•iii;l liiiii liiil!! w^- Wm !i I ^'--^Tyj- THE BUTTERFLIES EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA WITH SPECIAL BEFEHENCB TO NEW ENGLAND. Vol. III. / / •/ Q^^^^a.^^. PORTRAIT OF DR. THADDEUS WILLIAM HARRIS. Originally engraved on steel by Halpin, after a photograph in the possession of the family, for the edition of Harris's "Entomological CoiTespondence," published in 1869 by the Boston Society of Natural History. The plate having been lost in the Boston fire of 1872, a photogravure plate has been jirepared and printed by A. W. Elson & Co. from an artist's proof of the original steel-plate. A r 1 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NEW ENGLAND. BY SAMUEL HUBBARD SCUDDER. IN THREE VOLUMES. Vol. III. APPENDIX, PLATES. .9- CAMBRIDGE: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 1889. Prixtf.d by W. H. Wheeler, cajibridqe, mass. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vol. III. BUTTERFLIES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA, NOT FOUND IN NEW ENGLAND. NYMPHAIilDAE. LYCAENIDAE. Oeneis macouaii . 1775 Callicista columella , 1820 Oeneis Calais . . . 1777 Calycopis cecrops . 1821 Cercyonis pegala . 1779 Thecia lorata . . . 1823 Coenonympha inon lata 1782 Eupsyche m-album . 1824 Neonympha corneliu s . 1783 Atlides halesus . . 1827 Neonympha mitchel lii . 1785 Nomiades lygdanius 1828 Cissia sosybius . . 1786 Rustit'us striatus 1829 Chlorippc celtis . . 1788 Epidcmia dorcas 1830 Anaea andria . . . 1794 Semnopsyche diana . 1799 Argyimis alcestis . 1802 PAPILIONIDi IE. Brenthis fi-eija . . 1805 Cailidryas sennae . 1831 Brenthis chariclea . 1808 Callidryas philea 1833 Charidryas ismeria . 1810 Zerene cesonia . . 1836 Agraulis vanillae . 1814 Pyiisitia mexicana . 1840 Nathalis iole .... 1842 Syuchloe olympia . . 1844 Euphoeades palamedes . 1846 PapUio brevicauda . , 1851 HESPERIDAE. Rhabdoides cellus . 1855 Tboi-ybes electra . 1856 Pbolisora hayhursti . 1857 Oarisma powesbeik . 1859 Potantbus omaba . 1861 Erynnis uncas . . 1862 Limochores palatka . 1863 Eupbyes osyka . . 1865 Prenes ocola . . . 1866 Prenes panoquia . 1867 THE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. By L. 0. Howard, with a section on tbe Microgasterinae by C. V. Rilet. Limneria fugitiva . . 1883 Limneria limenitidis . 1883 Pimpla annulipes . . 1884 Glypla erratica . . . 1885 BRACONIDAE. Microdus sanctus . . 1886 CHALCIDIDAE. Chalcis flavipes . . . 1886 Chalcis robusta . . . 1887 Encyrtus montinus . . 1887 Copidosoma torni . . 1888 Pteromalus chionobae . 1889 " puparura . 1890 " vanessae 1890 " archippi . 1891 ICHNEUMONIDAE. Ichneumon rufiventris 1875 " caliginosus 1876 " instabilis 1876 " versabilis 1877 Hoplismenus morulus 1878 Trogus eiesorius 1878 Trogus obsidianator 1879 Hemiteles utilis . . 1879 Hemiteles lycaenae . 1880 Cryptus sp. . . . 1880 Opbion bilineatus . 1880 Esocbilum mundum 1881 Anomalon pseudargiol 1881 Mesocborus pieridicolu s 1882 Mesocborus scitulus 1882 Derostenus antiopae 1891 CiiTospilus niger . . 1892 Tetrasticbus semideae . 1893 " saundersii 1893 " theclae 1893 " modcstus . 1894 Trichogramma minu- tum 1894 Tricbogramma minutis- simum 1895 Tricbogramma interme- dium 1895 PROCTOTKUPIDAE. Tclenomus graptae . 1896 Telenomus riieyi 1896 ;l1^ v- VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. THE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. Microgasterinae by C. V. Riley. BRACONIDAE. Microgasterinae. Apanteles glomeratus . 1898 " congrcgatus . 1901 " edwardsii . 1901 megathymi . 1902 Apauteles limenitidis 1902 Apanteles theclae . 1906 " lunatus . 1903 " junoniae . 1907 " cyaniridis 1903 " carduicola 1907 " argynnidis 1904 " atalaiitae . 1908 " koebelei . 1904 " pholisorae 1909 ** flavicornis 1905 " cassianus 1909 " emarginatus 1906 Microgaster carinata 1910 THE DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. By S. W. WlLLISTON. Acroglossa hesperidarum 1917 Exorista futilis . . . 1917 " blanda. . . 1918 " hirsuta. . . 1919 Exorista theclarum . Exorista scuddcri Phorocera edwardsii Phorocera saundersii 1920 1921 1921 1922 Phorocera comstocki . 1922 Mascicera archippivora . 1923 freacbii . . 1923 rileyi . . . 1924 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 1925 DATES OF PUBLICATION 19H2 INDEX 1933 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS, MAY, 1889 1957 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Vol. III. PORTRAIT or THADDEUS WILLIAM HARRIS Frontispiece. BuTTEEFLiES IN CoLOR Plates 1-10 Butterflies in Black " 11-17 Colored Maps of Geographical Distribution " 18-32 Male Abdominal Appendages " 33-37 Neuration of the Wings " 38-42 Scale Patches and Folds of the Wing Membrane found in the Male Butterfly " 43-45 Androconia, or Scales peculiar to hie Male Sex " 46-51 Side Views of Butterflies, showing Appendages of the Head and Thorax (excepting the wiugs) " 52-60 Miscellaneous Structural Details of the Imaso Plate 61 Internal Anatomy of Anosia plexippus .■ " 62 Embryology of Euvanessa antiopa (in color) " 63 Eggs in Color and in Black Plates 64-66 MicROPYLES OF Eggs " 67-09 Caterpillars at Birth (much enlarged) " 70-73 Mature Caterpillars (mostly in color) " 74-77 Heads of Caterpillars at different Stages " 7S-S0 Nests of Caterpillars " 81, 82 Chrysalids in Color and in Outline " 83-85 Miscellaneous Structural Details, mostly of the early Stages . " 86, 87 Hymenopterous and Dipterous Parasites " 88, 89 Physical Map of New England (in color, folded) -^t end. Isothermal and Eaunal Map op New England (in color, folded) . . At end. Map op the White Mountains of New Hampshire (in color) . . At end. BUTTERFLIES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA NOT FOUND IN NEW ENGLAND. You nymphs, call'd Naiads, of the windring brooks, With your sedged crowns and ever-harmless looks, Leave "your crisp channels and on this green land Answer your summons. Shakespeare.— TAe Tempest. NYMPHALIDAE. SUBFAMILY SATYRINAE. OENEIS HtJBNER. OENEIS MACOUNII. C%iono6crs niacownu Edwards, Cauad. ent, Out., 1888, 85 (1889); Trip to Nepigon, 12 xvii: 71-75(1885); —Fletcher, Rep. ent. soc. (1889). Imago. Head covered above with black brown scales and intermingled white hairs and elongated scales. Palpi heavily fringed with l)lackish hairs. Antennae luteous, clearer on the club than on the stalk ; the latter sparsely flecked above with blackish brown scales with intermingled white ones. Thorax sparsely clothed above with pale brown hairs, below with black hairs ; the femora covered with black hairs and scales, excepting at the tips which, with the luteo-castaneous legs, are pretty heavily covered with yellowish white scales ; all the spines luteo-castaneous ; claws slightly reddish. Wings above brownish, sometimes burnt orange, varying in depth of tint in both males and females, some being much embrowned, others much paler; all the wings margined excepting on the inner edge with a broad blackish brown band, slightly broader on the fore wings than on the hind wings ; all the uerviires marked in brown. Fore icings with a narrow, arcuate, blackish brown stripe depending from the costal border, bordering the outer edge of the cell, extending outward slightly on the last median nervule ; all generally obsolete in the male, distinct in the female ; a roundish oval black spot with a white pupil in the middle of the lower subcostal and median interspaces, in the former occupying the whole width of the interspace, occasionally blind, especially in the median interspace; besides this, in the same row with them, there are occasionally found similar ocelli, smaller and almost invariably blind in the upper median and subcosto-median interspaces, especially the former; these last are 1776 BUTTERFLIES BEYOND NEW ENGLAND. generally absent from the male, generally present in the female, and in one female before me which has no spot in the subcosto-median interspace there is a large ocellus in the next to the lowest subcostal interspace almost as large as the one below it and marlied with a slender median longitudinal line of white scales. Normally the male has no sexual streak. In the hind wings a similar, smaller, round, generally white- pupiled ocellus is found a little before the middle of the outer half of the lower median interspace. Beneath : Fore xoings of the same ground color as above, perhaps a little paler, the costal margin with a broad brown border, finely irrorate, excepting at the tip , with black and white, the tip ashen flecked with black ; the outer margin with a brown border, narrowing downward ; the same dark bar depends from the costal margin at the outer edge of the cell, again more distinct in the female than in the male, but in addition to this there is, at least in the female, a very broad, obscure, median band washed in brown, broader than the width of the cell, crossing the whole wing and bent at the median nervure; this is generally almost entirely absent from the male; the ocelli of the upper surface are almost exactly repeated beneath, but in the excep- tional female noted, there is no ocellus in the next to tJie lowest subcostal interspace. Sind wings varying very much in general color but the general effect is an ashen gray, deeper in some parts of the wing than in others and especially deepest along the outer margin and more especially in an exceedingly broad mesial or pre-mesial belt of irregular outline, more or less sinuous, approaching the base at the subcostal nervure, and the outer margin at the tip of the cell ; this is usually more distinct in the female than in the male, but is never entirely absent; the ashen tints prevail along the costal border, especially on either side of the mesial belt, but in some specimens it covers the largest part of the wing ; the broad mesial belt is more distinct at its margins than elsewhere and in some individuals this is almost the only token of its presence; the intermingling of colors on the wing is largely in the presence of short, transverse, tremulous threads of blackish brown on the paler brown ground; this is most distinct along the inner margin of the wing; fringe of all the wings black, narrowly inter- rupted in the middle of the interspaces with white; the extreme outer edge with a thread of black upon both wings ; the only mark of an ocellus on the under surface is an extremely minute one, usually pupiled, in the same place as above, but a similar one is sometimes seen in the lower subcostal interspace where it is sometimes not pupiled, and the ocellus is more commonly present in the female than in the male. Expanse of wings (J , 58-C3 mm. ; $ , 64-69 mm. The following account of the early stages is given by Fletcher (loc. cit.) : — Egg. Large, globular; rather higher _than broad, flattened at top and bottom; coarsely ribbed from top to bottom with about twenty ribs, a few of which divide at the bottom ; between these are zigzag furrows crossing from rib to rib. Eggs laid on 6th July hatched on 26th, the larva eating a narrow strip from the egg shell round the top and then pushing its way out leaving the egg-shell almost intact. Very few of the larvae ate their egg shells. Caterpillar. First stage. The young larvae are larger [3 mm.] than those of jutta, and have the heads more hairy ; there are also a few black spots about the head which do not occur in jutta. Upon the head and body of both species are some curious mam- miform hairs. The larvae are very sluggish, and seem to like to perch upon dead leaves of grass during the daytime. Second stage. The first moult took place about 18th August, after which the larvae were [8.4 mm.] in length. Head round, flattened in front, greenish white^ punctured, bearing on each side three stripes continuous with the stripes of the body and composed of the black hollows of the roughened surface ; the two upper stripes join at their tips just above the ocelli. General colour, dull, glaucous, greenish white, with brown stripes. On [the first thoracic] segment, just above and anterior to the spiracles is, on each side in both this species and jutta, one long thoracic bristle curved forward. Food, Carices and grasses. Third itaye. Ten days after moult. General appearance greenish gray, with red- NYMPHALIDAE: SATYRINAE. 1777 dish brown stripes wliich are deeper in color posteriorly. Head greenisli white and deeply pitted ; mandibles darkened at their tips ; ocelli black. Marked on each side with three narrowing stripes of black, which are continuations of the markings on the body, and consist of the blackened pits of the surface of the head; the dorsal stripe divides and sends a branch down on each side of the frontal triangle ; the other two stripes on each side of the head are extensions of the subdorsal stripe and lateral band of the body; they converge but do not quite meet above the ocelli, which the lower reaches. The markings of the body are as follows : a conspicuous, narrow, mediodorsal stripe terminating between the anal horns, and bearing in the middle a narrow, white, broken line; below this a wide, white, subdorsal space, bearing in the middle a narrow, sub- dorsal line, with a waved, threadlike line on each side of it, and about half way to the edge of the subdorsal space ; a conspicuous lateral band, which is pale in the centre; a stigmatal stripe, pale but clearly defined, and showing the supra- and infrastigmatal spaces above and below as clear greenish white lines ; beneath the substigmatal fold is another brown band, with disconnected pale spaces in the centre. Spiracles small and black, but surrounded by a pale ring. Thoracic feet and prolegs greenish white and translucent. The whole body sparsely covered with short, clavate hairs. The anal horns half the length of the anal segment and bent upwards. Length, 12 mm. (Third stage communicated by J. Fletcher.) Excepting Morley, at the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Nepigon, at the northern extremity of Lake Superior, is the only known locality for this species, which must, nevertheless, have a wide dis- tribution. It is single brooded, appearing early in July. The eggs hatch in about three weeks, slightly sooner if transported to the south, the cater- pillars live as long or longer in their first stage, moult for the first time in the latter half of August and winter in the second stage. One carried through the winter by Mr. Fletcher revived April 25 and moulted May 15. The caterpillars are exceedingly sluggish, and in their first stage larger and more brilliantly marked than Oeneis jutta. Their latest changes have not been observed, though eggs distributed by Mr. Fletcher and my- self in the summer of 1888 will, it is hoped, secure its further history. These are laid freely on grasses. The butterfly has a very different flight from that of some species of the genus and belongs properly to a distinct section from Oe. semidea, and one to which Oe. jutta also belongs ; its movements are swift and, not- withstanding their Satyrid character, are not altogether unlike those of Basilarchia archippus, which on the wing it much resembles. The eggs are subject to the attack of Trichogramma intermedium (89:8) which Mr. Fletcher reared, and the mortality among the growing caterpillars, from whatever cause, is vei-y great ; these feed readily upon both grasses and sedges. OENEIS CALAIS. Cftiono6as (ay^eJe Edw., Proc. acad. nat. OeJietscAn/XMS pars Scudd., Bull. Buff. soc. so. Philad., 1862, 57 (1862). nat. sc, ii : 240 (1875). Chionobas calals Scudd., Proc ent. see. [Not Oeneis taygete Hiibn., nor Chionobas Philad., v: 7-10 (1865). chrvxus 'We.stw.] Imago. Head, thorax and abdomen black, with ochraceous hairs. Antennae reddish yellow, annulated, especially above, with reddish brown; club reddish brown, black 1778 BUTTERFLIES BEYOND NEW ENGLAND. tipped. Palpi with ochre yellow hairs, mingled with longer black hairs, which latter are especially prominent beneath and at the tip. Femora dusky ; tibiae and tarsi pale yellow. Wings above deep ochraceous brown, flecked with black on the basal half and along the costal and outer margin of both wings, eye-like spots before the margin, beneath marbled with ochraceous and brown ; fringe dark brown, interrupted in the interspaces with gray- ish white. Fore winys ochraceous brown, the costal border marbled with black and grayish white, distinct next the base, forming a dark grayish band toward the tip, continued more broadly around the outer to the inner border as a dark brown baud, the inner edge slightly crenulated, the outer edge distinctly black ; a very broad band clouded with black, darkest at the borders, and somewhat tinged with ochraceous in the middle, crosses the middle of the wing ; the uervure closing the cell is distinctly and narrowly edged with black ; the outer border of the baud starts from the dusky costal border beyond the cell at right angles to the last branch of the nervure, projecting outwards as a short tooth upon this nervure, is there bent at right angles toward the base, and immediately thereafter bends again and passes in broad crenations to the inner and subparallel to the outer border ; the inner border of the band crosses the cell irregularly between the origin of the first and second median nervules aud nearer the latter; below the cell, it passes from the origin of the first median nervule parallel to the costal border, but is lost before reaching the inner border. Between this band and the base the ochraceous is consid- erably flecked with brownish atoms, less distinctly next the band; in the broad ochra- ceous band next the outer border, occupying the space left between the two dark bands mentioned, are situated in the lowest subcostal, subcosto-median, aud the lower median interspaces, large, roundish, inclined to be pyriform, blind, eye-like spots, that in the subcosto-median interspace a little smaller and rounder. Hind loimjs : Basal portion to the extremity of the cell fuscous, largely tinged with dull ochraceous, except above the cell ; toward the base very indistinctly marked with faint fuscous and ochra- ceous ; the outer limit of this fuscous basal portion is that of the outside of the middle band beneath ; the outer border of the wing from the tip of the first subcostal nervule to the anal angle has a narrow dusky band, narrower than that of the fore wings, black- ish on the inside where it is very slightly crenulate, paler along the middle, the edge black again; the marbling of the under surface shows indistinctly through upon the broad, ochraceoys brown band which occupies most of the outer half of the wing, and in the interspace beyond the first and second median nervules is a round, black, blind, eye-like spot, smaller than any of those of the fore wings. Beneath : Fore wings considerably paler than above ; the middle band of the upper surface distinct only at the borders, the lower portion of the outer border straight, the middle space being of the ground color, with transverse, slightly wavy streaks, especi- ally in the cell, of blackish brown ; similar frequent streaks in the cell between the band and the base, the costal edge distinctly marbled with black and grayish white from base to apex, over which latter portion it is more diflused, though scarcely reaching the medio- submedian interspace, except next the outer border, where it extends at least to the third median nervule, and is bordered toward the base by a narrow band formed of continu- ous shallow luuules reaching neither the costal nor the inner border ; next to which is a broad, ochraceous band, with infrequent transverse streaks of reddish brown, which never cross the nervures; the eyes as above, though more ovoid in form, and that of the lower median interspace very indistinctly white pupiled. Hind wings marbled with transverse bars and streaks of blackish brown and grayish white, tinged with pale ochraceous brown in the outer half of the wing, and with darker ochraceous brown in the middle of the band ; at the base the bars are larger and about equally divided ; in the band the darker ones are clustered along the borders so as to be continuous at the extreme border ; in the outer half the marbling is pretty uniform, though less tiuged with ochra- ceous next the middle band, the lighter colors prevailing throughout this portion ; mid- way between the band and the outer border very indistinct pale yellowish white spots in the interspaces ; the eye reduced to an indistinct, small, round, black spot; the outer bor- der narrowly edged with black, not extending to either angle, a small white spot situated NYMPHALLDAE: SATYRLNAE. 1779 upon it in tlie interspaces; the inner border of tlie raliUlle baud is formed of aseries of right angles from tlie costal border till it has passed the median uervure; in the space above the cell it forms a right angle whose limbs arc equal, projecting borderwards, in the cell one whose limbs are unequal projecting basewards, the short limb being the continuation of that of the interspace above, extending to the middle of the cell, whence it is directed to the origin of the first median nervule, is again bent here at right angles before reaching it, and continues to the internal nervure, whence it extends, bent slightly borderwards, to the inner margin ; the outer border of the band starting from the costal border of the wing passes in one arch to the second subcostal nervule, here extends borderwards to the middle of the interspace opposite the extremity of the cell, and thence moves in a gradual crenulated curve, passing just beyond the extremity of the cell to the inner border ; the band is broader than in most species of the genus, and is especially so on the median nervures ; the nervures are all distinctly flecked with white. Expanse of wings, 50 mm. This butterfly appears to be confined to the high northern regions of the eastern half of the continent, being thu.s far known only from Rupert House* at the southeastern extremity of Hudson Bay and Car'bonear, Newfound- land. Nothing is known of its history or seasons. CERCYONIS SPEYER. CERCYONIS PEGALA. Papilio pegala Fabr., Ent. syst.,iii: 230 Cercyonis pegala Scudd., Bull. Buff. soc. (1793). nat. sc, ii: 241 (1875). fiati/rus pegala "Edw., Can. ent., xii:51-54 i>'atyrus alope form pegale Smith, Bull. (18S0); —French, Butt. east. U. S., 242-243 Broolil. ent. soc., vi: 128-129(1884). (1886). Imago. Head covered with mouse brown and gray hairs, the fringe of the palpi with many Ijlack ones; the antennal stalk black brown, narrowly annulate at the base of the joints with white, the club luteous, a little infuscated. Wings above dark brown with a chocolate tinge ; the outer Iwrder witli a faint, slen- der, pre-marginal, somewhat lunalate, narrow, blackish brown stripe, not greatly darker than the ground, and on the fore wings limiting in the lower half of the wing an exceedingly broad orange yellow band which traverses the wing beyond the middle, of nearly equal width throughout and extending from the costal to the snbmedian nervure, its inner margin gently arcuate or bent in the middle and lying wholly beyond the cell; in the upper outer corner of tliis broad belt and occupying the whole width of the low- est subcostal interspace is a large, round, black spot with a blurred margin, containing a distinct, though small caernlean blue pupil ; in addition there is often in the middle of the lower median interspace a black point, or sometimes an incomplete ocellus. On the hind wings there is no such yellow band, but at a corresponding point of the lower median interspace, that is, a little bej'ond the middle of the interspace, is a black ocel- lus with a brownish yellow areola and a bine pupil ; the areola sometimes obsolete, the whole nearly or quite as large as the permanent ocellus of the fore wing; fringe of all the wings of the ground color but on the lower portion of the outer margin of the fore wings a little paler; in .all the wings preceded by a delicate black line at the ex- treme base of the fringe, and this, on the hind wings, by a pale brown line of similar width. * This at least is the locality given by Ed- which flows into Hudson Bay from the op- wards in his latest list; when he first described posite direction. Drexel whs the collector, the species he gave it from Albany River, 1780 BUTTERFLIES BEYOND NEW ENGLAND. Beneath, the ground color is paler than above, the basal half of all the wings some- what uniformly but irregularly striate with short, blackish brown, transverse striae having thread-like terminations, pretty equally distributed; the pre-raarginal line of the upper surface is repeated beneath on the fore wings as a nearly straight and connected stripe, approaching the border on the lower half of the wiug, crenulate above ; on the hind win"-s usually more vague, broken into separate bars in the succeeding interspaces on the upper half of the wing, continuous only on the lower half; on both wings, but especially upon the hinder, follo\veiS?i.,'Do\xh\., iv: 299, pi. 4, fig. 1 (1837). List. Lep. Brit. Mus., ii: 55 (1847). Epidemia dorcas Scudd., Bull. Buff. soc. Polyommatus epixanthe pars Moschl., nat. sc.jiii: 128 (1876). Stett. ent. zeit., xxxi: 114-115 (1870). Imago. Head in front snow-white with a broad, median, black-brown stripe run- ning down between the antennae almost to the base; above tufted with jet black, oli- vaceous and fulvous scales, the first in greatest abundance; a snow-white fringe behind the eye. Palpi white, excepting the apex of the middle joint and all of the apical joint but an inferior line and the extreme tip, which are blackish brown ; the inferior fringe of mingled black and white hairs. Antennae black-brown, with moderately narrow, basal, white anuulations on all the joints; the club itself velvety black above, sordid white beneath at the base, luteo-fulvous on the naked por- tions. Thorax covered with glossy black hairs, with intermingled tawny hairs, espec- ially around the base of the wings; beneath covered with pure white scales and sordid bluish white hairs; the legs white, the terminal tarsal joints annulate with brown ; the spines dark castaneous. Upper surface of the wings having the disk either bronze brown with a violaceous reflection, most distinct at the extreme base ( 1 . Last stage. Head green. Body green, profusely covered with small, but very distinct and elevated blaclv tubercles ; a bright yellow stigmatal stripe the whole length of the body bordered above by deeper green. Legs green. Before chang. ing it becomes yellow and shining. Length, 47 ram. (after Sepp and Stoll'). Chrysalis. Uniform green, the antennae and a slender lateral line yellow, accord- ing to Sepp, the whole chrysalis sometimes violet, or according to StoU', changing to violet before change, when and when only little white flecks appear on the abdomen. The frontal tubercle is stouter than in C. eubule and the mesonotal arch hardly so strong. Length, 32.5 mm. ; the same following the middle line of the body, 35.5 mm. ; height in middle, 13.5 mm. (after Sepp and StoU'). Sepp's flgures are unquestionably the better. This butterfly is an inhabitant of tropical America, mainland and island, and is not only found along our extreme southern coast, particularly in southern Florida, Texas and Arizona, but occasionally wanders up the Mississippi valley so as to have been taken as far north as southern Illinois . Edwards, in one of his catalogues, says it occurs occasionally in Nebraska; but as he afterwai'ds transfers this statement to C. agarithe, it is probable that he formerly confounded the two species. It is probably the caterpillar and cluysalis of this species which are figured by Stoll' and Sepp in the jjlaces indicated in the synonymy above. The caterpillar feeds upon different kinds of Cassia, and according to Sepp also on Hypericum bacciferum. Stoll' adds that it also feeds on species of Citrus, but this is improbable.* The chrysalis state lasts from eight to ten days. There are several broods annually, for Sepp says that the cat- erpillars may be found "en diverses epoques de I'annee." CALLIDRYAS PHILEA. Papilio philea Linn., Syst. nat., ed. xii, I'apilio aricye Cram., Pap. exot., i:U7, i : 764 (1767). pi. 94, figs, a, b (1779). CaUidrijas philea 'B\M.,'Lep. exot., 92, pi. Mancipium fiigax ncfirfiMieHubn., Samml. 35, figs. 1-4 (1S72);— Scudd.,Proc. Best. soc. exot. schmett., i (1806-19). nat. hist., xvii:20S (1875) ; — Edw., Trans. Colias corday 'B.uhn., yevz. bek. schmett., Amer. ent. soc, ix: 13-14 (1881) ;— French, 99(1816). Butt. east. U. S., 124 (1886). Colias hersilia Hiibn., Verz. bek. schmett., Catopsilia philea Kirb., Syn. cat. diuru. 99 (1816). Lep., 797 (1877). [Not Papilio hersilia Cramer.] Imago. Head tufted above with pink tipped, dark greenish brown scales and hairs. Palpi above the same, but on the sides wholly yellow or orange. Antennae dark brown with a castaneous tinge, the incisures and apical joint lighter, the stalk and base of club flecked with pale rosy scales. Body covered above with yellow and greenish yellow hairs, beneath with yellow and orange hairs and scales, the legs concolorous, the tarsi luteous becoming iufuscated apically. Above, /ore wings either bright yellow with a greenish tinge, with a very broad and large, orange, bometimes rather pale orange, subquadrangular bar or patch crossing the •The caterpillar and chrysalis figured by of the same plate, C. orbis, and the food plant Poey in the place noted .above must be re- of the caterpillar, Cacsalpiua pulcherrima, to garded as belonging only to the male butterfly be referred to the same. 1834 BUTTERFLIES BEYOND NEW ENGLAND. cell beyond the middle at right angles to the costal margin ; extending above half way between the cell and the margin, below abont to the centre of the medio-submedian interspace, its exterior margin crossing the cell above about midway between the base of the first and of the second subcostal nervules and below just including the extreme base of the upper median interspace, the whole rather broader than the cell and rounded beneath; the apical half of the costal and the upper half of the outer margin marked in black, most distinctly at the middle of the interspaces, those on the lower half of the wing being marked apically in the same way ; besides there is a very broad exterior mealy band of raised scales, in the form of broad and very longlunulesiu the interspaces, separated apically only by the nervures, and extending to the depth of an interspace and a half in the lower half of the wing, as far as the cell above, even filling the whole of the upper subcostal interspaces and often present as a small patch in the apex of the cell itself (^) ; or, sordid yellow often more or less pallid, sometimes with an orange tinge especially toward the outer border, with the marginal markings of the other sex to form distinct, tolerably large, transverse, oval, blackish brown spots, con- fluent with a narrow band at the apex of the wing, besides having an extra-mesial series of smaller and more or less powdery spots in all the subcostal and median inter- spaces, near the middle of the apical two-thirds of each interspace, forming thus a tolerably sinnous series, bent strongly at about right angles at the apex by the spots in the upper subcostal interspaces ; besides these an obscure similar spot at the lower extremity of the cell cut by the transverse nervure ( ? ). Hind wings of the same coloras the fore wings, the outer margin with a very broad suffused blush of yellow orange ( vhich follow, and it will not be difficult to ascertain whether his observa- tion is a new one. LIST OF HOSTS AND PARASITES. Butterflies. Parasites. OeueLs semidea Ichneumon iiistabilis. ? EncyrHis moutiuus. Pteromalus chiouobae. Tetrastichus semideae. Oeneis macouuii Tricbogramma interme- dium. Chlorippe clytou Limneria f ugitiva. Plmpla auuulipes? Cbalcis flavipes. Telenomus rileyi. Cblorippe celtis Limueria f ugitiva. Basilarcbia arcbippus.Ichneumou caligiuosus. Limneria limeuitidis. Apauteles limeuitidis. Pteromalus puparum. Tricbogramma minu- tum. Tricbogramma minu- tissimum. BasiIarchiaa8tyanax..An uudetermiued cbal- cid (Sburtleff). Polygouia interroga- tionis Hoplismenus morulus. Apauteles sp. (cocoon ouly). Pteromalus vauessae. Tetrasticbus modestus- Tricbogramma inter- medium. Telenomus graptae. .Glypta erratiea. Pteromalus vauessae. .Pteromalus puparum. Polygouia comma.. Polj'gouia satyrus. Butterflies. Polygouia faunus. Polygouia progue.. Euvauessa autiopa. Aglais milberti. Vanessa atalanta. Vanessa buntera. Vanessa cardui. Parasites. ..Icbneumou versabilis. . .Teleuouius graptae. An undetermined Pter- omalid. ..Hoplismenus morulus. Pteromalus vauessae. Pteromalus pu]iarum. Derosteuus antiopae. Telenomus graptae. .Ichneumon rufiventris. Apauteles atalautae. Trichogramma inter- medium. ..Microgaster carinata. Apauteles atalautae. Apauteles edwarsii. (A Bracouid ; note by Scuddcr ; no speci- men.) Pteromalus puparum. Eulophus sp. ; known from its pupa ouly. Cirrospilus niger. Tetrasticbus modestus. Tricbogramma minu- tissimum. ..Icbueumon ruliveutris. Apauteles carduieola. Microgaster; note by Riley; no specimen. . .Icbneumon rufiventris. Trogus exesorius. Exocbilum mundum. HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1871 Butterflies. Parasites. Vauessacardui (cont.).Apautelei3 carclulcola. PteromaUis pmiarum. (An egg-parasite; note by Eiley; no speci- men.) Junonia coenia Apanteles junoniae. (An egg-parasite; note by Murtfeldt ; no specimen.) Argyunis cyl)ele Apanteles argynnidis. Phyciodes tharos Ichneumon instabilis. Lemouias anicia Apanteles lioebeli. Euphydryas phaeton. .Pteromalid; species un- known. Anosia plexippus Pteromalus archippi. Trichogramma inter- medium. Agraulis vanillae Chalcis flavipes. Pteromalus puparum. Uranotes melinus Anomalon pseudargioli. Thecla sp Apanteles theclae. Thecla calanus Tetrastichus theclae. Thecla edwardsii Tetrastichus sauudersii. Cyanlris pseudargio- lus Anomalon pseudargioli, Apanteles cyaniridis. Hemiteles lycaenae. Heodes hypophlaeas.. Ichneumon versabilis. Teleuomus graptae. Xanthidia nicippe.... Apanteles cassianus. Eurcma lisa Pteromalus puparum. Eurymus philodice. . . .Mesochorus scitulus. Apanteles sp. Pteromalus puparum. Poutia protodice (Said by Edwards to be parasitized by a small Ichneumon; Butt. N. A., i, 35). Pteromalus puparum. Pieris oleracea Apanteles glomeratus. Pieris rapae Mesochorus pieridicola. Apanteles glomeratus. Butterflies. Parasites. Pieris rapae (cont.)... Pteromalus puparum. Tetrastichus sp. Ascia mouuste Pteromalus vanessae. Iphiclides ajax Trogus exesorius. Pimpla anuulipes. Exochilum mundum. Jasouiades glaucus. ...Trogus exesorius. Copidosoma turni. Trichogramma minu- tissimum. Euphoeades troilus... Trogus exesorius. Cryptus sp. Apanteles emarginatus. Euphoeades palame- des Pteromalus vanessae. Heraclides cresphon- tes Hemiteles utilis. Chalcis robusta. Pteromalus vauessae. Papilio polyxenes Trogus exesorius. Trogus obsidiauator. Apanteles lunatus. Epargyreus tityrus. ...Ophiou bilineatus. Linuieria sp. Pteromalus puparum. Thorybes pylades Egg-parasite; note by Scudder ; no speci- mens. Apanteles sp. Thauaos lucilius Trichogramma inter- medium. Thanaos juvenalis....Microdus sauctus. Apanteles flavicoruis. Pholisora catullus Limneria fugitiva. Microdus sanctus. Apanteles pholisorae. Limochores taumas. ..Teleuomus graptae. Megathymus yuccae.. Apanteles megathymi. (Egg - parasite ; eggs found punctured with exit-holes.) LIST OF PARASITES AND HOSTS. Parasites. Butterflies. Ichneumon rufiven- tris Aglais milberti. Vanessa huntera. Vanessa cardui. Ichneumon caligiuo- sus Basilarchia archippus. Ichneumon instabilis.. Oeneis semidea. Phyciodes tharos. Ichneumon versabilis..Polygouia f annus. Heodes hypophlaeas. Parasites. Butterflies. Hoplismenus morulus.Polygonia iuterroga- tiouis. Euvanessa antiopa. Trogus exesorius Vanessa cardui. Iphiclides ajax. Jasouiades glaucus. Euphoeades troilus. Papilio polyxenes. Trogus obsidiauator. ..Papilio polyxenes. Hemiteles utilis Heraclides cresphontes. 1872 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Parasites. Butterflies. Hemiteles lycaenae...Cyaniris pseudargiolus. Crypt us sp Euphoeades troilus. Ophion bilineatus Epargyreus tityrus. Exochilum mundum..Vauessa cardiii. Iphiclides ajax. Auomalon pseudar- gioli Urauotes melinus. Cyaniris pseudargioJu.=. Mesochorus pieridico- la Pieris rapae. Mesochorus scitulus..Eurymus philodice. Limneria lugitiva Chlorippe clytou. Chlorippe celtis. Pholisora catullus. Limneria limenitidis. .Basilarchia archippus. Limneria sp Epargyreus tityrus. Pimpla annulipes Chlorippe clyton? Iphiclides ajax. Glypta erratica Polygonia comma. Microdus sanctus Thauaos juveualis. Pholisora catullus. Apanteles glomeratus.Pieris oleracea. Pieris rapae. Apanteles edwardsii.. Vanessa atalanta. Apanteles megathymi.Megathymus yuocae. Apanteles limenitidis. .Basilarchia archippus. Apanteles lunatus....PapiIio polyxenes. Apanteles eyanir!dis..Cyaniris pseudargiolus. Apanteles argynnidis..Argynnis cybele. Apanteles koebelei. . . . Lemonias anicia. Apanteles flavicornis-.Tbanaosjuvenalis. Apanteles emargiua- tus Euphoeades troilus. Apanteles theclae Thecla sp Apanteles junoniae. . . Junonia coenia. Apanteles carduicola.. Vanessa huntera. Vanessa cardui. Apanteles atalantae...Aglais milberti. Vanessa atalanta. Apanteles pholisorae.. Pholisora catullus. Apanteles cassianus. ..Xanthidia nicippe. Apanteles spp Polygonia interroga- tionis. Eurymus philodice. Thorybes pylades. Microgastercarinata. .Vanessa atalanta. Microgaster ?sp Vanessa huntera. Chalcis flavipes Chlorippe clyton. Agraulis vanillae. Chalcis robusta Heraclides cresphontes. Encyrtus montinus. . . ?Oeneis semidea. Copidosoma turni Jasoniades glaueus. Pteromalus chionobae.Ocneis semidea. Parasites. Pteromalus vanessae . Butterflies. Polygonia interroga- Pteroraalus sp Pteromalus archippi. Pteromalus puparum. tionis. Polygonia comma. Euvanessa antiopa. Ascia monuste. Euphoeades palamedes. Heraclides cresphontes. .Polygonia progne. Euphydryas phaeton. .Anosia plexippus. .Basilarchia archippus. Polygonia satyrus. Euvanessa antiopa. Vanessa atalanta. Vanessa cardui. Agraulis vanillae. Eurema lisa. Eurymus philodice. Pontia protodice. Pieris rapae. Epargyreus tityrus. Eulophus sp Vane.ssa atalanta. Cirrospilus niger Vanessa atalanta. Derostenus antiopae.. Euvanessa antiopa. Tetrastichus semideae.Oeneis semidea. Tetrastichus sp Pieris rapae. Tetrastichus saunder- sii Thecla edwardsii. Tetrastichus theclae. ..Thecla calanus. Tetrastichus modes- tus Polygonia interroga- tionis. Vanessa atalanta. Triehogramma minu- tum Basilarchia archippus. Triehogramma miuu- tissimum Basilarchia archippus. Vanessa atalanta. Jasoniades glaueus. Triehogramma inter- medium Oeneis macounii. Polygonia interroga- tionis. Aglais milberti. Anosia plexippus. Thanaos lucilius. Telenomus graptae. . . .Polygonia interroga- tionis. Polygonia progne. Euvanessa antiopa. Heodes hypophlaeas, Limochores taumas. Telenomus rileyi Chlorippe clyton. HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1873 In comparison I introduce here a list of the European parasites of the four butterflies which are common to Europe and North America. EUROPEAN HTMENOPTEBOUS PARASITES OF BUTTER- FLIES COMMON TO EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. Euvanessa antiopa. Ichneuinou fossorius Ratz. : Eatzeburg. Ichu. d. Forstius. Hoplismenus terrificus Wesm. : GirauJ et LaboulbiSne, Liste d'^clo- sions d'iusectes, Aun. Soc. Ent. France, 1S7". Pteromalus puparuiu L.: Kirchner, Cat. Hym. Eur. Vanessa atalanta. Hoplismenus plica AVesm. ; Giraud et Laboulbene, loc. cit. Aniblyteles armatorius Forst. : Bignell, in Buckler's Larvae of British Butterflies, Ray Society, 1886. * Hemiteles fulvipes Gr.: Fitch, Entomologist, xiv : 139. Limneria cursitaus Holmgr.: Fitch, Entomologist, xvi: 66. * Mesochorus sylvarum Hal.: Fitch, loc. cit., 141. Pimpla flavicaus Fabr.: Eoudani, Bull. soc. eut. ital., x: 31. Jlicrogaster spurius Wesm.: Giraud et LeboulbSne, loc. cit. Microgastersubconipletus Nees: Fitch, Entomologist, xiv: 142. Microgaster deprimator Spin. : raised by Scudder, determined by Drewseu. Apauteles sp. : Fitch, Entomologist, xiii. Pteromalus puparum (L.)t Fitch, Naturalist, 1SS6: 213. Vanessa cardui. Ichneumon castigator Fabr.: Eondaui, loc. cit. Limneria exareolata Ratz.; Bignell, loc. cit. Pimpla diluta Eatz. Eatzeburg, loc. cit. Bracon variator Nees : Bignell, loc. cit. Microgaster subcompletus Nees : Scudder. Apantelesemarginatus Nees: Bignell, loc. cit. Pieris rapae. Campoplex couicus Eatz. : Roseuhaur det. specimen in Mus. C'omp. Zool., Cambridge. * Hemiteles fulvipes Gr. : Bignell loc. cit. * Mesochorus aciculatus: Biguell, loc. cit. * Mesochorus splendidulus Grav.: reared by Scudder, determined by Drewsen. Microgaster glomeratus L.: Scudder, Kaltenbach. Apanteles rubecula Marsh. : Biguell, loc. cit. Apanteles glomeratus (L.) : many authors. * Diplolepis microgastri Boh. Kaltenbach. Monodontomerus aerus TTalk. : Mayr, Europ. Torymiden Monodontomerus dentipes Boh. : ibid. Pteromalus puparum (L.): many authors. * All probably hyperparasitic. Analytical Table of Families. Anterior wings with several closed cells. Anterior wings with two recurrent uervures ICHXEUMOXIDAE. Anterior wings with but one recurrent uervure BRACOXIDAE. Anterior wings almost veinless. Pronotum not reaching to tcgulae CHALCIDIDAE. Pronotum reaching to tegulae PROCTOTRUPIDAE. 1874 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Analytical Tables of Genera. ICHNEUMONIDAE. First segment of the depressed, pedunculate abdomen bent towards apex. Ovipositor hidden or only slightly exserted. Abdomen 9 acute at tip, last ventral segment retracted. Scutellum flat or convex, gradually sloping to apex Ichneumon. Scutcllum gibbous, abruptly declivous behind Hoplismenus. Abdomen 9 obtuse at tip, last ventral segment not retracted Trogus. Ovipositor distinctly exserted. Areolet incomplete Hemiteles. Areolet complete Cry ptus. First segment of abdomen straight. Abdomen petiolate, compressed for at least posterior half. Cubito-discoidal cell receiving both recurrent nervures Ophion. Cubito-discoidal cell receiving but one recurrent nervure. Spiracles of metathorax oval or elongate. Apical margin of clypeus truncate Exochllum. Apical margin of clypeus acutely angled or pointed Anomalon. Spiracles of metathorax round. Areolet large, rhomboidal Mesochorus. Areolet small Limneria. Abdomen sessile. Ovipositor arising from a ventral cleft Pimpla. Ovipositor arising from apex of abdomen Glypta. BRACONIDAE. Meeothoracic sutures distinct; marginal cell minute, remote from the apex of the wing Microdus. Mesothoracic sutures invisible; marginal cell large, reaching apex of wing. Wings with two submarginal cells, the second confused with the third Apanteles. Wings with three submarginal cells, the second more or less complete Microgaster. CHALCIDIDAE. Tarsi 5-jointed. Hind femora much swollen Chalcis. Hind femora not much swollen. Middle tibiae with a strong apical spur. Club of antennae rounded Encyrtus . Club of antennae obliquely truncate Copidosoma. Middle tibiae with only a slight apical spur Pteromalus. Tarsi 4-jointed. Submarginal vein not broken Cirrospilus. Submarginal vein broken. Scutellum with two bristles near the middle Derostenus. Scutellum with four bristles, all behind middle Tetrastichus. Tarsi 3-joiuted Trichogramma. PROCTOTRUPIDAE. But one genus— Telenomiis— is considered. HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1875 FAMILY ICITNEUMONIDAE LEACH. Genus ICHNEUMON Linn. Ovipositor hidden, or ouly slightly exserted ; basal half or two-thirds of first ab- dominal segment slender, expanded at apex, its spiracles closer to apex of segment than to each other ; areolet pentangular ; mesonotum without parapsides ; raetathoracic spiracles linear or narrowly oval; petiole of abdomen not depressed ; ? abdomen acute at tip, last ventral segment retracted; $ ventral segments 2 — 4 with a longitudinal fold ; scutellum more or less flat, or simply convex, and then gradually sloping to apex ; metathorax rarely bispinose. Table of Species. Abdomen uniformly dull red nifiventris. Abdomen entirely black caliginosus. Abdomen not unicolorous. Antennae fulvous at middle, with black tips instabilis. Antennae black above, lighter below versabilis. Ichneumon nifiventris EruUe. PI. 8S, fig. 1. Ichneumon hunterue Pack. Ichneumon sp. Pack. Head, thorax and petiole of abdomen black, rest of abdomen dull, brick red, some- times reddish brown. Head black, with the orbits part way up broadly marked with yellow, forming lanceolate, triangular spots, with the slender apex opposite the anten- nae. Base and sides of labrum yellow. Head wholly black in 9 • Palpi brown. An- tennae in ^ black ; in J black, with a white ring in the middle, about four joints usually being white. Wings smoky-violaceous. Fore legs brown, pale brown in ^. Basal three-fourths of femora blackish, legs dark brown in ? . Hind legs black, hind tibiae paler at base ; himl femora reddish at base. Thorax black, sometimes yellow spots on scutum. Length (average), J ,12 mm., exp., 20 mm. ; ?, 15mm., exp., 28mm. (Adapted from Packard.) [The following description of the colors was taken during life : Antennae blackish fuscous ; the middle joints pale, but inf uscated. Body piceous ; abdomen very deep reddish orange, the belly tinged with yellow, the ovipositor infuscated ; extreme base of the femora inconspicuously sanguineous, s. h. s.] This species seems to be a quite common parasite of Vanessa huntera and V. cardui. I have seen two specimens, one male and one female, from Mr. Scudder, one female from ^Ir. Lyman, of Montreal, and Dr. Packard records a female from Virginia, all reared from this species. Mr. Cresson (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vi : 173) also states that this species has been reared from huntera. Professor Riley has reared it from cardui, and j\Ir. Scudder has no recorded it in his article entitled ' ' A Cosmopolitan Butter- fly." Miss Caroline E. Huestis records it from cardui in the Canadian Entomologist for July, 1881. Mr. Scudder has also sent a single male, reared by Dr. Dimmock, from Aglais milberti. This specimen mentioned by Dr. Packard as "Ichneumon sp.," is, as Dr. Riley states, I. rufiventris. The difficulty into which Dr. Packard fell concerning the white banded antennae and the black face, I have solved by 1876 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. an examination of the specimen to which Dr. Packard referred, and which proves to be a female, and not a male as he supposed. Mr. Cresson (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii : 179, 180) describes three varieties of this species, viz. : incertus, semicoccineus and californicus, differing chiefly in the coloration of the legs. Ichneumon caliginosus Cresson. Female. — Black, subopaque, deusely and finely punctured ; clypeus shining with a few large punctures ; antennae half the length of the body, black, the 10th to 15th joints white above. Thorax densely and confluently punctured, with an abbreviated im- pressed line on each side of the mesothorax in front ; scutellum rather flat, smooth and shining, with a large white spot occupying nearly Its whole surface and slightly in- dented posteriorly ; raetathorax scabrous, the elevated lines well defined, the central area large and ti-ausversely quadrate. Wings fuscous, nervure black, stigma piceous, areolet 5-angular. Legs shining black, inner side of the anterior tibiae and tarsi whitish. Abdomen entirely black; the first segment broad and finely aciculate, the peduncle slender ; basal f oveae of the second segment deep and oblique ; apical seg- ments rather smooth and shining; ovipositor subexserted, yellowish. Length, 12.5 mm. ; expanse of wings, 23 mm. (Adapted from Cresson.) Mr. Scudder has sent me one female of this species reared from' Basil- archia archippus September 5. The species has been captured in Canada, Colorado and Illinois. Ichneumon instabilis Cresson. Ichneumon thurotis Packard. i^oHaZe.— Black or ferruginous, rather robust; head slightly narrowed beneath, the anterior orbits more or less red or yellowish ; sometimes the head is entirely red, or the face and clypeus are varied with brown and yellowish or reddish ; antennae moderately long, not robust, generally fulvous at base, yellow in middle and black at tips, some- times only fulvous with tips black, or black at base, then fulvous, yellow and black; third joint elongate, longer than the fourth, which is subequal with the fifth; thorax often entirely ferruginous or more or less varied with ferruginous, sometimes black immaculate, except the scutellum, which is always yellow and polished; tegulae fer- ruginous, often with a reddish spot in front and another beneath ; post-scutellum some- times reddish ; metathorax rugulose, the central area large and subquadratc ; wings sub- hyaline, more or less stained with yellow, uervures brown, stigma pale honey-yellow; legs honey-yellow or ferruginous ; the coxae, tips of posterior femora, of their tibiae and most of their tarsi black, sometimes the most part of the posterior legs is black; abdomen oblong-ovate, subcouvex, slender at base, generally entirely ferruginous, sometimes the fourth and fifth segments above are black or fuscous, sometimes the second and third segments only are ferruginous, and sometimes the incisures of the segments are more or less blackish; beneath ferruginous or yellowish ferruginous, dusky or black at tip. Length, 10-12 mm. Male. — This sex is exceedingly variable in color, some examples being almost en- tirely yellowish ferruginous, and others almost entirely black. Head black, with the anterior oi'bits and all beneath the antennae yellow; antennae long, slender, black above and brownish or fulvous beneath, the basal joint yellow beneath; thorax gen- erally black, sometimes more or less varied with ferruginous, and iu one specimen the mesotliorax has four abbreviated, palevittao; sometimes the thorax is black, immac- HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1877 niate, except the scutellum, which is always yellow; generally, there is a spot or a sutural liue before the wings, and a spot or line beneath ; the post-sciitellum is often reddish ; legs honey -yellow : the fore anterior coxae often more or less yellow or honey- yellow, sometimes black spotted with yellowish beneath; the posterior coxae are gen- erally black, sometimes more or less ferrnginous, their trochanters generally half black and half honey-yellow; sometimes their femora are entirely black, or half black, generally only tipped with black, rarely entirely honey-yellow, their tibiae tipped with black ; the general color of the legs varies from lemon-yellow to ferrnginous ; abdo- men depressed, opaque, sometimes entirely yellowish ferruginons, but generally black, with the second and third, and sometimes part of the fourth segments ferruginous or yellowish ferruginous ; the first segment is either entirely ferruginous, or black tipped with ferruginous, or with two apical yellow spots; the second and third segments are entirely ferruginous, or yellow stained with ferruginous; the fourth is either entirely black, or black spotted with ferruginous, or entirely ferruginons; the remaining seg- ments are generally black or brown, often more or less varied with ferruginous; sev- eral specimens have the second and third segments bright yellow and the rest black. Length, 10.5 to 14.7 mm. (After Cresson.) This is a very variable species. The specimen described by Dr. Pack- ard as Ichneumon tharotis was an extreme variety of the female. It was reared by Mr. Scudder, June 2, from Piiyciodes tharos. Mr. Cresson records it from Canada, Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Vij'ginia, Georgia and Colorado, but does not know its host. During July, 1887, a single specimen of a variety of the male was received from Mr. Scudder, with the statement that he had reared it from the chrysalis of Oeneis semidea. Ichneumon versabilis Cresson. PI. 88, fig. 2. Male. — Dull black; line on anterior orbits, face, clypeus, mandibles, labrum, palpi, scape beneath, anterior margin of tegulae, line before, another beneath, scutellum, some- times a spot or line behind, dot on four anterior coxae and trochanters beneath, their knees, tibiae and tarsi, anterior femora in front, posterior tibiae and tarsi except tips, sometimes two dots or a line at tip of first abdominal segment, and the second and third more or less, all bright yellow; occasionally the base of second and third segments is margined with dull ferruginous, and the apical middle more or less varied with black, sometimes interrupting the yellow on third segment into two spots, and in one speci- men these are reduced to mere dots, and the yellow on second segment interrupted medially by a black line ; wings subhyaline ; postpetiole aciculated ; gastrocoeli large and deep ; antennae more or less pale beneath ; posterior femora sometimes pale at base. Length, 12 to 13 mm. (From Cresson.) Of this species I have seen two specimens of a variety of the male. Both were sent by Mr. Scudder. One specimen was obtained in Ver- mont from Heodes hypophlaeas, and the other by Dr. G. Dimmock from Polygonia faunus. It is recorded by Mr. Cresson from Canada and the United States. Both specimens were accompanied by the chrysalids from which they had emerged, and in each case the chrysalis was decapitated. Genus IIOPLISMENUS Gravenhorst. Parapsidal furrows of mesoscutum indicated anteriorly; mesoscntellnm strongly elevated, abruptly declivous behind ; metanotam always bispinose, metanotal spiracleg 1878 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. long, oval. Areolet of fore wings pentangular. More than halt of first abdominal segment slender, its spiracles much nearer to apex than to each other ; gastrocoeli large but shallow. Abdomen of ? acute at tip, the last ventral segment retracted; (J ventral segments two to four with a longitudinal fold. Hoplismenus morulus (Say). PL 88, fig. 9. Ichneumon morulus Say. Ichneumon calcaratus Provancher. Blaclv ; face, clypeus, scape beneath, and sometimes spot on scutellum, $ , and annu- lus on flagellum, ?, white or pale yellowish; tibiae and tarsi bright yellow; wings uniformly fuliginous. Length, J ?, 15 to 16.25 ram. (After Cresson.) I have seen two specimens of this insect, one male and one female. One was sent me by Mr. Scudder and was reared by Miss Pierce from the chrysalis of Polygonia interrogationis at Cambridge. The other was sent me by Mr. H. H. Lyman of Montreal who reared it in August, 1875, from a chrysalis of Euvanessa antiopa, at Portland, Me. The parasite in issuing decapitates the chrysalis (88:16). Mr. Cresson records the species from Canada, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Virginia. Genus TKOGUS Gravenhorst. Mesonotum without parapsidal grooves ; mesoscutellum strongly elevated, generally subpyraraidal ; metathoracic spiracles oval. Areolet of fore wings pentangular. First segment of abdomen bent at apex, basal half slender, apex much expanded, spiracles closer to apex than to each other ; base of second segment with lateral pits (gastro- coeli) ; ? abdomen obtuse at tip, ovipositor hidden; the last ventral segment but slightly retracted, ventral segments four to eight smooth, flat, without longitudinal fold. Table of Species. Uniformly brown exesori us. Uniformly black obsidianator. Trogus exesorius BruUe. PI. 88, fig. 3. Entirely fulvo-ferruginous, legs paler, tibiae and tarsi golden yellow; antennae sometimes dusky or black above; wings uniformly fuliginous, with a strong aeneous or violaceous reflection. Length, $ ?, 17 to 20 mm. (After Cresson.) This is the most abundant of the butterfly parasites which have been sent me. It seems to be almost exclusively a parasite of the different species of ewallow-taila. Dr. Packard says concerning its hosts and local- ities : "Bred from puj)a of Papilio asterias [polyxenes] by Dr. Harris, E. Norton, E. T. Cresson, etc., aj^pearing at Cambridge, June 20th; also from P. troilus [Euph. troilus] (Mark) and P. turnus [Jas. glaucus] (P. S. Sprague) ; also from P. ajax and P. marcellus [Iphiclides ajax] West Virginia (Norton)." Professor Riley reared it in Missouri from Iphiclides ajax, Papilio polyxenes, Euphoeades troilus and Jasoniades glaucus. Mr. Mundt has reared it in Illinois from the first and last of these. Mr. Lyman has reared it at Portland, Me., from polyxenes, Professor Cook in Michigan from troilus, and Mr. W. H. Edwards in West Virginia from ajax. The HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1879 only exception to its parasitism upon swallow-tails is sent me by Mr. jNlundt who reared it from \'anessa cardui. Mr. Cresson records the species as captured in Canada, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Georgia and Illinois, and hazards the opinion that it will pi-obably prove to be a synonym of Ichneumon pennator Fabricus. Trogus obsidianator BruUe. Deep black, immaculate; antennae orange-yellow; win^s uniformly blackish fuligi- nous, with a strong aeneous reflection; first abdominal segment bicarinate, the cari- nae becoming obsolete before reaching the tip. Length, ,? $ , 20 to 22.5 mm. (After Cresson. ) This insect has been reared from the chrysalis of Papilio polyxenes by Professor Riley. Mr. Cresson records the species from Pennsylvania, Illi- nois, Georgia and Texas. Genus HEMITELES Gravenhorst. Metathorax with parapsidal grooves. Areolet of the fore wings pentangular In po- sition, but incomplete, the outer nervure hyaline or wanting. Legs and antennae generally slender. Spiracles of first abdominal segment more approximate to each other than to the apex of the segment ; gastrocoeli at base of second abdominal seg- ment wanting; ovipositor distinctly exserted, short. The species of this genus sire as a rule parasites of parasites or, as they are called, "hyperparasites" or "secondary parasites." There is no well- proven exception to this rule on record so far as I know. Table of Species. Thorax marked with red; wings banded with brown utilis. Thorax black, immaculate ; wings hyaline lycaeuae. Hemiteles utilis Norton. PI. 88, fig. 4. Female. — Black; antennae, anterior portion of prothorax, shoulders and a spot at sides of mesothorax, the legs, including coxae and trochanters, red; middle of poste- rior femora and extremity of tibiae brownish. Wings hyaline, nervures brown, white at base; tegulae white ; stigma brown, without a white spot at base; a large brown band extends from the base of the stigma across the wing ; areolet surrounded with white nervures, the exterior nervure wanting. Abdomen oval from the second seg- ment, black, polished, shining; joints 1 and 2 reddish at base and tip, the others mar- gined with reddish posteriorly. Ovipositor a little longer than half the body, almost entirely reddish. Length, 3.75 mm. This species is introduced into this paper for the reason that I find in the notes sent me by INIr. A . H. Mundt the statement that from an over-win- tered pupa of Heraclides cresphontes he bred a parasite which was deter- mined for him by Mr. Cresson as H. utilis. It seems likely that there remains some yet undiscovered primary para- site of crespontes from which this secondary parasite came. 1880 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. Hemiteles lycaenae sp. nov. Female. — Shilling black. Mandibles and palpi brigtit lemon-yellow ; antennae duU- piceons, lioney-yellow at base ; all legs, including coxae, honey-yellow; tegulae yellow and venter of second abdominal segment honey-yellow. Wings hyaline, with no inf us- cated band ; nervures brown except at base, cubital nervure whitish, beyond incomplete ; areolet, and subdiscoidal nervnre also white beyond juncture with second recurrent nervure. Head, thorax and abdomen very delicately shagreened ; surface of mesouotum with reticulate carinae; anterior and posterior border of dorsum of each abdominal segment perfectly smooth. Ovipositor sheaths one-fourth as long as abdomen. Length, 4.5 mm. ; expanse, 7 mm. Described from one female specimen received from Mr. W. H. Edwards who reared it from the larva of Cyaniris pseudargiolus. In this case also there is probably a primary parasite of which we have no knowledge. Genus CRYPTUS Fabricius. Female with joints of antennae thickened in a nodose manner at their tip ; antennae elongate, filiform, third joint usually three or more times longer than thick (if shorter then the metathorax is not .areolated), never thickened or expanded towards the mid- dle. Areolet of fore wings completely enclosed, pentangular. Legs generally slender. Apex of first abdominal segment not much broader than the petiole, and but slightly bent; ovipositor distinctly exserted. I have not been able to determine the butterfly parasite of this genus specifically as I know of it only through a note of Professor Riley's to the effect that he has bred a species of Cryptus from Euphoeades troilus. The specimen cannot be found. Genus OPHION Fabricius. Face pubescent; clypeus truncate at apex; ocelli large, prominent. Thorax and legs glabrous ; metathorax rounded behind, not rugose; intermediate tibiae with two apical spurs; wings hyaline, stigma distinct, well developed, areolet wanting, cubito- discoidal cell receiving both recurrent nervures. Abdomen petiolate, compressed ; ovipositor short. Ophiou bilineatUB Say. PI. 88, fig. 8. Ophion tityri Pack. Honey-yellow ; head yeUow ; antennae honey-yellow ; mandibles blackish at tip ; thorax with two somewhat reddish brown, longitudinal lines, almost obsolete; wings with fuscous nervures ; costal nervnre and stigma honey-yellow ; tegulae paler than thorax; second segment of abdomen hardly as long as first, and longer than second. Length, 8.75 mm. (After Say.) Packard's type of O. tityri was a male specimen reared from Epargyreus tityrus June 26, 1848, and is from the old Harris collection. As soon as it came into my possession I forwarded it to Mr. Cresson who informed me that he saw no reason for considering it as more than a variety of O. bilineatus of Say. The brownish stripes on the thorax seem, however, to be entirely lacking and the mandibles are lighter in color. HYMENOPTEROUS PAKASITES. 1881 Genus EXOCHILUM Wesmael. A)5ical margin of clypeus ti-uucate. Spiracles of metatliorax oval. Cubito-ciiscoldal cell receiving but one recurrent uervure; marginal cell lanceolate; raedian and subme- dian cells not confluent, third discoidal present, not narrowed at base; cubito-discoidal cell receiving recurrent nervure in middle. Posterior femora unarmed ; tarsal claws not pectinate ; posterior tarsi with first joint about twice as long as second. Abdo- men petiolate. Exochilum mundum (Say). 3Iale. — Body black; head with the front, uasus and anterior orbits greenish-yellow; antennae fulvous yellow; three or four basal joints above black; the first joint beneath greenish yellow ; trunk with rather dense, short hairs; wings purple black; abdomen much compressed ; basal joint cylindrical; second segment as long as the first or a little longer, compressed towards the tip ; anterior pair of feet yellowish before ; inter- mediate pair with a line before and base of tibiae yellowish ; posterior pair with the tibiae, excepting the tip, and the tarsi, excepting the terminal joint, fulvous-yellow. Length, 20-25 mm. (After Say.) Mr. Aliindt lias bred this sjiecies from Vanessa cardui and Iphiclides ajax. The single specimen which he sent on and from which the species has been determined agrees with this description except that the posterior tibiae are black and the tarsi are dark gray. Genus ANOINIALON Gravenhorst. Head buccate, or subbuccate ; front with the median projection near the base of the antennae present or wanting, face more or less narrow. Clypeus indistinctly dis- tinguishable, apex acutely augulate or apiculate. Antennae longer than the body, equal to it in length, or shorter. Metathorax punctate, often longitudinally sulcate (broadly, but not deeply). Abdomen compressed, joint 1 sublinear; terebra shortly exserted, valves towards apex usually dilated ; legs slender, or the posterior are rather strong ; posterior tarsi either incrassate or simple, linear, first joint about twice as long as second. (After Ilolmgren.) The cubito-discoidal cell receives but one recurrent nervure, and this be- fore the middle ; the marginal cell is lanceolate ; the third discoidal cell is present and is narrowed at base. Anomalon pseudargioli sp. nov. Female. — General color black and rufous. Face yellow, cheeks behind eyes rufous,'ver- tex and occiput black with the usual yellow spots each side of ocelli ; antennal scape yellow below, black above, pedicel and joint 1 of funicle black, rest of funicle rufous. Thorax black above and below, the outlines of the mesoscntum defined by an irregular, rufous band, which fails before and behind ; mesoscutellum with its anterior half rufous ; metiinotum with a rufous band each side; front and middle legs yellow, hind coxae, femora and tibiae bl.ack with a rufous spot on coxae, and the femora with a varying amount of same color; wings perfectly hyaline, veins dark brown. First and second abdominal joints black, slightly rufous below; remaining joints rufous, with a dark shade along dorsal line, extending down more on the sides of joints 5 and 6, than on 3 and 4. Length, 13 mm. ; expanse, 18 mm. Described from four female specimens. Three were sent me by ilr. W. H. Edwards, who reared them in July from pupae of Cyaniris pseudar- 1882 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEAV ENGLAJfD. giolus, and one was sent by Mr. Scudder, who reared it from the chrysalis of Uranotes melinue. Genus MESOCHORUS Gravenhorst. Head transverse, short, not buccate. Clypeus not distinguishable. Byes oblong- ovate. Antennae about as long as body, setose. Metathorax with a straight, superior area. Abdomen oblong-fusiform; first segment slightly curved, spiracles almost in the middle ; last ventral segment with the female rather large ; anal stylets of the male rather long, filiform ; terebra of the female exserted for a short distance. "Wings •with a rather large rhomboidal, areolet. Legs moderate or slender. (After Holm- gren.) The species of Mesochorus are without doubt often hyperparasites ; whether always so we cannot say with certainty. Table of Species. Thorax entirely black pierldicoliis. Thorax entirely yellow, or marked with yellow-brown scitulus. Mesochorus pieridicolus (Packard). Campoplex pieridicola Packard. Female.— Black : head black on the vertex and occiput; orbits and front below the antennae bright yellow ; a slight reddish tinge in the middle. Palpi pale honey-yellow. Antennae brown, pale yellowish at base, second joint pale brown above, third yellow, fourth and fifth pale yellowish brown, and thorax shining black, with fine, white, ap- pressed hairs. Metanotum full, rounded, smooth, and polished, with a narrow mesial ridge. Tegulae and base of wings pale greenish-yellow. Wings clear ; stigma pale brown; veins concolorous; areolet rather large, rhomboidal. Legs, including the coxae, honey-yellow; tarsi of fore and middle legs dusky towards the claws, those of the hind legs a little dusky, except on basal two-thirds of first joint, and growing darker toward the claws. Abdomen long and narrow, compressed towards the end, with a minute, slender ovipositor, not quite so long as the abdomen is wide, shining black with a yellowish band in the middle, the posterior edge of the second and anterior two-thirds of the third segment being yellow. There is a yellow dot at the end of the pedicel, being an extension of the pale yellow under surface of the three basal seg- ments; end of abdomen obliquely truncated. Length, 4 mm. (After Packard.) Dr. Packard described this species from a single specimen, and I have seen only his type. The specimen is labelled : " From Pieris rapae," and this is all the information which we have concerning it. It may or may not be a secondary parasite. Mesochorus scitulus Cresson. Male, Female.— VaXe honey-yellow or luteous ; head broiid ; spot covering ocelli, and tips of mandibles black ; occiput of ? more or less fuscous ; antennae long and slender, pale testaceous, sometimes slightly dusky, scape paler; mesothorax fuscous in ?, honey-yellow with dusky sides in $ ; scutellum and region honey-yellow ; disk of metathorax more or less blackish or fuscous; tegulae pale luteous; wings hyaline, irridescent, uervures and stigma luteous; legs pale luteous, apex of posterior tibiae and tips of tarsal joints dusky; abdomen fusiform, very slender at base, black above, with a large, discal, pale luteous spot covering apical half or two-thirds of second HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES. 1883 and basal half, or tTvo-tliirds of third segments ; venter pale luteous ; ovipositor of ? longer than basal segment. Length, 1.5 mm. (After Cresson.) This species was bred by Mr. Cresson (twenty-four specimens, together with four specimens of a Pezomachus) from a bunch of bright yellow co- coons (probably those of a Microgaster) found attached to a blade of grass in Pennsylvania. I have seen three specimens of what seems to me to be this species in the National Museum collection at Washington which were received from Miss M. E. Murtfeldt of Kirkwood, Mo., Oct. 18, 1881 and by her said to be parasitic on some "large parasite" of Eurymus philodice. Genus LIMNERIA Holmgren. Head moderately large, transverse, not inflated; eyes naked, not emarginate ; clypeus normal, not carinate or denticulate. Thorax longer than high; metathorax distinctly areolated, not produced at apex. Stigma of forewingsof moderatesize; areoletsmall, usually trianguliir, often petiolate, sometimes absent. Abdomen moderately broad and moderately or slightly compressed towards apex, the incisures between segments very distinct ; petiole slender, longer than the transverse post-petiole. Table of Species. Abdomen black f ugitiva. Abdomen almost entirely rufous llmenitklls. Limneria fugitiva Say. Body black ; antennae in both sexes black ; mandibles and palpi white ; tegulae white ; wings hyaline, nervures black, whitish at base, areolet very small, petiolated from the radial cellule ; met.anotum not excavated behind, but with "somewhat raised lines"; abdomen arcuated, towards tip rather abruptly clavate ; punctures very small; oviposi- tor as long as tip of abdomen ; feet honey-yellow with a white reflection ; posterior tibiae white with a black tip and base; posterior tarsi black, base of flrst joint white; in the male the white of the posterior tibiae is less obvious. Length, from 6 to 7.5 mm. (After Say.) Say reared this species in Indiana from a "pretty white cylindric cocoon with maculated black bands." As a butterfly parasite this species has been reared from Pholisora Catul- lus by Professor Riley in Missouri, from Chlorippe celtis by Mr. W. H. Edwards in West Virginia, and from Chlorippe clyton by Mr. A. H. Mundt in Illinois. Limneria limenitidis sp. nov. PI. 88, fig. 5. Male. — General color black. Palpi whitish ; lower face with dense white pile; scape of antennae reddish below, blackish above, flagellum black ; top of head and dorsum of thorax with sparse, fine white pile; tegulae dirty white, wings hyaline, nervures brown, costa black; all coxae black; front legs entirely light honey-yellow; trochan- ters, femora and tibiae of middle legs dark reddish yellow, tarsi much lighter and with each joint slightly dusky towards tip ; flrst joint of hind trochanters black, sec- ond joint yellow; hind femora very dark rufous, lighter on the inner side; hind tibiae nearly black, spurs yellowish white; hind tarsi uniform in color with their tibiae, a verv n.irrow band of white at base of flrst joint only. Abdomen rufous, except 1884 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. joint 1, first four-fifths of joint 2, and first one-fourtli of joint 3, its entire surface covered witli very sliort pile. Punctation of liead and mesonotum identical, fine and close; metanotum with a more rugose punctation, and with a faint median, longitudi- nal channel; two diverging carinae arise each side of this median channel, at front of metanotum, and meet two converging carinae at half tlie length of this sclerite. Length, 8 mm. ; expanse, 12 mm. Described from two male specimens, both reared from Basilarchia arcliippus, by Mr. W. H. Edwards, at Coalburgh, W. Va. One is labelled July 15, 1886, and of the other Mr. Edwards writes that it left the archippus larva at the latter's second moult. The cocoons of both in- dividuals were also sent by Mr. Edwards. They are (3 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad, of a regular oval shape and spun of grayish white silk ; near either end is an irregular, interrupted black band, and upon each end are three or more black spots. , Genus PIMPLA Fabricius. Head transverse, short, cheeks not swollen ; clypeus distinct, depressed or subex- cavated at apex; antennae porrect, filiform, scape excised at apex; eyes oblong, emar- ginate near base of antennae. Thorax robust, moderately elevated ; scutellum with an obtusely rounded apex; metanotum low, spiracles oval or circular; tarsal claws simple, sometimes lobed at base with female; areolet of fore wings always complete, triangular. Abdomen sessile ; in females of most species oblong or oblong-ovate, in males narrower, subcylindrical or sublinear ; narrower than the thorax or very slightly broader, strongly, or faintly and thickly punctate; joints 2 to 7 usually transverse, sometimes subquadrate with the males, the ventral border of the two last with the females longitudinally fissured; joint 1 subquadrate, or scarcely longer than broad, rarely slightly shorter, usually with a longitudinal carina. Terebra usually shorter than abdomen, but may equal it in length or exceed it. Pinipla annulipes BruUe. PI. 88, fig. G. Male, female.— The head is sparsely and finely punctate, especially on the face, which is sometimes so pubescent as to appear opaque, and sometimes has the pubescence mostly removed so as to appear subpolishcd. A minute, glabrous tubercle on the disk of the face. The palpi are generally dull, dark rufous in '? , sometimes pale rufous, sometimes almost whitish, but in the $ they are always whitish; the auteunae are about four-fifths as long as the body; the 1st joint of flagellum in