h He Did HH eA AT Ute a * 6) i "} set i i Renae : i oe rust i ¥ AN U itiston ia rane ite fist 4 i H ri ae ae nis Pitan al Saas ai Be Pik " et eat Namba ees asi Me arts ae frig tate eae Fp este teis ys tee e033 Sy=3 eee: huey ep ARI Hi Mt hie Hl ae iW PY) Sue MtOjed) mi’ THE BUTTERFLIES OF INDIA, BURMAH AND CEYLON. A DESCRIPTIVE HANDBOOK OF ALL THE KNOWN SPECIES OF RHOPALOCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA INHABITING THAT REGION, WITH NOTICES OF ALLIED SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES ALONG THE BORDER; WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. BY LIONEL ve NICEVILLE, Fellow of the Entomological Society, London ; and Member of the Asiatic Society, Bengal. WO EWE, ae: The Jllustrations Drawn By Basu GrisH CHUNDER CHUCKERBUTTY AND Basu Benart Lait Dass. Tue AuTotyPE PLATES BY THE AuTOTYPE Company OF LONDON. @aleutta: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY THE CALCUTTA CENTRAL PRESS, CO., LD., 5, CouNcIL House STREET, TO BE OBTAINED ALSO OF BERNARD QUARITCH, 15, PiccapILLy, Lonpon, W. 1886. Se " ae | _ eee FaPairet ey eye = SING ae SY Se es eee 4 ’ >» i = ele e Ses ; © APES Os Dns att Pate ’ A : > mie £ tae at, ~ $3 i = pe | a) i.e ) ig : _ _ JmOOT MPO RIS?) . in t4ots Tare eae, bee } = : 2 aa — + s ft * 9S Sire eee . sega a. a a ie . 7 i i. eibty Mae ~ ~ a ; a “e =. eee a: Sas —_ ' ” % > ae sy = : a Bier =) ¥ - , % ; , His by @ 5 to > a 4 + eee na = aut r a SY 7 q - ’ a = ‘ ar. - i So) Cr oe ces Mie st iy ar thy et Lae , hi Wa OS vay: % Th, 5 MM ny VOL. NYMPHALIDZ, NYMPHALINAEA. LEMONTIID4, LIBYTHAIN A, NEMEOBIINA. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. NYMPHALINZA. FRONTISPIECE.—Fig, 120. Prothoé franckii. 1 », 121. Penthema binghami. ae », 122. Calinaga buddha. Prate XVIII. ,, 68. Byblia ilithyia. a = », 6g. Eurytela horsfieldii, 2 pe » 79. Ergolis merione. = ah »» 71. Meliteea balbita. a i » 72. Argynnis baralacha. BS a »» 73+ Wanessa xanthomelas, re “= »> 74. Pyrameis indica. 7 y sy 75» Argynnis rudra. ss an »» 76. Herona andamana. mh OILS »» 77. Lanaécia cibaritis. rf ni », 78. Euthalia lepidea. ” ” x 79+ 2 n 80. Neurosigma siva. ” ” ” » ” ” ” ” ” ” ” » 83. 2 » XS 3. 85: LEMONIID4, PLaTE XXIV.—Fig. 114. Libythea rohini. PLATE ” ” ” ” ” » +&F XXIV.—Fig. 1 Lebadea ismene. . Stibochiona nicea. . Dichorragia nesimachus. Helcyra hemina, . Precis iphita. Hypolimnas misippus. . Dilipa morgiana. . Atella sinha. . A. phalanta. . Athyma perius. PLaTE XX.—Fig. ” ”» ” 9 ” mo” go. gr. 92. 93 94 95° 96. 97- 98. 99. 100. Ior. 102, 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108, 109. IIo. Ir. 112, 113 Euripus halitherses, Apatura namouna, A. parysatis. Sephisa dichroa, Junonia cenone. Parthenos cyaneus. Symphedra cyanipardus, Cynthia erota- Cethosia mahratta. Hestina nama, Charaxes dolon. Terinos clarissa. Rhinopalpa fulva. Doleschallia polibete. Kallima wardi. Cupha erymanthis. Symbrenthia asthala. Cyrestis cocles. Neptis soma, Pseudergolis wedah. Abrota mirus. Cirrhochroa olivacea, Limenitis dudu, . L. hydaspes, LIBYTHAINA. NEMEOBIINA., 15. Zemeros flegyas. 16. Dodona dipcea. 17. D. Jongicaudata. PLaTE XXIV.—Fig. 118. Abisara bifasciata. 11g. Stiboges nymphidia ” ” PREFACE SUBFAMILY NYMPHALIN© GENUS ERGOLIs .... ” a” ” ” ” ” VOL. II. TA bb OR, CON TEN Ts. FAMILY NYMPHALID&—( Continued). EURYTELA . BYBLIA..... EuriIpPus .. A ReRehaseeehivecdtwartedntannonessecemacnreciices 6 CCUPHIA! os an0% Boece! MELITAA....... crac AROLTA secs: Banaees cncreee acedece tee eeececcecserceses ote e eee w eee eneeee ee oeenene eenee . CETHOSIA ....... att aelsiishclaets ay nas0ceeGaRIOIE seaWentesty = Se. OSRSOCUOEDE uccUaCcADACERSECOED cn TERINOS ........ Desteseeees seat tavcssdaccerssecccansnesaer CYNTHIA ........ SCOOP ESE RECCOOL eeenencceies ncasnoore Scoooncaconcos anees seas sbesbesacaventy : BURT GVIRAN sc ac.cseciceeeccseccateees sancounabypnconnéaccaca maosuogice Saecoriccn naonennesooda0a6o oc SEPHISAy cases sicce SeceoouneceoceS ScoeseceC naeaes Seatac matecnoce SOL EOECOLCD Deeveaveacaverssees IDIGTRAY nase aavacees paecles si eaeaseaniaseeeaiene Sr AO SAR EO SOOCICHOCOCUD HES CORCOSCEO Sreepcn sae APATURA ...:.0< os ce cdo phecacd pENCHOTNCEMeoA Oseceocan poseens Raseinctenea sen apesepadouecenen c HESTINA ........ DOQUee dCoDEE nOSoSeOS Ano caococoseabes sen Cen oo enc OCOnEESECCUAC HON eROON OSOCOICES : FIGS RON AG icles cccsien sacnessvscevsersveeesarevececvesstacise Metieaticeeer cia teres cnt aneraseaere NEPTIS......c0sescceeee Paar ae CIRRHOCHROA PSEUDERGOLIS STIBOCHIONA HYPOLIMNAS ARGYNNIS DICHORRAGIA CALINAGA PENTHEMA ... PARTHENOS........ Eiaeaituiota xe sicalnciestees Saeten asses excesses picdeaetes scdisaiicav cesvaslacategen 4 UI ROS He MUAM Me eecencdvasndecssdarersuscttcaccanssessasttedvaccscresr eacacaes cane obocnDetc ES ETN NED Si eceecienvisedscucsace sts cassiuanices ose Maid ranietice eae seals nets ss(emel alsa nstemnleiseisaiettas fo ATHYMA ...c-c:c0ses0 Eee escte ecsscarataers Gaceecnaoe eeecseeene moenorenoee PERE NCO ABROTA ...... Rocremoccenoaceon Raupastoereee REeeaeane sine sone datwelsdansienenestamne ACEO ORR SYMPH/EDRA ....sseereee Roaiicltidecnisnciinslevaicwctias seelsiichle neahisadlese(daeitealtaniterlespidenivcdea IEFUT META WA eee a weaennectsesteds is ebtasditsiss sats eahisetiaeiaatircwirsctste saa si Spoor cone * STNAINA CLAW cerns socn ceuoa to eia OTE RT GTC EC MTT Reet oCiee nota ocOROg OSLO 222 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS, 3) VANESSA . SYMBRENTHIA....eeeeee Konescodatete ans a -RenRCAACCONEE aacag6e Sensnee daw eaeaecdeser Perenoconricts ” 99 RHINOPALPA coesseceesceseeressensees coacoons SorbAnonC Ananeocccnoacane shnapeeanocas sensanias by COC YIRESIIG tcccceresesesecesnes pecbonc noatbaead Grosgosononaoces BCAOCOOL CROC COCHOAELECUOR EOLA, sy) UNALLIMAS ceseecerences sp edsuecusesedsctesrsscedscneecsescseararrcscscvaresesssssaedusahessannam WMOLMRSCHALTIIA) asccssecscsrcersetteccadsesanseancenses icloullicavicitsetaricest ccieseitettetereaniten 99 CHARAXES. cosecenvermveccensescsons rf PROTHOE oo... FAMILY LEMONIID& .. SUBFAMILY LIBYTHZEIN GENUS LIBYTHEA ...... SUBFAMILY NEMEOBIINE GENUS! ZEMEROS rrtscsstnscesevecee aD ODONA eacsnccescasceaansercneketedeevees Sot asddlogaedadodonoaccnGeccod RocnogpodoccadGuneSc Ay PDS DIBOGES yi cise scsnecesneveceecusssavavnenuves ROROCCBO SCO CeEMODOGOCAOED INOOnE SaguSncAsccecnINe DORR eens me eee ee eeeenensenseeeuneeeseneaaneeee seeenee Nee eee a teen eeew ene eeennee te eneenees TST ASIMCA ie cisocieas ppoen.odc Eadesdacneveneycererssatecdnasocnssucoeescendatsmtcencente aetgtDIO007 591) ABISARAY, s.casccnineccacanen REO RADSE ANS Ree poaEROO Seep GNCHGSdOoUNCOnNagDO CoScudcconsadnaCds PNDEX: TO MOLi AL iiiesssensvsnnerseecsrsoesuseneterenscseateceuertaccananccdaeaunaereeyatrerenerenhe Page. 225 229 238 245 248 257 267 269 293 299 299 300 305 307 399 315 316 319 327 PREFACE TO VOL. WU. 0 Some explanation appears to me to be due to the subscribers to ‘‘ The Butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon” as to the delay which has taken place in the publication of this volume. The second part of the first volume was issued in August, 1883, soon after which date Major Marshall obtained twenty months’ sick leave to Europe. He took away with him the rough MS, of this volume, hoping to be able to continue the work at home, but ill- health prevented him from doing so. He returned to India in March, 1885, but the un- certainty of his health even then made it doubtful whether he would ever be able, in addition to his official duties, to conduct to a successful issue a work of this magnitude, and as the publication had already been delayed nearly two years, he most reluctantly decided, in the interests of the work, to abandon his share in it, and, on my expressing my willingness to con- tinue it alone, he forwarded to me all the papers and drawings connected with the publication. Since that date (March, 1885) I have worked steadily and unremittingly at this volume. It has been a source of great disappointment to me that Major Marshall should have been obliged to retire from the work, and that my name alone should appear on the title-page, especially as his retiring has been so far more nominal than real; every word of the MS. and two proofs have been carefully revised by him, and in every way he has rendered me the greatest assistance and encouragement, and has promised most kindly to continue his valuable help in the future as far as he is able todo so. I can only express a hope in con- cluding this matter that my readers will not find any falling off in interest or less accuracy in the matter contained in the second than obtained in the first volume, and my deep indebtedness to Major Marshall for his invaluable assistance and advice. It is my pleasing task to convey my best thanks to the following gentlemen for assistance given, either with specimens or information, during the preparation of this volume, in addition to those mentioned in the preface to the first volume :—To Colonel C. Swinhoe I am indebted for the loan of specimens from his collection, and also for carefully going over all the proofs of this volume and adding many useful notes; to Colonel A. M. Lang, R.E., for the use of his large collection ; to Mr. Otto Moller for the loan of any specimens I required from his magnificent Sikkim collection, now numbering some 500 species ; and for the gift of specimens from Mr. W. H, Irvine from the Malda district ; Major E. Y. Yerbury from the Punjab ; Mr. A. V. Knyvett from Bhutan, where he has recently obtained Svichophthalma nourmahal, (previously only doubtfully recorded from India), the new Lethe brisanda, and Kallima knyvettit, and the rare Stiboges nymphidia and Armandia huderdalii ; to Mr. E, H. Man for many rare species from the Nicobars ; Mr. R. Wimberley for Andamanese specimens ; Mr. J. A. Betham from Central India ; Mr. J. L. Sherwill from Assam ; Lieutenant E. Y. Watson from Beluchistan and Burma; Mr. W. C. Taylor and Mrs. Wylly from Orissa ; Mr. W. F. Hampson from the Nilgiris ; Father D. Honoré from extreme South India ; and to the Bombay Natural History Society for the gift and loan of specimens. Lastly, I have to express my most grateful thanks to the Superintendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, for the facilities he has afforded me, without which it would have been impossible to have carried on the work. In conclusion, I would express a hope that the succeeding volumes of this work will be issued at shorter intervals than the two first have been, and that the public, professionals and amateurs alike, will extend to this volume the same indulgence as they have shewn to the first, remembering that it is the product of scanty leisure, and carried through in the face of many difficulties and in a trying climate. LIONEL pe NICEVILLE. INDIAN MusEuM, CaLcuTrTa, Octoler, 1886, SUBFAMILY VI.—NYMPHALIN.A, Bates. (Frontispiece, PLATEs XVIII TO XXIV INCLUSIVE.) Nymphaling, Bates, Journ, Ent., vol. ii, p. 176 (1864) ; id., Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 26 (1880) ; Nymphalina, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 83 (1882) ; Mymphalide (part) and Eurytelide (part), Westwood, Gen, Diurn. Lep., pp. 143, 403 (1852, 1851). **Bopy, robust ; ANTENNA, long, with a broad elongate distinct club ; PALPI, large, protruding, wide apart, scaly, the front edge broadly dilated ; wins, large, triangular, but varying much in outline ; CELL, sometimes closed in both wings, often open in hindwing, and sometimes open in forewing also ; FOREWING, nervures not dilated at base, (except in a few genera, Zrgolis, Zurytela, &c., in which the costal nervure only is dilated), the second sub- costal nervule emitted before end of cell*; HINDWING, channelled to receive abdomen, no prediscoidal cell.” (Afarshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, vol. i, p. 17). ‘© Bopy, more or less robust. HEAD, of moderate size. yes, large, generally naked. Pailpi, large, generally obliquely porrected, extending considerably in front of the head, wide apart, generally clothed with scales, with the front edge broadly dilated ; the basal joint generally curved, and furnished beneath with a tuft of hairs ; the terminal joint small and slender. Antenne, generally rather long, and terminated by a broad or elongated club. THORAX, large. ABDOMEN, moderate-sized or large. WINGS, large, often greatly variegated in the colours, and marked beneath with ocellated spots [in a few of the genera only, the wings are also sometimes marked with ocelli on both sides]. ForREWwING, generally more or less trian- gular, with the discoidal cell closed [usually, though frequently it is entirely open] by slender disco-cellular nervules : veizs, not dilated at the base [except in the first three genera] ; the sub- costal nervure emitting four branches, exclusive of the terminal portion of the vein, which has sometimes been regarded asa fifth branch ; the first and second branches generally arising before the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell [in a few genera the first subcostal nervule only arises before the end of the cell], and the third and fourth at equal distances apart between the extremity of the cell and the tip of the wing. HINDWING, generally broadly ovate, rarely furnished in the males with tufts of hair ; the outer margin often more or less deeply scalloped or dentated, the abdominal margin forming a deep groove for the reception of the abdomen ; not furnished at the base with a preediscoidal cell ; the praecostal nervure short and arched ; the discoidal cell of moderate length, generally closed by slender disco-cellular nervules. ForeELeEGs, short, and not fitted for walking ; the tibia and tarsus of the made often clothed at the sides with a fringe of fine hairs, forming a flattened brush ; the tarsus consisting of a single elongated joint, obtuse at the top, and destitute of claws ; those of the female generally rather longer, with the tarsus rather dilated at the extremity, where it is more or less distinctly obliquely articulated ; the articulations, as well as the tip of the tarsus, armed beneath with short spines. H1nDLeGs, long, with the tibize armed with two spurs at the tip, and the underside of the tibia and tarsus armed with rows of short spines. Claws, simple, acute, curved ; paronychia, large, bifid, setose, leathery ; the outer division largest ; pu/villus, dilated.” ** Larva, long, generally cylindric, and more or less spined ; not or rarely attenuated behind, and with the hinder extremity of the body generally obtuse. Pupa, elongate, generally more or less armed with angulated prominences ; suspended by the tail only, hanging by the extremity of the body, and not girt across the middle.” (Westwood, 1. c., p. 143.) “ The position of the second subcostal nervule of the forewing is very variable, being sometimes given off after the end of the cell, 2 NYMPHALID. NYMPHALINA. Mr. Westwood in the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera’ included the genera LZvisfe, Amathusia, Zeuxidia, and Discophora in his Family VII, Mymphalide, they are here placed in the Subfamily dWZorphine. In his Family XI, Zurytelide, he has arranged the genera Eurytela, Ergolisand Hypanis (= Byblia), but their more natural position seems to be at the head of the Wymphaline. They are closely allied to the Satyring, but still more closely to the subfamily in which they find a place in this work. The Nymphaline, excluding the genera which were placed in a separate subfamily by Westwood under the name of Zurytelide, comprise two groups in which the form of the LARVA widely differs, the first in which the larva is smooth, limaciform, and having on the head non- retractile horn-like appendages, and of which the typical genus is Afatura ; and the second in which the larva is cylindrical, and armed with long spines or with elongated tubercles armed with bristles, and of which the type is Zzmenitis. In the first group also the PUPA is typically without angular projections or metallic spots, and in the second group it usually presents both these features. The European genera have already been divided into these two groups by Dr. Lang (‘‘ Butterflies of Europe”), Apatura and Charaxes coming in the first group under the name of Afaturide, and Limenitis, Neptis, Vanessa, Pyrameis, Melitea, and Argynnis in the second as Mymphalide, The ultimate natural division of the group will no doubt be on these lines, but unfortunately as yet the life-history of many of the Indian genera is so little known that we cannot for want of data work on them, and I have therefore adopted an artificial classification for the present based on the characters of the perfect insect only, and although it is unsatisfactory as separating widely such genera as Afatura and Charaxes, Euripus and Hestina, Argynnis and Melitea, it is the best that I can offer and will serve its purpose until a more profound knowledge enables us to rectify its errors and shortcomings. The Nymphaline contain the typical genera of the entire family of Mymphalide with the forelegs very feebly developed and unfitted for walking ; they are distinguished from the Danaine by the body being far less leathery in texture, and more densely clothed with hair or furry scales, by the absence of the anal tufts of hair in the males, and by the juices not being acrid ; from the Zlymniine by the absence of the prediscoidal cell in the hindwing, the greater dilation of the palpi, and the absence (except in Zrgolis, Eurytela, and Byblia) of the dilation of the costal nervure ; and from the Acr@ine by their having the hindwing channelled to receive the abdomen. But they are linked to the Satyrine and Elymniine through the Zurytelide, and to the Morphine by the frequent absence of the lower disco- cellular nervule in the hindwing, and through Zazaccia by the arrangement of the subscostal nervules in the forewing. In the typical genera, the long protruding wide-apart palpi dilated on the front edge and the strongly clubbed antennz are the prominent characteristics ; but the subfamily presents great divergencies in many respects. There is great diversity in size, Penthema and Kallima being very large, while A/elitea and some species of /Veftis are very small insects. There is also great variation in form, in many genera the hindwing is tailed and sometimes lobed in addition, in others it is deeply scalloped, while in others again it is slightly waved or entire. The apex of the forewing in some genera is truncate, in others rounded or acute, and lastly in Xa//ima it is produced into a lengthened point. In neuration also there is great variety, in some genera the cells of the forewing and hindwing are closed, in others they are open; and the subcostal nervules of the forewing are given off from the costal nervure at very different points. It is on this latter character that the key to the genera is primarily based, bnt it cannot be strictly adhered to, as in four genera (Hestina, Neptis, Argynnis and Cyrestis) the species can be divided into two groups, one in which the first subcostal nervule only of the forewing is given off before the end of the cell, in the other the second branch is given off in addition before the termination of the cell. The genus Zerinosis remarkable in having the eyes hairy, and in some species the neuration of the male different from that of the female. As a rule, however, in the subfamily there are but few prominent secondary sexual characters. In Zygolis and TZerinos there are large patches of glandular hairs or scales in the male, and in one species of Cirrhochroa and some of NYMPHALIDZ, NYMPHALINAE. 3 Argynnis there is placed on either side of certain of the nervules on the upperside of the forewing a streak of differently-formed hairs or scales. The hairy clothing of the forelegs of different genera of Mymphaline is exceedingly variable, in Vanessa it is carried to the greatest extreme amongst butterflies, both sexes having nearly equally hairy forelegs (hence the name ‘‘ brush- footed butterflies” often applied to this group), while in other species the forelegs have close-set scales rather than long hairs. The hairy clothing of the palpi exhibits much diversity also. Speaking generally though not always the thorax is very stout, and the abdomen is short with the abdominal margin of the hindwing deeply channelled to receive it. In their habits in the perfect state they are pre-eminently bold, sunshine-loving insects, never skulking in the shade amongst trees and bushes as do the butterflies of the subfamilies A/or- phine and Satyrine. They also usually rest with the wings widely-spread open; in the preceding subfamilies this is the exception. In the genus Charaxes the power of rapid flight is very great, as would be expected from the great strength of the veins and the structure of the stout thorax to which the wings are attached. In the genus JVe/is and the ‘* White Admiral” group of Zimenitis the flight is easy, graceful and sailing, while in Vanessa, Argynnis, Apatura, &c., though the flight is rapid and irregular, they are often easily caught owing to their habit of returning again and again to the same resting place on a particular leaf. The flight of Cyrestis is weak, and they often when pursued suddenly alight on the underside of a leaf; so also does Stibochiona nicea. Many of the species are very foul feeders, the depraved tastes of the ‘* Purnle Emperor” are well known, species of Charaxes have also been taken on carrion, C. fabius is very fond of the juice of the toddy palm, Au¢halia of rotten fruit, &c, One of the most successful modes of catching many species of rare butterflies is to place rotten fruit or some other attractive, strong-smelling bait on the ground near their haunts, when numbers of specimens may often be found busily regaling themselves where previously not an indivi- dual was to be seen, The Nymphaling are found throughout the known world, one species, P. cardui, being cosmopolitan and found from India to the Polar regions, but the greatest development of the subfamily is in tropical and subtropical regions ; out of considerably more than one hundred genera described only eight are found in Europe, while no less than forty-five occur in India including all the European ones, but these latter are for the most part confined in our limits to the Himalayas. The characters of the tropical forms present the greatest difficulty and much less is known about them, Many of the genera are represented by large numbers of species, several by one or two species only, and many of the species are very common over wide areas. The perfect insect appears to have more settled characters and to be less subject to variatian than among the Satyrine, but a notable exception is found in the colouring of the ‘‘ oak leaf”’ butterfly (Aa@//ima inachis) in which the underside is hardly ever alike in two specimens. The external structure of the larve is very variable. The most usual form is more or less of a cylindrical shape, thickly furnished with rows of branched spines (Plate II, Athyma leucothoé), a pair on the head being often mare prominent and larger than the rest. In typical Apatura however the body is smooth and shagreened, and there are two horns on the posterior portion of the head pointing backwards, and the tail is bifurcated, reminding one at once of the larvee of the Zlymniine and Satyrine. The larve of the genera Zuthalia and Symphedra are amongst the most remarkable in butterflies, Projecting from the body all round are long widely-branched spines somewhat resembling fern fronds. These spines spring ina single row from the sides, and when the insect is at rest on the surface of a leaf lie flat upon the leaf. The larve are usually green, and though so conspicuous-looking when separated from their natural surroundings are exceedingly well-hid and difficult to see when at rest in their usual position in the middle of a leaf, the light-coloured line down the centre of the back answering to the mid-rib of the leaf. An example of this form is given on Plate II, Adolias (= LEuthalia) garuda, The pupz are always freely suspended by the tail, never girt across the body by a thread (see Plate II). Many of them are beautifully gilt, and from this cause have been termed “ Aurelia,” hence ‘ Aurelian,” an old name for entomologists. They vary very greatly in forms 4 NYMPHALID, NYMPHALIN, some are short and thick and quite smooth, others have the head terminating in two points, while others again are much spined and angled. Foy to tho Indian Gonora of NYMPHALINE. A. Costal nervure of forewing strongly swollen at base. a. Male with a large glandular patch of black scales on underside of forewing above submedian nervure. XLIV.—Enrcouis. 8 No secondary sexual characters in male. a‘. Apex of forewing strongly truncate. XLV.—EvuryTE.a. 3%. Apex of forewing rounded. XLVI.—Bysta, B. Costal nervure of forewing not swollen at base. a. First* subcostal nervule of forewing only emitted before end of cell. a’. Second subcostal nervule of forewing emitted far beyond end of cell. a*. Cell of both wings open. XLVII.—Eorirvs. 8°. Cell of forewing closed, of hindwing open. a*,. Costa of forewing much curved, forewing broad. XLVIII.—Curna. 88, Costa of forewing nearly straight, forewing narrow. XLIX.—Me ita. ¢?. Cell of both wings closed. a’, Outer margin of hindwing slightly dentate opposite median nervules only. L.—ATELLA, 38. Outer margin of hindwing deeply dentate throughout. LI.—Cernosia. $', Second subcostal nervule of forewing emitted close to end of cell. a@?. Male with large patches of black plush-like scales on upperside of both wings. LII.—Terinos. 82. Male unfurnished with prominent secondary sexual characters. a’. Third and fourth subcostal nervules of forewing emitted very close together, the fourth very long. LITI.—Cyntnia. $3, Third and fourth subcostal nervules of forewing emitted far apart, the fourth short. a‘, Antenne with club abruptly formed and pyriform. LIV.—HE tcyra. &*. Antenne with club gradually formed, long and slender. a’, Fourth subcostal nervule of forewing lung, emitted from subcostal nervure ata distance from the apex of the cell equal to less than two-thirds its length. LV.—Sepuisa, 85. Fourth subcostal nervule of forewing short, emitted from subcostal nervure at a distance from the apex of the cell equal to three- fourths its length. LVI.—Ditipa. &. Second* subcostal nervule of forewing emitted just before end of cell in addition to the first. a‘. Cell of both wings open. a@*, Antennz long, more than half the length of the forewing. @3, Fourth subcostal nervule of forewing short, emitted from subcostal nervure ata distance from the apex of the cell equal to more than twice its length, LVII.—Apratura. EvuLacura. 68. Fourth subcostal nervule of forewing long, emitted from subcostal nervure at a distance from the apex of the cell equal to less than twice its length. *® This character does not always hold good ; in some species of the genera Hestina, Nepiis, Cyrestis and Argynnis the second subcostal nervule of the forewing is emitted after the apex of the cell. a NYMPHALIDZ. NYMPHALINE, 5 a*, Discoidal nervule of hindwing given off from subcostal ¢ close to origin of first subcostal branch in typical species. LVIII.—Hestina.* 24, Discoidal nervule of hindwing given off from subcostal some distance beyond origin of first subcostal branch. LIX.—Herona. 4*, Antennz short, less than half the length of the forewing. a*, Costal nervure of hindwing reaching the apex of wing. LX.—Precis. LXI.—Junonia. 4°, Costal nervure of hindwing short, reaching the margin before the apex of the wing. LXII.—Neprtis.* 4". Cell of forewing closed, of hindwing open. LXIII.—Cirruocuroa, c', Cell of both wings closed. a@*, Antennz short, less than half the length of the forewing. a®, Antennz with club gradually formed and somewhat slender. a*, Third subcostal nervule of forewing given off before apex of first. a®. Apex of forewing truncate. LXI1V.—Ps#upDERGOLIs, 5°, Apex of forewing rounded. LXV.—StTiB0cHIONA. é*. Third subcostal nervule of forewing given off opposite apex of first. LXVI.—Hypo.imnas. 63, Antennz with club abruptly formed and pyriform. LXVII.—Arecynnis.* 4*. Antennz long, more than half the length of the forewing. LXVIII.. Dicuorracta. c, Second® subcostal nervule of forewing emitted some distance before end of cell. a', Outer margin of hindwing more or less entire, not produced into tails or lobes. a, Apex of second subcostal nervule of forewing beyond origin of fourth. a*, Apex of cell of forewing far beyond origin of second median nervule; a*. Antennz very short, less than one-third the length of the forewing. LXIX.—Oauinaca. 4*, Antenne much longer, nearly half the length of the forewing, LXX.—Pentuema. 4°, Apex of cell of forewing close to origin of second median nervule, a*, Third median nervule of forewing strongly angled, LXXI.—Partuenos. é*, Third median nervule of forewing evenly curved but not angled, : a°. Lower disco-cellular nervule of forewing very upright, placed at right-angles to the median nervure. LXXII.—Nevrosicma. 6°. Lower disco-cellular nervule of forewing directed very obliquely outwards. LXXIII.—Lesapea, PanpirTa. 47, Apex of second subcostal nervule of forewing before origin of fourth, a*, First subcostal nervule not anastomosing with costal nervure.f LXXIV.—Limenirtis, LXXV.—ATHYMA. LXXVI.—Apsrora, LXXVII.—Symruzpra, LXXVIII.—Euruatia. SESS and Cyrestis the second subcostal nervule of the forewing is emitted after the apex of the cell. * This character does not always hold good ; in some species of the genera Hestina, Neptis, Argynnis, I am unable to find any constant structural character by which to separate these five genera, except that in typical Syphedra the cell of the forewing is very short, the upper disco-cellular nervule being emitted from the subcostal nervure at about one-third the length of the wing from the base; in the other four genera it is emitted at much more than one-third distance. 6 NYMPHALID, NYMPHALINE, és, First subcostal nervule anastomosing with costal nervure. LXXIX.—Tanaecia. c?, Apex of second subcostal nervule of forewing opposite origin of fourth, LXXX.—PyRAMEIS. 3'. Outer margin of hindwing produced into one or more tails and lobes. a', Hindwing with a distinct tooth or tail at third median nervule, no anal lobe. a*, Cell of both wings closed. LXXXI.—VANESSA. 43. Cell of hindwing open. LXXXII.—SyMBRENTHIA. a2, Hindwing with a distinct tooth at discoidal nervule. LXXXIII —RHINOPALPA, 4*. Hindwing with narrow curved tail at third median nervule, and a rounded anal lobe. LXXXIV.—CyrestIs.* cz Hindwing with a narrow tail at submedian nervure. a®, Cell of both wings closed. LXXXV.—Katuiima. 5%. Cell of both wings open. LXXXVI.—DoLEscHALLias d?, Hindwing with either two long narrow tails at the third and first median nervules, or a distinct tooth at the third and a small one at the first median nervule. LXXXVII.—Cnaraxes. e*, Hindwing with a broad tail between the second and third median nervules. LXXXVIII,—Protnog, Mr. Westwood, in the Gen. Diurn, Lep., vol. ii, p. 403, placed the first three genera of the Nymphaline (as here arranged) together with Zlymnias(= his AZedanitis), and three American genera which have since been included amongst the Vymphaline, in his Family XI, Zurytelide, with the following characters :— “Insects of moderate size. Bopy, moderately robust. Head, moderate-sized. yes, generally naked. /a/fi, generally elongate, not compressed, clothed with short hairy scales. Antenne, short, slender, not terminated by a decided club. Wings, generally large, dentated or angulated, and not ocellated beneath, FOREWING, with the cos/a/ nervure always greatly swollen at the base; sedcostal nervure with the first and second branches arising before the extremity of the discoidal cell, the dscotdal cell closed witha slender lower disco-cellular nervule. HINDWING, with the abdominal margin moderately developed, so as only to form a slight canal for the reception of the abdomen ; dscoidal cell closed by a slender lower disco- cellular nervule. FORELEGS, small, those of the #a/e more or less hairy, without tarsal articulations ; of the female also small, but rather longer, and with the tarsal portion articu- lated ; without claws. Claws of the MIDDLE and HINDLEGs simple.” ‘This is another group which I would prefer to regard as a subfamily rather than asaseparate family, its characters only appearing sufficiently strong to warrant the latter rank being accorded to it. Of these the elongated palpi scarcely differ from those of many of the Wymphaline, either in length or the nature of their clothing; in this latter respect they are well distinguished from the Satyrine, with which, however, the strongly swollen condition of the costal nervure of the forewing seems to offer a point of connexion, although not a strong one, since it is a character of only generic value amongst the last- named insects. The structure of the forelegs in both sexes is also almost identical with that of many of the Wymhaline. The speciesare of moderate’ size, and for the most part varied in their colouring, although destitute of the beautiful ocelli of many of the preced- ing groups.” ( Westwood, 1. c.) * This character does not always hold good ; in some species of the genera Hestina, Neptis, Argynnis, and Cyrestis the second subcostal nervule of the forewing is emitted after the apex of the cell. NYMPHALID. NYMPHALIN#, ERGOLIS. 7 Ergolis, Eurytela and Byblia certainly seen to form a connecting link between the Salyrine, Elymniine and the Nymphaline, the structure of the larva and the swollen costal nervure being important points of connection. Mr. Distant in his ‘‘ Rhopalocera Malayana” places them at the head of his synopsis of the genera of Nymphaling, but afterwards describes them near the middle of that subfamily, and adds that he is ‘‘not at all satis- fied with the position in which” he has ‘placed these genera.” Nor am I satisfied with the position they here occupy; they form a small and anomalous group, and it would perhaps have been better to have erected them into a subfamily under Westwood’s name, Genus 44.—ERGOLIS, Boisduval. (Prats XVIII). Ergolis, Boisduval, Sp. Gén., vol. i, pl. iv, fig. 4 (1836); Westwood, Gen. Diurn, Lep., vol. ii, p. 409 (1851) ; id., Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 43 (1881); id., Distant, Rhop, Malay., p. 137 (1882); Avzadne, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., pl. vi, fig. 2 (1829). ‘*Bopy, moderate-sized ; wings, large, broad, thickly ornamented above with numerous slender, dark, undulating lines. Head, small, clothed with short scaly hairs. Zyes, moderate-sized, naked. Aztenne, slender, about two-fifths of the length of the forewing, terminated by a very slight and gradually-formed club, obtuse at the tip, and not more than double the thickness of the basal part of the antenne, afi, porrected, but slightly curved, extending considerably beyond the length of the head, and not elevated above the middle of the eyes ; the terminal joint a little deflexed at the tip, parallel, finely hairy beneath, the upper edge with a ridge of short hairs from the middle to the end ; terminal joint elongate- oval, slender. Thorax, oval, woolly in front. Addomen, slender. FOREWING, large, well arched along the costal margin; outer margin irregularly waved, about two-thirds of the length of the costal; zzmer margin nearly straight, about one-fourth longer than the outer, so that the wing appears nearly truncate atthe tip. Veims arranged nearly as in Zurytela. Costal nervure dilated at the base ; wfper disco-cellular nervule very short, oblique ; the extremity of the [upger] discoidal nervule extending into the most prominent of the angulations of the forewing ; middle disco-cellular considerably longer, curved at its base, its extremity directed outwards longitudinally, forming the base of the lower discoidal nervule ; lower disco-cellular very slender, nearly transverse, uniting with the third median nervule just beyond its origin, closing the discoidal cell at about one-third of the length of the'wing. HINDWING, very broad, outer margin scalloped. Precostal nervure rather oblique, branching at its extremity ; costal extending to the outer angle of the wing ; s#écosta/ arising half way between the body and the preecostal, branching at a moderate distance from the base; upper disco-cellular nervule arising quite close to the origin of the subcostal branch, forming the very slightly curved base of the discoidal nervule ; /ower disco-cellular nearly straight, slightly oblique, uniting with the median nervure close to the origin of the third median nervule, closing the d7scoidal ceil at about one-third of the length of the wing. FoRELEGs of the a/e very minute and slender, but slight- ly and finely hairy ; tarsal portion scarcely half the length of the tibia, simple, exarticulate, and destitute of terminal claws or spines; of the /ema/e somewhat longer than those of the male ; femur rather shorter than the tibia and tarsus united ; ¢idza and ¢arsus of nearly equal length, slender, cylindrical, scaly ; the ¢arsus scarcely dilated at the extremity, where it is articulated ; the joints with very short spines at their extremity beneath, MIDDLE and HINDLEGs rather short, slender, scaly ; ida almost destitute of short spines beneath ; /arsws more thickly armed with rows of spines at the sides and beneath ; c/azws, very slender, curved and entire.” ** Larva, rather short, cylindrical, rather attenuated in front ; head armed with two long setose spines; segments of the body armed with fascicles of short setz, or with small setigerous tubercles, variegated with spots and oblique stripes of different colours. Pupa, rather elongated; head-case obtusely pointed; thorax-case with an obtuse tubercle on the back ; base of the dorsum of the abdomen with a larger obtuse tubercle.” “The very broad form of the wings (the forewing appearing almost transversely truncate), and the slender undulating black streaks with which they are adorned on both sides, at once distinguish the species of this genus, On the underside the spaces enclosed 8 NYMPHALID, NYMPHALIN#, ERGOLIS. between each pair of dark streaks is of a richer hue than the ground-colour of the wings. In their structural generic characters they are, however, very closely allied to the genera Eurytela and Byblia.” (Westwood, \. c.) It is singular that no author, as far as I am aware, has described the very prominent secondary sexual characters that exist in the males of the species of this genus. In all the species on the underside of the forewing there is a very large triangular patch of shining black scales from the submedian nervure extending a short distance into the cell and above the third median nervule, but not reaching the outer margin. In addition to this in £. ariadne the subcostal nervure and first subcostal nervule on the upperside of the hind- wing are white and shining for a greater portion of their length ; and in 4. ¢agrodana in the middle of the disc of the hindwing on the underside there is a large diffused patch of deep maroon scales. All these characters are absent from the female, Ergolis, as also Byblia, is found in Africa, in all parts of India, and extends through the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Java, &c., to the Philippines, The described species are few in number, several of them are but doubtfully distinct, and some of them range from India to Java. In habits they resemble the Vymphadine rather than the Satyrine ; their flight is short and jerky, they frequent bushes and cultivated spots, and always settle with wings widely expanded. They are generally numerous in individuals wherever they occur. It is alsoa curious fact that two distinct species always seem to occur together in India ; where one species is met with there will be found another species also, Koy to tho Indian species of Ergolis. A. Male with the subcostal nervure and the first subcostal nervule of the hindwing on the upperside con- colourous with the rest of the veins. a. Male witha subapical white spot on the upperside of the forewing. 299. E,MeRtoNnE, India, Burma, Malay peninsula. &. Male with no subapical white spot on the upperside of the forewing. 300. E&, TAPROBANA, South India and Ceylon. B. Male with the subcostal nervure and the first subcostal nervule of the hindwing onthe upperside white, zor. E. ARIADNE, India, Ceylon, Malayana, Formosa, 299. Ergolis merione, Cramer. (PLATE XVIII, Fic. 70d). Papilio merione, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. ii, pl. cxliv, figs.G, H (1777); P. cortinna, Herbst, Pap., pl. elxxxi, figs. 1, 2 (1794) ; Ergolis merione, Butler, Cat. Fab. Lep. B,M., p. 70, n. 3 (1869) ; id., Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 332, n- 2; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 138, n. 2, pl. xv, fig. 6 (1882), female ; E. tafestrina, Moore, Journ A, S. B., vol. liii, pt. 2, p. 19 (1884). HasitatT : Continental India, Burma, Malay peninsula. EXPANSE : 2°1 to 2°7 inches. DescripTion : ‘‘ MALE and FEMALE, UPPERSIDE warm ochraceous 3 forewing with a subapical white spot placed above the bifurcation of the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, and with the following blackish markings :—two lines crossing the cell near the base, the outer one continued to the submedian nervure ; two waved and zigzag lines crossing the middle of the cell, and continued to the submedian nervure ; three waved lines at the end of the cell not passing the median nervure ; a pair of curved and very zigzag lines crossing the disc at about the middle of the wing, followed by another very waved line, commencing near the subapical white spot ; a submarginal series of three waved lines, the inner one faint and somewhat macular ; the outer margin black, with the cz/a alternately greyish. Hindzwing with the markings similar and generally continuous with those of the forewing, but the inner of the three submarginal lines replaced by a series of castaneous spots placed between the nervules, sometimes at and along the median nervules, divided by the junction of the anterior and posterior waved lines. UNDERSIDE duller and slightly darker than above ; the spaces between the waved lines (excluding the submarginal ones) castaneous, thus showing two NYMPHALIDA. NYMPHALIN#&. ERGOLIS. 9 very prominent and dark fasciz on the disc, and a narrower and paler one near the base of both wings ; ody and /egs more or less concolourous with the wings.” (Distant, |. c.) This species may easily be distinguished from Z. ariadue by the outer margins of both wings being more even, and the lines across the upperside more numerous and zigzag. The female is altogether paler than the male, the subapical white spot on the upperside of the forewing more prominent. It isa common species ; I have taken it plentifully in Calcutta and in Sikkim at low elevations, but only on one occasion at Simla; it occurs also rarely at Masuri. Mr. S, E. Peal has sent specimens from Sibsagar in Upper Assam, Mr. Wood- Mason took it in Cachar, and it is common in Orissa, from whence Mr. W. C. Taylor has sent numerous examples. Colonel Swinhoe has taken it at Deesa in Rajputana, and has received it from the Nilgiris; Dr. Anderson took it in the Mergui Archipelago, and Captain C. T. Bingham in the Thoungyeen Valley, and the Donat range in Upper Tenasserim in the early months of the year. It probably occurs throughout Northern and Continental India, extending eastwards through Assam and Burma to the Malay peninsula. The larva is green, with two branched spines projecting forwards in front of the head, and feeds on the castor-oil plant. Mr. Wallace states that the larva of Zrgolis “agrees with the Funonia type,” but the bifurcating branched spines on the head are absent from the larve of Fnonia, their presence would apparently indicate the near relationship of Zygolzs to the Satyrine rather than to the Nymphaline. In Charaxes, however, a genus of the latter subfamily, the larvz of which have @ superficial likeness to the Satyrinz, the spines are directed backwards instead of forwards, The figure shows both sides of a male Masuri specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. What appears to be an occasional aberration, or ‘‘ sport,” of this species has lately been described by Mr. Moore under the name of Z. ¢apestrina. There is a single specimen from the Naga Hills in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and one from Upper Tenasserim in Major Marshall's collection which agree somewhat with his description ; the latter is given below.* 300. Ergolis taprobana, Westwood. E. taprobana, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, p. 410, n. 3, pl. Lxvili, fig. 4 (1851) ; id., Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 44, pl. xxiii, figs. 1, 15, male ; 1a, female (1880). HABITAT: South India, Ceylon. EXPANSE: 1°75 to 2'2 inches. DeEscripTION: ‘* MALE and FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, doth wings dark ferruginous, crossed by four or five basal black sinuous lines, a disco-cellular double line, two medial, twa discal, and a marginal line, the discal ones interspaced with indistinct black-speckled spots ; the lines obsolete on the costal border of the Aindwintg; a small white costal spot near the apex of the forewing in the FEMALE, UNDERSIDE dark purple-brown, palest on the outer borders ; transverse sinuous lines indistinct in the male, but very distinct and with four intervening spaces suffused with chalybeate-grey in the female.” (Avore, l.c.) In Ceylon ‘‘ Widely distributed in low country and hills up to 6,000 feet, both in forest and cultivated lands. Found all the year in the hills, variable and not so common in the plains, Flight slow, skimming, but shy, and not easy to capture” (Hutchinson). ** Common all the year round in low country and up to 4,000 feet” ( Mackwood). This species may be distinguished from Z. merione by its darker colour on the upperside, the outer margin of the forewing less falcate ; it has also no subapical spot on the upperside of the forewing in the male. On the underside of the hindwing in the male there is a large discal round suffused patch of dark maroon scales not mentioned by Mr. Moore. There are specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Calicut and Ootacamund (W. 7. Hampson) in South * Ergolis tafestrina, Moore, Journ. A.S.B., vol. iii, pt. 2, p.19 (1884). Hasitat: Dehra Doon, Manpuri (Moore), Naga Hills and Upper Tenasserim. ExpPANSE: 1°75 to 2°r inches. DEscRIPTION o **Mate and FEMALE, Comparatively smaller than £. merione ; outline of the forewing more irregular. UprersipDE paler ; with similar transverse sinuous lines on doh wings, the two medial lines being somewhat nearer together, the discal cordate marks having their outline of a uniform width, and being somewhat narrower transversely, thus leaving a slightly but perceptibly wider space between the contiguous lines ; the interspaces between the basal lines, the subbasal and medial lines, the discal cordiform marks, and the marginal line and outer margin, are of a more dusky colour, and thus give the wings the appearance of being marked with alternately pale and dusky transverse bands. Unoersipé also paler than in 2. merione, with more regularly alternate pale and dark transverse bands.” (Moore, |. c.) 2 1o NYMPHALIDA%, NYMPHALIN. ERGOLIS. India, and from Ceylon, in which places it replaces the cominon North Indian species, E. merione. It has been taken also as far north as Khandalla in the Western Ghats by Major Yerbury. 301. Ergolis ariadne, Linnzus. Papilio ariadne, Linnzus, Syst. Nat., vol. i, pt. 2, p. 778, n. 170 (1767) ; Biblis ariadne, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 327, n. 6 (1819) ; Exgolis ariadne, Boisduval, Sp. Gén., vol. i, pl. iv, fig. 4, larva and pupa (1836) ; id., (part), Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E, I. C., vol. i, p. 144, n. 293 (1857); id., Rutler, Cat. Fab. Lep. B. M., p. 70, n. 2 (1869); id., Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 332, n. 13 id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 137, n.1, pl. xi, fig. 6, female (1882); Papilio coryta, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. 1, pl. Ixxxvi, figs. E, F (1776) ; id., Herbst, Pap., pl. clxxxi, figs. 3, 4 (1794); Ariadne coryta? Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., pl. vi, f. 2, male; pl. vil, fig. 6, structure of imago, larva and pupa (1829); Ergolis coryta, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 144, n. 294, pl. vi, fig. 6, Zarva; 6a, pupa (1857); 2. minorata, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 44, pl. xxiii, figs. 2, 2a, male (1881) ; Z. indica, Moore, Journ, A.S.B., vol. liii, pt. 2, p. 20 (1884). Hapitat: Throughout India, Ceylon, Assam, Burma, Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Formosa. EXPANSE: 1°8 to 23 inches. DescripTion : ‘‘MALE and FEMALE rufous or ochraceous. Forewing with a small white subapical spot placed just above the bifurcation of the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, and with the cell crossed by the following dark markings :—a short and nearly straight basal line continued to the submedian nervure, a double-looped and much-waved line in the middle, and two longer, waved, and more widely separated lines at the apex ; two waved discal fuscous lines crossing doth wings, commencing about the subcostal nervure of the forewing, and terminating near the submedian nervure of the hindwing ; on both wings these are followed by a waved and more indistinct line, and again by a very dark and sinuated submarginal line; a similarly dark marginal line, the c/ia somewhat alternately greyish. UNDERSIDE very dark ochraceous or pale castaneous, crossed by three very irregular dark, fascize, the first near the base, the second crossing the wings about the apices of the cells, the third between the last and the outer margin ; these fascize have their margins darker, and the third encloses a series of dark spots placed between the nervules (these are most distinct on the hindwing) ; marginal and submarginal lines as above, and the subapical white spot on the forewing very distinct. In the MALE the area of the median nervules, on the underside of the forewing, is shining greenish fuscous. Body and /egs more or less concolourous with the wings.” (Distant, 1.c.) This is as commona species as Z. merione, I have taken it at all seasons in Calcutta, and rarely in Sikkim. There are specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Orissa (/7. C. Taylor), Sibsagar (S. Z. Peal), Sylhet, Cachar (Wood-Mason), Mergui archipelago (Dr. F Anderson) ; Bombay, the Wynaad, Calicut, South India, Ceylon, Upper Tenasserim, and Java (Horsfield). Mr. Moore has recorded Z£, ariadne from the North-West Himalayas (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 240), but as the specimens referred to were probably those collected in Calcutta and given by me to Mr. Hocking, this is most likely incorrect. Colonel Swinhoe has taken it as far west as Deesa in Rajputana, Mr. Moore has apparently confined 2. aviadue to Java, as recently he has described E. indica from India. Comparing specimens so named by him with Javan ones collected by Dr. Horsfield, I can find no constant character by which to separate them. The description of Z. indica is given as a foot-note.* Similarly I am unable to separate the Ceylon specimens which he has named Z. ménorata from Continental Indian ones, except that they are rather smaller. The description is given below.t It would appear from it that there is a wide * Ergolis indica, Moore, Journ. A. S. B., vol. liii, pt. 2, p. 20 (1884), Hapirat: Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, Nilgiris Expanse: 162to 1°75 inches. Description: ‘‘ Differs from typical Javan specimens of A. ariadne in its smaller size. Upperstve of a duller colour, the markings more obscure and considerably less sinuous. UNprrsipe with paler interspaces between the bands, the apical border of the forewing and the marginal border of the Azzdwing greyer, and comparatively broader.” (Zoore, |.c.) + Ergolis minorata, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 44, pl. xxiii, figs. 2, 2a, male (1880). Hasitat: Ceylon. ExpaNse: male, 1°62; female, 1°88 inches. Description : ‘‘ MALE and FEMALE. Uppersipe dark ferruginous : both wings with two short black waved lines across the base of the cell, a subbasal line, a disco-cellular line, a medial line, two discal lines, anda marginal line; a small white costal spot before the apex in both sexes Unoersipe dark purple-brown, with the black lines less distinct and with four purple-grey intervening spaces ; apical spot distinct.” (Jfoore, l.c.) “Found in low country. and hills up to 4,000 feet. Less common than Z. ¢agrobana. May to June in greatest number” (Mfackwood) ‘‘ Kandy” (Wade). NYMPHALIDZ. NYMPHALIN&, EURYTELA. 11 distinction in the colouring of the underside, but in reality this feature is very variable, and a series of Ceylon specimens match in this respect with a series of continental specimens of Z. ariadne. Mrs. Wylly of Khorda, Orissa, has furnished me with the following description of the transformations of £. ariadne. ‘*LARVA, ‘75 of an inch in length. Above black, with a narrow dorsal stripe starting near the head and ending before reaching the tail, composed of transverse stripes and dots of yellow; beneath and legs purplish-red, The body covered with six even rows of 3-branched spines; two long many-branched spines on the small black head : moves its head from side to side when walking. Food-plant, the Zragia involucrata (Bichitee, Bengali, Bicha, Ooriya), a twining plant with hairy and stinging leaves. Pupa, greyish-brown with a few dark shadings, a pointed projection on thethorax. Attaches itself by the tail to its food-plant and stands out from it nearly horizontally, the body of the pupa slightly curved downwards. Emerges in about ten days.” The colour of the pupa seems variable ; those I have bred in Calcutta when attached to the green stem and amongst the green leaves of the food-plant were coloured green also ; the brown pupz may be attached to dead leaves or stalks. An allied species to Z. ariadne from Singapore and Sumatra has been described by Mr. Wallace. Mr. Distant in his *‘ Rhopalocera Malayana” is unable, however, to identify it. The description is given below.* Genus 45.—EURYTELA, Boisduval. (PLATE XVIII). Eurytela, Boisduval, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., p. 202 (1833); id., Faun. Ent. Madagasc., p. 54 (1833); id., Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, p. 498 (1851); id., Trimen, Rhop. Afr, Austr., p, 211 (1866) ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 135 (1882). ‘*Bopy, and wings moderate-sized ; the latter scalloped ; forewing angulated below the apex. HEAD, moderate-sized, with a tuft of hairs at the base of each antenna, yes, pro- minent, naked ; hairy in some African species. Am/enne, not quite half the length of the fore- wing, slender; terminated by a slight, gradually formed, but very short club, obtuse at the tip. Padpi, elongated, rather slender, finely hairy, porrected further than the length of the head, and elevated to about the middle of the eyes ; terminal joint about half the length of the pre- ceding, slender. Zorax, of moderate size, woolly in front and behind. Addomen, slender. FORE- WING, moderate-sized ; the costal margin but slightly arched ; afex subtruncate ; ozfer margin scalloped, angulated below the apex at the extremity of the upper discoidal nervule, Upper disco-cellular nervule very short, rather oblique ; zéddle scarcely longer, slightly curved ; /ower much longer, straight, transverse, but very slender, uniting with the median nervure exactly at the origin of the third median nervule. HINDWING, moderate-sized, subtriangular-ovate. Outer margin strongly scalloped, Upper disco-cellular nervule arising very close to the base of the branch of the subcostal nervure ; the /ower very slender, transverse, and uniting with the median nervure at a little distance before the origin of the third median nervule. ForELeas, of the ma/e very slender and short ; the /émzr very delicately hairy ; the “ia and ¢arsus of equal thickness, and of nearly equal length, being together about one-fourth longer than the femur. Of the female considerably longer than those of the male, but equally slender ; the tarsal portion dilated into an elongate-oval mass, with the three intermediate joints armed at the tip within with a pair of long sharp spines ; terminal joint very small and oblique. MIDDLE and HINDLEGS, rather short, thickly scaly ; ¢/¢ armed beneath with rows of short spines ; ¢avsws more thickly clothed beneath and at the sides with rows of short spines. Claws, small, curved, acute, simple, Pavonychia, very slender, bifid; the outer division almost setaceous.” (Westwood, 1.c.) * Ergolis iseus, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 333, n- 4; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 139 (1882). HasiraT: Singapore, Sumatra. Description; ‘‘Size of &. coryta’ [=E. ariadne]. Outline of wings nearly even, with an angular lobe on the forewing, waved strie somewhat as in E. coryta(= E. ariadne), but disposed in pairs, no white spot near the apex; on the Aindwing a _Serles of distinct sublunulate ring markings, each enclosing an obscure reddish spot. UNDERSIDE, Sorewing dusky, the disc reddish- brown, the borders pale, a dusky streak parallel to the outer margin ; Aindwing pale brown, the markings as above, but the lunulate ring spots smaller, the outer border ashy brown, Femace, like the male, but paler, especially beneath. This species has probably been confounded with £. coryta[=£. ariadne) from which the even outline of the wings, and the absence of the white spot, at once distinguish it.” ( Waddace, lc) In speaking of Z. tagrcbana (\.c.) he also says ‘‘ A dark rusty-coloured species, with the forewing less angular than in £, seus.” 12 NYMPHALIDZ. NYMPHALINZ. EURYTELA, The larva and pupa of a Natal species (Z. iarbas) described by Mr. Gooch are “both conspicuous by their forms. The larva has two long divergent clubbed and rorgh horns on its head, and the pupa is remarkable by its angulated, excavated, and alated development. Some of the larvze were green with black marks, and others were green all over.” * Like the genera Ergolis and Byblia, Eurytelais represented in Aftica as well as in the Oriental region; in fact it is in the former continent and in Madagascar that the majority of the species included in it are to be found, Only two species occur in the East, one in the Andaman Isles, Tenasserim and Java, the other in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. ‘The former is remarkable from the very different aspect of the opposite sexes, the male being dark blue, the female pale ochraceous. 302. Burytela horsfleldii, Boisduval. (PLATE XVIII, Fic. 69 2). E. horsfieldii, Boisduval, Faun. Ent. Madagasc., p. 54, n-1, male; E. stephensii, idem, id., p. 55; 0. 2 Semale (1833); £. horsfieldi, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 331, . 2+ HABITAT: Andaman Isles, Tenasserim, Java. EXPANSE: 2°I to 2°3 inches. DESCRIPTION : MALE. ‘* Wings dentated, on the UPPERSIDE black-blue, with a common discoidal evanescent pale fascia. UNDERSIDE blackish-grey, with four undulating black lines : the hindwing rounded, forewing with the apex produced.” Fremate. ‘‘ Wings dentated, blackish-ferruginous, with four undulating black lines, and a common discoidal fascia, inter- rupted in the forewing, luteous. UNDERSIDE paler, the Aindwing rounded, the forewing with the apex produced.” (Boisduval, 1. c.) Mae. UPPERSIDE deep blue-black. Forewing with a subapical bluish-white diffused oblique streak, and another wider one across the middle of the disc, commencing just above the second median nervule, and ending on the inner margin, both these streaks inwardly sharply defined, outwardly diffused, and followed by a slaty-blue band extending almost to the margin which is black, and bearing a submarginal waved line dilated at the costa. Within the lower bluish-white streak and below the median nervure to the inner margin the ground-colour of the wing is slaty-blue. Aizdwing divided into the following bands :—A slaty-blue basal one, a broad bluish-white one, then a narrower blue one, a broad deep blue-black band and the margin blue. The disco-cellular nervules marked with a blackline. C7/ia white. UNDER- SIDE, loth wings French-grey, mottled with blackish throughout, especially so across the disc, the margin palest ; crossed by a basal nearly straight black line, two hardly-traceable discal ones, which are nearly lost in the dark ground-colour of that portion of the wing, and a very zigzag submarginal one. The disco-cellulars marked with a black line. FEMALE ferruginous- ochreous, instead of deep blue-black as in the male, markings pale ochreous instead of bluish-white ; cz/za dusky. Forewing with a reniform mark near the middle of the cell, followed immediately by a dark line which is continued across the base of the hindwing; the disco- cellular nervules defined by a dark line. The bluish-white subapical and discal bands of the male replaced by pale clear ochraceous ones, followed by a lunular blackish line, and then a submarginal one as in the male. Aindwing with the base ferruginous-ochreous, beyond which the disc is broadly pale ochraceous, the disco-cellulars marked with a dark fine line, beyond which is an irregular fine dark line from the costa to the submedian nervure, followed by a darker and more regular line, within which towards the anal angle the ground- colour is mottled ferruginous, and beyond it to the margin it is dark ferruginous, witha submarginal black line, which is straight from the anal angle to the third median nervule, from thence to the outer angle itis waved. UNDERSIDE, 640th wings pale ochreous, mottled with blackish ferruginous. The disco-cellulars marked with a dark line, and the wings crossed at nearly equal distances by four dark lines, the third from the base being on the hindwing the widest and darkest. The margin defined with a dark line, * Quoted by Mr. Distant in his Rhop. Malay, p 136, NYMPHALID. NYMPHALIN#&. BYBLIA. 13 The late Mr, A. de Roépstorff sent several specimens of both sexes of this species to the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Captain C. T. Bingham has taken a single male in the Meplay Valley in October, which differs from South Andaman specimens on the upperside in having the marginal blue band obsolete, and in its much lighter colouraticn on the underside. &. horsfieldii also occurs in Java. The figure shows both sides of a South Andaman male in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. A very beautiful species of the genus has been described from Malayana; the original description is’ given below.* It is quite distinct from Z. horsfieldii, the ground-colour of the upperside being entirely rich ultramarine-blue to judge from the published figures of it. Genus 46.—BYBLIA, Hiibner. (Platz XVIII). Byblia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p- 28 (1816) ; id., Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 45 (1881); Hyfanis, Boisduval, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., p. 203 (1833) ; idem, id., Faun. Madagasc., Ent., p. 55 (1833) ; idem, id., Spéc. Gén., pl. ix (1836); id., Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, p. 410 (1851) ; id., Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 214 (1866). ‘* Bopy, slender, moderately woolly ; wings, of moderate size, of a rich orange colour above with black markings, but not ocellated, alike in both sexes. Head, rather small, finely hairy in front. yes, prominent, naked. a/i, elongate, rather slender, not compressed, finely hairy, porrected considerably further than the length of the front of the head ; the terminal joint horizontally porrected, not elevated above the level of the middle of the eyes ; middle joint with a small conical tuft of hairs in the middle, next the face. Antenne, short, scarcely half the length of the forewing, slender ; joints indistinct, not annulated, with pale scales ; termi- nated by a rather long gradually-formed club, formed of very short joints, obtuse at the tip, which is curved outwards. Thorax, rather small, woolly in front. Addomen, very slender, ForEWING, of moderate size, subtriangular ; the costa moderately arched ; afex rather rounded ; outer margin about two-thirds of the length of the costa, convex, very slightly scalloped ; inner margin nearly straight, rather longer than the outer. Costal nervure dilated at the base ; séécostal with the first and second branches arising before the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell ; third and fourth beyond it, at considerable distances apart. Upper discos cellular nervule very short, oblique ; méidd/e disco-cellular considerably longer, less oblique, slightly curved ; ower disco-cellular much longer, transverse, the lower extremity curved a little outwards ; uniting with the median nervure at the origin of the third median nervule, and closing the discoidal cell at two-fifths of the length of the wing. HINDWING, subtrian- gularly ovate ; ower margin scalloped ; ixwer margin forming only a slight gutter for the reception of the abdomen ; precostal nervure curved, lightly furcate at the tip ; costal nervure extending to the outer angle of the wing ; szdcostal nervure branching at a moderate distance from the base, followed quite closely by the wpper disco-cellular nervule, which forms the slightly curved base of the discoidal nervule ; /ower disco-cellular very slender, strongly arched, uniting with the median nervure at a little distance in advance of the origin of its third branch, and closing the discoidal cell at about one-third of the length of the wing. ForELEGs, of the male very small, slender, and delicate, very slightly and finely hirsute ; the femur rather longer than the tibia ; ¢arsws rather more than half the length of the tibia, quite simple, and destitute of articulations and claws, or terminal spines. Forelegs of the female half as long again as those of the male, slender, scaly, and destitute of hairs ; the proportions of the different parts as in the male, the tarsal portion as thick as the tibia, slightly dilated towards the tip, and armed with three pairs of short spines, indicating the second, third, and fourth articulations. * Eurytela castelnani, Felder. HapitratT: Malay peninsula, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo. E 2 2° inches. Description: “Mave. Wings lunulated with white between the cilia; UPPERSIDE blue ARR EEEE black submarginal striga ; UNDERsIDe dusky brown, the base and beyond variegated with white ‘three comin suck Sa oer earn en anes eagee vol. iv, p- 401, n. 26 (1860) ; id., Reise Novara, Lep., vol iii, pl. Ixi, figs. 5, 6, ale (1866); id., Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 331, n. 13; id., Di Rhop. Malay., p- 136, n. 1, pl. xv, fig. 10, male (1882). 5 9 Pi sote Bt 5 Aca kbarane, Hhop The following short description is taken from the figure in the Reise Novara :—Upperside Z " ) c — of - marine-blue without gloss, the exterior margin narrowly edved with black, and a ioe eee ee black lunules following the contour of the wing which is dentate, and somewhat falcate by the prolongation of the lower discoidal nervule. UNpersrpe brown, suffused with whitish towards the margin, and covered with minute dark strie; forewing with two indistinct dark discal bands ; hindwing with one indistinct band in continuation of the outer one on the forewing, and two dark sinuous lines between it and the base. 14 NYMPHALID#:, NYMPHALIN, BYBLIA. MIDDLE and HINDLEGS, moderately long and slender ; the spines on the underside of the tibia and tarsus rather stronger and more numerous than in £rgolis and Eurytela; claws, strong, simple, entire ; paronychia, very small.” ( Westwood, 1. c.) This is a genus of very small extent, occurring in Africa, peninsular India and Ceylon only. In Africa the species of Byd/ia present several different forms, some of which have been figured and described by different authors, and are by some authorities still kept distinct, while others unite them under one species. Mr. Trimen remarks (Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 216) that ‘There can be no doubt whatever that all the hitherto-recorded species of Aypanis [= By dlia] are varieties of a single species, 2/ithyia of Drury.”’ They are small insects, bright ferruginous on the upperside with narrow black border and black lines and spots, Koy to the Indian species of Byblia. A. Underside of hindwing with a black band across the disc beyond the middle of the wing bearing pairs of white dots. 303. B.wiruyrA, Africa, Continental and Southern India, Ceylon. B. This band entirely white, instead of being black, and undulating, and not bearing white dots in pairs. 304. B. stmpLex, Central India. 303. Byblia ilithyia, Drury. (PLaTe XVIII, Fic. 68 ¢). Pafilio ilithyia, Drury, Ml. Ex. Ins., vol. ii, p. 29, pl. xvii, figs. 1 2 (1773), male; Hypanis ilithyia, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, p. 411, n.1, pl. Ixviii, fig. 1 (851), male ; id., Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 483, n. 7 ; id., Oberthiir, Ann. Mus. Genova, vol. xviii, p. 725, n. 49 (1883); Bydlia ilithyia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 28 (1816); id., Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 45, pl. xxiii, figs. 3, 3¢ (1881), male; Papilio polinice, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iv, pl. ccclxxv, figs. G, H (1781), female; Hypanis polinice, Boisduval, Sp. Gén., vol. i, pl. ix, fig. 6 (1836), sale; id., Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1883, p. 146, n. 6. HasitaT: Africa, continental and peninsular India, and Ceylon. EXpANSE: 6, 1°85 to 20; 9, 2'0 to 2°2 inches. DESCRIPTION : ‘* MALE. UPPERSIDE, oth wings bright ferruginous, with black costal and exterior marginal borders. Forewing with three short streaks crossing the cell, a disco- cellular lobular streak joined beneath to an irregular band extending across the base of the hindwing, and followed on that wing by a lower row of small spots; a submarginal band, broken below the costa of the forewing, extending to the anal angle of the Aizdwizg, and from which runs a longitudinal line along each vein to the outer border. FEMALE with the black basal markings narrower and more confluent, with suffused dusky basal interspaces, the submar- ginal band broader, and to which is joined an inner row of lunules, the outer spaces being macular. Cilia alternated with white. UNDERSIDE paler, forewing marked as above ; borders of the costal streaks and a row of spots before the apex pale yellow. Aindwing with a basal and medial transverse yellow band, lined externally bya black line, and internally by a row of black spots, an intervening black spot, a submarginal black band spotted with white and bordered outwardly by large yellow spots, a white marginal lunular line.” (AZoore, 1.c.) The Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses specimens from Kutch, the Deccan, and Bombay, from the late East India Company’s Museum ; from the Anseba Valley, Abyssinia, collected by Mr. W. T. Blandford, and from Madras. Mr. J. Davidson, C.S., has taken it at Dhulia in the Khandesh district, Bombay, in July, and in Major Marshall’s collection are specimens from Poona (October and November), Mhow (October), Depalpore (November) all taken by Colonel C. Swinhoe, from Madras and the Nilgiris. In Ceylon Mr. Moore states that it is ‘ta very rare butterfly.’ Mr. Butler records B, folinice as a distinct species from Madras, probably considering that B. #/ithyia occurs in Africa and not in India. The Abyssinian specimens above referred to agree, however, with the Indian ones. Colonel C. Swinhoe (Proc. Zool, Soc, Lond., 1885, p. 129, n 32) also records B. folinice from ‘‘ Poona, September to December ; Ahmednugger, June to November.’”’ From a close scrutiny of the numerous specimens of ZB. ilithyia from various localities which I have examined, I am unable to find any characters by which (o separate them into two species. Drury’s original figure of B. iithyia is of a male, while Cramer’s of B. folinice is of a female. It seems more than probable that Cramer did not NYMPHALID. NYMPHALIN#. EURIPUS. 15 know both sexes of the species he named, or that his specimen was a female while Drury’s was a male of one species, hence the confusion that has arisen. Mr. E. H. Aitken has furnished me with the following short note on the transformations of this species: ‘‘ The larvee of both Zrgolis ariadne and Byblia ilithyia were found on Tragia cannalina, and were so similar that the only distinctive mark was the dorsal light-green or greenish-yellow broad band, which in the latter was continued to the anal extremity, while in the former it reached to the middle only. The colour on the sides was sometimes green, but generally almost black. Length about an inch, Z. ariadne being a little smaller; shape cylindrical, slender for its length, with two longitudinal rows of branched spines. There were twelve pairs of these spines, besides the peculiar pair on the head nearly a quarter of an inch long and not branched, but terminating in a crown-like expansion. The pupa is rather slender, colour sometimes green, sometimes brown. In this stage the two species seem indistinguishable.” The figure is taken from a male Madras specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and shows both sides. 304. Byblia simplex, Butler. Hyfanis simplex, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 146, n. 7, pl. xxiv, fig. 8; id., Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 129, N. 33- HaBitaT: Depalpore, a lake-district 30 miles north of Mhow ; Assirghar ; Poona, EXPANSE : 1°6 inches. DescriPTION : ‘* Allied to the African 4. [=B.] cora. UPpERsSIDE tawny with black markings as in little-marked females of H.[=8.] 7lithyia of Africa. UNDERSIDE very like H. [=8.]cora, but the black discoidal markings of the /orewzng distinctly white-edged, the subapical white spots larger and clearer, the submarginal black band near external angle reduced to a mere undulated stripe ; the first and second white bands of the Aindwing pure, not crossed by coloured veins, edged on both sides with black dots ; submarginal white spots less widely separated ; an undulated white marginal stripe in place of the pairs of white dots.” (Butler, l.c.) Mr. Butler does not indicate the sex of the specimen he describes and figures : it appears to be a female however. B. simplex has as yet only been taken by Colonel C, Swinhoe as far as I know, he has found it at Depalpore in Central India in January ; at Mhow in June, July, and October, common; at Assirghar in September ; and at Poona in November, December and January, common. I have not seenaspecimen of this species. From the figure it appears to be distinct, the hindwing on the underside much paler, with a submarginal chain of large white or yellowish spots inwardly defined with a fine black and then a white line, while in 2. ilithyia the latter is broken up into white spots in pairs. The next group of the Mymphaline contains ten genera, which are distinguished by having only the first of the subcostal nervules of the forewing emitted before the end of the cell : the second subcostal nervule being emitted beyond the origin of the upper discoreeliotes nervule, which marks the end of the cell. This group is further divided into two sub-groups, the first five genera having the second subcostal nervule emitted far beyond the end of the cell, while in the other five it is emitted close to the end of the cell. With the exception of AZelitea which is a Palzearctic genus, only extending into our limits in the high ranges of mountains on the North and North-West, the whole of the genera of this group are either confined to the southern slopes of the Himalayas extending to the hills east of the Brahmaputra, or else are spread through the Indo-Malayan region, one genus extending to Africa and another to Australia. Most of the genera of this group comprise but few species. Genus 47.—EURIPUS, Westwood. (PLATE XX). Euripus, Westwood, Gen. Diurn, Lep., vol. ii, p. 293 (1850) ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 133 (1882)- ‘* Bopy, robust ; hindwing deeply scalloped, with a very short truncated tail in the middle of the outer margin. Hab, moderate-sized, hairy, scarcely tufted in front. Zyes, large, promi- 16 NYMPHALIDA#. NYMPHALIN. EURIPUS. nent, naked. Pali, scaly, obliquely porrected, not elevated much higher than the middle of the eyes, porrected to about half the length of the head; the tips converging, scaly, except at the base beneath, and on the back of the terminal half of the second joint, which are hairy. Terminal joint small, ovate-conic. Antenne, strong, rather more than half the length of the forewing ; terminated by an elongated, rather slender club, the tip of which is slightly curved outwardly. Thorax, elongate-ovate, robust, woolly, spotted with white in front. Discal band on hindwing whitish. 351. N, (Rahinda) cNACALIS, Andaman Isles, 4.1 Discal band on hindwing orange. @.* Orange bands narrow, net extending below median nervure on upperside of fore- wing, marginal line indistinct. 352. N. (Kahkinda) norvonta, N.-E. and S, India, Malay Peninsula and Islands. 6. Orange bands wider, extending below median nervure on upperside of forewing, marginal line prominent, 353: N. (Rahkinda) pcaciosa, India, Upper Tenasserim, ¢.? Orange bands having deeply sinuated borders. 354. N. (Rahinda) stnuara, Ceylon. 6. Underside not mottled with furruginous, @.' Orange streak in cell of forewing on upperside bounded by median nervure. a. Discal orange band on upperside of hindwing broadly coalescing with submarginal band along abdominal margin. 355. N. (Rahkinda) assamica, Assam. 4.2 Discal orange band on upperside of hindwing not coalescing with submarginal band, but continued to abdominal margin. , 356. N. (Rakinda) vinpiNGA, Moulmein, Tenasserim, Malacca. 6, Orange streak in cell of forewing on upperside extending well below median nervure. 357 N. (Rahinda) paraka, Sylhet, Dafla Hills, Chittagong, Mergui, MalaY Peninsula, Borneo, 78 NYMPHALID&. NYMPHALIN&. NEPTIS. 351. Noptis cnacalis, Hewitson. N. cnacalis, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist,, fourth series, vol. xiv, p. 357 (1874). Hasirat: Andaman Islands. EXPANSE: 1°45 to 2'1 inches, DescriPTION: ‘“ UpPERSIDE dark brown. Forewing with the longitudinal spot from the base orange, unusually long, reaching considerably below the middle of the wing, unbroken : crossed beyond the middle by six spots of orange, the two middle spots minute, and outside of this by a narrow band of lilac-white. Hindwing crossed before the middle by a broad band of white ; [a submarginal more or less distinct tawny line]. UNDERSIDE. Forewing as above, except that the band and spots are much larger and rufous-white, the apex grey-white, and that there are some grey spots near the costal margin. Hindwing with the base brown, undulated with grey : below the band lilac-grey, traversed by two bands of brown; the outer margin brown. On the underside this species resembles V. ordonia; its forewing is unusually prolonged at the apex.” (Hewitson, 1. c.) The female is larger than the male, and has the discal band on the hindwing more distinctly white, but does not otherwise differ. The paleness of the markings at once distinguishes this species from all others of the N. hordonia group. The late Mr. de Roepstorff has sent numerous specimens taken at Port Blair to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, It is apparently confined to the Andaman Isles. 352. Neptis hordonia, Stoll. Papilio hordonia, Stollin Suppl. Cramer, Pap. Ex., pl. xxxiii, figs. 4, 4D (1790) ; Nymphalis hordonia, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 429, n. 253 (1823) ; Weptis hordonia, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1I.C., vol. i, p. 164, n. 337 (1857) ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 150, n. 1, pl. xvii, fig. 13, made (1883). Hapsitat: N.-E. and §. India, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Sumatra, Banca, Java, Borneo, EXPANSE : I'7 to 2'2 inches. DescripTioN: ‘‘ MALE and FEMALE, UPPERSIDE rich dark brown, with the following orange-coloured markings :—/orewing with a long and broad basal cellular streak occupying the lower half of cell and deflexed and extended beyond it at and above the third and second median nervules ; this streak above is distinctly cleft a little beyond its middle, and in some specimens extends a little beneath the median nervure; a subapical transverse macular fascia, commencing near costa and terminating near third median nervule ; and a short oblique curved and dentate fascia, commencing above the second median nervule and terminating on inner margin. Hindwing with a broad medial fascia anda narrow (in some specimens broad) curved submarginal one, oth wings with a narrow fuscous submarginal fascia, some- times that on the forewizg and sometimes those on doth wings narrowly outwardly margined with dark ochraceous. UNDERSIDE ochraceous. Forewing with a broad costal streak extending to beyond cell, and from thence deflexed and outwardly curved to beyond first median nervule, reddish brown; two waved reddish brown submarginal fasciz, and the margin broadly of the same colour, between these the colour is more or less violaceous ; extreme margin fuscous, the cé/za alternately greyish. Aindwing with a broad basal reddish brown fascia or suffusion ; a somewhat curved medial violaceous fascia, narrowly bordered anteriorly and broadly posteriorly with reddish brown, and a submarginal fascia somewhat similarly coloured and bordered. ody and legs more or less concolourous with the ground-colour of the wings both above and beneath.” ‘‘This is a protean species, and varies much both in markings and hue, points of some importance in estimating the specific position of other and closely allied variable species. The specimen figured agrees with the figure of Stoll, and may be considered’ as typical. Other Malaccan specimens have the yellow submarginal fascia on the upperside of the hind- wing much wider, but are still inconstant in that respect. The palest specimen I possess, with all the yellow markings broadest, is from Bombay, The mottled markings beneath are always present and always distinctive.” (Distant, 1, c.) See remarks on the following species, NYMPHALID, NYMPHALIN#, NEPTIS. 79 353. Neptis plagiosa, Moore. N. plagiosa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 830. HasitTaT: Upper Tenasserim, Naththoung to Paboga ; Malda, Sikkim, Calcutta, Sylhet, Assam, Chittagong, Orissa, Nilgiris, Ganjam, and Trevandrum, EXPANSE: 6, 1°50; 9, I'90 inches. DESCRIPTION, ‘Allied to WV. hordonia, Stoll; differs on the UPPERSIDE inall the ferruginous bands being broader. Forewing has the lengthened discoidal band spreading over the median nervure, the marginal line also broader and very distinct. Hindwing with the sub- marginal band nearly as broad as the discal band. UNDERSIDE, the strigz are more numerous and darker, covering both bands on the Aindwing.” (Moore, 1. c.) This species was originally described from Upper Tenasserim, and I have a specimen named by Mr. Moore from Coonoor. The distinctive characters appear to be the broadness of the orange bands on the upperside, especially the submarginal one on the hindwing, and the ferruginous strigee or mottling on the underside practically covering the whole of the hindwing ; also the violaceous colour instead of being confined to two bands suffuses the whole outer half of the hindwing. These characters, however, though they enable typical specimens to be distinguished, are very inconstant, and there appears to be every gradation between the narrow-banded form with the underside scantily mottled, to the broad-banded profusely striated form, Neither is the width of the discoidal streak and the marginal line distinctive. I have given above the localities from whence I have seen typical specimens of MV. fplagiosa, but from Sikkim, Sylhet, Assam and elsewhere, I have specimens which are quite intermediate between WV. hordonia and NV. Plagiosa. In Sikkim typical WV. Alagiosa has been taken in December, and typical V. 4ordonia and intermediate forms from the spring to the autumn ; in Calcutta I have taken typical WV. A/agiosa in February only ; in Orissa Mr. W. C. Taylor has taken typical V. p/agiosa in February and March, Mr. J. L. Sherwill at Hulunguri, Jorehat district, Assam, in March, the type specimens also were taken in the cold weather ; it appears possible therefore that JV. Z/agiosa may be the winter form only of WV, hordonia, 354. Neptis sinuata, Moore. NV. sinuata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 136; Rahinda sinuata, id., Lep, Cey., vol. i, p. 56, pl. xxviii, figs. 3, 3@ (1881). HapsiTAat : Ceylon. EXPANSE: 6, 1°62 to 1°85 ; 9, 1°87 to 205 inches, DEscripTion: ‘Allied to M. hordonia, Stoll. Differs on the UPPERSIDE in the bands having deeply sinuated borders. UNDERSIDE also paler; the strigze less prominent, and disposed in more blotchy patches.” (A/vore, 1. c. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.) In Ceylon XM. sinuata is ‘‘ principally alow country insect, difficult to capture perfect as it always frequents the vicinity of thick thorny Acacias. Found at all times, but mostly in March and April” (AJackwood). ‘* Western and Central Provinces ; commonest in the plains, but found up to 3,000 feet, in forest land, at all times. Shy, flutters about bushes, alighting on the leaves with wings opened” (Hutchison). This species is a local race of WV. hordonia, very slightly differing from the North Indian form. It may be distinguished by the discoidal streak on the upperside of the forewing being more distinctly bicleft, and the lower margin of the discal band on the upperside of the hind- wing more distinctly sinuous, It is subject to the same variation in the profusion or otherwise of the ferruginous mottling of the underside as is the continental form, the tone of the ferruginous ground-colour below is also very variable, The next three species differ in lacking the mottling of ferruginous strize on the underside, 80 NYMPHALID&. NYMPHALIN&. NEPTIS. 355. Neptis assamica, Moore. Rahinda assamica, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1881, p. 311. HasitaT: Sibsagar and Jorehat, Assam, EXPANSE : I'7 to I'9 inches. Description: ‘MALE. Alliedto R. [=] heliodore, Fabricius [see WV. dorelia, foot- note p. 83]. UPPERSIDE: Forewing with the red discoidal streak similar to that in &. [=] hordonia, not extending below the cell, the oblique subapical band somewhat narrow, the lower discal band scarcely constricted in its middle. zndwing with a broad subbasal and a discal band, the abdominal margin also broadly of the same red colour as the bands, UNDERSIDE ochreous-yellow, with very narrow ochreous-brown intervening spaces between the bands.” (Moore, 1, c.) There are two males of this pretty and distinct species in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Sibsagar, Upper Assam (5. 2. Peal) ; and one in my own collection from Hulunguri in the Jorehat district, Assam, taken by Mr, J. L. Sherwill in March. It can be easily distinguished from MV. ~araka on the underside by the absence of some small black markings on the upper margin of the cell of the forewing and others defining the basal band of the hindwing. ‘The dark markings of the underside of MV. assamica are also paler in colour and more diffused. The abdo- minal margin of the hindwing on the upperside being orange is also a very distinct feature. It seems to be rather a variable species, as one Sibsagar and the Jorehat specimen differ from the type in the extent of the orange markings on the upperside, in the type specimen, the oblique subapical and the lower discal bands of the forewing are separated, and the discal black band of the hindwing is wide, while in the other two specimens the former are joined, and the latter is less than half as wide, 350. Neptis dindinga, Butler. N. dindinga, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zoology, second series, vol. 1, p. 542, n. 10, pl, Ixviii, fig. 6 (1877) ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 157, n. 3, pl. xvii, fig. 5, femade (1883). HasitaT; Moulmein, Tenasserim, Malacca. EXPANSE: I'9 to 2'2 inches, DEscrIPTION: “Larger than WV. heliodora [heliodore], the bands broader, particularly the medial band of the hindwing, which is twice as broad and extends nearly to the base ; subapical patch of forewing twice as wide, and deeply indented in the middle of its inner border ; sub- marginal tawny streak replaced by pale brown (but intersected by the black line) in the Jorewing, tawny but extremely slender in the Aindwing. Differences on the UNDERSIDE much as above; discal band of the Aindwing broad and black, and intersected by a whity-brown streak.” ‘* We have a specimen in the British Museum from Moulmein, which measures 2 inches 2 lines in expanse. It is a well-marked species.” (uéler, 1. c.) ““FemaLe: Allied to W. peraka, from which it differs by the different shape of the cellular streak and the absence of the yellow submarginal lines to the forewing; the yellow fascize to the Aindwing are much broader (but this we have already seen is a variable character); the markings on the UNDERSIDE are darker, larger, and more regular, especially on the forewing.” (Dastant, 1. c.) I have not seen this species. It may be distinguished from JV. garaka on the underside by the absence of the small black markings mentioned in the preceding species, and from WV. assamica by the black discal band on the upperside of the hindwing reaching the abdominal margin, 357- Neptis paraka, Butler. N. paraka (seraka on plate), Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zoology, second series, vol. 1, p. 542, n, 9, ple Ixvili, fig. 2 (1877); WV. feraka, Distant, Rhop, Malay., p. 159, n. 2, pl. xvii, fig. 2, female (1883), HasitaT: Sylhet, Dafla Hills, Chittagong, Mergui, Malay peninsula, Borneo, EXPANSE:; 1'6 to 2'0 inches, NYMPHALID&. NYMPHALINA. NEPTIS, 81 DEscrIPTION : ‘* Almost exactly like VV. fordonia on the UPPERSIDE, but brighter in colour, and with the tawny bands rather broader ; the submarginal tawny streak of the forewing deeply bisinuate so as to form two wide arches, and intersected by a black line. UNDERSIDE ochre-yellow, the black portions of the upperside represented by brownish stains, and par- tially blotched with grey: the basal area of the hindwing crossed by two black oblique liturze ; the medial band bordered by two interrupted black lines; the outer border inter- sected (above the indication of the submarginal tawny line of the upperside) by a slightly waved black line.” “The typical WV. Aeliodora | =heliodore, Fabricius] very nearly resembles this species on the upperside ; but below it is very different.” (2wéler, 1. c.) ‘MALE and FEMALE. Closely allied to 4. Aordonia, and on the UPPERSIDE scarcely dis- tinguishable from some of the broadly yellow marked varieties of that species. UNDERSIDE not mottled, and though the pattern of the forewing is similar, the markings of the hindwing are distinct ; they consist of a basal fascia with dark margins, a regular and similarly coloured and margined fascia near the middle, and a somewhat similar marginal fascia.” (Distan¢, 1. c.) Mr. H. M. Parish took this species in the Chittagong district in October and November, and Dr. J. Anderson in the Mergui archipelago in the cold weather; the black liturze in the cell of the forewing, and at the base of the hindwing on the underside are very distinctive. The second group comprises two subgroups, in the first of which the discoidal streak is entire or indented, but never completely divided ; this subgroup contains all the more abnormal forms, and the markings differ greatly in colour and in prominence ; in some they are bright orange as in the first group, in others tinted with fuliginous or brown, in others pure white ; in some again they are very broad and in others very narrow ; and on the underside many of the species have the bands tinted with violet, very brightly in some; this violet tinting is confined to this subgroup, being absent from all the others, Eey to the Indian species of Neptis. Second Group. B. The second subcostal nervule of the forewing given off at the outer extremity of the discoidal cell. a. Discoidal streak of forewing not divided by a black bar. a’. Upperside with ground-colour black, with orange or ferruginous markings. a*. Underside with wide orange bands. Of very small size. a®, Upperside with prominent orange marginal band on hindwing. 358. N. T1Ga, Moulmein, Upper Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Java, Borneo. 63, Upperside with orange marginal band obscure or wanting on hindwing. a*. Underside, margin of hindwing narrowly edged with fuscous. 359. N.SaTTANGA, Burma. é*, Underside, margin of hindwing broadly fuscous, bearing a narrow orange line. 360. N. KuHasa, Cachar. 3°, Underside with whitish bands tinted with shiniag violet. a>. Upperside with the orange bands narrow. a*. Underside with outer submarginal violet band on hindwing highly lunulate, the points reaching the margin. Of very large size. 361. N. Rapa, N.-E. Himalayas, Cachar. 5*, Underside with the outer submarginal band on hindwing narrow and even, a®, Theorange spot in lower median interspace on fore- wing almost confluent with the spot in continuation of the discal band of hindwing. 362. N, mrau, N.-E. Himalayas, Khasi Hills, Chittagong, Upper Tenasserim. 4°, The above-mentioned spot well-separated from the spot below. Of larger size. 363. N.ananta, Himalayas, Sylhet, Assam, Yunan, 43. Upperside with the orange bands almost as broad as the black interspaces. 364. N.viraya, N.-E. Himalayas, Orissa, South India, Upper Tenasserim, Il 82 NYMPHALID. NYMPHALINZ. NEPTIS, 6", Upperside with ground-colour black, with broad ochreous markings. a*, Discoidal streak on upperside of forewing well-separated from spot in first median interspace. 365. N.zarpa, Himalayas. 6*, Discoidal streak on upperside of forewing joined to discal spot in first median interspace. 366. N. manasa, North India. c’. Upperside with ground-colour black, markings almost pure white, broad. a*. End of discoidal streak extending below third median nervule. 367. N. nArAyana, N.-W. Himalayas. 67, End of discoidal streak not extending below third median nervule. a3, With a white spot in lower discoidal interspace of forewtng. 368, WN. ampa, N.-W. Himalayas, Nepal, Yunan, 369, N.amborpes, Kashmir, Kangra district. 63, No white spot in lower discoidal interspace of forewing. 370. N.BuURMANA, Upper Tenasserim. d@', Upperside with ground-colour brown, markings more or less fuliginous, narrow. a*. Discal band of hindwing white, all the rest tinted with fuliginous. a*. Underside of hindwing with no white band between basal and discal bands. 371. N.cartica, Nepal, Sikkim, 68, Underside of hindwing with a prominent white band between basal and discal bands. 372. N.carticores, Sikkim, Naga Hills, Yunan, 4*. Upperside with all the bands brown. 373- N. FULIGINOSA, Tenasserim. c*, Upperside with allthe markings tinted with pale fuliginous, very narrow. a*. Inner submarginal line on hindwing prominent, straight. 374. N. vixast, Sikkim, N.-E- Bengal, Mergui, Malay peninsula and islands. 6%. Two submarginal lines equally obscure, coalescing and enclosing a series of black spots. 375. N. Harita, E, Bengal, Assam, Cachar, Upper Tenasserim. e%. Upperside with ground-colour black, with markings brown, very narrow. Underside, the bands bright violaceous. 376: N. anjana, Upper Tenasserim. The first three species very closely resemble the last two of the preceding group in which the underside has the bands unmottled, in colouration, and in their small size, but the orange bands of the upperside are not so broad, while the orange marginal line of the forewing ismuch more prominent. They have no trace of violet tinting on the underside. 358. Noptis tiga, Moore. N. tiga, Moote, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 4, n. 33 id., Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zoology, se- cond series, vol. i. p. 542, n. 8 (1877); id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 151, n. 4, pl. xvii, fig. 4, male (1883). HapirTat : Moulmein, Donat Range, Upper Tenasserim; Province Wellesley, Malacca, Siam, Java, Borneo. EXPANSE : 1'7 to I'9 inches. DESCRIPTION : ‘‘MALE and FEMALE. UprersIDE rich dark brown, with the following orange-coloured markings :—/orewing with a large cellular streak much resembling that of dindinga, but sometimes more or less truncate at its apex ; this is followed by a subapical trans- verse streak and two irregularly shaped spots, situated one on the area of the median nervules and one on the inner margin ; a broad submarginal fascia, strongly sinuated and toothed interior- ly, followed by a submarginal line of the same colour. Hindwing crossed by two broad fascize, one near base and the other near outer margin, and a submarginal line of the same colour. UNDERSIDE ochraceous, the forewing with a broad subcostal pale fuscous fascia, which is obliquely deflexed beyond cell, and forms a large looped spot extending from costa to third median nervule; a pale fuscous fascia beneath cell, which forms an irregularly looped spot beneath and attached to the other looped spot, and which outwardly extends to inner margin ; a pale fuscous submarginal line and the outer margin broadly of the same colour. Hind- NYMPHALID:. NYMPHALIN#:, NEPTIS. 83 wtng marked as above, but the colour much paler and the dark portions much narrower. Body above rich dark brown, the thorax with some frontal yellow markings, and the disc of the abdomen beyond base much suffused with the same colour; body beneath and /egs more or less concolourous with wings.” (Distand, 1.c.) “‘This species agrees with an example in the Banksian cabinet, but nct with the Fab- rician type ; there are two medial brown curved lines across the underside of the hindwing, partly or wholly filled in with paler brown.” (Bvéler, |.c.) There is a single specimen of this species taken by CaptainC. T. Bingham in the Donat Range in Upper Tenasserim in January in Major Marshall’s collection. A variety of it differing principally from the typical form in being smaller, and the markings on the underside darker, has been described as a distinct species under the name of J, dorelia, Butler,* A species apparently allied to J. tiga (but which may however belong to the Rahkinda group) has been described under the name WV. caméoju from Cambodia, as below.t 359. Noptis sattanga, Moore, Rahinda sattanga, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 311. HAasitaT: British Burma, EXPANSE: 1°75 to 2°15 inches. DescripTION: ‘‘ FEMALE, Allied to the Malayan 2. [= V.] dorelia,t Butler. Uprrr- SIDE blacker, the markings paler, but more sharply defined. Forewing with the discoidal streak entire, the subapical patch of equal width with that beneath it; submarginal band slender and lunular. Mindwing with only two bands, both of which are straight, the submarginal band narrow and only half the width of the inner band; no marginal line.” (Moore, 1, c. ) In the above description Mr. Moore states that dorelia belongs to the group of Weftis to which he has applied the name Aahinda, but Mr. Distant places it with those species which have the ‘‘second subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at extremity of cell,” and therefore it belongs to the typical group of Meftis. M. sattanga appears to differ chiefly from J, tiga in the absence of the marginal line on the upperside of the hindwing in the male, it is present but less distinct in the female. There are numerous specimens of a species of Mefzis taken by Dr. Anderson in the cold weather in the Mergui Archipelago which agree exactly with Mr. Moore’s description of NV. sattanga, and to which species they probably belong. The second subcostal nervule is given off at the end of the cell in these specimens, so they belong to the typical group of Meftis. There is also a male of this species taken in April in the Upper Thoungyeen forests and another in Tenasserim in November, in Major Marshall’s collection. * Neptis dorelia, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zoology, second series. vol. i, p. 542, n. 7, pl. Ixv‘ii, fig. 3 (1877); NV. tiga, var. dorelia, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 152, pl. xvii, fig. 3 (1883); Papilio heliodore, Fabricius (mec Cramer, zec Moore), Mant. Ins., vol. il, p. 52, mn. 516 (1787); idem, id., Ent. Syst., vol. iii, pt. i, p. 130, n. 401 (1793) ; Weftis heliodore, Butler, Cat. Fab. Lep. B. M., p. 62, n. 4 (1869); WV. Aedio- dora, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 343, n. 2. Haprrat: Malacca, Singapore. EXxpaANsr : 5 to 16 inches. DwyscriptTion: ‘‘ The type of the Fabrician species differs from the examples of JV, tiga in the Horsfield Cabinet from Java in having a single instead of a double medial arched line across the UNDER- SIDE of the Azndwing ; this line is, in some examples, slightly thickened.” (Bztler, 1. c.) t Neptis camboja, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 136. Hasrrat: Cambodia. Expansr: I's inches. Description: ‘‘ Mace. Urrersipe—forewing with a pale ferruginous broad longitudinal band from the base to beyond the cell, a broad oblique subapical and a constricted lower band; also two very narrow indistinct ferruginous marginal lines. Aindwing with a broad ferruginous transverse discal, and narrow slightly curved submarginal band ; also a single very narrow and indistinct ferruginous marginal line. UNpersipg pale yellowish ferruginous ; bands as above, but indistinctly defined.” “Allied to NV. dindinga, Butler, from Malacca: also allied to WN. heliodore,* Fabricius, from Siam (the ¢ye specimen of which is in the Banksian Cabinet in the British Museum), but differs above on the fore- wing in the discoidal streak not extending over the median nervure, and in the submarginal band on the hindwing being narrower. On the underside these differences also occur, and the dark interspace between the bands on the hindwing is also narrower.”’ (JZoove, l.c.) *Mr. Distant in his Rhop. Malay., gives WV. heliodore, Fabricius, as asynonyn of WV. dorelia, Butler. NV. heliodore, Cramer (Pap. Ex., vol. iii, pl. ccxii, figs. E, F (1779), is a black Vef#is with white markings from bay In his Index, Cramer spells this name Ae/iodora, but in the text it is given both as heliodore and heliodora. } See feet note above, 84 NYMPHALID/E. NYMPHALIN#. NEPTIS. Another species of this group, WV. zo/ana, has been described as below from Siam.* It may belong to the Xakinda group. 360. Noptis kuhasa, de N., n. sp. HavitaT: Cachar, EXPANSE: 6, 1°93 9, 2°0 inches. DescRIPTION: MALE. UppersIDE black with orange markings. Forewing with a broad discoidal streak bounded below by the median nervure, obscurely separated from the Jarge triangular spot beyond by two fine black lines; a broad subapical patch well-separated from a rather less broad discal one which reaches the inner margin, and is strongly constricted at the first median nervule; a prominent submarginal somewhat lunate band, with a very obscure and fine pale marginal line. Hindwing with a broad straight even discal band, and a narrower (about one-third the width) submarginal similar band; marginal line as in forewing. UNDERSIDE with the ground-colour much paler, and the bands also paler, ochreous rather than orange. Forewing marked as above. Hindwing with an additional ochreous band at the base of the costal margin, the discal and submarginal bands broader (much reducing thereby the width of the band of the ground-colour between them), the outer margin broadly fuscous bearing a prominent ochreous line. FEMALE slightly paler. Forewing with the apex less produced. Aindwing with the discal band narrower, the submarginal band wider than inthe male, UNDERSIDE with the same differences as above. N. kuhasa differs from Upper Tenasserim specimens of JV. sattanga in both sexes in the submarginal band on the upperside of the hindwing being narrower, the band of the ground- colour on the underside of the hindwing between the discal and submarginal ochreous bands is twice as wide, and in addition the outer margin of that wing is broadly fuscous, bearing a prominent ochreous line. In J, satfanga the margin is equally broadly ochreous inwardly bounded by a narrow black line, the extreme margin being defined by a very fine black line. Mr. Wood-Mason took one male on the 29th July, and two females on the 8th August at Irangmara in Cachar. The next four species have the bands of the underside tinted with violet, comparatively slightly in WV. vivaja, very brightly in the other three; the bands of the upperside are orange, broad in J, viraja, much narrower in the others. 361. Noptis radha, Moore. NV. vadha, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 166, n. 343, pl. iva, fig. 4 (1857) ; id., Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 6, n. 9. HasitaT: Sikkim, Bhutan, Cachar. EXPANSE: 2'9 to 3°4 inches. DEscRIPTION: ‘*UppERSIDE brownish-black : markings ferruginous. orewing with a long discoidal streak, narrow at base, and extending to a short distance between the third and second median nervules; two small spots on costal margin, and two larger oblique spots near the apex ; a large spot on disc, and an elongate spot to middle of posterior margin ; marginal line pale, Azndwing with rather broad inner and narrower outer band, both extend- ingacross the abdominal margin; a marginal line and line between the two bands pale brown. UNDERSIDE ferruginous-brown; markings as above, but indistinct, owing to the surface being mottled over with ashy-blue.” (AZoore, 1. c. in Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.) FEMALE differs from the male only in the ferruginous markings being broader and paler. * Neptis nolana, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 105. Hapitat: Chentaboon, Siam (September). EXPANSE : 2'25 inches. Description : “ UppgersIbE dark brown, all the bands and spots rufous-orange. /ore- wing with a longitudinal band from the base to beyond the cell, with a broad band from the costal margin to the anal angle curved inwards and narrower in the middle, with a narrow band round the outer margin. Aind- AUINe crossed by three rufous-orange bands, the first and third narrow. UNDERSIDE as above, only much paler in colour, with all the bands indistinctly marked.” (Drwce, 1. c.) This species appears to have only one marginal line on the upperside of the forewing; and is singular in having the discal band of the hindwing as well as the marginal line narrow, NYMPHALID, NYMPHALIN. NEPTIS. 85 NV. radha is the largest of the Indian species of Weftis, and one of the most distinct. On the upperside of the forewing it has two small pale streaks on the costa within the subapical band and divided by the second subcostal nervule asin WV. narayana and JV. manasa, but in no other Indian species. The underside is beautifully variegated with violaceous, there is a conspicuous violet spot closing the upper outer end of the cell of the forewing ; five spots in a transverse band from the costa to the third median nervule beyond the cell divided by the veins, and a large irregular divided subapical violet patch. The hindwing is widely banded with violet, there is a small ferruginous ring near the middle of the cell, beyond which is a curved pair of fine ferruginous lines joined at each end, all the bands on the outer half of the hindwing are highly lunulate. WV. radha is a rare species. Mr, Moller has obtained a single specimen in Sikkim in the spring ; I took a worn male at about 4,000 feet elevation below Darjiling in October; and Mr. Wood-Mason obtaineda single male on Nemotha, Cachar, in September. 362. Noptis miah, Moore. V. miah, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E, I. C., vol. 1, p. 164, n. 339, pl. iva, fig. 1 (1857); idem, id., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 4, n. 5. Hasitat: Sikkim, Bhutan, Khasi Hills, Assam, Chittagong, Upper Tenasserim, EXPANSE : 2°25 to 2°40 inches. DescrIPpTION: ‘‘ UPPERSIDE brown-black. Forewing with a longitudinal streak from base of wing [indented at the end of the cell], an oblique transverse short apical fascia, and which nearly meets a reversely-oblique fascia on posterior margin, rufous. Hindwing with a nearly straight broad inner band, and a narrow [curved] submarginal band, rufous. Unprr- SIDE dark ferruginous. Forewing with the longitudinal and oblique marks pinky-white ; two narrow submarginal lines purple. AHindwing with inner band pinky-white ; two submarginal and a less distinct middle line purple ; costal margin at the base whitish.” (JZoore, 1. c. in Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.) The markings of the FEMALE are rather paler than in the male, XV. miah is a fairly common species in Sikkim throughout the summer, and I have taken numerous male examples in October sucking up moisture from damp sand in the beds of streams. Mr. H. M. Parish has taken a single female in the Chittagong district in November, and Mr, J. L. Sherwill a male at Hulunguri in the Jorehat district, Assam, in March. In Major Marshall’s collection there is a male taken in February at Sekkan, and two females taken in March and April in the Thoungyeen forests, Upper Tenasserim, 363. Neptis ananta, Moore. WV. ananta, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus, E. I. C., vol. i, p. 166, n. 342, pl: iva, fig. 3 (1857) ; idem, id., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 5,n. 7; idem, id., in Anderson’s Anat. and Zool. Researches, Pp. 924 (1878). HasiratT : Himalayas, Sylhet, Assam, Yunan, EXPANSE : 2°5 to 2’8 inches. Description: “Upperside brownish-black; markings ferruginous. Forewing with discoidal streak straight [indented at the end of the cell]; a curved twice-interrupted band from anterior margin near apex to middle of posterior margin ; a pale marginal line. Aindwing with rather broad inner and narrow outer band, both extending across the abdominal margin ; also a pale marginal line and line between the bands. UNDERSIDE very deep ferruginous. Fore- wing with discoidal streak, spots near apex and from posterior margin, ferruginous-white ; posterior margin broadly patched with black ; a marginal and submarginal bluish-ashy line, Hindwing with inner band white, outer band grey and indistinct ; a marginal line and zigzag line between the two bands bluish-ashy.” (Joore, 1. c.in Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.) FEMALE has the markings rather broader and paler than in the male, The Western Himalayan specimens of WV. ananta differ from those from Sylhet and Assam in having the bands of the upperside much paler ; in the former they are ochreous, 86 NYMPHALID®. NYMPHALINA, NEPTIS. in the latter ferruginous. On the underside also the same differences occur in the colour of the ground, the more eastern examples being much darker, It is rather a rare species, I met with it at Kujiah near Dalhousie and at Ulwas, Chumba, in wooded streams at the end of May, Mr. A. Graham Young has taken it in Kulu at the same period, and Colonel A. M. Lang, R. E., took it at Kandloo, Kunawur, in July, Mr. C, Templeton took it at Masuri, Mr. J. L. Sherwill at Hulunguri, Jorehat district, Assam, in March, April and June, and Mr. A. V. Knyvett has taken it in Sikkim and Bhutan. It is closely allied to 4. mia, but is a much larger insect; the bands too are rather narrower, and the outer discal violet line on the underside of the hindwing is lunulate and more prominent. In /V, azanéa the spot in the first median interspace on the upperside of the forewing in well separated from the spot below, in 4. mah they are joined. 364. Neptis viraja, Moore. N. viraja, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 563, pl. xxxii, fig. 6. Hasirat: N.-H. Bengal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Orissa, S. India, Upper Tenasserim, EXPANSE: 6, 2°12 to 2°30; 9, 24 to 2'8 inches. Descriprion : ‘‘MAvLeE and FEMALE. UppersrDe black; markings ferruginous, Fore- wine with a broad discoidal streak extending to two-thirds the length of the wing [sometimes indented at the end of the cell]; a large broad subapical oblique spot, and a broad band beneath extending to hind margin ; an indistinct pale brown marginal line. Azxzdwing with a broad transverse inner band and narrow submarginal band. UNDERSIDE ferruginous-brown in male, blackish ferruginous in female ; markings as above, pale glossy ferruginous-white, and tinted with blue in some lights ; a marginal line on doth wings ; a narrow median discal line, basal and a subbasal streak on Azxdwing bluish-white. Allied to WV. vadha.” (Moore, 1. c.) This is a rare species. I took a single female in the Sikkim Tarai in October, and Mr. Moller has one specimen in his collection, also from Sikkim, taken in May. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has examples from Buxa, Bhutan, a single female taken by Mr. W. C. Taylor in Orissa in March, another from the Wynaad, taken by Mr. Rhodes-Morgan, and a third from Cannanore. In Major Marshall’s collection there is a single female taken in the Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim in March. ‘The four latter specimens differ from Himalayan females in having the submarginal band on the upperside of the hindwing nearly as broad as the discal one, ze., much broader than in examples from the Himalayas, On the underside the markings are much the same. J. viraja has the bands of the underside broader than in the three preceding species, and the violet tinting is less pronounced ; in these respects it more nearly resembles the next two species, but it isdistinguished from both JV. zaida and M. manasa by the deep orange colour of the bands of the upperside, and by the complete fusion of the lower discal spots of the forewing into a band in continuation of the discal band of the hindwing. The next two species have the bands broad, tinted with ochreous, but not deep orange ; the bands of the underside are tinted with violaceous, but not very prominently : the principal distinctive feature in these is in the medial spot of the discal band on the forewing: in 4. zaida it is well separated from both the discoidal streak and the spot in continuation of the discal band of the hindwing ; in 4. manasa it coalesces with the discoidal streak but is well separated from the spot on the inner margin, while, as pointed out above, in WV. viraja it is well separated from the discoidal streak, but it coalesces with the spot below. 365. WNeptis zaida, Doubleday, Hewitson. N. zaida, Doubleday, Hewitson, Gen, Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, p. 272, m. 9, pl. xxxv, fig. 3 (1850) ; id., Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 6, n. 10. Habitat: Himalayas. EXPANSE : 2°6 to 3'oinches. DESCRIPTION : MALE: UPPERSIDE black, with pale ochreous or almost white markings, Forewing with a narrow discoidal streak not extending below the median nervure or indented NYMPHALID, NYMPHALINZ, NEPTIS. 87 at theend of the cell, ending in an acute point on the third median nervule ; a subapical streak composed of four spots divided by the nervules, the upper two on the costa very small; a large rounded spot in the first median interspace, extending into the interspace above ; a streak below it ending on the inner margin, a very pale indistinct submarginal line to doth wings. Hindwing with a broad discal band and a narrow submarginal one, less than half as wide as the discal one. UNDERSIDE ochreous, markings as above, but whiter on the hindwing, the marginal line on both wings tinted with lilac, the submarginal band of the Azxdwing bordered within and without with lilac followed by diffused yellow lines, a diffused black median patch near the inner margin of the forewing. FEMALE larger, the markings broader. There is much difference in the intensity of the colour of the markings on the upperside ; in some specimens from Masuri and Sikkim in Colonel Lang’s collection they are almost pure white, in other Sikkim and Masuri examples they are pure ochreous, and there are in- termediate specimens taken by Mr. C. Templeton at Masuri in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Colonel Lang’s Masuri specimens were taken in June at 7,000 feet elevation. It is recorded by Mr. Moore from Simla, and he remarks : “ 1. zaida has the wings more rounded than in the other allied species, and on the hindwing the inner band is very broad, the outer band narrow and much curved.” (Moore, \.c.) It isa rare species. 306. Noptis manasa, Moore. V- manasa, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. 1, p. 165, n. 341, pl. iva, fig. 2 (1857) ; idem, id., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 5, n. 6. Habitat: N, India. EXPANSE : 2'5 inches. DESCRIPTION : *‘ UPPERSIDE dull dusky-brown : markings white, tinged with very pale ferruginous. orewing with the discoidal streak long, and continued ina curve to near the posterior angle ; an apical oblique streak ; two small spots on costal margin, and one below the margin ; a spot on middle of posterior margin ; a marginal row of small indistinct spots. Hind- wing with broad inner and narrower outer band, both extending across the abdominal margin ; an indistinct marginal line and line between the two bands. Narrow ci/ia white. UNDERSIDE pale ochreous, with indistinctly-defined white markings ; the discoidal streak is continued uninter- ruptedly to the middle of posterior margin, the space within being blackish ; on the hindwing are some small white markings between the inner band and costal nervure.” ‘© Neptis manasa may be distinguished on the upperside by the discoidal streak being nearly confluent with the spot on the middle of posterior margin, it being quite confluent on the underside.” (JAfoore, 1. c. in Cat. Lep, Mus. E. I. C.) This is a very remarkable and distinct species, of which I have never seen a specimen, The next four species have the markings almost pure white; the underside has the bands tinted with violet, prominently in /V. zavayana, faintly in the other three, asin the preceding species to which they are closely allied. 367. Neptis narayana, Moore. WV. narayana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 6, n. 8, pl. xlix, fig. 3, HasitaT: North India, Kulu Valley, Chini, EXPANSE : 2°5 to 2°7 inches. DESCRIPTION : ‘MALE. UPPERSIDE black ; markings white. forewing with the dis- coidal streak narrow [indented at the end of the cell] ; along costal margin towards the apex some narrow spots, with two large spots descending obliquely across the apex [two small spots in continuation on the costa divided by the third subcostal nervule] ; a quadrate spot in middle of disc, and another on posterior margin ; two submarginal narrow spots parallel with the quadrate discal spot. Aindwing with straight inner and narrower nearly straight outer band. UNDERSIDE glossy ferruginous, darkest about the middle of the wings, very pale at the base of costal margin, and blackish along posterior margin of the forewing. forewing with markings as on upperside ; Aindwing with submarginal line, zigzag line between the two bands, greyish-white,” 838 NYMPHALIDA. NYMPHALID. NEPTIS. ** Allied to Meptis caida, but may be known from that and other allied species by the markings on the upperside being pure white.” (ALoore, 1. ¢.) The Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses specimens of both sexes (which do not differ from one another) from the Kulu Valley taken in May by Mr. A. Graham Young, and there are others from Kunawar in Colonel Lang’s collection. Mrs. Deane took a single female at Chini in June. The markings of the upperside are more usually just tinted with ochreous, the forewing has three very minute streaks divided by the veins on the upperside of the forewing below the costa within the subapical spots as in 1. vadha and N. manasa ; there also a marginal pale line which becomes very distinct below the third median nervule. It appears to be a rare species, and confined to a very limited area, 368. Neptis amba, Moore. N. amba, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 7, n. 11, pl. xlix, fig. 4; idem, id., in Anderson’s Anat, and Zool. Researches, p. 924 (1878). Hasirat: N.-W, Himalayas ; Nepal, Yunan (J/vore). EXPANSE ;: 2"4 to 30 inches. DESCRIPTION: ** MALE. UPPERSIDE smoky-brown ; markings white. Forewing with long discoidal streak indented at the extremity of the cell ; two oblique spots near the apex, and four reversely oblique spots to middle of posterior margin ; an indistinct marginal and submargnial black line. Aindwing with rather broad inner band and narrow brownish- white outer band; marginal and submarginal line darker. UNDERSIDE dark ferruginous ; markings as on upperside; but the marginal and submarginal lines, base of costal margin, and streak near base of indwing also white.” (dZvore, 1. c.) There are numerous specimens of JV. ama in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, all from the Himalayas west of Nepal, one of which from Masuri has been identified by Mr. Moore, It differs from the description above, and also from Mr. Moore’s figure in having four instead of two oblique spots near the apex of the forewing, the upper one often divided by the subcostal nervules.* There is also a submarginal white line between the two black lines described by Mr. Moore. The type specimen is from Nepal. We have no specimens from Nepal, but those we possess from the Western Himalayas show very little variation in the markings ; they all have the additional spots in the discal series, and differ markedly from Mr. Moore’s figare also in having the discal band of the hindwing very broad, and all the markings pure white, and but for Mr. Moore’s identification of one of them as WV. améa, I should not have included them with the specimen he has figured. The additional white subbasal band on the underside of the hindwing allies this species with JV. carticoides, but the width and extent of the white markings render V. améa, as now identified, conspicuously distinct from all allied species. Mr. Moore's figure would lead to the conclusion that the Nepal race is nearer to JV. carticoides of Sikkim than to V. amba of the Western Himalayas, the specimen he records from Yunan is almost certainly WV. carticoides, and it will probably turn out on further research that JV. carticoides is really synonymous with 4, amda, and that the Western Himalayan species here called 4. améa requires a new name. The FEMALE has the forewing broader, the outer margin straighter, and the apex less produced than in the male. Itisa common species in Simla, and there are specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from the Kulu valley and Masuri, and in Colonel Lang’s collection from Kunawur. Mrs. Deane took it at Chini in June. 369. Neptis amboides, Moore, N. amboides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 241. HasitaT: Ruttun Pir, Kashmir ; Kangra district. EXpANSE: ¢,2'1; 2, 2'25 inches. _ * The fourth spot in this series in the lower discoidal interspace completing the broad discal series is a con- spicuous feature ; it is present in all our specimens, and it is this that gives the very white appearance by which NV. amba is so easily recognised. NYMPHALID&, NYMPHALIN, NEPTIS. 89 DescriPTion: “Allied to but smaller than WV. améa. Forewing with the discoidal streak broader ; the discal spots also broader and more compactly disposed. Hindwing with a broader subbasal band, and a more uniformly curved and narrower submarginal band,” (Moore, 1. c.) The expanse of the type specimen of WV. amba from Nepal taken from Mr. Moore’s figure is 2'7 inches, considerably larger than the dimensions given above for A. amboides. The smallest specimen of WV. amda (out of thirty-two) in our collections is 2°4 inches: Except in size the other differences as given above by Mr. Moore seem but slight. I have never seen a specimen, 370. Neptis burmana, de N,, n. sp. HABITAT : Upper Tenasserim. EXPANSE: 2°4 inches. DESCRIPTION: MALE. UPPERSIDE black with prominent pure white markings, Fure- wing with the discoidal streak narrow, deeply indented at the end of the cell ; the discal series of spots large and well separated, the submarginal macular band distinct, with a pale line on either side. AHindwing with the discal band somewhat broad, straight and even, followed by a pale line, the submarginal white macular band prominent, with a pale line beyond. UnpDeRsIDE dull ferruginous. Forewing with the triangular spot less prominently separ- ated from the discoidal streak beyond, and the pale lines on either side of the submarginal macular band more distinct. Aindwing with a broad white basal band, two marginal white lines (there is only one pale line on the upperside), other markings as above. Nearest to WV. cartica, from which it differs on the upperside in having all the markings prominent and pure white, in M. cartica the markings are all obscure and tinged with fuli- ginous, except the discal band of the hindwing and the four spots on the forewing in continua- tion which are white ; the submarginal band also on the hindwing is more macular in J, burmana ; and on the underside there are two marginal lines on the hindwing, in M. cartica there is only one, thereby increasing the width of the band of the ground-colour between the discal and submarginal bands in that species. There are two male specimens of JV. durmana in Major Marshall’s collection, both taken by Captain C. T, Bingham, one at Donat in January, the other at Sekkan, Thoungyeen, in February. The next two species have the bands of the upperside white, but all except the discal band are suffused with fuliginous brown; the bands of the underside are faintly tinted with violet as in the three preceding species. 371. Neptis cartica, Moore. NV. cartica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 562, Hasitat: Nepal, Sikkim. EXPANSE : 2°25 to 2°75 inches, DESCRIPTION: ‘‘MALE and FEMALE, UNDERSIDE dark fuliginous black, Forewing with long fuliginous-white discoidal streak, indented at the end of the cell, beyond which is a maculated band curving from costa before the apex to middle of hind margin, and bordered outwardly by a narrow wavy line and a submarginal row of whitish lunules, the marginal line being black. Aindwing with straight inner whitish band and less distinct outer submarginal band, between which is a pale brown line, and a similar line along outer margin [this pale line is also present on the forewing], UNDERSIDE dark ferruginous, banded as above [but all the bands white], the marginal lines on forewing more prominent and tinged with purple, the median discal line and marginal line on Aizdwing also purple-tinged ; base of hindwing with a broad white streak,” The FEMALE is larger than the male, wings broader, markings similar, but more tinted with fuliginous on the upperside. 12 go NYMPHALIDE. NYMPHALIN, NEPTIS. *€ Allied to Vv, amba, specimens of which, from the same locality, are under examination.” (Moore, 1. c.) The markings of 1. améa are very wide, and pure white ; those of JV. cartica are narrow and tinged with fuliginous, and there is no difficulty in distinguishing between them. LV. cartica, however, is very close to JV. vikasi, from which species on the upperside it differs in having the markings less fuliginous, especially the discal band which is pure white, and broader, the apex of the forewing also is somewhat less produced. On the underside the ground-colour is ferruginous rather than fuliginous-brown. On both upper and undersides the ground-colour is suffused darker in each interspace between the white bands, forming rows of diffused dark macular bands. In JV, vikasé these dark bands are even more prominent. J, certica is rather a rare species, but occurs in Sikkim from April to October. 372. Noptis carticoides, Moore. N. carticoides, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 309. Hasitat: Darjiling, Naga Hills, Yunan. EXPANSE : 2 inches (JZoore) ; 2'8 to 3'0 inches. DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ Allied to . cartica. MALE differs from the same sex of that species in being somewhat smaller and of a fuliginous-brown colour, not black ; markings similar, but of a pale fuliginous tint, and, therefore, less prominent; the subbasal band on the hindwing, and the lower discal spots on the forewing only being whitish, UNDERSIDE of a brighter chestnut colour, and the bands less prominent.” (A@oor¢, 1. c.) A male specimen of a JVeftis from the Naga hills wassent to Mr. Moore for identifica- tion ; he returned it to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, labelled ‘‘ 1. ? carticoides, larger than type.” It agrees very fairly with the description above, but is much larger in size. From NV. cartica it may be distinguished on the underside by the forewing lacking the white irregular line between the discal curved series of spots and the inner of the two submarginal lines, and by the hindwing having an additional subbasal streak and two submarginal whitish lines, in JV. cartica there is only one. On both sides of the forewing also WV. carticoides has the discal curved series of spots more diffused and elongated and completed by the addition of a spot in the lower discoidal interspace. This extra spot on the forewing and the additional white subbasal band on the underside of the hindwing are also characteristic of VV. améa, to which species WV. carticoides is nearest allied, but differs in baving the markings narrower and tinged with fuliginous. Mr. Otto Moller has a single male in his collection from Sikkim ; there are two males from the Naga hills, and one obtained by the Yunan expedition in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. The latter is the specimen probably that Mr. Moore named JV. améa in ‘* Anderson’s Anat. and Zool. Researches,” p, 924. In the next species all the bands are fuliginous brown on the upperside, and the underside has no trace of violet tinting. 373. Neptis fuliginosa, Moore. N. fuliginosa, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 310, Hasitat: Moulmein, Mergui. EXPANSE: I'9 inches. DESCRIPTION: ‘*MaLE, Allied to J, edusa, Felder [from Mindoro, one of the Philip- pines]. Uppersrpe fuliginous olive-brown, /orewing with fuliginous olive-white slender discoidal streak, transverse discal interrupted macular band, and two slender submarginal lunular lines. indwing with a broad subbasal and a discal band, a narrower less distinct slender intervening medial line, and an outer marginal line. UNDERSIDE paler fuliginous-brown, with markings as above, but more prominent and whiter, the /imdwing haying also an additional subbasal band,” (Woore, 1, c.) NYMPHALIDZ. NYMPHALIN. NEPTIS. 91 This isa very distinct and well-marked species. The apex of the forewing is much more rounded than in 4. wkasi, and all the markings more distinct, broader and more macular. It is very distinct frem all the other species of this group, the wings being shorter and broader, and the outline more evenly convex. It more nearly resembles the WV. varmona group in general aspect, but the markings ef the upperside being fuliginous, and the discoidal streak uninterrupted readily distinguish it. The type specimen from Moulmein is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, taken by Major C. H. E. Adamson; and Dr, Anderson took a pair in the Mergui archipelago during the cold weather, The next three species are the darkest of all, the bands being very narrow and fuliginous or brown not white. On the underside 4. vikast and NM. harita have only a very faint trace of violet, and the markings correspond in general style with those of MW. cartica. XV. anjana has all the bands violet, and is as distinct in its markings fromits allies as V. radha is among the species with orange bands, . 374. Neptis vilasi, Horsfield. N. vikas?, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., pl. v, figs. 2, 2@ (1829) ; id., Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 165, n. 340 (1857) ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 152, n. 5, pl. xvi, fig. 13, female (1883). Hasitrat: Sikkim, Cachar, Assam, Mergui, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Celebes. EXPANSE : 2'25 to 2°80 inches, DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ MALE and FEMALE, UPPERSIDE dark shining fuliginous-brown, with paler and darker markings. Forewing with the following very pale fuliginous markings :— a long basal cellular [discoidal] streak about reaching the lower discoidal nervule [distinctly in- dented at the end of the cell by a pair of five black lines enclosing a pale space], beyond which the wing is crossed by a strongly curved series of spots, [a highly irregular narrow line follow- ing the outer margin of the curved discal series of spots] and two almost straight submarginal fascia, which are denoted and separated by two very dark fuscous and abruptly sinuated narrow fascize, the outer margin with a distinctly darker patch near apex and about middle. Hindwing with an almost straight, transverse, and very pale fuliginous fascia near base, followed shortly beyond by a narrow and obscurely paler linear fascia, and a very dark fuscous macular fascia crossing middle of wing; a submarginal series of very dark fuscous spots placed between the nervules, preceded and followed by pale fuliginous, the outer margin being broadly fuscous and very obscurely spotted. UNDERSIDE very much paler, marked generally as above, but the pale markings nearly white, and the spots on the outer margins of doth wings very distinct. Body and dees more or less concolourous with wings.” (Distant, 1c.) The FEMALE is larger, has the wings broader, and the apex of the forewing less produced than in the male, the outer margin of the forewing also is not emarginate, X, vikasi is not uncommon throughout the warmer months in Sikkim. Mr. Wood-Mason took it in Cachar in July and August, and Dr, Anderson at Mergui during the cold weather. It is a very distinct and well-marked species, Mr. Moore has described a species of Mef/is from Penang which Mr. Distant places as a variety of WV. vikas: with the following remark :—‘‘I cannot, however, believe that Penang possesses a different species to the widely ranging one [J, vzkas?] found in Province Wellesley ; and a drawing of WV. omeroda kindly made for me by Professor Westwood has, in my mind, confirmed this view.” (Rhop. Malay., p. 153). Mr. Moore’s original description of WV. omeroda is appended below.* * 2 1a, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 571- Hasitat: Penang. ExpaNsE : 1°37 ee ie Allied to NV. vikasi, but is a much blacker insect both above and below. Uprrrsipe blackish, glossed with greenish olive-brown ; banded with olive-brown, as in V. vikas?. Forewing, upper portion of transverse discal series of spots oval, lower portion rounded. UNDERSIDE black, palest externally, with a glaucous gloss ; veins brown ; discoidal streak, lower portion of transverse discal series of spots of forewing, ‘and inner band of Aimdwing pale fuliginous ; the subapical spots and outer bands preyish white, the scales ou the latter being raised or depressed, and thus having the appearance of short strige. (Moore, 1. c.) 92 NYMPHALID#. NYMPHALIN&, NEPTIS. 375. Noptis harita, Moore. NV. harita, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 571, pl. Ixvi, fig. 8. Hasitat: E, Bengal, Assam, Cachar, Upper Tenasserim. EXPANSE: 2'0 to 2°3 inches. DescrIPTION : ‘‘MALE and FEMALE. UPPERSIDE olive-brown. Forewing with paler and rather indistinct discoidal streak and dentate disco-cellular mark ; two transverse discal series of pale black-bordered zigzag lunules, and a submarginal similar lunular line. Aindwing with pale narrow subbasal transverse band, with dark outer border, beyond which isa blackish fascia, and then a submarginal row of pale-bordered dark lunules (these lunules being triangular in the female). UNDERSIDE olive-brown ; markings as above, but whiter.” * Allied to 2, vikasi, but may be distinguished from it by its smaller size, less-distinct markings, and in the submarginal band of the hindwing being formed of distinct lunules.” (Moore, 1. c.) In the Indian Museum, Calcutta, isa single specimen of this species from the Dunseri Valley, Upper Assam, a male taken in July in Cachar by Mr. Wood-Mason, and one male taken by Capt. C. H. E. Adamson in February in the Meplay Valley and another from Kannee in October, both in Upper Tenasserim, in Major Marshall’s collection. They are smaller than typical JV. vikasi, but differ in other respects only in the two submarginal pale lines on the upperside of the hindwing being lunular, coalescing and enclosing a submarginal band of dark spots. 376. Neptis anjana, Moore. NV. anjana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 309. HasitaT: Moulmein, Meplay Valley. EXPANSE : 2'5 to 2'7 inches. DESCRIPTION: ‘*‘ MALE. UPPERSIDE very dark olivaceous-brown. Forewing with a slender, but not very prominent, ochreous-brown narrow discoidal streak, a curved discal macular band, a submarginal anda less distinct marginal line. Mindwing with a slender transverse subbasal band, a recurved discal band, and narrower but less distinct marginal line. UNDERSIDE dark chestnut-red. Forewing with the discoidal streak, transverse outer bands glossy purplish blue, the lower part of the discal band being pale ochreous. Hindwing with two medial, two discal bands, a very slender marginal glossy purplish blue and a broad paler basal band. Allied to M. ananta.” (Moore, 1. c.) NV. anjana on the upperside is nearest allied to W. vkas?, the markings, however, being even more obscure, but is altogether much blacker, and the brown streaks narrower and straighter. On the underside the ground-colour is very different, being dark chestnut-red, in this respect being nearest to V. azanta, The markings are distinctly glossed with purplish. There is a single male in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, obtained by Captain C. T. Bingham in the Meplay Valley, Upper Tenasserim, and one from the Donat range taken in January in Major Marshall’s collection, also obtained by Captain Bingham. Mr. Moore has noted on the former specimen that itis “darker than type,” so like most of the species of Weftis, N, anjana is subject to variation ; it is, however, one of the most distinct species of the genus. The second subgroup has the discoidal streak completely divided below the base of the discoidal nervules, leaving a triangular white spot beyond. It contains the typical species of the genus allied to the European forms. The bands are white, pure white in most, but slightly tinted with fuliginous in some. On the underside, there is no trace of violet tinting except in three species (/V. za¢a and its allies) in which the bands on both sides are tinted with blue ; the ground-colour is ochreous or ferruginous on the underside, very uniform in the typical species, and the bands and spots are more sharply defined than in the preceding groups. -NYMPHALID&. NYMPHALIN&., NEPTIS. 93 Eey to the Indian species of Neptis. Second Group—(Continued) B. The second subcostal nervule of the forewing given off at the outer extremity of the discoidal cell. 6. Discoidal streak on upperside of forewing completely divided across by a black bar opposite the origin of the discoidal nervules ; markings almost always pure white on a black ground. a‘. All the markings of the underside with sharply defined edges, ground-colour of uniform tint throughout. a*, Discal white band on underside of hindwing distinctly defined with black, ground- colour ochreous. @*. Submarginal band on upperside of both wings very narrow, and usually sullied-white. 377. N. ANDAMANA, Andamans. 6°, Submarginal band on upperside of both wings prominent, white. a*. Three marginal lines on underside of hindwing prominent, 378. N. nicoparica, Nicobars. 6*. Two outer marginal lines on underside of hindwing obsolescent. @°. Marginal line on upperside of hindwing obscure fuscous. a°. Submarginal band on hindwing evenly curved ; white bands and spots on underside broadly margined with black. 379: N. varmona, India, Ceylon. 380. N. pisrupta, Ceylon. 381. N. apara, Burma. 382. N. MEETANA, Upper Tenasserim. 6°, Submarginal band on hindwing deflected to- wards anal angle ; white bands and spots on underside narrowly margined with black. 383. N. swInHoEI, Nilgiris, Rajputana, Assam. 384. N. KAMARUPA, Calcutta, Assam. 6°. Marginal line on upperside of hindwing prominently white. 385. N.EURYMENE, North-Western and Central Pro- vinces. 6?. Discal white band on underside of hindwing distinctly defined, obsoletely mar- gined with black ; the marginal line on upperside obsolete ; ground-colour chocolate. 386. N. astora, India. 387. N. Emopgs, North India, Yunan. 5', All the markings of underside with edges more or less blurred. a. Discal white band on upperside narrow, a*, Bands and spots white, tinted with blue, @*, Submarginal band composed of well-separated rounded spots on upperside of hindwing. 388. N. kHasiana, Bhutan, Khasi Hills. 6*. Submarginal band composed of almost confluent and more pro- minent linear spots on upperside of hindwing. 389. N. macapua, N. India, 399. N. nara, Mergui, Malacca, Singapore, Borneo. 63. Bands and spots white, sometimes sullied with fuliginous, a*. The discoidal streak very narrow. a°, The submarginal band on upperside light brown, 391. N. Mananpa, Andamans, Assam. 6°. The submarginal band clouded with fuliginous, 392. N. soma, North-East India, Yunan. c®. The submarginal band pure white. 393. N. aprpava, Sikkim, Khasi Hills, Upper Tenas- serim. 394. N. cacnarica, Cachar. 395. N. Kataura, Nilgiris, Travancore, &*, The discoidal streak broad. 396. N. susruta, North-East India, Upper Tenasserim, ?, Discal white band on upperside broad. @*, Discal spots in median interspaces of forewing close to and in continua- tion of the two spots below, 94 NYMPHALID, NYMPHALINA, NEPTIS, a‘. Discoidal streak of forewing not completely separated from spot beyond on underside. a®, Submarginal band on upperside of both wings promi- nent, white. 397. N. NANDINA, India, Java. 6°, Submarginal band on upperside of both wings narrow, brownish-white. 398. N. cxinia, Bengal, Siam. 64. Discoidal streak of forewing well separated from spot beyond on both sides, 399. N. MAHENDRA, N.-W. Himalayas. 68, Discal spots in median interspaces of forewing well-separated from the two spots | below, the spot in the submedian interspace much reduced or wanting. a*. With a prominent submarginal macular white band on hindwing. a®. Discoidal streak of forewing on upperside only divided below base of discoidal nervules. 400. N. opH1ANA, India, Malay Peninsula. 45, Discoidal streak of forewing on upperside again divided nearer the base forming a short streak with two white spots beyond. 401. N. MARTABANA, Rangoon, Upper Tenasserim. 5*, With no submarginal white band on hindwing. 402. N. jumpan, India, Ceylon, Burma, Andamans. 377. Neptis andamaza, Moore. N. andamana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 586. HasitTat: South Andamans (Port Blair). EXPANSE: 6, 19 to 2'I ; 9, 2'2 to 2°4 inches. DESCRIPTION: ‘MALE and FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, black. Forewing with a prominent white broad cell-streak and dentate spot beyond, a curved transverse discal series of widely separated spots, and two marginal rows of pale lunules, the outer row most distinct. Aind- wing with a white subbasal [discal] band, somewhat irregular, bordered and crossed by the veins ; asubmarginal row of whitish lunules and a very indistinct pale median and submargi- nal line. UNDERSIDE dusky ferruginous, markings as above, including a basal and subbasal streak, all very prominent and with black margins.” (J/oore, 1. c.) There are numerous specimens of both sexes of this species in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. It is a local form of VV. varmona, on the upperside the small marginal spots are nearly obsolete, and the submarginal band on the hindwing is narrow and usually sullied with black scales, giving the outer half a very black appearance. The width of the discal band on the hindwing is variable. On the underside all the white markings are very prominent, including those which are obsolete above, and broadly margined with black. JV. andamana appears to be confined to the Andaman Isles. 378. WNeptis nicebarlea, Moore. N. nicobarica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1879, p. 586;? MW. matuta, Felder (wec Hiibner), Verh, zool.-bot. Gesells. Wien, vol. xii, p. 483, n. 114 (1862). HABITAT : Nicobars. EXPANSE: 6, 1°9 to 2'°2; 9, 2°15 to 2°40 inches, DESCRIPTION : ‘MALE and FEMALE. Nearest allied to WV. varmona, markings similar ; also nearly allied to VV. mamaja, Butler, from Malacca. orewing with the discal series less curved, thus giving a wider marginal space ; the marginal row of lunular spots very prominent. Hindwing with outer or discal series of spots smaller and terminating more towards anal angle ; the marginal lunular line distinct. UNDERSIDE also similar, the marginal markings broader.” (Moore, 1. ¢.) WN. nicobarica is altogether a whiter insect than JV. varmona, to which species however it is very closely allied. The series of submarginal small white spots on the upperside of the forewing is complete and the spots are prominent, the marginal line on the upperside of the NYMPHALID. NYMPHALIN. NEPTIS. 95 hindwing is distinctly lunular, it is usually quite straight in other species of Megtis; in the male it is obscure, in the female prominent. The white spots and bands are prominently black bordered on the underside, and the hindwing bears three prominent white macular bands on the margin, the inner one lunular, the other two straight. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has received specimens of this species from the following islands in the Nicobars :—Kamorta, Takoin, Nankowri, Katchall, Kar Nicobar and Great Nicobar, A closely-allied species* from the Malay Peninsula has been described by Mr. Butler under the name of VV. mamaja. Mr. Distant considers it to be, however, a variety of V. eurynome, Westwood, from China. The next four species are, as far as I can see, nothing but different forms of V. varmona, UV. disrupta is clearly a ‘‘ sport” or casual variety. Ihave specimens of V. adaraand WV. varmona identified by Mr. Moore, and there is no single character sufficiently fixed and definite which I can discover either from the descriptions or from properly authenticated specimens to distin- guish between these two. I have no authenticated specimen of JV. meetana, but there is a large series of the 4. varmona type in our collections from Upper Tenasserim from whence the zy~e specimen of JV. meetana was obtained, and in these the markings of the underside are less prominently black bordered than in those taken farther north and in India, thereby agreeing with JV. kamarupa ; but this character is variable in intensity, The three species which follow are also varieties of the same type. Typical specimens of 1. swinhoei and N, kamarupa from India can be separated by the shape of the submarginal band, but the points of separation are variable, and neither form is confined to a distinct geogra- phical range. Further, although the deflection of the submarginal band of the hindwing at anal angle is prevalent in these three forms it is not constant, and intermediate forms are frequently met with; further JV. exrymene in which typically the marginal line is pure white and prominent passes by insensible gradations into the szué#hoe¢form,in which the marginal line is well nigh obsolete, and the conclusion to which an examination of large series of all the forms in which the discal band of the underside is distinctly defined with black leads me is that they represent a single species, V. varmona, with JV. nicobarica as a well marked local form, MV. azdamanaa less well marked local form, 4. disrupta a casual aberration, and WV, swinhoei, WN. kamarupa and N. eurymene as inconstant varieties, while WV. adara and JV, meetana are inseparable from the typical form. 379. WNeptis varmona, Moore. NV. varmona, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 561; idem, id., Lep. Cey., p. 54, pl. xxviii, figs. 1, 1a (1881) ;? NV. matuta, Moore (ec Hiibner), Proc. Zool. Sec. Lond., 1865, p. 763. HapitatT: Mountains of South India (Matheran, Nilgiris), Ceylon (4/oore); Sikkim, Sylhet, Assam, Cachar, Continental India. EXPANSE : 1°75 to 2'50 inches. * Neptis mamaja, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 541, n. x, pl. Ixix, fig. 3 (1877); N. eurynome, var. mamaja, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 156, . 12, pl. xvi, fig. 14, Semale (1883); Limenztis eurynome, Westwood, Donovan's Ins. China, p. 66, pl. xxxv, fig. 4 (1842). Hagirar : Gary mamaia only) Province Wellesley, Penang, Malacca. EXxPANSE: 2’00 to 2°25 inches. DESCRIPTION : Nearly allied to WV. eury- nome, but always to be distinguished by the narrower externo-discal band of white spots on the hindwing, colouring on the UNDERSIDE rather brighter than in /V. eurynome.” ‘This appears to be the commonest Weftzs in Malacca.” (Butler, |. c.) “Mave and FemaLe. UprersivE closely resembling VV. duryodana, but the pale markings more or less tinged with lemon-colour (very strongly so in the specimen figured), the spot at the end of the cell in the forwing smaller, but variable in size, and the narrow pale submarginal linear fascia of the Azndwing almost ‘obsolete. UNDERSIDE warm ochraceous ; markings resembling those of NV. durxyodana, but more or less tinged with lemon-colour as above, and with the outer pale discal fascia to the Azmdwing more macular than in that species.” dah : E qd é “Typical specimens of WV. eurynome, localised as from N. India (sic) and China, which I have examined, appear to be sufficiently distinct from the European JV. ace77s, Lepechin, to have specific differentiation, thoush I consider the V. samaja, Butler, to be better expressed asa variety only of Professer Westwood’s species, especially as I have received another very close variety from North Borneo. Even in my Province Wellesley specimens considerable variation is found, such as the basal cellular streak of the forewing being either broken, or entire as inthe figure given.” (Déstant, l. c.) 96 NYMPHALIDA, NYMPHALIN/, NEPTIS. DEscrIPTION : “ Has much the appearance of the European WV. aceris in the more elongat- ed form of the wings and in the less defined markings of the UPPERSIDE, which, in the male, are more like those of the European species than in A, astola, The colour of the UNDERSIDE is duller and more yellow, and the black borders of the markings are still more prominent than in NV. astola, the veins of the forewing being streaked with black in front of the triangular discoi- dal spot.” (AZoore, 1. c. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.) “MALE and FEMALE. UPPERSIDE black. Forewing with a white longitudinal streak within the cell, a lengthened triangular spot beyond it, a discal transverse curved series of seven oval spots, and a submarginal row of small lunate spots; a very indistinct pale waved line between the discal series and another along the outer margin ; the discoidal streak slightly black-speckled near its thickest end. Hindwing with a white broad recurved medial transverse band, and a discal linear series of six quadrate spots ; a pale linear indistinct line intervening across the disc, and another along the outer margin. UNDERSIDE ferruginous ; with white markings more prominent than above and all black bordered ; the Azdwing having a short white streak on base of costa and another below it.” *« LarvA pale green, with an oblique lateral pink fascia from top of anal segment ; head armed with two short conical points, third, fifth and anal segments with a dorsal pair of short fleshy setose spines and two longer divergent spines on fourth segment. Feeds on Leguminose. PuPa short, pale reddish-brown, wing cases dilated laterally, head bluntly cleft. (Moore, \, c. in Lep. Cey.) In Ceylon WV. varmona is ‘‘ Widely distributed, occurring in the hills and plains, both in forest and cultivated land all the year. Flight slow, floating, alights on bushes with wings generally if not always open” (Hutchison). ‘* Found everywhere, and below 3,000 feet in great abundance nearly all the year” (Mackwood). The Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses specimens of 1V. varmona named by Mr. Moore from Bombay, the Khandesh District, and two from Ceylon, also one from Sikkim witha query, Even these five examples show considerable variation, in one Ceylon specimen the seventh upper spot of the discal series of the forewing on the upperside is wanting, in the Khandesh specimen the marginal line to the hindwing on the upperside is very prominent and pure white, less so in one Ceylon specimen, and obscure and sordid white in the others. The marginal spots on the forewing on the upperside are inconstant in number, size and distinctness. On the underside of these specimens the shade of the ground-colour is very variable, in some it is bright light ochreous, in others dull umber brown, and there are intermediate forms between these extremes. In some specimens the three upper spots of the discal series in the forewing on the underside are completely joined, forming a continuous white band, in others well se- parated by the black-edged veins. The prominence of the black edging to the bands and spots is variable, and so is the black streaking between the veins, In fact Nv. varmona is one of the most variable as well as wide-spread species of the genus, In addition to the speci- mens mentioned above which have been named by Mr. Moore, the Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses examples from Malda, Calcutta, Cachar, Sibsagar, Madras, Bangalore, Calicut, and Trevandrum, 380. Noptis disrupta, Moore. N. disrupta, Moore, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fourth series, vol. xx, p. 339 (1877) ; idem, id., eRe Cey , p. 55, pl. xxviii, figs. 4, 44 (1881). HAsitaT : Ceylon. EXPANSE: ?, 2°12 inches. DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ FEMALE, UPPERSIDE black. Forewing with whitish discoidal streak and triangular terminal spot ; three spots from middle of hind margin and a fourth smaller spot beyond the triangular discoidal spot [all that is left of the usual curved discal band] ; between this series and a submarginal series of somewhat conical spots is a discal series of indistinct pale dusky oblique spots ; a linear marginal row of narrow indistinct dusky streaks. Hindwing, with a discal [our submarginal] white maculated band, a quadrate NYMPHALID, NYMPITALIN. : NEPTIS. 97 spot on abdominal margin near the base, and two narrow parallel spots and streak on anterior margin [these spots are all that remain of the discal band]; a linear row of marginal white streaks, UNDERSIDE, dull ferruginous, with black-bordered white markings as above, and black confluent spots across the disc of doth wings.” (Moore, 1. c. in Ann, and Mag. of Nat. Hist.) ‘*A very rare species. A single specimen is in the collection of Mr. F, M. Mackwood at Colombo, which was taken at Ambegamoa, in the Central Province.” (J/oore, 1. c.in Lep, Cey.) This supposed distinct species, the type and only known specimen of which I have examined, is almost certainly a melanoid aberration, occasional variety or ‘‘sport” of JW. varmona, 381. Noptis adara, Moore. WV. adara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 830. HasiTaT: Upper Tenasserim, Moulmein to Meetan, Ahsown, Naththoung to Paboga, Moolai, 3,000 to 6,000 feet. EXPANSE: 6, 2°03 ?, 2°2 inches. Description: ‘*Allied to MV. varmona from South India. UpprersipE, Differs in the maculated bands being narrower, the discoidal terminal spot broader and less pointed, the discal series of spots more oval in shape, and the submarginal series not so prominent. On the UNDER- SIDE, the ground-colour is much brighter, and the markings are less black-bordered.” (Moore, |. c.) There is a single male specimen of this species from Rangoon in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, which has been named 4. adara by Mr. Moore. In every respect it agrees with some Ceylonese specimens of JV. varmona, except that the discoidal terminal spot on the upperside of the forewing is slightly broader and more obtuse, It is more than doubtful whether, if the locality labels were removed, the Burmese specimens could be distin- guished from South Indian ones of MV. varmona. In the Indian Museum, Calcutta, there are other examples from Rangoon and also from Upper Tenasserim taken by Limborg with the type specimens. Like V. varmona they show variation in details. 382. Neptis mectana, Moore. NV. meetana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 830. HapiraT: Upper Tenasserim ; Meetan, 3,000 feet (March) ; Taoo, 3,500 feet. EXPANSE: 6, 2'00; 9, 2°12 inches. DEscripTiIon: ‘Allied to MV. adara, but with the markings on the UPPERSIDE more like those in V. andamana, It is a somewhat narrower-winged insect, the spots of the discal band relatively narrower in both sexes, the UNDERSIDE of a brighter red, and the markings less black-bordered.” (Aoore, 1. c ) This species is quite unknown to me. From the description it would appear to be nearer to WV. anxdamana than to J. adara, as it is said to be more like the former than the latter species on the upperside. On the underside the differences between these two species are very inconspicuous. MV. azdamana on the upperside is easily distinguished by the submarginal macular bands on both wings being nearly obsolete. The next three species differ typically from the four species which precede them in haying the white bands and spots of the underside slenderly defined with black, and the ground- colour of a lighter, more ochreous tint. It appears to me by no means improbable that they are all the dry-season form of WV. varmona. 383. Neptis swinhoei, Butler. N. swinhoe?, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 145, n. 4, pl. xxiv, fig. 9; idem, id., Ann, and Mag. of Nat. Hist, fifth series, vol. xvi, p. 305, n. 42 (1885). HasitTaT: Mount Abu, Nilgiris, Assam, EXPANSE : 1°8 inches, Description: “Only differs on the UPPERSIDE from W. aceris in the narrower black border beyond the white discal series of spots on the Aindwing ; it differs from JV. eurymene 13 98 NYMPHALID#, NYMPHALIN#. NEPTIS. in this character, and in the reduction of the subapical series of white spots on the forewing to three, also in the absence of the submarginal white line on the Aindwing. UNDERSIDE yellower even than MV. eurymene, the white cuneiform spot beyond the cell of the forewing shorter, the white band of the Aidwing broader and straighter, and the yellow belt following it also broader, straighter, and less tapering ; from JV. acer?s the yellow colouration on the UNDERSIDE at once distinguishes it” [the latter being red-brown]. (vw#ler, 1. c.) N. swinhoei evidently has a wide range, It is very near indeed to JV. exsymene, but as described and figured it may at once be known from that species by having only three marginal white spots on the upperside of the forewing and no marginal white line on the hindwing. I have no authenticated specimens, and not one which answers exactly to the original description and figure, but I have numerous specimens that evidently belong to the form described ; both the above given characters are variable. 384. Neptis kamarupa, Moore. NV. kamarupa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 570. HasitTaT: Continental India, Assam, Burma. EXPANSE: 6, 2°12; 9, 2°25 inches. DESCRIPTION: ‘* MALE and FEMALE. UPPERSIDE fuliginous black; markings white, broad, prominent. Forewing with the discal series of spots at very oblique angles, the first spot of the lower portion small; a prominent marginal linear series of white quadrate spots. Hindwing with the subbasal band evenly margined ; outer band broad and composed of quadrate spots ; a prominent narrow white marginal line. UNDERSIDE ferruginous yellow ; markings as above ; very slightly black-bordered.” “Nearest allied to 2. varmona, but may be distinguished from it on the underside by the delicate narrow black bordering of the bands and the absence of the black streaks on the veins of the forewing.” (JAZoore, 1. c.) There are numerous specimens of WV. amarupa from Calcutta so named by Mr. Moore in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, only one of which has a prominent narrow white marginal line on the hindwing ; also one from Shillong which possesses this character, and another from the Dafla Hills which has the line, but it isnot prominent. The narrow black edging to the white bands and spots of the underside will suffice however to distinguish typical specimens from JV. varmona ; the ground-colour is also usually lighter and brighter. It is the commonest species of Wef¢is in Caleutta, and the Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses specimens from Sikkim, Bhutan, Malda, Cachar, Shillong, Assam, Chittagong, Orissa, Mysore, and Oota- camund. In Major Marshall’s collection are numerous examples from Akyab, Tavoy and Upper Tenasserim. These latter agree with the description of JV. mectana on the underside, but are not the least like V. avdamana on the upperside, and in fact agree exactly with the description of 1. Aamarupa. 385. Neptis eurymene, Butler. NV. eurymene, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 145, n. 3, pl. xxiv, fig. 5- Hasitat: Mhow, Central India ; Mirzapore district, N.-W. Provinces, EXPANSE : 2 inches. DescrIP1ION: ‘‘ Nearly allied to ¥. eurynome, Westwood, but smaller, with the costal and outer margins of the forewing straighter. UPprrsIpE blacker, with purer white markings ; spots on the disc smaller ; Azndwing with an ill-defined whitish streak in the medial black belt and a slender white submarginal line, UNDERSIDE of a purer ochre-yellow colour ; the white markings, excepting the discoidal streak of the forewing, narrower.” (Budler, 1. c.) ** Common here [Mhow] in February ; have one also from Paras Pani, Mirzapore district, N.-W. Provinces, taken in the same month.” (ote by Colonel Swinhoe, \. c.) This species is very close indeed to 4. Aamarupa, if in fact the latter species is typically held to have a prominent narrow white marginal line on the upperside of the hindwing, I do not know how to separate them, All the markings of the upperside of JV. exrymene are very pure white and distinct, the ground-colour of the underside pure light ochre-yellow. NYMPHALID&, NYMPHALINA. NEPTIS. 99 There are two specimens of this species from Akrain in the Satpuras in my collection ; the specimen also from the Khandesh district, named WV. varmona by Mr. Moore, and referred to under that species, seems to be nearer to WV. exrymene. Major Marshall’s collection contains specimens from Mhow, from the South Concan and from Khandalla. The two next species are quite distinct from either those that precede or those that follow them. The wings are short and broad, colouration of underside chocolate, discoidal streak of forewing broad and well-separated from the spot beyond ; bands and spots of under- side obscurely defined with black. 386. Neptis astola, Moore. NV. astola, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 560; id., Butler, id., 1883, p. 146, n. s;idem, id., Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xvi, p. 305, n. 41 (1885) ; id., Swinhoe, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, Py 129)N 37- Hasirat : Kangra, Simla, Masuri (AZcore) ; Belgaum, Assam (Butler) ; Bombay (Swinkoe). EXPANSE: g, 1°62; ?, 1°87 inches (Jfore) ; 2°2 inches (Buéler). DEscripTIon : ‘‘ Allied to, but differs from, MV. aceris of Europe in haying the wings shorter and broader, the markings on the UPPERSIDE more prominent, and those on the UNDER- SIDE more clearly defined by a black border, by which they are all margined.” (AZoore, 1. c.) “ Allied to WV. varmona, but the submarginal series of white spots on the forewing five in number towards apex ; the white subbasal band of the Azmdwing straighter and of more even width throughout; the interrupted submarginal pale line whitish towards anal angle, but sometimes wanting. UNDERSIDE red-brown, redder than in V. varmona ;the white subbasal band of the 4ézdwing not distinctly black-edged, the reddish belt following it even and tapering towards the apex ; the macular discal band a little narrower and not distinctly black-bordered ; the interrupted white submarginal stripes wider.” (Bud/er, 1. c.) In the Indian Museum, Calcutta, there are named specimens by Mr. Moore of J, astola from the Kulu Valley and Simla. It is easily distinguished from WV, 4amarupa by the ground- colour being chocolate-red rather than ochreous. Mr. Butler says that the marginal spots are reduced to five in number towards the apex on the upperside of the forewing ; there appear to be always, however, in Western Himalayan specimens two additional spots towards the outer angle. It is the common JVef¢is of Simla and surrounding hills, and in old lists and collections stood as MW. azerés. In Colonel Lang’s collection there is a single speci- men from Umballa. He writes of it* under the name of 4. aceris as follows :—‘‘Common in woods and gardens in the Himalayas; also taken in winter in gardens at Umballa. It has a beautiful flight, floating in and out of the sunlight in the shade of trees ; occasionally basking on the sun-bathed foliage, or resting, in groups of half-a-dozen or more, on the moist fern-covered rocks in the midst of the stream in some Himalayan glen.” Colonel Swinhoe (1. c.) records JV. asto/a from ‘‘ Matheran, May ; Sattara, November; Poona and Bombay from September to December. Found in hilly districts.” Its occurrence in Bombay is singular, and I have never seen a specimen from that Presidency.t 387. Neptis emodes, Moore. NV. emodes, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 561, pl. xxxii, fig. 2; idem, id., in Anderson's Anat. and Zool. Researches, p. 924 (1878). Hasirat: N.-W. and S,-E, Himalayas (Nepal, Sikkim, Khasia Hills), Yunan. EXPANSE: 6, 2:00; ?, 2°37 inches, DEscRIPTION : ‘*MALE and FEMALE. UPPpeRsIDE blackish fuliginous ; markings disposed as in WV. astola, but smaller, narrower, and of a brownish-white colour, UNDERSIDE bright dark ferruginous-red ; markings very prominent and black-bordered.” (AZoore, 1. c.) In the Indian Museum, Calcutta, there is one Kulu valley, two Sikkim, and one Shillong example of JV. emodes named by Mr. Moore. Judging from these specimens and the description * Ent. Month. Mag. vol. i, p. 132 (1864-65). 4 , + A specimen sent by Colonel Swinhoe as J, asto/a since this was written turns out to be NV. varmona ; and I have now little doubt that the records of the occurrence of JV. a@sto/@ in South India are based ona misapprehension, 100 NYMPHALID, NYMPHALIN#. NEPTIS, above WV. emodes can only be distinguished from WV. astola by the markings being smaller (this however does not hold good even in the specimens Mr. Moore has named), and sullied instead of pure white (this character is also variable). Under these circumstances it appears, to me that the latter of these names should be sunk as a synonym, as there is apparently no character by which they can be separated. The next three species are distinguished by having the white bands tinted with bluish on both upper and undersides ; the markings are as in JV. asto/a, the bands being rather narrow. 388. Noptis Ehasiana, Moore. N. khasiana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 562, pl. xxxii, fig. 7. HasiraT: Bhutan, Khasia Hills. E-XPANSE : 2°25 inches. DESCRIPTION: “ MALE. UPPERSIDE dark fuliginous black. Forewing with an elongated bluish-white narrow discoidal streak, and small terminal contiguous spot, two oblique subapical spots, and a row of four spots to middle of hind margin ; an indistinct submarginal row of very small spots, each side of which has a pale wavy line. Aindwing with a narrow subbasal bluish-white band, and a submarginal row of five small spots. Cv/ia alternated with white. UNDERSIDE dark brown; markings as above, but more prominently bluish-white. Hfindwing with a white band along base of anterior margin, and a pale median and marginal lunular line.” (4/oore, 1. c.) The two latter lines are faintly visible on the upperside. This very distinct species has all the markings extremely small, smaller than in any other species known to me, and distinctly tinged with bluish. The shade of the ground-colour on the underside is unusual, being a dead hair brown, There are two specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, obtained from Buxa, Bhutan. 389. Neptis magadha, Felder. NV. magadha, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. ili, p. 427, n. 675 (1867). Hasirat : North India. EXPANSE: Not given. DESCRIPTION : ‘FEMALE. UPPERSIDE asin WV. za/a, but the forewing with all the white spots smaller, especially the two near the internal margin, the lowest subapical spot more separated from the two upper ones, the innermost submarginal streak less wavy. Hind- zing with the bands narrower, the outer one more macular, the streaks more obsolete than in N, mata. UNDERSIDE more ferruginous than WV. xata, with the spots and bands of the upperside but larger, opalescent, the streaks opalescent-white. xdwing from the costal lobe to the costal nervure white, the greyish subcostal fasciole absent.” ** Smaller, and the wings shorter, than VV. za¢a, Moore.” (Felder, 1. c.) A comparison of the types of 4. khasiana and NV. magadha will probably show that these two species are identical. 390. Neptis nata, Moore. NV. nata, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 168, n. 346, pl. iva, fig. 6 (1857); idem, id., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 10, n. 22; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 154, n. 7, pl. xviii, fig. x (1883). HasitatT : Mergui, Malacca, Singapore, Borneo. EXPANSE : 2°2 to 2°3 inches, Description: ‘‘Sexes alike. UPPERSIDE deep black, markings very white. orewing with discoidal streak long, in two portions ; curved series of spots small. Aindwing, with the bands narrow. UNDERSIDE dusky-brown, inner band of inzdwing not extending to anterior margin ; a marginal line ov/y between outer band and exterior margin, the submarginal line being obsolete.” (AZvore, 1. c. in Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.) This species may be known from M. %hasiana by the bands and spots being larger, especially the submarginal ones on the hindwing, which in 4, za¢a are almost confluent and linear, being divided only by the nervules; they are also but very slightly tinged with bluish, On the underside the discal band of the hindwing in this species and in WV. Ahasiana~ NYMPHALID, NYMPHALIN A, NEPTIS. rot does not reach the costa, ending in the subcostal interspace, There isa single male and two females of this species in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, taken in the Mergui archipelago by Dr, Anderson in the cold weather, one of which has been identified by Mr. Moore. Four apparently allied species of this group have been described from the Malay penin- sula. One of them (4. gononata) Mr. Distant says ‘‘is an undoubted local race” of WV. soma, from the figure, however, it appears to be nearer to JV. na/a, but without specimens it is impossible to say for certain, The descriptions are appended.* The five species which follow have the discoidal streak of the forewing on the upperside very narrow and well-separated from the spot beyond ; the discal series of spots on the fore- wing are well-separated, and on the underside all the bands and markings are very white and distinct but their edges blurred, owing to the absence of any black bordering. The ground- colour of the underside is ferruginous, not ochreous as in the varmona group. 391. Neptis mananda, Moore. N. mananda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 586, pl. lviii, fig. 4, feaZe; id , Butler, Ann, and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xvi, p. 305, n. 40 (1885). HasiTaT: South Andamans (Vort Blair), Car Nicobar ; Assam. EXPANSE: d, 1°85 to 2°30; }, 2°25 to 2°60 inches, DESCRIPTION: ‘‘MALE and FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, black. Forewing, with narrow dusky-white cell-streak and elongated pointed streak beyond ; a discal curved transverse series of small white spots and two marginal rows of indistinct pale lunules. Aindwing, with broad white subbasal band, an indistinct pale brown submarginal narrow line, and a less distinct * Neptis leuconata, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 541, n. 2, pl. Ixix, fig. x (1877) ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 154, n. 8, pl. xvii, fig. 14 (1883). Hapitat: Malacca. ExPaNsE: 2 inches. DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ UPPERSIDE Olive-brown, banded and spotted with cream-colour; arrangement of markings as in W. nafa, but the bands of the Aindwing wider and nearer together; pale brown intermediate streaks better defined. UNDERSIDE slightly redder; bands and spots as above; intermediate streaks white.” (Butler, |. c.) Neftis gononata, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc... Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 541, n. 3, pl. Ixix, fig. 2 (1877); id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 154, n. 9, pl. xviii, fig. 2, made (1883). Hapirat: Malacca. ExPANSE : 2"1 inches. DescrIPTION : ‘* Wings of the same shape and with the same spots and bands as JV. soma; but all these mark- ings pure white instead of sordid yellowish white. UNDERSIDE chocolate-brown ; bands below straighter ; submarginal line of hindwing below white. Intermediate in character between N. mata and JN. soma.” (Butler, 1. c.) Neptis duryodana, var., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 155, n. ro, pl. xvi, fig. 15, female (1883); N. duryodana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 10, n. 21, pl. xlix, fig.&. Hapirat: Province Wellesley, Malacca, Borneo. Expanse: Female, 22 inches. Description: “‘ FEMALE UPPERSIDE dark fuscous. Forewing with the following white spots and markings :—a long basal cellular streak gradually widening and terminating about apex of cell ; this is followed by along subtriangular spot placed between the lower discoidal and the third median nervules ; two large subapical spots placed obliquely, divided by the upper discoidal nervule and preceded by two very small subcostal spots ; two rounded discal spots divided by the second median nervyule ; two smaller spots on inner margin divided by the submedian nervure, and a submarginal series of small spots directed obliquely inward at apex, which are outwardly and inwardly margined with black; c7/a alternately white. Hindwing with the following white markings :—a nearly straight transverse fascia near base and a series of small subquadrate spots on outer third of wing, which are divided by the nervules, with the innermost obliquely deflexed towards anal angle ; between these transverse white markings is a very narrow pale fascia, and there is also a narrower and greyish submarginal one; cz/za alternately white. UNpDERsIDE much paler and more or less olivaceous ; white markings as above, but larger; on the forewing the submarginal series of spots are preceded and followed by grey lines, the inner one very strongly waved; the Azzdwing has the basal costal margin white, an additional subbasal narrow whitish fascia, the narrow discal intermediate fascia much paler and the submarginal one nearly white. Body above fuscous, beneath greyish; /egs greyish, the intermediate and posterior tibiz and tarsi brownish.” ‘‘T have compared the female specimen here figured and described with the Bornean type in the British Museum, and find the following slight varietal differences :—on the underside of the forewing the cellular streak is not so strongly divided from the adjacent and following spot; the broad white fascia on the hindwing reaches the costal margin, (in another Malaccan specimen in the British Museum this fascia does not extend to the costal margin, thus agreeing with the typical form of the species), and the colour beneath is also darker, but this is an inconstant character.” (Distant, |. c.) Neptis charon, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xx, p. 400, pl. ix, fig. x (1867); id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 155, n- 11, with a woodcut (1883). Hagnirar: Singapore. ExpANSE: 2°56 inches. Description : ‘‘ UpPERSIDE very black. Forewing with a triangular discoidal streak, a contiguous cuneate spot, three unequal subapical spots, three subanal placed obliquely and eight submarginal dots, snowy-white ; eight marginal dots and avery indistinct irregular discal stria somewhat ashy. Hindzing with a subbasal band and another discal one of seven spots snowy-white ; a macular submarginal stria somewhat ashy, an indistinct fuscescent median band ; dody black, greenish; axtenne black, tipped with yellow. UNDERSIDE paler, the discal streaks of the forewing and the median of the hindwing tinged with violet, the submarginal streak hoary- whitish, the marginal streak ashy ; the costal base of the hindwing snowy-white ; otherwise as on upperside ; dody bluish-white ; the Zegs ochreous, the aztenme ferruginous.” “ Near to V. duryodana of Moore, but quite distinct.” (Bx#/er, 1: c.) roz NYMPIIALIDAE. NYMPHALINZE, NEPTIS. medial and marginal line, UNDERSIDE, dark chestnut-brown, markings as above, prominent, and purplish-white, including a narrow basal and subbasal streak on hindwing.” (Moore, 1, c.) This species is very closely allied to 4. soma, and appears to differ chiefly in the discal band of the hindwing being somewhat broader in both sexes. Mr. Butler records it from “‘Near Assam,” this is the only record of its occurrence on the Continent, but the appearance of a M. soma with the discal band of the hindwing a little wider than usual need cause no surprise. 392. Noptis soma, Moore. (PLATE XXIII, Fic. 108 2). NV. soma, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 9, n. 17, pl. xlix, fig. 6 ; idem, id., in Anderson's Anat. and Zool. Researches, p. 924 (1878). HasiTaT: Sikkim, Bhutan, Cachar, Sylhet, Naga Hills, Assam, Yunan. EXPANSE : 2°10 to 2°65 inches. DescriPTION : ‘‘ Sexes alike. Allied to V, xandina, but differs on the UNDERSIDE in having the discoidal streak narrower, and the seven spots of the curved row are much smaller, being only half the size, and are wider apart ; the submarginal row of spots is also smaller ; the bands on the Aimdwing are also narrower. UNDERSIDE, deep maroon, the markings as on upperside, but those on the hindwing less straight.” (AZoore, 1. c.) All the markings in this species are very small and narrow and more or less sullied, not clear pure white, the submarginal series of small white spots on the upperside of the forewing complete. On the underside the markings are pure white and of nearly equal width through- out, It appears to be a constant and well-marked species. In the Indian Museum, Calcutta, there are specimens from Buxa, Bhutan, Sikkim, Cachar, Sylhet and Assam. The figure is taken froma male Cachar specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and shows both upper and undersides, The markings in the figure have come out too white, and the discoidal streak is drawn rather too wide, so that it is not a good representation of typical 1, soma. 393. Neptis adipala, Moore. NV. adifala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 563, pl. xxxii, fig. 8; idem, id., 1578, p. 830. HasiraT: Sikkim, Khasi Hills, Naga Hills and Upper Tenasserim. EXPANSE : 2'0 to 2’6 inches. DESCRIPTION: ‘* MALE. UPPERSIDE fuliginous-black ; markings white. forewing with a narrow discoidal and elongated triangular contiguous streak ; spots of curved discal band small ; a submarginal row of black-bordered Junules. indwing with moderately broad inner band, and outer band of narrow quadrate spots. UNDERSIDE deep bright ferruginous. Forewing markings as above. Hindwing with the bands and two basal streaks similar to those of WV. nandina, except that the narrow outer line is in this nearer the margin.” (A/oore, 1. c.) In the Indian Museum, Calcutta, isa single male specimen from Sikkim of J. adipala named by Mr. Moore. On the upperside all the markings are very clear and pure white, on the underside the ground-colour is rich ferruginous. The Museum possess specimens also from the Naga and Khasi Hills. Mr. Moore records it from Moulmein to Meetan and Hatsiega in Upper Tenasserim. Mr. S. E. Peal has sent mea single male from Sibsagor in Upper Assam, and Mr. J. L. Sherwill from Jorehat. 304. Neptis cacharica, Butler. N. cacharica, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 3. Hasirat : Cachar. EXPANSE : 2°25 inches. DESCRIPTION: “ FEMALE. Allied to WV. adifala, but of a more rufous-brown colour, the three oblique spots beyond the cell more elongated or less widely separated, the oblique series below the cell, near external angle, also more elongated, the first two being only separated by the internal vein ; the oblique white dashes beyond these spots replaced bya regular lunulated pale brown stripe ; the submarginal lunules more regular, with black internal NYMPHALID&. NYMPHALIN. NEPTIS. 103 borders ; the inner belt of Acndwing wider and more incurved towards the costa ; the outer belt farther from the outer margin, consisting of seven instead of six spots ; the pale brown submarginal stripe narrower and farther from the margin. UNDERSIDE golden- brown, with white bands, stripes and spots as above, excepting that the lunular sub- marginal series of forewing and the discal macular belt of hindwing are wider, with their divisions less distinctly separated; two whitish stripes close to the outer margin, interrupted upon the forewing by a patch of the ground-colour upon the second median interspace, the outer one diffused and interrupted a second time at apex, the inner stripe of forewing interrupted by the veins ; the undulated pale brown lunulated stripe of the upperside replaced by a whitish stripe ; base of costa orange. Hindwing with the base, a subcostal streak near the base, and a nearly straight stripe through the second brown belt (beyond the broad white belt), whitish, ody below white. Zidi¢ and farsi of second and third pairs of legs testaceous.” ‘* A well-marked form of this puzzling group, quite distinct from any named species in Mr. Moore’s collection or that of the British Museum.” (Azéler, 1. c.) T have never seen this species, nor did Mr. Wood-Mason obtain it during the summer months he collected in Cachar. 395. WNeptis kallaura, Moore, NV. kallaura, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 309. Hasirat: Nilgiris; Kallaur Road, Travancore, 1,200 feet, April; Mynall, 2,000 feet. EXPANSE: 6, 2°13 ?, 2°35 inches. Description: ‘* Allied to M. adifala. Markings of uPPERSIDE pale yellow ; forewing with the discoidal streak and its terminal pointed spot more rounded at the edges where divided by the disco-cellular vein ; discal series of spots smaller and more oval; hindwing with comparatively narrower inner band and broader outer band.” (Afoore, 1. c.) There is a single female specimen of this species named by Mr. Moore from Trevandrum in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. It is very close indeed to WV. adifala, even if it can be considered specifically distinct. The markings are slightly tinged with palest yellow, the other characters given seem trifling. Mr. W. F. Hampson has sent me three specimens taken in the Nilgiris, they have the bands very irregular in width. The next species differs from the preceding group by having the discoidal streak broad, On the underside the bands of the hindwing are very faintly defined outwardly with black. The bands of the upperside are sometimes sullied with fuliginous, sometimes pure white. 396. Neptis susruta, Moore. WV. susruta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 563, pl. xxxii, fig. 4. Hasirat: Sikkim, Bhutan, Cachar, Sylhet, Assam, Khasi Hills, Chittagong, Upper ‘Tenasserim, EXPANSE : 2'0 to 2°4 inches. DESCRIPTION: ‘* MALE. UPPERSIDE brownish black. Forewing with ferruginous [? fuli- ginous] white narrow discoidal and attenuated contiguous streak ; curved discal band of small and widely separated spots, an ill-defined black-bordered submarginal lunular line, Aindwing with white inner band, and ferruginous [? fuliginous] white outer narrow lunular curved band. UNDERSIDE deep ferruginous; markings prominent, and suffused with pale ferruginous [? fuliginous] ; those of the hindwing similar to 1. soma, but narrower.” (JZoore, 1. c.) There are four specimens named by Mr, Moore of this species from Sikkim, Assam and Upper Tenasserim in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Asa rule they average smaller than N. soma, all the markings are wider and more prominent, especially the discoidal streak in the forewing ; in many specimens they are tinged with greenish-yellow as in VV. xandina. The next two species have the bands and spots of the upperside very wide and prominent, in this respect allying them to WV. ada, from which species, however, they differ in many important particulars, 104 NYMPHALIDA. NYMPHALINE. NEPTIS. 397 Neptis nandina, Moore. NV. nandina, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 168, n. 347, pl. iva, fig. 7 (1857) ; idem, id., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 9, n. 18. Hasirat: Himalayas, Eastern and Southern India, Java. EXPANSE : 2°25 to 2°70 inches. DescripTIon : *‘ UPPERSIDE black ; markings white. /orezwing with discoidal streak in two portions ; the curved row of seven spots broadly interrupted ; and submarginal row of small less-defined spots. Hindwing with inner band, and narrow outer row of less-defined square spots ; indistinct marginal line, and line between the bands, brown. UNDERSIDE deep chocolate-brown, with markings as above, but more defined andof a brighter colour ; those of the hindwing gently curved. Sexes alike.” “This species may be known from /Véf¢is aceris by the deep chocolate colour of the under- side, by the anterior margin of hindwing being evenly arched to beyond the middle ; all the markings of this wing being nicely curved.” (A/oore, 1. c. in Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.) This is a distinct and well-marked species. The white bands and spots are often tinged with pale greenish-yellow. On the underside the discal band of the hindwing suddenly widens out at the costa, a feature peculiar to this and the nextspecies. From WV. mahendra it may be known by the discoidal streak and the spot beyond being placed much closer together ; the ground-colour of the underside is also of a richer chocolate-brown in VV, *mahen- dra. Inthe Indian Museum, Calcutta, thereare specimens of V. xandina from the Kulu Valley, Simla, Sikkim, Calcutta, Cherrapunji, Upper Burma, and Ootacamund. Major Marshall has specimens from Chini taken in June, Chumba in March, and from Shillong. 398. Neptis clinia, Moore. N. clinia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 563, pl. xxxii, fig. 5; id., Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, Pe 105. HABITAT : Bengal (AZoore) ; Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee, Siam (September). EXPANSE : 2 inches. DEscRIPTION: ‘‘ MALE. UPPERSIDE black; markings white. Forewing with a rather broad discoidal and short contiguous streak ; curved discal band of broad closely united spots ; marginal black-bordered lunular line indistinct. Aindwing with a very broad straight inner band and narrow brownish-white outer lunular line. UNDERSIDE bright ferruginous, markings as in 1, soma, but very prominent.” (AZoore, 1. c.) I have never seen this species, and the locality given by Mr. Moore is very vague; as, however, Mr. Druce records it from Siam, the species may be confined to that region, and may not occur within our limits at all. From the figure it seems to be allied to WV. mahendra, but is smaller, the spot beyond the discoidal streak of the forewing much longer and nar- rower, and the marginal white spots obsolete and replaced by brownish marks. On the hindwing the discal band is as wide as in MW. mahendra, but the submarginal band of white spots is entirely wanting, there being a pale brownish narrow band in its place. 399. Neptis mahendra, Moore. NV. mahendra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 560, pl. xxxii, fig. 3. Hasitat: N.-W. Himalayas. EXPANSE: 6, 2°0; @, 2'5 inches. DEscrIPTION: ‘‘MALE and FEMALE. UPPERSIDE black ; wings elongated, as in the European J. aceris ; markings white, and disposed as in that species, but more prominent and broader than in any other known allied species of this group, being broader even than in NV. nandina, UNDERSIDE deep brownish ferruginous ; markings white, broad, their borders imperceptibly black-margined, not prominently so asin JV. astola or NM. varmona: middle band of Aindwing narrowing to abdominal margin.” (AZoore, 1. c.) This also isa very distinct species, occurring only in the N.-W, Himalayas. The discal band of the hindwing on the underside is widened out at the costa. All the white NYMPHALID&. NYMPHALINAS, NEPTIS. 105 markings are very prominent, especially the discal band of quadrate spots on the hindwing. LI took this species at Kujiah near Dalhousie, and at Ulwas, Chumba, in May; Mr. A, Graham Young obtained it in the Kulu Valley in April and May ; it occurs also in Simla, Kasauli and _ Masuri. Major Marshall possesses specimens from Kashmir, 8,200 feet, taken in June; Chumba in May and June ; Pangi, 8,000 feet, in July ; and Chini in June. The three last species are very distinct, and differ from all the others in having the discal spots of the forewing arranged in pairs, each pair of spots being well-separated from the pair or pairs next it. The discoidal streak is narrow and short, the spot beyond far distant from the outer end of the discoidal streak, very broad and short. The white markings in XV. jumbak axe usually and in MV. ephiana occasionally tinged with very pale green. 400. Neptis ophiana, Moore. NV. opkiaxa, Moore, Prec. Zool. Sec. Lond., 1872, p. 561; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 153, n. 6, pl. xvii, fig. 12 (1883) ; V. columelia (part), Moore (zec Cramer), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 7, n. 13, pl xlix, fig. 5» male and female; idem, id., 1865, p. 763; id., Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 542, n. 6 (1877). Hasirat : Eastern and Southern India, Burma, Malay Peninsula. EXPANSE : 2°5 to 3'0 inches. DESCRIPTION: ‘*MALE, UPPERSIDE dark fuliginous black, markings white. Fvrewing with very narrow terminally-indented discoidal streak, and large broad triangular spot beyond ; a curved discal transverse series of five [or six] spots, the two upper obliquely before the apex, the next pair on the middle of the disc, the lower one of which points to the angle of the wing, the fifth elongated and extending along posterior margin [sometimes with a smaller one above it]; a submarginal interrupted row of whitish lunules with black borders. Hindwing with broad inner band ; and a less prominent submarginal series of six rather quadrate spots. UNDER- SIDE brownish-ferruginous, markings as above, white, prominent. forewing with three marginal series of lunules. Hizdwing with bluish-white basal streak, subbasal fascia, a narrow transverse median discal anda marginal lunular bluish-white line; median band terminating on third [? second] subcostal vein, Allied to WV. columella, Cramer.” (AZoore, 1. cy Mr. Distant remarks that ‘* Malaccan specimens agree thoroughly with the type of the species [V. ophiana], save that the discal spots are somewhat larger, and the basal streak is entire, though in other specimens from the same locality it is abbreviated and somewhat cleft. It appears to be sufficiently distinct, however, from WV. columella, which was described by Cramer as from China, and as figured is a much larger insect [3'4 inches in expanse], with a concave spot on the inner margin of the forewing.” ‘In two specimens now before me, z7s., the ‘type’ from Darjeeling and a Malaccan example, the neuration of the hindwing is aberrant, the costal nervure being placed low down and reaching the apex, whilst the subcostal nervules are thus forced close together.” (Distant, l.c.) On examination of the long series of specimens of this species in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, I find this latter feature very inconstant, in all the female examples and also the males from South India, the costal nervure of the hindwing does not nearly reach the apex of the wing, the subcostal nervules being therefore well-separated, while in males from Sikkim, Calcutta, Cachar, North Khasi Hills andthe Meplay Valley, it reaches the margin at or even below the apex, the subcostals being consequently placed very close together. There is a single male from the North Khasi Hills in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, named NV. columeila by Mr, Moore. As its expanse is half an inch less than that of Cramer’s figure, and as the spot on the upperside of the forewing in the submedian interspace is not curved, I prefer to consider it to be one of the numerous forms of WV. ophiana. The ground-colour of the underside of this specimen is distinctly bright ochreous (as in Cramer’s figure), but this character is extremely variable, in Sikkim and South Indian examples it is dark brownish- ferruginous. In female examples from Orissa, Rutnagherry, Bangalore and Ootacamund the discal white band of the hindwing on the underside reaches to the interspace below the costal nervure, in male examples from Ootacamund only to the interspace below that, while in many North Indian specimens it does not extend beyond the interspace below that again ; 14 106 NYMPHALID&. NYMPHALINA, NEPTIS. and in all South Indian examples the markings on the underside, especially of the hindwing, are longer and more prominent. JV. ofhiana is a well-marked species, its only near ally in India being MV. martabana. gor. Noptis martabana, Moore. NV. ma»tabana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 310, HaBiraT : Rangoon, Upper Tenasserim. EXPANSE : 2°3 inches. DESCRIPTION : ‘*MALE, Intermediate between WV. columella and N. ophiana. From the former it is one-fourth smaller in size. From the Darjiling type of MW, ofhiana it differs on the forewing in having the discoidal streak more distinctly broken near the end, and in there being a wider space between its end and the large conical spot beyond. On the hindwing the subbasal transverse band is somewhat broader, and the submarginal spots smaller, more rounded, and less prominent. UNDERSIDE of a much darker chestnut purplish-brown, the markings showing out much more strongly.” (AZoore, 1. c.) There is a single male of this species in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, taken in the Thoun- gyeen forests in the autumn, and named by Mr. Moore. It is smaller than the average speci- mens of JV. ofhiana, the discoidal streak of the forewing is more distinctly broken near its extremity, but in other respects it differs but slightly from some examples of WV. ofhiana, and should I think be considered as a variety only of that species, especially as the true WV. ophiana is known to occur in the regions north and south of that from whence 1. martabana has been recorded. 402. Neptis jumbah, Moore. N. jumbah, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 167, n. 345, pl. iva, fig 5 (1857) ; WN. jumba, id., Proc Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 7, 2. 14; idem, id., Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 55, pl. xxviii, figs, 2, 2a, tmago ; 2b, larva and pupa (1881). HasitaT: Eastern and Southern India, Ceylon, Burma, Andamans. EXPANSE : 2'2 to 2°7 inches. DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ UPPERSIDEsmoky-black. /vvewing with a narrow longitudinal discoidal streak, and a triangular spot in continuation, white ; a transverse curved row of interrupted white spots from apical third of costal margin to near middle of posterior margin, composed of two very narrow longitudinal spots on the costal margin, beneath which are two large spots, then a very small streak, then two large spots, and lastly two narrower spots terminating on posterior margin ; between this band of spots and exterior margin are two rows of more or less defined lunular-shaped white spots, these being bounded exteriorly by a shade of deep black. Aindwing with a broad white band from costal to abdominal margin, being intersected by the veins; near outer margin a row of ill-defined white lunated marks, bounded exteriorly by deep black, then a submarginal row of black lines; between the white band and row of white lunated marks is a broad band of black. UNDERSIDE ferruginous. Fore- wing with markings as above, but the four rows of markings along exterior margin white, and suffused at the apex and near the middle with ferruginous. Aindwing with the broad white band ; abdominal margin, base of costal margin, and broadly across parallel with the band, suffused with white ; a marginal and two submarginal rows of whitish marks, between which and the broad band aseries of five dark ferruginous spots from abdominal margin, and terminating in white marks on costal margin. Body above, black ; beneath, white. Sexes alike.” (doore, 1. c. in Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.) ‘* LarVA pale brownish-purple, anal segments below dark purple-brown spotted with green, and bordering an oblique line extending laterally from anal spines obliquely to base of spines on fourth segment; anterior and anal segments narrowed, the middle segments thickened laterally ; head armed with two short points, two long divergent fleshy spiny tubercles on fourth segment, two short dorsal fleshy tubercles on third, fifth, and sixth segments, Feeds on Byttneriacee, Kc. Pura pale brownish-ochreous, head with two short points, thorax angulated.” (dfvore, l. c. in Lep. Cey.) NYMPHALIDE, NYMPIHALIN #&. CIRRHOCHROA. 107 This is an exceedingly well-marked and distinct species, and differs from all others in haying a small round brown spot placed near the base on the underside of the hindwing on a white band. It is somewhat variable ; in some specimens the marginal markings on the upperside are very prominent, in others they are obsolete; the ground-colour of the under- side is sometimes ochreous, sometimes ferruginous, and sometimes dark hair-brown coloured. In Ceylon it is ‘*Found in the Western and Central Provinces; plains and up to 4,000 feet, in forest land, at all times, but chiefly during the S.-W. monsoon. Flight slow, heavy ; settles with wings open, easily captured” (Hutchison). “ Occurs everywhere : joins in the up-country flights, February and March in fair numbers” (Mackwood). It is very common in Calcutta, and the Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses specimens from Cachar, Rangoon, Upper Tenasserim, Mergui, Orissa, Trevandrum, Ceylon and the South Andamans, Genus 63.-CIRRHOCHROA, Doubleday. (PLatz XXIV). Cirrochroa, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol. i, p. 157 (1848) ; id., Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 62 (1881) ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 177 (1883). ‘* HEAD, of moderate size, clothed with hairs. yes, ovate, not remarkably prominent. Paigi, slightly divergent, ascending, rising above the forehead, scaly; the second joint furnished with a slight dorsal tuft, and externally with numerous erect set. First joint curved, very short ; second joint five times as long as the first, swollen at the middle, tapering almost to a point at the apex; third joint slender, acicu- lar, barely one-seventh the length of the second. Antenne, of moderate length, gradually thickening into a slender club, the articulations of which are not more distinct than those of the other portion of the antenne. Z/orax, moderately stout, oval, hairy. Addomen, small, scarcely half the length of the inner margin of the hindwing. Forewrne, subtriangular ; the costal margin rounded; the ouéer margin about two-thirds the length of the costal margin, nearly straight, or slightly concave [sometimes convex] ; 7#er margin rather shorter than the outer, slightly emarginate. Costal nervure not extending to the middle of the costa. Subcostal neryure emitting its frst nervule shortly before its second, at the end of the cell ; its third at about two-thirds the distance between the cell and the apex ; the fourth nearer to the third than to the apex ; the third terminating at the apex. Upfer disco-cellular nervile nearly wanting ; mdd/e disco-cellular curved inwards, or slightly angular ; /ower disco-cellular very slender, nearly straight, more than double the length of the middle disco-cellular, joining the median nervure at a short distance before the origin of its second nervule. Znternal nervure wanting, HINDWING, obovate; the ower margin slightly sinuate; the zzner emarginate near the anal angle. Precostal nervure simple, curved outwards. Déscoidal nervule appearing to be a third subcostal nervule, but little curved, Discotdal cell open. Abdominal fold ample. ForELEGS, of the ma/e scaly, the femur and base of the tibia slightly, apex of the tibia and the tarsus thickly covered with long hairs. 7Ziéia@ shorter than the femur, but longer than the ¢avs#s, which is subcylindric, slightly pointed, one-jointed. Of the female scaly. Tibia smooth, slightly shorter than the femur. Zarsws about the length of the tibia, five- jointed ; its first joint cylindric, slightly curved, smooth, about twice the length of the other joints combined ; second and third joints transverse, of equal breadth, the latter rather shorter than the former; fourth joint rather tapering ; all these with a spine on each side at the apex, covered by a tuft of hairs at the base of the following joint ; fifth joint narrower, tapering towards the apex, which ismucronate. MIDDLE and HINDLEGs, with the femora, tibiz, and tarsi nearly of equal length. Zzéée spiny, especially towards the apex ; their spurs distinct. Zurst nearly cylindric, spiny ; the spines at the sides longest, those of the lower surface arranged in two nearly regular series. First joint longer than the rest combined ; second, third, and fourth progressively, though but little, shorter, all of similar form, as is the fifth, which is about equal in length tothe second. Claws curved, grooved below. aro» nychia bilaciniate ; the outer lacinia subtriangular, broader than, and about as long as, the claw ; inner shorter, strap-shaped, Pz/vi/lus jointed, as long as the claws ; the second joint broad.” (Doubleday, 1. c.) 108 NYMPHALID. NYMPHALINA. CIRRHOCHROA. Larva with two dorsal series of long and two lateral series of shorter delicately-branched spines, also a similar spine projecting on each side in front of the head from the second segment. Pura bluish-purple marked with black, head ending in two points, two long spines projecting from the back of the thorax in front of the head, a hump on the back of the thorax, which, with the abdominal segments above, bear pairs of spines, “This genus has a singular character on the hindwing of the male [it occurs in both sexes]. Between the third subcostal [discoidal] and third median nervule, the upper surface of the wing is marked by a transverse depression, extending nearly, or quite, across the space between the nervules, causing a corresponding elevation of the lower surface, which, but for its breadth, might be mistaken for the indication of a disco-cellular nervule.” (Doudleday, l.c.) In one species only, C. fasciata, the male has distinct secondary sexual characters, v7z., on the forewing on either side of the discoidal nervules from their origin rather more than half way to the margin and also on the first and second subcostal nervules of the hindwing on the upperside, there is a narrow streak of modified ochreous scales, which gives this portion of those veins the appearance of a feather of which the vein itself is the shaft, and the scales the barb, Typically they are fulyous or tawny insects with the outer margin black, and witha discal and three marginal sinuous black lines, the hindwing also has a discal series of six black spots ; on the underside there is always a more or less prominent pale discal band from middle of costa of forewing to anal angle of hindwing, and the black marginal lines are replaced by yellow or olivaceous, ‘Tn some species, as in C, @orzs, the sexes differ widely in appearance, the female being of a more obscure and duller colour above. This, however, is not the rule with the majority of the species of the genus.” (Diéstant, 1. c.) In C, olivacea the difference in the colouration of the opposite sexes is even more marked thanin C. aoris. Exceptin C. /asciata, which is an altogether aberrant form, the females differ also in having the outer margin of the forewing much more emarginate than in the males ; this feature is most prominent in the South Indian and Ceylon species. Civrhochroa is somewhat widely distributed ; it occurs in the Eastern Himalayas, in Eastern and Peninsular India, Ceylon, the Andamans and Nicobars, throughout Assam, Burma, the Malay peninsula and islands to New Guinea and Australia, Many of the species are very plentiful where they occur, are strong and very conspicuous on the wing, but frequently settle, often in swarms, on a damp spot in the hills. Many of them are very closely allied, and their specific determination and range by no means easily determined. The distinctness or otherwise of many of the described species is still uncertain and can only be determined by experimental breeding. Eey to tho Indian species of Cirrhochroa. A. Males without secondary sexual characters. a. Male with apex of forewing truncate. a, Male with outer margin of forewing narrowly black, female with prominent series of ochreous lunules on outer margin of forewing on upperside. 403. C. aoris, Eastern Himalayas, Cachar, Sylhet, Assam, 404. C. ABNORMIS, Sikkim, 6', Male and female with outer margin of forewing broadly black, female without the series of prominent ochreous lunules on outer margin of forewing on upperside. 405. C. OLIVACEA, Upper Tenasserim, 2. Male with apex of forewing rounded. a‘. Inner edge of discal band of forewing on underside not constricted at lower discoidal and first median nervules. a*, Colouration of upperside of male fulvous, female brownish-ochreous. a®, Apex of forewing on upperside of male broadly black, discal black spots on hindwing very large. 406. C. nicoparica, Nicobars. 6°, Apex of forewing on upperside of male narrowly black, discal black spots on hindwing small. a*. Discal band on underside of forewing much wider at costa, tapering to inner margin, 407. C, suRys, Upper Tenasserim, NYMPHALID. NYMPHALIN A. CIRRHOCHROA. 109 64. Discal band on underside of forewing of even width through- out. 408. C. miTHiLA, Bengal, Yunan. 4og. C. RoTUNDATA, Sikkim, Assam, Malacca, 410. C. anjira, Barrackpore, Andamans, 52. Colouration of upperside of male ferruginous, female somewhat paler. a’, Discal band on underside obsolescent in male, black border prominent on upperside. 4tt. C. LANKA, Ceylon. §8, Discal band on underside very prominent in both sexes, black border much less prominent on upperside, 412. C, RELATA, South India, 4). Inner edge of discal band of forewing on underside strongly constricted at lower dis- coidal and first median nervules. a. Colouration of upperside of male ferruginous, female somewhat paler. a®, Discal band on underside usually silvery white and prominent in both sexes. The wings larger, the forewing more emarginate in both sexes 413. C. THats, South India. 43, Discal band on underside obsolescent in male, often prominent in female ; black border of upperside, especially in the male, much darker and more uniform. 414. C. cocnara, Ceylon. 4*. Colouration of upperside of both sexes ochreous. 415. C. SWINHOEI, South India, Ceylon. B. Male with discoidal nervules of forewing and first and second subcostal nervules of hindwing on upperside with a streak of differently-coloured scales on either side for about two-thirds of their length. 416. C, rasciaTa, Upper Tenasserim, Sumatra. C, aoris and GC. olivacea are distinguished from all the other Indian species by their large size, and by the males as well as the females having the apex of the forewing distinctly truncated. The females too are more widely different in both than in the remaining Indian species of this genus. They are confined to North-Eastern India and Burma, 403. Cirrhochroa aoris, Doubleday, Hewitson. Cirrochroa aoris, Doubleday, Hewitson, Gen. Diurn Lep, vol. i, p. 158, n, 1, pl, xxi, fig. 2, wale (1848) ; id., Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 113, pl. ii. HasitaT: Sikkim, Cachar, Sylhet, Upper Assam, Naga Hills. EXPANSE : 2°8 to 3°6 inches. DESCRIPTION : MALE. UPPERSIDE, Jotk wings bright fulvous, powdered with dusky at the base. Fvrewing with the apex strongly truncated, the outer margin slightly emargi- nate and sinuous; the disco-cellular nervules slightly defined with dusky on either side ; avery irregular and somewhat indistinct discal fuscous line, beyond which are a series of diffused, very indistinct, often obsolete fuscous rounded spots between the nervules, the margin narrowly black, widely black at the apex, two submarginal lunular black lines, of which the outer one is the more prominent and becomes merged in the black apex. Hind- wing with a very irregular discal black line, with the usual whitish spot on the middle of the costa ; a discal series of six round black spots one in each interspace except the discoidal ; two deeply engrailed submarginal lines, the outer one the darker, a marginal narrow nearly straight black line: all the veins defined with black on the disc. UNDERSIDE, doth wings much paler, all the markings of the upperside more or less obliterated ; a common discal whitish fascia, narrowest in the middle of each wing, its outer edge very straight and even, its inner edge irregular, defined by a pair of dark lines enclosing a pale yellow line ; submarginal and marginal yellow lunular lines, divided and inwardly bounded by whitish lunules ; a pale brown subbasal streak. orewing with a whitish patch at the apex. AHindwing with the six round black spots of the upperside but smaller. FEMALE much darker, the ground-colour of the UPPERSIDE ochreous, thickly irrorated throughout with fuscous scales. Markings as in the male, but heavier and darker throughout. UNDERSIDE pale buff, washed throughout with obscure violaceous ; the markings of the outer half more obscure, of the inner half more prominent and wider than above, the discal fascia less distinct, almost concolourous 110 NYMPHALIDZ. NYMPHALINA. CIRRHOCHROA. with the ground, inwardly defined with a dark band (this band edged on both sides with pale fuscous), outwardly by a straight pale fuscous or purple line. Forewing with a narrow band crossing middle of the cell to origin of first median nervule, from thence crossing the interspace below and continued across the base of the hindwing from costal to submedian nervure, with a spot beyond in the cell in the latter wing. The disco-cellulars of the forewing defined with a similar line. The tone of the ground-colour of the upperside in the female varies, in some it is ochreous, in others fuscous, C. aoris may be distinguished from C. olivacea, the only other species in which the forewing of the male is truncate, by the marrow black border to the forewing and the more uniform colouration of the upperside, these characters being common to both sexes. It is one of the commonest and most distinct as well as the largest species of the genus. It is met with in Sikkim up to about 6,000 feet elevation, almost throughout the year, and occurs equally commonly in the hills to the eastwards as far as Sibsagar in Upper Assam, Professor J. O, Westwood (I. c.) has described and figured two gynandromorphous speci- mens of C. aoris contained inthe collection of the British Musuem ; in one of these ‘‘ the gynandromorphism is exactly bilateral, the wings on the right side of the insect having the colouring and markings of the male strongly defined, whilst the wings on the other (left) side are those of the female equally strongly marked.” In the other specimen ‘‘a singular mixture of the characters of the two sexes” is exhibited in the wings on the right-hand side of the insect, Mr. Moore has described aspecies of Cirrhochroa from Sikkim under the name of C. abuormis ; the description corresponds very closely with some specimens of C. aovis, and I can find no reliable character by which to distinguish between them. No indication is given by Mr. Moore as to which species it is most closely allied, or of the outline of the wings, and I place it here provisionally pending further information. 404. Cirrhochroa abnormis, Moore, C. abnormis, Moore, Journ, A. S. B,, vol. liii, pt. 2, p, 19 (1884), Habitat : Sikkim, EXPANSE : 2°62 inches. DescriPTiION : ‘‘MALE, UPPERSIDE ferruginous-yellow. Forewing with a medial discal transverse black lunular waved band, which is broadest at the costal end, a narrower submar- ginal sinuous band, and a nearly straight marginal line, the interspace from the submarginal band and edge of the wing being suffused with black towards the apex ; an indistinct dusky streak at end of the cell. Aindwing with a medial discal transverse angulated black lunular band, which is broadest at the costal end ; a submarginal lunular line, and a slender nearly straight marginal line ; a row of minute black discal dots. UNDERSIDE brownish-ochreous ; a transverse medial slightly purpurascent band, with waved suffused dusky lunular inner border and slender almost straight outer border, the band being quite narrow where it crosses from fore- to hindwing, and broadly dilated at the costal end on the forewing and at anal end on the hindwing : contiguous to the inner border of the band is a similar dusky suffused lunular fascia, the interspace being of a slightly pale yellowish colour ; at end of each cell is a dusky double lunular mark, a similar double lunular waved line also extends from middle of the cell on the forewing to below the cell on the hindwing ; outer border of both wings traversed by faint traces of a yellowish submarginal lunular band ; on the forewing isa conspicuous whitish apical patch, and on the Aznzdwing is a row of very small blackish transverse discal dots.” (A/oore, 1. c.) 405. Cirrhochroa olivacea, de N, n. sp. (PLATE XXIV, Fic. 111 @). Habitat: Upper Tenasserim. EXPANSE: ¢@, 2'4 to 3:0; 2, 3°3 inches. DESCRIPTION: MALE. UPPERSIDE bright fulvous, in some specimens the basal area bounded by the discal line dark fulvous ; all the viens on the disc distinctly defined with black. Forewing with the disco-cellular nervules marked as usual with a dark fine line on either side, a very irregular black discal line which becomes obsolete before reaching the inner margin, NYMPHALIDA, NYMPHALIN, CIRRHOCHROA. 11! and is widest at the costa; the outer margin, especially at the apex, broadly black, decreasing towards the anal angle, where it includes one, two or three fulvous lunules. Outline truncate at the apex, sinuous below. Aindwing with the usual pale quadrate spot on the middle of the costal margin, a somewhat even discal line, obsolete in some specimens, the usual six round discal black spots, two lunular submarginal and marginal straight black lines beyond, the inner one obsolescent towards the costa. UNDERSIDE opalescent buff, but variable in depth of shade. The usual discal fascia across otk wings, its outer margin defined bya prominent straight fine purple line, itsinner edge with an irregular brown yellow-bordered line: the fascia broad on the costa of the forewing, narrowing gradually and regularly to the inner margin, of nearly equal width throughout on the hindwing. Other markings as above, but paler ; the marginal lunular lines yellow, not black ; a prominent pale apical patch on the forewing. FEMALE. UPPERSIDE dark olivaceous, all the markings heavier and darker than in the male. Forewing with a prominent broad discal whitish band stained with pale fulvous towards the inner margin, its outer edge very irregular, and the outer edge of the discal fascia below showing through. Towards the anal angle it bears two series of very indistinct submarginal black lunules. Aindwing with the costal white spot much larger, narrowly prolonged to the discoidal nervule. UNDERSIDE purplish-white, the discal fascia much more prominent and paler, otherwise as in the male. In Major Marshall’s collection are two males taken at Lampha by Captain C. H. E. Adamson in March, three males and a female taken in the Thoungyeen Forests in that month, and one male (the darkest) in the autumn by Captain C. T. Bingham. The male is nearest to a Perak specimen of C. éajadeta, but the apex of the forewing is truncate and less produced, and does not bear the pale spot on the upperside ; the ground-colour is also lighter, especially below. The female is quite different from that sex of C. éajadeta, and may be distinguished from C. aoris in having the discal band whitish instead of ochreous, and the black margin beyond untraversed by a series of prominent ochreous lunules ; the veins of the forewing also across the disc are more distinctly black in the male than in any other Indian species. The figure, showing both the upper and undersides, is taken from the type female speci- men in Major Marshall’s collection. Twoallied species, C. dajadeta and C. malaya, from the Malay peninsula are described below. * * Cirrhochroa bajadeta, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus_ E. I. C, vol. i, p. 150, n. 309» pl. iiia, figs. 3, 3@ (1857) ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 179, n. 4, pl. xix, figs. 1. male; 2, female (1883) ; Cir- vechroa ravana, Moore, 1.c., n. 310. Habitat: Perak, Penang, Province Wellesley, Malacca, Borneo, Java, EXxPpANSE: 2°6 to 3’0 inches DescripTion: “‘Mare. Uppersipe reddish-ochraceous Forewing with the costa, a narrow transverse fascia near end of cell, and the outer margin—very broad at apex—black; beyond the cell the colour is somewhat paler, giving the appearance of a broad transverse fascia ; and a small ochraceous subapical spot. Aindwing with the outer area from end of cell paler, its inner area marked on each side of the submedian nervure with a lunate black linear spot, and bya similar spot above the upper subcostal nervule; an irregular series of small black spots placed between the nervules (absent between the third median and the dis- coidal nervules), and three waved submarginal black fasciz, the outer one more or less fused with the dark outer margin, UNDERSIDE paler in hue. Forewing with the cell crossed by two linear darker fasciz, one at its termination, the other beyond middle and extending beneath the median nervure; a somewhat violaceous area crossing wing beyond cell, broad at costa and very narrow and attenuated at inner margin ; apex obscurely infus- cated, and containing two subapical greyish white spots and a marginal waved fascia, the edges of which are distinctly pale fuscous ; beneath the first median nervule and in front of the pale fascia is an irregularly formed fuscous spot. A/indwing crossed by a narrow and a very pale violaceous fascia, which is distinctly narrowed and attenuated between the upper subcostal and the discoidal nervules; black spots as above, but margined with reddish-ochraceous ; marginal and submarginal fasciz as on the forewing. Body and Zegs more or less con- colourous with the wings. FEMALE. UppERSIDE as in male, withthe pale area better defined and inwardly but narrowly margined with blackish. UNDERSIDE with the medial fascia paler.” ‘The female of this species appears to have been described by Mr. Moore under the name of C. savana, but having received both sexes from Java, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula, I feel no doubt as to its sexual relation to C. dajadeta.” (Distant, |. c.) In the Indian Museum, Calcutta, is a single male of this species from Perak. Cirrhochroa malaya, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. iv, p. 399, n.18 (1860) ;id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 180, n. 5, pl. x, figs. 4, male ; 3, female (1883) ; Cirrochroa johannes, Butler, Proc. Zool Soc., 1868, p. 221, pl. xvii, fig. 10; idem, id., Trans. Linn. Soc., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 543.n. 2(1877). Hanitrar: Perak, Province Wellesley, Malacca. EXPANSE: 2'5 to 2°8 inches. Degscriprion: ‘‘ MALE and Fematr, Resembling the corresponding sexes of C. dajadeta, but with the pale violaceous fascia crossing the underside of the hindwing entire and not attenuated at the subcostal and discoidal nervules as in that species ; the under- side of both wings is also generally rather darker and more violaceous than in C. dajadeta.” ‘Both Mr. Butler and Mr. Kirby incline to the opinion that the C. ma/aya, Felder, is more or less syno- nymous with C. dajadeta, and the reasons why I have differed from these authorities and identified it with C. johannes are contained in Felder’s diagnosis. Thus the description of the underside of the wings as “lilacino suffusis,” and he pale fascia to the hindwing as ‘‘ angusta recta,” thoroughly applies to the species figured and 112 NYMPHALID. NYMPHALIN. CIRRHOCHROA, 406. Cirrhochroa nicobarica, W.-M. and de N. C. nicobarica, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. 1, pt. ii, p. 231, n. 15 (1881); idem, id., vol. li, p. 16, n. 17, pl. iii, fig. 5, #eade (1882). HasitraT : Great Nicobar. EXPANSE: 2°35 and 2'50 inches. DeEscripTION: ‘*MALE, UPPERSIDE bright fulvous powdered with fuscous scales at the base of doth wings, and along each side of the disco-cellular nervules. Forewing with the costal margin narrowly, the apex broadly, and the external margin decreasingly fuscous, and with a small obscure patch of fuscous scales near the inner angle. indwing with a thin discal striga somewhat discontinuous and nearly straight anteriorly but zigzaged posteriorly ; six rather large rounded spots, and a short streak between the third median and discoidal nervules in the same line as the spots, black ; and beyond the spots three regularly engrailed fuscous strigze, one of which is marginal and the innermost of which is the darkest and is connected with the discal thin striga by the dark brown margins of the nervules ; with the usual white blotch between the anterior black spot and the discal striga; and with the dusky fulvous interval between the two outermost marginal fuscous strigee continued fora short distance on to the fuscous margin of the forewing at the inner angle. UNDERSIDE, doth wings much paler, faintly suffused with lilac ; with a common opalescent discal band inwardly bounded with dusky, scarcely perceptible in the forewing but prominent in the hindwing, in which it is nearly straight externally but dentate internally. Aindwing with five of the black spots of the upperside (two interspaces being devoid of a spot) smaller than above, seated, the foremost one wholly, the second and last (which is twinned) partially, upon a dusky ground, the remaining ones upon fulvous of a brighter shade than the rest of the wing ; beyond the spots with two opalescent lunular bands, the first the broader and internally margined with diffused dusky, and the second the narrower and sharply defined, both of which bands are continued faintly and diffusedly on to the forewing ; and with the usual basal and disco-cellular pale fuscous marks.” ‘* Apparently most nearly allied to C. malaya, Felder, from the Malay Peninsula,” (Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, 1. c.) It is even more closely allied to C. suzya, but may be at once distinguished from that species and from all Indian species by the large size of the discal series of black spots on both the upper and undersides, and the prominence of the discal and submarginal opalescent bands on the underside of the hindwing. It is, however, most closely allied to C. c/agia, but the outer black border on the upperside of both wings is far less prominent, in C. c/agia it includes the discal spots more or less, and is also more pro- minent on the underside than in C. xécobarica. Mr. de Roepstorff obtained two males at Great Nicobar. 407. girrhochroa surya, Moore. Cirrochroa surya, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 827. HasiTat : Moulmein to Meetan ; Taoo, March, 3,000—5,000 feet ; Moolai, 3,c00—6,000 feet ; Upper Tenasserim. ExpANSE: 6, 1°87 to 2'25; 2, 2'5 inches, DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ Allied to C. Janka, Moore. MALtze differs above on the forewing in the narrower marginal band, a single sinuous line extending with fulvous interspaces to near the apex. Hindwing with the submarginal line more sharply sinuous ; other markings similar. described by Mr. Butler, and the last character especially, in contradiction to the suddenly or attenuated fascia in the other species. Felder naturally compared it to C. bajadeta, C. ohannes not having been then described, and the fact ot his having thus compared it would naturally lead to the supposition that he must have been cog- nisant of Mr. Moore’s species.” “TY am inclined, however, to the view that specimens will be obtained of a completely intermediate character between C. dajadeta and C. malaya.” (Distant,\. c) There is a single male of this species from Perak in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. It differs from a Perak example of C. dajadeta in the colouration being paler above, the outer margin of the forewing less excavated below the apex, and wanting the subapical spot. On the underside the discal fascia of the hindwing is distinctly narrower and quite even in width throughout. Judging from the single specimens 1 have seen of these two species, I should have no hesitation in considering them distinct, : NYMPHALID&. NYMPHALINZ. CIRRHOCHROA. 113 UNDERSIDE purplish fulvous grey ; the discal transverse band broader, and pale bluish purple on the forewing, bluish purple-white on the hindwing, its outer border being dark blue, and its inner border red and waved ; other markings red. FeMALE darker above, the discal black line sinuous at the costal end ; a double sinuous marginal line ; other markings and underside as in male.” (Afoore, 1. c.) C. surya is a much paler and yellower insect than C. ana, and the margin of the hindwing on the upperside is concolourous with the ground and bears a distinct black marginal line ; in C. lanka the margin is black, the black line merging in the black border which extends nearly tothe lunular submarginal line, the inner submarginal lunular line also is prominent, but in C. surya is almost entirely obsolete ; the character of the markings is, however, similar on both upper and undersides. C. swrya is still more nearly allied to C. o/ivacea, the males of which may be distinguished from those of C. surya by their larger size, the veins on the disc of the forewing being distinctly defined with black on the upperside, and the marginal fulvous lunules being obsolescent, leaving a more uniform black border; on the underside the pale discal band in C. olivacea is much wider at the costa of the forewing, and its outer margin is defined by a much darker more prominent purple line. I have not seen the female of C. surya, but the discal band on the upperside not being white, would readily distinguish it from the female of C. olivacea. It appears to be a good species confined to Upper Tenasserim, and is usually of very small size, averaging a little over two inches in expanse only. The black border to the forewing on the upperside is very prominent, as the rest of the wing is hardly marked at all. Dr. Anderson took several specimens in the Mergui archipelago in the cold weather, and there are numerous examples in Major Marshall’s collection taken by Captain C, T. Bingham in the Thoungyeen forests and the Donat range from December to April. Three species, C. satellita, C. clagia, and C. orissa, of which the descriptions are given below, have been recorded from the Malay Peninsula.* In the shape of the discal band on the underside of the forewing they correspond with C, swrya and C, olivacea. * Cirrhochrod satellita, Butler, Cist. Ent., vol. 1, p- 9 (1869) ; id., Lep Ex., p 103, pl. xxxviii, fig. 7 (1872) ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 178, n. 2, pl. xix, fig. 9, made (1883). HapitaT: Perak, Borneo, China. EXPANSE: 2°6 to 2°7 inches Description: ‘‘ Mate. UpperstvE brownish-ochraceous, both wings crossed a little beyond the cells by a broad bright ochraceous fascia, after which the wings are blackish ; the pale fascia of the Aindzing contains an incomplete series of black spots placed between the nervules—that at anal angle largest—and two narrow, waved, black submarginal fascia, the outer of which, above the median nervules, is blended with the posterior black area. UNpersIpvE paler, the black areas [of the upperside] brownish, the medial pale fasci@ containing at their inner margins a narrower greyish fascia, widest on the forewing, where it is also more ochraceous. Forewing with a submarginal, lunately macular, violaceous fascia, beyond which is a straighter and more distinct pale fascia. Hzndwing with a macular violaceous fascia as on the forewing, fol- lowed by two dark, narrow, waved fasciz, the series of black spots larger and more continuous. Sody and degs more or less concolourous with wings.” ‘‘ This species is slightly variable in the number of black spots visible on the upperside of the hindwing.” (Distant, 1. c.) Cirrhochroa (Argynnis) clagia, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, Supple., p. 816 (1823); id., Boisduval, Spec, Gén., vol. i, pl. x, fig. 6 (1836); id., Distant, Rhop. Malay , p. 179, n. 3, pl. xvii, fig. 7, male (1883). HapiraT: Singapore, Sumatra, Java. ExpansE: 21 to 2°5 inches Description: ‘Mate. Uppersipe reddish-ochra- ceous, 40/ wings with a broad outer marginal blackish fascia, which on the forew7ng is recurved and broadest at the apical angle, these blackish areas possess two indistinct narrow dark submarginal fascia and that on hindwing is either preceded or inwardly margined by a series of black spots placed between the nervules ; a very narrow and non-continuous blackish fascia also crosses the hindwing a little beyond the cell, which at the costal margin has an adjacent greyish spot. UNDERSIDE much paler, crossed by a greyish fascia, as in C. sate//zta, which is margined with reddish ochraceous, and beyond which their area is distinctly darker and somewhat tinged with violaceous, containing the narrow submarginal fascia as in C. sateliita ; the forewing has a greyish subapical spot, and the cell is medially crossed by a sinuated dull reddish line, which is continued beneath the median nervure, the lower disco-cellular nervule being similarly coloured ; the Aindwing has the black spots margined with reddish, and the cell crossed by a sinuated dull reddish line, which extends from near the costal margin to near the submedian nervure. ody and degs more or less concolourous with wings; the femora, sternum, and abdomen beneath grey- ish. FEMALE differs from the male on the uppERSIDE by having distinct traces of a medial broad yellowish fascia on the forewing; the hindwing having the outer black area narrower, leaving the two narrow waved fascia very distinct, the spots thereby appearing further removed.” ‘* The principal variation in the forms of this species appears to consist in the breadth of the outer black margin to the hindwing, and the thereby sometimes consequent assimilation or fusion of the black spots.” (Distant, |. c.) C. nicobarica is a pale local form or race of this species. The Indian Museum possesses two specimens of this species collected by Dr. Horsfield in Java Cirrhochroa ortssa, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. iv, p. 399, n. 19 (1860); idem, id , Reise Nov., Lep., vol. iii, p- 388, n. 564, pl. xlix, figs. 7, 8 (1866) ; id., Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 340; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 178, n. 1, pl. x, fig. 9, female (1883). Hapitar: Penang, Province Wellesley, Malacca, Singa- pore, Borneo, ExpransE: 2°3 to 2'7 inches. Description: “‘ Mare. Upvrerstbe, forewing brownish-ochraceous, witha broad transverse yellow fascia crossing the wing at end of cell and the whole apical area black. AHindwing 35 114 NYMPHALID#. NYMPHALIN&, CIRRHOCHROA. The next three species have a very wide range. In their detailed descriptions I have given only the localities from which they have individually been recorded by competent authorities. It will be at once apparent by examining these localities how erratic is the distribution of each $ moreover the characters given in the descriptions are all inconstant, and this being so I would prefer to consider them as one species only, which would stand as C. mithila. Treated as a single species it occurs in Fyzabad, Oudh; Bholahat, Malda ; Barrackpore near Calcutta ; Sikkim ; Assam ; the Naga Hills; Sylhet ; Cachar; Manipur ; British and Upper Burma ; the Andaman Isles ; Malacca and Java (Horsfied). C. mithila in a comprehensive sense is of a lighter colouration on the upperside than C, lanka and C. cognata, the forewing of the male is evenly rounded, of the female usually more or less truncated, but never to the extent that it is in C. aoris and C. olivacea. In the male none of the markings of the upperside are very prominent, the inner lunular line of the fore- wing is usually obsolescent, and the margin beyond much less prominently black than in C. lanka, C. surya, &c, The colouration of the underside is extremely variable, some specimens are pale buff almost throughout, others are bright ochreous with the discal band prominently margined outwardly with purple, in others again the ground-colour is darker, but the discal band lacks the outer purple margining ; all these variations are common to the species where- ever it occurs. The discal band across the wings on the underside is of nearly equal width throughout in the forewing, slightly narrower on the hindwing and constricted in the middle, its inner edge usually, but not always, irregularly bounded by a fine double line constricted at each vein with the intervening space yellow, this feature linking it with C. aorvis. The female is darker than the male, the colour of the upperside as well as the underside being variable, 408. Cirrhochroa mithila, Moore. Cirrochroa mithila, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond,, 1872, p. 558; idem, id., in Anderson’s Anat. and Zool. Researches, vol. 1, p- 924 (1878). Hasitat : Bengal, Upper Tenasserim, EXPANSE: 1°37 [2°37 ?] inches. DESCRIPTION ; “MALE. UPPERSIDE pale ferruginous. Forewing with the blackish mar- ginal band narrow, its inner row of lunules palely defined ; medial transverse line scarcely visi- ble on either wing ; the row of black spots, white spot on anterior margin, and outer marginal lunular lines of Zimdwing also very palely defined. UNDERSIDE dull testaceous, glossed with greyish purple ; medial band obsolete, its place faintly defined by a dusky straight outer streak and narrow inner line ; spots on iiéndwing partly obsolete.” (AZoore, 1. c.) Mr. Moore has very kindly furnished me with asketch of C. mithila taken from the type specimen. In the Indian Museum, Calcutta, there are numerous males taken by Dr. Anderson in the Mergui archipelago in the cold weather, and in Major Marshall’s collection there are several others taken in Tenasserim, in the Thoungyeen forests in January, March and April, and in the Donat range in January and April, which agree more or less with Mr. Moore’s descrip- tion and drawing. The prominence of the markings and colour of the ground on the underside is variable, but it is impossible to separate the heavier-marked darker-coloured ones from the others which agree exactly with the type. 409. Cirrhochroa rotundata, Butler. Cirrochroa votundata, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 543, n. 4 (1877) ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 181, n. 6, pl. x, fig. 10, female (1883) ; id., Butler, Ann and Mag. of Nat, Hist., fifth series, vol. xvi, p. 303, n. 27 (1885). brownish-ochraceous, with the following black markings :—a narrow, linear waved fascia crossing wing near end of cell and strongly angulated at first median nervule, followed by a row of spots placed between the nervules (absent between the discoidal and third median nervules) and a marginal and two submarginal much-waved fasciz. UNDERSIDE paler. Forewing with the medial fascia whitish, containing a triangular brownish spot at inner margin ; apical area brownish, with two long, ovate, contiguous greyish spots at apex, and an indistinct waved darker submarginal lineate fascia. AHinzdwing with the medial black fascia above replaced by a broader pale violaceous fascia beneath, beyond which the colour is more or less shaded with violaceous, the black spots margined with reddish, and two submarginal pale vivlaceous fascie. ody and degs more or less concolourous with wings. FeMALE resembles the male, but the forew?g on the UPPERSIDE with a small subapical greyish streak, and on the UNDERSIDE with the pale medial fascia crossed by a narrow pale sinuated brownish fascia attached to the triangular spot at inner margin; the apical brown area also possesses an indistinct violaceous much-waved ascia.” (Déstant, 1. c-) NYMPHALID&. NYMPHALIN#. CIRRHOCHROA. 115 HasitaT: Sikkim, Assam, Malacca. EXPANSE : 3 inches. DEscRIPTION: ‘‘ FEMALE, nearly allied to C. mithila, Moore, the wings more rounded, forewing less produced ; markings of the forewing above almost obsolete ; outer undulated line of Aindwing much more distinct. UNDERSIDE, all the bands and spots tawny instead of ochre yellow.” ‘*Thave no doubt that this species is distinct from C. mithifa ; the colouration of the bands below is strikingly different.” (Bziéler, 1. c.) In the Indian Museum, Calcutta, is a single male of this species from Sikkim so named by Mr, Moore, The outline of this specimen agrees with that of Mr. Moore’s sketch of C. mithila, and also with Mr. Distant’s figure of C. ro¢andata, the markings of the forewing on the upper- side are nearly obsolete, but the bands of the underside are buff rather than tawny. Out of six Sikkim males that belong certainly to one species no two are marked alike on the underside, some are very pale buff, one is ochreous, one is tawny, and some are ferruginous marked with deep purple, but the bands are in almost every case tawny not ochre. C. rotundata cannot, I think, be maintained as a distinct species. Mr. Butler records it from ‘‘near Assam.” 410. Cirrhochroa anjira, Moore. Cirrochroa anjira, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 584; id, Rothney, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. xix, p. 34 (1882). HapsitaT: Barrackpore ; S. Andamans (Port Blair), EXPANSE: ¢, 2°62 to 3°00; 9, 2°87 to 3°30 inches. Description: “Nearest allied to C. aoris ; differs in being less falcate in the forewing, the MALE above having similar but more prominent black markings. In the forewing the transverse discal sinuous line is more erect, and in the FEMALE is less pointed at the angles ; the marginal double sinuous band is broader. UNDERSIDE, darker in colour, the transverse pale lilac band broader on the forewing and narrower on the hindwing; this band is also much less sinuous on its inner border.” (AZoore, 1. c.) C. anjira is of course widely distinct from C. aoris, the forewing in the male being rounded at the apex or hardly perceptibly truncate ; in the female it is often distinctly truncate, but never to the extent that obtains in C. aoris. The colouration of the upperside in the male is also of a much deeper fulvous than in C. aoris. Comparing South Andaman males and a Sikkim male identified by Mr. Moore as C. votundata, I can find no character by which to segregate them into distinct species. The females of C. anjira are extremely variable in colouration, some are deep tawny above, others coloured like the females of C. aoris. The colouration and distinctness or otherwise of the markings on the underside are even more variable. The remaining species of this group represent the genus in South India and Ceylon; they are restricted to those regions, and are the only species known to occur there ; with the single exception of C, swimhoei they are darker in tone than the North Indian and Indo-Malayan species, and their ground-colour is ferruginous not fulvous. In all the species the difference between the sexes in outline of wing is more marked than in the northern species, the female having the forewing much more emarginate and consequently falcate than the male. They com- prise two groups distinguished by the form of the pale discal band on the underside, and com- prise three distinct species all found both in South India and in Ceylon, and in each case the Ceylon specimens have the pale discal band of the underside much less prominent than in the South Indian specimens, especially in the males, thus forming more or less defined local races or subspecies, the Ceylon subspecies being best defined in the case of C, thats and least defined in that of C. swinhoet. In the case of C. ais the Ceylon race has been separated by Mr. Moore under the name of C. cognata;he also records C. thats from Ceylon, but all the Ceylon specimens of this type that I have seen belong to C. cognata, and are separable from the South Indian C. ¢hazs not only by the obsolescence of the discal band on the underside in the male, but by the much more prominent and uniform black border of the upperside. 116 NYMPHALID,. NYMPHALINA. CIRRHOCHROA,. In the case of C. Janka the Ceylon race only has been named, but there is in South India a local race which stands in precisely the same relation to C. lanka as €. thais does to C. cog- nata, for which I here propose the name C. 7e/ata. In C. swinhoei the differences are less well-marked. I have specimens from Ceylon which are referrable to this species, but they do not appear sufficiently distinct to constitute a separate subspecies, 4u1. Cirrhochroa lanka, Moore. Cirrochroa lanka, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 557; idem, id., Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 63, pl. xxii, figs. 4, 4@ (1880) HABITAT: Ceylon. EXPANSE: 6, 2'2 to2'53; 9, 2°5 to 2'8 inches, DEscrRIPTION: “ MALE. UPPERSIDE bright ferruginous. /orewing with medial transverse black line, which is oblique in front of the cell, nearly obsolete hindward ; marginal band black, traversed by an inner row of ferruginous lunules, the outer series being more or less obso- lete. Aindwing with the white spot on the anterior margin large, the median transverse line from it faintly defined ; the parallel row of black spcts, outer and second marginal lines pro- minent. UNDERSIDE dusky ferruginous, somewhat fulvous at the base, glossed with purple- grey ; a broad transverse medial prominent purple-white glossy band ; indistinct lunules on outer margin of wings with purple-grey borders ; black spots on Azzdwing prominent.” (AZoore, 1. c. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.) Mr. Moore also records it from South India. In Ceylon it occurs in the “ Western, Central, and Southern Provinces ; plains and up to 6,000 feet in forests ; flight moderately rapid, settles on the ground and on bushes, Easily captured” (/utchisor). I possess eight specimens, three males and five females, of C. /anka from Ceylon. The males differ somewhat in the depth of the colour of the ground on the upperside, and also in the width of the outer black border to both wings, the discal band on the underside is very obscure, but the comparative straightness of its inner edge at once distinguishes it from C. coguata, The females are also variable in the ground-colour of the upperside and also in the prominence of the discal band on the underside, though it is always much wider and more distinct than in the male, In two specimens it is slightly paler than the ground-colour and glossed with purple, in the other three it is silvery purplish-white. 412. Cirrhochroa relata, de N., n. sp. HaBiTAT: South India, EXPANSE: 2°5 to 3'1 inches, DEscRIPTION : MALE. UPPERSIDE, Goth wings bright fulvous, the disc crossed by a more or less prominent black line, much deflexed inwards at the third median nervule of the fore- wing, with the usual white spot placed outwardly against it on the costa of the hindwing very large and quadrate ; two submarginal lunular and a marginal straight black line, the two outer lines anteriorly widening out and amalgamating towards the apex. Forewing with the disco- cellulars defined by a fine black line. AWindwing with a discal series of six round black dots. UNDERSIDE, both wings paler, a very obscure subbasal fine black line, usually with an extremely prominent pure white discal band, its outer edge very straight, its inner edge somewhat less so, and defined by a narrow fuscous line ; the marginal lines of the ‘upperside but very indistinct, with a pale patch at the apex and inner angle of the forewing, enclosing two pale bands on the hindwing. Aindwing with the discal dots as above, but smaller and placed on an obsoles- cent diffused darker band, which is obscurely continued on to the forewing, FEMALE, UPPER- SIDE, Joth wings paler than the male, all the black markings more prominent, the disc beyond the medial black line on the forewing paler than the rest of the ground; the outer margin highly emarginate, thereby giving the wing a very falcate appearance. UNDERSIDE, both wings with the ground-colour more ochreous than in the male, markings similar, but the discal pure white band still more prominent, its outer edge defined with a somewhat broad deep purple line, Other markings as in male. NYMPHALID. NYMPHALIN#. CIRRHOCHROA, 117 The above description is made from three males and four females: from the Nilgiris, two males and two females from North Canara, and one male and two females from Travancore, They exhibit extremely little variation; the male differs from C. /anka in being larger, the ground” colour of the upperside paler, the outer black border much less prominent, and the discal white band on the underside being usually very wide and conspicuous. The female differs from that sex of C. Janka in the ground-colour of the upperside also being paler, and the outer black border less prominent. One male from the Nilgiris and the North Canara example differ from the other typical specimens described above in being smaller, and the discal band of the underside very obscure. 413. Cirrhochroa thais, Fabricius. Pafilio thais, Fabricius, Mant. Ins., vol. ii, p. 64, n. 601 (1787) ; idem, id., Ent. Syst., vol iii, part i, p. 149) n. 456 (1793) ; Cirrochroa thais, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M., p. 116, n. 1 (1869); id., Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 557: HapsiratT : South India. EXPANSE : 2°8 to 3’0 inches. DEscCRIPTION:: ‘* MALE and FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, pale ferruginous, glossed with green at the base. forewing with a prominent medial transverse black line, which is oblique and zigzag in front of the cell and lunular hindward ; exterior margin broadly dusky black and traversed by a double row of ferruginous lunules, the marginal row obsolete at the apex; a dusky streak lining the disco-cellular nervules, Aéndwing with a large round white spot on anterior margin, from which proceeds the medial transverse black lunular line, between which and the exterior margin is a parallel row of six small black spots, two dusky lunular lines and a third outer line. UNDERSIDE pale ferruginous brown in male, brown in female, with a transverse medial irregularly dentated purple-white glossy band on both wings, the outer margin of the band being straight, and the dentations disappearing towards anal angle of hind- wing ; transverse row of black spots on hindwing smaller than on upperside, marginal dusky lunules hardly visible.” ‘* Note.—The above is the description of the insect which, according to Mr. Butler’s deter- mination, is the C. ¢kais of Fabricius.” (Moore, 1. c.) I possess one male of this species from Calicut, three males from Travancore, three males and one female from North Canara, and one male and four females from the Nilgiris. They show but little variation, and differ from the Ceylon form of C. thais (C. coznata) in being larger, the outer margin of the forewing more emarginate, and the black markings on the outer border far less prominent especially on the hindwing, in the colouration of the ground of the upperside being usually paler, the discal white band on the underside nearly always prominent and highly dentate in both sexes, in one Nilgiri male specimen only is it obscure ; in C. cogva/a it is never nearly as prominent and usually quite obsolete. The female is also paler above and the black margin less prominent, the forewing more deeply emarginate, the discal band below also more distinct. Messrs. Butler and Moore (Cat. Fab. Lep. and Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872) give C. thais from Ceylon, the description above applies best, however, to the South Indian form, 414. Cirrhochroa cognata, Moore. Cirrochroa cognata, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 64, pl. xxxii, figs. 3, 34, male; 36, larva and pupa; C. thais, Moore (nec Fabricius), id., p. 63, pl, XxXii, figs. 2, 2a, female (1881). HapitaT : Ceylon. EXPANSE : 2'0 to 3'0 inches. DESCRIPTION : MALE. ‘‘ UPPERSIDE differs from C. thats in the forewing being shorter, the apex broader and not falcated ; medial sinuous line indistinct, the marginal black band nar- rower and traversed by arow of dentate spots. Aindwing with a small white costal spot ; the discal transverse markings similar, but the outer marginal line blacker. UNDERSIDE dark fer- ruginous, the medial transverse band narrower, less defined, and in some specimens nearly obsolete.” ‘Larva pale purplish-brown, yellowish beneath ; head yellow, spotted in front with black ; with two dorsal rows of long delicate branched spines and two lateral rows of shorter 118 NYMPHALIDA. NYMPHALIN&, CIRRHOCHROA, spines, a similar spine projecting on each side of the head from second segment. Pupa pale bluish-purple, spotted with black, with lengthened dorsal tubercles and two longer tubercular processes projecting from front of thorax ; head cleft.” (Avore, 1. c.) The above description is that of C.cogzata, Mr. Moore does not state what sex he is de- scribing, but from the outline of the wings he has evidently figured a male. He also records C. thais from Ceylon and describes both sexes as below, but figures a female only. ‘*MALE and FEMALE. UPPERSIDE pale ferruginous, glossed with green at the base. Fore- wing with a prominent medial transverse black line, which is oblique and zigzag in front of the cell and lunular hindward ; exterior margin broadly ferruginous-black and traversed by a ferru- ginous sinuous line; a dusky streak lining the disco-cellular nervules. Hindwing with a large quadrate white spot on anterior margin, from which proceeds a medial transverse black lunular line ; a discal row of six small black spots, two submarginal lunular lines and a third outer line. UNDERSIDE pale olive-brown in male, ferruginous-brown in female ; with a transverse medial irregularly dentated purple-white glossy band on doth wings, the outer margin of the band being straight and the dentations disappearing towards the anal angle of hindwing ; a transverse row of black spots on Aindwing smaller than on the upperside ; marginal lunular lines indistinct and suffused with glaucous-purple. EXPANSE: ¢@, 2°75; $, 2°25 inches.” (Moore, 1. c.) The above given dimension for the female is probably incorrect, that sex averages larger than the male, I have but little doubt that the descriptions above of C. cognata and C. thats apply to one species only, as it appears from the former that Mr. Moore was unaware of the fact that the falcation of the forewing is a sexual and not a specific character in this group of Cirrhochroas, and I can find no character by which to separate the Ceylon specimens into two species. C. cognata, judging from the large number of specimens that have been sent me, is by far the commonest species of the genus occurring in Ceylon. It is recorded (of C. thats) that it have been “taken at Galle and Kandy” (Wade), and (of C. cognata) that it is “a low country insect, found chiefly in the interior” (J/ackwood). The males have the discal band of the underside usually quite as obscure as in C. /awka, but with the inner edge highly irregular and dentate, and the black outer border of both wings on the upperside very broad. The female is paler ferruginous than the male, the discal black line on the upperside much more distinct, the costal white spot of the hindwing much larger and quadrate ; on the underside the discal band is always wider and more prominent, but is somewhat variable ; in some specimens it is comparatively obscure, in others very prominent and highly dentate, in others again less prominent and its inner edge more regular, but always far less regular than in the same sex of C. lanka. The outer edge of the discal band is usually defined by a purple line, which in some examples is outwardly broadened out into a diffused band, 415. Cirrhochroa swinhoei, Butler. Cirrochroa swinhoet, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 604, n. 8 Hasirat : Nilgiris, Wynaad, Trevandrum, Ceylon. EXPANSE : 2'2 to 2'9 inches. DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ FEMALE, Allied to C. thais of Ceylon, but of a clear bright fulvous colour above, almost as bright as in C. aorts and C. mithila, the forewing more falcate than in C. thais, the inner or discal zigzag line less strongly defined and more completely separated into <- shaped markings, the very irregular series just beyond the cell considerably more slender. Aindwing with all the markings less pronounced. ody considerably paler, the horax pale greenish. UNDERSIDE stone-colour, with greenish and flesh-coloured tints, the basal area to the middle being flesh-coloured, the discal lines and outer borders washed with pale olivaceous ; the band across the middle rather paler than the ground-colour, but not white or silvery in the type specimen ; a diffused double pearly white spot at apex of forewing. Pectus whitish ; /egs flesh-coloured.” (Butler, 1. c.) I possess three males and four females from the Nilgiris, one male from the Wynaad, two males and one female from Travancore, and three females from Ceylon which I identify as belonging to this species. The colouration of all of them on the upperside is very pale fulvous, NYMPHALIDA. NYMPHALIN. PSEUDERGOLIS. 119 in the males the outer border of the forewing on the upperside is somewhat wide at the apex enclosing four fulvous lunules, but rapidly narrowing towards the inner angle, the discal line on both wings is very obsolete, as are the three marginal lines on the hindwing. On the underside the tone of the ground-colour is very even and regular, all the markings are very obscure, except in one Travancore specimen in which the discal band (which has its inner edge always highly irregular and dentate) is white and somewhat prominent. The female is even paler on the upperside than the male, the markings somewhat more prominent, the discal band on the underside wider and usually more prominent, in one Ceylon example it is outwardly bounded by a broad diffused deep purple band which on the forewing occupies the whole of the upper half of the wing between the discal band and the margin. Mr. Moore does not record C. swinhoei from Ceylon, but the three female specimens I possess from that island must, I think, be placed under that specific name. 410. Cirrhochroa fasciata, Felder. Atella fasciata, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. iv, p. 236, n.83 (1860); Cirrochroa Jasciata, idem, id., vol. v, p. 301, n. 14 (1861) ; idem, id., Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 389, n. 567, pl. xlix, figs. 9, 10 (1867). HasitaT : Mergui, Upper Tenasserim, Sumatra, Mindoro. EXPANSE : 1°8 to 2°2 inches. DESCRIPTION : “ Wings widely-dentate. UPppErsIDE brownish-fuscous, with a narrow common discal fascia extending from the first median nervule of the forewing to the anal angle of the hindwing, lutescent [yellowish]. /orvewmg witha subcostal spot, a submacular external fascia, and six posterior lunules, lutescent [yellowish]. Aizdwing subangulate, with a posterior fascia inwardly marked with six black spots and six elongate submarginal lutescent lunules, separated by a streak, with an obsolete marginal concolourous line UNDER- SIDE pale yellowish-brown, with the fascize of the upperside much paler. Forewing with a black spot near the inner angle.” (Zé/der 1. c. in Wien, Ent. Monatsch., vol. iv.) This is a very distinct species, possessing alone in the genus the curious secondary male characters given at page 108, The female differs from the male only in not having these male marks, The colouration of the upperside is blackish, thickly irrorated with ochreous scales. There is a common discal band broken between the third median and lower discoidal nervules of the forewing, beyond which is a maculated band inwardly marked with six round black spots on the hindwing, and one black spot at the inner angle of the forewing, a submarginal series of lunules between the veins and an indistinct marginal line all pale clear ochreous. The underside is much paler throughout, but is similarly marked, the forewing has the round black spot near the outer angle, with sometimes a smaller one above it in the first median interspace very prominent. Dr. Anderson took two males and a female in the Mergui archipelago during the winter months ; there are specimens in Major Marshall’s collection taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in April in the Upper Thoungyeen forests, the Donat range and at Muawaddy, Kankaret, all in Upper Tenasserim. Genus 64.—PSEUDERGOLIS, Felder. (PLATE XXIII). Pseudergolis, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 404 (1867). ‘* Antenne, rather long, beneath scarcely annulated, terminating gradually in a rather narrow club. /a/pz, asin section edonia of Precis, buta little shorter and stouter. Wings, with the discoidal cells slenderly closed. /orewing, with the discal ‘‘ geniculum”* greater than in P. #edonza and its allies, with the second subcostal nervule a little more distant from the end of the cell, the third given off in the middle of the wing. Aizdwing, with the discoidal nervule more distant from the lower subcostal nervule than in Precis, General appearance scarcely different from Lrgo/is.” (Felder,1.c.) Only two species are known. The type of the genus is P. avesta from Celebes, a species very closely allied to but larger than the Indian P. wedah. Structurally Psewdergolis is very nearly allied to Precis, but may be at once distinguished from it by the discoidal cells of both wings being slenderly but distinctly closed ; on the other hand in colouration and general style of markings it more nearly resembles Ergolis, being a ferruginous insect on the upperside with several dark sinuous transverse lines ; * Probably the bend in the lower disco-cellular nervule is meant 120 NYMPHALID, NYMPHALIN. STIBOCHIONA, it may of course be distinguished from Zygo/is by the costal nervure of the forewing not being dilated at the base. The Indian species, the only other one known besides the type, is appa- rently confined to the Himalayas and the tracts east of the Bramaputra. 417. Pseudergolis wedah, Kollar, (PLATE XXIII, Fic. 109 ¢). Ariadne wedah, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, vol. iv, pt. 2, p. 437, n. i (1848); Pseudergolis wedah, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 240; Precis veda, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p.191, n. 27 (1871); Precis hara, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C,, vol. i, p. 143, n. 291, pl. iiia, fig. 1 (1857) ; idem, id., Anderson’s Anat. and Zool. Researches, p. 923 (1878). HasitaT: Himalayas, Sylhet, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, EXPANSE : 2°2 to 2°6 inches. DescrIPTION, ‘‘ UpPPERSIDE golden-brown, darker on outer margins. Both wings with three narrow transverse black bands on the anterior half, the outer band on the hindwing being zig-zagged, with a parallel row of small black spots between the outer and middle bands ; within each discoidal cell are two narrow and rather square-shaped spaces, those on the hindwing being the narrowest. UNpberstpe dull brown, marked as above, with deep brown, but the two inner bands broad, the outer very narrow ; on the hindwing, above the marks, within [above] discoidal cell, is a narrow brown mark ; the outer margins are also deep brown.” (AZoore, 1.c.) On the underside this species is more or less, especially on the outer margins, glossed with pale violet. The FEMALE differs from the male only in being somewhat paler. In the N.-W. Himalayas and in Sikkim I have always met with this species near water. It occurs at Shillong in May ; Mr. H. M., Parish has taken it in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in November ; Captain C. T. Bingham has taken it in October in the Donat Range, Upper Tenasserim, and the Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses specimens obtained by the Yunan expedition. It is not a rare species where it occurs, and has a very pretty soaring flight, and usually settles with wide outspread wings on the upper surface of a leaf. The figure is taken from a male Masuri specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and shows both upper and underside. Genus 65.—STIBOCHIONA, Butler. (PLATE XIX), Stibochiona, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 614. “Allied to Diadema [= Aypolimnas] alimena, but differing from it, from Afatura, and from Adolias | = Euthalia] in having the discoidal cells of both wings distinctly closed, the middle and lower disco-cellulars of forewing forming a continuous arch, the upper disco-cellular of hindwing obliquely arched, the lower a little longer than the upper, slightly arched, and meeting the median nervure somewhat obliquely at the origin of the second and third branches. Colours intermediate between Adolias [= Luthalia] cocytus and Diadema [=Aypolimnas] alimena. Typical species, S. coresia, Hiibner.” (Butler, 1. c.) This is a genus of very small extent, but two species being known, one occurring through- out the Himalayas from Kulu to Assam, the other in Sumatra and Java. The colouration of the Indian species is very deep blue, with a few lighter blue and white spots and markings. The wings are very evenly rounded, and the sexes very slightly differentiated. 418. Stibochiona nicea, Gray. (PLATE XIX, Fic. 816). Adolias nicea, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, p. 13, pl. xii, fig, 1 (1846); id., Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., new series, vol. v, p. 83, n. 45 (1859); Stébochiona nicea, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 614, n. 13 Adolias dolope, Felder, Wien. Ent- Monatsch., vol. iii, p. 184, n. 8 (1859). Hapitat: Himalayas, Sylhet, Assam. EXPANSE: 4, 2'25 to 2°75; @, 2°75 to 3°10 inches. DEscriPTION: ‘*MALe, UPPERSIDE velvety-black. Forewing with a marginal, short submarginal, a nd a shorter third row of small white spots, the marginal row bourded inwardly by a row of small indistinct blue spots ; also indistinct blue marks within discoidal cell, Hindwing with a marginal row of black spots encircled with blue inwardly, and with white NYMPHALID&. NYMPHALIN&, HYPOLIMNAS. 121 outwardly ; [within which is a lunular blue line becoming obsolescent towards the apex]. Cilia white. UNDERSIDE brown-black. Forewing as above [but all the markings more prominent]. Hindwing with marginal row of white lunulated spots, and a submarginal row of minute white dots. [A discal angulated series of bluish-white spots, with some bluish markings in and about the cell]. FeMALE, UPPeRsIDE marked as in male, but washed with olive-green, the marginal row of encircled spots of Aindwing larger, and with a submarginal narrow greenish line. UNDERSIDE with the three rows of white spots on forewing extending to posterior margin, On the Aindwing the marginal row of lunulated spots are larger, and there is a submarginal row of white spots, also a third inner row of bluish-white spots.” (AZoore, 1.c.) Mr. Hocking took this species in the Kangra Valley, and states that it “ flies like Pafilio pammon, following the line of a hedge and passing in and out between the bushes.” Mr. A. Graham Young has taken it in the Kulu Valley, I met with it in August below Kotgarh, fifty miles north of Simla, and Mr, Templeton has taken it in Masuri. It is common in Sikkim, and the Indian Museum, Calcutia, has specimens from Sylhet, Cherrapunji, Naga Hills, Sibsagar (S, £. Peal), and examples brought by the Dafla Expedition. It is a very pretty insect on the wing, has a quick flight, but settles often, always with wings widely distended, and frequently on the underside of a leaf. Mr. Butler (1. c.) records a variety from Northern India, with the following description :— “ Variety. Male smaller, with the spots distinctly green not blue,” I have seen no male specimen answering to the above, but the spots on the margin of the upperside in the female are of a green rather than of a blue tint. The figure shows both sides of a male Sikkim example in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Genus 66.—HYPOLIMNAS, Hiibner. (PLATe XX), Hyfolimnas (also spelt Hifolimnas), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 45 (1816); id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 164 (1883) ; Zsoftria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 45 (1816) ; Diadema (nom. preoc.), Boisduval, Voy Astr., Lep., p. 135 (1832); id., Felder, Neues Lep., p. 25,n. 57 (1861); id., Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 277, Monograph ; id., sect. 1, Diadema, and sect 5, Euralia, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, pp. 279—281 (1850) ; Apztura, Moore, (mec Fabricius), Lep. Cey-, vol. isp. 57 (1881). ** Bopy, moderately robust, zu/7gs large, those of the male generally more brilliantly coloured than those of the female ; head and neck often marked with small white spots. ead, moderately large, with a frontal tuft nearly reaching to the tip of the second joint of the palpi. yes, prominent, naked. /a/gi, porrected, rather more than twice the length of the head, ascending obliquely, but scarcely elevated above the level of the middle of the eyes, rather flattened beneath, scaly; the scales lying flat except at the base, beneath which they are slightly elongated, and alsonear the middle of the upperside of the second joint, where there is an elongated tuft of white scales, and another near the tip within, which causes the apical joint to be as wide apart as the space between the eyes; the terminal joint is elongate ovate, slightly pointed at the tip, and about one-fourth of the length of the second joint. Antenne, short, scarcely above three-fourths of the length of the body, and not half the length of the wings, slender, slightly curved ; terminated by a distinct, rather small club, not occupying more than one-fifth of the length of the antennz. Club obovate, terminated by a very minute acute point, Zorax, moderately robust, hairy, especially on the metathorax ; neck short, marked with small white spots; wings large. FOREWING, sub- trigonate. Costal margin much arched ; afex not regularly rounded ; outer margin about three- fourths of the length of the costa, angulated below the apex, emarginate below the angle; margin slightly scalloped ; z#er margin slightly concave, about the same length as the costa. Costal nervure extending beyond the middle of the costa; sdcostal nervure with its first branch arising about one-fourth [less than one-third] from the base of the wing ; second branch arising at a little distance beyond the first, and before the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell; third branch arising at about [before] two-thirds of the length of the wing, and extend- ing to the tip; fourth branch arising [less than] half way between it and the apex, and reaching the outer margin at a little distance below the apex, the terminal portion of the 16 122 NYMPHALID. NYMPHALINZ, HYPOLIMNAS. vein slightly deflexed. Upper disco-cellular nervule very short, almost obsolete, arising from the subcostal at about [more than] one-third of the length of the wing ; mdd/e disco-cellular short, curved obliquely outwards; Zower disco-cellular slightly curved, about three times as long as the middle one, and uniting with the third branch of the median nervure at a little distance beyond its origin, closing the discoidal cell at a little more than one-third of the length of the wing; the third [median] branch is considerably curved beyond the discoi- dal cell. HinDWING, broad, nearly rounded ; costal margin much arched ; ouéer margin some- what longer than the costal, rounded, and scalloped. Precostal mervure curved outwardly. Costal nervure much curved, extending to the outer angle. Szdcosta/ nervure branching at about one-fifth of the length of the wing. Ujfer disco-celllar mervle arising very close to the base of the subcostal branch; /ower disco-cellular arising at about the same distance from the base of the upper disco-cellular, curved, and united with the median nervure exactly at the origin of its third branch, closing the discoidal cell, FORELEGS, of the ma/e short and pectoral, scaly ; femora clothed beneath with rather long scaly hairs; ¢¢a and tarsus scaly, the tibia slightly curved, the tarsus not more than one-third of the length of the tibia, elongate-ovate, exarticulate. Of the feveale considerably larger ; femwr and ‘idia similarly elothed ; ¢arszs scaly, more than two-thirds of the length of the tibia, distinctly articulated, the basal joint occupying nearly three-fourths of the whole tarsus, with two strong spurs at its tip beneath; second, third, and fourth joints very short, obliquely truncate, spined beneath at the tip ; fifth joint minute, but with similar spines. H1Inbure6s, rather long, scaly; ébia with two rows of short spines, and rather long tibial spurs ; ¢azsi with several rows of shorter spines beneath and at the sides ; c/aws moderate.” “Larva cylindrical; head with two erect spines, each of the following segments with several shorter spines. PUPA robust ; hunched on the back ; abdomen-case spined.” ( West- wood, |. c.) Mr. Wallace, in monographing the genus in 3869, wrote : ‘‘ Two of the commonest species, Diadema [= Aypolimnas] bolina, Linnzus, and D, misippiss, Linnzeus, have an immense range, from Australia and the Pacific to Indiaand Africa, but no other species of the restricted genus is found in continental India, and all but two are inhabitants of the Austro-Malayan region, which we may therefore look upon as the probable birth-place of the group. This genus, and those which have been separated from it, furnish us with examples of almost all the anomalies of variation. Some species present an amount of variation perhaps greater than any to be found among butterflies ; others scarcely vary at all, The sexes are, in some species, absolutely with- out a feature of their colouration in common ; in others, they are hardly distinguishable. In a large number of species there is the most wonderful mimicry of other groups, so that they have been mistaken for Danaide and Acreide,and there is, perhaps, nothing more striking than the accurate manner in which some African species imitate the striped and spotted decree, which inhabit the very same districts. In the Eastern islands the protective mimicry has sometimes caused the usual sexual characters to be completely reversed, which has led to confusion in the determination of the species.” (Wallace, |. c.) The males of the two Indian species are among the most beautiful of butterflies, being black on the upperside, with a large pale-centred patch of resplendent irridescent purple on each wing, this colour, however, being quite invisible when seen from behind, though it is most bril- hiant when seen in front, ze, with the head of the insect turned towards the observer, ‘in which position, as Dr. Schulte remarks, the male would be seen by the female when approach- ing her,” as Mr. Darwin has quoted, The two Indian species occur abundantly throughout the country, and in the hills are met with up to 6,000 feet at any rate, Eey to the Indian species of Hypolimnas. A. Both sexes with the ground-colour black. Apex of hindwing on underside black. 419. H. Borrna, India, Malayana B. Male, ground-colour black with purple and white spots on the upperside; apex of hindwing on underside ochreous. Female with ground-colour tawny, as in Danats chrysippus. i 420. H. misippus, America, Africa, India, Malayana, NYMPHALIDA. NYMPHALINA. HY POLIMNAS, 123 419. Hypolimnes holina, Linnzus. Papilio bolina, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 479, mn. 124 (1758) ; idem, id., Mus. Ulr, p. 295, m. 113 (1764); idem, id., Syst. Nat., ed. xii, vol. i, pt. 2, p. 781, n. 188 (1767! ; id., Clerck, Icones Ins., vol. ii, pl. xxi, fig. 2, wale (1764) ; id., Fabricius, Syst, Ent., p. 507, n. 269 (1775) ; Diadema bolina, Wallace, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond , 1869, p. 273, n. 1, part; Hyfolimnas bolina, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep, p. 224, n. 1 (1871), Jart ;id.; Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 165, n. x, pl. Xil, figs. 10, 12, ade ; pl. xv, fig. 12, female (1883); Apatura bolina, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. 1, p. 58, pl, Xxx fig. 1, male ; 15,larvaand pupa (1881); Papilio auge, Cramer, Pap Ex., vol. ii, pl. exc, figs. A, B, male (1777); Diadema auge, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep Mus. E. I.C, vol, 1, pe 158, n. 328, pl. v, figs. 9, Z«rva ; ga, fupa (1857); P. jacintha. Drury Ex. Ent., vol. ii, pl. xxi, figs. 1, 2 female (1773); id., Donovan, Ins, China, pl. xxxvil, fig. 1, ferale (1798); id., Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vol. iii, pt. 1. p. 60, n. 187 (1793) ; Apatura jacintha, Moore, Lep. Cey., p. 58, pl. xxx, fig. 1a, female (1881); Papilio avia, Fabricius, Eat. Syst., vol. iii, pt. r, ps 111, n. 342 (1793) ; Hypolimnas charybdis, Butler, Cist. Ent., vol. ii, Pe 432 (1883), Hapitat : Throughout India, Ceylon, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Malay peninsula, Siam, Sumatra, Java, Australia. EXPANSE : d, 2°5 to 4'°3 ; 2, 29 to 4'8 inches. DESCRIPTION ; ‘‘ MALE, UpPersIpe very dark indigo-blue. Forewinz with a large elongate and macular white spot at [beyond] end of cell, margined with bright bluish, commencing near the upper discoidal nervule and terminating near the second median nervule ; two or three small sub- apical white spots divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules ; and sometimes followed by a few minute submarginal whitish spots placed between the nervules. Aindwing with a large medial white spot, broadly and irregularly surrounded by pale bluish, which commences on lower half of cell, and is bounded by the upper subcostal and the first median nervules ; a series of minute and frequently subobsolete submarginal white spots placed between the nervules. Cz/ia of both wings alternately white. UNDERSIDE dark olivaceous-brown. Forewing with the white markings as above, but with the large macular spot at [beyond ] end of cell almost extending to costa, not prominently margined with bluish, and followed by a small pale spot be- neath the second median nervule ; submarginal spots distinct, one on each side of first median nervule largest and bluish ; a pale lunulate submarginal fascia and a similar but more linear marginal fascia, which are almost obsolete above the lower discoidal nervule ; basal half of costal area minutely irrorated with greyish ; cell with three upper small and irregular white spots more or less surrounded with dark fuscous. Aizdwing with a broad medial whitish fascia, com- mencing near upper subcostal nervule, where it is preceded by a subcostal spot, and terminating near anal angle (this fascia is variable both in size and shape) ; a submarginal series of small bluish white spots placed between the nervules, followed by a submarginal series of greyish subconical spots placed in pairs between the nervules ; marginal linear lunular spots as on forewing. Cia as above. Body above dark indigo-blue, the head marked with a few pale spots ; body beneath and /egs more or less concolourous with wings ; the /a/si beneath white, the legs beneath more or less greyish. and the addomen and thorax with a few whitish spots. FeMALeE. UPPERSIDE dark olivaceous-brown. Forewing with a few small bluish subcostal spots above cell ; a transverse blue macular fascia beyond end of cell (corresponding to the white fascia of male) ; a submarginal series of white spots placed between the nervules, the two uppermost of which are largest and contiguous, followed by a submarginal and marginal series of waved and linear greyish spots, between which the colouris somewhat paler. Hindwing with a submarginal series of greyish spots placed between the nervules, followed by a series of subconical spots of the same colour, which are placed conjointly in pairs between the nervules; marginal spots as on forewing, but more lunulate. Cy/ia of both wings alternately greyish. UNDERSIDE brownish ochraceous. Forewing with the marginal and submarginal markings as above, the macular fascia at [beyond] end of cell subobsolete and greyish ; the basal half of wing is pale castaneous, with the costal area and cell marked as in male. Hindwing with the marginal and submarginal markings as above, and the middle crossed by a faint greyish fascia more or less corresponding to that on the wings of the male.” (Distant, l.c.) “ Larva purple-brown, head armed with two long erect branched spines, the segments with a dorsal row of three (two only on the anterior and posterior segments) long branched red spines, and three lateral rows of spines. Pupa thick, purple-brown, blotched with black; ab- dominal segments with stout pointed dorsal tubercles ; head obtuse, pointed in front, thorax angular at top.” (Moere, 1. c, in Lep, Cey.) Surgeon-Major Forsayeth found the ‘larva 124 NYMPHALID. NYMPHALIN. HYPOLIMNAS. on a small herb with a purple flower. It somewhat resembled that of Fusonia orithyia, but the head is entire, of a red colour, and armed with two fleshy horns covered with short spines. The kody is also armed with similar processes. The pupa also resembles that of 3. orithyia in form and colouring, but of course much larger in size, and has spinous projections along the middle of abdomem and dorsum of thorax.” Mr. Wallace writes (1. c.) :—“ This is an exceedingly wide-spread and variable species. The male is tolerably constant, but presents three decided modifications. That which extends over the whole continent of India, is generally distinguished by a row of white points behind the blue and white spot on the hindwing, and the white bands across the wings on the underside are well marked. Those of the Malayan and Polynesian countries never have the white dots, and seldom have the bands beneath so distinctly marked. In the British Museum are some remarkable specimens from the Philippine Islands, in which the male has the spot on the hindwing reduced to a mere blue gloss without any paler centre, so that in most lights it is invisible ; but without a large series from this locality it would be impossible to determine how far this is linked to the more ordinary forms by intermediate types.” Regarding this latter point there are two male specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and several in my own collection, obtained by Mr. S. E, Peal at Sibsagar in Upper Assam, which agree with the specimens from the Philippine Islands referred to, in the character of the blue spot without white on the upperside of the hindwing, but although they are alike in this respect they differ in size and in the markings of the underside. Mr. W. C. Taylor has also taken a small specimen in Orissa, which shows but very faint traces of the white colouration in the middle of the blue spot ; in fact there are gradations from a perfectly uniform blue spot to others in which the white spot is fully developed, In India H. dolina is represented by several fairly well-marked forms in the male, but they are neither confined to particular localities nor constant in their characters, each form being linked to the others by numerous intermediate gradations. The female is much more constant comparatively, though it too shows variation in the extent of the markings, especially on the upperside. The typical male which was described by Linnzeus under the name éo/ina, and figured by Clerck under the same name and by Cramer under the name azge, has on the upperside the patches white, bordered with blue ; the white central portion being untinted with blue in any light ; on the underside there is a prominent white bar or band on each wing, and the sub- marginal band of whitish spots between the discal dots and marginal lunules is obsolescent. This form, so far as I am aware, usually appears during the rainy season. Next there is a larger form in which on the upperside the patch on the hindwing is tinted or irrorated with blue throughout, but much paler in the centre; and on the margin they frequently show more or less prominent traces of whitish markings corresponding with the border markings of the underside, The underside is very variable, typically lighter and more uniform brown, the white band on the forewing much reduced and irrorated with brown, the white discal band of the hindwing very diffused and obsolescent ; and the submarginal band on the other hand much more prominent and almost filling the entire space between the discal dots and the marginal lunules. The larger size, paler and more uniform colouration of the underside, and the absence of pure white markings, those on the upperside being irrorated with bluish, and those on the underside with brown, are the distinguishing characters of this forms As far as I am aware, it usually appears during the dry season, Again, each of these forms exhibits, but not commonly, a striking variety in which the patch on the upperside of the hindwing is uniform black, shot in certain lights with brilliant deep blue, but showing no trace of pale centering. These varieties are not casual isolated forms, but linked by numerous gradations in which the pale centering gets gradually less. In the variety allied to the smaller typical form there is a striking difference on the underside also, in extreme cases the white discal band of the hindwing and all the whitish * Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1884, p. 384. NYMPHALID. NYMPHALIN. HYPOLIMNAS. 125 markings on the border of both wings entirely disappear, except a white dot on the cilia in each interspace, and there appears a deep violet suffused patch on the disc just beyond the cell 5 the ground-colour is darker throughout, and the discal white markings of the forewing though narrower are prominent. In the variety allied to the larger form the underside is less strikingly different, the markings are even more obscure and suffused as well as irrorated with brown, and the discal dots on both wings are more prominently tinted with violet. The female was figured by Donovan and Drury under the name /aciztha, and later on was described by Fabricius under the name avia. The variations of it, which are casual and in- constant, are mainly confined to the greater or less prominence of the blue macular fascia on the upperside of the forewing, and the greater or less prominence of the whitish submarginal band on the hindwing, in one extreme consisting of small conical spots in pairs between the nervules, in the other extreme these spots are greatly elongated, entirely filling the spaces between the veins, and coalescing with the discal spots towards the anal angle. On the under- side the females in all cases appear to correspond with the larger form, and not with the typical smaller form in style of markings. Mr. Moore in his ‘‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon” gives #. jacintha asa. distinct species from H. do/ina, but remarks that the former ‘‘ may probably be a seasonal variety of ” the latter. H. bolina is in most parts of the country one of the commonest as well as one of the most beautiful of the Indian butterflies ; in the drier portions of Western Continental India it is rare, but even there it may occasionally be found in gardens. In the moister regions, particularly in the warm valleys and submontane tracts, it abounds, and the flash of the brilliant purple as it opens and closes its wings while sunning itself on some flower or spray of foliage meets the eye at every turn. Mr. Butler has recently described asa distinct species under the name of A. charybdis some specimens which I cannot recognise even as a distinct variety of A. dodina. He apparent- ly considers the larger form described above to be distinct and tostand as A. jacintha, but in this I cannot follow him. The original description of 1. charyédis is appended for reference.* A closely-allied species or local race which has been described apparently from a single pair by Mr. Butler as A. zzcommoda occurs in Malacca; it is almost identical with the Javan species which has been identified as H. dasinassa of Lucas (ec Cramer), the female of which presents the characters noted but is extremely variable (one form of it is figured by Cramer as P. proserpina). The description of AH. zucommoda is appended for reference.t In the Malay peninsula and archipelago several species of this genus occur which apparently mimic certain species of Zup/ea. Two species of this group have been described as occurring within our limits, A. wad/aceana (India ?), and H. interstincta (Assam, Warwick), but the authority for the localities appears to be in both cases doubtful, and I am not personally aware of any instance of the occurrence of any species of this group even in Tenasserim. * Hypolimnas charybdis, Butler, Cist. Ent. +, vol. ii, p. 432 (1883), Hapitat: Bombay. Expanse: Made, 3°58; female, 417 inches. Description: “* Nearly allied to 17. bolina, rather larger; the white fascioles on the bright ultramarine patches of the upperside narrower and more elongated ; the white discal spots on the female reduced to dots (excepting two near the costa of the forewing) ; the submarginal notched spots and the crescents close to the margin narrower and suffused with brown. UNDERSIDE intermediate in character between H. bolina and H. jacintha, the oblique white belt beyond the cell of the forewing being distinct, but broken up into spots ; the belt beyond the middle of the hindwing sordid whitish, with a brownish tint in the male, and a creamy tint in the female. corresponding with the submarginal belt in colour ; ; the latter, the undulated whitish marginal stripe and the discal series of pearly white spots as in A. jacintha. Nearest to D. [=H.] incommoda in general appearance.” (Bztler, 1c.) This species appears to be one of the almost innumerable varieties of H. bolina. + Hyfolimnas incommoda, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc.. Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 543, mn. 2 (1877) 3 id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 167, n. 2, pl. xvii, figs. 8, made; 9, female (1883). HaBirar: Malacca. ExPANSE! Male, 3°13; female, 3°9 inches. DEescrIPTION : “MALE very similar to the male of 17. bolina, but with the subapical band of the Sorewing straighter on the UNDERsIDe, and the pale brown submarginal spots narrower and darker. Femace differs from the female of H 4éoé/na in having a broad oblique subapical white band on the UpPERSIDE of the forewing, a large diffused sordid white patch just beyond the cell of the Azxdwing, and the submarginal spots all separated, small, and pale brown.” “This form seems to replace 7. do/ina in Malacca; insome respects it approaches the Javan species H, nerina”’ (Butler, \ c.) Mr. Distant states (l.c.) that ‘The male and female typical specimens, which are contained in the British Museum, and here figured, constitute at present our sole knowledge of the species.’ 126 NYMPHALIDA:. NYMPHALINZE. HY POLIMNAS, Iappend descriptions of these species for reference, also of D. anomata* to which they are both evidently very closely allied. 420. Hypolimnas misippus, Linneus. (PLATz XX, Fic. 85 g, 9 I. Form). Pafilio misifpus, Linnzus, Mus. Ulr., p. 264, n. 83 (1764) ; idem, id., Syst. Nat., ed. xii, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 767, n. 118 (1767); Diadema misifpus, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 280, n. 2; id., Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 356; Afatura misippus, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 59, pl. xxix, figs. 1, male; 16, female I form; 1a, female II form; 1c, larva and pupa (1881); Hypolimnas misippus, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 225, n. 2 (1871); id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 167, n. 3, pl. xii, figs. 9, 11, tale; pl. xv, fig. 11, Jemale I form (1883); id., Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 481,n. 3; Danais misifpe, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 188, n. 40 (1819); Mymphalis misifpe, idem, id., p. 394, n. 153 (1823); Papilio bolina, Drury (ec Linneus), Ill. Ex. Ent., vol. i,pl. xiv, figs. 1, 2, #ade (1770) ;id., Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. i, pl. Ixy, figs. E, F, male (1775); Diadema bolina, Trimen, Rhop. Afr, Austr., p. 153, 2. gt (1862); Papilio diocippus, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. i, pl. xxviii, figs. B, C, femtale J form (1775); id., Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vol. iii, pt. 1, p. 51, m. 158 (1793); Euplea dioxippe, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 15, n. 83 (1816); Papilio inaria, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iii, pl. cexiv, figs. A, B, female I forme (1779); Papilio chrysifpus, Sulzer, Gesch, Ins., p. 144, pl. xviy fig. 3 (1776). Hasitat: America (Florida), Cuba, Antigua, Trinidad, Africa, Madagascar, Aden, throughout India up to 6,000 feet in the Himalayas, Ceylon, Andamans (Doherty), Nicobars, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Borneo, Lombock, Timor, Formosa. EXPANSE: 6, 2°45 to 3330; 2, 2°85 to 3:90 inches. DeEscripTION : *‘MALe. UPPeRSIDE very dark indigo-blue. /orewing with an oblong subapical white spot divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules ; a large elongated white spot on disc passing [beyond] apex of cell, commencing beneath subcostal nervure and terminat- ing between the second and first median nervules. Aiding with a large irregularly rounded discal white spot, commencing on lower half of cell and bounded by the first subcostal and the first median nervules ; these spots on do/h wings are surrounded by bright but evanescent * Hypolimnas anomala, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p>. 285. n. 153 id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 169 (1883). Hasirar: Malacca, Java. Expanse: not given. Descriprion: ‘*Mate. Form of 7), [=H.]) antilope, rather smaller. Ueperside bronzy or olive-brown, witha blue gloss on the costal and outer margins of the forewing, and the outer part of the Aindwing paler. A row of white round spots parallel to the outer margin as in D. antilofe, but larger and more distinct; a band of three white or bluish-white marks, some- times very indistinct, across the forewing beyond the middle; marginal and submarginal spots as in D. antilope. UNDERSIDE olive-brown, spots and markings as above, with one additional white spot on the costal margin. FEMALE. Uppersipe rich purple-brown, the whole surface of the Sorewing, except the basal third, richly glossed with satiny blue, a transverse band of three bluish elongate spots beyond the cell, and a fourth much smaller ; the two white spots of the intra-marginal band nearest the costa large and confluent, while those nearest the analangle are small and indistinct. UNpersipE as in the male ” “ Diadema |=Hyfpolimnas) anomala offers the most remarkable case known among butterflies of a reversal of the usual sexual colouring, the males being always dull brown, the females glossed with rich blue. The reason for this exception to the ordinary rule is, I believe, to be found in the fact that the brilliant blue gloss causes the female to resemble or mimic the Eu/l@a midamus, one of the very commonest butterflies of the East, and one that belongs to the pre-eminently protected group of the Danaide. The two insects frequent the same places, and the resemblance on the wing was such as to deceive myself, and it is perhaps owing to this cause that I captured so few specimens of this interesting butterfly) ‘hat protection which female insects usually obtain by being less brilliant and conspicuous than the males, is here given by exactly opposite means ; a remarkable proof, as it appears tome, that female butterflies would be more generally brilliant than they are, were not their variations in this direction checked, and eliminated by the danger they incur through it. It may be observed, that in the allied species Diademea antilote, the female resembles Euplea climena (a common species in the countries it inhabits) much more than the male does. It also closely resembles Elymnias vitellia, a species which has long figured in our lists as a Diademay and there is reason to believe that the Lurytelidez, to which Elymnias belongs, are themselves a protected group, though perhaps not so perfectly so as the Danaide.” (Wallace, |. c.) Hypolimnas wallaceana, Butler, Cist. Ent., vol. i, p. 157, mn. 15 (1873). HaprtTat: India? ExpaNsE? 3°33 inches. DescripTion: *‘MAtg. Allied to D. antilofe and D. albula; but still more like D. anomada, from which it differs in the absence of any blue gloss above, in the presence of three white streaks placed- obliquely beyond the discoidal cell of the forewizmg, and in the larger discal spots towards the costa of the same wing. UNpersIDE (in addition to the above distinctions) the submarginal spots of the forewing are more evident, and the whitish streaks beyond the cell of the Aéndwing are wanting ” “Mimics Euple@a kinbergi of Wallengren; and was supposed by Mr. Wallace to be the male of D. anomaia ; the latter species, however, is nearly alike in both sexes, as evidenced by examples from Borneo now in the collection; and, were it not so, no advantage could accrue to the female over the male from the blue spot of the forewing. since the supposed male is equally well protected in its brown dress by its resemblance to another species of Exflwa.” (Butler, |.c.) Hyfolimnas interstincta, Butler, Cist. Ent., vol. i, p. 157, n. 16 (1873). Hasrrat: Assam (Wark- wick). ExpansE: Male, 3°5 inches. Description: ‘MALE Allied to D. wadlaceana and to D. anomala, from which it differs in the absence of the blue shot on the upPERSIDE of the forewing, and the presence of a creamy discal band in the Aiéndwing. interrupted by the nervures and internervular folds | UNDERSIDE only differs in the greater length of the whitish streaks towards the abdominal area of the Aime wing. “This species was considered by Mr. Wallace to be a variety of the male of D avomada; it is, however, clearly distinct, and is a mimic probably of the female of Aupleu alcathoé,” (Butler, lc.) NYMPHALID#&. NYMPHALIN EXPANSE : 4'0 Fches. DESCRIPTION “FEMALE. Similar to Ks favalek¢a, differing in the shape of the ish-purple white band and absence of the discal hyaline spot.” : a : blu NYMPHALID&. NYMPHALIN &. CHARAXES, 283 from Java]. brewing with the subcostal spots placed as in that species, but very distinct ; the external border broader, inwardly well-defined as far as the internal fold, inwardly divided by a bent streak of six increasing spots of the ground-colour (the three lower lunulate). Hindwing as in C. marmax, sometimes the spots blind, sometimes the apical patch extending as far as the margin. UNDERSIDE almost as in C. marseax, [Westwood], but not at all varied with ochraceous, rufescent. Hindwing with the fascia ferruginous as in C. harmodius, but inwardly more or less ochraceous-brown.” “Shape of the wings as in C. marmax, Westwood, the hindwing as shallowly toothed as in C, harmodius, Felder, the external tooth of tail however very short.” (Fe/der, 1. c.) “*T think that this may be distinct from C. marneax ; the latter, however, appears to be a variable species, and is represented by two very different-looking forms in Sylhet. C. aréstogiton is in the collection of Captain Lang, who also has both forms of C. wearmax, all from Sikkim.” (Butler, 1. c.) C. aristegiton has the black border broader, especially at the apex, and the series of fulvous spots which it bears always terminates below the fifth subcostal nervule, often below the upper discoidal nervule. The underside too is very distinct from that of both the foregoing species being ferruginous not fulvous or buff, glossed with pale shining purple throughout, except on the ferruginous band and extreme outer margin. All the specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, are from Sikkim. The female is unknown. Captain C, T. Bingham has sent two males of this species from Upper Tenasserim, one taken in the Donat range in January, the other in the Lower Thoungyeen forests in May. These specimens differ from Sikkim examples in having the marginal black spots on the hindwing smaller, very small in one, 574. Charaxes desa, Moore. C. desa, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 832. Hasirat : Upper Tenasserim, Moolai, 3,000 to 6,000 feet, EXPANSE: ¢&, 3'5 inches. DescriPTION : “ Allied to C. marmax. MALE differs from C. marmax in the following particulars. Uprerstpe. Forewing has the marginal black band broader and extending at the apex further along the costa; the inner submarginal lunular line is closer to the band. Hindwing, the black maculated band is formed of larger angled spots. UNDERSIDE, purplish ochreous. Aindwing witha transverse black lunular fascia, which is also further from the outer margin.” (Jzoore, 1. c.) I have never seen this species ; it is apparently more closely allied to C. aristogiton than to C. marmax, judging from the colour of the underside, and the characters noted above are precisely those which distinguish C. aristogiton from C. marmax. The true C. avistogiton occurs in the same locality, but Mr. Moore makes no mention of it in describing C, desz, and I cannot discover any character on which they can be separated, 575. Charaxes hemana, Butler. C. hemana, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p, 122, pl. iv, fig. t, wale; id., Doherty, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lv, pt. 2, p- 124, n. 97 (1886), HasitatT: Nepal, Kumaon, EXPANSE : 3'58 inches. Descriprion: ‘*Mate. Allied to C. avistogiton, Felder. UPpperstpE, [oth wings] paler. [Forewing] with a duplex litura at the upper angle of the cell and a four-lunate virgula limiting the basal area, the ground beyond it narrowly paler [it is uniformly coloured in the figure], the external border as in C, hargax, [Felder], but the margin irrorated with fulvous, and the lunular stria more distinct almost as in C. aristogiton. Hindwing with a three-lunate virgula limiting the basal area, the area beyond the middle as in C. dernarXus, [Cramer], paler ; otherwise as in C, avistogiton, UNDERSIDE as in C, corvax, [Felder],” 284 NYMPHALID&, NYMPHALIN-E, CHARAXES, “* Closely allied to C. artstogiton, Felder, but quite distinct.” (Bzéler, 1. c.) I have been unable to identify this species. According to the above description it may be distinguished from C. avistogiton by the black virgulze* on the disc of both wings ; the under- side too must be very dark since Felder describes the underside of C. corax as much darker than in C. psaphon, which is one of the darkest of all, To judge from Mr. Butler's figure of it, this species may also be distinguished by the fulvous line on the border being very narrow and continuous as far as the upper discoidal nervule, and by the black border being considerably broader at the hinder angle and inwardly diffused at its lower half ; the forewing moreover has two small pale spots at the inner edge of the black border separated by the upper discoidal nervule, a feature which is typical of the group of which C, bernardus is the type. Mr. Doherty writes of it ‘‘my specimens taken in Kumaon in the Gori and Kali valleys, also at Kapkot on the Sarju, perhaps the western limit of the group, seem to correspond well enough with Mr, Butler's figure and description, but the markings are not very constant.”’ The next two species have the black border of the forewing very broad throughout in the males, its inner edge almost parallel to the outer margin and with no trace of a fulvous line or spots on it, on the hindwing the black band is almost equally broad and uninterrupted in C. psaphon, while in C. imna the hinder partis typically broken into decreasing well-separated spots towards the anal angle. The females have the black border equally broad, bearing two or three pale fulvous spots on its lower inner edge ; with a broad white discal band, more or less sullied with fulvous towards the inner margin of the forewing, continued diffusedly on to the hindwing as far as the discoidal nervule, where it becomes merged in the ground- colour. The three specimens of the female that I possess I am hardly able to distinguish from the figure of that sex of C. Aindia, Butler, but they are distinct from all the other species of this group which have the base of the wings on the upperside fulvous in having two or three fulyous spots only on the lower end of the black marginal border of the forewing. 576. Charaxes psaphon, Westwood. C. psaphon, Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent., p. 43, pl. xxi, male (1848); id., Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865» p. 636, n. 52; Haridra psaphon, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. 1, p. 30, pl. xv, fig. 2, male; H. serendiba, id, p. 30, pl. xv, fig. 3, female (1881). Hasitat : Ceylon. EXPANSE: 3, 3'37 to 4:0; 2, 3'75 to 4'30 inches. DESCRIPTION: MALE. “ UPPERSIDE, 40th wings of a very rich dark fulvous-red colour, the outer half of the forewing and a very large patch on the hindwing, occupying nearly the outer half, of a black colour. UNDERSIDE, /oth wings varied with glossy brunneous, dull buff and greyish tints, the basal half of the wings varied with irregular slender black lines forming irregular fascize, more or less edged with white.” ‘* The outer margin of the forewing scarcely appears to be waved, as in C, marmax ; and the transverse vein which closes the discoidal cell [of the forewing] is marked with black. The hindwing has a narrow black lunule preceding the great black patch, which latter is followed by two black spots next the anal angle, which is moreover marked with two small black and white dots. The markings on the underside very nearly resemble those of C. bernardus, Fabricius ; but the colours are darker and more varied, with a purplish brown tinge. The hindwing has a submarginal row of black dots preceded by white ones.” (Westwood, 1. c.) I have given below Mr. Moore’s more modern description of the male of this species.t * Forming a fine lunoular black line. + ‘*Mace. Uppersive fulvous-red. Forewing with the outer half purple-black;a disco-cellular red-lined black mark, and some indistinct black discoidal streaks. Aindwing with a very broad apical submarginal black band attenuated and broken hindwards and ending in two smail white-bordered anal spots, a short curved black streak from the costa. UNDERSIDE fulvous-brown, washed with purple-grey, crossed by three basal and two discal zigzag black lines with pale borders. Forewing with a submarginal blackish macular fascia. Hind- qéng with a lunular fascia and_ marginal row of small black-pointed white anchor-shaped marks, FEMALE unknown.” (Woore,1.c,) But in my opinion as pointed out above the insect which Mr. Moore has described as a distinct species under the name of Havidra serendiba is merely the female of C. psaphon. NYMPHALIDA, NYMPHALINE. CHARAXES. 285 Mr. Moore (l.c.) records the male as “ taken near Trincomalee in August, fluttering over the ground on the edge of forest jungle” (Hutchison), ** Also found at Kandy” (IVade). The FEMALE has been described by Mr. Moore as a distinct species under the name of H, [= C.] serendiba as follows :—‘‘ UPPERSIDE deep fulvous-red. /orewing with a broad trans- verse medial discal purple-white band, showing some dusky sinuous streaks of the underside, and bordered inwardly by black streaks, the outer border to external margin being brown- black with aslight fulvous lunular posterior inner streak. Aindwing with a short medial discal purple-white band bordered inwardly by a narrow black streak; a submarginal black macular band, broad and entire apically, thence attenuated and broken into smaller spots to anal angle and surmounted by a small white medial streak one between each vein. UNDERSIDE fulvous-brown, darkest basally and externally and washed with purple-grey, the disc trans- versely fulvous-white, or very pale fulvous, base with transverse irregular zigzag black lines, a short line beyond the cell and a sinuous line across the disc, a submarginal irregular dusky lunular fascia on forewing, and hindwing with a row of small black-pointed anchor-shaped white marks.” “ Taken in the forest at Kottawa, and at Kandy, by Captain Wade.” (AZvore, 1. c.) C. psaphon is the darkest species of this group known, the upperside of the male having the outer half deep black. It appears to be confined to the island of Ceylon, 577. Charaxes imna, Butler, C. imna, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 122, pl. iv, fig. 2. HasiraT: India (Bxtler), Orissa, Bombay, South India. EXPANSE: 6, 3°75 inches (Bufler). S$, 31 to 38; 2, 4°7 inches, DEscrIPTION : “ MALE. Allied to C. cémon,[Felder, from Batchian], but the apical area of the forewing not at all directed inwardly at the costa and more dentate. Of the A:ndwing as in C. corax, [Felder], the anal half reduced to decreasing spots, UNDERSIDE almost as in C. corax.” **Tntermediate in character between C. cimon and C. corax, the forewing being very similar to that of the former, the hindwing more like that of the latter species.” (Butler, 1. c.) This description is not of much use in the absence of specimens of C. cimon and C. corax, but from Mr. Butler’s figure it is clear that this is the Indian form of C. psaphon, which latter typically is confined to Ceylon ; the South Indian specimens approximate very closely to C. psaphon, some being barely distinguishable from Ceylon specimens ; further north the divergence increases, and in Orissa, which is the most northerly known locality for this species, typical C. imma occurs, with the black spots of the hindwing well-separated and much reduced, but even there specimens are found with the spots coalescing and almost as large as in South Indian specimens. A female taken with a male by Mr. Rhodes-Morgan in the Wynaad is indistinguishable from that sex of C. psaphon. Two female specimens taken at Calcutta and Nagpur respectively and which I have doubtfully identified as C. hindia, as they are nearer to the figure of that species than to the same sex of typical C. imna, are not improbably referable to this species. The character of the markings is the same as in the Wynaad specimen of C. izma, but as would be expected from the drier climate of the localities where they were taken, they are much paler throughout. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens of C.zmmna from Orissa taken by Mr. W.C. Taylor, and from the Wynaad taken by Mr, Rhodes-Morgan; Mr. Doherty took it in Travancore and at Beypoor, Mr. G. W. Vidal has sent specimens from Khandalla taken in April; and Mr. E. H. Aitkin from Matheran taken in January. The next five species may be distinguished from the preceding by the form of the black border to the forewing, it being broad at the costa and very narrow at the anal angle, the inner edge being thus very oblique, sometimes straight, sometimes curved towards the base of the wing at the costa. The ground-colour is uniform fulvous. They are all variable, very closely allied, and doubtfully distinct, 286 NYMPHALID&. NYMPHALINA. CHARAXES, The typical species C. Jaya has normally the six black border spots of the hindwing centred with white: we have not a single specimen with this feature fully developed, but it is partially so in all specimens of this group common in North-East India, of which one specimen without locality, now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, was received from the old East India Museum labelled as C. Jaya. It appears to have the black border of the forewing on the upperside unbroken by spots of the ground-colour towards the anal angle ; the underside is variable, but very similar to that of C. avistogiton. It is stated to occur in North-East India, appearing again in Java and Borneo. The type is given as from Java, and I doubt its occurrence in India. C. watti is recorded from Upper Assam, but I have never seen a specimen. To judge from Mr. Butler’s figure of it, it is allied to C. ierax both on account of the clay-yellowish ground-colour of the underside, and by the disc of the forewing on the upperside being suffused with paler yellow near the black border. This species also has no spots on the outer black border of the forewing on the upperside, which appears to be exactly as in C. daya; the hindwing has a rather small black patch at the apex ending in the middle of the subcostal interspace, then four oval small black spots placed between the veins, and a duplex spot at the anal angle bearing two small white dots. C. corax is described as having the black border of the forewing divided by three increasing spots of the ground-colour towards the anal angle. It has the spots on the hindwing blind except the anal one as in C. wafti. Mr. Butler says that these spots are as large as in C. imna, but this is not quite correct according to my identification of C. corvax, nor accord- ing to Felder’s description, though they are variable in size. C. harpfax is the Malayan form of C. éaya, and has the underside much paler than in C. coax. The outer black border of the forewing in C. harfax is said to be as in C. corax, but in the apical region more broadly blackish-fuscous. The spots on the hindwing are small, well-separated, and more or less centred with white. C.agna, which occurs with C. harpax in Upper Tenasserim, is more closely allied to C. baya, but has the black spots of the hindwing much smaller, more often blind, and the underside more uniform in tone, with the markings less prominent but similarly coloured. 578. Charaxes haya, Moore. Nymphalis baya, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 207, n. 424, pl. xii, fig. 14, larva; 14a, pupa (1857); Charaxes baya, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 636,n. 53, pl. xxxvii, fig. 5, male. HapitTaT : ? North India, Java, Borneo, EXpANsE: &, 2°75 inches; 9, rather more than three inches. DescrirPTION: ‘MALE, Allied to V. [=C.] fpsaphon, Westwood, from Ceylon, but differs in having the black exterior border of the forewing much narrower, it not extending to the middle of the posterior margin, as in that species, but is confined to the angle. On the hindwing, the apical patch is also smaller, and continued ina series of six white-centred spots to anal angle; a small blackish spot at extremity of the discoidal cell. UNDERSIDE glossy greenish buffy-brown, [Mr, Butler says (Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 637) that C. psaphon and C. daya ** exactly agree in the markings of the underside.”] FEMALE paler above. ore- wing with a broad medial yellowish band ; a small round yellowish spot near the apex ; a patch of black at extremity of discoidal cell, and narrow zigzag line bordering the black band. Hind- wing with the medial upper portion of disc yellowish ; submarginal row of spots clearly defined, and all centred with clear white, UNDERSIDE more variegated than in the male, and much paler. Tails two, short in the male ; dt long in the female.” (AZvore, 1. c.) Larva widest in the middle of the body, tapering rapidly towards the anal segment which ends in two short processes or tails, tapering more gradually towards the head. Colour- ation rich green above, underneath and legs yellow ; a large pink spot on the middle of the back mottled with white, surrounded with a white, then an outer black line; three similar subdorsal but much smaller spots on each side; the head encircled by a mottled pink line, NYMPHALID&. NYMPHALIN. CHARAXES, 287 with four long pink rugose processes marked with blue at the ends, Pupa pale green, un- marked, head ending in a blunt point. The only specimens of this species that I have seen are one in Colonel Swinhoe’s col- lection from Borneo, and one without locality in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, which was received under that name from the old East India Company’s Museum. I have never seen the female, butit must be quite distinct from any known female of the genus, as the discal band on the upperside is said to be yellowish, in all the others it is white, 579. Charaxes watti, Butler. C. watti, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 148, n. 6, pl. xv, fig. 2, males Hasirat : Bishnath, Upper Assam. EXPANSE : 3'5 inches, Descriprion: ‘Mare, Allied to C. daya, Moore, and C. afinis, Butler, from Celebes, but differing from the former in the absence of the white pupils inthe black submarginal spots on the UPPERSIDE of the Aimdwing ; from the latter in the greater size and more distinctly diamond-like shape of these spots, and the much more regular inner margin of the broad black border of the forewing ; and from both in the colouration of the UNDERSIDE, which is. dull clay-yellowish washed with shining lilacene-grey, excepting upon the outer borders and on the lunated discal belt bounding the submarginal ocelloid spots internally ; bands indicated by black lines edged externally with white ; margins and lunated belt dull ferruginous-brownish.” **Only one example was taken in August, 1877, but Dr. Watt says that it is not uncom, mon.” (Butler, 1. c.) I have never seen this species. From the description it must be very near to C. aya, on the upperside the only distinguishing character I can discover is that C. baya has six white-centred black spots on the upperside of the hindwing, while C. wats has the two germinated anal ones only with white centres. 580. Charaxzes corax, Felder. C. corax, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 444, n. 724 (1867); id., Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 121, N. 15- Hasirat : North India (Felder), Sylhet (Butler ). EXPANSE: Not given. DescrIPTION: ‘MALE. UPppPeRSIDE fulvous. Forewing with a duplex litura at the upper angle of the cell and the broad external border well-decreasing hindwards, occupying only the internal angle, blackish-fuscous, this [black border] inwardly anteriorly excised, posteriorly most remotely crenate, inwardly posteriorly divided with three increasing elongate spots of the ground-colour (the lowest altogether confluent with the ground). Aindwing paler on the anterior border and marked with a black sigmoidal* virgula, the patch occupying the apext marked with whitish twice and inwardly with an irrorated spot of the ground-colour, the black spots out of this small, the anal one excepted, blind, inwardly truncate and irrorated, UNDERSIDE almost as in C. psaphon, Westwood, but much darker [? more obscure], rufescent, more shining, the interior discal streak not at all margined with whitish, in the forewing also distant from the cell. Aimdwine with the deep ferruginous fascia narrower and hindwardly more decreasing than in C, psafhon, the submarginal spots better defined, the margin imme- diately beyond them obscurely rufescent.” ‘‘This species belongs to the small group of C. fol/yxena, Cramer, and most resembles C. marmax, Westwood, in the form of the forewing, but the apex is less produced, and the hindwing is but shallowly toothed.” (Fé/der, 1. c.) * Sigmoidal, shaped like a sigma ; that is the Greek letter @ or C. + The passage is as follows :—‘‘ Posticz in limbo antico dilutiores virgulaque sigmoidea nigra notate plagula apicem occupante albido bis- et intus macula atomaria fundi coloris notata.” I am unable to translate this accurately, for ‘‘albido” agrees with nothing, but the rendering I have given is the nearest guess I can make to the actual meaning. 288 NYMPHALID. NYMPHALIN&. CHARAXES, ‘sTf I have rightly determined this species, it is nearly allied to C. daya, though, apparent- ly, quite distinct ; the British Museum has it from Sylhet.” (Butler, 1. c.) This species appears to chiefly differ from C. aga in having the black outer border of the forewing on the upperside marked inwardly towards the inner margin with three elongated spots of the ground-colour. On the hindwing it agrees with C, waéé/ in having the black spots on the margin blind, except the geminated anal one. As identified by me, there is one specimen of true C. corax from Sylhet and two from Cachar in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. There are, however, numerous other specimens from Cachar taken with the above, and one from Tavoy, which show great variation in the size of the spots and the apical patch on the hindwing, in some examples they are almost as broad as in C, imma as pointed out by Mr. Butler. These specimens also show a transition to the next group in having in some of them two small spots of the ground-colour on the upperside of the forewing on the inner edge of the black outer margin divided by the upper discoidal nervule. 581. Charaxes harpax, Felder. C. harpax, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 444, n. 725 (1867) ; id., Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 121, n. 16; id., Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond , 1878, n. 832; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 109, n. 8, pl. xiii, fig. 1, #za/e (1883). Hasrrat: Upper Tenasserim, Province Wellesley, Borneo. EXPANSE: 6, 3'2 to 40 inches. Descriprion : “MALE. UPpPersrIDE rich fulvous. Forewing with a duplex spot at the upper angle of the cell, and the border as in C. corax, Felder, but in the apical region more broadly blackish-fuscous. izing anteriorly a little paler, the virgula evanescent, the apical patch much smaller thanin C. covax, and all the spots free, minute, inwardly marked with whitish. UNDERSIDE much paler than in the said species [C. corax]. Hindwing with a sordid ferruginous-fulvous fascia, decreasing from the second subcostal nervule, very narrowed, the submarginal spots minute, more distant from the margin thanin C. corax and C, psaphon, the marginal region immediately beyond these obscurely ochraceous.” ‘*The specimen we have before us is larger than C. corax, Felder, and agrees in the shape of the forewing with C, marmax, Westwood, with the exception of the scarcely per- ceptible toothing of the edge. According to the description C. daya, Moore, appears to be a similar species,” (Felder, 1. c.) Mr, Distant remarks that the specimen of C. Aarfax, Felder, he figures is intermediate between C. agua, Moore, and the typical Bornean examples of the former, and that variation must be allowed where no distinct local race has become differentiated. ‘*There are both sexes of a species allied to C, corax, Felder, and agreeing very fairly with Dr. Felder’s description of C. a7fax, in the British Museum, from MouJmein : the female of the latter is scarcely distinguishable from C. dernardus female, tue male is very like C. daya,” (Butler, 1, c.) The characters which distinguish C. Aavfax from C. aya have been pointed out above (p. 286). Major Marshall has one specimen of this species, taken by Captain C. T. Bingham, at the Mayla Choung, Upper Tenasserim, in September, and there are three specimens from Perak in the Malay Peninsula in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Mr. Moore records it from Moulmein to Meetan; Moolai, 3,000 to 6,000 feet, Upper Tenasserim. I have appended Mr. Distant’s very full description of this species.* I have never seen the female. * “Marr. Uppersipe reddish ochraceous. /orewing with two small contiguous black spots at upper end of cell; apex and outer margin broadly black ; this black area has its inner margin sinuous and emarginate, it is broadest inwardly and most angulated beyond cell, and commences to diminish in width beneath the lower discoidal nervule, till it narrowly terminates at posterior angle. [At its inner lower end it often bears one, two or three lunular spots of the ground-colour.] zadwing with a submarginal row of black spots placed between the nervules (two at anal angle more or less suffused with grey), and with a black apical patch, [all more or less centred with white]. UNpERsIDE pale castaneous with steely reflections. ovewing with the basal half crossed by four waved black lines commencing near the subcostal nervure, the two inner ones crossing cell about middle, and continued on hindwing, terminating near base of internal nervure; the third commencing a little before, and the fourth some distance beyond end of cell (where there is a terminal black line and a linear ovate black NYMPHALID&. NYMPHALINZ. CHARAXES. 289 582. Charazes agna, Moore. C. agna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 832 ; Havidra agna, Butler, Ann. and Mag, of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xvi, p. 306, n. 49 (1885). Hasirat : Upper Tenasserim, Moolai 3,000 to 6,000 feet ; Tavoy ; near Assam. EXPANSE: $, 325 inches. DEscrRIPTION : “Allied to C. harfax, Felder [from the same locality]. MALE differs in its larger size. Forewing has a broader marginal black band. Hinduing has a less black apical patch, and the marginal series of spots is also much smaller.” (AZvore, 1. c.) One specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, taken by Dr. Anderson at Mergui in December, one from Tavoy, and two taken by Captain C. T, Bingham in Upper Tenasserim—one in the Donat range in January and the other in the Thoungyeen forests in March—may perhaps’ belong to this species ; they agree with the description of C. agna in the hindwing, but the forewing has the marginal black band less broad instead of being broader, and more upright than in C. 4arfax ; nor are they larger than C. harpax. The colouration of the underside of these specimens is lighter than in either C. daya or C. harpax, but Mr. Moore makes no men- tion of the underside. Mr. Butler records it from ‘‘ near Assam.” I have never seen the female. The remaining seven species differ from all the other fulvous Cavaxes in having the disc within the black border suffused paler, sometimes yellow, more often white, and forming in these latter a distinct broad white discal band. Of these the first four species are all closely allied to C. dernardus, Fabricius, from China, which is probably identical with C. polyxena, Cramer, from the same locality. They are very closely allied, our collections show numerous gradations between each of the forms, and I have no doubt that they are all varieties of the same species, which should stand as C, folyxena, Cramer. Pending further research I republish the descriptions of each, keeping them for the present separate. Typical specimens of C. Azerax can easily be distinguished by their having the pale discal band rather narrow and yellow throughout showing no trace of pure white. Typical specimens of C. Aipfonax on the other hand have the band diffusedly whitish and rather narrow, but numerous intermediate forms occur showing every stage of yellow suffusion from the faintest trace on a limited portion, to complete suffusion of the whole. C. jalinder and C. hindia have the band for a considerable space pure white and broader ; according to the figures of them, C. jalinder has on the forewing the six yellow spots on the black border much reduced, the white band terminating abruptly on the submedian nervure, and bearing near its inner edge a black lunular line from the costa to below the first median nervule, C. Aindia has three lower fulvous spots only on the black border which are large, the white band terminating diffusedly on the submedian interspace, and no trace of the black lunular line on the disc except on the disco-cellular nervules ; but none of these characters hold good as a whole, if one is taken by which to distinguish a species the others fail, and scarcely a specimen can be found with the white band that does not present certain charac- ters of one species in conjunction with other characters of the other, and I cannot even recognise these latter as distinct varieties; out of our large series not a single specimen corresponds exactly with either figure. The foregoing remarks apply to the males. The females have the wings larger, the tail of the hindwing at the third median nervule longer, and the white discal band considerably broader. I have not many specimens, only twelve in all; the extent of the black lunular line at inner edge of the discal band of the forewing varies much, and so does the promi- nence of the white centerings to the submarginal spots of the hindwing; but the principal variation is in the pale spots on the black border of the forewing; in one it is immaculate and corresponds in this respect with what Mr. Butler has figured as the female of C. hindia, marginal spot), between which the colour is distinctly darker, and continued and terminating on hindwing at internal nervure (between these on hindwing isa curved terminal line to cell) ; these are followed by a discal and much-waved line of the same colour, followed on hindwing by an oblique bluish-black fascia, which becomes almost fused with the termination of the discal line near anal angle, where there is a large blackish spot. Forewing with an apical greyish spot, and an indistinctly dentate submarginal greyish fascia inwardly preceded by a few more or less distinct black spots. imdwing with a submarginal row of bluish spots placed between the nervules and preceded by transverse greyish streaks (two of these spots at anal angle). Body more or less coucolourous with wings ; posterior and intermediate /eora thickly spotted with black.’ (Distan?, 1. c.) 37 2go NYMPHALID. NYMPHALIN. CHARAXES. in others the spots are large and pure white, corresponding so far with his figure of the female of C. jalinder. The remainder have the spots of greater or less prominence, and suffused more or less with the fulvous ground-colour. 583. Charaxes hierax, Felder. C. hieraz, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 442, n. 721, male only (1867); id., Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 120, n. 123 C. dernardus, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmi, vol. iv, pt. 2, p. 434, D- 1, pl. xi, figs. 1, 2, wale (1848). HasBitTaT: Masuri (Ao//ar), North India, Assam. EXPpaNnse : Not given. DescripTiIoN: ‘‘ MALE. UPPERSIDE paler than in C. psaphon, [Westwood]. Forewing with a blackish-fuscous discal striga more or less obsolete, the ground-colour immediately beyond it paler, the blackish-fuscous border narrower than in C, polyxena, [Cramer], and divided with spots of the ground-colour most often evanescent. Azndwing with the patch at the apex broader than in C, Zolyxena, joined with black spots, the uppermost of which often without whitish virgulze, the margin beyond these narrower than in the species compared [C. polyxena?], distinctly no streak before the margin as in C, folyxena, but with an antico- discal strigula of blackish-fuscous virgulz. UNDERSIDE almost as in C. psaphov, the two discal streaks in the Azzdwing more distant, and the ferruginous fascia of that wing narrower.” “Nearly related to C. polyxena, Cramer, of which we are only acquainted with the figure, larger than C. psaphon, Westwood, the apex and inner angle of the forewing of the male more produced, the inner margin of the hindwing shorter, the inner and occasionally the outer tooth of the hindwing very short, not standing out tail-like.” (Fe/der, 1. c.) Mr. Butler (1. c.) remarks of C. Aierax and C. hipponax that they ‘‘are merely the normal forms of the male C. dernardzss, from India. Dr. Felder seems to think that the typical form from China may be distinct from the Indian one; but I find an Indian male agreeing more closely with a Chinese female than do two females from China, or two males from India.” The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has typical male specimens of this form from Sikkim, the Assam Valley, and from Chittagong The specimens from Cachar and Tavoy I have described above as varieties of C. covax are almost exactly intermediate between that species and €, hierax, but nearer the former, as the discal pale band is hardly visible. 584. Charaxes hipponax, Felder. C. hipponaz, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p, 443, n. 722, male only (1867); id., Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond , 1870, p. 120, n. 13. HapitatT: North India, Assam, EXPANSE : Not given. Description : “ MALE. UPPERSIDE richer fulvous than in C, hierax, [Felder]. Forewing with the blackish-fuscous border broader at the apex, inwardly more oblique than in that species, the space between the discal striga and the border as far as the lowest median fold diffusedly whitish, A%ndwing with the anterior virgule outwardly diffusedly defined with whitish, the margin of the ground-colour beyond the spots broader, otherwise as in C, Azerax, UNDERSIDE as in that species, but the interior discal streak outwardly defined with ochraceous, of the forewing the exterior more receding from it.” “The wings much paler and richer than in C. Aierax, the two discal streaks more distant, the inner one outwardly more broadly defined with ochraceous-whitish.” ‘*The forewing of the male has the apex less produced than in the male of C. Aierax. The inner margin of the hindwing in both sexes seems longer than in C. Aterax and C. psaphon. The outer margin of the forewing also in both sexes is longer than in C. Aierax, the branches of the veins also appear to be longer.” (Fe/der, 1. c.) The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has typical specimens of this form from the Assam valley, Cachar, and Sylhet, and also from the Khasi Hills and from Sikkim ; in the latter district it is the prevailing form, while C, #7e7a.v apparently only occurs rarely there, NYMPHALID. NYMPHALIN . CHARAXES. 291 585. Charaxes jalinder, Butler. C. jalinder, Butler, Lep. Ex., p. 98, n. 4, pl. xxxvii, fig 4, male and female (1872) ; C. hipponax, Felder, (female only), Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 443, n. 722 (1867). Hapitat : N.-E. Himalayas. EXPANSE: ¢, 36; 92, 41 inches. DESCRIPTION : ‘* MALE and FEMALE. Allied to C. Aipponax, Felder. UPPERSIDE rich fulvous. Forewing with three narrow discoidal nebulz, a disco-cellular fasciole, four lineoles [little lines] obliquely crossing the middle of the wing, sublunate, and two beyond the cell small, indistinct, black ; a broad fascia outwardly irregularly whitish, extending from the subcostal to the submedian nervure, the external area broadly black, including six spots fulvous in the male, whitish in the female. Aindwing almost as in C. khasianus, Butler, male. Unpersipg, the wings most like those of C. fleistoanax, Felder, but more rufescent, the median fascia less whitish, much broader at the costa of the forewing.” ‘© This is not a rare species.in collections, and, exclusive of other characters, may be picked out at once by the white band of the forewing terminating upon the submedian nervure. Major Roberts took the female of C. jalinder at Darjeeling, but I have preferred to figure both sexes from one collection” [that of Mr. Moore]. (Sxtler, 1. c.) We have no specimen exactly agreeing with the figure, but specimens closely resembling it are found in all localities where C. Aipponax is found. Mr. Butler gives the female of C. Aipponax as described by Felder as a synonym of his (Butler’s) C. jadinder. Dr. Felder’s description of that sex is given below.* 580. Oharaxes hindia, Butler, C. hindia, Butler, Lep. Ex., p. 99, n- 5, pl. xxxvii, fig. 5, male and female (1872); Haridra hindia, id., Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xvi, p. 306, n. 50 (1855). HapsitaT: Sikkim ; near Assam, EXPANSE: &, 3°6; 2, 4°2 inches. Description: ‘‘MALE and FEMALE, Allied to C. zalinder, Butler, Differs on the UPPERSIDE in having the basal area brighter, the disco-cellular fasciole better defined, the median liturz obsolete ; no virgula in the fascia; the whitish fascia broader, tinted with fulvous below the first median branch of the forewing ; the external area of the forewing broader, the discal spots larger in the male, but the upper ones obsolete, in the female fulvous, scarcely conspicuous ; the black fascia of the Aizdwing more macular and much narrower. UNDERSIDE much paler; the median fascia in the forewing less oblique, the ochraceous area broader ; the discal area much broader.” ‘““Mr. Moore has two specimens of the female of this species, one of which is scarcely larger than the male. It isa conspicuous form, and may be distinguished without trouble. The female has the external area of the wings much browner than in any other species with which I am acquainted, but this may be partially due to fading.” (Butler, 1. c.) I have no specimens exactly agreeing with the figure, but there are males closely resembling it from the localities where C. Aipponax is found. A female most closely resembling the figure was taken by me in Calcutta, the only specimen I have seen from that neighbourhood. Mr. E. A. Minchin took a single female at Nagpur in March, I very doubtfully identify these specimens as C. hindia, I think it is very probable they are a dry country form of C. imna, being throughout much paler-coloured than the Wynaad female of that species, but not having procured males from the same localities, I cannot be certain about it. The three remaining species differ from all the foregoing in having the basal area of both wings very dark and powdered with fuscous; the white discal band is also broader and clearer. pe ee ee eee ee ee ee eee * “ FeMALE, Upprrsipe as in C. hkierax, but richer coloured. Forewing with the discal striga evanescent a broad diffused whitish fascia extending to the internal nervure, through which the streaks of the underside are seen, the border inwardly divided with six whitish spots. Aindwing with an anterior whitish patch extend- ing to the second subcostal branch, and the margin of the ground-colour beyond the spots broader,” (Felder, 1. c.) . 292 NYMPHALID. NYMPHALIN. CHARAXES. C. khimalara and C. khasianus ave yery doubtfully distinct from C. pleistoanax, but as Mr, Butler has fully pointed out the distinctions he relies on in separating them, I republish his descriptions to enable others to work out the matter. C. pleistoanax is found in Sikkim, but not very commonly, and more rarely in Bhutan, and the Assam valley. I have no specimens exactly agreeing with either C. khimalara or C- Ahasianus, but the nearest approach to the former which I possess is from Sibsagar, to the latter from Sikkim, The females like the males differ from the foregoing in having the basal area of both wings powdered with fuscous ; they are larger and the white bandis much broader, the spots on the border of the forewing vary, but are usually large and pure white. 587. Charaxes:pleistoanaz, Felder. C. pleistoanax, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep, vol. iii, p. 443, n. 723 (1867) ; id., Butler, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 121, n, 14; idem, id., Lep. Ex., p. 97, n. i, pl. xxxvii, fig. 3, ale and female (1872). Hapsitat : North India, Assam. EXPANSE : Not given. DescripTION : “ MALE. UPPERSIDE at the base deer-coloured fuscous, more often indeed altogether deep fulvous. Forewing as in C. Aierax, [Felder], but with the border most often narrower and divided by five spots of the ground-colour or whitish in a bent series before the middle, a discal striga very distinct more or less shortened, within the border a rather broad whitish fascia, most often continued to the inner margin, and inwardly within the striga dissolved in greyish powdering. Aindwing with the anterior virgule most prominent, outwardly broadly defined with whitish, most often bounded with a rather broad whitish fascia extending to the second median nervule, on this side outwardly most often defined by an obscure ferruginous diffused macular streak, the small apical patch and annexed spots blacker than in C. Aisponax, Felder, a little more distant from the margin. UNDERSIDE almost as in C, Aierax, but with the inner discal striga outwardly defined with ochraceous more broadly moreover than in C. kifponax, FEMALE, UPPERSIDE as in C. hifponax, but at the base more obscurely and sordidly fulvous. Forewing with the white discal fascia extend- ing to the inner margin and inwardly best defined beyond the macular streak and there hoary, with the border inwardly divided by seven much larger whitish spots (the uppermost two outside the series, the remainder more or less lunate). Aindwing with the anterior virgulze outwardly defined by a broad white fascia extending beyond the second median nervule, the rhombic spots larger than in C. Azpfonax, a little more receding from the margin, UNDERSIDE with the two discal strigee more approximated than in C. Aifponax, much broader and defined with whitish. vvewing with the whitish spots of the upperside, but worse defined. Aindwing with the ante-marginal zone verging on whitish.” “‘Confounded, we think, in collections with the Chinese C. Aolyxena, Cramer (C. bernardus, Fabricius) of which we are only acquainted with the figure. The forewing of the male has most resemblance to that of €. Aievax, Felder, but the apex is more produced and the outer margin longer. The female also has the apex of the forewing more produced than in its nearest allies, and the small tail of the hindwing is also longer.” (F¢é/der, 1. c.) ‘© A white-banded race of C. dernardus, Fabricius, the female of which is in most col- lections : Captain Lang has a series of the males, but only one female.” (Avéler |. c. in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.) All the latter specimens referred to are from Sikkim, where it is a common species. 588. Charaxes Ehimalara, Butler. C. khimalara, Butler, Lep. Ex., p 97, 0. 2, pl. xxxvii, fig. 1, ale and female (1872) ; Haridra khimalara, id., Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist, fifth series, vol. xvi, p. 306, n. 5t (1885) ; Charaxes hierax (female only), Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 442, n. 721 (1867). Hasrrat :? N.-W. Himalayas, Nepal, near Assam. EXPANSE: 6, 3°53 2,40 inches. Duscriprion: “Mate, Allied to C, pleistoanax, Felder. Differs on the UPPERSIDE: NYMPHALID. NYMPHALIN&. PROTHOE. 293 in having the forewing more acuminate, much more obscure [darker], the median whitish fascia more slender, inwardly not at all defined with black between the median branches, outwardly very irregular; the discal spots more frequently wanting. Aindwing with the black discal fascia almost twice as broad, inwardly more regular, not at all dotted with white Differs on the UNDERSIDE by having the wings more silky ; the median fascia more whitish, the virgula of the forewing beyond the cell very narrow; the line defining the basal area less irregular ; the submarginal ochraceous area breader,.” (Butler, l.c.) ‘‘ FEMALE. UPPERSIDE as in the male [of C. hierax], but the forewing darker at the base, the discal streak much better defined, the space between it and the border beyond the lowest median fold whitish, this [the border] divided with four whitish spots hindwardly and a subapical whitish spot. Hindwing with the costal border a little beyond the first subcostal branch between the virgulz and the patch diffusedly whitish, a diffused ferruginous streak before the margin, UNDERSIDE much more variegated with violascent-ashy, the anterior space between the basal strigee and the broad cinctures of the discal ochraceous-whitish.” (Fé/der, 1. c.) ‘*This species may at once be distinguished from C. fleistoanax, Felder, by its darker colouring, narrower white band, the straight inner edge of the broader discal band of the hindwing, and the obsolescent character of all the discal white spots.” (Bwéler, l.c. in Lep. Ex.) As figured by Mr. Butler, this species in the male has the broad outer black border of the forewing on the upperside entirely unspotted ; in C. pleistoanax and C. khasianus it bears a curved series of five or six whitish spots. Mr. S. E. Peal has sent male specimens from Sibsagar in Upper Assam agreeing very closely with the figure, 589. Charaxes Ehasianus, Butler. C. khasianus, Butler, Lep. Ex., p 98, n. 3, pl. xxXvii, fig. €, wale and female (1872). Hasitat: N.-E. Bengal, Khasi Hills. EXpPANSE: 6, 3°753 ?, 4'00 inches. DescrieTION: “MALE and FEMALE, Allied to C. fleistoanax, Felder. Differs on the UPPERSIDE in having the basal area paler outwardly, to the least degree bluish ; the whitish median fascia broader; the black virgule more slender ; the virgula of the interno-median jnterspace of the forewing obsolete in the male; the black external area narrower, the discal spots minute, tinted with fulvous in the male ; the black fascia of the Aindwing much broader at the apex; the external area brighter, broader, the tail longer, in the female broader. UNDERSIDE, oth wines rufescent, the median fascia much narrower, pale ochraceous, not at all whitish ; all the black lines very irregular, the curves of the discal line elongated.” ‘Also allied to C. fleistoanax, from which it may be easily separated by the paler basal area of the wings, which exhibits externally a bluish shade peculiar to this species ; also by the broader white band, which in the female is carried across the hindwing to the abdominal margin ; tl e slenderness of the transverse black lines and the peculiar reddish tint of the underside,” (Szitler, 1. c.) I possess a male from Jorehat, Assam, and two females from Sikkim which agree very well with Mr. Butler’s figures and description of this species. The discal white band on the upperside is broader than in any other species, extending on the forewing within the discal fine black lines (virgulze) towards the base. Genus 68.—PROTHOE, Hiibner. (FRONTISPIECE). Protho#, Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett., vol. it (1822-26) ; id., Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol ii, p. 266 (1850); id., Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 80, Monografh; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p- tro (1883). “Bopy, small and rather slender ; wigs large, hindwing slightly tailed ; pa/pz applied close to the face. HEAD, as broad as the thorax, clothed with short hairs, and destitute of a frontal tuft; eyes, large and naked ; antenna, very nearly half the length of the forewing, straight, slender, terminated by a long, very slender, and gradually-formed club, slightly grooved ; falfi, short, erect, rather compressed, scaly, the inside furnished with short hairs, so 294 NYMPHALID®. NYMPHALIN. PROTHOE. that the tips are not applied close together, but are slightly incurved, basal joint not furnished with long hairs, extremity of the second joint hairy on the side applied to the face, terminal Joint small and conical. THoRAX, small, woolly, tippets very small, metathorax slightly hairy. ABDOMEN, small. FoREWING, large, triangular ; costa, slightly rounded ; over margin three-fourths of the length of the costa, nearly straight, very slightly scolloped ; zzer margin the same length as the outer margin, nearly straight ; costal nervure strong, extending to half the length of the costa, discoidal cell extending to the length of two-fifths of the base of the wing, swdcostal nervure slender, with its first branch arising at about one-third of the length of the wing, second branch arising a little beyond, and extending to about four-fifths of the length of the costa, beyond this second branch the subcostal nervure is obliquely deflexed for a short distance (to the branching off of the disco-cellular nervule), the third and fourth branches arise almost close together near the middle of the nervure, the third running in a bent manner to the tip of the wing, and the fourth also bent, running into the outer margin; wpfer disco-cellular nervule very short and oblique, middle disco-cellular short and transverse ; ower disco-cellular curved in an oblique direction outwards, joined to the third median nervule at some little distance beyond its origin, this nervule is but little curved at its base, saubmedian neivure scarcely curved. HINDWING, somewhat oval, the space between the extremities of the second and third median nervules produced into a short, broad, outwardly curved tail ; costal margin curved, outer margin nearly straight from the outer angle to the tail, from the tail to the anal angle it has two rather deep scallops 3 pr@costal mervure reduced to a short, straight, transverse spur arising near the base of the subcostal nervure, and extending to the costal margin, swdcostal nervure branched at a short distance (mot more than one-seventh of an inch) from its base ; «fer disco-cellular nervule forming the base of the discoidal nervule, and branching from the subcostal nervure at a still shorter distance, ower disco-cellular wanting, so that the discoidal cell, which is long and narrow, is open; median nervure branched consi- derably below the branching off of the discoidal nervule, its second and third branches extending to either side of the short tail. ForE LEGS, of the male very short and pectoral, thickly clothed to the tip with short hairs, the /éé/a shorter than the femur, ¢a7sws fully as long as the tibia, cylindrical, simple, exarticulate, and destitute of claws; of the female short, scaly, 74/2 about two-thirds of the length of the femur, ¢avsws as long as the tibia, internally dilated at the extremity, where it is obliquely truncate, with slight indications of the joints. MIDDLE and HINDLEGS, moderately long, and rather thickly clothed with scales, the ¢arsus being nearly as thick as the tibia, femur a little curved, thickest at the base, ddza as long as the femur, straight, furnished on the underside with two rows of short spines, tarsus of the same length as the tibia, rather thickly beset with short spines, especially on the underside, where they form several distinct rows, c/aws small, slender, sickle-shaped, Jaronychia with the outer division as long as the claws, slender, rather pointed and setose, inner division shorter and more obtuse, fz/villus small, broadly heart-shaped.” “ The beautiful insect [P. /rancki‘] upon which this genus is founded is well distinguished, not only by the peculiar character of its colours, but by its short palpi closely applied to the face, the slender club to its antennz, and the great and nearly equal length of the third and fourth branches of the subcostal nervure of the forewing, which run close together for a considerable distance, and then widen, seeming to take the place of the fourth branch and terminal division of the subcostal nervure, as arranged in Cyrestis, &c.” ( Westwood, 1, c.) The genus at present contains about nine species, which occur from Assam through Upper Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula and Islands as far east as New Ireland. The two Indian species are dark indigo-blue or olive-green above, with a broad paler blue band across the forewing on the upperside, which in one species almost reaches the outer margin, and with some white apical spots, the hindwing unmarked, except by two or three white spots at the apex ; underside pale-buff or whitey-brown, marked with numerous fuscous spots and streaks, the outer margin of the hindwing bears a series of very large conical-shaped spots between the veins, of a dark powdery bronzy-green colour. The length of the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules is very unusual, being about equal to half the length of the forewing, and they arise at about the same distance from the origin of the third subcostal nervule as that NYMPHALID&. NYMPHALIN&. PROTHOE. 295 nervule does from the end of the cell. The neuration of this group differs from that of P. caledonia in the first subcostal nervule of the forewing anastomosing with the costal nervure a little beyond the end of the cell, in P. caledonia it is entirely free. In only one other genus of the Mymphaline ( Tanaécia) does this anastomosing occur. The direction of the lower disco-cellular nervule of the forewing in P, caledonia differs considerably from that of P. franchii, being evenly and regularly curved, and closing the discoidal cell much less obliquely. Key to the Indian species of Prothoo. A. Upperside, forewing crossed by a broad even straight well-defined blue band, the apical third of the wing black, tail long. 590. P. ancetica, Upper Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. B. Upperside, forewing crossed by a much broader irregular blue band, almost reaching the outer margin, tail short. sgt. P. rgGALIS, Manipur. 590. Prothoo angelica, Butler. (Frontispiece, Fic. 120 ¢), P. angelica, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xvi, pp. 53, 54 (1885); P. /ranckit, Wallace (fart), Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 80, n. 1 ; id., Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 832. Hapsitat: Upper Tenasserim, Perak, Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, EXPANSE : 3°25 inches. DESCRIPTION: MALE. UPPERSIDE, both wings dark indigo-blue, thickly irrorated with lighter blue scales at the base. Forewing with a black band at the end of the cell not quite reaching the median nervure, beyond which is a broad discal blue band of equal width throughout, the edges straight and even, occupying nearly the middle third of the costa and extending to the anal angle, and bearing some white indistinct streaks at its upper end and some indistinct white irrorations in the middle, a subapical series of five rounded purplish-white spots, of which the lowest in the lower discoidal interspace and the next but one above it are very small ; the apical area beyond the blue band fuscous. édwing with two purplish-white elongated spots on the margin divided by the upper subcostal nervule. UNDERSIDE, both wings pale buff with fuscous markings. Forewing with theinner margin broadly, the middle of the outer margin narrowly, and a wedge-shaped patch from the costa fuscous ; a looped spot at the base of the cell, two annular spots one above the other in the middle, and a W-shaped one near its end continued to the costa, the disco-cellulars enclosed by a double line, some spots outside the cell, on the disc and margin, all fuscous. Hindwing with areniform spot in the middle of the cell, another at its end and continued to the first subcostal nervule, some irregular patches from the costa extending into the disc, and some narrow marks in the median interspaces, and from the median nervure to the abdominal margin, all fuscous; a submarginal series of large conical-shaped spots placed between the nervules thickly irrorated with dark powdery bronzy-green, the anterior ones inwardly margined with orange, a black lunular spot at the anal angle in the submedian interspace marked inwardly with orange and outwardly with pale blue, a large pale blue quadrate spot on the margin in the first median interspace, beyond which the tail and the margin are decreasingly black, a small black and orange triangular spot on the margin in the internal interspace. This description is taken from a single male from Perak in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, the only specimen of this group I have seen, and from it the figure showing both sides is taken, It is named P, /rvanckii on the plate, at the time when the plate was letter- ed P. angelica and two other new and allied species had not been discriminated, I have added in a foot-note* the points of difference between it and the Javan P. franckit as given by Mr. Butler. Mr. Moore records it from Meetan, Upper Tenasserim, 3,000 feet, April. * “ Prothoé angelica, Butler. ‘* Oblique belt of forewing shining azure or greenish, with a series of irregular white dashes to represent the medial belt ; apical area of hindwing purplish black ; prevalent colouring on exter- nal area of hindwing below pale green. ’ “P. angelica is the brightest of all, the female being slightly less so than the male ; the blue belt is some- times a little wider than in P. /ranckis, and its outer edge is much less zigzag ; it has white dashes on the belt in both sexes ; the markings below are very similar, but the ground-colour is noticeably different.” (Butler, 1. ¢.) 296 NYMPHALID4. NYMPHALINZ. PROTHOE. “This beautiful insect is not uncommon in Sumatra. It has the habit of settling with closed wings on sticks or the trunks of trees, with which the peculiarly shaded markings of its underside harmonize so as to render it difficult to detect.” (Wallace, 1. c.) 591. Prothoo regalis, Butler. P. rvegalis, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xvi, pp. 53, 54 and 306, n. 53, pl. viii, fig. 1, male (1885). Hasirat : Manipur. EXPANSE :; 3'2 inches, Description : MALE. ‘‘ UPPERSIDE, o/h wings with the basal third and dody olive-green. Forewing crossed obliquely from the middle of costa to the third fourth of the inner margin by a broad silvery-blue belt, the external edge of which is irregularly notched and only separated by a blackish submarginal streak from three large spots of the same colour upon the middle of the external border; veins slenderly black, terminating in blackish spots, two of which are placed between the above-mentioned blue spots; two white spots followed by a blackish streak upon the costal part of the blue belt ; a large triangular black spot closing the discoidal cell ; apical area chocolate-brown ; three subapical spots, the upper two large, placed obliquely, bluish, with white centres, the third submarginal, bluish, small. Aimdwing with the middle of the wing blue-black ; apical area and external border chocolate-brown ; two linear apical blue dashes and a blue line along the base of the cilia. UNDERSIDE, forewing whitey brown, slightly tinted with greenish towards the base and with lilacine along the external border ; markings very similar to those of P. franckii, but the outline-spots on the discoidal area filled in with dark olivaceous, with no trace of an oblique white band, and with all the internervular submarginal markings cruciform. Aindwing with the basal half as in P. franckit, excepting that the discoidal spots are filled in with dark olivaceous ; external half considerably darker, its inner half greyish olivaceous, enclosing a series of oblong internervular black patches, which are sinuated in front and bounded by reddish crescentic borders; imme- diately beyond these reddish crescents is a submarginal series of eight unequal black-edged bronze-green spots, with brighter green borders, these spots are irrorated and more or less suffused with blackish ; from apex to second median nervule is a series of gradually increasing marginal black spots, edged externally with pink, the last two crossed by a red stripe; a large bright olive-green semi-circular spot, with black inner border and bluish-white outer border at outer extremity of first median interspace, and a large black spot, crossed by a red ,-shaped marking, and bordered along its infero-exterior border with grey, at extremity of interno-median area ; a triangular black and red spot at extremity of abdominal fold.” ‘©On the upperside this beautiful species may be at once distinguished from P. franckii of Java by the broader, more irregular, and greyer blue belt across the forewing, the absence of a white band on this belt, the blue marginal spots, and the blue or bluish subapical spots; the hindwing also has blue instead of white marginal dashes at apex, and the external border and apical area are chocolate-brown instead of purplish brown.” (Budler, l.c., p- 306). I have never seen this species, which appears to be quite distinct. I give below* some further remarks on it by Mr. Butler, which may prove useful. *Prothoé regalis, Butler. ‘‘ Oblique belt very broad, covering nearly half the wing, three spots of the same colour at middle of external border, only separated from the belt by a blackish submargina! stripe. _Hind- wing decidedly shorter and less caudate [than in P. /ranckiz]; apical markings blue, prevalent colouring on external area greyish olivaceous, black and green.” a : : “ P. yegalis is duller in colouring than P. angelica, and corresponds with P. uniformis [the habitat of which is unknown], in the absence of white on the blue belt; it, however, differs from P. francki, P. uni- Jormis and P. angelica in the great width of the blue belt, the blue marginal spots on the forewing, the shorter ‘4nd less caudate hindwing, the cruciform character of the black submarginal markings on the underside of the forewing, the filled-in discoidal markings on both wings, the inner half of external area of hindwing on the underside being greyish olivaceous crossed by oblong black patches with reddish external borders, the shorter green and black submarginal arched spots, and seyeral other characters, I have seen only one male of this very distinct species.” (Butler, 1. c., pp. 53; 54+) NYMPHALID.E. NYMPHALIN 4. PROTHOE. 297 One of the most beautiful butterflies in the world, P. caledonia, occurs in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Labuan. A descriptiun of it is given below.* * Prothoé caledonia, Hewitson. Nymphalis calydonia, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. 1, p. 86, pl. xiii, figs. 3, 45 (1855) ; Charaxes calydonia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 638, n. 61; Prothoé caledonia, idem, id., 1867, p. 873; idem, id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 110, n. 1, pl. xiii, fig. 9, sale (1883); Nymphalis ? caledonia, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 273, m. 58 (1871). Hapitar: Perak, Malacca, Borneo, Labuan. ExpanseE : Maile, 471 to 4°3; femzale, 4°3 inches. Description : ‘‘ Mace, Uppsrsibe. forex ing pale sulphur-yellow, with the base very pale bluish, and with rather more than the apical half dark shining fuscous ; the inner margin of this blackish colouration commences narrowly at base of costa, and gradually widening obliquely crosses the cell a little beyond the middle, and crossing the second median nervule near its base extends to near the outer margin between the second and first median nervules, after which it is again directed inwardly and is concavely sinuated to near apex of inner margin; an oblique subapical series of four sulphureous spots, the first near costa, the second between the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, the third above and the fourth beneath the upper discoidal nervule; a somewhat obsolete pale apical spot and a very small bright spot on the second median nervule [sometimes absent], Aixdwing very pale bluish, with a broad shining fuscous outer margin, which is widest at apex and narrowly terminates at anal angle; two linear pale greyish marginal spots near apex, and apical margin of candate appendage of the same colour; the costal disc of the wing is somewhat suffused with sulphureous, and the abdominal margin is suffused with very pale brownish. UNDERSIDE, forewing dull greyish, beautifully suffused and spotted with bright red, and with the following spots and markings:—four spots on costal area above cell, which contains a basal spot, two placed a little before the middle, followed by an irregular macular fascia, and another and somewhat similar one at apex ; immediately beyond cell is a broad curved fascia commencing at costa and terminating at apex of median nervure ; a triple series of much broken and irregular fascia, the outer margin being also fuscous; beneath the second median nervule the colour is sulphur-yellow, becoming paler towards inner margin, with a large irregular fuscous spot near outer angle. //udwing of similar hue and shadings, with the following fuscous spots and markings :—a small rounded spot at base, and another near apex of pracostal nervure ; a short broad curved transverse fascia commencing near base and terminating on basal edge of abdominal margin; a linear streak above and near base of costal nervure; a subquadrate spot, followed by a larger and curved spot beneath the costal nervure, three spots in cell, a small rounded one near base, a similar one near origin of first median nervule, and a transverse spot near its termination ; a sinuated row of discal spots, consisting of a small one above and a large one beneath the first subcostal nervule, three in oblique series divided by the discoidal and third median nervules; a conical spot between the second and first median nervules, and an obconical one before the submedian nervure, from which to edge of abdominal margin is a broad fascia; the apical area of wings, which is preceded by a transverse pale fascia, is darker and shaded with greenish, and contains some much-waved and somewhat disjointed series of transverse fuscous fascia; outer margin sulphureous, with its extreme border fuscous, a large fuscous patch on the caudate appendage, and a small red spot near anal angle. Body above pale bluish grey; thorax beneath more or less concolourous with wings ; Zegs brownish, tibize and tarsi more or less pale ochraceous ; axtenne@ fuscous above, castaneous beneath.” (Dyéstant,|.c.) The FEMALE differs from the male on the upperside of the forewing in haying a small linear white spot on the middle of the costa, the four subapical spots are somewhat larger, and the one at the extreme apex more prominent. All the other markings as in the male. There are three specimens, two males and a female, of this ‘‘ glorious butterfly’ in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Perak. They were captured on bait placed in the forest especially to attract this and other species of butterflies, many of them, including P. ca/edonia, being very foul feeders. It seems to be a little variable, Mr. Butler having recorded the note below* on the subject on procuring a specimen from Malacca, which was also the locality of the type specimen. * “The specimen from Malacca differs-from that figured by Mr. Hewitson in its greater size, and in having the upperside of the hindwing more suffused with greenish; on the underside the markings are slightly different, the basal red bands being broader, the medial band whiter, the discal red band narrower, darker, and rather more irregular, the submarginal green band duller, and the blue lunulate line more irregular and not so deeply margined with black; the large black caudal spot is wanting in Hewitson's figure, which was drawn from an imperfect specimen.” (Buf/er, |. c. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 874). 38 FAMILY 2.—LEMONIIDZ. Lemontide, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 282 (1871); id., Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 67 (1881); Erycinide, Swainson, Phil. Mag., second series, vol. i, p. 187 (1827) ; id., Westwood, Gen. Diurn, Lep., vol. ii, p. 415 (1851); id., Bates, Journ. Ent., vol. i, p. 220 (186r) ; idem, id., I. c., vol. ii, p. 176 (1864); id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 185 (1883) ; Zxycinina, Snellin, Lep. vy. Midden-Sumatra, p. 20 (1880). ‘*FoRELEGS small, slender, imperfect [in the males], but more developed than in the Nymphalide ; those of the males brush-like and clothed with long hairs, the tarsus without claws ; of the females longer, slender, scaly, tarsus with the joints longer and more distinct than in the Mymphalide. FFoREWING, subcostal nervure generally with only three branches, the disco-cellulars very slender, All of small size.” (AZarshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, vol. i, p. 18.) The family Zemoniide contains four subfamilies, Libytheine, Nemeobiine, Euselasiine, and Zemoniing ; the first embracing but a single genus, the second about fourteen genera, the greater portion of which are American, the two last subfamilies are wholly American, The forelegs in the males are imperfect, the tarsi in the Zéy¢h@ine consisting of a single joint end- ing in a spine, in the Memeodiine the forelegs of the males are less hairy, the tarsi consisting of two or three joints. The forelegs of the females are perfect, the tarsi composed of five joints ending in twoclaws. The forewing in the Zisy/keine and in all the Oriental genera of the Nemeobiine has four branches to the subcostal nervure excluding the terminal portion, in several genera of the new world Memeoliine this feature also obtains, but in the majority of them there are three branches only. Throughout the Indian genera of the family the first and second subcostal nervules of the forewing are emitted before the termination of the cell, and the discoidal cells are always closed. All the butterflies appertaining to this family are of small size, though averaging considerably larger than most of the species of the next family Zycenide, The family occurs throughout both worlds, but is not represented in Australasia. Subfamily I.—LIBYTHZEINZ, Bates. (PLate XXIV). Libytheine, Bates, Journ. Ent., vol. i, p. 220 (1861) ; idem, id., 1. c , vol. ii, p. 176 (1864); id., Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 67 (1881); Libytherde, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol ii, p. 412 (1851). ‘* Bopy, robust, small ; Aa/gz, extraordinarily elongated, densely clothed with short hairs, porrected horizontally ; av¢exn@, short, gradually incrassated from the base to the tip. Fore- WING, strongly angulated below the apex ; déscoédal cell of both wings closed by a very slender nervule. ForeLEGS, short, those of the ma/e brush-like, with exarticulate tarsi: of the female with ordinary-formed tarsi.” ‘Larva cylindrical, not spined, slightly pubescent. PuPpa short, not angulated, sus- pended by the tail.” (Westwood, |. c.) This subfamily contains but a single genus, Zzbythea. Mr. Wallace states regarding it that ‘‘ this small group is of world-wide distribution, and like all such is a frequenter of open grounds, plains, river-banks and sea-shores rather than of the virgin forest. The species are all small, and in the activity of their motions resemble the lesser Aymphaline,” (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 334). In IndiaI havealmost exclusively found them near water, Major Marshall informs me that he has more usually seen them in forest glades, 300 LEMONIID. LIBYTHAIN LIBYTHEA. Genus 69.—LIBYTHEA, Fabricius. (PLATE XXIV). Libythea, Fabricius, Ill. Mag., vol. vi, p. 284, n. 28 (1807) ; id., Latreille, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 10 (1819) 3 id., Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, p. 412 (1851); id., Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 67 (1881); Lidytheus, Boitard, Man. Ent., vol. ii, p. 299 (1828) ; HyAatus, Hiibner, Catal, Franck, p. 85 (1825) ; Hecaérge, Ochsen- heimer, Schmett. Eur., vol. iv, p. 32 (1816); id., Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 100 (1816); CAz/ea, Billberg, Enum. Ins., p. 79 (1820). ‘* Bony, robust, thickly clothed with soft woolly hairs, rather small in size, and of dark colours ; the zézgs with spots of orange, or dirty white, but not ocellated ; ead, small , strongly tufted in front ; eyes, prominent, naked ; Aa/f7, extraordinarily elongated, being one third, or even in some species half, the length of the whole body ; porrected horizontally, not compressed, thickly clothed with hairs of moderate length, the inner edges uniting together» so as to form conjointly a long conical beak, obtuse at the tip ; second joint oval ; third joint greatly elongated and slender; az/enne, not nearly half the length of the forewing, straight, articulations indistinct, gradually thickening from the base to the tip, which is obtuse 3 thorax, oval, hairy ; tippets strongly developed ; addomen, small, slender. FOREWING, of moderate size ; costal margin moderately arched, afex acute, ouler margin strongly angulated below the apex, the lower discoidal nervule extending into the most prominent part of the angle, about five-sixths of the length of the costa, zer margin straight, one-fourth longer than the outer margin. None of the veins dilated at the base. Costa/ nervure extending to about half the length of the costa ; swdcostal nervure with the first and second branches free’ arising before the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell, third branch arising far beyond the cell, followed at a short distance by the fourth, which extends to the tip of the wing ; wpfer disco-cellular nervule minute and sub-oblique, médale and dower disco-cellulars of nearly equal length, very slender, and uniting into a curve, closing the discoidal cell about the middle of the wing, by uniting with the third median nervule at about the same distance from its base as exists between the first and second branches. HINDWING, irregularly and broadly ovate ; the costal margin produced in the middle into a considerable-sized lobe, over margin strongly scalloped, abdominal margin forming only a slight gutter for the reception of the abdomen 3 precostal nervure short, curved outwards ; costal nervure extending to the outer edge of the lobe, of which it follows the outline ; sadcosta7 nervure arising just opposite to the praecostal, branch- ing at a considerable distance from its base ; upper disco-cellular nervule rather short, almost transverse, arising at a distance from the base of the subcostal branch about equal to the space between the base of the subcostal and its branch ; /ower disco-cellular slender, but distinct, more oblique than the upper disco-cellular, and slightly curved, closing the discotdal cell by its union with the third median nervule at a very short cistance from its origin ; the third median nervule considerably curved after its union with the lower disco-cellular nervule. FORELEGS, of the male small and brush-like, densely hairy, the ¢arsws rather shorter than the tibia, cylindrical, exarticulate, and destitute of claws. Of the female considerably longer than those of the male, but articulated like the middle and hind feet. Zuavsus armed with short spines beneath. C/aws curved, dilated at the base, horny, acute at the tips. Paronychia slender, membranous, bifid, finely setose ; the outer division acute, the inner one shorter and more triangular. Px/villus broadly transverse, the base narrowed. MIDDLE and HINDLEGS, moderately elongated, thickly clothed with scales; /e/eur hairy beneath ; /#béa and ¢ayszs armed beneath with short spines ; c/aws and their appendages formed exactly as in the forelegs of the female.” ‘* LARVA rather slender, subcylindrical, destitute of spines or points. Tail simple. Body finely pubescent, and very delicately shagreened, with pale longitudinal stripes at the sides, very closely resembling those of the Prerize, PuPA short, suspended by the tail. Thorax-case rather gibbose in the middle of the back. Head-case not produced into a beak,” “The peculiar structure of the forelegs of this genus separates it from all the preceding genera, being imperfect and brush-like in the males, but articulated and furnished with claws and their appendages in the females, exactly as in the tarsi of the hind feet, In other respects, if the gradually clavated straight antennze and the elongated palpi is LEMONIID, LIBYTHAINA. LIBYTHEA. 301 excepted, there is no character of importance to remove this genus from the Wymphaline or Nemeobiine. The structure of the paronychia, and the arrangement of the veins of the wing, offer no distinction; but the larva is entirely like those of the Pier‘z@, whilst the pupa is simply suspended by the tail. If, therefore, this last-named character is regarded as the primary principle of classification of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, here is a genus which be- longs to the great group having the chrysalis suspended. Its larva, however, evidently points out an affinity with the Prize; whilst the structure of the feet, and the want of ocellated spots on the wings beneath, seem equally to point to the Zycenide.” (Westwood, 1. c.) The genus Libythea is in every way peculiar. Mr. Doherty states* that the egg is ‘‘ampulliform, shaped like a soda-water bottle, twice as high as wide, forming a short neck or stalk close to the apex, radiate (having ribs diverging from a point at the apex), with strong and anastomosing ribs,” in this respect being similar to the Péeriz@ or ‘* Whites.» The larva and pupa are also strikingly pierid in form, but the latter instead of being girt across the middle as in that subfamily is freely suspended by the tail. In the perfect insect the shape of the palpi and antennz are entirely peculiar and sé generis, the neuration is quite nymphalid, and so is the outline of the forewing with its irregular outer margin, but the forelegs ally this subfamily to the Zycexide, being imperfect in the male, perfect in the female. As the structure of the forelegs is the primary character on which the classification of butter- flies is based in this work, the position cf the subfamily will be immediately after the Vympha- line,to which it is allied by its neuration and its freely suspended pupa, and before the Zycenide, to which it is also allied by the structure of its forelegs. Taking the egg as the basis of a primary division, Mr. Doherty (l, c., p. 108) places itin one group, the Pieriform, which includes this subfamily and the Pierine ; dividing the butterflies into groups by the legs he places it after the Zycenide which immediately follow the Vymphaline, and after the Nemeobiine but before the Pierine, and states that he has no doubt of the affinity of this remarkable genus with the latter subfamily. The genus is a small one, and contains about twelve species, of which one inhabits North and one South America, one each in the West Indies and Mauritius, one occurs in the South of Europe and in Asia Minor, one in Africa, four within Indian limits, but no species has been recorded from the Malay Peninsula, the Andamans or the Nicobors, though several occur in the Malay Archipelago. The different species of Z7éy‘hea are singularly uniform in size and outline as well as in colouration, but the specific distinction in the markings of the upperside are clear and in most cases constant. ‘They all vary from a little under two inches to a little over two inches in expanse ; all have the same peculiar outline and strongly falcated forewing. All have the underside clouded and striated with similar protective colouration, varying in tone in each species but uniform in style throughout the genus. In all the upperside is brown, bearing on each wing some tawny or whitish marks, and it is by the variations in these markings that the different species are distinguished. Eey to the Indian species of Libythea. A. Forewing with streak in cell continued into first median interspace. a, Streak in cell of forewing and across disc of hindwing wide, the former extending well below median nervure and base of first median nervule, veins on streak concolourous with it. sg2. L. myrrHa, Himalayas, Assam, Upper Tenasserim, Java, Borneo. &. Streak in cell of forewing and across disc of hindwing narrower, the former not at all or hardly extending below median nervure and base of first median nervule, veins on streak blackish. 593. L. rama, South India, Ceylon. B, Forewing with streak in cell abruptly widened at its outer extremity, where it nearly fills end of cell, a large rounded spot beyond. 594. L. vepita, Himalayas, Assam. C. Forewing with streak in cell reduced to a spot at its end, with another well-separated spot beyond, all the markings whitish. 595. L. ROHINI, Assam. vp * Journ A, S. B., vol. lv, pt. 2, p. 110 (1886), 302 LEMONIID&E. LIBYTHAZINZ. LIBYTHEA. 592. Libythea myrrha, Godart. L. myrrha, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 171, n. 4 (1819); id., Boisduval, Sp, Gén., vol. i, pl. x, fig. 8 (5836); id., Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, p. 15, pl. xii, fig. 4 (1846); id., Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, P. 335, n. i; id., Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 832; id., Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1885, P. 130, n. 44; Hecaerge myrrha, Hiibner, Zutrage Ex. Schmett., figs. 789, 790 (1832). Habitat: Himalayas, Assam, Upper Tenasserim, Java, Borneo, EXPANSE : 2'0 to 2'2 inches, DESCRIPTION : MALE, UPPERSIDE, Joth wings deep vinous-brown, almost black, with tawny markings. Forewing with a streak commencing narrowly at the base of the wing, occupying the lower half of the discoidal cell and upper half of the submedian interspace, extending beyond the cell to near the outer margin of the wing and occupying the entire width of the first median interspace and the lower portion of the interspace above ; the streak outwardly broadly rounded and widest at the end of the cell : two subapical somewhat whitish spots placed obliquely, sometimes quite separated, sometimes joined into a band, each spot sometimes almost divided into two by the veins, sometimes witha small diffused whitish spot at the extreme apex of the wing. Aindwing with a broad discal band wide and diffused at the abdominal margin, else- where well defined, and gradually narrowing towards the apex of the wing which it does not quite reach, its apical extremity curved and deflected towards the outer margin. UNDERSIDE, much paler. Forewing with the tawny markings as above but paler, the discal streak wider, occupying almost the entire basal area of the cell, the apex inorated with purplish. indwing with no tawny discal band, except as far as visible by transparency, irrorated throughout with purplish, which assumes the form of a more or less distinct band across the disc, and another from the middle of the costa to the middle of the cell, the whole wing thickly striated with dark brown, FErMAte, paler throughout, the tawny markings larger. Cz/ia throughout ochreous- brown ; antenne, palpi, and body vinous-brown above, paler below. Mr. Wallace states (l.c.) that Z. myrrha ‘‘ varies much in the width of the bands and the size of the spots ; specimens from Ceylon [since described as a distinct species] and South India have these very much reduced and paler, the apical spots being nearly white ; speci- mens from Borneo have the wings somewhat less falcate, and less dentate behind.” Some specimens from South India (Ootacamund, Cannanore and the Wynaad) are quite intermediate between this species and typical Z. rama from Ceylon, other specimens from Ootacamund, the Pulni Hills and Travancore, are typical Z. rama. In the outer Himalayas Z. myrrha is rare in the west, but much commoner to the east, generally frequenting streams, and often settling (as does also Z. /efita) at the end of a dead stick with folded wings, in which position it exactly resembles a dead leaf. It is a common species in Upper Tenasserim, Mr. Moore recording it from ‘‘ Moulmein to Meetan, Hatsiega.” A specimen in my collection from Sumatra hardly differs from typical Indian ones, the markings being ferruginous rather than ochreous only, and a little narrower. 593. Libythea rama, Moore. L. rama, Moore, Proc. Zovl. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 556; idem, id., Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 68, pl. xxxiii, figs. 2,2 a@ (1881). HapitTatT : South India, Ceylon. EXPANSE ; 1°85 to 2°15 inches. DEscrRIPTION : ‘‘ Differs from Z. myrrha in being somewhat smaller, the forewing less falcated below the apex, the UPPERsIDE having the discoidal streak and continuous spot very narrow, and the two sets of subapical spots widely separated and ferruginous-white ; the streak on the hindwing very narrow, short, and placed in the middle of the wing.” (Moore, 1. c. in Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond.) Typical specimens from Ceylon, Travancore, the Anamalai and Pulni Hills, and some speci- mens from Ootacamund are quite distinct from Z. myrra, but other specimens from Ootacamund, Cannanore and the Wynaad are quite intermediate; Z. 7ama appears to be constant in LEMONIID#, LIBYTHAINZ. : LIBYTHEA. 303 Ceylon and in the extreme south of the peninsula, but in South India its markings gradually approximate to those of Z. myrrha as its range extends northwards, till in the Nilgiris typical L. myrrha is met with, In Ceylon it is recorded from the “ Central Provinces ; hills 4,000 to 6,000 feet, in forest lands during S.-W. Monsoon, May to October. Darts about and settles on the ground. Shy and not very easy to capture” (Hutchison). ‘* Plentiful about 3,500 feet and upwards, on the roads and banks of same in vicinity of jungle” (A/ackwood), ‘ Kandy and Dickoya” (Wade). 594. Libythea lepita, Moore. L. lepita, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 240, n. 519 (1857); id., Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 130, n. 43; id., Doherty, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lv, pt. 2, p. 135, nm: 196 (1886), Hasirat : Himalayas, Assam. EXPANSE : 1°8 to 2°1 inches, DESCRIPTION : ‘* Differs from Zidythea myr+ha in the ferruginous streak from base of forewing being divided into two portions, the first being within the discoidal cell, the second a round terminal spot beyond its extremity.” (A/vore, 1, c.) Not infrequently the terminal spot is joined to the discoidal streak, but the upper and lower edges of this combined streak are always highly irregular, the cell portion being shaped just like a tent-peg, while the streak in Z. myrrha is continuous, with even edges, so there is no difficulty in distinguish- ing them. Mr. Doherty remarks (l.c.) that ‘*The prehensores [male anal clasping organs] are quite different from those of Z. myrrha, from which species it seems perfectly distinct.” L. lepita occurs throughout the outer ranges of the Himalayas at moderate elevations, and there is a single specimen from Assam in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; Colonel Swinhoe recorded it along with Z, my77ha, from Bombay;* he informs me, however, that this was a mistake. I krow of no other locality where it is found within our limits, but it is the nearest ally of the European Z. ce/¢is, Fuessly, and probably extends through the uplands of Persia and Asia Minor. I have always found it more abundant in individuals than Z, myrrha, 595. Libythea rohini, Marshall, (PLATE XXIV, Fic. 114 2). L. vohini, Marshall, Journ. A. S. B., vol. xlix, pt. 2, p. 248, n. 10 (1880). HapiTaT: Khasi Hills. EXPANSE : 2’0 inches. DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, Joth wings brown with pure white markings, Forewing with an oval spot filling the end of the cell, a large quadrate spot on the disc between the first and second median nervules, two spots coalescing one on each side of the lower discoidal nervule, and aspot near the costa divided into three portions by the subcostal nervules, Hindwing with a large square spot on the middle of the costa, a straight median band across the wing below the cell not reaching the inner or outer margins, and cut by the discoidal and three median nervules, and a small spot above between the subcostal neryules, All the spots and bands pure white.” (JZarshall,1.c.) UNDERSIDE, Jo/h wings paler. Forewing with the white markings as above, a pale ochreous streak filling the base of the cell, the apex and inner angle whitish, striated with brown. Aindwing with the quadrate costal spot and discal band of the upperside but less well-defined, the wing more or less whitish striated with brown, Cilia throughout more or less white. The MALE does not differ from the female. *¢ Taken near Shillong in May by [the late] Mr. J. P. Cock.” (JMarshall, 1. c.) The type specimen is in Major Marshall’s collection, other specimens have been obtained in May and October by the late Mr. Cock and by Dr, E. R. Johnson near Shillong. The figure shows both upper and undersides of the female type specimen. jeg ee nnn ee IEEE * Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 130, NOS. 43) 44. Ee « ae : ?— - Mee ah by Pe sw Loti * : oe a p La ~ ’ ; rid : i: im a | i ; 7" e | (oe ee a i t ey Subfamily II.—-NEMEOBIIN.A, Bates. (PLate XXIV). Nemeobiing, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zoology, vol. ix, pp. 370, 412 (1867, 1868); id., Distant, Rhom Malay., p. 186 (1883) ; Erycinide, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, p. 415 (1851); Zvycinine, Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 68 (1881). “‘ Bopy, generally slender. Insects of small size. HEAD, small, not or scarcely tufted in front. Zyes, almost always naked. Antenne, generally short and slender, occasionally furnished with short scaly hairs at the ends of the joints. Pe/gi, generally extremely small and slender, scarcely advanced in front of the face as seen from above ; the last joint nearly naked, Wings, variable in form, colour, and markings, but not [seldom ?] ornamented with ocellated spots ; generally of large size, in proportion to the size of the body. Forrwine, generally with only three branches to the subcostal nervure [always four in the Indian genera excluding the terminal portion]; the first and second arising before the extremity of the discoidal cell, and the third far beyond the cell ; the “pper disco-cellular nervule obliterated ; the upper discoidal nervule arising at or near the origin of the second subcostal nervule ; déscoidal cell closed by very slender middle and lower disco-cellular nervules, only visible on denuding the wings of its scales. HINDWING, very variable in form ; the dscoida/ cell closed by very slender upper and lower disco-cellular nervules; addominal margin forming a slight gutter for the reception of the abdomen, FoRELEGS, small and slender; those of the ma/e smaller than those of the female, brush-like; the tarsal portion forming an exarticulate mass, destitute of claws at the tip, Of the fema/e longer, slender, scaly ; ¢arsus articulated, with the joints longer and more distinct than in the Vymphaline and Salyring. HINDLEGs, slender, scaly ; spurs short ; terminal claws very minute, scarcely exserted.” “*LarvA short (but scarcely onisciform*), with tufts of short hairs, or lateral fleshy appendages ; the segment behind the head in some species furnished with a pair of erect spines. PuPa short, not angulated, setose, attached by a thread across the body ; obtuse at each extremity.” «This is an extensive subfamily of delicately-formed butterflies, chiefly found in Tropical America, although some of the aberrant forms are natives of Africa and Asia, and one even inhabits Europe. They are of small size, and extremely varied in their forms, representa- tives of many of the remarkable forms of other families occurring amongst the species of the present subfamily. ‘Thus, some of them resemble the tailed species of Pagilionine and Nymphaline ; others the elongated-winged Heliconiine ; others the blue and copper-coloured species of Zycenide; and some the dusky and spotted Aespferiide. Stucturally, these insects are distinguished from the preceding by the more delicate form of their bodies, the more varied style of their markings, and the short contracted caterpillars and chrysalides, the latter being girt across the body. The forewing appears generally to possess only three branches to the subcostal nervure ; the antennz are very slender, and the palpi very short, although in a few species they are almost as long as in the Zzdytheine.” (Westwood, 1. c.) Mr, Dohertyt+ states that the egg of the subfamily Memeobiine is ‘‘ smooth, prickly or radiate with minute flattened ribs, not so high as wide, opaque, dome-shaped,” and that it probably shows an affinity with the Pagilionide and Hesperiid@, and he goes on (p. 110) to define it more particularly as follows :—‘‘ Egg not so high as wide, smooth, granulate, prickly or hairy, neither reticulate nor radiate in the few genera examined by me.” He places the Zrycinide * OnisciForM, shaped like a wood-louse, from eniscus, a wood-louse, { Journ. A. S. B., vol. Iv, pt- 2, p. 108 (1886). 306 LEMONIID, NEMEOBIIN 2. (= Nemeobiine) after the Zycenide and before the Lidytheine. The larve and pupe as far as known are strikingly like those of the next family Zycenide, the larva being almost onisci- form, and the pupa girt across the middle by a thread as well as attached by the tail. In the perfect insect the palpi are usually exceedingly small, the neuration is very similar to that obtaining in the previous subfamily and in the Vym/phalide ; the forelegs however show the affinity of the Memeobiine with the Zycenide, they are brush-like and imperfect in the male, perfect in the female. Five genera are included within our limits; they present several peculiarities, which are detailed further on, though all the species agree in being small, the largest (4. /y//a) being under two inches and a half in expanse, most of the remainder being less than two inches. All the Indian genera differ from the family Mymfphalide and the subfamily Libytheine in the Subcostal nervure of the hindwing giving off its branch affer the end of the cell instead of before its end, except in two species in the genus Dodona, This character appears to me to be a very important one, which has not hitherto been noticed or recognized. The costal nervure of that wing is invariably very short also, not extending beyond the middle of the costa, whereas in Libythea and all the genera of the Mymphaline except most species of Weftis, it extends to the apex of the wing. In America most of the species of this subfamily and of the two following (the latter being wholly American) have the habit of resting with wide outspread wings on the underside of leaves, like Cyrestis, Stibochiona, and many species of Hesferiidz, but some of the American and all the Indian species as far as known to me in the field rest on the upperside of the leaves (over which they frequently walk) with half-expanded wings ; and all have an extremely rapid flight, so fast indeed as to be very difficult to follow with the eye, but seldom for more than a few yards, when they settle again. Some species, Zemevos Jiegyas for instance, are enormously abundant in individuals where they occur. Bey to the Indian Genera of NEMEOBIINE. A. Lower disco-cellular nervule of hindwing joined to the median nervure at the point where the second and third median nervules are given off. XC.—ZEMEROS. B. Lower disco-cellular nervule of hindwing joined to the median nervure after the point where the second median nervule is given off. a. Hindwing lengthened (longer than broad), with an anal lobe and often with a fine tail in addition. XCI.—Dopona. & Hindwing with anal angle rounded, no anal lobe. a’. Ground-colour of the wings pure white, with a broad outer fuscous border. XCII.—St1BoGEs, 6! Ground-colour of the wings plum-colour or dark brown. a*, Underside marked with bluish-silvery prominent spots. XCIII.—Taxira, 42, Underside not marked with bluish-silvery spots. XCIV.—ApisaRa. The first genus of the subfamily, Zemeros, is easily distinguished, as the lower disco- cellular nervule of the hindwing joins the median nervure at the point where the second and third median nervules are given off; in the other Indian genera it always meets the median nervure some little distance after the point where the second median nervule is emitted. In colouration the Indian species of Zevzevos is dark maroon or plum-colour, with numerous whitish spots spread over both surfaces. The next genus, Dodona, always possesses an anal lobe to the hindwing, which distinguishes it at once from all the other genera, there is often a fine tail in addition. The colouration is dark brown or fuscous, with numerous spots, often arranged in bands. The genus Zaxifa, which has not as yet been recorded from India, though three species occur in the Malay peninsula, is abundantly distinct, in that the male has the inner margin of the forewing highly convex, covering a glandular patch of differently- formed scales placed on a large shining patch on the upperside of the hindwing below the costa, almost exactly resembling a similar character in the male of AZjcalesis mineus, In both sexes also the disco-cellular nervules of the hindwing are quite differently placed LEMONIID. NEMEOBIINAE. ZEMEROS, 307 to those in the other Indian genera, being almost at right angles to the subcostal and median Nervures. They are also more brilliantly coloured on the upperside than any of the other Indian species of the subfamily. In the other three Indian genera, Stiboges, Taxila, and Abdisara, I can find no constant structural feature by which to separate them. Sécboges has the lower disco-cellular nervule of the hindwing much longer than the upper, but so also have several species of Adisara, but the colouration of the former is very different, the ground-colour being pure semi-transparent white, with a broad outer fuscous border, which extends along the costa of the forewing. 7Zw.xi/a can also be easily distinguished by its colouration and markings, the upperside in the male is almost uniformly coloured, being dark plum, blackish or dark purplish-brown, the underside bright reddish-brown, with numerous brilliant bluish-silvery spots inwardly defined with black. The outer margin of the wings of the species of Zaxéde and of Stidoges is nearly even and entire, being slightly scalloped, the hindwing in Zaxi/a shows a more or less pronounced tendency to a quadrate outline, in S¢zdoges it is regularly convex. The last genus, Adisara, has the lower half of the outer margin of the hindwing produced between the third median neryule and the anal angle ; it contains two groups, the first group, which may be divided into two subgroups, has the disco-cellular nervules of the hindwing of unequal length, the upper one being much the shorter, the first subgroup fd. /fyl/a) has the colouration deep brown, with an oblique pale band across the forewing, the hindwing less produced between the second and third median nervules ; the second subgroup (4. neophrou and allied species) also has the oblique pale band across the forewing, the colouration is brown or black, the produced portion of the hindwing terminating in a long tail between the second and third median nervules ; the second group (4. echerius and allies) has the disco- cellular neryules of the hindwing of equal length, the colouration is deep plum, with the produced outer margin of the hindwing abruptly terminating in a blunt tooth at the third median nervule. Genus 90.—ZEMEROS, Boisduval, (PLATE XXIV). Zemeros, Boisduval, Sp. Gén., vol. i, pl. xxi, fig. 5 (1836) ; id., Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, p. 418 (1851) 5 id,, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 187 (1883); Hasmanumida (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 18 (1816). ** Bopy, small, slender ; wings, large, irregular along the [outer] margins ; disc marked with a number of small white dots. Ae«d, small, very finely hairy, front with a small truncated tuft ; eves, small, naked; fa/pi, very minute, almost horizontal, not visible from above, the tip not reaching more than the level of one-fourth of the height of the eyes, rather thick- ly clothed beneath with hairs, the terminal joint not being visible, except on denuding the palpus ; avtenn@, short, and very slender, not more than half the length of the forewing, terminated by a short but distinct club, rather slender, obtuse at the tip, annulations very short, and finely ringed with white at the tip. THorax, rather large, oval ; tippets truncate in front, finely hairy. ABDOMEN, small, slender, scarcely more than half the length of the hindwing. Forrwine, large, broadly triangular; costal margin slightly arched ; afex slightly acute in the male, more obtuse in the female ; ow/er margin irregularly scalloped, being more convex in the female than inthe male ; zz/er margin not so long as the outer. Costal nervure reaching to the middle of the costa ; szbcostal nervure with four simple free branches, the first and second arising near together, a little before the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell, third and fourth branches arising beyond the cell, at about the same distance apart as occurs between the extremity of the cell and the third branch, the space between the fourth branch and the apex of the wing being still longer; wpper disco-cellular nervule obsolete, middle and lower disco-cellulars of about equal length, slender, forming a transverse arch, the lower united to the third median nervule quite close to [just beyond] its origin ; upper discoidal nervule arrising simultaneously with the middle disco-cellular a little beyond the middle of the wing, the space between the frs¢ and second median nervules considerably elongated, HINDWING, irregularly oval ; the outer margin irregularly scalloped, and some- what truncate from the anal angle to the extremity of the third median nervule ; costal nervure not extending beyond the middle of the costa ; swécosta/ nervure arising near the body, but goS LEMONTID. NEMEOBIINA. ZEMEROS, curved at its base, being deflexed opposite the przecostal nervure, branching at a considerable distance from the base [beyond the end of the cell], the branch extending to the upper end of the first or outer scallop ; «sper disco-cellular nervule short, arising a little nearer the body than the branch of the subcostal, oblique ; /ower disco-cellular oblique, slightly longer than the upper, uniting with the median neryure exactly opposite the base of the third branch, which extends to the strongest of the angles formed by the scallops of the margin ; abdominal margin of the wing forming a very slight gutter for the reception of the abdomen. ForELEGS, of the ale very small, and densely clothed with hairs ; fess simple. Of the female more than twice the length of those of the male, slender, but well clothed with scales, so as to conceal the joints of the tarsus, which is about equal in length to the tibia, and is terminated by two small, distinct, very slender claws. MtpDLE and HINDLEGs, slender, and rather short, clothed with fine scales ; femur of the middle pair considerably elongated, being as long as the tibia and half the tarsus; éavsws of the hind pair rather longer than the tibia ; tibial spurs very slender, short, and acute; ¢arsws armed beneath with very fine, short, acute sete.” ( Westwood, 1. c.) Zemeros is a genus of but small extent, three species only having been described, and limited distribution. Only one species (Z. fegvas) occurs within our limits ; it inhabits the Himalayas, Assam, Tenasserim, Java, and China; the other two (Z. albipunctata and Z. emesoides) are found in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. Z. #egyas and Z. albipunctata axe rich maroon above with black streaks and white spots placed between the veins. Z. emesoides is of somewhat different aspect, the outer margins of the wings are almost entire, the colouration of the upperside is yellow, there are no white spots, but the black streaks are abbreviated and developed into seven even bands across both wings, 590. Zemeros fleryas, Cramer. (PLATE XXIV, Fic. 115 4). Papilio flegyas, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. ili, pl. cclzxx, figs. E, F (1780); Zemeros flegyas, Double- day, Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep,, vol. ii, p. 419, pl. Ixix, fig. 5 (1851); id., Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 242, n. 520 (1857); Z. phlegyas, Doherty, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lv, pt. 2, p. 134, n. 194 (1886) ; Pafilio allica, Fabricius, Mant. Ins., vol. ii, p. 52, n. 510 (1787); idem, id., Ent. Syst., vol. ili, pt. i, p. 244, n. 761 (1793); id., Donovan, Ins. India, pl. xxxvii, fig. 2 (1800); Hamanumida allica, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 18, n- 105 (1816) ; Evycina allica, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, Pp. 566, n. 13 (1823) ; Zemeros allica, Boisduval, Sp. Gén., vol. i, pl. xxi, fig. 5 (1836). Hasirat: Himalayas, Assam, Cachar, Sylhet, Burma, Java, China ( Westwood). EXPANSE: I°5 to 1°8 inches, DESCRIPTION : MALE. UPPERSIDE, Goth wines rich maroon; each interspace bearing a black streak reaching nearly to the margin, twice interrupted, and each of the sections into which it is divided marked by a white spot at its outer end, those of the inner and outer sections prominent, sharply defined with black, those of the middle section obscure; the submedian interspace bearing two such streaks; the outer white spots forming a regular submarginal series, the inner spots forming an irregular series on the middle of the wing, of which that on the upper median interspace is out of line, being much nearer the margin. Forewing with a small white spot in the middle of the cell, and a longer one below it in the submedian interspace. AZndwing with a white streak in the cell, and one or two white spots below it. UNDERSIDE paler, all the markings clearer, the black streaks much reduced, the apices of the marginal series marked with pale ochreous. Hindwing with some small basal white spots. Cv7/ia throughout black, marked with white on the interspaces, FEMALE paler, all the markings less distinct, the white spots sullied, Z. flegyas is a somewhat variable species even in the same locality, in some Sikkim examples the ground-colour is much duller than in typical specimens, all the markings obscure, on the underside sometimes with three large pale ochreous spots near the apex of the forewing, the middle one the largest, divided by the subcostal nervure and upper discoidal nervule. It is a widely distributed species, occurring in the Himalayas from Masuri eastwards as far as Upper Assam, in Sylhet, Cachar, and Tenasserim, reappearing LEMONIID. NEMEOBIIN. DODONA. 309 in Java ; it is also recorded from China, In the Malay Peninsula it is replaced by the closely-allied Z. albipunctata, * which occurs also in Sumatra and Borneo. The figure shows both sides ofa male specimen from Sikkim in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Z. emesoides occurs also in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo, and differs entirely from Z. flezyas and Z. albipunctata. The ground-colour is ochraceous, it has no white spots, and the black markings assume the form of even black bands crossing both wings at regular intervals, The description is appended. + Genus 91.—DODONA, Hewitson. (PLATE XXIV). Dodona, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. ii, p. 91 (1861), **Resembles Vemeodius and Melitea in colouring, with the hindwing of the male protruded at the anal angle ; the aztenne distinctly clubbed.” (Hewitson, 1. c.) In neuration Dodona differs only from Zemeros in the lower disco-cellular nervule of the hindwing joining the median nervure some little distance beyond the point where the second median nervule is given off. FOREWING, evenly triangular, the zzxer margin being usually equal in length to the outer, the cosfa very slightly arched, the outer margin even, sometimes slightly convex, sometimes almost straight, sometimes slightly concave. HINDWING, with the ower margin usually more or less scalloped, sometimes quite even, sometimes angled at the end of the third median nervule, the ava/ angle always produced into a lobe, often with a long fine tail at the end of the submedian nervure. Pa/f:, variable, usually much longer than in Zemeros ; antenn@, with a distinct oval club. Sexes generally alike. Dodona is a small, compact, and well-marked genus, containing at present eight species, all of which are included within our limits ; they occur inthe Himalayas, Assam, and Sylhet, with two species from Burma. One species, D. durga, is in markings something like the only European species in this subfamily, Memeodius Jucina, Linnzeus; all of them have the ground-colour of the upperside dark brown or fuscous, all but three with orange or ochreous spots or bands in both sexes; in one of these latter the female has.a white bar on the forewing only, allthe markings of the male being orange, and in the remaining two species with a broad white band across the disc of both wings with white spots beyond. The genus is divisible into two distinct groups, in one of which the anal lobe of the hindwing bears a fine tail outwardly, the other group lacks this feature. The genus is remarkable in having the palpi of very different length, these are very long in D, durga and D, difea, shorter in D. longicaudata, shorter still in D. adonira and D, eugenes, shortest of all in D. ouzda and D. egeon. The genus is still further aberrant in including two species which alone in the subfamily have the subcostal nervure of the hindwing branching ée/o7e the end of the cell. These species are D. difwa and D. l/ongicaudata, and not improbably this is the case also in D, deodata, which I have not seen. These two species belong to distinct groups, the former having no tail to the hindwing, the latter with a very long one. * Zemeros albipunctata, Butler, Cist. Ent, vol. i, p. 236 (1874) ; idem, id., Trans. Linn. Soc., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 545, mn. 2, pl. Ixix, fig. 10, male (1877); idem, id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 187, n. 1, pl. xviii, fig. 12, female (1883). Hapirar: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. EXxpaNSE: 174 to 1°7 inches. Description: ‘Similar in form and colours to Z. fegyas, excepting that it is rather darker, and that there are six decreasing well-defined white spots in the forewing forming an inner submarginal series, and that none of the black spots on the basal area above or below are white-pupilled.” (Butler, 1. c in Cist. Ent.) There is a pair of this species from Perak in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. The female is paler than the male, the forewing more rounded at the apex, as is also the outer margin + Zemeros emesoides, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., yol. iv, p. 396, n. 10 (1860) ; idem, id., Reise Novara, Lep., vol. ii, p. 289, n. 373) pl. xxxvi, figs. g—11, male and female (1865); id., Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond 5 1873, P- 347, m1; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 188, n. 2, pl. xviii, figs. 3, male; 4, female (1883) ; Z. emestoides, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 285 (1871). Hasrrat: Malay Peninsula, Borneo. EXPANsR ! 1°3 to 17 inches. Description : ‘‘ Wings broad, hindwing somewhat rounded Upperside, both wings in the male ferruginous, in the female dilute fulvous, underside in both sexes paler, both sides with five parallel subdiffuse fuscous bands, and a waved submarginal black streak " “From Z, flegyas, Cramer, best distinguished by the shape of the hindwing, in appearance similar to Emesis {an American genus of the subfamily Lemonzing). (Felder, |. c. in Wien. Ent. Monatsch.) ‘“Mae. Uppersipe, doth wings reddish-ochraceous, and crossed by four broad dark fascia, the outer one strongly curved and followed by a submarginal narrow waved fascia of the same colour, the cilia also fuscous. Forewing with a short basal oblique fascia extending partly through cell. Hindwing witha minute and obscure basal fascia. UNveErsIDE, both wings as above, but paler. Body and ¢egs more or less con- colourous with wings, Aztenne fuscous, narrowly and obscurely annulated with greyish, but more distinctly so beneath than above, their apices pale ochraceous. FemAve. Paler in hue than the male, and with the submarginal fascia a little broader.”” (Déstanz, |. c.) There is a single of this species from Perak in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 310 LEMONIID&, NEMEOBIIN &, DODONA. Key to the species of Dodona. A. Anal lobe of hindwing not furnished with a tail. a Upperside, both wings in both sexes with numerous ochreous or orange spots. a‘. Underside with the spots large and pale yellow throughout. 597 D. purGa, Western Himalayas. 4‘. Underside, both wings with many of the spots silvery, spots throughout smaller and less conspicuous. 598. D. pipaza, Himalayas, Upper Burma. 6. Male, upperside, forewing with three orange bands. a‘. Underside ferruginous, forewing with some violascent spots at the apex; hindwing with two discal violascent bands, a costal spot, and two spots at the apex. Female with a single oblique broad white band across the forewing only. 599. D. ov1pa, Himalayas, Assam. 4'. Underside, both wings pale clear yellow without spots, crossed by several straight narrow black lines. Sexes alike. 600. D. aponira, Sikkim, Bhutan. c. Upperside, both wings with the basal half white, crossed near the base by three diffused brown bands. 601, D. preonata, Moulmein. B. Anal lobe of hindwing furnished outwardly with a narrow tail. a. Upperside, both wings dark brown, with a broad white discal band. 602. D. toncicaupaTa, Khasi Hills. &. Upperside, forewing with numerous large tawny spots, hindwing almost entirely tawny. 603. D. EGEoN, Nepal, Sikkim, Sylhet. c. Upperside, forewing with small ochreous-white spots, hindwing almost entirely dark brown. 604. D. nuGENES, Himalayas, Assam. 597- Dodona durga, Kollar. Melitea durga, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kashmir, vol. iv, pt. 2, p. 441, n.1, pl. xiii, figs. 3, 4 (1848); Taxila durga, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, p. 422, n. 1 (1851) 3 Dodona durga, Doherty, Journ. A. S. B., vol. ly, pt. 2, p. 134, n. 190 (1886). HasitaT: Outer ranges of the Western Himalayas. EXPANSE : 1°4 to 1°8 inches. DESCRIPTION : MALE. UPPERSIDE, both wings fuscous, with numerous ochreous spots. Forewing witha streak across the cell, continued to the submedian nervure, another at its end, a larger one beyond from the costa to the third median nervule, two spots near the bases of the median interspaces, another in the submedian interspace beyond the lower of these two latter spots, two pairs of spots below the costa divided by the subcostal nervure, a pair of spots placed beneath and between them divided by the lower discoidal nervule, another pair placed outwardly and beneath these latter divided by the second median nervule, another pair at the anal angle divided by the submedian nervure, five linear spots on the margin from the upper discoidal nervule to the submedian nervure. Hindwing with the disco-cellulars marked with an ochreous line, an irregular discal series of spots, a submarginal and marginal linear series which coalesce above the anal lobe. UNpDER- stipe, doth wings dark ochreous. Zorewing with the base and inner margin fuscous, the ‘base of the costa ochreous, also the base of the cell enclosing a black spot, other markings as above, except that the outer spots especially towards the anal angle are of a deep orange. Hindwing with all the veins more or less ochreous on the basal half, a short basal ochreous streak from the costa, another subbasal from the costa to the submedian fold, where it meets a fine ochreous line defining the fold, the latter joined at the base to another fine line on the submedian nervure, a short ochreous bar defining the disco-cellular nervules; a somewhat broad ochreous band from the second median nervule to the submedian nervure above the anal lobe, then recurved and continued upthe abdominal margin to the base of the wing, inwardly defined with black, the extreme edge of the abdominal margin ochreous, two short bands on the costa, the inner one defined with black, with another placed beneath and between them from the second subcostal to the second median nervule, the submarginal macular band as above but widened out anteriorly and enclosing two black LEMONIIDE. NEMEOBIIN &. DODONA. 311 spots divided by the discoidal nervule, marginal band as above, the anal lobe and a spot beyond black crowned with orange. Glia white, tipped with black at the ends of the veins throughout. FEMALE larger, wings broader, outer margin of forewing more convex, apex less produced, markings similar throughout. D, durga is a very common species all over the outer ranges of the Western Himalayas as far west as Murree and Kashmir, on the east Mr. Doherty records it as occurring in * Kumaon generally, 2,500 to 8,000 feet.” 508. Dodona diposa, Hewitson. (PLATE XXIV, Fic. 116 ¢). D. dipea, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, Dodona pl. 1, fig. 3 (1866). HasitaT : Masuri, Nepal, Sikkim, Upper Burma. EXPANSE : 1°55 to 19 inches. DeEscRIPTION : ‘*MALE. UPPERSIDE, Goth wings dark brown. Forewing with macular bands and spots rufous and white. Aindwing with a short rufous band near the middle, and two submarginal bands of the same colour, UNDERSIDE, doth wings rufous-brown, Forewing as above. Hindwing crossed near the base andinner margin by three bands of paler colour, the third silvery near its base : a silver spot on the middle of the costal margin, a band of pale brown below it which curves upwards towards the inner margin, and bordered inwardly with black: beyond the middle a short band of white also bordered inwardly with black, and below it a band of black which bends upwards to the inner margin when it reaches the anal lobe : two black spots bordered above and below with white, and a submargi- nal band of brown bordered on each side with white : the lobe black bordered with white.” (Hewitson, 1. c.) Femave. Larger than the male, the apex of the forewing less pointed, the outer margin convex instead of straight. UpprersiD®, doch wings with the markings rather more prominent. UNDERSIDE marked exactly as in the male. ““T have hesitated before describing this as a species distinct from D. egzon; they are alike on the upperside, but whilst the underside of the hindwing of D. egeow is crossed by broad bands of silvery white without any margin, this species has narrow bands of white margined with black.” (/ewiétson, 1. c.) D. dipea is abundantly distinct from D. egeon, not only do the differences Hewitson points out exist, but D. egeow has the markings of the upperside tawny, that colour being the predominating one on the hindwing, and it has also a tail in addition to the anal lobe. D, di~ea is really more closely allied to D. exgenes, but D. eugenes has a tail, and the silvery bands of the underside of the hindwing are twice as broad as in D. dipe@a, The markings of D. difea are very similar in character to those of D. durga, they are all much reduced however, and some altogether wanting. The subcostal nervure of the hindwing branches éefore the end of the cell. D. dipea has a limited range as far as is known. It occurs in Masuri, Nepal, and is some what common in Sikkim in October and November at about 6,000 feet elevation. The figure shows both sides of a male Sikkim example in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. There are two male specimens of a Dodona allied to D. difea in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, obtained by the Yunan Expedition in Upper Burma (probably). They differ on the underside from Sikkim specimens of VD, dip@a in having the ground-colour clear ochreous instead of dark brown, the markings are similar in character, though smaller throughout, but are pure white instead of ochreous and silvery, and the anal lobe of the hindwing divided into two by a white line through its middle. It may bea local race of D. difaa, or it may be quite a distinct species, but I do not like to name it without knowing its habitat with more certainty. 599. Dodona ouida, Moore, D. ouida, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond , 1865, p. 771; id., Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, Dodona pl. iy figs. 4, 5, male; 6, female (1866); Vaxilu erato, Boisduval WS, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. 1, p. 243, n. 524 (1657), HasiraT: Himalayas, Assam, EXPANSE: 1°7 to 2°1 inches, 312 LEMONIID. NEMEOBIIN &. DODONA. DESCRIPTION : ‘MALE, UppersipE, 0th wings brownish black. Forewing with three transverse discal equidistant ferruginous bands, the medial one broadest, the first two oblique ; two white dots at apex. A/indwing with transverse discal and two narrow marginal ferruginous bands ; anal lobe with a white bar and border. UNwversipe dark ferruginous. Forewing with the transverse bands less defined, yellow, terminating on the costal margin in white spots; two apical white spots. Mixdwing with bluish basal and purplish medial transverse discal interrupted bands, the latter with an inner border of brown, each having a white spot on the costal margin, that of the latter with a black inner border ; two narrow marginal brown bands, two black purple-bordered dots at anterior angle, and black and white lines bordering the black lobe. FErEMALE, Upperstp®, doth wings dull fuliginous- brown, somewhat black apically. Fvrewing with medial broad transverse discal oblique white band, and an outer or submarginal narrow interrupted ferruginous-white line; two apical dots white. AMixdwing with two marginal pale brown lines, terminated at the anterior angle with two pale-bordered black spots; anal lobe black. UNDERSIDE as in male.” (Moore, \. c.) The outer margin of both wings is entire, not in the least scalloped. D. ouida is a widely-distributed species, occurring at Masuri, in Sikkim, Bhutan, and east- wards to Upper Assam. The sexes are more strongly differentiated than in any other species of the genus, the male has three ferruginous bands on the forewing, the outer one decidedly macular ; the female has one only, which is white. 600. Dodona adonira, Hewitson. D. adonira, Hewitson, Ex. Butt, vol. iii, Dodona pl. i, figs, 1, 2, male (1866); id., de Nicéville, Journ, A. S. B., vol. lii, pt. 2, p. 95, n- 220 (1883); Yaxila fatna, Boisduval M7S, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 243, n- 523 (1857). HasitaT: Sikkim, Bhutan. EXPANSE : 1°5 to 1'8 inches. DescrieTION: “MALE. UPPERSIDE, o/h wings dark brown, paler near the base, Forewing crossed transversely by three parallel equidistant rufous bands [the two inner ones broadly united near the inner margin]. Azzdiwing lobed at the anal angle : crossed obliquely by four narrower bands of the same colour [the first, second and fourth long, uniting at the anal lobe, the third short, not extending below the second median nervure]; the anal lobe marked by two spots of black: rufous above the lobe and spotted with black. UNDERSIDE, both wings orange-yellow with the outer margins dark brown; crossed by five narrow dark brown bands, broken where the wings meet, /orewing with a sixth short band beyond the third. Aindwing with a sixth and seventh band near the inner margin : orange near the anal lobe and marked with several black spots.” (/Zewifson, 1. c.) FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, forewing with the rufous bands broader and paler, with a marginal apical series of five small round rufous spots. Aindwing with the black spots above the anal lobe in the male, amalgamated with the bands of the ground-colour crossing the wing. UNDERSIDE as in the male. D. adonira is a very beautiful and distinct species. The upperside is very similar to that of D. ouida male, but the underside is pale yellow, crossed by numerous narrow clearly- defined dark brown bands, the hindwing lacking the two round black spots on the outer margin, divided by the discoidal nervule, which occur in all the other species of the genus except D. dongicaudata. It is a very rare species also with a very limited range, having only been recorded from Sikkim and Bhutan. 6o1. Dodona deodata, Hewitson. D. deodata, Hewitson, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. xiii, p. 151 (1876) ; idem, id., Desc. Lep. coll. Atkin- son, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. x (1879). Hasitat : Moulmein. EXPANSE: I'7 inches, DESCRIPTION: ‘‘ UPPERSIDE, both wings white, crossed near the base and parallel to LEMONIID. NEMEOBIIN. DODONA. 313 the inner margin [body ?] by three bands of brown. forewing with the outer half dark brown, marked by ten white spots ; four in a band from the costal margin to the anal angle, and two bands of three spots each near the apex. Aindwing with the outer margin broadly brown, traversed by two bands of white spots. UNDERSIDE as above, except that several of the small white spots, near the apex of the forewing, meet and form a band ; that there are two linear white spots near the anal angle, anda linear band leading to two black spots near the outer margin of the indwing; and that there is a lobe at the anal angle as in the other species, bordered above by orange-yellow, marked by two black spots.” (/ewitson, 1. c. in Ent. Month. Mag.) This species, except from the descriptions and figure published, is unknown to me, and the exact locality from whence it was obtained seems doubtful, as it is unlikely that a Dodona should be found so far south at the sea level. It is apparently nearest allied to D. longicaudata, but has much more white on the upperside, and also lacks the tail to the hindwing. The anal lobe as shown in the figure is of very unusual form; it appears to be divided into two short points. Mr. Moore appears to have edited Hewitson’s original description when republishing it in the ‘* Descriptions of New Indian Lepidopterous Insects from the collection of the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson,” and as this revised de- scription applies better to the figure (apparently a very rough one) of the species, I give it below as a foot note.* 602, Dodona longicaudata, de N. (PLare XXIV, Fic. 117 ¢). D. longicaudata, de Nicéville, Proc. A. S. B., 1881, p. 12% HasiraT: Shillong (July and November). EXPANSE : 1°8 inches, DEscRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE, UpperSIDE, both wings deep shining brown. Forewing crossed before the middle by a broad white band which does not quite reach the costa, being narrowest at that point and divided by the nervules into two small spots ; this band has its inner margin straight, its outer margin evenly convex ; a submarginal series of six white spots placed irregularly ; an indistinct marginal series of linear spots. Hindwing with the white band of the forewing continued in a wedge-shaped figure across the disc of the wing, ending in a point just below the first median nervule ; abdominal area paler, with an indistinct white band from the base, and another short transverse one above the anal angle; incomplete submarginal and marginal bands of white linear spots; anal lobe black, encircled with a white line and thickly irrorated with white scales. 7Za:/ long, black ; tip and cilia white. UNDERSIDE, 60/h wings rich bright brown, crossed by several silvery-white bands. Forewing with narrow basal and subbasal bands, then a broad median band coincident with the band on the upperside, but reaching the costa ; a short narrow costal band beyond ; then a very irregular broad band which is broken up into spots on the inner side below its middle ; and lastly a marginal series of seven spots, the two upper ones rounded and out of line, the rest increasing, linear ; the ground-colour near the outer angle becoming darker and almost forming two dark brown spots. Aizdwing with the two basal and broad median bands as in the fore- wing, but all meeting above the anal angle, at which point they are joined by'two other white bands traversing the abdominal area ; there is also a fourth band from the costa, short, narrow, submarginal, reaching the third median nervule ; between which and the broad median band there is another narrow white line not reaching the costa, in continuation of which is an orange fascia terminating on the abdominal margin in a black linear spot, and bearing two black rounded spots at its upper extremity ; submarginal and marginal white lines ; anal lobe jet-black, * “Uppersing, doth wings brown, crossed near the middle by a broad common band of white. Forewing with the base pale rufous-brown crossed by a band of paler colour; the outer half dark brown marked by ten [eleven in the figure] white spots ; four [five] ina band from the costal margin to the anal angle, and two bands of three spots each, near the apex. Aindwing with the inner margin broadly rufous-brown, crossed by a band of paler colour, the outer margin dark brown, traversed by two bands of white spots. UNDERSIDE as above, except that several of the small white spots, near the apex of the forewing, meet and form a band, that there is a submarginal white line, and two white spots near the anal angle, and a linear band leading to two black spots near the outer margin of the Azmdwing, and that the lobe at the anal angle is bordered above with orange-yellow marked by two black spots.” 40 314 LEMONIIDA’. NEMEOBIINA, DODONA, surmounted by a black white-irrorated space ending in a black spot on the abdominal margin, which space is divided from the lobe by a white line. Cz/éa of the forewing brown, except a small portion near the inner angle, of the hindwing alternately brown and white. Body above deep brown, with a somewhat rufous collar ; beneath white, with a black median abdominal line. Forelegs pure white, /indlegs with tibize and tarsi ochraceous. Aztenne black, annulated with white.” ‘This species seems nearest allied to D. deodata, from which it may be readily distin- guished on the upperside in having only one median white band, ‘being in fact altogether a much darker insect. It is remarkable for the length of its tails which are quite twice as long as those of D. egeon, which has them the next longest in the genus.” (de Niceville, 1.c.) ‘The type specimen is deposited in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and from it the figure is taken, showing both sides; there is another male taken in the same locality in Major Marshall’s collection, which differs in slight details from the type specimen, but the species is too well- marked to be mistaken. In this species, as in D. difaa, the subcostal nervure of the hindwing bifurcates dzfove the end of the cell. 603. Dodona egeon, Doubleday, Hewitson. Taxila egeon, Doubleday, Hewitson, Gen. Diurp. Lep., vol. ii, p. 422, n. 2, pl. Ixix, fig. 2 (1851). Havitat: Nepal, Sikkim, Sylhet. EXPANSE: 1°85 to 2'05 inches, DESCRIPTION: MALE. UPPERSIDE, forewing fuscous, the basal area thickly irrorated with tawny ; markings tawny. A broad band towards the end of the cell extending to the inner margin, then curved outwards and upwards and joining a large quadrate spot in the submedian interspace and another in the interspace above ; a large quadrate spot just beyond the end of the cell; a smaller one placed outwardly below it in the second median inter- space ; an irregular submarginal series of spots, those nearest the costa whitish ; two small white spots at the apex divided by the fifth subcostal nervule. Aindwing with the ground- colour tawny, markings black. A discal band from the costa to the submedian nervure above the anal angle; another shorter one just beyond from the costa to the second median nervule ; the veins tawny, intersecting the black bands ; a submarginal macular band ; the margin black enclosing a fine tawny line; anal lobe and tail deep black, outwardly margined with white. UNDERSIDE, doth wings bright ferruginous-brown. Forewing with the base of the costa silvery, a broad silvery band towards the base of the cell, other markings as on the upperside but larger and clearer, those on the anterior half of the wing silvery, on the posterior half tinged with ochreous ; four fine linear spots on the margin from the upper discoidal to the first median nervule, also three discal suffused blackish spots within the submarginal series of spots from the third median nervule to the submedian nervure. Aindwing with a basal silvery band extending down the submedian nervure to above the anal lobe, then recurved and extending up the abdominal area to the base of the wing; a broader band beyond from the costa to the middle of the submedian interspace where it ends in a point, broadest in the middle ; a costal spot ; a discal band in continuation enclosing the disco-cellular nervules from the second subcostal nervule to above the anal lobe where it is recurved and extends up the extreme abdominal margin to the base of the wing; a large wedge-shaped band beyond from the second subcostal to the second median nervule—all silvery ; two round black spots on the margin, broadly surrounded with silvery divided by the discoidal nervule; some indis- tinct blackish spots below, beyond which are two indistinct whitish marginal lines; the anal lobe and tail black, narrowly edged with white, the anal lobe with a broad white line bounding it inwardly, then a zigzag black line extending to the first median nervule, with a short black and white bar above on the abdominal margin, and a large grey space irrorated with white. The FEMALE is apparently unknown. D. egeon is a rare species. It may be distinguished from all the other species of the genus by the prevailing colour of the hindwing being tawny. Mr. Otto Moller and Major Marshall each possesses a single specimen from Sikkim, and there are two from Nepal and one from Sylhet in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; these are all the specimens I have seen, LEMONIID®. NEMEOBIIN 4. STIBOGES. 315 604. Dodona eugenes, Bates. D. eugenes, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zoology, vol. ix, p. 371 (1867); id., Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1882, p, 244; id., Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 130, n. 46. Hapirat: Outer Himalayas from Murree to Bhutan, Assam. EXPANSE : I'5 to 1‘9 inches, Description: ‘Mate. Closely allied to D.egeon. Wings of the same shape, and the form of the tail of the hindwing the same. Uppersipe dark, blackish brown. Forewing with a narrow line across the middle (touching neither the costa nor the hind margin), a curved streak near the hind angle, and about thirteen small spots pretty equally distributed over the apical half of the wing; all these marks are whitish, except the transverse line and marks near the hind angle, which are slightly tinted with reddish tawny. Aéndwing with the outer portion traversed by four indistinct brownish-tawny lines, converging fromthe costa towards the anal angle ; at the apex are two black spots edged with light brown. On the broad, square lobe at the anal angle is a quadrate black spot, a slender tail arising from its outer edge. UNDERsIDE, the wings are precisely similar to those of D. egzon, being tawny brown, with stripes and spots of white, silky and shining on the hindwing and costa of forewing.” **The species seems to have been confounded hitherto with D. egeon; but the very different colour and small dimensions of the stripes and spots of the upperside well distinguish it.” (Bates, 1. c.) In D. eugenes the outline and markings of the upperside are almost identical with those of D. dipfaa, the narrow tail beside the lobe being the only distinguishing feature, on the underside although the markings are as stated above precisely similar to those of D, egeor, they are narrower and less conspicuous, and the silvery band on the hindwing covering the disco-cellular nervules is continued uninterruptedly to the costa. The markings of the underside of D. dipea are also identical in pattern, but the whitish bars are in D, difaa still more reduced, especially on the hindwing, where they are narrow and inconspicuous. It has a wide range, it has been recorded from Bombay by Colonel Swinhoe, but he informs me that this is probably erroneous. It occurs throughout the outer ranges of the Himalayas from Murree to Bhutan, In Major Marshall’s collection is a single male taken at Shillong in July, The FEMALE differs from the male only in being larger, the wings broader, the apex of the forewing more rounded, and the outer margin of that wing convex instead of concave ; all the markings larger and paler. In Simla this species occurs in the summer, the females hybernating and appearing again early the next spring. It is probably the next commonest species to-D. durga. Genus 92.—STIBOGES, Butler. (PLATE XXIV). Stiboges, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 3085, id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 193 (1883). *€ Allied to Abisara, aspect of Mymphidium [a South American genus]. Wings with rounded outer margin broad, costal nervive of FOREWING terminating abruptly at about the middle of the costa, opposite to the end of the discoidal cell ; szécostal nervure with five branches, the last two forking to apex ; «per radial nervile emitted from the inferior margin of the subcostal near its origin ;* /ower radial nearly equally dividing the désco-cellulars, which are concave; second and third median nervules emitted near together ; precostal nervure of HINDWING short, oblique, directed backwards ; costal nervure short, straight, oblique, termi- nating at basal third of costa; swzdcosfal nervure forking beyond the end of cell, the upper fork running close to the margin from the second’third of costa; vadial mervule emitted close to the subcostal, reducing the upper disco-cellular nervule to a point ; lower disco-cellular long, oblique, nearly straight ; second and third median nervules emitted nearer together than the first and second. Bony, slender: eyes, prominent ; avéenne@, slender, submoniliformt ; Za/fz, very small. Type, Stiboges nymphidia.” (Butler, l.c.) * This is surely a mistake ; the subcostal nervure originates from the base of the wing, the upper radial ner- vule has a common origin with the middle disco-cellular nervule (the upper disco-cellular is wanting in this genus) from a point on the subcostal nervure beyond the base of the second subcostal nervule. : + MonittrorM, constricted at the joints so as to resemble a string of beads, from onze, a necklace ; SUBMONILIFORM, somewhat constricted, &c. 316 LEMONIIDE. NEMEOBIIN A. TAXILA. This diagnosis is evidently drawn up from a female specimen, though the sex is not stated. In the male the inner and outer margins of the forewing are exactly equal in length, the latter is nearly straight, not strongly convex as in the female, and the apex very acute not rounded, It has no secondary sexual characters. The hindwing is much less broad than in the female. Stiboges is a very remarkable genus, the ground-colour being semi-transparent snow-white, with a broad outer fuscous border spotted with white. It contains but a single species, which occurs in Bhutan, on our North-Eastern frontier, and at Penang. 605. Stiboges nymphidia, Butler. (PLrare XXIV, Fic. 1199). S. nymphidia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 309, n. 1, pl. xxii, fig. 1, female; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 193, n. 1, pl. xxiv, fig. 11, female (1883). WapiTat: Penang, Naga and Khasi Hills, Bhutan. EXPANSE: 1°7 to I'9 inches. DescrIPTION: MALEand FEMALE. ‘‘ Goth wings semi-transparent, snow-white. Fore- wing with broad costal and external dark brown borders, sinuated internally ; two irregular submarginal series of unequal white spots. Aizdwing with a broad [dark brown] outer border, undulated internally ; a sinuated disco-submarginal lunulated pale brown line ; a submarginal series of elongated white spots. ody dark brown. UNDERSIDEas above. [Cz/ia long, white, very broadly on the forewing, less so on the hindwing, marked with dark brown at the ends of the veins]. Legs, palpi, and venter white.” (Butler, 1. c.) The Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses a worn male specimen from the Khasi Hills, and a female example from the Naga Hills ; from the latter the figure is taken, and shows both sides. Mr. A. V, Knyvett’s native collectors obtained a single female example on June roth beyond Buxa in Bhutan. It was originally described from Penang, and is evidently a very rare species. Genus 93.—TAXILA, Westwood. Taxila, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, p. 421 (1851); id., Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. ii, p. 91 (186r). “* Bopy, robust ; wigs, large ; head, broad, front with a broad transversely truncated tuft, extending over the base of the antennze; eyes, smooth, naked; antenna, moderately long and slender, with short joints, the base of each slightly annulated with white, terminated by a long, slender club, ending in a fine point directed outwards ; fa/#, short, not, or scarcely, visible in front of the face when seen from above, finely scaly, basal joint much curved; finely hairy beneath, terminal joint very small. THORAX, robust, finely hairy at the sides and beneath. ABDOMEN, rather short. FOREWING, subtriangular, or subtriangularly ovate ; costal margin slightly convex ; afex rounded, or subacute. Veins nearly arranged as in Zemeros ; the first and second subcostal nervules arising before the anterior extremity of the discoidal cell, and the third and fourth at considerable distances beyond it ; «ffer aisco-cellular nervule obliterated, middle disco-cellular and the ffer discoidal nervules arising together at a little distance beyond the second subcostal nervule ; the mdd/e and lower disco-cellular nervules forming a nearly continu- ous curve, the latter uniting with the third median nervule at a very short distance beyond its origin, HINDWING, with the outer margin entire, rounded, and very slightly scalloped; the costal nervure scarcely extending beyond the middle of the costal margin; the frst subcostal nervule arising considerably beyond the upper disco-cellular nervule ; lower disco-cellular nervule uniting with the third median nervule at a short distance from its origin, FORELEGS, of the male short, slender, and very densely clothed with soft hairs, forming a thick brush. Of the female twice as long, slender, scaly; ¢arsus well articulated, terminal joint small, oval, armed beneath with a series of very minute spines, and at the tin with two, regularly formed, much curved c/aws, acute at the tip, not above one-fourth of the length of the joint; pzzlvillus large and leathery. MIDDLE and HINDLEGS, moderately long, slender, and scaly; femur hairy beneath, of the middle pair of legs elongated; idial spurs very minute, or obsolete ; c/aws small, very strongly curved, broad at the base, with a deep notch at the base of the apical acute portion ; faronychia very slender, obliquely LEMONIID. NEMEOBIIN %. TAXILA. 317 truncate, the outer portion of the truncation armed with numerous long setz ; pr/villus broad, short, dilated at the extremity.” (/Vestwood, 1. c.) Westwood placed several species in the genus Zax/a, which are now included in the genera Dodona and Abisara. Mr. Distant in his ‘* Rhopalocera Malayana” places under Abisara, the species which I have arranged in this genus, but as they differ in the outline of the wings from typical Ad‘sara and also in markings, I have thought it advisable to keep these genera distinct. The species which I have retained in the genus Zaxila all have the hindwing more evenly rounded, hardly angled, not lobed, or tailed, and the underside is furnished with brilliant bluish-silvery spots. The male of 7. ¢huwisto and the female of 7. fasciata have avery ‘‘ Adisara-like” angle at the termination of the third median nervule, very similar to that in the female of 4. fy//a, but not nearly so prominent as in the A. neophron and A. echerius groups, but the markings of both upper and underside are sufficient to prevent confusion among the two genera. The males have no secondary sexual characters, Eey to the Indian species of Tazxila. A. A marginal, submarginal and discal series of spots arranged in distinct even bands on the underside of forewing. 606. A. THUISTO, Tenasserim, Tavoy, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. B. The spots on the underside of forewing placed irregularly, not arranged in distinct bands, 607. A. FasciaTa, Tenasserim, Tavoy. 606. Tazxila thuisto, Hewitson. T. thuisto, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. ii, Taxila pl. i, figs. 5, 6, female (1861); id., Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 347, n. 1; Adisara thuisto, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 191, n. 4, woodcut n. 51, male, 52, Jemale (1883) ; A. thiusto, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fourth series, vol. v, p. 363 (1870). HasiTaAT: Mergui, Upper Tenasserim, Tavoy, Sungei Ujong, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo. EXpPANSE: ¢,1°43; 9, 1°7 inches. DESCRIPTION : ‘‘ MALE. UPPERSIDE, Jotk wings uniform and very dark indigo-blue or black, UNDERSIDE, 40th wings bright reddish-brown. Forewing with the apex paler, an oblique bluish fascia crossing cell; a number of irregularly-shaped blue and black discal spots arranged in three series, the outer most distinct, consisting of six spots divided by the nervules, the upper three being very pale, and a submarginal series of linear blue spots margined with black situated between the nervules; the ci/ia black. Hindwing with a transverse bluish fascia crossing cell and extending to near costa, and with a number of irregularly-shaped blue and black discal spots as on the forewing,of which the outer are the most prominent, and which are placed between the nervules ; submarginal linear spots as on forewing, and the ci/ia black. Body above concolourous with wings, beneath somewhat paler ; vegs ochraceous.” (Jistant,1. c.) ‘‘ FEMALE, UPPERSIDE, doth wings rufous, clouded at the base, crossed transversely beyond the middle bya band of oblong black spots, each spot marked with dull blue—those near the costal margin of the forewing interrupted by five white spots ; a band of lJunular black spots near the outer margin, each spot traversed by a line of blue or white. Forewing with a transverse band of black spots before the middle. UNDERSIDE does not differ from the male, except that it is lighter.” (/Zewétson, 1. c.) Dr. Anderson obtained several specimens of this species in the Mergui Archipelago during the cold weather ; Captain Adamson took a single female in October at Natchoung in Upper Tenasserim which is now in Major Marshall’s collection ; and there is a single male in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Tavoy, which differs from typical specimens in having the silvery spot on the underside in the subcostal interspace of the forewing showing on the upperside as weil. T. thuisto is a smaller insect than 7, fasciafa, the inner margin of the forewing propor- tionally longer, giving that wing a squarer appearance ; the hindwing too is distinctly quadrate, showing an approach to Adssara. The arrangement of the spots in regular bands on the underside will immediately distinguish it from 7. fasciata. 318 LEMONIID. NEMEOBIIN. TAXILA. 607. Tazila fasciata, Moore. T. fasciata, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc, Lond., 1878, p. 832, pl. lii, fig. 1, mae. Hasitat ; Above Ahsown, Upper Tenasserim ; Mergui, Tavoy. EXpANsE: &, 1'8 to 2‘1; 2, 2’0 inches. Description: ‘Allied to 7% drupadi, Horsfield [= 7. haguinus, Fabricius] from Java. Mate. Uppersipe, differs in the apex of the forewing being less suffused with red, and having an oblique subapical indistinct whitish fascia. UNDeRsIpE similarly marked, with the subapical fascia distinct, well-defined, and pure white.” (AZoore, 1.c.) The FeMAce differs from that sex of 7: aguinus on the UPPERSIDE of doth wings being duller coloured, the black markings of the underside hardly visible. UNpberstpe has all the bluish-silvery markings less distinct, their inner black spots obsolete, /orewing with the oblique subapical white band more regularly-margined. T. fasciata is very closely allied to Z. aguinus which occurs in the Malay Peninsula as well as in Java and Borneo ; the two species will almost certainly hereafter be found to merge into one another.* There is a single male specimen of 7: /asciat2 in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, obtained by Dr. Anderson in the Mergui Archipelago in December, and a male and two females from Tavoy ; in Major Marshall’s collection are a male taken in the Thoungyeen forests in December, one in the Meplay valley in October, two females in the Thoungyeen forests in February and May respectively, and one in the Donat range in January, all by Captain C. T. Bingham, In the Malay Peninsula occur three very beautiful species of butterflies, which belong to the genus Zaxifat of Butler. hey differ from all the other species of the subfamily in having in the male a glandular patch of differently-formed scales much as in many species of AZycalesis placed onthe upperside of the hindwing below the costa, and the inner margin of the forewing strongly convex to cover this patch. The markings of the underside are somewhat similar to those of Zaxila. * Taxila haquinus. Papilio haguinus, Fabricius, Wnt. Syst., vol. iii, pt. 1, p. 55, n. 169 (1793); Adisara haquinus, Butler, Cat. Fab. Lep. B. M., p. 137, n. 2 (1869) ; id., Distant, Rhop, Malay., p. 190, n. 3, pl. xviii, fig. 13, female (1883); Taxila haguinus, Kirty, Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 286 (1871); Hmesis_drupadz, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. ©., pl ii, figs 3. female; 3a, male; 36—g, structure of imago (1828); id., Boisduval, Sp. Gén,,. vol. i, pl. vii, fig. 2, #zaZe (1836). Haprrat : Province Wellesley, Malacca, Singapore, Java, Borneo. EXPANSE: r'8 to 2°2 inches. DescripTIoN: ‘ MALE. UprersibE, 40/2 wings dark purplish-brown, apical portion of the nervules paler. Forewing with a subapical pale and somewhat ochraceous fascia. UNDeRsIDR, doth wings much paler than above, the discal areas reddish. Fovewzg with a curved pale fascia on upper portion of cell and immediately beneath the subcostal nervure, a subapical pale ochraceous fascia as above, and with the following bluish markings more or less spotted with black, w/z, an oblique spot reaching apex of cell, two black spots beyond cell connected by a bluish lunule, above which are some small black spots divided by the subcostal nervules ; these are outwardly followed by a straight series of about four spots (the lower situated above the third median nervule), two on each side of the second median nervule, and one on inner side and at base of first median nervule; a submarginal series of linear pale continuovs lunules becoming obsolete towards apex. Hindwing with two short pale oblique fascize at base, a discal series of about eleven blue and black markings as on forewing, and a submarginal series of obscure dark conical spots, through which pass two series of pale, transverse, linear spots, the inner series being distinctly lunulate. ody above concolourous with wings, beneath with Zegs greyish brown. FaMALE-. Uppersipe, dot wings reddish, the dark spots beneath visible above. Forewing with a prominent subapical white fascia. UNpersipe generally as in male, excepting the white subapical fascia." (Déistant,1c.) Inthe Indian Museum, Calcutta, are a pair of this species collected by Dr. Horsfield in Java. + Genus Laxita, Butler. Laaita, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 546 (1877); Adisara (part), Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 188 (1883). “The rounded wings of Adisarva tanita and the allied species distinguish them from typical Adisara ;: but I am doubtful of its generic distinction.” (Bz#ler, 1. c.) ‘he characters pointed out on page 306 seem to the to be so well-marked that structually ZLarta is the most distinct genus of the subfamily, The genus probably contains several species in addition to the three enumerated below, including Z. ovfhma, Boisduval, which has been recorded (Hew/tsox, Journ. Linn, Soc., Zoology, vol. viii, p. 149 (1865) from Singapore, but is not mentioned by Mr. Distant in his ‘ Rhopalocera Malayana.’ Laxita damajanti, Abisara damajanti, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. iv, p. 397, n- 13 (1860) ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 192, n. 6 (1883); Taxila damajanti, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 286, n. 6 (1871). Hapitat: Perak, Malay Peninsula. ExrANst: 1°7 to 1°8 inches. Description: “Mare. Wings red [ruddy], upperside unmarked, underside with bluish discal spots (each placed on a black spot), hindwing with four submarginal streaks, the first bluish, the second and fourth fuscous, the third whitish.’’ . An exceedingly beautiful species closely allied to A. ox/ina, Boisduval, but the underside of the forewing ornamented with bluish spots sufficiently distinct.” (Fedder, |. c.) Mace. Uprersipe, éoti wings rich crimson Forewing with the costa and outer margin very narrowly black, the veins defined with black outwardly, and a fine black line on the disco-cellular nervules. AHindwing” with the costal margin broadly black, with some obscure blackish diffused patches between the veins towards the outer margin, Unpersipr, Jo¢/ wings rich crimson marked with numerous black and rich shining blue LEMONIID&. NEMEOBIIN&. ABISARA. 319 Genus 94.—ABISARA, Felder. (PLare XXIV). Abisara, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. iv, p. 397 (1860); id., Bates, Journ. Linn, Soc., Zoology, vol. ix, P- 413 (1868) ; id., Moore, Lep. Cey., vol. 1, p. 68 (188r) ; id. (a7z), Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 188 (1883) ; Sosfita, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol, ii, Sosfita pl. i (1861). “Genus confounded among English authors with Zaxila, Doubleday (7: fylla, durga), to be distinguished by the smaller head, distinct collar, more slender antenne and shorter palpi.” (Fe/der, 1. c.) FOREWING, triangular ; costal margin gently arched, oer margin straight or slightly convex, zzzer margin nearly straight, equal in length to the outer margin, afex pointed. Costal nervure short, reaching the middle of the wing ; sadcos¢al nervure giving off its first and second branches close together before the end of the cell, the third nearer to the origin of the fourth than to the end of the cell, the fourth reaching the apex of the wing; discoidal cell broad, short, the disco-cellular nervules being emitted at less than half the length of the wing from the base ; #pper disco-cellular nervule wanting, middle and lower disco-cellulars of equal Tength, together forming a complete arch, and the lower joining the median nervure after the origin of the second median nervule ; suwdmedian nervure slightly sinuous. HINDWING, subovate ; costal margin strongly arched at base, thence nearly straight, owfer margin evenly rounded and slightly scalloped in the male, slightly angled at the termination of the third median nervule in the female (4. fyé/a), more strongly scalloped aud produced into a long -tail at termination of third median nervule (4. 2eofhronx and allies), or, least of all scalloped, but the wing strongly angled at the third median nervule (4. echertws and allies). Precostal nervure simple, curved outwardly, cosfa7 nervure short, reaching the middle of the costa, spots and streaks. Forewing with a_submarginal black line becoming macular anteriorly, the inner margin broadly shining fuscous. Azndwing with the extreme margin black. then a pink line, then a bleck line, then an ochreous line, and lastly a black line. FEMALE differs from the male on the UpreRsIDE in being of a paler shade of crimson, Forewing with the inner margin straight, not lobed, a very indistinct palér fascia towards the apex. Aindwing with no glandular patch below the costa, a submarginal even black line replacing the black diffused patches in the male extending on to the forewing as far as the first median nervule, otherwise as in the male. There are specimens of both sexes of this most lovely insect in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Perak. Laxita tanita. Taxila tanita, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. ii, Taxila pl. i, text (1861); id., Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 347, n. 4; id., Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 286, n. 5 (1871); Adisara tanita, Distant, Rhop Malay., p. 192, n- 5, pl. xviii, fig. 14, female (1883); Adisara (Laxita) tanita, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, second series, vol. 1, p. 546, n. 4 (1877) ; Taxtla orfhna, Doubleday, Hewitson (vec Boisduval), Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol, i, p. 422, n. 7 (fart), pl. Ixix, figs. 6, female; 7, male (1851). Hasitat: Province Wellesley, Malacca, Singapore, Borneo. ExpansE: 1°5 inches. DescripTiIoN: MALe. UpreErSIDE, 40th wings pale crimson, the margin narrowly black. /orewing with the interspaces streaked with a darker shade, the disco-cellular nervules defined with a black line. AHinawing with a discal series of dark red streaks between the veins. Described from Hewitson’s figure. ‘‘FEMAL". UppPerSIDE, both wings bright purplish-red. Horewzzg with the margins, the base, and a broad basal streak between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure pale fuscous. AWzxdwing with the margins (costal and abdominal margins broadly) and some broad streaks situated in the cell and between the nervules pale fuscous. UnpersibE, doth wings bright purplish-red. /ovewing with upper and apical blue streaks in cell, the last margined outwardly with black, and with some blue and black discal spots, of which the largest and most rominent are two beyond the cell, and two divided by the second median nervule; two faint bluish submarginal freee fasciz which become obsolete at apex, and the costal margin broadly fuscous near base. Hiudwing with some transverse series of black and blue spots at base, some large elongate black submarginal spots with blue centres between the nervules, and blue and yellow submarginal linear fasciz, between which the colour is fuscous ; posterior margin fuscous. Body pale fuscous; degs pale obscure ochraceous.’ (Distant, |. c.) I have not seen this species. Mr. Distant quotes the figure of the female of this species in the ‘‘ Genera of Diurnal Lipidoptera”’ as applying to Z. ¢anzra, but it differs materially from both his figure and description of that sex. He appears to have reversed the sexes, and to have described from the figure the female as a male. Laxita telesia. Taxila telesia, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol, ii, Taxila pl. i, figs. 1, 2, sale (1861) ; idem, id., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, vol. viii, p. 149 (1865) ; id., Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep, p. 286, n. 7 (1871). HasitatT: Perak, Sumatra, Borneo. ExpanseE: 1°7_ inches. Descriprion: ‘‘MaLre. Uppersipe, doth wings dark brown [fuscous]. Morewng with the apex and outer margin carmine, the inner margin produced, rounded. with near its middle an oval spot of lilac-white. [///ndwing with the portion covered by the forewing shining pale ochreous, a large oval glandular patch of closely-packed ochreous scales on either side of the middle of the subcostal nervure, a small patch of carmine on the outer margin about the termination of the discoidal nervule, the black markings of the underside showing through faintly]. UNDERSIDE, doth wings carmine with bands and spots of blue and black. Forvew/ng with the apex rufous [yellow, nearly orange]; a longitudinal and a transverse band within the cell blue, a second transverse band also blue, followed by five blue spots, bordered inwardly with black, The inner margin, where the wings touch, light yellow. AHindwing with numerous black and blue spots, crossed near the outer margin by a band of light blue and a band of light ellow, each bordered with black, and separated by a band of the same colour.” (//ew/tsov, 1. c. in Ex. Butt.) ewan UPPERSIDE, forewing carmine, the cell, and the interspaces with dull fuscous streaks, an oblique subapical pale ochreous diffused fascia. Aindwing almost throughout dull fuscous, the veins slightly margined with carmine. UNDERSIDE, doth wings marked precisely as in the male. There are a male and two females of this beautiful species from Perak in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. The female is conspicuously different from the male as it lacks the oyal white spot on the upperside of the forewing, the carmine is not confined to the apex and outer margin as in the male, but extends all over the wing, and the inner margin is straight. It also lacks the glandular patch of scales on the upperside of the hindwing, 320 LEMONIIDZ. NEMEOBIIN 4. ABISARA. the subcostal nervules bifurcating beyond the end of the cell, discoidal cell long and broad, the apex oblique, disco-cellular nervules of equal length in A. echerius and allies, the upper shorter than the lower in 4. fyl/a and A. neofhron and allies; the lower disco-cellular joining the median nervure after the origin of the second median nervule, almost in the same straight line in A. fyl/a and A. neophron and allies, but forming an obtuse angle with the middle one in A. echerius and allies. Bopy, somewhat small, Aead small, eyes hairy, antenne exactly half the length of the forewing, distinctly annulated, with a distinct spatulate club, fa/pz minute. Larva [A. echerius and allies] onisciform.* ‘‘ PUPA recumbent on a leaf or other object, and secured by the tail and a girdle across the middle.” (AZoove, 1. c.) ‘* Abisara is distributed over a wide area ; it is found in Tropical Africa and Madagascar, inhabits Continental India, Ceylon, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula, being also represented generally throughout the Malay Archipelago.” (Distant, l.c.) The type of the genus, A. echerius, Stoll, was described from China. In India the genus, as pointed out by Bates, falls into three distinct groups ; the first group which was placed in the genus Sospita by Hewitson contains a single species in India, it has an oblique discal band across the forewing , yellow in the male, and white in the female, and the hindwing evenly rounded, not angled (except slightly so in the female) or tailed. The next group, which contains A. meophron and 4. chefa in India, and A. savitri in the Malay Peninsula, has not, as far as I am aware, been generically separated ; these species also have an oblique discal band across the forewing, but it is white in both sexes, and the hindwing is produced into a long tail at the end of the third median nervule, the base of it wide, extending to the first median nervule ; both these groups are absent from Peninsular India, Ceylon, and the Andamans and Nicobars, but occur throughout the Eastern Himalayas and eastwards to Assam, and thence southwards to the Malay Peninsula, The last group, which contains the typical Adisaras, is rich plum colour in the male, and magnificently glossed with purple in certain lights, generally paler in the female with no purple gloss, usually with some pale bands across the forewing, parallel to the outer margin, not obliquely placed, the hindwing bluntly angled, but not tailed at the end of the third median nervule, the outer margin being produced from the tip of the angulation to the anal angle, giving a quadrate appearance. They occur sparingly in the outer Himalayas, Assam, and almost throughout Eastern and Peninsular India, in Ceylon, the Andamans and Nicobars, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Java and China. The species of this group are all closely allied, many of those which have been described are doubtfully distinct. Eey to the Indian species of Abisara. A. With a conspicuous pale transverse band placed obliquely on the forewing in both sexes, a, Outer margin of hindwing evenly rounded and scalloped, not produced into a tail, and only slightly angulated at the termination of the third median nervule in the female. 608. A, (Sosfita) FyLLA, Himalayas, Assam, Sylhet, Upper Tenasserim, Upper Burma. %. Outer margin of hindwing produced into a long tail at the termination of the third median nervule. a'. Of large size, the tail long, the submarginal line on the upperside of the forewing not terminating anteriorly in a white spot. 609. A. NEOPHRON, Sikkim, Assam, Sylhet, Upper Burma. 5', Of smaller size and darker colour, the tail half as long, the submarginal line on the upperside of the forewing terminating anteriorly in a white spot. 610. A. CHBLA, Sikkim, Sylhet. B. With several obscure pale bands nearly parallel to the outer margin of the forewing, obsolete in the male. a. Outer margin of hindwing bluntly and broadly angulated at the termination of the third median nervule. 6x1. A. BIFAscrIATA, South Andamans. 612. A. ANGULATA, Upper Tenasserim, 613. A. ABNORMIS, Upper Tenasserim. 614. A. suFFUSA, Sub-Himalayas, Eastern and Peninsular India. 615. A. FRATERNA, Bombay. 616. A. PRUNOSA, South India, Ceylon i ————— as * For explanation of ontsczformt, see page 305. LEMONIID:. NEMEOBIINE. ABISARA. 321 608. Abisara fylla, Doubleday, Hewitson, Taxila fylla, Doubleday, Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, p. 422, n. 8, pl. Ixix, fig. 3, wale (1851). HAsiTaT: Himalayas, Assam, Sylhet, Upper Burma, Upper Tenasserim, EXPANSE: ¢, I'9 to 2°43; 2, 2’0 to 2'5 inches, DESCRIPTION : MALE. UPPERSIDE, both wings and cilia dark brown, Forewing with a straight even straw yellow band commencing at the middle of the costa and almost reaching the inner angle, its lower portion narrower and slightly recurved ; a pale brown submarginal line often bearing anteriorly two minute yellow spots divided by the fourth subcostal nervule, often with two additional similar spots near the margin divided by the fifth subcostal nervule, and the cilia beyond white. Aindwing witha pale brown curved discal band, a series of six marginal black spots inwardly defined with pale brown, and outwardly bearing a pure white dot, of which the two upper ones divided by the discoidal nervule are always largest, the next two divided by the second median nervule always smallest and often obsolete, the last two at the anal angle placed in the submedian interspace always present. There is sometimes a seventh small spot without a white dot between the subcostal nervules, UNDERSIDE, doth wings paler throughout, but similarly marked, except that the Azmdwing has a faint subbasal line. FEMALE similarly marked to the male, but much paler, the discal band on the forewing very variable in width and pure white or just tinted with palest yellow, and reaching the costa (in the male it does not reach it), wider anteriorly and tapering to a point posteriorly ; the wing broader, apex less produced, outer margin convex. ody concolourous with the wings both above and below, the eyes with a pure white streak at the sides, the frontal tuft of the head also with a pure white streak on both sides, the fa/sz pale brown, the antenne dark brown, annulated with white, the club with a white bar above near its tip. A, fylla occurs in Masuri and the Dehra Dhun ; Mr. Doherty took it at Askot, the Dhoaj Eastern Kumaon, 4,000 to 7,000 feet ; it is common in Sikkim at low elevations, in Buxa, and in Assam, the Naga Hills, Cherrapunji, and Sylhet ; it was taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in the Upper Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim in March, and was also brought by the Yunan Expedition. In shape and markings it has no near allies, and might perhaps be advantageously placed in the genus Sosfita of Hewitson, of which it forms the type. 609. Abisara neophron, Hewitson. Sospita neophron, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. ii, Sosfita pl. i, fig. 3 (1861); Adisara neophron, de Nicéville, Journ. A, S. B., vol. lv, pt. 2, p. 253, pl. xi, fig. 8, meade (1886). Hasirat: Sikkim, Assam, Sylhet, Upper Burma. EXPANSE : 1'8 to 2°3 inches, DESCRIPTION: ‘* MALE, UPPERSIDE, doth wings rufous-brown. orewing crossed trans- versely at the middle by a broad band of white, and obliquely beyond the middle by a narrow, obscure, rufous band; the outer margin pale from the middle to the anal angle, traversed by a dark line. Hindwing tailed, crossed beyond the middle and near the outer margin by waved rufous bands, two large black spots at the apex, separated by a line of orange, a submarginal band of white traversed by a black line, the tail white. UNDERSIDE as above.” (Hewitson,1,c.) FEMALE differs from the male only in being paler throughout, the discal band of the forewing usually broader, always reaching the costa (in some male specimens it does not quite touch it), the lower of the two black spots on the upperside of the Aindwing divided by the discoidal nervule posteriorly defined with an orange line, as indeed it often is in the male, two oval spots on the margin divided by the first median nervule inwardly defined with whitish, outwardly by pure white, with a marginal white line beyond ; cé/éa more or less white. A. neophron is not uncommon in Sikkim at low elevations; it occurs also in Assam, Sibsagar, the Naga Hills, and Sylhet, and was brought by the Yunan Expedition, 41 322 LEMONIID, NEMEOBIIN &, ABISARA, 610. Abisara chela, de N. A. chela, de Nicéville, Journ, A. S. B., vol. lv, pt. 2, p, 252, n. 4, pl. xi, fig. 7, maze (1886). Hasitat : Sikkim, Sylhet. EXPANSE: 6, 1°75 to 1°90; 9, 1°90 inches. DEscCRIPTION: “MALE. UPPERSIDE, both wings dark fuscous-brown. Forewing with an oblique white discal band from the middle of the costa to about the middle of the submedian interspace, variable in width ; asubmarginal narrow white line, sometimes distinct throughout its length, at others blurred in the middle, but always ending in a distinct white spot at the costa ; one or two short fine white marginal lines at the anal angle. indwing with two submarginal rounded black spots divided by the discoidal nervule, the upper one the smaller and outwardly circled with white, the lower one marked anteriorly and posteriorly with white ; the outer portion of the discoidal and third median nervules orange; three somewhat indistinct black lunular spots on the margin in the median and submedian interspaces, inwardly defined with a pale line, the spots in the submedian interspace geminated ; two fine interrupted white marginal lines; tail short and marked with white; an ill-defined discal pale band, inwardly sharply defined, outwardly blurred. UNDERSIDE, d0/4 wings much paler, all the markings more distinct. Fovew2zg with the discal and submarginal bands much broader than above, the latter always well-marked throughout its length. Azxdwing marked as above, but the space from the discal band to the margin irrorated with white, the outer portion of all the veins orange. FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, doth wings paler than in the male, tinged throughout with ferruginous, the veins of the Aznadwing more broadly marked with orange. UNDERSIDE with the same differences as above.” “© Allied to A. neophron, Hewitson, which occurs in the same places with it, and in Sikkim in the same months; differs from it in its smaller size, usually broader discal band on the fore- wing, the submarginal line usually more prominent, and always ending anteriorly in a white spot, which is never the case in A. xeophron ; markedly also in the length of the tail, it being fully twice as long in 4. meopfiron as itis in A. chela.” (de Nicéville, 1. c.) Mr. Otto Moller has obtained numerous specimens of this species at low elevations in Sikkim ; there is a single male specimen from Sylhet in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, An allied species occurs in the Malay Peninsula, which differs chiefly from A. xeophrov and A, chela in its paler colouration throughout ; the discal band of the forewing on the upper- side is much blurred and very indistinct, as is also the submarginal band, which in A. savitré is even broader than the discal band, in the Indian species it isa mere line. A description of it is given below.* The remaining species all belong to the typical group of the genus Adisara, The type of the genus and of this group is the P. echerius of Stoll (Supplement to Cramer’s Pap. Ex., * Abisara savitri, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. iv, p. 397, n. 12 (1860) ; id., Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zoology, second series, vol. i, Pp. 545, n. 1 (1877) ; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 189, n. 1, pl. xviii, hor 2, female (1883) ; Sospita susa, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. ii, Sosf7ta pl. i, fig. 2, male (1861). HapitaT: India (Hewitson), Province Wellesley, Malacca, Ayer Panas, Singapore. Expanse: Male, 2°t ; female, 1°75 to 2'00 inches. DESCRIPTION: “ MALE. UprersivE, oth wings rufous-brown. /ovewing crossed transversely beyond the middle by two nearly parallel bands of rufous-white, the outer margin from the middle to the anal angle pale, traversed by a dark line. Hindwing tailed, crossed by two curved bands, one near the outer margin waved and forming a border to two black spots near the apex, a submarginal band of white traversed by a black line, the tail white, Unpersrpr as above.” —(Hewitson, |. c,) “ Femace. Upprersipe, doth wings pale ochreous-brown. Forewing with two pale transverse fascie crossing the apical half, and with two narrow submarginal pale linear fascia, each outwardly bordered with fuscous. Hindwing with two broad pale fascias continuous to those of the forewing, the first somewhat curved and extending to the abdominal margin, the second situated near the outer margin and containing two large black spots with whitish surroundings separated by the discoidal nervule, a smaller spot situated between the subcostal nervules, and two small and subobsolete spots at anal angle ; marginal linear fasciae as on forewing, the outer margin long and linearly caudate at apex of upper median nervule, this prolongation being white. UNpDERSIDE as above, Body and degs more or less concolourous with wings.” (Distant, |. Ce) - 7 4 By Mr. Hewitson vaguely gives India as the habitat of his A. swsa. It was described almost simultaneously by Dr. Felder under the name of A. savitvi, by which name the species should be known. I prefer to unite them under one species as has been done by Messrs. Bates and _Kirby, and by Hewitson himself, as | can find no character by which to divide them except the ground-colour which is darker as is usual in Mr. Hewit- son's figure of a male than it is in Mr. Distant’s figure of a female, the latter author apparently considering them distinct species, as he does not mention A, susa. He probably followed Mr. Butler, who remarks that ‘A. savitré “is quite distinct from the Indian species, 4, swsa of Hewitson.” The male is also unknown to Mr, Distant. LEMONIIDA. NEMEOBIIN&. ABISARA. 323 pl. xxxi, figs. 1, 1a, male; 14, female (1790), described from China, Stoll’s figures are very rough, so Iam quite unable to say in what particulars his species differs from Indian ones, and until almost recently his name was used for the Indian species. The style of markings is identical in all the forms described from India, except perhaps A. défasciafa, which has the bands on the underside more lunately macular than the rest. If the localities of the specimens are known they can be named. Northern Indian specimens must be 4. suffisa, because no other forms have been described from there ; similarly specimens caught in Tenasserim must be angulata (A. abnormis is, in my opinion, an easily recognisable occasional variety of this form) ; specimens from the Andamans must be 4. éiéfasciafa ; if caught in Ceylon they must be A. prunosa, but in South India confusion is likely to arise, if caught in the extreme south they will be 4. prznosa, but further north they may be 4. prunosa, A. fraterna, or A. suffusa. A, prunosa may typically be recognised by its larger size and intense purple shot in the male. Mr. Moore has pointed out what he considers to be the points of difference between 4. prunosa and A. fraterna, also between the Tenasserim A. angulata and A. suffusa, but what the differences are between A. szffusa and A. fraterna Lam quite unable to say, unless the inner band on the upperside of the forewing being angulated in A. sw/usa and rounded in 4. fraterna should prove sufficient to distinguish them. To sum up the six species described from India. In my opinion A. 4ifasciata might perhaps be kept distinct, though I possess a female specimen from Akyab in British Burma which is almost indistinguishable from it; 4. prunosa is typically very distinct, and that name might be used for Ceylon and Travancore specimens ; but all the rest should, I think, be named A. echerivs until at any rate the differences, if any, between that species and the Indian ones are pointed out, when the latter might be called A. kausambi, which is the oldest of the names applied to the Indo-Malayan forms. In the detailed descriptions below I have given Mr. Moore’s localities only for each in the headings, 611. Abisara bifasciata, Moore. (PLATE XXIV, Fic. 118 ¢). A. bifasciata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 587, pl. lviii, fig. 1, female; id., Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 233, n. 27 (1881), HABITAT : South Andamans, EXPANSE : g, I'7to 2'2; 9, 2°0 to 2‘2 inches. DEscrRIPTION : ‘‘From the Malayan A. fausamdi,* Felder, it differs on the UPPERSIDE in the discal transverse bands being sinuous, which are prominent in the FEMALE, and in that sex the two bands on the forewing are separated and broadly white anteriorly ; the upper and lower spots on the Aindwing are also larger. UNDERSIDE, the bands are broader and sinuous, and on the Aindwing there ave but two anterior spots instead of three.” (AZvore, 1. c.) Regarding this latter point, the two male specimens of 4. Aausambi I possess have three spots on the underside of the hindwing anteriorly, while all the South Andaman male specimens in our collections possess but two; in the females from the Andamans, however, there are always three spots. There are numerous specimens of this species in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, collected at Port Blair by the late Mr, A. de Roepstorff, and one specimen from Kar Niccbar, As no second specimen has been received from the latter locality, it is probable that the first one was captured inthe Andamans. The figure shows both upper and undersides of a male Andaman example in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 612. Abisara angulata, Moore. A. angulata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 833. Hasirat: Above Ahsown, Hatsiega, Naththoung to Paboga, Upper Tenasserim, EXPANSE: I'92 inches, DescRIPTION : ** From A. kausambi,* Felder, of the Malay Peninsula, this species differs * Abisara kausambi, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. iv, p. 397, n. 11 (1860) ; id., Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1877, p. 587; id., Butler, Trans, Linn, Soc., Zoology, second series, vol, i, P. 545, m2 (1877); id., 324 LEMONIID. NEMEOBIIN &. ABISARA, in the MALE on the UPPERSIDE being paler plum-colour, the fovewing showing the transverse discal fascize, and the Aindwing the apical and anal black spots ; the FEMALE on the UPPERSIDE is also paler purple-brown, the inner discal band is angled at the middle of its inner border on 40th wings, and is only slightly paler at its costal end. On the UNDER- SIDE the discal bands are angled in the middle, the inner band being narrowly bordered with brownish white at its costal end only in the male, its entire length in the female.” ‘* An entirely different insect from the Andaman A. Jdifasciata, Moore.” (Moore, 1. ¢.) A. angulata can hardly be said to be ‘‘an entirely different insect” from 4, difasciata ; in the male of the latter species the pale bands on the upperside of the forewing are slightly more prominent, on the underside also they are more prominent, wider and more lunately macular, the ground-colour is also paler ; in the female the bands on the upperside, especially anteriorly, are more prominent, being wider and paler, All the above-given points of distinction are really very slight, and without knowing the localities from which the specimens came, it would be difficult to distinguish between some specimens of 4. angulata and A, bifasciata. In Major Marshall’s collection is a long series of this species taken by Captain C. T. Bingham in different parts of Upper Tenasserim. The species is very close to, if indeed separable from, A. s#fusa ; the males are somewhat darker and richer coloured, the discal bands in the female both above and below more distinct, One male from the Donat Range has the inner discal band on the underside of the forewing prominently outwardly defined with white, showing in this respect an approach to A. abnormis. The presence or absence of the black spots on the upperside of the hindwing is very inconstant. 613. Abisara abnormis, Moore. A. abnormis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 532, pl. xlix, fig. 3, ade. Hapirat: Moulmein, EXPANSE : 1°2 inches. DESCRIPTION: ‘MALE. UPPERSIDE, doth wings dark plum-colour. Forewing witha series of distinct whitish spots outwardly bordering the medial dark angular fascia, its lower border pale, and the submarginal fascia also distinctly pale. Azndwing less angular on middle of the exterior margin, the apical and anal black spots very indistinct. UNDERSIDE with a very distinct white angular medial fascia crossing doth wings; the submarginal line on forewing also whitish and slender. indwing with a continuous marginal row of black conical white-bordered spots.” (AZoore, 1. c.) In Major Marshall’s collection is a male specimen of this species from Rangoon, which differs only from Mr, Moore’s description in having three anterior and two posterior black spots on the underside of the hindwing, the spots on the median interspaces as usual being of Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 189, n. 2, pl. xviii, figs. 10, male; 11, female (1883). Hasitat: Zambesi, Nyassa, ? Andaman Isles, Province Wellesley, Sungei Ujong, Malacca, Perak, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Expanse: Male, 1°7 to 1°8; female, 16 to18 inches. Description: '* MALE. UPPERSIDE, doth wings dark reddish-brown. UNDERSIDE, doth wings somewhat paler. Forewing crossed by two pale fasciz on the apical half and with a submarginal pale linear fascia, outwardly bordered with dark castaneous and becoming obsolete at apex. Hindwing with two pale fasciz as on the forewing, but curved and wider apart, the outer fascia con- taining three apical black spots surrounded with whitish and separated by the subcostal nervules, and with two smaller spots near anal angle ; a pale and darkly bordered submarginal fascia as on the forewing, but which from apex of upper median nervule (where the outer margin is obtusely angulated) to anal angle is again outwardly bordered with paler colouration. FrmMAL®. Wings generally much paler in hue than in the male. Forewing with a distinct subapical transverse subviolaceous or whitish fascia, and with the submarginal linear fascia distinct as beneath. AHzudwizg with the spots and fasciz, both above and beneath, as on underside of male ; the subapical pale fascia on the forewing being broader beneath than above.” “The females of this species vary considerably in the size and distinctive character of the pale subapical fascia to the forewing. ‘The most strongly marked or albinic specimens in my collection are from Province Wellesley, whilst the most melanic forms I possess are from Malacca and North Borneo. ‘The most interesting fact in connection with the geographical distribution of this species is its presence, unmodified and distinct, in Eastern Africa. The late Mr. Hewitson received it from the Zambesi, and subsequently it reached my hands contained in a small collection made in the neighbourhood of Lake Nyassa.” (Distant, |. c.) In my collection is a single male specimen of this species from Malacca which is entirely unmarked on the upperside ; another male however in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Perak, has the two discal pale bands of the underside of the forewing showing through, the anterior portion of both of them, but especially the outer, is widened out into a broad diffused fascia above the third median nervule ; and there are two subapical and two subanal black spots on the upperside of the hindwing. These two specimens caught in a limited area are probably as distinct as any two described from India by Mr. Moore, LEMONIID&, NEMEOBIIN#, ABISARA. 325 the colour of the ground defined outwardly with white. I think 4, adnormis will hereafter be found to be an occasional variety or aberration of 4. angulata. 614. Abisara suffusa, Moore. A. suffusa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 244; id., Rothney, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. xix, P. 34 (1882); Sospita echerius, Moore (nec Cramer), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 771. HasiraT: Chumba, 10,000 feet (A/core); Barrackpore (Rothney). EXpANSE: 6, 1°62; Q, 1'5 inches. DescriPTion: ‘* Allied to A. angulata, Moore. Smaller, the MALE being of a deeper tint, with the fascize straighter and suffused with grey. FEeMALE of a much duller colour and suffused with grey, the medial transverse dark fascia less angular on doth wings, and the outer fascize much less distinct, broader and more suffused.” (JZoore, 1. c.) I possess specimens of this species from the Kangra Valley ( Hocking), Masuri, Fyzabad, Malda, Calcutta, Bhutan, Orissa, Karwar and Rutnagherry in Bombay, Ootacamund and Akyab. It is more than probable that a long series of specimens will show that 4. suffusa merges into A. fraferna in Western India, A, prwnosa in the extreme south of the Peninsula, and into A. angulata in Upper Tenasserim and Burma. All these supposed distinct species may be recognizable at their head-quarters, but on the boundary lines separating them it is probable that the distinctive characters of each are lost. 615. Abisara fraterna, Moore. A. fraterna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 532. HABITAT : Bombay. EXpANSE: 6, 1°62; @, 1'5 inches. DEscrRIPTION: ‘‘Nearest to the Ceylonese 4. frunosa, but smaller. MALe duller- coloured, fascia broader. FEMALE of a brighter red colour, the transverse medial dark fascia more decidedly angular in the middle, the two outer fascice and the marginal line whitish.” (A/oore, 1. c.) In the Indian Museum, Calcutta, are two female specimens of this species from Karinja, Bombay, which agree with the above description, but others from Bombay in Major Marshall’s and my collection agree exactly with Calcutta specimens of A. suffusa and some Ceylon ones of A. prunosa. 616. Abisara prunosa, Moore. A. prunosa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 137; idem, id., Lep. Cey., vol. i, p. 69, pl. xxxiii, figs. 3, male; 3a, female ; 36, larva and pupa (1881). HAsirat: Ceylon. EXPANSE : 1'25 to 1°75 inches. Description. ‘‘ Differs from the Malacca species, A. hausambi,* Felder, in the MALE having more prominent darker bands on the forewing and prominent black spots on the hindwing. FEMALE differs also in its paler colour, and uniformly pale transverse discal bands without any trace of white at their costal end.” (Avore, 1. c. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.) ‘* MALE, UPPERSIDE, Joth wings deep brownish-purple, with slightly paler transverse discal fascize. Hindwing with two subapical and two smaller subanal pale-bordered conical black spots margined outwardly by a delicate white line, and two intervening pale conical marks. FeMALE duller coloured, the discal fascia and a marginal line paler, and more distinct ; conical spots on the Aindwing prominent. UNDERSIDE paler, similar in tint and markings to the upperside.” * Vide footnote on page 323. 326 LEMONIID&. NEMEOBIIN &. ABISARA. **LARVA light greet, vermiform, with numerous dorsal and lateral short fine hairs. Feeds on 4rdisia. PuPa light green, dorsally black spotted, hairy.” (Afoore, 1. c. in Lep. Cey.) In Ceylon A. prunosa occurs in the ‘‘ Western and Central Provinces, in forest land, nearly all the year ; common, Has a rapid darting flight; settles on the underside of leaves with wings open” (Hutchison). ‘* Plentiful amongst the undergrowth of open jungle, or by roadsides. Low country and up to about 4,000 feet” (A/ackwood). ‘Galle and Kandy” ( Wade). A. prunosa is typically the darkest coloured and in the male most brilliantly purple-shot of this group of the genus, specimens from Travancore being particularly large and dark, Even among Ceylon specimens, however, I find considerable variation ; insome males the inner discal band on the forewing is evenly convex, in others distinctly angled in the middle, and the purple suffusion is also variable ; the size and number of the black spots on both sides of the hindwing is extremely inconstant, in one very abnormal specimen there are two subapical ones only, the anal ones being entirely wanting. From an island one wouid expect to find some distinguishing characters in a species supposed to be peculiar to it, but I have quite failed to discover any. I can only repeat that in my opinion the name echerius should apply to all the species of this group of the genus Adisara, except perhaps to the Andaman local race which has been named bifasciata ; that as in this case the geographical range of numerous slight local races is not segregated, and each local race must interbreed with the next on the boundary line which is supposed to separate them, it can serve no good scientific purpose to pick out a few apparently different specimens from each local race and to describe them, at the same time ignoring the integrade specimens which exist. ENDEX TO VYOLS If. ———__—_ [Specific names are printed in small type (abiasa); specific synonyms and varieties in italics (agnicula) ; generic names in small capitals (ABELMOSCHUS); generic synonyms in small capital italics (4cc4); subfamily and family names in large capitals (ACR ASIN A‘) 5 and subfamily and family synonyms in large capital italics (4ACR4@/D.4). The number of the page on which a species or variety, genus, subfamily or family is described is printed in italics.] ABELMOSCHUS, 128. abiasa, 171, 172, 174, 177. ABISARA, 306, 307, 315, 317 —319, pl. xxiv. abisares, 39. abnormis, 108, 110, 320, 323, 324, 325. ABROTA, 5, 154, 182, pl. xxiv, ABUTILON, 128. ACANTHADS, 74. ACCA, 75, 166. aceris, 79, 95—99, 104, 175+ ACHYRANTHES, 69. ACIDALIA, 128, 130, 131. ACONTHEA, 153, 191, 204, 221. aconthea, 214—216, ACONTIA, 150. acontius, 201, 215—218, 223. ACRAA, 122. ACRAIDA, 122, ACRAINA;, 2. adara, 93, 95, 97. ADENANTHERA, 277, adima, 201, 210, 211. adipala, 93, 102, 103. adippe, 135, 136. ADOLIAS, 3, 120, 141, 185, 191, 193, 196, 216, 219, adonia, 221. adonira, 309, 310, 312, affinis, 287. agestor, 57. aglaia, 135, 136, aglea, 58, 60. agna, 279, 286, 288, 289. agnicula, 237, 238. agrarius, 275, 276, alankara, 153. ALAZONIA, 31, 34, 36. alba, 233. albipunctata, 308, 309, albofasciata, 263, albula, 126. alcanda, 186. alcathoé, 20, 126. atcathoéoides, 20, 21. alciope, 31. alcippe, 29, 31. alcippoides, 128, alcippus, 127. ALCYONEIS, 95, 67. alimena, 120, allica, 308. almana, 66, 68, almana, 67. alompra, 264, 265. alpheda, 201, 213, 219, 220, altissima, 130, 739. AMATHUSIA, 2. AMATHUSIA, 251, 252, 261, 205. amba, 82, 88—go, 103. ambica, 50—52. amboides, 82, 88, amhara, 171, 175, 178, iS1, 182. AMMIRALIS, 225, amecenula, 25, ananta, 81, 85, 92. anarta, 163, 164, ANARTIA, 40. ANCHUSA, 129. andamana, 61, 62, 63, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, pl. xviil. andamanica, 251, 252, 254. andersonii, 200, 203, 204, 223, angelica, 295, 296. angulata, 320, 323, 325. angustata, 61, 62. anjana, 82, 91, 92, anjira, 109, 115, annamita, 195, anomala, 126. anosia, 201, 212, 220, 222, ANTHOCEPHALUS, 164, antilope, 126. antiopa, 231, 232, ANTIRRHINUM, 74, anyte, 193, 198, 199. aonis, 70. aoris, 108, 109—111, 114, 115, 118. APATURA, 2—4, 45, 47, 48, 55» 77, 120, 141, 166, pl. xx, APATURA; 121, APATURIDZ, 2. aphidas, 206, apiades, 207, 209, 211. apicatts, 148, 149, 214, APORIA, 142. appiades, 200, 207—209, 211, ARDISIA, 320, arginnis, 13, ARGYNNIS, 2—6, 24, 29, 31, 45, 48. 56, 76, 128, 150, 187, 249, pl. xviii. ARGYNNIS, 22, 187. areynnis, 131. argyrtus, 131. ARGYRONOME, 128. ARIADNE, 7, 10, 120, ariadne, 8—J0, 11, 15. aristogiton, 279, 282—284, 286. arja, 271, 276, 278, ARMANDIA, i, ARTEMISIA, 227, aruna, 225, aruna, 131, 132. asela, 41, £3, 44. asita, 171, 174, 180. asoka, 204, 205, 206. aspera, 217. assamica, 77, 80. assimilis, 56—59. asteri@, 67. asterie, 66, 67, 68. asthala, 240, 244, 245, pl. xxiii. astola, 93, 96, 99, 100, 104. asura, 106—168, 169, 177. atalanta, 226, 228, 229. atalanta, 229, ATELLA, 4, 28, pl. xx, ATERICA, 219. ATHALIA, 137. athalia, 26. athama, 275, 278. athamas, 271, 275—278, athamis, 275. ATHYMA, 3, 5; 49, 52, 77, 154, 165, pl. xx. atkinsont, 259, 260, 262, 263, atlites, 63, 66, 67, 69. attenuata, 152, auge, 123, 124. aurinia, 139. austenia, 154, 156, 157, avesta, 119. avia, 123, 125, bahula, 176. bajadeta, 777, 112. balarama, 200, 208, 200, 211. balbita, 25, 26, 27, pl. xviii. baralacha, 139, 140, pl, xviii, BARLERIA, 70, 72, 328 BASILARCHTA, 155+ BASSARIS, 225. baya, 279, 286—289. bellata, 188. bernardus, 290, 292. bharata, 275, 276, 278. bhavana, 50, 51, 52. biblina, 30. BIBLIS, 10, 163. biblis, 32—34, 36, 37- bifasciata, 320, 323, 324, 326, pl. xxiv. binghami, Frontispiece, 144, 146, bipunctata, 216. bisaltide, 268, 269. bisaltide, 268. bistorta, 129. BLUMEA, 227. boisduvali, 259, 260, 262, 263. boisduvalit, 189. bolina, 122, 123—125, 128, bolina, 126. brabira, 240, 244. brahma, 142, 143, 144. BRENTHIS, 48, 128. brisanda, 1. Bryonlia, 217. buckleyi, 259—261. buddha, Frontispiece, 143,144. burmana, 82, 89. buxtoni, 259, 262, 203- BYBLIA, 2, 4, 7) 8) 12; 13, pl. xviii. BYTYNERIACEZ, 106. 282—284, 288— cacharica, 93, 102. cadamba, 164. CASALPINIA, 277- c-album, 231, 237, 238. caledonia, 295, 297. calidasa, 164. calidosa, 157, 159, 164. CauinaGa, Frontispiece, 5, 142. CALLIANIRA, 155+ CALLIMA, 258. callirhoé, 229. calliroé, 229. CALLITHEA, 45. calydonia, 297. cama, 171, 176, 178. camboja, 83. camiba, 49, 50, 53; 54. canace, 230, 231, 232. cannalina, 15. cantori, 44. caphusa, 60. carduelis, 227. cardui, 3, 226, 227. cartica, 82, 8S9—9QL. carticoides, 82, 88, 90. caschmirensis, 231, 233, 234. cashmirensis, 138, 140, 234. cassander, 255. casta, 27. CASTALIA; 45—47: INDEX. castelnaui, 73, c-aureum, 238. cebrene, 72. CELTIS, 55. celtis, 303- Ceruosia, 4, 31, pl. xxii, chandra, 46, 47. CHARAXES, 2, 3, 6, 9, 45, 269, 271, 279, 280, 281, pl. xxi, charon, 101. charonia, 231, 232. charybdis, 123, 125, chela, 320, 322. CHERSONESIA, 248, 249, 251, 256, 257. chevana, 49, 50, 52, 166. childreni, 129, 130, 132, 134. CHILEA, 300. chrysippus, 122, 127, 128, chrysippus, 120. cibaritis, 223, pl, xix. cimon, 285- CINCHONA, 164. cinnamomeus, 18, 19—21. CIRRHUCHROA, 2, 5, 107, pl. XXIV. CIRROCHROA, 107. clagia, 112, 113. clara, 130, 135, 136. clarina, 40. clarissa, 38, 39, pl. xxiii. clelia, 72, 73» clerica, 174. climena, 126, clinia, 94, O04. cnacalis, 77, 78. cnidia, 134, 135. cocles, 250, 254, pl. xxiii. cocyla, 205. cocytina, 192, 204. cocytus, 120, 203, 204. cocytus, 203, 200. cognata, 109, 114—117, COLIAS, 25. columbina, 39. columella, 76, 77, 105, 106, columella, 105. COMMA, 229. comma-alba, 237- COMPOSITA), 133. concha, 272. confinis, 183, 184. confusius, 198. consimilis, 16, 27—19, 59+ cora, 15. corax, 279, 283—257, 288, 290. coresia, 120, cortinna, 8. coryta, 10, II. cotanda, 240, 242. crateegi, 142. CRUCIFERA, 129, 133. Curna, 4, 21, pl. xxill. cyane, 32, 33, 34, 36. cyane, 34 ’ cyaneus, 147, 149, pl, xxi. cybarilis, 223. cynanipardus, 141, 186, 290, pl. xxi. cynara, 133. CYNTHIA, 4, 29, 40, pl, xxi. CyYRESTIS, 2—6, 56, 76, 129, 248, 294, 306, pl. xxiii, CYRESTISA, 253. deedalus, 219. damajanti, 378. DANAIDA:, 122, 126. DANAINA, 2. DANAIS, 56—58, 60, 122, 127, 128, 143, 144. danava, 154, 156, 157. daraxa, 156—158, darlisa, 144, 145, 146, daruka, 240, 241. davidis, 143. decora, 229. decorata, 2/6. decoratus, 216. deione, 43, 44, 45. delphis, 271, 272, 273. deodata, 309, 310, 312, 314. derma, 193, 194, 195. desa, 279, 283. DIADEMA, 17, 19, 55; 56; 58, 120, 121, 126, 144. Dicuorracia, 5, 141, 185, 246, pl. xix. dichroa, 46, £7. didyma, 27, DI.iPA, 4, 47, pl. xx. dindinga, 77, 80, 82, 83. diocippus, 126, 127, diocletiana, 21. Drospyros, 186. dioxippe, 126. dipcea, 309—311, 314, 315, pl. XXIV. dirtea, 185, 186, 289, 190. dirtea, 190. discispilota, 201, 213, 220, DISCOPHORA, 2. disrupta, 93, 95, 96. Dopona, 306, 309, 317, pl. XXIV. DoLESCHALLIA, 6, 267, pl. xxiii. dolon, 271, 272, 274, pl. xxii. dolope, 120. DOPHLA, 191, 193. dorelia, 80, 83. dorippus, 127, 128. doubledati, 151. doubledayi, 264—266, doubledayit, 190. DOXOCOPA, 48. drupadi, 318. DRYAS, 128. dudu, 154, 156, 158—159, pl. Xxiv. dunya, 193, 295. durga, 192, 193, 199, 201, 202, 309, 310, 311, 315, 319 durnfordi, 278. duryodana, 95, 102. earli, 254, 2595. ebusa, 90. echerius, 307, 317, 319, 320, 322, 323, 320 echerius, 325, echo, 28, edusa, 25. egea, 231, 236, 237. egeon, 309—311, 3/4, 315. egista, 30. ELyMnias, 6, 126. ELYMNIINA, 2, 3, 7. emalea, 187, emestoides, 309. EMESIS, 318. emesoides, 308, 309, emodes, 93, 99, ENISPE, 2. epiona, 196—1098, erato, 311, ERGOLIS, I, 2, 4, 7, 12, 14, 15, 49, 119, 120, 142, pl. XVILL ERIBG@A, 269, 275. erigone, 71. erminia, 141. erosine, 106. erota, £1, 43—45, pl. xxi. erotella, 44. ERYCINA, 308. ERYCINIDZ, 299, 305- ERYCININA, 299. ERYCININZ:, 305. erymanthis,, 22, 23, pl, xxiii. ELSOPTRIA, 121, eudamippus, 271, 273, 274. eudoxia, 248. eugenes, 309—311, 315, ELUGONIA, 229. EULACEURA, 55- EULACEURA, 55: EvuLacura, 4,50. EUVLEPIS, 269, 271, euphanes, 280. euphrone, 144. EvupLaa, 16, 19—21, 47, 125, 126, 143. EuUPL@&, 19. euploeoides, 20, 21. EURALIA; i121. EURHINIA, 245, 246. Eurieus, 2, 4, 15, 50, 59, pl. XX. euryalus, 280. eurymene, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99. eurynome, 95, 93. eurynome, 95. EURYTELA, I, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 14, pl. xviii. EURYVTELIDA,, 1,2, 6, 126. eurytis, 31. EUSELASIIN&, 299. EUTHALIA, 3, 5, 120, I4I, 154, 158, 183, 185, 191, 222—224, pl. xix. eva, 193—199. evelina, 192-195. INDEX. fabia, 280. fabius, 3, 279, 280, 281. falbum, 237. fasciata, 108, 109, 219, 317, 318, Jatna, 312. Jiacilla, 233- FLAcourTiA, 30. flegyas, 306, 308, 309, pl. xxiv. flora, 223, 224. Sormosa, 254, 255, Jrance, 202. franciz, 200, 202. franckii, Frontispiece, 294— 296. Sranckit, 295. fraterna, 320, 323, 329, fuliginosa, $2, 90, fulva, 245, 246, 248, pl. xxiii. fylla, 306, 307, 317, 319 —321. gambrisius, 247—150, ganescha, 251. ganga, 183—185. garuda, 3, 192, 198, 201, 215, 216—2I19. gemmata, 130, 138, 139. glauconia, 232. GLOXINIA, 68, godartit, 204. gononata, 101, gopia, 204, 205, GR APTA, 229 —231, 236, 246. gupta, 185, 186, 189, haliartus, 18. halitherses, 16, 18, 20, 21, pl. xx. hallirothius, 17, 18. HAMADRVYAS; 79, 229. HAMANUMIDA, 3°7, 398 hamasta, 275, 276, 277. haquinus, 328, hara, 120. HARIDRA, 269, 271, 279, 281, harita, 82, 91, 92. harmodius, 282, 283. haronica, 231, 232, harpax, 279, 283, 286, 288, 8 289. hebe, 277, 278. HECAERGE, 300; 302. hedonia, 119. Heccyra, 4, 45, pl. xix, HELICONIIN 4s, 305. heliodora, 80, 81, 83. heliodore, 80, 81, 83- hemana, 279, 283. hemina, 45, pl. xix. Herona, 5, 60, pl. xviii. HESPERIIDA, 305, 300. hesperus, 218, 219. HESsTIA, 143, HEsTINA, 2, 4—6, 16,19, 48, 55, 70, 129, 142, 249, pl. XXil, 329 HETEROCHROA, 154. hewitsoni, 259, hiarbas, 12. hierax, 279, 286, 289, 290— 293. hierax, 292. hierta, 66, 67, 77—73. hierte, 7%. hindia, 279, 284, 285, 289, 291. HIPOLIMNAS, 121. hoppferi, 66, 77, hippocla, 240. hippoclus, 239, 240—242. hippomenes, 141. hipponax, 279, 289, 290—292. hipponax, 291. horatius, 254. hordonia, 76—78 —8r. horsfieldi, 12, 265. horsfreldii, 72, 13, 259, 265, pl. xviii. huegelii, 259—262. hiigeli, 261. hugeli, 261. higelit, 261. huntera, 226. huttoni, 259, 260, 262, 263. hydaspes, 161, 162, 163, pl. XXILV. hygi@a, 232. hylas, 166. HYVPANARTIA, 240. AYPANIS, 2, 13—15. HYPATUS, 300. hyperbius, 13. HYPOLIMNAS, 5, 49, 121, 246. 248, pl. xx. hyppocla, 240, 241. hypsea, 36. hypselis, 240, 247 —245. bypsina, 35, 36, hysudra, 240, 244, 264, {29, ida, 64, 71. tdamene, 65. idita, 166, 168. ilithyia, 74, 15, pl. xviii. imna, 279, 284, 285, 288, 291. INACHIS, 229. inachis, 3, 259 —261—263. inachis, 261. inachus, 261. inara, 171, 174, 179, 180. inara, 179. inaria, 120, 127. inarina, 171, 174, 179, 180, 181. incana, 161. incommoda, 125, indica, 226, 227, 229, pl. xviii, tudica, 10. indras, 225. integerrima, 236. intermedia, 63, 64. interstincta, 125, 126. involucrata, II, 330 iphita, 63-66, 71, pl. xix. iris, 49, 50. tsa, 18, 19—21. is@ead, 137, 138. iseeus, 11, ismene, 152, 153, pl. xix. tss@1, 137. ITANUS, (91, 218, iva, 193, 197, 198. Ixora, 31. jacintha, 123, 125. jadera, 174. jahnu, 201, 208, 209, 211, 212, 223. jahnu, 208, Jaina, 177, 219. jainadeva, 130, 135, 136. jJalinder, 279, 289—291. Jalysus, 277, 278. fama, 201, 214, 218, 219, 220. FASTA, 209, 275, 278. jasius, 270. Jrvana, 67. jerdoni, 130, 138, 140, 141. jina, 166, 169, Johannes, U1, 112. Jumba, 106. jumbah, 94, 105, 106. jumna, 183, 184, 185. JUNONIA, 5, 9, 63, 65, 124, pl. xx. Justicia, 68, kalaura, 93- kallaura, 93, 103. KAatLuiMA, i, 2, 3, 6, 257, 268, pl. xxiii. KALLIMA, 267. kamala, 130, 134, 135. kamarupa, 93. 95, 98, 99. kanwa, 166, 169, 177. kaschmirensis, 233, 234. kashmeriensis, 233, 235. kausambi, 323, 325. kershawii, 226. kesava, 201, 212, 213, 219, 220. khasiana, 93, 100, 239, 241. khasianus, 279, 291—293, khimalara, 279, 292, kinbergi, 126. knyvettii, i, 264, 267, kollina, 231. kresna, 170, 172, 173, 177. kuhasa, 81, 84, ladakensis, 231, 234, l-album, 236, 237. lampedo, 281. lanka, 109, I112—114, 116— 118, laodamia, 69. laodice, 132. laodora, 248. LAOGONA, 238. laomedia, 69. INDEX. larymna, 267, 172, 173, 177. lasinassa, 125. latonia, 137. lathonia, 130, 237, 138. laverna, 209, 210. Laxira, 306, 318, LeBabeEa, 5,151. 157, pl. xix. LEGUMINOS&, 96. lemonias, 66, 67, 70. LEMONIID&, 299. LEMONIIN AL, 299, 309. lepechini, 161—163, lepidea, 192, 200, 202, 203, 206, 207, 223, pl. xix, lepita, 301—303. LETHE, i, 49, 217. leuconata, 101. LEUCONEA, 142. leucothea, 166. leucothoé, 3, 106, 167. LEXT 45, 185, 189. LIB ENS, 299, 305; 300. LIBYTH EUS, 3009. LisyrHeEa, 299, 300, 306, pl. XXIV. LIB YTHEIDA, 299. lidderdalii, i. ligyes, 160, 161—163. lilacinus, 147, 148, 149. lileea, 240, 241. limborgt, 262. limborgii, 259, 260, 262, 263. LIMENITIS, 2, 3. 5, 15f, 152, 154, 155, 192, 201, pl. xxiv. lintnert, 232. lisarda, 144— 146. logani, 35, 37. longicaudata, 309, 310, 312, 313, pl. xxiv. Lonicera, 162. LORANTHUS, 221. lotis, 22. lubentina. 201, 220, lubentina, 221. lucina, 309. lucina, 240. ludekingit, 205. lunawara, 279, 282. LYCAINIDA:, 299, 301, 305, 306. lycodoxylon, 55. mackwoodi, 264—266, maclayi, 204. macnairi, 204, 205, 224, macnairit, 203. magadha, 93, 100, mahadeva, 219. mahendra, 94, 104. mahesa, 170, 171, 172. mahratta, 32—34, 35, pl. xxii. maia, 133, 134. maja, 133- malaya, JJ], 112, mamaja, 94, 95, mananda, 93, 101, manasa, 82, 85—87, 88. MANGIFERA, 217. marathus, 61, 62. marmax, 279, 281—283, 287, 288. martabana, 94, 106. martha, 152, 153, matula, 94,95. meetana, 93, 95, 97, 98. MELANITIS, 6. melanosticla, 237. melanoxylon, 186. MELITAA, 2, 4, 15, 23, 29, 129, 139, 309, pl. xviii. mena, 56, 57, 59. meridionalis, 17, 18, merione, 8—10, pl. xviii. merope, 139. MESSARAS, 21. MErTaporia, 60. methypsea, 35—37. miah, 81, 85, 86. midamus, 19, 126. mimetica, 56. MINETRA, 146, 147. mineus, 300. minorata, 10. mirus, 183—185, pl. xxiv. mistppe, 126. misippus, 122, 126, 128, 248, pl. xx. mithila, 109, 714, 115, 118. MODECCA, 35, 150. Mo DUvZA, 155, 157. 163. monina, 205. moori, 277, 278. morgiana, 48, pl. xx. MORPHIN, 2, 3, 222. MussSENDA, 164. MYCALESIS, 306, 318. myrina, 138. myrrha, 301, 302, 303. nais, 185, 786, 187." WAJAS , 155, 166. nama, 36, pl. xxii. namouna, 47, 49, 50—52, pl. XX, nandina, 94, 1o2—104. nara, 193, 197, 198. narayana, 82, 85, 87. nata, 92, 93, 100, 101. NAUCLEA, 164. nefte, 174, 180, 181. neilgherriensis, 229. NEMEOBIINE, 299, 301, 305, NEMEOBIUS, 309. neophron, 307, 317, 319— 321, 322. nepenthes, 274. Neptis, 2—6, 48, 56, 75, 129, 154, 165, 1660, 175, 181, 196, 239, 249, 306, pl. xxiii, nerina, 125. nesimachus, 141, pl. xix. NeuROSIGMA, 5, 150, pl. xix. nicea, 3, 120, pl. xix. nicevillei, 224, nicobatica, 93, 94, 95, 112, 113. nicobarica, 37. nietneri, 32—35. nikobarica, 32, 33, 37. nikobarica, 22, 23. nikobariensis, 67. ninus, 141, 185. niphanda, 240, 243, 244. niphe, 129—131, 132. nivalis, 252, 253. Nivea, 250, 252, 253. nivifera, 174, 180, 181, 182. nolana, 84. nourmahal, i. nyctelius, 18, 19—21. nycttlius, 19. NYMPHALIDA, 143, 299, 306. NYMPHALIDZA, t, 2. NVMPHALINA, 1. NYMPHALINA, 1, 2, 3, 6—9, 15, 45, 48, 76, 142, 295, 299, 301, 305, 306. NYMPHALIS, 155, 269. nymphidia, i, 315, 316, pl. XXIV. NYMPHIDIUM, 315. 108, ocyale, 74, 75. GENEIS, 139. enone, 71, 72, 73, pl. xx @nones, 72, 73- officinalis, 129, 237. oleracea, 128. olivacea, 108—110, 113, 114, pl. xxiv. omeroda, 91. opalina, 166, 167, 170, 172, 173, 176, 177. ophiana, 94, 105, 106. ORINOMA, 142. orissa, 713, orithya, 73, 75- orithyia, 66, 67, 72,73—75,124, oritya, 73: orontium, 74. orphna, 318. orphna, 319. orphne, 223. OsBecKIA, 68, osteria, 55. ouida, 309—371, 312. paduka, 152. pales, 139, 140. pammon, 121. PANDITA, 5, 153. pandora, 130, 133, 134, 136. PANTOPORIA, 75. paomedia, 69. PAPHIA, 255, 259, 261, 265, 269, 280. paphia, 134. INDEX. PAPILIO, 57, 121. PAPILION ACE&, 129. PAP: L.ONID&, 303. PAPILIONINA, 142, 143, 305. paraka, 77, 80. parakekta, 261. paralekta, 259, 262, 263. paralekta, 259. PARANTICA, 60. pardalis, 225. PARIENTARIA, 237. parisatis, 54. PARNASSII, 25. PARNASSIUS, 139, 142, 143. parta, 201, 214, PARTHENOS, 5, 146, pl. xxi. parvata, 49, 50, 53, parvata, 209. parysatis, 49, 50, 54, 55, pl. x x. patala, 193. 196—199. pavonica, 277. paulinus, 255. pelarga, 248. pelea, 224. PeNTHEMA, Frontispiece, 2, 5, 144. penthesilea, 36 peraka, 250, 257, peraka, 80. periander, 250, 255, perius, 165, 166, 172, 177, pl. XX. persea, 27. persimilis, 56—538—60, pfeifferze, 22. Pheacia, 52. PHEDYMA, 75+ PHALANTA, 238, 30. phalanta, 29, 30, 31, pl. xx. phemius, 201, 202, 208, 217, 218—220. philarchus, 264, 265, PHILONOMA, 75: phlegyas, 308. PHYLLANTHUS, 167, PIERIN A, 18, 60, 142, 300, 301, pierius, 166. PISTACHIA, 236. placida, 22, 23. plagiosa, 77, 79. pleistoanax, 279, 291, 292, 293. polibete, 268, 269, pl. xxiii, polinice, 14. polychloros, 235. polychloros, 236, POLYGONIA, 229, 231. PoLYGONUM, 129. polynice, 246, 247. polyxena, 287, 289, 290, 292. polyxena, 166. pompadour, 232. PorTuLaca, 128 POTAMIS, 48, 49, 33 pratipa, 268, 269. pratipa, 268. pravara, 166, 170, 172, 177. PRECIS, 5, 63, 66, 71, 119, 245, pl. xix. prionites, 70, 72. procris, 152, 156, 157, 163, 164. proserpina, 125, ProTHoE, Frontispiece, 6; 222, 293. prunosa, 320, 323, 325. psaphon, 279, 282, 284—2§8, 290 go. PSEUDERGOLIS, 5, 119, pl, XXI1LL. pulasara, 210, 222, 224, 225. pumilus, 139. puseda, 204, 205, 223. PYRAMEIS, 2, 6, 225, pl. xviii. pyrrhus, 275. quadrifida, 128, QUERCUS, 161, radha, 81, 84—86, 88, gr. NDA, 48, 75, 76,77, 83, 4= rahria, 250, 251, 256, 257. raja, 202, rama, 301, 302, ramada, 209. ramsayi, 259; 260, 262, 263. ranga, 170, 172, ravana, Ul. recta, 185, 186. 788, tegalis, 295, 296, relata, 109, 116. reta, 181. thadamanthus, 19. RHINOPALPA, 6, 245, pl, xxiii. risa, 250, 251, 256, 257. rizana, 231, 234, robertsi, 24, 25, 27, 28, robertsi, 224, robertsia, 38, 39, robertsii, 224, robertsit, 27. ROHANA, 48, 49, 50, 53. rohini, 301, 303, pl, xxiy. ROMALZ0SOMA, I50, rotundata, 109, 174, 115. tudra, 129, 130, 132, xviii. tufula, 171, 787, pl. sabina, 245—248. sahadeya, 193, 198, 199, sakontala, 132. salia, 210, 216, 219, SALIX, 30, 233. saloma, 41—43, 44, samatha, 275, 276, 277. sananda, 209, 211, sancara, 218, 219, sankara, 171, 178, satellita, 773, 332 satropaces, 192, 204, 206, 219. sattanga, 81, 83, 84. SATYRINA, 2, 3, 6, 7—9, 142, 270, 305. savitri, 320, 322. schreiber, 274. schreiberi, 271, 274. schretbers, 274. sedeva, 207, 208—211, selene, I4I. selenophora, 166, 176—178. semi-carpifolia, 16t. SEPHISA, 4, 45, pl. xx. serendiba, 284, 285, sericeus, 255. sibylla, 156, 160. silana, 240, 243, 244. simplex, 14, 15. sindura, 25, 26. sinha, 29, pl. xx. sinope, 153, 154. sinuata, 77, 79. sipora, 130, 139, 140. siva, 150,751, pl. xix, SMILAX, 232. solon, 280. soma, 93, 101, 202—104, 193, 194, 195, pl. xxiii, somadeva, 201, 214. sordida, 49, 50, 52. SOSPITA, 319—}322- stephensii, 12. STIBOCHIONA, 3, 5, 120, 306, pl. xix. STIBOGES, i, 306, 307, 319, pl. xxiv. STICHOPHTHALMA, i. stoliczkana, 204, strophia, 174. subrata, 171, 781. suffusa, 320, 323—325. sulpitia, 167, 169, 171, 172, 174, 177. supercilia, 224. surya, 108, 772—114. susa, 322, susruta, 93, 103, swinhoei, 93, 95, 97, 98, 109, 115, 116, 118, 119. 200, 203, 171, 175, INDEX. swinhoet, 73, 74. sylla, 149. symbiblis, 34, 35. SYMBRENTHIA, 6, 227, 238, pl. xxiii. SYMPH-EDRA, 3, 5, 141, 154, 185, 192, pl. xxi, tabula, 250, 253. TANAECIA, 2, 6, 210, 222, 224, 295, pl. xix. tanita, 318, 319. taooana, 193, 197. tapestrina, 8, 9. taprobana, 8, J—IT. tatarica, 162. TAXILA, 306, 307, 316—319. taxiles, 38. telchinia, 200, 202, 206—208, 219. telesia, 319. TEMENIS, 65, 69. tephnia, 13. TERINOS, 2, 4, 37, pl. xxiii. TERINOS, 29. teuta, 154, 185—187— 189. teuthras, 39. teutiodes, 188. teutoides, 154, 185, 186, 188. thais, 109, 115 —117, 118. thais, 117. thiusto, 317. thore, 43. thuisto, 377. Tuyca, 18. thyelia, 186, 187. thyodamas, 250, 251, 254. thyonneus, 254. tiga, 81, 82, 83. TIRUMALA, 56. TRAGIA, II, 15. tragia, 65. triangulum, 237. trigerta, 223, trivena, 156, 160, 161 —163. TROPHIS, 217. tytia, 57, 144. uniformis, 296, URTICA, 229. urticze. 233—235. urvasi, 178, ERRATA, vacillans, 206. v-album, 236. valdensis, 137. VANESSA, 2, 3. 6, 226, 227, 229, 231, 246, pl. xviii. VANESSA, 225. varmona, 91, 93—95—g9, ror, 104. varuna, 224. varund, 224, vasanta, 201, 216, 217, 218. vasuki, 246, 247. vau-album, 231, 236. vau-album, 237. veda, 120. vikasi, 82, 90, 92, 92. vikrama, 224, 225. viola, 39. viola, 39. violaria, 224, viraja, 81, 84, 86. virens, 147, 149. vitatha, 130, 236, vitellia, 126, vulcania, 229. wallaceana, 125, 126. wallacei, 75. wardi, 264, 266, pl. xxiii. watti, 279, 286, 287, 288. wedah, 119, 220, pl. xxiii. xanthomelas, 231, 235, 236, pl. xviii. xiphiones, 200, 208, 209. Yona, 245, 246. zaida, 82, 86—88. zanoa, 50, 52, zayla, 156, 158, 259. zella, 50 —58—6o. zella, 59 ZEMEROS, 306, 307, 309, 316, pl. xxiv. zeroca, 169, 171, 277, 181. ZeTHERA, 142. Z#UXIDIA, 2, zulema, 156, 159, 163. Page 19, twenty-one lines from the top, for ‘ nyctilius” read ‘* nyctelius,”” Page 40, twenty-one lines from the top, for “‘ c/arina” read *‘ clarissa .” Page 93, six lines from the bottom, for ‘‘KALAURA” read ** KALLAURA.” Page 143, sixteen lines from the top, omit “ Parnassius davidis, Oberthiir, Etudes d’Ent.t vol. iv, p. 108, n. 17 (1879). Also eight lines from the bottom, omit para. commencing ‘‘I, was these differences” and concluding with ‘‘ variable species of the ge ius.” Page 177, eleven and ten lines from the bottom, for ‘‘ jaia A ’ read ** jina.” Page 188, five lines from the top, for “ teutiodes ” read “ teutoides.” Page 197, twenty lines from the top, for ‘* &. uthzlia” read ‘* Zuthalia.” Page 253, eighteen lines from the top, for “‘ Gyrestisa” read “ Cyrestis.” Nore. —Volume II, containing the title page, list of illustrations of Vol. II, preface, and pp. 1—332, with Frontispiece to Vol. II and plates XVIII—X XLV, was published October, 1886. END OF VOL. Il Printed by the Calcutta Central Press Co., Ld., 5, Council House Street. VANESSA XANTHOS pir, Boisdural BORYTELA HORSPIEL ERGOLIS MERIONE, Meeirza BAtarra, Moore. Moore \RGYNNIS BARALACHA i \ er : wee BHUTHALIS ATELLA SINHA, Kollar. Fig. 87. ATELLA PHALANTA, Drur ATEYMA PERIUS, Linnseus. Fig. 96. SYMPHZDRA cCYANIPARDUA, Butler Fig. 97. CznTHIA ERoTA, Fabricius, XIII. PLATE X TERIMNOS cLARIssA, I Fig. 101 RHINOPALPA FULYVA, Felder Fig. 102. Fig. 103 NeprTis soma, Moor Kattmia warn, Moore tnt, Marshall TYMPHIDIA, Butler. Srrpoces LisxyTHEA ROH Dopona LONGICADDATA Ts ny a AD ere SS KA Zs (> . aN CIEE Ce, wit i