e ereiay tater Peleeeintare Cierweni peewee eteitietaen tee 7) = wiment ah Pubetetnia ster ‘* Pei erat eeainiet et eee eo ad a=ace8 tweet wen “= eee rere te. lt | err tr eee fine eter *leleis Gv awtet whet o~ ee a edad iP aeleras tate reatein : eetetote seetwies aeeist@etetase etremiaetaee . ere eewretetete dPingete eer ie Bateewe eae ew te nweee t 3 ana : re a —— oy: ‘44, pay. ee) Bs Tae ose aka ors trees re be ‘cums at TO BE comtasne QUARTERLY. Communications and orders for the work to be sent under cover to the Editor In London, Communications and Orders will be received by OsTELL and Co *‘ Oriental Library,’ 83, Leadenhall Street. The Journal will be transmitted by dak, peering postage, or delivered to agents ap- pointed to receive it in-Calcutta. Price to subscribers 16 Rs. per annum. | oe ae Bishop's College Press. 4, of ; THE, Calcutta Journal OF NATURAL HISTORY. Contributions towards a Flora of Ceylon. By Grorcr Garp- NER, F.L.S., Corresponding Member of the Royal Botanical Society of Ratisbon, and Superintendent of the Royal Bo- tanical Gardens, Ceylon. ORD. NAT. STERCULIACE&. DurRio cEyLANicus, Gardn. D. foliis exacte oblongis basi rotundatis apice longe acumi- natis, umbellis sessilibus nodosis multifloris, floribus cylin- . dricis apetalis, tubo stamineo elongato, capitulis echinatis, spinis elongatis validis. Durio zibethinus, Moon Cat. Ceyl. Pl. p. 356. (non Linneus.) Has.—Wooded hills near Galle, in the Southern Province, but little above the sea level, and very common in forests in the Central Province at an elevation of about 3,000 feet. Flowers in May. Derscr.—A free from 60 to 120 feet high. The old branches and stems covered with ash-coloured bark, the branchlets with small imbricated, peltate, lobed, brownish coloured scales. Leaves alter- nate, petiolate, oblong, rounded at the base, much acuminated at the Vou. vit. No. 29. Apriz, 1847. B 2 Contributions towards a Flora of Ceylon. apex, glabrous, green, and shining above, covered beneath with brown scales, similar to those on the young branches, pennivenous, the ves very slender and included, the midrib prominent beneath, 6-7 inches long, 21-27 lines broad, in texture between membraneous and coriaceous: petiole about 10 lines long, round, curved, and thickened from below the middle upwards. Flowers somewhat um- belliferous, numerous, arising from large irregularly lobed woody protuberances on the larger branches, pedicellate. Pedicels cylin- . drical, thickened upwards, marked about the middle with the scars of two deciduous bracts, covered with scales similar to those on the leaves and branches, 9 lines long. Involucrum cylindrical, 2-4-lobed at the apex, deciduous, covered with brown scales, about 8 lines long. Calyx cylindrical, somewhat conical, 14 inches long, 4} lines broad, irregularly 5-dentate at the apex, fleshy, covered externally with brown scales, similar to those of the pedicels and involucrum, and the lower two-thirds internally with scales which are also peltate, but thinner, less lobed, more ciliated, and of a paler colour, the upper third quite glabrous. Corolla none. Staminal tube cylindri- cal, 18-20 lines long, whitish, glabrous, dividing into five portions at the apex, which are linear, flattened, much acuminated, puberu- lous externally, and each bearing about five shortly pedicellate anthers : anthers globose, fixed by the base, entirely surrounded by naked pollen grains. Pollen globose, pedicellate! echmate. Ovary superior, sessile, cylindrical, covered externally with roundish, peltate, whitish scales, 5-celled. Ovules about two in each cell, superposed, attached to the inner angle, ascending, anatropous. Style filiform, densely covered with whitish coloured peltate, deeply ciliated scales : Stigma globose, yellowish. Capsule globose, about 5 inches in dia- meter, of a fibrous woody texture, densely covered with long, rigid spines, rising from a broad conical base, 5-celled, 5-valved, with a loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds about two in each cell, ascending, irre- gularly triangular, 15-18 lines long, nearly entirely surrounded by a deeply laciniated, white, fleshy arillus. Testa hard, shining, and of a chestnut colour, the line of the raphe running along one side of the external angle. Embryo exalbuminous: cotyledons fleshy, firmly adhering to each other: radical next the hilum, retracted, inversely conical, obtuse, greenish. Contributions towards a Flora of Ceylon. 3 Oss. I.—I much regret, that I have neither specimens nor a good recent figure of Durio zibethinus, with which to compare the present plant, though I have no doubt of its being a congener, notwithstanding its apetalous flowers. With the assistance of the figure which Rumphius has given of the former species, I have, however, been enabled to draw up a specific character by which to distinguish the Ceylon one from it. It is not a little singular that, though they are so nearly related to each other, the fruit of the Ceylon spe- cies has neither the fcetid smell nor the edible property of the Malacca one. The tree is called Katu-Méda by the Singhalese, but is not so far, as I can learn, applied by them to any useful purpose. Monkeys are very fond of the nuts. Oss. II.—There are one or two points connected with the structure of the anthers in this tree that are worthy of being more fully alluded to. While examining these organs, I was surprised to find them quite destitute of cells, the pollen grains being naked, and entirely surrounding a globose fleshy receptacle. I was then led to enquire how far this might be owing to the age of the organ, but the same structure was found in the bud as in the expanded flower. Although this globular anther is densely covered with pollen, yet it only forms a single series, and each grain is echinate and dis- tinctly pedicellate, the whole forming a beautiful microscopic object. I have never before met with so remarkable a departure from the normal structure of the anther, nor am I aware, that any such is recorded among the many peculiari- ties of this organ enumerated by Mr. Brown, in his valuable paper on Rafflelsia, in the 13th volume of ‘The Linnean Transactions,’ nothing of the kind is alluded to; nor is it mentioned in the ‘ Lecons de Botanique’ of St. Hilaire, which is the latest work I possess on vegetable morphology. In a morphological point of view, the peculiarity is a most interesting one, as a greater remove from the original type of an exogenous anther cannot well be conceived. 4 Contributions towards a Flora of Ceylon. ORD. NAT. CLUSIACEAE. MeEsua NAGAHA, Gardn. M. foliis lanceolatis basi obtusis vel acutiusculis apice acuminatis, acumine obtusis, coriaceis supra viridi-nitentibus subtus glaucis, floribus axillaribus terminalibusque solitariis vel geminis, pedicellis petiolo plus duplo brevioribus, petalis obcordatis sessilibus margine undulatis, capsulis globosis de- pressis. | Mesua ferrea, Moon Cat. Ceyl. Pl. p.51. Wight Icones Plant. t. 118. (non Linneus.) -Has.—On the west side of Ceylon, from the sea level to an elevation of about 2,000 feet. Flowers in May. Descr.—A tree 20 to 60 feet high. Leaves 4-7 inches long, 16-24 lines broad, when young of a blood-red colour: petiole 5-7 lines long, subterete. Pedicels 2-3 lines long. Flowers white, 33 inches m diameter. Sepals 4, in two series, roundish, concave, slightly puberulous, ciliated, those of the external series much smaller, and connate at the base. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, monodelphous at the base: filaments filiform, yellow: anthers oblong, orange coloured. Ovary conical, depressed, glabrous, white, imperfectly 2-celled, with two erect, compressed ovules in each cell. Style filiform : séigma peltate, concave: capsule globose, depressed about an inch in diameter, nearly 1-celled from the almost entire absorp- tion of the dissepiment, 2-valved, with a septicidal dehiscence, 2-4- seeded. Seeds large, erect, concave, or flattened on their inner surface, convex on the outer: testa coriaceous, of a chestnut colour. Embryo exalbuminous, orthotropous: cotyledons very fleshy, of a yellowish colour, distinct, but adhering rather firmly together : radical small, inferior, directed towards the hilum. Oxss.—This, the Na-gaha of the Singhalese, and the Iron- wood of the English, has been confounded by Moon and Wight with the Mesua ferrea of Linneus, a very different species, as I have been able to determine from excellent aan es Contributions towards a Flora of Ceylon. 5 specimens of the latter from Malacca, which I owe to the kindness of the late Mr. Griffith, and which perfectly accord with the figure of Rumph. (Amd. 7, ¢.2.) In that species the Jeaves are comparatively very small, and the fruit ovate, and much acuminated. Dr. Wight in a more recent publication (Spicil. Neilgh. 1. p. 27) states, that he now believes the Ceylon tree to be identical with the Mesua speciosa of Choisy, a native of the Neilgherries, where I had the pleasure of collecting specimens along with Dr. Wight in February 1845. oT alel2-ls ge SlalelsiglS slel|sleelel | es o(Sielelsi/s S1s|slesis] $ | 88 AlZinain|i~a RA Aisla CO] w& fam) 3 Benefitted, | 41 of 2fa2| 2 1 of 11 0} 0 | 2 33| 22.30 & | Chiefremedy, Benefitted, ... | 21 1] Ol1a| 3] 0} 2] 11 0 21] 15.10 ‘3 oe! te re-Inot cured, .. | | 01 1/10] 11 0] of of of 0 | 2] 15) 40.79 o y Died, va -| Ol O} OF 0} 2) 61 OO} Ol. OO). 21 1.42 3 Benefitted, ... ...| 0| 2| 3] 0 0} of 2] 1] 2] 6 | 4) 17] 12.23 3 } Chiefremedy, + Not cured, ... | O} O} OF} OF O; O} O} O} OF 1) 0 1} 0.72 Ey Died, ws Sree OL Od) OF OO} OF OF OT O])! Oy) 70} cvO)) x ° Benefitted, ... a OL Zi ol 2 Ol Gr ay 2 OF OT oO 9| 6.47 Bilis cone re {Net cured, .. . «.| 0| 0} 0| o| 1| of 0] oO] o| o | 2) ~3| 206 to y Died, we sews | OF OF O] Of OF OF O| Of O| 2] 0 72 1.44 Benefitted, ... ..| 3] 5) 8/35) 5] 1] 5) 4) 2) 61) 4 8] 56.11 pera the ee cured, ... 1} of 1112] 2| of of of of 1] 4 21} 15.10 Died, Ley ee sO O10 C1. 21. O10} OG Bh On 4hn 2.87 Cases not using the Benefitted, Se wee | Ot OL 2] 6] 21 OF 2) 1) OF 1] 1] 38] 12.97 mineral-waters Not cured, 3] Oo] OF} 21 1) 1) OF 1) OF 1741 10 7.19 , Died, 0} 0] Of 2} 3) 1) 0] 4, Of] 2] Of 8} 5.75 Total, ... an 130! 5{11/57'151 3) 71 7) 2) 12 110) 139 Abstract from Tables Nos. I. and Il., shewing the Ratio per cent. to the cases treated. 1843. 1844, Total. 6 we) re) i 3 a a S i 5 8 z 3 2 os ro) f os i a os a ag A a nD a A eee ak ee ee ae a Rs oer sa) rn ore Ze Ilastrations of Prionodon and of Meriva On a New Genus of Insessorial Birds. 45 fifteen: and a half; of tail only, fourteen; of ears, from the crown of head, two; of head to occiput, four. Hasitrat.—The woods of Sikim. Remark.—This is the third species of small true wild cat, discovered in the eastern Sub-Himalayas, the other two being murmensis and pardochrous (olim nipalensis). 'The great cats of these mountains are, Tigris, Leopardus, and Macroce- loides (olim Macrocelis.*) In the Tarai of plains below the mountains are found only, of the above, the tiger and leopard; also a small cat which never enters the hills, viz. viverriceps vel viverrinus. One species of lynx is common to hills and plains, viz. the chaus. Darjeeling : December, 1846. 1B. He On a New Genus of Insessorial Birds. By B.H. Hoveson, Esq. Insessores, Dentirostres, Merulile, Myotherine. Genus New.—Merva mihi. Generic Character.—Bill elongate, slender, cylindric, more or less arched, hard, entire: both mandibles towards the tips solid, and the tips equal, blunt and entire: base and gape smooth. Tongue, elongate, cartilaginous, simple, tip jagged. Nares elliptic, basal, lateral, free, placed in a short groove, membraned towards the head. * The species enumerated in the Catalogue of Nepal Mammals as Ne- palensis and Macrocelis, however allied to those species, yet seem distinct, and hence the new names. Macroceloides is found also in Tibet, as well as Felis uncia, and Felis nigripectus, which last is possibly the Manul, of Pallas 46 On a New Genus of Insessorial Birds. Plumage lax and soft. Wings short, bowed, round. Tail short, feeble, imperfect even. Tarse elevate, strong, and smooth. Toes and nails suited to walking and clinging, with large thumb and nails. | Type.—Merva Jerdonii mihi. Habitat—The Sub-Hima- layas. Specific Character.—Merva: above olive-brown, streaked down the shafts with fulvous. Below fulvous, shaded lateral- ly with olive. Vent rusty. Bill and legs smoky-grey. _Ivis brown. Length 5% inches, of bill to gape 14, to brow a Tail 1-. Wing 23. ‘Tarse to sole 1. Central toe and nail = Hind toe and nail =- Weight 2 oz. Whatever Swainson’s errors as a systematist, his arrange- ment of the Insessores and particularly of the Dentirostres, is, I think, on the whole, superior to any other, and therefore I have followed it, as above, though I apprehend there is a deal to be done in the determination of the entire organiza- tion and habits of birds before their classification can be at all satisfactorily accomplished. The singular type, with which I now present the reader, in its general structure is closely related to those remarkable birds first discovered by myself and named Tesia, and subsequently Micrurus by Gould, and of which I now possess seven species divided into two genera.* These minute tailless thrushes, are characterised by strong walking legs and feet, of which the thumb however is large and the nails acute; by short, bowed, feeble wings; a still shorter and imperfect tail, and a moderate meruline or sylvian bill ; and they dwell silently and solitarily in moist woods and copses, near to rills, feeding solely on the ground on small * See Proceed. Zool. Society for last year. On a New Genus of Insessorial Birds. 47 scaly insects, and even breeding on, or close to the earth. Now, such in organization and manners is the bird before us, except that it has a bill of a totally different character, approximating it to the Pomatorhini and Upupe. It is therefore a remarkable type, and I hesitate as to its fitting position in any system of classification known to me. But, without further remark upon the question of classification, I will now proceed to a full description of the form and colours of the only species I yet possess, which was shot at an elevation of about 6,000 feet in Sikim. The bill is a third longer than the head, slender, and some- what arched, but with the margins entire and the tips blunt, strong and suited to digging, with none of the delicacy of structure that is proper to the bills of suctorial birds. It is cylindric and compressed, but not so much so as in the Pomatorhini, nor is the base so suddenly expanded as in them. The frontal feathers are quite soft; the moderate gape free from bristles entirely, and the elliptic nostrils com- pletely ‘exposed. The tongue, like the bill, is long and narrow, but flat, simple and not projectile, cartilaginous, with bifid or jagged tip. The plumage is very soft and lax, and is elongated over the rump, but not so as to hide the tail, short as it is. The wings do not exceed the base of the tail, and are galline in form, but feeble as well as bowed, round and short : four plumes are distinctly gradated; but the rest very gra- dually run into one another, and then fall off towards the short tertials. The tail-feathers are nearly of equal length, and but eight in number, narrow and feeble like the wing-quills. The smooth strong tarse exceeds the central toe and nail in length. The toes are compressed; the laterals nearly equal ; the central elongate ; and the hind large, equal to the laterals without the nails, much exceeding them with those appendages, but not depressed or wide. The nails, especially in the hind digits, are large and acute, but not much curved. The sternum is flat, short, truncated or square posteally, and 48 = On a New Genus of Insessorial Birds. exhibits there, one deep notch on either side. The furcula is long and feeble, and is joined to the low keel of the sternum merely by cartilage. The intestines are six and a half inches long with grain-like ceca placed about one inch from the anal end. The stomach is muscular and red: its outer coat of trivial unequal thickness : its inner, tough and striated : food, hard scaly insects of the ground, with ants. Of the sexual diversities of colour I am unaware. My specimen is, above, olive-brown (or black on the outer vanes) streaked down the shafts with buff, and below, fulvous, more or less emarginated laterally with the olive of the upper surface, thus resembling, even in its colours, the birds I have suggested its affinity to. The alars and caudals are dusky internally, and the lower tail- coverts very ruddy, almost rusty-red. Bill and feet, dusky- grey, or brownish horn colour: iris dark brown. Of the manners I have already spoken ; and as they, as well as the structure, are so much assimilated to the little tailless thrushes (Tesia vel Micrurus) I cannot doubt that our proposed new genus should be located near to them, whatever may be ad- judged their place. Darjeeling : December, 1846. B. H. H. Topography and Medical History of the Settlement of Malacca, for the year 1845. By Residency Assistant Surgeon J. A. Rarron. Malacca, ceded to the British Government by the Dutch in exchange for Bencoolen in the year 1825, is the central British settlement in the Straits. It is situated on the western coast of the Malayan Peninsula, and with the opposite coast of Sumatra, assists in part to form the Straits to which it gives its name. It is situated, as it were, half-way between the Island settlements of Penang and Singapore, being 260 miles below the former, which constitutes the north-west extreme to the Straits, and 120 miles above Singapore, which forms its eastern terminus, or south-east extreme. Medical Topography of Malacca. 49 The Settlement embraces an area of 1,000 square miles, comprised in a line of coast of mean length forty miles, by a mean breadth of twenty-five miles. It is bounded to the north-west by the Malay state of Salangore, _ from which it is separated by the river Lingie or Linggy, about e twenty-five miles from the town; and to the south-east by the state of Johor, from which it is likewise separated by a stream, the Muar river. Interiorly it is bounded to the east by the Malay states of Rumbome and Johole, and to the west by the Straits Proper. The town of Malacca founded a. pv. 1252; Heg. 650, by Sri Iskander Shah, or Rajah Secunder Shah, is situated about the centre of this line of coast, in Long. 102° 12' E. and Lat. 2° 14’ N. upon the mouth of a small river, which it names. As approached from seaward, it presents a very striking and inter- esting, nay picturesque, appearance. ‘To this the luxuriance of its surrounding vegetation, by giving it the appearance of being as it were imbedded in the neighbouring topes of cocoa and areca nut, together with the prominent feature of St. Paul’s ruin-crowned hill with its beautiful verdure, greatly contributes, and gives to the eye of the stranger as a whole, a view of retirement and health; to both of which its claims are justly acknowledged throughout the Straits. The once noble church which crowns the summit, of St. Paul’s is now a powder magazine. Malacca, comprises the fort so termed ; the town proper ; and the suburbs of Tranqueirah, Bander Eller, and Baumgarayah or Boonga Rya; and includes a mixed population of about 15,000 inhabitants. These may be conveniently classed as follows : about 200 Europeans and Dutch ; 3,000 Indo-Portuguese ; 3,000 Klings and Chuliahs or natives of India, viz., from the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts, as well as a few Bengallees; 3,000 Malays; and 6,000 Chinese. The cantonment or fort as it still continues to be called « pro forma,” though its once massive fortifications have long since been demolish- ed (and of which the only standing relic is now a picturesque-looking gateway), is separated from the town by a mean-looking, though serviceable, wooden bridge, once likewise a drawbridge. It extends from and along the eastern or left bank of the river, running in the H 50 Medical Topography of Malacca. . form of a circle around the base of St. Paul’s hill, and comprises the house of the officer commanding, and of the other officers belong- ing to the detachment, with private houses situated on its southern aspect or sea-face ; the Convict and Garrison Hospitals to the east and opening upon the parade ground; to the north the Convicts’ Lines, Government Stores, Land Office, and House of Correction ; and to the west H. M. Gaol, Government Store, Police Office, and Stadt House; the last facing the west, but having also an aspect to the south or seaward. The mouth of the river which, together with its approaches, is defended by two 4-gun batteries, is about fifty-six feet wide. The draught at high water being eleven feet; at ebb four feet six inches ; and at spring-tides thirteen and a half feet. It is en- tered by a narrow channel extending over an extensive mud-flat, is very inconvenient at times even for small boats: admits with the flood native craft of light burden, but does not permit the approach of square-rigged. vessels, which anchor in safety at about two miles distance. Extending in continuation along the south-east coast to the extent of half a mile, is the populous but very poor suburb of Bander Eller, inhabited chiefly by the Indo-Portuguese, for the most part fishermen, an extremely poor, ignorant, and immoral set, nomi- nally Catholics. | The town of Malacca itself, is situated on the right bank of the river. Though unpretending, it is built with a certain degree of regularity, and consists principally of two parallel streets, intersected at right angles by minor ones. Of these two streets, the one called ‘‘ Hein Street,” forms the high or principal street of the town ; it is clean, inhabited by the better orders of the Dutch part of the popu- lation, (who for the most part reside in the town) and likewise by the better order of Chinese ; the Chinese artizans engrossing the bazars. The houses of the Dutch are old, massive, and substantial in their structure. Those of the better class of Chinese neat, clean, and quaint in their devices and appearance. The continuation of this street runs into the extensive and very populous suburb of Tranqueirah, inhabited by some Chinese, but chiefly by Indo-Portuguese. It is sufficiently wide, and considering Medical Topography of Malacca. 5] its inhabitants, a surprisingly clean street. Outskirting the town is the Malay population ; their houses being raised on piles, and each surrounded by a small piece of garden, or small sugar or paddy plantation, poultry, &c. The Chinese are the principal mechanics and tradesmen of the place, and mostly industrious ; excepting the very lower orders, who are a vagabondish, opium-smoking, arrack-drinking, gambling set, and who, together with those of them who profess beggary as a calling, usually form the admissions into the Pauper Hospital. . The Klings, Chuliahs or Malabars, and natives of the Coromandel Coast, are the cow-keepers and dairy-men of the place; the Malays the boatmen, coolies, and cultivators. The aspect of the country for some miles round, is pleasing, un- dulating, and agricultural ; presenting tracts of flourishing paddy fields. These, during the rainy season, are of course flats of water, and during the dry season so much barren-looking dried soil. A prominent feature in the aspect of the country immediately surrounding Malacca, and one connected with its economy, is the Chinese burying-ground, consisting of five hills; and which, with their white horse-shoe form, singular looking tombs, present a rather picturesque appearance. The two principal hills are contiguous to each other, and around their base runs in a circular direction of four miles in extent, a very good carriage road, the usual drive of the inhabitants. Two good wells of excellent drinking water are like- wise situated at their base, a quarter of a mile from the town bridge : and from which the inhabitants are amply supplied. Malacca may be said to be extremely well supplied with water : for besides these two public wells, other large public wells are situated in prominent and convenient places ; such as one facing the Pauper Hospital, and another to the south of St. Paul’s hill, immedi- ately to the east of the battery. To the north-west, two miles from the town, another hill termed ** Pringit,”’ the residence of the Resident Councillor, is very salubri- ous and healthfully situated, leading to which is a good road, and the country on either side under excellent cultivation, either as Chinese gardens, sugar plantations, or paddy fields ; the soil in these situa- tions being sand, clay, and vegetable mould. The rising grounds, 52 Medical Topography of Malacca. hills more land, and around the base of which these paddy flats spread out, consist chiefly of laterite super-imposed on granite. Thus the town of Malacca, may, speaking generally, be said to be sur- rounded on its three land-sides by much flat or swampy land. Its fourth side or coast, likewise, twice in the twenty-four hours, or at the ebb of each tide, presents an extensive mud flat, stretching out a distance varying from half to one and a half mile; the bank itself extending from one and a half to two and a half miles; yet the town is allowed to be very healthy. Fevers contracted in the town are rare, though intermittents and even fevers of a malignant type are contracted in the interior, either by the natives, or occasionally by some of the inhabitants themselves, visiting those parts; or, as these mostly come under the notice of the medical officer, by the convicts when employed on road- work in the interior. Even the worst forms of congestive fever are said to be contracted in the interior, but no case of any such fever has been brought to hospital, though many cases of intermit- tent and slight remittent fevers, contracted when at work at Jyer, Panus, Rheim, to the east; or at Roombiyah ; or at the out-post of - Alor Gajah, to the north-west have been admitted. The base of Mount Ophir would, under peculiar circumstances of temperature and season, seem likewise pregnant with malaria or morbific influence, of a very deadly nature; as exhibited in the account of Dr. Oxley’s trip to Mount Ophir in January 1839, when this officer, and five of his native attendants, were taken ill of fever accompanied with violent delirium. He was the first attacked, but recovered by active treatment. The natives, refusing all European medicines, died from between the 3rd to the 7th day from the first attack. However, Lieut. Newbold, Sir W. Norris and son, and their respective parties, at a different time and season, all visited the same with perfect impunity from any ailment whatever; and I am likewise aware, that persons from the town are in the habit of occasionally visiting the same neighbourhood at all seasons for the purposes, of traffic, and with perfect impunity. This is however readily accounted for, by the fact of the danger being dependant on the development of the morbific agency by the heat following im- mediately upon the rainy season, bringing the same into powerful Medical Topography of Malacca. 53 activity in these pent-in forest jungle tracts. This, to the European, or uninured native constitution, is fatal ; but to the Jakoon, or child of the forest, whose breath has been drawn in with the same effluvia for years, even from his infancy, it is innocuous. Dr. Oxley and his party, however, could not boast this guarantee, and they suffered for their imprudence. It is perfectly safe to visit Mount Ophir at any time during the dry season; not so safe during the rains, were it indeed practicable ; and unsafe and attended with imminent danger to do so immediately after the rains. A month should be allowed first to elapse, to evaporate the condensed moisture, &c. On advancing further into the interior, the country becomes more mountainous, a series of elevations, these being covered with dense forest ; trees of gigantic growth, and great beauty. The val- lies are mostly converted into paddy fields, termed sawahs : occasional partial clearances are likewise met with on the more elevated grounds, near to the Malayan villages, these are sown with rice, and termed ladungs ; of course less productive than the former, but requiring less labour, and the Malay abominates extra labour. Within the territory of Malacca, three hot sulphurous springs are met with, of these two are most deserving of notice.. The first is that in the Nanning district, situated two and a half miles beyond, or to the north of Fort Lismone, and nineteen miles in that direction from town. The other is situated in the opposite direction from the town, viz. at Rheim, in Assahan, to the north-east, and distant sixteen and a half miles. I have visited the former, tasted its water, and bathed in it. It arises from several springs, dispersed over a surface of some twenty yards square, forming a pond of this extent; the surface of which is continually covered with a dense vapour, and bubbles of gas are here and there seen rising to the surface. Con- tiguous to these, public baths have been erected by Government. The individual spring from which the baths are supplied, is bricked in as a well, 6 feet deep; water clear, with possibly a shade of bluish- green ; temperature 120° Fahrenheit, and evolving sulphuretted hydro- gen. It contains sulphur and iron; I however send a bottle of the water for chemical analysis by the Company’s Analytical Examiner at Calcutta, as I am not aware’whether it has yet been subjected to as critical an analysis as it seems to deserve ; and I hope to be favoured 54 Medical Topography of Malacca. with the results of the enquiry. Its immediate neighbourhood is flat, excepting a small hillock, covered with jungle, which forms one of its sides ; nor are there any traces of volcanic action present. Bathing in this water is much esteemed by the natives, especially in cutaneous, rheumatic, syphilitic, epileptic, and a variety of other diseases. I consider that it has frequently proved beneficial, this doubtless in connection with the change of air offered by the neigh- bourhood, quiet, and the impulse given to the mind. Thus it proved of great service in one of two cases I had occasion to send there from the Convict Hospital, viz. Marukary—case of chronic syphilitic rheumatism, whom I found in the hospital, on assuming charge in February, a bed-ridden cripple, and who after every treat- ment, was sent there from the hospital in that state on the 12th of April. He returned to Malacca on the 25th of May, perfectly recovered in his limbs, having the free use of them, and able for light work on the roads; he is now engaged on the flag-staff duty. The other was a case of phthisis pulmonalis im the last stage, was sent there for a change as a ‘dernier resort,’ he returned three mouths after, no better, and died subsequently in hospital. This last of course affords no criterion of the waters. The average range of the thermometer during the day, is said to be in the shade from 74° to 85°, and 108° in the open air at noon, is by the accompany- ing Return taken for the last three years, shewn to have averaged a mean daily variation of 8°. ‘There is no opportunity (want of a self- regulating thermometer) of ascertaining the lowest temperature dur- ing the night, which it is very desirable to know. : The barometrical variation is said to be very slight, ranging from 29.83 to 30.3. As, however, there is no barometer attached to the station, there are no means at command at present for observing these changes. Having indented for this, and the above-named instrument, as well as for an hygrometer, I trust to be able in next year’s Report to afford some more correct information on this subject. On reference to the accompanying Tables, it will be at once seen, that rain fell during the last year on 111 days, amounting to inches 68 Fa : in 1844 on 115 days, amounting to inches 842 and in 1843 on 122 days, amounting to inches 7 62. That the greater portion of rain fell during the past year from the beginning of April to the end of Medical Topography of Malacca. 5D September, comparatively little in August, and again much rain in November and December. This last month shows the greatest number of days upon which rain fell, though not the greatest fall of water in the aggregate amount ; which took place in November. In 1844 rain fell from the beginning of April to end of September. In December the Table also shows much rain to have fallen; the greatest number of days that rain fell being in the month of Decem- ber; but the greatest amount of water that fell, being in the months of May and July ; the quantities being equal. In 1843, rain likewise fell from the beginning of April to end of December. In this year no rain fell in February, though there was much variable wind ; and in this month occurred too, the hottest day ; and together with March, the mean hottest weather. The greatest number of days upon which rain fell bemg in May; the greatest ageregate amount of rain fallen, being in July. A want of an accurate knowledge of the climate and seasons met with in the Straits, seems not unfrequently to exert a prejudicial influence on the Medical authorities at the Indian Presidencies, when recommending the climate of the Straits to invalids, proceeding for change of air, after severe attacks of acute disease, either dysentery, fever, &c., both in respect to the climate itself, and to the season chosen for such change ; and which frequently occasions disappoint- ment to all parties, to say the least. The variation of the thermometer in the day during the past year never exceeded in the shade 164°, viz. from 6 A.M. to 3 p.m.; the mean daily variation being 9°, and its mean range or variation at 3 Pp. M. throughout the year has not exceeded 6°. In 1844 the variation never exceeded 15°; the mean daily variation being 9°, and the mean range at 3 p.m. throughout the year did not _ exceed. 5°. In 1843 the variation never exceeded 17°; the mean daily variation being 8°, and the mean range at 3 p.m. throughout the year did not exceed 5°. South-west winds are said to prevail from April to November ; and the influence of the north-east monsoon to be felt during the other months. The Tables for the last three years, show, that during the past _ year this wind prevailed in November, and as a secondary wind, from 56 Medical Topography of Malacca. May to November, excepting in September, when only three days of SE. occur, two of these equally. The SE. has very evidently been the prevailing wind during the other months ; not the NE. In 1844, we see SW. in March equals the NE., and that it is. the prevailing wind in the months of April, May, and October ; and again as a secondary wind, in February and September. The NE. prevailed in January, north in February, November, and December ; and the SE. in the months of July and September. We must also notice that in the month of June and July the SW. did not blow at all, In 1843 SW., the prevailing wind in July, August, September, and December, prevailed; as a secondary wind in April, blew only one day in May, not at all in June, and two days in November ; north in January ; NE. in February, SE. in March only. It is to be observed that the wind was, throughout this year, more inclined to the west ; also, that the number of rainy days was greatest this year ; though not the aggregate amount that fell, which is greatest in 1844. The land and sea-breezes, usually alternate with a certain degree of regularity, an interval more or less intervening, according to the season of the year. This interval is proportionally close and op- pressive, and takes place irregularly, likewise according to the season : either at any time between 11] a. M. and 2 Pp. M. as in the months of December, January, and February, or earlier in the day, as often ex- perienced during the other months. The nights, generally speaking, may be said to be cool at times, even cold; a warm oppressive night is rarely experienced at Malacca, the land wind, or that from the NE., having here, when blowing at night, every property of refresh- ing cool sea-breeze, which in fact it is, reaching this side of the peninsula from the China Sea after merely sweeping across a strip of dense forest land about 100 miles wide. Thus the prevailing wind the year round, as far as I can learn from the experience of others (for the past year from its said irregularity has offered but little opportunity for correct observation) is the SW. This wind, the above resumé of the Tables, would seem to show mostly obtains; though the past year, the SE. wind pre- vailed most. Health is said to prevail during the continuation of this wind, this refers especially as it is more observable during the SW. monsoon,-and as noticed in contradistinction to the NE., when Medical Topography of Malacca. 57 much sickness prevails ; especially affections of the chest, as catarrhs, coughs, sore-throat, and fever. Likewise, at the change of this mon- soon, and when the weather is become variable, a variety of diseases appear, principally rheumatic, catarrhal, and pulmonic. The following classification of the prevailing winds or monsoons, as received in the Straits, may be attempted, according to the limited opportunities of judging from a comparison of but three years, as offered by the accompanying Tables. Though far from being strictly correct, still it is offered as the nearest approximation which the experience at command permits of for the present want of other sufficient data; thus— In January, February, March.—The northerly monsoon is said to prevail, and inclining to the E. It is roundly called the NW. monsoon. There is, however, mostly a sea breeze from the W. or S. during the afternoon. April, May, June.—The easterly monsoon is said to prevail, but the wind is seen going round the compass most irregularly, even to the W. to S. and Sw. July, August, September.—The SW. monsoon is said to prevail, ESE. and SE. winds however being frequently the prevailing wind ; E. wind and squally weather are likewise shown to prevail during these months. October, November, December.—The north-west monsoon is said to pre- vail. The SW. to N. and NW. winds however blow irregularly with variable and rainy weather during these months. The energetic and frequent occurrence of electrical phenomena in the Straits, especially as experienced in the well-known squalls termed Sumatras, is an interesting feature in the physical constitution of this settlement ; and to which undoubtedly much of its healthful- ness at these seasons is due. These mostly occur attended with considerable violence and heavy rain, accompanied with vivid light- ning and reverberating peals of thunder, and chiefly in the months of September and October, the wind blowing from the SW., conse- quently across Sumatra, hence its name. At these times the wind likewise blows with violence from the East. These squalls, I have however seen described in more general terms as occurring between the months of May and December. Again, we are informed that the NE. monsoon commences in January, and continues until some time in March, when the SW. I 58 Medical Topography of Malacca. - commences and continues until September; again that September, © October and November, is considered the NW. or squally season ; but that squalls both from the SW. and NW. occur indifferently in these months. This, though seemingly paradoxical, makes good what we so frequently observe, that violent squalls usually come from the opposite direction to that in which the wind is blowing. During January, or the NE. monsoon, the squalls (if any) come from the NE. and from the W. It has been remarked that at any time during the year when the wind prevails from the NW., rain is pretty sure to fall in the course of the day. The returns for the past three years show, that both as to the number of days in which rain fell, and the amount that fell, in the months of November and December, the difference between the three years appears to have been extremely slight. No. of days rain fell. Inches. ‘Tenths. Viz. 1843, November & December 22 Amount fell, 14 73 1844, /ditlo, and ditto; a... | 2. tO,se et F945. ditto and. ditto, Heuy ar. 20. DIGLO, Ain, Plea Relative to the salubrity of Malacca and of the Straits generally, the climate may be called a relaxing one. In fact, it is said to be a climate which offers no hope of the con- stitutional powers, once debilitated, being able to rally, unless remov- ed from its debilitating influence, and transported to a more bracing climate ; one more congenial to, and in accordance with Huropean habits and constitutions ; and for which Australia, the Cape, or rather the mountains of Ceylon offer favourable remedies ; nay China may now to many be equally eligible and preferable as a change, suiting of course the season and the station sought, to the end required. That this is a correct description of the climate generally is, I be- lieve, perfectly true. But its internal resources are, I likewise think, under-rated, because not attended to at a seasonable time of the debilitating disease itself, and without a sufficient respect to the sea- son at which to seek a change, when some change is felt to be Medical Topography of Malacca. o9 required, I allude to changing from one station to the other as the case may be; to the Penang hill, and to cruising in a cool latitude, outside the Straits: in which very great cold may at many seasons be expected; so much so, as to require for the greater part of the twenty-four hours, woollen clothing. Therefore I infer that previ- ous to having tried, under judicious direction, the beneficial effects of these changes, a change from the Straits altogether cannot in such cases be pronounced by the medical officer to be absolutely requisite ; especially where from official station or otherwise, such change would either to the public service, or to the individual prosperts of the party himself, be highly undesirable. Again, many of the cases being sent from the comparatively bracing climate of the Indian Presidencies to the Straits for a change of air, when just recovering from or while even yet labouring under dysen- tery, liver, and other similar cases, must be considered as injudicious. For such, a more bracing climate thar the one they are leaving, and surely not a more relaxing one, is requisite ; yet this is frequently the case. The sea voyage and a short trip being probably more held in view than the nature of the climate about to be visited, or the parti- cular season, or perhaps even the station to which a preference is in the first place to be given. These are left to the sick person to find out, as best he may, or rather perhaps to the discretion of the Medical officer under whose hands he may first find himself on arrival. The prominent features of the climate of Malacea are its moderate degree of temperature, its comparative equability during the twenty- four hours, as well as throughout the year, (its mean range from 6 a. M. to 3 p. M. shown for the last three years to have been but 8°; the mean range between the extremes taken at 3 Pp. M. being the hottest in February, March, and January, 914°, and coolest in December and January, 743° or about 17° variation) the humidity of its atmosphere, and the absence of any cold season, so requisite to brace up the exhausted energies of the European constitution. This sufficiently accounts for the diseases prevailing, viz. catarrhal, pulmonic, rheumatic affections, fevers of a certain type, and diar- rheeas, following upon loss of tone of the stomach and bowels ; together with indolent action of the liver, enlarged spleens occasion- 60 Medical Topography of Malacca. ally met with, and ulcers of an indolent and obstinate character ; these form the principal, all depending as a primary cause upon relaxa- tion of the tone of the system, and lastly dropsical affections, which are very common, particularly amongst the lower orders, Chinese especially, this in them being combined with poor living ; acute inflammatory diseases occurring as primary affections, are compara- tively rare. The comparative absence of malaria in a Settlement, seemingly surrounded by generating sources, may be accounted for by the vary- ing atmosphere, the alternating breeze or prevailing wind, the free circulation of air unopposed by neighbouring mountains, or natural obstructions, the porous quality of the mineral and vegetable soil, and indeed by the extensive and dense forest tracts themselves ; their very denseness by preventing the direct action of the sun’s rays prevents likewise a too rapid decomposition of the decaying vegetable mass, and moreover assists with the atmospheric air, in absorbing much of the noxious exhalations evolved. The average number of transmarime convicts durmg the year has been 166. They are divided into four classes (formerly into 5). The \st Class.—Are out on bail, perfect masters of themselves, men of good character, find themselves in every thing, as they are per- mitted to employ themselves in any manner they choose. If brought to the Police Office for any offence, they revert to the last or rather the chain class, No. 4. The 2nd Class.—Of these some are given, or as it is termed rented out, to gentlemen by the Company. The persons so employing them give them 24¥ monthly, for their food, the Company providing them with two suits of clothes every six months. Others formerly classed as a 3rd class, but now included under the 2nd class, reside in the Convict Lines, men who behave well, work on the roads, &c. and are allowed by Government Co’s. Rs. 4 a month. The 3rd Class.—Men of bad character, most of them work in chains ; at present and during the past year there have been no men under this class. (The men seen about in chains, being local con- victs, mostly Chinese). This class are allowed by Government 12 annas a month, together with 14% of cocoanut oil, 15 tb of salt, and eight gantons or 50 tbs of rice each. Medical Topography of Malacca. 61 The 4th Class——Mostly invalid and old men, employed in sweep- ing and other easy work, are allowed by Government each monthly Co’s. Rs. 1-10 annas and six gantons, or 372tbs of rice, 116 of oil, and 1b of salt. There is at present no Superintendent of Convicts. They are under the charge of five Christian Tindals, inclusive of overseer, and under whom are 4 Sirdars or belted Peons, chosen by Government from the 2nd class for their good behaviour. They are allowed Co’s. Rs. 6 in the month, and one cloth in the year. Local convicts are all classed under the same head, receive all 149 monthly ; are not found in any thing; are employed in repairing the public roads and buildings; are paid by the assessment; and are under the immediate orders of the Police Magistrate. They are under the surveillance of two Christian Tindals and of two Sirdars. The former accompanying them when working on the roads, the latter only when they are employed in town, such as sweeping the bazars, &c. The average number of local convicts throughout the past year has been 26. No change beyond the above named division in the convict lines of the transmarine from the local felons has taken place, with the exception of one addition to the former, viz. a man of bad character who had made his escape from Singapore, was retaken, and sent here. All unruly characters become orderly and well-behaved on arrival here, and simply from the fact being well-known amongst them, that this is the easiest of the Penal Settlements, best climate, and cheapest ; where they are exceedingly well-lodged, and have every comfort and convenience in their lines. The difference between the comforts here and the reverse at Singapore is very striking ; flogging here is a complete rarity; I have not been called upon to attend once during the past 12 months. At Singapore rarely a month passes without some flogging. There have been 33 additions to the local convicts. I cannot suggest any improvement either as respects’ diet, clothmg, employment, exercise, or in any other respect, as the whole seems to be conducted in a very wholesome and efficient manner.— Extracted from a report to the Medical Board. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 1.—Review of the latest investigations regarding the intimate structure of the Liver. By Mannu. The researches of authors have left it still quite undecided in what manner the biliary canals terminate, and what their relation is to the hepatic cellules. The existence of hepatic cellules is a fact recognized by all microscopic observers. Every one knows that they are true cellules provided with a special envelope, and with a nucleus containing granules, and at times little drops of fat. In our researches among different animals, we have at times met with livers whose cellules could be easily isolated, as in the ox; at times they formed irregular masses, or longitudinal rows, composed of more or less coherent cellules. In all these cases, it is only required to place a portion of liver for half an hour, or an hour, in a concentrated solution of caustic potass, to make the cellules plainly visible. Their nuclei are also then much more distinct. Retaining them too long in the potass, or making pressure on the cellules, destroys the cellular membrane, and the contents, the granules and the drops escape. The abundance of granules or of drops in the interior of the cellule, renders it difficult at times to recognise the nucleus: the potass extracts the granules, and then the nucleus can easily be seen. By the side of the cellules we often also see primitive corpuscles (nuclei) swimming freely. Like all other cellules, those which constitute the hepatic tissue, undergo different degrees of development; and there- fore we must not wonder at observing great differences in their dimensions, not only in different animals but in the same species and in the same individual. In stating their dimensions, we of course speak of those of perfect cellules. According to our observations, they measure in the duck from 0.015 to 0.02 millimetres, in the mouse 0.008 to 0.01, in Anatomy and Physiology. 63 the ox from 0.02 to 0.03, in man from 0.01 to 0.02. Their nuclei are in diameter from 0.005 to 0.008 millimetres. They are sometimes round, sometimes flattened, and of a distinct polygonal form in man. These facts sufficiently refute the opinion of Dujardin and that of Guillot, according to whom, the cellules are irregular particles, not limited by any envelope, and of a consistence between fluid and solid. We have not convinced ourselves of the fact advanced by Huschke, that each cellule distributes a filament which connects it with the biliary canalicle, and by which the bile escapes. The hepatic cellules when pressed against each other form little is/ets surrounded by blood vessels. We owe the actual state of our knowledge of the distribution of the blood vessels of the liver, almost entirely to Kiernan. It is easy to convince ourselves of the existence of the capil- laries, even without making injections, by examining with a microscope that magnifies 100 to 150 times the free and transparent edge of the liver of a small animal, for instance, a duck or a mouse. In using a duck’s, we should use indivi- duals whose livers are free from black pigment, and we should avoid as much as possible all compression. Under these cir- cumstances it is quite easy to recognise a very pretty net- work of capillary vessels with distinct walls, and the hepatic tissue placed in rounded off, or slightly polygonal meshes. On tearing the preparation, we meet with very fine capillary ves- sels, whose delicate structure agrees with that of the vessels of other tissues, and is proportionate to their diameter. We then frequently recognise the trunks of arteries or of veins, the latter covered by pigment cellules, to which again are appended the capillaries. Those who are not familar with the use of the microscope, may best convince themselves of the existence of those capillaries by previously injecting the blood vessels with tincture of iodine. The capillaries are then turned to a lively yellow, and are easily recognised among the hepatic cellules. 64 ~ Anatomy and Physiology. We do not therefore share the opinion of MM. Dujardin and Verger, who suppose that the blood circulates freely through the hepatic tissue, without being confined in special vessels. We are equally obliged to differ from Guillot, who supposes that the blood circulates in the liver through non- membranous canals. All microscopic observations are opposed to these opinions, and an attentive examination of the hepatic tissue demonstrates their inaccuracy. We have hitherto spoken of masses of cellules surrounded by capillaries; we have still to make out the termination of the biliary canals: it is an extremely difficult subject, and one which probably still requires many new researches. To elucidate it, we have thought it useful to study first the liver of inferior animals, and we have chosen with this view the crustaceze, and especially the crawfish. In these animals, as is known, the liver is composed of isolated lobes, of a tube shape. Each of these tubes, when placed in a drop of water, without being covered by another glass, and examined by a magnifying power of 150 to 200 diameters, is composed, according to our observations, of a very fine exterior membrane, of a parenchyma, and an interior cavity filled with bile. The parenchyma is thickest at the free end of the tube, and gets thinner towards the other extremity. It is composed of cellules in various stages of development. The internal cavity or biliary canalicle is filled with little drops of fat, and of a white amorphous substance, which we have had occasion several times to allude to. These drops sometimes accidentally enclose granules, or even hepatic cellules, which gives them the appearance of true cellules. By degrees they become opaque, and one, two, or even more transparent little drops of a brownish-red tint form in their interior. These researches had long been completed when we re- ceived several Memoirs on the same subject, which appear to us to contain inaccurate results. Thus the parenchyma of ~ Anatomy and Physiology. 05 the tube has been taken by Karsten and by Nicolucci for a peripheral blood vessel, while the little drops of the white amorphous substance figure in Meckel as hepatic cellules. The parenchyma is quite distinguished from blood vessels by the cellules of which it is composed, while in every blood vessel we find true blood-globules. We sometimes find by the side of the tube a line (trainée) of cellular tissue, on which — a few hepatic cellules of a torn tube are accidentally placed, at other times the latter are to be found on a line of coagul- able substance. These different lines have been taken by Karsten for the peripheral blood vessels detached. Nowhere have we been, able to discover the trace of a blood vessel on the tube. By compression it is emptied, and folds are then apparent. We have sometimes found at the extremity of a tube some transverse fibres. It is probably these fibres or the folds that have been taken by Karsten for peripheral vessels. Nicolucci declares as such the intervals between the little drops of the white amorphous substance, which he takes, as we have already said, for hepatic cellules. The facts which we have just cited, prove evidently that the hepatic cellules in the crustaceze do not detach themselves to be carried along in the bile, as is the case with the cellules of other glands. M. Tereboullet first advanced the opinion that in the cloportides the cellules of the liver are carried into the interior of the alimentary canal: but I immediately combated this view, and it seems to have been given up by its author. What reason is there to prevent the hepatic cellules in the crustacee from falling into the biliary canal? It is the presence of a special membrane which bounds this canal, of which we have formerly announced the existence, and which has been also seen by Meckel and Karsten. The researches of which we have just been speaking are very . delicate and difficult to make : but these difficulties are further augmented when we have to deal with the livers of the higher animals, and especially of the vertebrate. Does then a dis- K 66 Anatomy and Physiology. tinct membrane exist round each lobule? Valentin is in- duced to admit the existence of this membrane, and Krause affirms that he has been able to see it.. We too are induced to believe in its existence, not as surrounding each lobule, but as encircling each is/e¢ situated within the meshes of the capillaries. The capillaries would then be outside the proper substance of the liver, and would expand only on the surface of the lobules :, the zs/ets lying between the meshes would, in consequence, present the culs-de-sac of glands, which in the liver adopt a polygonal form. In short in no gland do we see the blood vessels penetrate into the parenchyma itself, and we cannot suppose an anomaly in the case of the liver. We are not therefore to consider the lobule or acinus of the liver as analogus to the cu/s-de-sac of lobulated glands, but these last are in reality separated by the polygonal islets which the capillaries enclose. As to the origin of the biliary canalicles, we do not yet know whether they commence by a radicle from each islet, or by a common trunk in the lobule : further, we do not know whether, as in the inferior animals, these radicles are provided with a special membrane, though it is probable they are. For the rest, the hepatic cellules are in general very coherent in the inferior animals, through the medium of an inter-cellular substance which connects them, and this ought to be enough to account for their absence in the bile. Thus to sum up, each lobule is composed of a number of islets pressed against each other, which gives them their polygonal form. Provided with a special membrane, like the culs-de- sac of all other glands, they are encircled by capillary vessels. The portal vein encircles the lobules: the hepatic vein reaches their centre accompanied probably by a biliary canalicle, the origin of which is still unknown. No portion of the blood vessels penetrates the real substance of the liver. In conclusion, we must express our regret at finding some authors deny facts, such as the existence of hepatic cellules, Anatomy and Physiology. 67 and of walls to the capillaries, facts which are palpable to every one familiar with microscopic observations. 2.—Ezaxperiments on the share taken by the bile in the vital economy. By SCHWANN. Professor Schwann arrives at the following conclusions :— 1. The bile is not a purely excrementitial substance ; after its secretion it plays a part essential to life. 2. The bile is quite as indispensable for young as for adult animals. The former seem to be still less capable of doing without it than the latter. 3. If the bile does not reach the intestine, its absence shews itself in dogs, commonly from the third day in a dimi- nution of their weight. Death occurs in adult dogs usually in two or three weeks, sometimes earlier, sometimes later. 4. Death is preceded by symptoms of imperfect nourish- ment, great leanness, muscular debility, loss of hair; at the close, these are slight convulsions. 5. The bile which in the normal state reaches the duode- num, cannot be replaced by the bile which dogs lick, and which may, in that way, reach the stomach. 6. The bile when swallowed, does not disturb the digestion in the stomach, it does not exercise any influence whether favourable or injurious on the nutrition of the animal.* M. Schwann is continuing his experiments, and proposes to determine the part which it plays in the digestion of ali- ments. We may add that the dogs who have survived the separation of the ductus choledocus, and who have been afterwards killed, have all shewn its reproduction ; this re- production always takes place if the fistula closes without there being any symptoms of jaundice. * Yet a good deal has lately been written about the medicinal virtues of ox gall—tTr. 68 | Anatomy and Physiology. | 3.—Vital contractions of nervous matter have been observ- ed by Mandlin leeches. He separated in a living leech a por- tion of its ganglionic chain, composed of 2 or 3 ganglia, and placed it in a drop of water after stripping it of its dark envelope, so as to isolate completely its ganglia and its nerves. On examining it directly under a magnifying power of 50 or 40, he perceived very distinctly vital contractions, both in the nerves which issue laterally from each ganglion and in the terminal portion of the cord of connection. These move- ments completely resemble the contractions of muscular fibre. Their vivacity differs much in individuals. In some cases, he was not able to make them out at all. MM. St. Hilaire and Serres confirm the accuracy of M. Mandl’s observation. M. Serres in 1826 expressed his belief that the ciliary nerves possess contractility. 4.— Memoir on the Trace of an Uterus in the males of the Mammifere. By Professor KX. H. Weper. 1. In all the male mammifers that I have hitherto examin- ed (the beaver, the rabbit, the horse, the pig, the dog, and the cat,) there is a hollow uneven organ placed in the median * line, between the extremity of the urinary bladder and the rectum, which is the rudiment of an uterus, and which I term the uterus masculinus. 2. In man it is of the shape of a small elongated bladder, contained in the posterior part of the prostate and contributes to form the verumontanum.* 3. In newly born rabbits, male as well as female, it is im- possible to determine with accuracy the sex merely by the examination of the external genital organs. The internal genital organs too are so similar, that it requires much atten- * This organ has been often described and variously named, as uterus cystoides, sinus pocularis, vesica prostatica, &c. Anatomy and Physiology. 69 tion to be able to distinguish the males from the females. In both there is a sinus urogenitalis, and a part which may pass for the bottom of the vagina and the body of the uterus. Into this organ enter in the females the horns of the uterus ; in the males the deferent canals, extremely like the horns of the uterus, with this only difference, that the horns open into its upper part, while the deferent canals open into its lower. The organ corresponding to the rudiment of the vagina, to the body, and to the horns of the uterus, is also found in the adult rabbit: it is a sac provided with muscular fibres which receives the semen, and is so irritable, that in an animal recently killed it contracts under the influence of mechanica] or galvanic stimuli. 4. In the male adult beaver and in the pig, the rudimentary uterus is, as in the females of these animals, a two-horned uterus, situated in the same place between the rectum and the bladder, and like it in a fold of peritoneum. 5. In the dog, the orifice of the uterus appears to be obli- terated, so that its cavity has no opening; it is the same with the cat. In the horse and in man this orifice is also at times obliterated ; but this is exceptional: commonly the male uterus of the stallion opens into the urethra at the colliculus seminalis by a single orifice. This organ is seldom short in the horse. It is sometimes nine inches long, and has two horns at its extremity. In fine, in the beaver and the rabbit, the orifice of the male uterus is never obliterated, and in the latter the different canals pour out the seminal fluid into its cavity a little below this orifice. 6. According to the observations of Rathke on the sheep and the pig, the uterus of the male embryos, is at a certain stage-so exactly like that of the female, that there is extreme difficulty in distinguishing them, (this accords with the pub- lished observations of MM. Serres and St. Hilaire.) 7. From the description by Ackermann of the genital organs of a human hermaphrodite, in whom the male form 70 Anatomy and Physiology. predominated, and from some other similar cases it follows, that the rudiment of the uterus of a male hermaphrodite may resemble considerably the ‘female uterus ; and inversely the uterus of a female hermaphrodite may also resemble the rudi- mental uterus of a male. (Is the third lobe of the prostate Weber’s rudimentary uterus enlarged ?) 5.—The re-establishment of the voice in dead bodies. By M. BLANDET. Physiological anatomy has been my sole guide in arriving at the artificial emission of sounds from the larynx: being acquainted with the play of the muscles of that organ, I have imitated their action by a mechanism analogous in its effects: my finger supplying the muscular contraction. I fix the thyroid cartilage between four fingers which are thus held as a clarionet, because the hyo and sterno-thyroid muscles cause a similar tension. I then press the index finger on each of the pyramidal apophyses of the arytenoid cartilages which are brought into contact as if by the thyro-arytenoid muscle. This pressure is so constant during life that it produces at this point on the corde vocales a nodule, which is not yet described. In the last place I blow through the trachea, and I produce sounds clear and shrill, such as theory would lead us to expect, because the contact of the two apophyses difiinishes the length of the cordz vocales where it estab- lishes the nodes of vibration. The action of the crico-thyroid muscle is imitated by pressing on the base of the thyroid cartilage, and that of the lateral crico-arytenoid by lifting with the nail the external edge of the arytenoid cartilages. I here approximate these cartilages as the arytenoid does, or I draw them down by the base as the posterior crico-arytenoid do. By these operations I produce very extended gamuts, such as the voice of expiration ; that of inspiration is still stronger and more easily obtained, because the vibrating plates of the larynx, i. e. the corde vocales present their bodies Anatomy and Physiology. fi edge-ways to the blast of inspiration: they are not however (anches) curves: for the reversing these same curves ought to render sounds impossible before the blast of inspiration to which their backs are turned. These different sounds of the larynx are the voice without the timbre. When I operate on the dead body the timbre re-appears, and the illusion is perfect. It is thus the pharynx that gives the timbre. The tonsils also take a part, and their action is of importance. Exciting them makes four of the higher notes to be lost and two low ones ‘gained. The epiglottis and the base of the tongue have two principal functions. They cause the sort of vocal gurgling, known by the name of variation of shake: be- sides this, when they close the air passage, they favour the sounds of the lungs in which the air is accumulated ; when they open again on the other hand, the sounds rise up and cause the treble. The thyroid cartilage contributes in the living to a lateral pressure which produces three more high notes, and which connects several of the treble notes into long sounds. The arytenoid cartilages and the superior ligaments vibrate and strengthen the sound. When the bow of a fiddle is passed across the corde vocales, laid bare by the removal of the larynx from above, clamorous tones are produced. When these same cords are bent to the extent of their superior third, sounds of superlative acuteness are produced: when the two cords are cut, we may blow in through the trachea, but only hear ronchi, as in snoring. When only one of them is cut, the voice may continue, which is found to be the case when disease has destroyed one ; a phenomenon which shows that we may speak with one cord (?) as we may see with one eye, and that double organs are a sort of luxury to the system.—Translated from the Archives de Médecine, for Oct., Nov. and Dec., 1846. 72 Notes on the Botanical Geography of the Tenasserim Coast. By the late Wiuu1AM GrirrFitH, Ese., F.L.S., Memb. Royal Ratisbon Bot. Soc., Royal Acad. of Sciences at Turin, Imper. Acad. Nat. Curios., Madras Med. Service. The Coast of British Burma, which extends from Moul- mein to about eighty miles south of Mergui, or between the parallels of 16° 30' and 10° 40’ north latitude, is exceedingly hilly. These hills do not attain an elevation exceeding 4,000 feet, and even this is extremely rare. From these hills being, with a few exceptions, entirely covered by trees, or rather low vegetation, the Coast presents to the eye a great sameness. The ranges of hills are intersected by a great number of rivers, of which several attain a considerable size. The Salveen, which forms the northern boundary of our provinces, being much the largest. At the mouths of these rivers, tracts of Rhizophoree, frequently of enormous extent, occur, and form one peculiar and vast feature of the flora. At different places along the courses of these rivers, plains, frequently of great extent, occur. The extent and frequency of these plains is however much diminished about Mergui. These plains are, I believe, alluvial ; their level is very little higher than that of the rivers, and they are consequently inundated during the rains. They are almost exclusively occupied by grasses and Cyperaceous plants. At Tavoy, and very partially at Mergui, part of the sur- rounding country consists of a series of gently undulating hills, covered with underwood, and presenting a special flora. That at Mergui, which is the only one I have been able to examine, consists of low shrubs, as Cnestis, Omphalobium, Klodea, Kuphorbiacee, Hippocratea, Rubiaceze, &c. among which Henslovia, here a small tree, exists in abundance. Norr.—Capt. Munro, who kindly perused this paper at the request of the Editor, has inereased its value by the addition of several Notes. . * Botany of the Tenasserim Provinces. {3 Calcareous hills of a peculiar form occur, scattered here and there, but are most common about Moulmein, especially at Kogoon, on the Salveen, the habitat of Amherstia nobilis. At Trochla, on the southern side, one of these hills occurs of great height, forming a precipice of perhaps 3,000 feet. These peculiar formations arise abruptly from plains to the height of generally 400 feet. Their ridges are exceedingly sharp and rugged, and very generally they are sheer precipices and totally inaccessible. Their vegetation is scanty, but that at their base is exceed- ingly rich. They are, without exception, excavated, and fre- quently perforated, so as to form internal caves which have been at one time the favourite places of Burmese worship. The birds’ nest rocks, from which a revenue is derived at Tavoy, exceeding 10,000 rupees per annum, and at Mergui 5,000, belong to the same formation. They likewise rise perpendicularly through and from the sea, and are still more bleak and rugged from their greater degree of exposure and exceedingly scanty vegetation, chiefly indeed of a species of Ficus. With the exception of Casuarina muricata, which occurs in abundance from Chittagong to Yeayla, near Tavoy, there is no plant which impresses a peculiar feature on the landscape, scarcely excepting several species of bamboo, which, in addition, are associated with a local flora. The remaining tracts are either of mangroves, or Graminez and Cyperacee; the plains and the hills are covered from top to bottom with an exceedingly rich, varied, and magni- ficent vegetation. With respect to the probable number of species known, Dr. Wallich’s Catalogue contains about 1,650, of these the majority perhaps are from the Burmese dominions. My col- lection from Moulmein and Mergui, made during a residence of fourteen months on the Coast, amounts to about 1,700 species; of these about 1,300 are from Mergui, which may be consi- dered new ground. Taking this into consideration, the ma- L 74 Botany of the Tenasserim Provinces. terials already formed towards a flora, may be estimated, I think, at 3,000 species. _ The flora of Mergui appears to me almost entirely different from that of Moulmein ; the difference in latitude being 5°. The climate is, perhaps from its immediate proximity to the sea, more equable than either Moulmein or Tavoy. In the following remarks, I shall follow the arrangement laid down by Dr. Lindley in his Nixus Plantarum, not that I profess myself to be a judge of its merits, but simply because it is convenient. Ranunculacee are represented by Naravelia zeylanica, which occurs both smooth and pubescent, and by a distinct species of Clematis, with simple fleshy leaves, and which although it has erect seeds, has an inverted embryo lodged in the apex of the albumen. Nympheacee.—In addition to two species of Nymphea, a Barclaya, probably B. oblonga, occurs. The placentz of the mature fruit are very spongy and almost farinaceous. The seeds are immersed in a transparent gelatinous fluid, and contain a minute inverted embryo lodged in a cavity in the albumen near its base. The albumen consists of a congeries of sacs, within which the fecula is deposited. Nelumbiacee.—Nelumbium speciosum occurs cultivated. The structure of the leaves is sufficiently remarkable. The stomata are confined to the callous discoloured spot, visible on the centre of the lamina, and opposite to the termination of the petiole. The remainder of the vast limb is merely minutely papillose on its upper surface. The stomata are crowded on the above spot, and open into irregular cavities, which com- municate directly and freely with the cavities existing in the petiole, and with the continuations of these which run along each side of the peltately disposed veins. These cavities have no communication with that part of the parenchyma in which the green colouring matter is formed. There is how- ever a slight communication between this parenchymatous Botany of the Tenasserim. Provinces. 79 portion and the stomata, but only in that portion immediately surrounding the callous disc. We may therefore infer, that the numerous papillz are connected with the necessary aération of the parenchyma, a function which it is well known is occa- sionally performed by hairs. The cuticle of the green por- tion of the limb is remarkably fine. The existence of two membranes in the pollen of this plant is very evident when immersed in water, the outer thick yellow coat expels the inner with a jerk, but this inner mem- brane undergoes no change of form during this expulsion. The callous spot visible on the surface of the ovarium always points outwards. The opening, or the membranes of the ovule, are very distinct, and the foramen which they form is invariably turned away from the termination of the stigmatic canal, which is exceedingly distinct and lined with papilla. These papille are, especially towards the apex of the ovary, connected by what appears to be a fine mem- brane. This is, on the side nearest the ovule, reflected on to the short funicle, which it envelopes and terminates by forming a remarkably fine membranous cap which covers the foramen. By this the boyaux are guided into the ovulum, one only, but occasionally two, passing in and reaching to the apex of the nucleus. In one instance of a branched boyau both divisions passed in and reached the same place. The first part of the embryo, that is formed, is its radicular extremity. The vitellus, I may remark, embraces only the plumule, the cotyledons are developed between it and the remains of the nucleus. The term vitellus is, I think, prefer- able to that of quintine, which is obviously only applicable when five membranes exist or have existed. Myristicee.—Only one species apparently referable to Loureiro’s genus Knema. Anonacee.—About eighteen species exist. Among these there are two species of a genus, with the habit and peculiar peduncles of Artabotrys, but in which the contracted portions of the backs of the petals are club-shaped. 76 Botany of the Tenasserim Provinces. Dilleniacee.—The perfect seeds of Dillenia speciosa have the cells of the inner integument marked with longitudinal incomplete fibres. This is one among several instances that I could adduce in corroboration of Dr. Brown’s remark that the fibres are not developed until after impregnation. Memecylee.—Among the species, I may mention one, that so far as may be judged by the examination of the calyx of the fruit, appears to have the stamens equal in number to the petals. In several of these the number of ovula ap- peared to be always nine, of which number 6 to 7, or generally 8, subsequently become abortive. One species occurs abun- dantly about Mergui, the leaves of which are furnished with pellucid glands! A genus likewise exists which, with the flowers of Memecylon, has the fruit and seeds of a widely different structure, and which is a proof of the accuracy of Dr. Brown’s statement ; (Appendix Congo)? that Memecylez are not sufficiently distinct from Melastomacee. This genus may be thus characterized. APTERIXIS.—Calycis tubus globosus, limbus intus eplica- tus brevissime 4-dentatus. Petala4. Stamina8. Connectivum eglandulosum. Ovarium 4-loculare, ovula 00, placentis 4- carnosis, parietalibus, affixa. Fructus dentibus calycinis ob- soletis coronatus 4-locularis. Semina 00, angulata placentis 4, parietalibus affixa. Hmbryo orthotropus. Cotyledones plenz ! sub-reniformes. A. trinervis, arbuscula, folia ovata basi 3-nervia, floribus racemoso paniculatis pallide ceruleis. The placentz only occupy the lower half of each cell. Among the Melastomacee, two species of Sonerila occur, and one species of the curious epiphytical genus* with fleshy, very smooth, and indistinctly 3-nerved leaves. The zstivation of the stamina, or rather the stamina during estivation, are lodged in a corresponding number of cells, formed by the partial adhesion of the calyx with the apex of the ovarium. The fertile part of this organ is wholly * Medinilla. Botany of the Tenasserem Provinces. 74 inferior. This curious arrangement was first made known by Dr. Brown.* Among the Capparidee, is a species of Capparis, the flowers of which are exquisitely fragrant, and the ovaria have 4-parietal placentz. Crucifere are represented by two or three cultivated species, and an indigenous species of Nasturtium. Hypericinee.—An Elodea, of Jack. Ternstremiacee.—A. species of Gordonia, and a genus apparently intermediate between Cleyera and Kurya, which I propose calling Erythrochiton. ERYTHROCHITON, Griff-+ Flores dioici, bibracteolati. Calyx inferus profundé 5-parti- tus. Petala 5, hypogyna, libera, sepalis opposita!! Stamina 00, hypogyna, multiplici serie. Anthere adnate, apicibus truncate. Ovarium 2-loculare, 4 ovulatum. Styli 2. Stigmata 2-reniformia, foliacea. Bacca supera, 2-locularis 2-4 sperma. Semina pendula, arillo? punctulato carnoso inclusa, albumi- nosa. Hmbryo curvatus. Cl. Linneana. Diacr1a. PoLyYANDRIA. Ord. Naturalis. TernstTR@MIACEX. Habitus.—Arbor, mediocris, foliis stipulatis perennantibus integris, pedunculis extra axillaribus. ERYTHROCHITON WALLICHIANUM.—Herb. prop. No. 866, Dec. 1834. In sylvis secus littora Insule Madamacan Mergui proxime. Arbor mediocris, dioica; ramulis teretibus. Folia alterna et ad apices ramularum subverticillatim conferta, oblongo- obovata obtusa et breviter acuminata, integerrima, coriacea, * This arrangement is also remarked in Wight’s Illust., part I. page 217, where the species of Medinilla referred to is also mentioned. + Erythrochiton has been published by Nees and Martius as a genus of Rutaceous plants, and the present name by Griffith is consequently super- seded. 78 Botany of the Tenasserim Provinces. parce venosa, supra atro-viridia, infra lutescentia. Petioli basi articulati. Stipule minime subulate decidue. Pedunculi extra axillares (foliorum abortu?) solitarii, 2 unciales, flores paulo infra alternatim, bibracteolati. Flores majusculi, albidi, odorati, facie Camelliz. Mas.—Calyx profunde 5-partitus: laciniis rotundatis aesti- vatione imbricatis persistentibus. Petala 5, hypogyna sepalis opposita, ovalia, subaequalia, paten- tia, carnosa, zestivatione imbricata, postica reliqua obvalvente, basis versus longitudinaliter rugosa. Stamina plurima mul- tiplici serie, hypogyna, sub-libera. Filamenta brevissima, sub- clavata. Anthere lineares, adnate, biloculares, longitudinaliter dehiscentes, directione varie. Connectivum apice truncatum et dilatatum. Pollen oblongum hinc longitudinaliter sulcatum. Fem.—Calyx corollaque ut in masculo, sed multo minus patulee. Stamina abortiva plurima, hypogyna, filiformia plano- truncata. Ovarium subglobosum 2-loculare: loculis 2 ovu- latis, ovula pendula: (ex-apicibus loculorum ?) campylotropa reniformia. Tegumentum duplex, foramen hilum prope. Styli 2 brevissimi. Stigmata 2, maxima foliacea reniformia ; marginibus obtuse inciso-dentatis, anticum et posticum. Fruc- tus, bacca exsucca, globosa, citri medice parve magnitu- dine, basi calyce persistenti et subampliato cincta, bilocularis, 2-4 sperma longitudinaliter et irregulariter, dehiscens sub- quadrivalvis. Semina pendula ab apice placentz centralis liberee, (funiculis elongatis) arcuata reniformia, arillo, carnoso, rugosulo, pulcherrime coccineo, tecta. Tegumentum duplex, exterius subosseum, interius membranaceum ; albumen semini conforme, carnosum, copiosissimum. méryo in axi albu- minis curvatus, hippocrepidiformis, indivisus! secus peri- pheriam cum albumine coalitus! Radicula teres longissima ? hilum versus spectans, cotyledones carnosz inter se albumine cum coalite ! Plumula inconspicua. Genus Euryam Cleyeramque intermedium : structura fruc- tus et seminum ad Annesleam Wall. accedens. Forma stig- Botany of the Tenasserim Provinces. 19 matum embryonisque, cum albumine coaliti, indivisi, dis- tinctum. I believe that Hopea eglandulosa of Roxburgh, which Mr. Colebrooke in a MS. note, appended to the description in Roxburgh’s MSS. synopsis, long ago stated not to belong to Hopea, Sarcostigma Roxburghii, Wall. MSS., and which Mr. Brown in his MSS. formerly called Wahlenbergia, not. only belongs to this order, but will be found to be very nearly allied to this genus. Of this genus Sarcostigma,* there appears to be a second species from Sylhet. Among the Polygalee are, one species of Polygala, three of Xanthophyllum, and three of Salomonia, among which is a most remarkable species, which may be thus indicated : *¢ Salomonia parasitica, Aphylla.”’—Species decolorata, vix spithamea, floribus dense spicatis, pentandris, capsula ecris- tata. Hab. Ad pedes Bambusarum inter-lignum vetustum, ad Palar, cum Sarcocodon (Rhizanthearum) et speciebus duabus Burmannie parasiticis consociata. Dipterocarpee abound about Mergui, but from their enor- mous size the flowers are frequently inaccessible. One genus appears to have perigynous stamens. Of Hippocrateacee about six species occur, one of these is arborescent and pentandrous. Among the Malpighiacee are a species of Hireea and four species of Ancistrocladus. Erythroxylee are represented by a species of Sethia, ap- parently Sethia indica. ? Among Rosacee and its sub-orders, occur one species of Rubus and one of Amygdalez, the fruit of which abounds with prussic acid. Leguminose occur extensively, and form about one-sixteenth of the whole; among these I may mention a species of Pon- * Sarcostigma is now applied by Wight and Arnott to a genus of Thyme- lace. 80 Botany of the Tenasserim Provinces. gamia, in which the perigynous disc is divided into ten dis- tinct glands. The pollen of Inga mimosa and entada I find to be composed of twelve granules, four of which form, as it were, a nucleus for the remaining eight. Several Connaraceze occur, belonging chiefly to the genus Cnestis. Eurycoma, Jack, is abundant; it is a genuine Con- naracea with pendulous seeds. The ovula are however erect, but the subsequent change in situation of the seeds is due to an unequal growth of the ovarium. Anacardiacee are represented by the usually cultivated genera, Mangifera and Anacardium, of the former genus M. oppositifolia, the Mariam of the Burmans, is not a consti- tuent, as has been mentioned by Messrs. Wight and Arnott.* A species apparently M. sylvatica, Roxburgh, is likewise met with. In addition to these genera, Melanorrhza, Syndesmis, and a new genus nearly allied to the former occur. This I propose to call Swintonia. CASSU VIEL. SwinToniA, Griff. Sepala 5, basi coalita, persistentia. Petala 5, hypogyna, subfructii demim ampliata. Stamina 5, toro cylindrico parum elevato insidentia. Ovariuwm subeequilaterale in apice tori staminiferi sessile. Stylus filiformis. Stigma peltato capita- tum. Fructus siccus, indehiscens subglobosus, exstipitatus, petalis ampliatis foliaceis suffultus. Cl. Linneana—PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Ordo naturalis, ANACARDIACE, Br. Habitus.—Arbor, polygama resinosa maxima altaque, facie quadam mangiferee, folia lanceolata coriacea, irregulariter pellucide punctata ! Paniculz axillares terminalesque. SwINTONIA FLORIBUNDUM, Griff. Hab.—In insulz Madamacan. Pator dicto, copiose. Florens Novembri, Decembri, fructus profert Februario. * This is now Bouea of Meisner. y Botany of the Tenasserim Provinces. 8] Arbor vasta. Folia alterna exstipulata longiuscule petio- lata apices ramorum versus conferta, elongato lanceolata, acuminata, coriacea, repanda, penninerva, punctis pellucidis 2-irregularibus notata. Flores paniculati parvi, numerosi, viridescento-albidi, suaviter odorati. Panicule ample axil- lares terminalesque ; ramulis cymosis divaricatis. Calya 5- fidus, persistens, tubo brevi, laciniis rotundatis, breviter ciliatis, zstivatione imbricatis. Petala totidem, toro nempe parum ele- vato inserta, et verosimiliter adnata, unguiculata, unguibus gynophoro adnatis, hypogyna, oblonga, patenti-reflexa, sepa- lis alternantia, zstivatione imbricata. Stamina 5, libera, hy- pogyna, toro nempe parum elevato inserta, vel potius adnata, petalis alternantia. Filamenta subulata basi incrassata et gynophoro-adnata, petalis breviora. Anthere oblongo-lineares biloculares, longitudinaliter dehiscentes, subversatiles. Pollen oblongum, leve, hinc sulcatum. Glandule 5, minutissime, staminibus alternantes. Ovarium sub-zquilaterale sessile, sub- rotundum, l-loculare, l-ovulatum. Stylus fere terminalis, fili- formis, crassiusculus. Stigma peltato-capitatum, 4-sulcatum. Ovulum in apice funiculi deorsum curvati sustentum, foramen hilum prope. Fructus paniculati, sub-globosis, sessilees, basi petalis foliaceis ampliatisque, lineari-spathulatis, venoso-reti- culatis, rubro-viridibus, patentissimis reflexisve, involucratis, sicci, indehiscentes, 1-loculares, l-spermi. Semen erectum ? sub-rotundum. Cotyledones maxime, plano-convexe, car- nose. Radicula teres hilum spectans, in commissuram coty- ledonum replicata. Plumula conspicua. This genus is most nearly allied, especially in the structure of its fruit, to Melanorrhza, Wall. In the mode of adhesion of the petals and stamina with the torus it approaches to Syndesmis. If my description of the ovarium be correct, it differs from all the nearly allied genera, which have a more or less oblique style. I suspect that two species are present in my collection. M 82 Botany of the Tenasserim Provinces. The one referred to in my description is numbered 645, the other is 691. This appears to have no glands alternating with the stamens. The tree is very conspicuous when in flower, and has a decided influence on the landscape, from its dense mass of inflorescence. No. 691 does not appear to have punctate leaves. SynpEsmis, Wall. Pl. 2. Flores Polygami—Calyz tubulosus, hinc fissus (coloratus.) Petala seepissime 4, a medio infra cum staminibus gynophoro elongato adherentia. Stamina 4. Ovarium lenticulatum |-lo- culare. Stylus lateralis, stigma obtusum. Fructus ignotus. Cl. Linneana, TeTranpRiA Monoeynia. Ordo Naturalis, ANACARDIACE®. Habitus.—Arbores fruticesve, foliis oblongis cor — im- punctatis-glabris. Flores cymosi. Syndesmis elegans, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Indica, p. 314. Hab.—Ad marginem sylve inter Kulweng et Mergui. November, 1834. Frutex vel arbuscula, vix resinosa, folia lanceolato-oblonga, breviter petiolata, ad apices ramorum conferta, coriacea, sub-in- tegra, obtuse acuminata, glabra, penninervia. Paniculee cymose terminales, szepius 2-3 aggregatz : pedunculi presertim se- cundarii compressi. Bracteze ovale, membranacee, decidue. Flores polygami numerosi fortiter odorati. Caly# miniatus, tubo cylindrico ad anthesin hinc longitudinaliter fisso et subtrifido. Petala 4, interdum 5, subzequalia lineari-spa- thulata calyce fero duplo longiora, apicibus revolutis, hypo- gyna et infra gynophora connata, estivatione imbricata. Stamina semper 4 petalis alternantia usque ad-medium gyno- phoro-connata, libera. Filamenta filiformia subeequalia. An- there erectz basibus affixe, biloculares longitudinaliter dehiscentes. Pollen ovatum, leve, hinc sulcatum. Stylus later- Botany of the Tenasserim Provinces. 83 alis filiformis stamina excedens. Stigma obtusum fere sub- capitatum medio sulcatum. Ovulum ascendens funiculo brevi sublaterali sustenso; foramen hilum prope fundum loculi versus spectans. fructus nondum visus. Of this very distinct genus I believe two species exist in my collection: the above description and the drawing, refers to S. elegans, Wall. which appears to be a shrub. Its num- ber is 675. The other is a considerable sized tree, with much fewer flowers. Nothing can be more apt to mislead young botanists than the statement that Anacardiacez are perigynous. In all the genera I have examined, viz. Anacardium, Mangifera, Syn- desmis, and Melanorrheza, they are essentially hypogynous, and the type of this formation is easily traceable from those, in which the hypogynous insertion is least evident, up to Melanorrhea, in which it is most evident. I am aware that Mr. Brown is of opinion, that the perigynous insertion of the stamina may be admitted in doubtful cases from analogy. ‘This reasoning being founded on the existence of a (then) unpublished genus Holigarna? with an inferior ovarium.” This genus is still, I believe, a solitary exception, and with the utmost deference to the opinion of Mr. Brown, I should think that three instances (Melanorrhea, Syndesmis, Swin- tonia,) of undoubted hypogynous insertion are worth more than one of perigynous. I subjoin a list of this order which I have found to be, natives of the Tenasserim Provinces. Mangifera indica, Linn. sylvatica, Roxb. Mergui. oppositifolia, Mergui. | Now Bouea, Cambessedea, Wight and Arnt. J Meisner. Anacardium occidentale. Syndesmis elegans, Wall. Mergui. Swintonia floribundum, Mergui. Melanorrhea glabra, Wall. Mergui. visitata, Moulmein. Holigarna longifolia, Martaban. 84 Botany of the Tenasserim Provinces. Description of Plate 2. . Bud. . Ditto before expansion. . Flower. . Ditto calyx and petals removed. . Ditto two stamens removed, to show the ovarium. . Stamen front view. . Ditto after dehiscence. . Pollen. . Stigma. . Long section of ovarium. . Section of ditto, part of the parietes of ovarium removed. 12. Ovulum removed long section. — ee —-— Oo DOAN OS & WD = Helicia (Rhopala) represents the family of Proteacee. Stilaginee.—The affinity of this order with Euphorbiacee is very strong, so much so, that it appears to me that no truly distinctive mark exists except perhaps the dehiscence of the fruit. Several species exist about Mergui. The fruit is not always drupaceous. Gymnobotrys, Wallich, which I refer to Stilaginez, abounds in milky juice. Myrsinee.—Several species of Ardisia and one of Samara* represent this order, in which the presence of pellucid glands in the leaves is by no means an uncommon character. Two species of Lobeliacee and one of Codonopsis of Cam- panulacee occur ; with regard to this last genus, it appears to me questionable whether the tube of the corolla is not united to the ovarium as in Barclaya: in this view of the case, the involucrum of M. Alphonse DeCandolle will be referable to the calyx. Stylidee.—Two very distinct species, neither of which appear to have an irritable column, are found about Mergui. A third species exists at Moulmein. * Myrsine, Linn., fide Alph. D’C. Calcultw Journ Nat Hust. Syndesmis Wjallichit , Botany of the Tenasserim Provinces. 85 Apocynee—Among several others, a curious genus occurs with 1-celled ovaria, the placente being 2, and parietal! The Same genus is remarkable for a monstrosity, in which the hypogynous glands become largely developed, osseous, and assume the form of stamina; the true stamina being small and abortive. Asclepiadee.—This order is rather numerously represent- ed. Five species of Dischidia exist, among which is one beautiful species with pink flowers; the processes of the corona staminea being rather incompletely formed. I would beg to dedicate this to Dr. Brown, under the name of D. Brunoniana. Finlaysonia obovata occurs abundantly, its stigma is re- markable for having a deep transverse foveolus on each of its flat faces, or on each of its faces opposed to the anthers. Loganiacee is represented by one species of Fagrzea ; pro- bably F. fragrans. Among Ehretiacee, there occurs a curious species of Ehre- tia, with exceedingly long, prostrate, and rooting stems. To the existence of this plant, the permanence of many of the beds of sand, so numerous up the Mergui river, is to be attri- buted. Verbenaceeé occur numerously. The placentz I find to be either formed on the plan of those of Cyrtandrace, or Olacinee. To the former type, belong those with bilocular ovaria, in which case cellular tissue is developed between the plates. I believe, however, that many described as having 2- locular ovaria have them in reality l-locular. Among the Burmese species, most have pendulous ovula. To the latter type, viz. of Olacinee or Santalacee, belong Congea and its congeners, which may be judiciously subdivi- ded, and Avicennia. Congea has two incomplete septa, which from their nearly reaching the placenta, may easily give rise to the opinion of the ovarium being 2-locular. 86 Botany of the Tenassertm Provinces. Among Lentibularieg, a small species of Utricularia exists, which is found growing among moss on damp walls, and rocks ; it is furnished with bladders. Plumbaginee are represented by Plumbago and Afégialitis rotundifolia. One species of Cycas, one of Conifere, and Agathis lo- ranthifolia exist in the flora. Of Gnetacee, three species exist, Gnetum gnemon, scan- dens, and an erect one, which I have in my account of Gne- tum called G. Brunonianum. Burmannie are represented by Burmannia, of which three species occur; of these two are aphyllous and parasitical, one being entirely of a deep blue colour, the other entirely white. These, as well as the aphyllous Salomonia with which they are associated, throw considerable light on the seeds. of parasitical plants, and prove that this peculiar manner of growth is not necessarily connected with a peculiar formation, or rather deformation of the embryo. Salomonia parasitica has the usual form of embryo, while the whole three species of Burmannia have no other embryo than a grumous divided mass. This fact proves, I think, that no very great stress is to be laid upon the existence of these anomalous embryos, the study of whose germination will prove highly interesting. This structure of the seeds will probably suggest new ideas as to the affinities of the order which it composes. Orchidee form about one-twentieth of the vegetation ; subsequent researches will, I think, increase the ratio consi- derably. Apostasiee (Lindl.), are represented by one species, pro- bably A. nuda. On the Four-horned Antelopes of India. By B. H. Honesoy, Esq., F.L.S., Z.S., With Plates. It is I believe generally acknowledged, that no group of Mammals stands more in need of thorough revision than that of the Four- horned Antelopes. These constitute the Tetracerine racemus of H. Smith, whose definition of the group and enumeration of the species may be seen in the English Regne Animal, Vol. iv. pp. 253 to 257. We owe to Dr. Leach’s sagacity, the discrimination of these animals as a separate genus at a period when there were very few and insuffi- cient materials to guide him. Colonel Smith reviewed the group m 1827 with his usual ability; but he was necessitated to leave most of the influential generic characters unnoticed, and even to hesitate as to the specific independence of the only two species then known, or Antelope Chickara of Hardwicke, and Antelope Quadri- cornis of Blainville, with which latter, after communicating with Dr. Leach, the Colonel identified the Striaticornis of that gentleman. Since the period of the publication of the Regne Animal, now twenty years, nothing further has been done to elucidate the genus or its species, save by that able Indian Zoologist Walter Elliott, of the Madras Civil Service, who, in 1839,* by giving an accurate and full description of the species proper to Southern India, afforded some valuable help towards clearing up the general subject. My note books contain a good deal of information touching the structure and habits of the Tetracerines, of which two species are found in the Tarai of Nepal ; and I shall now endeavour, with the help of my own stores, eked out by what I find recorded in books, to exhibit the essential characters of the genus, and to enumerate and define all the known species, adding two new ones of my own to the three already adverted to. These beautiful little animals possess high interest, as being the only truly four-horned quadrupeds known, and also as forming with the Muntjacs, a link between the solid and hollow-horned rumi- nants ; for they are altied to the antelopes by their general structure and obvious characters, but to the deer by having four teats and a large moist muzzle, both features of primary importance ! * Catalogue of Mammals, Madras Journal, No. 25, p. 225. 88 The Four-horned Antelopes of India. ANTELOPIDA VEL CAPRIDA. Genus Tetrracerus, Leach. EssentTiAL Cuaracters, Mihi. Horns in the males only, four in number, two interorbital, and two set on behind the orbits but below the frontal crest. Anteal horns hollow cored : Posteal horns solid cored. Large moist muzzle. Lachrymal sinus medial, forming a straight longitudinal slit. Feet pores in hind feet only, or none: Inguinal pores none. Teats 4? 2?* No calcic tufts or glands. Sexes of same size, but females unhorned, and wanting the facial marks of the male, where he has any. Manners and habitat.—Not gregarious. Monogamous. Found usually in pairs or solitarily. Exclusively confined to primitive forests and to the parts where thick undergrowth, especially of reeds, abounds. Never frequent plains or mountains, but dwell in the forests at the base of the latter, and are found all over India in such situations, and in no other country apparently. Their droppings are at a fixed spot, and thereby the hunters are guided in finding them, as they are in finding the rhinoceros. The four-horned antelopes fre- quent salt licks, and wear away their incisors by grubbing for the salt which they are very fond of, as indeed are all ruminants. They are shy, and when hunted, either lie very close, creeping often under one’s elephant’s belly, so that it becomes impossible to get a shot, or they go off far ahead, moving by high bounds, like the common antelope (Cervicapra). In rapid motion they carry the head low and the buttocks high, with the tail reverted over the back. They breed but once a year: the rutting season being autumn, and the period of parturition early spring or late in winter. Most young are born in January and February, some in December, and some in March. The period of gestation is six months, and the female usually produces two at a birth, but sometimes only one. The Indian names are Chouka, from Chouk, a bound or leap, and Chousinga, from the four horns: the word being precisely equivalent to the Greek Tetrakeros ; Latin Tetracerus. * Latest specimen examined had 4, so had Mr. Elliott’s : but two others had 2, or I made a mistake. The Four-horned Antelopes of India. 89 I now proceed to a summary but very carefully compiled descrip- tion, or definition rather, of the five species thus far discovered. 1. T. cuicxara, Hardwicke. Uniform bright bay ; chin, abdomi- nal, centre of neck, belly, insides of limbs near it, edge of buttocks and of tail, and lining of ears, albescent. Horns and hoofs and muzzle, black. Snout to vent 2/¢. 9in. Height Lf. 83in. Head 7iin. Ears 43in. Tail 5a. Posteal horns 37n., rounded, smooth, unringed, straight, erect, curved slightly forward, subdivergent ; their basal interval 3cn.; their terminal, 147m. Anteal horns 37n. long, stumpy, erect, cylindric, smooth, wholly unringed, blunt ; their basal interval in. Female, size of a male, but paler coloured. Habitat—Bengal, Behar, Orissa. 2. T. auapricornis, Blainville. Size of the precedent. Colours above brownish, beneath greyish. Head 737i. Posteal horns longi- tudinally striate, transversely striolate, with rings at the bases. Anteal horns 127. long, subtrigonal, robust, acute, basally ringed, yellowish inside, black for the mest part, like the upper pair and the hoofs. Anteal horns set on anteriorly to mid line of orbits, whereas in Chickara they are posterior to that line. Habitat—India, the part of, unknown : described from sculls and horns and Du Vaucel’s drawings. Distinguishable at once from the last by its acute and perfect fore horns, in place of the blunt stumps of Chickara, a permanent distinction, though Mr. Gray inclines against the notion, and therefore confounds the two species. He should have adverted to the next species, long since on record, and which settles that question. 3. T. suBquapRicorNvuTvs, Elliott. Dull brown, approaching to fawn, darker than in Cervicapra, less bright and less deep than in the Gazelle. Mid belly, and chest, insides of limbs near them, and lining of ears, albescent gradually. Bridge of nose, fronts of entire limbs and fetlocks posteally, dark : 3/¢. 6in. long and 2/¢. 14¢n. high. Head 8in. Ears 437m. Tail 5in. Posteal horns 4+ to 437n., black, reclining, straight but with a very slight bowing to the front, parallel, three or four small wrinkles at their bases. Anteal horns, a mere rudiment. Habitat—Southern India. 90 The Four-horned Antelopes of India. 4. T. ropes.* Pl. IV. Fig. IL], Rusty-red, Mihi. Clear full yel- low-red, between rust and cinnamon, becoming pale on the belly and front of the neck, and pure white below the entire head, on the insides of ears and of limbs to mid flexures, and on edges of buttocks and of tail. Chaffron and entire fronts of the limbs, to the feet exclusive, blackish. Fetlocks posteally dark-brown. Horns and hoofs black, “muzzle dusky-grey. Eye large and dark. Length 3/t. 4in. to 3ft. 6in. Height 1/4. llin. to 2ft. Head 8} to 9in. Ears 4in. Tail only 6in.: tail and hair 8inz. Posteal horns 332n. ; their basal inter- val 147. ; their terminal interval 2in. Interval of anteal and posteal horns 142n. Anteal horns 2 to lin. Posteal horns reclining dorsally, remote, divergent, smooth, obtusely pointed, more or less angular, that is, not perfectly rounded on the sides, bowed slightly outwards and forwards, with the blunt points a little reverted to the front. To- wards their bases presenting five to seven crowded rings ; but no trace of longitudinal striation. Anteal horns small, brunt, cylindric, with broadly rounded tops, and the cylindric bodies marked with four to five rmgs. Female, size of male, and fronts of limbs similarly darkened, but not the chaffron. Habitat—Saul forests beneath the Sub-Himalayas. 5. T. paccerots.+ PI. IV. Figs. I, II, Full-horned, Mihi. In size and colours much resembling the last but distinguishable at once by its larger and acute fore horns, which approach in size and shape to the posteal horns as in Quadricornis. Colours duller or luteous-fawn, but with the dark face and limbs of the last, which Quadricornis has not : size larger than Quadricornis but rather less than Id6dés, and the whole inferior surface gradually albescent. Length from snout to vent 3/¢. litn. Height 1f¢. 103im. Head 82n. Ears 43in. Tail 52n., or Zin. with the hair. Posteal horns 33 to 4in. Anteal horns 27n.: interval of the two pairs 1477. Basal interval of posteal pair 127m. : terminal interval 277. Posteal horns reclining still more than in Iddés, but less divergent in the same degree, and bowed inwards and backwards, not ovtwards and forwards as in the last, nor the tips reverted as in * wwo ne rust-coloured. T Tac et KEOOELC, full-horned : Zul karnain, arabicé. This is the spe- cies alluded to by Capt. Brown in the Bengal Sporting Magazine ; and his ring-horned Antelope is Bennetii vel Christii. The Four-horned Antelopes of India. 91 it; very acute, smooth, long,-conic, accurately rounded ; basal rings vague or wanting, not clearly marked as in the last. No longitudinal striation. Anteal horns erect, shape of posteal pair and but one-third less, very acute, rounded, smooth, with two to three vague strize at their bases. Habitat—Saul forests. Sexes alike, save the dark mask proper to the male. The two last species have been carefully compared with Chickara and Quadricornis, to which they are respectively assimilated. The resemblance they bear to these species is considerable at first view, but they may be discriminated as follows— Iddés from Chickara by its greater size, angular and (conspicu- ously) ringed horns, reclining posteal horns, anteal horns strictly interorbital, dark chaffron and fronts of limbs, the latter mark being invariably found even in females and the young. Paccerdis from Quadricornis by superior size, horns void of longi- tudinal striation, suborbital sinus linear* and straight, and anteal horns strictly interorbital and perfectly rounded on their sides. | shall conclude the above tedious but necessary details with a more popular description of the general aspect and structure of these beautiful and interesting little antelopes, imstancing more especially the blunt horned species, or rusty-red Chousinga. This elegant little tenant of the deep recesses of the Saul forests, much resembles in size and aspect the Ratwa, Kaker or barking deer, which likewise abounds in the same site, but is also found in the mountains above the forest, whereas the Chousingas never ascend the hills. The rusty-red Tetracerus has a moderately-sized finely shaped head, a bowed neck, a longish yet full body, limbs exquisitely delicate but of moderate length, and a medial, rounded, and attenuat- ed tail, very full of hair, and reaching nearly to the base of the buttocks. The bridge of the nose is straight and much compressed. The frontals are considerably arched in the region of the anterior horns. ‘The nose ends in a nude moist muzzle or mufle, as large as in the axis, on which the wide lunate nostrils are opened laterally. “Is not the roundness of this sinus in Quadricornis a merely cranial pe- culiarity ? I am satisfied of it by analogy. 92 The Four-horned Antelopes of India. The eye is large and dark, and about three-quarters of an inchi below the eye is the lachrymal fissure, which presents externally the appearance of a straight cleft running in the direction of the bridge of the nose, and about as long as its interval from the eye. This fissure leads to a shallow sinus, which is nude within and furnished with scattered small glands secreting an aqueous viscid humour, having a slight and agreeable odour, such as we are sensible of in approaching most deer and antelopes. The suborbital sinus in the Chousingas has the same character as in the deer, but is smaller and less mobile than in the Rusas or Muntjacs, and opens upwards rather than downwards from its external base, from a depth of about half an inch. The ears are of good size, fan-shaped and deer-like, nude and rubes- cent, of flesh-colour within, and marked with three strize or stripes of hair. The delicate elastic limbs are void of knee-tufts or cal- losities, and end in small, low, compressed hoofs, slightly ‘scooped ‘below ; and in false hoofs which are fully developed but not pointed, obtusely conic and approximated, with a tuft of hair between them, as in the Chiri. The fore feet have no interdigital pores, but the hind feet I think possess them, though my memoranda are dubious on that pomt. It may be as well to add that these peculiar organs* are placed in the hollow in front of the pastern between the two bones, and that by their presence or absence, in the fore or hind, or both extremities, they help to characterize the groups of deer, ante- lopes, goats and sheep. For example, the goats have them in the fore feet only : the sheep in all four feet : and the Rusans (Sambers, Jerrows), the Gowrers are devoid of them: the axines have them in the hind feet only ; and so also the Muntjacs or barking deer In the goat antelopes (Thar and Goral) they are very large in all four feet ; and likewise in the unicorn antelopes of Tibet (Pantholops) whilst the Hemitrages (Jharal or Tehr) of the Himalayas, are devoid of them en- tirely. In the four-horned antelopes of the Saul forest there is not, I think, any trace of the calcict gland or tuft, so common, according * See accompanying sketch of them in the Thar. + Placed on the hock or rather stifle, inside and out, or only the one where there is a whorl or callosity in most quadrupeds. The Four-horned Antelopes of India. 93 * to Mr. Gray, among the deer* and antelopes and musks, and which organ he employs extensively (Zool. Journal, June 1836,) to separate the groups of the last named sub-family (Moschine). The tail of the Chousingas resembles that of the barking deer, and is of moderate length, rounded, attenuated gradually to a point, half nude below, and very full of hair which is spread out sideways when the animal is excited. The anterior horns stand exactly between and above the eyes, and they are erect. The posterior horns stand midway between the eyes and the ears; and they are reclining or sloped towards the back. In this species (Iddés) both pairs are blunt, especially the anterior, which may be called even stumpy, though far larger than in Elliott’s species ; and both pairs are conspicuously ringed at their bases, whereas in the other species of the same region. (Paccerdis), both pairs of horns are acute, nearly or quite unringed, and much more equal and similar to each other than in the subject of our present description, or the rusty-red Chousinga. The pelage or coat of both our species is of one kind only of hair, and is abundant, rather harsh, and somewhat elongated, precisely as in the Gdéa, not glossed nor short, and closely pressed to the skin as in the barking deer ; more as in the Rusans, but finer in quality than in those large and. coarse haired animals. The peroneum and genital regions are quite void of hair, and cover- ed with a smooth, nude, white skin, whence depends the neat small scrotum. There is no sign whatever of the inguinal gland and pore, so conspicuous in the typical antelopes (Cervicapra), and which are very clearly traceable+ in sheep, though not in goats, nor perhaps generally in deer. The teats are, I believe, normally four, though, unless I noted too carelessly, there are sometimes only two. These species of antelope are quite devoid of the knee-tufts, as well as of the bands on the flanks, characterizing many of the more typical genera of the group. But the fronts of the entire limbs, down to the * There is no trace of this organ in the Ratwa Muntjac. I have just examined three fresh ones. + The last and ablest writers say otherwise : see Zool. Journal, December 1836, p. 137. I can only say that, being apt to seek primary evidence, I have found the gland with a copious secretion (though a vaguely defined sinus), in six kinds of tame sheep, and also in the Hog-deer. 94 The Four-horned Antelopes of India. feet exclusively, are darkened almost to blackness in both sexes, as in * Nahtr and Burhel, and the chaffron or bridge of the nose is so like- wise in the males, though not in the females. I have named the present species Iddés or the rusty-red, because such is conspicuously its general colour, which prevails throughout over the body and neck, only somewhat diluted on the lower surface of both. The head also, both above and laterally, is rusty-red, but _ inferiorly pure white, which likewise is the colour of the insides of | the limbs near the body, and of the edges of the buttocks and tail, the rest of the tail being rusty-red, like the general surface. The females of both my species are as large as the males, but are distinguished by the total absence of horns and by the want of the dark mask proper to the males, the fronts of whose limbs also are darker than in the females, and yet more so than in the juniors, though even in them, after a few months, the blackening of the limbs may be traced. DeEscriPTION OF PLATE IV. Fig. 1, Portraits of Terracreri or Cuousineas of the Saul forests. Rusty sp. Full-horned behind. Fig. 2, I. Senior, II. Junior, of Pacceréis or Full-horned. III. of T. iodés or Rusty-red. Fig. 4, Interdigital sac of the Thar, with skin of pastern dissected off the leg : natural size. Darjeeling : May, 1847. On the Buzzards of the Himalaya and of Tibet. By B. H. Hone- SON, Lsq. Unlike the Moor Buzzards and the rest of the Harriers (Circus) which abound in the plains of India at all seasons of the year, the true Buzzards (Buteo) and the Booted Buzzards (Archibuteo) seem to affect cold regions; only one, or possibly two, species of Buteo being found in the plains even in the cold months, and no species of Archibuteo whatever. Mr. Jerdon’s ample and accurate Catalogue gives but one species of Buteo, (Longipes) which it appears is identi- cal with my Canescens, and both with the- African species Rufinus of Ruppel. This bird is very common in the Tarai and lower hills Calentla SIounw Nat West. = ee NR RAN SSS AY ‘\y < — = = = = ——— : Ka ve rs , desiniges of he ead fred SSS hasty dpetr front fillhorned in Near, 23 C/ = Wa vg z Drs Felvaceré or UG Ze) of the fal free. ~ The Buzzards of the Himalaya and Tibet. 95 in the cold season, and permanently so in the central hilly region, where it breeds and abounds, especially in the more level and rice- growing tracts, such as the valley of Nepaul proper. Another small species named Nana is on record; and there ends the enumeration, so far as the plains are concerned. But, in the juxta-nivean region of the Sub-Himalayas and in Tibet, are found in the several other species, some of which are visitants of the central hilly region in the cold months. These additional species, which affect the cold regions, are— 1. Buteo Plumipes. } 2. Buteo Leucocephalus vel Aquilinus. 3. Archibuteo Cryptogenys, x. s. 4. Butaquila Strophiata. In the first the elongation of the tarse, the acuteness of the talons, the slenderness of the whole figure, and lastly some vague indication of the facial disc, are so many approximations towards the Moor Buzzard, a species of Circus. But the bird is no doubt properly re- tained in the genus Buteo, though it differ yet further from the type of that genus by having its tarse nearly two-thirds plumed, as in the next and very large species from Tibet, which again de- viates from the type, as well by this additional plumage on the legs as by having the naked portion of the tarse anteally reticu- late, and not scutellate. As however the reticulation is coarse and inclining towards scutellation, I leave this species also among the proper Buzzards, because the type of that genus likewise sometimes exhibits this tendency to reticulation in front of the tarse, whilst the length and form of the wings, and the compact and massive structure of Leucocephalus, accord as entirely as do the other details of its structure with the type of Buteo. Not so, however, the fourth species above enumerated, though Mr. Gray supposes these two to be identical, and accordingly sets down Archibuteo Strophiatus vel Leucocephalus as one and the same species! This however is a mis- take ; for I have young and old birds to refer to, and can safely affirm that, whatever the approximations of size and colour may be, there are - structural differences rendering it impossible to identify these two species, or, as I conceive, to class either of them with Archibuteo. Leucocephalus vel Aquilinus is decidedly a Buteo, though deviating 96 The Buzzards of the Himalaya and Tibet. somewhat from the type of the genus. But Strophiatus is, as de- cidedly, no Buteo, nor Archibuteo, but a type osculant towards Aquila from Archibuteo. Accordingly, as my suggested sub-generic terms Butaquila and Hemiztus have not been adopted in the sense in which I used them, I shall make a fresh appropriation of both, applying the former to Strophiatus and the latter to Imperialis, a form which it is impossible to retain in the same genus with Chrysae- tos. The coarse massive structure and necrophagous habits of Imperialis, are entirely alien from the noble form and habits of Chry- saetos, a bird whose structure is as much more highly raptorial in its superior lightness of figure, and enormous development of talons, as might be expected from his exclusively, or almost exclusively, life- destroying habits. This species it appears is the Daphéni of the Himalaya and of Tibet, to which regions it is nearly confined, whereas the imperial Eagle (Bifasciata vel Crassipes vel Heliaca, vel Nipalensis) is common all over the plains, where I have very often seen and shot him, whilst scavengering with the vultures and contend- ing with them over putrid carcases. Such diversities of form and manners as characterize Chrysaetos and Imperialis cannot, with any propriety, be overlooked, and accordingly, I shall consider Imperialis in future as the type of Hemizetus, and apply the term Butaquila to Strophiatus, a type having a general resemblance to Archibuteo, and belonging to the Buteonine, but differing therefrom, and approaching Hemiztus of the Aquiline by the greater length and straightness of the bill, the longer and more lunate nares, the total absence of festoon in the bill, and lastly and chiefly, the longer wings which, as in the Eagles, are fully equal to the tail, and have the fourth quill longest, and the fifth longer than the third. JI am persuaded that closer comparisons will induce Mr. Gray to adopt these views. I now pro- ceed to our third species, which is a novelty just obtained from Cen- tral Tibet, and I think a typical Archibuteo, the only one yet dis- covered in these regions. ARCHIBUTEO CRYPTOGENYS, 2. 8. or Booted Buzzard of Tibet. Pl. TI1,; Fig. 1: Single specimen brought from Lassa by Bhotias employed to shoot mammals in Tibet. Sex unknown. Tail and wings slightly injured, but otherwise a good sample: in full plumage. Calcutta, Jour Nat Hist PL.iil. TY i | u? KN ii Rt A Archibutee G yplogerys, Booled Bubiard of Tibet, AW ye ‘4 ‘ \ ; er ane ‘ wt tht tiiee ai ‘ h v . pT The Buzzards of the Himalaya and Tibet. 97 Form. Wead rather small, and moderately broad, rather rounded than flat. Eye medial, with a strong brow. Bill short and much curved from the brow; broad and ample at the gape, which passes under the eye, and gradually compressed forwards. Festoon distinct. Hook moderate. Tip of lower mandible obliquely truncated without notch. Cere large, but nearly hid by the thick-set soft plumuli which cover the lores and sides of the cere, and advance so far forward as nearly to hide the ovoid longitudinal nares. Wings ample, reach- ing within 1 or 14-inch of end of tail; third quill longest. Emargi- nation of the great quills strong and high up as in Buteo. Tail slightly rounded, nearly even. ‘Tarsi plumed to the toes, somewhat elevate, more so than in Buteo. Toes short, unequal, Buteonine : the outer, basally membraned: the inner, nearly free. Acropodia reticulate, with four perfect scales, next each talon. Talons medial, unequal, Buteonine. Colour. A saturate dull brown, like the Moor Buzzard, largely emarignated on each plume of the head and neck, with brownish- cinnamon ; and the great alars and caudals internally blanched ; the dark hue showing like bars, large and remote, upon the inner vanes of those plumes. Cere and legs greenish-yellow. Bill leaden-blue with black tip. Talons black. Iris said to be pale, probably whity- brown, or brownish aureous. Dimensions. Length 25i.; of bill to gape Ilfn.; to brow iin. ; of tail 12in.; of tarse 33in.; of central toe and talon 2in. ; of hind ditto 12in. ; of closed wing 18zz. Habitat.—Tibet : never met with on this side the Himalaya. DESCRIPTION OF PuiaTE III. Fig. 1, Archibuteo cryptogenys or Booted Buzzard of Tibet ; 6. foot and leg. Fig. 2, Merva Jerdonii, Hodgson, of preceding article, p. 46. Darjeeling, May, 1847. 98 Note on the Kiang. By B. H. Hoveson, Esq. Since my paper on the Kiang was printed in the last No. of your Journal, it has been suggested to me, that the seventh molar tooth of this species is merely a deciduous tooth, constantly forthcoming in the tame Equines. I can only say in the way of excuse for my own statement, that Cuvier, his Commentator, and H. Smith, in his recent monograph of this very family, were all consulted by me, and all found silent anent this extra tooth of the tame Equines ; and that whilst three perfect sculls of horses and mules procured by me for the sake of comparison, none of them showed this tooth, first one and thereafter two more perfect sculls of Kiang, a// of them showed it. Moreover, the opposite anomaly of deficient molars in the Dzigga- tai, resting on the high authority of Pallas, naturally and justly con- firmed my view of the permanent and normal character of the extra molars of the Kiang. It may be that I was therein mistaken, but at least it will be allow- ed, that I spoke not without pains and deliberation ; having consulted all the authorities within my reach, and having fetched my sculls of tame Equines for the mere sake of comparison, from distances vary- ing from twenty to thirty miles. If the fact be that this seventh molar is constant as a deciduous tooth throughout the horse family, tame and wild, it is most strange that my six specimens should exhibit uniformly an appearance to the contrary, for the Kiang sculls are none of them of animals under four years, though those of the tame Equines are no doubt older and aged. From further examinations made here and enquiries at the Government Stud, I find that young horses occasionally exhi- bit that extra tooth, whilst renewed examination of my Kiang sculls satisfies me, that all three are young, though none under four years. This tooth may therefore possibly yet prove normal and constant in the Kiang, abnormal and inconstant in the tame horse and ass ; and Pallas’ anomaly, as well as mine, may yet prove stable; and at all events, it will be admitted that the question raised, is one of interest and importance. But, it is further objected, that my new specific name is superflu- ous as well as erroneous, the species having been priorly named by Note on the Kiang. 99 myself and others—not to add that it is really as old as Aristotle, and no other than the Hemionus. Upon the questions of the identity of the Kiang of Tibet with the Ghorkhar of the Indus and the Dziggatai of Mongolia, much has been said and will be said, as upon the further questions of their identity with the Yo-to-ze of China and the Koulan of Tartary. The curious in such matters will, of course, consult travellers and sys- tematists, as I have done. My own impression derived from such references, carefully enough made I hope, was, that the tattle of travellers cannot be relied on, and that systematists, who attempt to build upon such foundations, and thereupon to divide the wild asses of Asia into many species with H. Smith,* or to lump them all into one with Col. Sykes,+ are rather adding to, than lessening our doubts and perplexities. Col. Sykes’ paper is very ingenious, and, in part, equally sound, leaving no room for future question that the wild ass of Cutch, Scinde, and Southern Persia, is one and the same species, viz. the Ghorkhar, live specimens of which were imported into Europe by Messrs. Dussumier, Clarkson, and Glasspole. The same argu- ments and statements of Col. Sykes, however, which convince me of that, likewise convince me that Pallas’ Dziggatai and the Kiang of Tibet, are perfectly distinct from the Ghorkhar above limited ; whilst in regard to the distinctness of the two latter, one from the other, I know not that I can or need add any thing to what my original paper assumes, viz. that 7f Pallas has accurately described the Dziggatai, then the Dziggatai is not the Kiang. In my Tibetan Catalogue I cited the Kiang and another alleged species of Tibet ; but upon no better grounds than the conflicting and utterly insuffici- ent statements of Moorcroft,t Gerard, and my own informants. But when I came (with sufficient materials before me for the scientific determination of the Tibetan species) to look closely into those state- ments relative to the animal, it seemed to me the better course to leave unheeded what I had said on such frail and shifting grounds, and to describe the Kiang upon a tabula rasa, neither Moorcroft, Gerard, nor any one else having anticipated me, by either naming or * Nat. Library, Vol. xii. + Zoological Journal, Oct. 1537. + See Capt. Cunningham’s Notes on Kanaver, Journ, As. Soc., for con- firmation of this assertion. 100 Note on the Kiang. describing the animal in any terms or manner consistent with science is used, or the interest and nature of the subject. The dental formula of Felis is 3, of Ailurus is <, of Viverra is : : and yet these animals constantly exhibit the respective forms < = and = or even 2, the other teeth being deciduous and want- ing in old animals generally. So again, Ursus has the dental formula and >, though all the three premolars above and below are hardly ever found save injuniors. It follows therefore, that the rule is to give the teeth, inclusive of deciduous ones, and if Equus have normally the 7th tooth, as alleged, why have all the highest authorities heretofore uniformly given : for the Equine formula? That they have done so is a fact sufficient to excuse and justify my insisting on the extra tooth commonly found in Kiang, and xoé, I believe, commonly found in Equus. Such at least is the result of observations made for me at the Stud, but which will be repeated and extended at my request, and the point thus decisively set at rest. oo ERRATA IN THE PAPER ON KIANG. Page 2, for callositics read callosities. » 9, for binary read laniary. And N.B.—Dental formula that of male, the female, as usual, wanting the Canines. So put under female scull for the sake of comparison with male Tanghan. The Mammals of the Sub-Himalayas or Sewaliks and of Tibet. TO THE EDITOR OF THE CALCUTTA JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. Srr,—In your last issue No. 28, you have given insertion to a very bitter critique upon Dr. Jameson’s ‘‘ Zoology of Chinese Tar- tary ;’ for so the author of this article is pleased to style certain extracts from a traveller’s careless letter, priorly published by you. In a foot note you admit, that in this point of view the critique was uncalled for, but you conceive the observations it contains to be nevertheless “ perfectly fair’? as well as “ very valuable.” I differ from you in your estimate of this performance ; and if I succeed, The Mammals of the Sub-Himalayas and Tibet. 101 as I hope to do, in showing that the value is nihil, I think I may leave the fairness to the discernment of your readers, and yet trust to have helped to put an end to all such doings for the future. I pro- ceed, then, to examine the value of your critic’s observations. Value in Zoology must respect either the announcement of new species or of new facts in relation to the structure, the habits, or the geographic range, of known animals. Mere carping at another writer cannot have value. And yet ¢hat is positively all the paper in question contains, as I purpose to make apparent to every one. The writer begins with the wild sheep of Tibet (very clumsily called Chinese Tartary), and upon this topic the sum of his communication amounts to a sheer expression of his indignation because Dr. Jame- son had neglected to recognise the distinctions between Ovis Nahoor and Ovis Barhel—Ovis Ammon and Ovis Montana, and had presumed to indicate a new species allied to both the latter, and inhabiting Western Tibet. Now, the Barhel may be distinct from the Nahoor : the Argalis of Siberia and Tibet may be identical: and both (or the one) may be distinct from the American Argali vel Montana. But, it is certain, that no one has yet demonstrated these differences and identities ; that the distinctions are of that minute kind which Zoolo- gists may eventually recognise, whilst anatomists will continue re- cusant ; and that in the present state of recorded facts, to dogmatise in the style of your critic upon such points, is mere ‘ bow-wow-ism.’ With regard to the supposed new species it is further certain, that we had no full or sufficient description of the Tibetan Argali before the last number of the Asiatic Society’s Journal came out; and I may add, what Mr. Robert informs me of, viz., that when he was m London two years ago, and proposed to test the identity of the Argalis of Siberia and of Tibet, he found that there were no spoils whatever of the former, nor any adequate ones of the latter, forth- coming in any English Museum, nor, as he was told, in any Con- tinental one, unless perhaps that of Petersburg. And such would seem to have been the case when Mr. Blyth last treated the subject, who, therefore, then spoke hesitatingly. If he can now speak confi- dently, it is very desirable he should do so; for until he or some one else do so, any alleged verification of the accuracy of the original conjecture as to the identity of the animals can of course influence 102. The Mammals of the Sub-Himalayas and Tibet. no one not having access to the Museum (if the Museum contain the proof*) ; nor can any blame whatever be attached to Dr. Jameson for supposing the wild sheep of Tibet to be a distinct species, nearly alli- ed both to the Siberian and American animals: and the throwing out such a conjecture is the substance of what Dr. Jameson says. In like manner is still to be demonstrated the specific independance of the Barhel on the Nahoor; and until that has been done, and it has been shown moreover, that Dr. Jameson met with the former and not the latter, your critic cannot have the least solid ground for his censure, seeing that both animals occupy the site spoken of by Dr. Jameson, whilst their resemblance is confessedly extreme! In a word, the observations I am remarking on, add not one syllable to our knowledge of the wild sheep of Tibet, neither as to their number of species, nor their habitats, nor their habits. In what, then, does the value of the observations quoad hoc consist ? Your critic’s next topic is the hares of Tibet ; and the amount of new information furnished on this topic is a republication from the Naturalist’s Library of the measures of the hares of Britain! in order to prove Dr. Jameson’s ignorance, he having casually said, that the changing hare, is the largest British species, and your critic noé having proved the contrary by his array of measures of length merely, without weights. For any thing produced by your critic the changing hare may still be the largest species of Britain. But how idle thus to press a point like this, the real question being the hares, not of Britain, but of Tibet. There are three imperfectly described Tibetan hares, viz. Tibetanus, Oiostolus and Pallipes ; and if your critic had in any degree helped to remove the obscurity hanging over them (by showing, for example, that Pallipes is the Tolai, and Tibetanus the same as Oiostolus), he would have done some good. As it is, his observations in re Hares, add not a particle to previous knowledge, and therefore can have no value. Your critic next proceeds to the wild goats and goat-antelopes of the Sub-Himalayas, Himalayas, and Tibet. These are, as is * What is that proof ? what spoils of Ammon exist there ? None can I think, and as for allegations, they will not suffice ; for abundant materials for test- ing Ammonoides have lately been sent home, and the result of their examina- tion is just announced, viz. that the latter is a good and distinct species. ee ee eee Oe eee ee ee ee ee The Mammals of the Sub-Himalayas and Tibet. 108 well known, the skin or kin, the Jharal, the Thar, and the Goral : the respective types of Capra, Hemitragus, Nemorhcedus, and Kemas.* It had long ago been explained that the second type is distinguished from the first by having a small moist muzzle, no feet- pits, and four teats; and the fourth from the third type by the absence of those enormously glandulous eye-pits, which form the special character of the Continental and Insular Nemorhedines, or the the Thar and the Cambing Utan. Moreover, the Jharal had always been spoken of as distinct from the Hemitrage of Jemla, having horns less compressed and less incurved at the points, a keel less prominent and less nodose, and colours considerably different. Your critic has overlooked this distinction of species, and therefore might just as reasonably be lashed on that score as Dr. Jameson, for over- looking the difference between the common and Himalayan Ibexes (skin). Both distinctions are in truth minute, and perhaps false. At all events, the contrary has not yet been demonstrated, and until it be so, to dogmatise in the fashion of your critic, is again mere bow- wow-ism. On this head of goats and antelopes your critic’s observa- tions are not illuminated by one glimmer of new light. They amount in fact to a mere enumeration of native names ; and, I may add, a very questionable enumeration ; for the Eimu of one dialect is the skin or kin (not Sakeen) of another, and so of the Tehr and Sarav. But of a verity the people apply their vernacular names with extreme carelessness: Tehr and Thar are besides almost or quite identical words: and if Dr. Jameson so considered them, and advert- ed to a Hemitrage under the appellations of Thar and wild goat, why he committed no error at all, save overlooking the suggested new caprine type. His surprise at finding a four-teated goat was * Kemas is erroneously applied as a generic term by Mr. Gray to the Chirt, the type of Pantholops. Colonel H. Smith, who applied the Greek term Kemas to the Chirt, as a specific appellation, recognised in his Mam- malia (Nat. Library) the propriety of the amendment of nomenclature, he never having defined the type, and having been anticipated by Dr. Abel in the application of a specific name. Kemas, as a genus, has for type the Goral (see Zool. Journal for December 1836). Subsequently (same work for Aug. 1837,) the “ Jharal was associated” to it, but erroneously. Hylochrius again is but the female of Jhdral, teste Gray. 104. The Mammals of the Sub-Himalayas and Tibet. just and sagacious, and his application of native names precisely such, as has just been repeated by that accomplished and elegant writer, Capt. Madden, (see As. Jour. No. 176.) The Marmots are next spoken of by your critic. Of these animals there were described in 1843 two species, respectively inhabiting the Himalayan region and Tibet; and if your critic had confirmed or refuted the supposed identity of the latter and larger of these with the Bobac, he would have done some little service.. As it is, he has done nothing but carp at the careless language of a private letter. The bears form the next topic, the last and the gravest of your critic, who, however confident and emphatic on this head, adds not a particle of new information to our recorded stores, but, on the con- trary, materially obscures the clearness of former lights. That there are three Zoological regions between the crest or spine of the Himalayas and the plains of India; that the first region, comprising the saul forest and lower hills, has little elevation, and consequently a_ climate essentially plain-like ; that the second region, including the central hills with elevations of from 3 to 9,000 feet, has a climate similar to that of Southern Europe, or of the Mediterranean shores ; that the third region embracing the higher mountains between the elevations of 9 and 16,000 feet (the Zoological limit), has a climate passing from that of central to that of Northern Europe; that among quadrupeds the three species of bear,* and among birds the jungle fowls (Gallus), the fowl pheasants (Gallophasis), and the Monaul pheasants (Lophophorus), belong so exclusively to these respective regions, as to furnish an excellent popular demonstration of the sound- ness of the triple division : all these are points long since laid down in the first edition of the Catalogues of Nepalese and Tibetan Mammals, wherein, as in subsequent editions, a// the Mammals of those regions are located upon that principle. What then does your critic add to former knowledge upon this head? Precisely nothing. Nay, he fur- nishes a considerable array of errors ; which might be made a good deal of to his disparagement, if paraded against him in the spirit in which he has displayed Dr. Jameson’s slightest inaccuracy. Your * Popularly so-called ; in fact the animals belong to three distinct genera or Ursus—Helarctos and Melursus. The Mammals of the Sub-Himalayas and Tibet. 105 emphatic critic, in flat contradiction of what he erroneously alleges Dr. J. to say, affirms Ist, that ‘“ the black Bhali’”’ is not Ursus Tibetanus, which is the Reech: 2nd, that Tibetanus is not found above Rajpur, nor at any places so low as from 2,500 to 3,500 feet above the sea: and, 3rd, that there are no less than three black bears between the plains and the snows. Now, mark, how the case stands on these three points! Upon the first point the fact is that the words Bhali and Reech are Hindu generic names for all bears whatever, and Tibetanus being just as black as Labiatus: unquestionably the former is just as much the black bear as the latter: your critic’s appropriation of the words Bhali and Reech so dogmatically to Labiatus and Tibetanus, being nothing more or less than a blunder! and the contradiction hurled at Dr. J. founded thereon, as futile as it is rude. In the next place, the Tibetan bear certainly is found constantly and habitually at elevations so low as 3,000 feet, and frequently at 2,000, above the sea, and consequently 1,000 above the plains—with reference to which basis, and not to the sea level, Dr. Jameson may have spoken, and spoken without violation of facts or of usage. In the third place, the assertion of your critic that there are three species of black bear between the plains and the snows, is perfectly gratuitous, and improperly made the ground of a point blank contradiction. We all know that according to native reports given to Mr. Hodgson, fifteen years ago, there are two sorts of the black bear of the central region which are called Bhimia and Kathia, or ground and tree bears, whereof the latter is alleged by the mountaineers to be the smaller and more scansorial. But the distinction rests on no solid founda- tion: the real state of the case being that the Tibetan bear is in youth very active and a great climber,* as well as gregarious or social to the extent of living a good while with his fellow cubs of the same litter, but that advancing years add so much to his weight from proneness to obesity and to his unsociableness from sexual impulses, that he can climb no longer nor endure the presence of males, and therefore *T have seen the young bears of this species climb trees as agilely as monkeys, in order to get at the locusts, a flight of which had just appeared, and which they handled very oddly, and ate up as fast as could be ! P 106 The Mammals of the Sub-Himalayas and Tibet. abides solitarily or with his mate only, on the ground. More shy he is in age than in youth, but not less destructive to the crops; nay, far more so, in proportion to his greater appetite and greater weight in trampling the grain, and because the villagers dare no longer drive him off, as they do the juniors. Nor are his marks or colours different in nonage and maturity, ‘the rusty-red of the muzzle, white chin and pectoral crescent,” all belonging to Tibetanus at all ages, though cited by your critic as the designations of his imagi- nary 3rd species, Tibetanus being his 2nd, and Labiatus his Ist. But Labiatus does not penetrate into the hills, as alleged by your critic; and Dr. Jameson, speaking of hill bears, probably omitted all mention of it on that account, or because, there being no forest below the hills west of the Ganges, there is no Labiatus found there ; and not from the ignorance so promptly imputed. The ignorance here again is your critic’s, not Dr. J’s. ; for the sloth bear or juggler’s, or long-lipt bear, which may be known at once by its long shaggy coat, very mobile lips, enormous digging claws, and small and feeble hind-quarters ; is not a hill but a plain bear, preferring to live out- side of the forest even, and never ascending the hills at all. I think, certainly, not dwelling nor ever found, at half the elevation named by your critic. And now, Sir, how stand your critic’s three points ? But common sense must indicate that there is no being rigidly pre- cise as to the exact number of feet which marks the habitat, or the occasional wanderings of species: and if Dr. Jameson err in that respect, yet more seriously and more variously does his censor err as to the number, as to the location, and as to the habits, of these species, of whose location all that can be truly said, is, that the white or isabelline bear (Ursus) belongs to the northern region, the Tibetan (Helarctos) to the central, and the long-lipt (Melursus) to the southern ; and of their habits, that, while all are essentially omnivo- rous, the Ist is the most carnivorous, and the last, the least so ; the 3rd holding the mean in appetite as in habitat. But to say, like your critic, that this species is at all averse to flesh, is an addi- tional error; for, some years ago, three of them, kept by me at Simla, seized and devoured two others of their own kind of smaller size, belonging to Mr. Ross Bell, ate them up, bones, skin and all, with a fierceness and rapidity more than Tigrine! and many were The Mammals of the Sub-Himalayas and Tibet. 107 the geese, ducks and fowls, previously seized and devoured by these fully fed eschewers of the fleshpots! Facts of similar tenour, from another witness, may be found in No. 176 of the Asiatic Journal, pp. 245 and 250. April 15th, 1847. | PHILOLETHES. NotEe.—We disapproved of the critique alluded to, conceiving it as we said at the time, to be quite uncalled for. Our observation as to fairness, was in- tended merely to imply that every remark published in our pages, should be open to animadversion, relying of course on the good taste and feeling of our correspondents ; when these are violated, which rarely happens, the error will correct itself as in the present case.—Eps. ~ Professor BRANDE on the properties and uses of Gun-cotton—An- nouncement of Professor SCHONBEIN’S Process. The weekly evening meetings of the members of the Royal Institution commenced for the season on Friday, the 15th instant. The theatre was completely filled with the members and their friends, the subject proposed for the lecture being the principal source of attraction. Prof. Brande commenced by observing that, within the last few months, the manufacture and uses of gun-cotton had received an unprecedented degree of attention, not merely from scientific men, but from the public in general. So soon as the discovery had been announced, the honour of making it was claimed by various indivi- duals. It was unnecessary to dwell upon their claims: a simple statement of the facts would, however, show to whom the merit of the important applications of the discovery was really due. In the year 1833, Braconnot first announced, in the Annales de Chimie, that he had procured a new substance, possessed of very singular pro- perties, by acting on starch, saw-dust, linen, and cotton, by concen- trated nitric acid. The product from starch was a white powder, without any acid reaction, and looked like the original starch unal- tered. It differed from it, however, in being exceedingly inflammable, taking fire at a comparatively low temperature, and leaving scarcely any residue. A portion of starch thus prepared was placed on paper, and held over a Jamp, when the whole was speedily consumed. Paper which had been soaked in concentrated nitric acid, washed, \ a Sethe 4 st TT a 108 On the properties and uses of Gun-cotion. and dried, was found to be entirely changed in its physical and chemical properties. It was tough, and had somewhat the character of parchment. When heat was applied to it, it burnt rapidly, and was entirely consumed. If these substances were heated with nitric acid, they became dissolved, forming a mucilaginous solution: on adding water to the solution, a white pulpy matter separated, to which Braconnot gave the name of xyloidine, to signify its derivation from woolly fibre. Subsequently the properties of xyloidine were examined by other chemists. Pelouze confirmed the results obtained by Braconnot, and determined that the new compound inflamed at a temperature below that required for the singeing of paper; 2. e. under 400°. He suggested that the material thus prepared might be made useful for certain purposes in the artillery, but without stating how or in what way he proposed to apply it. The subject attracted no further notice, until, in the course of the last summer, Professor Schénbein announced to the British Associ- ation that he had succeeded in procuring from cotton-wool a very explosive substance, which might be made a useful substitute for gunpowder: to this he gave the name of Gun-cotton. For some time before this announcement, he had been engaged in researches which had led to the discovery of a singular principle called ozone, one of the most powerful oxidizers with which we are acquainted ; and it is probable that these researches led to his perfecting the pro- cess, the first foundation of which had been laid by Braconnot. Schénbein ascertained that the inflammable compound of cotton was produced in a much more perfect degree by the mixture of sulphuric with nitric acid than by nitric acid alone ; and the proportions which he employs are, two parts by measure of sulphuric with one part by measure of nitric acid, both of the acids being in their most concen- trated state.* Professor Brande having mixed the acids in these pro- portions, the mixture formed a colourless liquid of a high temperature, and evolved copious acid fumes. He then observed that it was pro- bable that some new substance (ozone ?) was here produced, since the two acids thus mixed had properties entirely different from those possessed by either separately. Thus neither nitric nor sulphuric * We observe that Schénbein in his patent specifies three parts of sul- phuric acid to one of nitric.—Ep. On the properties and uses of Gun-cotton. 109 acid had any bleaching power separately: but, upon pouring a co- loured liquid (indigo?) into the mixture, the colour was discharged as readily as if chlorine had been present. Again, the action of this - compound on sugar was widely different to that of either nitric or sulphuric acid. Thus, by digestion in it, sugar became converted to a kind of yellow resin: it was no longer soluble in water, but quite soluble in alcohol, forming on evaporation a kind of varnish. It took fire at a low temperature, and burnt like a resin, with a yellow smoky flame. Experiments were performed to illustrate these pro- perties. The most remarkable effects were, however, produced when any form of lignin or woody fibre was immersed in the mixture. The chemical properties of the substance were entirely changed, although, in appearance, it was but little altered. Tow, saw-dust, linen, or paper, might be used; but no substance was so well fitted for the purpose as finely carded cotton wool. All that was required was to soak the cotton wool, well pulled out, in a vessel containing a large quantity of the acids, in the proportions above-mentioned. When fully impregnated with the mixture, the cotton was to be removed, or it would in time become dissolved: it should then be transferred to water, and washed until no trace of acidity remained about it. It should be dried at a gentle heat, and it was then fit for use. [Some of the cotton was here prepared by the Professor. | It was difficult to give a satisfactory theory of the change produced in the cotton. Lignin consisted of C12, H8, O8: it was, no doubt, oxidized during the process, but, whether by the action of a new principle formed (ozone), or by the mere transference of the elements of nitric acid to it, it was difficult to say. Nitrous acid might be obtained from it by distillation. The cotton was considerably in- creased in weight ; 100 parts of the wool yielding 160 parts of gun- cotton. When well prepared, it was white and flocculent, and, to all appearance, unchanged physically ; but the microscope showed a peculiar difference ; for whereas the fibre of ordinary cotton, when polarized in the microscope, had a certain lustre, the fibre of gun- cotton appeared in the form of a black streak. The prepared cotton, when heated to about 350°, was entirely re- solved into gaseous matter with flame; and if confined, it exploded with a loud report. It became inflamed at a temperature much 110 On the properties and uses of Gun-cotton. lower than gunpowder, which required a heat of 575° in order to explode it. This was proved by placing portions of each on paper and holding them over a jet of gas, when the cotton exploded without the gunpowder. Any substance in the slightest state of ignition would suffice to kindle it, and it would be observed that it left no residue whatever. Its explosion took place more rapidly than that of gunpowder. This was ingeniously illustrated by laying equal trains of each on a board, the trains running in opposite directions, and touching only at one point, 7. e. the centre. A little detonating powder was placed at the extreme end of each train in order to indicate by sound the difference in the time of explosion. The trains were fired by applying a hot iron to the central point where they met: the gun-cotton burnt with much greater rapidity than the powder, and there was a distinctly perceptible interval between the detonations at the two ends. It was also evident, that while the powder produced a visible smoke in burning, there was no visible vapour from the cotton. Although so highly explosive, gun-cotton presented an anomaly ; for if a train of it were firmly pressed in the centre by any hard body, it might be ignited on one side without the explosion being communicated to the other half. This experi- ment was successfully shown. A portion of cotton was then placed on an anvil, and it was proved that by a smart blow it. easily and entirely exploded on percussion. The electric spark would ignite it, but the same precaution was required as in the case of gunpowder. i. e. to slacken the course of the electric fluid by making it pass through water, or it produced no effect. The cotton might be made to explode in vacuo, but without any report, showing that air was not absolutely necessary to its combustion. This fact was illustrated by placing a small portion in a receiver provided with wires through which the electric spark could be easily passed, and made to traverse the cotton. When the receiver was exhausted, the discharge was made: a very faint diffused light appeared at the time of explosion, but there was no sound, nor was there any residue. The cotton, therefore, contains enough oxygen for its own combustion. The height of the barometer after the explosion would indicate the quan- tity of gases evolved from a given weight. These gases had been found by analysis to be carbonic acid, carbonic oxide, deutoxide of On the properties and uses of Gun-cotton. — 111 nitrogen, nitrogen, cyanogen, and aqueous vapour. There was un- doubtedly an acid product formed, ¢. e. nitrous acid, from the deutoxide of nitrogen. This was proved by placing im a bell-jar, having some cotton at the bottom, a long strip of litmus paper, and another strip of paper soaked in a solution of iodide of potassium. On discharging the gun-cotton by a heated wire, the litmus paper was reddened, and, on the other strip of paper, iodine was set free. Beside this, it was made evident that the bell-glass contained ruddy fumes indicative of the production of nitrous acid. The fact was also subsequently illustrated by discharging a small pistol loaded with gun- cotton at a sheet of litmus paper wetted and placed on a board: the vapour in the discharge reddened the paper. On firing an equal weight of gunpowder, it was proved that an alkali (sulphuret of potassium) was evolved. It was stated that, weight for weight, the explosive force of gun-cotton was as six to one compared with gunpowder. Even when the cotton possessed no acidity whatever, an acid resulted from its combustion. The Professor exploded on a sheet of litmus paper some of the cotton prepared by Schonbein himself, and also an excellent specimen prepared by Mr. Bell, of Oxford Street.* In both cases a wide red stain was left after the explosion. Gun-cotton is remarkably hygrometric, and absorbs water with great rapidity. This interferes with many of its properties, and it requires to be thoroughly dried before use. Ifa portion well dried be balanced in a scale, it will be found to increase rapidly in weight by avery short exposure. It also possesses another curious property, namely, that it is remarkably electrical. The slightest friction deve- lopes in it a large quantity of negative electricity. In order that this property should be manifested, the cotton should be previously well warmed, to deprive it of hygrometric water. A thin strip dried was drawn between the fingers, and then placed over a gold-leaf electro- scope; the leaves diverged to a great degree in an instant. The Professor remarked,—what all who have prepared this substance * This cotton, which appears to be even superior to that of Schdnbein, is prepared with the two acids in the same proportions poured over the cotton in a perforated funnel for about five minutes. It is well washed in water, then in a weak solution of ammonia, and afterwards dipped in a very weak solution of nitrate of strontia, which causes it to burn with a bright red flame. The suddenness of explosion in this cotton is perfectly astonishing. 112 On the properties and uses of Gun-cotton. must have observed,—that, when warm and dry, it adheres in small masses to the fingers on attempting to pull it out. Such is not the case with ordinary cotton. Here, then, we have a new and curious property developed. Xyloidine, in all its forms, manifests highly electrical properties. Professor Schénbein, by a singular process, has succeeded in making from cotton a transparent paper or skin which is highly electrical. He digests the gun-cotton in ether: a portion is dissolved, and, by evaporation, it is obtained in a thin coherent film as transparent as glass. This experiment has been tried by many persons without success, even where pure washed ether was employed. It would appear, however, that the addition of alcohol to the ether facilitates the solution. Independently of its use as an explosive, gun-cotton has been already employed by the pyrotechnist, and many pleasing effects are produced by soaking the cotton in solutions of various salts which give colour to flame, and burning it. The theatre having been dark- ened, three strips of cotton prepared with a solution of strontia, baryta, and soda, were burnt: each was rapidly consumed, with the production of a red, green, and yellow coloured flame respectively. It has been stated that any kind of woody fibre may be converted, by the mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, into an explosive com- pound. Saw-dust, tow, and other ligneous matters thus prepared, were now produced and burnt; but the result in these cases is to leave more or less residue; they are, therefore, far inferior to cotton- wool for practical purposes. The Professor concluded an interesting lecture by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of gun-cotton as a substitute for gun- powder. Among the principal disadvantages were, the low tempera- ture of explosion,—irregularity of effect,—the production of acid and a large quantity of steam or aqueous vapour. He considered, how- ever, that the gun-cotton had not yet had a fair trial: that in fact, the discovery was too recent to allow of a proper judgment being form- ed, and that its applications to practical purposes might hereafter become much more extensive and useful than they were now supposed to be.—London Medical Gazette. 115 Professor FARADAY on Gunpowder. The Professor observed that much had been lately said respecting Schénbein’s gun-cotton, and at the previous meeting this curious dis- covery had formed the subject of a lecture by Mr. Brande. Under these circumstances, he thought it only fair to come before them on this occasion, and put in a claim for gunpowder. Gunpowder was nothing more than a mechanical mixture of three substances, nitre, sulphur, and charcoal, each harmless in itself, and producing no par- ticular phenomena when an ignited body was applied to it. When, however, these substances were reduced to a fine powder, and brought into close proximity by trituration, the most extraordinary effects resulted on the application of any ignited body. The black solid was instantly converted into gaseous matter of enormous bulk, com- pared with the mass of powder producing it, and possessing a power of overthrowing and rending asunder every thing which opposed its expansive force. Although a mechanical mixture, it was necessary to observe certain proportions in mixing the materials, or the maximum effect could not be obtamed. One hundred parts of good gunpowder consisted of 75 nitre, 15 charcoal, and 10 sulphur. The materials were merely well mixed by the agency of water, anda perfectly homogeneous paste was obtained, from which the gun-powder was afterwards procured. The name given to this substance was inappropriate, since it could not be considered as a powder: on the contrary, when properly prepared, it consisted of distinctly rounded grains, having a polished surface, and leaving, in consequence of this spherical structure, an enormous interspace filled with air. This was highly important with regard to its properties, as would be hereafter explained. Each constituent of gunpowder had its own mode of action. The nitre furnished oxygen: the carbon furnished gaseous matter, and served to maintain a high temperature: while the sulphur tended to spread the heat with greater rapidity throughout the mass. The action of nitre was illustrated by dropping a piece of ignited charcoal into a flash containing this salt in a melted state: the charcoal con- tinued to glow and burn at the expense of the oxygen of the nitric acid for a considerable time, and yolumes of gaseous matter poured from Q 114 Professor Faraday on Gunpowder. it. The action of sulphur was shown by projecting a small portion of a mixture of one part and a half of charcoal to one of sulphur through the flame of spirit, when there was an uniform sheet of flame produced during the burning of the charcoal. When the charcoal was projected separately, it burnt in small detached scintillations. Some gunpowder was fired in air ; and it was thus proved that the whole was converted into gaseous matter, the white vapour being sulphuret of potassium. The quantity of gas evolved from gunpowder was shown by plung- mg an ignited fusee under water and collecting the gases in a glass vessel inverted. The volume of the gases thus obtained, was many hundred times that of the gunpowder producing it, and its bulk was still increased by the high temperature of explosion. The chemical nature of the gases produced, might be inferred from the composition of powder. ‘Taking the proportions above given the following equiva- lents would represent the relative proportions of the constituents of the gases. Potassium 1, oxygen 6, carbon 3.4, sulphur 0.85. The nitrogen with the carbon and oxygen as carbonic acid and carbonic oxide, represented the gases, while the sulphur united to the potas- sium. So complete was the combustion that even the potash of the nitre gave up its oxygen. The mode in which the oxygen of the nitre maintained combustion was beautifully illustrated by collecting near a portion of powdered nitre, a quantity of the pyrophorus of tartrate of lead, and suddenly mixing them,—a violent combustion ensued, in which even the lead was burnt. Gunpowder might be exploded by percussion. The Professor had even fired it by percussion between two pieces of copper: it was, however, much more difficult to explode it in this way than fulminat- ing mercury or even gun-cotton: hence it might be more safely kept, and would admit of more handling than the latter. Gunpowder required a much higher temperature than gun-cotton for its explo- sion. A portion of gunpowder was gradually dropped into a wide flame of spirit, but it did not explode on contact with the flame ; it fell through and collected in the saucer. The flame was then extin- euished, the unconsumed spirit poured. off,—the vessel gently heated, and the gunpowder was obtained in a dry mass below : it was then ex- ploded by a heated wire. On dropping iron filings into the flame Professor Faraday on Gunpowder. 115 they became white hot, and burnt on contact with it. That a higher temperature was required for the explosion of gunpowder than of gun-cotton, was further proved by heating a wire in a flame, placing it on a mass of gunpowder, which did not ignite, and then passing it rapidly onwards to a mass of gun-cotton, which immediately ex- ploded. The Professor remarked, that there was a great difference in the products of the two substances when burnt in the open air,— the gases derived from gunpowder had a very high temperature, but this was not the case with those resulting from he combustion of gun-cotton. en The mere contact of flame will not readily ignite gunpowder. A quantity of powder being placed on a plate, a gas flame was passed repeatedly over it without igniting it; and when it was allowed to remain playing on the powder, several seconds elapsed before this exploded :-—in fact, it remained quiescent until it acquired the high temperature requisite for its combustion. It was important, however, to state, that the raising of the temperature of the smallest particle would suffice to kindle the whole mass: it was by no means necessary that all the particles should be simultaneously heated. The heat given out, in its own combustion, was sufficient to convert the whole into gaseous matter, and to expand the gases to such a degree as to render them equal to from 3500 to 3800 atmospheres. The cause of the rapid explosion of ordinary gunpowder was, that when one particle was kindled, the heat and flame rapidly spread through the interstices of the little spheres, and raised the temperature of each. If the kindled particle were below, the flame spread upwards, if above, downwards ; and each grain was, therefore, wrapped in a sheet of flame, at a high temperature, within a very short interval of time. Nevertheless, compared with fulminating compounds, the explosion was not instantaneous but gradual, the clear interspaces between the little spheres allowing the flame to penetrate the whole mass, and thus to act with a progressively increasing force upon the projectile. Supposing these interstices to be filled up, and the particles to be closely packed, so as to be everywhere, in contact, the explosion is slow, the gunpowder then burns only on the surface, and so it conti- nues upwards or downwards until the whole is consumed. A piece of gunpowder, in lump, was ignited: it burned rapidly, but without 116 Professor Faraday on Gunpowder. sudden explosion, gave off torrents of gas, and moved from the part where it was placed, being carried backwards by the force with which the gas was evolved. The fusees used for exploding bombs were nothing more than wooden cases, containing gunpowder closely packed and ramed into them. When one of them was ignited, it burnt steadily, without explosion. Had the wooden tube been filled with gunpowder grains, the whole would have been blown to pieces. These facts accounted for many curious and apparently anomalous results obtained with gunpowder. The same material which burnt slowly like a fusee out of a paper case, would sometimes explode suddenly when confined in one. This was well known in pyrotechny, although the cause might not be understood. A cylinder of gun- powder, closely pressed, was taken from a case and ignited: it did not burn with explosion, but was steadily consumed like a fusee from the ignited end. When a similar cylinder was ignited in its paper ease, the whole suddenly exploded. The Professor explained this by stating that the gunpowder, when ignited at the mouth of the case, stretched or expanded the sides of the paper tube, and the flame could then travel along the whole surface of the cylinder of powder, and thus heat to a high temperature every portion at once. Accidents might arise from an ignorance of this principle. The miner’s fusee formed a familiar illustration of the effect of mechanical compres- sion on the explosion of gunpowder. S. perspectivum. Genus Trochus, os be $5 T. rotularius. T. viridis. T. granulatus. T. niloticus and nine others. Genus Monodouta, .. 5 F, M. labio and four others. Genus Turbo, ee” 3 T. cochlus and six others. Genus Planaxis, nas 2 i» P. sulcata. Genus Turritalla, .. 1 6 do. Cerithium, .. 29 % . petrosum. . asperum. . zonale. . aluco. . Vertagus. . telescopium. . palustre. QQQQQQ4 do. Pleurotoma, .. 11 P. nodifera. P. pleurotoma and nine others. Genus Turbinella, .. 1 do. Cancellaria, ... 1 do. Pyrula, mas | P. rapa. P. ficus. P. elongata and four others. Genus Ranella, 3 R. spinosa and two others. Genus Murex, 6 M. saxatilis. M. crassispina. M. adustus and three others. Genus Pteroceras, P. chiragra. P. lambis and another. Genus Strombus, S. cancellatus. S. auris diane. S. luhuanus. S. labiosus. S. incisus and two others. Genus Cassidaria, .- 1 do. Oassis, 1 C. glauca. Genus Purpura, .. 9 P. armigera and 8 others. Genus Dolium, D. maculatum. Genus Buccinum, .. 6 do. Nassa, .. 24 do. Terebra, one T. maculata. T. strigillata and another. Genus Columbella, .. 7 C. rustica. C. fulgurans. C. mercatoria. C. hebrea and three others. Genus Mitra, .. 14 do. Voluta, wis ae V. undulata. V. melo. Genus Marginella, .. 5 do. Ovula, .. 4 O. verrucosa. O. triticea and two others. Genus Cyprea, 20 . cicerula. . quadrimaculata. . moneta. . urcellus. . annulus. . erosus. Ee GaeG 9 39 23 29 Coal at the Foot of the Booteah Hills. 277 C. rigzag. C. prelatus. C. caput-serpentis. C. marmoreus and 4 others. C. poraria. Genus Nantilus, .. 1 Species. C. olivacea. N. pompilius. C. adusta. Genus Argonanta, .. 1 ee C. arabica. A. argo. C. tigris and seven others. N. B. Im addition to the Shells Genus Trivia, -. 1 Species. above enumerated, there are ten or do. Oliva, ee so ‘ twelve kinds, for which I cannot find do. Conus. 6 = a place among Lamarck’s Genera. Coal at the Foot of the Booteah Hills. We are indebted to Major Jenkins for the following com- munication relative to the existence of Coal at the foot of the Booteah Hills. The specimens are not very promising, al- though it is hardly consistent with the nature of things to expect good specimens of coal to be picked up accidentally on the surface. The specimens, although like canal coal in appearance, are more of the nature of Anthracite with the fibrous character of tignite or brown coal. **T send you a few specimens of coal from a bed discovered by Mr. C. K. Hudson, directly north of Burpetah, under the Booteah Hills. It is apparently canal coal, it does not answer well for steamers ; but for a stove of mine, it burns freely enough, and may be useful for many purposes: it however probably overlies a more useful coal.” POSTSCRIPT TO THE THIRTIETH NUMBER OF THE CALCUTTA JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. However well a Journal may be supported as to the number and talent of its editorial staff, yet it is necessary, that some one resident at the place where it is published, should take the trouble of superintending the details of printing and publication. Some uncertainty having existed during the past few months as to how far the present managing Editor might be enabled to continue the personal superintendence of the work, it has consequently been allowed to fall slightly into arrears. Under these circumstances it is thought necessary to bring the series to a close with the present number. Should cir- cumstances allow of the renewal of another series, nothing would afford the managing Editor more pleasure than again lending his aid to the undertaking, and once more co-operat- ing with his colleagues, to whom the credit and usefulness of the Journal has, of late, been entirely due. Calcutta : 7th February, 1848. General tinge. POPOPEPOLE DOLE DEP ELE POVEL OLE POLO Aboriginal Races of America, v. 117, Their origin, v. 148, heir Moral traits, v. 122, Manner of interment, v. 136, Maritime enterprise, v. 132 Aborigines of Brazil: their natural his- tory, diseases, medical practice, and materia medica, vi. J, vi. 151, vi. 307 Abstract of the families, genera, and species of Gonoides, Agass. ili. 337 Acaleph Hydrostatice, 11. 73 Acrogens, vil. 374 Acrostichum, iv. 479, alatum, iv. 480, australe, iv. 479, emarginatum, iv. 480, heterophyllum, iv. 479, radia- tum, iv. 479, ramentaceum, iv. 479, seetacoonense, iv. 480, semipinnatum, iv. 480 Actinomiter, description of, 11. 194 Action of Poisons on Vegetation, ili. 412 Address to the Astronomical Society, ili. 131 Adenostemma, vii. 293 Adiantum, iv. 512, caudatum, iv. 512, microphyllum, iv. 513, proliferum, iv. 012, tenerum, iv. 013 AB reoseris, vii. 319 Affghans, wild goats of the, 539 Affghanisthan Agriculture, ii. 333, To- pography of, ii. 322, Vegetable and animal productions of, 11. 329 Affinities of the Falconidz, on the, i. 307 Agassiz, M., on Fossil Fishes, iv. 63 Agerate, vii. 292 Ageratum, vii. 292 Agri-Horticultural Society’s Journal and India Keview, ili. 460, iii. 613 Agrostophyllum, Blume, iv. 376 Ainsliza, vii. 318 Alalbes, Cuy. vy. 221, cuverizw, Nob. v. 22 Alps, Balkan and Dinarian, 11. 1, Rivers of the, ii. 4, ‘'emperature of the, ii. 6, Plants of the, ii. 7, ii. 9, Animals of the, ii, 8, Elevation of the, ii. 2 Ambassis of Cuvier, ii. 149, ii. 585 Amberboa, vil. 316 Ampelidez, iv. 194 Vitis racemifera, iv. 194 Ampere, A. M. Views in Electro- Magnetism, ili. 3, iii. 13 Amphirhapis, vii. 296 Anacardiex, iv. 173. Magnifera cesia, iv. 174, foetida, iv. 174, quadrifida, iv. 173, Stagmaria verniciflua, iv. 176 Anaclamus, v. 449, v. 456 Anaphalis, vii. 310 Anatomy of Carinaria, ii. 72 Anemia, Description of a new species of, vii. 8, Wightiana, vii. 16 Anguilla macroptera, McClell., iv. 407, Sinensis, ditto, iv. 406 Anguilla, Cuv. v. 172, v. 176, v. 207, brevirostris, Nob. v. 177, v. 208, bi- color, id. v. 178, v. 209, arracana, id. v. 178, v. 209, nebulosa, id. v. 179, v. 208, variegata, id. v. 179, v. 208, acu- tirostris, Yarr. v. 207, latirostris, id. v. 207, mediorostris, id. v. 207, lon- gicolla, Cuv. v. 207, macroptera, Nob. v. 208, sinensis, id. y. 208, El- phinstonii, Sykes, v. 208 me ibe Nob. v. 158, v. 171, v. 20 Anguillides, id. v. 207 Anguilliformes, Nob. v. 158, v. 171 Anhymenium, Griff. iii. 275, policar- pon, Griff, 111. 275 Animal Life in Nova Zembla, Descrip- tion of, i. 272 Animals sent to the Zoological So- ciety, il. 144 — of Nipal, Catalogue of, ii, 212 Annals and Magazine of Natural His- tory, li. 445 : Anonacee, iv. 200, Uvaria hirsuta, iv. 200 Antennaria, vii. 310 Anthemidew, vii, 307 Ants, Brazilian, habits of, iii. 517 b Apadytes, EZ. Meyer, Bentham, Linn. Tr., vii. 148, benthamiana, (R. W.) vii. 149 Apalachian Chain, Geology of, iii. 567 Aphylleia, Genus Novum, vii. 468 Apiacee, vii. 374 Aplotaxis, vii. 315 Apocynee, iv. 30, Leuconotis anceps, iv. 30, Rauwolfia sumatrana, iv. 3], Tabernemontana macrocarpa, iv. 32 Apodes, Swainson, v. 159, Linn. v. 207 Aporum, Griff. v. 366, Jenkinsia, Griff. v. 367, Leonis, Lindl. v. 368, anceps, Lindl. v. 368, sinuatum, Lindl. v. 369, cuspidatum, Lindl. v. 369, mi- cranthum, Griff. v. 369, Roxburghii, id. v. 370, acinaciforme, id. v. 370, subteres, id. v. 370 Apostasia of Brown, ii. 140 ¢ Apostasiacee, vii. 379 Appendicula, Blume, iv. 378, v. 362, callosa, id. v. 362 Aquilarinee, iv. 353, Phaleria capitata, lv. 304 Arago, M. Views in Electro-Magne- tism, ili. 3, ili. 10 Areca Catechu, Willd. v. 450, triandra, Roxb. v. 451, laxa, Buch. Ham. v. 453, nagensis, Griff. v. 453, cocoides, id. v. 453, pumila, Mart. v. 456, malaiana, Griff. v. 457, Diksoni, Roxb. v. 458, Wallichinia, Mart. v. 491, gracilis, Roxb. v. 499, Paradoxa, Griff. v. 463, tigillaria, Jack, v. 463, horida, Griff. v. 465, Nibung. Mart. v. 465, v. 491 Arecine, v. 445, v. 447 Arenga, v. 471, saccharifera, Labill. v. 472, Westerhoutii, Griff. v. 474, obtusifolia, Blume, v. 475, Wightii, Griff. v. 475 Aroidee, iv. 11, Galla angustifolia, iv. 11, humilis, iv. 11, nitida, iv. 12 Arracan Coast, new Volcanic Island, iv. 499 Arracan, collections from, ii. 498 Arrow-root, iil. 290 Arsenic, Mercury, and Antimony, poi- sonous compounds of, vii. 329 Artemisia, vil. 308 Artesian wells, ‘Theory of, ii. 20 Asarine, iv. 308, Aristolochia hastata, iv. 358 Ascidia, Nature of, iv. 248 Asiatic Society of Bengal, Proceedings of the, i. 141 Asplenium, iv. 496, bipinnatum, iv. 499, cicutarium, iv. 500, coriaceum, iv. 497, crenatum, iv. 498, cultri- folium, iv. 498, hemionitoides, iv. 498, lingueforme, iv. 497, mixtum, iv. 499, monanthemoides, iv. 497, multiflorum, iv. 499, Nidus, iv. 496, reticulatum, iv. 497, serrulatum, iv. i General Index. 498, trapeziforme, iv. 497, tripinna- tum, iv. 500, varium, iv. 498, Wood- wardioides, iv. dU0 Assam Tea plant, ii. 430 — Coal, v. 444 Assamici Muscologia Itineris, ii. 465, ili. 56, ili. 270 Aster, vii. 293 Asterinee, vii. 293 Asteroidee, vii. 289, vii. 293 Asteromea, vii. 295 Asturic mountains, ii. 13 Athroisma, vii. 296 Augite of Southern India, ii. 322 Aurantiacee, iv. 191, Aglaia odorata, iv. 192, Chionotria rigida, iv. 193 Murraya paniculata, iv. 191 Aurora Borealis and Australis, iii. 18 Auscultation and prevalence of Thora- ae complaints amongst Natives, vii. ? Australian Birds, iii. 461 Axanthes, Blume, vii. 143, enneandra, (R. W.) vii. 144, longifolia, (R. W.) vii. 145, Blumiana, (R. W.) vii. 145, ceylanica, (R. W.) vii. 146, Griffi- thiana, (R. W.) vii. 147, elliptica, (R. W.) vil. 147, hirsuta, (Rh. W.) vii. 148 Azola and Salvina, organs of fructifica- tion in, as compared with Musci and Hepatici, v. 227, Diversity of opi- nion regarding, v. 259, v. 266, ovula of, v. 227, pinnata, v. 207 eee experiments in Magnetism, ili. 10 Baccharidex, (sub-tribe,) vii. 296 Bagdad, extract of aletter from, iii. 292 Balances, the construction of, ii. 342 Balkan, the, ii. | Bar Iron, Capt. Campbell, on, v. 103 manufacture of, in India, vi. 34 Baraiya, or Cervus elaphoides, Hodg. ili. 411 Barbus putitora, McClell., iv. 399 Barrackpore Menagerie, 1. 503 Barramahal, Granite of, 11. 153 Barren Island, its present state, ill. 422 Barrus, Cuv. v. 280, spinulosus, Nob. v. 280, clavatus, id. v. 280, chagunio, Buch. v. 280 Basie Hornblende, ii. 322, Veins, ii. 74 Batrachian Fossil, (supposed, ) iv. 83 Batten, J. H., on the Snow Line of the Himalayas, iv. 537 Bauhinia racemosa, Roxb. iii. 362 Baunsuah, or Wild Dog, ii. 209 Bearded Sheep of Pennant, (Ovis cy- cloceros, Hutton, ) ii. 014 Beaumont, M. Elie De, on the age of Mountains, ili. 026 Becquerel on the Analysis of Metallic Ores, ii. 617 General Index. i Begoniacez, iv. 342, Begonia brac- teata, iv. 346, cespitosa, iv. 342, faci- culata, iv. 345, geniculata, iv. 347, orbiculata, iv. 343, pilosa, iv. 349, racemosa, iv. 346, sublobata, iv. 343 Belenger, M., Travels in Asia, iv. 88 Bengal Isinglass, v. 149 Benson, W. H. Esq., on Irish fresh- water Shells, ii. 223, 11. 233 ———- on a new genus of Lymnzade, iil. 466 Bentinckia, v. 467, geonomaeformis, Berry, v. 469 Benturong Ictides Ater, De Blain, ili. 410 Beroé, Remarks on a. species of, i. 442 Berthelotia, vii. 298 Bibliographical Notices, 1. 288 Bidens,. vii. 305 Birds of Australia, iii. 461 Black Granite, ii. 314 Blackwellia, Commers. vii. 452, ceyla- nica, Gardn. vii. 492 Blainvillea, vii. 302 Blechnum, iv. 501, angustifolium, iv. 501, decurrens, iv. 502, glabrum, iv. 502, moluccanum, iv. 502 Blepharispermum, vii. 296 Blumea, vii. 299 Blumenbach, ii. 441 Boase, Dr. extract of a letter from, iii. 295 Boase’s (Dr.) Primary Geology, Re- marks on, vi. 040 Bonatea, Willd., iv. 382 Boodhism and Cave Temples of India, a Note on, vi. 60 Bora Chung, 1. 427 Boreau, M. on the Flora of Central France, ii. 62 Boring operations in Fort William, on the, 1. 324 Borz of the Affghans, (Capra Atga- grus, ) li. 021 Botanic Garden, Calcutta, 11. 288, Se- haranpore, ii. 285, Kew, ii. 431 Botany of Brazils, v. 589 ———- Notes on Indian, vi. 387, vi. 494, vii. 11, vii. 143 —-—-of the Antarctic. Voyage of H. M. ships ‘ Erebus’ and ‘ ‘Terror,’ in the years 1839-43, vi. 518 Brachymenium, Hook. iii. 56, contor- tum, Griff. 111. 56, cuspidatum, Griff. iii. 58, filiforme, Griff. iii. 58 Brachyramphus, vil. 321 British Association, Proceedings of the, i. 86, iii. 543, vi. 99, vi. 274, vi. 431, vii. 81, vii. 216 Bryacee, vii. 376 Bryum, Linn. ii. 59, argenteum, Griff. ili. 59, ccespiticium, Linn. ii. 59, coronatum, Schwaeg, ili. 60, crudum, Huds. iii, 60, coriaceum, Griff. 111. 60, Sollyanum, Griff. iii. 61, longi- rostrum, Griff. ili. 62 Buch, M, Von, on Spheronites or round Fossils, ii. 446 Bulletin de la Société des Imperial Naturalistes de Moscow, 1836, 1. 134 Bura Chang, incorrectly named Borra Chung, v. 274, Its singular habits known to the ancients, v. 278, Uni- formity of nomenclature, v. | Cesulia, vii. 301 Calamus Zalacca, Roxb. v. 8, casta- neus, Griff. v. ‘28, angustifolius, id. v. 89, monticola, id. v. 90, cali- carpus, id. v. 99, petiolaris, v. 93, Collinus, v. 31, schizospathus, id. v. 32, arborescens, id. v. 33, erectus, Roxb. v. 35, longiseus, Griff. v. 36, ornatus, id. v. 37, acanthospathus, id. v. 39, Royleanus, id. v. 41, Rox- burghii, id. v. 43, pseudo-rotang, Mart. v. 43, rotang, Roxb. v. 43, v. 53, tenuis, Griff. v. 45, v. 56, monoicus, Roxb. v. 48, polygamus, id. v. 48, gracilis, id. v. 54, mishmeensis, Griff. v. 99, floribundus, id. v. 56, insignis, id. v. 959, latifolius, Roxb. v. 60, palustris, Griff. v.61, extensus, Roxb. v. 61, quinque-nervius, id. v. 61, verti- cillaris, Griff. v. 63, Draco, Willd. v. 65, geniculatus, Griff. v. 67, lon- gipes, id. v. 68, Hystrix, v. 70, lep- topus, id. v. 73, platyspathus, Mart. v. 79, Mastersianus, Griff. v. 76, ramogissimus, id. v. 78, nutantiflorus, v.79, Jenkinsianus, id. v. 81, grandis, id. v. 84, intermedius, id. v. 86, me- lanochetes, Blume, v. 86, Lewisia- nus, Griff. v. 87 Calcutta basin, Remarks on the, i. 452 ——-— Botanic Garden, ii. 288, Delta, Remarks on, ii. 542, Zoological Gar- den, proposal for, ii. 295 Calimeris, vii. 293 Callistephus, vil. 294 Campanulacee, iv. 34, Phyteuma be- gonifolium, iv. 34 Campbell, Capt. J. Extract from his Letter, remarking on Lieut. Latter’s account of the new French process pk treating Mineral Sulphurets, vi. 4 ———__—_—— observations on the origin of Kunkur and the influence of deliquescent Salts on Vegetation, iii. 2 —_—_—_-—___—— on Bar Iron, Southern India, Manufacture of, ili. 386 ——_——-——-—— on the construc- tion of Balances, ii. 342, on the Gra- nite of Barramahal, ii. 153, his Mete- orological Observations, ii. 42, on Solar Radiation, ii. 42, ii. 185, on Red Marl formation of Mysore, ii, 32, on lv General Index. the Schistose formation of the Table Lands of Central India, ii. 302, his report on Pottery, ii. 6U0 Campbell, Dr. A. on the Skeletons of the Wild Dog and Jackal, ii. 209 ———— on Collection of Fish- es, v. 274 Camphor, the produce of a species of Blumia, in Tenasserim Provinces, ili. 286 Camptoceras, a new genus of Lym- neade, ili. 405 Canines, Indian, ii. 205 Cantor, Dr. on Indian serpents, i. 76 ——_———-—-- his Chinese collections, ii. 100 Carlinee, (sub-tribe,) vii. 315 Carpesium, vii. 311 Carria, vil. 6, speciosa, vii. 7 Carthamus, vii. 316 Caryota, v. 477, urens, Linn. v. 478, obtusa, Griff. v. 480, sobolifera, Mart. v.7, v. 481 Catalogue of Animals, ii. 212, of the Mammalia of Assam, iii. 269 Spe Vegetable or Bulrush, vi. Celastrinee, iv. 196, Celastrus bivalvis, iv. 196 Cervus frontalis, McClell. iii. 401, no- tice of, iv. 539 Cestreus, a new genus of fishes, ii. 150 Chetomus, McClelld. iv. 405, Play- fairi, iv. 405, Hamiltoni, iv. 406 Chamepeuce, vii. 317 Chamerops, v. 338, Martiana, Wall. v. 339, Khasyana, Griff. v. 341, Ritchiana, id. v. 342 Chara, Mode of preparation, Observa- tions of M. Raspail, on, vi. 75 Chemical Analysis of Water, iii. 36 Examiner to Government, Report of the, from November ]841 to April 1844 inclusive, vii. 41 Christie on Porcelain Clay, ii. 599 Chronometers, compensation balance of, ili. 550 Chrysanthellum, vii. 306 Chrysanthemum, vii. 308 Chrysobalanee, iv. 164, Petrocarya ex- celsa, iv. 164, sumatrana, iv. 165 Chusan, Statistical notice of, ii. 129 Cichoracee, vii. 290), vii. 320 Cirsium, vii. 317 Civet, Remarks on an undescribed spe- cies of, i. 56 Civets of India, ii. 47, ii. 61 | Cleyera, Thunb. vii. 447, emarginata, Gardn. vii. 447 Coal formations, i. 15, i. 39, i. 207, i. 228, i. 231, i. 430, i. 527, 1. 562, ii. 377, Report on, ii. 417 of Kyouk Phyoo, ii. 16, ii. 151, i. 282 ee ——, Tenasserim, ii. 417 ——, Rajmehal, enquiries regarding, ili. SO] , Indian, Tables of, iv. 153 —— of a very superior description, in ag situation in Upper Assam, vii. —on the Northern side of Assam, vii. 368 Coalfield, Burdwan Trap Dykes of, ii. 127 ——-—-of Alabama, extract from a letter from Charles Lyell, Esq., F.R.S., vii. 418 Cobitis bifurcata, McClelld., iv. 400, pectoralis, id. iv. 400 Coleopterous Family of the Pausside, Description of four new species of ; and Notice of a fifth species forming the type of a new Genus, vi. 459 Collection of Fossils from S. India, Report on, vi. 263 Collections and Museums, on, i. 137, ii. 144, ii. 297, ii. 456, ii. 618, v. 115 ——w— from China, ii. 100, v. 115, from Rev. E. White, v. 116, v. 117, from Lieut. Munro, v. 116, from Captain Phayre, v. 117 Colouring of the waters of the Red Sea, v. 0/70 Coluber Nooni Parugudu, Russ. iii. 420, Stolatus, Lin. ii. 420 Combretacee, iv. 337, Pyrrhanthus lit- toreus, iv. 337, Sphalanthus confer- tus, iv. 339 Comet, appearance of, iv. 128 Composite, vil. 153 Conger, Cuv. v. 209, vulgaris, Cuv. v. 172, v. 209, Myrus, Linn. vy. 209, ba- learis, Cuv. v. 210, mystox, Cuv. v. 209, americana, Fork. v. 209, longi- collis, Cuv. v. 210 Connaracee, iv. 166, Cnestis emargina- ta, iv. 166, florida, iv. 167, mimo- soides, iv. 167, Connarus ferruginens, iv. 170, grandis, iv. 172, lucidus, iv. 172, semidecander, iv. 171, villosus, iv. 171, Eurycoma longifolia, iv. 168 Controversy against Geologists, Notes on, iii. 468 Conyza, vii. 299 Copper in the Bile, vii. 380 Coralline Animalcules from the use of Chalk in the Arts of Life, as observ- ed by Professor Ehrenberg, On the remarkable Diffusion of, i. 284 Correspondence, i. 553, ii. 109, iv. 107, iv. 275, iv. 493, v. 373, v. 388 —w— on Earthen and Glass- ware, 11. 096 Corundum, ii. 305 Corypha, v. 313, elata, Roxb. v. 314, v. 315, Talliera, id. vy. 317, umbracu- lifera, Linn, v. 319 General Index. Vv Coryphine, v. 311, v. 312 Cossyphus, McClell., iv. 403, ater, id. iv. 403 Creation, Diffusion, and Extinction of Organic Beings, on the, i. 461] Cremocephalum, vii. 312 Cretaceous lands, ii. 65 Crystalline Hornblende, ii. 313 Ctenoides, Agassiz, iv. 71 Ctenops, N. Gen. Nob. v. 281, nobilis, id. v. 281 Cuon primevus, anal glands in, ii. 412 Cupulifere, iv. 370, Quercus racemosa, iv. 370, urceolaris, iv. 371 Curator question, ‘The, i. 300 Cuscutacer, vil. 373 Cyathea, iv. 517, pinnata, iv. 617, tri- pinnatifida, iv. 518 Cyathocline, vii. 158, vii. 298, lutea, vil. 158, lawii, (R. W.) vii. 159 Cycloides, (R. W.) iv. 71 Cymbaspathae, v. 79, v. 89 Cynaree, vii. 289, vii. 314 Cyrthandracee, iv. 44, Auschinanthus radicans, iv. 62, volubilis, iv. 61, Cyrtandra aurea, iv. 5U, carnosa, iv. 51, frutescens, iv. 51, glabra, iv. 49, hirsuta, iv. 48, incompta, iv. 49, ma- crophylla, iv. 46, maculata, iv. 47, bicolor, iv. 47, peltata, iv. 50, rubi- ginosa, iv.52, Didymocarpus barbata, lv. 57, corniculata, iv. 59, crinita, iv. 53, elongata, iv. 56, frutescens, iv. 58, racemosa, iv. 04, reptams, iv. 90, Loxonia discolor, iv. 59, hirsuta, iv. 60 Cyrtoma, McClell. a new genus of Fos- sil Echinide, On, i. 159 Dalophis, Rafinesq, v. 173, v. 212, scar- pa, Raf. v. 213, orientalis, Nob. v. 213, Riipellie, id. v. 213, geometrica, id. v. 213, tigrima, id. v. 213 Daltonia, Hook. iii. 270, marginata, Griff. iii. 270 Dangers from Lightning, i. 431 Dapedius Colei, Agassiz, iv. 73, poli- tus, iv. 79 Daphne, Linn. vil. 454, Gardn. vii. 494 Darjeeling, Geology of, ii. 109 Dayallia, iv. 513, angustifolia, iv. 513, chinensis, iv. 517, cordifolia, iv. 514, longifolia iv. 514, moluccana, iv. 516, multiflora, iv. 515, pectinata, iv. 514, pilosa, iv. 515, serrata, iv. 514, trapeziformis, iv. 516 Davy, Sir H., views in Electro-Mag- netism, ill. 3 Death of N. A. Vigors, Esq., i. 600 Decancurum, vil. 291 DeCandolle, A. P. notice of, iv. 298 —_———_—— the late Prof. iii. 154 Deer, a nondescript species of, i, 501, ii. 415 Delirium Tremens, vii. 344 Inameena, Delta, the Calcutta, Remarks on, ii. 542 Description of a Fossil Molar Tooth from Australia, v. 572 Deshaye’s Fossils of the Paris Basin, iii. 207 Desiderata in the Entomology of India, i. 61 Development of the Spore, ii. 78 Diary of Major Marshall, Extract from the, vii. 540 Dichrocephala, vii. 298 Dicksonia, iv. 517, moluccana, iv. 517, Dicoma, vii. 319 Didymoplexis, Griff. iv. 383 Dilleniacee, iv. 217, Acrotrema cos- tatum, iv. 217, Tetracera arborescens, iv. 218, Wormia excelsa, iv. 219, pulchella, iv. 219 Dinarian Alps, ii. 1 Dipterocarpee, iv. 213, Dryobalanops camphora, iv. 213 Directions for preserving Marine Ob- jects of Natural History, i. 150 Discovery of Fossils at Seedrapett, ii. 113 Diseases of Seamen in Calcutta, in the zee 1844, A few remarks on, vi, 29 Dodd, James, Esq., on Earthenware, &c. ii. 597 Dolomiaea, vii. 315 Don, the late Prof. iii. 154 Doronicum, vii. 313, vil. 155, reti- culatum, (R. W.) vii. 156, tomen- tosum, vii. 155 Downes, E. T. Esq., his communication on the action of Poison on Plants, iii. 412 Dr. O’Shaughnessy’s Experiments on Pottery, ii. 606 Dracunculus, Remarks on, i. 339 Dubyaea, vii. 322 Dysodendron, vii. 1, ceylanicum, vii. 2, wightii, vii. 3, glomeratum, vil. 3 Earle, W. Remarks on Vanilla, iv. 127 Earthenware made at Futtegurh, iii. 152 Earthquakes in Great Britain, ili. 573 East Indian Turnip-fly, (Haltica Ni- grofusca), Remarks on an, 1. 299 —— collections, i. 137, i. 502, ow 106 Echenais, vii. 317 Echini, M. Edwards on, il. 72. Echinops, vii. 314 Echinopsidea, vil. 314 Eclipta, vil. 802 Eclypteae—Sub-tribe, vii. 302 Economic Geology, il. 16 Editorial Remarks on collections, il. 114, ii. 456 Education, iii. 612 Edwards, M. on the Lepidosiren, 1, 448 al General Index. Hildon Hills, natural terraces of, ii. 448 Eleocarpes, iv. 224, Eleocarpus niti- dus, iv. 224, Monocera ferruginea, iv. 226, petiolata, iv. 226 Elaps, MacClellandii, Reinh., iv. 532 Electric Currents produced by the tidal wave, iii. 18. Electricity, steam, a conductor of, ii. 436, Researches in, iv. 96 Electro-culture, vi. 413 Electro-Magnetic Engine, iii. 116 Electro-Magnetical Machines, iii. 298 Electro-motive Engine, Description of an, vi. 177 Elephantopeae, vii. 292 Elephantopus, vil. 292 ers of the Alps, ii. 2, Pyrenees, i. 10 Emilia, vii. 312 Enhydra, vii. 307 Environs of Pekin, iii. 448 Epacridee, iv. 37, Leucopogon malay- anum, iv. 37 Epaltes, vii. 300 Equisetaceae, vii. 376 Equisetum, iv. 468, debile, iv. 468 Ericinee, iv. 36, Rhododendron malay- anum, iv. 36 Errata to Mr. Hodgson’s catalogue, ii. 413 Erratic Blocks, iv. 140 Erythrospermum, Lam. vii. 451, phyto- laccoides, Gardn. vii. 451 Ethullia, vii. 291 Eugeissona, v. 101 Eupatorieae, vil. 292 Eupatoriaceae, vii. 289, vii. 292 Euphorbiaceae, iv. 227, Enchidium ver- ticillatum, iv. 228, Rottlera alba, iv. 227 Kuproboscis, v. 371 Europe:—a popular Physical Sketch, i. 390, i. 500 Eurya, Thunb. vii. 442, vii. 443, ellip- tica, Gardn. vii. 443, membranacea, Gardn. vii. 444, ceylanica, (RK. W.) vii. 444, parvifolia, Gardn. vii. 445, lasiopetala, Gardn. vii. 446 Euvernonieae, vii. 291 Excecaria, Linn., iv. 386 Experiments, Earthen Jars, ii. 606 Explanation of Plates 3 and 4, from vii. 163-165 Extract from the proceedings of the Entomological Society, i. 151 Falco rufipedoides, iv. 283 Falconer, Hugh, Collection of Fossil Fishes, iv. 83 —————. Letter from, iv. 454 Faraday’s Experimental Researches, iii. 1, iii. 345 -——-—— views in Electro-Magnetism, ii. 3 ———— Experiments on Magnets, iii, 8 Relea Law of Magnetic Induction, 1k 12 cai Researches in Electricity, iv. Fever of the Kimedy district, ii. 46 Filago, vii. 310 Fish Poison, vii. 381 Fishes of the Deccan, i. 65 ae by W. Griffith, Esq., ii. 0 ——— Assam, iv. !18, Chinese, iv. 390 Flacourtianeae, iv. 230, Falcourtiainer- mis, iv. 230, vil. 449 Flaverieae,—Sub-tribe, vii. 307 Flintware made at Futtegurh, iii. 152 Flora of central France, ii. 62, ii. 68, of Mountainous Districts, ii. 64, of Jurasic Districts, ii. 65, Hibernica, Remarks on, ii. 445 Flora of Ceylon, Contributions towards a, vi. 343, vi. 471, vii. 1, vii. 441 Forces which produce the Organization of Plants, a Treatise on the, vi. 416 Fossil Fishes, iii. 313 —- Shells of the Paris Basin, iii. 207 ——- Remains of Anoplotherium and Giraffe, v. 577 —- of Pondicherry, ii. 225 Fourier’s Theory of Heat, iii, 598 Frigeron, vii. 294 Frogs, Predaceous habits of, ii. 284 Ganoides, Agas., iv. 70 Gardens, Botanical, ii. 431, Zoological, ii, 295 Gas Furnaces, on, vi. 43 Genus ‘‘ Azima’’ of Lamarck, Observa- tions on the Structure and Affinities of the, vi. 49 Geodorum, Jack, v. 355, laziflorum, Griff. v. 356, appendiculatum, Lindl. v. 307, pallidum, Griff. v. 357, v. 358, attenuatum, id. v. 308, purpureum, R. Br. v. 360, citrinum, Andr. v. 360, dilatatum, R. Br. v. 360 Geological Report on a portion of the Beloochistan Hills, vii. 385 ——— Structure of the Nicobars, in a letter to Dr. M’Clelland, vii. 207 Geology of Southern India, Notes illus- trative of, i. 188, ii. 302, of Tayoy, ii. 359, of Baramahal, ii. 303, of China, ii, 139, of Darjeeling, ii. 109 —-— and Magnetism, v. 492 —— and Mineralogy of Affghanis- tan, Notes on the, vi. 562 Gisekia, vii. 161, pharnacioides, Linn. vii. 162, molluginoides, (R. W.) vii. 162 Givotia, Griff. iv. 388 Glacial Theory, iv. 130 Glaciers, remarks on, ii. 448 Glass and Earthenware, ii. 596 Glossocardia, vil. 306, General Index. Vil Glossocaria, Wall. iii: 366 Glossogyne, vii. 306 Gnaphaliee, vii. 309 Gnaphalium, vii. 310 Gnetacez, vii. 370, vii. 372 Gnidia, Linn. vii. 455, (Dingia) insu- laris, Gard. vii. 456, eriocephala, ts vii. 496, sisparensis, Gard. vil. 457 - Goat, the Wild, ii. 521, ii. 535 Gold of Salem, 11. 281 Gonoides, iil. 337 Gordonia, Ellis, vii. 448, elliptica, Gardn. vu. 448 Grangea, vil. 298 Granite of Baramahal, i. 531, Topo- graphy of, ii. 160, ii. 166, Structure of, ii. 162, Composition and varieties of, ii. 164, Rock and Minerals im- bedded in, ii. 160, Cleavage of, ii. 171, Veins in, 11. 172 Greenstone, ii. 317, i1. 607 Griffith, William, Esq. Muscologia Iti- neris Assamici, ii. 466, iii. 56, 111. 279 ——__—_--—____——_-- his Plants of Central India, 111. 361 Descriptions of remarkable Plants, etc. iv. 231, iv. 275 i ee Ralms-of Bri- tish India, v. l, v. 311, v. 445 ee A zolla and'Sal- —_—______—_—__——-- some Plants in ‘Hon’ble Co’s. Bot. Garden, v. 399 ——_—__-—_—___——- Dr., the late—Ex- tract from the Anniversary Address to the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, May 17, 1845, vi. 294 —_—___—______-——— the late—Ex- tract of his Will, dated Oct. 30, 1844, vi. 306 Grypha Fossil, 11. 235 Guibourt, M. Letters from, v. 373 *s remarks on analysis of Su- gar-cane, ili. 512 Guizotia, vil. 305 Gunjah or Indian Hemp, vii. 324 Guthrie, Capt. C. J., his discovery of a non-described Deer, iii. 401, iii. 619 Guznee, the road to, ii. 323 Gymnomurena, Lacep, v. 147, v. 217, doliata, id. v. 217, marmorata, id. v. 217, concolor, Riippell, v. 217, cecus, Linn. v. 217 Gynura, vii. 312 Habenaria, Willd., iv. 37 ar Streak of the genus Thecla, ii. 40 Halorageae, iv. 336, Haloragis disti- cha, iv. 336 Hamamelidaceae, vii. 374 Heat, Theory of, ili, 598 ooo Heddle, Dr. his letter on Isinglass of Bombay, iii. 182 Heights of European Mountains, iii. 2 0 Helfer, Dr. the late, vi. 148 Heliantheae, vil. 304 Helichrysum, vii. 309 Helicia, Lour, vii. 453 Hemigymnia, Griff, iii. 363 Hemionitis, iv. 500, cordifolia, iv. 500, reticulata, iv. 501 Herschel, Sir J., investigation of Arago’s Experiment with revolving copper-plate on the Oscillations of the Magnet Needle, iii. 16 ——— his address to the Astronomical Society, il. J3l Heterochaeta, vii. 294 Hieracieae—Sub-tribe, vii. 322 Hincts, Dr. his remarks on Mr. Mac- kay’s Flora Hibernica, ii. 445 ee iv. 197, Salacia, iv. 97 Histoire Célesté, reduction of stars in, iii, 551 Hodgson on the Wild Dog, ii. 412, on the Viveridz and Civets, 11. 47 ———— his classified Catalogue, ii. 212 —-—— on European notice of Indian Canines, 11. 200 ———— his Errata, ii. 413 Gieccia on a species of Rhizomys, ii. ———— Catalogue of the Mammals of Nipal, iv. 284 ——— lllustrations of Zoology of Nipal, ete. iv. 129 Homalineae, vii. 452 Honfray, J. Esq., on Fire Clay and Fire Bricks, 1i. 589 Hookeria, Smith, iii. 276, Grevilleana, Griff. ili. 276, obovata, id. ii. 278, ohare id. 111. 279, secunda, id. iii. 280 Hornemann, J. W. Professor, notice of, iv. 301 en Hospital Report for 1846, vii. 50 Hutton, Capt. Thos. on the Glacial Theory, v. 283 —_—____—___—- on the Snow Line of the Himalaya, v. 379 —_______—_—_-—-- on the Wild Goat, ——_—___—___——-—- on the Bearded Sheep of Pennant, ii. 514 —_—____—___—_—_—- on the Calcutta Delta, ii. 542 —__—___—____—_-—- on the Mosaic ac- count of the Creation, ii. 367 Hutton, Capt. J., on the Snow line of the Himalayas, iv. 275 Hyalisma, Gard. Genus Novum, vil. 46 Hydrostatic, anatomy of, ii. 73 Vili Hymenopyramis, Wall. iii. 365 Hypericineae, iv. 208, Elodea formosa, iv. 210, sumatrana, iv. 209, [xonan- a icosandra, iv. 212, reticulata, iv. 211 Hypnum rotulatum, Hedio, iii, 280, minoides, Hook. iii. 281 Hypoxideae, iv. 8, Curculigo suma- trana, iv. 8 Impressions on Sandstone Rocks, iii. 22 India Review, ii. 285 Indian Botany, Dr. Wight’s Illustra- tions of, 1. 00 ——— Hand-book of Gardening, i. 302 ——— Canines, ii. 205, Fire Clays, ii. 089, ii. 596, ii. 615, ‘Turpentine, iii. 152, Coal, iii. 614 —— method of raising Water, iii. 536 ——— Composite, translated and abridged from DeCandolle’s Prodro- mus, with a few additions and occa- sional Notes, vii. 287 Infusorial Animalcules in Volcanic Kocks, Remains of, vii. 393 Insects at Sea, ii. 154 Instrument for measuring the hardness of Minerals, 1i. 275 Introduction, i. 1 Inula, vii. 301 Inuleae, vii. 301 Iron and Carbon, on a new Compound of, vi. 49 ——, on the manufacture of, iii. 386 —- Rails, on the Strength of, vi. 619 Isinglass, Papers on, 1i. 448, 11. 450 on the coasts of India, with a notice of its fisheries, ili. 76, ili. 157, iii. 278, iii. 282 ————., discovery in, iii. 287 ——_——,, on— Extract from Mr. W. Lewis’s Letter, vi. 616 Isoetes, iv. 470, capsularis, iv. 470, coromandeliana, iv. 470 Ixeris, vil. 320 Jack, Captain A., on Self-Calculating Sextant, i. 52] , Letters from, iv. 455 ’s Wm. Botanical writings reprint- ed, iv. l, iv. 160, iv. 3U5 Jacobi, Professor, on Electro-Magneti- cal Machines, iii. 298 Jameson, W. Esq., Extract of a letter from, vii. 360 Jenkinsia, Griff, iv. 231 Jerdon, J. C. Illustrations of Indian Ornithology, iv. 534 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Ben- gal, for December 1839, 1. 301 Jurinea, vii. 318 — SS Kaye, C. T. Esq. his discovery of Fos- sils, ii. 225, ii. 231 General Index. Kew Garden, ii. 431 Kunkur, Kemarks on, iii. 25 Labiatiflorae, vii. 290 Lactuca, vii. 320 Lactuceae,—Sub-tribe, vii. 320 Lambert, A. B. notice of, iv. 294 Lardizabalaceae, vii. 373 Laurineae, iv. 354, Laurus incrassatus, iv. 300, Parthenoxylon, iv. 304, Te- tranthera cordata, iv. 356 Lawia, (K. W.) vii. 14 Laws of Electricity as applied to Mov- ing Power, iii. 117 Leguminosae, iv. 159, Bauhinia biden- tata, iv. 160, emarginata, iv. 159, Inga bubulina, iv. 162, clypearia, iv. 163, Jonesia declinata, iv. 161, Mimosa jiringa, iv. 161 Leontopodium, vii. 311 Lepidosiren, affinities of, ii. 448 Leptognathus, Sw. v. 173, v. 211 Letter from N. Smith, Esq., C. S. on the Geology of Darjeeling, ii. 109 — Lieutenant Ochterlony, Madras Engineer, on the Minerals of Nellore, ii. 283 — C. E. Cunliffe, Esq., C. S., Madras, on the Discovery of Fossils at Seedrapeet, ii. 113 ————— Dr. Hinton, on Coal at Cap Island, near Kyouk Phyoo, ii. 115 — Dr. Spry, on the same, ii. 117, ii. 282 ——_= - S. MacLeay, Esq., A.M., F.L.S., on the natural affini- ties of Fishes, ii. 263 — Lieut. R. B. Smith, Engi- neers, on an instrument for measuring the bardness of minerals, 11. 275 — Captain Campbell, Assis- tant Surveyor General, on the Fossils discovered in Southern India, by Messrs. Kaye and Cunliffe, and on Atmospheric Phenomena, 11. 276 ——_——-— from the same, on Minerals of Mysore, ii. 280 ————Mr. Mornay, on Trap Dykes in the Burdwan Coal Field, ii. 127 Leucocodon, vii. 4, reticulatum, vil. 5 Leucomeris, vii. 319 Licuala, v. 321, spinosa, Willd. v. 321, v. 322, paludosa, id. v. 323, peltata, Roxb. v., 324, v. 329, acutifida, Mart. v. 327, pumila, Blume, v. 329, glabra, Griff. v. 329, longipes, id. v. 330, triphylla, Griff. v. 332 Liebig, Dr. Justus, in his Relation to Vegetable Physiology, vi. 77 Light, Polarization of, 111. 554 Lightning Conductors to Powder Maga- zines, Official Correspondence on the attaching of, 1. 431, 1. 489 Ligularia, vii. 313 Liguliflorae, vii, 290 General Index. 1X Lindley, Professor, his report on Kew Garden, ii. 43] Lindsaea, iv. 511, bipinnata, iv. 511, odorata, iv. d11 Line of Perpetual Snow, &c. remarks on the, v, 383 coer Society, Proceedings of the, i. 280 List of the principal objects of the Zoology of Continental India requir- ed in the Menageries and Museums in London, i. 6U0 Liston, D. Esq., on Plants of Gorruck- pore, 11. 119 —-— on Salts, in the soil of, ii. 125 —-—— on the Geology of Sikim, iv. ll ————’s remarks on Soils, iii. 27 Lithiasis: its endemic origin in the Geological nature of the soil, and its connection with the formation of the Osseous system, vi. 408 Livistona, v. 333, Jenkinsiana, Griff, v. 334, spectabilis, id, v. 336 Loganiaceae, iv. 29, Fagraea carnosa, 1¥)/29 London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Phi- losophical Magazine, ii. 439 ; Lorantheae, iv. 347, Loranthus cocci- neus, iv. 347, cylindricus, iv. 349, fer- Tugineus, iv. 348, incarnatus, iv. 390, patulus, iv. 351, retusus, iv. 349 Loudon, Mr., notice of, v. 406 Lowest Fossiliferous Beds, ili. 239 Lund, Dr., his remarks on Ants, 111. 517 Lycopodium, iv. 471, aristatum, iv. 473, cernuum, iv. 473, filiforme, iv. 473, furcatum, iv. 474, imbricatum, iv. 475, levigatum, iv. 473, mimo- soides, iv. 473, pectinatum, iv. 474, pendulum, iv. 472, Phlegmaria, iv. 471, plumosum, iv. 474, rotundifoli- um, iv. 473 Lyell, Charles, extract of a letter from, iv. 453 —___ Mr., letter to, iii. 614. ; Lythrariae, iv. 333, Lagerstreemia flori- bunda, iv. 333 Machlis, vii. 309 : MacLeay, Mr., on the classification of Fishes, ii. 263 Maclure, William, Memoir of, v. 388 Macrocladus, v. 489, sylvicola, Griff. v. 490 ; Macrognathus, undulatus, McClell. iv. 398 Madacarpus, (R. W.) vii. 157, vii. 313, belgaumensis, (R. W.) vii. 197 Madaractis, vii. 314 Madia Sativa, Dr. Lush’s remarks on, iii. 307 4 Madura, Mountains of, iil. 537 Magnesia, salts of, ii. 209 Magnesite of Salem, ii. 284, v. 442 Magnetic [ron ore, ii. 305 — Influence of Solar Light, iii. 240 ———— action of undecomposed Light, lil. 246 Magnetism, Lecture on a new property of, vii. 920 ons Science, Synopsis of, i. 0 Malcolmson, J. G. Esq., Letters from, iv. 107, v. 382 Malocopterigii Apodes, Linn. v. 171 mae of Nipal, Catalogue of, iv. 284 Mammoths, Sir R. I. F.R.S., &c,, on, vii. 424 Manganese of Mergui, ili. 55 Manufacture of Epsom Salts, v. 441 Marattia, iv. 019, pinnata, iv. 519 Markhore, or Snake-eater, ii. 535 Marsilea, iv. 469, quadrifolia, iv. 469 Marsileaceae, vii. 377 Martius, Von, on the sex and genera- tive organs of Plants, iv. 207 Masters, J. W. on Meteorological Ob- servations in Upper Assam, iv. 438 Extractof a letter from, respecting his travels and the collec- tions in Assam, vii. 364 Matricaria, vii. 307 McClelland, J., on the manufacture of Salt, ii. 244 Fossils, ii. 23 ——_——-——— on collections of Fishes fron Affehanistan, made by W Griffith, Esq., F.L.S., 11. 560 -_—_——-———— on a new species of Pheasant, a species of Ambassis and Cestreus, a new genus of ‘Thoracic Fishes, ii. 144 Murchison, ee eee SS notes on the Seedrapett on East Indian Isin- glass, its introduction to and manufac- nuge for, the European Market, iii. o7 ——————— Description of Cervus frontalis, iii. 401 Description of a sup- posed Fossil Batrachian, iv. 8 Description of a col- lection of Fishes from China, iv. 390 Medical Statistics, ii. 259, ii. 461 ——-— Report on the causes of the late Sickness at Akyab, accompanied with Sanatory Observations, vil. 23 Meeting of the Men of Science of Italy, ili. 306 Melanthaceae, iv. 9, Veratrum malay- anum, iv. 9 Melampodineae, vii. 303 Melastoma—Extract of a letter from Mr. J. W. Masters, Assam, on, vii. 323 ee ee ee ee ee eee xX . General Index. Melastomaceae, iv. 319, Melastoma al- pestris iv. 330, bracteata, iv. 320, decemfida, iv. 317, erecta, iv. 316, exigua, iv. 321, eximia, iv. 327, fal- lax, iv. 323, glauca, iv. 320, gracilis, iv, 324, malabathrica, iv. 315, nemo- rosa, iv. 319, obvoluta, iv. 314, pale lida, iv. 322, pulverulenta, iv. 329, rotundifolia, iv. 521, rubicunda, iv. 328, stellulata, iv. 318, viminalis, iv. 327, Sonerila erecta, iv. 331, hetero- phylla, iv. 333, moluceana, iv. 332 Meliaceae, iv. 187, Lansium domesti- cum, iv. 188, Melia excelsa, iv 190 Memecyleae, iv. 309, Memecylon ceruleum, iv. 310, paniculatum, iv. 312, Pternandra capitellata, iv. 310, cerulescens, iv. 3U9, echinata, iv. 310 Menzies, A. notice of, iv. 296 Meteorological Observations, 1. 52, ii. 42, Registers, 11. 46), ili. 155, iii. 156, ili. 390, ili. SLU, 111. 311, ili. 620, ‘Ta- bles, reduction of, iv. 413, Observa- tions in Upper Assam, iv. 438 Method of estimating impurities of Waiter, lil. 36 Microglossa, vil. 295 Microlonchus, vii. 316 Microrhynchus, vil. 321 Microscopic Life, Prof. Ehrenberg on, v. 006 Military Stations and the Health of Troops in Arracan, vii. 190 Mineral Indigo, 111. 153 -— Sulphurets, Thomas Latter on, v. 307 Minerals, instrument for determining hardness of, ii. 275, of Nellore, ii, 282, of Nagpore District, iil. 290 Mineralogical Surveys, William Jame- son, Esq., on, i. 301 Mineralogy of S. India, vi. 199 Miscellaneous Subjects, Remarks on, i. 424, i. 596, 11. 129 Mists, ii. 49 Mochus Memina, S. R. Tickell, Esq. Remarks on, 1. 420 Modern views regarding Physiological and Pathological Chemistry, Sketch of the, vi. 926 i Molluscs of the Sechelles and Amiran- tes, ii. 94 Moloch, Grey, iii. 147 ———— horidus, a Thorny Lizard, iii. 148 Monentiles, vii. 300 Monosis, vii. 292 Monsonia, vil. 18 Moonia, vii. 303 Mortality of the Madras Army; from Official Records, vii. 286 Mosaic Geology, ii. 367 Movement of Glaciers, iv. L651 Mulgedium, vii. 322 Muller’s Archiv fur Anatomie, Physio- logie, &c. parts 3 and 4, 1836, i. 135 Muraena, Nob. v. 173, v. 213, bagio, Buch. v. 182, helana, Linn. v. 214, catenula, Lacep. v. 214, pantherina, id. v. 214 Murenesox, MeClelld. iv. 408 Nob. v. 172, v. 180, v. 210, exodentata, id. v. 180, v. 210, lanceo- lata, id. v. 181, v. 210, tricuspidata, id. v. 210, seradentata, id. v. 210, Hamiltonii, id. v. 182, v. 210, Ben- galensis, id. v, 182 Murenide, Nob. v. 158, v. 159, v. 173, y. 2)2 a ay Mr., on Indian Coal, iil. 15 —————’s Silurian System, i. 15, i. 207, 1. 527, ili. 222 Murray, Dr. Inspector General, on health of Troops, ii. 257, ii. 461 Muscales, vii. 375 Muscologia Itineris Assamici, ili, 56 Mustela, a species of, ii. 221 Mutiseae, vii. 318 Matisiaceae, vii. 318, vii. 290 Mylabris chicorii, or Blistering Fly, common in Calcutta, ili. 421 Myriactis, vii. 295 Myriogyne, vii. 308 Myriopteron, Griff. iv. 385 Myristiceae, iv. 397, Knema glauces- cens, iv. 307 Myrtaceae, iv. 305, Careya macrosta- chya, iv. 305, Glaphyria nitida, iv. 306, sericea, iv. 307, Rhodamnia cinerea, iv. 308 Nagpore, Minerals of, ili. 290 Naptha and Petroleum, i. 062 Nassauviaceae, vil. 290 Natural History, Directions for pre- serving Marine objects of, i. 150 —————_—— or Magazine of Zoolo- gy, Beanys and Geology, Annals of, 1. 24 — ——, Remarks on, i. 450 Neckera, Hedw. iii. 65, curvata, Griff. iii. 65, lurida, Griff. i11. 66, pulchella, Griff. iii. 66, leeta, Griff. ii1. 67, bre- virostris, Griff. iii. 69, rostrata, Griff. iii, 70, copillacea, Griff. ii. 70, comes, Griff. iii. 71, aurea, Griff. iii. 72, crispatula, Hook. ii. 73, fus- cescens, Hook. ili. 74, filamentosa, Hook. iii. 75 Neilgherry Plants—from Dr. Wight’s, vi. 18 Nepentheae, iv. 362, Nepenthes am- pullaria, iv. 366, distillatoria, iv. 368, phyllamphora, iv. 367, Rafflesiana, iv. 364 pe Neutral Points, Sir D. Brewster on, iii. 503 New Publications, i. 974 ! ——- Coal Pits near Newcastle, section of, vi. 618 News of Naturalists, i. 303 General Index. xi Nicolsonia, D’C., vii. 151. vii. 150, congesta, (R. W.) vii. 152 Nimmo, J. Esq., Extract of a letter from, vii. 358 Nimmonia, vii. 13 North American Indian, iii. 540 Pear Scientific and Literary, vi. 4 Notonia, vii. 314 Nouveaux Memoirs de la Société Im- periale des Naturalists de Moscow, Tom. LV. i. 132 Nutmegs, a new acid in the butter of, ii. 444 Observations on the structure and affinities of the plants belonging to the natural order Podostemaceae, together with a Monograph of the Indian species, vil. 165, vii. 174 Ochnaceae, iv. 198, Euthemis leuco- carpa, iv. 200, minor, iv. 201, Gom- phia sumatrana, iv. 198 Oersted’s discovery of the connection between Galvanism and Magnetic Attraction, i11. 2 Oiospermum, vii. 291 ee iv. 33, Linociera odorata, iv. Oligolepis, (R. W.) vii. 161, vii. 297, amanthoides, (R. W.) vii. 16] Opacity of tne Atmosphere, ii. 43 Ophicardia, N. Gen. v. 155, v. 19], v. 218, Phyareana, Nob. v. 191, v. 218 Ophicardiae, Nob. v. 158 Ophicephalus, id. v. 275, amphibeus, v. 275, burra chang, v. 275 Ophioglossum, iv. 475, cordifolium, iv. 475, filitorme, iv. 476, flexuosum, iv. 477, scandens, iv. 476 Ophisternon, N. Gen. v. 175, v. 196, v. 220, bengalensis, id. v. 197, v. 220, hepaticus, id. v. 198, v. 221 Ophisurus, Lacep. v. 173, v. 21], v. 183, rostratus, Buch. v. 184, vermiformis, v. 184, minimus, v. 185, caudatus, v. 185, fasciatus, id. v. 211, serpens, id. v. 211, hijala, Buch. v. 211, Boro, Buch. v. 211, rostratus, Buch. v. 211, harancha, Buch. v. 211, minimus, Nob. v. 212, vermiformis, id. v. 212, Ophithorax, id. v. 212, ophis, Lacep. v. 212, colubrina, id. vy. 212, imber- bis, Laroach. v. 212 Ophisurdae, Nob. v. 172, v. 211 Organic Chemistry, etc., Dr. Liebig Justus, on, ili. 558, v. 409 Osmunda, iv. 478, lanceolata, iv.-479, zeylanica, iv. 478 Ouchakoff, M. his notice of Fossil ‘Termes, ii. 74 Ouchterlony, Lieut. on the Magnesite of Salem, ii. 284 —_—_—__--—_—_——. on the Statistics of Chusan, it. 129 Ouchterlony, Lieut. on the Geology of China, ii. 139 Palaeornis Nigrirostris, vii, 560 Palmae, iv. 12, Areca tigillaria, iv. 12, Sagus laevis, iv. 13 Parallel Terraces, iv. 149 Parasites, Remarks on, vii. 205 Partial Obstruction of the Circulation, Medical effects of a, vil. 477 Peligot’s analysis of Sugar-cane, iii. 906, iii. 513 Pendulums, gilt, iii. 550 Permian System, as developed in Russia an other parts of Europe, on the, vi. Phenix, v. 344, acaulis, Roxb. v. 344, v. 345, Ouseleyana, Griff. v. 347, ferinifera, Willd. v. 348, sylvestris, Roxb. v. 350, paludosa, Roxb. v. 353, v. 304 Phasianus faciatus, ii. 146 Philesiaceae, vii. 370 Philosophical Journal, The Edinburgh New, i. 246 Pholidophorus, Agas., iv. 76 Photometer, Leslie’s, ii. 2U1 Picris, vii. 320 Pimelodus asperus, McClell. iv. 404 Pittosporeae, iv. 195, Pittosporum ser- rulatum, iv. 195 Placoides, Agas., iv. 70 Plagiopteron, Griff. iv. 244 Plants characteristic of different Na- tions, 1. 344 — of Gorruckpore, ii. 119, of Cen- tral India, i. 361 —-— Muscologia Itineris Assamici, ili. 56, ili, 270 ———, Sex and generative organs of, iv. 257 Playfair, Dr. Lyon, on the Chemical relations between Plants and Ani- mals, iii. 424 Plectocomia, v. 95, elongata, Mart. v. 96, Assamica, id. v. 97, Khasyana, Griff. v. 98, Himalayana, id. y. LOU Pleuropus, Griff. 111. 272, densus, Griff. iii. 272, fenestratus, Griff. iii. 273, Pterogonioides, Griff. iii. 274 Pluchae, vii. 300 Pneumabranchus, McClelld., iv. 410. —_—_—_—_—___——— Nob. v. 192, v. 218, striatus, id. v. 219, leprosus, id. v. 195, v. 219, albinus, id. v. 196, v. 219, cinereus, id. v. 219 Podostemaceae, structure and affinities of the Plants belonging to the na- tural order—together with a Mono- graph of the Indian species, vii. 165 Podostemaceae, Lindl. vii. 175, vii. 373 Podostemon, Rich, vii. 179, griffithii, Wall. vii. 180, olivaceum, Gardn. Xii vii. 181, griseum, Gardn. vii. 182, wallichii, R. Br. vii. 182, subulatum, Gardn. vii. 184, dichotomum, Gardn. vil. 185, wightii, Gardn. vii. 186, rigidum, Gardn. vii. 187, elongatum, vil. 188, vii. 189 Poisonous Lizard, Notes on an alleged species of, 1. 371 Polynemus Sele, Buch. iii. 182 Polypetale incerte sedis, iv. 340, Celo- pyrum coriaceum, iv. 341, Octas Spicata, iv. 340 Polypodium, iv. 481, acuminatum, iv. 490, acutum, iv. 494, emulum, iv. 496, affine, iv. 494, arborescens, iv. 495, attenuatum, iv. 482, confertum, iv. 493, confluens, iv. 494, coriaceum, iv. 481, cuspidatum, iv. 49], dicho- tomum, iv. 493, dubium, iv. 496, elatum, iv. 495, excavatum, iv. 485, felinum, iv. 495, ferrugineum, iv. 487, flagelliferum, iv. 487, furcatum, iv. 493, glabrum, iv. 483, impuber, iv. 494, involucratum, iv. 491, longi- folium, iv. 492, lucidum, iv. 4&6, mucronatum, iv. 490, multiflorum, iv. 493, nudatum, iv. 491, parasiti- cum, iv. 492, pertusum, iv. 483, phyllitides, iv. 483, phymatodes, iv. 484, pilosum, iv. 492, proliferum, iv. 489, quercifolium, iv. 484, radicans, iv. 488, rupestre, iv. 488, scabrum, iv. 49], scariosum, iv. 491, semipinnatum iv. 486, sophoroides, iv. 489, squarro- sum, iv. 494, tenerum, iv. 490, to- rs ahaa iv. 488, tridentatum, iv. 495 Pondicherry Fossils, ii. 225 Pottery Clays, ii. 280, 11,593, manufac- ture of, ii. 589 Predaceous habits of Frogs, iii. 284 Prenanthes, vii. 322 Primary Geology, iii. 295 Prinsep, James, the late Mr. ii. 438 Principles of Electro-Magnetic Ma- chines, ili. 298 Prionodon, a species of, ii. 51 Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, &c. vi. 3 Prospectus of an Indian Association for the advancement of Science, i. 8 Proteaceae, iv. 352, vii. 453, Rhopala attenuata, iv. 392, moluccana, iv. 352, ovata, iv. 303, ceylanica, Gardn. vii. 453 Psiadia, vii. 295 Pteris, iv. 502, amplexicaulis, iv. 505, angustifolia, iv. 503, bicolor, iv. 507, daucifolia, iv. 508, dimidiata, iv. 507, gracilis, iv. 508, graminifolia, iv. 502, linearis, iv. 5Ud., lobata, iv. 504, lunulata, iv. 506, multifida, iv. 507, pectinata, iv. 507, pedatifida, iv. 508, piloselloides, iv. 503, quadriaurita, iv. 007, scandens, iv, 805, succulenta, General Index. iv. 908, tripinnatifida, iv. 508, vittata, iv. 004 Pterogonium, Hook. iii. 63, squarro- sum, Griff. 111. 63, aureum, Hook. ili. 64, flavescens, Hook. iii. 64, nec- keroides, Griff. iii. 64 Pteromys Oral, Tickell, ii. 401 Pteropus Edulus, iii. 29 ge eerie Sick N, Fam. v. 199, v. 221, Vv Ptyobranchus, N. G, v. 199, v. 221, v. 175, arundinaceus, Nob. v. 221], v. 200, Guthrianus, id. v. 222, v. 201, ery- threus, id. v. 223, v. 201, multiden- tatus, id. v. 223, v. 201, parvidentus, id. v. 223, v. 202, gracilus, id. v. 223, v. 202, linearis, Gray, v. 222, Hard- wickil, Gray, v. 222, raitborua, Buch. v. 222, brevus, Nob. v. 223 Public Instruction, Report on, iii. 612 Pyle, Mr. J. C., on Earthenware, Glass, Stone, and Fire Brick, made at Fut- tyghur, i. 591, ii. 593, ii. 596 Pyrenees, elevation of, ii. 10, rocks of, ul. 11, climate of, ii. 11 Pyrethrum, vii. 307 Radiation, Solar, ii. 185 Rafflesiaceae, iv. 309, Rafflesia Titan, iv. 360 Rajmehal Coal, iii. 501 Rational Pathology, Abstract of labours in, since 1839, vi. 221 ' Reduction of Meteorological Register, McClelland, J. on, v. 533 Refuting the first revolution of Mosaic Geologists, 11. 367 Reinhardt, Professor J. T., on a new species of Poisonous Snake, iv. 532 Remarks on Calcutta Delta, ii. 542 Removal of a portion of the Liver from the living Human subject, vi. 406 Rescherches, sur les Poissons Fossiles, hi. 313 Return (Annual) of Sick and Wound- ed of H. M. loth, or King’s Hussars, from Ist April 1844 to 3lst March 1845, Observations on, vi. 364 Rhizogens, vii. 379 Rhizomys Cinereus, ii. 456, Radius, ii. 60, ii. 410 Rhizophoraceae, vil. 373 RKhizophoreae, iv. 334, caryophylloides, iv. 334 Robertson, Mr. A., on the method of Analysis of Water, iii. 36 rough notes on Geo- logical controversy, 111. 468 Robinson’s Patent Sugar Mill, iv. 124 Ronina, Gray, ii. 145 Roumia, Poit, vii. 449, hebecarpa, Gardn. vii. 449 Roxburgh, William, Plants of, iv. 464 Roxburghiacee, vii. 370 Rhizophora Cryptogamous General Index. Royal Society President’s address, ii. 437 Royle, Dr., on the production of Isin- glass on the coasts of India, ili. 76 Rubiaceae, iv. 16, Epithinia malay- ana, iv. 24, Helospora flavescens, iv. 16, Hydnophytum formicarum, iv. 21, Ixora neriifolia, iv. 26, pendu- la, iv. 25, Lasianthus attenuatus, iv. 23, cyanocarpus, iv. 23, Lecanan- thus erubescens, iv. 28, Morinda polysperma, iv. 20, tetrandra, iv. 19, Myrmecodia tuberosa, iv. 20, Ophi- orhiza heterophylla, iv. 17, Psilobi- um nutans, iv. 27, tomentosum, iv. 28, Psychotria malayana, iv. 26, Ron- deletia corymbosa, iv. 16, Urophyl- ie glabrum, iv. 18, villosum, iv. ee ewine contents of Sugar-cane, iii. mt Salivinide, v. 252 Salmo Orientalis, or Bamean Trout, iii. 283 Salt, Indian, manufacture of, ii. 244 Salvinia, iv. 469, cucullata, iv. 470, Roxb. v. 255, imbricata, iv. 470, ver- ticillata, iv. 469, Roxb. v. 254, Mich. v. 203 Sapindaceae, iv. 180, Hedycarpus ma- layanus, iv. 185, Millingtonia suma- trana, iv. 181, Nephelium lappaceum, iv. 183, Pierardia dulcis, iv. 186, Sapindus rubiginosus, iv. 184 Saussurea, vil. 315 Schistose formation of the Table Lands of Central India, ii. 302 Schizothorax, ii. 148, 11. 578 Schleiden, Dr. Critique on Liebig’s -Organic Chemistry, iv. 540 Schouw’s Physical Sketch, ii. 1 ——-—— Popular Sketch of the Physi- cal Geography of Europe, iii. 188 Sciaphila of Blume, two new Ceylon plants related to, vii. 463 Scitamineae, iv. 3, Alpinia capitellata, iv. 5, elatior, iv. 4, Amonum biflo- rum, iv. 3, Globba ciliata, iv. 7, Hedychium sumatranum, iv. 6, Zin- giber gracile, iv. 3 Scolopendrium, iv. 501, lanceolatum, iv. O01 Scorzonereae, vii. 320 Sea Coast, raised at Malacca, iv. 536 Sebastes chinensis, McClelld., iv. 397 Seedrapett, Fossils of, ii. 232, il. 238, ii. 277 Seeds, the transmission of, ii. 617 Seheraunpore Botanic Garden, ii. 288 Self-calculating Sextant, on the, il. 224 Senecio, vii. 313. > Senecioneae—Sub-tribe, vii. 312 Senecionideae, vii. 289, vii. 303 Xi Serratula, vil. 317 Sexual organs of Dendrophylli, ii. 73 Sharks, the Young of, vi. 458 pent the Wild, of Affghanistan, ii. 21 Sickness and Mortality of the Troops at Kurnaul, vii. 53 Siegesbeckia, vii. 303 Sienite, 11. 320 Silurian System, ii1. 222, Upper Lud- low formation, ili, 223, Ludlow or Aymestry Limestone, iii. 224, Lower Ludlow Rocks, iii. 225, Wenlock Limestone or Ballstone, iii. 225, the fossils of the Wenlock Rocks, i11. 226, Lower Silurian Rock, ili. 228, Caradoc sandstone with its fossils, iii. 228, Lower Silurian Rocks, iii. 232, altered Silurian Rocks, iii. 237, Land- slips of the Silurian Rocks, iii. 237, Mining Ground of the Silurian Rocks, iii. 237, Agricultural character of Silurian Rocks, iii. 239 Siluridz, Chinese, iv. 401 Bi sinensis, iv. 402, Dudu, iv. Siphonodon, Griff. iv. 246 Skate, or Raide, on two undescribed species of, 1. 59 Skeleton of the Buansuah or Wild Dog, ii. 206 Slackia, v. 468 Smith, Lieutenant R. B. his remarks on Economic Geology, i. 16 his Analysis of Faraday’s Researches, iii. 1, iii. 345 —— on Reduction of Meteorological Register, iv. 413 ———’s remarks on vegetable impres- sions in Sandstone Rocks, iii. 22 ——-— experiments on the Magnetic Influence of Solar Light, iii. 240, iii. 3868 Re- ns Review of Faraday’s searches, iv. 96 _ Snow, Perpetual line of, in the Hima- laya, vi. 06 Solar Radiation, remarks on, ii. 285 Sonchus, vii. 321 Soils, in the Gorruckpore Districts, Notes on the distribution of, i. 236 ——-~, remarks on, ili. 26 Southern Europe, ii. 12, i. 15 India, Geology of, ii. 302 Spathium, Edgeworth on the Genus, iii. 531, Loureiro, ii. 532 Spicilegium Serpentium Indicorum, i. 76 Spermatophore, ii. 70 Sphaeranthus vii. 297, amaranthoides, D’C. vii. 159 Sphaeromorphaea, vii. 309 Spilanthes, vii. 305 Spore, development of, ii, 78 — Xiv Squalus spinosus, Linn. on the Coast eas Shae the occurrence of, 1. Statistics, Medical, ii. 257 — a conductor of Electricity, ii. 4 Stenactiis, vii. 294 Sterculiaceae, iv. 222, Sterculia angus- tifolia, iv. 223, coccinea, iv. 222 Stilagineae, iv. 229, Antidesma fru- tescens, iv. 229 Stipulae, nature of, etc., iv. 247 Stoehrer’s Electro-Magnetic Engine, ili. 127 Storer, Dr. H. Report on Indian Cy- prinidae, iv. 112 Strata, flexures of, iii. 569 Strophidon, Nob. v. 174, v. 185, v. 214, grisea, Lacep. v. 244, africana, v. 211, echidna, v. 215, unicolor, v. 215, literata, Nob. v. 186, v. 215, hepa- tica, v. 215, punctata, id. v. 287, v. 215, maculata, Buch. v. 215, longi- caudata, Nob. v. 187, v. 215 Sugar-cane, analysis of, iii. 506, Manu- facture of, iii. 506 Sungnai, a new species of Deer, iii. 401 pf ere a Nob. v. 159, v. 174, v. 2! Synbranchus, Bloch. v. 175, v. 219, marmorata, Bl. v. 220, immaculata, id. v. 220, cendre, Bon. v. 220, Bubp Lacep. v. 220, levis, id. v. 220 cee of Medical Statistics, ii, 259, ii. 463 Taccaceae, vii. 458 Tacceae, iv. 9, Tacca cristata, iv. 9 Tanacetum, vii. 308 Tarchonantheae, vii. 299 Tassin, Mr. J. B. ii. 294 Tavoy, Geology of, ii. 359 Tea Plant of Assam, ii. 439 Tenasserim Coal Field, ii. 417 Termes, notice of Fossil, ii. 73 Ternstreemiaceae, iv. 202, Adinandra dumosa, iv. 207, sylvestris, iv. 208, Ternstroemia acuminata, iv. 204, cus- pidata, iv. 206, pentapetala, iv. 204, rubiginosa, iv. 2U3, serrata, iv. 205 Ternstromiaceae, vii. 441 ‘Terraces, Natural, of the Eildon Hills, ii. 448 Tetragonolepis, Agas., iv. 80 Tetradon fasciatus, iv. 411 Therodontis, Nob. v. 174, v. 187, v. 216, nigricans, Lacep. v. 216, reticu- laris, Bl. v. 188, v. 216, stellata, Lacep. v. 216, reticulata, Nob. v. 216, cineraceus, v. 216, ophis, v. 217, flavimarginata, Riip. vy. 214, v. 217 Lie Hair Streak, of the genus, il. General Index. Thermometrical Register at Neemuch, from 29th March to 27th September 1840, i. 459, i. 554 Thespis, vii. 298 Thorny Lizard, iii. 143 Thrissops, Agas. iv. 77 Thy melaceae, vii. 454 Tickell, Lieut. S. R. on Pteromys Oral, ii. 401 —_——_—_—_—_-—-_—- his remarks on Pteropus Edulus, iii. 29 Tides, abnormal, iii. 545 Tiliaceae, iv. 221, Microcos glabra, iv. 222, tomentosa, iv. 221 Tin of the Province of Mergui, iii. 47 Topography of Affghanistan, ii. 322 Tragopogon, vii. 320 Trap Dykes, ii. 127 Tremenhere on the Tin and Manganese of Tenasserim, ili. 47, ili, 59 Tricholepis, vii. 316 Trichomanes, iv. 518, campanulatum, iv. 018, caruifolium, iv. 518, lacinia- tum, iv. 518, lucidum, iv. 519 Trichopus, Gaert. vii. 458 ‘lristicha, Thouar. vii. 177, ceylanica, vii. 177, bryoides, vii. 178 Trivaicarry Woodstone, ii. 276 Turner, Mr. W. B. on Fire Clay at Moulmein, ii. 596 Tubuliflore, vii. 288 Unibranchapertura Cuchia, Buch. v. 192 Ure, Dr. his remarks on Sugar, iii. 516 Ursus labiatus, Remarks on the charac- ters and habits of, i. 199 - Isabellinus, Horsf. iii. 268 Urticeae, iv. 368, Ficus deltoidea, iv. 369, ovoidea, iv. 368, rigida, iv. 369 Vaccinieae, iv. 35, Vaccinium suma- tranum, iv. 30 Vanilla, Mauritius, iv. 127 Vegetable Kingdom, Lindley’s new work on the, adverting to the dis- coveries of the late William Griffith, Esq., vii. 370 Verbenaceae, iv. 38, Clerodendrum divaricatum, iv. 40, molle, iv. 38; Gmelina villosa, iv. 42, Peronema canescens, iv. 41, Sphenodesme pen- tandra, iv. 43, Vitex arborea, iv. 40 Vernonia, vil. 291 Vernoniaceae, vii. 288, vii. 291 Vernonieae, vii.- 291 Vesou, composition of, ili. 514 Vetch, Capt., Extract of a letter from, to Major Jenkins, vii. 368 Vicoa, vii. 301 Vittaria, iv. 509, divergens, iv, 510, interrupta, iv. S11, lineata, iv. 509, lunulata, iv. 510, parasitica, iv. 510, resecta, iv. 010 Vogelia, Lamark, vii. 16 General Index. XV Wallichia, Roxb. v. 482, Caryotoides, Roxb. v. 485, oblongifolia, Griff. v. 486, nana, Griff. v. 488 Walker, H. Catalogue of Mammalia, lii. 265 _ Waves, Theory of, iii. 554 Wedelia, vii. 304 Westerhout, J. W. on the Gold Mines, of Malacca, iv. 539 Whether Lightning Kods attract Light- ning ? v. 990 Wight, Dr. R.—Extract from his Let- ter, regarding his views on the sub- ject of the late Mr. Griffith’s papers, &c. vi. 300 ————-—— Extract from his Letter, ae to an error, &c. &c. vi. Wild Ass and Wolf of Tibet, sso hs tion of the, vii. 469 Wollastonia, vii. 304 Xanthium, vii. 303 Ximensia, vii. 305 Xiphesium, v. 364, acuminatum, Griff, v. 364, roseume, Lindl. v. 364 Youngia, vii. 321 fol gens Society, Proceedings of the, . 63,21. 295 Beslens of Chinese Tartary, Critique on Dr, Jameson’s, vil. 561 Supplementary Endex TO THE 29TH AND 30TH NUMBERS. Alchemilla indica, Gard. 9. Antelopes, four-horned, of India, 87. Archibuteo cryptogenys, 96. Bile, its use in. Vital economy, 67. Christisonia, Gard. 154, ——-—-—— grandiflora, 155. tricolor, 156. ———-—— neilgherrica, 157. ——-— pallida, 159. os ———-—— bicolor, 160. —-—-——. unicolor, 161. ——-—— subacaulis, 162. Coal of the Booteah hills, 277. Convolvulacez, 177. Durio, Gard. D. zibethinus, 8. Electricity and Galvanism, their thera- peutical effects, 119, 235. Erythrochiton, Griff. 77. ee employment of, in Midwifery, 4, Felis Ogilbii, 44. Flora of Ceylon, general remarks on, 223. Gaultheria Leschenaultii, 175. Griffith, the late W., Geological Notes by the, 180. —__——__——-—. on Botanical Geo: graphy of the Tenasserim Provinces, 72. Gun-cotton, 107. Gunpowder, 113. Journal of the Indian Archipelago, 265. Journal of Natural History, Postscript to the 30th number of, 278 Kiang, Note on, 98. Mammals of Sub-Himalaya, 100. Medinilla Walkeri, Wight, 11. -—— fuchsioides, Gard. 12. —-—— maculata, Gard. 13. Merva Jordonii, Hodgs, 48. Mesua nagaha, Gard. 4. Microscopic Structure of the liver, 62. Mineral Water at Landour, 17 Monstrosity, Duplex, 222-5 MMU SEN et ‘ anbty thas + Tyne 9 Hr z AS i] Pencedanum ceylanicum, Gard. 14. Poterium indicum, Gard. 10. Prionodon pardicolor, 40. Rhododendron Griffithianum, 176. Rubus fairholmianus, Gard. 5. ——— micropetalus, Gard. 6. ——— macrocarpus, Gard. 7. Scinde, Topography of, 217. ee of Singapore and its vicinity, Spicilegium “ Neilgherrense, by Dr. Wight laa ° a! Swintonia, Griff. 80. @ ————\— floribunda, Griff. 80. Syndesmis, 82. Tetracerus chickara, Hardwicke, 89. ————— quadricornis, Blainville, 89. eo ae subquadricornutus, Elliott, ——— —— iodes, Hodgs, 90. ——_——-— paccerois, Hodgs. 90. Topography and Medical History of Malacca, 48 Tripterospermum championi, Gard, 15. Uterus in Males, 68. Vacciniacee, 163. Vaccinium, 167. —_——--— Wallichianum, 169. ——_—-——_ verticillatum, ] 70. —— -—— _ hirsutum, 170. ———-—— serpens, 17]. ——-———_— serratum, 17]. —_——_——-— venosum, 172. ———-—— malaccensis, 172. ——-—— odontocerum, !72. ———-—— neilgherrense, 173. Griffithianum, 174. ——-— -——_ obovatum, 174. ———-— Dunallianum, 175. ——-——_— Griffithiana, 176. Voice, Re-establishment in dead bodies, 0) Voigt’s Hortus Suburbanus, 137. Wise, Dr. T. on Vascular Disease, 189. ———_—_———- on Diseases of the Eye, 198. Fa’ 4 ‘Lye * hc RR. Toe backs iy es ae en ia Petes pie hbk bd Pine eeees at. ene . etw eran ee eerirtitrerers nr ” wren eer hu ert SOFC eee eat wettwiote * Sete. » - - - - “ - wOeleowtene retires errr eeereceres oer were > eT hie ~eeeanreve