the ground color of tVe wing, but its upper portion, together with the first, second and sixth spots, are the largest in the series; a wavy, submarginal line of very bright, deep orange or brick red starts from the tip or the submedian nervure, forming, in the in- terspace below, small, apical spots of mingled red and gray scales ; it crosses the extremity of the medio-submedian interspace in an arching line, which reaches nearly half way to the black spots and then falls again to the tip of the lower median nervule ; from here It passes to the middle or upper part of the lower subcostal interspace in a series of similar but much slighter arches, one to each interspace, maintaining an average distance of half an interspace from the outer border ; between this carmine line and the fuscous interior margin of the outer bordering, the scales seem to be usu- ally as light as in the centre of the wing ; fringe difiering from that of the upper sur- face, as in the fore wings. Abdomen blic'.dsh above, dark grayish brown on the sides, whitish beneath, tinged toward the tip with dirty pale buff. Male appendages (34 : 38) with the bsnt elon- gated lateral alations compressed, cylindrical, equal throughout (not well represented on the plate), rounded at tip, and somewhat swollen anterior to it, the distal half bent abruptly downward and somewhat outward ; lateral arms tapering regularly to a fine point, sickle-shaped, the curve nearly equal throughout. Clasps forming a tumid subequal lamina three to four times as long as broad, broadest beyond the middle, the apical third curving a little inward, roundly truncate at tip, the upper posterior corner roundly angulate and slightly produced. Measurements in millimetres. MALES. FEMALES. Length of tongue, 5-6 mm. Smallest. Average. Largest. Smallest. Average. Largest. Lenf'th of fore winsrs 12. 6.6 3.8 2.75 13.25 7.3 4. 3. 14.0 8. 4.25 3.1 13.25 6.76 4. 3. 14. 7.25 4.25 3.4 15. 8. hind tibiae and tarsi. . . fore tibiae and tarsi . . 3.5 Described from 27 ? , 17 5 . Aberrations. H ii. fasclvta. (Lycaenaphlaeasvar. americanaabfasciataStreck., Cat. Amer. Macrolep., 101 — 1878.) The Messrs. Faxon captured a pair of this species in Newton, Mass., August 1, within a few minutes of each other (and therefore not un- likely the progeny of one parent) , which are suffused in a slight degree and almost exactly to the same extent; it affects only the row of spots in the middle of the outer half of the wing, each of which, although perfectly distinct from the others, is ex- I.YCAKNIXAK: IIK : at imnnaUy , half aa Iihik ajt liroul. On tlio under itur- '1 ^ i:il pnllrni. Tlieao miiniiictl •poclnieO!! are by nu tnoanii cxce>iilvllle, all In plni'<-eiMi imwt fro<|Uently or ninioil exrliitlvoly •\ , MaHi. Mnynnnl lli:iir<>!i one (Kiitterllloit N. K., ■> (ilo\er In hU unpiililUhed work (III. N. A. iMp. , pi. (^. ttg. i). In Keneral the KUlt'iitlun Ih cauxeil liy the l>n.snl oxtuiiilon of the outer ru«* of iiitota on the upper surface of the front whiKx. whii'li llll the whole breadth of the Intenpacejt. often l>arcly showing a line of tAwny Ncalott along the Intervening Dor>ulea. lu the niowt extreme ca.ie.4 there lit a Kllght expansion externally, -to oh to approximate tke broad dark hami f.inned by the NUinislun to the marginal band, but uotily thI.H lUieK not occur, and urtually the tnter^tpaces are Icit!* completely luTvuri' to nervuro over the overrun ground »o that each .spot Is more or •ed. the aplce.i pointing ba.Howard, nn apponriince which gnlns In effect i; narrow Ing ba.tewnrd of all but the two lower Interspace.-* In which t '>n appears. Sometimes, Indeed, the sutHislon Is reduced to a mere eiilarge- -iMiUof the extra-mesial row with a wedge-Uke tongue thrust a short :ir\l, occasionally farther on one wing than the other. Or It may be . < iiKiii ;>u-1 row of the hind wing lie side l>oth, and on the other the •r of the costal spots have also disappeared. II. II. '1 . . . other hand we havr- another phenomenon closely con- necteil with the abore, which Is the partial and nearly complete obliteration of these same extra-mesial spots of the front wlog, both alrave and l>clow. One such speci- men Is llgiired by Maynard (Bntlerfl. K. Engl., pi. 6, llgs. 5'Jit) with no spots •t all. but the most extreme ease I have seen has some dots left. Curiously the most persistent of all the spots, whether al>ove or below, Is the upper of the two beyond the cell, which Is sometimes reduced to the merest dot of black 1002 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW EXGLAND. (below, encircled with white). The two cellular spots remain unchanged. Why I connect this with "sufftision," is that in one specimen, in which on the upper sur- face the extra-mesial spots are reduced to obscure dots, with the exception of the lower median spot of the left wing, the under surface shows these spots also partially, tliough less, obliterated, and the lower of the two extra-cellular spots of the right wing (invisible without a lens on the upper surface) is of scarcely less than the normal size, besides having a long, Ijlaok tongue which extends nearly to the cell, wliile most of the other spots of the same row, on both wings, though much smaller than normal, are decidedly elongated instead of round or quadrate. In the hind wing also, as usually in the normally suft'used specimens (if such an expression may be allowed for an aberration), the extra-mesial spots of the under surface are almost altogether obliter- ated and in the same manner, the median spots being, as there, the most persistent. This form of aberration, where the weakness of the spots has been carried to jiartial obliteration, is much rarer than the ordinary strigate suffusion. H. H. FULUOLA {Clirysophamis amerlcanus var.fuUioJus Mnlst, Ent. Amer. , ii : 182, 1886). In this "the coppery red is replaced by an equally glowing, somewhat sooty yellow," according to Hulst. It is perhaps not dift'erent from a specimen captured at Ellsworth, Me., in 18SC by Mr. Carl Braun which is remarkable for having tlie fiery red of the upper surface uniformly bleached to a pale, but glistening safl'ron; a faded trace of the original brilliant color is found only on the griseous costal margin of the front wings and at the anal angle of the hind wings. The specimen is tolerably fresh and was captured, according to Mr. Braun, in its present condition. It corresponds in this species to the aberration of Heodes phlaeas named schmidtii. Finally an aberratio ns recorded in the Bull. Brookl. ent. soc. , ii : 8, in which the under surface of the hind wing on the right side is "marked by red dashes running from base to exterior margin." Egg 65: 21). Cells subcircular but angulated, the largest about .19 mm. in diam- eter, the smaller about .1 mm., excepting next tlie base, where they are only .045 mm. broad; they are bounded by distinct, heavy, greatly elevated walls, thickened at the junction of several cells; the surface within the cells is shallowly concave and marked by delicate, excessively tortuous lines, covering the whole area and giving it the appearance of frosted glass. Micropyle rosette (68:10) .12 mm. in diameter, made up of little lenticular cells, about .01 mm. in diameter. Color very delicate pale green, the walls of the cells white or lioary. Height, .29 mm. ; breadth, .62 mm. Caterpillar. First stage (71 : 1). Head (79 : 39) pale testaceous, the sutures of the triangle blackish fuscous ; ocelli blackish fuscous ; edge of labrum and mouth parts tinged with ferruginous. Body pale yellowish green, with a dark brownish spot on the top of terminal segment; warts, both simple and hair-bearing, blackish fuscous, those of the laterostigmatal series with a pale centre ; hairs pale brownish; stigmata testaceous. Legs greenish yellow; claws fuscous; prolegs yellowish. Length, 1.12 mm. ; width, .26 mm. ; length of superior longest hairs, .5 mm. ; of superior shorter hairs, .14 mm. ; of lateral hairs, .17 mm. ; width of head, .25 mm. Second stage. In this stage the whole aspect of the creature has changed on a minute inspection. The form becomes less exaggerated in its distinctions between front and hind end, the body is broadest at the second thoracic segment, and instead of the single series of excessively long, spiculiferous hairs, there are now a multi- tude of series with spiculiferous hairs ; but the hairs are not nearly so curving nor so long, and all are of the same length ; there are about twenty-flve liairs to a segment ; besides these the crateriform warts have increased in number, are lower down than before, not all in one row, several on a segment of unequal size and varying from seg- ment to segment, and even apparently at the two sides of the body. The skin is deli- cately shagreened, and the body is of a pale, pellucid brown color. Spiracles black rimmed. Length, 2.2 mm. ; breadth, .5 mm. Third stage. Head blackish castaneous, antennae pale. Body above and below delicate grass green, slightly darker along the middle of the sides; a faint, dusky, dorsal line. Hairs brownish fuscous, curving backward a little. Spiracles luteo- LYCAENINAK: 1II;()DE.S IIYPOPIILAEAS. 1003 fuscous. Legs slightly infusciiteil. tipped M'itli fuscous; prolesis of tlie color of tlie under surface. Length, 3.5 mm. ; breadth, 1 mm. ; heiglit, .S mm. Fiiurth stage. Head pale yellowisli green, edged below, including the bottom of the ocellar Meld, with blackish fuscous, the suture of the triangle marked with fuscous; labrum rimmed with whitish; mandibles reddish fuscous. Body as previously de- scribed; in some instances a dorsal stripe and a broad, ventrostigmatal band around the whole body, dull roseate, the color apparently conllnod to the hairs. Length, soon after moulting, 5 mm. ; breadth, 1.75 ram. ; height. l..'J5 mm. Last starie (75:42; 79:40). Resembling the former altogether, excepting that all the specimens with roseate stripe and margin which I have reared become wholly green after the last moult. Length, 14.5 mm. ; breadth, 4.25 mm. Chrysalis (84 : 40). The general color is light brown or livid, tinged with very pale yellowish green. The thorax is darker and tinged with ferruginous, dotted and spotted ■with bl.ackish fuscous, a subdorsal pair at the highest point of the mesothoras. There is a rather broad, blackish fuscous, dorsal streak on the mesothorax, and on either side a similar dark band follows the hinder edge of themesonotum and reaches the base of the wing; the dorsal region of the abdomen is infuscated. The lower surface is paler; the eyes are reddish brown, and the interspaces of the wings are mostly filled with blackish brown streaks darkest toward the upper border. On the abdomen are many rows of roundish black dots arranged in longitudinal series as follows : a faint, dorsal row placed centrally ; a faint, subdorsal series placed posteriorly ; a laterodorsal series placed anteriorly ; a latei-al series placed anteriorly ; close to it a laterostigmatal series placed posteriorly; a stigmatal series placed posteriorly, further back than the other posterior dots and composed of two continent dots ; an inf rastigmatal series placed posteriorly, and on the posterior segments having a companion on the anterior part of the segment ; a lateroventral series placed centrally and a double subventral row. Raised lines covering the body russet, the short, fine hairs reddish or blackish; the lower equal portion of the pedicels of the fungiform papillae (86 : 33) blackish fus- cous, the disks colorless. The warts on which the papillae are mounted are .0127 mm. In diameter, the pedicel half that diameter, and the equal portion .047 mm. long ; the expanded portion is .025 long and the disk .055 mm. in diameter. Length, 0.5 mm. ; height, 3.5 mm. ; bfeadth at thorax, 3.25 mm. ; breadth at abdomen, 4.25 mm. Comparisons. Harris, in some unpublished notes upon this species, which he was really the first to distinguish from H. phlaeas, says: "It not only differs from phlaeas in the color and more distinct spots of the under side of the under wings, but it exhibits on the upper side of these wings a black, central line and a submarginal series of black spots before the fulvous band much more distinct than do the European specimens of phlaeas. The external angles of the anterior wings are more rounded and the emargination near the anal angle of the posterior wings is not so deep, and consequently the anal angle not so pronounced as in phlaeas of Europe." I have not been able to make direct comparisons of the early stages, ex- cepting of the egg. This in hypophlaeas agrees entirely in size and propor- tions with that of phlaeas, but the surface is more rugose, the rugosities more connected in tortuous lines, and are also slightly more pronounced in hypophlaeas than in phlaeas, besides which the cells in our species are slightly smaller and consequently more numerous. Distribution (25 : 3). This member of the Alleghanian fauna is wide- spread, invading the southern portions of the Canadian fauna and extend- ing to the Pacific coast ; its very abundance has prevented its specification 1004 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. in many places, so that our knowledge of its southern limit is not very definite. It is, however, "usually common" in Maryland (Uhler) and is even painted by Abbot with the memorandum, "met with by Mr. Elliott on his tour to the moimtains," *'. e., the AUcghanies of Georgia ; although it occurs in California, and is stated by Saunders to be found in Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific, it has not been traced across the continent, but only indicated at one or two points west of the Mississippi, such as Oxley Eanche, between Ft. Macleod and Calgary (Geddes), and Iowa (Chic. Mus.) ; the westernmost points east of this in which it has been obtained are Racine "common" (Hoy) and Beloit, Wise. (Chamberlin) ; it is, however, abundant enough in northern Illinois (Worthington), Michigan (Mich. Univ. Mus., Harrington), and at Sault St. Marie (Be- thune), and evidently must be connected with California through more northern latitudes. Eastward it occurs in Nova Scotia (Brit. Mus., Jones) and Cape Breton (Thaxter) and in the north has been taken at Cacouna (Saunders), Quebec (Bowles), Montreal "generally common" (Caulfield), River Rouge District (D'Urban), and Ottawa (Billings, Fletcher), and has even been taken at Moose Factory, James Bay (Weir) . Of late years what has been credited to this species has been reported as taken in Norway. It is found throughout New England almost as abundantly in the White Mountain district as elsewhei'e, and is one of our commonest species. Haunts. It is found most commonly in dry, sandy or gravelly, barren spots favorable to the growth of sorrel, and is particularly common by the side of paths in dry pastures or upland highwayfi. It constantly invades the town, and, afire itself, seems to delight in finding the hottest places for its gambols. Near Quebec Mr. Bowles finds it "in rocky places where there are mossy spots." Oviposition. When laying her eggs the female flies to a plant of sorrel, I'cmains nearly or quite still, often for two minutes or more, and then walks down the plant, moving this side and that, in search for a suitable spot, until finally, turning entirely around and curving the body downward she deposits a single egg ; this occupies about three seconds and then she crawls back and at once takes flight. The eggs are usually laid near the base of the leaf on the rounded surface, but sometimes on the leaf itself indifferently above or below and occasionally on the stem ; many eggs may be laid upon a single plant, but I have never found more than one on a leaf in free nature. Five females confined in June over sorrel laid 120 eggs, of which 51 were laid upon the upper surface, 45 on the mider surface, 8 on the edge of the leaves and 16 on the stems. They hatch in from six and a half to ten days, according to the season. Pood plants and habits of caterpillar. The caterpillar appears to feed only on tlie common sorrel (Rumex acetosella Linn.) altliough •f LYCAENINAE: IIEODES IIYrOPIILAEAS. 1005 several persons, apparently quoting Harris, sa}' tliat it devours also the (loek (Runiex crispus L.) and other speeics of the genus. Harris, how- ever, merely suggests that it may do so. 'Plie European phlaeas is also said to teed both upon dock and sorrel, although reeeutly Prittwitz has attirnied that it devours only the latter (Rumex acctosa). Mr. Lintncr informs me that ours will feed on clover. In making its exit the cater[)illar eats only the summit of the egg, where the pits are small and separated by thin walls ; usually it feeds upon the under surface of a leaf and while very young eats little holes of about its own size half way through ; after- wards it ploughs its way through the parenchyma of either surface, making straight or slightly curving grooves as wide as its own body and several times longer ; when still older it devours the leaf at the edge. Just before pupation, the fungiform appendages of the coming pupa appear as white hemisplu rioal papillae dotting the surface of the caterpillar. Life history. It is double brooded in the northern, triple brooded in the southern parts of its range, changing in New England at about 43° 15' N. Latitude, but with some variation, or not far north of the dividing line between the Canadian and AUeghanian faunas ; throughout Maine, at least as far south as Brunswick, in the White Mountain region of New Hampshire and probably in Williamstown, Mass., it is double brooded; it is triple brooded throughout Massachusetts (excepting perhaps in parts of Berkshire) including the elevated towns of Andover and Princeton, as well as in Albany, N. Y. and Walpole, N. H. We may perhaps add to this list Milford and Dublin, N. H., and Sudbury, Vt., although in the first two localities at least the appearance of the broods is somewhat later than in Massachusetts, the dates agreeing better with those Mr. Saunders has furnished for Ontario, where he believes it to Ije only double brooded. In the southern or triple brooded districts the insect makes its appear- ance from May 10-23 according to the season. Dr. Harris raised one specimen from chrysalis on May 1,'but this was probably under artificial conditions. He, however, reports one capture as early as ]\Iarch 15 and Dr. Packard another in Brunswick, Me., April 3, — both of which seem to be altogether exceptional and the result of unusually warm weather acting upon chrysalids in very fiivorable stations ; it becomes common in about a week and continues until about the end of the third week of June. The eggs are laid during June and in advanced seasons during the latter part of May ; after six or seven days, or if very early, as much as ten days, these are hatched ; the caterpillars become full grown during the latter part of June and early in July and after about ten days spent in the chry- salis evolve a new brood of butterflies. This first appears between July 5 and 10, becomes abundant by the 19th or 20th and continues until after the middle of August, sometimes until almost the end of the 1006 THE BUTTERFLIES OE SKW ENGLAND. month. The eggs are probably hiid during the hist week of July and the first half of August, as pairhig is then common, the eai-liest caterpillars become full grown toward the middle of August, while the chrysalids con- tinue for a longer pci-iod than in July, sometimes for nineteen days. The third generation of butterflies is much the most abundant and appears in the latter part of August, generally by the 26th, but sometimes not until the early days of September ; the butterflies continue to emerge from the chrysalis until the middle of September when the brood is most abun- dant, but it has generally entirely disappeared by the close of the month. The eggs of this brood are deposited in September, are hatched in eight days, and the larva probably changes to chrysalis before winter. Some of my caterjjillars, however, did not reach their last stage until October, and such may possibly hibernate in this condition, or as Mr. P. S. Sprague believed, perish altogether. Where the butterfly is double brooded, the first generation does not make its appearance until June — usually between the 4th and the lOth, though a few specimens may occasionally be seen in favorable seasons late in May ; it becomes common by the 19th or 20th and lasts until nearly the middle of July; in the extreme north, however, as at Quebec and Cacouna, it does not seem to appear before the last of June and probably continues throughout July. The period of the earlier stages is undeter- mined excepting that the chrysalis genei-ally lives about twelve days, but the second brood of butterflies is first seen between the 6th and 12th of August, and continues to emerge until the close of the month and flies until the end of the third week of September ; the eggs are probably laid late in August and early in September*, giving the caterpillar ample time to attain its growth and change to chrysalis before winter ; the chrysalis is found hanging upon the under surface of stones. Habits and flight- The butterfly alights on stones or twigs and suns itself, or flits away among tlie clover heads. It never flies long distances, nor rises more than a foot or two above the ground, but flutters rapidly from side to side, with a peculiar motion ; after each flutter the wings are apparently closed an instant, for during flight their under surface is distinctly visible. It is very pugnacious, attacking and pursuing larger butterflies, and even assaulting the monster Carolina locust (Dissosteira Carolina) in its short and heavy flight. When two of the Heodes meet, they circle rapidly and coquettishly about each other, always keeping near the gi'ound. In keeping with its activity is the fact that it is one of the fii'st butterflies to appear after sunrise, and one of the latest to disappear at nightfall. It is on its vmceasing rounds the livelong day. »w*jmi*«. -1-^/ *u \ju jio ciiavjv^cfcOJiAii; Av/nuvia m»^ n\ y^iyjui^ * Gosse wriliiig from Compton, Canada, laid uiue eggs ; they were . . . flesh-colored.' says that in September '"one that I had taken (Can. uat., 221.) LYCAENINAE: IIEODES HYPOPHLAEAS. 1007 Gosse, in writing of this insect, says (Can. nat., 21!l) it would be perhaps the most spleiulkl buttcrlly we liiive, if its size corresponded with its bcaiity. . . . Thi- riclinessof tlio glowing, llame-coloured wiii^s is wortliy of admira- tion, ami the under surfu'-e is very delicate; and I do not sec tliat it is less beautiful because it is diminutive; thou>;h if it were as lavse as a swallow-tail or a Camlierwell beauty, it would strike the attention more readily. It is curious to watcli tiicii' proceedings in jiairing time, wliioli remind one strongly of tlie I^nglisli sparrows. One may be seen perched on a. leaf, its iiind wings quite still and iiorizontal, while the front pair are slightly raised and in a constant flutter. Its follower will be close beliiud it, apparently unconcerned, but as it walks after the leader, the latter walks off a little further ; the little play will proceed a while when the leader flies away, quickly followed by the other. Which sex takes the lead in this jicrformancc I have not determined. Postures and sleep. These butterflies are very fond of resting on bare spots fully exj)0sed to the sun ; wherever they alight, even if on a twig, they at once turn around so as to bring their back to the sun, and open their wings at right angles, the fore wings partially concealed by the hind pair ; the antennae diverging at an angle of from 95°-100°. When resting in the sliadc, the wings arc closely apprcssed, the fore wings concealed by the hind pair, so that the costal edges are brought together ; the antennae, viewed from above, are perfectly straight, and spread at an angle of 85°, their tips being about 11 mm. apart; when viewed from the side thcv are sli^jhtlv curved downward, but otherwise are straight and nearly continuous with the body. When walking, even on a perpendicu- lar surface, the tip of the abdomen is trailed on the ground and the fore legs are used like the others. When they emerge from the chrysalis they at once seek a vertical sur- face to expand their wings, which then hang, when fully expanded, so that the costal edges of all the wings are together, and the inner edge of the hind wings just touch the surface of rest : the antennae are then held quite horizontally (or later are slightly raised), and are .scarcely parted, the clubs often in actual contact. Miss Caroline G. Soide, observing this butterfly clinging, toward sun- set, to grass blades, with drooping wings, made some experiments to see how soundly it slept (Psyche, v : 42) : — Approaching one, I gently touched the grass, but the butterfly remained as before. I shook the grass, then shook it less gently, but the butterfly did not stir. Then I picked the blade and carried it in my hand, not taking any care to keep it upright, for five blocks [in tlie city], and even then it was only as the sun struck the grass, when I crossed the street, that the butterfly awoke, and lazily flew to a sliady place, resting as before. I followed, and this time a touch was enough to startle it. I did not arouse it a third time, but afterwards, in the country, I tried the same experiment sev- eral times, always with tlie same result. I have always found the butterfly in the same position, more than half way up the N^ « 1008 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. grass blade, in the shade, aiul witli the head up, the wiugs drooped to an acute, in- stead of a right angle with the Ijody. It certainly sleeps very soundly, and when aroused does not become so active as in the middle of the day. I have waked aud disturbed one. . . six times, each time immediately after it liad settled down after a former awakening, and even the last time it flew but ten steps or so, and settled down as before. I once counted seven perched for the night on grass bhides, witliin an area of four square feet. I have generally found them on buffalo or herd's grass, about half way down the stalk, but with the head don- nu-aj-d, the costal edges of both wings together, the abdomen bent back at an angle of 135° with the thorax, the antennae straight forward, parted at an angle of about 15°. Dimorphism. According to Pryer, H. phlaeas is very strongly affected bv temperature ; the first brood, which appears in Japan in March, is very brightly colored ; while the later summer broods are much darker and the male almost black. Zeller makes a similar statement concerning Sicilian specimens, though in Switzerland, according to iSIeyer Diir, the differ- ences are not nearly so great. In H. americana, also, we find such dif- ferences, but whether they vary in the north and south I do not know. Specimens of the spring brood in Massachusetts are of a more fiery red, and the orange band of the under surface of the hind wings is broader ; while in the later broods the markings are less vivid and less distinctly marked, and there is a longer tooth on the margin of the hind wings. Miscellaneous. Mr. Gosse records (Can. nat., 220) a curious in- stance of possible hermaphroditism in tliis insect. He says: " There is often considerable diversity in the vividness of colour of different indi- viduals of the same species of butterfly or moth, one being much more beautiful than another ; in the same individual, however, one wing in general exactly corresponds with the other, its fellow. But I once took a small copper in the month of Sejitember, which had a very apparent dif- ference in the colour of the wings, the left fore wing being much lighter on both surfaces than the right, though neither was defaced in any degree. It was resting on a stalk of grass, and was unwilling to fly, the weather being cold with misty rain." Dimmock states that the butterfly is an important agent in the fertiliza- tion of the dandelion. Enemies. This insect is subject to at least two hymenopterous para- sites. Expecting that so common a species would have its enemies, I col- lected a large number of eggs, laid naturally, at Norwich, Conn., in June, but only one of them had been attacked : the little parasite, Telenomus graptae (89 : 9) ate its way out through the bottom of one of the cells on the side, on June 23. Another parasite is Ichneumon versabilis (88: '2), a much larger insect, which attacks the caterpillar and emerges from the chrysalis ; one came out fifteen days after pupation. Gentry asserts that LYCAENINAK: THE GENUS FENISECA. 1009 it is also destroyed by the wood pcwce (Contopus virens) and the niglit hawk (Chordeiles virginianus), as he lias taken large numbers both of the larva and imago from their stomachs. Desiderata. Although so common an insect, our knowledge of its his- tory is far from perfect. The two or three records of its excessively early appearance remain unexplained. AVe do not know whether it ever hiber- nates in the larval condition, and if it does whether such hibernation is con- fined to localities where it is triple brooded ; the line of demarcation between the double and triple brooded stations needs to be carefully traced, and this limit will most probably be of considerable importance for lepidopterologi- cal life in general ; western Massachusetts, the southern half of New Hampshire and Vermont and Maine, south of Portland, should be espe- cially studied. The duration of the egg and chrysalis for each brood needs to be established by abundant observations in the north and south. Doubtless other parasites may be found. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.— HEODES HYPOPHLAEAS. General. Chrysalis. Pl.2.5, fig. 3. Distribution iu North America. pi. 84 fl". 49. Side view. 88:2. Ichneumon versabilis, a parasite. 86:33. Dermal appendage. 89:9. Telenomus graptae, a parasite. Tmaao Egg- PI. 5, fig. 11. Male, both surfaces. PI. 65, fig. 21. Plain. 13:5. Both surfaces. 68:10. Micropvle. 34:38. Male abdominal appendages. Caterpillar. 39 : 21. Neuration. PI. 71, fig. 1. Caterpillar at birth. 55 : 10. Side view with head and appen- 75:42. Full grown caterpillar, dorsal view. dages enl.arged, and details of the struct- 79 : 39. 40. Head, stages i, v. ure of the legs. FENISECA GROTE. Feniseca Grote, Trans. Am. ent. soc, ii: 308(1869). Type.—Hesperia tarquinius Fabr. His cloak, of a thousand mingled dyes, Was formed of the wings of butterflies. Drake. — The Culprit Fay. Soon spreads the dismal shade Of mystery over his head ; And the caterpillar and fly Feed on the mystery. Wm. Blake.— jTAe Human Abstract. Imago (55 : II). Head moderately large, densely clothed with scales and profusely covered wth rather short curving hairs, bending forward above and downward on the face. Front flat, excepting that it is very slightly full down the middle and a very little protuberant below, the lower half projecting slightly beyond the front of the eyes; half as high again as broad, scarcely so broad as the eyes on a front view, the sides straight; upper border scarcely ridged, the corners a little hollowed iu front of the antennae ; lower border very broadly rounded. Vertex slightly hollowed In the very centre, with a slight sulcation running from the middle of the hinder border to each antenna and a rather abrupt, not very large, tuberculate buttress behind each autenna; separated from the occiput by a rather large aud deep, slightly zigzag chan- lOlU THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEAV ENGLAND. nel. Eyes of moderate size, pretty full, nakeii Antennae inserted with their hinder border in the middle of the summit, separated from each other by a space equal to twice the diameter of the second antennal joint; of the length of the abdomen, com- posed of thirty joints of which from eleven to thirteen form a gradually increasing club, the limits of -which are a little indetlnite; it is cylindrical, scarcely depressed, twice as broad as the stalk, equal for most of its length, five or six times as long as broad, the tip bluntly conical, two joints only entering into the diminution of size. Palpi very slender, about half as long again as the eye, the last joint more than half as long as the penultimate, and clothed only with recumbent scales, while those of the other joints are very abundant, rather long and projecting, although destitute of any long fringe of hairs and scales. Patagia long and slender, arched a little and slightly tumid, more than three times • as long as broad, the basal two-thirds tapering, the apical third equal, one-third as broad as the base, the tip blunt; inner margin of the whole straight. Fore wings (39 : 24) two-thirds as long again as broad, the costal margin slightly and regularly convex, the angle abrupt, rectangular, the outer margin roundly bent a little just below the middle, the two portions nearly straight, the inner margin straight, the angle rounded off. Costal nervure terminating on the margin opposite the extremity of the cell ; subcostal nervure with three superior branches, the first arising just before the middle of the outer two-thirds of the upper margin of the cell; the second about midway between the origin of the first and the tip of the cell; the third as far beyond the apex of the cell as the second before it, forking rather before its middle ; the main subcostal branch scarcely bent upward between the apex of the cell and the base of the third branch ; veins closing the cell transverse, inde- pendently arcuate, distinct only in the third of each next the main veins. Cell half as long as the wing and four times as long as broad. Hind wings with the costal margin somewhat convex on the basal third, beyond straight, the outer margin with the upper half strongly rounded, the lower half slightly convex and continuous with the upper half, the border produced considerably just above the middle and particularly in the $ ; inner margin gently convex, the angle broadly rounded off. Submedian nervure terminating at the anal angle ; internal nervure terminating in the middle of the outer half of the inner margin. No androconia. Fore tibiae about five-sixths the length of the hind tibiae ( ? ), or scarcely shorter than they (J"), the tarsi scarcely shorter than the tibiae, particularly in the female; forelegs similarly developed in the two sexes, excepting that the last tarsal joint of the male is only armed with a median, apical, slightly curving, rather stout and taper- ing spine, instead of agreeing in structure with the other legs as in the female ; in other respects, and with perhaps the exception of having rather fewer spines beneath, these legs agree with the others. Femora furnished beneath with a fringe of long hairs. Middle tibiae scarcely shorter than the hind pair, both entirely devoid of spurs and spines. First joint of the middle and hind tarsi considerably gibbous in the male ; in the other sex and in the fore legs of both it is of the same diameter as the other joints, nearly or quite equal to all the others combined; the second, third and fourth are equal and the fifth rather longer than the third and fourth together; joints armed beneath rather feebly with short and rather slender spines not crowded together nor present on the sides, an apical pair on each joint scarcely longer than the others, the whole under surface scaled ; claws very small and slender , not curving much but somewhat bent near the base, tapering, finely pointed; parony- chia single, quite slender, equal, finely pointed, fully as long as the cl.aw, and straight; pad scarcely perceptible. Male abdominal appendages with the upper organ forming a deeply and not very narrowly liut abruptly notched hood projecting above; lateral arms much as in Chry- sophanus. Clasps stout but very short, bullate at base, abruptly narrowing to half the width on apical third. Egg. Very oblate spheroidal in shape, about twice as broad as high, the summit LYCAENINAE: THE GENUS FENISECA. ]0n with a central, shallow and small nulention. Cells very numerous ami \\ ilh slijilit walls. Caterpillar at birth, lload as broad as the first thoracic segment, broadest above the iniddlo, riithor deeply and broadly cleft in the niiddlo above, the trianfilclarKC, just failing to reach the cleft, lusher than broad. The posterior structure of the licad is as 111 all Lycaeninac. renderini; it capable of being enfolded in llio meuil)ranc inlerven- Inj; between the craninui and tlie llrst thoracic segment. I$ody cylindrical ; llrst and lastsegraents a little smaller than the others, both with a central cliitinous shield, the former transverse with a sinuate anterior margin, the latter triangular, the apex back- ward and the sides convex. Legs and prologs well developed, the booklets of the latter only live in number but very long, longer than the leg claws and falciform. Spiracles greatly elevated on truncated cones, that of eighth abdominal segment on a level with the others. The papillae are of various sizes and numerous and bear long, curving, tapering, delicate and spiculiferons hairs, tliose of the thoracic segments generally directed forward, those of the abdonunal backward. Tlicrc is a subdorsal series of small papillae posteriorly situated on the 2-:! thoracic and 1-S abdominal seg- ments, a central laterodorsal series on 2-3 thoracic and 1-'.) abdominal segments, small on the thoracic, large on the abdominal; a lateral series large and central on 2-3 thoracic, of medium size and posterior on 1-8 abdominal segments ; an infra- lateral series, minute and posterior on 1-8 abilominal segments; a suprastigmat.al series, large and central from 1st thoracic to 8th abdominal segments; and on each side below the spiracles, apparently two pairs, a longer and a shorter in each, anteriorly and pos- teriorly placed on each abdominal segment. Besides these there is a posterior infra- lateral anunlus on the third thoracic segment, and a lateral central series of annuli on the 1-8 abdominal segments; also many hairs situated on papillae arranged in a transverse row on the first thoracic and an arcuate row on last abdominal segment. The position, central or posterior, of all the body papillae places them on each segment in a double, transverse series. Mature caterpillar. Head moderately large, rounded, subquadrate, the cranium nearly twice as broad as high and nearly as deep as high, only half witlidrawn witliin the llrst segment when at rest. Frontal triangle very large, occupying nearly one- third of the front view of the head, eciuiangular; Uil)rum large, arched and very tliick, slightly and roundly emarginate in the middle, the outer angles well rounded ; antennae with second joint slender, cylindrical, a little more than twice as long as broad with a not much longer bristle; mandibles small, concealed completely in the mouth cavity, scarcely longer than broad, scarcely tapering, the rounded apical margin armed with four curving, claw-like teeth ; maxillary palpi larger than usual, composed of three joints decre.asiug regularly in size so as to form a conical, mov.able, pointed appendage, very similar in appearance to the legs. Body largest in the middle and tapering toward either end, both as seen from the top and sides, the incisures deep and their moniliform eflect on the body intensified by the irregularity of surface of the segments, whicli are tumid in large and broad bosses on the lateral, suprastigmatal and infrastigmatal lines, giving a subquadrate cross section, which is increased by the flatness of the dorsal area. Furnished abundantly with scarcely arcuate, tapering, finely spiculiferous and pointed hairs, about as long as the segments of the body, and arranged irregularly in a comparatively broad field transversely across the summit of each segment, but clustered most abundantly on all but the first thoracic segment on the elevated bosses. Terminal segments without special appendages, the last with a central anterior sunken pit. Spiracles minute, transversely oval, scarcely elevated, that of eighth abdominal segment on a line with the others. Legs small, the last joint slender, compressed, tapering. Prolegs minute, not visible either at rest or in movement. Chrysalis. Viewed from above the head Is truncate with rounded lateral angles, the thorax rapidly widening to the middle and then nearly equal, though beginning posteriorly to widen by the divergent outline of the wings as they expand toward the widest part of the abdomen ; the latter globose basally , including five segments, the great- 1012 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND est width being reached in the middle of the third segment, and nearly maintained to the middle of the next, and tlien rapidly fallins; off with a regular slope to the end of the seventh segment; beyond this the abdomen expands again slightly, the final segments forming a curious flaring expansion which rests flat upon the surface of p\ipation and beneath which the equally flattened cremaster is hidden, with its s\ibrocnmbent hooks. Viewed laterally, the curve of the thorax forms the quadrant of a circle, the front rising rapidly, the whole thorax bluntly carinate mesially ; considerably above this rises the globose portion of the abdomen with indepedently arched segments, its pos- terior curve continued in a straight slope to the tip. The basal wing tubercles are rather prominent liut broadly rounded and slightly tubercnlate, an interrupted, blunt carina follows the middle line of the abdomen, and the dorsum of the second, third and to a less extent the fourth abdominal segments has a transverse, mesial series of blunt and small tubercles. The under surface is perfectly flat and smooth. The girth falls in the incision between the first and second abdominal segments. The tongue cases are exposed only a little more tlian half way from their base to the tip of the wings. Distribution and characteristics. This strictly American genus con- tains but a single species, which has a greater latitudinal distribution than any other of our CInysophanidi, as will be seen under the species. The genus differs more from our other Chrysophanidi than they differ among: themselves, whether in the structure or markings of the imago or in the characters of the earlier stages. Indeed its affinities are with some Indian forms and it bears a certain curious resemblance to tlie butterfly from northern China, first described by Bremer-Gray under the name of Thecia fusca ; I have been unable to make any examination of tlie latter. The but- terflies are among the largest of the tribe and the wings are unusually deli- cate in structure, more elongate than common and subquadrate in form. The ground color of the upper surface may be considered fulvous although so largely encroached upon by dark l)rown in the upper half of both wings and the outer border of the front pair as to be scarcely predominant : in the fore wing the dark borders leave only the bright disc and this is nearly divided transversely ; beneath, the wings are pale reddish brown, the fore- wings pale on the disc, and both wings, especially the hinder pair, mottled with pretty large, white edged, dark spots, which on the hind wings arg arranged in transverse series. The butterflies are polygoneutic, hibernating in the chrysalis and per- haps in the imago state. They first ajipcar on the wing very early in spring. They are very local, being found only in wet and shady places. The eggs are remarkable for the great number of the cells which cover the surface and the slightness of their bounding walls ; they are flattened spheroidal in shape and are laid upon twigs in the immediate neighbor- hood of plant-lice. ' The carnivorous caterpillar. For the most interesting feature about the insect is the carnivorous character of the caterpillar, which feeds ex- clusively upon plant-lice and appears to choose those which congregate in masses and exude a cottony secretion. It is interesting in this connection LYCAENINAE; THE GENUS FENISECA. 1013 that 80 far as T recall it is only in Lyc.'vcnidae that we find other instances of a carnivorous tendency, as in Cyaniris pseudargiohis, Evercs amyntula and Tliecla acadica, where tiie caterpillar sometimes devours its neighbors. It has also been plausibly suggested by Dr. Holland that Liphyra, an Indian genus of Lycacninae, may have an exactly similar habit to Feni- seca. The structure of the caterpillar of Feniseca bears witness to this anomalous habit, departing in many points widely from its neighbors. At birtli, it is slender and cylindrical, tiic head as broad as the body ; the latter is covered with serial hairs and lenticlcs. The mature cater- pillar is in general similar to its allies in shape, but is remarkable for its delicate skin, transverse head with enormous frontal triangle, the small size of the first thoracic segment, the partial fasciation of the very long hairs which clothe the body and the rather large size of the prolegs. It is further of special interest from the modification its mouth parts have undergone to adapt them to its strange carnivorous diet. The mandibles are very small, quite concealed by the projection of the parts around and armed with four very sharp, claw-like teeth, while the maxillary palpi have assumed the tapering form of the larval leg, by which they are probably enabled to seize an aphis and draw it within reach of the mandibles. In addition, the thick and arched labrum and plump labium form with the base of the maxillary palpi a sort of short tube for the passage of the fluids of the victim ; wiiether any special pharyngeal appliances aid in sucking up the juices I have not attempted to investigate. The odd chrysalis. The chrysalis is an odd looking object and the anterior half with its bizarre markings bears, when viewed laterally head downward, a curious resemblance to a monkey's face, as pointed out by Miss Morton. It is far more irremilar in surface and form than anv other of our Chrysophanidi, the abdomen being basally hunched and laterally expanded, and the segments provided with transverse series of low tubercles ; besides which the last segment with the preceding form a separately curved, trans- verse, subspatulate pad for the cremastral hooks. The position of the genus. Mr. W. H. Edwards indeed is so much im- pressed with the strangeness of the early stages that he declares, but without giving the sliglitest reason for his opinion, that it belongs to the Lemoniinae. He emphasizes only such features as strike him as departures from the Lycacninae. Unfortunately his comparisons were made with the Lycaenidi and not with the Chrysophanidi. Although certainly an anomalous form, as one would expect in a creature departing so strangely from the others in habits of life incident to a decided change of food, its affinities are all with the Lycacninae, and particularly with the Chrysophanidi ; and since the features in which it is anomalous do not (except in a single in- stance, not mentioned by Edwards) ally it any more strongly with other groups, the most that could be done to mark its errant nature would be to consider it a tribe of Lycacninae distinct from, but adjoining the Chry- 1014 TIIF. BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGL.US^U. eophanidi ; even this, however, seems hardly warranted. The larva of Toinares balhis of southern Europe, which certainly must be classed with the Chrysophauidi, departs in many points more strongly from tlie normal form than is the case with Feniseca. The relation of the head to the first thoracic seguient and the degree of retractibility of the former witiiiu the latter is very much the same. The chitinous shield of the first thoracic segment is the same. The form of the body is far more cylindrical, quite as moniliform, and the prolegs and legs are much more fully developed tiuin in Feniseca. The elevation of the segments of the body into bristly bosses in Feniseca is intensified and more specialized in Tomares, and the sole point wherein the latter agrees better with the normal form is the high position of the spiracles of the eighth abdominal segment ; for here, in their alignement with the other spiracles, Feniseca is truly anomalous, though according to Guenee the same is the case withLycaena baetica. Tomares, too, possesses tiie transverse slit of the dorsum of the seventh and the lateral caruncles of the eighth abdominal segment, so common among Ly- caeniuae, while Feniseca, likeHeodes, possesses neither. As to the cater- pillar at birth there is nothing to distinguish it from other Chrysophauidi except the more cylindrical form. Mr. Edwards, to judge from his com- ments, does not seem to be aware that in all of them (so far as known) the head is of the average body width, but one would suppose that he would be familiar with the young larva of Heodes. I have mentioned the mature caterpillar particularly, as it is upon this that Mr. Edwards specially dwells, and we know very little about the range of variation in the egg and young caterpillar in Chrysophauidi. In the former, however, the difference is nearly as great between Heodes and Chrysophanus as between Epidemia and Feniseca, and we have no warrant from its structure to exclude the egg of Feniseca from the Ciirysophanidi. Easily the same may be said of the chrysalis, which differs only in gen- eric features from Heodes, Tomares and the others, and indeed shows its affinity witii them in every tribal characteristic, not even departing from them in the fungiform character of its dermal appendages. EXCURSUS XXXIX.— PERIODICITY IN THE APPEARANCE OF BUTTERFLIES. Au printemps de uos jours, notre .line A peine dolose, Voit ainsi I'avenir rayoniiaiitcie bonbeur, Et sur un doux espoir sans crainte se repose, Comme le papillon sur le sein d' une fleur. DiDiER. — Le Mois de Mai. Every year we read in the pages of our entomological journals some- thing about the rarity or abundance of this or that insect. Particularly is this the case vvitli those insects which are agricultural scourges, since here the observation of their comparative abundance or scarcity is quickened. PKRIODICITY IN Till: Al'PEARANCE OF BUTTERFLIES. 1015 It is none the less true, liowcver, of other insects and among tlicni of but- terflies. Indeed there are comparatively few butterflies which appear in similar numbers every year. There is always more or less fluctuation in this regard, but we notice it onl}' when their excessive abundance, especially with such swarming butterflies as Anosia plexij)pu8 and Van- essa cardui, or their great rarity causes general comment, at least among entomologists. Sometimes we can directly tell the cause of a scarcity, rarely that of a superabundance ; for in the former case, the scarcity may involve several species, and the plain cause some excessive or exceptional meteorological condition. Now though the massive meteorological conditions which we term cli- mate have undoubtedly very much to do with the distribution of butterflies and determine, indeed, in very many cases, whether or not a given kind shall or shall not live in a certain place, the indirect results of meteoro- logical conditions have undoubtedly more to do with the abundance or scarcity of a given bxUterfly in a given season. For the very existence of the butterfly shows its capability of withstanding the excesses of meteoro- ogiclal conditions in the spot in which it lives, and the greatest stresses under which it lives are those more active forces, like insectivorous creatures and parasites, which find their own life dependent on taking its, or its neighbors. The activity of these is governed largely by temperature and storm conditions and hence the indirect influence of meteorological condi- tions on the life of the butterfly may be more important than the direct. A caterpillar which could withstand any amount of cold or of warmth in itself considered might not be able to battle against the foes which a mild winter kept in unusual activity and need of sustenance. It does not appear that our butterflies suffer particularly from an exceptionally cold or long winter, but rather from unusual warmth, sufficient to arouse insects from torpor at times when hibernation should be expected ; or, in the fair season, directly from long continued storms and moisture. The fluctuation therefore in the numbers of our butterflies is probably due in large measure to the activity or inactivity, the abundance or rarity of their active enemies, and especially, considering how extensive their depre- dations, to the abundance or otherwise of their parasites. It is the strik- ing of the balance which exists between a creature and its enemies in the struggle of each for its own existence. Let some event, untoward to it, de- crease the ratio of the parasite, — the butterfly flourishes ; but its very con- sequent superabundance the following year only gives a better jjasturing ground to the parasite, reduces the butterfly below the normal, and causes the parasite to abound inordinately, only to find its food supply cut off by its own voracity and incontinence and the scales again to be turned. It is then this perpetual warfare, this unending, inexorable struggle for ex- istence, testing the fitness to survive, which is the prime cause of perio- dicity in the abundance of a given species. 1016 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. FENISECA TARQUINIUS.— The wanderer. [Little oraiiijc butterfly (Abbot); the wanderer (Grote); the piebald (Scudder); brown mottled butterfly (Maynard).] Hesperia tarquinius Fabr., Eut. syst., Hi: (1860) ;— Haley, Ibid., 193-194 (1886) ;— French, 319 (1793). Butt. east. U. S., 279-280 (1886) ;— Mayn., Butt. Erycina tarquinius God., Encycl. m6th., N. E., i2, pi. 5, figs. 54, .Ha (1886). ix : 656, 580 (1819) ; — Westw., Don., Ins. Ind., Thestor tarquinius Butl., Cat. Fabr. Lep., 66, pi. 44, fig. 1 (1842). 174-175(1869). Papilio tarquinius Abb., Draw. ins. Ga., Lijcaena tarquinius Kirb., Syn. cat Lep., Brit. Mus.,vi: 87, fig. 170-172; xvi: 35, tab. 80; 345(18T1). Gray coll. Bost. soc. uat. hist., 55 (ca. 1800). Polyommatus crataegi Boisd.-LeC, L^p. Polyommatus tori/MJnjMS Boisd.-LeC.,L6p. Am^r. sept., pi. 37, figs. 1-5 (1833); — Morr., KmiT. sept., 128-129 (183.3) ;— Westw.-Hewits., .Syn. Lep. N. Araer.,85 (1862). Gen. diurn. Lep., ii, pi. 77, fig. 8 (1851). Polyommatus porsenna Scudd., Proc. Ess. Chrysophanus tarquinitis Westw.-Hewits., iust., iii: 163-164(1863). Gen. diuru. Lep., ii : 499 (1852);— Lucas, Feniseca porsenna Grote, Trans. Amer. Sagra, Hist. nat. de Cuba, 616-617 (1857). ent. soc, ii: 307-308 (1869). Feniseca tarquinius Grote, Trans. Amer. Lycaena porsenna Kirb., Syn. cat. Lep., ent. soc. ii : 308 (1869) ;— Fern., Butt. Me., 87- 345 (1871). 88(1884);— Riley, Am. nat.,xx:556-557 (1886); Figured by Glover, 111. N. A. Lep., pl.23, Science, vii: 394(1886); Can. ent., xviii: 191- fig. 11; pl.26, fig. 7; pi. 38, fig. 4; pi. B, fig. 193 (1886) ;— Edw., Can. ent., xviii: 141-153 5, ined. The Butterfly is with the Rose in love, Around her ftutters all day, But round himself, with tender gold, The fluttering, loving Sunbeams play. Yet, with whom is the Rose in love? That I'd know too gladly— Ah I Is it the singing Nightingale? Is it the silent Evening-star? I know not with whom the Rose is in love ; But I love you all : the pale Sad Rose, the Sunbeam, the Butterfly, Evening-star and Nightingale. W. P. \.— After Heine. I am that merry wanderer. Shakespeare. — JUidsummer-NighVs Dream. Imago (5:8). Head having a circlet of pure white around the eyes, excepting at the base of the .antennae and an equal space behind them ; it is narrow in front, extends still more narrowly along the inner side of the base of the antennae and is connected on the lower portion of the front by a bro.ad white belt ; behind the eye It is much broader, narrowing upwards and backed by mingled blackish and ful- vous scales; above, the head is rimmed posteriorly with fulvous scales, the space just behind the antennae is black and that Ijetween them — the summit, together with the front — is filled with mingled fulvous and blackish brown hairs, the former predominating above, the Litter below. Palpi, excepting the apical joint, white, the upper surface of the middle joint blackish brown, expanding apically so as to include the upper apical portion of the sides and sometimes nearly or quite the whole of the extreme apex ; fringe of lower surface white with a very few black scales mingled at the tip ; terminal joint blackish brown, with the extreme tip, and a line along the under side, white. Antennae black, the joints of the stem rather broadly ainiulated at their bases with white, interrupted, at the middle of both the upper and under surface, over the basal half of the antennae, and suffused so as to occupy nearly the whole of the under surface on the apical third of the antennae; club black, the base more or less touclied with white, the apical two or three joints dull lutco-f ulvous. Tongue very pale luteous. LYCAKNINAE: I'KXISKfA TARQUIN'IUS. J 01 7 Thorax covereil iibovo with brownish fulvous, olivaceous and dusky hairs, tlic pala- gla mostly with fulvous and reddish fulvous ones; beneath covered with profuse, dollcate. white hairs. Femora pearly wliitc ; tibiae and tarsi dull, scarcely dingy white, witli a blacl