[E CAMPINE BOOK

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CAMPINE HERALD, PUBLISHERS
FRANKLINVILLE, N. Y.

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THE CAMPINE HISTORY

By Rev. B. A. GATES, Editor of CAMPINE HERALD

Copyright 1913 by R. W. VAN HOESEN

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AUTHOR’S PREFACE

N PUTTING this book before the public itis my desire to pre-

sent in a concise way the gist of obtainable information con-

cerning Campines, both for the benefit of those who breed Cam-
pines and those who are simply interested in them because they are in-
terested in poultry generally. The information presented in this book 1s
not only historical, but I trust, to a large extent at least, practical. Our
age is an age of condensation and important messages to command at-
tention must compact themselves into narrow space. I have striven in
this book to obey this demand. I am indebted to a number of prominent
Campinists in various countries for valuable information and suggestions
which have been enbodied in this book. If this book shall intensify to any
extent interest in Campines or help any to understand the breed better

and to make a success of breeding Campines it will have served its purpose.

B. A. GATES

Franklinville, N. Y., U.S. A.
1913

Ancient Campines

CHAPTER I

O SAY the least the history of the Campine goes back a number of
hundreds of years. A recent English writer would like to connect
the introduction of Campines into England with the landing upon English
ground 55 B. C. of Jutrus Cansar. This is probably far-fetched, yet the
Belgians insist that Carsar took with him from Belgium to Italy birds
which were the ancestors of those now known in Belgium as Campines.
It has been pointed out that the ancient as well as the modern Belgians
have bred these birds, for profit and that the ancient Britons bred them
“for the sake of amusement and profit”? and that in no other bird is the
property of pleasure and profit so intensified as in the Campine. There-
fore, it is concluded, the ancient Britons must have bred Campines.

F. L. Platt, in a recent:article on the Campine, says: “In the orthol-
ogy of the Italian naturalist Ulysses Aldrovandus which was published in
1599 there is a description of G. turcica or Turkish fowl which indicates
a strong resemblance to modern Campines. Some four hundred years be-
fore, according to legend, the ancestors of the Campines had been im-
ported into Western Europe by ‘Johanna Censta.’

Antedating this there is another tradition that the progenitors of the
Campines were introduced into Flanders (northern France and Belgium)
about the eighth century by the agents of Charlemagne. As king of the
Franks and Emperor of Rome, Europe was a conquest to him and it 1s
recorded that he slowly endeavored to promote agriculture and required
the farmers to keep a certain number of chickens and the millers to keep
a certain number of ducks and he required that a certain number of
fruit trees be planted. One so keen about increasing and improving the
products of his subjects may have sought to have a special kind of chick-
ens propogated and even imported them from some foreign country.”

The Turkish fowl from which the modern Campine sprung is certain-
ly many centuries old. In the days just spoken of when the Dutch ob-
tained possession of the breed, the main object of breeding the fowls was
eggs, and it was known as “Dutch Penciled” and “Dutch Everyday Lay-
ers” and more recently as ‘“Chittiprat.’”’ The French also for a few hun-
dred years back were partial to the ancestors of the modern Campine. In
Netherlands the Campine was known as Friesland fowl. The late Lewis
Vander Snickt says, “ The Friesland is extraordinary homogeneous, and
is the mother race of all these egg laying birds with slate colored legs and
white ear lobes.”” While much of the ancient history of the Campine is

legendary, and indeed there is no certainty concerning the origin of the
more ancient breeds of poultry, yet we do know for a certainty that the
Campine is the earliest known of all the established breeds of Europe and,
us many assert, the most interesting. The Pencilled Hamburgs and
Campines spring from a common ancestry. There is no question but
that the breed had its origin in Belgium and as has been stated again and
again probably derives its name from the county La Campine. The Bel-
gian peasants are thrifty and for centuries have bred the Cump/ne as their
“farm chicken” with a view, not so much to fine and definite feathers as

tonumber and size and color of eggs.

During these
years a consider-
able trade has
been worked up
fluctuating with
the years and
conditions, of
course, in sur-
rounding territo-
ry both in eggs,
in pullets and in

This dozen of eggs won first prize at Boston 1913. Owned milk fed chickens
by M. R. Jacobus, Ridgefield, N. J. whose Campine [Eggs also
won first as same Show in 1gtt and 1g12.

for eating. The
French are noted
as being talented
in the matter of discriminating in dietary articles and the fact that
Belgium exports so many fowls and eggs to France is significant.

Above I note that while the Dutch held the breed it was bred for
eggs mainly. During that time it appears that the color was primarily
grayish with some attempts, though not pronounced, at barring.

The old English Bolton Grey fowl was closely related to the modern
Campine. It is asserted by some that the Silver and Gold Pencilled Ham-
burgs are direct descendents of the Bolton Grey and first cousins to the
modern English Campine Attempts have been made to connect the Black
and Spangled Hamburg with the modern Campine, but such connection
seems improbable. In fact some go so far as to state that the Campine,
the Silver and Gold Pencilled and the Spangled and Black Hamburg
sprung from one ancestry and came from the neighborhood of Hamburg.
This is evidently an error. The Spangled and Black Hamburg are not,
according to any apparent authority, from the same direct ancestry as the
Pencilled Hamburg, thus the relation between the Spangled and Black
Hamburg and the modern Campine is remote, if in existence at all. There
is a similarity that might suggest relationship. More close is the relation
of the Braekel and Campine than of the Campine and Hamburg. In fact

6

it is very evident that the Campine and Braekel are practically the same.
Many recent writers have made it clear that originally Braekels and Cam-
pines were one and the same thing, but that the result of breeding on the
plains of the country of La Campine, where the soil is sandy and the con-
conditions are much different from other parts of Belgium, has been to
develop a small active bird that forages for the greater part of its living.
The result of breeding in the more productive parts of Belgium, for in-
stance on the rich loomy soil of Flanders, has been to develop a larger and
less active bird which has come, with the passing of time, to be known as
Braekel. Environment, living on different soils, etcetara has really made
two different birds of the same stock.

Again quoting F. L. Platt, ‘‘The first selective work with the Cam-
pine was begun about 1865 by a Mr. Van Horn. He was station master
of St. Lierre at Turnout, Belgium, and made a hobby of Campines for
thirty years breeding and improving them. He gave the pesants eggs and
often his best cocks and pullets, thus improving their stock from a_ breed-
er’s view point.”

Other leading Belgium poultrymen took up in the late 60’s and early
70’s selective work with the Braekel. Lewis Vander Snickt gave many of
his Braekels to farmers back in the country and thus they are kept pure.
Later this eminent poultryman after becoming director of the Zoological
Gardens of Ghent ordered Braekel eggs to be distributed to various parts
of Belgium. In 1880 both Campines and Braekels were exhibited at va-
rious shows as one breed, the Campines being called the small specimens
and the Braekels the large specimens. Later at the shows classes were
opened for both Braekels and Casnpines. By this time they were looked
upon as two separate brecds each having its own admirers who claimed
for their favorites superior!’ y. The old time rivalry existing between the
Belgium breeders of the Compine and the Braekel is still in existence today
and a noted Belgium breeder who now breeds both Braekels, English and
Belgian type Campines, but who favors the Brackel, recently stated to
the author that for all purposes, utility and exhibition, meat and orament-
ation, size, color and weight of egg the Braekel far surpasses the Campine.

Thus briefly, but as clearly as possible to hold the interest of the or-
dinary reader the remote and more recent history of the Campine has been
traced. Undoubtedly some authorities will take exceptions to some
statements made in this chapter as considerable difference of opinion
exists, such opinion being influenced more or less by invironment and
geographical differences. However, as stated above that part of the his-
tory which is legendary is of no particular value only so far as it is inter-
esting, while of the more recent history we are reasonably sure.

The Campine at Home

CHAPTER II

N OTHER pages are given illustrations of both the Campine and
Braekel as bred at the present time in Belgium. Since the great
popularity of the English and American Campine quantities of the im-
proved type have been bred and imported into Belgium where they have
been crossed with the Belgaum type so that at the present time a large
number of Knelish type Cumpines are being bred in Belgium. We are
concerning ourselves in this chapter, with what is known as the Belgium
type Caumpine. So far asthe Braekel is distinguished from the Campine
there has been no attempt to change the dress of the Braekel only as the
Belgium Braekel has been crossed with the Belgium Campine to make
into tie English Campine a slightly larger bird than the early Belgium
Campine, The illustrations referred to above are extremely interesting
and should be carefully studied and the detailed information under each
cut carefully read.

In Belgium there are both single and rose combed Silver and Golden
Camprines also Whites and a variety known as Courte-patte. The Whites
are also bred but to a very limited extent in a few other countries. The
most popular however, are the single combed Silvers. This is true not
only in Belgium but the world over. The color of the male bird, as bred
in Belgium, is a white neck hackle also a white back and black tail. The
wing barrs are also practically white while the rest of the body with the
exception of the fluff is more or less unevenly barred black and white and
usually in various sections especially upon the breast a streak of color
more or less prominent, usually brownish or grey. Both male and female
have very large combs. No attempt is made ordinarily to have the ser-
rations of uniform number and size. The ear lobe is pure white and the
eye dark, practically black, horn colored beak and the legs leaden blue.
The female has a white neck hackle, eyes and lobe colored like the male.
The tail is usually more or less dull black. The wing is light or white.
The rest of the body is more or less unevenly barred with white, black
and greyish brown. In the typical Belgian specimens the barring is not
well designed on the female, in some cases being of a flowered nature in
which white, black, brown and grey are seen. In some specimens the
breast is practically white with only here and there a smattering of black
or greyish brown. The Braekel is similar to the Campine, but is larger
wnd coarser and usually has a more beefy comb. The tail of both male
and female is carried somewhat higher than that of the Campine.

The Goldens have a rich Red or gold bay color in place of the white,
this gold color being contrasted with black as in the Silvers. Perhaps the
lobes are a little better, that is, whiter in the Goldens than in the Silvers.
The eyes, beak, shanks and toes are the same color, type about the same
with possibly the Goldens a little heavier than the Silver. This, however,
cannot be stated as a characteris ic because different strains vary greatly
in everything except color and type and even in these there is often con-
siderable difference in different strains.

It is claimed
by the breeders
of the Campines
that while the
size of the bird
is smaller than
the Braekel the
size of the egg is
much larger.
Those whose fa-
vorites are the
Braekel claim
the Braekel is
superior to the
Campine as no-
ted above not
only because of
its larger size but
heeause of its
largerege. The
facts of the case
are hard to get
at owing to the

L fact that in Bel-

gium asin Amer-

, rT) See ee
Sel es | 108 and all other

countries differ-

This a fine representation of a well marked Campine female. ent strains of
Bred and owned by George Urban Jr., Buffalo, N.Y. Mr. Urban the same bird
was the first President of the American Campine Club and is a vary greatly in
fancier of the higher type. size, constitu-

tional vigor, pro-
lificness and size weight and tint of egg. It is probably true that some
strains of Campines lay larger eggs than some strains of Braekels and vice
versa. Be this as it may it is an undisputed fact that both Campines and
Braekels are constant layers of good sized and white shelled eggs. While
other breeds are kept especially for milk feeding table qualities yet large
numbers cof Braekels are used in Belgium and shipped to France every
year for this purpose. We find also that there is more than one variety

of Silver Braekel, at least this is claimed by some eminent authorities.
The distinction is in the color of the feather and the character of the bar-
ring. In the extremely large strains the contrasting colors are flowered
and perhaps the black and white are more distinct than in the other strains.
The smaller Braekel is more evenly and consequently, by many, consid-
ered better colored. In Belgium these birds are considered extremely
hardy, small eaters and in every sense a fowl which it is profitable to
breed.

The birds are extremely friendly in their disposition, tame rather
than wild, and these characteristics follow them from their native land to
their new homes.

Belgium is in danger of killing its poultry industry by over exportation.
The thrift of the Belgian peasants finds expression in its relation to
the poultry industry, not so much in fancy stock, feathers and eggs asm
the market for food of both eggs and stock. It is to be hoped that Bel-
gium will realize the grave danger that lies in over exportation and curb
its exportations before it is too late to save the great poultry industry
for which it has become so famous the world over. The poultry lovers of
every land owe a great deal to the Belgium breeders of the past and the
present for preserving intact through so many years, this valuable breed
of fowls. And Belgium, though a small country, is represented by its
Campines today practically throughout the civilized world. While as
noted above the main object of the Belgium breeders is utility, yet many
Belgium poultrymen and poultrywomen are worthy of special mention
for their part in the preservation, exportation and development of various
breeds, among them the Campine. I will simply mention one, Madam A.
FF. Van Schelle of Papenvoort-Par-Hooestraeten, Belgium. Madam Van
Schelle is a woman of great intellectuality and strong personality, a breed-
er not only of fowls but of goats and other animals and she is intimately
acquainted with the habits, breeding and life of the Campine at home.
While Madam Van Schelle differs from many concerning the superiority
of the improved Campine and objects to the name, Campine, being ap-
plied at all, still she produces some very fine specimens of the English
type and has shipped Silvers and Goldens the world over.

The following is the Belgian standard for Braekels and can fully an-
swer for Campines also in Belgium and is copied from ‘The Campine
Fowl.”

BELGIAN STANDARD
BRAEKEL
Official Braekel Standard, National Federation Aviculture, 1904.
COCK
Comb: Single, large, straight, composed of 5 or 6 triangular teeth;

texture of rather coarse grain.

10

Eye: large, very dark brown, black pupil, the border of eyelid
blackish, which gives the eye a still darker appearance.

Beak: Blue at base, finishing in clear horn color.

Face: Red, embellished with little feathers the same color as the
fluff.

Earlobes: Almond shaped, Mother of Pearl.

Wattles: Long.

Head: Large and deep; skull slightly flattened.

Neck: Strong, medium length.

Neck Hackles: Thick, spreading at the back.

Breast: Deep, wide and fleshy.

General Appearance, Formof Body: Broad back, medium size skele-
ton, body slightly inclined backwards, tail almost perpendic-
ular, thigh rather short, hidden by feathers of abdomen.

Leg: Blue, medium length.

Toes: Four in number

Nails: White.

Height: 55 to 60 centimetres (22 to 24 inches.)

Weight: 3 kilos (about 6% Ibs.)

Carriage: Proud, quick steps.

SILVER BRAEKEL

The White must be pure white; the Black with green metallic lustre
or sheen.

Neck Hackles: White.
Bauquet of Earlobes: White.
Shoulders: Barred.

Epaulettes (Wing Bow): White, with base of feather more or less
barred.

Wing Primaries: Black, bordered at exterior with white.

If

Wing Coverts: Parred.

Wing Secondaries: Heavily barred.
Saddle Feathers: White.

Tail Coverts: Well barred.

Little Sickle or Tail Feathers: Black, carrying distinctly barred de-
sign.

Breast: Well barred as high up as possible toward wattles.
Neck: Barred.
Fluff: Dark ash color.

The black bars inerease in width from neck to tail.
HEN

Comb: Single, large, falling on one side; 5 to 6 teeth; sometimes base
of comb spotted with blue, rather coarse in grain,

Beak: Blue at base, finishing in clear horn.
Eye: Large, dark brown, like cock.

Face: Red, embellished with feathers.
Earlobes: White, blueish, Mother of Pearl.
Wattles: Red, rounded.

Head: Large, deep, rather strong.

General Form of body: Stretched out, rectangular, inclined back-
wards.

Legs: Blue.

Toe Nails: Same as in cock.

Weight: About 23 kilos (about 53 Ibs).

Height: About 40 to 45 centimetres (16 to 18 inches).
Neck Hackles: White.

bouquet of Earlobes: White.

12

Wings: Pack, breast, barred.

Flight and Wing Primaries: Exterior barred, interior black, speckled
with white.

Tail: Quite black, more or less, and speckled on exterior side, two
large tail coverts, more or less barred.

SILVER-FLOWERED BRAEKEL
The bar is generally replaced by a short line appearing on the breast,

horse shoe form. Flght, Feather, back and coverts are speckled with
black, the curbed line predominates.

13

The English or Improved Campine

CHAPTER III

HE Campine with the white topped male as bred in Belgium made
its appearance in America and England in the 90’s. In 1894 they
were admitted into American Standard of Perfection, and five years later
having failed to make good and because of the necessity of double mating
interest wanned almost entirely and the breed was dropped from the
Standard. A Campine Club was formed in England and quite a boom
was experienced, but by 1902 the interest had begun to wane and but few
birds were kept. The same thing caused the breed to fall into dis-
favor in England. Their extreme smallness and the fact that the male
and the female were colored differently thus necessitating double mating
to produce exhibition birds of both sexes caused interest to be lost in them.
Probably the first hen feathered Silver Campine male that appeared in
England made his appearance in 1904. Rev. I. Lewis Jones says in this
connection, “This bird was bred from eggs sent over by Monsier Oscar
Thomaes of Renaix, Belgium. Dr. Gardner placed him first at the club
show at the Alexandria Palace, 1904. The showine of this bird aroused
a great controversy. The answers were all equally various and equ uly
wrong. The fact is there is a tendeney amongst the breeders in Belgium
towards markings on the back, but the Belgians only preserve the white
topped ones breeding only from such birds and destroy the others. — I
wish to pay a tribute to the magnificent appearance of the white topped
bird, but the necessity of studying the best interests of the breed tempers
my regret at his being displaced by the favorite standard male.” F. L.
Platt claims that the bird was not a Campine, but a single combed Silver
Braekel. He says, ‘“‘Renaix is in the south of Belgium and Braekels, not
Campines, are everywhere kept in the surrounding country. The bird
Was first exhibited at IXendel where he failed to attract attention. He
was there purchased by a Mr. Wilson who later showed him at the ereat
international show at Alexandria Palace and he was there awarded the
first prize and cup. The following year the same fancier exhibited the
bird and some of his sons and won right along the line.”

The interest in the hen feathered male became intense and the pros-
peets of a single mating and the correcting of the marking of the Cam-
pine appealed very strongly to the fanciers. While the prolifieness of egg
production and the large size of the eggs together with the pure white
sheil attracted the utilitarians to them and interest in the Campine im-
mediately became intense. The English are known as excellent breeders
and they began to use their wisdom in the improvement of the Campine

14

as to color and the economic qualities. Quoting from Rey. HE. Lewis
Jones, “The English standard Campine is... a bird with white neck
hackle, the rest of the body barred, the black bar being as near as possi-
ble three times as wide as the white ground colour, and certainly not. less
than three times as wide. The white ground colour must be open and
bold, not narrow threads, sometimes like fine cobwebs, going across a
black body. Each feather should end in a clear white bar. The barrings
should suggest rings round the body, the geometrical exactitude being
broken by rounded ends of the feath-
ers. The dividing line between the
colors in the bar should be clearly de-
fined and straight, not dovetailing or
zigzagging in any way. Most certain-
ly the bar should not be curved, or in
the shape of a horseshoe. The direct-
ion of the bar may vary, that is, it
may run transversely or obliquely
across the feathers. What is import-
ant is that the edge colours should be
clean cut and distinct. The obiique
direction of the bar is very pretty, giv-
ing rise to what is described as mack-
erel markings. Ali that I have so far
attempted to deseribe I call the regu-
larity of the markings. This regular-

39

This is a Silver Campine Cockerel at

ity gives exceeding beauty to the bird

a am

the age of six weeks showing the mar- This description does not seem at
velous development of the chicks. ‘J his + +e .
eee first to differ so greatly from a perusal

Cockerel crowed at the age of five weeks
aan five days. Was bred by the Jones of the Belgian standard, but while the
a Relgian standard says, ‘‘The white
must be pure white, the black with green metallic lustre or sheen,” it 1s very
evident thata bird with gccd distinct clear barrs do always possess the beau-
iful neck hackle desired by Pelgian breeders with the result the females are
naturally mossy, that is to say the white is not white and the black is not
black. There is practically no green sheen or lustre, but the black and white
blend in indistinct markings and are mixed often with brown giving the ap-
pearance at a little distance, of a steel grey bird. The breeding off of the
white top on the part of the British breeders caused them to call the En-
glish Campine “Improved” because first of all itis possible to breed eood
pullets and good cockerls from a single mating whereas it was seldom that
the Belgian type birds were marked distinctly and clearly in the contrast-
ine colors. It would be an impoasibillty to secure good cockerels and pul-
lets from the same matings, in fact long allowance of continued breeding
from single matings developed and set the mossy markings of the female.
The British are not much given to double mating. Another reason why
their bird is called “Improved” is because the contrasting colors are clear.

er

15

The black is bred black and the white is bred white and those birds that.
show the third color be it more or less prominent (I mean the brown
barrs) are called inferior specimens. Considerable controversy arises as to
the advisability in the consideration of the need of breeding the cockerel
“hen-feathered.”” It is claimed by some that the cockerel becomes in
mating as in feathering effeminate and thus considerable of the vigor pro-
lifieness and stamina of the long bred Belgian type is lost. Other eminent
authorities such as Rey. E. Lewis Jones claim that the tendency of the
breeders in Belgium to follow the distinet back hen-feathered type is proof
that this color and feathering of the male is not contrary to the laws of
nature. The author believes and many English breeders evidently be-
lieve the same in view of the fact that they have tried to reach this end,
that the male should have a large amount of saddle feathers not necessarily
as an evidence of greater vigor and increased stamina, but because of the
greater attractiveness, beauty and more handsome appearance of the bird
both on range and in the show room. It must be remembered that in the
early making of the English type the Belgian Campine was bred to the
Belgian Braekel to secure increase in size and then back to the Belgian
Campine, to intensify the activity of the smaller bird. Much has been
said concerning the use of the Hamburg, Freisland and other fowls in the
production of the English type. The English type is after all is said and
done to be attributed to one man namely the Rev. E. Lewis Jones. — Lis-
ten to Mr. Jones’ own words in regard to crossing with other breeds.

“We are told freely that our birds show evidences of crossing with
Hamburgs. Now, I should confess that, as a humble student of Mendel-
ism, I have no repugnance towards crossing, and I should not hesitate to
cross if I saw any advantage in so doing. IT will further confess that I
have tried every way of crossing that I could conceive of, and with the
result that I got nothing that it would pay me to introduce into my strain.
When persons say that my exhibition strain shows evidence of Hamburg
crossing, they are talking arrant nonserise—a nonsense which shows they
do not understand the possibilities of Campine breeding or of what a
Hamburg-Campine cross looks ike. We must bear in mind that in the
Hamburg we have highly developed and complex marking, the result of
at least half a century of breeding. When you cross with a Campine you
let loose all the centrifugal forces kept in check by breeding in a definite
direction, and the results are amazing. Were breeding such a simple
thing that equal black and white on the Hambure could be immediately
transferred into three blacks to one white on the Campine or something
near, or even if we could keep the Hamburg regularity, then breeding
would be so easy that many of us would prefer to play marbles. From
1809 to 1903 Campines were in the hands of some of the most. skillful
breeders of the day, and had the Hamburg cross been a short cut to the
Campine Standard a clear black bird would have been exhibited before
1904. Most people who write this Hamburg cross nonsense are mere
babies in arms in the matter of breeding to the veterans who bred Cam-

16

pines twelve years ago. However, the problem is simply stated. Cross

Hamburg and Campine, and you have four things to outbreed; (1) red
eye; (2) size of egg; (3) type; (4) pencilling. It requires a man_ skillful
above the average to make that cross successfully, and I should feel proud
had I been able to achieve it. Again, a Campine has a red eye, but no
one will contend that every red eyed Campine is the product of this cross.
Further, in the years Hamburg fanciers have been breeding, they have
not had a good wing bar. Campinists have, and it one of the Campine’s
special points of beauty. Did this come from the Hamburg cross?

This winner at various shows owned by W. M. Patteson, Penn Yan, N. Y.
and selected by Madame VanSchelle of Belgium as the best, in her estimation,
of the English type males on exhibition at Madison Garden 1913.

{ have not the space to discuss all possible crosses, but the conclusion
of the whole matter, from my short experience is, that you cannot cross
the Campine with any hopes of success. I do not say it cannot be done,
but only that I do not know the way to do it, and I shall be glad to hear
of 2 way, providing I can examine the birds. I have heard many tales
and I always put to the test any theory, however fantastic it may appear
to Le, for one never knows; it may be a pearl of price, even if out of a

W

toad’s mouth, as the Welsh proverb has it. My experience has made me
very sceptical indeed of the wonderful results to be had from crossing. If
the Campine is the bird I think it is, then there is no means of crossing it
without deterioration.”

A somewhat different view is taken by Rev. J. N. Williams, B. A., of
England, who says concerning Silver Pencilled Hamburg: “At first the
aim was to get the marking regular and I knew the variety forty years
ago when the hens were as coarse in marking as the present day English
bred Campine is. In the course of two or three decades the breed-
ing was carried to such a pitch that the marking became intensely more
refined until now it has grown almost threadlike... . . nevevtheless
When all is said and done the marking is the marking of the Campine only
coarser. Now in breeding for the regularity of marking a singular, but
not altogether unlooked for thing occurred. Always chose the best
marked cocks, generation after generation as mates to the deepest and
best marked pullets would finally come about that the cock would follow
more and more the marking of the hens until at last they were actually
hen-feathered, Origininally the Silver Pencilled cock was a white bird
spotted on the rump and with a wing bar just showing and a black tail
edged with white. I am writing of the bird as it appeared on our English
show benches after shows were introduced. My own impression is that it
has been brought to this stage from a white topped Campine such as the
Belgian utility birds of today. The object of the breeder was to whiten
the whole bird except the Silver laced black tail, but such we have it to-
day. But on the other hand they determined to deepen the pullet and so
two breeding pens became necessary... . .. Thus was the old Dutch
Campine glorified into a Silver Pencilled Hamburg. Nevertheless it was
in reality a Campine as much as a Canadian of pure English descent is an
Knelishman...... ..... When the English breeders got to
work they soon deepened and strengthened the barrs. Whether they
used a Silver Pencilled pullet breeding cock or not is of the slightest ac-
count, because if they did it was Campine bred. Before long the same
thing happened as in Hamburgs, a hen-feathered bird marked like a hen
made its appearance and smote the English faney hip and thigh and was
a sport in a way, but like we do when a crysanthemum sports the breed-
ers stuck to that sport, fastened on it as their standard and asa standard
which remains to this day. The idea is by careful selection to breed the
hen feathering away but leave the same rich markings and wonderful to
relate it is in the best birds a fait accompli. I am happy to say that some
of the best have beautiful flowing saddle hackle and flowing tails of fair
length beautifully marked... .... .so the English type was intro-
duced by a few breeders without protest or complaint and occasionally
they sent their best birds to the English shows.”’

As indicated in the first chapter another authority writes that if the
@ampine was crossed with the Hamburg to intensify the markings and te
eet a better barred bird it is of six of one and a half dozen of the other

18

as both are from a common ancestry and really the Hamburg carries Cam-~
pine blood and the Campine carries Hamburg blood. No less an Amer-
ican authority than Dr. H. P. Clarke of Indianapolis, Ind. recently made
the statement, “Our poultry shows of the future will continue the same
breed with only slight variations to three different names: Penciled Ham-
burgs, Braekels and Campines.” The English type is the type which
leads practically everywhere at the present time and regardless of the
matter of crossing the English type has become the favorite. Following
is the English standard as adopted by the Campine club of Great Britian
of which Rey. E. Lewis Jones, the man to whom more than to any other
the present popularity of the English type is due, is the honorary secretary.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Beak: Rather short.

Eyes: Bright and prominent.

Comb: Single, medium size with even serrations, coming well back
but clear of the neck, free from excrescences, upright in cock
falling over in hen.

Face: Smooth.

Earlobes: Medium size, inclined to almond shape, free from wrinkles.

Wattles: Fine in texture, length in proportion to comb.

Neck: Medium in length, nicely arched, well furnished with hackle.

Breast: Very full, rounded, carried well forward.

Back: Rather long.

Body: Broad, narrowing to tail, close and compact.

Wing: Large, neatly tucked up.

Tail: Good length, carried well out from the body in cocks, sickles
and secondaries, broad and plentiful.

Legs and Feet: Legs medium length, toes slender and well separated,
four toes on each foot, shanks free from feathers or fluff.

Size: The larger the better maintaining the type.
Carriage: Very erect and graceful.

Marking: Every feather on the birds body with the exception of
those of the neck-hackle should be barred in a transverse

19

direction. These bars should be as elear as possible with
well defined edges. They should run across the feathers so
as to form as near as possible rings round the body. The
barrings in the feathers of the breast and the under part. of
the body should run across the feathers either in a straight or
ashghtly curved direction, but on the top the shoulders,
saddle, hackle and tail may run in a more or less V> shaped
direction. The bars on all cases should be clear and well
defined and clear cut edges. The bars should be as near as
possible three times the width of the ground color which
should be clear and distinet. The saddle of the cock should

be furnished with a good flow of properly developed hackle.
COLOR IN SILVER CAMPINES IN BOTH SEXES
Beak: Horn color.
Eye: Tris, dark brown, pupil black.
Comb, Face and Wattles: Bright red.
Earlobes: White.
Legs and Feet: Weaden blue.
Toe Nails: Horn.
Neck Hackle: As pure white as possible.

The ground color should be pure white and the barring should be

pure black with a rich beetle green sheen.
The end of the feathers should be white.
STANDARD FOR GOLDEN CAMPINES

The standard for Goldens is the same as for Silvers merely substitut-
ine the word “Gold” for the word ‘‘White’’ whenever the

latter occurrs.
Plumage: Head and neck-haekle rich gold and not washed out yellow.

Remainder of Plumage: Ground eolor, rich gold and barring pure
! Y :
black with rich beetle green sheen and markings as in the

Silvers,

SCALE OF POINTS FOR THE GUIDANCE OF JUDGES

10) 4 | 0 co ae ae a ee eee 5
12), a)
Earlobes See ees 20
Legs and Feet ee
Neck hackle 0. ee
AGODCGIUION: 52. ce es ee eee ae
Beetle green sheen _ ae ee 10
Size... a a ete eel
Development and carriage of tail =. 8
Distinctness and evenness of markings - 30

100

A perfect bird to count
SERIOUS DEFECTS FOR WHICH BIRDS SHOULD BE PASSED
1. Even barring i. e. the white equal in width to the black.
2. Pencilled ground color.
3. Sprigs on comb,
4. Legs other than leaden blue, feather or fluff on shanks.

5. White face.

6. Red eye.

~I

Squirrel or wry tail.

N. B.—The Novice should clearly understand that there are no spec-
imens in evidence conforming to this standard in every respect but that
the foregoing particulars represent an “ideal” bird for breeders to strive to
produce.” Pe ee ee It will be noticed that
this standard under the head Size says the larger the better maintaining
the type. The secretary of the Campine Club of Great Briti’an in his no-
tice in the 1912 year book says: ‘“‘This trouble is always with us. The
quoting of the standard ‘the larger the better’ is worse than useless for 1
is misleading. The club should drop it and replace it by the weights which
were settled upon at the annual meeting at the Palace, these weights being,
male 54 pounds, female 34 pounds. As no notice was given of such a mo-
tion, this cannot, at present be incorporated in the standard.

Personally I think these weights quite high enough. I also maintain
that all we have got to do is to guard against the size being smaller than
the Belgian Campine and I believe that any attempt to increase size
should be deprecated.”

In Belgium the single combed Silver Campine, by far outnumbers
the other varieties and so naturally the first attention outside of Belgium
that would be given to Campines would be given to Silver Campines, how-
ever the Golden Campines and Golden Braekels in| Belgium are claimed
by some to be even hardier and more prolific than the Silvers. As the
color of the Goldens is very attractive and especially in Great Britian and
America has many admirers, it is not at all strange that after such great
success in changing the garb of the Silver Campines that the English
breeders started to give attention to a similar change in the garb of the
Goldens. The Goldens so far as I am able to ascertain did not produce
as good a breeding sport as did the Silvers, therefore, if was necessary to
find some means of breeding off the gold top and getting the hen-feathered
male. Various experiments were tried with more or less success (less than
more). Probably the most successful experiment was the crossing of a hen-
feathered Silver male with the colors and barring clearly defined with the
best colored Golden female obtainable. This made a foundation and in
three years time the difference has been marvelous. It is not claimed that
the Goldens lay quite so large nor quite so white eggs as the Silvers. One
recent writer declares that the rose combed Silver Campine as bred in
France years ago (hen-feathered males) were ahead of the English type
Silvers of the present day. This seems hard to verify and perhaps should
be taken with a grain of salt.

22

American Campine

CHAPTER IV

HE BELGIAN type Campines were introduced into America some
twenty-one years ago and two years later they were admitted to
the American Standard of Perfection, but on account of the necessity of
double mating and because of their small size and the fact that the speci-
mens introduced at that time came from Belgium where practically no at-
tention was paid to breeding toward an ideal standard and as a conse-
quence the birds failed to be uniform in markings and general appearance
and as at that time Hamburgs were more or less popular and the great
similarity between the two caused the Campine to suffer, in five years
time interest in it had so waned and breeders had to such extent discard-
ed the breed that it was dropped from the standard.

Some years ago a number of poultrymen imported Silver Braekels
direct from Belgium. These had a small run. The size and color of the
ege produced the sales.

As the poultry world is now practically as wide as the civilized world
the reviving interest in Campines in England being brought about by the
change of garb had its immediate effect in America. We find that M. R.
Jacobus of Ridgefield, N. J., who for many years had bred Hamburgs and
Dorkings imported a pair of the English type Silver Campine from En-
gland which he says he simply wanted for cross breeding purposes. In
his own words are, ‘When I received these first birds I was very much
surprised to find they were much handsomer than the Belgium birds
which I had seen exhibited years before. Seeing at once the big differ-
ence from the Belgium type of Campine which had been sent to this coun-
try years previous and discarded by American breeders I at once saw that
they could be bred from a single mating and did not require like the Bel-
gium type double matings to produce well marked birds of each sex.

I also saw that by careful selection still handsomer birds could be
produced while the markings and the fact that they could be bred from a
single mating was attractive. I am ready to admit that it was the very
large white eggs that the hen laid which impressed me most of all and I
at once sent back to England for more Campines as I saw that there was
a big future for this bird if properly handled. 3 Bam, Sars DOLE
years ago in fairness to the Belgian type birds I imported thirty Belgian
birds for comparison. Of course before importing these birds I really
knew what the Belgian birds were, not so much from what I had seen
some years previous, but from some birds I would raise at times when
the English type would divert back to the original Belgian birds.

23

As I expected my original English type of birds were far superior to
these Belgian birds.

-..... tothe breeders of England belongs the credit of improv-
mg the Belgian birds to meet the requirements of England by taking the
large Braekel and the small active Campine as they found them in Bel-
gium and by careful selection and breeding and possibly by the infusion
of other blood they produced the original English type of Campines.

As England
originally had a
type of Campine
that was better
fitted for Amer-
ica than the Bel-
gian tpye the de-
mand for birds
from England
has been very
heavy not only
for large num-
bers of birds but
also for fine
marked birds.

What breed-
ers of America
want are birds
that cannot be
surpassed by
any as eee pro-
ducers. After
this they want a

strain that can

This plate shows typical feathers of well bred Improved Silver be easily bred
Campines. They are feathers plucked from living specimens and aig.

owned by M. R. Jacobus, Ridgefield, N. J. These feathers from an d look as

various sections of the birds are worthy of careful study. handsome as

possible provid-

J

ing the egg qualities and stamina are not sacrificed for fine markings.’
About the same time J. Fred N. Kennedy of Bireh Cliff, Ontario, Can-
ada, became interested in the Campine and secured control of the expor-
tations of Rev. E. Lewis Jones.

Mr. Kennedy is a breeder of many years experience, having handled
a large number at least of the breeds in the American Standard of Per-
fection and was quick tosee a great future for the Campine and now
breeds them exclusively.

24

Many other breedets could be mentioned as quick to s¢e the future
of the Campine in America and to begin the breeding of them. However
we defer mentioning other names for two reasons: Fitst, the list would be
so long that too much space would be used; secondly, asso many people
took up the breed at the same time it would be utterly impossible to list
the early breeders of the improved Campine in America without uninten-
tionally shghting some.

The English type proved very acceptable and has really enjoyed a
great boom. Almost at once large numbers of people knowing that the
Campine came originally from Belgium purchased of various Belgian
breeders stock which proved to be the Belgian type rather than the im-
proved English type. As aresult of this disappointment some enthusiasm
was lost and because of the inferiority of the Belgian birds large numbers
of them undoubtedly being picked up on farms of Belgium and shipped
to answer the enormous demand made much dissatisfaction in many
quarters.

Another thing which disappointed many people was that after the
original introducers of improved English birds had claimed for them a con-
siderable hardiness that many of the Belgian type birds were found to be
anything but hardy, and before the birds were given a chance to be ac-
climated they were condemned and cast aside by a good many.

However, their reputation was much greater and of a very different
character than the reputation of the Belgian type two score of years ago.

About this time a controversy of great proportion arose in England
concerning the superiority of the English and Belgian type, each type
having its disciples. It is hardly correct to say that the controversy arose
at this time because the controversy had been in existence for some time
previous, but about this time it became more intense than previously
and immediately spread to America and had considerable influence in de-
terring the breeding of Campines because many Americans thought it was
possible that the Belgian type would win out and that the English type
Campine would have to be put aside, and America did not feel like re-
peating the experience of years ago with the Belgian Campine.

In 1911 several persons interested in the Campine met in Buffalo and
organized a temporary Campine Club of which Geo. Urban, Jr., of Buffalo
we president and M. R. Jacobus of Ridgefield, N. J., was secretary.
Several articles appeared in the Poultry journals about this ti:se which

en) vened interest in the breed, but the thing which did more ‘9 create
int vest in this country in Campines than anything else was th) | -iibition
m: e by M. R. Jacobus of the eggs laid by English type bird: h won
fir’ rize at New York and Boston carrying the honors awa, u the

Le. orn which the latter had held for many years.

25

In the winter of 1912 in connection with the show at Madison Square
Garden the temporary club was made a permanent club and the tempo-
rary offiers were elected to act for the following year. The club has been
since that time a great factor in informing the American people as to the
qualities of the Campine. A standard has been drawn up and adopted
and will without question be accepted by the American Poultry Associ-
ation and incorporated in the 1915 revision of the American Standard of
Perfection. Thousands upon thousands of Campines are now bred annu-
ally in America
and each year
shows great im-
provement in color,
markings and the
fixing of the type.
The growth of this
club has been re-
markable and yet
not out of propor-
tion to the growth
of interest in Cam-
pines.

At the 1912
meeting after a
thorough discussion
of the standard re-
quirements of the
English standard it

a : ; ., ras decided by the

This is the typical Belgian Campine Male. ‘To get the was decide y ;
white top and have ideally marked females requires double club to breed anc
mating, judge according to

the standard of the
Campine Club of Great Britain. In Eneland the interpretation of the
standard is left very largely with the judge. In fact strictly speaking the
judge is not required to pass strictly upon the standard as an American
judge is. Much is left to the opinion of the judge. So when the Cam-
pine Club of Great Britain adopted their standard it was as an Ideal
toward which to breed them, and not as a strictly worked out basis for
judging, but with the adopting of that standard by the American Cam-
pine Club it became the duty of American judges to judge strictly in
accord with that standard.

An effort was made by the secretary of the club to get copies of this
clause in the hands of all the American poultry judges, but in spite of this
much of judging that year was evidently unsatisfactory and many Bel-
gian type birds were awarded first prize when really they should have
been passed entirely. This worked havoc among amateur breeders greatly

26

confusing them and many birds that were awarded first prize ribbons
were used in breeding pens and the inevitable result was that a large
amount of inferior stock was scattered over the country. This was soon
found out not only by those who had received the eggs and stock, but also by
those who had unsatisfactorily sold inferior stock and Campinists through-
out the country began at once to make a united effort to overcome the
difficulty.

At the 1913 meeting of the
American Campine Club an
American Standard was freely
discussed and the new presi-
dent of the club George ©.
Noeth appointed at the di-
rection of the club a com-
mittee of prominent breeders
to formulate a standard. This
committee held a meeting in
Buffalo, N. Y., U.S. A., soon
‘after its appointment and for-
mulated a standard, copy of
which was mailed each mem-
ber of the Club. A mail vote
was taken and resulted in the
adoption of the standard by
the Club.

This standard was copy-
righted by the Club aad there-
AND, 2*@s\ fore we cannot reprint it. |

was necessary that it be copy-
righted in order to be aecepted
by the American Poultry Association. Itis understood that the Standard
as adopted by the Club is agreeable to the American Poultry
Association and will probably be accepted by them at their
next meeting. There is but little radical difference between this
standard and the English Standard. A red or bay eye is severely ecen-
sured and the whole tendency of the standard is to conserve in shape the
egg laying bird and also to keep the size and feathering so that the Cam-
pine will reiaain a distinct bird. It is a disqualification for two or more
white saddle hangers to appear on a Silver male bird or red or Gold hang-
ers to appear on the bay or Golden bird. This latter distinction, however,

is not effective until the year {%i4. The reason for this being that the
length of tiuie in which breeders have had to perfect the Golden bird is so

much less than that which they have had to perfect the Silver that it seemed
unfair to be tea severe with the Golden birds the first year. However, until
a goodly number of finely marked iMneglish type Golden male birds were seen
at the larger shows durimg the scason of 1912-13 it is probably a question
of a very short time when the Goldens will run equal to the Silvers.

27

Considerable attention is given to the green sheen and proper barring
and the two colors, black and white with no intermixture of brown, gray
or other colors. If bred close to the standard the American Campine is
probably a finer, more clearly designed bird than the Enelish although it
will probably continue true that many of the present birds in this coun-
try will be bred from either English improved or the progeny of such for
a few years.

Copies of the American Standard for Campines are sent to all) mem-

bers of the American Campine Club and ean be purchased from the see-
retary of the Club by anyone else for 10 cents a copy.

28

The Coming Campines

ae STATED previously there has been much controversy on both
sides of the ocean as to the relative merits of the Belgian and Eng-
lish type. This discussion at times has waxed exceedingly warm, has
‘aused much feeling and called forth some of the most sarcastic word
battles that were ever waged on any subject. Many have suggested an
international standard as the solving of the problem, but so long as Bel-
gium hangs to their old type and so long as England insists on the im-
proved Campine and America insists on the American Campine an inter-
national standard cannot be soon adopted. In all probability the Eng-
lish and Belgian types will be bred in Belgium and England and many
Belgian breeders will make a special effort to breed to the American
Standard to hold up their sales in America and American breeders will
undoubtedly seek to improve upon their present standard. Just what
the outcome will be is hard to foretell,

As the Campine has its friends it has also its enemies. Many in
England and America after having bred Campines for one or two years
have thrown them up saying that they were not what they were repre-
sented to be and in some sections of both countries they have received a
“black eye” in earnest. It is unfair to the breed as it would be to any
breed to judge them in one or two years. It is especially so in this case
because of the fact that the Campine has been taken from the country
where they were bred under the same conditions for so many centuries
and introduced into entirely different climates and before they have been
given a chance to become acclimated have been discarded, and again it is
especially so because of the fact that in the changing of the feathering of
the male bird it is barely possible that a temporary effect has manifest
itself upon the condition of the second generation and even the third. I
do not state this to be a fact, but a possibility.

On the other hand it is the experience of a great many that the birds
readily adapt themselves to any climate and can stand most any treat-
ment with the exception of extreme dampness and impure air. This is
undoubtedly due to their having been bred for so long in a dry country
and in the open air. The coming Campine or the Campine that will re-
main will undoubtedly be in feather, size and shape about what the Eng-
lish and American Campines are today except that proper selection and
competent mating will undoubtedly develope a stronger more robust bird
which will make good anywhere to the satisfaction of all.

The Campine will abide and we can see as indicated above that a full
term of careful breeding will produce the champion among the feathered
race in hardiness, quantity, size and color of eggs produced.

Mam Points in Breeding

CHAPTER VI

O PROPERLY treat this subject one must consider what is desired,
that is whether a breeder is after eggs and meat or is breeding more
especially for the fancy, but it is the contention of the writer thet in
breeding any fowl and for any purpose it is far better to keep in mind the
standard requirements for the breed. This gives a more uniform appear-
ance in the flock. It also has a tendency to keep the birds of about the
same size which is important in many ways and more than many people
think effects the production and the general health of the fowls.

What is the reason? This is obvious. Think for a moment concern-
ing it. The main point aside from the above in breeding Campines for
eges is to choose those eggs for incubation which are of the largest size,
whitest color and perfect in shell. This is an old statement many times
repeated and seems at first thought very simple, but beeause of the fact
that so few people pay attention to it, it is important that it be called to
the attention of the reader right here.

In breeding Campines for the fancy, and to most real fanciers this
means also quality and beauty of egg as well as condition and beauty of
breeding, first attention should he given to type, for the Campiic has a
type distinctively its own. This is described in the standard. After type
comes, of course, size and color. Considerable attention should ‘ce paid
to the Comb. The Combs of most Campine males are too large. Creat
attention should be given to the color, shape and texture of the curlobes.
Eye color is a matter worthy of much consideration. In fact these three
things which have much to do with the looks of the bird and first appear-
ances count in the majority of Campines all three of above mentioned are
more or less defective. Itis claimed by some that the reason for so much
trouble in lobes and eyes is the infusion of Hamburg blood. This. how-
ever, has been partiaily or fully answered by those who do not believe it.
The question of the Comb is one easily answered because of the fact that
in Belgium practically no attention is paid to the Comb. English breed-
ers pay but little attention to the Comb and the Campine has not been in
American hands long enough to be perfected in this particular. Another
thing which the writer believes is very hard, perhaps impossible is to keep
the cape as white as in the Belgian bird and get the breast barring. The
carriage and development of the tail in the male bird is also a matier that
is worthy of much consideration. In the original Belgian type we know
that the male has a teil well filled with lesser sickles and coverts, The
reason that the English type birds fail somewhat in this matter is because

30

the feathering of the hen has been put upon the male and the saddle
feathers the divisions of the coverts and lesser sickles have been, of
course, greatly modified. Attention should be paid to increasing the full-
ness and beauty of the tail in the male as well as the carriage.

Evenness and distinctness of barring of course is one of the main
points in breeding. To get a properly marked breast on the female, that
is, where the bars are standard and not horse-shoe or ill defined in shape,
is an important matter. The Comb of the female also needs considerable
attention.

Hardiness, figure and prolificaey must be kept in the foreground.
The last cannot be had without the first and the second in case of the
Compine had much to do with the last. These three things sum up
briefly the main points in breeding.

31

Selection and Mating

CHAPTER VII

ie HIS first and his revised edition of CamprnroLocy, J. Fred N.

Kennedy of Birch Cliff, Ont., Canada, inserted a little article entitled
‘How to Select and Mate.” — It has been freely copied into a large num-
ber of Campine catalogs that have come to my desk and as undoubtedly
a good many of those into whose hands this book comes have read that
article I will not quote it entirely, but as it in a concise way covers the
ground, so far as it is possible to cover it in words I am going to quote a
part of it. “In selecting the members of the breeding pen shape and size
must be the first consideration. Type above all in Campines is the most
important faetor. ..... . I would first select the male (remember he
is half the pen.) See that he has the right head points but foremost, see
that he is pure in color, black being black and white white, with as much
green luster as possible, (in Goldens change white to gold) and see to it
that he has lots of vigor. After you have your male bird selected look
him over again carefully critisizing him with the standard and note his
weak points and then look to your females and where he is weak let the
females be strong that you are mating with him. ..............
The one great difficulty in breeding exhibition Campines is to ase
one and the same; (a) good clear neck hackle, (b) good breast and (c)
good markings on the upper part of the body. It is easy to get any two,
but very difficult to get all three points. Campine breeders should rejoice
over the fact that to produce the ideal Campine fowls we do not need to
use double mating, i. e., one mating to produce pullets and one to pro-
duce males.”’

As Mr. Kennedy indicates one can learn more from experience than
in any other way. It is not wise to mate a male whose hackle is very
dark to females with dark hackles. — It is possible now to find males with
very good hackles that are especially well barred on the breast. These
should be mated to females that are well barred on the breast even though
they have considerable black in the hackle. Some eminent authorities
say retain the good breast barring even at the cost of a badly disfigured
hackle. However it is not impossible that this will in time eliminate the
hackle which is a distinctive feature of the bird and should not be sacri-
ficed. This is a matter which has caused much controversy concerning
the English type in England and this controversy has spread somewhat
to this country. — It is likely that the natural line of a well barred breast
and a somewhat darkened hackle is the safest method.

To get better combs on the male bird, male birds with a good up-
right comb that will not fall over even in the heat of a show room should
be mated to females possessing the proper number of serrations on the
comb and whose combs stand upright and are small instead of falling to
one side and being large. The lopping of the combs on females can be
produced by using a male bird whose comb lops mated to females with

SE ST PRIZE COCKEREL Mo HEN aia Ee
WINNERS AT MADISON SQUARE GARDEN DEC 1911, CWNED BY J. FRED N KENNEDY
BIRCH CLIFF, ONTARIS CANADA.

proper combs for a female. It is very seldom a bird with poor shanks is
found and feathers or stubbs are hardly ever seen. However, occasionally
a bird is found with a white or grayish brown leg. These birds should be
discarded.

To protect the single mating of the breed the best males and females,
that is those conforming most nearly to the standard should be used
together. From ten to twenty females can be mated with a good vigorous
cockerel, a lesser number with cock birds in proportion. Cockerels of ten
to twelve months of age and two year old hens invariably produce the
strongest and most livable chicks. One should cater for best results to

small and select matings, but as stated above experience is the best teacher

and just a little application of good common sense will wonderfully help

out.

Before feathers should come vigor and stamina. — It is impossible to
get birds worth while even though they be exquisitely well marked unless
the parent stock possesses at least normal strength. It is better to have
vigorous stock though not so well marked than the finest of markings

with no physical endurance. The old rule of culling should be strictly
adhered to. Campines like all other domestic fowls will deteriorate if left
to themselves, and the same common sense rule that guides one in select-
ing and mating any birds should be applied to the Campines.

SILVER: CAMPINE*

’ BRED ANG OWNED

TUB

Ferree

}

34

paces, and Feeding. of Chicks
and’, Adult. Fowls

ries t poy an

- 7 CHAPTER VIII «i535: ciriet sex

yh iat at

KE WILL begin with the care of the chicks. The Campine ee
require much attention and must not be allowed to become chilled
for the first few days. It is unnecessary to go into the comparative value
of the incubator and the hen for hatching as good results have been
obtained by both. However, the majority of Campine breeders seem to
prefer a hen for hatching the chicks. This is true especially in America,
undoubtedly because of the fact that the birds have not been acclimated
so well as most of the breeds. Campine chicks should be kept where it is
dry. Itis best to keep them indoors for the first three or four days.
They should not be allowed to run in wet grass nor upon a muddy
constantly damp ground. It must be kept in mind that where they have
been bred in Belgium for so long where the soil is sandy and dry natural-
ly they do best in dry quarters.

After a few days the chicks are extremelv lively and delight in forag-
ing and looking up their own food. The Campine chicks feather very
early and the growing feathers is a strain upon the system naturally re-
ducing the vitality and special care is helpful at this time.

There are many theories as to the best way of feeding chicks, but it
is also necessary to adapt the feeding to the time of year and climatic
conditions. It stands toreason that chicks hatched early in the spring or
late in the fall must have heating food in greater proportion than those
hatched during the warmer weather. Many advise the feeding of eggs and
dry bread crumbs for the first meal. A most satisfactory way of feeding
is for the first feeding to give the dry crumbs of bread. For the second
feeding a few hours later a limited amount of chick grit and for the last
of the feedings for the first day of feeding (chicks should not be fed for
from 48 to 72 hours after hatching) the commerical chick grain. Cam-
pine chicks do not thrive as well on too much wet food as do some others,
However, an occasional mash is beneficial.

EE. Lewis Jones says in regard to feeding, ‘The great thing is not to
over feed. ....... there is no special system of feeding required and
I find that the only thing necessary is ordinary wholesome food.”

After the chicks are four or five weeks old beef scrap, well chopped
meat or fine green cut bone can be fed to them with advantage. They
should have plenty of green food from the first day on. They should also
have grit near them constantly and fresh water. As they grow older

we
Un

feeding is about the same as that of other breeds with the exception that
great care must be constantly used not to over feed.

While it is claimed that Campines are not meat producing birds yet
the cockerels properly grown make excellent squab broilers at from eight
to twelve weeks. Campines both young and old need lots of fresh air
and what is true of the chicks in regard to keeping them dry is equally
true of the half grown and matured birds. They can stand much cold
weather if their quarters are dry and airy. Care, of course, must be
taken to prevent the birds being in a draught. The Campines will bare

Richard Edward’s Crystal Palace, (England) winners 1911 Challange Cup and Gold

Medal Cockerel. Pallet won prize of Honor at Brussels International rgr2.

close confinement after reaching maturity. The chicks and growing fowls,
however, do better with more or less of range.

\ Q { | Io] r » hy ; 14 7 iY aan yi r sa F, or oe

AS to housing the ampines In winter we quote freely from an article
written by Dr. H. B. Butler, Ogdensburg, N. Y., which appeared in the

January, 1915 issue of the “Campine Herald.” Doubtless no larger flock

of Campines is wintered in America than that of J. Fred N. Kennedy, nor

under more severe conditions and as the suecess of the floek will be ad-
{ } eee ay f* G :

mitted li a word or two aescriptive Ol his method of winter housing

mat in ] tino

Mr. Kennedy’s property fronts on Lake itario and his poultry
house is situated within sixty rods of a high bl that marks the shore
line at this pomt. ........ Lake Ontario © sixty miles wide at this
point and the winds are not tempered to sui: ny particular need the
Campines may have. The general plan of the p. iltry house is a modified
curtain front with a two sloped roof, the longer b>: 1g to the front or south.
Tight board partition separate the pens eliminati:: any chance of a cross
draught and isolating any pen which might become diseased. The ceil-
ings of the pens do not follow the slope of th» coof but are made hori-
zontal, on a second set of rafters which extend to about four feet of the
rear. At this point a tight board partition runs the whole length of the
house forming a passageway and ‘plenty of room for storing crates, etc., 18
to be had above the pens. Each pen has a separate door and the whole
may be likened to a row of boxes within another long box. The windows,
one for each pen are practically of three sash set on end, the middle being
fitted with glass and those on either side of it with muslin. Heavy wire
screen is built in and forms protection from four or two legged mauraders.

The floors to my surprise was not of cement. The soil is a good
grade of gravel and after laying tile underneath Mr. Kennedy fills up in-
side the pen with a very coarse gravel to some depth, straw in generous
quantities is used for litter and it seems to me that this floor is drier than
a cement floor, and water spilt does not stand on the floor but immediate-
ly finds its way out. As a portion is removed when the latter is changed
and a load is thrown in each year. The roosting quarters are at the back
where a dropping board forms the floor at a width of about 2} feet.

The pen ceiling forms the top and a little partition is built enclosing
all but the front for which a curtain is provided. Doubtless this box like
roosting place is the most interesting to us at present.

It is a hard proposition to figure out how to provide fresh air and
still retain the heat and an open question as to whether this close warm
air may not work to the birds disadvantage when at daylight it jumps to
the cold floor the other extreme in temperature and the coldest in the pen.

Care must be taken and judgement used that the roosting quarters be
not the cause of a condition we try to avoid with the chicks, namely,
having them go from a close compartment where they have cuddled to-
gether out into the cold of an early morning. We find in our own sleep-
ing quarters that if we are in the habit of sleeping with our windows
closed that we are subject to colds, but that we become immune if we
sleep with an open window.

The Campine is by no means immune from colds and the point of

sufficient ventilation in roosting quarters will bear much study.

we
|

Just where to stop in closing in the birds at night is the problem and
it probably works out differently in different cases. Experience is a
splendid school, but the tuition is generally high unless the student is
wise and profit by the experience that some other has paid for, but with
Mr. IKennedy’s weather conditions and his suceess anyone in a cold
locality cannot go far astray by following these methods.”
' tye tf

Again quoting Mr. Jones, ““The birds require a roomy house at night
if they are to thrive. Theyashould get at least ten cubic feet, as feeding
and housing have a lot to do-with their prolifieacy. I have often known
people: to run them down when the only fault was in their own mis-

management and over feeding.” rite

‘

i

The matter of plenty of fresh air cannot be too much emphasized.
The Campine, chicks if closely watched will be seen to sleep with their
heads peeping out from under the hen or the hover when chicks of other
breeds under same conditions will be completely out of sight ander the
hen or hover. Experiments tried in housing adult. Canipines in a warm
and not too airy house to keep the comb from freezing prove conclusively
that they must have plenty of air and that they can stand the cold far
better than viciated air.

The Exhibition Campine

CHAPTER IX

HE CAMPINE appeals in its various roles to several classes of poul-
trymen. To the economist its consistent egg laying, the fact that
itisasmall eater and of quick maturity appeals strongly. To the breeder
who tries by indirect operations to obtain a standard bird in its prolific-
ness the Campine has peculiar advantages. To the Fancier the beauty.
and the contrast of color makes a strong appeal.

Probably a large number of people are more interested in the economic
qualities of the Campine than the standard markings, also the majority of
those interested in the economic qualities are also anxious to have a uni-
form appearance among the flocks of poultry and while perhaps do not
try so hard to get their birds as near the standard as do the fanciers they
would fine great satisfaction in good markings throughout the flock.

Of course a poorly colored bird is apt to lay as well and to be as
strong and from an economic view point worth as much as a well marked
bird, but the great majority of breeders except the smaller breeders (those
who keep only a few birds) are after standard markings.

The Campine has attracted great attention to itself, because of its
egg laying qualities and because of the beauty and size of its egg, but in
the long run the well bred well marked specimen is the one in which we
glory.

We might quote from the description given by a number of breeders
concerning their birds and say that ‘nothing prettier can be imagined
than a nice flock of (whatever I breed) on a green lawn.” But while this
is true of the Campine still the graceful carriage and contrasting and
superfine markings of the Campine show off in the cage to their best ad-
vantage.

The first thing to consider in an exhibition bird is the head. On
account of the fact that both Belgium and England pay but little at-
tention to the comb only to see that it is large, it is not always easy to
find a bird witha comb that is most desirable in the American show room
as the American standard demands a medium size comb. On the female
the comb falls to one side with the exception of the first point which
stands upright. In the male the comb is upright the back extends a
little below the horizontal and slightly shows the back of the head, but
does not touch the head.

Mhis is a magazine Belgian illustration of the Belgian Braekel 1897. Note the
flowered barring, the high carried tail, the enormous comb on the male and the white
top on the male. The wings should also be carefully studied. The birds show the
targe size of the Breakel and the body of the female gives evidence of egg-producing
capacity.

This is a cut worthy of study. It is a Belgian illustration of Belgian Campines.
_

l

of female, the large eye and the white top of male. By comparison with Belgian illustra-
5 I : I

Note the even barring i. e. white and black of nearly equal width, the low carried i

tion of Breakel there will be immediately apparent the difference in size and the com-
bination of the two with the white top off would seem to produce a most desirable

bird. Such we have in the Improved Campine.

40

Much stress is laid upon the eye color. Red or bay eyes are con-
sidered a serious defect. F. L. Platt says, “It would be easy to breed
beautifully colored Campines when stress is not laid upon the color of the
eye. With the red eye of the English Silver Pencilled Hamburg, the
clear cut barring and beautiful color of the English Hamburg also asserts
itself. The eye should approach black in color, ‘The iris being dark brown
and the pupil black.’ The English standard ealls for the same and the
Belgian standard reads, ‘Eye: Vetch (chick pea) that is to say very dark
appearing black.’
There is an eco-
nomic value in
this dark eye.
When the matter
was before the
Club’s Standard
Committee for
American and

Se RE RT

Lg

the disussion was
whether red eyes
should be an
absolute dis-
qualification Mr.
Jacobus re-
marked,‘I bred a
red eyed bird
and he cost me
between $2,000
and $3,000 and
not over five per
Cent.*ot hrs
pullets laid white

a

A\ prize wining Golden Campine bred and owned by shell eggs. We

Geo. E. Noeth, Brighton, N. Y. must produce

better eggs than

the Leghorn lays.’ ’’ One is apt to find in the comb of the Silver Cam-

pine the presence of some blue pigment which is not an evidence of an

unhealthy condition neither is it a defect. Tints of blue are often ap-

parent in the ear lobes of pullets and red in cockerels so that lobes as yet

are not above objection. One difficulty thus far is to get pure white ear

lobes with good pure markings. However, we find that the darkest eyed
birds usually have the best lobes.

Exhibition birds in American shows will be disqualified if the ear
lobes are over one-half red. The exhibition Campine should have a nicely

rounded wattle.

Competent judges claim that the most important color section is the
back. Judge Platt says, “No matter about under color. That has been

41

a bug-a-boo in the American fancy for over forty years. Now as new
birds come in let us put them on the right basis for breeders.” It is a
fact that the fancier wants most after all the exterior color, that part of
the bird which is at once seen and first appreciated. In the Campine the
black should be pure black and the white pure white. The mossy ap-
pearance often found is brought about largely by a third barring of brown
and gray. There should be an abundance of green luster in the black.
The natural tendeney of the barring on the back especially of the male
—— , bird is to a V-shape.

~ The barring of the
back should run well
into the tail. Mr. Platt
savs in this connec-
tion, “‘The more
barring in the tail the
better up to a certain
pomt. We should not
give the preference to
nicely barred main
tail feathers that run
eray then white at
the base rather than
to a moderately well
barred tail of sound
color. The latter bird
plainly has the greater
strength of color and
: wees : =| greater breeding
CO eg ae gy fle» ota D ' value.”

=
'
:
i
{
ee
i
f
{
'

The next section is
the wing. Here we
This is one of President Geo. E. Noeth’s (American Campine meet with difficulty
Club) excellent birds. for as desirable as a

well barred wing is we
find Lut few of them as yet. If when opening up the primaries they are
gray they are very unsightly and when good barring cannot be had in the
primaries a black feather with streaks and dottings of white is much
better than a grayish or brownish color, there is a relation between the
back and the wing color for if there is too wide a barring of white in the
hack it has its effect in weakening the color in the primaries in the wing.

This golden hen is remarkable in type and also barring.

Next our attention is called to the breast and the barring should be
held there for in present specimens few have enough of contrasting colors
and proper width of barring upon the breast. | Crescentie and horse shoe
markings are more often seen than good barring. The barring should also
be carried back into the fluff.

We now come to the hackle and here again we find difficulty for in
those birds which have the best hackle we often find a very weak breast.
It is not to be expected that good breast markings and a strong back can
be had and a pure white hackle begin at their termination. — It is far
better to have the black running into the hackle somewhat and to have
the back and breast properly barred than to have an absolute pure white
hackle with a poorly barred back and its evil effect upon the wing and a
weak breast. On the other hand it is just as undesirable to have the
black run away up near the head or into the head. Different breeders
personally favor
differently the
birds when con-
sidering as to
breast, back and
tail markings but
the judge must
balance a bird in
his decisions. If the
exhibition Campine
were easy to pro-
duce there would
be no great fasci-
nation in attempt-
ing its production,
but the fact that it
is somewhat hard
to produce is. at-
tractive, when one
is produced it is
almost unequalled
for beauty, grace-
fulness and at-

SECSND SILVER CAMPINE HEN
Coy Ss FA Ae Ae OE
one as Ake

Dra TH Pauensnt, THURMENT, Mo

tractiveness.

There is a tendency among some of having the white barring too
narrow and thread like and thus give the bird too dark an appearance.
In breeding exhibition Campines one must keep away from prejudices
and seek to apply the standard as it is. Judges often run to personal
ideas and if one has plenty of birds it is well to try out under different
judges the lighter and darker specimens. — This is said with no intention
of casting reflection on the judges, but because of the fact that the Cam-
pine is stillin an unfinished stage and yearly is improving ereatly and the
minds and ideas of judges must change with the development and pro-
gress of the breed. A bird should stand on firm yet not over large legs
and feet and the color and condition should be carefully looked after.
One judge calls attention to the unsightliness of scally legs especially in
blue shanked birds.

The foundation male birds in both Silvers and Goldens of the im-
proved type were hen feathered and the desire of the breeders at present
is to produce males with cock plume ge pattern and color which is identical
with that of the female. | However well colored a bird may he it is rot
an exhibition bird nor worthy of being placed ina show unless it possesses
the proper type, and so in the desire to get color markings one must not
become over anxious and sacrifice type. The tail of the male bird should
not be earried too high, nor too extremely low. This is true of the female.
Birds should not be overly high on
lees neither too low and the beauty
and erace of the ideal and standard
Campine should be the first thing
to consider. If the bird has no type
or inferior type it should not be
shown. It is not a true Campine
though it have all the color mark-
ings of a Campine. What has been
said in this chapter concerning the
Silver Campines is equally true of
the Goldens with the exception of
color of feathers, which difference is
at once obvious.

Birds need proper training for
the exhibitions and if dirty Silvers
should be washed, two weeks’
training should put any bird in fine trim for the show.

This Pen of handsome young Silver Campines, was bred and is owned by

Dr. H. B. Butler, Ogdensburg, N. Y.

FLBST PRIZELEN SUVER CAMPINES AT GRAND CENTRAL PALACE. SH DEC 192, BRED AND OWNED LY.
FRIDGE EGG FART WEST NYACH WV-Y-

Chapter I

Chapter IT
Chapter III
Chapter IV

INDEX

CONTENTS

Ancient Campines
The Campine at Home...

The English or Improved Campine ....

The American Campine ———
Chapter V
Chapter VI
Chapter VII
Chapter VIII
Chapter IX

The Coming Campine....
Main Points in Breeding......
Selection ard Nati a Bec sicc2 eesti sess nce enero

Housing and Feeding Chicks and Adult Fowls

The Exhibition Campine 0. Page 39

ILLUSTRATIONS

Campine Eggs... Ene ePnere seosseniea ses reese teenteeiass Page 6
Silver Campine Hen, Geo. Urban, Jr... Page, ©
Young Silver Campine Cockerel, Jones... 000. Page I5

Silver Campine Cockerel, W. M. Patteson.............. obs ass den peoesastasecedneeapwne ..Page 17

Silver Campine Feathers, M.R. Jacobus... Seoset Ses tacees peste epics Page 24
Belgian Campine Male ..ou.n...n.......ccccccccccceccccecscesececeseseesecenceceecscsesecassessscesuceacsescecteseeecseseseeess Page 26
Golden Campine Pullet, Mrs. Pearl Carver. ........0..0cccceccccecceeceececeeeee eee ...Page 27
Silver Campine Pair, J. Fred N. Kennedy.....0......0...0cc-c:cccccccseceescecessteseceeeseeees arene Page 33
Silver Campine Cock, C. Le Pattersom..i.....oo0occco cc cec cc cecce ccc ceceece eee eevee cece te ee ve eee teen Page 34
Silver Campine Pair, Richard Edwards o0...000000000cce cs $4 ASaceee soa bisector Page 36
Belgian Bratkels, (867 ccccccccscceccccciecsciseccssasessceuesesteiscenvasnenersivs seeded dP adeviotisdenecscocmestiads _...Page 40
Belgian Campines........... eee eee peees sade osesBeess tedlec Ege ces esemeasievssaregensettiieeene sees Page 40
Golden Campine Cock, Geo. E. Noeth 00000000000... Rephceeceteates Seoadeds cactsecseus Page 41
Golden Campine Hen, Gee. E. Noeth.o.0.000 occ ; ...Page 42
Silver Campine Hen, Dr. J. H. Prudhomme............. dese vacebyestone fps tetesssyscnrscaucesrcuarnieaNideds Page 43
milver Campine Cockerel, (Woe Hy Naged nce ccscseccsscstsensacssectinrcetscianeusceenmstaaenetiad Page 44
Pen Young Silver Campings; Hy BB theric ccs cctcccescisecec Seetoecseecastaeatciracaiastceeded Page 45

[NOTE—No one is entitled to reprint or in any way use any illustration in this book with-
out first obtaining permission from the owner of cut which in every case (except

in cases of cuts being owned by Campine Herald) is named under cut].

MRS. CARVER SAYS

MY CAMPINES shall be
carried to the highest possible
standard by mating and
breeding this variety, for
which Carvers Red Farm is
noted, Only very limited,
close culled fancy matings
will be kept in this variety.

GOLDEN — CAMPINES

My matings the coming
season in Goldens will be
as fien as in America
headed by clear, hen
feathered male birds.

SILVER —~-CAMPINES

My Silver matings will
be the very best I can rear

CHAMPION HEN EMPRESS

For which Mrs. Carver is line breeding for her GOLDEN
CAMPINE FOUNDATION. Considered by experts to be
ONE OF THE BEST GOLDENS ever shown in this country.
The females in pen | coming season will contain only
EMPRESS and the best marked pullets from her eggs, mated
to a clear hen feathered male. Mrs. Carver thinks this
mating will be the equal to anything in America, especially
the results therefrom. In the matter of PRICES for Eggs
and Stock, shall be just as reasonable as it is possible to
give the trade. Address all communications to

MRS. A. A. CARVER

CARE OF CARVER’S RED FARM, SEVILLE, OHIO

vey? nega JED.

ee ee ge

ue

a ee a a a aS ap pg AS Saat

Campine Herald

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SH eerie terete eer eee ae eS eR SIRS Sh Sin Sono eonon onan rth

Campine Herald "ities

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-THREE-MEADOW FARM:

a
TWO HUNDRED ACRES IN A BEAUTIFUL FERTILE VALLEY DEVOTED TO
DAIRYING AND BREEDING

GRADE AYSHIRE CATTLE
LARGE YORKSHIRE SWINES
MAMMOTH PEKIN DUCKS
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Raa a a a SA A UR

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a ESOS eee Sa

FRANKLINVILLE, NEW YORK |

URBAN FARMS

SILVER and GOLDEN

CAMPINES

of the Highest Quality

Y

“PINE RIDGE
| BUFFALO, N. Y.

Nagel’s Exhibition Silver Campines
(ENG eis Hoos STR A IN)

FIRST COCKEREL—International Gold Leg Band and
Club Specials

FIRST CAMPINE Pullet and Gold Leg Band at
Buffalo, N. Y., January 1913

———— ———————

Eggs for Hatching $7.50 per 15 Day-Old Chicks $10.00 per Dozen

SS ae ee

EXHIBITION WHITE LEGHORNS
COCK BIRDS AND HENS FOR SALE Ship on approval $5.00 up

Eggs for Hatching $7.50 per 15 Day-Old Chicks $10.00 per Dozen

WwW. H. NAGEL
BOX 304 FRANKLINVILLE, N. Y.

INTERESTED IN ANCONAS

If so, you should have The Ancona World, published
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[ROSE LAWN. FARM
Silver and Colden Campines}

WINNERS AT BUFFALO, OLEAN

WILLIAMSPORT AND ROCHESTER

Stock For Sale at All Times | Good Breeders from $3 to $10

Exhibition Birds a Matter of Correspondence

Stock shipped subject to approval

Purchaser to pay express charges

Eggs from March | to June |, $5. per 15, $25. per 100

Infertiles replaced once free After June |, half price

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED

CHAS. H. WHEELER

kh. FD: 3 CUBA, N. Y.

CAMPINES

; SILVER and GOLD

we

WINNER OF FIRST MADISON SQUARE GARDEN NEW YORK DEC 31 iS} 2JAN 141913
WINNEROF FIRST. BOSTON, pees JAN ZEISS
-BRED*°/NED BY MANHATTAN FARMS. BRIGHTON NY-US.A.

The Champions of Them All

My winnings at Allentown, Hagerstown, Grand Central
Palace, N. Y., Philadelphia, Boston and last but not least

MADISON SQUARE GARDEN, 1913

in hot classes, as entries show, were four times as
many first as all other breeders combined. Nuff said

MANHATTAN FARMS, BRIGHTON, N. Y.

GEO. E. NOETH, OWNER

Improved Silver Campines
The blood of the best BRED-TO-LAY exhibition stock of

Europe and America

Write me your wants. Correspondence a pleasure

Member
I GUARANTEE

American

STOCK
EGGS

Campine

A SQUARE DEAL
Club

Arthur G. Baumégartel
CAMPINE SPECIALIST
C-537 Coit Avenue, N. E. Grand Rapids, Mich.

JACOBUS CAMPINES
Silver and Golden

ORIGINAL INTRODUCER OF IMPROVED CAMPINES

My birds laid white egg that WON FIRST PRIZE at
Boston, 1910, 1911, 1912 and 1913. Competition open.
to the world and eggs of all breeds. Consider carefully
and Start right.

M . R. JACOBUS

Box 275-H RIDGEPRIELD, Nid:

SILVER CGCAMPINES
AND

SALMON FAVEROLLES

Selected Stock Choice Breeders

WINNERS AND LAYERS

CAMPINE EGGS FAVEROLLES EGGS

$5.00 per 15 until June Ist $3.00 per 15 until June Ist
than half price
than half price ;
Unsatisfactory hatches re-

Infertiles replaced once free placed once at half price

STOCK USUALLY FOR SALE

ORDERS FILLED IN ROTATION

‘ SS

REV. B. A. GATES
Franklinville, New York

| American Campine Club |

| Organized 1911 to encourage
| the breeding and improvement
| of the Campine Fowlsand bring-
ing together the breeders of this
variety for their mutual benefit.

| All Campine breeders should
join to keep in touch with the
Club work.

For full particulars and applica-
| tion blanks address

M. R. JACOBUS, Sec’y-Treas.
| Ridgefield, New Jersy

Campine Standards 10 Cts. Each

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