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THE CANADIAN

HNTOMOLOGIST.

~Qdited by the Rev. C, I. 8S. Kethune, M. A,

Head Master of Trinity College School, Port Hope, Ont.

ASSISTED BY

W. SAUNDERS, London, Ont. : | E. B. REED, Barrister-at-Law, London, Ont.;
and J. M, DENTON, Lnndon, Ont.

LONDON :
PRINTED BY THE FREE PRESS STEAM PRINTING COMPANY, RICHMOND ST.

1872

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME.

ANDREWS, W. V.. Protos Aicb Pots «3 hee cE MAURER

BELL, PROF. J. J.. ah .. BELLEVILLE, ONT.
BETHUNE, REV. C. 7 S., ‘The ide, .Port Hope, Ont.
BOWLES, J. G.. seer ae pe AE P.
CAULFIELD, F, B. otek ON aoe eg MONTREAL EN
CHAMBERS, V. T : So. autos a ois, OORING TON. is Ws
CLEMENTI, REV. v., B ‘en .......NoORTH Douro, ONT.

Mee WM. .3.. ck ....). 2. ess Mowrmear, PO:
eee Dy et us ce. ced. fas» i BILADELPBIA, PA.
Meee PROP. TH. Hi.) .. 026.3. ca vs Y TORONTO, ONT.
Meter CHAS. Re: nu. 5-5 vy 24s 4 te os WASHINGTON, .D,-C-
SINE ys he os se me he es yee es ORO, EME:
Seen. We... 6. f 5. ek 64) ess 2 > }COALBURGH, W. VA.
MeL Gy) Ri oo... o-. . e eee w to + DEMOPOLIS, ALA
Peer WMOR. 2.2... 2s... oe... ForsyTH, Mo.
mea THEODORE L.:....5..5..-..2 .0°-.New. YORK.

MINOT, C. S.. & fk Spa See ee OSTON, MLASS:
MURTFELDT, MARY E.. el & sa da os IRE WOOD,ST. Lovis, Mo.
Pist Lit, j.. be eeeteeisceensee esses GRIMSBY, ONT
REED, E. B.. ATT ede nes Soke Stas 5 SOON, CONE.
RILEY, PROF. C. V.. 4 ne EA eed ERE IOI ES, 5 Cy,

ey i ty oe Kiera ONT.
PEE, Weeds fs ius ek. dabva a 22% 2 ee suONDON, ONT.
eee te SE ks fe Li oe... <BOSTON, Mass.
THOMAS, PROF. C................+.....WASHINGTON, D. C.
MADBER FRANCIS... ....0....0.../.5. Lonpon, Enc.

ee ee Sali

tess SY. eo

VOL. IV. LONDON, ONT., JANUARY, 1872. No. 1

TO ALL WHOM IT MAY CONCERN—GREETING !

A Happy New Year to you, kindly reader; may the days of this year
roll joyously along for you wherever you may be, whether your lot is
cast in our peaceful Canadian land, or in the sea-girt isles of the old home,
whether in the midst of the matured Republic of our cousins across the
lakes, or in the latest democracy of ¢a delle France, whether on the shores
of the stormy Atlantic, or on the borders of the broad Pacific, whatever
your nationality, whatever your position in life, we look upon you as one
of our brotherhood of Entomologists, and we include you amongst our
friends.

For the fourth time we are commencing a new volume, and we do so
with feelings of more than ordinary satisfaction, inasmuch as we have
at length fulfilled all our promises by the punctual completion of the pre
ceding volume within the appointed year. The third volume we com-
menced with the issue of its first number in April last, and the second in
June ; when we began the preparation of the third in the following month,
our task seemed hopeless as regarded the performance of it before the close
of the year. However, by the regular issue of double numbers, we were
enabled to complete the volume of two hundred and forty pages, with its
forty illustrations, by the end of 1871, and now we start fair with the new
year, and hope to be regular and punctual throughout it. While we thus
congratulate ourselves upon our satisfactory position, we must by no
means omit to mention—it would be ungrateful in us indeed to do so—
how much we are indebted to others, and how highly we esteem the kind
assistance that’ has been so freely afforded us. Especially we would offer
our thanks to those friends outside of our own country whose contribu-
tions have added so much to the value of our pages. May we beg that
they will lay us under still further obligations by the continuance of their
favours during the coming year, and that others also will not hesitate to
follow their example?

While we thank our many friends for their kind assistance and encour-
agement, we regret that we have to mete out a word of censure’ for others

gs THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

whose forgetfulness—we do not for a moment think it is anything more—

threatens to cause us some little embarassment. We allude to those who

have been for some time receiving this publication, but who have ne-

glected to return the guid pro guo, and to send us the trifling amount of

their subscription. It is true that we are aided by a grant from the Legis-

lature of the Province, but that aid alone is not sufficient to meet all our

requirements and necessary expenses, nor indeed is that aid intended by

any means to relieve our subscribers from the obligation they have
incurred: by receiving our publication. We feel that during the past year

we have furnished a volume of our journal that is fully worth the dollar

charged to all who take even the slightest interest in Entomology, and ©
that we may with justice call upon all in arrears to send in at once the
amount of their indebtedness, as well as their subscription for the forth-
coming volume. By a resolution of the Council, a copy of this number is
sent to all whose names are on our subscription list, but no further num-
bers will be sent to any one whose dues are not paid before the issue of
the second number on the 15th of February next. We regret exceedingly
to be obliged to make this statement, but we trust that the allusion to
these matters now, will so effectually remind our readers of their duty
towards us that we shall never require to refer to the subject again. The
CANADIAN ENnTomoLocist will (D.V.) be issued regularly on the 15th of
each month, and will consist of twenty pages as heretofore.

TERMS OF MEMBERSHIP.

Orpinary MEMBERS, being subscribers residing within the Domin-

ion oF Canada’... a ee ee ee $1 00
AssocIATE MEMBERS residing in the United States (U.S. cy.).... 1 25
Zi . s Great Britain... +. .c...0) 7

All fees are payable in advance in January of each year.

Extra copies roc. each ; $1 per doz.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST is mailed to all members of the ENTOMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF ONTARIO, /vee.

For scale of Advertisements, see page 20.

All business communications and remittances should be addressed to E.
Baynes Reep, (Sec.-Treas, Ent. Society of Ontario), Lonpon, Ont.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5

DESCRIPTION OF THE WHEAT WIRE-WORM.

Agriotes mancus Say.

BY J. PETTIT, GRIMSBY, ONTARIO.

For many years an insect, familiarly known among farmers as “ the
wire-worm,” has committed ravages from time to time among the wheat
crops in different parts of the Province. As the history of this insect has
not hitherto been traced out, I am happy to be able to make public,
through the pages of the CanapIAN EnTomoLoaist, the following descrip-
tion of its larval and pupal states.

In the fall of the year 1870, so unusual an amount of damage was
inflicted upon the wheat crops in this vicinity by this wire-worm that I was
led to try and breed it to the perfect state, with a view to ascertaining
what species it was the larva of. By digging about the roots of the wheat
plants, I obtained about a dozen specimens, which were placed with a few
wheat -plants in a large flower-pot, where they were kept supplied with
food by planting occasionally a small quantity of wheat. With the first
_ cold weather they ceased to eat, and were then placed in a sheltered situ-
ation until the return of warm weather in spring, when they were restored
to the breeding cage. They soon gave evidence of being alive, and
possessing unimpaired appetites ; their rapid consumption of the wheat
plants rendered it necessary to renew the supply quite as often as before.
They were fed in this way until the month of July, when my absence from
home caused them to be neglected ; on my return there was not a vestige
of food left. Thinking that the worms had probably died of starvation, I
paid no further attention to them until the 26th of August, when on
removing a part of the earth from the pot, a pupa was disclosed, and on
the 3rd of September the first imago appeared, which proved to be a
specimen of Agriotes mancus Say. As only two more specimens came out
during the remainder of September, I turned the earth out of the pot and
carefully examined it; the inspection revealed seven specimens of the
imago in the little cells in which they had transformed, and one larva.

Among the larvze collected, I had noticed one less than half the size of
the others, and evidently much younger, which would account for the one
still in the larval state. It had attained, however, a size fully equal to that
of the others when first brought in during the previous autumn ; and
hence I have formed the opinion that the larval state does not last longer
than three years. This opinion has since been strengthened by the obser-

4 - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

vation of a large number of larva, which appeared readily separable into
two sizes, corresponding to those originally collected for breeding. West-
wood, in his “ Modern Classification of Insects,” (vol. 1, 238), states
respecting the larva of an allied species (A. obscurus) which, in Europe,
feeds upon the roots of wheat, rye, oats, barley and grass, that according to
Bjerkander, a Swedish Naturalist, “it is five years in arriving at the perfect
state.” Curtis, in his ‘“ Farm Insects,” (page 161) makes a similar state-
ment upon the same authority, and adds that those which he had himself —
feeding for ten or twelve months scarcely increased in size during the
time. As already stated, however, I am of opinion that our species is by
no means so long lived, but that it attains maturity in three years—a
period quite long enough, the agriculturist must think, in which to inflict
damage upon the crops.

Through the kindness of Dr. Horn, of Philadelphia, I am enabled to
offer to the readers of the CANADIAN EntTomo ocisr the following careful
description of the larva and pupa which, together with the accompanying
illustrations, he has prepared from examples that I furnished him. I need
only add that I have now another batch of larve in breeding, and that I
hope next season to be able to afford some further information on points
of interest connected with the life history of this destructive insect. The
imago is described in Say’s Entomological books, vol. ii., p. 111.

O 4a t A 5 EEE FACIE ia ees
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7) PaaS:
PAA
77M
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b
1, Larva much magnified, (natural size | _ |) le. Transverse section. 2. Underside cf
head and first three or thoracic segments, showing the gal of mouth eit the position of first,

spiracle. 3, Margin of front; a. Position of antennw. 4. Mandible. . Leg. 6. Terminal
segment beneath, 7, Pupa, upper and under view, The line between onene the natural size,

LARVA (Fig. 1.) Zorm.—Elongate subcylindrical, dorsal surface more
convex.

Tegument.—Partially corneous, colour testaceous.

io.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9)

Surface.—Smooth shining, with very few wrinkles and a few short erect
hairs arranged as follows: two on each side of the middle of dorsum, two
near the anterior and two near the posterior margin of each segment,
laterally ; beneath, one near the anterior and posterior margins on each
side ; last segment with more numerous setz.

Cephalic segment one fourth broader than long, sides straight slightly
convergent anteriorly, feebly convex and slightly impressed on each side
near the anterior margin. Mouth directed anteriorly. Ocelli none (fig. 2).

Antenne short, three jointed, conical, last joint more slender than the
preceding ; placed at side of head behind the mandibles (fig. 32).

' Superior cephalic plate prominent at middle, middle lobe itself trilobed,
its Jateral lobes acute, middle lobe tridentate.

Mandibles robust corneous, moderately arcuate bifid at tip and with a
short acute tooth at middle of inner edge (fig. 4).

Mentum elongate, slightly broader in front, less corneous in front;
palpigerous pieces connate, together subquadrate ; palpi short two jointed,
basal joint as wide as long, last joint longer conical.

Maxillz composed of an elongate basilar piece on each side of men-
tum: palpi four jointed ; outer lobe two jointed, terminal joint obtusely
pointed at tip; inner lobe feebly developed, concealed behind the outer
lobe and ciliate on its inner margin.

Prothoracic segment subquadrate.

Meso and Metathoracic segments shorter than the preceding, and
together scarcely longer.

Abdomen, of nine segments, gradually increasing in length, 1st slightly
longer than metatnorax, last segment nearly as long as the two preceding,
elongate oval and obtusely pointed at tip. Segments beneath as above,
last segment subtriangular, base straight, sides rounded.

Prosternum truncate in front, oval gradually narrowing behind, leaving
a triangular membranous space between it and the inflexed portion of the
sides in front of the coxe.

Coxe. Anterior narrowly separated, middle more and hinder still
more separated.

Legs short. Coxz conical with a double row of short corneous spines
in front. Femur and tibia short, armed beneath with two rows of spinules

6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and each with one or two long sete. Tarsal piece cylindrical, longer than
tibia, with double row of spinules beneath, and a long moderately arcuate
claw (fig. 5).

Spiracles. Nine pairs. First pair on the inflexed portion of the meso-
thoracic segment slightly in front of the coxz. The remaining spiracles
are placed on the sides of the abdominal segments nearer the anterior
margin.

The last abdominal segment (fig. 6, underside) has near its basal
margin on each side a deep pit of oval form. These are certainly not
spiracles, being very much larger and of different construction. Their
appearance leads me to suspect them of being glandular fossz, but of
what use or why so large comparatively, I am unable to decide.

PUPA (fig. 7). The pupa resembles the imago in many of its charac-
ters, being however about one fourth longer and in the abdominal region
more slender. The only differences of moment being the following :—

‘Thorax at each angle with a stout bristle-like appendage more slender
towards the tip, about a sixteenth of an inch long. ‘That at the anterior
angle is supported on a small papilla, the posterior being prolonged from
the,tip of the angle. Terminal abdominal segment above subquadrate,
emarginate at tip, angles acute and divergent, beneath with a deep sinuous
groove on each side and a median shallower groove.

Abdomen above and beneath of nine seginents, the first very narrow
distinctly visible above, beneath visible only at the sides ; second slightly
broader, beneath nearly entirely concealed. The remaining segments are
distinctly visible both above and beneath, the distal angles being slightly
prominent, giving the sides of the abdomen a dentate appearance.

In assuming the perfect state, the abdomen loses apparently two seg-
ments above and four beneath. These are accounted for in the following
way: The first two ventral segments are obliterated, the terminal contains
the genital apparatus which, with the preceding segment, is retracted and
becomes concealed. The penultimate segment is thus the sixth of the
imago which is frequently visible by dissection. The first two dorsal
segments of the pupa remain in the imago, while the last two are lost as
indicated above.

~

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY.

Continued from Vol. III., page 224.
GRACILLARIA.

THE species of this genus bear some resemblance—especially the smaller
species—to Zithocolletis ; but they may be distinguished by the attitude
in repose in most species, and by the developed maxillary palpi in all.
They usually sit (especially the larger species, for I have not observed it
in some of the smaller ones), with the anterior part of the body elevated
upon the anterior and middle legs, whilst the posterior legs are applied to
the sides of the abdomen, the apex of which touches the surface upon
which they rest. In some of the smaller species, the maxillary palpi are
small, and sometimes almost concealed by the labial palpi. This is the
case in Gracillaria robiniella (Parectopa robiniella Clemens), and G. /espe-
dezeefoliella (P. lespedezefoliella Clem.), upon which Dr. Clemens erected
the genus Parectopa, as not having any visible maxillary palpi. I have
found the maxillary palpi distinct, though small, in G. robiniela. G.
lespedez@foliella 1 have not seen; but from Dr. Clemens’ description, it is
very closely allied to G. robiniella, and no doubt has the same structure.

_ But the genus is by no means a homogeneous nor a distinctly limited
one. ‘The species differ in many respects as to structure, as well as style
or pattern of ornamentation, and habits of larvee and pupe.

The genus Coriscium was erected to include certain species having the
second joint of the labial palpi tufted. But, as Mr. Stainton has well
remarked, there is considerable variation among the species in this re-
spect, and the genus seems to pass almost insensibly into Gracilaria.
The only material point of difference between Gracilaria and Parectopa
was the supposed absence of maxillary palpi in the latter genus, and that
was a mistake.

Herrich-Schaffer divides the genus, constructing a new genus, Avspz/-
apteryx, for the smaller species, (and in which no doubt he would have
included the Parectopa of Dr. Clemens), but which does not seem to me
to be at all a natural division. And lastly, Zeller divides the genus into
two sections, in one of which the discal cell gives off nine veins to the
margin, whilst in the other it gives off only eight veins. This appears to

8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

me to be the best division which has been.attempted ; but the number of
species is not yet large enough to make its division necessary as a matter
of convenience, and therefore it appears to me best to let it stand until the
study of a large number of species in all stages of growth shall make a
natural division possible.

The species differ in the size of the labial palpi as well as in their
clothing. In some, the vertex is very slightly roughened, shewing an
approach to Ornix; and in some, the scales at the sides of the vertex
project over the base of the antennz, almost forming small tufts.

There is also considerable difference in the larval habits of the differ-
ent species. Some, Zerhafs, do not mine leaves at any period of their
lives, or for a very short period, if at all. Others mine them only for a
short period. When leaving the mine, they become external feeders, rolling
the leaves of their food plants into various forms. Others again are
miners during their whole larval existence, and of these, some never leave
their first mine until they do so to become pupz, whilst others frequently
leave their old mine to construct a new one. Some pupate under a dense
but semi-transparent silken coverlet or web, whilst others make a small
silken cocoon or zidus,and one species known to me pupates in the mine.

In such a genus, it is worse than useless to encumber science with a
multitude of generic names until a sufficient study of many species has
made a natural division practicable, or at least until the accumulation of
species makes an artificial division necessary.

I. Gracillaria robiniella.
Parectopa robiniella Clemens. Proc. Ent. Soc., Phila., 7863, p. 4.

Dr. Clemens erects this genus for his P. despedezefoliella, in the Proe.
Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1860, ~p. 209, and afterwards describes this species
as above stated. Gracillaria (Proc. Ent. Soc., Phila., 1863, page 9), as
limited by him, is Zeller’s section A, in which nine veins are given off from
the discal cell. This insect belongs to the division in which there are only
eight, and its neuration only differs from that of G. sadicifoliella, n. sp., in
having one of the veins, from the apex of the cell, furcate wear its origin,
whilst G. sa/icifoliel/a has it furcate at ifs origin, and slightly bent. Nor is
the head any more tufted than in Sa/icifolie/a, and some other Gracilaria
which have long loose scales on the vertex. As before stated, Dr. Clemens
was mistaken in the statement that the maxillary palpi are not visible, and
it is therefore as clearly a Gracil/aria as any of the other small species

Ne
:

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9

belonging to Zeller’s section with eight veinlets. It mines the leaves of
the Locust (Robinia pseudacacia and R. hispida), and of various species of
Desmodium. (Dr. Clemens was acquainted with the larva mining Desmo-
dium, but supposed it to be the larva of his P. lespedez@foliella. I have,
however, bred rodinie/la from it). Like many other larve of Gracilaria,
it frequently leaves an old mine to construct a new one. The mine is
pale yellowish,-is usually on the midrib, with lateral branches running
out from it. I am not acquainted with any Gracilaria which makes a
similar mine, but scarcely any two species make mines alike. When the
larva is disturbed, it conceals itself on the midrib. Gracilaria pavoniella,
according to Stainton, (Vat. His. Tin., vol. 8, p. 186), has the same habit.
It pupates in a small wzd@us on some object on the ground.

_The imago is dark golden-brown, almost black, with ‘Aree oblique
silvery costal streaks, and the same number of dorsal ones opposite the spaces
between the costal ones ; and a ¢ramsverse narrow silvery line beginning
on the costa, within the ciliz, near the tip. Head white.

P. lespedezefoliella, which must also be a Gracillaria, seems, from Dr.
Clemens’ description, to differ from this species mainly in having only two
costal streaks, and in having all of the streaks situated a little differently.
Alar ex. less than % inch. G. rodiniella occurs at Green Bay, Wisconsin.
Pennsylvania. Kentucky. New Orleans.

Dr. Clemens says that he always found the mines untenanted when
the leaves were mined by Liéthocolletis robiniella. Such has not been the
result of my observations. On the contrary, I have found the larve in
the mines of both species, and also those of ZL. ornafe//a in their mines,
at all times from the middle of July until November, many of all these
species being still in the larval state when the leaves fall. And nothing
is more common than to find two, and, very frequently, three of these
different species mining the same leaflet at the same time; and, late in
the season, Defressaria pseudacaciella, and an unknown larva, may be
found as intruders in the same mines. And as heretofore stated, I
find, during the latter part of summer and in the fall, this®species and
the two species of Zzthocolletis in all their stages—larva, pupa, and imago
—at the same time.

Gracilaria eupatoriella. N. sp.

This species mines the leaves of Eupatorium ageratoides on the under
side, the lower cuticle becoming wrinkled. The larva were found in the
mines in July. They frequently leave old mines and make new ones.

10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The larva is greenish, with dark green contents, but just before becoming
a pupa, it changes color, becoming bright crimson. It pupates in a small
nidus on the ground.

I am able to describe the imago only from a specimen which emerged
from the w#dus, but was unable to rupture the pupal envelope, which I
removed after its death. In this specimen, the head and ‘thorax appeared
to be white with a blackish spot on the labial palpi, and a wide longitu-
dinal blackish streak on the thorax. The wings are shining dark brown
or black, with purplish reflections, with a dorsal basal white streak ending
in a white spot nearly opposite, but a little behind which, is a small costal
white streak, behind which again is a long oblique costal white streak
reaching almost to the dorsal margin. There is another costal white
streak just before the ciliz. A/ar ex. a little more than 4% inch. The
colours and their arrangement do not differ very greatly, therefore, from
Dr. Clemens’ two species of Parectopa above mentioned. Kentucky.

Gracillaria plantaginisella. N. sp.

In this species the labial palpi, which are very long, have the second
joint not tufted, but clothed below with long loose scales. They are white,
with a golden brown stripe beginning on the apex of the second joint
beneath, and extending along the under side of the third to the apex.
Maxillary palpi white, tipped with brownish.. Antennz pale brownish,
iridiscent ; face opalescent ; vertex brownish golden with a silvery white
stripe on each side extending back over the sides of the thorax, which is
brownish golden. Anterior wings brownish golden or deep red orange,
according to the light, with a longitudmal median white streak near the
base, but not touching it, in some specimens; in others reaching the base,
and. seeming to be a continuation of the white lateral thoracic streaks.
Four costal and three dorsal silvery white (in some lights bright metallic)
streaks, each of which is dark margined on both sides and around the
apex, and the dark margins slightly powdered posteriorly on the
disc, those of the third and fourth costal,-and second and third
dorsal, being confluent with each other and with the brownish portion
of the apical part of the wing. ‘The first costal is at about the basal
fourth, is the largest, is a little oblique, and produced along the costa
towards, but not to, the base. The first dorsal opposite the space
between the first and second costal; the second and third dorsal
nearly opposite the third and fourth costal respectively; the second
and third costal a little oblique backwards; the fourth costal and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ll

the third dorsal a little oblique forwards ; the third dorsal and the fourth
costal are in the ciliz. There is a silvery white apical spot. The dorso-
apical portion suffused with brown : costal and dorsal ciliz brown : apical
ciliz silvery white, with a dark brown oblique streak (hook). Hinder
marginal line at the base of the ciliz brown. Under surface and legs
Silvery or opalescent, streaked and banded with golden brown. Adar ex.
scarcely 1% inch.

It belongs to Zeller’s section A, having nine veinlets given off from the
discal cell ; has the “ hook” in the apical cilia ; the scales of the vertex
are not appressed, and, like those on the under surface of the second
joint of the labial palpi, they are long and loose.

It is a very handsome insect, and the ornamentation seems to be
intermediate between G. ononidis and G. pavoniella, as figured in Stainton’s
Nat. Hist. Tin., v. 8, plate 5. The wings are rather more golden than in
ononidis, and not so much suffused with brown along the centre, and it
lacks the drown basal and first dorsal white streak represented in that
species. The wings are not so much golden as in Aavoniella, but it has
the basal streak exactly as in that species, and the apical hook ; but it
lacks the last small dorsal streak or spot of that species, and has the apical
spot as in oxonidis, whilst pavoniel/a has none.

The larva is yellowish, and does not change colour previous to pupa-
tion. It mines the leaves of the Virginia Plantain (Plantago Virzinica)
in September, October and November. The mine is at first narrow,
winding and linear, filled with frass, ending in a large bladder-like mine,
the upper and lower cuticles being puffed out. The linear portion is only
visible under the lens. It remains in the mine until it is ready to become
a pupa, which it does in a small midus on the ground, and the imago
emerges in less than a week. Kentucky. Common.

Gracilaria 12 lineella. N. sp.

Palpi and legs white, flecked and spotted with blackish on their outer
surfaces. Antennz pale greyish, annulate with pale fuscous. Head and
thorax greyish-white mixed with fuscous. Anterior wings, to the naked
eye, pale greyish (which the lens shows to be the intermixture of whitish
and fuscous scales), with fuscous spots and blotches on the disc. The

. posterior margin with twelve alternate white and fuscous streaks small and
not distinct, except the tenth, which is situated beyond the apical third,
and extends obliquely backwards-to the costal margin,where it is confluent
with the eleventh dorsal streak, which curves forwards from its base on the

12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

dorsal margin to its union with the tenth streak on the costal margin, there
enclosing a triangular dark brown dorsal patch. The twelfth streak is
narrow, and extends along the dorso-apical margin, and opposite to it is a
distinct costo-apical triangular white spot. There is a series of indistinct
small white streaks along the costa, three of which, just beyond the
middle, are larger and more strongly dark margined. The first of the
three is long, narrow, oblique, and suddenly curved backwards on the
disc. The second is nearly concealed by its dark margin, which is pro-
nounced forming an oblique curved black streak, which reaches the middle
of the apical part of the wing just over the third streak, which is shorter,
white, distinct, and decidedly dark margined cn both sides and around
the apex. Apex golden brown, ciliz golden brown, tipped with silvery.
Alar ex. 2 inch. Larva and food plant unknown. Kentucky; not
common. ;

LIST OF COLEOPTERA

TAKEN AT GRIMSBY, ONT., BY MR. J. PETTIT.
Continued from page 107, Vol. III., Can, Ent.

CHRYSOMELID&.
Orsopvacna, Lar. Lema trilineata, Ow.
vittata, Say. Uropiata, Chevr.
*atra, Lac. quadrata, Fadr.
Donacta, Faby. *pallida, Say.
proxima, Kirby. CassipA, [erbst.
lucida, Zac. signifer, /7dst.
palmata, Oliv. clavata, Fabr.
subtilis, Kunze. - aurichalcea, Faér.
sequalis, Say. pallida, Herbst.
cuprea, Kirby. CEROTOMA, Chevr.
pusilla, Say. caminea, /aér.
Kirbyi, Zac. PHYLLOBROTICA, Pedi.

decorata, Say.

discoidea, Zubr.
LUPERUS, Geoffr.

meraca, Say.

SYNETA, £sch.
tripla, Say.

LemMA, Fade.

Species marked with an asterisk * have not before been included in the list of Cana-
dian Coleoptera.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13

Diaprotica, Chevr.
12-punctata, Fadr.
vittata, Fur.

GALERUCA, Geoffr.
externa, Say.
sagittarize, Kzrby.

*notulata, Fabr.

TRIRHABDA, Lec.
canadensis, A7réy.

OEDIONYCHIS, Lar.
vians, ///.
quercata, Fabr.

GRAPTODERA, Chevr.
chalybea, 77.

Disonycua, Chev.

pensylvanica, Brongn.

alternata, ///.
triangularis, Say.
collaris, Faédr.
SysTeNna, Chevr.
frontalis, adr.
*marginalis, 7/7.
CREPIDODERA, Chevr.
nana, Say.
*copalina, Faér.
pubescens, ///.
PHYLLOTRETA, Chevr.
striolata, Z7//.
PsyLLIoDEs, Lair.
punctulata, AZeé/s.
Disoiia, Larr.
aerea, Me/s.
LABIDOMERA, Cheur.
trimaculata, Faér.
POLyGRAMMA, Chevr.
Jo-lineata, Say.
CALLIGRAPHA, Chev.
scalaris, Lec.
spiraez, Say.

CALLIGRAPHA, Chev. (Con.)
philadelphica, Zinn.
Bigsbyana, A7zrbv.

MeELaAsoma Dillwyn.
scripta, Fadbr.
interrupta, Fadr.

CHRYSOMELA, Lzz72.
vulgatissima, Zznn.

PRASOCURIS.
phellandrii, Zzn.
varipes, Lec.

GASTROPHYSA, Chev.
polygoni, Lixn.

PHAEDON, Meg.
viride, Aels.

METACHROMA, Chevr.
4notata, Say.
dubiosa, Say.
aterrima, O/iz’.

Bromivs, Chevr.
vitis, Fabr.

CHRYSOCHUS, Chezr.
auratus, adr.

HETERASPIS, De/.
curtipes, JZe/s.

GLYPTOSCELIS, Chezr.
hirtus, O“v.

PACHNEPHORUS, Chevr.
1o-notatus, Say.

*pubescens, Lec.
PACHYBRACHIS, Suffrian.
*subfasciatus, Lec.

*mollis, Hald.
tridens, Aes.

Monacuus, Sujfr.
saponatus, adr.

CRYPTOCEPHALUS, Geoffr.

*guttulatus, Oliv.
*sellatus, Sur.

i4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

CRYPTOCEPHALUS, Geofr. (Con.) | CoccIDuULA.

mammifer, Vez. *lepida, Lec.
*quadruplex, Vewm. Mystia, JZu/s.
auratus, Fabr. *pullata, Say.
*catarius, Suffr. 15-punctata, Oliv.
PsyLLopora, JZuls.
COCCINELLID~. eo-maculata, Say.
H1ppopaMiA, JZi/s. CurLocorus, Leach.
13-punctata, LZzn7. bivulnerus, AZw/s.
convergens, Guer. BRACHYACANTHA, JZuds.
parenthesis, Say. ursina, adr.
maculata, Geer. HyperaspPis, edt.
COccINELLA, Linn. elegans, AZuls.
ophthalmica, AZu/s. Scymnus, Kug.
bipunctata, Zinn. *ornatus, Lec.
picta, Rand. var. *flavifrons, AZe/s.
trifasciata, Zinn. *punctatus, AZe/s.
transversoguttata, Fuld. *terminatus, Say.
lacustris, Lec. collaris, JZe/s.
novemnotata, Herés?. lacustris, Lec.
sanguinea, Zinn. Sactum, Lee.
*cardisce, Randall. 1. fasciatus, Say.
*similis, Randall. 2. *obscurus, Lec.

1, Taken by Dr. Milward. 2. Taken by Dr. Milward.

NOTES OF A COWCATCHER RIDE THROUGH NEBRASKA.

BY CHARLES R. DODGE, WASHINGTON, D.C.

DvRING my recent tip through Colorado and adjacent territory, as a
member of the New York agricultural editorial excursion party, I made it
a point to collect whenever an opportunity was offered. Through Kansas,
the three-minute stops at the stations, many of which are out on the open
plains, afforded me opportunity for turning over old railroad ties, &c.; for
beating the herbage and rank vegetation at the sides of the track, or for
searching in the dry grass and weeds for Orthopftera. In the mountains it
was an easy matter to jump from the ambulance or to follow behind it,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISY. 15

stopping when occasion demanded; but the most novel collecting was
during the trip through Nebraska.

It was our good fortune to have a special train from the Platte river to
Omaha, and as the novelty of riding in the cabin of the locomotive had
long since worn off, the cow-catcher was next resorted to, and with results
that had not been anticipated. Sitting carelessly on the beam that supports
the iron framework, “ nursing one leg,” I was suddenly struck in the face
by some small object that decidedly made an impression ; others came in
quick succession, and before I could solve the problem, a large grass-
hopper (£dipoda Haldemanni, Scudd), struck my boot, glanced and
rolled into my lap. Having no bottle at hand, I immediately secured it
in a leaf from a railroad land document that had been handed me, and
placed it in my pocket. By this time we were running at 4o miles an
hour, and grasshoppers pelted us like driving sleet. They seemed to fly
or jump up from the track at our approach, but not in sufficient time to
get out of the way, and so we literally ran into them. Those that struck
the engine were generally injured—in some cases completely smashed—
and blown off at either side, and it was only those that happened to strike
on our clothing that were worth preserving. Occasionally a stray dragon
fly, or an unlucky wasp would get in the way, and even tiger beetles flew
into the trap ; now and then a large wingless Brachypeplus, with its coarse
spines, would make its presence felt; but all were fish that came to the
net, and soon the leaves of my pamphlet were exhausted, all my pockets
filled, and by the time the station was reached, I was only too glad to
return to the car and bottle my treasures. In less than half an hour I
’ took more insects than I had room for, and what was still better, found
two new species.* The following is a list of the Orthopitera taken :—

Brachypeplus magnus. | ee carolina Linn.
Opomola bivittata Serv. trifasciata Say.
_ Pezotettix megacephala Thos. N. sp. | K tenebrosa Scudd.
Caloptenus spretus Uhler. S faldemannt Scudd.
% femur rubrum Burm. | ve andulata Thos. N. sp.
f bivittatus Say. Fs collaris Scudd.
Acridium enarginatum Unler. And two or three other species not

yet determined.

* Two other species taken during the trip are found to be new, and have been
described by Mr. Thomas. Acridium frontalis from Kansas, and Caloptenus Dodgei,
Colorado.

16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

We were much interested in watching the birds as they flew up before
us. The majority of the flock would pass to one side or the other, but
one or two would attempt to keep ahead of the engine, straining every
muscle, till finally they would fall apparently exhausted, or be struck and
drop lifeless. One was captured alive by simply reaching out the hand
and taking it.

On all-future trips through new country, I shall endeavour to get into
the good graces of the conductor and engineer, and thus secure a place
under the headlight, for, aside from its being a good “ collecting ground,”
one gets a splendid view of the country, without dust, without the usual
jolting, and with a delightful breeze into the bargain, though it doesn’t do
to reflect too much on the possibility of shipping a cow or two.

NOTES ON A NEW ORTHOPTEROUS. INSECT.

BY PROF. C. THOMAS, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Sub-Fam. CoONOCEPHALIN#.*

Copiophora mucronata. Nov. sp.

Cone of the vertex smooth on the margins, apex mucronate. Mesos-
ternum bidentate. Green; labrum, clypeus and underside of the cone
yellow.

Male and Female. Cone of the vertex standing obliquely forward,
apex mucronate, the minute spine slightly deflexed, especially in the
female ; the sides parallel from the base a little above the first joint of the
antennz, where they are slightly angulate ; not serrated or granulated on
the margins ; front side has, near the base, a prominent tubercle ; there is
also a tubercle below this between the antennz. Face oblique, smooth ;
occiput smooth. Pronotum rounded, not carined, densely punctured ;
on the dorsum there is generally a glabrous, semi-circular spot; there
are also some irregular glabrous impressions on the sides ; front margin
rounded ; posterior margin nearly straight, slightly rounded at the humerus
where there is an entering angle. Elytra passing the abdomen about one
third their length ; upper margin straight from the dorsal angle ; lower

*TI have here, and expect in the Synopsis of the Acridide of the United States,
which I am at work on, to adopt the termination 1NAE for the sub-families.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ‘Ws

margin rounded from the base to the apex ; apex angled. Wings about
as long as the elytra. Ovipositor about as long as the body, nearly
straight, lanceolate at the apex ; cerci of moderate length, swollen, slightly
curved, with a slender, pointed apex. The abdomen of the male has, at
the apex of the last ventral segment, the usual cylindrical appendages ; the
super-anal plate bilobed ; no cerci apparent in the male I have seen.
Posterior lateral angles of the mesosternum furnished with a prominent
spine. External carinae of the femora furnished with strong spines ; also
a sharp spine each side of the apex of each, projecting forward. An-
terior tibiz without spines in front ; middle with two rows above, two in
each row ; the posterior with two rows beneath. Anterior coxae furnished
externally with a strong curved spine. Antenne very long and slender.
The legs of the male are quite hairy.

Colour. Body and elytra a uniform bright.pea-green : underside and
edges of the frontal cone a bright yellow ; labrum and clypeus yellow ;
mandibles deep piceous black, except the upper external angles, which
are green. Ovipositor dull yellow, slightly striped with fuscous near the
apex. ‘Tarsi pale fuscous. Eyes brown.

Dimensions. § Length from base of cone to top of abdomen, 1.5 in.;
cone .31 in. ; elytra 1.26 in. ; posterior femora .83 in.; posterior tibize
-82 in.; Ovipositor 1.5 in. {¢ Length 1.25 in. ; cone .25 in. ; elytra 1.1;

posterior femora .68 in. ; posterior tibiz .65 in.

As before remarked, this species has evidently been introduced with
plants brought from some tropical section. The only plants received
at the Department last fall cr winter from the tropics were from Central
America and Cayenne.

If the mesosternal spines, which are very prominent, do not distin-
guish it from other species, then the very interesting inquiry arises, has it
been produced from the eggs of some known species, the variations
between the perfect insects having been produced by the different circum-
stances under which they have grown to maturity ?

So far as I am aware, the following list embraces all the species hith-
erto described :—

C. cornuta, Serv.—Para. C. megacephala, Burm.—Jole St.
C. mexicana, Sauss.—Mexico: Johanna.

C. lucifera, Burm.—Bahia. C. gracilis, Scudd.—Napo, or Mara-
C. flavo-scripta, Walk.—Venezuela. “non.

C. longicauda, Sery.—Cayenne. C. cuspidata, Haan.—Brazil.

—
H

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

This species has some strong resemblances to C. gracilis, Scudd, but is
evidently a different species.

Prof. Glover's figures will be found as follows :—Female pl. VIII, fig.
14 (Orthoptera) ; Male pl. VIL, fig. 8.

THE ACORN. MOTH.

Lfolcocera glandulella. N. sp.

BY -C., V. RILEY, ST. LOUIS, MO.

On page 118, of Volume III, I briefly referred to a little inquilinous
acorn moth by the proposed name of Gelechia glandudella. Careful ex-
amination shows that it differs from the genus Gedechia, principally by the
peculiar construction of the basal joint of the ¢ antennz, and that it
belongs to the genus Holcocera as characterized by Clemens (Proc. Ent.
Soc. Phil., II., p. 121). As the insect has been the cause of some dispute -
between myself and Mr. Couper, I send you the following description :—

HOLCOCERA GLANDULELLA. N. sp.—/mago. Alar expanse 0.50—
0.80 inch. Front wings silvery-gray, more or less distinctly suffused and
marked with fuscous ; two distinct dark discal dots: a pale transverse
stripe across the basal third of wing, slightly elbowed outwardly at its
middle : this stripe is well relieved behind by a dark shade, and this shade
generally extends from the elbow to the costa above discal spots, forming
a more or less distinct triangular shade in the anterior middle portion of
the wing: three tolerably distinct dusky marks surround the discal dots
on the outside, and a series of minute vein-specks mark the posterior
margin ; fringes concolorous. Hind wings of a more glossy, warmer,
brownish-gray, the reflection inclining to golden in certain lights ; fringes
concolorous, but not glossy. Under surface uniformly of same tint as hind
wings. Head, thorax and legs concolorous with front wings ; abdomen,
with hind wings, the joints often ringed with a paler shade. Apical joint
tipped with yellowish, or pale fulvous hairs, the ovipositor of 2, which
may be exserted one-half the length of abdomen, of same colour. The
basal antennal joint of 2, the nodule on # antenne, base of palpi, and
sometimes tarsi, also tinged with fulvous.

Described from 8 ¢, 20 @, all bred from acorns. The intensity of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19

the dark shadings is quite variable, and in some specimens the basal space
shows decidedly paler than the rest of the wing.

Larva. Length 0.35—0.50 inch. Largest in middle of body. ‘Translu-
cent grayish-white, with blue-black, vesicular, dorsal marks. A conspl-
cuous light brown head, darker cervical shield, and small anal plate. Head
with the mouth parts darker ; epistoma well defined by fine brown lines.
Piliferous spots quite noticeable from their darker polished surface, the
hairs springing from them pale and soft; placed in a transverse row on
joints 2 and 3, and on joints 4—12, three laterally and four, nearly in
a square, dorsally. The normal complement of legs which are of the
same colour as body.

I have found the species in Vermont, New Jersey, New York, Illinois
and Missouri.

This insect may be found in the larva’state all through the fall, winter
and early spring months, especially in acorns that have been infested with
the acorn weevil (Bal/aninus rectus, Say), and 1 gave some further ac-
count of it on the page already referred to. The larva is readily distin-
guished from that of Balaninus rectus, as the latter of course lacks the
legs, cervical shield, anal plate and piliferous spots, so characteristic of
the former, and is besides more wrinkled, more yellowish, less translucent
and does not show the blue-black markings on back.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

THE AMERICAN ENToMoLocist.—Editors Rural World: 1 regret to in-
form you that, contrary to the announcement a year ago, this magazine
will not be continued during the coming year. The cost of publishing a
paper so profusely illustrated with original figures. is great, and the pub-
lishers, Messrs. R. P. Studley & Co., have lately concluded to discontinue
it, as they have not met with sufficient financial encouragement. I have,
however, since they so decided, purchased from them all the illustrations
and all interest in the magazine, and hope at no distant day to recom-
mence its publication myself.. Meanwhile, I take this means of thanking
the many subscribers who, during the year, have sent in expressions of
encouragement and appreciation, or who have signified their intention of
renewing subscription. I shall ever be glad to hear from them on ento-
mological subjects, and to render them what little service lies in my power.
By making this announcement through your columns, you will oblige.
St. Louis, Mo., Dec. to, 1871. C. Ve REey,

20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ORTHOPTERA.—A case of Orthoptera, forwarded from America more than
a year ago, has just reached me, on account of the recent war, and the
obstruction of freight on the railways centering in Paris. As it was
undoubtedly stored in damp places, a large proportion of the specimens
were covered with mould, some of them so as to be quite invisible. They
had, however, suffered very unequally. On examination, I found that
specimens which had been pinned in some Paris-made pasteboard boxes,
with cork bottoms, had suffered most; those contained in wooden boxes
lined with cork much less so, although still presenting a very unsightly
appearance ; while those placed in. two wooden boxes, lined with aloe-pith,
instead of cork, were entirely uninjured. The position of the boxes in the
case seemed to have nothing to do with their immunity, as they were not
beside each other.
I would, therefore, recommend the use of aloe-pith for the lining of
insect boxes when they are to be used for distant transportation—espe- —
cially by water. SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.
Menton, France, Dec. 15, 1871. :

Kirpy’s BrIiTIsH-AMERICAN INsEcTS.—The types of the species de-
scribed by Kirby (which we are now reprinting) in the Fauna Boreal
Americana, are still in existence, we are glad to learn, at the British
Museum.

Crap AppLes.—Do not start, Entomological reader; this is not the
name of a new species of insect, but we do not know where else to
acknowledge the receipt of a little box of ‘‘ Marengo Winter Siberian
Crab-apples,” sent us by Messrs. Andrews, Herendeen & Jones, of Geneva,
N.Y. They are pretty in appearance, pleasant in taste, and are said to
especially excel in the quality of keeping. .

AGENTS FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Canapa.—FE. B. Reed, London, Ont.; W. Couper, Naturalist, Montreal,
P.Q.; G. J. Bowles, Quebec, P. Q.; J. Johnston, Canadian Institute,
Toronto, Ont.

Unitrep States.—The American Naturalist’s Book Agency, Salem, Mass.;
J. Y. Green, Newport, Vt.; W. V. Andrews, Room 17, No. 137
Broadway, New York. .

= -
~

The Canadian Entomologist,

VOL. IV. LONDON, ONT., FEBRUARY, 1872. No. 2

DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN HYMENOPTERA.
NO. I.
BY E. IT. CRESSON, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Family ICHNEUMONID2.
Genus MeEsocHorwus, Grav.

Tuis genus belongs to the sub-family ‘‘ Ophionides,’ of Holmgren, and is
distinguished from all the other genera by the large, rhomboidal areolet,
or second submarginal cell, of the anterior wing. The abdomen is oblong-
fusiform, slender at base, and more or less compressed at tip, that of the
f generally furnished with two slender sete.

The species are quite small in size, not exceeding three tenths of an
inch in length, and are few in number. Those known to me may be
tabulated as follows :—

Abdomen entirely black..................- 2 a ee ATRIVENTRIS.
Abdomen black, with apical margin of second segment and the

third entirely luteous :
Large ; face and posterior cox blackish....................-4 AGILIS.
Small; face dusky, with pale orbits ; posterior coxe luteous. .LUTEIPES.
Abdomen black, with most of second and third segments lu-

ECE hs 2 a RIA BRS Sepa I ee eri enna tig ai Se SCITULUS.
Abdomen black, with apical half of second, and the remaining
segments, except apical margins, luteous ................4 AMERICANUS.

Abdomen luteous or honey-yellow,with first and part of second
segments black :
Thorax above and occiput black ; second abdominal segment

black, except narrow apical margin..................-..05 BASALIS.
Thorax and head entirely honey-yellow ; apical half of second

abdominal segment honey-yellow...................0---- TOTONACUS.
Abdomen luteous, with sides of first, and two oblique marks

on base of second segment, black.....................--- OBLIQUUS.
Abdomen, thorax and head entirely honey-yellow............. MELLEUS.

I. Mesochorus atriventris. NV. sp.— $. Head yellowish-white ; anterior
orbits, lower half of cheeks, mandibles and palpi, paler ; the front behind
antennz, vertex, occiput, upper half of cheeks and tips of mandibles
piceous black ; antenne nearly as long as the body, slender, blackish,

4g
;

22, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

base rufo-piceous ; thorax laterally and beneath honey-yellow ; mesothorax
and scutellum fusco-ferruginous, the former darker laterally ; metathorax
piceous-black, the flanks honey-yellow ; tegule yellowish-white ; wings
hyaline, iridescent, nervures luteo-fuscous, stigma luteous; legs luteous,
posterior tibize paler, the extreme base and apex fuscous, their tarsi dusky
towards the apex; abdomen long, slender, polished black, apical margin
of third segment obscurely testaceous ; venter luteous. Length 2% lines.

Hah.—Illinois. Easily distinguished from the other species by the
black abdomen.

2. Mesochorus agilis, Cresson. Proc. Ent. Society Phila., April, 7865,
p. 266.

2. Black, polished ; most of clypeus, extreme lower portion of cheeks,
mandibles except tips, and the palpi, yellowish ; antenne longer than the
body, slender, brown-black ; tegule and a spot before pale yellowish ;
wings ample, hyaline, iridescent, nervures pale fuscous, yellowish at base
of wing, as well as costa and stigma ; legs obscure luteous, posterior coxze
fuscous, tips of their tibiae and their tarsi dusky ; abdomen piceous black,
polished, apical margin of second segment, and the whole of the third,
obscure luteous ; venter stained with yellowish. Length 3% lines.

Hfab.—Colorado. ‘This is the largest species known to me.

3. Mesochorus luteipes. N. sp—§ Black, shining; face, mouth, and
lower part of cheeks luteous ; middle of face and tips of mandibles dusky ;
antennz nearly as long as the body, slender, fuscous, scape pale honey
yellow ; prothorax beneath and tegulz luteous ; wings hyaline, iridescent,
nervures and stigma pale fuscous; legs luteous, posterior coxz and
femora slightly tinged with fuscous, the extreme base and apex of their
tibia dusky, also more or less of their tarsi; abdomen above piceous-
black, polished, most of the third segment dull luteous, apical segments
have a brownish tinge ; venter rufo-testaceous. Length 2 lines.

Hab.—New Jersey. Much smaller than Agi/is, which it resembles in
having the thorax almost entirely black; it is, however, abundantly
distinct.

4. Mesochorus basalis. N. sp—§. Honey-yellow ; spot covering
oceli and confluent with a large transverse mark on occiput, tips of
mandibles, mesothorax, scutellar region, metathorax entirely and spot
beneath wings, black; antennz ferruginous; face luteous, with small
dusky stains ; two faint longitudinal lines on mesothorax and most of
scutellum, honey-yellow and concolorous with pleura ; tegulz pale luteous;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Ze

wings hyaline, iridescent, stigma fuscous, nervures paler ; legs pale honey-
yellow, coxze and posterior tibize luteous, tips of the latter'dusky, as well
as most of the tarsi; abdomen honey-yellow, the first, and the second
segments except apical margin, black. Length 234 lines.

Hab.—Massachusetts.

5. Mesochorus americanus. N. sp.—§. Pale honey-yellow ; spot en-
closing ocelli, sometimes more or less of occiput, tips of mandibles,
mesothorax and more or less of metathorax above, black ; antenne as
long as body, slender, varies from rufo-testaceous to fuscous, with the,
Scape luteous; scutellum and region honey-yellow ; tegulz luteous ; wings
hyaline, iridescent, nervures and stigma pale fuscous ; legs pale luteous,
almost white, the femora tinged with yellowish, extreme apex of posterior
tibiz blackish ; abdomen fusiform, very slender at base, first segment
above entirely black, second luteous, with the basal half black, the margin
indented anteriorly, so that in some specimens the black is divided into
two subquadrate spots, remaining segments luteous, with fuscous apical
margins ; venter luteous. Length 2% lines.

Hfab.— Pennsylvania, Delaware, Illinois.

6. Mesochorus totonacus. N. sp—%. Pale honey-yellow, metathorax
and abdomen darker, smooth and polished ; tips of mandibles, antennz -
except base, first segment of abdomen and basal half of second, black ;
wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures and stigma blackish ; tips of posterior
femora, of their tibize and of all the tarsi, dusky. Length 214 lines.

Hab.—Orizaba, Mexico.

7. Mesochorus vitreus, Walsh. ns. Inj. to Veg. in Lls., p. 36.

“ #. General colour light rufous ; eyes and ocelli black ; antennz
fuscous, except towards base ; upper surface of thorax sometimes fuscous ;
intermediate and posterior tibiz with spurs equal to one-fourth of their
length, posterior knees slightly dusky, tips of posterior tibiae distinctly
dusky ; wings hyaline, nervures and stigma dusky ; abdomen, a trans-
lucent yellowish-white in its central one-third, the remaining two-thirds
piceous-black, with a distinct narrow yellowish annulus at the base of the
third joint. The ¢ differs from the f in the head from the mouth
upwards being piceous ; the thorax and pectus are also piceous-black ;
abdomen asin the #. Length .o8—.13 inch.”

Hab. —IUllinois. Bred from the Army-worm (Leucania unipuncta,
Haw). This species is unknown to me. The % seems to be closely
allied to that of scitulus, . sp., but the 2 is entirely different.

QA THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

8. Mesochorus scitulus. N. sp—f 2. Pale honey-yellow or luteous ;
head broad ; spot covering ocelli, and tips of mandibles black ; occiput of
2 more or less fuscous; antennae long and slender, pale testaceous, some- ~
times slightly dusky, scape paler ; mesothorax fuscous in 9 , honey-yellow
with .dusky sides in ¢ ; scutellum and region honey-yellow; disk of
metathorax more or less blackish or fuscous ; tegulae pale luteous ; wings
hyaline, iridescent, nervures and stigma luteous ; legs pale luteous, apex
of posterior tibiae and tips of tarsal joints dusky; abdomen fusiform, very
slender at base, black above, with a large discal pale luteous spot covering
apical half or two-thirds of second, and basal half or two-thirds of third
segments; venter pale luteous; apex of ¢~ with two long slender setae ;
ovipositor of 2 longer than basal segment. Length ¥% line.

ffab.—Pennsylvania. Twenty-three specimens, along with four speci-
mens of a Pezomachus, bred from a bunch of bright lemon-yellow cocoons,
(probably those of a AZicrogaster), found attached to a blade of grass.

g. Mesochorus obliguus. N. sp—f¥. Pale honey-yellow, orbits and
mouth luteous; sides of mesothorax faintly dusky; tegulae white ; wings
hyaline, iridescent, stigma fuscous, nervures pale; legs pale luteous,
posterior femora yellowish, their tibiae fuscous at base and almost black at
apex ; lateral margins of first abdominal segment and two oblique marks
at base of second segment black ; extreme sides of third segment dusky.
Length 2 lines.

ffab. — Pennsylvania. Distinguished by the two oblique: marks at
base of the second abdominal segment.

Io. Mesochorus melleus. N. sp.—%. Uniformly honey-yellow ; spot
enclosed by ocelli, and tips of mandibles blackish ; antennae as long as
body, slender, flagellum dusky ; wings hyaline, iridescent, stigma fuscous,
nervures much paler; legs luteous, extreme base and apex of posterior
tibiae and tips of tarsal joints dusky ; abdomen robust, honey-yellow, apex
somewhat discolored. Length 2 lines.

Hfab.—Pennsylvania. Easily distinguished by the immaculate, uniform
honey-yellow colour of the body, which is more robust than usual.

THE ANNUAL ReEporr on Insects Noxious or Beneficial to Agriculture,
which, by the Statute of Incorporation, is required to be furnished’ by the
Entomological Society of Ontario to the Commissioner of Agriculture, is
now in the printer’s hands, and will be forwarded to the Members of the
Society as speedily as possible. ©

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29

MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY.

Continued from page 12.
GRACILLARIA.

5. Gracillaria (Coriscium?) albinatella. LN. sp.

Second joint of the labial palpi with a distinct tuft at the apex beneath.
Head and palpi silvery white. Second joint of the labial palpi brownish-
gray, except at the tip. Antennae, thorax and anterior wings pale brown-
ish-gray, in some lights silvery or golden. Thorax with a longitudinal
median white streak produced gradually, widening along the dorsal margin
of the anterior wings to the basal third, when it is intersected by a some-
what oblique costa/ white streak. Another oblique costal white streak
about the basal fourth ; a third one longer and narrower, situated beyond
the middle of the costa, and a fourth and large one near the apex, and
extending into the ciliae. Opposite the space between the second and
third costal streaks is a large white triangular dorsal spot with its internal
margin convex. Each of the costal and dorsal streaks is dark margined
on both sides and around the apex. In the apex behind the costo-apical
white spot is a curved golden-brown streak bordered behind by a brilliant
white streak on the dorso-apical margin. Ciliae white, stained at the
extreme tip with fuscous, with a rather wide, short, reddish-golden, hinder
marginal line at the base of the apical ciliae, and three or four minute
fuscous spots in the ciliae beyond it. Posterior wings bluish smoky.
Legs golden-brown, spotted and streaked with white. Tarsi white, annu-

_ late with brown ; posterior tibiae white. A/ar ex. scarcely %4 inch. Ken-
tucky.

6. Gracillaria salicifoliella. N. sp.

Face and palpi.white, with the apex of the labial palpi and a spot on
the outer surface of the second joint, and one on the third, brown. Vertex
white, suffused with brownish in front, and with a blackish patch at the
_ base of the antennae, which are dark brown. Thorax and dorsal portion
of the wings to the ciliae, white; costal portion blackish-brown ; its line
of junction with the white portion fwice indented or scalloped towards the
fold. Five costal white streaks, the first about the middle of the costa,
curving backwards, long, and narrowed towards its apex, sometimes

26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

almost overspread with blackish-brown scales on the white ground, pro-
duced along the costa towards, but not to, the base; the second is shorter,
wider, suffused with ochreous and blackish; not distinct, and sometimes only
distinguishable as a paler spot in the blackish portion of the wing, produced
along tne costa to the first streak ; the third is larger, distinct, curving
backwards to the centre of the apical part of the wing, and gradually
narrowing ; zf forms the posterior margin of the blackish portion of the wing,
which curves around it, narrowing to a point in the centre of the apical part
of the wing. Apical part of the wing, as far as the third costal streak,
brownish-ochreous, with an indistinct brown apical spot. Fourth and
fifth costal streaks in the brownish-ochreous part of the wing. Ciliae
silvery-gray, with two brownish hinder marginal lines, one at the base; the
other near the apex, and continued into the “ hook.” A/ar ex. 7s inch.

This species resembles the European G. Aoc//ariella, as figured in
Stainton’s Wat. His. Tin., v. 8, p. 128, and plate 3, fig. 3, but probably is
nearer still to G. Gradate//a, and may prove to be that species, the food-
plant of which is unknown. The principal differences between it and
Kollariella, are indicated by the italics.

The larva was not observed until August, and some of the mines were
then empty. I found it abundant from that time until the fall of the leaves
in November. It mines the upper surface of the leaves of different
Willows (Salix longifolia, native, and S. alba and S. Badbylonica, foreign
species). It does not leave one mine to form another, but continues in
one mine until ready to become a pupa ; and sometimes the mine covers
nearly the entire leaf.. It pupates under a dense semi-transparent white
web over the midrib ; usually of a different leaf, though I have occasion-
ally found it on the under side of the same leaf mined by it. It remains
in the pupa state about two weeks, and the imago probably hybernates.
Common in Kentucky.

7. Gracillaria desmodifoliella, Clem. Proc. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 145; pre-
viously described by Dr. Clemens in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 7860,
p. 7, as G. violacella. The last description was made to correct the
first, but from a single bred specimen in my possession, the first descrip-
tion seems to be as nearly correct as the last. Probably it is a somewhat
variable species. It feeds on the leaves of species of Desmodium, and
if it is ever a miner (as it most probably is), it is so for a very short time
only, as the larvae are found, whilst still very small, rolling the leaves from
the apex downwards, eating the underside. It frequently leaves one roll

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 27

and makes another. It pupates over the midrib under a dense but semi-
transparent white web on the upper side of the leaf. Rather an incon-
spicuous insect ; the costal half of the wings yellowish, with a few black
spots on the middle of the margin. Dorsal half yellowish-purple, faintly
iridescent, with a few small blackish dots along the centre of the disc.
Alar ex. about 7s inch. Kentucky. Common.

8. Gracillaria Packardella. N. sp.

Face and palpi snowy-white; the joints of the palpi tipped with
golden. Vertex, antennae, thorax, and base of the ‘wings pale lemon-
yellow, each antennal joint tipped above with fuscous. Anterior wings
pale reddish-orange, with purple and golden reflections, and becoming
deeper towards the apex, with a large triangular pale lemon-yellow spot
about the middle, very wide on the costa, and its apex almost touching
the dorsal margin. Ciliae pale yellowish, faintly flecked with reddish-
orange or golden. Anterior surface of the legs reddish-orange, tinged
with fuscous. Scales of the head loose, not appressed.

Larva and food-plant unknown, but from circumstances, I suspect it
to be an Oak-feeding species ; and I think that it passes the winter in the
pupal state, from finding fresh specimens of it abundant in April and
May. <A/ar ex. about % inch. Kentucky.

I took it resting upon fences under Beech and Oak trees ; on which
also, there were a great many of the bracts, or outer reddish envelopes, of
the Beech leaf-buds (which were then expanding, and throwing off these
envelopes). Ata distance of more than a yard it was scarcely possible to
distinguish the Gracil/aria from these envelopes.. I have never found a
mine or larva of this genus on the Beech ; and have found the imago on
Oaks at a great distance from any Beech trees.

I have named it. in honor of Dr. A. S. Packard, jun., author of the
** Guide.”

9g. Gracilaria purpuriella.. LN. sp.

Violaceous, reddish or brownish-purple, according to the light. Face
pale violaceous, flecked with brownish-purple. Antennae brown, tinged
with purplish, faintly annulate with white at the base of each joint ; palpi
pale purplish. ‘The triangular white spot about the middle of the costa is
nearly equilateral; its anterior margin is a little concave, the apex reach-
ing the fold, and it has four small spots of the general hue situated in it
“upon the costa. Ciliae bluish fuscous. Posterior femora white at the
tip, and with a wide white band about the middle, and its under surface

28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

entirely white. Posterior tibiae and inner surface of intermediate tibiae
white. Tarsi pale grayish-fuscous, faintly annulate, with white at the
joints. Abdomen purplish-fuscous ‘on a white ground. Alar ex. % inch.

The larva mines the leaves of the Willow (Sa/ix longifolia) for a very
short time, then leaving the mine, it rolls the leaves from the tip upwards,
into various forms (usually a cone or helix of three spirals). I first found
it in September and October, and do not know whether it can be found
earlier ornot. It frequently leaves one roll and makes another, and when
ready to pupate, makes a dense semi-transparent web over it, upon the
ground, not on the leaf, as in many species. The imago emerges in the
fall, and most probably, hybernates.

I have bred a great many species of Ichneumonides and Chalcidiide
parasites from the different “Micros.” Among others, the following,
which I take to be a Eulophus, though I can distinguish but eig#¢ antennal
joints. Possibly, however, one of the three terminal joints may be com-
posed of ‘wo or more compact joints, but they are so thickly clothed with
blackish hairs that I can not discover it without dissection, which, as I
have but the single specimen, I do not wish to resort to. Some allied
genera have the terminal joint composed of ¢hree compact joints ; but that
would make the antennae in this species zo-jointed, whereas, in Eulophus,
they are 9-jointed.

The antennae are black, and the third, fourth and fifth joints each
give off, internally from the base, a plumose branch about as long as the
portion of the stalk beyond it. Eyes bronzy brown. Head and thorax
bluish-green, densely punctured. Legs and tarsi white, except the pos-
terior #4‘@ and femora, which are pale fuscous ; abdomen blackish, with a
pale whitish band across the tergum near the base /ov. vz inch. The
living insect seemed to be continually expanding and shutting its antennae,
and plumes like fans.

Bred from larvae of Gracillaria purpuriela, and I call it Eulophus
Gracilaria.

Zo. Gracillaria juglandiella. N. sp.

Palpi white, flecked with dark brown, and second and third palpal
joints tipped with brown. Face white; antennae, vertex, thorax and
basal third of the anterior wings iridescent, deep. blood-brown, purple or
violaceous, according to the light. Antennae faintly annulate with
whitish, and basal third of the wing faintly flecked with whitish. Trigonal
mark faintly outlined, its anterior margin being the posterior margin of the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29

deep coloured basal third of the wing, and the mark itself being oversptead
with the same colour as the basal third, but a little paler, and scarcely at
all distinguishable from the portion of the wing beyond it. ‘Trigonal mark
and apical portion of the wing beyond it, distinctly, but sparsely, flecked
with white. The trigonal spot reaches nearly to the dorsal margin, and has
two minute white streaks at each of its costal angles, and there is a very
small white costal streak at the beginning of the ciliae. Ciliae of the
general hue. Posterior wings and ciliae dark bluish-fuscous. Anterior
coxae, trochanters, femora and basal half of the tibiae, of the general hue,
except a white annulus on the middle of the femora, and two large white
spots on its under surface, and a white annulus about the basal fourth of
the tibiae. ‘Tvarsi and apical half of the tibiae white ; tarsal joints tipped
with brown ; intermediate tarsi white, tipped with brown ; posterior legs
whitish. A/ar ex. about 7s inch.

The larva mines the underside of the leaves of the Black Walnut
(Fuglans Nigra) in August and September. After a time, it leaves the
mine and goes to the upper surface, where it curls over the edge of the
leaf, and passes the remainder of its larval and its pupal states ; the imago
emerging in the fall, and most probably hybernating.

In general colour it bears some resemblance to G. purpuriella, ante,
but is a slenderer insect, and the trigonal mark, which is scarcely discern-
ible in this insect, is very distinct in that. Kentucky. Rather common.

HEMIPTERA, HETEROPTERA AND DERMAPTERA (ORTH-
OPTERA) OF AMERICA TO THE NORTH OF THE
UNITED STATES.

BY FRANCIS WALKER, F.L.S., LONDON, ENGLAND.

HEMIPTERA, HETEROPTERA.

Part 1. Family PACHYCORIDZ:.

Homamus exilis, /7. Sch., Nova Scotia.

Family ODONTOSCELID.

CoRIMELENA unicolor, Pal, Beauv. Nova Scotia.
do nigra, Dallas. Lake Huron. St. Martin’s Falls.

30

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Family ASOPID A.

ARMA modesta, Dallas. Nova Scotia.
ZICRONA cuprea, Dallas. St. Martin’s Falls.
do marginella, Da//as. do

Family CYDNID.

ETHUS bilineatus, Say. Canada.
SEHIRUS ligatus, Say. Nova Scotia. Arctic America.
Family PENTATOMID.
EUSCHISTUS punctipes, Say. Nova Scotia.
do luridus, Da//as. do
ZELIA trilineata, A7ry. Nova Scotia. St. Martin’s Falls.
Eysarcoris carnifex. abr. Nova Scotia.
PENTATOMA juniperina, Zim. Canada. (Inhabits Europe).
do picea, Dadlas. St. Martin’s Falls.
RHAPHIGASTER catinus, Dallas. Canada.
ACANTHOSOMA cruciata, Say. NovaScotia. St. Martin’s Falls. Arc-
tic America.

Family ALYDIDZ.
ALypbuws calcaratus, Zinn. Nova Scotia. Arctic America. Inhabits
Europe.

DERMAPTERA (ORTHOPTERA ).

ISCHNOPTERA Pensylvanica, Deg. Canada.

GRYLLUuS luctuosus, Serv. Canada.

NEMOBIUS vittatus, Harris. Nova Scotia.

ONTHOPHILUS maculatus, Say. do

Decticus sphagnorum, Garust. St. Martin’s Falls. Hudson’s Bay.
XIPHIDIUM fasciatum, Deg. Nova Scotia.

PHANEROPTERA curvicauda, Deg. do

PHYLLOPTERA myrtifolia, Serv. Canada. Nova Scotia.
CaLopreNus femur-rubrum, Deg. Nova Scotia. Arctic America.

do bivittatus, Say. Canada. Nova Scotia. St. Martin’s
Falls.

do borealis, Feber. Labrador.

do fasciatus, Barnst. St. Martin’s Falls.

do extremus, Walk. Arctic America.

do arcticus, Walk. do do

PopIsMA septentrionalis, Sass. Labrador.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 31

(Epipopa Carolina, Zinn. Canada. Nova Scotia.
do sulphurea, adr. Nova Scotia. Arctic America.
do phcenicoptera, Germ. St. Martin’s Falls. Arctic America.
do rugosa, Scudder. Nova Scotia.
do corallipes, Wadd. Arctic America.
STENOBOTHRUS curtipennis, Harris. St. Martin’s Falls. Nova
Scotia. Newfoundland. Arctic America.
do maculipennis, Scudder. Arctic America.
Tetrix granulata, Kirby. St. Martin’s Falls. Arctic America.
do ornata, Harris. Nova Scotia. St. Martin’s Falls.

Jan., 1872.

INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA.
COMPILED BY THE EDITOR. .

From Kirbys Fauna Boreali-Americana: Insecta.

(Continued from page 233, Vol. iii.)

207. Buprestis (STENURIS) DIVARICATA Say.—Length of body 10
lines. Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby ; I received both sexes also from
Massachusetts by the kindness of Dr. Harris.

[155.] Body below copper-bronzed, above dusky-bronzed ; glossy ;
confluently punctured and wrinkled. Head with numerous branching,
levigated, narrow spaces ; eyes yellow surrounded with a black orbit ;
mandibles black at the tip; front longitudinally impressed in the centre :
prothorax with numerous levigated spaces, obsoletely channelled ; sides
anteriorly rounded with a slight sinus near the base ; basilar angles diverg-
ing : elytra very obsoletely furrowed, reticulated with numerous elevated
lines, many scattered levigated spaces ; bicarinated at the apex, the inner
ridge being very short ; suture terminating in a point; at their truncated
extremity the elytra are divaricated and suddenly attenuated: the first
segment of the abdomen, and the breast bones are hollowed out into a
longitudinal channel: prosternum linear. [Exceedingly common in Can-
ada ; the larva bores into cherry and beech, and probably other trees.
Belongs to the genus Diécerca Esch. |

208. BUPRESTIS (STENURIS) TENEBROSA Kirby. — Length of body
734 lines. Several taken in Lat. 65°, and in the Rocky Mountains.

32 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Very. like the species just described but much smaller. Body con-
fluently punctured, upper surface black, with only the elevated parts
glossy, lower bronzed-copper and glossy. Mouth and antennae bronzed ;
eyes black ; front sculptured as in St divaricata: prothorax uneven with
shallow impressions and a broad dorsal channel ; distinctly bisinuate at
the base; surface with levigated elevations: scutellum very minute, im-
pressed : elytra divaricated and suddenly attenuated at the apex, which is
rounded and has a single ridge ; surface rough with many concatenated ~
and levigated irregular elevations, side of the tip bronzed : breast channel-
led underneath, but the first segment of the abdomen less conspicuously,
prosteraum nearly an isosceles triangle: hypopygium with three short
teeth. [Taken in Canada, but not very common ; “abundant at Lake
Superior” (Le Conte). Belongs to Dicerca. |

209. |156.] BupReEsTis (STENURIS) TENEBRICA A7zrdby.—Length of
body 734—9 lines. Several taken in Lat. 54° and at Cumberland-house.

This species differs principally from St ¢enebrosa, which in other
respects it greatly resembles, in having the prothorax without any levigated
elevations, and with the impressions, except the channel which is better
defined, more obsolete. The elytra are distinctly furrowed, especially -
next the suture, with punctured furrows, and there is only a series of levi-
gated elevations near the lateral margin ; the attenuated apex of the elytra
is longer, rather truncated, and underneath of a dark blue : the prosternum
is linear, and the base of the abdomen scarcely channelled: the teeth of
the hypopygium are longer and of a brilliant ruddy-copper.

VARIETY B. Smaller, upper surface black-bronzed. [Probably synony-
mous with Dicerca lacustris Lec., a species taken at Point Kewenan, on
Lake Superior. ]

[157]. 210. BuprestTis (ODONTOMUS) TRINERVIA Azrby.—Plate ii.,
fig. 9.—Length of the body 514—-534 lines. Several specimens taken in
Lat. 54° and 65° and in the Rocky Mountains.

Body punctured, above black-bronzed, below copper-coloured and
glossy. Head obscurely copper, confluently punctured and wrinkled,
with a pair of levigated irregular elevations between the eyes; nose bilobed
with divaricated lobes forming an obtusangular sinus ; antennae copper
with a testaceous pedicel:- prothorax transverse, confluently punctured
with several levigated spaces ; lightly and widely impressed, impressions
faintly gilded ; disk channelled ; sides very slightly emarginate ; base with
2 double sinus, scutellum triangular, acuminated: elytra with the de-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 33

pressed parts confluently punctured and very faintly gilded ; with three
subinterrupted longitudinal ridges connected by -transverse levigated ele-
vations ; the two external ridges become confluent and proceed as a single
ridge to the apex; lateral margin towards the apex minutely serrulate :
back of the abdomen of a fine silky green: underside of the body thinly
planted with hoary hairs ; prosternum constricted in the middle and ter-
minating towards the anus in a dilated trilobed point : shoulders much
incrassated, armed below with a stout tooth ; cubits clubbed at the apex ;
four anterior tibiae bent or bowed: hypopygium bidentate. [Belongs
to the genus Crysobothris Esch. ‘Taken in Canada, and, according to
Dr. Le Conte, in the following localities : ‘*‘ Lake Superior, Lake Winni-
peg, Oregon and Washington Territories.” He states that “the colour
beneath is somewhat variable, and that he has a # with the body entirely
green, and a 2 in which it is coppery, with purple spots at the sides of
the abdomen. ‘The sides of the thorax are sometimes straight, sometimes
rounded, but it is never obviously wider in front.” ]

211. BUPRESTIS (ODONTOMUS) PROXIMA A7rby.— Length of body 5%

lines. A single specimen taken in the Expedition.

. [158.] Body minutely and thickly punctured: above black-bronzed
obscure ; underneath cupreous with the gloss obscured ; except near the
anus, cloathed with numerous rather long decumbent hoary hairs. Head
somewhat cupreous, hoary from decumbent hairs ; nose green, bilobed
with divaricated lobes, including a somewhat obtusangular sinus ; antennae
green ; vertex channelled: prothorax embossed in the disk, impressed
and wrinkled at the sides; depressed parts punctured and reflecting a
faint lustre of copper : scutellum an isosceles triangle, depressed and green
at the base, elevated part black: elytra embossed, with a ridge extending
from the apex where it is broader, by the side of the suture towards the
base where it is abbreviated: the depressed spaces have a faint lustre of
copper and bronze, and are thickly punctured ; apex rounded and obso-
letely serrulated : shoulders incrassated with a short robust tooth: all the
tibiae are bent or bowed ; cubit not dilated at the extremity : hypopygium
with a deep sinus.

This nearly resembles B. O. ¢rinervia, but is sufficiently distinguished
by having only a single ridge on the elytra, and the posterior tibiae as
well as the other pairs, bowed’: the prothorax also is not channelled and
its sides are rounded. [Belongs to Chrysobothris. Is not included in Le
Conte’s List. }

[159.] 212. Buprestis (TRACHYPTERIS) DRuMMoNDI K?rby.—Plate

34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

li., fig. 8, var. B.—Length of body 434 lines. Several specimens taken in
Lat. 54° and 65°, and in the Rocky Mountains.

Body as it were reticulated with numerous punctures, bronzed, more
obscurely on the upper surface, more glossy on the lower. Head very —
thickly punctured, obsoletely and slenderly channelled; apex of the nose
levigated : prothorax transverse, with a double sinus in the basilar margin;
obsoletely channelled, impressed on each side nearer the base, covered
with innumerable scratches variously drawn, those of the disk being’
somewhat concentric; sides punctured: scutellum very minute, trans-
verse: elytra very thickly punctured, and also exhibiting an appearance
of granulations, slanting at the apex; the disk of the elytra, nearer the
apex than the base, is marked with three yellow roundish dots arranged
in an obtuse-angled triangle with the vertex towards the side: underside
of the abdomen towards the anus less thickly punctured.

Variety B. Elytra with four yellow dots, a minute one, but varying in
size, being placed outside the anterior one. [Belongs to JZedanophila
Esch. “Oregon and Washington Territories, abundant, straying into
California and Alaska.” (Le Conte). |

213. Buprestis (TRACHYPTERIS) UMBELLATARUM /adr.—Length of
body 234 lines. Several specimens taken near Cumberland-house, Lat. 54°.

[160.] The description that Fabricius and Olivier have given of B,
umbellatarum is so extremely brief, that Iam by no means certain that
the insect I here give under that name is really synonymous with it. As
far as their description goes it corresponds, and also with Olivier’s figure,
but that is very indistinct. It has been found in Barbary, Portugal, and
Provence. Fabricius, says it affords no characters except its colour and
smooth elytra; but it will be found upon a close inspection, I speak
with regard to the American specimens, to exhibit several.

Body black-bronzed, covered all over as it were with a fine net-work,
produced by minute lines as if scratched by a pin or needle ; above dull,’
below glossy. Antennae much shorter than the prothorax: prothorax
transverse with rounded sides, and longitudinal basilar impressions near
each posterior angle: scutellum triangular: elytra with three very slight
impressions arranged longitudinally ; an obsolete series of punctures runs
parallel with the lateral margin ; apex obtuse and very minutely serrated :
prosternum acuminate.

Length of body

214. BUPRESTIS (OXYPTERIS) APPENDICULATA adr.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ao

4%—5%% lines. Several specimens in the Rocky Mountains, and near
Cumberland-house.

[161.] Body black, not glossy. Head minutely and thickly punctured,
channelled, on each side of the channel between the eyes is an impression ;
antennae nearly as long as the prothorax: prothorax scarcely wider than
long, channelled, with a large but shallow impression on each side ; sides
thickly punctured so as to resemble net-work ; rounded with the basilar
angles depressed and a little diverging: scutellum nearly heart-shaped,
acute: elytra rough with very minute and numerous granules, and several
very slight shallow impressions, between which runs an obsolete obtuse
ridge from the shoulder towards the apex, serrulated at the apex, and ter-
minating in a very sharp point: breast minutely and thickly punctured ;
prosternum a ‘little constricted in the middle, point triangular. [Though,
as Le Conte remarks, this species here described is very closely related to
the European insect to which it is referred by Kirby, it is Says’ AZelano-
phila longipes—a species not at all uncommon in Ontario, and taken also
in such widely separated localities as Pennsylvania, Kansas and Lake Su-
perior. |

215. AGRILUS BiviTTATus A7réy.—Length of body 4 lines. Taken
in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

[Previously described as Buprestis ( Agrilus) bilineatus Weber ; for
description vide Say’s Ent. Works, 1. 386 and ii. 596. This very pretty
species is not uncommon in Canada, and is taken throughout the United
States. |

[162.] 216. TRACHYS AURULENTA A?rby.—Length of body 3 lines.
Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

Body obovate, black-blue, glossy. Sinus of the head deeper than in
the other species; face nearly covered with glittering copper-coloured
decumbent hairs ; antennae shorter than the prothorax: prothorax trans-
verse, repand on each side at the base with a central lobe, concave at the
apex ; anteriorly in the middle very convex ; sides and base depressed ;
surface impunctured and tesselated with ruddy-copper hairs like those of
the head: scutellum at the base transverse, with the vertex terminating in
a long and sharp acumen : elytra with three ridges, the two inner ones less
distinct, parallel, obtuse and abbreviated at each extremity, the external
one distinct, acute running from the shoulder in an undulated line nearly
to the apex of the elytrum; several rows of larger punctures are discernible,
and several spaces thickly punctured with minute ones; the elytra are

36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ee en I ee
also spotted with several hairy ruddy-copper spots, and ornamented with
four or five undulated hairy indistinct silver bands : underneath the tint
of blue is very faint and the disk of the breast is bronzed : ; the mesoster-
num is hollowed out into a deep channel. [Previously described as
Buprestis (Brachys) ovatea Weber. Rather rare in Canada; taken in the
Eastern, Middle and Southern States. | 3

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

SMERINTHUS MODESTUS.—Seyveral specimens of this very rare and
beautiful sphinx have been captured in the neighbourhood of London
during the past season.—W. S. '

Captures AT NortH Douro, Co. oF PeTERBORO, OnT.—Having, in
accordance with my invariable custom, taken notes during the past year
of such entomological specimens as I have captured in this neighbour-
hood, I herewith furnish you with a list which, as the season for collecting
has expired—save only with respect to those who search for insects in
their Azbernacula—may perhaps find some small vacant space upon the
pages of our Magazine.

March 24.—A fine specimen of A/tacus Polyphemus was hatched in
a box in my library. In emerging from the cocoon, it made a noise
similar to, and as loud as, that made by a mouse behind a wainscot. It
was, in fact, by this scratching sound that my notice was first attracted to
the box.

March 29.—I captured ‘a “small tortoise-shell butterfly”— Vanessa
Milberti. It was fluttering on the snow-covered ground, tempted abroad
by a bright gleam of sunshine, the thermometer indicating, at the time,
30° Fahrenheit.

April 8.—I discovered, in a piece of decayed wood, a larva of a Fire-
fly—Photinus corruscus. It emitted a very pretty pale-green light.

May 9.—Mosquitoes made their first appearance ; all through this
year they were less troublesome than I have ever known them previously.

May 21.—Swarms of Flea-beetles — Ha/tica— appeared on some
cabbage plants growing in boxes. I watered the plants with tobacco-
water, soon after which the beetles left them and gathered on the edges

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 37

and sides of the boxes, suffering, evidently, from warcosis. I killed hun-
dreds of them, while in this condition, without difficulty.

I also, on the same day, poured tobacco-water into some ants’ nests
on my lawn, and the ants disappeared.

May 25.—Black-flies—Simudia molesta—put in their most unwelcome
appearance, covering, positively darkening, trees and fences and sides of
houses.

May 27.—Pafilio asterias, P. turnus J and §, Vanessa antiopa,
and Zhyreus nessus.

May 29.—Chalcophora virginiensis.

June 6.—-Another specimen of C. virginiensis and Chrysobothris fe-
morata.

Finding my currant and gooseberry-bushes infested with caterpillars,
I watered them with hellebore and alum—r oz. powdered hellebore and
2 oz. powdered alum, to a gallon of water—which I find an unfailing
remedy.

June 9.—/o/yommatus Americana.

June 10.—A friend brought me a “ Cucumber-beetle”—-Dzabrotica
vittata, with some of its eggs, which, with a look almost of triumph at the
discovery, he assured me was a “ Colorado Potato Bug.” Nor could I
convince him of his error until I showed him in my collection a specimen
’ of the Diabrotica captured some years ago, long before the Colorado
Beetle was heard of in Canada. I may here mention that on two subse-
quent days, two neighbours brought me specimens of the Axcylochira fas-
ciata and the C/ytus sfeciosus respectively, with the assertion, very emphatic
in the case of the second, that they were the veritable much-dreaded
** bugs.”

However, on the 4th of the following month, July, I was shown, by
another neighbour, some larve, discovered on a potato-patch in his
garden, of the true Doryphora ro-lineata.

June 29.—* Locust-tree Carpenter-moth”—Xyleutes Robinia. Limenitis
arthemis 2.

July .1.—A “ Buprestis”’—Ancylochira fasciata.

July 3.—Clytus speciosus.

‘July 8.—“ Common 3-striped Potato-beetle”—Lema trilineata. ‘Three
specimens.

July 25.—Clytus speciosus. Hypercompa Lecontei.

38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

July 26.—The “ Hellgrammite Fly”—Corydalis cornutus.
August 3.—Dzucerca lurida ; 8% tenths of an inch long.
September 1.—Chrysomela scalaris.

September 11.— Black-flies” made their second appearance: an un-
usual occurence. Several children were rather severely bitten by them.

It may not prove uninteresting to your readers if I superadd the fol-
lowing brief atmospheric notes :—

November 10.—First fall of snow. 16.—Sleighing. 28.—The river
Otonabee, a rapid stream, frozen across from side to side. 30.—Ther-

mometer 13° below zero—a somewhat extraordinary record for the month
of November.—V. CLEMENTI, B.A.

* POLYHISTOR ?”—I cannot pass Mr. Couper’s remarks on pp. 178—9,
Vol. iii.,, unnoticed, though I have no quarrel with that gentleman. First,
he takes too much unction to his soul in supposing that by qualifying too
sweeping an assertion (see p. 158), I have in any way weakened the asser-
tion that he mistook the above Lepidopterous larva for that of a Cole-
opter. I know positively that the Bal/aninus larva spins no web, while
the Holcocera larva does. The first leaves the acorn to burrow in the
ground, with rare exceptions, in the fall of the year; and any one who col-
lects infested acorns on the last of March, as did Mr. Couper, will be
morally certain to find 999 of them containing the /Yodcocera where one
contains the Balaninus. Mr. Cooper’s description on p. 65 also shows
plainly that his larvae were moth-larvae, for in those of Balaninus the
thorax is not “chestnut colour,” and there are not numerous dots on the
body. Feeling pretty sure that Mr. Couper had made a mistake, I drew
attention to it for truth’s sake, and if Mr. Couper writes for truth rather
than victory, he will plainly tell the readers of the ENromMo.ocist, as he
promised to do, whether or not he bred moths from those larvae which he
obtained in March. Too much error creeps into entomological literature
by careless description, and the settlement of the point in dispute between
us is quite important. I have already stated that I know of no curculio-
nidous larva in the United States that spins a cocoon. If Mr. Couper’s
larvae were really curculionidous, we shall have at least one exception ; but
I submit in all earnestness that no proof has yet been given.

With regard to the other strictures in his article on p. 178, I have little
to say. I still claim that Mr. Couper should not use the term “ Family”
in the sense of “Order,” as he did on p. 35 ; and whether Mr. Pettit, of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39

Grimsby, “ comes to his aid,” or not, in reference to the species of Ba/a-
minus infesting acorns, may be judged of by the following letter which Mr.
Pettit wrote after reading my communication on the subject, as published
in the October number :—

My Dear Srir,—Your letter in reference to the Acorn weevil was
duly received, and I feel greatly indebted to you for it. I did not intend
to refer the Acorn weevil to Say’s zasicus, but supposed it to be known
under that name, as it is the only one of the genus in our Canadian list.
I was under the impression that Say’s species were irrecognisable from the
briefness of his descriptions, but after examining the few specimens in my
collection under the light of your letter, I am convinced that you have
given the true reading. Of eight captured specimens, all, with one ex-
ception, belong to wasicus as defined by you, and the six remaining speci-.
mens bred from acorns agree with your description of rectus. Two of
these you will find enclosed herewith. Yours very truly, J. Perrir.

Grimsby, Oct. 17, 1871.
C. V. RineEy, St. Louis, Mo.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Notice.—The following scale for advertisements has been decided
upon by the Editors :—

Whole page on cover or fly-sheet........$5.00 per annum.
Half x 4 = Sek athe tds Palo reais sy
Quarter ‘‘ ‘c ro 2 dear yak We GRO ape

For body of the Magazine, the rates to be 5 cts. per line for first insertion,
and 3 cts. for every subsequent one.
These rates are payable in advance.

CoLLecTING Tour IN Lasprapor.—When I penned the notice of my
proposed tour to Labrador, I had no idea that there would be so much
demand for Entomological material from this Northern quarter. But since
the notice has appeared, letters have been received from Mr. P.S. Sprague,
Boston Natural History Society ; Mr. Samuel Henshaw, Boston ; Mr. Geo.
D. Smith, Boston, for Coleoptera; and Dr. Theodore L. Mead, New
York ; Mr. Herman Strecker, Reading, Pa.; Mr. G. M. Levette, Assist.
Geolog. Survey, Indianapolis, for Lepidoptera ; and having neglected to

40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

give my full address, possibly other letters may have gone astray. I want
only 12 subscribers for Zefizdoptera, and the terms are settled by corres-
pondence. I am anxious to put the Coleoptera into the hands of one
person, or an institution, who could work and determine the material, in
order to put the matter in some form for future reference. I will supply
notes with every species collected.—Wma. Couprer, 38 Bonaventure St.,
Montreal.

PLatysaMiA Co_umpia.—I will give in exchange for a good example
of this moth one hundred specimens of Lepidoptera of various genera from
California, Southern and Atlantic United States, S. America, Eurepe,
East Indian Archipelago, &c., or double the number for two examples ;
or, if it is preferable, I will pay in money. HERMAN STRECKER, Box 111,
Reading P. O., Berks Cy., Pa. U.S.

CorKx.—We have a good supply of sheet cork of the ordinary thick-
ness, price 16 cents (gold) per square foot.

Pins.—We have still a supply of Nos. 3, 5 and 6 left. A large quan-
tity have been ordered, and are shortly expected. The prices in future
will be slightly raised. ‘The present stock will be sold at 75c. (gold)
per packet of 500.

CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Vols. 1. 2 and 3.—We have a few copies
left of Vols. 1 and 2, No. 1, of Vol. 1, being, however, out of print. Price
$1.25 for Vols. 1 and 2; $1 Vol. 3.

List oF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cents each, embracing 55
families, 432 genera, and 1231 species. (For labelling cabinets).

PRINTED NUMBERS, in sheets, 1 to 2000, for labelling cabinets. Price
10 cents each set.

These prices are exclusive of cost of transportation, and orders will
please state whether the package is to be sent by mail or express.

AGENTS FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Canapa.—E. B. Reed, London, Ont.; W. Couper, Naturalist, Montreal,
P.Q.; G. J. Bowles, Quebec, P. Q.; J. Johnston, Canadian Institute,
Toronto, Ont.

Unitep StaTes.—The American Naturalist’s Book Agency, Salem, Mass.;
J. Y. Green, Newport, Vt.; W. V. Andrews, Room 17, No. 137
Broadway, New York.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. IV. LONDON; ONT., MARCH, 1872. No. 3

MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY.

Continued from page 29.

IT may be necessary to state that the names which I have used for the
different nervures of the wings in these papers are those used by Dr.
Clemens, and differ somewhat from those in use by European entomolo-
gists.

Various means may be used for the purpose of denuding the wings of
their scales, so as to render the neuration distinct. The wing may be
pressed slightly between two pieces of moistened bibulous paper, and the
process repeated until the wing is sufficiently denuded; or, if this does
not denude it sufficiently, the few remaining scales may be removed with
a camel’s or sable hair brush. M. Guenee moistens the paper with gum
water. Soft wax may be used instead of the paper. Dr. Clemens’ plan
was to moisten a slip of glass, and then, placing the wing upon it, remove
the scales with a moistened sable hair brush from one side, and then,
_ turning it over, remove them in the same way from the other side.

But, with the greatest care and skill, there is danger of injuring the
wings of the small moths, particularly of breaking off their tips, and
especially if the wing is dry. And all of these plans require a great deal
of time.

I have found the following plan preferable, as requiring less time and
skill and being equally effective. Lay the wing upon a glass slip (e. g. a
microscopic slide) covering it with a piece of thin covering glass (e. g. a
thin glass cover for microscopic objects). Drop on the glass slip, so that
it will flow under the slide, one or two drops of solution of potash or soda,
and hold it over a lamp-flanie until it begins to boil, removing it at the
first ebullition. If boiled too long, the moré delicate nervules may be
obliterated, and if there is too much liquid, the wing may, by the boiling,
become folded, so that it will be spoiled. The finer nervules may also be
obliterated by allowing the wing to remain too long in the liquid. But if
proper care has been taken in these respects, the glass slip may be
removed from the lamp to the stage of the microscope, and the neuration

42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

will be found very distinct, and may at once be accurately sketched under
the camera. If it is desired to preserve the wing, it should immediately,
by the cautious addition of clean water, be floated off the glass slip on to
another clean slip, enough water being used to remove the potash, and
the wing dried upon the slip.

This plan answers better still for the removal of the scales of the head
and its appendages ; and the wing or head may be denuded and sketched
under the camera within five minutes.

HYPONOMEUTA.
z. H. multipunctella Clem. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1860, p- &.
Dr. Clemens’ description of this species is too brief for a species
belonging to a genus the species of which so closely resemble each other

as they do in this genus. In a general way, his description characterizes
almost any species of the genus.

He says: “Labial palpi, head, antennz and thorax white. Thorax

with a black spot on the front of the tegule, and a few spots of the same .

hue on the disk. Fore-wings white, with the costa at the base blackish,
and longitudinal rows of distinct black dots, ‘wo of which, one along the
inner margin, and one along the fold, are very plain. ind wings blackish
grey.” (The italics are my own).

What does “two of which” mean? two spots, or two rows of spots?
If the latter, then it does not differ greatly from HZ. ewonymella. But “hind
wings blackish-grey” does not accord with either of the following species :

2. £7. euonymella. LN. sp.

Snowy white. Abdomen yellow ; posterior wings silvery white, fringed
with snow-white. A black spot on the base of the tegulze, six others on
the thorax; extreme costa black at the base; forty to forty-five black
spots on each wing, forming three rows, one on the costal margin, and one
on each side of the fold, and a few scattered spots upon the disc. The
spots in the costal row are smaller and wider apart than those in the two
others, and are not so regular, as in some specimens they are a little out
of line, and become intermixed with the discal spots ; the two other rows
pass beyond the fold, and extend as a double row of small close spots
around the apex till they meet the costal row. Zhe spots on each nearly
circular. Alar ex. % inch. Kentucky. Very common.

The larva feeds upon the leaves of Luonymus atropurpureus in May,
weaving together the edges of the leaves so as to enclose a space as large
as a man’s fist, which is filled with its loose web, and in which one, or

. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43

rarely two, larvee may be found, though there are many. such nests on the
bush. The larve seem to take pleasure in letting themselves down by
their threads about half way to the ground and swinging in the air. They
are a little over one inch long, slender, greenish-white, with a darker
green longitudinal line on the back, and about eight small black spots on
each segment, except the second (the head being the first), which has
only four or five. ‘The spots are arranged in longitudinal lines. The
pupa is green. Pupa May 28th. Imago June 6th.

3. Hi. longimaculella. N. sp.

White ; posterior wings yellowish-white, fringed with white. ‘There
are two black annulations on the terminal joint of the palpi: one at its
base, the other near the apex. Antennz yellowish, faintly annulate with
fuscous. A small black spot on the posterior margin of the vertex and
anterior margin of the thorax, and about four distinct black spots on the
posterior margin of the thorax, and a black spot on the base of the tegule.
Extreme costa black at the base, a long black spot parallel with the fold,
beginning at the base of the costa, and about sixteen other ob/ong black
spots upon the wing, forming three or four irregular lines of spots, which
sometimes seem to coalesce. Besides these spots, there are a few black
scales scattered over the wing, and about twelve smaller spots extending
around the apex at the base of the cilie. A/ar ex. finch. Kentucky.
Common.

Larva unknown. (1 took numerous specimens in the forest, June
4th. The spots, besides being oblong, are larger than in . exonymella,
which is the prettier insect of the two, though both are very pretty.

HERIBEIA ? STEPHENS.

Stephen’s generic descriptions are so general and vague, that one who
has to rely upon them, without having seen authentic specimens, is driven
to the necessity, in a good degree, of guessing at the genus to which a new
species may belong. Of the two genera, to one of which the insect de-
scribed below may belong, viz., Zophonotus and Heribeia, it seems to me
that the latter is most probably the one in which it should be placed.
“Palpi short, slightly elongate,” is indefinite enough, and so is “hind wings
somewhat linear triangular,” and “more or less distinct, oblique, silvery-
white, streaks or spots at the tip of the fore-wings,” is not at all applicable
to this species. Nevertheless, rather than encumber the science with a
new name, which might be worse than useless, I have concluded to place
it in Heribeia, with the following notes of its structural peculiarities :—

44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Tongue as long as the anterior coxe. Maxillary palpi short and
slender ; labial palpi reaching, but not overarching, the vertex, simple, of
the same size from base to near the apex, the terminal joint nearly as long as
the first and second together ; antennz simple, more than half as long as
the wings; scales of the head appressed or smooth. Anterior wings
elongate ovate, subfalcate beneath the tip ; discoidal cell rather wide, closed,
the costal vein attains the margin just behind the middle, not far from the
first sub-costo-marginal vein. The subcostal is straight from its base to
the costa, just above the tip ; the first marginal is given off just before the
middle, the second not far behind it, and the third from about the end of
the cell: @ short vein connects the second at about its middle, with the base
of the third, thus forming a narrow elongate triangular cell, with tts base
resting on the subcostal near the end of the discal cell. The discal (or
transverse) vein gives off three branches to the hind margin, and below
them the median is three-branched, the two terminal branches being much
curved at base. Submedian distinct. Posterior wings a little wider than
the anterior; costa rather straight, but decidedly retuse before the pointed
tip ; hind (or apical) margin not emarginate beneath the tip, but passing
with a sweeping curve, like a cimeter, to the dorsal margin. Costal vein
long and straight ; subcostal long, straight, simple attaining the apex.
Discal cell wide, closed by a transverse vein, which, near its middle, gives
off a vein which bifurcates, sending one branch to the apex, and the other
to the hinder margin ; the median gives off three branches, one before the
transverse vein, and the two terminal ones arising from a common stalk
behind it. Submedian and internal veins distinct. The neuration of the
forewings is thus scarcely different from that of Hyponomeuta, though the

wing in this species is falcate, and the neuration of the hind wing is
different.

fH. ? incertella. N. sp.

Palpi bronzy brown, second joint whitish on its inner surface. Head
silvery. Antenne brown. Thorax reddish or golden brown. Anterior
wings greyish-brown, with indistinct spots and patches of darker brown,
the largest of which is about the middle of the costal margin. A broad
white streak about the basal fourth of the dorsal margin. Apical margin
densely scaled ; two hinder marginal dark brown lines in the ciliz#, one
at their base, the other and wider one at their apex. A/ar ex. nearly %
inch. Kentucky.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45

ON THE EMBRYONIC LARV OF BUTTERFLIES.

BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, BOSTON.

Reprinted from *‘ The Entomologists Monthly Magazine,” Volume viii.

In their papers on various species of British Macro-Lcpidoptera, Messrs.

’ Hellins and Buckler furnish us with much better accounts of the external

appearance of caterpillars than can be gained from the meagre and super-
ficial descriptions which used to be thought sufficient ; and, as they have
not confined their descriptions to the full grown animals, but have fol-
lowed the creatures through all their moults, they have, in several cases,
incidentally shown how great a difference there is between the larva just
hatched and the full grown caterpillar ; especially in the case of some of
the Rhopalocera thus treated by them. Mr. Riley, of America, has, in one
or two instances, recorded similar facts.

It is the purpose of the present communication to point out the pro-
bable universality of this law—that caterpillars of butterflies present greater
structural differences between the embryonic and adult stages of the same
individual, than are to be found in the adult larve of allied genera. By
the term “ embryonic,’ I designate those caterpillars which have not
changed their condition since leaving the egg, a stage in which they
generally continue but one or two days. Some of the changes alluded to
are more or less gradual in their appearance, but they generally occur at
the first moulting of the caterpillar.

All the instances given are drawn from New England butterflies, and
the generic terms employed are those used in my list, published in the
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. If any one is
sceptical in regard to the facts adduced, I can enter more into detail upon
doubtful points. It should also be premised, that in studying caterpillars, .
the shape and sculpturing of the head, the form of certain segments, and
especially the precise number, location and disposition of the spines,
thorns, and hair-emitting warts of the body, will be found to furnish abun-
dant means of distinguishing the most closely allied and minutely sub-
divided genera. But to our examples.

In the genus Satyrus, the body of the young larva is furnished with
exceedingly long, scarcely tapering, compressed hairs, geniculate a little
beyond the base, serrulate above, and generally directed backwards’; those,
however, which occur on the upper portion of the thoracic segments are
directed forward, and thus present a very peculiar contrast. Nothing of

46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

this sort appears on the mature larva, which is represented by Boisduval
and Le Conte as quite smooth, but which is probably uniformly clothed
with very short hairs.

In the genus /ipparchia, the young larva is born with a head of equal
height and breadth, furnished with prominent lateral and frontal warts.
The body has four pairs of longitudinal rows of tubercles definitely dis-
posed, each tubercle bearing a short, straight, delicately clubbed bristle.
The head of the mature larva, on the other hand, bears no lateral or
frontal warts, but either half is prolonged upwards into a conical horn as
long as the head itself; while the body is furnished only with microscopic
hairs, irregularly distributed. In both this and Satyrus the bifurcation of
the last segment of the mature larva, long known as a characteristic of the
sub-family of Satyrine, is scarcely perceptible in the embryonic caterpillar,
being indicated in Satyrus only by slight tubercles.

In Zimenitis, the head of the young larva is smooth and equal, and
the body uniform in size throughout, studded with numerous equal,
stellate, regularly disposed warts. In the mature larva the head is covered
with numerous conical warts, and surmounted by a pair of very large
compound spinous tubercles. The body is by no means uniform, the se-
cond and third thoracic and eighth abdominal segments being “hunched”
and tumid, while the first thoracic segment is much smaller than any of
the others ; the warts have changed to very variable tubercles—on the
second thoracic segment into a long, club-lhke, spinous appendage—and
are mounted on mammule of different sizes ; the whole, aided by the -
strange coloration of the animal, presenting a most grotesque appearance.

In the young larva of Grapfa, the head is smooth, and the body fur-
nished with three pairs of rows of minute warts, each emitting a long
tapering hair. In the mature larva, the head is crowned by a pair of long,
stout, aculiferous spines ; and the body bears seven longitudinal rows of
mammiform elevations, each surmounted by a compound spine. That
these spines are not simply the out-growth of the hairs of the immature
caterpillar is evident from the fact that there is a median dorsal row which
is entirely wanting at birth, and that the position of the other spines,
relatively to the sides of the segments upon which they occur, is quite
different from that of the hairs in the young animal.

The same statement, with generic modifications, may be made of
Vanessa and Pyramets.

In the genus Argynnis—or, rather, in that section which has been
rightly separated from it under the name of Srenthis—the head of the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ly

young larva is much broader than high, and the body profusely furnished
with conical warts, arranged, to a certain extent, in clusters, which are in
eight longitudinal rows, continuous on the thoracic and abdominal seg-
ments, each wart emitting a very long, tapering, spiculiferous hair, expand-
_ ing into a delicate cup-shaped club at the tip. In the mature larva, the
head is equally broad and high, and the body furnished with six longi-
tudinal rows of simple, not clustered, mammule, differently disposed on
the thoracic and abdominal segments, each mamula bearing a stout, fleshy,
conical, bluntly tipped, aculiferous process.

In Melita, the head of the immature and adult larva scarcely differ.
In the younger stages, the body is equal, excepting that the posterior half
tapers slightly ; in the older period it is also nearly equal, but tapers
forward a little on the thoracic segments. Besides this, we find differences
similar to, but even greater than, those referred to in Grafta. In the
embryonic larva, the body is furnished with small warts, giving rise to
rather short, tapering hairs, all arranged in five pairs of rows, three of
them above, one on a line with, and one below, the spiracles. In the
mature form, the hairs have given place to stout tapering spines, each
supplied with many aculiferous, conical wartlets, and arranged in a median
dorsal series and four pairs of lateral rows, two above and two below the
spiracles.

If we next turn our attention to the Zycenide, we shall find similar
differences. While the form of the head and body remain nearly the
same from youth to maturity, the contrasts between the dorsal and lateral
surfaces of the body are more pronounced in the early stage, both from
the greater flattening of the upper field, and from the presence, at the line
of demarcation between the two, of a series of warts, emitting hairs, some
of which are exceedingly long, and curve backwards ; similar hair-bearing
warts are present along the fold dividing the lateral and the ventral
regions, while there are one or more longitudinal rows of simple warts
along the sides. The different groups, the 7hec/e, Lycene, and Chrysc-
phani, can be distinguished by the number of warts to a segment in each
of the first-mentioned rows, and by the character of the hairs borne by
them. In the full-grown larva, the linear series of warts are wanting, but
the whole body is covered with microscopic hairs, seated, in Zycena, on
stellate dots, and which are only slightly, if at all, longer upon the angles
of the body.

In the Papgilionide, again, we find no differences of importance in the
shape of the head, but some peculiar features in the armature and form of

AS THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the body. In Cofzas, the embryonic animal is furnished with four rows of
peculiar appendages on either side of the body, three rows above the
spiracles, each bearing one appendage to a segment, and one beneath
them bearing two appendages to a segment ; these appendages are short,
fleshy papillz, expanding from a slender base to a club-shaped apex, as
broad at its tip as the entire length. In the mature larva, all this is
wanting, but the body is profusely clothed with minute short hairs, seated
on regularly-disposed delicate warts.

Fieris is similar; the young larva is furnished with long, hair-like
appendages, tapering slightly, but at the tip expanding into a delicate
club, and disposed much as in Co/ias. In the mature larva, the body is
furnished with two sets of minute warts, one arranged in regular transverse
series and hairless, the other irregularly distributed and emitting each a
short delicate hair.

In Papilio, the body of the infantine caterpillar is invariably more or
less angulated, like that of the young Lycenid ; while, at maturity, it is
always quite regularly rounded above the spiracles. It is furnished, when
young, with several longitudinal rows of bristle-bearing tubercles, one
tubercle to a segment in each row, one row in the middle of the side
more conspicuous than the others. When full grown, the body is almost
entirely naked in the species I have examined, being supplied only with
smooth hairless, scarcely elevated, lenticular warts, or with irregularly
distributed very minute wartlets, bearing inconspicuous hairs. In other
species there are long, fleshy filaments upon the sides of the mature cater-
pillar, but I have not seen the embryonic stage. In addition, the first
segment is supplied with an osmaterium, which is wanting in early life.

The Hesferide strongly remind us of the genus Colas; for we find

the body of the embryonic larva supplied with rather short fungiform or
infundibuliform appendages, disposed in rows upon the sides of the body,
and arranged as in the Prerine; while in the full grown caterpillar, the
body is furnished only with short downy hairs, irregularly and profusely
scattered. This furnishes an additional proof, of which many others are
not wanting, of the close affinity of the Papilionide and Hesperide.

We have thus passed in review most of the great groups of Rhopalo-
cera,* and have substantiated, in a general way, the assertion made at the
outset :—that there are greater structural differences between the embry-
onic and adult stages of the same individual than can be found in the

*Mr. Riley finds similar changes in Danaie.—S. H.S.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. AQ

adult larvee of allied genera. Indeed, this statement is perhaps too feebly
formulated, so important are many of the distinctions which have been
traced. These differences, it should be noted, are not always in the same
direction ; for we have seen that caterpillars which in infancy are clothed
with appendages of a unique and conspicuous character, definitely dis-
posed, display, in mature life, irregularly distributed, scarcely perceptible
warts, emitting simple and nearly microscopic hairs ; while others, which
in their earliest stage bore regular series of simple hairs, seated on little
warts, become possessed, at maturity, of compound spines, surmounting
mammulz, also definitely arranged, but occupying a very_different position
to the hairs of early life. So, too, we find some caterpillars which bear a
- tuberculated, irregular head in infancy, and a smooth and equal one at
maturity ; or the reverse, where the head is simple at birth, and heavily
spined or cornute when full grown; others, again, remain almost un-
changed through life. This latter condition of uniformity never applies to
the appendages of the body, whether we consider their character alone or
their disposition. Nor—the only other possible condition—do we ever
find larve bearing only irregularly distributed, simple, minute hairs in
infancy, and regularly arranged special appendages at maturity. Indeed,
it is doubtful whether such a phenomenon exists in Nature ; since in the
numerous and varied groups that have been examined, special dermal
appendages have been found to be an invariable characteristic of embry
onic larvee.
August, 1871.

NOTES ON THE LARVA OF

ACRONYCTA OCCIDENTALIS, Grote.

BY W. SAUNDERS, LONDON, ONT.

Tuis insect in the imago state closely resembles A ps7, of Europe, and
has been, and we believe still is, doubtfully regarded as identical by
several eminent European entomologists. We think, however, that a
comparison of the larval’ forms of the two insects will help to dispel any
‘doubts which may be entertained regarding the dissimilarity of the spe-
cies. The following description’ of the larva of occidentalis has already
appeared in part, in the Annual Report of the Entomological Society of
Ontario to the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1870, where it is given,

d0 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and, as we supposed at the time, correctly so, under the name of fsz; but
since probably but few of our readers will haye seen that Report, and as
the edition is sometime since exhausted, we.shall reproduce the descrip-
tion here in a fuller form :—

Larva sparingly hairy, found feeding on plum, cherry and apple.

Head rather long, bilobed@, somewhat flat in front; black, with yel-
lowish dots at the sides, and with a few scattered whitish hairs.

Body above bluish-gray, with a wide slate-coloured dorsal band, having
a central pale.orange line from second to fifth segments. From fifth to
eleventh inclusive, each segment is ornamented with a beautiful group of
spots, placed in the dorsal band, two of them bright orange—one in front
and one behind—and one on each side of a greenish metallic hue ; each
group being set in a nearly circular patch of velvety black. There are
two lateral cream-coloured stripes, the upper one adjoining the dorsal
band, these stripes growing indistinct towards the anterior and posterior
segments, and down which extends, from each of the black dorsal patches,
a short black curved line, having immediately behind its junction with the
dorsal band a yellowish dot. The sides are marked more or less with
dull ochrey spots, some of which form a broken band, close to the under
surface. On the dorsal portion of twelfth segment is a dull black spot,
considerably raised, forming a small hump; terminal segment flattened
and blackish. Body sparingly covered with whitish hairs, which are
distributed chiefly along the sides, close to the under surface.

Under surface dull greenish, feet black.

Described from several specimens; found in the early part of Sep-
tember, entered the chrysalis state from the 15th to zoth September, and
produced the imago from the 6th to the 8th of June following.

Mr. E. Newman, in his valuable work called “ British Moths,” gives a
very full description of the larva of psi as follows :—‘‘ The head of the
caterpillar is rather wider than the second segment ; the body is hairy with
parallel sides, but humped on the back; the first hump is slender, long,
erect, horn-like, and seated on the fifth segment; the second hump is
shorter, broader, and on the twelfth segment. The head is black, hairy,
and shining ; its divisions very convex ; the second segment is black, with
a very narrow median yellow line; the third, fourth, sixth, seventh,

eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh segments have a broad median yellow.

stripe, and there is a median square spot of the same colour on the hinder
part of the twelfth segment ; the horn-like hump on the fifth segment is

_—

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 51

intensely black, and clothed with crowded short black hairs, intermixed
with scattered long ones ; on each side of the median stripe is an equally
broad jet black stripe, and in this on every segment, from the fifth to the
twelfth both inclusive, are two transverse bright red spots, with two minute
whitish warts between each pair, the warts emitting black bristles ; below
the black stripe on each side is a broad gray stripe, emitting gray hairs,
and including the black spiracles; this gray stripe is reddish on the
anterior segments, the intensity of the red increasing towards the head.
The belly, legs, and claspers are dingy flesh coloured. It feeds on white
thorn, pear, and a variety of other trees.”

The long, intensely black hump on the fifth segment, which is a very
striking characteristic in fsz, is entirely wanting in occidentalis, the color-
ation also is very different, the broad median yellow stripe, in the former
from sixth to twelfth segments is also wanting in the latter. The circular
black patches in the American species is represented in the European
insect by a broad black stripe bordering the equally broad yellow one, the
grouping and color of the clusters of small dorsal spots on each of these
segments is also very different. In sz the black is bordered with a broad
gray stripe becoming reddish on anterior segments, while in occidentalis
the same portion is covered with two narrower cream colored stripes,
becoming less distinct on the anterior segments. Many other minor
points of difference might be educed, but these, we think, are sufficient
to show that in the larval state these species are widely diverse.

The imago of occidentalis is said by Mr. Grote (see Proc. Ent. Soc.
Phila., vol. 6, p. 16,) to differ from ps7, ‘‘by the paler color of primaries,
which are more sparsely covered with scales, and their somewhat squarer
shape. The reniform spot on the disk shows a bright testaceous tinge,
and the ordinary spots are less approximate than in fs7. The secondaries
are dark grey, nearly unicolorous, a little paler in the male, and darker in
either sex than its European analogue.”

After a careful comparison of a number of bred specimens with the
European insect we fail to see the validity of most of the distinctive
points urged by Mr. Grote. We have found the color of primaries to
vary much, in some examples they have been darker, but in the majority
they have been fully as light as those of fs7 ; nor can we see any difference
in uninjured specimens with regard to the density of the scale covering.
In some the wings are somewhat squarer, but it is a difference scarcely
perceptibie, and in other examples we have failed to detect it. The testa-

52, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ceous tinge in the reniform spot is perceptible in all the specimens we have
seen, in some quite bright, but in others exceedingly faint. The relative
approximation of the ordinary spots varies so much in different individuals
as to be of little distinctive value. The darker color of.secondaries is, we
believe, more uniform, and is quite characteristic in most instances, but in
several male specimens we have been unable to trace any difference in
this respect. There are two other small points of distinction, not men-
tioned by Mr. Grote, which we have thus far found invariable : in psd, the
orbicular spot has a black border on the outer side ; in occidentalis, this
is wanting, or scarcely perceptible, or otherwise replaced by a faint entire
testaceous bordering. In Js?, the inner black bordering of the reniform
spot is double at its lower extremity, while in occidentalis we have never
found it otherwise than single, and this much less distinct in most speci-
mens. All these points of difference in the imago state, it must be
admitted, are very slight and vague as compared with the striking dis-
similarity of the insects in their respective larval forms.

INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA.
-COMPILED BY THE EDITOR.

from Kirby's Fauna. Boreali-Americana: Insecta.

(Continued from page 36.)

217. TRacHys acupucta Xirdy.—Length of body 4 lines. Taken
by Capt. Hall in Nova Scotia.

[163.] Body oblong, punctured, hairy with scattered minute decum-
bent bristles resembling little scales, of a bronzed and glossy copper
colour. Front with a slight sinus: prothorax transverse, trilobed at the
base ; disk longitudinally convex and naked ; sides hairy ; surface in the
disk covered with minute transverse undulated lines curving upwards, and
sides reticulated with them: scutellum transverse acuminated: elytra
uneven, constricted before the middle, clouded and obsoletely banded
towards the apex with minute whitish bristles; tips rounded, serrulate :
prosternum broad, a little constricted in the middle, Toundeg at the apex.

|164.] FAMILY PYTHIDZ.

218. PyTHO NIGER A?vrby.—Plate vii., fig. 2.—Length of body 54—

5% lines. Several taken in Lat, 54°, and in the journey from New York
to Cumberland-house.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 03

[165.| Body linear, depressed, black, shining, punctured. Head with

a longitudinal impression on each side between the eyes ; nose smooth,

‘ flat, with the intermediate space less punctured; antennae and palpi
dusky-rufous : prothorax conspicuously channelled, with the usual deep
longitudinal impression on each side, lateral contour very convex, con-
stricted posteriorly: elytra furrowed with elevated smooth interstices ;
furrows punctured and abbreviated at each end ; base of the elytra, where
the furrows cease, punctured: body underneath minutely punctured ;
abdomen piceous ; tarsi rufous.

Variety B. Tibiz also rufous: thighs piceous.

C. Body entirely ferruginous. It agrees with A in sculpture
and every other respect except colour.

Many individuals of the present species were taken in the Expedition,
all of them agreeing in having no tint of blue in the elytra ; in having the
levigated part of the base punctured, and the sides of the prothorax more
prominent, than in P. depressus, from which it seems clearly distinct. [In-
cluded in the List of Canadian Coleoptera. Taken on the North Shore
of Lake Superior by Agassiz’s Expedition. ]

219. PyrHo AMERICANUS A7zrdy.—Length of body 5—7 lines. Se-
veral taken in Lat. 54°, and in the journey from New York to Cumber-
land-house.

This species differs from the preceding chiefly in having the abdomen,
medipectus, postpectus, legs and mouth rufous; in a slight punctured
elevation on each side of the nose; the space between the eyes also is
more distinctly punctured, and there are two deep impressions under the
head between the eyes; the prothorax is widest anteriorly, and not con-
stricted behind ; and the elytra are deep blue, and scarcely punctured at
the base. ;

It differs from P. defressus, in being wider in proportion to its length,
and in having the abdomen, and two posterior sections of the breast,
invariably rufous.

Variety B. Elytra rufous at the sides and tip.

C. Elytra entirely rufous.
1). Elytra entirely rufous ; head and prothorax piceous.
E. Body entirely-rufous. |Taken in various parts of Canada. |

[166.] FAMILY TROGOSITID&.

220. TROGOSITA AMERICANA K7rby.—Length of body 5 lines. ‘Two

specimens taken in the journey between New York and Cumberland-
house.

oe: Nena THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

This species is the American representative of 7: caraboides from which
it principally differs in being larger, with the frontal impressions more |
distinct ; the stalk of the antenne much slenderer, and the knob thicker :
the prothorax not so narrow and constricted at the base, and the elytra’
slightly furrowed. [‘‘The description of this species is so imperfect that it
cannot be identified ”(Le Conte)].

[167.] FAMILY CERAMBYCIDZ.

221. MONOCHAMUS RESUTOR A7rby.—Length of body 1034 lines.
Frequently taken in Lat. 65°.

[Synonymous with Monohammus scutellatus Say—a very abundant spe-
cies In many parts of Canada. For description of this well-known insect,
vide Say’s Ent. Works, 1. 192.]

[168.] 222. MonocHamMus conrusor Kirby.—Length of the body
r inch and 134 lines. Taken in Nova Scotia by Dr. Mac Culloch, in
Canada by Dr. Bigsby, in Massachusetts by Mr. Drake.

Body linear, elongate, black, covered with white or cinereous decum-
bent hairs, but so as to let the black appear in confused spots and reticu-
lations. Labrum rather long, fringed anteriorly with ferruginous hairs ;
maxillary palpi long; rhinarium broad, rufous; antenne testaceous with
the redness obscured by decumbent cinerous hairs, but the scape and
pedicel are black ; the antennz of the female are something longer than
the body ; those of the male are twice its length : the spines of the pro-
thorax are stout, covered thickly with white hairs, and dotted posteriorly
with black ; in the disk is a central oblong impression : scutellum thickly
covered with white decumbent hairs, with a black longitudinal line: the
ground colour of the elytra is testaceous which is more or less obscured
and clouded by white decumbent hairs, besides there are several black
dots and oblong spots produced by erect hairs ; at the base of the elytra,
especially on the projecting shoulders, are numerous round elevated
smooth little spaces, and their whole surface is covered with scattered
minute punctures.

N. B.—In the male the black spots and dots of the elytra are fainter,
and sometimes nearly obliterated. [The synonyms of this species are
so much confused that Kirby’s specific name may certainly be considered
a most appropriate one, if it is allowed to stand. The insect here de-
scribed is apparently identical with Monohammus notatus Drury, and AZ.
titillator Harris ; according to the rules of priority, it should, therefore,
have the former name. It is a very common species in the pine forests
of this country, especially in timber that has been left standing after a fire

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 55

has run through the woods. Specimens of this beetle are often found in
recently built houses and about lumber-yards. ]

[169.] 223. MONOCHAMUS MARMCRATOR A7rby.—Length of body 11
lines. A single specimen taken in Lat. 54°.

Body black, covered underneath, but so that the black appears in
various places, with subcinereous, or somewhat tawny decumbent hairs.
Head and prothorax covered in the same way but with redder hairs:
spines of the prothorax very robust, rather long, sharpish: scutellum
covered with a coat of cinereous hairs, divided by a black longitudinal
line: elytra black, marbled variously with cinereous and reddish tawny
hairs; the cinereous spots are dotted with black; the surface of the
elytra when laid bare appears punctured, and at the base are several con-
fluent smooth elevated spaces ; suture and lateral margin testaceous ; apex
acute.

N. B.—The antennz in the specimen are broken off. {Unknown to
us. |

224. ACANTHOCINUS (GRAPHISURUS) PUSILLUS A7réy.—Length of
body 4% lines. A single specimen taken in the journey from New York
to Cumberland-house.

[170.] This species is one of the most minute of the Capricorn tribes.
Body linear, black but covered with a coat of whitish decumbent hairs,
which appears more or less sprinkled with black dots. Head longitudi-
nally channelled ; antennze mutilated in the specimen, but those joints
that remain are white at the base: prothorax short, armed on each side,
towards the base with a short sharp spine, punctured with scattered punc-
tures ; elytra punctured especially towards the base, mottled and speckled
with brown, with an oblique brown band a little beyond the middle, apex
of the elytra rounded: podex and hypopygium, or last dorsal and ventral
segments of the abdomen elongated, so as to defend the base of the ovi-
positor which is exserted, causing the insect to appear as if it had a tail ;
the hypopygium is emarginate: thighs much incrassated at the apex. [Not
common ; taken at Grimsby by Mr. Pettit, and on oak-trees in the neigh-
bourhood of Philadelphia by Mr. Bland. ]

225. CALLIDIUM AGRESTE A7réy.—Length of body 11 lines. Several
specimens taken in the Expedition, and likewise in Nova Scotia by Dr.
Mac Culloch and Capt. Hall.

I at first took this for a variety of C. rusticum, but on a closer inspec-
tion I found it differed in the sculpture as well as colour; and having

Ur
lor

THE CA \NADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

received a specimen of that insect from Dr. Harris, in which its charac-
ters were all preserved, I am induced to describe C. agreste as a distinct
species.

It differs from C. rusticum in being smaller, of a darker brown, with-
out a tint of red; and in having more gloss. The prothorax has three
deep round impressions, while in the insect last named, the impressions
are slight, and the two anterior ones oblong: the elevated lines of the
elytra are more prominent and become visibly confluent towards the apex.
where they form several reticulations: the underside of the body is much
more thickly “covered with hairs, which are hoary instead of yellowish,
those on the breast being longer than those on the abdomen. In other
respcts these two insects resemble each other. [Included in the genus
Criocephalus Muls. ‘Taken throughout Ontario and at Lake Superior. |

[171.] 226. CaLLipIUM stTRIaTUM Zinn.—Length of body 5% lines.
A single specimen taken in Lat. 65°.

Body linear, black, thickly punctured, underneath with a few hairs,
glossy ; above without any hairs or gloss. Antennz a little longer than
the prothorax: prothorax suborbicular, covered thickly with minute
granules, with an elevated tubercle in its disk: elytra most minutely and
thickly granulated, with four longitudinal slight furrows occupying the half
adjoining the suture, the alternate interstices being most elevated: tarsi
rufo-piceous., [Synonymous with Asemum mestum Hald. Taken through-
out Ontario. ]

227. CALLIDIUM COLLARE A7zrdy.—Length of body 5 lines. A single
specimen taken in Lat. 54°.

Body linear, black, hairy with whitish scattered hairs. Head thickly
punctured ; antennez shorter than the body, rather hairy, piceous, scape
black: prothorax rufous, with a few scattered punctures, glossy, project-
ing on each side into an angle or short spine: elytra very thickly and con-
fluently punctured: body underneath glossy, slightly punctured: anterior
part of antepectus rufous: tarsi piceous, first joint of nearly equal length
in all the legs. [North Shore of Lake Superior, Agassiz’s Expedition. ]

[172.] 228. CaLtLiprum Proteus X?réy.—Plate v., fig. 5.—Length
of body 5—8¥ lines. Taken abundantly especially in Lat. 65°.

Body black, minutely punctured, hairy with longish hoary hairs, especi-
ally underneath. Nose with a deeply ploughed transverse furrow ; front
behind the antennz violet, confluently punctured ; palpi black, maxillary
rather long, last joint an obtusangular triangle ; antenne longer than the

I URE TOP a ne,
- , ° f

: n*

a,

U
“J

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

a ree eee

prothcrax; sides of the prothorax very rough with deep confluent punc-
tures: elytra wrinkled, violet, with three longitudinal, subinterrupted,
callous, pale lines, of which the intermediate one is the longest, and the
external one the shortest: legs piceous, with the incrassated part of the
thighs testaceous.
This species varies extremely both in size and colour. ‘The following
are the principal varieties :—
Variety B. Head and prothorax violet ; elytra lurid with only two
callous lines. Length 634 lines.

C. Head, except at the base of the antennz, black ; sides
of the prothorax violet, disk bronzed : elytra as in the
last. Length 5 lines.

D. Head and prothorax black ; elytra Jurid ; lines faintly
marked. Length 5%4—7 lines.

E. Head and prothorax bronzed : elytra lurid bronzed, with
two distinct lines. Length 6—7 lines.

F. Head violet; prothorax bronzed: elytra as in the last.
Length 6 lines.

G. Like the last, but the callous lines of the elytra are obso-
lete. Length 514—6¥% lines.

H. Head and prothorax black : elytra lurid with three lines.
Length 7% lines.

I. Head and prothorax black-bronzed : elytra bronzed-lurid
with two lines.

MEETINGS OF THE LONDON BRANCH OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.

Tue Annual Meeting of the London Branch was held on Friday evening,
January sth, at the residence of Mr. W. Saunders. In addition to a
goodly attendance of London members, we were favoured with the
presence of the esteemed President of the Parent Society, Rev. C. J. S.
Bethune, M.A. The following officers were elected for 1872 :—
PRESIDENT)... ara es eapta ta ae Mr. E. B. REED.
VICE-PRESIDENT... ...........-+-.-..MR. J. M. DENTON.
Sec.-TREASURER...........-..----MR. W. SAUNDERS.
PWRATOM SS cute vebie. tos sede gatas Mr. JOSEPH WILLIAMS.
The Annual Report of the Secretary-Treasurer was read, showing a

58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

healthy condition of the finances of the Branch, all the current expenses
_of the year having been met, and a small balance still on hand.

Mr. Reed introduced the subject of local collections, and urged their
importance. After some discussion, the following resolution was passed:

“That a local collection of insects shall be made for the Cabinet of ~

the Branch, specimens to be collected within walking distance of the
city, and that we, the members, will do all in our power to specially aid
and assist in this collection.”

FEBRUARY, 1872.

The regular monthly meeting was held on Friday evening, February
2nd, at the residence of Mr. J. M. Denton.

After the routine business was over, a letter was read from Mr.
Billings, thanking the members of the London Branch for their kind
resolution of sympathy in reference to his father’s death, the late B.
Billings, of Ottawa:

The excellent microscopes belonging to Messrs. Puddicombe and
Denton were then turned to good account by the members, who examined
with the aid of high magnifying powers, many objects of great interest.

NOTICE TO MEMBERS.

4

We regret to state that the Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. E. B. Reed, has
been laid up for some little time with an attack of pneumonia, which will
probably confine him to his house for a few days longer. He requests us
to state that he has received “ters from C. J. Beale, G. M. Levette, V. T.
Chambers, J. W. Byrkitt, R. V. Rogers, J. A. Lintner; and remittances
from W. V. Andrews, G. Dimmock, H. Y. Hind, H. S. Sprague, J. Bain,
O. S. Westcott, Rev. L. Provancher, H. K. Morrison.

The Secretary craves the indulgence of these gentlemen until his
health will permit him to reply to their letters.

WILLIAM SAUNDERS,
London, March 15, 1872. Associate Editor.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

APPROPRIATIONS FOR ENTOMOLOGICAL PURPOSES IN THE STATES.—
At the late National Agricultural Convention held in Washington, Mr,

abet Bes a ake ee ee ie

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 59

‘

Chas. V. Riley introduced resolutions, which were unanimously passed,
asking, in the first place, for an appropriation of $25,000 to enable the
Entomologist of the Department to finish the work on which he has been
engaged for so many years; and, in the second place, for an annual
appropriation of not less than $10,000 for experiments in destroying
noxious insects.

The last appropriation is to enable such States as may be suffering
from the injuries of any insect to an alarming extent, to make the proper
investigations and experiments towards abating such injuries. The fund
is to be at the disposal of the Commissioner of Agriculture, who upon
application from any of the State Boards of the different States, may

authorize the expenditure of whatever amount he sees fit, for the purposes
mentioned.

ENTOMOLOGICAL REeport.—The Report of the Entomological Society
of Ontario is expected to be issued this month. Great delay has been
experienced owing to the pressure of Parliamentary printing required for
the Session of the Legislative Assembly, which has just closed.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Norice.—The following scale for advertisements has been decided
upon by the Editors :—

Whole page on cover or fly-sheet........$5.00 per annum.
Half “cs ic “ ce 3 fete) “ “ci
Quarter “ee ia 8 ee 5 hgh eee 1.50 “

_ For body of the Magazine, the rates to be 5 cts. per line for first insertion,

and 3 cts. for every subsequent one.
These rates are payable in advance.

COLLECTING Tour 1x LaBprapor.—When I penned the notice of my
proposed tour to Labrador, I had no idea that there would be so much
demand for Entomological material from this Northern quarter. But since
the notice has appeared, letters have been received from Mr. P.S. Sprague,
Boston Natural History Sociefy ; Mr. Samuel Henshaw, Boston; Mr. Geo.
D. Smith, Boston, for Coleoptera; and Dr. Theodore L. Mead, New
York ; Mr. Herman Strecker, Reading, Pa.; Mr. G. M. Levette, Assist.
Geolog. Survey, Indianapolis, for Lepidoptera; and having neglected to

\

60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

give my full address, possibly other letters may have gone astray. I want
only 12 subscribers for Lepzdoptera, and the terms are settled by corres-
pondence. I am anxious to put the Coleoptera into the hands of one
person, or an institution, who could work and determine the material, in
order to put the matter in some form for future reference. I will supply
notes with every species collected.—Wwm. Couper, 38 Bonaventure St.,
Montreal.

PLaTysamia CoLumB1A.—I will give in exchange for a good example
of this moth one hundred specimens of Zefzdoptera of various genera from
California, Southern and Atlantic United States, S. America, Europe,
East Indian Archipelago, &c., or double the number for two examples ;
or, if it is preferable, I will pay in money. HERMAN STRECKER, Box 111,
Reading P. O., Berks Cy., Pa. U.S.

Cork.—We have a good supply of sheet cork of the ordinary thick-
ness, price 16 cents (gold) per square foot.

Pins.—We have still a supply of Nos. 3, 5 and 6 left. A large quan-
tity have been ordered, and are shortly expected. The prices in future
- will be slightly raised. The present stock will be sold at 75c. (gold)
per packet of 500. /

CANADIAN EnToMOLocisT, Vols. 1. 2 and 3.—We have a few copies
left of Vols. 1 and 2, No. 1, of Vol. 1, being, however, out of print. Price
$1.25 for Vols. 1 and 2; $1 Vol. 3.

LisT OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cents each, embracing 55
families, 432 genera, and 1231 species. (For labelling cabinets).

PRINTED NUMBERS, in sheets, 1 to 2000, for labelling cabinets. Price
ro cents each set.

These prices are exclusive of cost of transportation, and orders will
please state whether the package is to be sent by mail or express.

AGENTS FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Canapa.—E. B. Reed, London, Ont.; W. Couper, Naturalist, Montreal,
P.Q.; G. J. Bowles, Quebec, P. Q.; J. Johnston, Canadian Institute,
Toronto, Ont.

UniTED STaTEs.—The American Naturalist’s Book Agency, Salem, Mass.;
J. Y. Green, Newport, Vt.; W. V. Andrews, Room 17, No. 137
Broadway, New York.

erry

—_——
-

+ +a

a

Che Canadun Entomologiet.

VOL. IV. LONDON, ONT., APRIL, 1872. No. 4

DESCRIPTIONS OF
NORTH AMERICAN HYMENOPTERA, No. 2.

Continued from Page 24.
BY E. T. CRESSON, PHILADELPHIA.

Family ICHNEUMONID~.

Genus PEzOMACHUS, Grav.

1. Pezomacnus Perriru. MM. sf.—?.—Head piceous-black, face

rufo-piceous, the middle longitudinally prominent; mandibles fuscous ;

antennz longer than head and thorax, pale ferruginous, dusky at tips ;
thorax nearly as long as abdomen, piceous-brown, paler laterally and
beneath, nodes subequal; legs entirely piceous-brown ; abdomen ovate
beyond first segment, shining piceous-black ; first segment narrow, slightly
dilated behind the lateral tubercles which are not prominent, apical margin

pale; sometimes the head, thorax and abdomen are entirely piceous-

black, except the pale band at apex of first segment which 1s always
conspicuous in this species; ovipositor short, about as long as first
abdominal segment. Length .14—.15 inch.

fZab.— Ontario, Canada. Two specimens received from Johnson
Pettit, Esq., of Grimsby, after whom this easily recognized species is
named.

2. PEZOMACHUS GENTILIS. JV. sf.— 2 .—Head entirely black ; antenne
longer than head and thorax, pale ferruginous, fuscous at tips, and dark
at incisures of joints ; thorax nearly as long as abdomen, anterior node
ferruginous, larger than posterior one which is convex and black; legs
honey-yellow, tibiz and tarsi yellowish ; abdomen fuscous, ovate beyond
first segment which is pale at base, and scarcely dilated behind the pro-
minent lateral tubercles; basal and apical margins of second segment
faintly pale; ovipositor rather longer than first abdominal segment.
Length .12 inch. ;

$.—Black ; antennz blackish, ferruginous at base; prothorax, legs
and first abdominal segment ferruginous or honey-yellow ; second, third
and most of fourth segments pale honey-yellow, apical segment black ;
wings ample, hyaline, iridescent, with a faint cloud beneath stigma, which

62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

is large, fuscous and whitish at base ; abdomen much narrower than in 2.
Length .12 inch.

ffab.—Pennsylvania. Bred, along with numerous specimens of Meso-
chorus scitulus, Cress., from a bunch of lemon-yellow cocoons (probably
those of a Alicrogaster), found attached to a blade of grass.

3. PrEzoMACHUS TANTILLUS. JV. sf.—®. —Slender; head large,
piceous-black ; mandibles and palpi testaceous ; antenne about three-
fourths the length of body, pale testaceous, thickened and dusky beyond
middle ; thorax brown, prothorax testaceous, nodes subequal, posterior
one rather more gibbous ; legs long, slender, luteous; abdomen longer.
than head and thorax, oblong-ovate beyond first segment, subdepressed,
fuscous ; first segment narrow, slightly dilated at apex and testaceous :
ovipositor rather longer than first abdominal segment. Length .o9 inch.

Hfab.—lllinois. One specimen. About the size of minimus, Walsh,
but more slender in form and with a larger head.

4. PEZOMACHUS MEABILIS. JV. sf.— 9.—Head and thorax reddish-
brown, face paler ; antennz pale luteous, dusky at tips; nodes of thorax
subequal, posterior one more gibbous, disk and sides of anterior node —
marked with testaceous ; legs pale testaceous, the femora and tibie varied
with dusky ; abdomen piceous-black, not longer than head and thorax,
ovate and convex beyond first segment and shining ; first segment narrow,
slightly dilated behind middle, with a pale testaceous band at apex ; apical
margin of second segment slightly pale ; ovipositor as long as first abdo-
minal segment. Length .12 inch.

ffab.—Illinois. One specimen. Same form as Peffitiz, but smaller,
more slender, and with much paler legs.

5. PEZOMACHUS oBSCURUS. JV. sf.— 2?.—Robust, closely and mi-
nutely punctured ; head large, blackish, face and cheeks yellowish-brown,
palpi pale; antennz pale testaceous, dusky at tips; thorax yellowish,
varied with fuscous on posterior face of the nodes and laterally, nodes
subequal ; legs dull luteous, tips of the coxz and trochanters pale, poster-
ior femora and tibiz, and base of all the cox, more or less tinged with
fuscous ; abdomen robust, convex, short ovate beyond first segment,
piceous ; first segment narrow, dull yellowish, second fuscous, with apical
margin dull yellowish; ovipositor rather longer than first abdominal]
segment. Length .13 inch.

Hab.—New Jersey.

6. PEZOMACHUS CANADENSIS. JV. sf.— 2 .—Head black ; mandibles
rufous ; palpi pale ; antennze black, base of flagellum yellowish ; thorax

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 63

honey-yellow, shining, not nodose ; metathorax rather larger than pro.
and mesothorax, convex and somewhat prominent posteriorly ; legs honey-
yellow, the femora more or less fuscous ; abdomen ovate, first two seg-
ments pale honey-yellow, remainder black, with a slight iridescent reflec-
tion ; first segment broadly dilated at apex ; ovipositor longer than first
and second abdominal segments. Length .13 inch.

Hab. — Ontario, Canada. (Saunders). Three specimens. A very
pretty, and easily recognized species.

7. PezomMacHus compactus. JV. sf.—§.—Short, compact, robust,
bright honey-yellow ; antenne with short compact joints, apex slightly
dusky: thorax short, nodose, posterior node shortest, and transversely
subcompressed ; legs more robust than usual ; abdomen subglobose, the
third and following segments black, the first segment considerably dilated
at apex ; ovipositor very short. Length .12 inch.

ffab.—Illinois. A very distinct species from its compact robust form,
and is distinguished at once from canadensis by the head being concol-
orous with the thorax.

$8. PEZOMACHUS DIMIDIATUS. JV. sf.— 9 .—Honey-yellow, more or
less tinged with rufous ; antennz long, slender, yellowish beneath, dusky
above ; nodes of thorax subequal, the anterior one with a medial longi-
tudinal groove ; legs concolorous with thorax, tips of cox, trochanters
and knees yellowish, posterior tibiz dusky at tips; abdomen ovate beyond
first segment, convex, shining; first and second segments dull honey-
yellow, apex of second yellowish, third and remaining segments dark
brown or rufo-piceous, sometimes the third segment is pale brown ; first
segment rather suddenly dilated behind middle; ovipositor about one-
third the length of abdomen. Length .17 inch.

Ffab.—Massachusetts ; Illinois. ‘Two specimens.

g. PEZOMACHUS GRACILIS. JV. sf.— 2.—Honey-yellow, more or less
tinged with rufous ; antennz long, slender, yellowish throughout ; thorax
as in dimidiatus, except that the anterior node has no median sulcus ;
legs long and slender, entirely yellowish ; abdomen shaped as in dimmzd?-
_atus, except that the first segment is more gradually and less dilated at
apex, honey-yellow and yellowish at tip; second segment fuscous, with
apical margin yellowish ; third,and fourth segments fuscous, sometimes the
apical margin of the latter faintly yellowish ; apical segments dull yellow-
ish ; ovipositor longer than first abdominal segment. Length .20 inch.

Hab.—Pennsylvania. Two specimens.

64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

10. PEZOMACHUS MACER. JV. sf.— jf .—Long, narrow, apterous ; head
yellowish-brown, clypeus paler, vertex dusky ; antennz as long as body,
slender, dusky, scape pale yellowish; thorax long, yellowish-brown,
blackish on posterior portion of the nodes which are subequal ; tegulz
whitish ; wings wanting ; legs long, slender, dull yellowish, posterior pair
dusky ; abdomen long, linear, black, the first and apical margin of second
segment yellowish. Length .20 inch.

fTab.—Pennsylvania. This may be the ¢ of gracilis or dimidiatas.

11. PEZOMACHUS ALTERNATUS. JV. sf.— ?.—Dull honey-yellow or
pale rufous; antennz yellowish, with the joints shorter than usual; thoracic
nodes subequal, convex above, prothorax tinged with yellowish; tips of
posterior tibiz slightly dusky ; abdomen ovate, convex, polished ; first
segment honey-yellow, rapidly dilated to apex which is pale, remaining
segments brown or piceous on basal half, shading inte yellow at apex‘
ovipositor very short. Length .18 inch.

fZab.—Illinois. More robust than gvaci/is which it resembles ; the
antennal joints are, however, shorter, and the anterior node of thorax
more convex.

12. PEZOMACHUS TEXANUS. JV. sf.— 9 .—Long, slender, pale honey-
yellow ; head large, vertex dusky ; antennae longer than head and thorax,
the joints beyond middle with dusky incisures ; thoracic nodes subequal
and convex ; abdomen ovate beyond first segment, convex, base of second
and third segments more or less fuscous ; first segment unusually long and
slender, and scarcely dilated at apex; ovipositor nearly as long as first ~
abdominal segment. Length .15 inch.

Hab.—Texas. (Belfrage). Very distinct by the long and slender
first abdominal segment.

PEZOMACHUS UNICOLOR. JV. sf.— 9.— Entirely pale ferruginous,
shining ; antennz dusky at tips ;.thoracic nodes subequal, convex ; abdo-
men ovate beyond first segment, which is gradually dilated to apex;
ovipositor as long as abdomen, sometimes longer, pale honey-yellow,
sheaths black. Length .16—.18 inch.

fZab.— Massachusetts ; Delaware ; Illinois. Four specimens.

CATERPILLARS IN BELcGtuM.— The Provincial Council of Brabant
have published a decree to the effect that as the regular annual destruc-
tion of caterpillars and other insects, which takes place in February, has
not been found to clear the land of these pests, all owners and occupiers
of land are enjoined to clear their trees, shrubs, hedges and bushes of
caterpillars during the month of November,as better results are anticipated.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65

. MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.

BY VY. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY.
Continued from page 44.

HOLCOCERA, Clemens.

This genus approaches Ge/echia, but not so nearly as Anarsia, Parasia,
&c., the hind wings being sublanceolate, and not emarginate beneath the
apex, and having a different neuration. Dr. Clemens describes four
species, only one of which, . chalcofrontella,is known to me. Gelechia
glandulella, Riley, belongs here. The genus is divisible into two branches.

A. In which the median vein of the hind wings gives off one branch
before the transverse vein and a furcate branch behind it, and the curved
apical branch.

ee a chalcofrontella, Clem. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 1863, p. 122.

The other three species described by Clemens most likely belong to
this section, as he mentions no other form of neuration.

B. In which the median gives off two veins before the transverse one, and
one, besides the apical, dehind it (as if the furcate vein of section A had
been divided, and one branch transferred before the transverse vein).

2. Gelechia ( /Lolcocera ) glandulella, Riley, ante Vol. 3, p. 118.

ANARSIA.

A. Obiqui-sirigella. N. sp.

Palpi with the second joint dark brown beneath ;-white above and at
the tip. Third joint dark brown, with a white annulus at the base, and
another about the middle. Face white. Antennz with the basal joint
white, stalk annulate alternately; with dark, greyish-brown and white.
Thorax and wings white, thickly dusted with pale grey-brown. A dorsal
brown streak, near the base, points obliquely backwards towards a small
costal brown spot, and reaches more than half across the wing. An
_ oblong, costal, dark brown spot about the apical fourth of the wing, a
3 discal, oblong streak opposite the space between the costal spots, and

another small one near the beginning of the ciliz, and another large one
in the apical portion touching the costal margin near the apex. Some-
times these discal and apical streaks are continuous, forming a streak from
_ the middle of the wing to the apex.
Alar ex. ¥8 inch. Larva unknown. Kentucky. The terminal joint
of the palpi in this species is not roughened, but the proportions of the

66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

joints, and the neuration of the wings, and opaque spot on the costa,
are those of Anarsia.
EVAGORA.

£. difficilisella. WN. sp.

Palpi and antenne dark brown ; tip of the second joint of the palpi,
and two annulations on the terminal one, white. Head, thorax and
anterior wings, hairy. A minute dark brown spot (wanting in many
specimens) at the base, just within the dorsal margin. A large, bronzy,
dark brown spot, with purplish reflections, on the base of the costa, a.
small one about the basal one-fourth, another larger about the middle of
the costal margin, a small one at the beginning of the dorsal ciliz, one,
two or three on the disc, a larger, somewhat scattered, patch in the apical ,
portion, and a row of about eight around the apical margin. Ciliz pale
fuscous, dusted with hoary scales. The costal and one*discal spot mar-
gined with yellowish. A/ar ex. 34 inch. Kentucky. Common.

PARASIA.

The preceding genus scarcely differs, generically, from this. Indeed,
so little, that I doubt greatly the propriety of their separation, the only
differences in the imago being slight ones in the neuration of the wings.

P. apici-strigella. WN. sp.

Silvery, suffused with pale yellowish ; apex of the forewings deeply
suffused with reddish-ochreous, and finely sprinkled with white (each scale
tipped with white.) There is a very oblique short white streak about the
middle of the costa, dark margined on both sides ; behind it, at the
beginning of the ciliz, is a long narrow unmargined white streak, passing
obliquely to the middle of the apical part of the wing, where it almost
meets an opposite dorsal obliquely curved long white streak; behind
the costal streak are three short straight white costal streaks, the last of
which is nearly opposite to a small straight white dorsal streak, which
forms the internal margin of a dark brown dorso-apical spot. Ciliz
composed of three rows of reddish ochreous scales, each tipped with
white, forming three wide reddish ochreous bands, separated by three
narrow white lines. 4/ar ex. nearly % inch. Kentucky.

This is evidently very near P. apici-punctella, Clem.

GELECHIA.

This huge genus comprehends a somewhat heterogeneous assemblage
of small moths having a certain general resemblance, but differing from
each other considerably in size, in the neuration of the wings, and the

rus
TS

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67

amount of the excision of the hind wings, and the size and shape of the
labial palpi, and yet more in the habits of the larve.

“In the living insect the wings are deflexed in repose, thus differing
from Depressaria, and some other allied genera. In many species, the
posterior margin of the hind wings is deeply excised beneath the costa ;
in others, the emargination is small or none. The antennz are slender
and simple, and usually about three-fourths as long as the wings. The
maxillary palpi are microscopic, whilst the labial are long, overarching
the vertex, with the third joint pointed, and about two-thirds as long as
the second, which is enlarged, though not brush-like beneath.

‘It is, perhaps, the largest genus among the Micros, and, widely as
some of the species differ from each other, it has not yet been found prac-
ticable to effect a natural division of it. The habits of the larve are very
diverse, some of them being leaf miners, some making galls in stems of
plants, some feeding inside of nuts and fruits, while others are external
feeders. There is no “ pattern of coloration” peculiar to this genus, the
species of which are of all shades and colours. It is a genus of very wide
distribution, and some of the species are common, now at least (whatever
they may have once been), to both continents, and to many regions in
both.

1. Gelechia Hermannella, Stainton. Nat. Hist. Tin., v. 9, p. 262.

This unique and handsome species is described, and the synonymy
given, by Stainton, with a good figure (fig. 3, plate 8). ‘The longitudinal
silvery streaks are, however, a little more elongated in the figure than in
my specimens,.so as to connect the transverse markings. It occurs

almost all over Europe, but has not heretofore been recorded from this

country. I have found it mining the leaves of species of Chenopodium in
Kentucky and Wisconsin. The larva, at first, is white; but, towards
maturity, eight crimson spots make their appearance on each segment ;
four on top and two on each side. (Stainton says four, but in all of my
specimens there are eight). Sometimes some of the spots are confluent.
It enters the leaf from the upper surface, and frequently leaves an old
mine to construct a new one. Frequently the leaves are scarred or
blotched by numerous mines, and sometimes the whole leaf is mined,
but in such cases there are several larve in a mine. ‘The typical form
of the mine seems to begin as a point, from which it passes, gradually
widening, first to one side, then to the other, in a series of loops, each
extending a little farther than the preceding, like a band gradually widen-
ing, wound around acone. The frass is scattered through the mine.

68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

I quote Mr. Stainton’s description :—

Alar ex. 4to 4% lines. Head and face (and thorax) dark bronzy
grey (with purplish reflections). Antenne blackish. Anterior wings
bright reddish-orange, with the base black (the black being externally
margined with silvery on the costa), a short oblique streak from the costa
near the base, and a small spot near the inner margin, are silvery ; before
the middle, is a slender, slightly oblique, silvery fascia (interrupted by the
fold), margined ‘with black, and followed by a black blotch on the costa ;
beyond it are three short longitudinal silvery streaks, one on the costa,
one on the disc, and one, much shorter, on the fold. On the costa, before
the apex, is a short (? it can hardly be called short, either in Mr. Stainton’s
figure or in my specimens) silvery streak pointing inwards, and on the
inner margin at, the anal angle, is a small silvery spot; these appear to
represent the usual subapical spots ; a few silvery scales lie towards the
middle of the hind margin, which is otherwise black. (In my specimens
there are, on the dorso-apical margin, instead of these markings two dis-
tinct silvery spots separated by a small blackish spot); ciliae blackish.
Posterior wings dark greyish fuscus, with the ciliae rather paler.

The portions above included in brackets are interpolations by me.

2. G. tephriasella. NV. sp.

Palpi with the second joint dark brown, tipped with white, third joint
brown, dusted with white, and with a white annulus before the tip. Head
pale whitish-grey, each scale tipped with white. Antennae with alternate
annulations of grey and white, with five or six very distinct white ones,
more widely separated towards the apex. Fore wings and thorax pale
grey, about equally intermixed with white, becoming gradually darker grey
and fuscous towards the tip, each of the darker scales tipped with white.
There is a small; very oblique white streak or spot on the costa, just
behind the middle, and at the beginning of the costal ciliae the wing is
crossed by a narrow white fascia. An indistinct fuscous hinder marginal
line or row of spots at the base of the ciliae, which are of the general hue.

Alar ex. about 3% inch. Kentucky. Larva unknown. Having but
a single specimen, I have not examined the neuration of the wings, but I
think it is a true Gelechia probably allied to G. rhotfructella, Clem.

3. G. palpiannulella. NN. sp.

Shining bronzy dark brown ; there is a whitish ring around the end of
the second palpal joint, and another around the middle of the third one,
and a small, very pale, yellowish costal spot just before the ciliae, and an

P J i j
"GN - - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69

- opposite dorsal one, and one within the dorsal margin about the middle.
- Posterior wings yellowish-brown. A/ar ex. ¥4 inch. Kentucky. Common.
_ Larva and food plant unknown. Captured in July to September. The
_neuration differs a little from that of G. roseosuffusella. Possibly this may
be G. mimel/la, Clem., which it seems to resemble closely. But Clemens
says there is an “ochreous band near the tip,” instead of the opposite
costal and dorsal spot of this species ; and he speaks of a few dark brown
spots upon the costa and in the apical portion of the wing, which I can
not discover in this species, and he describes it as tawny brown. I think
this is a true Gelechia.
It must bear considerable resemblance to the hep G. Anthylii-
della, figured by Stainton.
4. G. roseosuffusella, Clem. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. , Phila., 1860, p. 162.

_ This is our commonest species. There is great difference in the
extent and intensity of the roseate hue of the wings. In some specimens
it is scarcely perceptible, in others it is very distinct, and spreads over the
greater portion of the wing. <A/ar ex. +s inch.
ERRATA.—V. 3., p. 206, for Z. vitifoliclla read P. vitifoliella, and for
P. ampelopsifolielia read P. ampelopsiella. PP. 222, for “ cephalonthidla”™
read cephalanthiella.
V. 4., p. 10, for “powdered,” in line 9 from the bottom, read produced,
and p. 12, at the end of the rst line, for “there” read thus.

‘

ON A NEW CHECKERED HESPERIA.
BY AUG. R. GROTE, DEMOPOLIS, ALABAMA.

A common species of //esferia in central Alabama, and that I do not
_ find described by authors, is one that I call Syrécthus communis. It is
plentiful from early spring to autumn, and must be several brooded, but I
_ have not found the larva.
j The male is a little smaller, and the white checkered spots are altu-
_ gether larger and more numerous, than in the female. The ground colour
q of the wings is a brownish black, and longer bluish white hair spreads
50

from the base of the forewings over the inferior portion of the primaries,

oi

3 and from the base of the hind wings downwardly without touching the
abdominal margin. A more prominent median band of white spots, three

~

70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. :

in number, below the median vein, divided by the sub-median nervure
and fold, and surmounted by one on the disc larger within the three.
Clustered minute linear dots between the sub-costal veinlets at the base,
and below them three larger, divided by the discal fold and median vein
opposite the cell. A series of subterminal white dots, the three lower the
larger. Terminal minute interspaceal dots; fringes white, interrupted.
Costal edge white, dotted externally. Secondaries with a broader series
of mesial spots, reduced in size inferiorly, a subterminal and a minute
terminal series of white spots and dots; fringes white, less interrupted
than on primaries. Beneath, the secondaries are whitish, with four series
of olivaceous, darkly margined, incomplete and irregular bands. A black
subtriangular shaded spot at anal angle. Body whitish beneath, above
blackish with longer bluish or greenish hair; abdomen obsoletely annulate.
The fringes of the female primary are dusky.
Expanse— f 28; 2 30mm.

.

OBITUARY.

By the recent death of Mr. BrappisH BILLincs, of Ottawa, Canada
has lost one of her most devoted and enthusiastic sons of science. It has
been remarked that the lives of men engaged in scientific enquiries are
usually devoid of much interest. The pursuits they follow are not unfre-
quently above the comprehension, and, consequently, the sympathy of the
busy active world. The strife of political partizanship, which engrosses
so deeply most minds, has to them little, if any, attraction. Their tastes
and habits of thought lead them into other and more congenial fields. The
honor or distinction that accrues to them from the successful prosecution
of their scientific labors is all they desire. They shun the din and glare
of the paths that are generally supposed to lead to fame, content if allowed
to pursue their cherished schemes ; and hence, when they die, the record
of their lives is not usually such as to awaken the interest and excite the
attention of the uninitiated outside world. Mr. Billings was no exception
in this respect. Leading a quiet and unobtrusive life, and busily absorbed
in his favourite pursuits, his name was less known throughout the Province
than his high scientific merits deserved. His contributions, however, to
the various departments of natural history, we have good reason to believe,
were highly appreciated by those most competent to judge of their value,

Atel”

)
Jo. ey

‘

o

hy a) SNe

~ £2) ges 1p
‘

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 71

and more than one foreign scientific society gave his naine a place on
the roll of their membership. Had he possessed more ambition and been
burdened with less modesty, there is scarcely any position in the paths of
science to which he might not have successfully aspired. He had what
one might almost characterize as a morbid shrinking from publicity. He
was out of his element in a crowded room. He loved not the busy
haunts of men; but, charmed ‘by the breath of flowers, he fled from
city throngs and cares, back to the woods, the birds, the mountain
streams.” Much to the regret of his friends, he could never be induced
to take prominent part in any public enterprise, As a striking instance
of this, and as confirmatory of what is now stated, it may be mentioned —
that when he was President of the Ottawa Natural History Society—an
office to which he was elected as a recognition of his acknowledged
ability—he could never be persuaded to preside at any of the meetings.
He uniformly, on some pretext Or other, always managed to shirk the
distasteful duty. Nor did this arise from any want of interest in the pro-
ceedings, for he was one of its warmest and most active supporters, and
contributed many valuable Botanical and Entomological specimens.

Mr. Billings was born at Billings Bridge, a small village in the imme-
diate -neighbourhood of what is now the city of Ottawa, on the 19th of
January, 1819. He was descended from a Welsh family that came to
America about the year 1740. His grandfather, Dr. Elkanah Billings,
after graduating at Harvard University, served for some time as surgeon
under Washington, during the Revolutionary War. His father removed
to Canada sometime previous to the year 1804, and engaged in lumbering
operations on the Rideau River. At this time there was only one house,
on the south side of the Ottawa River, within 50 miles of his clearing.
The whole of the Ottawa valley was then a comparative wilderness, with
few indications of the material prosperity which has since become every
where so apparent. It might be interesting to glean some of the incidents
connected with the first settlement of this part of Canada, but as this
would be foreign to the purpose of this paper, we forbear.

Of the early years of Mr. Billings little need be said; although, by
this time, considerable progress had been made by the various settlements
that had been gradually formed in this section. Still, as can be easily
imagined, he experienced his full share of the trials and hardships inci-
dent to a life in the backwoods. Access to books must have been a favor
which few enjoyed, and the facilities for education were of the most
meagre description.

vie THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Accordingly, we find that he was sent to Potsdam Academy, in the
State of New York, to prosecute his studies. Here he remained for some
considerable period, paying special attention to mathematics, with the
view of fitting himself for a land surveyor. He does not appear, however,
to have had any special liking for this profession, for he soon gave it up,
and betook himself to other avocations. Between the years 1842—52, he ij
held various appointments, such as Clerk of the Crown, Clerk of the — E
Bankrupt Court, Registrar of the Surrogate Court, &c., &c. >i

In the fall of 1854, he removed with his family to Prescott, where he
was appointed General Agent of the Bytown & Prescott Railway. He
subsequently, and up to within a short time of his death, held other
offices in connection with the same Company. He remained in Prescott
until the spring of 1863, when he returned to Ottawa, where he afterward
permanently resided. It was while living in Prescott that he began, sys-
tematically, the study of Botany and Entomology. These continued to be
his favourite branches, although he also gave some attention to Geology
and Mineralogy.

Mr. Billings’ Botanical collection, which pretty thoroughly exhausted
the field around Prescott and Ottawa, consisted of 1897 species, and ‘
embraced about one half of the entire number contained in Gray’s
Manual. It is‘now the property of the Ottawa Scientific and Literary
Society. His collection of Entomological specimens was also extensive
and valuable. Besides contributing to the Smithsonian Institute of
Washington, and to various private collections, he presented a large
assortment of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera to the Literary and Scientific
Society of Ottawa. Considering the very limited opportunities at his
disposal, it is surprising that he was able to accomplish so much ashe
did. His close and unremitting attention to his office duties might have }
been supposed to discourage him in the prosecution of his favorite re-
searches. But such was not the case. When the day’s work was over,
it was to him always a source of the highest enjoyment to get away into-
the country, and hold converse with Nature. He loved not merely the
flowers, he also enjoyed the haunts where they are to be found. By the
lonely river-bank

“*He lingered many summer hours,
Deep in the olden forests he sought the sweet wild flowers.”

In later years his attention was mainly directed to Entomology, and
to it he devoted every spare hour that chance threw in his way. He was
often to be met with, net in hand, in out-of-the-way places, following his

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. | 73

25) congenial work, and woe betide the heedless buzzing beetle that crossed
‘a his path.
tie ____ Among his contributions to various scientific periodicals may be men-
_ tioned the following :—In the Canadian Naturalist of Feburary, 1858,
and February, 1860, he published a “ List of Plants found growing in the
Neighbourhood of Prescott.” To the annals of the Botanical Society of
Kingston, he furnished a “List of Plants growing principally within 4
miles of Prescott, and on Laurentian Rocks west of Brockville, 72 species.”
Im the transactions of the Ottawa Natural History Society, he published
eS a “List of Plants collected in the vicinity of Ottawa during the season of
1866, consisting of 405 species.” Occasional papers also from his pen
-* may be found in the Canapian Entomococist. In Vol. 1, pages 28 and
_ 60, he discussed the subject “Ona station for Afe/itea Phaeton,” and in
the same volume, page 45, is a paper on “ Diurnal Lepidoptera observed in
the neighbourhood of Ottawa during the season of 1868.” Whether this
comprises all that he wrote for the ENTOMOLOGIST we are not in a position
to say. Writing scientific articles was a kind of amusement he did not
much relish, and but for the importunities of his friends, even the few
above mentioned might not have been penned.
That Mr. Billings had made for himself a substantial reputation as a
Naturalist, is shown by the fact that he was elected to positions of honor
| by several scientific societies, as a recognition of the valuable services
rendered by him to the cause of Natural History. He was the first
President of the Ottawa Natural History Society in 1864. In 1866 he
} was elected one of the Vice-Presidents of the Entomological Society of
_» Canada. When the Royal Botanical Society of Canada was organized, he
was one of the original Fellows. He was also a corresponding member of
the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, and of the Portland Society
_ __ of Natural History.
‘ Mr. Billings died at the comparatively early age of 53, on the 29th of
4 _ September last, deeply regretted by a large circle of warmly attached
friends. —COMMUNICATED.

ABBOTT'S NOTES ON GEORGIAN BUTTERFLIES.

BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, BOSTON, MASS.

ce. A few months ago, I spent some time over the rich collection of
_ drawings by Abbott, now in the British Museum. Thinking that some of
his memoranda may not be unacceptable to the readers of your maga-

74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

zine, I transcribe the substance of what is written on those butterflies
which occur in the North as well as in the South, no copy of the others
having been taken. The botanical names of the plants have, in most
cases, been inserted in the MSS. by’ some subsequent student; those
which bear the initials A.W.C., are due to the kindness of Dr. Chapman.
The drawings of the butterflies are contained in the 6th and the 16th
volumes of the series of Abbott’s MSS., the former comprising the perfect
insects only, tle latter the earlier stages as well. In this article the
sequence of the MSS. is followed. The Roman characters refer to the
folios, the Arabic to the figures. Names repeated in the two volumes are
prefixed by an asterisk. ,
VOLUME VI.

*T., 1.—G/aucus ; not common.

*III., 7—8.—TZrotlus. Taken March 10; changed to chrysalis Oct. 13 ;
bred March 1o ; bred again in summer ; common.

*V., 10—11.—Asterias. Chrysalis April 20, imago May 2.

VI., 12—13.—Philenor. Common on pium and peach blossoms in the
Spring; caterpillar pink-brown ; feeds on black snake root ( Aristolo-
chia serpentaria, A.W.C.); chrysalis April 26, gave imago May 4;
chrysalis June 21, gave imago July 5.

*X., 14-—15.—Ayjax. Flies very swift ; chrysalis May 24, gave imago
June 16; chrysalis in Autumn, gave imago March 2.

XI., 60—61.—£ubule. Caterpillar yellow, streaked and spotted with
blue ; chrysalis August 31, gave imago Sept. 10; chrysalis Sept. 24,
gave imago Oct. 6; flies very swift.

XIII., 64—5.—PAilodice. Taken May 10; rare ; common in Virginia.

XIV., 8:—Philodice (pale ¢ ): Taken March 12; very rare.

*XV., 66—8.—icippe. Taken Aug. 7; not common.

XVIL., 69—71.—Zisa. Taken Aug. 20; common; frequents and sucks
damp ground in yards, etc.

XIX., 77-—8.—Protodice. ‘Taken May 13; very rare.

XX., 79—81.—Genutia. ‘Taken May 21; very rare in oak woods.

*XXI., 18—19.—Archippus. Chrysalis April 25, gave imago May 11;
not very common ; flies very swift. _
*XXIII., 22—3.—-M/issipus ; not common.

XXIV., 48—9.—Alope. Not common.

XXV., 52—3.—Zurytris. Common; taken April 14.

XXVIL, 54—s5.—Areolatus. Taken June 5; in oak and pine woods, on
the, sides of the branches of trees; common; caterpillar green, and
feeds on grass.

ad

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 75

- *XXIX., 28—9.—Huntera. Feeds on everlasting (Guaphalium fpolycep-

halum, A.W.C.) spinning the blossoms together for its retreat ;
chrysalis April 26, gave imago May 8; chrysalis May 7, gave imago
May 16; not very common.

*XXX., 30—1.—Cenia. Chrysalis April 18, gave imago May 4; a
second brood in the Autumn ; common.

*XXXI., 36—7.—C/audia. Feeds on May-apples (Podophyl/um pelta-
tum, A.W.C.) ; taken April 24; breeds again in Autumn ; frequents
fields near swamps ; not very cOmmon.

XXXII., 7.—/da/ia. Met with by Mr. Elliot in his journey to the

_ mountains.

XXXII. 43—4.—Clyton. Taken May 1 in neighbourhood of swamps ,;
second brood taken September 5, in Ogechee and Savannah River
swamps ; rare.

XXXIII., 45—7.—Celtis. Taken May 1; very rare ; also in swamps.

XXXIV., 50o—51.—Fortlandia. April 25.; not very common.

*XXXV., 16.—Ursula. Feeds on willow, wild gooseberry, and wild
cherry ; chrysalis June 9; others were bred as early as April 12 ; not
very common ; frequents swamps.

*XXXVIL., 24—5.—Antiopa. One year I met with a brood of these
caterpillars on a willow, in number near 300; chrysalis April 24,
gave imago May 24.

XXXIX., 9.— Faunus. Met with by Mr. Elliot in his tour to the
mountains.

XL., 32 —3.— Bachmanii. Frequents blossoms in fields adjoining
swamps ; not common.

MLIII, 38—40.—Fhareos. Taken March 5 ; common.

*L., 162—4.—Calanus. Taken May 2; common in oak woods ; cater-
pillar greenish-brown, with darker green marks; imago bred April 29.

*LL., 165—7.—-strigosa. Feeds on holly and oak; tyed itself up April
27, changed to chrysalis 2oth [29?], bred May 6; frequents oak
fields and swamps.

*LV., 173—5.—-niphon. March 29; very rare; near swamps and oak
woods.

LVI., 176—8.—mopsus. May 25; oak woods ; very rare.

LVIII., 13.— Americana. ‘Taken by Mr. Elliot in his tour to the
mountains.

*LXVI., 86—7.—7ityrus. Spun up in leaves Sept. 5, chrysalis Sept. 7,
bred April 10; not very common.

76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

*LXVII., 88—9.—Lycidas. Feeds on beggar’s lice (Desmodium, A.W.C.); ~~
chrysalis July 10, gave imago July 23; taken fresn-bred as early as {
April 12; frequents swamps, hommocks, and oak woods ; not very
common. ;

LXVIII., 907—91.—Profeus. Feeds on wild pea-vine (C/itoria mariana, —
A.W.C.), and kidney beans ; spun up July 2, chrysalis July 4, bred
August 18; in some years found frequently in oak woods and fields
near swamps. : ;

*LXX., 94—5.—Bathvllus. Spun up June 11, bred June 24; common.

*LXXII., 96—-8.—‘Fuvenalis. Bred March 8; common.

*LXXIV., 43.—<AZartialis. Taken March 8 and June 7.

*LXXIV., 99—101.—Brizo. Feeds on wild indigo (Baprisia ? A.W.C.);
chrysalis July 27, gave out imago Aug. 5; also bred March 22;
not so common as Fuvenalis.

LXXV., 102—4.—Accuis. Caterpillar green, streaked lengthways with
pale white ; head streaked with black; feeds on blades of indian
corn; chrysalis June 21, gave out imago June 29; also bred April
20 ; common.

*LXXVIIL., 1o8—9.—Catullus. Caterpillar green with a black head;
feeds on common and red careless, and lamb’s quarter [Abbott and
Smith figure it on horsemint, A/vmarda punctata|; spun up June 18,
from which imago June 26; chrysalis July 29, gave imago Aug. 5;
frequents corn fields near oak woods ; not very common.

LXXVIII., 110—2.—/#essellata. Taken April 18 and Aug. 21; not

very common. ’

LXXX., 115—6.—verna? ‘Taken Aug. 20; rare.

*LXXXI., 117—8.—Samoset. ‘Taken Aug. 8 ; rare. :

LXXXII., 119—20.—“extor. Taken May 8 ; not common.

LXXXIIL., 121—3.—vwéalis. Taken April 27 in oak woods; not very
common.

LXXXVL., 157—159.— Vitellius. Caterpillar of a pale brown-greenish
colour ; feeds on buffalo-grass ; spun July 25, chrysalis July 27, from
which imago Aug. 4; not common.

*LXXXVII., 170-—2.—TZarguinius. Tied up April 12, chrysalis April
14, from which imago April 25; feeds on alder ; frequents swamps
and oak woods ; rare.

XC., 130—2.—Delaware. Taken Aug. 2; oak woods ; not common.

XCL., 133—4-—Zabulon. ‘Taken April 26 in a field ; only one met with.

XCII., 135—7.—PAytaeus. Taken May 15 ; feeds on crab-grass (Pani-
cum sanguinale, A.W.C.); not very common.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 77

XCV., 141—3.—Sassacus. Caterpillar green, head brown; feeds on
crab-grass ; chrysalis Aug. 20, gave imago Aug. 30; also bred April
12; common.

XCVI., 144—6.—umitor. Yaken April 27 and Aug. 2; frequents
fields in low grounds and in oak woods ; not very common.

TO BE CONTINUED.

LONDON BRANCH.
MONTHLY MEETINGS.

March.—The regular monthly meeting was held on Friday evening,
- March 4, at the residence of Mr. A. Puddicombe.

After the routine business had been disposed of, a letter was read from
R. H. Stretch, Esq., San Francisco, Cal., announcing the fact of his having
commenced the publication of a new work on Entomology, entitled,
*Tllustrations of North American Zygenid@ and Bombycde.” It is to be
uniform in size with the “ Transactions of the American Entomological
Society,” and embellished with coloured figures equal in execution to
those of Edward’s butterflies. The work is to be issued in about thirty
parts, each part to contain one plate. Part 1, containing A/yfia 8 species,
Ctenucha 6, Scepsis 1, and Psychomorpha 1 species, is now in press.

Intimation having been given by the Fruit Growers’ Association of
Ontario of their intention to issue a circular to their members, containing
questions relating to fruit culture, it was suggested that some queries in
reference to insects would be a valuable addition to said circular, and a
committee was appointed to prepare queries and confer with the Secretary
of the Fruit Growers’ Association on this subject.

Mr. Puddicombe’s excellent microscope was brought into use, and
added much to the interest of the meeting.

April.—The meeting for this month was held on the evening of April
12, at the residence of Mr. Saunders.

The committee appointed to confer with Mr. D. W. Beadle in reference
to insect queries, reported that they had completed their task.

Some interesting specimens of micro-lepidoptera were exhibited, which
had been recently determined for Mr. Saunders by V. T. Chambers, Esq.,
Covington, Ky., among which are several species as yet undescribed.
Fine photographs of insects were shown, lately received from Mr. Lintner,
of Albany.

sT
(9 4)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. =

KINGSTON BRANCH.
ANNUAL MEETING.

The annual meeting of the Kingston Branch was held at the office of
the Secretary on the evening of April 11, Prof. Dupuis in the chair. The
report of the proceedings of the Society for the last year (the first of its
existence) was read, and, on motion, was adopted. Two new members
were proposed for election. On motion, Prof. N. F. Dupuis was re-
elected President, E.H. Collins, Esq., Vice-President, and R.V. Rogers, jr.,
Secretary-Treasurer.

After the usual routine work, the members adjourned with the deter-
mination that 1872 would see them more devoted and enthusiastic fol-
lowers in the tracks of the insects hosts than ever.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

DETERMINATION OF SEX.—In view of the occasionally great dissimr
larity in the sexes (as now received) of several species of Lepidopiera, it
would be interesting to know how many of these have been determined _
from the fact of copulation, seeing that evidence of this nature, although
presumptively good, cannot be considered as complete proof that the
sexes so seen i coitu are sexes of the same species.

Almost every one accustomed to the rearing of insects is doubtless
aware of this fact, but it does not seem to be very generally known ; and
I am tolerably certain that the decision of a very eminent entomologist,
(decision perhaps not yet made public), that 47. focohontas is merely an
aberrant female form of A. hobomok, is based entirely on the fact of
copulation. But when two such clearly distinct species as Samia cynthia
and Callosamia promethea (we will suppose the generic difference to amount
to nothing), and species of such manifestly distinct genera as those of
Epinephele and Vanessa will copulate, I think that we run no great risk in
saying that copulation proves nothing, so far as the determination of
species is concerned.

Perhaps I should say that I have repeatedly witnessed the copulation
of Cynthia and Promethea, and my information as to “pinephele and
Vanessa comes from a good source. But one instance is as good as a
thousand.

It may be that a consideration of this incidental mingling of species

ners THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79

would throw some light on “ The Origin of Species;” for although, so far
as my knowledge goes, eggs laid by a female which had copulated with
a male of different species have never been fruitful, it by no means follows
that this is universally the case ; and although with animals in a state of
_ domestication, hybrids are not Salta: in a state of, nature the case
may be different. But this is beside my present purpose.—W.V.ANDREWS.

| A VARIETY oF Pieris Rap& UNKNOWN IN Evurope.—Probably not
__ a few of your readers who interest themselves in butterflies have noticed
among the swarms of Ganoris rap@ occasional specimens differing remark-
ably from the normal forms in the colour of both surfaces of the wings ;
these, if we except the dusky markings, are of a sulphur yellow, approach-
ing in depth of colour the wings of Eurema Lisa. 1 have had New
England specimens for three years, and since my stay in this country
_ have been endeavouring, most unsuccessfully, to find out the European
_ name of the variety, and with, good reason, for to-day having had the

pleasure of a call from Mr. H. T. Stainton, of London, I set these speci-

mens before him, and he assured me that they have nothing of the kind
on this continent!

"9
‘
a
ar
*
Fi

Here then we have developed a new variety of an artificially intro- -

duced species within a very short time after its appearance in America.

It would be well if Mr. Bowles of Quebec, or some one in Montreal,

could teil us the year in which this yellow form first appeared. Two of

‘my specimens were taken in June and July, 186g—one by Mr. Merrill, in

Shelbourne, N.H., the other by Prof. Hamlin, in Waterville, Me., and all

are males. Are they confined to that sex, and the product of the later

broods only? I propose to call the variety novangli@.—SamMvueEL H.
_ Scupper, Menton, France, March 6, 1872.

‘Ss ADVERTISEMENTS.

Exotic LEPIDOPTERA AND COLEOPTERA.—I have a large collection of
specimens of Lepidoptera and Coieoptera from Australia, Manilla, Mexico
and Central America, which I am now arranging for the purpose of sale,
4 as I intend confining myself to Californian insects for the future. I have

also a complete set of the Pacific Railroad Survey Reports (13 volumes),
in excellent condition, which I shall be glad to dispose of. Apply to

_ James Berens, San Francisco, Cal.
i

80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

CoLLectinG Tour In Laprapor.—When I penned the notice of my
proposed tour to Labrador, I had no idea that there would be so much
demand for Entomological material from this Northern quarter. But since
the notice has appeared, letters have been received from Mr. P.S. Sprague,
Boston Natural History Society ; Mr. Samuel Henshaw, Boston ; Mr. Geo.
D. Smith, Boston, for Coleoptera; and Dr. Theodore L. Mead, New
York ; Mr. Herman Strecker, Reading, Pa.; Mr. G. M. Levette, Assist.
Geolog. Survey, Indianapolis, for Lepidoptera ; and having neglected to
give my full address, possibly other letters may have gone astray. I want
only 12 subscribers for Lepidoptera, and the terms are settled by corres-
pondence.- I am anxious to put the Coleoptera into the hands of one
person, or an institution, who could work and determine the material, in
order to put the matter in some form for future reference. I will supply
notes with every species collected.—WmM. Couper, 38 Bonaventure St., .
Montreal.

PLaTYySAMIA CoLumBIA.—I will give in exchange for a good example
of this moth one hundred specimens of Zefidoptera of various genera from
California, Southern and Atlantic United States, S. America, Europe,
East Indian Archipelago, &c., or double the number for two examples ;
or, if it is preferable, I will pay in money. HERMAN STRECKER, Box 111,
Reading P. O., Berks Cy., Pa. U.S.

Cork.—We have a good supply of sheet cork of the ordinary thick-
ness, price 16 cents (gold) per square foot.

CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Vols. 1. 2 and 3.—We have a few copies
left of Vols. 1 and 2, No. 1, of Vol. 1, being, however, out of print. Price
$1.25 for Vols. 1 and 2; $1 Vol. 3.

List oF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cents each, embracing 55
families, 432 genera, and 1231 species. (For labelling cabinets).

PRINTED NUMBERS, in sheets, I to 2000, for labelling cabinets. Price
to cents each set.

These prices are exclusive of cost of transportation, and orders will
please state whether the package is to be sent by mail or express.

AGENTS FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Canapa.—FE. B. Reed, London, Ont.; W. Couper, Naturalist, Montreal,
P.Q.; G. J. Bowles, Quebec, P. Q.; J. Johnston, Canadian Institute,
Toronto, Ont.

Unirep SraTes.—The American Naturalist’s Book Agency, Salem, Mass.;
J. Y. Green, Newport, Vt.; W. V. Andrews, Room 17, No. 137
Broadway, New York.

,

Pe a ee ew

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. IV. LONDON, ONT., MAY, 1872. No.

on

DESCRIPTIONS OF
NORTH AMERICAN HYMENOPTERA, No. 3.

BY E. T. CRESSON, PHILADELPHIA.
(Continued from Page 64.)

Family ICHNEUMONID-.

Genus PERILITUS, Nees.

This Braconid genus belongs to Wesmael’s group Polymorphes, and
the species described below to Haliday’s subgenus JAZefeorus, which is dis-
tinguished from the other genera or subgenera with petiolated abdomen,
by the anterior wing having ¢hree contiguous cubital cells.

I. PERILITUS NIVEITARSIS. JV. sf.—Z 2.—Ferruginoius, shining ;
cheeks, sides of thorax and apex of abdomen thinly clothed with a short,
whitish, somewhat pruinose pubescence ; face and mouth pale ferrugin-
ous; palpi whitish ; occiput and space enclosed by ocelli, blackish ;
antennz entirely dark fuscous; prothorax and sutures of mesothorax
blackish ; metathorax rounded, reticulated and with a transverse arcuate
carina before the middle ; tegulz pale yellow ; wings hyaline, iridescent,
costal nerve and stigma pale yellow or ferruginous, nervures fuscous;
second cubital cell subquadrate, broader at base ; interno-discoidal cell of
same length as the externo-discoidal; recurrent nervure on a line and
confluent with the intercubital nervure ; four anterior tibie except tips,
their tarsi and base of posterior tibiz yellowish, posterior tarsi white, apex
of posterior tibize fuscous, terminal joint of all the tarsi black ; abdomen
smooth and polished, first segment rugulose, sides margined, the disc with
a faint longitudinal carina, lateral tubercles tolerably well developed ; ovi-
positor nearly as long as abdomen, ferruginous, sheaths black. Length
.30 Inch.

Hfab.—Massachusetts. Two $, three ¢, specimens. This is our
largest species, and is easily recognized by the white posterior tarsi, the
color of the body being much darker than that of the next species.

2. PERILITUS PALLITARSIS. WV. sp.— ~.—Yellow ferruginous or
honey-yellow, shining, thinly clothed with a short whitish pubescence ;

82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

palpi whitish ; antenne pale ferruginous, dusky at tips, incisures of joints
blackish ; metathorax finely reticulated, with an angular carina before
middle and several other irregular carine ; tegula pale yellow; wings
hyaline, iridescent, nervures and stigma fuscous, neuration as in preceding
species ; legs, except posterior femora, paler than body, posterior tarsi
whitish, apex of their tibie dusky, last joint of all the tarsi black; abdo-
men smooth and polished, first segment long and slender, especially at
base, finely rugose, sides margined, lateral tubercles prominent. Length
.25 inch.

Hab.—New Jersey. Smaller and paler than wvecfarsis, to which it is
closely allied.

3. PERILITUS comMMUNIS. JV. sp.-—f 92 .—Pale yellowish-ferruginous
or honey-yellow, shining, slightly pubescent ; palpi whitish; antennz
slightly dusky at tips, sometimes entirely dusky above ; metathorax rather
coarsely reticulated, with several more or less distinct longitudinal carine,
sometimes more or less dusky; tegulze occasionally pale yellow ; wings
hyaline, iridescent, nervures and stigma vary from pale yellow to fuscous ;
second cubital cell subquadrate, broader posteriorly, recurrent nervure on
a line and confluent with intercubital nervure ; interno-discoidal cell
shorter than externo-discoidal ; legs generally paler than body, sometimes
unicolorous, terminal joint of tarsi blackish, sometimes the apex of pos-
terior tibiz and their tarsi are more or less dusky ; abdomen smooth and
polished, first segment finely and longitudinally aciculated, that of the ¢
generally more or less fuscous, rarely entirely black, apical segments some-
times discolored ; ovipositor of 2 as long as first abdominal segment,
sometimes longer. Length .18—.22 inch.

Hab.—Connecticut; New Jersey. Twenty-five 2, twenty-one ¢,
specimens. Smaller and paler than fad/itarsis, from which it is readily
distinguished by the posterior tarsi not being white.

4. PERILITUS INTERMEDIUS. JV. sf.— ¢.—Yellow-ferruginous, varied
with blackish, shining, sub-pubescent ; palpi whitish ; antenne black,
scape yellowish beneath ; spot enclosing ocelli, occiput, prothorax above,
two spots before anterior coxz, pectus, lateral lobes of mesothorax, two
lines on middle lobe and metathorax above except apex, black ; meta-
thorax broad, rugulose ; tegule pale yellow ; wings hyaline, iridescent,
nervures and stigma fuscous ; second cubital cell transversely subquad-
rate, broader posteriorly, otherwise as in communis; legs pale yellowish-
ferruginous, coxe, trochanters and knees paler; posterior tibiz darker

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83

and all the tarsi dusky; abdomen smooth and polished ; first segment
more robust than usual, black, finely aciculated longitudinally, lateral
tubercles prominent ; second segment orange-ferruginous ; remaining seg-
ments blackish. Length .20 inch.

fab.

5. PERILITUS PROxIMUS. JV. sf.— f .—Yellowish-ferruginous, shining,
very finely pubescent ; palpi whitish ; space enclosed by ocelli and occi-
put blackish ; antenne black above, brown beneath, scape ferruginous ;
space each side of scutellum, space before anterior cox, pectus and
metathorax above except apical margin, black ; metathorax broad, rugose ;
tegule pale yellow; wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures fuscous, stigma
pale; second cubital cell obliquely quadrate, transverse, otherwise as in
communis ; legs yellowish-ferruginous, tips of tibiz and tarsi entirely
blackish ; abdomen smooth and polished, slender, especially first seg-
ment, which is very faintly aciculated and margined laterally with black-
ish. Length .18 inch.

Hab.—Illinois. Resembles’ intermedius, but while the thorax is more
robust, and the metathorax differently and more coarsely sculptured, the
abdomen is more slender and the first segment almost smooth.

Massachusetts.

6. PeriLitus vutcaris. WV. sf.—Z $.—Pale yellowish-ferruginous,
shining ; space enclosed by ocelli blackish ; antennze dusky above and at
tips, long in ~, shorter, more robust and paler in @ ; lateral lobes of
mesothorax and pleura sometimes more or less dusky ; metathorax rather
coarsely reticulated, black ; tegule pale yellow ; wings hyaline, iridescent,
nervures pale fuscous, stigma pale luteous; neuration similar to that of
proximus ; \egs uniformly pale yellowish, tips of tarsi dusky; abdomen
smooth and polished, more or less discolored at apex ; first segment black
or blackish, more or less pale at base, broad at apex, minutely aciculated
longitudinally ; ovipositor as long or longer than first abdominal segment.
Length .15—.17 inch.

ffab.—Illinois ; Texas. Thirteen 7, five ?, specimens.

7. PERILITUS DimiIpIATUS. WV. sf.—9.—Black, shining; face,
mouth and orbits ferruginous; palpi pale; antenne ferruginous, scape
above and tip of flagellum dusky ; mesothorax piceous, rufo-piceous, or
black varied with rufo-ferruginous ; scutellum more or less and prothorax
laterally, ferruginous ; metathorax rugose ; tegulae pale; wings hyaline,
iridescent, nervures and stigma fuscous, the latter pale at base; second
cubital cell obliquely subquadrate, broader posteriorly, the recurrent ner-

84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

vure not on a line with the intercubital nervure, but received by the
second cubital cell near its basal corner; interno-discoidal cell slightly
shorter than the externo-discoidal ; legs pale yellowish-ferruginous, tarsi
paler, their terminal joint black, apex of posterior femora above, tips of
their tarsi and near their base, dusky ; abdomen smooth and polished,
first segment slender, black, finely and longitudinally aciculated ; second
segment pale luteous; third and following segments more or less black-
ish ; ovipOsitor generally as long or longer than first abdominal segment,
sometimes nearly as long as abdomen. Length .16 inch.

¢ .—Antenne longer and more or less dusky or blackish above ; occi-
put blackish; thorax generally entirely black, except more or less of
prothorax and sometimes the scutellum ; legs sometimes uniformly pale
honey-yellow ; the tarsi generally more or less dusky ; third and following
abdominal segments black. Length .14—.16 inch.

fTab.—New Jersey ; Pennsylvania; Illinois. Five 2, four %, speci-
mens. A @ specimen from Arizona has the abdomen beyond first seg-
ment pale luteous, slightly discolored at apex. It appears to be only a
variety.

8. PERILITUS HUMILIS. JV. sf.—Q.—Black; mouth, palpi and
antennz ferruginous, the latter dusky above, short, with close set joints ;
face and cheeks piceous; metathorax rugose; tegule pale yellowish ;
wings hyaline, iridescent, neryures and stigma fuscous ; second cubital cell
quadrate, recurrent nervure on a line and confluent with the intercubital
nervure ; interno-discoidal cell shorter at base than the externo-discoidal ;
legs pale honey-yellow, posterior pair more or less dusky, base of posterior
tibiz pale ; abdomen black, second segment pale honey-yellow; ovipositor
as long as thorax and abdomen together. Length .14 inch.

ffab.—Illinois. Closely allied to dimidiatus, but distinct by the black
head and shorter antennal joints.

ABBOTT’S NOTES ON GEORGIAN BUTTERFLIES.

BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, BOSTON, MASS.

Continued from Page 77.

VOLUME = XVI.
*XVI., 274.—TZurnus. Feeds on the ash figured (¢rifoliata), and on
swamp ash (fraxinus platycarpa? A.W.C.) ; chrysalis June 20, gave
imago July 4

Neat, me,
Wee ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85

*XVII., 1.—Glaucus. Feeds on swamp-ash and hickory ; chrysalis Oct.
13, gave imago April 2.

*XIX., 76.—Asterias. Chrysalis June 22, gave imago July 4; chrysalis
Aug. 18, gave imago Aug. 27.

*XX., 77.—Troilus. Spins a leaf together, quits it and makes another as
it grows larger; caterpillar is called Mellow Bug, from the musky
scent; chrysalis June 22, gave imago July 6; chrysalis Oct. 31,
gave imago March ro.

*XXI., 78.—Ajax. Chrysalis May 22, gave imago June 16; chrysalis
May 12, gave imago March 22.

*XXIII., 3.— Ursula. Chrysalis May 28, gave imago June 4; chrysalis
June 9, gave imago June 18.

*XXIV., 4.—AMisippus. Chrysalis July 3, gave imago Aug. 7.

*XXVI_., 108.—Archippus. Feeds on butterfly weed and milky parsleys;
chrysalis April 25, gave imago May 11; chrysalis May 12, gave
imago May 22.

*XXVIL., 5,—Antiopa. Chrysalis April 24, gave out imago May 4. “The
large red wasps are great enemies to this species, seizing on a cater-
pular and cutting it to pieces, to make into a lump, the better to
carry it to their nest; to feed their young with.”

*VIII., 28.—Cenia. Feeds on Gerardia purpurea ; chrysalis Sept. 29,
gave imago Oct. 14.

*XXIX., 65.—C/audia. Feeds on passion flower (Passiffora incarnata,
A.W.C.); ground colour of chrysalis is silver, or more like pol-
ished mother-of-pearl, spotted with gold and black ; chrysalis May 9,
gave imago May 20.

*XXXI, 109.—Huntera. Feeds on everlasting and sunflower ; chrysalis
April 7, gave imago April 17; chrysalis June 15, gave imago June 22.

*XXXIII., 66.—WVicippe. Feeds on yellow indigo (Cassia occidentalis ?)
chrysalis Aug. 8, gave imago Aug. 16.

XXXIV., 7.—/smeria (Carlota Reek.) Feeds on cross wort (/elian-
thus trachelifolius ?) and sunflower ; frequents oak woods of Bruke
Co., but is not common ; tied up May 15 ; chrysalis May 17, from
which imago May 26.

*XXXV., 80.—TZarguinius. Feeds on Indian arrow-wood and alder; it
is partly covered with a white loose down ; frequents swamps, but is
rare ; most frequent in Big Ogechee Swamp.

*XXXVI., 112.—WViphon. Feeds on short-leaved pine (Pus inops? on
the MSS. Probably P. mitis, as P. inops is not found in Georgia so

86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

- far as I know, A.W.C.); chrysalis June 5, gave out imago March 24;
frequents oak woods ; rare.

XXXVIT., 176.—humult. Feeds on parsley leaved haw (Crategus coccinea,
MSS.; C. apitfolia, A.W.C.), pine, snap beans (common garden
bean, A.W.C.) ; chrysalis April 30, gave out imago May 4.

*XXXIX., 111.—sfrigosa.. Feeds on narrow leaved jagged black oak
(Q. catesby:), and other oaks; very rare; chrysalis April 18, gave
imago May 5.

*XL., 81.—ca/anus. Feeds on red oak and other oaks (Q. falcata), and
hickory; butterfly frequents chinquesin blossoms (Castanea pumila? -
A.W.C.), and not uncommon in oak woods; chrysalis April 28,
gave imago May Io.

XLII, 12.—J/rus. Feeds on swamp huckleberry (Vaccinium corym-
bosum? A.W.C.); frequents borders of Ogechee River Swamp only ;
the butterfly frequents the blossoms of the Red bud (Cercis canadensis,
A.W.C.) in the old fields, and is far from common; chrysalis April
20, gave out imago May 6.

*XLIV., 11.—Lycidas. Feeds on beggar’s lice (Desmodium, A.W.C.) or
indigo, and is first of the colour of fig. 1; when it sheds its skin for
the last time it becomes of the colour of fig. 2 |i e., the yellow
markings become pink. |

*XLVI., 9.—TZityrus. Feeds chiefly in the night; they all [ie., the
Flesperians| “fold and spin a leaf together for their retreat; when
they are small, only a small part of the leaf, quitting them and making
them larger as they grow bigger, and sometimes, when it is a vine, in
a leaf of the bush the vine grows on, for their greater safety from
birds.” ,

*XLVII., 173.—Bathyllus. Feeds on wild bean ; chrysalis June 21, gave
out imago July 2; chrysalis July 25, gave out imago August 5.

*XLVIIL., 174.—Fuvenalis. Feeds on wild indigo (a Baptisia, A.W.C.)
and oaks, particularly the narrow leaved winter green oak (Q. phelles,
A.W.C.) ; spun up and left off eating Oct. 3 ; chrysalis first week in
February, and imago Feb. 24; another spun June 25, changed to
chrysalis June 27, and gave out imago July 5 ; another spun August
22, changed to chrysalis August 24, and gave out imago Sept. 2.

*XLIX., 175.—Srizo. Feeds on wild indigo and oaks ; spun up in Oct.,
changed to chrysalis in March, from which imago April 21.

*L., 136.—Martialis. Feeds on red shank or red root (Ceanothus amert-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ' 87

canus and Lachnanthes tinctoria, go by the latter name at the north,
A.W.C.) ; spun up in the leaves June 25, gave out imago July 8.

*LII., 84.—Catullus. Feeds on Origanum (a Labiate, A.W.C.), and
horsemint (Monarda punctata.)

*LIII., 85.—Samoset. Feeds on a species of wild oats (Andropogon
arenaceum) ; spun itself up in the leaves May 31, and gave out imago
June 14 ; the caterpillar is very rare ; the butterfly frequents the oak
woods, but is not common.

LIV., 137.—/essellata. Feeds on wild tea (Seda) ; spun itself up in the
leaves June 25, and gave out imago July 7.

LVII., 212.—Argiolus of Smith-Abbott. Feeds on the wild kind of
bean figured (Zrythrina tuberosa), holly, &c.

LVIII., 242.—Comyntas. Feeds on the kind of wild pea figured
(Galactia) ; also on red root, &c. ; chrysalis June 16, gave out imago
June 24.

I will add a list of the plants accompanying the butterflies figured by
Smith-Abbott in their work on the Insects of Georgia. For these also I
ain indebted to the kindness of Dr. A. W. Chapman :—

I. Asterias; Garden Fennel. II. Zyoz/us ; Sassafras officinale. III.
Philenor ; Aristolochia serpentaria. IV. Ayax; Asimina triloba. V.
Eubule; Cassia marilandica. VI. Archippus; Asclepias tuberosa (not
curassavica). VII. Giippus; Asclepias obtusifolia. VIII. Coenza ;
Linaria canadensis. IX. Awitera; Gnaphalium polycephalum. X.
Ursula; Vaccinium stamineum. XI. interrogationis ; Tilia pubescens.
XII. Vanille; Passifiora incarnata. XIII. areclatus; Grass. | XIV.
Favonius ; Quercus nigra. XV. “ Argiolus ;’ Erythrina herbacea. XVI.
Otho; Sisythinchium anceps. XVII. Vitellius; Panicum crus-galli.
XVIII. Proteus; Clitoria mariana. XIX. TZityrus; Robinia pseud-
acacia. XX. Lycidas; a broad leaved form of Desmodium paniculatum.
XXI. FYuvenalis; Galactia pilosa. XXII. Bathyllus; Rhynchosia to-
mentosa. XXIII. 4cius; Wistaria frutescens. .XXIV. Catullus ;
Monarda punctata.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.—We
learn that the annual meeting will be held this year at San Francisco. In
a little while, doubtless, further details will be given of the arrangements
that the various railways may be willing to make for those desirous of
attending this meeting.

8S THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. |

MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY.
Continued from page 69.

Gracilaria juglandiella, ante p. 28, and

fo

flyponomeuta euonymella, ante p. 42.

When the descriptions of these species were prepared, I had forgotten
that species had previously been described in Europe as G. juglandiella
and H. evonymella. I have not seen these European species nor even
any description of them, and ossib/y my species may prove to be the
same. At any rate the names are so nearly the same as to necessitate a
change of those, my species, and I therefore name them respectively
G. juglandisnigrella and H. orbimaculella.

PARASIA.

1. Parasia griseaella.

Head and palpi white ; the head sparsely dotted with brown; second
joint of the palpi brownish, the third tipped with brown and with a brown
annulus in the middle; antenne brown; thorax mixed white and
brown ; wings white, overlaid with brown, so as to give a greyish cast ;
in the costal and apical portions of the wing the brown scales are con-
densed into numerous irregular and indefinite spots and streaks. <A/ar
ex. 1s Inch. ;

Collection of Mr. Wm. Saunders, London, Ont.

Possibly this may be a Gelechia, as I have not examined the neura-
tion.

STROBISIA.

This genus was erected by Dr. Clemens (Prec. Acad. Nat. Set. Phila.,
1860, p. 164) for certain species related to Gelechia, differing from it
mainly in the neuration of the wings, and in that respect approaching
Depressaria. ‘The apex of the anterior wings is, however, much more
obtusely rounded than in either of those genera, and the neuration is not
identical in the two species (.S. iridipennella and S. emblemella) described
by Dr. Clemens. As objects for the low powers of the microscope, the
species are among the handsomest known to me.

1. S. Aphroditeella. N. sp.

_ Tongue and palpi white ; face white, strongly tinged with purplish ;
head, thorax and anterior wings very dark golden or bronzy brown, vary-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89

ing to brownish golden, tinged with purple and topaz red, with the changes
of the light ; on the costa are three indigo or violet-blue streaks, the first
and second oblique, the third straight ; the first is the longest, and placed
about the basal third of the costa ; the third is before the ciliz. Near the
base, upon the disc, is a short, very oblique streak of the same hue, point-
ing towards a small spot of the same hue placed within the dorsal margin
at about the basal fourth; on the disc, almost between the points of the first
and second costal streaks, is a minute spot of the same hue, and before it,
near the dorsal margin, is a very short longitudinal spot of the same hue,
and almost in a line with the first costal streak ; two other small spots of
the same hue situated behind the two last named, form, with them, a
trapezoid ; four small spots of the same hue around the apex, each situated
between two of the apical veins. All of these streaks and spots vary
with the light, through purple, crimson and topaz red. Ciliz metallic,
with two wide, hinder, marginal lines of the general hue; legs of the
general hue, with the tibize tipped and the tarsiannulate with white. A/ar
ex. % inch. Kentucky. Common.

This is one of the most exquisite little gems that I have found among
the “ Micros.” It evidently bears a very close resemblance to S. 7rid-
pennella Clem., (which, however, is unknown to me) and if Dr. Clemens’
description could be supposed to be imperfect, it might be the same
insect. But I cannot recognize it in his description. He says that the
first costal streak in SS. zridipennella is placed about the middle of the
wing, instead of about the basal third, as inthis species. In SS. iridipennella
the third costal is oblique ; in this species it is straight. He mentions
only one spot near the base, instead of two, and he says that zridipennella
has “‘three spots beneath the second costal streak, one in the fold and
two in the middle of the wing,” instead of the four forming the trapezoid.

These differences will enable the reader to distinguish the species ; the
shape and neuration of the wings is the same in both. In S. embleme/la,
which is unknown to me, Dr. Clemens says that the posterior margin of
the wings is oblique, and the neuration also differs slightly from that of .S.
iridipennella and this species.

The larve of all the species are unknown. The imagines have a
curious habit, when they alight upon a leaf, of strutting rapidly about over
its surface with the wings a little spread, and, as Dr. Clemens says, of
driving away other ‘‘little people” from their neighbourhood. When
they finally settle down, however, they are not very easily alarmed.

90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

2. S. Venustella.

Tongue, palpi and face silvery white, except a streak along the upper
surface of the palpi and the tip of the terminal joint, which are dark
bronzy brown. Antennz, head, thorax and abdomen, on their upper sur- ~
faces, dark bronzy or golden brown; anterior wings dark golden or bronzy
brown, with many scattered golden scales in the dorso-apical portion, a
broad blue fascia at the base of the wing, and a costal streak of the same
hue before the middle, pointing obliquely backwards and reaching nearly
to the middle ; a dorsal streak of the same hue begins opposite the apex
of the first costal and points obliquely backwards, almost reaching a dis-
cal spot of the same hue which is situated just within the second costal.
The second costal is placed just beyond the middle, is concave towards
the base of the wing, is narrow, brilliant and reaches nearly to the middle
of the wing ; the second dorsal is opposite the second costal, is short and
points obliquely towards, but does not attain, the discal spot. The third
costal streak is placed at the beginning of the ciliz, it is small, and
opposite to it, near the posterior margin, are are two small longitudinal
spots and some scattered scales of the same hue. Apical ciliz silvery ;
dorso-apical ciliz tinged with yellowish ; two hinder marginal lines, one
at the base of the ciliz, the other at the apex. A/ar ex., scarcely over 4
inch. Kentucky. Rare. —

There is the same play of colors as in the preceding species, which
it rivals in beauty. The specimen was taken strutting about on the leaves
of the Buckeye ( Aesculus glabra), but the larva and food plant are un-
known. ‘This species appears to bear some resemblance to .S. emblemella
Clem. ; but, having but the single specimen, I have not examined the
neuration of the wings.

DEPRESSARIA.

The species of Depressaria resemble those of Ge/echia somewhat in
structure, but may readily be distinguished from them by the depressed
abdomen (whence the name), and the divided drus/ on the under side of
the second joint of the labial palpi.

Of the eleven species described herein, all are properly placed in this
genus, except, probably, D. cryptolechiella and D. dubitella, and these do
not seem to differ from it more than some European species which are
usually located here. ‘The neuration of the wings is the same in all of
them, except as stated below, and is that of the true species of this genus.
(Dr. Clemens, in his generic diagnosis of this genus, says that the median

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 91

vein of the hind wings is ¢wo branched. ‘This is an error. All of these
species agree with the figure in Westwood’s introduction, in having it
three branched.) D. cryptolechiella and D. dubitella differ from Depres-
saria in the form of the palpi, which, in the former, are like those of
Gelechia, except, perhaps, that they are a little slenderer and more elon-
gate, while in D. duditella the brush is very small, though divided. In D.
cryptolechiella the hind wings are not excised beneath the tip. Both of
these species also have the neuration, though not the shape of the hind
wings, as in S¢rodisia, rather than Defressaria, the difference being that in
Strobisia the subcostal vein is ¢rifid from the discal vein which gives off a
single vein, while in Depressaria the subcostal zs simple and the discal vein
gives off two branches—as though a branch of the subcostal of Strobisia
had been separated and placed a little lower down on the discal vein.
Otherwise these two species also agree with Defressaria. These species
all have the wings comparatively narrower than most of the European
species ; shaped rather like D. Ap/ana (or even narrower) than like D.
umbellana, as those species are figured by Stainton. They are wider,
however, in D. Cryftolechiella than any of the others.

The prevalence of dark brown or dark ochreous colors seems to be
characteristic of the genus ; and comparing my species and Dr. Clemens’
descriptions of D. atrodorsella, cinereocostella and pulvipennella, and Dr.
Packard’s description of D. robiniella,.and Mr. Bethune’s description of
D. Ontariella with the figures in Stainton’s Vol. 9, Wat. Hist. Tin., and
other figures by Stainton and Douglass in the Zrans. Lond. Ent. Soc.,
those colors seem to prevail to a greater degree in the American than in
the European species. The known American species are, however, too
few as yet to predicate this statement generally.

I. D. Cryptolechiella. LN. sp.

Third joint of the palpi black, with a narrow longitudinal white line
on each side. Second joint pale yellow with a narrow longitudinal black
line beneath. Antennae pale yellow, checkered above with black and
with a narrow longitudinal black line on each side of the basal portion.
Head, thorax and base of the anterior wings dull reddish-orange ; anterior
wings to the naked eye, pale golden, with the lustre of ‘watered’ silk,
produced by a multitude of transverse, narrow, wavy, dark browa lines, as
seen under the lens ; six small dark brown spots in a row around the apex,
to the naked eye appearing like a narrow marginal line. Ciliae pale fus-
cous, with a silvery lustre and a somewhat darker hinder marginal line at

92 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

their base. Hind Wings yellowish white with a silky lustre. 4/ar ex. %
inch.

Possibly this may belong to Cryftolechia, but I have no knowledge of
that genus other than Mr. Stainton’s brief mention of it in the volume
before mentioned.

2. D? dubitella. WN. sp.

Palpi very large, drush small, face and palpi yellowish white. Head,
thorax, antennae and anterior wings dark brown, with three microscopic
ochreous spots, one at the beginning of the costal ciliae, an opposite dor-
sal one and one on the disc, forming nearly an equilateral triangle. Pos-
terlor wings pale fuscous. Aéar ex. % inch. Kentucky. Larva
unknown.

3. D. albisparsella. N. sp

Dark brown; extreme tip of third joint of the palpi white. Fore
wings faintly suffused with ochreous and sparsely and indistinctly sprinkled
with white scales, which at the beginning of the costal ciliae become a
little more distinct, forming a narrow, clouded whitish fascia pointing a
little obliquely backwards; tips of the ciliae whitish. 4/ar ex. a little
over 5 inch. Kentucky. Larva unknown. )

4. D. bistrigela. N. sp.

Palpi with the second joint ochreous, dusted with dark brown ; third
joint dark brown tipped with whitish: Face very pale ochreous, dusted
with brown ; antennae brown; thorax and anterior wings dark brown, a
little bronzed and with a little ochreous intermixed, especially in two
small patches, one of which is just before the middle and the other about
the middle of the wing ; a small whitish costal streak at the beginning of
the costal ciliae and another at the beginning of the dorsal ciliae ; ciliae
pale ochreous dusted with brown at their base; posterior wings pale
ochreous with a silvery lustre. A/ar ex. 5% inch.

Collection of Mr. Wm. Saunders, London, Ont.

ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORT FOR 1871.—We are glad to be able to

state that this Report is now printed, and will be mailed to the members
in a few days. .

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93

INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA.
COMPILED BY THE EDITOR.

From Kirby's Fauna Boreali-Americana: Insecta.

(Continued from Page 57.)

[173-] 229. CaLLipium sImILE Avrby.—Length of body 7 lines.
A single specimen taken with the preceding species.

This species in most respects is so like C. JZ. Proteus, that I had set it
by as another variety ; but upon further consideration I am induced to
give it as distinct, since it differs not only in colour but in the form and
sculpture of the prothorax and other parts.

The apex of the palpi is more dilated, so that it is strictly securiform ;
the front behind the antennae is elevated and gibbous, with few scattered
punctures: the sides of the prothorax are more puffed out, and much
more minutely and thickly punctured, and there is a pair of impressions
in the disk : the antennae also at the base are rufous: in other respects it
does not differ from AL, Proteus.

[This species, together with the preceding and the subsequent one,
belong to the genus Phymatodes Muls. It is probably another variety of
the very variable Proteus, as it has not been identified by any author that
we are aware of.]

230. CALLIDIUM DIMIDIATUM Azréy. Length of body 4 lines. Two
specimens in Lat. 54°.

Body not glossy ; impunctured ; hairy underneath; and except the
forebreast, which is black, of a dull rufous. Head channelled between the
eyes, behind them convex ; antennae rufous, shorter than the body: pro-
thorax somewhat coarctate at the base; minutely granulated ; obsoletely
channelled, more conspicuously behind : elytra rufous anteriorly.

This species comes very near to C. (Merium) Alni, but it is larger and
has no white bands.

[CLyTus PALLIATUS Hald. is a later synonym of this species. It is
taken in Canada and the Eastern States; also on north shore of Lake
Superior by Agassiz’s Expedition. |

[174.] Sub-genus Tetropium Avzrby.—Eyes four, connected by an
elevated line. Antennae robust, short: scape much incrassated, subcy-
lindrical, remaining joints subclavated. Prothorax constricted anteriorly
and posteriorly. Thighs much incrassated, sometimes clubbed.

94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The type of this subgenus is Cadlidium triste Fabr. for those with cla-
vated thighs, and C. aw/icum, for those in which they are incrassated
nearly their whole length. These insects will be found to have four dis-
tinct eyes, separated by the substance of the head elevated into a ridge,
which at first sight appears a continuation of the eye, but which evidently
has no lenses implanted in it—they are also distinguished by their robust
and short antennae. 4

231. CALLipium (TETROPIUM) CINNAMOPTERUM Kirby. Plate v, fig.
8. Length of body 3% to 6 lines. Several specimens taken in Lat. 65°.

At first sight this species seems the exact counterpart of CaMidium
triste, which it resembles in almost every respect ; but upon examination
it will be found that the thighs of these two insects are of a very different
shape, those of C. 7: triste being much attenuated at the base, while those
of C. Z! cinnamopterum are not at all. In the latter also the sides of the
fore-breast are red, and the elytra are considerably darker, very near the
colour of cinnamon.

The American specimens vary much in size, but all agree in the shape
of the thighs.

[Taken at Ottawa, Ont., by Mr. Billings; Lake Superior (Agassiz.)
Not common. | ;

[175.] 232. CLyrus unpayTus A7réy.—Plate vii, fig. 5. * Length
of body 8 lines. Two specimens taken in Lat. 54°, 65°.

Body black, underneath hoary from decumbent hairs, above velvetty.
Head anteriorly hairy with whitish hairs, behind the antennae very thickly
punctured ; palpi, labrum, tip of the nose and cheeks, eyes, antennae, and
subface rufous ; prothorax rough with very minute and numerous granules,
the base and apex have an interrupted band of yellow hairs, and a hoary
spot on each side produced by hairs; scutellum dark brown: elytra with
an oblique linelet adjoining the scutellum, another in the disk near the
base, two wavy bands, the extremities of the anterior one pointing to-
wards the base, and of the posterior one towards the apex; the apex and
suture, all pale yellow, produced by decumbent hairs : underneath on each
side of the breast are three spots of the same colour, as likewise is the
tip of the ventral segments of the abdomen; the legs are rufous, sprinkled
with hoary hairs.

[A variety of C. undulatus Say.—Ent. Works, i, 119, plate 53. Taken
during Long’s second expedition by Say; Lake Superior (Agassiz); and
throughout Canada West. ]

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95

233. CLyTus LuNULATUS A7rby.—Length of body 7% lines. One
specimen taken in Lat. 54°. Taken also in Canada by Dr. Bigsby, and
in Nova Scotia by Capt. Hall.

| [176.] This species is extremely similar to the preceding, but its bands
and spots are quite white without any tint of yellow: the prothorax has
no posterior interrupted band, the anterior spot of the elytra is crescent or
kidney-shaped, the thighs are dusky; and the eyes are black; but the
most striking distinction is exhibited by the head, which is perfectly
smooth and without punctures, but when the occiput is disengaged from
the prothorax, as it is when the head is inclined forwards, the front will be
found to be separated from it by a bilobed line, behind which the head is

thickly and confluently punctured.

| Probably a variety of the preceding species. |

234. CLytus Fruscus Kirby.—Length of body 5% lines. A single
specimen taken in Lat. 54°.

This species resembles the last in having the occiput similarly punc-
tured, and the markings of the elytra are similar, except that instead of
the white streak at the base there is only a dot: but it is of a brown
colour, with the head and prothorax nearly black: the former is distinctly
granulated ; the palpi, labrum, eyes, and antennae are rufous, as in C.
undatus, and like that the prothorax has both an anterior and posterior
interrupted band of white hairs ; the elytra and underside of the body are
reddish-brown ; the legs rufous, posterior ones very long.

_ [Taken at Ottawa and other places in Ontario. |

235. CLytTus Loncipes Azrdy.—Length of body 5% lines. A
single specimen taken in Lat 54°.

[177.] Body reddish brown, underneath hairy, with white decumbent
hairs. Head black, minutely and thickly punctured, with a longitudinal
slight channel, transversely elevated between the antennae; vertex ele-
vated ; palpi, labrum, antennae and extremity of the nose, rufous: pro-
thorax black, rather oblong, elevated longitudinally in the disk with an
anterior bowed transverse ridge, followed by several minute acute tuber-
cles, next in the middle is another shorter ridge, which is also succeeded
by similar tubercles: the sides of ‘the prothorax are granulated ; between
the granulated portion and elevated disk, it is minutely reticulated, with a
pore in the centre of each reticulation: elytra brown, subacute, with three
bands formed of decumbent white hairs ; the first forming a crescent at

96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the scutellum, which runs along the base and down the suture ; the second
in the middle first running transversely, then turning upwards towards the
base and again turning down so as to form a hook next the suture; the
third near the apex, running transversely from the external margin to the
suture and then turning upwards so as to form another crescent; there is
also a dot between the two first bands near the lateral margin ; there is a
large hairy white spot on the sides of the breast, and the anterior ventral
segments have a white hairy band at the apex: the legs are rufous, the —
hinder pair remarkably long.

[Included in List of Canadian Coleoptera. |

236. CLYTUS MURICATULUS A?77dy.—Length of body 5 lines. Many
specimens taken in Lat 54°.

This comes extremely near to the preceding species, but is smaller, the
discoidai ridges of the prothorax are nearly obsolete, that part has four
white hairy spots, the bands of the elytra are differently shaped, and the
posterior legs are considerably shorter: the breast and base of the abdo-
men underneath are hoary with white hairs, but not always spotted and
branded.

[Has not been identified as a distinct species. ]

[178.] 237. Harcium [Ruacium] LINEATUM O/iv.—Length of body
514 lines. ‘Taken more than once in Lat. 54°, and also by Mr. Drake in
the province of Massachusetts.

Body black, rather glossy, hoary from longish cinereous hairs. Head
constricted behind into a neck, punctured with large scattered punctures ;
antennae shorter than the prothorax, robust, last joint ovate, pedicel tes-
taceous : prothorax constricted anteriorly and posteriorly, armed on each
side by a stout rather sharp spine, punctured like the head, and hairy, but
there are three longitudinal stripes without hairs, and the intermediate one
without punctures, the lateral ones pass over the spines: elytra mottled
with whitish or cinereous hairs, with three longitudinal ridges, the two
external ones confluent near the apex, and a little higher up including
between them a short abbreviated ridge; the interstices are punctured
like the head and prothorax ; at the base and lateral margin the elytra are
reddish, and on the ridge next the suture there are two yellowish spots:
coxae, trochanters, and base of the thighs reddish: abdomen carinated
underneath.

[Taken generally from Philadelphia northwards, under the bark of
pine trees. ]

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF APHIDES.—The Aphis family is, as
yet, very little known in low latitudes, and there are only two instances of
its occurrence to the south of the equator. ‘The first is a Madagascar
genus, published by Coquerel: this genus has the fore wings more highly
organized than those of any other known form of the tribe. The second
dwells near New Caledonia, and is described by Montrouzier, and has
much resemblance to some of the European Aphides. In Dr. Leith’s
collection of Bombay insects, I have observed an Aphis which, if its spe-
cific characters are not obliterated by its shrivelled condition, is identical
with acommon English species. The next record of the family is in
North Italy, where Passerini has published a monograph of the species
therein. Africa, Asia and Australia are thus almost undiscovered coun-
tries as regards Aphides, and afford a large space and require much time
for research. The Aphides of America are unknown from the Southern
end to the Northern States, where several new species have been
described ; a few there, are also species of Europe, and may have been
introduced thence into America.’ Kaltenbach has published a work on
the Aphides of Germany ; and Koch another, on those of the same coun-
try; and, notwithstanding the three monographs here mentioned, and
various descriptions of species in France and in Sweden, there is much
yet to be discovered in Europe, especially with regard to the migratory
species, and to the more or less conspicuous and numerous alternate gen-
erations, and to the influence of temperature and vegetation in changing
the structure. The history of Aphides is connected with that of Coccin-
ellae, Hemerobii, and Syrphi, which destroy them from without ; and with
that of Aphidiidae, Allotridae, and a few Chalcidiae, which destroy them
from within ; and with that of ants, which keep them as a flock, and feed
on their honey. The little yellow ant lives with Aphides under ground ;
the black ant is a guide to the discovery of the long-beaked Aphis in the
crevices of the bark of oak trees ; and the large black and red ant resorts
to the Aphides in woods. Some Aphides are especially subject to the
attacks of Aphidii, from which other species, though equally numerous
and noxious, are nearly free, weather and want of food being the agents
in causing the latter to pass away. The comfrey Aphis is the frequent
prey of a little red Dipterous larva, which seldom attacks other species.
The fact that Aphides are stored by fossorial Hymenoptera as provision
for their young is well known; and I observed an instance of it in Fin-

&

/ - se *

98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ee >

mark. The Aphides of that region must have a long continuance of the _
egs state; in England this state varies from one month to eight months, 3
according to the species, and according to the weather. The length and
season of the egg state in the Aphides of hot countries has not yet been
observed, and is an interesting subject for enquiry.—/rancs Walker, in
Newiian’s Entomologist.

MoNOHAMMUS MARMORATOR, KAiréy.—I was so fortunate as fo | |
receive a specitfen of this rare insect from a friend last summer. It was ~ So
taken in Richmond Square, Montreal, on the 27th of July, 1871. Length .
of body one inch. The markings agree perfectly with Kirby’s description,
but as the antennae of his specimen were broken off, I will deseribe
those of mine. Antennae a little longer than the body, first jomt
chocolate brown at the base, remainder grey, through which the brown
appears in spots and streaks ; second joint the same; third joint grey at
the base, deepening into warm brown at the end ; fourth, fifth, sixth,
seventh and eighth redder brown, grey only showing a little at the base ;

remaining joints deep red. This is the only specimen I have got. There
is another in the collection of the Natural History Society of Montreal,
and Mr. Couper informs me that it was included in his Quebec List.

Preris Rap#£.—This destructive butterfly was very abundant about
Montreal in 1870, and ruined the cabbage gardens around the city. Last
summer they were not nearly so plentiful, and this coming season I hope
to see their ranks still thinner, as a good many of the chrysalids that I
examined this spring contained parasites in the pupa state.-—F. B. Caut-
FIELD, Montreal, P.Q.

COLEOPTERA TAKEN AT GRIMSBY.

Cicindeda lecontei, one specimen, June 2nd. Ovmophron tesselatum.
Elaphrus clairville: Kirby—politus Lec. Dr. Horn informs me that the

specimen heretofore regarded by Leconte as Clairvillei, is undescribed.
Biethisa quadricollis, a specimen taken May 23rd.

Lachnocrepis parallelus, two, taken in the lake June 1st.
Stenolophus carus, about the roots of trees in the swamp, May 13th.
Tachys tripunctatus, under stones near water.
Flaliplus fasciatus. Hydroporus striatopunciatus. Agabus acuductus.
Colymbetis ( Scutopterus ) coriaceus, Hcffm. Taken June rst.

a Jongulus, a specimen taken also in the lake June oth.
Hydaticus bimarginatus. H. piceus. H. liberus.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 99

Ochthebius nitidus. Sperchopsis tesselatus. Clambus puberulus.

Adranes lecontei, four specimens taken in a nest of yellow ants, May 11th.

Ceophyllus monilis, taken in nests of yellow ants from 25th April to middle
of May. Pselaphus erichsonit. Tychus longipalpus.

Batrisus nigricans, B. globosus, taken with other sp. of Pse/aphide under
leaves in the swamp. April.

Flomalota lividipennis, Aleochara nitida, A. lata, A. rubripennis, Tachy-
porus, brunneus, Bryoporus rufescens, Mycetoporus americanus, Acyloph-
orus pronus, Euryporus puncticollis, Philonthus sparsus, P. micans, P.
sobrinus, P. terminalis, P. paederoides, Diochus Schaumii, Lathrobium
puncticolle, L. rufulum, Scopaeus exiguus, Stenus stygicus, S. flavicoruts,
S. annularis, S. arculus, Lathrimacum sordidum, 1 -rognatha punctata.

Paromalus seminulum. Baocera apicalis.

_Limulodes paradoxus. A specimen of this curious little Z7richoplerygide
occurred in the before-mentioned nest of yellow ants with Adranes
and Ceophyllus, making two blind species found in the same nest.

Prometopia sexmaculata, Trogosita marginata, Sylvanus advena, Antherop-
hagus convexulus.

Crypiophagus cellaris. Taken in a nest of Humble bees.

Corticaria rugulosa C. picta, Psephenus lecontet, a specimen bred from a
larva taken in the creek at Grimsby.

Canthon nigricornis, a dead specimen found on the lake shore June zgth.

Cremastochilus Harrisii, also taken on the lake shore.

Agrilus cephalicus, A. egenus, Cardiophorus cardisce, Athous discaleratus.

[.pPEPrre:

Book Norice.—We have just received the first number of a new work
on “ Indigenous and Exotic Lepidoptera,” (Rhopaloceres, Heteroceres), by
Mr. Herman Strecker, of Reading, Pa., U.S. The work is well got up in
quarto edition, with colored illustrations by Mr. Strecker himself. It is
to be published monthly at 50 cents a number, and we recommend it to
the careful attention of our entomologists. We shall refer again to this
book in our next issue. |

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Exotic LepIpoPpTERA AND CoLeoPpTEeRaA.—TI have a large collection of
specimens of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera from Australia, Manilla, Mexico,
and Central America, which I am now arranging for the purpose of sale,
as I intend confining myself to Californian insects for the future. I will
not exclude from the offered sale my numerous Californian specimens. 1

100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

will continue to collect in all branches of the Californian entomological
fauna, and I invite exchange. I have also a complete set of the Pacific
Railroad Survey Reports (13 volumes), in excellent condition, which I
shall be glad to dispose of. Apply to James BEHRENS, San Francisco;
California.

PLATYSAMIA CoL_uMBIA.—I will give in exchange for a good example
of this moth one hundred ‘specimens of Lefzdoptera of various genera from
California, Southern and Atlantic United States, S. America, Europe,
East Indian Archipelago, &c., or double the number for two examples ;

or, if it is preferable, I will pay in money. HERMAN STRECKER, Box 411, ;

Reading P. O., Berks Cy., Pa. U.S.
Corx.—We have a good supply of sheet cork of the ordinary thick
ness, price 16 cents (gold) per square foot.

CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Vols. 1. 2 and 3.—We have a few copies
left of Vols. 1 and 2, No. 1, of Vol. 1, being, however, out of print. Price
$1.25 for Vols. 1 and 2; $1 Vol. 3.

List oF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cents each, embracing 55
families, 432 genera, and 1231 species. (For labelling cabinets).

PRINTED NUMBERS, in sheets, 1 to 2000, for labelling cabinets. Price
ro cents each set.

Pins.—We have still a supply of Nos. 3, 5 and 6 left. A large quan-
tity have been ordered, and are shortly expected. The prices in future
will be slightly raised. The present stock will be sold at 75c. (gold)
per packet of soo.

These prices are exclusive of cost of transportation, and orders wil
please state whether the package is to be sent by mail or express.

Norice.—The following scale for advertisements has been decided
upon by the Editors :—

Whole page on cover or fly-sheet .......$5.00 per annum.
SD J

Half i - % - SDs ings aR =

Quarter “ « as ‘ Ree ee ry

For body of the Magazine, the rates to be 5 cts. per line for first insertion,
and 3 cts. for every subsequent one.

AGENTS FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Canapa.—E. B. Reed, London, Ont.; W. Couper, Naturalist, Montreal
P.Q.; G. J. Bowles, Quebec, P. Q.; J. Johnston, Canadian Institute,
Toronto, Ont.

Unirep Sratrs.—The American Naturalist’s Book Agency, Salem, Mass.;
J. Y. Green, Newport, Vt.; W. V. Andrews, Room 17, No. 137
Broadway, New York.

7

P
4
4

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Ge Canad Entomol

VOL. IV. LONDON, ONT., JUNE, 1872. No. 6

DESCRIPTIONS OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM ALABAMA.
BY AUG. R. GROTE, DEMOPOLIS, ALABAMA.

Nematocampa expunctaria, Grote. ¢.—Pale ochreous, stained, and
the veins lined with a more intense shade. Transverse anterior line
arcuate, dark ochreous, continued. Median shade arcuate at disc, thence
running straightly downward approximate to the transverse posterior line,
continued. Transverse posterior line dark ochreous, even, distinct,
slightly inwardly sinuate below vein 2. No vinous shadings whatever.

' Secondaries concolorous, with primaries ; a single even median line cor-
responding with the transverse posterior line of primaries. Beneath
paler, whitish ; secondaries immaculate ; primaries with traces of trans-
verse posterior line superiorly, and a sprinkling of ochreous scales about
the costal region. Body parts concolorous with wings. Lxpamse 23 m.m.

Outline and ornamentation of V. f/amentaria, but differing by the
absence of any purplish stains, the more intense color and denser’ squa-
mation, and quite prominently by the different shape of the transverse
posterior line, which is less even in VV. ft/amentaria, and runs sooner and
more deeply inwardly, attaining the internal margin further from the angle
“than in JV. expunctaria. The course of the median shade differs also; this
more nearly attains the transverse posterior line on disc, and again on
submedian interspace. ‘This latter inflection is entirely wanting in JV.
expunctaria, which seems a little the larger species.

Conchylis Robinsonana, Grote. ¢.—Primaries blackish fuscous with
five silvery white maculations above. The first is ovate, free from the
base, well sized, touching internal margin, not attaining costal edge. The

- second is parallel, outwardly exserted inferiorly. Before the apices are two
nearly similar sized moderate spots, and the fifth is larger and covers
internal angle. Hind wings pale fuscous. Collar fuscous white; the
thorax is white above. Caputal squamation pale, while the abdomen is
pale fuscous. Expanse 14 m.m. Size of C. 5-maculana Rob., and resem-
bling that species, but differing in the relative size and position of the
spots on the primaries, notably the basal one and that covering internal

angle.

102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

I name this little species after my friend and brother entomologist, the
late Coleman T. Robinson, whose sudden death has caused so great

sorrow in many circles, besides the one in which I knew him best. Who
shall say now that he wasted his time in describing the little insects he
loved, when it is his descriptions of new species of North American Moths
that will keep his fame after death, and, in the nature of human things,
long after his other qualities shall have been forgotten by men? So many
are now properly sorrowing for him—I have only to remember this and
be silent.

NOTES, ON PIERIS RAPE.
BY G. J. BOWLES, MONTREAL.

The April number of the ENToMOLoGIST contains a communication
from my esteemed friend Mr. S. H. Scudder, with reference to the yellow
male variety of this species. In it he asks several questions which I shall
endeavour to answer, adding some other particulars to make my notes as
complete as possible.

I think that entomologists will agree with me in considering P. rape
as one of the most interesting insects existing on this continent, not only
with reference to its destructive habits, but also on account of its recent
introduction and rapid dissemination over the country. The Colorado
Potato Beetle is, perhaps, the only species whose progress has been so

carefully recorded ; for both have “made their mark” as they spread from:

place to place, although the butterfly has not been such a formidable
enemy as the beetle. A new subject of interest—the yellow male variety
—is now added to the history of the butterfly, and it is certainly worthy
of the attention of students, as it may, in the future, aid in solving some
of the problems connected with climatic influences and the distinction of
species.

I first met with yellow males in 1863, and mentioned it in my paper
on Preris rape published in the Canadian Naturalist for August, 1864.
Since then I have captured similar specimens each year, and found them
to be produced throughout the season. I remember taking one or two
so early in the spring that I felt satisfied they belonged to the very first
brood of the year, which led me to conclude that the yariety is likely to
appear at aJl parts of the season, and in every brood. Those which I
captured on the wing have always been males, but, strange to tell, among

4

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103

‘a number reared in confinement during the summer of 1864, a yellow —
Jemale made her appearance, smaller than usual, but of as dark a colour
as any that I have seen of the other sex. It may happen, therefore, that
the variety may become a permanent one, and, at some future time, be
regarded as a distinct species. Who knows how soon favorable circum-
stances may develope a new (and yellow) species of Pieris, to be called

novangle or canadensis ?

We cannot, however, claim this variety as the effect of a change of
habitat and climate on P. rafe@, as (with all due deference to Mr.Stainton)
it has been met with in England. Curtis, in his work on “ Farm Insects,”
(quoted in my paper before referred to), speaks of having in his collection
a male P. rape “taken near Oldham, in Lancashire, which has all the
wings of a bright yellow colour.” From Mr. Stainton’s assurance to Mr.
Scudder, however, that it-was unknown in Europe, its occurrence on that
continent must be extremely rare; very different from Canada, and
especially the neighbourhood of Quebec, where I should say that,at a low
estimate, one male ?. vafz out of five hundred is of a yellow colour, more
or less intense. This estimate would allow for many specimens in a
season, as, of all Quebec butterflies, our friend is decidedly the most
abundant and prolific. I have seen them by hundreds, at one time,
hovering over the fields of cabbages, to the dismay of the cultivators of this
useful vegetable. It is curious that this variety should be comparatively
common in America, and almost unknown in Europe. The fact would
lead us to think that though it cannot have originated here, yet the
tendency to diverge from the normal colour of the species has been
increased by the transfer to this continent.

The Canadian Picris rape (and, I expect, the New England as well),
is, in common with some other species of the genus, subject to great
variation in colour and intensity of markings, apart from the yellow variety
under consideration. The spring brood is of a much purer white than
those produced later in the season, and has the blackish markings less
in size and paler in colour. I have often seen spring males without the
spot on the upper side of the fore wings, and having the blotch on the
apex so mtich obliterated, that I have supposed them, before examination,
to be P. oleracea. The spot, however, is generally present beneath, and
can be faintly seen through the wing. As the summer passes, the mark-
ings of the successive broods become more intense, until in the autumn,
individuals (particularly females), are met with which have a greyish
appearance, from the number of black scales sprinkled on the wings,

104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

especially near the body. ‘The illustrations on page 83 of the Report of
our Society for 1871, published by the Ontario Department of Agriculture,
give an exact idea of the insect at this season. ‘This change in colour
has been noticed in England ; indeed, before its progressiveness had been
observed, an eminent entomologist there separated the spring and autumn
broods into distinct species. I quote from a letter received in 1864 from
my friend Dr. Jordan, of Birmingham :—

“You are probably aware that here in England we have two distinet
broods of the insect, the first appearing in April, the second in July. The
first almost wants the apical spot on the top wing in both sexes, and on
the male the central spot is often also quite obliterated. To this the
name of P. metra was given by Stephens, who then supposed it a distinct
species. In the autumnal brood, or typical P. rape, we have a larger
and darker insect, with the spots more marked, and the black patch at
the apex of the fore wing very much darker.”

The yellow variety also shares. in this progressive change of colour.
The spring specimens are of a very delicate yellow, almost without spots,
and are very handsome, while those appearing in the fall are of a sulphur
yellow, and heavily marked.

Dr. Jordan speaks of there being two broods of the insect in England.
I think that in Canada they are more numerous. It is impossible, how-
ever, to settle the number with certainty, as one brood encroaches on the
next ; and from the time when the butterflies begin to deposit their eggs
on cabbage plants in the hot-beds, in April and May, until October, larvae
of all sizes and ages may be found feeding on the same plant. The short
time required for the complete developement of the insect also favours the
_idea of there being three or more broods in one season. Some caterpillars
reared by me in June, 1864, grew from one-twelfth of an inch in length to
their full size, in eleven days; they then became pupz, and seven days
afterwards, the perfect insects were produced. Allowing for the influence
of temperature in accelerating or retarding their changes, thirty days
would be a fair average to give as the duration of each brood, and this

would be equal to four or five broods in the season in the latitude of

Quebec. In fact, there is no other way of accounting for their surprising
numbers in the latter part of summer.

I have not yet met with any parasite infesting this butterfly, though I
have found pupe which had apparently been destroyed by them; and a
fellow-student here (Mr. Caulfield) informs me that he now has about
twenty chrysalids containihg some insect enemy. The most powerful

7
ae re

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105

agent in lessening their numbers is, in my opinion, the intense cold of
‘winter, for, contrary to the rule with regard to insects passing the winter in
the pupal state, the chrysalis of P. age, unless placed in a sheltered situa-
tion, does not seem to resist the effects of frost. In early spring, I have
searched under the exposed coping-boards of fences, where these pup
were suspended in scores, and very rarely found one alive; nearly all
were killed and blackened by the severe cold, and any living ones brought
into the house invariably died in a few days. ‘The first brood of the year
is, with regard to numbers, in wonderful contrast to the multitudes of
larvee which must have come to maturity and pupated during the preceding
autumn, and this difference can only be ascribed to the destroying effects
of the winter’s cold upon the chrysalids. The species, in its new habitat,
certainly has to pass through extremes of temperature which it has not
been accustomed to in England—from which country it was most
probably introduced ; and while the increased summer heat of Canada
appears to have made it more prolific, by augmenting the number of
broods, the greater cold of winter has balanced the account by killing off
the surplus, which otherwise would have rendered the insect an intolerable
pest. The ‘‘compensating” principle in the laws of Nature is thus in useful
operation with regard to ?. rape, and as the power of cold decreases in
effectiveness through the butterfly becoming acclimatized (which will
probably happen in course of time), no doubt other agencies will arise in
the shape of new parasitic enemies, to keep the species within due
bounds.

It would be interesting to know how far this insect has now extended
its range, particularly towards the west of Canada. The prediction I made
in 1864 has been fully verified, as it has now spread over the Province of
Quebec and the New England States ; and last year destroyed $500,000
worth of cabbages in the vicinity of New York alone, according to the
estimate of a leading newspaper there. It does not seem, however, to
have made equal progress in Ontario. Could not our Kingston friends
give us some information on this point? It would be “ thankfully
' received and faithfully applied.”

THE ENToMOLoGICAL Report for 1871 has now been issued, and,
we trust, is by this time in the hands of all our members. Should any
fail to receive it, the Secretary will forward a copy on being notified.

106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

_MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA..

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY.
Continued from page 92.
DEPRESSARIA.
5. D. Rileyadla. N. sp.
Brush dark brown, apical joint pale yellowish. Head, thorax, and
fore wings pale yellow, faintly tinged with pink, and minutely dusted with

fuscous, and with a fuscous streak on the base of the costa. Head and —

thorax slightly iridescent, wings scarcely so ; posterior wings a little paler.

Under surface and legs pale yellowish, sparsely dusted with fuscous. ©

Alar ex. ¥g inch. Named for Mr. C. V. Riley, State Entomologist of
Missouri. Kentucky. Larva unknown. Also in the collection of Mr.
Wm. Saunders, London, Ont.
6. D. fuscoochrella. NN. sp.
Palpi white, flecked with fuscous ; third joint fuscous, mixed above

with whitish. Head pale whitish-yellow, flecked with pale fuscous,

strongly iridescent. Antennz pale yellowish, annulate with fuscous, and
basal joint fuscous. Thorax and anterior wings pale ochreous, the wings
suffused- with fuscous at the base. A large oblique fuscous spot on the
costa at about the basal fourth, reaching the fold, mixed next the costa
about equally with pale cchreous. Anteriorly, this spot is distinetly
outlined, but posteriorly, it passes gradually into pale ochreous, thickly

dusted with fuscous, occupying the costal half of the wing, and spreading _

over the apical fourth of the wing, becoming darker towards the apex.
Ciliz silvery. Posterior wings and ciliz grayish-silvery. Adar. ex. *: inch.
The prevailing tint of the basal costal portion of the wing is fuscous.
Kentucky. Larva unknown.

7. D. fuscoluteella. N. sp.

Palpi dark purplish-brown. Head bronzed, purplish. Antenne pale
fuscous and yellowish. Thorax and anterior wings pale fawn colour,
with a silky lustre (under the lens pale yellowish, overlaid with fuscous).
Posterior wings paler. Body yellowish, thickly dusted with brown, and
with purplish reflections. A/ar ex. ts inch. Kentucky. Larva unknown.

8. D. obscurusella. iN. sp.

Palpi and antennz dark brown, the palpi with a little ochreous inter-
mixed, and with the second joint ochreous on the inner surface; face
pale ochreous, sparsely flecked with pale fuscous; thorax and anterior

a :

oy ) 7

Be THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107
> c

tte

ae wings dark brown, mixed almost equally with ochreous, and with a few

scattered white scales. In some parts of the wings the dark brown scales
"are condensed into irregular, wavy, rather indistinct lines or narrow
Boy: bands, one of which is placed at about the basal one-fourth of the costa,
and is oblique and furcate, sending one of the branches nearly to the end
of the disc ; at about the apical one-third they are again condensed into
an indistinct zigzag line across the wing, and again into a brown irregular
patch at the apex. Sometimes in fresh specimens these zigzag lines and.
Spots in the apical part of the wing appear to be continuous ; but they are
indistinct, and when the wing is a little rubbed, they appear as very indis-
tinct separate lines or spots. Cilia dark fulvous, sprinkled with dark
brown ; posterior wings pale grayish fuscous, becoming darker towards
the i. Alar ex. ¥ inch. Kentucky. Larva unknown. Also in the
collection of Mr. Wm. Saunders, London, Ont.

é 9. D. pseudacaciella. N. sp.

_ Antenne and palpi dark purplish-brown, streaked and flecked with
white. Head clothed with dark brown and white scales about equally,
tinged with pale purplish. Thorax and anterior wings dark purplish-
brown, streaked and flecked with white and ochreous especially ; a streak
extending from the base nearly to the apex, just within the costal margin
of which the prevailing hue is ochreous, mixed with white. A white
costal spot at the beginning of the costal ciliez, and an opposite dorsal
one, both small. Ciliz grayish silvery, with a rather distinct and wide
hinder marginal line at their base dark brown. Hind wings pale ochreous-
brown. Body and legs dark purplish-brown, with a nearly equal inter-

8

mixture of white scales. A/ar ex. nearly $ inch. Very common in
Kentucky.

Dr. Packard. (Guide, p. 349) mentions another species, D. robiniella,

which seems to be very distinct from this, but which, like this, feeds upon

_ the leaves of the Locust (Robinia pseudacacia). The larva of this species,

when young, inhabits the mines of Lithocolletis robiniella, Clem., and

L. ornatella, Mihi, in the leaves of R. pseudacacia and R. hispida. When

older, it sews together the leaflets, and lives between them. I once saw

_ one cut its way into the mines of Z. robiniella, proving thus that its

_ frequent presence in those mine’ was not owing to its having accidentally
_ wandered into torn mines.

The young larva is green, with darker green longitudinal markings,
with the head and next segment shining black, and mouth ferruginous.

108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

When older, it becomes pale green, with two dark brown longitudinal
stripes on top of the third and following segments, with a row of dark
brown spots on each side of each line, and a black longitudinal line on
each side.

10. D. bimaculella. N. sp.

Palpi, head, thorax and forewings shining dark purplish-brown or
black. Extreme tip of palpi yellowish-white ; there is a large white spot
on the disc just beyond the middle, and a white spot or streak which
starts from the beginning of the costal ciliz, but does not attain the
dorsal margin. Cilize fuscous. Abdomen pale fuscous, each segment of
the venter tipped with white. A/ar ex. 1% inch. Kentucky. Common.
Larva unknown.

11. D. cercerisella, NN. sp. “4

Palpi white, except the third joint, which is dark brown from the apex
nearly to the base. Face, head, and anterior margin of the thorax, white. -
Antenne dark brown, faintly serrated towards the apex. Thorax and
anterior wings shining, soft, velvety black, dusted with a few ochreous
scales which, in some lights, give it a bronzy hue. Three large snow-white
costal spots, the first of which is the largest, extending to the fold ; the
second is about the costal middle, and the third at the beginning of the
cilie. A white dorsal spot opposite the third costal, and about four
small white spots forming a row around the apex; costo-apical ciliz
short, dark brown ; dorso-apical ones longer and silvery white ; a dark
brown hinder marginal line at the base of the ciliz. Posterior wings
scarcely emarginate beneath the tip, pale drab, faintly tinged with pink.
Alar ex. ¥% to % inch.

The larva is very pretty. When young, it is snowy white; when old,
the basal half of each segment, above, is pearly white, and the posterior —
half shining black, with a shining black band across the head in front of
the eyes, interrupted in the middle, and a transverse bow-shaped shining
black streak on the vertex. The true feet are shining black. This is one
of the few instances among the Zmeina where the colours of the imago
are indicated by those of the larva. It feeds upon the leaves of the Red
Bud (Cercis Canadensis), which it either folds or sews together. It is
exceedingly abundant in the larval state, but is much infested by an
ichneumonide parasite, so that I have been able to rear but a single
specimen, and have captured another.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109

LIST OF THE WRITINGS OF THE LATE
COLEMAN TOWNSEND ROBINSON.
BY AUG. R. GROTE, DEMOPOLIS, ALA.

I give here a list of those of the Entomological writings of my late
esteemed friend, Mr. Coleman T. Robinson, that have been published
under his sole signature.

These recommend themselves to the attention of the student by their
. conscientious statement and adequate illustration of the different species
they discuss. They were all written subsequent to Mr. Robinson’s return
in 1868, from a journey to England and Continental Europe, during the
prosecution of which a representative collection of European Lepidoptera
was acquired, and especial attention was paid to the smaller moths. Mr.
Robinson saw and talked with Zeller, whose researches and studies on
the Micro-Lepidoptera have furnished the basis on which our best authors
have founded their classifications. He could not fail to be benefitted by
such contact, and I know he carried with him to his early grave a sweet
recollection of the old Professor who had honored him with his good
fatherly counsel and even affectionate consideration. Five papers, under
the common title of Descriptions of North American Lepidoptera, and
illustrated by 86 figures, have been already published under the joint
authorship of Mr. Robinson and myself in the Transactions of the
American Entomological Society. The sixth and last paper, bringing,
according to our original agreement, the number of illustrations to one
hundred, and with a revisionary supplement, is in great part completed.
The collection on which these and all our other joint entomological
writings were based, is now in the possession of the American Entomo-
logical Society. Sometime I hope to be able to publish this Sixth Paper,
and bring to a conclusion our joint plan and labors. How deeply do I
feel the loss of my clear-headed, talented friend and coadjutor :

I.—LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL MISCELLANIES. Annals of the Lyceum of
Natural History, February 1st, 1869, pp. 152 to 158, Vol. IX., and
Reprint, with one coloured plate.

In this Paper the following species are described and illustrated :—

Luphanessa mendica, Packard, p. 152, plate 1, fig. 1.

Luphanessa unicolor, Robinson, p. 153, plate I, fig. 2.

110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

*

I am inclined to refer this Texan species to Walker's genus Ameria ;
to which also Crocota cupraria, Walk., belongs.

Oligostigna albalis, Robinson, p. 153, plate 1, fig. 3.

Catadysta bifascialis, Robinson, p. 154, plate 1, fig. 4. A Texan
species allied to C. ofulentalis, Lederer.

Lromene texana, Robinson, p. 155, plate 1, fig. 5. Our only described
North American species, and allied to Zeller’s £. ramburiella. ;

Depressarvia cinereocostella, Clemens, p. 155, plate 1, fig. 6. .

Depressaria atrodorsela, Clemens, p. 156, plate 1, fig. 7.

Depressaria pulvipennella, Clemens, p. 157, plate 1, fig. 8.

Depressaria lecontella, Clemens, p. 157, plate 1, fig. 9.

Depressaria grotella, Robinson, p. 157, plate 1, fig. ro.

In thus illustrating the closely allied species of this Tineid genius, Mr.
Robinson has performed a. very useful task. :

II.—NoTeEs oN AMERICAN ToRTRICID&. Transactions of the Ameri-
can Entomological Society, Vol. 2, February, 1869, pp. 261—288, with six _
lithographic plates containing eighty-six illustrations.

B. The same reprinted; a pamphlet of 27 pages, with the plates
coloured.

With this article Mr. Robinson commenced his labours on the
Tortricidz. Forty-five species of the genus Zortrix are described and
figured, twenty-three of which are noticed for the first time, one re-named,
and fifteen referred here from the other genera. Fourteen species of the
genus Zeras are described and figured, nine for the first time, three
referred here from other genera, one European species recognized as
occurring in this country. Finally, twelve species of Conchylis are also
described and illustrated. Of these, three belonging to that section of the
genus which contains the silver-spotted species, are newly described ; of
the remainder, seven are first noticed in this paper, and two for the first
time referred to this genus.

III.—List or NorTH AMERICAN ToRTRICIDS. Part 1. New
York Printing Company, October, 18609.

IV.—LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL MISCELLANIES, No. 2. Annals of the
New York Lyceum of Natural History, Vol. IX., December, 1869, pp.
310 to 316, and Reprint.

In this paper are described the following species :—

Hypena internalis, Robinson, p. 311. This species is now known as
Lypena torenta, Grote ; thé name used by Mr. Robinson is preoccupied.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ttt

Hypena evanidalis, Robinson, p. 311. This species is allied to 7%.
humuli, Harris, and has probably been confounded with it. In a paper
on the North American species of the genus in MSS., the differences are
pointed out.

Schoenobius sordidellus, Zeller, p. 31.

Schoenobius longirostrellus, Zeller, p. 312.

Schoenobius melinellus, Robinson, p. 313-

Schoenobius clemensellus, Robinson, p. 313. This is Chilo aquilellus,
Clemens, but the name had been previously used.

Schoenobius dispersellus, Robinson, p. 313-

Schoenobius unipunctellus, Robinson, p. 314.

Schoenobius tripunctellus, Robinson, p. 314.

Crambus minimellus, Robinson, p. 315.

Crambus ‘satrapellus, Zeller, p. 315.

Crambus bipunctellus, Zeller, p. 316.

So far as known to me, the above list contains mention of all the
writings for which the late President of the American Entomological
Society was alone responsible.

INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA.
COMPILED BY THE EDITOR.

From Kirby's Fauna Boreali-Americana: Insecta.

(Continued from Page 98.)

238. Pacuyra tirurara Airby.—Length of body 7-9 lines. Several
specimens taken in Lat. 54° and 65°. ,
[179.] This is the American representative of P. guadrimaculaia, trom
which it differs principally in being not so hairy, with hoary instead of
yellow-tinted hairs: the punctures of the prothorax and elytra are more
minute; the antennae are rather shorter, and the elytra, instead of two
subquadrangular black spots, have three less black linear ones, the two
anterior ones being partly parallel, and in some specimens confluent.

GENUS LEPTURA, Linn.

This genus may be thus subdivided with respect to the species about
to be described.

112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

* Eyes emarginate, or kidney-shaped.
t+ Elytra triangular.
a EEMITIGALCO yi S22 eek se ee cee | :
b premorse, or with a sinus taken out f a.
I prothorax anteriorly constricted without posterior
angles.
20 —___________————_ not constricted, posterior angles acute.
c POUNCE |e. LO ale sR ae oe, ae ee eee
t+ Elytra linear.
a runca
b oe j at Eee
** Eyes entire.
* + a

239. LepTURA CHRYSocOMA A7rby.—Plate v., fig. 1. Length of body
514—6¥ lines.

Several specimens taken ; the largest, in the journey from New York;
the smaller, near Cumberland-house.. Taken likewise by Dr. MacCulloch
and Capt. Hall, in Nova Scotia.

[180.] This beautiful insect is related to Z. virens, but perfectly distinet.
The body appears to be black, but that colour is, in most parts, nearly
concealed by a thick and mostly long coat of brilliant golden hairs with
a very slight tint of green, where the coat is thin the body appears
minutely punctured. Head subelongated, the neck exserted, subtri-
angular ; nose with only a few scattered whitish hairs; antennz black,
third, fourth, and fifth joints rather slenderer and longer than the succeed-
ing ones: prothorax between globose and bell-shaped, constricted anter-
iorly, channelled, grossly punctured: substance of the elytra pale testa-
ceous, towards the apex externally they are dusky ; the golden down on
them is shorter and decumbent ; apex diverging and obliquely truncatéd :
underside of the abdomen particularly brilliant from decumbent hairs :
legs less hairy than the rest of the body. [Taken from New York to Lake
Superior, but not common. More frequently taken in the neighbourhood
of Quebec. |

240. LEPTURA SUBPUBESCENS Xiréy.—Length of body not noticed.
Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

Body black, thinly coated with yellow hairs. Head and neck
grossly punctured ; antennze longer than the prothorax, black, downy,
intermediate joints rather slenderer than the others, fourth shorter than
the fifth : prothorax shaped as in C. chrysocoma, widely but obsoletely chan-

.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Tea

nelled ; rough and reticulated, as it were, with numerous confluent punc-
tures, sides more hairy than the disk: elytra thickly punctured, pale
testaceous, black at the apex, where the suture curves outwards so that
they diverge from each other, extremity nearly transversely truncated :
abdomen underneath minutely, breast rather grossly, punctured: podex
subemarginate.

Pte

241. LEPrURA ERYTHROPTERA Azrdy.—- Length of body 8 lines.
Taken in Nova Scotia by Capt. Hall.

[181.] Body very black, slightly downy, underneath minutely punc-
tured. Head shorter than in the last section, as well as the neck
obsoletely channelled; thickly but not minutely punctured ; antennz
rather longer than the prothorax ; third and fourth joints a little slenderer
than the others, and pale red at the base; the sixth is pale with a black
spot on each side at the apex ; and the whole of the eighth is of the same
colour; the last joint is acuminated ; the prothorax is constricted anter-
iorly, and the constricted part is perfectly smooth, the rest is thickly and
-confluently punctured and wrinkled; at the base the prothorax is
depressed and obsoletely trilobed: scutellum black, representing an
isosceles triangle: elytra of a dull red, grossly and deeply punctured ;
extremity scooped out with the external angle longer than the internal
and acuminate : mesosternum emarginate posteriorly. [Taken in Canada
on flowers in July ; not common. ]

242. LEPTURA CANADENSIS O/ivier.—Length of body 634 to 8 lines.
Taken in Nova Scotia by Dr. MacCulloch.

Body very black, slightly downy, minutely punctured. Head as in
the last species, but the neck is not channelled ; antennz with base of the
fifth joint, the whole of the sixth and eighth, except the black apex of
the former, pale or pale rufous: prothorax as in 5 ip erythroptera, only
deeply and confluently punctured but not wrinkled: elytra black, san-
guineous at the base. In other respects this species resembles that
insect ; the external angle of the apex of the elytra is however shorter.
[Quite common from Georgia to Lake Superior. |

ae D2:

243. LEPTURA TENUIOR Airby.—Length of body 534 lines. Taken
in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

[182.] Body black, rather slender, slightly punctured, thinly coated
with decumbent yellow hairs. Antenne shorter than the body, fifth joint

\

Tier < THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

scarcely longer than the fourth: prothorax between bell-shaped and a
truncated cone, a little constricted in the middle, fringed with yellow hairs
anteriorly and posteriorly : scutellum triangular: elytra testaceous, yellow
at the base, and with three yellow bands, the first interrupted ; oblique
sinus at the apex not so deep as in the two preceding species: legs
testaceous ; abdomen of a deeper colour; and segments scarcely emargi-
nate. This species differs in habit from the two preceding ones, it is
narrower in proportion, and comes nearer to L. guadrifasciata, but the
posterior angles of the prothorax, though acute, are not so prominent ; it
belongs however to the same subdivision, with the last mentioned insect.
[Considered by Newman to be synonymous with Strangalia fugax.|

225 paves

244. LEPTURA BREVIS Azrby.—Length of body 5 lines. Taken in
Canada by Dr. Bigsby. ;

Body shorter than usual in proportion to its width ; black, underneath
minutely punctured and thinly covered with rather silvery decumbent
hairs. Head thickly and confluently punctured, rather downy with erect
hoary hairs ; antennze shorter than the body ; fourth, fifth, and sixth joints
long and slenderer than the rest; six last short and pale at the base:
prothorax between bell-shaped and globose, deeply and confluently punc-
tured ; downy with some erect hoary hairs ; anteriorly constricted, poster-
iorly depressed: scutellum linear covered with pale decumbent hairs:
elytra very grossly and deeply punctured, shorter than the abdomen and
rounded at the apex, with a lateral band bent a little inwards towards the
base, which it does not reach, of the colour of the yolk of an egg; anus
entire: down on the legs yellow. |A variety of Z. vagans Oliv. Taken
in Canada, also in N. Y. and Penn. |

245. LEPTURA SEXMACULATA Zinn.—-Length of body 5% lines. Two
specimens taken in Lat. 65°.

[183.] Body rather short, black, downy, minutely punctured. Head
very thickly and minutely punctured, obsoletely channelled ; antenne
slender, shorter than the body, fifth joint considerably longer than the
fourth : prothorax shaped as in the preceding species but less depressed
posteriorly ; very thickly as well as minutely punctured: scutellum tri-
angular: elytra pale-yellow, with an arched black spot at the base, then
follows an interrupted band consisting of three acute black spots placed
in a triangle, beyond the middle is a dentated black band which reaches

“THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115

i

neither the suture nor the lateral margin; the apex also, the suture, and
the lateral margin towards the apex, are all black.

Variety B. Head not channelled: spot at the base of the elytra
coalescing with the intermediate and lateral ones of the anterior band,
and reaching the lateral margin; interior spot reaching the suture so as
to form the half of a spot common to both elytra ; the intermediate band
is broader and reaches both the suture and lateral margin. [Belongs to
Strangalia (Pachyta). Taken at Quebec by Mr. Couper; Lake Superior
by Agassiz’s Expedition. |

ONT. Sa

246. Leprura semivirrata A7zrby.—Length of body 6 lines. ‘Taken

in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

Body long and narrow, black, underneath slightly and minutely punc-
tured, with the sides of the breast and abdomen brilliant with a silvery
lustre from decumbent silky hairs, above glossy and almost naked. Head
thickly punctured, but behind each eye there is a levigated space;
antenne longer than the prothorax, intermediate joints not slenderer
-than the others, the fourth as long as the fifth ; neck short and levigated:
prothorax bell-shaped, not constricted anteriorly, depressed posteriorly ;
thinly punctured, especially in the disk: scutellum triangular: elytra
punctured but not thickly, punctures almost arranged in rows, towards
the apex they are very slight ; a reddish-yellow subflexuose stripe runs
from the middle of the base of the elytra a little more than half way
towards the apex, which is diverging and truncated: the ventral segments
of the abdomen terminate in a reddish membrane. [Synonymous with
L. vittata Oliv.; common in Canada on flowers during June and July;
taken from Alabama northwards. |

[184.] 247. Leprura GULOSA Kirby.—Length of the body 5 lines.
Taken in Nova Scotia by Dr. MacCulloch.

Very nearly related to the preceding species, from which it differs
chiefly in being much smaller, in having the underside of the body more
thickly covered with hairs glittering like silver ; in having the throat pale-
red ; the fifth joint of the antennz longer than the fourth ; the punctures
of the elytra more numerous and scattered ; the yellow stripe running
nearer to the apex of the elytra, dilated at the base and not flexuose: the
fore-breast also in the disk, the after-breast on each side, and the base of
the thighs are obscurely red : the tibize are piceous.

116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

* + b.

248. LEPTURA SUBARGENTATA A7zrby.—Length of the body 4 lines. -

Taken in Lat. 65°.

Body narrow, entirely black, very minutely and thickly punctured,

underneath glittering, but less conspicuously with silver pile; antennz
shorter than the body, nearly filiform, fourth and fifth joints of equal
length ; protnorax perfectly bell-shaped, anteriorly not constricted,
posterior angles acute, diverging and covered with silver pile: elytra
rounded at the apex. [Taken in Canada and Lake Superior. |

[185.] 249. Leprura simitis Kirby.—Length of body 3% lines. A
single specimen taken in Lat. 65°.

This may possibly be the other sex of the preceding species which it
resembles in every respect, except that the antenne are rather longer, the
scape or first joint, all but the base on the upper side, is rufous, as are
likewise the thighs and four anterior tibize; the posterior thighs are
however black at the apex.

250. LEPTURA LONGICORNIS Azréy.—Length of body 5 lines. A
single specimen taken in Lat. 65°.

At first sight this species a good deal resembles LZ. semivittata and
gulosa of the former section, but its eyes are entire, and its antennz
much slenderer and of a different type, more nearly resembling those of
L. argentata and similis. Body black, minutely punctured, downy,
especially underneath, with silvery hairs. Head minutely, thickly, and
confluently punctured ; labrum and base of the mandibles rufous ; last
joint of the palpi securiform; antennae very Slender nearly as long as the
body ; scape incrassated, rutous, black at the base: prothorax a little
constricted anteriorly, very thickly punctured with a longitudinal dorsal
impunctured line or channel : scutellum longitudinally concave, rounded
at the apex; elytra nearly linear, grossly punctured, glossy, nearly black,
with a pale stripe extending from the middle of the base to near the apex,
and gradually approaching the suture ; apex subtruncated: legs rufous at
the base. [Belongs to the genus Acmaofs Lec.]

[186.] 251. Leprura Proteus Azréy.-—Length of body 34%—-5%4
lines. Taken abundantly in Lat. 54° and 65°.

Body narrow, black, punctured, somewhat glossy, rather hairy, especi-
ally underneath, with decumbent hairs, those on the elytra have somewhat

a.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 117

of a golden lustre, the rest are silvery. Nose more grossly punctured

than the rest of the head; vertex convex; eyes subovate, pale with a

slight golden lustre; antennae filiform, longer than the prothorax,

obscurely rufous, with the four first joints black, fifth joint longer than
the fourth : prothorax campanulate, anteriorly constricted, posterior angles
a little diverging, thinly punctured; channelled, the channel running
between two dorsal gibbosities: scutellum triangular: elytra rather widest

at the base, and punctured there more grossly next the suture ; diverging

and truncated at the apex: tibiae piceous or rufo-piceous ; four posterior
thighs rufous at the base.

Variety B. In this variety only the base of the six last joints of the
antennae is rufous, all the thighs are rufous at the
base, and the tibiae of a clearer red, but they are
dusky at the apex; tarsi rufous at the base. Length
of the body 334 lines.

C. Elytra with a stripe at the base, tips and lateral margin
rufous : antennae entirely black: legs as in variety B.
Length of the body 434 lines.

D. Elytra with a longitudinal rufous stripe dilated at the
base and apex ; bead of the lateral margin also rufous;
antennae and legs nearly as in B, but the whole of
the tarsi is obscurely rufous. Length of the body
3—4 lines.

EK. Elytra rufous with the suture and a -stripe near the
margin abbreviated at both ends, dusky : antennae as
in A; legs asin B. Length of the body 4—5 lines.

F. Elytra rufous, with a dusky suture ; antennae as in A;
legs as in D.

G. Like F, but elytra luteous ; antennae all black. Length
of the body 4 lines.

H. Like F and G, but legs and antennae black. Length of
the body 334 lines.

LZ. Proteus seems to vary ad infinitum in the colour of the elytra,
antennae, and legs, but as all the varieties agree in every respect except
colour and size, and the elytra, advance so gradually from pale rufous to
black, or vice versa, there can be little doubt of the identity of the
different varieties. [This very variable species is common throughout
Canada. It belongs to the genus Acmaops Lec. |

118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

|187.] 252. Leprura Lonciceps A7réy.—Length of body 4 lines.
Several specimens taken in Lat. 54° and 65°.

Like the preceding species but shorter in proportion with a longer
head. Body black, punctured, hoary with rather silvery down: head as
long or longer than the prothorax; eyes pale, subtriangular ; antennae
with the second, third and fourth joints slenderer than the rest : prothorax

shaped as in Z. Proteus, constricted before, depressed behind, but without ~

diverging angles, channelled but with no gibbosity on each side the
channel : ‘elytra nearly linear, very thickly punctured, dirty-yellow, with a
dusky lateral blotch extending from the base beyond the middle of the
elytrum, suture and subtruncated apex black ; down yellowish. [Belongs
to Acmaops Lec. |

END OF CERAMBYCID&.
nT

OBITUARY.

We grieve to have to record the death of another devoted Entomologist,
Mr. Coteman T. Ropinson, of New York, who expired, after a very brief
illness, on the 1st of May last. Mr. Robinson was born in Putnam
County, N. Y., in 1838, and had but recently completed the 35th year of
his age. When quite a young man, he made a prolonged tour through
Europe, Egypt and the Holy Land, and spent some time at the University
of Berlin. On his return to New York, in 1861, he engaged in business as
a stock broker in Wall Street, and soon became the head of a very
successful and enterprising firm, Messrs. Robinson, Cox & Co. So shrewd
and successful were his speculations that ina few years he amassed a large
fortune, and on his retirement from business a couple of years ago, he was
reputed to be worth about a million and a half of dollars. Latterly he
resided near Brewster's Station, on the New York and Haarlem Railway,
where he had purchased a handsome country seat. Notwithstanding his
devotion to business of so engrossing and exciting a character,he yet found
time to indulge in his favorite study of Entomology, and in connection with
his friend, Mr. Grote, described a Jarge number of new species of North
American Lepidoptera, chiefly belonging to the families of Sphingide,
Bombycide, Noctuade and Tortricide. A list of his published papers,
prepared by his coadjutor, Mr. Grote, is given on another page. We are
glad to learn that amongst his other bequests, Mr. Robinson left the
handsome sum of $10,000 to the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, with

which he was connected for several years.
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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. LL9

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

A New DepartTuRe.—We invite especial attention to the card of that
talented and well known Entomologist, Mr. FRANCIS GREGORY SANBORN.
We heartily congratulate our esteemed confrere on the stand he
has taken on the behalf of Practical Entomologists. Mr. Sanborn
is thoroughly qualified, from his scientific attainments and __per-
sonal reputation, to take this step, and we sincerely trust a new era may
be dawning for Entomological Science, in which the professional skill of
competent scientists may receive an equal share of recognition with that
of members of the various other learned professions. We feel, however,
quite satisfied that while Mr. Sanborn has laid down his terms of consul-
tation, he will’always be ready, as heretofore, to afford any information to
brother Entomologists, or to students struggling to overcome the diffi-
culties of the science.—| Zaitor C. £.]

STRANGALIA LUTEICORNIS.—On one of the last days of July, 1871,
as I emerged from the woods which cover the eastern end of Bishop’s
Island—one of the most romantically situated of the Thousand Isles—I
_came upon a sunny glade, and in it stood a flowering shrub, (the name of
which I do not know,) in full bloom. ‘The blossoms were thronged. with
the insect hosts—well nigh all orders being represented in sufficient variety
to stock a fair-sized entomological cabinet. My attention was most
attracted to the Coleoptera, from the great numbers of Zyfocerus fugax
and some few specimens of Strangalia luteicornis. The latter, from the
extreme narrowness of their bodies and elytra, as well as from their
markings, were very noticeable ; they were also particularly active, running
over the flowers, taking to flight, or dropping down among the leaves in a
way that almost defied capture. I, however, succeeded in taking one;
and learning from a great authority in such matters,that though well known
in Pennslyvania, it has not, as yet, been included among the .natives of
this Province, I make this note of the fact of my capture.—R. V. RoGERs,
Kingston.

NoTes AND QueErRIESs. — Zrichius Bigsbit.—Gunorimus maculosus,
Burmeister, Knoch. This insect seems to be very rare in this part of
Canada. During nearly thirty years collecting, I have found only one
specimen, taken at Drummondville, in the Niagara District. Other
collections seem to have been equally unfortunate.

Pelidnota punctata.—Common about London and Niagara ; has never
to my knowledge, been found near Toronto.

¥

120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Desmocerus cyaneus.—About 25 years ago, I took a colony of about
30 specimens off some elder bushes in rear of Trinity College. I have
never met with another specimen near Toronto, one I found in fall of 1870
at the Sault St. Marie. ;

Calosoma scrutator.—Of this magnificent insect, many dead specimens 3
may be collected on the south shore of our Toronto peninsula after a
southerly wind, but I have collected but two hving specimens on this side
of the lake.

Query.—Is it known that any of the large Carabide are capable of
ejecting an acid liquid like the Bombardiers? ‘The following anecdote
may prehaps be worth embalming in the CaNapiAN ENTOMOLOGIST -——
In the fall of 1839, 1 was wandering with a friend over the rocks at
Thurand, near Dresden, and found a magnificent Carvedus, about an ich
long, probably Awratus or Auronitens. Examining it, the beast ex-
ploded, and shot me in the eye. The pain was so intense, lasting for
full a quarter of an hour, that, notwithstanding my Entomological
proclivities, the insect was allowed to escape.

QvueERyY.—Can any of your correspondents refer me to a paper on the
sugar from the ‘** Mexican Honey Ant?” I have seen it, but cannot recall
where. On mentioning this to my late lamented friend, Mr. Williamson,
who was for years engaged on railway construction in Mexico, he informed
me that the Indians were often in the habit of knocking down ants’ nests
from the boughs of trees,and extracting honey from the interior ; this
honey having been formed, not by the ants, who build the suspended
nests, but by a species of bee (he called them Sweat Bees), which
constructed their comb in the centre of the ants’ nest. I should be glad

to obtain any information of my late friends statement.—H. H. Crorr,
Toronto, :

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Exoric LEPIDOPTERA AND COLEOPTERA.—I have a large collection of
specimens of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera from Australia, Manilla, Mexico,
and Central America, which I am now arranging for the purpose of sale,
as I intend confining myself to Californian insects for the future. I will

not exclude from the offered sale my numerous Californian specimens. I
will continue to collect in all branches of the Californian entomological

fauna, and I invite exchange. I have also a complete set of the Pacific
Railroad Survey Reports (13 volumes), in excellent condition, which I
shall be glad to dispose of. Apply to JAMes BEHRENS, San Francisco
California.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. IV. LONDON, ONT., JULY, 1872. No. 7

NOTES ON ARGYNNIS' CYBELE.
BY W. SAUNDERS, LONDON, ONT.

On the 7th of June, while turning over some loose rails lying on a
moist piece of ground, near the edge of a wood, I found attached to the
underside of one of the rails, lying high and dry, two spinous larvae,
which, from their appearance and location, I at once suspected to be the
larvae of some species of Argynnis. The Wild Violet also, the food
plant of at least several’ of this family, growing in abundance here,
helped to confirm my suppositions. ‘These afterwards proved to be the
larvae of Argynnis cybele. Both larvae were in the act of spinning a
small web of silk, to which their terminal prolegs were attached, indi-
cating that the change to the chrysalis state would soon take place.
The following description was at once taken :—

Length 1.70 inches. Body thickest along the middle segments,
tapering a little at each end, coils itself up when disturbed.

Head medium sized, flat in front, slightly bilobed, each lobe tipped
above with a short tubercle, from which arises a moderately long black
hair ; colour black in front, edged posteriorly above, and half way down
the sides with dull brownish-yellow. On the front there are many fine
black hairs of varying lengths.

Body above black, with a faint tinge of reddish brown, armed with a

transverse row of branching spines on each segment. On the second
segment there is a branching spine on each side the dorsal line all black,
and another pair on sides between the second and third segments, black
above, brownish-yellow at base. On the third segment there are four
spines similarly situated, that is, one sub-dorsal pair, and another pair
lower down, and placed between the third and fourth segments, all black
above, brownish-yellow at base. On the fourth segment there is one
pair of spines only, the sub-dorsal. From the fifth to the twelfth
‘segments inclusive, each is alike ornamented with a transverse row of six
branching spines, those on each side the dorsal line entirely black, or

199, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

with but a slightly paler shade at base ; the next row lower down black
above, with a small portion of their base brownish-yellow, excepting on
the twelfth segment, where they are all black; but in the next row below, —_
ihe spines have a larger portion of their base brownish-yellow, with a
small space around the base of each where the same colour preyails.
Terminal segment with two pairs of black branching spines,. one pair
placed behind the other, the hindermost being a little the shortest. On
the sides of each of the anterior segments, below the spines, there are
several shining black tubercles, each emitting a small cluster of short
black hairs. Spiracles oval, black, edged with a paler shade.

Under surface dull dark reddish-brown. The fifth, sixth, eleventh ~
and twelfth segments each have a transv erse row of shining tubercles,
emitting tufts of short black hairs ; feet black, prolegs have a patch of
black on the outside at their base, reddish-brown above, and within.

Before turning to chrysalis, the-colour at the base of the spines
changed from brownish-yellow to a semi-transparent greenish hue.

One specimen hung itself up June 9, and became a chrysalis June
10. From the first, the chrysalis is very dark coloured. ‘The following
description was taken a few days after the change was effected :—

Chrysalis.—Length 1.30 inches. Colour brown, spotted and streaked
with black, the whole surface having a polished appearance as if it had
been varnished. Head case square above, the flat portion terminating on
each side in a slightly raised blackish tubercle: a dark line extends
across from one tubercle to the other, bordered in front and behind with
yellowish brown. A double ventral row of dark brown or blackish
tubercles, one pair on each segment ; below these there is a second row
of smaller tubercles of a paler colour along the middle segments, just
above the spiracles. At the base of the wing cases is a pointed projec-
tion. Anterior segments raised to a sharp ridge, and the ventral edge of
the wing cases have a similar ridge along the basal portion. Antennae
cases dark brown: spiracles oval black. Dorsal region of posterior
segments dark brown, nearly black.

On visiting the same. locality on the 9th of June, three chrysalides
were found on the under side of pieces of bark which had been peeled
off a dead tree, and were lying scattered about. The pupae were found 3
attached to those pieces which were lying with their convex side up- ;
wards, thus affording a dry and sheltered spot under for the larvae to
attach themselves to. I then collected a number of such pieces of bark,

ee

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—
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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and laid them about in this manner in spots where the Wild Violets grew
thickest, and on my return two or three days after, found six more

chrysalides, and another larva just about to change. I feel assured that
with such traps as these laid about in places where they are feeding, any
one may secure specimens of these larva without trouble during the first

~ week or ten days in June. I have never succeeded in finding them other-

_ wise, although I have searched long and often. One of the chrysalides pro-
duced the imago on the 26th, another on the 27th of June, and others
at intervals between the 27th of June, and the 4th of July. The speci-
men which changed to a chrysalid on the roth of June produced the
imago on the 29th, but this was kept in a cool room all the time, and
was hence probably longer in perfecting than it would have been if

_ exposed to the warming influence of the summer's sun. I should judge
the ordinary duration of the chrysalis state, when left in their native
haunts, to be from fourteen to sixteen days. All the specimens bred
proved to be Argynuis cvbele.

LEAF-MINING COLEOPTERA.
BY V. I. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.

It is necessary for me to correct a serious error into which I have
fallen.

At page 165, v. 3, I have described a larva mining the upper surface
of leaves of the White Oak (Quercus alba), which seemed to me to
answer the requirements of Dr. Clemens’ Zithocolletis tubiferella, which
also mines the leaves of Quercus alba. ‘The larva was not removed from
the mine, but viewed through the integument. It seemed to me to
resemble greatly, if it was not identical with, Dr. Clemens’ species. The
mine answered, in every respect, to that described by Dr. Clemens. At
the same time I remarked the peculiar appearance of the larva, which
“differs from the ordinary flat Zzthocolletis larva as much as that does

_ from the larva of the first or cylindrical group.” In fact I should never
have suspected it to be a Lithocolletis larva but for the resemblance, both _
of the mine and larva, to that of Z. ‘udiferella, as described by Dr.

Clemens. I did not succeed in rearing the imago, and do not know

124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

what it would have produced. On the next page (166, v. 3), I mentioned
a larva precisely like it, but in a different blotch mine, inhabiting the
leaves of Willow Oaks, and another in leaves of the Black Oak, still
another in the leaves of the Beech, another in the Sugar Maple, and yet
another in the leaves of a species of Desmodium. Viewed through the
integument, all of these larva, except the Desmodium miner, resembled
the supposed larva of Z. tubiferella. The miners of the Beech and Sugar
Maple leaves appeared to be identical with each other and with the
supposed ZL. ¢ubiferelia, but their mines differed from it, and resembled
those in the leaves of the Black and Willow Oak in being more irregular
blotches. The miners of the Black and Willow Oaks differed from the
others by being of a bluish or smoky colour instead of yellowish-white.
The miner of the Desmodium differed from the others in shape resembling
the larva of Leucanthiza,as described by Dr. Clemens. But the mine
and cocoon (or rather mzdws), are indistinguishable from those of Litho-
colletis guttifinitella Clem. and allied species of Lithocolletis. These larva
are all Coleopterous / They remained in the mines without food from
September to the latter part of April. All died except the miners of the
Beech (Fagus ferruginea) and of the Desmodium. In the latter part of
April these became pup, remaining in that condition for ten days, when

the imagines emerged. The miner of the Beech proved to be Brachys

aeruginosa, Say, as identified by Dr. Horn, as | am informed by Mr. Wm.
Saunders. .

The miner of the Desmodium proved to be Aetonius laevigatus, Say,
as identified by Mr. Johnson Pettit, of Grimsby, Ont. The larva of the
Brachys resembles that of Chrysobothris femorata, as figured in Packard's
Guide, p. 457, more nearly than that of Zrachys pygmea, figured on p. 458.
The head is rounded in front ; the first segment is much the largest, and
the larva tapers rapidly thence to the fourth segment, and thence
more gradually to the apex. The larva of AZetontus daevigatus is flat-
tened, and is rather widest about the middle, tapering, however, more
rapidly to the tail than towards the head; the first segment is largest,
and the head rounded in front. It resembles the larva of Zrachys
in outline more than that of Chrysobothris. In examining dead speci-
mens of all these larve removed from the mines this spring, I was not
able to detect any trace of feet.

I have no excuse to plead for this error other than the facts above
stated, and ignorance of Coleopterous larve.

\

ie THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 125

ee LS Sa
Hlispa quadrata, Fabr, mines the leaves of the Linden ( 7i/1a Ameri-
cana ).

fispa inacgualis, Weber, mines the leaves of Zupatorium ageratotdes.
Both species pupate in the mine. Both identified by Dr. Horn.

DESCRIPTIONS OF
- GELECHIA ADUNCELLA anp GELECHIA LABRADORICA.
! BY AUG. R. GROTE, DEMOPOLIS, ALA.

In a very interesting paper published by Professor Zeller in the
Transactions of the Royal Imperial Zoological Botanical Society of
Vienna, under the date of July, 1868, I find the description of a North
American Gelechia. ‘The specimens were communicated to Prof. Zeller
by Baron V. Osten-Sacken. I give here a free translation of Professor
Zeller’s comparative description :—

Gelechia aderucella, Zeller.—Allied to G. “igulella. ‘Vhe yellowish-
white transverse line of the primaries, which becomes pure white on the
costal edge, is removed farther towards the hind margin of the wing.
It is strongly bent below costa towards the apices, and a little widened,
is continued on the costal edge outwardly. The ground colour of the
base is greyish-brown, so pale in hue as to allow the three black dots
{two on the fold, one obliquely over the last of these outwardly at the
middle of the wing), to be more or less distinctly perceivable, whereas in
G. figuiella and vorticella no dots are visible on the black ground colour
of the wing. This greyish-brown tint deepens, beyond the outer two

_ dots, gradually into the broad black shade which margins the transverse
line. The fringes of the secondaries are pale grey, becoming paler
outwardly, and’are even at base paler than the external portion of the
wing itself. Beneath, the forewings exhibit beyond. the middle, and in a
corresponding position with the superior end of the transverse line of the
upper surface, a rather distinct white spot. In size this species agrees
with an average specimen of G. Zigu/e//a.

In the IViencr Entomologisché Monatschrift for June, 1864, p. 200, |
find a description, of which I give here a translation, of a species of
Gelechia from Labrador, by Mr. H. B. Moeschler :—

Gelechia labradorica, Moeschler.— 7—Antennz greyish-yellow with

-

126 - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. aan

whitish-yellow annuli, palpi greyish-yellow, terminal joint pale yellowish, —
feet, head, thorax and abdomen greyish-yellow. Forewings of a darker a
greyish-yellow, subcostal nervules darker, brownish. Hindwings whitish- _
grey, a narrow dark marginal line. Beneath, the forewings are brownish- —
grey, with a narrow yellow marginal line. ; aia

Lxpanse 22 mil.

This inconspicuous species is illustrated on plate 5, at figure 17. :

On the same page is recorded the occurrence of Gelechia comtinuella
in Labrador.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA. ‘

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.
Continued from Page 108.

DEPRESSARIA,

D, pallidochrella, N. sp.

Head and palpi very pale ochreous, almost white, a little darker on
top, a dark brown spot extends almost entirely around the base of the
third joint of the palpi, and another entirely around it before the apex.
Antennae brownish, with about six white annulations in the apical part.
‘Thorax and base of the wings pale ochreous, sparsely dusted with fuscous,
with a fuscous line across the wing close to the base. About the basal
one-fourth of the wing a fuscous streak passes obliquely backwards as far
as the fold, and from thence to the apex the wing is pale ochreous, rather
thickly dusted with fuscous and dark ochreous, with the extreme apex
fuscous. Posterior wings pale fuscous; ciliae of all the wings grayish-
ochreous ; abdomen dark ochreous, each segment above tipped with very
pale or whitish ochreous. Under surface very pale ochreous, with fuscous
patches on the anterior surfaces of the meso and meto-thoracic legs. -
Anterior legs dark brown on their anterior surfaces. A/ar ex. less than
‘¢ Of an inch. Captured in May in Kentucky.

The posterior wings in this species are deeply emarginate beneath the ~
apex ; this and the succeeding species which resemble each other being
the only two described American species which display this character.
This species may be distinguished from the next by its smaller size, paler
color, and the brown tip of the forewings.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NV. sp.

ine Head and palpi ochreous, thickly dusted with brown; a brown

18 annulus around the base of the third joint of the palpi, and another before

i ‘the apex. Antennae dark brown, faintly annulate with ochreous, and

2 with five or six white annulations in the apical portion. Thorax and
anterior wings ochreous, thickly dusted with dark brown; a little less

;

D. versicolorella.

thickly in’ the basal fourth of the wing, with a brown, streak across the
base of the wing, and a brown streak extending obliquely from the costa
.
a about the basal fourth, to the fold, which, however, is scarcely distin-
- guishable from the thickly dusted portion of the wing behind it; no
: brown spot at the apex. Posterior wings pale fuscous : abdomen ochreous,
_ the segments not margined with whitish, as in the preceding species.

| Afar ex. #s of an inch. Captured in Kentucky in May.

; D. bicosto-maculella. N. sp.
Head pale yellowish, the vertex dusted with fuscous ; antennae dark
brown; second joint of the palpi pale yellowish, tipped with brown
_ beneath: third joint brown, sprinkled above with pale yellowish : thorax
and anterior wings blackish, or very dark brown, with ochreous and gray
intermixed, with a small and indistinct ochreous spot on the costa, near
tht base, and another distinct costalous at the beginning of the ciliae, and
an opposite dorsal one ; ciliae yellowish-ochreous. There are several
‘rather undefined irregular blackish spots or patches on the wings, which,
to the naked eye, appear to form three irregular transverse bands, not very
definite in outline, one of which adjoins each of the costal ochreous spots,
whilst the other is between them. A/ar cx. * inch. Kentucky.
D. querciella. N. sp.
This species is a Depressaria in every respect except that there is a
small but very distinct tuft of erect scales at the apex of the thorax. J have
but a single specimen, which, however, is in perfect condition, and shows
no sign of any injury, so that I cannot doubt that the tuft is a normal

y structure. |

Antennae dark brown or rather blackish, annulate with white ; palpi
iron gray; head silvery, flecked with dark brown or blackish scales ;
_ thorax iron gray, the tuft being ochreous ; anterior wings dark iron gray,
with a distinct small blackish spot on the costa at about the basal fourth,
. and two other smaller ones on the costa, one about the middle, and the
_ other at the beginning of the apical ciliae; there are three or four

_ similar small ones on the disc; ciliae ochreous ; posterior wings pale

s

128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

slate colour, and the abdomen is yet paler. The entire insect, in some,
lights, ‘shows purplish reflections. Under the lens, the iron gray colour is
resolved into blackish or dark brown, mixed with ochreous and whitish
scales. Alar ex. 1% inch.

The larva has the head and first segment dark purplish-brown, except
the anterior margin of -the first segment, which is whitish. Remaining

segments whitish, with two longitudinal narrow pale purplish lines on top, ©

outside of which, on each side, isa wider deep purple one; there is also
a multitude of small purple spots, from each of which proceeds a hair. — It
sews together leaves of the Oak (Quercus obtusiloba) in May, and
remains in the pupa state about ten days, the imago appearing early in
June.

The two preceding species and J. obscurusella, ante, ~. 106, and D.
bistrigella, ante, p. 92, reserable each other very closely. JD. obscurusella
is more ochreous than the others, and the markings assume the form
rather of narrow irregular and zig-zag lines, although, on close inspection,
three dark costal spots may be discovered as in gwerciella, but less dis-
tinct. D. dbicostomaculella is smaller than the others, and the three costal
blackish spots have, in it, become to the naked eye three irregular bands,
narrowing towards the dorsal margin. 1 have no specimen of D. dzstri-
géla now before me, but I think it can be distinguished by the more
linear shape of the ochreous streaks before the ciliae, and by the two
small ochreous patches about the middle of the wing. JD. guercie//la may,
however, be more readily distinguished by the thoracic tuft.

As the species of Depressaria described in this and the preceding
No. differ somewhat, structurally, it is possible that some of them ought
not, in strictness, to be placed in this genus. Yet they approach it more
nearly than any other. The following notes will explain their similitudes
and differences :—

D. dubitella has the second joint of the palpi much thickened, form-
ing a small undivided brush ; the superior portion of the discal vein is
very oblique, and the superior branch is united to the subcostal at the
end of the cell. The abdomen in my single specimen is broken off. It
does not belong strictly in Depressaria.

D. albisparsella has the palpi of Defressaria, but the brush is very
large ; the wings in my single specimen are closed so that I cannot
observe the neuration. ‘The antennae are minutely but distinetly pectin-
ated, more so than in the true Depressaria.

int”

Oe a ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129

: Dz cercerisella and D. bimaculela resemble each other in the ornamen-
tation as well as structure. ‘The abdomen is. subdepressed, the palpal
oi brush is small and undivided, except at the apex. The neuration is that
_ of Depressaria proper, though the superior and inferior branches of the
_ discal _nervure respectively, originate a little nearer to the subcostal and
~ median than is usual in true Depressaria.

tl

D. pseudacaciella has the abdomen subdepressed, scarcely tufted, and
the superior branch of the discal vein arises very near to the subcostal;
; otherwise, it is a true Depressaria.

*

é

Dz fusco-ochrella has the abdomen and palpi of Depfressaria, but the
neuration of the hind wings is like that of some species of Gedechia ; that
is, the superior branch of the discal vein is absent, and the subcostal is
furcate behind the cell. D. dicostomaculella, D. Rileyella, D. obscurusella,
D. Versicolorella, and D. pallidochrella, are true Depressariz, 1 believe,
though the abdomen in my single specimen of D. obscurusel/a is missing.
D. pallidochrella and D. versicolorella are very deeply emarginate beneath
the apex of the hind wings. JD. guercielfa has the small thoracic tuft, but
is otherwise a true Depressaria.

All of the foregoing species agree in the neuration of the anterior
wings, and all have the Defressaria habits of seeking concealment, and of
sliding about upon their backs in their efforts to escape.

HAGNO, geu. 107.

At ante p. gr, I have described a species as Depressaria cryptolechiella,
and have there pointed out the differences between it and the true
Depressarie. ndeed, it is scarcely more nearly allied to Depressaria
than to several other genera; but having then but a single specimen of
' that species, and none of any other species allied to it more closely than
the species of Defressaria, 1 preferred to place it provisionally in that
genus. Since then, however, I have bred the species mentioned below,
and not wishing to encumber that genus (already large) with any thing
which does not rightly belong there, and, not knowing what else to do
with these species, I have concluded to erect for them this new genus.

Head and face slightly roughened. Antennz more than half as long

_ as the wings ; face rather narrow; eyes large, globose; tongue scaled,

- longer than the anterior coxa; maxillary palpi minute ; labial palpi

very long, completely overarching the vertex, second joint without a
brush, third joint accuminate, about two-thirds as long as the second,

~

130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Posterior wing not emarginate beneath the apex, wider than the
anterior, the costal margin nearly straight, the dorsal regularly curved.
The discal cell is closed: the costal vein attains the margin just before

the apex ; the sub-costal at the apex ; the median sends a branch to the.

posterior margin betore the discal vein, and becomes furcate at the discal
vein, delivering both branches to the posterior margin. ‘The discal vein
is slightly oblique, and sends two branches to the dorsal margin ; internal
vein, simple.

Anterior wings wdest near the apex; costal margin a little convex,

dorsal margin nearly straight, apical margin obliquely curved, and apex
obtusely rounded. Discal cell closed; costal vein attains the margin
about the middle, and the sub-costal attains it before the apex, giving off
one branch before the discal vein ; the median rounds gradually into the
discal, sending, near the discal, tvo long curved branches to the dorso-
apical margin ; and the discal sends off four-veins, the superior of which
is furcate, delivering one of its branches to the apex, and the other to the
costal margin before the apex ; the three other branches of-the discal are
delivered to the apical margin behind the apex ; the sub-median is furcate
at the base ; the internal is wanting, and the fold is very distinct. The
neuration is, therefore, that of Depressaria. ‘The abdomen is also slightly
depressed, though not so much as in Defressaria ; and it seems to differ
from that genus only in having the palpi more elongate, and without any
brush, and in its wider wings, which are more obtusely rounded at the
apex. It is certainly not equivalent to either Zx@retia or Ortholelia, but
possibly may be equivalent to Crypfolechia, which, however, has not the
depressed abdomen.

Can this genus be the equivalent of Pyz/ocorsis, Clem. ? (Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., 1860, fp. 272). \t meets all the requirements of Dr.
Clemens’ diagnosis, except as to the form and neuration of the fore wings.
Not only so, but what I have called ¢+e pattern of coloration is the same
in my species as in those described by Dr. Clemens, especially as to the
peculiar markings of the antennae and palpi; and even the very shades
of colour are the same to a great extent. I have not:seen any of Dr.
Clemens’ species, and can only compare mine with his written descrip-
tions. The striking resemblance between my species of Hagno and
those of Psidocorsis,as described by Dy. Clemens, did not attract my
attention until after the preceding portion of this paper was in the hands
of the printer, for, on comparing the fore wing of 47. faginella with a

1 ; ¢ J of
ee ee re

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 131

sketch of that of Psifocorsis,as described by Dr.Clemens, the very decided
differences at once satisfied me that the genera were not the same; and
the species were accordingly described as belonging to the new genus
Hlagno. Subsequently, my attention was attracted to the close resem-
blance between the species, and a closer comparison has suggested the
probability that Dr. Clemens has misdescribed the forewings of his genus,
and that the two genera may be equivalent. ‘lhe differences are con-
fined entirely to the fore wings; but then they are decided, and are as
follows :—

Dr. Clemens says that in Pscéocorsts the hind margin is obliquely
pointed. In /Yagno, the costal and dorsal margins are nearly parallel.
The wing is widest just before the apex, which is obliquely truncate with
the angles rounded. In Psv/ocorsis, there is a secondary cell which I have
not been able to detect in Hlagno. In Psilocorsis, the subcostal gives off
(besides the long branch from near the middle), four branches from near
the end of the cell, and the fourth is furcate. In Hagno, only three are
given off (besides the long one from the middle), from wear the end, and
the //ird of these is furcate. In Psilocorsis, the median vein gives off four
branches from near the end of the cell. In Hagno only three. In
ffagno, the discal vein gives off two branches, but Dr. Clemens does not
mention any branches from it in Psz/ocorss.

These differences are too great to occur in one genus; and as they
first caught my attention, they satisfied me that the genera were very
distinct. On closer examination, however, I cannot help suspecting that
there is some mistake in Dr. Clemens’ diagnosis, and that the genera will
prove to be equivalent.

1. S21. cryptolechiella.

D. eryptolechiella. Ante p gt.
Hf. faginella, LN. sp. :

Ochreous yellow, with a silky lustre; anterior wings dusted with
brown, and with confused indistinct dark brown blotches, and with a
row of dark brown spots around the apex. The antennae are annulate
with brown ; the second joint of the labial palpi has a dark brown stripe
along its under surface, which is continued along the under surface of the
third joint to its apex, and the third joint likewise has a similar stripe
along the outer, and one along its inner surface. Anterior surface of
_ the two first pair of legs with dark brown patches, and their tarsi annulate
with dark brown. Alar ex. 34 inch. Kentucky.

to

133 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The larva sews together the leaves of Beech Trees (/agus ferruginca)
feeding between them, and there passing the pupa state, the imago
emerging in May. The larva is whitish, with the head ferruginous, the
next segment faintly so, and there is a pinkish patch on each side of the
anterior margin of the third segment.

fT. cryptolechiella also pupates between the leaves of its food plant,
and this habit, like the stripes on the palpi, which are common to both ~
species, might almost be considered generic characters.

Depressaria cerceriseila, ante p. ro8, seems to connect this genus with
that. It has the abdomen but little depressed, the palpi elongate, as in
this genus, and the brush is scarcely deserving that name, being very
small, and appearing to be divided only near the apex. It agrees also .
with this genus in carrying the wings rather more nearly horizontal than
Depressaria, and while it has not the dark stripes on the terminal palpal
joint, it has that entire joint black. But in Hagvo, the anterior wings are ©
not pointed, the apical margin being oblique, whilst in D. cercerisel/a, as in
all my other species of that genus the anterior wings have the apex
pointed or obtusely pointed. It also differs from /7agve, and agrees
with Depressaria, in not pupating between the mined leaves.

TELPHUSA, geil. Nov.

Nearly allied to Depressaria, from which it differs in having the
abdomen not depressed, the antennae more setiform ; the palpal brush
very small, though there is a trace of a longitudinal division ; and the
terminal joint of the palpi longer than the second. ‘The superior branch
of the discal vein arises from a common stalk with the apical portion of
the subcostal, so that the discal sends off but a single independent
branch; but this is likewise the case in some species of Depressaria, as
e.g. D. pseudacaciella and some others ; and in all the species of Depres
saria, when it is independent, it arises very close to the sub-costal, the
difference in this respect being that the letter V, formed where they arise
from a common stalk, is split at the apex, when they do not. D. cerceri-
sella has the normal neuration of Defressarvia, but has a very small scarcely
divided brush. In Hagno, miht, they are more distinctly separated than
in any species of Depressaria that I have seen. With these explanations,
the account which I have given of the neuration of Hagno will do for
this genus and for Depressaria also. In /fagno, the palpi are as in
Depressaria, except that there is no brush. ywicostoma, as defined by
Clemens, has very nearly the same neuration with Defressaria also, but

.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 133

has the third palpal joint short. In Ze/phusa, the costal margin of the
shind wings is a little excised from about the middle to the tip, and the
apical part of the subcostal vein is curved. In all these genera, as well
as in Callima and Tricotaphe, the neuration of the fore wings is the
same. ‘The two latter genera differ somewhat from each other and from
the preceding genera, in the neuration of the hind wings.

LT. curvistrigella. N. sp.

Palpi dark purple, the tip of the second joint and an annulus near
the tip of the third, white ; head white ; palpi white, annulate with dark
purple above ; thorax and anterior wings rich dark purple; at the base of
the costa is a patch of whitish, mixed with purple, and just behind it is a
rather wide white streak, which begins on the costa, crosses the wing
obliquely to the dorsal margin, and extends along it and into the dorsal
ciliae nearly to the apex ; just behind the middle of the wing in the dark
purple part of it, is a faint indication of a whitish fascia. A/ar ex. 3% inch.
Kentucky.

\

HINTS TO FRUIT GROWERS.
PAPER NO. 5.
BY W. SAUNDERS, LONDON, ONT.
THE PEACH BORER.

The wasp-like moth of the peach borer, Ageria exitiosa, will be busy
during the present month, depositing her eggs on the bark of the trunks
of the Peach trees ; then as soon as the eggs hatch, the young grubs will
begin to eat their way to the inner bark, where it is difficult to reach
them. Much good may yet be done, either in preventing the moths
from laying their eggs, or, if laid, in destroying the young larve, by
brushing the trunks and main
branches of the trees with soft
soap, reduced with lye to about
the consistence of paint. Fig. 8
respresents both sexes of the
moth; 1x is the female, 2 the
male. It will be observed that
they are yery unlike each other, so much so that they may readily be

134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

mistaken for different species. Besides the disparity in size, the fore.
wings of the male are transparent, while those of the female are opaque,
and blue: the female also has a broad orange colored belt encircling the
abdomen, which is wanting in the male.

rENT. CATERPILLARS.

It is gratifying to be able to note that the American Tent Caterpillar, 4
Clisiocampa Americana, has been quite scarce during the present season,
as compared with former years. In fig. 9 we give a side and back view

a and 6, ot this well known
pest ; ¢ represents one of the
ring-like clusters of eggs, and
ad, the cocoon. During this
month the eggs will be laid
for the next years crop of

caterpillars ; they are usually
placed upon the smaller twigs
of the trees, each ring or clus-
ter containing about two hun-
dred and fifty.

The Forest Tent caterpillar
Clistocampa sylvatica, fig. 10,
has been equally scarce ; in-
deed we have not met witha
full-grown — speci-
men of either va-
riety this summer,
although in past
years they have

swarmed on our
Fig. 9. trees and fences.
Whether the severity of the weather last winter operated
unfavorably upon them, or whether their decimation is due to
the increase of their natural insect foes, we are unable to
determine ; the fact, however, 1s an interesting one.
THE GOOSEBERRY FRUIT WORM.
‘There is probably no insect more troublesome to the cul- /
tivator of the Gooseberry, or more difficult to contend with, Fig. 10.
than the worm which attacks the fruit, popularly known as the “ goose-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . 135

berry fruit worm.” It is a pale shining green or reddish-green caterpillar
about three quarters of an inch long, with a pale brown horny-looking
head, and with a patch of a similar colour on the second segment. It
lives within the fruit, making its ingress and egress through a small hole,
barely big enough to allow its body to pass through ; and as there is no
~room in the enclosure in which it lives for the larva to turn itself, when
danger threatens it backs out very expeditiously, and by means of a silken
thread, always ready, allows itself to drop gently to the ground; but when
the disturber of its quiet has gone, it draws in the thread by which it had
descended, and thus regains its former position. ‘The first indication of
its presence is in the premature colouring of the fruit it is operating on,
and an unnatural grouping of the berries, which soon put on a withered
look. On examination, it is found that the berries surrounding the one
in which the insect lives have been drawn together, and bound with
silken threads ; and to facilitate this binding process, such berries are
usually detached from their natural position by biting through the stems,
and are then held in place by the silken threads only. This insect does
not confine itself to to the cultivated gooseberry ; we have found it on the
wild ones as well, especially on the Prickly Gooseberry, Aides cynosbati.
It also freely attacks the Currant, both the white and red varieties, and
occasionally though less often, it is found on the Black Currant likewise.
In the case of these smaller fruits, a single berry is not large enough for
the worm to shelter itself in ; so here it draws the clusters together and
lives in their midst.

During the latter part of June, this worm, now full grown, lowers itself
by the silken thread already referred to, to the ground, where it con-
-structs a small silken cocoon amongst dry leaves or other rubbish, and
within this changes to a dark brown chrysalis. It remains in this condli-
tion till the following spring, when it appears late in April as a small grey
moth.

Fig. 11 represents the moth and chrysalis,
natural size. ‘The fore wings of the moth are
pale grey, with many streaks and dots of a
darker shade ; the hind wings paler and dusky.
The moth deposits its eggs soon after the fruit has set, and when hatched,
the young larva begins to burrow at once into the fruit. ‘This insect has
been very numerous during the present season. Where it once establishes
itself it is very difficult to eradicate ; in proper time hand picking is the

136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

pupa or inactive state, it is too late to apply this means now ; some good
may, however, be done by raking up and burning all the dry leaves and ; £3
rubbish under and about the bushes. It has also been recommended to _
give fowls the run of such places, when they are said to scratch upand
devour many of the chrysalides. In the absence of such friendly help,a
top-dressing of, lime or ashes would probably prove beneficial. For
fuller details in reference to this insect the reader is referred to the report
of the Entonyological Society of Ontario for 1871, p. 42 and 43.

DESCRIPTIONS’ OF
TWO SPECIES OF ANAPHORA.
BY AUG. R. GROTE, DEMOPOLIS.

In Dr. Clemens’ Tineid genus Anaphora, the fore wings are 12-veined.
The submedian fold, however, seems to me to become a true vein
towards the margin, giving an additional vein (vein 1b). Internal
nervure, vein 1a, shortly furcate at base. Median nervure sending
out vein 2 near the extremity to internal angle; and emitting 3 and 4,
nearer together, on to the external margin. From the base of the wing
at the middle of the discal cell, a ‘ veinlet” is emitted which is furcate
before the centre of the wing, sending one branch, the lower, out. to
extremity of the cell between the origin of 4 and 5, near 4, and angula-
tedly connected with it, while 5 seems independant. Its upper branch,
apparently the “median fold,” terminates between veins 5 and 6, An
analogous “veinlet” is thrown off from the lower side of sub-costal
nervure beyond the point of furcation of the median “ veinlet,” and
terminates at the extremity of discal cell, and at the origin of vein 8.
Veins 7, 8, 9, near together at base; 8 to apex; 9 to costa; 10 4 little
removed at base; 11 thrown off near base of the wing. Hind wings
8-veined ; veins 1a and tb divaricating on to the margin. Discal cell
closed by a “‘yeinlet ;’ vein 4 thrown off from a furcating median veinlet
at the middle of the discal cell; 5 thrown off from the “ veinlet,” closing
the cell between 4 and 6, near to 6, which latter is sub-continuous’ with
the upper fork of the median cellular “ veinlet.” ‘The two internal veins
are counted together. Vein 7 to apex; 8 to costa shortly before the tip.

is

Res: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, etal
ek: .

es PEER la LO Le a ae ed
_~—«—Anaphora mortipennella, Grote ~.—Labial palpi reflexed, thrown

_ back over and as long as the dorsum of thorax, but not closely applied,
_- thickly scaled but less so than in allied species, fuscous outwardly along
the sides, dead whitish on the inside. Head and thorax above dead or
, dirty whitish. Primaries pale, dirty whitish, with heavily sprinkled black
scales on costal region at base, fading outwardly. A black scale patch at
- extremity of discal cell, and a larger one on submedian fold, below
“median vein, at about the middle of the wing ; parallel with this at base,
afew black scales. ‘There is a faint sprinkling of black scales over the
median nervules, and about internal angle are two or three better marked
black points on the margin. Four costal black marks before the apex,
the first of these above discal spot ; other costal marks towards the base
of the wing. Fringes fuscous, faintly lined. Secondaries fuscous, much
darker than, and strangely contrasting with, the pallid primaries. Beneath
both wings fuscous with ochrey stains.. The basal joint of labial palpi is
prominently dark fuscous or blackish outwardly. xpanse 25 m. m.
Central Alabama. June.

oa

Smaller than 4. plumifrontella, and easily recognized by its pallid
discolorous fore wings, which are also a little more determinate at apices
and internal angle than usual.

Anaphora agrotipennela, Grote ¢.—Fuscous or blackish wood brown.
Labial palpi reflexed, and as long as the dorsum of thorax, a little paler
inwardly, blackish outwardly. Primaries. above fuscous, blackish, with a
light purplish reflection. From the base outwardly, below median vein,
is a prominent pale streak fading externally, where it is diffuse and dark

ochrey. It is bordered beneath at base by black scales like a dash, and
surmounted and partly interrupted by a black scale patch below median
nervure before vein 2. On the discal cell is an unprominent black scale
patch towards the base, beyond which an obscure ochrey longitudinal
median shade, sometimes lost, stretches over the nervules, and is inter-
rupted at the extremity of the cell by a distinct black subquadrate scale
patch. Faint blackish costal and terminal marks; fringes fuscous.
Secondaries and their fringes fuscous. Beneath, both wings and body
parts blackish-fuscous. .xfanse. 27 m.m. Central Alabama; June and
July. Very common.

I have only seen males of this species, in which the ornamentation of
the fore wings above recalls that of various species of Agrotis, such as
_ A. jaculifera, etc. 1 have tried to recognize in this species 4. Popeanella,

4

ane Pe

Last,

138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Clemens, from ‘Texas, but I have failed to reconcile his description with
my specimens, which are not “ luteous or yellow along inner margin.”
In A. agrotipennel/a, at the extremity of the median ochrey shade subtermi-
nally, are a few black scale points. ‘These can hardly be the same as the
row “of dark brown spots” of Pepeanella. |
Neither can 1, from the description, consider the differences of colour
and ornamentation as produced by any defect in the condition of Dr.
Clemens’ specimens.
| Recently, a specimen of 4. agrotipennella came into my room to light,
upon which, even before capture, I saw several large scarlet mites. Upon
pinning the insect, I found them to be five in number, moving freely over
the body. When the insect settled, they collected on the dorsum of the
abdomen, and were hidden by the wings. ‘The specimen did not seem
to be suffering from the presence of these proportionately enormous
external parasites. After the death of the moth, they left its body for the
table, which they traversed in various directions with considerable celerity.
I regret I did not-observe them further. \
The genus Anaphora is represented in Cuba by a species much
exceeding in size our A. plumifrontelia, which latter exceeds the two

species described above in expanse. Specimens of the species above ~

described are contained in Coll. American Ent. Society.

[ am sure we are all grateful to Mr. Stainton for his collection, in
book form, of the writings of the late Dr. Brackenndge Clemens, on
North American Zineina. Within the limits of 282 beautifully printed
pages, we have collected all of Dr. Clemens’ writings on this group, with
memoranda of his descriptions in other families of the moths, and copies

of his correspondence. No student'of North American Micro’s can afford,

to be without this book, which is enriched with notes on our species by
its talented editor. As a matter of international courtesy, this publica-
tion deserves meritorious remembrance.

From an original engraving of the head of Anaphora Popeanela, on
page 60, fig. 4, we see that its palpal structure differs from that of 4.
plumifrontella, with which latter A. mortipennella and A. agrotipennella
coincide.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

FemaLe Decoys.—Last summer an enthusiastic lepidopterist in
Kingston put a young female Cecropia moth (Platysamia Cecropia) m a
box, with wire gauze on one side, and placed it on his yerandah—which,

:

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 139 »

by the way, is at a considerable distance from any trees. Although my
friend did not watch very long, yet, the first night he caught five males,
attracted thither in some unknown and mysterious way, by their fair
relative ; the second night, ten males were captured, and on the third,
eight more were taken ; while, in the morning, the scattered remains of
five other amorous moths, (slain doubtless by the cats), were found lying
near the cage. Several specimens of Ze/ea Polyphemus were taken in the
same manner. Is not this decidedly the easiest and most successful
way of collecting a good harvest of these gorgeous Creatures ?—R. V.
Rocers, Kingston.

BLISTERING Brrries.— During the past month complaints have
‘reached us of the ravages of one of the Blistering Beetles, JJacrobasis
Jabricii, Lec., (Lytta cinerca, Fab.,) on potato vines. They are said to
have been very destructive in the township of Burford, destroying the
tops in some localities, eating small holes all over the leaves.

Fig. 12@ represents this
species, the hair line at
the sides showing its nat-
ural size. 6 is another
variety of Blistering Beetle

-not yet found in Canada,

but destruetive to the po-

b “< tato in some parts of the
bs ace United States.

Complaints reached us last year from a correspondent in the eastern

part of Ontario, of the Striped Blistering Beetle, Zpicaufa vittata, fig. 13,

damaging, in fact almost destroying a crop of Beets. In

some of the southern parts of the Western States 'they are

very abundant on the potato vines, sometimes injuring them
considerably. Should any of our readers meet with either
of these insects in any quantity, we should be greatly
obliged if they would collect a few ounces of them and for-
ward by mail, as we are anxious to have their medicinal

Fig. 13. :
value as blistering agents more thoroughly tested than they have hereto-
fore been.—W. SAauNDERS, London, Ont.

STRIDULATION OF ORTHOSOMA CYLINDRICUM, Labr.—The stridulating
noises made by many Long-horned beetles ( Cerambycid@ ) are well known
to be produced by rubbing the posterior margin of the prothorax against

140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

certain horny processes between it and the mesothorax, or against the
base of the elytra. It is not so generally known, however, that the above

named insect forms a decided exception to the rule. This species is a~

true fiddler, stridulating like the Orthopterous Zocustide by rubbing the
hind femora against the elytra. Ifa specimen be carefully examined, the
inside of these.femora will be found rasped from -the base to near the tip,
by a number of Short longitudinal ridges, which, when played against the
thin and sharp, emarginations of the elytra, produce the rather loud
creaking so peculiar to this beetle. F

I cannot recall any author who has published this fact, though as

Prionus coriarius is called ‘the fiddler,” in Germany, that species may

stridulate in the same manner.—C. V. Riey, St. Louis, July 9, 1872.

P.S.—Prionus imbricornis Linn. (i. e., the dark brown form which, I
believe, is labeled ob/iguicornis in Le Conte’s collection), likewise stridu-
lates by rubbing the hind femora against the lateral edges of the elytra.
But as the thigh in this species does not reach as far above the wing-
cover as does that of Orthosoma cylindricum,we find no rasp on the inside,
which is perfectly smooth ; and the noise is produced by the friction of
the inner lower margin, principally near the end of the thigh, where it is
slightly dilated.—C.V.R.

INSECTS IN PENNSYLVANIA.—The Seventeen-year Locusts, as they are
called, have made their appearance here and in the vicinity. Here, very
abundantly, but diminish in numbers at Jersey Shore and Lock Haven.
Further westward, I saw none. In the stage from the depot to Jersey
Shore, I listened to an exposition by a physician! on the poisonous

qualities of the insect in question, of the existence of which quality he_

was quite assured. ‘The lady, however, who was his inquisitor, thought
it strange if the ‘‘locusts” were really so poisonous, that the children,
who handled them freely, were, not more frequently poisoned. The
doctor got over this by assuring the lady that they were not ‘‘aggressive.”

Popular report gives the year 1865 as that of their last appearance, but
this is not very reliable authority.

So far as intervals of business allow me to judge, I should say that
insect life is not abundant in North-western Pennsylvania this year. An
Argynnis observed at Ridgway,nearly at the summit of the Alleghanies, in
considerable abundance. Have not yet determined the species. Cicin:

dele, principally repanda, 12 guttata, with a few purpurea, found on the

banks of the Susquehanna from Schickshinny downwards. —W. V.
AnpReEws, Williamsport, Pa., June, 1872.

ee

SE LONDON, ONT., AUGUST, 1872. No. 8

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.

Our readers will no doubt be pleased to learn that the condition and
prospects of the Entomological Society are now eminently satisfactory.
The roll of membership has been increased by upwards of forty names of
new members during the current year. ‘The Library, which now begins
to form a very important feature in the attractions and usefulness of the
Society, has been largely added to; among the rare and valuable books
lately acquired, we may mention an excellent copy of Westwood’s edition
of Drury’s Exotic Entomology, in three volumes, quarto, containing one
hundred and fifty well executed coloured plates ; Boisduval & LeConte’s
North American Lepidoptera, a scarce old book, containing 78 coloured
plates ; a complete edition of Kirby & Spence in four volumes, published
in 1822; a good copy of Curtis’ Farm Insects, containing 16 coloured
plates, and a host of admirable wood-cuts ; Boisduval & Guenee’s Lepi-
doptera, in seven volumes, handsomely illustrated ; Westwood’s Classifi-
cation of Insects ; Agassiz’s Lake Superior; besides many new works of
value, and sets, more or less complete, of the publications of several
leading scientific societies. We aim at the formation, in time, of a com-
plete library of works upon American Entomology, supplemented by the
leading publications of European countries. In this object it is in the
power of many of our readers to afford us material assistance. Authors’
own publications, the proceedings of Societies, gifts of books or donations
in money to the Library fund, will always be most acceptable.

The Society has recently transferred its quarters from the City Hall,
London, where it occupied a room kindly provided free of rent for some
years by the City Corporation, to more accessible and convenient apart-
ments on the corner of Dundas and Clarence Streets. Members and
visitors will find in these rooms the cabinets and library of the Society,
and every facility for the comparison and study of specimens.

The property of the Society has recently been enriched by the thought-

ful bequest of its late lamented member and former Secretary-Treasurer,
the Rev. James Hubbert, Professor at St. Francis College, Richmond,

P.Q. Shortly before his death, which occurred in Florida, whither he had

142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

gone for his health, he bequeathed to the Society his large cabinet of
fifteen drawers, and a good useful microscope. The former will be
devoted to the reception of a collection of local insects, while the latter
will at all times be at the service of members for the purposes of study
and investigation. t

It has been a source of no small gratification to the editor and his
coadjutors to-receive so many kind expressions of appreciation of their
“ Annual Report to the Legislature of Ontario,” which has been recently
distributed among all the members of the Society. The favorable notices,
too, that haye appeared in many English and American’ publications,
afford them much encouragement in the prosecution of their entomolo-
gical labours, to which they regret they are unable to devote more than a_
small proportion of their time, each of them being necessarily engaged in
other deeply engrossing pursuits, and having but little leisure at his com-
mand. They are happy to be able to record that the issue of the CANA-
piAN Enromo.ocisr during the current year has so far been regular and
punctual, and they trust that it will continue to be so in future. They
very gratefully acknowledge the valuable assistance they have received
from many friends in various parts of the United States and elsewhere,
whose contributions have given their publication a scientific status that it
would not otherwise have attained. They earnestly trust that these
favours will be continued to them, and that many others also will be led
to join their corps of correspondents, and afford tidings of the insect world
from all parts of the continent of America. :

Ont Worp More.—The Secretary-Treasurer desires the attention of
members in arrears to the fact that the financial year of the Society closes
in September, when a report of receipts and expenditures has, by law, to
be presented to the Legislature. As there are still nearly fifty who haye
not yet paid their subscriptions, he trusts that this intimation will suffice,
and that they will kindly send him the amounts respectively due by them
at their earliest possible convenience. .

DESCRIPTION OF THE FEMALE OF
ANAPHORA AGROTIPENNELLA.
BY AUG. R. GROTE, DEMOPOLIS.

In this sex, the labial palpi are short, not exceeding the front to
which they are closely applied, porrect. In the male they are reflexed

a., Jur

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143

os

and thrown back over the dorsum of the thorax, which they equal in
length. In colour and appearance the sexes do not differ. In repose,

the % labial palpi are closely applied to the thorax in the living speci-

men, and from their pale ochrey outer colour have the effect of thoracic
vitte. In my original description I call them blackish “ outwardly ;’ the
exposed upper portion is pale or ochrey, else they are blackish. In the

‘dried specimen they are apt to become a little elevated. A. agrotipennella

varies in the obsolescence of the discal ochrey shades, while the pale

submedian dash itself is sometimes a little indistinct. I have already
noted that Dr. Clemens’ 4. Pofeane//a disagrees with A. agrotipennella by,
among other characters, its being described as luteous-along the inner
margin ; that author’s description of 4. arcanclla better agrees, but this
must be decidedly distinct also, since Dr. Clemens places 4. arcanella in
a distinct section ; labial palpi shorter in the % than in the other species ;
ascending but not recurved. ‘This character is totally opposed to our
species, in which the 7# labial palpi are as long as in A. plumifrontella,
which latter species I have taken at night at Hastings, on the Hudson,
N.Y., in July. There is a certain correspondence in the position of the
dark spots on the fore wings in this genus, which gives a similarity to the
specific diagnoses.

NOTES ON: ATTELABUS. BIPUSTULATUS, adr.
BY MARY E. MURTFELDT, KIRKWOOD, ST. LOUIS, MO.

In the spring of 1871, my attention was attracted by the peculiar
manner in which many of the leaves of the Laurel Oak (Q. imbricaria)
were rolled up. The cases thus formed were compact and _ cylindrical,
varying in length from one third to one half an inch, by an average
diameter of one-fifth of an inch, and very neatly finished up. Several of
them were opened, and each found to contain a single, smooth, spherical,
translucent-yellow egg, about 0-04 inch in diameter. Desirous of rearing
the insects, I collected quite a number of the interesting little nests, and

- watched, with much curiosity, for the larve to appear—not knowing, at
that time, what to expect. But my observations were not rewarded; and,

%
:

}

z)
a
+.
9

_ after several weeks of impatient waiting, I made another examination into

the contents of the now blackened and shriveled up cases, and found two
or three very small larve, dead and shrunken, but evidently of some
curculio, .

‘

144 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ce

During the latter part of April of the present year, I again found the __
cases in considerable number on the same species of Oak; and one :
evening, about the 1st of May, after sunset, I was so fortunate as to
discover the parent beetle in the act of finishing up one of her nests, —
trimming up and tucking in the ends with her beak. After watching her
movements for a short time, I secured both beetle and case. The
former was at’ once submitted to Mr. Riley for determination, and pro-
nounced to be Aftelabus bipustulatus, of Yabricius. ee

If one of these nests be very carefully unrolled, the wodus operandi of
its construction can readily be seen. ‘The egg is first deposited near the
tip of the leaf, and a little to one side ; the blade of the leaf is then cut —
through on both sides of the mid-rib, about an inch and a half below ; a
row of punctures is made on each side of the mid-nb of the severed por-
tion, which facilitates folding the leaf together, upper surface inside, after
which the folded leaf is tightly rolled up from the apex to the transverse
cut, bringing the egg in the centre ; the concluding operation is the tuck-
ing in and trimming off the irregularities of the ends. No trace of any’
gummy substance to assist in keeping the case in shape can be perceived,
except the slight extravasation of sap caused by the punctures and pres--
sure of the beak of the little artisan.

As I have never been able to observe these beetles working on their
cases in the day-time, except-on the occasion referred to, when it was
already growing somewhat dark, I conclude that their period of greatest
activity is during the night.

Observing that the cases invariably dropped to the ground a few days
after completion, I collected a number, and placed them upon moistened
sand in a breeding jar. By May 15th, several of the eggs had hatched,
the tiny larvee produced from them being oval, translucent-white, with
strong brown jaws ; they seemed to be feeding upon the dry substance of |
their nest. An examination a few days later showed this to be the case,
as the larvee had grown considerably, and had excavated quite a cavity in
their dwelling. On opening one of the nests about the last of May, I
was much surprised to find the inhabitant already in the pupa state.
Several of the remaining cases—-which were by this time reduced to mere
shells—contained full-grown larvze, of which the following are the general
characteristics :—

Average dorsal length 0.22 inch, diameter on abdominal segments a
0.06 in., tapering anteriorly from fourth segment. Color shining yellowish--
white ; thoracic segments slightly depressed on dorsum and swollen on

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 145

-venter ; abdominal segments convex above and flat beneath, each one
) divided into three irregular shallow transverse folds, lateral surfaces with
+ a double:row of smooth polished oval tubercles, most symetrical in form
‘ ‘and position from segments 4 to 11 inclusive ; above the tubercles on
_ each segment is a deep depression ; a few fine light hairs are scattered
over the general surface. Head horizontal, rounded, small—about half
_ the diameter of first segment, into which it is somewhat retractile—
’ shining, translucent white; mandibles and other mouth parts reddish-
brown, surrounded by longish hairs. Some of the larvze have from three
to five fine purplish longitudinal lines on dorsum, the medio-dorsal one
being most distinct; in others these lines are wanting. ‘They always
remain curled up, and move sluggishly on one side if placed upon a flat
‘surface.
The pupa is cream-white in color, 0.12 inch in length, broadly shoul-
ts dered with an almost triangular outline ; thorax bent forward, beak
pressed down and extending below wing cases; on top of thorax is a
shallow depression surrounded with short brown hairs ; abdominal seg-
ments sharply ridged and roughened with minute hairs, posterior ex-
_ tremity terminates in a pair of bristly points, white, tipped with brown.
The change to pupa takes place inside the larval nest, and the insects
‘remain in this state only from five to seven days, the first beetles issuing
on the 2nd of June.

The perfect insect is well known: a small, highly polished, black
curculio with two large orange-red spots at bases of elytra. It has been
figured by Harris in his ‘‘ Injurious Insects,” but his description of the
cases of Atfalabus as “ of the size and shape of thimbles,” does not apply
to this species, nor does he record any observations upon the habits of
the larvae.

I have also found the cases of this curculio on the leaves of Red and

+ Post Oak, and recently took a single one, some larger than the others, on
_ Hazel. The Laurel Oak, however, seems to have the preference, and the
zt eases formed from its leaves are much neater and more symetrical than
those found on other trees.

The second brood of larvae may be found early in July.

_ AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.— The

Rev. C. J. S. Bethune and Mr. W. Saunders, the President and Vice-

President of the Entomological Society of Ontario, have left for Dubuque

- to attend the meeting of the Association as representatives of Canadian
science.

146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY Vcris CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.
Continued from Page 133.

CIRRHA) gen. ov.

At page 92, ante,.1 have described as Depressaria albisparsella, a
species which, on examination of other specimens, I have concluded to
make the type of a new genus. As stated on a preceding page, the
species was described from a single captured specimen, the wings of
which were not spread. The specimen was also slightly injured, so as to
cause the brush on the palpi to appear to be divided, and to obscure
some of the markings of the wings, which are faint even in perfectly fresh
specimens. Since then I have bred and captured other specimens, and
find that it differs from Defressaria in the following particulars :—

The antennz are more distinctly pectinated, the brush on the palpi is
long, ragged, and not divided, and the abdomen, though depressed, is not
flat enough for Defressaria.

Having ascertained its food plant, I have given it a more appropriate
specific name, and annex the following more correct description :

C. platanelia.

(Depressaria albisparsella, ante, p. 92.)

Dark gray-brown, the head a little paler and somewhat iridescent ;
palpi and antenne dark brown; anterior wings dark gray-brown ; about
the middle is a small pale or whitish spot, and there is another of the
same hue and equally indistinct about the end of the disc, behind which
is an indistinct whitish narrow fascia sometimes obsolete in the middle.

Alar ex. 54 in ; Kentucky.

The larva feeds on the underside of leaves of Sycamore trees ( Plafanus
occidentalis.) It is yellowish-white, with contents green, and it lives ina
roll or short tube formed of the down of the underside of the leaves.
Imago in the latter part of June.

DEPRESSARIA.

Further study induces me to make the following additional remarks
and changes of ‘the species which I have placed in this genus. Dr.
Clemens, in his account of his Defressaria Lecontella, states that it is the
“ly true Depressaria “he has thus far met with,” adding that “we

W'sess numerous nearly allied species.” Mr. Stainton, in his edition of

y.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147

a Dr. Clemens’ papers (a copy of which he has kindly sent to me), suggests
_ that these species probably belong to Cryftolechia (Dr. Clemens having
Rx also suggested that they were intermediate between Ge/echia and Depres-
saria).- 1 have little doubt that the majority of the species which I have
a placed in Depfressaria belong to this intermediate group. But from an
= unwillingness to multiply genera, I have placed them in Defressaria,
_ indicating the points in which they structurally differ from that genus, and
giving, when known, the food plant of the larvee, so that the insects may
be identified and disposed of in other genera by future students having
easier access to European specimens, and to the works of European
authors. I will, however, indicate my views as to their generic affinities a
little more fully. D. cryptolechiella I have already removed to Hagno, and
D. albisparseila to Cirrha.

D. dubitella, | am satisfied, should be removed, at least provisionally:
to Gelechia; though even the elastic limits of that accommodating genus
(the Micro-Lepidopterist’s ‘‘waste-paper box”) will hardly stretch to
receive it. - Still it is nearer to that genus than to Depressaria.

4 yes cerceri,, At I think, will hereafter be placed in Cryffolechia, but I
have not sufficient knowledge of that genus to be certain. Mr. Riley
informs me that he has known the species long, and has referred it
doubtfully to Gelechia. 1 think, however, that it is nearer to Defressaria.

:

D. bimaculella must accompany LD. cercerisella.
— ~§&. Rileyella 1 consider a true Depressaria.
7 D. bistrigela, D. fusco-ochrella, D. fuscoluteella, D. obscurusella, D.
_ pseudacaciella, D. bicostomaculella.
4 In these six species the palpal brush is longitudinally divided, but the

»

_ brush is rather too small, the anterior wings are too narrow, and the
br colours are too dark brown for Defressaria, and the abdomen, though
_ depressed and tufted at the sides, is hardly fat enough for Depressaria
proper. Yet as I cannot place them in Gelechia, and from the divided
_ brush they cannot belong to Cryfrolechia, I leave them for the present in
Depressaria. The division of the brush is much more distinct in the

_ living insect than in the mounted specimen.

D. querciella has the same structure as the six preceding species,
except that it possesses a small double tuft at the apex of the thorax. It
" is not a true Defressaria, and is probably the type of a new genus.

D. pallidochrela and D. versicolorella.

These species have the abdomen as distinctly flattened and tufted at

148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the sides as the true Defressaria, and the brush is as distinctly divided. 4
Their small size, narrow fore wings, and deep emargination of the hind he
wings beneath the apex, suggest doubts as to the propriety of their loca-
tion in Depressaria. eS %

I have described the neuration of these species as compared with — :

-

Depressaria in a previous paper. ae
In all of these species (except duditella 7?) the wings in the living insect — 4

. . . . a
are carried almost horizontally, or but little deflexed, in repose. . a

eh
One colourational peculiarity is common to many of the species which
I have placed in Defressaria and to many species of Ge/echia ; that is,
the costal pale streak at the beginning of the ciliz, and the opposite
dorsal one. Another peculiarity, though possessed by some Ge/echia, is
more characteristic of Defressaria : that is, the small ochreous or brown
spot or spots on the disc. Gelechia dubitella (Depressaria dubitella, ante),
has the discal ochreous spot, but not the costal or dorsal streaks. Dz?
cercerisela has the costal and dorsal streaks and about four small ochreous
spots on the disc. (By an oversight, I omitted to mer ‘9n these in the
description). In D.? dimaculella, the costal and dorsal streaks are white,
and there is a rather large white spot on the disc. In D. Rileyella and ©
D. fuscoluteella, the costal and dorsal streaks are absent, and the discal
spots are minute, indistinct, and dark brown. D.? psewdacaciella has the
costal and dorsal streaks, but not the dots on ‘the disc. So have D.
bistrigela and D. bicostomaculella. In D. querciella, D. pallidochrella, D.
versicolorella, D. fusco-ochrella, and D. obscurusella, neither the marginal
streaks nor discal spots are perceptible. ;

ih eh

ES ee eS

wet hy

Though I think that hardly enough weight is given to the ‘‘ pattern of
colouration,” as characteristic of genera, and even perhaps of higher
groups, neverthless its value is subordinate to that of structure, and in the
genus allied to Ge/echia, one is soon at a loss as to what value really
should be attached to it. As the genus Ge/echia is at present constituted,
I do not doubt that many, perhaps most entomologists, would place the
majority of the above described species in that genus. But a-genus which ~
contains them, and such species as G. roscosuffuse/la (which Mr. Stainton
says is a true Gelechia), to say nothing of such species as G. Hermonella,
is certainly a hetorogeneous assemblage. Perhaps, however, that is not a
very serious objection, for in my humble judgement no well defined and
constant line exists between Defressaria (including in it Zxaeretia and
Orthotelia) Crvptolechia, Gelechia and other allied genera, and the more

, PSS ley 7 4S

;
,
. q

aa
— y

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149

thoroughly the allied species are made known, the more completely will
the supposed distinction vanish.

ADRASTEIA, ge7. 70Y.

The two following species resemble each other very closely, not only
structurally, but in ornamentation. They are closely allied to Gelechia,
or rather to some species of that genus. The second joint of the palpi is
clothed beneath with a dense sfreading, but scarcely divided, brush ; the
basal joint of the palpi is distinctly clavate, and the wings have distinct
though small tufts of raised scales, and rows of separate raised scales not
in tufts. Having but a single specimen of each species, I have not
denuded the wings to examine the neuration. It, however, can be seen
to approach closely that of Ge/echia, if it is not identical with it. In all
other respects the genus agrees with Gelechia.

A. Alexandriacella. N. sp.

Head and second joint of the palpi grayish-white flecked with dark
brown ; third joint dark brown, with the tip and an annulus about the
middle, white. Antennz dark brown, faintly annulate with white ; thorax,
to the naked eye, gray; under the lens, white, flecked densely with dark
brown, and with a minute ochreous or yellowish-white tuft on each side
at the tip ; anterior wings to the naked eye gray, mottled with dark brown
spots and with a few small white spots; under the lens they appear dark
brown, largely intermingled with grayish-white, and the white spots are
seen to be four minute tufts of raised scales placed - | - An irregular
white fascia, angulated in the middle towards the apex, crosses the wing
at the beginning of the cilia. To the naked eye, this fascia appears as
two small white streaks, one at the beginning of the costal, and the other
of the dorsal cilia. Apex dark brown, with a row of small white spots
around the base of the ciliae; ciliae pale luteous,.dusted with dark
brown. Posterior wings pale fuscous ; abdomen pale fuscous, somewhat
iridescent. Alar ex. 3% inch. Captured at Alexandria, Kentucky, in
June.

A. fasciella. N. sp.

Head yellowish-white, dusted with dark brown ; antenne dark brown;
first and second joints of the palpi dusted with dark brown, third joint
dark brown, scarcely flecked with white, and white at the tip; thorax and
anterior wings pale gray mottled with small dark brown spots, one of
which is just within the dorsal margin near the base, another behind the

150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

first and on the costal margin, another just within the dorsal margin,
about the middle, with a small one near it on the disc, a larger one about
the end of the disc, with a small one near it on the costal margin, just
behind which is a narrow angulated white fascia indistinct in the middle.
There is a small tuft of ochreous scales on each side of the apex of the
thorax, a scattered patch of raised scales about the basal fourth of the
wing just within the costal margin, another behind it near the dorsal
margin, another further back near the costal margin, and a row of scat-
tered raised scales within the dorsal margin. Viewed along the surface
from the direction of the base of the wings, these raised tufts and scales
exhibit prismatic colors. A/ar ex. $4 inch. Kentucky, in June.

ERRATA.—Ante p. 127, for ‘‘costalous” read ‘costal pale ochreous.”
In the description of D. pseudacacie’la, line 4, place the ; before “ espe-
clally” instead of after it.

NOTES ON LIMOCHORES BIMACULA, Scuad.
BY C. S. MINOT, BOSTON.

The following is a description of Zimochores bimacula, Scudd % , Hes-
peria acanootus, Scudd., which I drew up some time ago :—

Dark brown marked with chrome vellow.

Above: head, thorax, abdomen and antenna black, the head and
abdomen having a few yellow hairs. Both wings dark olive brown;
primaries with an indistinct spot a little above and beyond the outer
termination of the disk; a large patch extends over the middle third
from the outer margin to the disc, and is crossed by a black velvety dash,
which if continued would bisect the apical angle. Secondaries with chro’
maceous hairs over the central and basal portions.

Beneath: palpi, femurs, thorax, abdomen, and the fringes of the
wings whitish, both wings chromaceous. Primaries with three bright
spots, and black at the basal, grey along the interior part of the wing.
Secondaries with the costa slightly and the abdominal fold more or less
covered with black scales and hairs.

22 taken in the last of July and first of August in company
with Zuphyes metacomet, Harr., to which it is closely allied.

a ae

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1351

A

INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA.
COMPILED BY THE EDITOR.

From Kirby's Fauna Boreali-Americana: [nsecta.

(Continued from Page 115.)
FAMILY ANOBID#.

{1g0.] 253. ANoBlUM FovEaTUM K‘réy.—Length of body 2 lines.

2

A pair taken in Lat. 65°.

This species very closely resembles 4. striatum, of which it may be
regarded as the American representative. It differs principally in having
a rather large excavation in the middle of the elevated back of the pro-
thorax, the sides of which are armed with a triangular tooth or promi-
nence. >

The male is obscurely rufous, both above and below, the female is
browner above. [Taken in Canada by Mr. Billings. Belongs to the
genus Hadrobregmus. |

254. Cis micans fadr.—Length of body 1 line. Two specimens
taken in the Expedition.

Body subcylindrical, black-brown, glossy, with numerous short upright
pale rather glittering hairs; minutely but not very visibly punctured.
Head rather flat and lacunose ; antennae and legs testaceous. Prothorax
anteriorly sinuated on each side with the middle lobe rounded and pro-
jecting a little over the head; sides slenderly margined ; posterior angles
rounded. Punctures of the elytra seem almost, but very indistinctly.
arranged in rows.

[1g1.] FAMILY SCOLYTIDA.

255. Tomicus pint Say.—Length of body 134—-2 lines. Frequently
taken in the journey from New York to Cumberland-house, and also in
Lat. 65”.

Body cylindrical, deep chestnut, glossy, hairy underneath. Head
above with scattered granules ; nose fringed with yellowish hairs ; antennz
testaceous : prothorax rather oblong, angles rounded, anteriorly granu-
lated with minute elevations, posteriorly punctured with scattered punc-

_ tures, hairy next the head and on the sides : elytra hairy on the side, with
five rows of transverse punctures next the suture, which reach only to the
truncated part ; punctures of the side and apex scattered ; apex truncated

153 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

obliquely and excavated, with the external edge of the excavation armed
with four denticles, of which the second and third are the largest: legs
pale chestnut ; tarsi testaceous.

In the other sex? the elytra are entire and unarmed, and the dorsal
rows of punctures on the disk of the elytra are more numerous.

Variety B. Entirely rufous, or pale-chestnut. [Quite common in
Canada under bark of Pine trees. ]

[192.] 256. ApaTE BiIviTTaTa A7rby.——Plate viii., fig. 5.—Length of
body 134 lines. A pair taken in the Expedition.

Very near A. domestica (A. limbata F.) but distinct. Body piceous or
nigro-piceous, cylindrical ; underneath with some scattered pale hairs-
Head rough with minute elevations or granules ; nose terminating in a
transverse ridge ; antennae testaceous with a very large knob: prothorax
subglobose, reddish, rough behind with numerous transverse rugosities ;
before with sharp points or denticles ; elytra with several rows of punc-
tures, and two luteous stripes which unite at the apex of the elytrum ; or
perhaps it might be better to say, Iuteous, with two piceous stripes, one of
the disk and the other of the side, but not reaching the apex: anus and
legs testaceous.

In the other sex the front, or rather face, is hollowed out into a con-

cavity ; the prothorax is black anteriorly, and less rough from rugosities ©

and points. [Belongs to the genus Xy/oterus, Er. LeConte (Trans. Am.
Ent. Soc., 1868) states that this species is taken from ‘“‘ Maine to Alaska.
In the @ the head is concave, and the thorax finely transversely asperate
before the middle; in the 2 the head is convex, and the thorax much
more roughly asperate. This species varies greatly in colour, the black
elytral vitte sometimes occupy nearly the whole surface, and sometimes
are almost wanting.”

[193.] 257. APATE RUFITARSIS Kirby.—Length of body 134 lines.
Two specimens taken in the Expedition.

Body cylindrical, black, hairy underneath. Head hairy; face concave;
antennae pale testaceous: prothorax rufous posteriorly, granulated especi-
ally anteriorly ; elytra punctured in rows, rufous, with a black humeral
blotch : tarsi rufous,

The face of the other sex is probably plane; and the prothorax with
more prominent points and asperities. |Unknown to LeConte. |

258 ApaTe (LEPISOMUS) RUFIPENNIS Avrdy.—Plate vii., fig. 2,
Length of body 134 line. Two specimens taken in Lat, 65°,

“> ines = ie

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153

et lf A it

[194.] Body black, minutely punctured, hairs white, decumbent ;
those of the prothorax and elytra looking like minute scales. Head with
a pair of minute tubercles, not easily discovered, in the space between the
eyes, anteriorly transversely impressed ; mouth and antennae pale rufous :
prothorax very thickly and minutely punctured, with a rather obsolete
longitudinai dorsal ridge : elytra dull-red, with several rows of larger punc-
tures, the interstices of which are very minutely and thickly punctured, at
the base rough with minute elevations: legs rufous. |Belongs to Pody-
graphus Er. Taken according to LeConte in “ Alaska, Canada, Maine,
Louisana.” ( Vide Trans. A. E. Soc., Sept. 1868, p. 169). |

259. ApAre (LEPISOMUS) NIGRICEPS X7réy.—-Length of body 1 line,
A single specimen taken in Lat. 65°.

Smaller than the preceding. Body rufous, minutely and thickly
punctured. Head black, with a very minute tubercle between the eyes ;
nose impressed ; antennae and underside of the head pale rufous : elytra
sculptured as in the preceding species, but the rows of punctures are less
conspicuous. |Synonymous with the preceding, according to LeConte. }

260. APATE (LEPISOMUS) BREVICORNIS Avréy.—Length of body 1
line. A single specimen taken in Lat. 65°.

Body black, covered with hoary hairs, above resembling scales. An-
tennae very short with a small knob, rufous: front without a tubercle,
nose not impressed ; elytra not striated. This species seems to indicate
_ another section of the genus. [Unknown to LeConte.]

[195.] 261. HyLurcus RUFIPENNIS Airdy.—Length of body 3 lines.
Many specimens taken in the journey from New York to Cumberland-
house, and in Lat. 65°.

___- Body dusky, hairy, rather glossy, punctured. Head black, confluently
punctured; vertex obsoletely channelled ; antennae rufous: prothorax
constricted anteriorly, and dusky-rufous ; base with a double slight sinus,
and dorsal ridge terminating in an impression at the angle between the
sinuses : elytra rufous, furrowed ; furrows punctured ; interstices of the
furrows rough with minute elevations, especially at the base, which is
inflexed : tibiae’ and tarsi dull-rufous ; the former denticulated on one side.

N.B. In some specimens the elytra and anterior part of the prothorax

are piceous or nearly black; in others the elytra are testaceous, and the

‘prothorax piceous and paler anteriorly. [Belongs to Dendroctonus Er.

Taken in Alaska. ‘‘The punctures of the thorax are not very dense, and
gf two sizes intermixed,” —Le Conte, |

bae< THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

FAMILY CURCULIONIDA.

[196.] 262. CALANDRA PERTINAX O/ivier.—Length of body 7 lines.
Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby. ;

Body obversely pear-shaped, black, naked. Head immersed in the
prothorax, smooth ; rostrum rather shorter than the prothorax, compressed,
impunctured, channelled above at the base and tumid ; antennae a little
longer than the rostrum, scape as long as the rest of the antennae, knob
pear-shaped : eyes immersed, lateral, subovate, not meeting below : pro-
thorax oblong, rather narrowest anteriorly, tricostate, the two lateral
costae sending a branch towards the base; four depressed broad punc-
tured dull-red stripes occupy the intervals between the elevated parts ;
sides a little elevated and punctured ; the punctures of the stripes and
sides are whitish ; scutellum an isosceles triangle, excavated at the base :
elytra oblong, very slightly furrowed with whitish punctures in the fur-
rows ; suture, and alternate interstices, elevated ; the others or depressed
ones dull-red : body underneath with scattered whitish punctures varying
in size ; postpectus and tarsi chestnut. [Belongs to the genus Spheno-
phorus Schonh., of the family Curculionide. Not uncommon in Canada.]

263. HyLospius conrusus Azréy.—Length of body 4% lines. Taken
in Canada by Dr. Bigsby, also in Massachusetts by Mr. Drake.

[197.] Body oblong, of a dark pitch-colour, hoary from decumbent
hairs, confluently more or less punctured. Rostrum thickish and rather
shorter than the prothorax ; thickly and confluently punctured : prothorax

_ with a dorsal levigated line not reaching the base ; disk with numerous
confluent irregular excavations or wrinkles ; sides confluently punctured :
elytra with ten rows of oblong deep punctures, the interstices of which
are confluently punctured, mottled confusedly, except at the base, with
whitish hairs: thighs armed with a short tooth ; tibiae, as in the other
species of the genus, armed at the apex with an inflexed stout spine of
claw ; tarsal claws reddish.

264. LEPYRUS COLON Zinn.—Length of body 6 lines. Several spe-
cimens taken in Lat. 65°. Also taken by Dr. Bigsby in Canada.

Body black covered with decumbent gray hairs. Rostrum arched,
thickish, a little longer than the prothorax, confluently punctured, having
also a dorsal longitudinal ridge, terminating between the eyes in a little
narrow excavation: prothorax narrowest anteriorly, covered with minute
elevations producing wrinkles, and having also a dorsal longitudinal ridge

oe

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 155

Peebeen cewetee a wevemtmegpeen tee at nes neem

and two oblique, rather curved stripes formed of dense white hairs: the
elytra have several rows of punctures, with the interstices minutely granu-
lated ; each elytrum has a discoidal white dot a little below the middle,
and, in several specimens, there is also an indistinct one between it and
the apex : on each side of the abdomen underneath, as in Z. arcticus, are
four yellowish round spots formed of hairs. In some specimens the
pubescence has a tawny hue, in others the indistinct spot is obliterated.
[Taken in Canada. |

[198.] 265. Lepyrus GEMELLUs A7irdy.—Plate v., fig. 7.—Length of
body 7% lines. A single specimen taken in Lat. 65°.

Body very black, covered more or less with decumbent white hairs,
and also with minute tubercles. Rostrum; as in Z. Colon: prothorax
ridged, confluently tuberculated, minutely punctured between the tuber-
cles, marked on each side with an oblique stripe composed of white hairs:
elytra confluently tuberculated, with five pairs of longitudinal streaks,
converging towards the apex: the first and fifth including the rest.

[199.] 266. CLEonis virratus Airby.—Length of body 314—5 lines.
Several specimens taken in the Expedition.

Body narrow, black, covered with decumbent hoary pile. Head
thickly covered with hairs, but on each side from the eye to the insertion
of the antennae, the hairs are less dense, which gives the appearance of
a blackish stripe ; rostrum thick, shorter than the prothorax, obsoletely
ridged, punctured : prothorax obsoletely ridged, punctured with rather
large scattered punctures, often concealed by the hairs, with three blackish
stripes, produced as in the head by the hairs being thinner: the elytra
also have three similar stripes, and are punctured in rows: the abdomen
underneath appears as if dotted with black from the same cause.

ZOOLOGICAL PARALLELISM.
BY PROF. JAMES r. BELL, BELLEVILLE.

In making a general survey of the Animal Kingdom, it is impossible
to avoid being struck by the remarkable parallelism which exists between
the several orders and families, and even genera and species, that com-
pose the respective classes into which it is divided, and which reveals
itself in the representative types that abound throughout its whole extent.

156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Thus if we take the mammalia as our starting point, we shall find
that the carnivora are represented among the birds by the raptores,
among the reptiles by the crocodiles and serpents, among the insects by
the predaceous beetles, ichneumons, and dragon-flies, among the annulosa
by the spiders, crabs, lobsters, &c., among the mollusks by the cuttle-fish’
and by some of the gastropods and a few brachiopods, and among the
radiates by the sea-urchins, star-fish, sea-anemones, and many of the
animalcule.

Confining our observation to the parallelism between the mammalia
and the birds on the one hand, and the insects on the other, we find that
the carnivorous mammals are well represented among the Coleoptera as
follows :—The felidz, the typical carnivora, by the Cicindelide, whose
resemblance is acknowledged in their vernacular name of “ tiger-beetles.”
The canidee, dogs, wolves, foxes, are fitly represented by the Carabide.
the weasel tribe by the Staphylinidz, and the hyznas and vultures by the
_ Silphidee; while the marine carnivora, the seals and whales, find their
representatives in the Dytiscide and Hydroide; and the various species
of raptorial birds are no less fittingly typified by the Libellulidz, ichneu-
mon-flies, sphexes, and the predaceous wasps and hornets ; not forgetting
the ants, which have a highly developed carnivorous organization.

I shall not follow out in detail the obvious resemblances that may be
observed between the pachydermatous animals and the Lucanide and
other dendrophagous insects, as well as between the bovine, equine, and
ovine tribes, and the gallinaceous and cursorial birds on the one hand,
and part of the Scarabeidz and Chrysomelidz, and most of the Orthoptera
on the other; or those not less remarkable that exist between the goat,
deer, and antelope families, and the Cerambyx, Clytus, and Leptura
genera.

If the hints I have thrown out should induce some of my younger
entomological brethren to study more closely the relation of the Insects
to the other members of the Animal Kingdom, my intention will be
amply fulfilled.

PERSONAL.

Baron OSTEN SACKEN.-——-We regret to announce that this eminent
Dipterist has returned to Europe “for an indefinite period, several years,
or perhaps for ever.” His last contribution to American Entomology will,

‘

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 157

he informs us, be the Third Volume of the Monographs of N. A. Diptera,
written by Mr. H. Loew, of Meseritz, Prussia, and translated by the
Baron. It will shortly be published by the Smithsonian Institution,
uniform with the preceding volumes. Baron Osten Sacken, as our
readers are no doubt well aware, is the great, if not the only, authority of
American Diptera, and was always, during his long residence in the
United States, most ready and willing to afford any information or assist-
ance that was sought from him. We deeply deplore his removal from
us, and trust that it will only be temporary after all. He bears with
him our best thanks for his many kindnesses, and our hearty wishes for
his continued welfare and prosperity, wherever he may be.

Mr. C. V. Ritey.—We are desired to announce to our readers that
Mr. Riley is making a special study of Galls, with the intention, before
long, of publishing a full and illustrated paper upon the subject. He will
be glad to receive the co-operation and assistance of all who can aid him
in his investigations. It is in the power of every collector to do some-
thing in this way, for no one can be much afield in quest of insects
without observing many specimens of these wonderful structures. Samples
can be easily transmitted by mail to Mr. Riley at a very trifling expense.
He expresses himself willing to assist others, as much as he is able, by
exchanges, etc. He purposes henceforth making the Aadi/s of insects of
all orders, and the study of Galls more particularly, his specialty. His
address is C. V. RILEy, office of the State Entmologist, cor. 5th & Olive
- streets, St. Louis, Mo.

CRAMBID£.—Mr. W. Saunders (London, Ont.) is engaged in working
up the history of the various species of Craméid@ inhabiting Canada and
the adjoining States. He will be thankful for any assistance that may be
afforded him by loan of specimens, and information as to locality, time of
appearance, etc.

HemipTrERA.—Mr. E. Baynes Reed (London, Ont.) is preparing a
list of Canadian Hemiptera. As nothing has hitherto been done in this
order in Canada, the co-operation of all members of the Society is much
required in order that the catalogue may be rendered as complete as
possible. Specimens will be gratefully received by Mr. Reed, and
returned when desired.

Pror. Macoun.—This gentleman started about the middle of last
month upon a five weeks’ collecting tour along the North Shore of Lake

158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Superior. He devotes his attention chiefly to Botany, but intends col-
lecting Coleoptera at a few special localities. We look for some good
results. ;

NEW. ILLUSTRATED WORKS on AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA’ ™

‘The Lepidopterist of the present day—-be he merely a collector of
these beautiful “ winged flowers,” or a student of the order—possesses
vastly improved advantages over his predecessor of even ten years ago in
the 2ccurate and artistic drawings that are being so copiously issued from
the press. ‘There are now no less than three serial works in the course
of publication, whose chief object is to afford faithful coloured illustra-
tions of Butterflies and Moths. Foremost amongst these is a work that
bears off the palm beyond all competitors in, this or any other land—one
that we have often before noticed in these pages, but which we cannot
too often or too highly commend —- Zdwards Butterflies of North
America. ‘Vhis magnificent publication has now reached its Ninth Part, ©
and will with the next issue complete its First Volume. We earnestly
trust that its talented author will not rest content with this splendid
monument of his industry and ability, but will go on with the work till the
beauties of all our Butterflies have been faithfully portrayed. Since our
jast notice, two new numbers have appeared: Part viil., containing illus-
trations of Wephasia menapia, Pieris Beckerit (N. sp.), P. vernalis, P.
virginiensis, Argynnis Nevadensis, Grapta comma, and G. dryas ; Part ix.,
containing Papilio Ajax, varieties Walshit, Telamonides and Marcellus,
Grapta interrogationis, varieties umbrosa and Fabricti.

Next to Mr. Edwards’ work comes a new serial by Mr. R. H. Stretch,
of San Francisco, Cal., entitled Z//ustrations of the Lygenide and Bomby-
cide of North America, whose object is “to furnish, in a compact form,
good coloured illustrations of all the species of these two families of
Moths found north of the Mexican boundary, with accompanying letter-
press, embodying everything of interest in relation to each species which
may have appeared in print, together with additional information from
original sources.” ‘Two parts out of the proposed thirty have thus far
appeared ; the remainder are to be issued at intervals of about six weeks.
Part i. contains good coloured drawings—not equal indeed to those in
the above-mentioned work, but still very good and reliable—of eight
species of A/ypia, Scepsis fulvicollis Walker, six species of Ctentucha, and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159

5 Psychomorpha Epimenis Drury. Part it. contains coloured figures of no
less than twenty-one additional species, many of them new and rare.
The price of each part is only one dollar, or with plain instead of colored
plates, seventy-five cents. (Address:—R. H. Srretcu, P.O. Box 1802,
San Francisco, Cal.)

The third work to which we desire to draw attention is entitled

*- Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres and Heteroceres, Indigenous and Exotic ;

with descriptions and coloured illustrations, by Herman Strecker,” Read-

ing, Pa. It is the intention of the author to issue the work in monthly

_ parts, each containing one plate. As yet we have received only the first
number, which illustrates a new species of Emperor Moth, P/atysamia

Glover: Strecker, and exhibits both male and female of the insect. with

upper and lower surfaces. The price of each part is but fifty cents.

We sincerely trust that all these handsome publications will meet with
_ such hearty support from the entomologists of America as will encourage
their public spirited authors to carry them on till the work is fully com-
pleted.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Prizes FoR InsEcr COLLECTIONS AT THE APPROACHING EXHIBITIONS.
-~-We are glad to observe that so much appreciation is shown of the value
of Entomolozy in the formation of the prize lists of our various exhi-
bitions throughout the Province. At the Provincial Exhibition, to be
held in Hamilton Sept. 23—27, the following prizes are offered :—

“Collection of Native Insects, with common and technical names
attached, and classified so as to show those injurious and those beneficial
to Agriculture and Horticulture ; 1st Prize $15 ; 2nd do $10.”

At the Western Fair, to be held at London Oct. 8—11:—“* Collection
of Native Insects, with common and technical names attached ; 1st Prize
$10; 2nd do $8; 3rd do $4.

“Collection of Native Insects, with common and technical names
attached, injurious to field crops and fruits ; 1st Prize $6; 2nd do, $4.

“Collection of Foreign Insects, with common and technical names
attached ; 1st Prize $6; 2nd do $3.”

160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

At the Central Exhibition, to be held at Guelph Oct. 1—4:—* Col-
lection of Native Insects, common and technical names attached; 1st
Prize $7 ; 2nd do $4. j

“Collection of Native Insects, common and technical names attached,
injurious to field crops and fruits ; 1st Prize $7 ; 2nd do $4.”

HYPERCHIRIA VARIA.—The remarkable larva described by me in the
CANADIAN EnToMOLOGIST, Vol. II., 28, is that of Wyperchiria varia, Walk.
I have in my collection specimens of Macaria “iturata (of Europe)
collected at Jamaica Plains in June and July.—C. S. Minor, Boston.

Morus at Sea.—Captain Robert Fuller, of the S’ S. Northumbria,
informs me that last September, when about twenty miles off Oporto,
‘weather fine,” a very considerable number of moths made their appear-
ance during the evening, and settled on the masts and sails of the ship by
hundreds. So numerous were they, that with one grasp of the hand you
could secure four or five moths. Several specimens were caught for me ;
but until yesterday I had not been able to see them. They all prove to
be our common Plusia Gamma; and Capt. F. told me he did not observe
any other kind on that occasion. These must have been part of a large
flight, as he described them as clustering in masses all over the ship. I
certainly think that many of the rare insects occasionally captured round
our coasts are brought here in the above manner: after a long and almost
exhausting flight over the sea, they very often gain foothold on some pas-
siny vessel, and some day or two may elapse before they again take wing ;
then it may often happen to be near the English coast ; the fugitive pos-
sibly captured, and dubbed an English specimen, worth a considerable
sum, of course. These particular insects, P. Gamma, are most common
here ; but it is just as likely to happen to a continental species. Doubt-
less we owe many of our present extensive list of new species to home-
ward-bound shipping. — IV. H. Tugwell, in Newman's Entomologist.

ADVERTISEMENT.

TrinITY COLLEGE ScHOooL, Port Hope, Ont.—- Visitor -—The Lord
Bishop of Toronto ; Head Master:—The Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A.

The course of instruction includes all the usual branches of a sound
education in Classics, Mathematics, English, German, French, Natural
Science, Book-keeping, Drawing and Vocal Music.

Fees:—Board and Tuition, $220 per annum. Michaelmas Term will
commence on Zhursday, Sept. 19th. For further information apply to the
Head Master.

ee ee ee ee ee, ee er ee eee

Che Canadim Entomologist.

VOL. IV. LONDON, ON, SEPT, 1872. No. 9

NOTES ON THE EGGS AN YOUNG LARVE OF
MELITAA HARRYISII.

BY W. SAUNDERS, LOND. onTARIO.

For several years past, I have tried to (ptain eggs from this species by
confining the females in small boxes, but yjthout success until this year,
when several of these insects were taken luring the third week in June,
and shut up in boxes and laid aside. They were unfortunately overlooked
until the sth of July, when in one box wa, foynd a cluster of 14 eggs
which were about hatching, and in aaathes 31 in one cluster, and three
detached ones near it. Those in the latte, pox had not been so long
laid, and their colour was unchanged, an from them the following
description was taken :—

Length zo of an inch, width vs of an inch, (Colour green, of rather
a pale shade; nearly barrel-shaped, contractsaq towards the upper end,
which has a nearly flat or slightly concave gmooth surface. The sides
are ornamented with a series of sixteen raised strice placed at regular

intervals, and the bottom end is somewhat flattened, and attached firmly
to the surface of the box.

J

The other lot of eggs, which were just about hatching, had lost their
green colour, and presented a- whitish hue arm ynd the sides and towards
the bottom ; while the upper portion was dark: prown, from the colour of
the young larva showing through the transpal-ent egg-shell. While ex-
amining one of the eggs under the microscope, one of the mandibles ot
the enclosed larva was thrust through the egg-sh¢,]] near the upper surface,
and soon after the other appeared near by in thje same manner, and after
some effort these were made to meet, and then , shortly a small opening
made, which admitted of the head being partly thrust through, when the
larva soon began to eat the egg around, with thie view of removing the
top. The thickened striz of the egg were not. Tuptured without much
effort, the points of the mandibles being thrust ithrough the interspaces,
and the thicker ridge grasped and torn, after maz y endeavours, by pulling
inwards. As the opening progressed, the sid 4s continued to be eaten
down sufficiently to admit of the head being Ahrust through, the thinner

162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

interspaces being easily disposed of. After tearing through two or
three of the strie, the larva rests awhile from its efforts, and then
begins afresh. On the upper flat. surface there appears a black forked
line, which varies in different specimens, which is caused by the diverging
lines on the front of the head showing through; the lines varying as the
position of the head is changed. After one hour and thirty-five minutes
had been spent in these efforts (including frequent rests), the top was
gnawed nearly around, when the head was pushed up, and the lid tilted
over. The farva now rested for about ten minutes, although there was
no obstacle to its egress, and then commenced to extricate itself, by first
bending its head backwards and forwards, and stretching upwards. The
second segment, with the first pair of feet, was soon extricated ; the feet
were placed on the side of the egg-shell, and thus a foothold gained by
which to help to withdraw the third segment with the second pair. In
like manner the fourth segment was soon extricated; then working its
body from side to side with the head upwards, and alternately working it
round with the head downwards, grasping with its jaws at adjoining eggs,
or anything else within reach, the remaining segments were speedily
withdrawn, the whole operation not occupying more than fiye or six
minutes. .
Description of young larva fresh from the egg :—

Length about 25 of an inch, cylindrical.

Head large, rounded ; cdlour dark greenish-brown, nearly-black, with
a forked line in front like an ‘inverted Y, the diverging lines uniting a little
above the middle, and the single line continued to the tip.

Body above dull pale yellowish, each segment with a transverse row of
slightly darker raised dots, :ach emitting a single pale brown moderately
long hair ; on terminal segment is a yellowish patch above.

Under surface similar? to upper ; feet pale, semitransparent; prolegs
pale yellowish.

Not knowing the fooci plant of this species, I tried the larvee, in vain,
on a great variety of plants and shrubs, including violet, pansy, willow,
grass, clover, polygonum, and purslane, changing the food about every
two or three hours for a/out two days and a half, by which time all but
three had died of starwation. Then on examining “ Abbot’s Notes on
Georgian Butterflies,” as, published by Mr. Scudder, Can. ENT., vol. 4,
p. 85, I found that the larva of zsmeria, a closely allied species, feeds on
Helianthus. No time was lost in procuring some common sunflower

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163

leaves, of which the three remaining weakened specimens at once began
to eat ; two of them soon became plump and active, but the other died.

After the first moult, the following description was taken :—

Length 7s of an inch. Head medium size, dark brown: second
segment pale on its anterior edge, brown behind, third segment brown
also, the remainder of body being very pale brownish, with several round
greenish-white spots on each segment. There is also, on each segment,
a transverse row of pale slightly raised dots, from each of which arises a
single brownish hair.

By the 16th of July, the larve had again moulted, and had now grown
to a quarter of an inch in length, and were thus described:

Head small, bilobed, black and shining, with a few short pale brown-
ish hairs.

Body above brownish-black, dotted and spotted with greenish. Second
segment with a transverse row of tubercles, from which arise brown or
blackish hairs. Third and fourth segments each with four black branch-
ing spines ; spines and branches all nearly black. From fifth to twelfth
inclusive, each segment has six spines, the two upper pairs of which are
black, tipped with greenish, and with a little greenish colour at base, the
fine hair-like branches being black or brown. The lower pair of spines
are set in a band of pale greenish-white ; where they partake of the same
colour, both spines and branches, and this greenish-white stigmatal band,
has a broken brownish line running through it. On twelfth segment is an
additional dorsal spine, placed a little behind the others; terminal seg-
ment with four spines arranged in two pairs, one above the other.

Under surface paler and greenish. Feet tipped with black ; prolegs
pale semi-transparent.

Soon after this date, one of these larve escaped from confinement,
and could not again be found ; the other soon ceased feeding, and be-
came lethargic, and still continues so, but whether alive or dead now I
can scarcely tell, although I fancy it is still living. From the observa-
tions of Mr. Scudder on Argynnis bellona, published in the September
number of the American Naturalist, and also from remarks made in cor-
respondence by Mr. Edwards, who has closely watched many members of
this interesting family, as well as from my own observations, it seems
highly probable that most, if not all of our species of both Avgynnis and
Melitea, pass the winter in the larval state, the larvee becoming lethargic

while quite young.

164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

LIST OF THE
NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CATOCALA.
BY AUG. R. GROTE, DEMOPOLIS, ALA.

The present list is based upon a paper on the genus Ca¢oca/a recently
published in the Transactions of the American Entomological Society.
The sequence of the species there adopted is here retained, with an
unimportant change in a single instance for convenience of reference.
The species are grouped according to the colour and design of the hind
wings. Such an arrangement must, to a certain extent, be arbitrary, yet
little violence seems to be done to the general affinities of the species by
its adoption in this genus. With regard to the position of the species
with black hind wings, it must be conceded that they are most nearly
allied to the species with yellow secondaries. For instance, C. epione
resembles C. consors; C. Robinsonii, C. habilis, etc. But I inaugurate the
genus with the black winged species from the consideration that such
species are not found in other continents, and that in North America the
genus attains its fullest representation. I allow them to precede the
more typical specific forms, such as certain of the red winged species, and
conclude with the yellow winged Catoca/z, as has been customary with
regard to the European species. From the Atlantic district we have at.
least one strictly representative species. This is C. relicta, which repre-
sents the European C. fraxini in our fauna. But I do not know C.
Walshii, and thus have not been able to decide upon the degree of
relationship between the red winged species of the two Continents.

In the following list, the names of species not known to me in nature,
are followed by a dash (—). Those hitherto found in Canada are pre-’
ceded by an asterisk (*). Mr. Saunders has kindly enabled me to add
to the number of species hitherto known to me from various points in
Canada. The Californian and Texan species are separately indicated ;
the rest are from the Atlantic district. I have not cited Mr. Walker's
erroneous determinations in this genus, elsewhere pointed out, from a
desire to avoid increasing the synonymy. While our collections from the
Territories are as yet scanty, we must expect the discovery of many new
species of the genus. Of the fifty-nine (59) here enumerated, ten (10) are
known to me only by description. In the State Collection in St. Louis, I
have been shown a specimen of C. Robinsonit taken in Missouri.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165

CATOCALA, Ochsenheimer.

t. Hind wings black and unbanded above with blackish fringes.
INSOLABILIS, Guence.
2. Hind wings black and unbanded above with white fringes, some-
times interrupted with black.
*EPIONE, Westwood.
Noctua epione, Drury.
LACHRYMOSA, Gueztee.
RosINsonil, Grote.
*VIDUATA, Guenee.
Catocala vidua, Guenee.
DESPERATA, Guenee.
? Phalena vidua, Smith.
RETECTA, Grote.
FLEBILIS, Grote.
TRISTIS, Edwards.

3. Hind wings black above, with a white band.
*RELICTA, Walker.

4. Hind wings various shades of red above, with a black median band.
CALIFORNICA, Zdwards. (California).

STRETCHII, Behr.— (Virginia city).

*BRISEIS, Edwards.

ADULTERA, Afinze.— (California ; teste Lederer).
IRENE, Behr.— (Ft. Tejon).

*unljuGa, Walker.
JuNcTURA, Walker.
Watsuil, Adwards.—
*PARTA, Guencee.
COCCINATA, Grote.
*ULTRONIA, Guenee.
Eunetis ultronia, Hubner.
*AMATRIX, Guenec.
Lamprosia amatrix, Hubner.
Catocala selecta, Walker.
var. Catocala nurus, Walker.
*CARA, Guenee.
*CONCUMBENS, Walker.
MARMORATA, Edwards. (Ureka).

166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

*ILta, Guenee.
Phataena iia, Cramer.
UXOR, Guence.—
(an spec. praec. ?)
5. Hind wings orange above with a median black band.
ZoE, Behr.—- (Searsville).
INNUBENS, Guenee.
var. Catocala scintillans, G. & R.

6. Hind wings black above, with a narrow even yellow band.
*CEROGAMA, Guenee.

7. Hind wings yellow above, with a median black band.
*NEOGAMA, Guenee.
SUBNATA, Grote.
PIATRIX, Grote.
PALAEOGAMA, Guwenee.
var. Catocala phalanga, Grote.
HABILIS, Grote.
CONSORS, Guenee.
Phalaena consors, Smith.
PONDEROSA, G. & R.
Catocaia nebulosa, Edwards.
MULIERCULA, Guenee.
BADIA, G. & &.
*ANTINYMPHA, Walker.
Noctua paranympha ~ Drury.
Ephesia antinympha, Hubner.
Catocala affinis, Westwood.
Catocala melanympha, Guenee.
SERENA, Edwards.
ILLECTA, Walker.
*CLINTONII, Grote.
NUPTIALIS, Walker.—
ABBREVIATELLA, Grote. Texas.
FREDERICI, Grofe. Texas.
MICRONYMPHA, Guenee.
*POLYGAMA, Gweviee.
AMASIA, Westwood.
Phalaena amasia, Smith. (Upper figure).

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167

FORMULA, G. & &.

Phalaena amasia, Smith. (Lower figure).
CONNUBIALIS, Guence.—

GRYNEA, Walker.

Catocala nuptula, Walker.
*PRAECLARA, G. & R.
FRATERCULA, G. & R.

*mMINUTA, Edwards.

var. Catocala parvula, Edwards.
GRACILIS, Ldwards.

Catocala similis, Edwards.

8. Hind wings yellow above without a median band.
*ANDROPHILA, Guencee.
Corisce amica, Hubner.
LINEELLA, Grote.
MESSALINA, Guence.

PHYLLOXERA VASTATRIX IN PORTUGAL.

The Gardeners’ Chronicle of the 20th inst. records a meeting of the
Scientific Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society on the 17th inst.
The following communication formed part of its proceedings :—“ From
the Foreign Office came a copy of a communication from Her Britannic
Majesty’s Consul at Cintra, alluding to the appearance of the new Vine
disease in Portugal ; one vineyard, producing an average quantity of 70
pipes, last year only produced one pipe, the total loss in the Douro
district being estimated at 500 pipes.” In connection with this com-
munication, it appears desirable to mention that a trade circular of the
12th inst. directs attention to a pamphlet from Oporto, published in June
last (by Ernesto Chardron, Rua dos Clerigos), which treats at length of
the same insect pest. This pamphlet, although it adds no new facts to
the natural history of Phyloxera vastatrix, as ascertained by Westwood,
Planchon, Lichtenstein, and Riley, has the merit of giving the locality
where the insect first appeared in Portugal. It appeared first in the
parish of Gouvinhas, where its ravages have been so great that one
quinta, planted in 1842,,.producing in ordinary years 50 pipes of wine,
was reduced in 1870 (otherwise a good year) to two pipes only.

168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The question arises, how did the PAy/oxera first reach Portugal? It
seems to me that there are only two likely means of conveyance in this
instance. It must have got there, either in the egg or larval state, on
canes imported from abroad. Or if such has not been the case, I presume
winged gravid females have been carried from the infected districts of
France into the vineyards of the Alto Douro; or perhaps the last-named
locality has served as starting place for the French ‘“Vignobles,” after the
presumed arrival of the insect from America. ;

England, France, and Portugal are now infested ; how long Spain will
remain free from the plague no one can say. Lately the PhyWoxera has
made its first appearance in Switzerland, in the cantons of Argovie,
Schaffhousen, Zurich, and Thurgovie; and there can be now but little
hope that the Rhine and the Moselle districts will escape much longer.

The fact of the matter is, that even leaving Nature’s own operations
out of the question, the trade and exchange of choice varieties of hothouse
Vines and hardy seedlings are now so extensive, that man is the real
carrier of the pest.

Is it asking too much to call for international co-operation in the
checking of the plague, universal as it is sure to become? One would
think that the threatened destruction of wine-growing all over Europe and
America is an evil, not only to the nations concerned, but of universal
consequence. Governments there are which are enlightened enough to
offer enormous prices for a sure remedy to destroy the insects ; but why
not fight the enemy aé ovg, by strictly ascertaining and confining its
depredations to its present centres of dispersal and eradicating it there ?
Much might be done by stopping the distribution of canes and seedlings
from countries at present occupied by the PAy/oxera.

If some such measure were adopted on international grounds by all
countries concerned, one fruitful source of propagation would be closed
up. Local energy might then be applied to the task of overseeing the
districts attacked, and doing battle with unforseen arrivals in fresh
localities.

Means have been found effectually to stop the importation of domestic
animals affected by certain diseases. Surely rules could be devised to
bar the distribution of cultivated plants when found to be accompanied
by their insect foes.

It is the plain interest of the viticulturist, as well as that of the public,
to agitate until protective international measures are taken in this grave

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169

matter ; and I feel convinced that future generations will honour the
State which takes the lead of a movement to counteract a disease of such
alarming influence over the prosperity of a widely spread and, until lately,
remunerative culture.—ALBERT MULLER.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.
Continued from Page 150.

GELECHIA.

This huge genus comprehends insects of great variety of size and
structure, but unfortunately it has not yet been found practicable to sub-
divide it. It contains, no doubt, material for several genera, and for the
convenience of the student, if for no other reason, its subdivision is ¢he
desideratum in microlepidopterology. The young student who finds a
micro with the palpi simple or but scarcely at all thickened with scales
beneath, the fore wings comparatively narrow, and the hind wings deeply
excised beneath the tip, and is told that it is a Gelechia, may well be
astonished when he finds a larger insect, with the hind wings not at all
excised beneath the tip, and the palpi overarching the vertex, with a large
brush beneath the second joint, which may even present some appearance
of longitudinal division, and is told that it, too, is a Gelechia. Several of the
species which I have placed provisionally in Degressaria, some entomolo-
gists would, no doubt, place in this genus. The species hereinafter
described belong, with two or three exceptions, unquestionably to Ge/echia.
Possibly, the entomology of other localities may furnish the connecting
links between these species and those that I have placed in Defressaria,
but I have not met with the connecting links, and the two groups of
species seem to me to be as essentially distinct as Gelechia roseosuffusella,
Clem., or G. Hermanella, Stainton, are from Defressaria albipunctella, as
figured by Stainton. A few of the species, however, described below, do
not belong to the group represented by G. roseosuffusella; but to those
having a small brush on the second joint of the palpi.

G. thoraceochrella.. N. sp. ~

Second joint of the palpi with a small but distinct brush; palpi dark
brown, ochreous along the inner surface and the second and third joints
tipped with ochreous; apical half of the tongue yellowish; antenne

170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

annulate with ochreous and brown; head silvery, tinged with pale purple
and flecked with dark brown; ¢horax ochreous; anterior wings dark grayish
brown, with darker brown spots and somewhat sprinkled with ochreous.
Alar ex. xs inch. Kentucky, in June.

At first glance this species is likely to be mistaken for G. fuscopulvella
fost, but it is much darker in color and the reddish-ochreous thorax also
distinguishes it.

G. obscurella. -N. sp.

Palpi much thickened adhe almost brush like; palpi dark brown,
mixed with ochreous ; ochreous on the internal surface, and extreme tip
of third joint ochreous ; head silvery with a faint purple tinge, and flecked
with brown ; antennz annulate with ochreous and brown; thorax and
anterior wings ochreous, densely flecked with dark brown, in some lights
showing a very faint roseate tinge. Alar ev. vs inch. Kentucky, in
June.

This species also might, on a casual glance, be mistaken for fusco-
pulvella post, but the absence of anything like distinctness or definite form
in the markings of the wings distinguishes it. It is a very plain and
inconspicuous insect.

G. fuscopulvella. N. sp.

Second joint of the palpi almost forming a brush, externally dark brown,
with dark ochreous intermixed, internally pale ochreous ; terminal joint
dark brown, with an almost equal quantity of yellow ochreous, intermixed;
antennae alternately annulate with ochreous and brown; head and
anterior wings dark yellowish-ochreous, dusted with dark brown, and with
a faint roseate tinge, the apical portion being about equally ochreous and
dark brown. There are three distinct dark brown costal spots, the second
of which is about the middle ; the first is most distinct, and is connected
with some irregular dark brown streaks on the disc. See G. thoraceochrella
ante. Alar ex. in. In Kentucky in June.

G. fuscomaculella. NN. sp.

Palpi with the second brush scarcely brush-like, ochreous and fuscous,
mixed in about equal qualities, tipped with pale ochreous ; head ochreous,
dusted with brown ; thorax brown; anterior wings dusted with brown,
which is aggregated into irregular spots and blotches. A/ar ex. % inch.
Kentucky.

G. quercinigracella. NV. sp.

Ochreous-gray ; second joint of the palpi not at all brush like, but some-
what thickened or incrassate towards its apex beneath; palpi dark brown,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Vee

with a little ochreous intermixed ; third joint annulate with pale ochreous
at the base, middle and tip ; head ochreous-gray ; antennae with alternate
annulations of dark brown and pale ochreous ; thorax and anterior wings
ochreous-gray. There is a brownish patch at the base of the wings, an
oblique dark brown streak from the costa, not far from the base, crossing
the fold, but not quite reaching the posterior margin ; extreme costa dark
brown, a dark brown costal spot about the basal third, another larger one
about the apical third, the wing between the latter and the dorsal margin
being overlaid with dark brown; apical portion of the wing densely
dusted with dark brown; ciliae gray, with some intermixture of dark
brown scales. Alar ex. % inch. Kentucky.

The larva is slender, white, with a black spot behind each eye, and
two small black ones, one above the other, on each side of each segment.
Later in larval life, the black spots on the first segment spread, and cover
the posterior margin of the segment, becoming confluent on top ; and the
larva becomes dirty yellowish, with small black spots on each segment,
and the space between the segments (or rather where the segments pass
into each other), becomes suffused with pink. It feeds on the leaves of
the ‘* Black Jack” (Quercus nigra) in the latter part of June and in July.

G. grisella. WN. sp.

Gray, densely dusted with dark brown, base of the costa dark brown ;
head but faintly dusted; antennae dark brown ; palpi with the second
joint densely clothed beneath, but scarcely brush-like, dark brown exter-
nally, with a white annulation near the apex of the second joint, and
another at the base of the third. Adar ex. ys inch. Kentucky. Imago
in May.

G. albistrigella. lV. sp.

Second joint of the palpi but slightly thickened beneath towards the apex:
Entire insect (except as stated below) dark brown in some lights, faintly
tinged with purple, green, or bronze ; a small oblique white costal streak
just before, and a few indistinct whitish scales or small spots in the apex,
near the dorsal ciliae; ciliae pale fuscous, with a dark brown hinder mar-
ginal line before their middle. A/ar ex. 34 inch. Kentucky, in June.

The wings are not spread in my single specimen, and I have not
examined the neuration. It is rather a pretty species,which in its general
appearance and style of ornamentation, seems to approach Srrodiséa,
Clemens.

G. suffusella. LN. sp.

Second joint of palpi slightly incrassate beneath towards the apex ; both

bf be THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

joints silvery white, with a fuscous band before the apex of the second, ©
and with two fuscous annulations on the third, and extreme apex fuscous ;
head pale ochreous ; antennae with alternate ochreous and brown annu-
Jations ; anterior wings pale ochreous, suffused near the base with pale
fuscous, behind which is an oblique pale band across the wing, and —
behind that an oblique fuscous band, behind which the wing is paler
again, with another large pale fuscous patch before the beginning of the
costal ciliae, and the apex dusted with fuscous ; the whole wing is
suffused, according to the light, with roseate, silvery, pale golden or pale
green; the golden tinge is most distinct along the dorsal margin. Alar
ex. ¥g inch. Kentucky, in May.

G. discomaculella. LN. sp.

Second joint of the palpi but little thickened beneath ; palpi dark brown,
with dark ochreous intermixed. Antennae brown; anterior wings gray,
densely dusted with brown, the dusting more dense towards the apex,
with a small triangular ochreous patch at the beginning of the costal
ciliae, and a small one opposite on the dorsal margin. Jn some lights, two
minute golden spots are visible, one about the midde,and the other about the
end of the disc. ;

Alar ex. ¥g inch. Kentucky, in May.

G. aurimaculela. IN. sp. ;

Very near the preceding species but distinct, I think. Second joint of the
palpi dusted with white, third joint but little dusted, both joints brown ;
head silvery, dusted with dark brown, and with metallic hues ; thorax and
anterior wings pale ochreous, almost whitish, mixed in about equal
‘quantity with dark brown, which in places is aggregated into patches and
which forms an oblique fascia about the basal fourth of the wing; apical
half of, the wing mainly dark brown with a white costal spot at the
beginning of the ciliae and a smaller opposite dorsal one ; On the dis¢ are
three minute and indistinct golden yellow spots or streaks. Alar ex. ¥s inch.
Kentucky, in June.

G. ? curvilineedla. LN. sp.

Palpi simple, pale gray mixed with brown; antennae pale gray, annu-
late with brown; head, thorax and wings dusky gray, sprinkled with
hoary ; a hoary spot on each side of the thorax above the wings; two or
three indistinct, dusky, longitudinal short streaks on the wings, the most
distinct of which is on the fold before the middle. Z.some lights there is
a tolerably distinet curved or zig-zag line beginning at the base of the wing,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 173

passing thence to the costa, thence to the fold and backwards and forwards
Jrom the costal margin to the fold, to about the apical fourth, where it sud-
denly curves up to the dorsal margin at the beginning of the cilia. In some
lights this line is invisible. A/ar ex. 34 inch. Kentucky, in May.

G. Physaliella. N. sp.

Second joint of the palpi a little incrassate beneath. ower face creamy
yellow ; palpi, head, thorax, and anterior wings dark brown, a little
bronzed, rather indistinctly dusted with ochreous, and still more indis-
tinctly with white. A/ar ex. ss inch. Kentucky.

The larva mines the leaves of the “Ground Cherry” (Piysalis
Viscosa) in September, and perhaps earlier, as I found there many empty
mines. It mines the under surface, and produces a tubicular swelling of
the upper surface. It pupates among leaves on the ground, and (in the
breeding cage at least) the imago conceals itself among the leaves and
“trash” on the ground. I have never seen any specimens except the
two that I succeeded in rearing; but the mines are abundant. The
following are my notes about the larvae :—“ Larve now (Oct. 6th) about
Y inch long; one of these in the mine appears bright bluish-green, with
the head yellowish ; another is pale bluish or bluish-green, almost white,
suffused with pink upon the back, head pale brownish. Oct. 7, one of
them has left the mine; it is 14 inch long, robust, deep purple, with the
head and ‘shield’ of the first segment green. Two imagines April 14.”
They were kept in a warm room.

G. quercivorella. N. sp.

Second joint of the palpi slightly incrassate beneath. Palpi very dark
brown, mixed in almost equal proportion with white. Head white, rather
sparingly flecked with dark brown. Antenne dark brown, annulate with
white ; thorax and anterior wings dark iron gray, with a blackish costal
spot about the middle of the costa, and another smaller one at the begin-
ning of the ciliz, and with other irregular and irregularly disposed dark
brown spots on the wing; the dorsal margin paler gray. Hind wings
of a leaden hue, faintly tinged with purplish. Adar ex. ¥s inch. Imago
in June in Kentucky.

The larva is white with bright red spots, closely resembling that of
G. Hermonella. It feeds on Oak leaves, and when first observed, was
forming a closely-fitting tube of white silk around itself on the under side
of the leaf. This tube it closed in a day or two after, and by some means
spun a band of brown silk across the middle of it on the outside,

Fs THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

G. longifasciella. Clem., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 1863, p. 12.

Telphusa curvistrigella, ante p. 133.

After my former paper was in the hands of the printer, I became
satisfied that the species which I had made the type of this genus could
be nothing else than G. Jongifasciella, Clem. It was discovered unfor-
tunately too late to prevent the publication of the species as Tée/phusa
curvistrigela. The genus Gelechia has become so large and unwieldy,
and contains such a variety of size, ornamentation and _ structure,
that the temptation is great to put every thing that will admit of it in
another group. If this species had not been before described, I think I
should permit it to remain as the type of the new genus Zé/phusa, as I
placed it in the preceding number. But as Dr. Clemens (a better ento-
mologist by far than I claim to be), has placed it in Gelechia, and that
genus comprehends such a diversity of forms that it may include almost
any thing of a certain (or rather uncertain) general structure, and as on
further observation I am satisfied that this species really approaches nearer
than I had supposed to the true Gelechia (G. roseosuffusella, Clem., being
my type), I desire to retract my generic and specific names, so that the
species will stand as described by Dr. Clemens, G. dongifasciella. It is
not, however, a true Gelechia of the roseosuffusclla type.

G. variiella. NN. sp.

White ; apical half of the forewings suffused with golden yellow,
usually deeply so, sometimes faintly, becoming deeper towards the apex,
and with indistinct whitish spots and transverse streaks in the apical part.
Four distinct dark brown costo-apical spots at the base of the costal
ciliz. In many specimens there is a small, rather indistinct, brown
costal streak just before the ciliz ; a small very oblique dark brown costal
streak, placed about the middle of the costa, is continued along the costa
towards, and, in many specimens, to the base ; sometimes (in perhaps
half of my specimens) this streak is absent. In some, the entire costa is
dark brown or pale brown; in others, the entire costa is golden yellow ;
in others it is white. Sometimes the two costal streaks are golden instead
of brown, and in these specimens there is a very narrow long and oblique
white costal streak behind the two yellow ones in the apical part of the
wing. Head and its appendages white, but in some specimens the
antenne are faintly suffused with brown. A/ar ex. vs inch. Kentucky.

This is an exceedingly variable species ; the only constant characters
seem to be that the species is white, with more or less of the apical part
of the wing golden, with a few dark brown spots at the base of the costal

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175

cilize, and with two or three small oblique brown or golden costal streaks.
In many specimens there is a circular dark brown spot on the dorsal
margin just before the cilia. Two or,three of the best marked varieties,
if taken at different times and in the absence of connecting links, would
undoubtedly be considered distinct species. The larva is unknown, and
I have met with the imago but once. ‘Then it was swarming in great
numbers in the grass and around the trunk of an Elm tree. The space
occupied by them did not exceed twenty yards square.

G. obliquistrigela.

Anarsia obliquistrigella, ante p. 65.

G. apicistrigella.

Parasia apicistrigella, ante p. 66.

The neuration of the first of these insects is exactly that of Anarsia ;
that of the second is exactly that of Parasia. By attaching too much
importance to the neuration, I was induced to place them in these genera
respectively. ‘The other characters, however, are those of Gelechia, and I
have accordingly transferred them to that genus. The second joint of
the palpi is somewhat thickened beneath in both.

INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA.
COMPILED BY THE EDITOR.

From Kirby s Fauna Boreali-Americana: Insecta.

(Continued from Page 155.)

GENUS MACROPS.

Body oblong, winged. Rostrum shorter than the prothorax, subcylin-
drical, somewhat arched, having a dorsal longitudinal ridge ; bed of the
scape of the antennz oblique reaching from near the apex of the nostrum
to the middle of the eye; antennz apical, longer than the head, eleven-
jointed ; scape as long as the remainder of the antennz, incrassated at
the apex, reaching the eye ; two next joints longer than the subsequent
ones, obconical ; the following four very short, top-shaped ; the four last
forming a subovate knob; eyes lateral, subimmersed, long, forming, in
some measure, an isosceles triangle with the base rounded, and the vertex
downwards : prothorax subglobose ; antepectus emarginate, sides obso-
letely lobed: scutellum very minute, triangular; coleoptera oblong:

176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

thighs unarmed ; tibiz armed with a very minute incurved spine or spur ;
tarsi not dilated, fpepiibiree te joint bipartite. :

At first sight the- species of this little. group would be set aside as
belonging to Sifona Germer, with which they possess many characters in ~
common ; a closer inspection, however, will satisfactorily prove that they
belong to different genera. In the genus just named, the rostrum is
shorter, thicker, and channelled ; the knob of the antennz. consists only
of three joints, the bed.of the scape turns below the eye ; the eye itself is
round: the antepectus is not emarginate, or lobed; the tibia have no
incurved spine.

[200.] 267. Macrops MACULICOLLIS A?rdby.—Plate viil., fig. 4.—
. Length of body 2 lines. Two specimens taken in Lat. 65°.

Body black, rather hoary from decumbent hairs and scales. Rostrum
very minutely punctured ; ridge reaching from the base to the apex ; stalk
of the antenne a dull-red: prothorax minutely and thickly punctured,
obsoletely ridged, having the sides, especially at the base, covered with
little white scales: elytra furrowed, furrows punctured : tibia, tarsi, and
base of the thighs of a dull obscure red, posterior thighs on the inside
more distinctly rufous.

268. Macrops vitticotus Airby.—Length of body 2% lines. A
single specimen taken.

Body covered with brownish-black scales. Rostrum ridged at the
tip, the rest covered with scales, which perhaps conceal the remainder of
the ridge ; stalk of the antennz rufous: prothorax with three narrow pale
stripes, the lateral ones a little waved: scutellum pale; elytra slightly
furrowed ; furrows minutely punctured ; mottled with pale: tibie and
tarsi, the former obscurely, rufous.

[201.] GENUS LEPIDOPHORUS.

Body covered with scales. Antennae longer than the head, eleven-
jointed ; scape as long as the remainder of the antennae, reaching to the
eye, growing gradually thicker towards the apex ; pedicel as long as the
two following joints, obconical ; the remaining joints of the stalk rather
top-shaped ; knob three-jointed, ovate, acute; rostrum shorter than the
prothorax, thick, subcylindrical, straight; bed of the scape of the antennae
very short, not reaching the eye ; eyes subobtusangular, with the vertex
downwards: prothorax rather longer than wide, barrel-shaped: elytra
taken together oblong-oval: scutellum punctiform: thighs clubbed, un-
armed ; tibiae armed at the apex with a short incurved spine ; penultimate
joint of the tarsi bilobed.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 177

269. LEPIDOPHORUS LINEATICOLLIS Avrdy.—Length of the body 2%
lines. Several specimens taken in Lat 65°.

Body black, underneath hairy with little whitish round scales and
hairs of the same colour intermixed. Head and rostrum behind the
antennae covered with similar scales: antennae dusky-red: prothorax
dusky, confluently .punctured with three whitish longitudinal narrow
indistinct stripes formed of minute scales: elytra mottled ‘with whitish
and dusky round scales ; slightly furrowed with punctures in the furrows ;
at the apex, in the deflexed part, there is a series of white 11zid minute
bristles between each furrow: legs hairy, reddish brown, thighs darker.

[202.] 270. TRACHYPHLG@:US MELANOTHRIX A77rdy.—Length of the
body 234 lines. A single specimen taken in Lat. 65°.

Body really black, but quite covered with a brown powdery substance,
resembling mud or dirt. Head impressed between the eyes ; rostrum
longer than the head, and nearly as wide, emarginate and hairy at the
end ; antennae rufous, scape covered with brown powder: prothorax
transverse, obsoletely channelled, with several short rigid black bristles
on each side of the channel arranged nearly in rows: elytra obsoletely
furrowed with slight punctures in the furrows, and between each furrow is
a row of longer rigid black truncated bristles; a few white ones are
‘discernible at the apex: legs bristly, with white bristles, rufous, but the
thighs are covered with powdery scales.

[203.] 271. PACHYRHYNCHUS (RHINARIA) SCHONHERRI A7rdy, —
Length of the body 5—7 lines. Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby. Also
in Georgia? by Mr. Abbott. :

Body thickly covered, especially underneath, with hoary pile. Antennae
shorter than the head; eyes brown: prothorax with three faint whiter
stripes : scutellum white ; elytra with nine rows of punctures, and at the
‘base of the lateral margin is a portion of a tenth row, between the second
and third ; in the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth rows the pile is thicker
than in other parts of the elytrum, so as to form three white stripes,
on these stripes there are also four rows of distant black dots on each

elytrum. [Not uncommon in Canada. |

[204.] 272. ATTELaBus simILis Avrdy.—Length of the body
lines. Taken in Canada by’Dr. Bigsby.

This species is nearly the transcript of 4. curcudlionoutes, for which I
at first mistook it, but a closer inspection convinced me it was distinct.
They agree in being black, glossy, and naked ; in having a red prothorax

and elytra, the latter with several rows of punctures ; in having the head

178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and rostrum more or less punctured, with curved impressed lines on each
side just above the eyes, in the disk of the front; the prothorax also in
both is minutely punctured, and the cubit arched and internally serrulated.
‘They differ, however, in several respects. In 4. curculionoides the head “3
is wider in proportion, the occiput black, levigated, with a central im- ¥
pression ; the curved lines of the front not distinctly punctured; the
stalk of the antennae rufous; the prothorax at the base is streaked
with transverse linear impressions ; the scutellum is nearly black, and the)
interstices of the rows of punctures of the elytra are irregularly punctured.
In A. similis the hinder part of the head which is punctured and wrinkled,
and scutellum are rufous, a transverse impression divides the occiput
from the front; the curved lines are distinctly punctured ; in the front
between the eyes is a wide channel; the antennae are piceous; the
prothorax is not streaked at the base: and the elytra between the rows of
punctures are levigated. [Synonymous with 4. ava/is Thg.; taken m
Canada. |

273. ATYELABUS BIPUSTULATUS /aér.—Length of the- body 2 lines.
‘Taken in Canada, near Lake St. Clair, by Dr. Bigsby.

[205.] In sculpture this species for the most part agrees with A. cur-
cutonoides, except that there is an impression between the eyes, and a
pair on the disk of the prothorax. The whole of the body is very black,
except the shoulders of the elytra, which are covered by a large oblong
red spot, the anterior thighs are armed with a minute tooth: the disk of
the coleoptera, or elytra taken together, towards the base is depressed ;
and the scutellum is obversely triangular, the vertex of the triangle peint-
ing towards the head. [This and the preceding species are both de-
scribed and figured in Harris’ Injurious Insects, pages 65 and 66 ; taken
in Canada. |

274. APOTOMUS ovatus Faér.—Length of the body 1% line. Var-
iety B taken by Dr. Bigsby near Lake St. Clair.

[206.] Body very short, between pear-shaped and ovate, deep violet,
naked, minutely punctured. Head black, rostrum levigated: prothorax
somewhat lozenge-shaped, emarginate anteriorly, very thickly and con-—
fluently punctured, with a levigated discoidal longitudinal line: elytra
furrowed, furrows punctured.

VarIETY B. Blue-green. [Belongs to Aételabus Fabr., or Pterocolus
Sch. ]

275. ANTHRIBUS FASCIATUS O/ivier.—Length of the body 4 lines.
Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

‘eee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179

Body black, covered more or less with brown decumbent short hairs.
Rostrum angular, thickish, dilated at the tip, below the antennae covered
thickly with snow-white decumbent pile ; antennae almost as long as the
thorax, rufous, knob dusky-brown ; front marked with two whitish dots,
one adjoining each eye on their upper side: prothorax wrinkled with a
transverse discoidal impression, and near the base with an elevated
transverse ridge: elytra wrinkled with a discoidal tubercle near the base,
near the apex adorned with an irregular angular band composed of snow-
white decumbent pile : abdomen whitish with a double indistinct series of
black dots : tibiae with a white ring.

Variety B. With the tubercles of the elytra less conspicuous ;_ the

abdomen snowy-white ; thighs variegated with white.

I have no memorandum whence I received this variety. It is smaller,

and probably American.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Mr. Couper’s Lasrapor Tour.—The following notice lately ap-
peared in the Afontreal Herald :-—

“ GREAT ENTOMOLOGICAL Loss.—Mr. Couper, the Canadian Entomo-
logist, who left Montreal on the roth of May last to collect butterflies and
moths in Labrador, has had his splendid collection of rare specimens
destroyed by some of the Indians, who took revenge in this way for some
statement made by him in the Quebec Chronicie, about seven years ago,
regarding the destructive practice of the tribe in spearing salmon on the
then spawning grounds.”

In a recent letter from Mr. Couper, who has returned from Labrador,
he confirms this statement. He informs us that “a six weeks’ collection,
consisting of 36 specimens of Cofias Interior; 4 species of Argynnide
(100 specimens) ; 5 species of Lycenide (200 specimens,) and a quantity
of other material, amounting to about 4oo in all, were destroyed by
Indians, who, I suppose, broke open my trunks, &c. during absence from
camp. At all events the destruction took place between Mingan and
Seven Islands, on the north shore. The loss was not discovered until I
examined the cases after leaving the latter place. I was informed by the
lessee of the salmon fishery at Mingan that my life was not safe,as I
helped the fishery guardian to prevent the Indians from spearing salmon
on the Mingan river, and also wrote as above stated seven years ago.
Before I left Mingan, I went to the Pere who attends to their spiritual

180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ,

wants, and he was partly aware of my situation, but there being no
schooner going west from the place at the time, he kindly sent me off in

a schooner belonging to the Mission, in company with two Indian sailors, »

who brought me to Bersiamits. I was therefore compelled to leave Min-
gan about the 2oth of July, while I was searching for Colias interior,
Argynnis Boisduvali and Lycena Scudderi. The specimens collected on
Anticosti were not with the destroyed collection—they are safe—and are
all I can send my subscribers this year, but, if God spares me, it is my
intention to return next May to collect the lost species, which can be
obtained without going into the section of country occupied by these

Indians.
As soon as | send off the material to my subscribers, I will write

an article on the Entomology of Anticosti.” ;

We deeply regret to hear of the severe loss Mr. Couper has thus sus-
tained, and cannot but admire his perseverance in determining to revisit
these northern districts next year to endeavor to replace his lost material.
We sincerely hope he will be eminently successful. We also hope soon
to be able to furnish our readers with the promised paper from Mr. Cou-
per’s pen,—Ep. C. E:

LipyTHEA MOTYA.—I captured on the 2nd of September, near Hobo-
ken, N. J.,a Libythea motya (Bois & Lec,) at least I presume it to be
that species, that being the only one given to the U. S. in Kirby’s new
Catalogue. I should be glad to learn through the columns of, the
CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST in what portions of North America this butter-
fly has been found. The specimen captured by me is very close to Z.
Myrrha (Godt.,) the habitat of which is the East Indies. It is, however,
somewhat smaller. W. V. ANDREWS.

The insect described by Dr. Kirtland as Z. dachmanii 1s probably a
variety only of Z. motya of B. & L. This has been taken in Ohio, and
also at Hamilton, in Ontario. It has also been received by us from W.H.
Edwards, Esq., of West. Virginia. —Eb. C. E.

ADVERTISEMENT.

"Trintry CoLLeGE ScHooL, Port Hope, Ont.— Visitor ~—The Lord
Bishop of Toronto ; Head Master :—The Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A.

The course of instruction includes all the usual branches of a sound
education in Classics, Mathematics, English, German, French, Natural
Science, Book-keeping, Drawing and Vocal Music.

Fres:—Board and Tuition, $220 per annum. Michaelmas Term will
commence on Zhursday, Sept. 79th. For further information apply to the
Head Master.

ZI

Oe Canadien Entomolodict.

VOL. IV. LONDON, ONT., OCTOBER, 1872. No. 10

THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION.

The ¢wentyirst meeting of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science was held at Dubuque, Iowa, in the month of August last,
commenc:ng on the 21st and closing on the 27th inst. As regards the
attendance and number of papers read, the meeting was certainly quite
up to the average, but in scientific interest and value we cannot think it
comparable to many in previous years. This deficiency was owing very
largely, no doubt, to the change of locality almost at the last moment,
viz., from San Francisco to Dubuque—the shores of the Pacific to the
banks of the Mississipi. Several leading scientific men in the eastern

States, finding the time and expenditure necessarily required for a visit

to California beyond what they could well afford, had made other arrange-
ments for the employment of their summer holiday, which the late change
of place gave them no opportunity of altering. Others again, notably
Prof. Agassiz and his party, were absent from the country, and could not
im any case have taken part in the proceedings. Hence the meeting was
shorn of many of its usual attractions, and has failed, we think, to leave
any very decided mark upon the scientific annals of the country.

While the meeting was thus defective in one point of view, it certainly
Was a great success in another. Sociad/y, it left nothing to be desired.
The kindness and hospitality of the good people. of Dubuque was so
universal and unvaried, that all must have thoroughly enjoyed their visit,
even though it was not especially distinguished by gorgeous receptions
and gay fashionable entertainments, such as have sometimes rather inter-
rupted the proper proceedings of the Association in cities of greater size
and wealth.

We do not propose to give a detailed history of the meeting, or a
particular account of the papers read ; the former can be obtained by
those desiring it in the current issues of many leading newspapers,
especially those of Dubuque, Chicago, and New York; and the. latter

will no doubt be furnished;-as usual, in the pages of the excellent

American Naturalist, as well as in the Annual Transactions of the Asso-
ciation. We shall merely regard the meeting from an Entomological
_ point of view—the most interesting, probably, to the majority of our

182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

readers. Before proceeding to do so, however, we must not omit to draw
special attention to what was really the grand feature of the meeting—the
retiring President, Professor Gray’s, able and most interesting address, and
to recommend its perusal to all our readers.

The only entomological paper read in Section B, “ Natural History,”

was a very interesting one by Mr. C. V. Riley, on “ The Fertilization. of
the Yucca Plant by Pronuba Yuccasella ;”? it was listened to with marked
eattention, and was followed by an animated discussion, in which Prof. —

Gray, Mr. Morse and others took part. It will, we believe, be published
very shortly by the author, but meanwhile we may give a base outline of
its leading features. It appears that the American Yuccas possess flowers
so peculiarly constructed, that it is impossible for the pollen to reach the
stigma, and consequently they depend upon artificial means for their
fertilization. Mr. Riley has discovered that the “marriage priest” is a
small white moth, hitherto unknown to science, which he has named
Pronuba Yuccaseila, and considers thé type of a new genus. The most
remarkable feature in the insect is that the female (not the male) has the

basal joint of the maxillary palpus developed in a most extraordinary

manner into a long curved tentacle furnished with spines. With this
process the insect collects the pollen and conveys it to the tube of the
stigma, which it could not otherwise reach; she then lays her eggs, the
larvee from which feed upon the seeds of the Yucca fruit. The larva
escapes to the ground when full grown, and passes the winter there in a
silken cocoon. Mr, Riley remarked that in the more northern portions
of America, where the Yucca had been introduced for the sake of its
ornamental flowers, it never bore seed on account of the absence of this
insect ; by the introduction of this moth, however, the defect might with-
out difficulty be remedied.

A matter of much interest to the entomologists present, and ads
will probably prove of importance hereafter, was the formation of an
Entomological Sub-section. On Saturday, the 24th of August, during the
general meeting of the Association, a notice was read requesting those
interested in this department of Natural History to meet together at the
close of the morning session for the purpose of consulting together

respecting the organization of a Sub-section. At the time appointed, the

following members were present: Rev. Dr. Morris, of Baltimore, Md. ;
Mr. C. V. Riley, St. Louis, Mo.; Dr. G. M. Levette, Indianapolis; Mr.
O. S. Westcott, Chicago; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Port Hope, Ont.; Mr.
W. Saunders, London, Ont., and Miss M. B. Norton, Rockford, Ill.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. | 185

“7 2 . ° . Pe
Dr. Morris was unanimously elected Chairman, and Mr. Saunders

A Secretary. It was then moved by Mr. Bethune, and resolved, that ‘“‘if it be
found necessary, the Chairman and Secretary be requested to communi-
cate with the Standing Committee of the Association, with a view to the

organization of an Entomological Sub-section.” ‘The following gentlemen
_ were appointed members of the provisional Committee of the Sub-section:
Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Messrs. C. V. Riley, and O. S. Westcott. The
meeting then adjourned till 7 o’clock p.m.

At the evening meeting there were present, in addition to those men-
tioned above, Messrs. H. H. Babcock, Chicago; M.S. Bebb, Fairmont,
Ul.; J. H. Blodgett, Rockford, Ill.; H. C. Warner, Claremont, Iowa,
and C. M. Weatherby, Dubuque, Iowa. '

The Chairman having announced that it would be necessary to obtain
the consent of the Standing Committee before a Sub-section could be
legally organized, it was resolved that the Secretary be requested to
inform the Permanent Secretary of the Association that it is deemed
desirable by the entomological members that a Sub-section of Entomology
should be formed in Section B.-

It was then moved by Mr. Riley, and resolved, that a committee be
appointed to draft a set of rules for adoption at the next meeting of the
Association on the subject of entomological nomenclature. The Chair-
man nominated the following committee :—Messrs. Riley, Bethune,
Packard (Salem), Saunders and Morris.

The meeting then proceeded to discuss the ‘ Revision of American
Butterflies” recently put forth by Mr. S. H. Scudder, in advance of his
forthcoming work on the Butterflies of North America. There was a
unanimous expression of regret and disapprobation on the part of those

_ present at the wholesale’and radical changes proposed by this distin-
- guished. author in the generic and specific names of the butterflies of this
Continent. The feeling was manifested by all, that changes so radical
and so sweeping in the received nomenclature were uncalled for, and
would prove of great detriment to the study and popularity of this depart-.
ment of entomology. The hope was strongly expressed by all, that Mr.
Scudder would reconsider his proposed changes before the publication of
a his great work, which is looked forward to with so much interest by all
- _ lepidopterists, and not mar to,a great extent its usefulness, or injure its
Re general acceptance.

e The meeting then adjourned. At the general meeting of the Associ-
-, ation on the following Monday, a recommendation was. brought forward

~ OF ae

4

184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

by the Standing Committee to the effect that the formation of a Sub-
section of Entomology in Section B be authorised by the Association, and
the necessary amendment to the Constitution be brought up for adoption
at the next annual meeting. This recommendation was unanimously
- adopted by the meeting, and will no doubt be ratified next year; we may, ~
therefore, look upon the “‘Sub-section of Entomology” as an accomplished
fact. We trust that our readers will now do what in them lies to make it
a useful and attractive portion of the Association, and not allow so good
a vantage ground to be lost by apathy and indifference. We would
venture to suggest to the Committee that they should, at an early date,
announce some special department of entomology to be taken up by the ~
meeting next year, in addition to any subjects that may be brought into
discussion by the papers of individual members. Such a plan, though
not perhaps quite in accordance with precedent, would, we think, add
value and attractiveness to the meeting, and possibly bring together more
of our “brethren of the net” than usually attend on such occasions.

The proceedings of Monday brought the actual work of the meeting
pretty well to.a close; few of the members, however, returned to their
homes without first going upon one or more of the interesting excursions
that were made to various localities in the neighbourhood. These, we
feel sure, were heartily enjoyed by all who took part in them, even though
some—like the writer—may not be able to avoid occasional painful
reminiscences of a crawl through a lead-mine, or a night among the
Sioux City mosquitoes. :

The next meeting is to be held on the shores of the Atlantic at Port-
Jand, Maine, and will, we trust, prove as agreeable a reunion as the one
lately brought to a close on the far away banks of the Mississippi.

ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOME
GENERA OF CANADIAN INSECTS.

BY FRANCIS WALKER, F.L.S., LONDON, ENGLAND.

The study of the geographical distribution of Insects acquires addi-
‘tional interest by its connection with astronomical calculations, and with
geological researches. From them it is understood that the earth was
once covered with snow and ice from the poles to the tropics, and that
the like event may recur in the future, and restore the hemispheres

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185

——

generally to the freshness and newness which they possessed at the close

of the glacial period. The beginning of the cessation of this period

corresponds with the origin of the present distribution of insect life, or
with the commencement of the ascent of the individuals from the tropics
towards the poles. This is represented on a small scale every year in the
change from winter to summer, and the two periods of time agree with
two aspects of the earth, the transition from the tropics towards the
poles, and the upward extent of an alp, the latter being more or less an
epitome of the former. It may be said by those who do not believe in
the migration and settlement of insects, that the species were created in
the districts which they now occupy. In this case it would appear that
their creation was successive, and that they came into existence more
northward and southward in proportion as the glacial climate receded.
But, as each district became fitted for the maintenance of insect life,
the inhabitants of the neighbouring district would be ready to occupy the
vacant ground, and it is well known that the same species of insect often
occurs in two or more widely separated regions. One species inhabits
Europe and Chili, and may have migrated from the tropics northward and
southward as the climate changed. There are indications that the tropic
land was formerly much larger in extent than it is now, and would have
afforded space for the multitude of insects which now inhabit the com-
paratively narrow temperate regions. <A third explanation of the distri-
bution of insects is the supposition of the origin of existing species by
modifications of previous and now extinct organisms. No kind of insect
life has been traced back to its beginning, and the blending of species
which occurs in some genera locally (e.g. the Dipterous genera Laphria
and Dacus), and which may be interrupted in other genera by the extinc-
tion of former connecting links, is no proof that each species did not
first appear in the form which it now assumes, and the blending before
mentioned represents the oneness and harmony of creation, and the
unity of its Author.

The word ‘‘species” is only conventional, to express a difference,
and there is no proof as to its beginning in two, in a few, or in many
individuals, or that the differences were. not formerly closed up by the
links which are now extinct. Long periods of time have been described
in the figures of short and regularly recurring divisions,.and_ thus the
occurences therein are more readily comprehended, and in like manner

_ the long space of earth and the long extent of time before mentioned are

ae 4 J ‘ te |

186 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. __ ace

and the short pete of time.

The aspects from the arctic regions are more impressive than the

views from the summits of mountains, and the latter renew the remem- _
brance of the former when both have been seen in succession. Visitors

of mountain-tops may have observed, in a hot, still, misty day, multitudes

of insects borne to the summit from the plains below, and filling the air,
which at other times is free from them, and this is like to the sudden ~~
migration of species, from the south to the north, which occurs in Europe” ~

during some seasons.

In studying the fauna of a mountain, it is most suitable to begin with
the top, and to trace it downward, where the agencies or forms of life
become successively more numerous and complicated in their mutual
adaptations and limitations, all being as wheels which serve to regulate
the great living mechanism of which they are the parts. In like manner
in noticing the faunas of the two primary mountains into which the earth
is divisible, their summits being the poles, and the equator their common
base, it is advisable to begin with the arctic species or with those which
have ascended to the highest latitudes. The differences in soil, in vege-
tation, and in elevation, facilitate or hinder migration and settlement of
insects, and help to effect the variety of distribution, which is one of the
chief attractions in the aspects of Nature.

Leucospis is a genus of Chacidice,and has several peculiarities of
structure. None of the species occur in abundance, and the very few
whose economy has been observed are parasites of aculeate Hymenoptera.
It is well known that the very general colour of the Chalcid tribe is
metallic, most often coppery or golden green, but Leucospis seems to
have almost grown out of this hue, though it retains sufficient to indicate
the transition between it and most of the other Chalcid families. This
lustre in Leucospis appears chiefly on the face, but in some species it is
spread more or less over the body. In the single species (L. affinis)
which inhabits Canada, and whose geographical range extends from
thence to Texas, it is wholly absent, and there is no trace of it im the
species inhabiting Arabia, North Africa, and Europe. <A‘ few species
cecur in the United States, and the genus is more numerous in Mexico,
in the West Indies, and in the Amazon region. On the eastern, slope;
this genus inhabits Japan, China, Hindostan, Arabia, the Mediterranean
region, and more rarely the interior of France. Switzerland, and Germany.

es

~

3
.
we

Boe
= ae

BD) dict tn

Rt |

uS

wr
fo et

ees
Mitts THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 187
Oa ‘In the latter countries, beginning. with Arabia, the arrangement of its

~ _ colours, more or less indicated by the species of other districts, appears

to be most established, and it therein. mimics some of the wasp-tribe,
cua such as Odynerus. In the other hemisphere, it appears on the west side
in Chili, and on the eastern side in South Africa and in some of the
___ Australian Isles, and in Australia.

CIRRHOPHANUS TRIANGULIFER, vov. ge. ct. sp.

BY AUG. R. GROTE, DEMOPOLIS, ALA.

This genus of North American /Voctuide appears allied to the species
we have described under the genus Gortyva. The habitus is arctiiform ;
and in outline and size it resembles /a/esidota. The wings are long ;
primaries with blunted apices and rounded external margin ; secondaries

~ smaller than usual. The néuration has not been examined. The square

' thorax is crested centrally, and bitufted in front behind the collar. The
patagia are deflected at extremities away from the body. The abdomen
is stout, does not exceed the hind wings, tapers rapidly to the anus. The
antennz are stout and simple with thickened scape. The caputal scales
are massed in front. The head is held forward, and the labial palpi are
free and projected.

- The moth is entirely of a rich soft golden yellow, with darker linear
ochreous shades. The usual markings of the family are absent on the
primaries, although the transverse posterior line may be faintly discerned,
sinuate and geminate. The-most evident markings consist of two trian-
gulate spaces situate on the middle field of the wing. The outer and
upper of these is also the larger, and they are formed by distinct dark
lines meeting at right angles. The fringes are brilliant. The hind wings
are paler than primaries, without perceptible markings, nor are any lines
noticeable on either wing beneath. The body is concolorous with pri-

maries above; the tegule, head and thoracic tufts with ochreous shadings.
' A specimen taken in Missouri was shown me in St. Louis by a gentleman
whose name and address I have recently unfortunately forgotten and
mislaid.

"ANNUAL MEETING OF THE .ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
| OF ONTARIO.

- The second annual general meeting of the Society was held at the
_ Court House, Hamilton, Ontario, on Thursday evening, Sept. 27, 1872.

y : ‘ =U

‘6 ‘

eh 7 r

a /

18S THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The President, the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., in the chair.
The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed. .
The Secretary then read thesReport of the Council :—

In presenting the Second Annual Report, the Council feel highly
gratified at the measure of success which has attended the Society during
the past.year. Confined, as its membership naturally is, to a small numer-
ical portion ofthe public, yet it is very evident from the increased number
of new members that the Society’s efforts are appreciated, and, that the
science of practical Entomology is being gradually forced upon the notice
of our most intelligent agriculturists and horticulturists. Fifty-four new
members have entered our ranks this season, several of them being ento-
mologists of some reputation. Our total number is now 300, madevup as
below :—

‘Ontario general, 70
London Branch. caves ons
Kingston‘ 15
136 in Ontario.
Quebec Province, ae it
Nova SCOte tlre sere es
British: Columba)..." soa
154 in CANADA.
United. States; 5-2) a8
England, Bete a ee ANE Be
MOM wl ines 300 Members.

The Quebec Branch has ceased for the present to exist, but we hope
shortly to see it reorganized.

Our membership in the United States is steadily increasing, and from
this source we derive much substantial assistance both to our funds and
our magazine. The publication of the CanapiAN ENTOMOLOGIST Is still
continued; the fourth volume is now nearly completed. The Ento-
MOLOGIST is at present the only regularly-issued periodical on this Conti-

‘nent devoted to the science of Entomology. We must not omit to

return our hearty thanks to those friends who have so kindly sent material
to the editors, and by whose active assistance the latter have been able to
keep up the good reputation of our periodical. Especially would we
make honorable mention of Mr. V. T. Chambers, of Covington, Kentucky,
whose admirable papers on the Micro-Lepidoptera have attracted much
attention both here and in England.

om € of our igen have expressed an opinion that the Enromo.o-
s too exclusively scientific, and that its pages have not been made
‘ently interesting to those amongst us who are at present only be-
mners in the study of the science. The Council’ feel that there is
ne justice in this remark, and we would suggest to our successors, that
haps it may be feasible to publish, in the pages of the Enromotocist,
€ descriptions of our native Lepidoptera, taken from the original
Tce €8, as far as practicable, and thus give some assistance to those
ose want of proper books, or inability to get even a reference to them,
2 insuperable barrier to their working out for themselves the names of
various species in their collections.
‘The great drawback to the Society’s efforts is a want of sufficient
ids to procure the requisite scientific works on Entomology, many of
wh hich are very rare and costly, and also a proper supply of engravings
and : electrotypes of the various insects treated of. It is very difficult to
"tnéet the latter demand, owing to the want of a good artist who 1s well
versed in the science, and able to give a correct representation of the
zinals ; at the present time we have to send to the United States for
eG Baager part of our wood-cuts and electrotypes.

J ee The Council appointed a2 delegation to confer with the Minister cf

Agr iculture on the subject of an increased grant, and there is every reason

c pe that the result will be successful. In their application they will
strongly supported by the Fruit Growers’ Association, who are making
milar appeal.
We have much pleasure in referring to the very generous donation of
‘dollars towards our library fund by the Fruit Growers’ Association.
omes indeed more manifest, as each succeeding year rolls on, that
he cordial fecling existing between these two sister Societies is a strong
slement in their success, and fiirnishes fresh proof of the necessity of their
mtinuing the work in the same able manner. We sincerely hope that
this feeling will always continue.

. ‘The financial statement ih we think, be found satisfactory to the
abers.
_ The Council have thought it advisable to rent rooms at London for
ee years from July 1, 1872, at $80 per annum; of this the London
sh pays $30. We would here suggest and recommend that the
es of fitting it up in a suitable manner be borne by the Society.
@ estimated cost is about $100. It must not be forgotten that hitherto
ety has had no proper place of keeping the stock of books,
pes, corks, etc. Z

‘cha

=

190 _.. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The library has been largely augmented during the: year, and is now
the nucleus of a very fair.colleetion of entomological books.
The property of the Society is insured for $850. ae
Arrangements have been made for the continuation of our Annual eae
Reports, to be published as hitherto under the direction of the Depart- ;
ment of Agriculture. If successful in. obtaining the increased grant that
we are now applying for, it is contemplated to issue with the Reports a
coloured plate of insects, believing that by this means we shall be able: =a
to present to the public a much more definite and correct idea of the ES ae
various insects treated of. Res
All of which is respectfully submitted. | pis
EDMUND BAYNES REED, ~ 7
On behalf of the Council,
Moved by Rev. R. Burnet, and duly carried, that the Report of the ie
Council be received and adopted, and its suggestions carried out.
The Secretary-Treasurer then read his Financial Statement, which, on
motion of Mr. Saunders, was received and adopted :—

RECEIPTS.

#y Balance in Bank of Montreal. . Sh en Pe sin
“Members? Fees, including arrears.......0......0..... 4.09) 2500
“ Government grant for 1872.......... a ;
“« Engraving, from Department for Annua 1 Reporte ES7% ee 150 OO
“CANADIAN, ENTOMOLOGIST, ‘salé of)... oho ee ee 40 95
“ Pins, sale of.. site ime e es ele 5 ge eh chee ene I5 20 *
BRONCO RE) ong pet SOR Tair ie Sc 2 oN ge nes one ee a 13 87 ve
‘* Library acct.—Sale of Duplicate Pamphlets...... 47S fs
%( 4 Donation from Fruit Growers’ Ass’n.. 50 00 i) 54 75 =
«« Expense account, Exchange? st.2' ~ 9... tps othe 22 53 :
welncividual aGcts \}, 0% 0,020) ia be meine kee Tea 18 06 mt

DISBURSEMENTS. $1299 76 a

To Expense acct., including Editor’s salary for 1871 $267 o1
“Engraving for Annual Report.::..,...-...::5. 152) 55
* CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, ee ND Nos. 7—12,

vol. iii., and Nos. 1—8, vol. ly. Fores. 428 16
“ Library acct.. Be ca 0c eR, She gale cio 18I 24
aS dndividual ests seria to 5 ee SO pee 15201
‘Balance in Bank of “Montreal*........0... 2.03% 255 19

$1299 76 $1299 76

*This will be exhausted in meeting liabilities due up to December 31, 1871.

e TE [E “CANADIAN Meteobacint ee oR
2 iy Pa

ro re certify that the above is a correct statement of accounts for the
ending Sept. 19, 1872, as shown by the Treasurer's books, with
ichers for all disbursements.

CHAS, CHAPMAN, | 9) ditore

Si 5 GRIFFITHS, fy? ie
~The following officers were then elected :— Ri

. PRESIDENT, —Rey. €. J. S. Bethune, M.A., Trinity College School,
£ | Pott Hope, Ont. »

ae ‘Vice-Presienr, —W. os ipa Esq., London, Ont.

_ Councit.—Prof. J. Macoun, Belleville; R.V. Rogers, Esq., Kingston ;
_M. Denton, Esq., London ; J. Pettit, Esq., Grimsby ; A. Macallum, Esq.,

. He nilton.

et. _Aupitors.—J. H. Griffiths and Chas. Chapman, London.

4 : Be A vote of thanks was passed to Judge Logie for his courtesy in

.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.
Continued from Page 175.

<a , HacGno, ante p. r30.—The account of the neuration of this genus,
2 7 given at page 130, ante, should he amended by inserting in line 13 from
i _ the top, between the word “vein” and the semicolon, the words “ besides
@ long branch from near the base.”

ae _ There is an afparent discrepancy between the accounts of the neura-

Pen given on pp. 130 and 131, caused by the use of the nomenclature of

a Dr. Clemens on p. 131, while at page 130 it is described as it canD eas
to me.,

~ GELECHIA.

Gi? quingueannulella. N. sp.

_ General hue dark brown, tinged with purple in some lights. Palpi
with alternate annulations of the general hue, and yellowish-ochreous,
ve of each, the tip being yellowish-ochreous. Vertex and face yellowish-
} Teous, flecked with the e sencial hue. Antennz (which are almost too

192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

short for a true Ge/echia) of the general hue, with a narrow and intisanen
annulus of yellowish-cchreous at the base of each joint, and the terminal
‘joint also yellowish-ochréous. Thorax and primaries of the general hu |
(under the lens penny $s ieoae with apie: An indistinct pal

beginning of the ciliz, Sf an ane dorsal one. Ciliz a little paler ao at
or more purplish than the general hue, with a hinder marginal line of oe
general hue at the base. <A/ar ex. 34 inch. Kentucky. ea

The larva is at first white, afterwards becoming pale green, with sae a
head brown. It resides in a web on the under side of leaves of the black — :
Oak ( Quercus tinctoria). Imago in July.

G.? badiomaculelia. NN. sp.

(Taken under the gas-light ; the annulations of the palpi, if there are ae
any, are obliterated by burning). Head shining, pale yellowish ; antenna es
dark brown (under the lens dusted with whitish and pale ochreous). — ‘
Primaries and thorax dark brown, A short distinct ochreous-yellow ie
oblique costal streak about the basal quarter, pointing towards a small =] te
ochreous-yellow raised tuft just within the middle of the dorsal margin ;
between this tuft and the costa, but nearest to the costa, is an indistinct .
ochreous-yellow patch ; on the disc (one at the end of the disc, the other ps M
before it) are two minufe ochreous yellow tufts. An ochreous-yellow é
streak at the base of the costal cili, and another opposite it at the base
of the dorsal ciliz, nearly meeting in the middle of the wing. Arow of
minute ochreous-yellow tufts around the apex at the base. The tufts
and spots are all pale ochreous yellow. A/ar ex. 36 inch. Kentucky. se

G. aequepulvella. NN. sp.

Ochreous and fuscous, mixed in nearly equal quantities, the ochreous
slightly prevailing: a small fuscous patch about the middle of the pri”
maries, and a still smaller one about the end of the disc ; last joint of the
palpi fuscous externally. A/ar ex. Ys of an inch. Kentucky.

G. difficilisella. a

Evagora difficilisella, anie p. 66. i

This species can only be suomees in Gelechia by the most ies
extension of the genus. Nevertheless, I am satisfied that it is more
properly included in a genus of the vague and indefinite limits of Gelechia ~
than in Zvagora. The terminal joint of the palpi is little more than half
as long as the second, which is clavate, and both joints are clothed with
loose scales. The disc of the hind wings is wide and unclosed. There’

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193

no discal nervure, but an independent? discal branch is given off from
the median? or arises at the median. The median sends off a branch
before it, and is furcate behind it. The subcostal is furcate, one branch
going to the costal margin and the other to the tip. In the forewing the
_ subcostal sends two branches to the costal margin before the end of the
cell, one. from it, and one behind it, and becomes furcate just before the
_ tip, one of the branches going to the tip, and one to the dorsal margin.
_ The discal y vein is short, and does not emit any branch, and the median —

ane - 5 : : ; 4 :
van ane hind wing is not wider than the forewing, and is somewhat emargi-

For “anterior wings hairy” in the description, read “anterior wings
_ hoary.”

G. similiella.. N. sp.

_ See description of G. acguepulvella, ante. ‘This species resembles it
_ closely, but is smaller, having an a@/ar ex. of only 7s of an inch, and being
2: -slenderer. In aeguepulvella, the dusting is almost entirely ochreous,
whilst in this species it is as much white as ochreous. Kentucky. At
the light ; in August.

.G. rubensella. WN. sp.

- his species might be mistaken for e roseosuffusella, Clem. It 1s,
however, a little smaller, the brownish bands are wider, and more distinct,
5} and the spaces between them, which in voseosuffusella are yellowish-white,
“are, in this species, overlaid with fuscous on a white ground ; and the
apical portion of the wings in this species is fuscous, whilst in roseosufju-
_ sella the apex is yellowish-white. A more decided difference, however, is
_ in the structure of the palpi. In roscosuffusea the terminal joint is
ie acuminate, and is longer than the second. In this species it is scarcely
80 long as the second, and much less acuminate. G. roscosuffusella is a
very variable species, but'I am fully satisfied that this is a distinct species,
‘and it perhaps resembles G. rudide/fa, Clem., as closely as it does rosec-
suffusella.

~The palpi are whitish, with two large brownish spots on the under
- surface of the second joint ; and with two annulations and the tip of the
_ third joint of the same hue. Tongue brownish. Head yellowish-white,
5 eh a tinged with roseate. Antenne brown, annulate with white.

Wis ings vallewenes white or au ochreous, eat f with fuscous and
dish-brown, so as to obscure the ground-colour, and entirely conceal-

a
194 _ THE CANADIAN . ENTOMOLOGIST.

ing it in the apical portion; dorsal margin pale ochreous, faintly tinged
with roseate towards the base, deeply so towards the cilia, and with one
or two distinct bright roseate spots at the base of the cilia. Near the
base is a narrow oblique brown costal streak or band extending to the

fold. About the middle, another wider one, the middle portion of which”

is rather reddish-ochreous than brown, and is tinged with roseate ; beyond
the middle is another, which extends to one of the roseate patches at the
base of the dorsal cilia. Each of the costal brown streaks is margined
both before and behind with white, which is distinct on the costa, but is
only distinct in some lights on the disc. In some lights the entire wing
appears to be dusted with roseate, and with small reddish-brown spots.
Cilize pale fuscous? (crisped by the gas-light so that I can not be certain).

Alar ex. Ys ofan inch. <A single specimen taken at light in Kentucky in ~

August.

G. disco-ocellella, NN. sp.

Dark brown, tinged with roseate or purplish ; second joint of the
palpi dark brown, ochreous-yellow along the inner surface ; third joint
ochreous yellow except the base, which is dark brown. Head ochreous-
brown ; antennz brown. Thorax ochreous, with a narrow rather indistinct
median brown streak. Primaries brown, tinged with roseate or purple,
and faintly streaked with ochreous within the inner margin, avd with a

yellowish-white spot containing a black central dot at the end of the disc, a ~

small black spot on the fold, and one about the middlé of the wing, and
with a few ochreous-yellow small spots around the apex between the
nervules. Alar ex. 58 of an inch. Kentucky. ‘Taken at the lamp in
September.

AGNIPPE, geil. mov.

Head and face smooth, face retreating; palpi recurved, reaching
beyond the base of the antennz, the second joint somewhat enlarged
towards its apex, the third pointed, and more than half as long as the
second ; maxillary palpi minute; tongue rather short, scaled; antennz
about half as long as the wings, simple, placed in front of the eyes, which
are small and scarcely visible from in front or above. )

Anterior wings with a tuft of raised scales within the dorsal margin
before the middle, lanceolate-ovate, pointed ; the costal attains the margin
just behind the middle; discal cell long, rather narrow, closed by the
vradual rounding of the subcostal and median into the short discal yein ;
the subcostal sends three veins from near the end of the cell, two of which
attain the margin before the apex, whilst the third or apical branch attains

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195

-

» the apex after sending two short branches to the margin before it ; the
discal sends two approximate veins to the dorsal margin behind the apex;

the median attains the dorsal margin, to which it also emits a single
__ branch before the end of the cell ; the submedian is furcate near the base.
oh (All the veins are united near the end of the cell). ;

Posterior wing trapezoidal, a little wider than the anterior, emarginate
beneath the apex, and with the costal margin excised from the middle to
A the tip; the costal vein attains the margin about the middle ; the discal
cell is unclosed; the subcostal vein is nearly straight, and attains the
margin just before the apex; the median is deeply concave in the mid-
dle, sweeping up to the dorsal margin behind the apex, sending one
branch from about its middle, and two other shorter ones from near its

end.

Allied by the palpi to Ge/echia, and by the neuration to Avorthosta,
“Clem., and Chrysochorys, Clem. I do not knowthat Ishould have sepa-
rated it from Gelechia but for the more pointed and convoluted wings,
the acute apex of which is presented to the observer as the insect reposes
standing upon its face with the abdomen projecting.

A. biscolorella. N. sp.

Tongue and head yellowish-white ; palpi and undersurface brownish,
mottled with yellowish-ochreous. Vertex slightly dusted with brown ;
thorax and base of the anterior wings yellowish-ochreous, with a bluish-
brown patch on the anterior margin of the thorax. Anterior wings, from
beyond the base, brown with a bluish cast, from the middle to the apex
thickly intermingled with yellowish-ochreous and some white. (The
‘brown is of an indescribable tint, tinged with bluish or purple, according
to the light). Antennae yellowish-ochreous, annulate with brown. Adar
ex. % inch. Kentucky in April.

A, fuscopulvella. WN. sp.

Palpi pale yellowish, terminal joint fuscous at the base and near the
tip. Head white. Antennae yellowish-ochreous, annulate with fuscous ;
thorax and anterior wings whitish, tinged with yellowish-ochreous, densely

| dusted with fuscous: abdomen dark brown, each segment fringed with
whitish. A/ar ex. %: inch. Kentucky, in April.

*
3

hei

ae
“

ee hide i

on
~y

_ . AN interesting paper by Mr. William Couper, of Montreal, with an
ee account of his recent collecting tour in Labrador, was received too late
_ for publication in the present number, but will appear in our next.

i y ; ki * ; a
196 — THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. eae

{NSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS re BRIT ISH AMERICA. |
COMPILED BY THE EDITOR. ais a a

from ghee Pa ‘una Boreali-Americana: Insecta. “*
£

(Continued from Page 179.) =,

|207.] FAMILY CLYTHRID#.

276. CHLAMYS PLIcaTa Ofivier.—Length of body 2 lines. Taken
in Canada by Dr. Bigsby ; also in Massachusetts. :

Body obscure, bronzed. Head impressed posteriorly between the
eyes; rhinarium, antennae, and an elevated space adjoining the eyes” e -
anteriorly, rufous; nose indistinctly punctured: prothorax very finely
and concentrically scored, with some scattered indistinct punctures ;
posteriorly considerably elevated: elevation bifid ; behind this elevation
the prothorax is producted and emarginate: scutellum obtriangular: ~
elytra tuberculated with several acute, compressed tubercles, the anterior
ones carinated ; interstices. with some scattered deep punctures: space
between the four posterior legs punctured with large shallow punctures. .

[208.] FAMILY CRYPTOCEPHALID.

277. CRYPTOCEPHALUS PUBESCENS Fuiv.— Length of body 2% lines.
Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

Body black, with a very slight brassy tint, a little glossy, grossly and
thickly punctured ; downy more or less with cinerascent down : prothorax
with a longitudinal levigated line, posteriorly with a double. sinus: scu-
tellum elevated towards the apex, perfectly smooth: elytra with a lateral
lobe towards the base, shoulders with a°tubercle. [Beiongs to Suffrian’s
genus Pachybrachis. | .

278. CRYPTOCEPHALUS NoTATUS /aér.—Length of body 234 lines.
Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby. .

Body black, naked, glossy. Nose with a bilobed reddish-yellow spot
at the apex ; front with a yellow curvilinear spot adjoining the eyes on
their inner side ; between the eyes behind is a pair of round impressions, =
and a longitudinal intermediate abbreviated channel ; antennae mutilated ;
in the specimen, but what remains of them is reddish-yellow: prothorax "
levigated, but sprinkled with very minute and slight punctures, visible
only under a powerful magnifier; behind with a slight sinus on each side :
scutellum levigated and elevated posteriorly: elytra deeply punctured
with the punctures arranged in rows, the sixth row from the suture is”

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197

interrupted, and in the interstices on each side of it are some regular
punctures, the intermediate rows do not reach the apex ; a luteous band,
abbreviated next the suture and growing gradually wider till it reaches
the lateral margin, and an irregular spot at the apex of the same colour,
distinguish the elytra.

Fabricius describes his C. nofafws in so few words that it admits of
some doubt whether his*insect is synonymous with Dr. Bigsby’s here
characterized. The spots at the apex can scarcely be denominated
puncta, but as he occasionally designates a large spot by this term, and
both insects are from North America, for the present it may be allowed
to stand under the above name. [Haldeman states that “C. notatus

Fab. is southern. The northern species, described by Kirby under the

same name, has been called C. se//afus by Suffrian.” Common in Toronto.
and other parts of Ontario. |

[209.] 279. Eumoipus (Apoxus) viris /abr.—Length of body 234
lines. Several taken in the journey from New York, in lat. 54° and 65°

[210.] Body black, a little glossy, hairy with cinerascent hairs,
minutely punctured. Palpi rufous, last joint black ;. five first joints of
the antennae rufous, the rest black: elytra and tibiae rufous.

Both Geoffroy and Fabricius complain of the ravages committed by
this little species upon the vine in Europe, and probably it is equally
destructive to those of America. [A very destructive insect in Europe,
but of doubtful occurrence in America. |

FAMILY CHRYSOMELID.

280. CHRYSOMELA PHILADELPHIA Zinun.—Length of body 3?4—4—
434 limes. The type -and variety C taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.
Variety B in Nova Scotia by Dr. MacCulloch.

Body oblong, black-green, naked, glossy, convex, punctured with
scattered punctures. Palpi, antennae, rhinarium, and legs rufous ; labrum
hairy: prothorax with the punctures at the sides more numerous than
those on the disk: elytra pallid, with a longitudinal stripe at the suture
with three diverging obsolete branches, and several irregular spots ; one
at the shoulders larger than the rest and as it were broken, or obtus-
angular, all of a dark green: the elytra are grossly punctured with scat-
tered punctures, but next the suture the punctures are disposed in two
rows, the sutural one [211] extending from the base to near the apex,
where it becomes confluent with the second, both diverging towards the
base and surrounding the upper branch of the sutural stripe; there is a

198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

fourth series of punctures at a little distance from the lateral margin, and
the interstice between them is impunctured ; epipleura dark-green.

N.B. The two lower branches-of the above stripe are surrounded by —

a common series of punctures.
Variety B. Smaller, green-bronzed, green spots of the elytra more
- numerous, epipleura pallid.
C,. Sutural stripe with only one branch, the two lower ones
forming separate spots ; epipleura pallid.

This varying species may be known from the succeding ones by the
green colour of its body ; all the varieties are distinguished by the obtus-
angular spot at the shoulders of the elytra: the varying number of green
spots on these organs is produced by the separation of some of the
irregular Ones into distinct ones, and the lower branches of the sutural
stripe doing the same. Variety C comes nearest to that figured by De-
Geer and_Olivier. [Quite common in Canada].

MISCELLANEOUS.

AN Error CoORRECTED.—On page 258 of his Guide to the Study of
Insects, Dr. A. S. Packard describes and figures what purports to be the
larva of Méelitaca Harrisii. Wis description, “ made from an alcoholic
specimen in the collection of Mr. Sanborn,” is as follows :—

“Tt (the larva) is cylindrical with six acute, small tubercles in each
side of each thoracic ring, while on the abdominal rings the four dorsal
tubercles are large and remarkably boot-shaped, the toe being formed by
a lateral prolongation of the tubercle, and the heel is also well formed,
from which arises a short bristle. The specimen is dark, with a lighter
stripe along the back on each side of the median line of the body. Its
length is .80 of an inch.”

About the middle of last May, a larva, agreeing with the above de-
scription, was handed me. It was found in or upon decaying wood, and,
in confinement, fed upon that and also upon wild Aster. I supplied it
with the latter, because Dr. Packard states that “it feeds on Diplopappus
umbellatus.” With me it fed freely upon Aster dumosus. June 14, the
supposed AZclifaca spun a slight cocoon, and, on the 29th of the same
month, emerged. ‘The imago proved to be an Agvossa, and is, I think,
Aglossa debilis. It is difficult to conceive how the same characteristics,
characteristics too, so striking and unusual, can distinguish the larve of

i)

>

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199

genera so widely separated ; and it would appear that Dr. Packard, usually
so correct in his statements, has, in this instance, allowed himself to fall

¢

into error. .

I am indebted to Mr. IT. L. Mead, of New York, for determining the
identity of this larva with that described in Packard’s Guide.—G. M.
Dopce, Ohio, IIl.

TENT CATERPILLARS.—Apropos of the scarcity of the Tent Cater-
pillars this season: About ten days ago, an acquaintance informed me
that the fences and sidewalks near the residence of Horace Yeomans,Esq.,
on Bridge Street, West Belleville, were covered by an immense swarm of
Caterpillars. As I could not well go thither at that time, I sent one of
my boys, who soon brought me about twenty specimens of the Forest
Tent Caterpillar ( C/isiocampa Sylvatica. ) .

At my earliest convenience, some three days after, I visited the spot,
and found some of them still clinging to the fence. At the same time,
I saw a remarkable example of their destructive powers. Near the
N.E. corner of Mr. Yeoman’s grounds stands a remarkably well-grown,
full-branched Oak tree, about two feet diameter at four feet from the
ground, and rising to a height of some sixty feet ; while its branches,
extending full fifteen feet from the main stem, overspread a space of over
seventy square yards. In the spring and early summer, it as usual pre-
sented to the eye a dense mass of luxuriant foliage—to-day it does not-
boast a single leaf; they are all eaten off to the midribs, which still adhere
to the footstalks, and give the tree a most extraordinary appearance. It
is evident that the migration of these caterpillars was occasioned by the
exhaustion of their commissariat, which obliged them to seek “fresh
fields and pastures new.” . There must have been several broods to
effect such an enormous defoliation, and indeed I found specimens of all
sizes, from two inches down to half an inch in length. Another Oak
outside of Mr. Yeoman’s fence, near the S.E. corner of his lawn, is
apparently undergoing the same process of denudation. I shall watch
with interest the effect of these insect depredations on the health of the
trees next season, and report the same for the ENromoLocisT.—PRor.
BELL, Belleville, Ont., Aug. 19.

Danais Arcurippus.—I have often seen these tawny butterflies dis-
porting themselves over the waters of the Kingston Bay some hundreds
of yards from shore ; still I was quite surprised to see, early in August,
two specimens flying boldly some seven and eight miles out from the

200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Scarborough coast, as if they had fully determined to cross Lake Ontario
and visit their American relatives. One poor fellow, however, had come
-to grief, and floated with outstretched wings upon the rippling wavelets.
The time was about eight in the morning, and there was no wind to blow
them out to sea.—R. V. Rocers, Kingston, Ont.

DoryPHORA I0-LINEATA, the champion potato-eater, has made his
way east as far‘as this city. I saw several crawling about in September.
—R. V. Roctrs, Kingston, Ont.

DIAPHEROMERA FEMORATA, Say, OR SPECTRUM FEMORATUM, Harris.
Are the ‘‘walking sticks” unusually plentiful this year? I counted, and.
could easily have captured, twenty-eight of them,within a couple of
hours in a wood near the village of Vittoria, Co. of Norfolk. They were
all upon the trunks of oaks ; not one was to be seen on any other kind of
tree, although beech and maple were growing in close proximity to the
oak. On one tree I saw seven, and was delighted thereat, as in the
eastern section of Ontario, though to be found, they are yet far from
common. It was at the end of August, and the process of copulation
was still going on, yet I caught two little creatures of a light green colour,
and the third of an inch long, which I took to be young “‘sticks.” Pack-
ard says that in this genus “the antenne are rather short ;’ my exper-
ience is that in this species they are over two inches long. Both Harris
and Packard accuse the Spectre of being very sluggish and inactive; I
found that on the slightest touch—even when in the act of coupling—the -
insects made off, marching up the trees on their tall stilt-like legs in a
manner pertectiy surprising, till quickly they were far beyond the reach
of pursuit.—R. V. Rocers, Kingston, Ont.

PERSONAL.

Dr. A. S. PACKARD, JR., has just returned from a four months’ visit
to the entomological collections of Europe, where he compared many of
our foreign-named species of Lepidoptera to the types.

Dr. Joun L. LECONTE is expected home from his long stay in Europe
this month of October, and will then commence the classification of the
North American Curculionidae. an event that all entomologists will re-
joice in.

Dr. Gro. H. Horn is preparing a synopsis of the genus Zcbia of the
family Carabide.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. IV. LONDON, ONT., NOVEMBER, 1872. No. 11

REMARKS ON LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED AT FOX BAY,
ANTICOSTI, AND THE NORTH SHORE OF THE ST.
LAWRENCE, BETWEEN JUNE 18tH AND AUGUSTI rst.

BY WILLIAM COUPER, MONTREAL.

When I decided on an Entomological tour during the past summer to
the Island of Anticosti and the coast of Labrador, I fully expected to
bring home sufficient material, not only to satisfy the few subcribers to
the enterprise, but (after supplying them) enough to remunerate myself
for the risk of the voyage and loss of time. Your readers are already
acquainted with my misfortune ; still, I hope that the lost species will be
replaced, as it is my intention to go over the ground again (if God spares
me) next summer. Entomologically speaking, the region is totally new.
A great deal of knowledge can yet be obtained from another research in
these regions, as the following brief remarks sufficiently show. For years
past I wished for an opportunity to explore the Island of Anticosti,in order
to collect its insect fawza and obtain a knowledge of the species occur-
ring thereon. Before I visited it, I had an idea that it would be found
deficient in many of the Coleopterous forms which exist on the shores of
the St. Lawrence, to the north and south of it. So far, therefore, my
surmises are correct, as I found it meagre, indeed, in Geodephaga. No
Cicindelidae occurred in my rambles, and but two or three species of
Carabidae were met with during the time I remained there. The species
obtained belonging to the latter were evidently brought there by com-
merce. The island is evidently rich in Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera,
and probably Longicornia and Curculionidae. No doubt its fresh water
ponds, when carefully examined, will be found to contain nondescript
species of aquatic Coleoptera. The few species belonging to the latter
order and Hymenoptera, collected on the Island, also those occasionally
picked up on the Labrador coast, will, in due time, be described in the
Can. ENT. ;

There is nearly one hundred miles between the West point of
Anticosti to Fox Bay, near the East, and where I collected. Heretofore,

202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

it was almost inacessible to the Naturalist, who could only visit it to
undergo much privation and hardship. Its forest is dense, and in
many places almost impenetrable, but a great portion of the flora.
resembles that found in the mountain region north of the city of Quebec,
and I have no doubt that the bulk of the Lepidoptera to be met with on,
the West Point will be found similar to those occurring in high northern
latitudes. Mr. Strecker says that “the moths, with a few exceptions, are
the same as some I took in the mountains of Luzerne Co., Penn. In
fact, when I opened your box, I was struck with the similarity of its
contents to a box I brought home from that trip—thirteen species of
moths like thirteen species out of the twenty-two you sent me. Is not
this curious? But, after all, if we consider that Luzerne County is the
most mountainous part of this State, almost impenetrable and wild, and
fire feels comfortable there in June, it is not such great matter for
wonder.”

PAPILIO POLYXENES Fadbr., var. BREVICAUDA, Saunders.—I took four
specimens of this species on the Island. It appears to be raré at Fox
Bay. The specimen sent to Mr. H. K. Morrison, Boston, corresponds
with the description of érevicauda. Regarding the ~ and Q which I
sent as P. asterias to Mr. Herman Strecker, of Reading, Pa., he writes
that the 2 of asterias has not got the yellow macular band on the wings
as the & has, or, at least, it is only represented by a few small spots,
whereas the 2 from Anticosti has the yellow band of unusual size, even
broader than on the f which accompanied the latter,and that the Anticost!
g has the band twice as broad as any specimen seen by him from the
United States, Canada, or Central America. He adds, that it comes as
near to the South American P. Sadu/us as it does to astertas. Iam,
therefore, inclined to believe that there are two Northern black and yellow
varieties of Papilio, viz.:—one of asterias, occurring along the north
shore and coast of Labrador to Newfoundland, while P. folyxenes Fabr.,
var. drevicauda, is so far confined to the Island of Anticosti.

PIERIS FRIGIDA Scudder.—This species was quite common in Labrador
during my visit in 1867, and I met with it on the 2oth of last June, at
Fox Bay, Anticosti, where it was not abundant. In October of the above
year,a Q frigida was forwarded to Mr. Scudder, who thought it was
the above species, but as I did not send the #, he was not positive. It
would be well, therefore, to compare it with congeneric species.

CoLIAS INTERIOR, Scudder.—This butterfly occurs on the north coast
of Labrador, from Sawbill River to Natashquan. It is not frequently seen

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203

—

near the sea; but generally met with in the woodland and mountain
regions in the interior. The specimens collected were destroyed, and the
only one brought home was sent to Mr. Strecker, who writes as follows :—
“T have strong doubt about the genuineness of this species. I compared
the female you sent me with five ‘females of Pe/idne (from above Rupert’s
House, B. A., and Labrador), and the only difference I can detect is the
color of the upper surface of the wings. ‘The one you sent me is yellow,
while my examples of Pe/idne are white, which is no distinction at all in
the Co/iades, as most of them are blessed with two kinds of females, one
the color of the *male, and the other albino.”

ARGYNNIS CHARICLEA £sf.—One of the earliest and most common
butterflies in Labrador. In my opinion, distinct from Botsduvalii, which
appears at least a month later in the north. I took fresh specimens of the
latter at Mingan, six years ago, on the 22nd of July, when chaviclea had
terminated its season. Mr. Morrison pronounces the above as a variety
of Boisduvaiii, stating that he possesses specimens from the Alps.

ARGYNNIS ATLANTIS Zdws.—When on my way home, about the end
of July, I took a specimen of the above at Sawbill River. It agrees in
every particular with specimens taken by my friend, Mr. Strecker, in
Luzerne County, Pa. He states that the Pennsylvania specimens ‘are
darker and more reddish than those in his collection from Lake
Superior.

PHYCORIDES THAROS Cram.—I took a few specimens of this butterfly
at Sawbill River, Labrador, which I regarded as a Meéditaea, but, being in
doubt regarding the species, I sent an equal share to those who were
entitled tothem. Mr. Morrison named it as above, stating that it occurs
from Labrador to Texas, and the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. The

*Thive notic-d this curious connection with Pieris Rapw, which have extremely
yellow males, occurring here in the fall. Onmy return from the North, I captur d near
this city, last September, a yellow mle in coitu with a white female. I sent the former
to Mr. Morrison, of Buston, who states thatis is “ the var. Novanglia Scudd., and that
it is not uncommon in the spring aroun Boston.” Iam of opinion that white and sul-
phur yell w varieties of rapae may be found constantly wherever t’ ey occur.. The food
plants of rapae are cabbare, mignonette, nasturtium. and various cruciferae, therefore
it may be that the American specimens exhibited by Mr. Scudder in Europe, were what
the late Mr. Walsh termed phytophagic. 'Tvereisno doubt, in my mind, that the food of
- caterpill rs produces the varieties which lead to somne con‘usi nin the determination
of butterflies. My friend, Mr. F. B. Caulfield, of this city, informs me that he has
reared caterpillars of rapae, found on mignonette, which produced imagoes of a deep
sulphur yellow.

204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

specimens sent to Mr. Strecker were identified by him as Me/itea Batesii,
Reakirt, described in Pro. Ent. Soc. of Phil., 1865.

VANESSA (GRAPTA) PROGNE Cram.—A single specimen taken at Fox
Bay, Anticosti, on the 2oth June. Similar to the same species taken at
Quebec.

VANESSA ANTIOPA Linn.—One specimen captured at Fox Bay, Anti-
costi, on the 19th July.

PyRAMEIS CARDUI Zinn.—This species occurs early on Anticosti.
On my arrival at Fox Bay, they were worn and unfit for collection.

PyRAMEIS ATALANTA.—Fox ate rare in June.

CHIONOBA abrador, in July, I took one
specimen of a species a Helene to fae above genus, which I sent to my
esteemed friend, Mr. Strecker, who writes as follows :—‘“ I have compared
it with Ch. Semidea, Crambis, jutta, Balder, also, Uhlerit, Taygete
(Bootes), the only ones in my collection that could possibly have
any affinity with it, but am afraid to pronounce it the same as any one of
them. It isnearer to ju/fa than to any other, but I won’t say it is it.
After it is expanded, I will give it another examination.” Probably this
is another instance in which we see the external change produced on the
imago through the food plant of the caterpillar, and I have no doubt but it
will turn out to be a variety of jutta.

Lyczna—? (NV. S.)—I collected a few specimens-of this species at
Musquaro, Labrador, in July, 1867, a specimen of which was sent to Mr.
Scudder, of Boston, in September following. Mr. S. wrote to me that it
was, to the best of his knowledge, Z. Zygdamus Doubl., but he wished me
to inform him whether the Labradorian specimens “ were all marked witha
single spot on the secondaries, where his Hudson Bay specimens have
two.” Not having a sufficient number to examine, the identification could
not be determined at that time, but on my arrival at Fox Bay, Anticosti,
it was the first butterfly that attracted my attention, and I was fortunate in
obtaining twelve dozen of them. On lately referring to Mr. Scudder’s
letter of Oct. rst, 1867, the remarkable difference pointed out by him was
discernible in all my specimens, but, not knowing the species, I sent them
to my subscribers as Z. Lygdamus. Mr. Morrison writes as follows :—
“ Zycena? (N.S.)—You named this species Z. Zygdamus Doubl. I
have compared your specimens very carefully with my specimens of the
true Lygdamus from Northern New York, and am satisfied that it is a dis-
tinct species. The color of the whole underside is different ; also, the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205

arrangement of the spots on the underside of secondaries slightly, but
constantly. The black ocelli to the spots, very conspicuous in the true
Lygdamus, are almost wanting in your species.” Mr. Strecker has also
suspicion regarding it. However, I have no doubt but that this Zycena
will turn out to be one of a few new species yet to be discovered on the
dividing line between the Canadian and Arctic Lepidopterous faunas.

Lyczna—? (JV. S.)—I sent one specimen of a species of this genus
to, Mr. Morrison, who informs me that itis “closely allied to epixanthe,
but I think different. Congeneric with the castro of California and the
xanthe of Europe. It is nearer castro than epixanthe.” This butterfly was
taken at Sawhbill River, Labrador, on 2oth of July, and, after all my mistor-
tune, I was pleased that day. I trust that my talented friend, Mr. M.,
will shortly describe it in the Can. ENr.

Lyc®na Lucia A7zréy.—Common in the woods at Fox Bay during the

‘month of June. It also occurs abundantly on the south-western coast of
Labrador. Mr. Morrison appears to notice no difference between the
Anticosti specimens and those taken in Western Canada, and the middle
and the Eastern United States, but Mr. Strecker says that they are
darker underneath than the United States specimens generally are.

Lyc#NA ScupDERI.—This is one of the most permanently marked
species in North America. The Entomologist may occasionally obtain an
obscure specimen, but upon thorough examination, it will be found
prototypic of its congeners of the valley. The specimens forwarded to
my correspondents differ in no particular from United States and
Canadian examples.

HESPERIA PANISCUS Fabr.—A single specimen captured at Fox Bay,
Anticosti, on the 26th June. It was sent to Mr. Morrison, who informs
me that it does not differ in the slightest from the European specimens of
paniscus. It is close to AZandax Edw. I feel convinced that the latitude
of Quebec is the most northern limit of the Hesferidans. Alypia Langionti
Couper. _I was astonished when I met this beautiful moth in Fox Bay,
Anticosti. Mr. Strecker states that “ he found it in the mountains of
Luzerne, Pa.” It is curious that since I described this insect, some years
ago, it appears now in Western Canada and in high latitudes many miles
south of Quebec. A. octomaculata was also taken at Fox Bay.

SESIA RUFICAUDIS Airéy.--Fox Bay, Anticosti; uncommon. This
species is very common at Quebec.

DEILEPHILA GALLI Bott. (Gallii Schiff.)—Fox Bay, Anticosti, and
Sheldrake River, Labrador ; uncommon, but abundant at Quebec. Mr.

206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Strecker writes as follows :—“‘In spite of all American Lepidopterists in

a bunch, this is the JY. Chemanerii Harris, but it is identical with the-
Galli of Europe. I have compared specimens from New York, Pensyl-

vania, Massachusetts, Canada, Ohio, France, Regensburg, the Hartz and —
various other parts of Europe, and neither I now, nor any other living

human being can detect any difference.”

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.
Continued from Page 195.

ADRASTEIA.

A. quercifoliella.

Depressaria bicostomaculella, ante p. 127.

The former description of this species was made from a single old
specimen, on which no tvfts were visible (having, no doubt, been removed
in setting the specimen, which was, however, otherwise undenuded.) Since
the publication of that description, I have bred the species, and the tufts
in the fresh specimen are distinct, and the insect unquestionably belongs.
to this genus. The following description of the fresh specimen is more
accurate than the preceding one. I have changed the specific name,
giving it that of the food-plant.

Head and. its appendages, thorax, and primaries, with a somewhat
indistinct dark purplish lustre, especially on the darker portions. Second
joint of the palpi blackish, with white and a few ochreous scales inter-
mixed ; the third joint blackish, with but few white or ochreous scales,
with the extreme tip pale ochreous. Head whitish ; face with few blackish
scales intermixed ; vertex densely dusted with blackish. Antenne dark
fuscous, with a faint narrow pale ochreous annulus at the base of each
joint. Thorax and primaries—to the naked eye, dark iron gray with
blackish irregular spots, some of them large—under the lens, blackish
freely dusted with pale blue, white, and some pale ochreous scales, with
large velvetty blackish spots not dusted. Ciliz yellowish white, the basal
half of the dorsal cilize freely dusted with blackish. The thoracic tuft is
pale yellowish, those on the wings are small and whitish; the largest is
nearest the base and within the dorsal margin; the other two are just
behind the middle, one before the other, and both nearer to the costal

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207

—

than to the dorsal margin ; there is a small whitish streak at the beginning
of the dorsal ciliz, and an opposite costal one, and another faintly
indicated costal one near the base. A/ar ex. +s inch.

The larva feeds on the under side of leaves of the black oak, in a
web. It is pale yellowish, with the head and first three segments dark
brown, the first segment shining brown.

A. querciella. LN. sp.

Depressaria querciella, ante p. 127.

As before mentioned, this species has the thoracic tuft; and though I
cannot detect any raised tufts upon the wings, yet, as in other parts of its
structure, it is identical with the above described species, as well asin the
ornamentation, it belongs more properly in this genus than in Defres-
saria. The statement at p. 127, that “zt zs a Depressaria in all respects,
except the tuft,” is too broad. It would be more correct to say that it
closely approaches Defressaria in all respects, &c. The brush on the
palpi is scarcely long enough for Defressaria, the primaries are too narrow
and the style of ornamentation is different. In the fresh specimens also,
the abdomen is somewhat convex, as in the other insects which I have
placed in this genus. In all of these insects the brush is. spreading, and
sometimes appears to be distinctly divided.

This species and A. guercifoliclla were bred from Oak leaves, and the
two other species.were taken in Oak woods, and probably feed either
upon Oak or Hickory leaves.

VENILIA, gevt. nov.
The insect which I make the type of this genus is related to Avarsia,
Cleodora, and Ypsolophus, perhaps more nearly to the first named than to
either of the others. The tuft at the end of the second joint of the
palpi resembles that of Avarsza, and the neuration is nearer to that of
Anarsia than to that of Ypsolophus. I am not acquainted with the
neuration of CZcdora. It resembles the latter genus in the slender
antennz ; but the wings are wider and the terminal joint of the palpi too
long and slender.
Terminal joint of the labial palpi as long as the second, slender, almost

acicular. Tuft at the end of the second joint scarcely concealing the
base of the third joint, and pointing downward rather than forward.
Antennz very slender, indistinctly pectinated, and microscopically pubes-
_ cent, scarcely reaching the apical third of the wings.

Wings rather wide. Primaries ovate, lanceolate, faintly falcate beneath
the tip. The costal attains the margin; the subcostal sends from before

208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the middle a long branch to the costal margin, and two other approximate
branches from the end of the cell, from the first of which it bends down to
its union with the discal vein; whence it proceeds towards the apex, before
which it divides, sending one branch to the costal and one to the dorsal .
margin near the apex. Discal cell wide at the end, closed, the discal vein
emitting two branches to the dorsal margin; the median emits two
branches before the end of the cell, from which it curves to the dorsal
margin. Submiedian furcate at the base. Hind wings with the costal
margin, nearly straight, a little arched towards the base ; costal vein
straight, long, attaining the margin before the apex ; subcostal very faint
from the base to the discal vein, distinct from thence to the apex, straight ;
cell closed by a distinct discal vein which sends two branches to the
dorsal margin ; median oblique, nearly straight, furcate at the end of the
cell, and with a branch to the dorsal margin before the end of the cell.
Hind margin regularly curved, not emarginate; narrower than the fore
wings.

V. albapalpella. WN. sp.

Apical joint of the palpi snowy white, with a narrow brown ring at
the base; second joint white at its apex and on the inner surface;
grayish-brown on the outer surface. Antennae grayish-brown, annulate
with white. Head, thorax and primaries grayish-brown, with a row of
yellowish-ochreous spots around the apex of the wings at the base of the
ciliae. Adar ex. 1s of an inch. Captured in June in Kentucky.

ANARSIA.

A.? pruniella, Clem. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct., Phila, 1860, p. 169.

In Mr. Stainton’s valuable collection of Dr. Clemens’ papers (for
which Mr. S. is entitled to the lasting gratitude of every student of the
American Zineina), page 36, Dr. Clemens uses this language: “‘ Yesterday
I found the g¢ of Anarsia? pruniella. Tt ts the same as the European,
and the genus is no longer doubtful.” The italics are mine. Same as
the European what? I suppose Dr. C. means the European A. dineatella
Zeller. My specimens were taken on Plum trees, and I recognize them
easily in Dr. Clemens’ description of his specimens, which were bred from
the Plum. But I have received from Mr. Townend Glover a specimen
which he bred from Peach leaves, and which is identical with mine.
And Mr. C. V. Riley informs me that specimens which he bred from
Peach leaves, and sent to Prof. Zeller, were recognized by Zeller as his
species. ‘There can be no reasonable doubt that the species is the same
as Zeller’s, and that his name has priority.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209

BEGOE, gev. Ov.

The insect described below as the type of this genus I have been

unable to place in any genus known to me. I do not deem it necessary
to give any further diagnosis of the genus than to say that it 1s an
Ypsolophus, except as to the antenne and palpi. The former are
minutely pectinated, and are otherwise like those of Ysolophus. ‘The
terminal joint of the palpi is, perhaps, a little more robust than in
Ypsolophus; the second joint is clavate, rounded at the apex, laterally
compressed, vertically thickest just before the end, forming a thick, rather
compact, undivided brush. As to the length of the palpiand the relative
lengths of the joints, it agrees with Ypsolophus.

B. costolutela. WN. sp.

Tongue and face brownish-ochreous ; palpi ochreous yellow; head
brown on top, ochreous yellow above the eyes; thorax dark shining
brown, except the anterior margin and patagiz, which are ochreous
yellow. A line drawn from the base of the anterior wings, near the
dorsal margin, to the beginning of the costal cilize, will divide the wing
into a narrower anterior (or costal) ochreous yellow portion, and a wider
posterior (or dorsal) portion, which is shining dark brown. The anterior
or ochreous yellow portion, however, becomes furcate about the apical
third of the wing, sending a curved branch into the dark brown portion ;
this branch is at first wide, but curved, gradually narrowing towards the
dorsal cilise, which it does not quite reach. There is a faint, narrow,
ochreous yellow hinder marginal line at the base of the cilia, which are
paler than the dark portion of the wing, their basal half being darker than
the apical half. Posterior wings and their ciliz grayish slate color. A/ar
ex.t¢in. Kentucky.

If one could believe that the projecting brushes had been removed sa
evenly and smoothly as in this insect, without otherwise injuring them,
and leaving no trace that they had ever been other than they now are,
then this insect would be an Yfsolophus, resembling Y. eupatoriella (vid.

post-prox ).
NOTES ON SOME GENERA OF CANADIAN INSECTS.

BY FRANCIS WALKER, F. L. S., LONDON, ENGLAND.

The geographical distribution of Smcra differs much from that of
_ Leucospis. Unlike the latter genus, which is spread thinly and somewhat

210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

equally over the warm and temperate regions of the earth, Smzcra, with.
very few exceptions, is limited to the New World, where there are some
species in North America, many in Mexico and in the West Indies, and
great abundance in the tropical parts of South America, and the genus has
thus much more influence than Zewcosfis in regulating, by means of
transfer, the increase of other insect tribes. Its body is omamented with
very various patterns of black on a yellow or red ground hue, except a few
species, which are mostly or entirely black. The family Chatadide, to
which it belongs, is even more free than the Leucospidae from metallic
lustre, the only exception being the isolated genus, WVofaspis, a native of
St. Vincent’s Isle, in the West Indies. The very few species in Asia and
Africa hardly possess the typical form, but the three or four European
species are as characteristic of the genus as those of America. The
American species from Georgia, which I have mentioned as a variety of
the European S. #igrifex, may be considered as a distinct species. It was
not known to Cresson, who has described many new species of the genus,
but will probably be soon distinguished and named in America. It isa
little smaller than S. nigrifex; the forewings are a little narrower; the
petiole is a little longer; the hind coxe area little shorter: the hind
femora are not black at the tips, and have beneath smaller and more
numerous teeth ; the tibiz are piceous, red at the base, not wholly black,
as are those of S. nigrifex. The only Canadian species is S. Canadensis.

ANNUAL ADDRESS

OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO, 1872.

To the Members of the Entomological Society of Ontario:

GENTLEMEN,—It is my happy privilege once again to congratulate you
upon the completion of another year of progress in the annals of our
Society. As you have already learnt from the very satisfactory Report of
our excellent Secretary-Treasurer, the list of members of the Society has
been largely added to during the past twelve months; the Library has
been increased by the purchase of a number of -valuable Entomological
works ; a cabinet and microscope have been bequeathed to us by our late
lamented member, the Rev. Professor Hubbert, and our collections have
been much improved ; a comfortable and commodious suite of rooms has
been procured in a central locality in London, Ont.,—the present head-

Ts. y

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. AEs

quarters of the Society ; the CaNapran Enromo tocist has been regularly
issued with, we trust, no diminution in the value and interesting character
of its contents; our Second Annual Report on Noxious and Beneficial
Insects, prepared by Messrs. Saunders and Reed, and myself, and
containing notices of the insects affecting the Apple, Grape, Plum,
Currant and Gooseberry, Wheat crops, Potato, Cabbage, Cucumber,
Melon, Pumpkin and Squash, has been duly published by the Legislature
of Ontario, and no doubt has long since been in the hands of you all-
Such, gentlemen, is our record for the year that is now brought toa close,
and, having in addition, a satisfactory balance-sheet from the Treasurer,
we feel that mutual congratulations are not out of place, and that we who
have been honoured with official positions in the Society, can look back
‘upon our efforts in its behalf with at least the agreeable feeling that they
have not been altogether in vain.

If we turn, moreover, from our own especial interests to the condition
and prospects of American Entomology in general, we find much to afford
us satisfaction and encouragement. No large work, indeed, on any
particular order of insects has appeared during the past year, but many
valuable reports of State Entomologists and portions of serial publications
have been issued from the press,—among the latter, I may be pardoned, I
am sure, for especially drawing attention to the exquisite illustrations of
North American Butterflies contained in Mr. W. H. Edwards’ invaluable
work, which has now reached its Tenth Part. It speaks well, too, for the
growing popularity of this branch of Natural Science, that Dr. Packard’s
useful “Guide to the Study of Insects” has already reached a ¢hird
edition. A pleasing recognition of American Entomological work has

_ recently, I may add, been manifested in England by the publication there»

in a collected form, of the writings of the late Dr. Brackenridge Clemens,

on the Zinciva of North America, under the editorial supervision of Mr.

H. T. Stainton, the well-known authority in that department of Lepidop-
terology.

Apart, however, from the position attained by the growth of our
Entomological literature, the Science has this year received a recognition
that cannot fail to be of great and permanent benefit to it. I allude to
the formation of a special sub-section of Entomology at the recent
meeting of the American Association for the advancement of Science. It
will now be practicable for American Entomologists—to whatever part of
the Continent they may belong, whether to a Province of the Dominion

212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

or a State of the Union, from the Atlantic to the Pacific—to meet together
for mutual conference on matters Entomological. Questions affecting the
Science in general can hardly fail to arise from time to time, and demand
the consideration, and, possibly, the decision of some such united
council. Certainly, the proceedings of such a gathering will be of great
interest and value to all who take part in them, if not, indeed, to the whole
circle of Canadian and American Entomologists.

‘At the informal meeting at Dubuque, in August last, one subject was
specially brought forward for discussion,which I cannot forbear alluding to
more particularly here, especially as it may justly be considered the great
question of the day in the Entomological world. I refer to the subject of —
the Specific and Generic Nomenclature of Insects. For some few years
past indications have not been wanting of a growing inclination amongst
the mass of Entomologists to resist the efforts made by some few able and
distinguished writers to impose, year after year, new sets of names upon
our common insects. This has been done partly by the revival of the
jong-forgotten names published at the close of the last century, or the
beginning of the present one ; and partly by the perpetual formation of
new genera, and the re-distribution of species. The ability of the writers
and the good work they have done in other respects, have caused these
annoying changes to be acquiesced in for the most part, even though the
object in view appeared to be rather the exhibition of their powers of
research among antiquated tomes, or the supposed immortalization of
themselves by the attachment of their own names to those of our familiar
insects. I do not say that these men were actuated entirely by such
motives, but assuredly one can hardly be accused of ill-natured criticism
in ascribing much of the work to such causes.. All must admit, I think, »
that nomenclature is but a means to an end, and that end is surely best
attained by the preservation of all names that. have been in universal
acceptation for a period of years, and that cannot be set aside without
disturbing the cabinets of every Entomologist in the land.

Matters in this respect have been brought to a climax by the recent -
publication of Mr. Scudder’s ‘‘ Systematic Revision of some of the North
American Butterflies.” I esteem Mr. Scudder so highly as a friend, and
value so greatly the good scientific work that he has done, that it pains me
exceedingly to say a single word against anything that he may put forth.
His projected “ revision,” however, is so sweeping and so revolutionary
that I cannot forbear to make some remarks upon it. I know that his
scientific labours are perfectly unselfish, and that he is entirely destitute of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 213

any of the conceit that I have just now referred to; I feel sure, too, that
he is actuated only by the desire to benefit the science; yet I do deeply
deplore the mode that he has adopted, and am convinced that if his views
are pressed, a very great obstacle will be thrown in the way of the
advancement and popularization of this department of Natural History.
Weall, I am sure, look forward with eager anticipation to the publication
of his great work upon North American Butterflies, and have no doubt
that it will be the most complete, the most scientific, and the most
conscientious work of the kind in America, but assuredly its value wili be
very greatly marred and its general acceptance impaired, if he continues to
insist upon all these radical changes.

-To show you what these changes are, I will briefly state that in the
pamphlet already published, and which is intended as a forerunner of the
author’s great work on the Butterflies, the following alterations are made
in the received noménclature:—The 228 species enumerated are distributed
among 96 genera—almost a genus for every two species; of these 96
genera, 42 are entirely new, and 39 others are obsolete names of
Hubner and others that have never been generally adopted ; there are thus
15 familiar generic names left, but of these several are transferred from
their present position to entirely different groups of species ; for instance,
the name of Pafz/io is removed from the genus of ‘Swallow-tailed Butter-
flies, and handed over to the sole use of the insect at present known as
Vanessa antiopa! Further, among the 96 genera there are no less than
45 that include but a single species apiece; and among the 228 species
there are only 16 left with their present names unchanged! ‘These figures
are surely quite enough to show that I have not misapplied the terms
‘sweeping, ‘revolutionary, and ‘radical, as characterizing this work of
revision. I would, then, most earnestly entreat Mr. Scudder, for the sake
of the science itself, to re-consider his projected changes,—to discard all
antiquated names in favor of those that have been for years in general
acceptation, and to reduce his list of new genera to as small a number as
he conscientiously can. If he does not, if he persists in his revision, I
fear that his great work—most valuable as it will undoubtedly be in all
other respects—will introduce more confusion, trouble and discord into
American Entomology than a generation can get rid of. If these
difficulties can be avoided in no other mode, it will remain for us all to
unite together and agree to ignore all old forgotten names that may be
brought forward, and retain all remaining of familiar species, until a
general settlement of the question can be satisfactorily arrived at.

214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

I fear, gentlemen, that I have now completely exhausted your patience ;
I shall therefore hasten to a close. But before doing so, let me remind
you that, since our last annual meeting, our Society has lost by death one
of its most valued members, Mr. B. Billings, of Ottawa, Ont. He was
one of those devoted lovers of science who do good service by their
honest, hearty work, but who, from their innate modesty and retiring
disposition, shrink from all publicity. At times he contributed valuable
papers to our little periodical, but he could never be induced to make any
display of the knowledge he had acquired by his patient dilligence both
at home and in the field.

Permit me now, gentlemen, to resign into your hands the office that
you have done me the honor of investing me with. I thank you for your
kindness and courtesy towards myself and my colleagues, and with every
wish for the continued success and prosperity of your Society,

I have the honour to be, gentlemen,
Your obedient servant,
CHARLES J. 5. BETHUNE.
Trinity College School, Port Hope,
September, 1872.

ON MR. SCUDDER’S SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF SOME (OF
THE AMERICAN: BUTTERFLIES.

BY AUG. R. GROTE,

We have here before us a paper by an accomplished scholar, on a
subject dear to us from our own studies. Mr. Scudder’s Revision presents
two main points for our consideration. ‘The first point affects the sequence
of the Butterflies in a systematic arrangement ; the second the application
of the scientific law of priority. As to the first, the considerations which
have influenced Mr. Scudder to side rather with Ochsenheimer than with
Boisduval, where the present Revision is not original, are evidently not
lightly taken. Mr. Scudder’s strong perceptions must contrast agreeably
with the superficiality of those writers who find an excuse for the most
heterogeneous linear ‘arrangements on the plea that resemblances are
diverse (nefsartige verwandschaft,) who stay not to discriminate between
degrees of similarity. On this first point one shall criticize Mr. Scudder,
who has a large comprehension of the subject, and whose argument shall
ignore 'trivialities.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215

On the second point, and one which is minor in theory, but in
practice more important, we have to say : Mr. Scudder restores obsolete
terms for sub-divisions higher than genera, and disregards the family and
sub-family terminations lately rendered common in Zoology, chiefly by
English writers on insects. On occasion, we think the propriety of this
restoration doubtful, and that the law of priority does not come into
question. Where the older author meant by his names what Mr. Scudder
now declares, the older name should stand without doubt. And here we
owe Mr. Scudder a debt of gratitude for his bibliognostic information.
But, if such values are recognized, is it not better to give the usual
terminations in de, ine, and ini to the terms for families, sub-families and
tribes. Two families in the Latreillean sense (Papilionide and Hes-
periide, ) are represented by the insects Mr. Scudder discusses, and, while
we cannot doubt that they contain natural assemblages of genera of sub-
family and tribal value, we are unprepared to support this view against Mr.
Scudder’s divisions, which are not explained by diagnosis. And while we
cannot contest the value of the most of Mr. Scudder’s genera, we may
more often differ as to the application of the law of priority in the choice
of generic names. ‘The value of Hubner’s' Verzeichnis (1816,) and its use
by Mr. Scudder, is a case in point. Notwithstanding Ochsenheimer’s
repudiation, Guenee’s sneers, and Lederer’s contemptuous patronage,
Hubner’s genera are now in great part becoming recognized, and his
names available to science. This quiet, unobtrusive man has written what
has endured half a century of abuse and intolerance, to be found greatly
true. We have elsewhere (Cuban Zygaenide ) written what we thought of
’ Hubner and his generic conceptions. Let us see now how Mr. Scudder
uses him sometimes. On page 59 Mr. Scudder adopts Zerene for a genus
of which Papilio caesonia is type, and says: ‘‘Since the typical species of
Zerene of Hubner fall into the much older genus, Co/éas, the name may be
retained for the last species, Pap. caesonia of Stoll. That this ought to
be preferred to Meganostoma of Reakirt follows from my suggestion in
1862, that the former should be retained for the two species here cata
logued.” But Hubner’s Zrene is synonymous with Co/ias ; no subsequent
“suggestion in 1862” can alter Hubner’s meaning in 1816. Hubner
does not autoptically know all the species he cites ; hence we must always
take with him the first species as his types. If to Zerene we cite Scudder
(1862,) the name is logical and, in this case, must be discarded at once so
as not to interfere with the priority of a well established genus of
Geometride, of the same name. AMeganostoma must be retained.

216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

If we apply similar considerations to several others of Mr. Scudder’s
genera, we shall remove in great part what is objectionable, and dzzarre
(e. g., the use of Papilio for Van. antiopa,) remembering that the older -
authors always cited, as a matter of duty, all previously published names,
even without note of identification, and that therefore they are not to be
held liable for a// the contents of their genera. Without questioning any
of Mr. Scudder’s statements on page 37, with regard to the use of the
name Papiliv, we yet know that Linnaeus applied it to his Agzwztes first.
Schrank’s wide ‘‘limitation” can, then, have no priority in reason, nor
the new-restriction by Mr. Scudder against a well established use for a
genus of which Papilio machaon is the conceded type. Let us disintegrate
Papilio quickly ; it must sorely need it that such means should be pre-
scribed for the end.

We may differ with Mr. Scudder occasionally on matters of synonomy .
(¢. g., Thecla calanus and inorata,) but we follow him admiringly in his
conscientious generic definitions, and are ever ready to sink the critic in
the disciple.

DESCRIPTION OF A REMARKABLE VARIETY OF LIMENITIS
MISIPPUS.

BY THEODORE L. MEAD, NEW YORK.

While in the Catskill Mountains this summer, I met with a very curious
variety of Z. Misippus in which the conspicuous ‘black stripe crossing the
secondaries was altogether absent, and the corresponding mark on the
primaries only indicated by a dusky cloud extending to the median ner-
vule and enclosing no white spots. .On the underside the differences
remain the same. In the ordinary type, there is a whitish cloud around
the cross stripe. In the variety under consideration this is quite distinct.
The marginal row of greenish lunules is obsolete, but the submarginal
white ones are enlarged so as to leave no black between the lunules and
the buff ground-color on the secondaries, and but little on the primaries.
On the upper surface, these lunules are rather large on the fore wings, but
otherwise as in the usual type. The specimen was a female.

It is noticeable that this variety is a nearer approach, in general
appearance, to D. Archippus, which, as is well known; enjoys almost entire
immunity from ordinary foes. We may fairly assume that had not the
Entomological collector intervened as an unexpected factor in the problem

sI

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 21

of the “Struggle for Existence,” our present variety, protected above its
fellows by a closer resemblance to the distasteful Danais, might have given
rise to a new species, and that, in less time than is generally assumed to be
necessary for specific changes ; as this variety would be thought to present
quite sufficient specific differences, were it brought from a distant
region.

In examining a number of butterflies offered for sale to the American
Museum of Natural History, I found a curious variety of Limenitis ursula.
Above, the markings are the same, but with the substitution of fulvous |
for blue, except in the marginal lunules, which are white with a faint
bluish tinge. Below, the suffusion is very conspicuous and the secondaries
in color and marking considerably resemble those of MJisippus. It is not
impossible that the specimen may be a hybrid between these two, as J
have seen offspring resulting from the union of such dissimilar species, as
Smerinthus Tilie and Populi of Europe, showing the characteristics of
both. Should the wrsu/a be merely a variety, it would furnish an excellent
illustration of the way in which Afisifpus probably originated.

A NEW HESPERIAN.
BY G. M. DODGE.

Hesperia [linois. N. sp.

Male expands 1.3 inches. All the wings dark brown above. ‘The
primaries throughout the middle and basal areas sparingly sprinkled with
fulvous scales. This color is deepest around the stigma, which consists of
a velvetty black bar extending obliquely from near the middle of the
submedian vein to the cell, and is often divided into two equal parts by
the fourth median veinlet. A large square patch, not sprinkled with
fulvous, occurs in the middle area at the termination of the cell; anda
smal] detached yellow spot lies immediately below, and outward from the
anterior termination of the stigma. The base and middle of the
secondaries are covered with long yellowish hairs. Fringe on all the wings

€: Underside fulvous, inclining to ferruginous ; the internal half of
the primaries smoky, shading into black at the base and inner margin ;
two small yellowish spots near the centre (very distinct in some specimens,
in others nearly obsolete) seem reproduced from above. That nearest the
apex is round, the other is larger and somewhat reniform. On the

218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

secondaries the fold is smoky ; a broad band of fulvous precedes it,
extending from the base to the outer margin; on the remainder of the
wing the color is paler, and all the veins white and conspicuous. _ Fringe
of all the wings brown, becoming white at the internal angles.

Above, head and thorax fulvous; abdomen black; its sides partly
clothed with whitish-yellow hairs ; palpi fulvous, tipped with black. Below,
abdomen and palpi white; breast mouse-coloured. Antenne annulated ;
above, brown ;- below, whitish-yellow ; underside of club red.

The female expands 1.5 inches and is like the male, with the following
exceptions : The stigma is wanting, and the fulvous on the primaries above
is very obscure, being most apparent along the costa. Two small, semi-
transparent yellow spots occur near the middle of the primaries; the one
nearest the apex being so small as to be indistinct; the other is a little
larger.

Variety 4, 2. Same as above, but the two spots in the centre of the
primaries are much larger ; the upper is triangular, the lower and largest
nearly square. Three linear spots of nearly equal size appear between the
subcostal veinlets, near the apex, and a long rectangular spot surmounts
the submedian vein about half way between the base and outer edge of
the wing. All these spots are reproduced below.

This species was discovered by Mr. E. A. Dodge, in Burcan County,
Illinois. The first specimen was taken June 2oth, 1872. It was quite
abundant upon grassy slopes on the high rolling prairie that forms the
divide between the Illinois and Rock rivers. Over forty specimens were
taken, nine of which were females. Two weeks later Hesperta Poweshetk,
Parker, appeared abundantly in the same locality.

The writer will exchange specimens of either of the above-mentioned
species for most of those North American butterflies not of common
occurrence in Northern Illinois.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Vanessa ANTIOPA, OR PaprLio ANTIOPA ?—The unusual abundance
of this insect in many parts of Europe the present year, and its great
influx into England, have given it unusual prominence in late numbers of
our trans-Atlantic Entomological periodicals. I have been a little
interested in watching to see how many of the writers would follow our
friend Scudder’s “ Revision,” and call the insect “ Papilio Antiopa,” and
have not yet met with one.—C. V. R., St. Louris, Mo.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219

VANESSA ANTIOPA.—The present autumn has been remarkable for the
appearance in. scattered localities all over the country of one of our
rarest and most beautiful butterflies, the Camberwell Beauty, Vanessa
Antiopa, very few British specimens of which exist in our cabinets. The
Entomologist records the capture of upwards of 200 specimens in all parts
of the country, from the Channel Islands to Aberdeen. It is very
remarkable that they nearly all differ in colouring to a perceptible extent
from the Continental variety, the border being creamy white. instead of
buff-coloured. If they are genuine natives their spasmodic appearance
in this manner is very singular, and worthy of careful observation. Several
other rare butterflies, especially Argynnis Lathonia, Pieris Daplidice, and
Colias Hlyale, have also been unusually abundant this season.—/Vatnre.

Tue RapisH Buc.—A New Iwnsecr. (lVysius raphanus, N. sp.)*
This insect has never heretofore been described ; the reason, we suppose,
_is that it has not hitherto attracted the notice of farmers and gardeners as
a destructive insect. We have noticed it this season, for the first,
attacking radishes, mustards and lettuce ; some have noticed it on
cabbage, others on grapevines, and in Kansas it is doing great damage
to the potato crop, and we are informed that a very imilar, if not the
same species, attacks corn to an alarming extent ; but, as we have not as
yet seen the species from corn, we cannot say that they are identical, but

*NysIUs RAPHANUS, N. sp.—Body long, with numerous short hairs ;
head and thorax cinerous ; eyes black; scutel blackish ; antennze pube-
scent, four-jointed, chestnut brown, first and third joints about equal
length, second, long as first and third, last, longer and thicker than third ;
hemelytra semi-transparent, punctured, with brown nervures, outside at
base hairy, interior terminal margin bound with a dark band, separated by
the medial longitudinal nervure, membranous at tip; rostrum nearly as
long as the antenne, four-jointed, extends a little beyond the origin of the
posterior feet, blackish, paler at base ; coxz honey yellow ;. legs hirsute ;
posterior femora blackish ; anterior and middle brown ; tibiz light brown,
two tibial spurs ; tarsi three-jointed—first as long as second and third,
third longer than second—tarsal claws black ; abdomen of males black ;
females black above, beneath a whitish band near the base, from the
band to the tip pale ; length to tip of hemelytra one-eighth of an inch ;
rostrum one twenty-fourth of an inch.__WM. R. Howarp, Forsyth, Mo.

220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

suppose that they are. It seems to be almost a general feeder, as it is not
confined to any particular order of plants for its food, though in this
locality it seems to confine its ravages mostly to CRUCIFER#. They will
congregate on the plant as long as there is room for one of them, and
continue sucking the life-supporting juices, which soon causes the plant to
wiltand die. They are very active, and, when disturbed, swarm like so
many gnats, which they more resemble, when flying, than anything else.
In the morning, while the due is on the plants, they are found concealed
in the shriveled up leaves, and are rather sluggish ; and by plucking these
and putting them into an old tin pail, with live coals of fire at the bottom,
many of them may be destroyed. Lime has been tried to a slight extent,
but seemingly without effect. We have not discovered either the eggs or
the young, yet like their cousin, the chinch bug, wet weather is unfavor-
able to their production, and after a heavy rain it will be difficult to find
many of them for several days. We give herewith the first description of
this insect, to our knowledge, that has been written. The specific name,
raphanus, was given it from its food plant, the radish, upon which we first
noticed it. It belongs to the sub-order Heteroptera; and, like most
insects of that order, is not by any means destitute of that unpleasant
“bed buggy” smell. We hope by the end of the season to be able to
procure the eggs and young, and to be able to write a more complete
history.

Notre ON HESPERIA COMMUNIS, Grefe.—This species, which is
described as Syricthus communis on page 69 of this volume, 1s identical
with Mr. Scudder’s Hesferia tessellata, described in the Fourth Annual
Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, 1872.
As I learn from Mr. Edwards and Mr. Scudder, my description was
written in 1871 and published in April, 1872. Mr. Scudders paper, in
which his description of this species occurs, was, according to page 1 of
the Report, ‘read, accepted and ordered to be printed,” Jan. 13th, 1872.
I do not know the exact date of the issue of the Report from the press.
A similarity of name with that proposed by Mr. Scudder, in an European
species (47. tessel/um) might assist in according a preference to the name I
have proposed as above for our American species.—A. R. GROTE.

THe American Enromorocist.—I have a few bound copies of the
two volumes of this periodical, which I will send post-paid by mail upon
receipt of $3.50 per volume, or $6.50 for both. Address C. V. Rivey,
Room 29, Insurance Building, St. Louis, Mo.

Che Canadian Entomolocist.

WOLSLVan > LONDON, ONT. DECEMBER; 1872, No. 12

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V: T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.
Continued from Page 209

YPSOLOPHUS.

I. Y. eupatoriella. WN. sp.

Tongue dark brown; basal joint of the palpi, and the second joint
externally, and on the under surface, dark brown ; upper surface pale
ochreous ; tip white ; third joint dark ochreous, tipped with dark brown.
Head pale bronzy brown, with purplish reflections, each scale tipped
with white. Sides of the thorax and base of the wings ochreous yellow,
extending along the costal portion of the wings, gradually narrowing to about
the middle of the costa. A. median, longitudinal, wide, violaceous, brown
band extends over the thorax and along the extreme dorsal margin of the
wings, gradually becoming lighter in color till about the middle of the
dorsal margin it unites with a bluish-purple wide band, which crosses the
wing just behind the middle, gradually passing on the costal margin into
the ochreous portion. Ufon the fold, beginning near the base, is a velvetty
deep black stripe which extends, gradually widening, to the bluish-purple
band, and is deeply scalloped next to the ochreous portion of the wing,
which it separates from the dorsal margin, The bluish-purple band is
narrowly margined externally by an ochreous line, followed by a narrow
black line, behind which, to the apex, the wing is dark brown with faint
ochreous or purplish reflections, the ciliz also being of the same hue, with
a row of eight or nine small ochreous dots or streaks extending around
their base. Under surface and legs bronzy dark brown ; tarsi annulate
with pale ochreous.

The larva is greenish-white, over half an inch long. It feeds upon the
under side of a folded leat of Zupatorium ageratoides,folding it so as to apply
one of the large veins to the midrib. It became a pupa under the folded
edge of the leaf, July 12, and the imago emerged July 20. It is much
the handsomest species of the genus known to me.

222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

2. Y. Reedella. WN. sp.

Palpi yellowish-brown, paler on the internal surface of the second and
upper surface of the third joint. Tongue brownish. Face grayish-white.
Antenne, head and thorax slightly iridescent, pale yellowish-brown, faintly
suffused with roseate; there is a large brown spot on the centre of the
anterior margin of the thorax, which sends a narrow streak to each side
of the apex,and a btown spot on each side in front of the wings. Anterior
wings suffused and dusted with brown upon a ground color of yellowish-
ochreous, especially along the dorsal margin towards the base. Two large
spots on the disc, and the apical portion of the wing dark brown. (To
the naked eye the spots appear rather to be irregular, not well defined
fasciz.) About five minute brown dots around the dorso-apical margin,
one of which is at the extreme apex. Ciliz fulvous. Posterior wings
very pale fuscous with a silvery tinge. Abdomen shining ochreous yellow,
dusted thickly with brown, and with a dark brown, rather wide streak on
the tergum, extending from the base half way to the apex ; venter pale
ochreous yellow, with a distinct dark brown spot on each side of each
segment, and a faint one in the middle. Under surface of the thorax
white, legs brown on their anterior surfaces, tarsi brown, annulate with
white. Alar ex. 5g inch. Larva unknown. Captured in September at
the lamp.

The vertex is narrow elongate. Wings rather elongate in proportion
to width. Abdomen conical.

Named for Mr. E. B. Reed, of the Can. ENT.

Possibly this may be a variety of Y. pometellus, Harris, but I think it is
different. I have other specimens agreeing with some of Dr, Fitch’s
varieties of Pometellus, but 1 am by no means sure that he is right in
regarding them as mere varieties. Harris and Fitch place all these species
in Chetochilus, Steph.

3. Y. quercipominella. WN. sp. §

Palpi dark purplish brown, sprinkled with white on the under and
outer sufaces ; upper and inner surfaces and tip pale ochreous. Tongue
and maxillary palpi pale purplish-brown. Antennae dark purplish brown.
Head, thorax, and costa at the base, ochreous yellow, tinged with pur-
plish fuscous in some lights. Costal half of the wings, beyond the base,
pale ochreous, with a row of minute dark brown dots on the costa; dorsal
half dark purplish-brown, twice faintly notched in the basal half. An
ochreous streak around the dorso-apical margin, containing about six
small, dark purplish or brown dots. Costo-apical ciliae ochreous, extreme

s

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 223

apical ciliae purplish brown, dorso-apical ciliae ochreous, streaked with
purplish brown. Posterior wings and ciliae pale slate color. Abdomen
purplish-brown.

The vertex and anterior wings are very much elongate and narrow,
and the abdomen is sub-depressed. A/ar ex. 54 inch.

The larva feeds in the ‘‘Oak Apple” (gall of Cynips spongifica,
Harris.) Head yellowish, body green, dorsum dusky green, with two
longitudinal whitish lines (which, under the lens, appear to be made of
smull spots.) Iwo curved black lines on top of the first segment, and
two black spots on each side of it; eight black spots on each of the next
three segments, and five on each of the remainder, except the penultimate
and ante-penultimate. It became a pupa June 7th, and the imago
emerged June 16th. Kentucky.

The wings do not differ from Dr. Clemens’ description of Y. /lavivit-
tellus, but he says: “head, antennae and palpi fuscous.”

This resembles, but I think is different from VY. ( Chetochilus }
contubernalellus, Fitch.

4. Y. querciella. LV. sp.

Tongue yellowish, except the basal part, which is brown. Palpr
yellowish on the inner surface, brick red, suffused with fuscous on the
outer surface, especially at the base of the second joint. Antennae pale
yellowish, the apical half of each joint brown on the upper surface. Face
pale yellowish, slightly iridescent. Vertex, thorax and anterior wings pale
brick red, with a pink tinge, the wings sparsely but distinctly dusted with
dark brown, especially the apical portion, and with nine small dark brown
dots around the apex. Abdomen ochreous yellow above, brownish
beneath, with two pale ochreous yellow lines. A/ar ex. over 34 inch.
Kentucky.

The mature larva is nearly one inch long; when nearly mature, the
frst segment and head are grayish ferruginous with a tinge of rufous;
remaining segments greenish, with the posterior margin of each whitish.
There are two dorsal longitudinal white lines, and one on each side, and
six to eight black spots on each segment. Before becoming a pupa it
became bright brick red on top, and pinkish-yellow on the sides.
(Another instance of the colors of the imago assumed by the larva.) It »
became a pupa June 2nd, and the imago emerged June rth.

This is, in one respect, a singular insect. _It is much larger and more
robust than the preceding species (Y. guercifominella,) but in all other

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

nS)
bo
pe

respects the structure of the two insects is identical, except that while the
forewings of that species are very long and narrow, and almost pointed,
in this their width at the apex is more than one-fourth of their length, with
the costo-apical angle rather sharply, and the dorso-apical very obtusely
rounded, and the apex oblique and a little concave. Yet the neuration does
not differ. There is a similar difference in the shape of the hind wings,
but none in the neuration. But for the palpi, it would, in external
appearance, resemble a Zortrix.

5. Y.caryefoliella. WN. sp.

Tongue yellowish, except at the base, where it is brownish. Palpi
dark purplish-brown; except the inner surface, which is pale yellowish, and
the apex of the tuft, which is dusky grey. Head, antennae and thorax
reddish-golden, suffused with fuscous, in some lights appearing dark
golden, in others reddish-brown. Antennae with pale annulations.
Anterior wings with a silky lustre, dark yellowish-red suffused with fuscous,
shining, some portions of the wing appearing almost slate color, whilst
others are dark purplish-red, changing with the light ; two or three minute
blackish dots upon the disc ; posterior wings plumbeous. Legs brown
upon their anterior, yellowish on their interior surfaces. A/ar ex. 1% inch.
Kentucky.

The structure of this insect is identical with that of the preceding
(VY. guerciella), except that the anterior wings are scarcely so wide in
proportion to their length. It resembles it closely, but may be dis-
tinguished by the slightly narrower wings, which have a little wider
expanse and have more of a deep dull red, and are not of so bright a
brick red. ;

The larva sews together the leaves of Hickory trees (Cary@ alba.)
When taken (June 6th) it was about 34 of an inch long, green, with six
narrow, and some of them interrupted, white stripes which did not quite
reach the anal segment ; head ferruginous ; the following segment brown ;
true feet black. The next day it became white suffused with pink, and
the longitudinal stripes became deep pink. On the roth it became a~
pupa, and on the 23rd the imago emerged.

I should regard this as a variety of J]. guerciel/a but for the decided
differences in the larva.

6. Y. Straminiella. WN. sp.

Tongue and second joint of palpi brown, faintly tinged with golden ;
third joint and apex of the second, pale straw colour. Antennae pale
straw colour, each joint tipped above with brown. Head, thorax and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225

eee

anterior wings pale straw color, thickly dusted with brown. (By artificial
light under the lens the dusting becomes golden brown, or bright reddish-
golden.) In the apical part of the wing the dusting is dense and assumes
the form of an indistinct, irregular, transverse line. Four small spots of
the same hue with the dusting, one above the fold, not far from the base,
two others opposite each other about the basal fourth, one on the fold, the
other on the disc; the other which is, rather, a short streak, about the
middle of the wing, the four forming an elongate coffin-shaped figure.
(The spots and dusting are only visible under the lens, and to the naked
eye, the wings appear of a straw color with a satiny lustre.) Posterior
wings silvery, their ciliac straw color. Abdomen conical, straw color
dusted with brown. Legs brownish ; tarsi brown, annulate with white.
Alar ex. Ys inch. Captured June 16th,in Kentucky. Larva unknown.

The vertex is not greatly elongate, and the wings are rather wide in
proportion to their length, and the antennae are microscopically pubes-
cent. I think it must resemble closely Y. punctiatscel/us, Clem.

SAGARITIS,* gen. 100.

In the absence of any extended means of reference to the works of
European Entomologists,and being unable to locate the species below
described in any genus known to me, I have been led to establish for it
this genus. Possibly it may belong to Chetochi/us, Steph.

Slender, graceful in appearance. Legs rather long; wings narrow.
Maxillary palpi minute, tongue moderate ; labial palpi long, recurved, the
terminal joint acicular, and almost hidden by the tuft of the second joint,
which projects upwards and forwards, instead of downwards and forwards,
as in Ypsolophus (which otherwise resembles this genus as to the head and
palpi.) Vertex narrow elongate. Antennae slender, simple, more than
half as long as the wings.

Anterior wings elongate, narrow, faintly falcate beneath the apex.
Discal cell closed ; the costal attains the margin just behind the middle ;
subcostal, furcate near the margin, which it attains before the apex, and
sending off in its course three branches to the costal margin, one from
about the middle, one before the discal vein, and one at the discal vein.
Median, furcate beyond the discal vein, both branches attaining the dorsal
margin at about the apical fifth; the discal vein sends off three branches,
all of which attain the posterior margin behind the apex, the upper branch
being furcate ; sub-median furcate near the base. Posterior wing a little

*Sagaritis -A wood Nymph.

226 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

wider than the forewing, falcate beneath the apex ; discal cell short, rather
wide, closed by a bow-shaped, oblique discal vein ; costal vein and basal
portion of the subcostal almost coincident with the costal margin, the
subcostal curving downwards towards the discal vein, and again upwards
from the discal vein to the apex, before which it becomes furcate, sending
a branch to the costal margin above, and another below the apex; the
discal vein sends.a branch to the dorsal margin from its middle ; the
median is furcate from the discal vein, and sends a branch to the post-
erior margin from about the middle of the cell ; submedian and internal,
simple.

It therefore approaches Y/so/ophus in the neuration, as well as in the
palpi. It is still more nearly allied to Anorthosia, Clem., but the neuration
is quite distinct.

S. gracilella. NN. sp.

Pale ochreous yellow. A small brown spot on the costa near the base,
another on the fold about midway of the length of the wing, and another
nearly opposite it near the costa. A row of small brown spots extending
around the apex. Wing sparsely and faintly dusted with brown. A/ar —
ex. not quite 34 inch. Kentucky. Larva unknown. .

The body is slender and the legs rather long. A single specimen was
taken May 7th, resting upon the trunk of a tree. When disturbed it
fluttered around for a moment, re-alighting always on the same tree.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN HYMENOPTERA, No. 4

BY E. T. CRESSON,
Continued from Vol, 4, Page 84.

Genus Microctronus, Wesm.

MICROCTONUS AGILIS. iV. sf.—Z. Piceous, shining; clypeus and
mandibles testaceous ; palpi whitish; antenne longer than head and
thorax, slender, fuscous, basal third pale; pleura beneath, rufo-piceous ;
tegulz whitish ; wings hyaline, iridescent ; nervures and stigma fuscous,
the latter large, lanceolate ; marginal cell longer than stigma, lanceolate ;
legs, including coxz, pale honey-yellow, extreme tips of posterior tibie
dusky ; abdomen smooth, shining, depressed, first segment tinged with
rufo-piceous, gradually dilated to apex. Length .10 inch.

ffab.—Illinois. One specimen.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. _ 227

Genus EupHorus, Nees.

Eupnorus scutptus. JV. sf.—Q Black ; head shining, pale yellow-
ferruginous ; spot enclosing ocelli, and occiput black ; palpi fuscous ;
antennz long, slender, entirely black; mesothorax finely punctured,
somewhat shining ; scutellum, metathorax and first abdominal segment
densely rugose, opaque ; metathorax broad, abruptly truncate behind ;
tegulz rufo-piceous; wings faintly dusky, nervures and stigma fuscous,
the latter broad ; legs dull ferruginous, coxae black, four posterior tro-
chanters, femora at base, and more or less of their tibiae and tarsi
blackish ; abdomen beyond first segment sub-ovate, flattened, smooth and
polished ; first segment broadly dilated at tip; ovipositor pale, nearly as
long as abdomen, sheaths black and thickened at tips. Length .15
inch.

/fab.—lllinois. One specimen.

EUPHORUS MELLIPES. JV. sf.—{. Black, shining; face with dense
silvery-white pile; clypeus and mandibles, except tips, pale ferruginous ;
palpi pale ; antennae pale ferruginous, more or less dusky toward tips, the
joints short and distinct; thorax gibbous, minutely sculptured ; meta-
thorax rounded, opaque, coarsely granulated; tegulae pale; wings
hyaline, iridescent, nervures pale yellowish, stigma fuscous, paler at base ;
legs, iucluding coxae, honey-yellow, tips of posterior tibiae and more or
less of their tarsi dusky ; abdomen small, sub-ovate beyond first segment,
depressed, smooth and polished, rufo-piceous ; first segment gradually
dilated to apex, longitudinally aciculated, black ; venter pale rufo-piceous.
Length .13 inch.

Hab.—New Jersey; Illinois. Three specimens.

EupuHoRus scitutus. V..sf.—¥. Head sub-globose, honey-yellow;
spot covering ocelli and tips of mandibles black ; antennae about as long
as head and thorax, pale fuscous, honey-yellow at base, the joints short,
pale sericeous ; thorax honey-yellow, darker than head, mesothorax and
scutellum fuscous; tegulae pale ; wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures and
stigma fuscous, the latter large, sub-triangular, marginal cell very short,
about one-third the length of stigma; legs, including coxae, pale honey-
yellow, posterior femora, tibiae and tarsi more or less dusky ; abdomen
smooth shining, fuscous, first and base of second segment honey-yellow.
Length .08 inch.

fTab.—lllinois. One specimen.

228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISY.

Genus LEIOPHRON, Nees.

LEIOPHRON LAEVIS. JV. s6—fZ. Deep black, shining ; head small,
face with a large shining prominence ; mandibles dark rufous; palpi
dusky ; antennae abcut as long as body, black, scape dull rufe-picecus;
thorax finely punctured, middle lobe of mesothorax prominent, as also the.
scutellum ; metathorax opaque, coarsely rugose, rather abrupt posteriorly,
on each side above a rather deep longitudinal groove, curving inwardly
and meeting on posterior face ; tegulae dull rufous ; wings hyaline, faintly
dusky towards apex, nervures and stigma pale fuscous; legs, including
coxae, honey-yellow, posterior coxae blackish at base and beneath, tips cf
their tibiae and their tarsi slightly dusky ; abdomen regularly fusiform from
base to apex, first segment black, broad at apex, minutely and rather
indistinctly aciculated longitudinally ; remainder of abdomen piceous,
smooth and polished. Length .20 inch.

ffab.—Canada. (Pettit.) One specimen.

Genus Catyptus, Haliday. (Brachistes, Wesm.)

CaLyptus major. WV. s6—Q. Deep black, shining; head trans-
verse, vertex and face irregular, densely punctured, the latter wide, occiput
and cheeks smooth ; eyes small; clypeus tinged with rutous ; mandibles
ferruginous, black at tips; palpi whitish ; antennae as‘long as head and
thorax, brown black, scape pale brown; thorax shining, mesothoracic
lobes prominent, sometimes tinged with brown, central lobe truncate
anteriorly, sutures coarsely crenulated ; tegulae honey-yellow ; wings
faintly dusky, nervures and stigma black ; legs honey-yellow, coxae and
trochanters paler, posterior tibiae fuscous, pale at base, basal joint ‘of
their tarsi dusky ; abdomen sub-compressed towards apex, smooth and
polished, more or less tinged with piceous; first segment longitudinally
aciculated ; ovipositor as long as body, honey-yellow, sheaths black.
Length .18—.22 inch.

ffab.—Canada ; Virginia; Illinois. Four specimens.

CALYpTuS ROTUNDicEPS. JV. s6—Z. Black, smooth and polished;
head nearly globose ; mouth brown; palpi whitish ; antennae nearly as
long as body, slender, brown-black, basal third luteous beneath ; tegulae,
basal nervures of wings, and legs, pale luteous; wings hyaline, sub-
iridescent, faintly dusky at tips, stigma and nervures piceous; apical half
of posterior tibiae bJackish behind; abdomen smooth and polished,
depressed, basal segment longitudinally aciculated. Length .16 inch.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229

Hfab.—Illinois. One specimen.

Catyptus TipiaToR. WV. sf.—f. Black, shining ; head transversely
subquadrate ; clypeus, except base, and mandibles, fulvous ; palpi white ;
antennae brown-black above, fulvo-testaceous beneath ; tegulae and basal
wing nervures honey-yellow ; wings hyaline, iridescent, stigma and _ner-
vures fuscous ; legs pale luteous, spot on tips of posterior femora above,
their tibiae except base, and tips of their tarsi, blackish ; abdomen short,
depressed, shining, two basal segments longitudinally aciculated when
viewed under a‘strong lens, the first segment with-two longitudinal carinae,
converging at apex. Length .10 inch.

Hab.—New Jersey. One specimen. Smaller than rotundiceps, which
it closely resembles.

CaLypTus MExIcaNus. WV. sf.— f. Deep black, sub-opaque, clothed
with a very short whitish pile; head transverse; mandibles and palpi
brown ; antennae brown-black ; middle lobe of mesothorax with a central
longitudinal ridge, the sutures broad and deep, meeting on the disc before
posterior margin ; two deep square depressions before scutellum; meta-
’ thorax coarsely reticulated ; depressions of pleura and pectus coarsely
striated; tegulae piceous; wings hyaline, iridescent, slightly dusky at
tips ; legs black, more or less tinged with brownish, the four anterior tarsi
pale fuscous ; abdomen sub-convex, coarsely and longitudinally aciculated
or striated, first segment with two prominent longitudinal carinae, con-
verging towards apex, apical margin of second segment narrowly smooth
and polished. Length .20 inch.

Hab.—Orizaba, Mexico. (Prof. Sumichrast.) One specimen.

Genus Eupapizon, Nees.

EUBADIZON MACULIVENTRIS, Cesson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Nov.,
1872.

ffab.—Texas. One ff specimen.

EUBADIZON LATERALIS. WV. sf.—Z. Pale honey-yellow; palpi
whitish ; spot covering ocelli and occiput fuscous ; antennae nearly as
long as body, fuscous above, testaceous beneath, pale at base ; mesothorax
except sides of middle lobe, scutellar region and metathorax above
blackish ; metathorax rounded above, smooth, without carinae; wings
hyaline, iridescent, stigma and nervures fuscous; legs paler than body,
tips of posterior femora, their tibiae and tarsi blackish, bases of their

230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

tibiae narrowly whitish ; abdomen sub-opaque, blackish above, apical
corners of first segment, and spot at sides of remaining segments pale
honey-yellow ; ovipositor nearly as long as body, sheaths blackish.
Length .14 inch.

ffab.—Illlinois. One specimen. Much smaller than: maculiventris,
and differently marked.

EUBADIZON PLEURALIS. JV. sf..— JZ 2. Black, smooth and shining ;
mandibles dull testaceous; palpi whitish; antennae long and slender,
brown beneath, paler at base ; mesothorax more or less tinged with testa-
ceous ; scutellum pale testaceous; pleura honey-yellow; tegulae and
basal wing nervures whitish; wings hyaline, beautifully iridescent, nervures
dusky, stigma pale, sub-hyaline ; legs, including coxae, pale yellowish-
white, tarsi more or less and tips of posterior tibiae dusky ; abdomen
entirely black, shining ; ovipositor of ? rather longer than body, honey-
yellow, sheaths black. Length .16—.18 inch.

ffab.—Missouri. (Riley.) Three specimens.

_EUBADIZON AMERICANUS. JV. sf.—Q. Black, shining; mandibles
and palpi pale testaceous; antennae brown-black, as long as head and
thorax, scape piceous above, testaceous beneath ; metathorax rugose, with
a deep depression on each side above, behind the middle; tegulaé and
basal wing nervures pale honey-yellow; wings faintly dusky, sub-
iridescent, nervures and stigma fuscous, the latter large and sometimes
black ; legs, including coxae, honey-yellow, the tarsi and posterior tibiae
except base, blackish ; the first, and second except apex, longitudinally
roughened, the remainder smooth and polished, base of first segment with
two elevated carinae ; ovipositor longer than body. Length .18—.20
inch.

Hab.—New Jersey. Ten specimens. Distinguished from p/euralis
by the entirely black thorax, dark stigma and wing nervures and roughened
base of abdomen..

Genus ICHNEUTES, Nees.

ICHNEUTES ABDOMINALIS, Cress. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Nov., 1872.

Hab.—Texas. (Belfrage.) One 2 specimen.

ICHNEUTES BICOLOR. JV. sf.—@. Black, clothed with a very short
whitish sericeous pile, very dense on the face; mandibles and palpi dull
testaceous ; thorax smooth and shining, metathorax opaque; tegulae
honey-yellow ; wings hyaline, iridescent, costal nerve black, lower margin

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 231

of stigma and nervures fuscous ; legs, including coxae, honey-yellow, tarsi
‘varied with dusky ; abdomen fulvo-ferruginous, base of first segment and
apical and lateral margins of third and following segments black ; first
and second segments opaque, roughened, remaining segments smooth and
shining. Length .zo inch.

Hlab.—Massachusetts. One specimen.

ICHNEUTES FULVIPES. JV. sf.—Z. — Black, shining, face and pleura
clothed with pale glittering pile, longer and more dense on the face ;
mandibles and palpi dull testaceous ; antennae dark brown ; tegulae and
space in front honey-yellow; metathorax rough, opaque; wings faintly
dusky at tips, iridescent, costal nerve black, lower half of stigma and the
nervures fuscous ; legs, including coxae, pale honey-yellow, tarsi more or
less tinged with dusky; two basal segments roughened, opaque, very
obscurely tinged with dull rufous, remaining segments black, smooth and
shining. Length .17 inch.

fTab.—Illinois. One specimen. ‘This may prove to be the ~ of
bicolor.

(To be Continued.)

INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA
COMPILED BY THE EDITOR.

From Kirby's Fauna Boreali-Americana: Insecta.

(Continued from Page 198.)

281. CHRYSOMELA CONFINIS A7rdy.—Length of body 4% lines. A
single specimen taken in Nova Scotia by Capt. Hall. .

Nearly related to the preceding species. Body oblong, obscurely
bronzed-green, grossly punctured. Palpi, antennae, legs, and rhinarium
ferruginous: punctures of the prothorax scattered in masses, with the
interstices very minutely punctured: scutellum bronzed: elytra reddish
with a discoidal flexuose irregular pale stripe dilated at the base and
towards the apex; there are also two flexuose dark-green discoidal stripes
in the disk, the exterior one nearly reaching the base and the interior
approaching nearer to the apex, between these towards the base is a single
oblong green spot, and outside them are many irregular ones of the same
colour; all these spots and stripes are convex and mostly circumscribed

2,32 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

by punctures ; there is a double series of punctures diverging towards the
base ; and an oblique abbreviated one between these and the scutellum,
as in many farpadlidae, &c.; the interstice between the double series is
green at the base. There is a lateral series of punctures also as in C.
Philadel phica.

|Synonymous with C. Sfzraeae Say. Taken on Lake Superior- by
Agassiz. |

[212.] 282. CHRySOMELA Bicspyana Kirby.—Length of body 4
lines. Asingle 2 specimen taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby. [Taken in
Ontario. |

Colour and sculpture of the body like those of the preceding species,
from. which C. Bigsbyana differs principally in having the sides and the
anterior margin of the prothorax reddish-yellow ; the elytra are of the
same colour, but the suture itself, especially at the base, a stripe parallel
to it, a large humeral bilobed spot, the interior lobe of which is obtus-
angular or broken, and several irregular dots and spots on the elytra are
black-green.

283. CHRYSOMELA MULTIPUNCTATA Say.—Length of body 4% lines.
Taken frequently in the journey from New York to Cumberland House.
[Taken in Canada. ]

Body, head, antennae, and legs, ferruginous. Prothorax pale-yellow,
with two posterior triangular ferruginous spots with a dot of the same
colour between them ; the punctures of the prothorax are more numerous
and smaller than in C. Philadelphica, &c.; elytra yellowish-white; suture
and a confluent stripe circumscribed with the double series of punctures,
diverging towards the base of the elytra, ferruginous ; surface covered
with irregular greenish dots and short lines, as in the preceding species, a
row of punctures marks the exterior side of the elytra, the interstice
between it and the margin is immaculate and impunctured, the rest of the
elytrum being thickly covered with scattered minute punctures.

[213.] 284. CHRYSOMELA CLIVICOLLIS A7réy.—Length of body 4%
lines. A single specimen taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

Body between oblong and hemispherical, violet. . Head punctured ;
labrum without punctures: prothorax elevated in the centre to an obtuse
peak, from the summit of which descend several concentric channels
which run nearly to the margin, the interstices of which are punctured :
scutellum violet with a green tint: elytra reddish, punctured, punctures
scattered with some tendency to arrange into rows ; three large dark

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 233

violet spots distinguish the elytra, the first upon the shoulders subtri-
angular with the vertex truncated, the second near the apex bilobed, the
third at the base forming with that on the other elytrum a large cruciform
spot ; suture violet: anterior thighs armed with two stout teeth.

285. CHRYSOMELA RUFIPES De (eer.—Length of body 234 lines. A
single specimen taker’ in the Expedition.

[214.] The American differs a little from the British specimens. In
the first place it is scarcely half the size, not only the mouth but the space
before and between the eyes is rufous, only the vertex and occiput being
black: the black spot of the prothorax, instead of consisting of two
distinct spots connected only at their base, is only divided at its apex into
two lobes, and the spots of the elytra though similarly arranged, are less
distinct: they agree in having the body underneath, except the rufous
anus, black ; and the legs rufous.

{Taken on Lake Superior by Agassiz’s Expedition. ]

286. PH#pon Aponipis Pallas.—Length of body 3-4 lines. Several
specimens taken in Lat. 54°.

[215.] Body black, punctured, sprinkled underneath with cinereous
hairs. Vertex rufous with an occipital black spot: prothorax reddish-
yellow, with a large discoidal black spot reaching from base to apex and
constricted anteriorly ; on each side also there is a round black dot;
scutellum black, impunctured: elytra reddish-yellow, thickly punctured
with scattered punctures ; suture black except at the base; a black dis-
coidal stripe or blotch reaching neither to the base nor the apex, anteriorly
obliquely truncated and posteriorly acute, also distinguishes these
organs.

Variety B. With the discoidal stripe acute at each extremity and
smaller.

Variety C. With the discoidal stripe evanescent.

[Taken at Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River, by Mr. Kennicott.]

287. PH#DON RapHani Fadr.—Length of body 2%=234 lines.
Several taken in Lat. 54°. :

Body oblong, punctured, glossy; underneath black with the disk a
little bronzed, above green or green-gold. Head and prothorax minutely
punctured ; five first joints of the antenne bronzed and glossy; the
remainder cinereous and obscure: scutellum impunctured, violet: elytra

234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISTY.

very thickly punctured, punctures not arranged in rows: parapleura cen-
fluently punctured: disk of the postpectus bronzed and transversely
striated with very slightly impressed striole.

In the female the abdomen, as in PA. Polygont, is often so distended
with eggs as to make the elytra appear abbreviated.

Variety B. With the whole of the upper surface green, without any
golden lustre.

[This and the two following species are included in the genus Gastro-

physa Chev. |

[216.] 288. PH#DON poLycont Linn.—Length of body 2 lines,
Taken in Nova Scotia by Dr. MacCulloch and Capt. Hall. [Very com-
mon in Canada. |

Body oblong-ovate, punctured, glossy, underneath black. Head deep
blue, with an abbreviated channel in the vertex between the eyes; antennz
piceous, with the first five joints rufous: prothorax convex, rufous: elytra
deep blue, thickly punctured: legs rufous with piceous tarsi; anus
rufous.

289. PHYLLoDEcTA VITELLIN® Zixn.—Length of body 2% lines.

[217-] Body oblong, a little inclining to ovate, glossy ; underneath
black-bronzed, scarcely punctured; above bronzed with a copper tint,
minutely punctured. First and second joints of the antennae rufous:
scutellum impunctured: elytra punctured in rows, with the interstices
indistinctly punctured : tarsi piceous with the first joint rufous.

[Taken on Lake Superior by Agassiz’s Expedition ; in Ontario, also.]

Family Haticip#.

290. HALTICA (ORCHESTRIS) VICINA XAirby.-—Length of body 3%
lines. A single specimen taken.

Body underneath pale rufous with the disk of the postpectus black.
Head punctured in the vertex, dirty-white, with a pair of contiguous black
dots between the eyes and a subtriangular one on the nose; antennae
black with the underside of the scape and the two next joints dusky-
rufous: prothorax very minutely and lightly punctured, white with two

irregular black spots placed obliquely on each side, and a black longitu-
dinal streak between them: scutellum black: elytra very minutely and
thickly punctured, with a sutural stripe common to both, a discoidal one
rather nearer the lateral margin, and another just above it all black ;_ the
intermediate stripe falls short of the apex of the elytra: the upper side of
the tibiae is dusky, and the tarsi are black.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 935

[218.] 291. Haxrica (ORCHESTRIS) PUNCTICOLLIS A7réy.—Plate vii,
fig. 9.—Length of body 234-3 lines. A single specimen taken in Lat.
65°. Taken also by Prof. Peck in New England ?

Body subovate, very black, underneath glossy. Head irregularly
punctured behind: antennae underneath pieeous at the base: prothorax
very minutely and lightly punctured, pale-yellow with two black round
dots in the disk between which above the scutellum is a less black tri_
angular impression: elytra very minutely and lightly punctured: forebreast
pale-yellow.

Variety B. Elytra with a blue tint.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGY.

We are indebted to the kindness of Prof. Townend Glover, Entomolo-
gist of the Agricultural Department, Washington, for the first part of his
new illustrated work on our North American insects. This part contains
thirteen finely colored plates, in which are figured nearly all our described
Orthoptera. The engravings, which are very beautiful, are from copper
plates, and are, both in design and execution, the production of the
talented author. We deem this work, of which the first number is merely
introductory, one of very great merit, and sincerely hope that our
esteemed friend will be enabled to continue it until the whole of his
valuable material, which has cost him many years of patient labor and
study, and which includes figures of a large proportion of our insects of
all orders, may be given to the scientific world.

We observe that this first edition of the first part, of fifty copies only,
has been generously published at the authors own expense. It is not to
be expected that so costly a work could be undertaken by any private
individual ; we trust, therefore, that the Department of Agriculture, which
he has so long, ably, and faithfully served, will at once recognize the
- value of his labors, and that upon their recommendation, Congress will,
with its accustomed liberality in all scientific matters, make such appro-
priation as may enable the author to give the world the benefit of his
patient and persevering study; the more especially as this work will treat
_of the many insects injurious to vegetation, and will therefore be of
immense practical value to Agriculturists as well as to Entomologists.

236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTES ON SOME GENERA OF CANADIAN INSECTS.

BY FRANCIS WALKER, LONDON, ENGLAND.

Genus Chadlcis.

This genus comes next to Smicra, which has the greatest development
of the peculiar characters of the family Cha/cididae, such as the compact
antenne, the robust body, the large quadrate prothorax, and the much
dilated hind thighs. In all these characters this family agrees with
Leucospidae, from which it totally differs in the structure of the abdomen,
and the two families have a supremacy of structure which is not wholly
shared by any other in the tribe Chatcididae. Chalcis is followed by
ffaltichella. In the latter, which attains its largest size in Australia, the
above structure is less prominent, the insertion of the antenne descends
from the snout towards the mouth, and the flagellum is more whip-like
and has more active vibration, and resembles that of some species of
Lincyrtus, to which genus /Za/tichel/a has also a resemblance in the short-
ness of the ulna vein. Unlike Smicra, which chiefly dwells in S. America,
Chalcis is spread somewhat equally and extensively over the globe. It
consists of numerous forms which are generally closely allied to each
other in structure and colouring, and are not easily distinguishable, and
suggest the idea that species are now determinate and concise by the
ubliteration of former links, and that in some cases these links are not
yet extinct. The respective differences of these species require to be
‘concisely shown in a synopsis. In a few forms the abdomen of the female
departs much from the usual structure, the apical part being attenuated
and nearly cylindrical; an example of this occurs in the Amazon region
and another in Arabia. In another case the male has pectinated antenne,
and has been considered as a distinct genus. C. Healegon, an Australian
species, has red antennz and a red abdomen, and thus differs remarkably
from the rest, the colour being almost always black, the legs varied with
yellow and sometimes partly red. C. minufa, a Canadian species, occurs
in England and is more frequent in S. Europe ; it also inhabits the U.S.,
and is probably identical with C. aznudifes, so named from West Indian
specimens, and it may be supposed to have spread northward in both
continents, and we have but to assume a continuous belt of tropic land
in former times, round the globe and connecting continents in the Atlantic
and Pacific, and alternate change of climate, and then the more or less
extent of insect species becomes a mere question of time. C. /lavipes

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ys

inhabits S. Europe, and also occurs in China, and was probably there and
in Hindostan before it came into Europe. These two species are thus
examples of the two affinities of the European insect race, one with North
America, the other with North Asia, and both increasing northward.
Many genera of insects may be traced from the tropics northward, and
their species may be observed in successively smaller circles till they attain
their highest latitude. The distribution of the insect race by migration,
and the variety thereby of their kinds in different regions, afford far
greater proofs of the design, and contrivance, and wisdom of the Creator,
than would have been manifested by their immediate appearance in the
spots where they now exist.

MISCELLANEOUS.

MELIT#A Harrisit.—Mr. W. H. Edwards, of Coalburgh, W. Va.
has, during the past summer, reared the larva of Melitea Harrisit: It
was found feeding on Actinomerus squarrosa, a composite plant allied to
Flelianthus. It is probable that this species, so widely distributed, feeds
on many of these closely allied plants in different localities.—W.
SAUNDERS.

OsMIA CANADENSIS Cresson.—This
insect, which was described .by Mr. E.
T. Cresson, of Philadelphia in the
Pro. Ent. Soc., Phila., vol. 3, p. 23, has
been found destructive to the foliage of
some strawberry plants, by Mr. J. Pettit,
of Grimsby, who has kindly furnished
me with specimens. It was observed
: : during the past season in the Township
of Oxford. For the accompanying figure, which represents the female, I
am indebted to my esteemed friend, Mr. Cresson, who very kindly made
the drawing from which the ent was engraved. I am also indebted to him
for the determination of the species. In the figure the insect is repre-
sented on an enlarged scale, the hair line at the side showing its natural
length. In both sexes the head, thorax, and abdomen are green, and
more or less densely covered with whitish down or short hairs, those on

238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. -

the thorax being longest. The female is larger than the male. The male
is fully described by Mr. Cresson in the volume above mentioned, to which
the reader is referred.

Mr. Pettit says “‘the insects were taken in East Oxford, July 2nd, on
a few strawberry plants in my brother’s garden. The plants, perhaps
nearly roo in number, had been nearly all denuded of their leaves, and a
search in the evening having failed to reveal the authors of the mischief, I -
examined them again in the heat of the day, and found the little culprits
actively engaged in nibbling away the remaining shreds of the leaves
They appeared to chew the fragments into a pulp, and carry it away, but.
the little time I spent in observing them was insufficient to determine
anything further respecting their habits.” .

Doubtless the leaves so consumed were used either in the construction
or lining of their nests.—W. SAUNDERS.

Notes ON SoME BUTTERFLIES AND THEIR LARva.—We extract the
following interesting details in reference to the life history of some of
our butterflies, from a letter received from Mr. W. H. Edwards, of Coal-
burgh, West Virginia, U. S., under date of October 12th :—W. S.

“*T have in all, probably 200 eggs of Argynnis Cybele, some deposited
on violet leaves, and some on the cloth that covered the keg in which I
confined the females, with the growing plant, and I suppose half of them
have given larvae. I also had quite a number of eggs of Aphrodite, and
a few larve from them. I endeavored this time to avoid dryness, as the
contrary state seemed to be most natural to these larvee,and I attained this
end by placing wet sand in the bottom of a glass goblet,in which sand
were stuck small sprigs, or single leaves of different sorts of wild violets,
all the species I could find hereabouts at this season; I also tried the
pansy. The goblets I covered with damp cloths.”

“The young larvz, as soon as hatched, were transferred to these various
leaves, and as none have died—although three weeks have. elapsed since
the first were hatched—I think they must be healthy. They are but little
bigger than when hatched, but must have eaten for some days, as they
were then pretty lively, but I have been unable to discover on the leaves
any visible evidence of feeding. I presume they eat the surface of the
leaf, not the edge. For a week past I have seen no sign of motion, but
the larvae remain in the same position. In the grooves of the larger
violet leaves are several, three or four in a row, and I notice that the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239

folded edges of leaves are sure to contain some tenants. These larvee are
about one-tenth of an inch in length, very hairy; and they have a way,
when touched, of doubling themselves up, and it is easy to handle them
then by a pin witha bent point. I find | can lift them off a leaf even
when they are lethargic, by means of the pin, and transfer them to another
leaf, when they straighten themselves cut slowly and then resume their
first position. Ass it will be impossible for me to carry them through the
winter on fresh violet leaves, I shail have to place the leaves now occupied
in t'n boxes or some other suitable vessels, and trust to skill or good luck,
hoping that by one or the other of these some of the larvae may reach
next spring alive.”

“On looking over the old volumes of the Can. Ent., I see your
description of Libythea Bachmanii. There is a query about Motya in the
September number of the magazine. Iam sure that Bachmannitz is the
species found in the Northern States and Canada. JZ. Motya I do not
know. Scudder says it isa West Indian species, and perhaps found in
-our Southern States. Bachmannii varies much, especially in the appear-
ance of underside of secondaries, some being of a uniform brown, and
others beautifully shaded with brown and fuscous or ashen. I had the
good fortune to raise a brood this season from the egg, and found both
the varieties spoken of, among the butterflies. I will try to find time to
write a history of these larvae for the ENromo.Locist soon. I have also
partially raised from the egg a brood of Afpatura celtis, but after the second
moult they seem to have undertaken their winter's sleep. The eggs of
both these species are very interesting.” —W. H. Epwarps.

SiR JoHn Luppock’s Pet Wasp.—From the Daily Telegraph,
London, England.— One of the most curious attendants this year at the
gathering of the British Association in Brighton, was a little gentleman in
brown overcoat, with black and yellow nether garments, wearing a sharp
sword poisoned at the tip. . We are inclined to thirk that, next to Mr.
Stanley, this visitor might be called by far the most remarkable and best
worth attention among all the assembled notorieties. It was Sir John
Lubbock’s pet wasp; and the respect which would naturally be paid to
any friend of the benevolent savant who has given London its new holi-
days, was really due to this insect on its own account. Captured in a
nest of soft grey paper in the Pyrenees, the wasp was the very first of its
species that had ever received an education. Sir John exhibited it to the
members of the Association with just pride, as a proof of what kindness

240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

’

and patience can effect upon the most unpromising creatures ; and even
' Mr. Forster might have wondered to see it come out of the glass bottle
where it lives, eat sugar from its master’s fingers, allow him to stroke its
striped back, and fly round and round his head, returning always to its —
home in the bottle. At first, says its distinguished educator, it was
“rather too ready with its sting,” but now it never thinks of unsheathing
the tiny rapier at its tail; and nobody who saw the insect could doubt
that its nature had been greatly changed.

A PLaGvue of butterflies is a rare-occurrence. A short time ago, how-
ever, the town of Florence was invaded by a prodigious quantity of these
insects. All the distance of the Long’arno between the Piazza Manin and
the Barriera and in all the adjacent streets the passage was almost
obstructed by an.extraordinary quantity of butterflies that had swarmed
in such thick clouds round the gaslights that the streets were compar-
atively dark. Fires were immediately lighted by order of the
Municipality and by private citizens, in which the butterflies burnt their
wings, so that half an hour afterwards one walked on a layer formed by
the bodies of the butterflies an inch thick !!! They were of a whitish
colour, and some of the streets appeared as if covered with snow, at least
so say the Italian papers.— ature.

Our ANNUAL ReEportT.—We expect to be able to mail to each of our
members a copy of the Annual Report of the Entomological Society of
Ontario to the Department of Agriculture for 1872, sometime during the
month of January, 1873. ‘It will treat of insects injurious to the straw-
berry, grape, potato, hop, and maple. There will also be a chapter on
beneficial insects, and a short history of some of our more common
innoxious insects, all illustrated as far as possible by suitable figures.

PIERIS VERNALIS.—Mr. G. M. Dodge writes us from Lllinois that on
October 16th and roth, 1872, he captured two male specimens of this
butterfly, but that the cold weather then coming on, he saw no more. He
enquires if it is not a little remarkable that this species should occur in
the fall? and if the fact does not militate against the idea entertained
that vernalts is the spring brood of P. protodice.—E. B. R.

THE AMERICAN ENTOMoLOGIST.—I have a few bound copies of the
two volumes of this periodical, which I will send post-paid by mail upon
receipt of $3.50 per volume, or $6.50 for both. Address C. V. RILEy,
Room 29, Insurance Building, St. Louis, Mo.

INDEX TO VOLUME IY.

-——— +0

A

Toe Aa on Georgian Butterflies,
73, 84.
Acanthocinus pusillus, 55,
Achalerus lycidas, 76, 86.
Acmaeors longicornis, 116.
a longiceps, 118.
proteus, 117, 118.
Acronycta occidentalis, notes on larva of,

Acronycta psi, 49, 50 52.
AcoRN Moth, 15
Adrasteia gen. nov., 149.

rb alexandriacella, n. sp., 149.
fasciella, n. sp., 149.
querciella, n. sp., 207.
quercifoliella, n. sp., 206.
Aglossa debi.is, 198.

Aygnippe gen. nov.

“ biscolore!la, n. sp., 195.
fuscopulvella, n. sp , 195,
Agrilus bivittatus, 35.

“* pilineatus, 35.

Agriotes mancus, 3.

** obscurus, 4.
Agrotis jaculifera, 137.
Alypia Langtonii, 205.

“ octomaculata, 205.
og Association, meeting of, 87, 145,

ae
“ee

“

oe

AMERICAN Entomologist, 19, 220.
American Lepidoptera, new illustrated

works on, 158,
Anaphora, descriptions of, 137.

st arcanella, 143.
agrotipennella, 137, 138, 142. -
mortipennella, n. sp., 137.
plumifrontella, 137, 138, 143.
Popeanella, 138, 143.
Anarsia, 65, 66.

‘* ~ obliqui-strigella, n. sp , 63, 175.
pruniella, 208.
Ancylochira fasciata, 37.
ANDREWs, W. V., articles by, 78, 140, 180.
A new Departure, 119.
ANNUAL ADDREss, 210.
ANNUAL Report, 24, 240.
Anobium foveatum, 151.
Authribus fasciatus, 178.
Anthocaris genutia, 74.
Apate bivittata, 152.

“domestica, 152. ¥

limbata, 152.
rufitarsis, 152.
rufipennis, 152.
nigriceps, 153.
brevicornis, 153.

ee

Apatura celtis. 75.
“* elyton, 75.
Apuipes, Geographica’ Distribution of, 97.
Apotomus ovatus, 178,
APPROPRIATIONS, Entomological in the U.
States, 58.
Argynnis, 46.
s aphrodite, 238.
atlantis, 203.
bellona, 163.
chariclea, 2035.
cybele, 238.
‘* “notes on, 121.
idalia, 75.
Asemum moestum, 56.
Attacus polyphemus, 36.
Attelabus bipustulatus, 178.
* Me notes on, 143.
enreulionides, 177.
similis, 177.

B

“ec
ae

Se.
ee
oe

se

ae

| Balaninus, 38, 39.

+.

rectus, 19.
Begoe gen. nov., 209.
“< costulutella, n. sp., 209.
Bett, Pror. J. J., Articles by, 155, 199.
Beruune, Rev. C. J. S., Articles by, 1, 31,
52, 93, 111, 141, 151, 156, 158, 175, 181,
196, 210, 231.
Briiincs, B.. Death of, 70.
BLISTERING BEETLES, 139.
Boox Notices, 77, 99, 158, 235.
Bow es, J. G., Articles by, 102.
Brachys aeruginosa, 124.
re ovata, 36.
Brenthis, 46-
Buprestis appendiculata, 34.
+ bilineatus, 35.
divaricata, 31, 32.
Drummondii, 33.
proxima, 33.
tenebrica, 32.
tenebrosa, 31, 32.
trinervia, 32.
umbellatorum, 3+.
Burrerriies American, on Scudder’s Re-
vision of, 214.
BUTTERFLIES, @ Plague of, 240.
i Embryonic Larvae of, 45.

2

Calandra pertinax, 154.
Callidium agreste, 55.

ss aulicum, 94.

cinnamopterum, 94.
collare, 56.

ce

“ec

242

Callidium dimidiatum, 93.
palliatus, 93.
proteus, 55, 93.
rusticum, 55, 50.
simile, 93.
striatum, 56.
sid triste, 94.
Callidryas eubule, 74.
Calosoma scrutator, 120.
Calyptus, major, n. sp.,

ee

228.
rotundiceps, 2. Sp.,
tibiator, n. sp,, 229.
mexicanus, n. sp., 229.
CATERPILLARS in Belgium, 64.

CatocaLa, List of North American spe-
cies, 164.

CAULFIELD, F. B., Articles by, 98.

Chalcophora virginiensis, 37,

CuaMBERS, V. T., Articles by, 7, 25, 41,
65, 88, 106, 123, 126, 146, 169, 191, 206,
221,

Chionobas—?, 204.

Chlamys plicata, 196.

Chrysebothris, 33.

femorata, 37, "124.

Chrysomela Bigsbyana, ‘232.

clivicollis, 252.
“ confinis, 231,
‘L. multipunctata, 232.

philadelphica, 197.

rufipes, 233

scalaris, 38.

spiraeae, 252.

Chrysophani, 47.

Cirrha gen. nov., 146.

“* platanella, n. sp., 146.
Cirrhophanus triangulifer, n. sp., 187.
Cis micans, 151,

CLEMENTI, V., Articles by, 36.

Cleonis vittatus, 155.

Clisiocampa americana, 134.

sylvatica, 134, 199.

Clytus fuscus, 95.

longipes. 95.

lunulatus, 95.

muricatulus, 96.

speciosus, 37.

“« undaytus, 94.

undulatus, 94,

COLEOPTERA, List of, 12.

on some leaf mining, 123,
8 taken at Grimsby, 98.

Colias, 48
ss philodice, 74,

‘* interior, 179, 202.

Collecting Tour in Labrador, 39, 59,

Conchylis Robinsonana, n. sp., 101.

5 maculana, 101,
Copiophora mucronata, n. sp., 16.
Coriscium, 7.

s albinatella, 25.

Corydalis cornutus, 38.

CouPEer, Wo., Articles by, 39, 59, 201.

Couper’s Labrador Tour, 179.

228.

oe
“ce

ae
“ce

ce

}

INDEX TO VOLUME ‘IV.

Cowcatcher, Ride on a, 14.

CRAMBID4, 157.

Cresson, E. T., Articles by, 21, 61, 81,
226. :

Criocephalus agrest's, 56.
Crort, Pror. H. H., Articles by, 119.
Cryptocephalus notatus, 196.
pubescens, 196.
ie sellatus, 197. ¢
Cryptolechia, 92.

D

Danais archippus, 74, 85, 199.
Debis portlandia, 75.
Deilephila galii, 205,
chaemanerii, 206.
Dendroctonus rufipennis, 153.
Depressaria, 67, 88, 90, 91, 126, 129, 146, ©
169.

# albipunctella, 169.

albisparsella, n. sp., 92, 128,146.

cs Aplana, 91.

atrodorsella, 91.

bicostomacu/ella, n. sp., 127,
128, 129, 147, 206.

“ himaculella, n. sp., 108, 129,147.

: hbistrigella, n. sp., 92, 128, 147.

cercerisella, n, sp., 108, 129,
132, 147.
$f cinereocostella, 91.
ee cryptolechiella, n. sp., 90, 91,
129, 147.

dubitella, n. sp., 90, 91, 92, 128,
14

Z° fuscoluteella,n. sp., 106, 129,147.
fusco-ochrelia, n. sp., 106, 147.

es Lecontella, 146, E
a Ontariella, 91.

we obscurusella, n. sp., 106, 128,

129, 147.
“% pallidochrella, n. sp., 126, 129,
147.
ce Lo imide ns eps, ‘OF BOL
129

s pulvipennella, 91,

ef querciella, n. sp., 127, 147, 207.

< Rileyella, n. sp., 106, 129, 147.

€ robiniella, 91, 107.

umbellana, 91.

EF versicolorella, n. sp., 127, 129,
147

DERMAPTERA (Orthoptera) List of, 30.
Desmocerus cyaneus, 120.
Diabrotica vittata, 37.
Diapheroma femorata, 200.
Dicerca, 31, 32.

sf lurida, 38,
DonceE Cuas. R., Article by, 14.
Dopneg, G. M., Articles by, 198, 217.
Doryphora 10 iineata, 37, 200

E
EDITORIAL, 1. ;
Epwarps, W. H., Articles by, 238.

INDEX

TO VOLUME IV.

243

Egeria exitiosa, 133.
ENTOMOLOGY, American Illustrations of,
235.
ENTOMOLOGICAL Society of Ontario, 141.
Annual Meeting
of, 187.

ENTOMOLOGICAL Loss, 179.
Epicauta vittata, 139.
Errata, 69, 150.
Error Corrected, 198.
Eubadizon americanus, n. sp., 230.
= latera is, n. sp., 229.
maculiventris, n. sp.,
pleuralis, n. sp., 230.
Enudamus tityrus, 75, 86.
Eulophus, 28.
. gracillariae,
Eumolphus vitis, 197.

“é 999,
se

_Euphorus mellipes, n sp., 227.
scitulus, n. sp., 227.
he sculptus, n EDs ited.

Euphyes metacomet, 150.
Euptoieta claudia, 75, 85.
Euptychia areolata, 74.
Euspilapteryx, 7.

Evagora dificilisella, n. sp.,

F
Female decoys, 138.
Feniseca tarquinius, 76, 85.

G
Gelechia, 65, 66, 69, 88, 90, 125, 147, 169.
aderucella, 125.
aequepulvella, n. sp., 192, 193.
albistrigella, n. sp., 171.
apicistrigella, 175.
anthyllidella, 69.
aurimaculella, n. sp., 172.
badiomaculella, n. sp., 192.
continuella, 126,
curvilineella, n. sp., 172.
difficilisella, 192.
discomaculella, n. sp., 172.
disco-ocella, n. sp., 194.
fuscomaculella, n. sp., 170.
Ffuscopulvella, n. ep., 170.
glandulella, 18, 65.
grisella, n. sp., 171.
Hermonnella, 67, 148, 169, 173.
Labradorica, 125:
ligulella, 125.
longifasciella, 174.
mimella, 69.
obliquistrigella, 175
obscurella, n. sp., 170.
palpiannulella, nN. sp., 68.
Physaliella, n. sp., 173.
quercinigracella, n. sp., 170.
querciverella, n. sp., 173.
quingueannulella, n. sp., 191.
elie 69, 148, 169, 174,

65 192.

|
;
Hargium lineatum, 96.
HEMIPTERA, 157.
bee Heteroptera, List of, 29.
HERIBEIA, 43.

Gelechia, rubensella, spn. ., 193.
rubideila, 193.
similiella, n. sp., 193.
suffusella, n. sp., 171.
tephriasella, n. sp., 63.
thoraceochrella, n. sp., 169, 170.
variiella, 174.
vorticella, 125.
Gnorimus maculosus, 119.
Gooseberry F ruit Ww orm, 154.
Gracillaria, 7 4, Sarees
albinatella, n. sp., 25.
desmodifoliella, 26.
eupatoriella, n. sp., 9.
= gradatella, 26.
juglandiella, 1 n. sp., 25, 88.
juglandisnigrella, n. sp., 38.
Kollariella. 26.
lespedezaefoliella, 7
ononidis, 11.
Packardella, n. sp., 27.
pavoniella, 9, 11.
plantaginicella,n. sp., 10.
purpuriella, n. sp., 27, 29.
robiniella, 7, 8, 9.
salicifoliella, n. sp., 8, 25.
12 lineella vn. sp., 11.
violacella, 26.
Graphisurus pusillus, 55.
Grapta, 46, 47.
** -fannus, 10,
progne, 204.
Grote, Ava. R., Articles by, 69, 101, 125,
136, 164, 187, 214, 220.

H

ee

“se

Hadrobregmus foveatus, 151.
Hagno gen. nov., 129, 191.

‘« eryptolechiella, 131, 152.
Faginella, n. sp.,131.
Haltica, 36.

puncticellis, 235.
vicina, 234.

_ incertella, n. sp., 44

HESPERIDZ, 48.

Hesperia, ona new Checkered, 69.
Hesperian, a new, 217.

Hesperia acanootus, 150.
bathyllus, 76, 86.
communis, 290,

delaware, 76.

illinois, n. sp., 217.
mandans, 205
numitor, 77.
paniscus, 205.
phyleus, 76.
Powesheik, 218.
sassacus, 77.

De

244

Hesperia samoset, 76 S86.
tessellata, 76, 86.
textor, 76.
verna, 76.
vialis, 76.
vitellius, 76.
zabulon, 76.
Hryts to Fruit Growers, 133.
Hipparcuia, 46.
Hispa inaequalis, 125.
quadrata,_ 125.

Holcocera, 38, 55.
chaicofrontella, 65.
glandulella, n. sp., 18, 65.
Horn, Dr. Gzo. H., 200.
Howarp, Wo. R., Article by, 219.
Hylobius confusus, 154.
Hylurgus rufipennis, 153.
HYMENOPTERA, Descriptions of N. A., 21,

61, 81, 226.
Hyperchiria varia, 160.
Hypercompa Lecontei, 37.
Hyponomeuta, 44,
evonymella, 1.

SS.
lengimaculella, n. sp., 43.
multipunctella, 42.
orbimaculella, n. sp., 88.

I

Ichneutes abdominalis, 230.
‘s bicolor, n. sp., 230.
Fulvipes, n. sp., 231.
Janadian, Geographical Distribu-
of, 184
notes on some genera

9

sp., 42, 43,

” 3”?

of, 209, 236. ‘
Insect Collections, Prizes for, 159,
INSEcTS in Pennsylvania, 140,

K
Kincston Branch, 78.

KIRBY’S Insects of British North Am-
erica, 31, 52, 93, 111, 151, 175, 196,

230.
ib;
Leconte, Dr. Joun L., 200.
Leiophron laevis, n. sp., 228.
Lema trilineata, 37.
LEPIDOPTERA, Descriptions of, from Ala-

bama, 101.

Collected at Fox Bay, Anti-
costi, &e., 201.

Lepidophorug, 176.
lineaticol'is, 177.

”

Leptura, ata tt be

argentata, 116.
brevis, 114,
canadensis, 113.
chrysocoma, 112.
erythroptera, 113.

3

3?

2

INDEX TO VOLUME IV.

| Leptura, gulosa, 115.
longiceps, 118.
longicornis. 116.
proteus, 116,
quadrifasciata, 114
if semivittata, 115 116.
sexmaculata, 114.
similis, 116.
subargentata, 116.
subpubescens, 112.
tenuior, 113.
vagans, 114,
ie vittata, 115.
Lephyrus arcticus, 155.
ie colon, 154,
gemellus, 155,
Lerema accius, 76.
Leucania unipuncta, 23.
Leucanthiza, 124.
Libythea bachmannii, 75, 180, 239.
# motya, 180, 259.
Limenitis, 46.
3 arthemis, 37.
misippus, 74, 85.
Description of a Re-
markable Variety of, 216.
oe ursula, 75, 85, 217.
Limochores bimacula, notes on, 150.
Lithocolletis (epiWss
guttifinitella, 124.
+ ornatella, 9, 107.
=f robiniella, 9, 107.
~~ tubiferella, 123, 124.
Lonpon BrancuH, Meetings of, 57, 77.
LopnHonotts, 43,
Lyca{NID#, 47.
Lycena— anaes 204, 205.
agriclus, 87.
comyntas, 87.
lucia, 205,
lygdamus, 204:
# Scudderi, 205.

M

Macaria liturata, 160.
Macovwn, Prof., 157.
Macrobasis Fabricii, 139.
Macrops, 175.
maculicollis, 176.
* _-viticollis, 176. a
Melanophila, 34.
longipes, 35.
Melitaea 47.
? Harrisii, 198, 237.
» "Notes on the Larva of,

161.
ismeria, 85, ~
tharos, 75, 203.
MemBers, Notice to, 58.
Mesochorus atriventris, n. sp., 21.

& agilis, N. Sp. 22.

americanus, 2. 8p., 23.
basalis, n. sp., 22.

”

”»

”

4s

INDEX TO VOLUME IV. 2

pi
Mesochorus, luteipes, n. sp. 22.

og melleus, n. sp., 24.

- obliquus, n. sp.. 24.

ii scitulus, nr. sp..23 24, 62.
“ totonacus, n. sp.. 23.

vs vitreus, N. sp., 23.

Metonius laevigatus, 124.

Mexican Honey Ant, 120.

MIcROGASTER, 62.

Micro fepidoptera, 7, 25, 41, 65,
126, 146, 169, 191, 206, 221.

Microctonus ayilis, n. sp., 226.

Minor, C. 58, Articl.s by, 150, 160.

Miscellane us Notes, 19, 36, 58, 78, 97, 119, |

138, 159, 179, 198, 218 237.
Monohammus confus»r 54,

ad macmorator, 55 98,
be notatus, 54,

ES resuter, 54,

af scutellatus, 54.

Fy titillator, 54.

Moths at S:a. 160.
Mounxtrepr, Mary H., Article by, 143.

N

Nema‘ ocampa expunctaria n. sp., 101,
wd filamentaria, 101.

Nisoniades brizo, 76, 86.

4 catullus, 76, 86.
juvenalis, 76, 86.
4 martialis, 76, 86.

Notes and Queries, 119.
Nysius raphanus, n. sp., 219.

O

Oxsrruary 70, 118.
Odontomus proxima, 33,
“i triuervia, 32, 33.
Ornix, 8.
Orthoptera, 14, 20, 30.
vis Notes on new, 16.
BS Lis. of, 30.

Orthosom. cylindiicum Str:dula iens of,

139.
Osmia canadensis, 237.
OsTEN SACKEN, Baron, 156.
Oxypteris appendicula‘a, 34

P

Pachyrhynchus Schonherri, 177.
Pa: hybrachis puiescens, 196,
Pachyta iturata, 111.
PackaxD A.S8., jr., 200.
Papiiionidae, 47, 48.
Papilio aste. ias, 37, 74, 85, 202.

vo WeRaAX, 114; Ooe

‘¢ brevicauda, 2: 2.

** ~~ glaucus, 74, 85.

** philenor, 74.

** « polyxenes, 202,

aa Cnlus, 202)

a trollur, 74, 85.
luines, 3,. 84,

88, 1€6, |

Parasia, 65, 88.
a apicistrigella, n. sp., 65, 175.
griseaclla, n. sp., 88.
Parectopa 7. 10.
< lespedezaefoliella, 7, 8, 9.
ot robiniella 7, 8.
Peacu Borer, 133.
Pelidnota punetata, 119.
PERSONAL, 156, 200.
Per Wasp, Sir John Lubboc'.’s, 239,
Pe 111, J., Articles by, 3, 12, 9.
Pwrilitus, 81.
i commun’s, nN. sp., 82, 83.
Ps dimvtiatus, n. sp., 83, 84.

ee humilis, n. sp., 84.

“ intermedius, n. sp., 82, 83.
i niveitarsis, n. sp., 81, 82.
“t pailita: sis, n sp., $1, 82.
a7

proximus, n. sp., 83.
vulgaris, n. sp., 83.
Pezomachus alte: natus, n. sp., 64.

oS canadensis, n sp., 62, 63.
- compactus, n. sp., 63.

4 , dimidiatus n. sp., 63, G4.
se

gentilis n. sp., 61.

te gracilis, n. sp., 63, 64.
a mace, n. sp., 64.

= meabilis, n. sp., 62.

ve minimus, 62.

" obscurus n. sp., 62.
5 Pettitii, n. sp., 61. 62.
fs tantil us, nv. sp., 62.

vs Texanus, n. sp., 64.

unicolor, n. sp., 64.
Phaedon Adonidis 233.

pe Raphani,”33. 3
polyzoni, 254.
Photinus corrusca. 36.
Phycor-des tharos, 2'’3.

| Phyilud cta vitellinae, 234,

Phylloxera vastatrix in Portugal, 167.
Phymatodes proteus, 93.
Pieris 48,

“* fiigida 202.

‘* metra, 104.
novang! a, n. sp., 79, 103.
oleracea, 103
* protodice 74, 240.

“_ rapae, 98, 2:3.

= *< Notes on, 102.

oe * on a variety unknown
< Europe, 79,

vernalis, 240.

Plusia gamma, 160.

Polygraphus rufi; enuis, 152.
PoLyHisTor, 38.

Polyommatus anericanus, 37, 75.
Prionus coriarius, 140.

** imbricornis, 140.
obliquicornis, 14",
Prowuba Yuceasella, 182.
Pyr>meis, 46.

SS atalanta, 204.
aN cardui, 2: 4.
oS huntera, 75, 85,

ee

in

INDEX TO

Pytho americanus, 53.
depressus, 53.
niger, 53.

Rap:sH Bug, the, 219.
Reep, E. B., Articles by, 119, 159, 240.
REporT, Entom» logical, 59, 92, 105.
Rhbagium lineatum, 96.
Rhinaria Schonherri, an 7:
RILEY, PROF. CNG
ee icles by, 18, 19, 38,

139, 218.
RoBINson, CoLeMas T., Death of, 118.

” List of W ritings

ae

of, 109.
Rocers R. V., Articles by, 78, 119, 138,

199, 200.
S
Sagaritus gen. nev., 225.
eracilella, 226.
Satyrus, 45, 46.
=“ alupe- 74.
= eurytris, 74.

Saunpers, W.. Articles by, 36, 49, 57. 58,
77. 121,133, 139.161, 179, 235, 237,

240.
ScuppEr, S. H., Artic es by, 20, 45, 73, 79,
84.

Sesia ruficautlis. 205.
Sex, Determination of, 78.
Simulia molesta, 37.
Smerinthus modestus, 36.
Spectrum femoratum, 200.
Sp: senophorus pertivax, 154.
Stenuris divaricata, 31, 32.
= tenebrosa 31, 32.
Stranzalia fugax, 114.

3 luteicornis, 119.
sex-maculata, 115.
Strobisia, 88, 91

= aphroditeella, n. sp., 88.

ae emblemelia, 88, 89, 90.

=- iridip-nnella, 88, 89.

i venustella, n. sp., 90.
Syricthus communis, 69.

43
Telphusa gen. nov., 132.

a curvistrigella 133. 174.
TENT CATERPILL RS, 134, 199.
Terias lisa, 74,

** nicippe. 74 85.
Tetropiu p, 93.
cinnamopterum, 94.

se

VOLUME IV.

|
}

ee

Thecla, 47.
calanus, 75, 86.
‘© humuli, 86.
tof) STi ae.

‘* mopsus, 75.
niphon, 75, oo
strigosa, 75, 86.
THOMAS, Pror. C., Article by, 16.
Thymele proteus, 76.
Thyreus nessus, 37.
Tomicus pini, 151.
Trachypteris Drummondii, 33.
umbellatarum, 34.

Trachyphloeus melanothrix, 177.
Trachys acuducta, 52.

Re aurulenta, 35.
pygmaea, 124.
Trichius Bigsbii, 119.
Trogosita americana, 53.

= caraboides, 54.

Typocerus fuzax, 119.

V

sé

s

<

Vanessa. 46.
es antiopa, « 37, 75, 85, 204, 218, 719
* coenia, 75, "85
‘< milberti, 36.
Venilia gen. nov., 207.
ne albapalpelia, n. sp., 208.

W

WALKER, FRANCIS, Articles by, 29, 98, 184,
209, 236

WueEatT Wine Worm, 3.

x
Xyleutes robiniae, 37.
Xyloterus bivittata, 152.

bf

Ypsolophus, 207, 209.

caryefoliella, n. sp., 224.
33 contuberualellus, 223.
eupatoriella, n. sp., 221.
flavivitellus, 223.

ss pom+tellus "999.
fe punctiaiscellus, 225.
ey querciella, 223, 224.

ey quer cipominella, Nn. $P., 222,
223.

“ Reedelia, n. sp., 222.
a Straminiella, n. sp., 224.

Z
Zoo.Locicau parallelism, 155.

i
i

~rt

aan

eR RUS ages 2 eS

THE CANADIAN

Hw 2 OMOLOGIS TY,

EE VOLUME V. 2%

Edited bp the Mev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A,,

Head Master of Trinity College School, Port Hope, Ont.

ASSISTER BY

WM. SAUNDERS, London, Ont. : | E. B. REED, Barrister-at-Law, London, Ont

and J. M. DENTON, London, Ont.

LONDON :
PRINTED BY THE FREE PRESS STEAM PRINTING COMPANY, RICHMOND ST

1873

LIST OF CONTRIBUTERS TO THIS VOLUME.

eR pyre Wren Y ewe ates, wo dina. viel e"s avis Siets we os New York.
Ripa he SAA fe Dee eg ne Kelas sss edhe ws WATERBURY, CONN.
(EO 1 OY eo Oe Oe Pca oO eee BELLEVILLE, ONT.
BETHUNE, REV. C. J.S., The Editor........Port Hope, Onr.
SO AS pk C0 ee a MontTREAL, P. Q.
BME eeu Res Valet rs o's sexta cto eae eee wd EAS CoviINGTon, Ky.
MME Sg’ NV IVE Rend ogi foy h biel'ss bay «wa She melas Ofek as MontTrEAL, P. Q.
TS STORRS De a |S ie eee eo Pee PHILADELPHIA, Pa,
a OWI OE FR tic Shei sae: o Sixth dk onc wapwib ao Ries Ou1o, Itt.
RENNER NN Elian Birt. Stes evans ae aws rae CoALBuRGH, W. Va.
eae ee PET UIS INK. oy ke anak eae we Chala eens eats GERMANTOWN, Pa,
Su IR CRM: ge A a ca es BurFFALo, N. Y.
MIME AIUD PrN s, st na este eo hts, pah ae he ee ee eed ALBANY, N. Y.
PIC IC: LoS ge wane, ok Swe ks os New York.
SS RS Aaa MALDEN, Mass.
oo SS UNS S ORG 0 aa ae oe ca CAMBRIDGE, Mass.
RemenmMNe TAOMECS Co cM aie ag cts aig Rte bi t'e nna o dipteieve Sr. Louis, Mo.
Ne creer bls Six sees Ot coded gees oe Whe Yi KINGSTON, ONT.
HSS. icles 0 tle War al oe owe ok bae Lonpon, ONT.
MNO ae EAT Os cht bls a oo ated Soe ESE Boston, Mass.
REMUS, S. Veg cy tes os pe cases ete gene ean NEW ORLEANS, LA.
MME IER a Cs Gee oe co Sic. ethan cele uk BALTIMORE, Mp,
Seiten, FRANCIS: 2c eee e cc ce es Fpwaawrs LonpDoNn, ENG.
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Che Canadian Entomolonst.

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VOL. V. LONDON, ONT., JANUARY, 1873. No. 1

PSs (3.7

It has been our custom at the commencement of a new volume to
offer our hearty greetings to our friends and correspondents, to all who
read the CANADIAN ENToOMOLOGIST,—to all, indeed, who take a kindly
interest in the success of our journal and the welfare of our Society.
This year we do so most cordially, with not a little pardonable pride,
when we remember that it is for the 7/¢h time. Four years and a half
have elapsed since we ventured to put forth our diminutive first number
that consisted merely of eight pages ; with our last December number we
completed our fourth volume and eight-hundredth page of Entomological
matter !

A complaint has once or twice reached us iately to the effect that our
publication was gradually becoming too technical, and consequently of
decreasing interest to a large number of our readers, who, from various
causes, are unable to become deep students of the science, but who take

_ great delight in learning all they can respecting the economy and classifi-

cation of the insects of the country. We must confess that the complaint
is not unfounded, and that we have almost unconsciously drifted some-
what away from the design of the periodical. It has always been our
intention and desire to meet the requirements, if possible, of two classes
of readers—those, on the one hand, who are leaders in the pursuit of
Entomology, and who, therefore wish to have presented to them in
convenient form all discoveries of new species and other valuable
scientific information that may from time to time be acquired by their
fellows,—and those, on the other hand, who collect and study insects to
some extent, but are not yet far advanced in the pursuit ; or who merely
regard insects as destructive or beneficial and therefore wish to know
something about them ; or, again, who take pleasure in learning all they
can about these creatures without either collecting or specially studyigg
them. To meet the particular requirements of all these various
descriptions of readers would, of course, be a perfect impossibility in a
periodical of such limited size as ours ; at the same time we think that

i)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

something may be done for all who care for insects, without filling out
pages too much with technicalities, and without losing sight of all
additions to our knowledge by becoming simply “ popular.” To steer a
suitable course between the Scylla of abstruse science on the one side,
and the Charybdis of mere ‘‘ popularity” on the other, is no easy task,
and we fear has not yet been achieved by us. We hope, however, in the
forthcoming volume to do a little better in this respect, and we look
forward to a continuance of friendly aid from our correspondents in ©
various quarters to enable us to overcome the difficulty. As a first step
towards improvement we propose to present to our readers a series of
illustrated papers on the common Butterflies of North America—with
special reference to those found in Canada. We hope that we shall thus
be enabled in time to furnish beginners in Entomology with a hand book
that will enable them easily to identify any common butterfly and to
ascertain where and when it may be found, what its larva feeds upon, and
such other useful information as may be gathered into a short space.
Owing to the difficulty there is in obtaining really satisfactory wood cuts of
insects, and the time that is required for their production, we shall not be
able to take up the different species of Butterflies in any systematic order,
but only as we are able to obtain the necessary materials. We shall be
very thankful, indeed, for assistance from our readers in this department ;
almost every one can help us with lists of species observed in his own
neighborhood, or with notes on their time of appearance and disappear-
ance, number of broods, larval habits, etc., etc.

The “Hints to Fruit Growers” that have been afforded by one of
our Editorial Staff—Mr. Saunders—will be continued with greater
frequency during the coming year; we are glad to learn from various
sources that those already published have proved of much value to our
horticultural readers.

As a further improvement, we should be pleased to receive corres-
pondence from our readers upon general Entomological subjects of the
day ; for instance, at the present moment, upon the vexed, and we may
surely say vexatious, question of nomenclature.

It will be a relief, no doubt, to the majority of our readers to learn
that the reprint of Kirby’s Zzsects of the Northern Parts of British
America is now fast approaching completion, and will cease ere long to
distress them with its constant recurrence. The whole will, when finished,
be made up into a separate volume and be sold at a moderate price, We
have no doubt that it will prove of much value to those who are unable

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3

to obtain the rare and expensive original. The space thus set free we
propose to occupy with translations of Guenee’s Descriptions of Moths,
and reprints of Drury and other old authors whose works can seldom be
obtained by the student of the present day.

During the past year we have received valued contributions to our
pages from a larger number of correspondents than ever before ; while we
beg to offer them, for ourselves and our readers, our very hearty thanks
for their favors, we venture to express the hope that they will not relax in
their investigations and contributions, and that many others also will feel
’ disposed to join their ranks. Without such assistance the CANADIAN

-EnTomotocist would be but a sorry production, and could not long
protract its existence.

Another species of support, our worthy Treasurer reminds us, is
equally necessary for the maintenance and well-being of our publication—
need we say that he refers to the grosser element of dollars and cents?
Our rules require the payment of all subscriptions in advance at the
commencement of each year; as the amount to each individual is but a
single dollar, there ought to be no difficulty or delay on his part in
forwarding it ; the aggregate sum thus provided is, as all must be aware, a
matter of great importance to us, especially as we do not receive the
Legislative grant to the Society till about midsummer. The present
number of the CaNADIAN Enromo_ocist will be sent to all subscribers on
the list for 1872, who have not signified their desire to withdraw from
membership with the Society ; no further number, however, will be sent,
unless the amount of subscription is meanwhile received. Pay your
honest dues, friendly reader, and then you will not fail to have in one

respect at least, what we heartily Wish you in all respécts, A Happy NEw
YEAR !

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE LONDON BRANCH.

At the recent annual meeting of the London branch of the Entomo-
logical Society of Ontario, the following officers were elected :—J.
WILLIAMS, President; M. L. Morcan, Vice-President; H. P. Bock,
Secretary-Treasurer ; F. OSBORNE, Curator.

An interesting and satisfactory report was presented by the Secretary-
Treasurer, showing an increase of membership, and also showing the
funds of the branch to be in a prosperous condition.

A THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.
PAPER NO. I.
BY W. SAUNDERS, LONDON, ONTARIO.

This paper is the first of a series in which it is proposed, by members
of the editorial staff alternately, to describe some of our more common
insects, to illustrate them with suitable cuts, and to make the descriptions
of so plain a character that the most unscientific reader may be able
readily to comprehend their meaning. Since it is one of our aims in
publishing the ENromoLocisT to popularize our favorite science, we shall
offer no apology for introducing into our journal these readable papers,
in which much material may from time to time appear, which, to the
scientific reader, may look stale and uninviting. Ina recent letter from
a correspondent who takes some interest in ‘ bugs,” but is not deeply
versed in the technichalities of the science, he complains much of the
depth of the learning which has been displayed in our pages during the
past, and says that although he has frequently taken a plunge into the
depths of the articles, one after another, that he has rarely been able to
touch bottom. It will be our aim, then, while still devoting the larger
portion of our pages to scientific matter, to introduce something into each
future number in which subscribers of similar scientific calibre to the
gentleman already referred to, may be able, not only to touch bottom, but
to wander through the shallows with ease, and we hope with some degree
of pleasure.

The first insect of which we propose to treat is one of our commonest
butterflies, known as the archippus butterfly (Danais archippus). This
insect is said to hybernate during the winter; it is seen on the ‘wing
usually as early as the middle of May, but itis not very common until later
inthe season. These first few individuals lay their eggs on the leaves of the
common milkweed (Asclepias cornuti)and other species of Asclepfias, also
on the bitter root (Apocynum androsemifolium ), during the latter part of
May or the beginning of June. The eggs, when fresh laid, are white, but
in two or three days they become yellow and then dull gray just before
the time of hatching. They are #sth of an inch long, conical in form,

aa ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. d

flattened at the base. When viewed with a magnifying glass they appear

Fig. 1. very beautiful. See figure 1,
where @ represents the egg
much enlarged, while at ¢ it is
shown of natural size and in
its usual position on the un-
derside of the leaf. On this
egg there are about twenty-
five raised lorigitudinal lines,
and about the same number

a

559

of cross lines between each,
so that the whole appears covered with a regular and beautiful net work,
as shown in the figure, which has been drawn from nature, as those also
have which are to follow, by our esteemed friend, Prof. C. V. Riley, of
St. Louis, Mo.

In about six or seven days the egg matures, producing a minute
caterpillar one tenth of an inch long, with a large black head, and yellow-
ish-white body, with a few black hairs on each segment, as shown at ¢ and /,
fig. 1. This larva grows very rapidly, and soon finds that its skin will
bear no further stretching, when it conveniently disrobes itself and
appears in garb gay and new by crawling out of its skin through a rent
down the back, which takes place just at the proper time, which process
is repeated three times during its growth. At 4, fig. 1, the head and
anterior segments of the larva just before its last moult is figured for the
purpose of showing how the long fleshy horns with which the mature
caterpillar is furnished are conveniently coiled up when buried beneath

the old skin.

The full grown larva, fig. 2, is about one and three quarter inches long.

Fig. 2. Its head is yellowish
with a triangular
black stripe in front
below, and another
of a similar shape
above.

The upper surface
of the body is beau-

tifully ornamented with transverse stripes of black, yellow and white, the

white covering the greater part of each segment, and having a wide black

6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

stripe down its centre, while the yellow occupies the spaces between. On
the third segment (reckoning the head as first) are two long black fleshy
horns, and on the twelfth two others of a similar character, but shorter
and not quite so stout.

The under side is black with a greenish flesh color between most of
the segments.

The next change which comes over this caterpillar is that which trans-
forms it to a pupa or chrysalis, a most astonishing transformation, when
the voracious larva becomes for a time torpid, senseless, and almost
motionless while preparing for that change when it is to appear in brilliant
plumage, and gracefully float and flutter through the air, enjoying the
summer’s sunshine and sipping the nectar of flowers. Fig. 3 shows the
larva as it appears at
different periods during
its transition to the
state of chrysalis. Ata
‘it hangs suspended from
a silken web, in which

its hind legs are en-
“tangled and which has
been previously attached
by the caterpillar to the
underside of a leaf, or fence rail or some other secure place of retreat, and
here while hanging for about a day the larva contracts its length, and
increases its bulk, especially on the anterior segments. By and by a rent
takes place in the skin down the back, and the chrysalis begins to appear,
and after long and persevering efforts and much wriggling the skin is
worked nearly up to the hinder extremity, as shown at 2. Nowa difficulty
presents itself, and a feat is to be performed to imitate which would
puzzle the most daring acrobat, for without hands or feet to hold on by it
has to withdraw itself from the remnants of its larva skin, and hang itself
up by a black protuberance covered with a bunch of hooks, with which
the chrysalis is furnished. Perilous as this undertaking seems to be, it is
very seldom indeed that a failure occurs in its accomplishment. A ready
explanation of the means by which this is done is given at ¢ fig. 3. The
joints of the abdomen being freely movable, are first stretched against a
portion of the larva skin, when, by a sudden jerk backwards, the skin is
grasped and firmly held while the terminal segments are withdrawn, and

“I

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the process of suspension completed. Soon after this the chrysalis begins
a series of wriggling and jerking movements to dislodge the empty larva

skin, after the removal of which it remains motionless, unless disturbed,

and becomes gradually harder and more contracted until it assumes the
appearance represented by fig. 4.

The chrysalis is about an inch long, and of a
beautiful bright green colour dotted with gold, and with
a band of golden dots extending more than half way
round the body above the middle ; this band-is shaded
with black. There is a patch of black also arouud the
base of the black protuberance by which it is suspended,
and several dots of the same on other portions of the
surface.

The insect seldom remains in chrysalis more than
ten or twelve days, and towards the latter end of this period, the hand-
some green and gold colours begin to fade, the chrysalis growing gradually
darker until the diminutive wings of the future butterfly show plainly
through the semi-transparent enclosure. The escape of the imprisoned
insect, now nearly ready for flight, is usually made quite early in the
morning. We have several times watched for their deliverance, and have
usually found it to take place soon after daybreak. A sudden crackling
and slight tearing sound is heard, which arises from a splitting .of the
chrysalis case part way down the back, the fore legs, head and antennae
are first withdrawn, and in a few moments the entire insect is liberated.
At first the wings are very small, and the new born butterfly seeks at once
some suitable spot where the-wings may be held so as to hang down and
thus facilitate the rapid growth which follows. This growth is truly

‘amazing ; we have seen the wings double their size within three minutes,

and seldom more than fifteen or twenty minutes pass before they have
attained their full dimensions, and, ere the sun is high in the heavens, the
soft, flabby wings have dried and the butterfly is ready for flight.

The archippus butterfly, fig. 5, is so well known that it needs but little
description, especially when so good a figure is given. The ground colour
of the wings, when fresh, is a béautifully bright orange red, the veins are
heavy and black, and the margins are spotted with white, the latter being
more or less covered or encroached upon by the general colour, Near the

‘middle of the hind wings there appears in the figure on one of the veins

8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

an enlarged black streak or blotch ;_ this, when closely examined, is found
Fig. 5.

to be a small excrescence ; it is found only in the male, and by this
peculiarity the sexes may be readily distinguished.

We have frequently seen this butterfly in great numbers on pine trees
which have been infested by apfis, attracted there no doubt by the sweet
exudations which flow from the bodies of the apfis, thus interfering with
the rights and privileges which have always been accorded to the indus-
trious ant. They also have the fashion of congregating at times, late in
the season, in prodigious swarms consisting of tens of thousands or
hundreds of thousands of individuals. In September, 1871, we met with
a swarm of this character on the shore of Lake Erie. They hung in
clusters everywhere on a group of trees which they completely covered ; as
many as thirty-two individuals were counted on a space of the size of
ones’ two hands, and their total numbers we thought might safely be
estimated by millions. No satisfactory reason has yet been assigned for
such gatherings.

SOME REMARKS ON CHANGES. IN NAMES OF
CERTAIN BUTTERFLIES.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

’

PAPILIO ASTERIAS. Now sought to be changed to Polyxenes, although
from the time of Fabricius to the publication of Kirby’s Catalogue (1871),
no other name than asferias has been in use. The species has been
repeatedly figured as asferias in these hundred years, and under this name
is well known to everyone who takes the least interest in these things.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. o

What is gained by re-naming it, I am unable to see. ‘The first mention of
polyxenes was in Fab. Syst. Ent., page 444, No. 10, 1775, the male being
described. Fabricius in 1787, in Mant. Ins., gives the same species
under the name of as/erias, referring to Drury, vol. i, plate ii, for the
type, and quoting his own folyxenes as synonymous.

PaPILIo GLAucUS. Under this name Linnzeus described the black
female of furnus, and it is only within the last ten years that it has been
generally known that g/aucus was related to furnus. When glaucus is now
spoken of, it at once brings to mind this striking variety, and /urnus var.
glaucus is a sufficient designation and answers every proper requirement.
It is eminently convenient that this variety should have its own designa-
tion, and by it, it is treated of in Wallace, Walsh, Darwin, Harris, and
other authors. I hope our lepidopterists will not be deluded into
changing these names by any supposed obligatory rule, for the simple fact
is, there is no obligatory rule in the case.

DaNals ARCHIPPUS. Mr. Kirby (1871) gives the name of this
butterfly as erifpus Cramer. Scudder (1872) gives it as plexifpus Linn.
Scudder in 1863 gave it as er?#pus Doubleday (But. N. England.) Mr.
Scudder also read a paper by the late Dr. Harris before the Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist. (1859) showing that these and other names were remarkably
confounded, for example: “The derenice of Cramer is the eippus of
Fabricius, but not of Cramer, and it is the gt/zppus of Smith, but not of
Cramer and Fabricius; the evifpus of Cramer is the archippus of Fabri-
cius and of Smith; it is also the same as the A/exippus of Cramer, but
not of Linnzus and Fabricius: the mzsippus of Fabricius is the archippus

’ of Cramer, but not of Fabricius and Smith: the erippus of Cramer is not

the erippus of Fabricius, and the mzsippus of Fabricius is not the misippus
of Linneus.” And he givesatable ‘by which it will be seen that the
nomenclature of the three North American species has become confounded
with five others.” In preparing the Synopsis of Butterflies of N. Am., I
had at hand all the above quoted works, and could make little of this
tangle ; and as our northern species of Danas has been generally known
and written of and figured as archifpus, I deemed it advisable to adhere
to that name as one resting place in a foggy sea. It is so figured in
Abbot & Smith, Boisduval & Leconte, and so called in Harris’ Ins. Mass.

2nd Edition, which work I believe had the assistance of Mr. Scudder in

preparing for the press. -

10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

LIMENITIS URSULA. Changed to astyanax by Butler, 1869, and
followed by Kirby and Scudder. Fabricius’ Syst. Ent., 1775, named the
species astyanax. In Ent. Syst., 1793, he re-named it wrsuda for the
following reason: It then stood in the genus Pafilio, in which also stood
another astyanax. He therefore changed the name of the first to ursula,
and by this latter the species has come down to this day. It is so figured
by Abbott & Smith, and by Boisduval & Leconte. That Fabricius was
right in so changing the name to avoid a duplicate in the same genus, is
undoubted, and although the species which still retains the name astyanax
has since been found to be the female of something else, and hence loses its
original name, there seems no good reason for disturbing wrsu/a. Fabri-
cius was right in making the change, and once right always right in such
a matter. Of course I do not allow or believe that proserpina is a variety
of wrsula, it isas near arthemis as ursula in some respects.

ON THE LARVA OF PLUSIA BALLUCA.
BY W. SAUNDERS, LONDON, ONT.

In the second volume (1863,) of the Proceedings of the Entomological
Society of Philadelphia, I published a paper on some of our Lepidopterous
larve, and among other descriptions there appeared one purporting to be
that of Plusia balluca. By some unfortunate mishap a description of
the larva of V. ixterrogationis was sent in place of the intended one of
balluca, and the mistake was not discovered until after the number had
been issued, while all trace of the original description of the larva of
balluca was lost. I did not again meet with this larva until the summer
of 1871, when a fresh description was taken on the 15th of June, as
follows :—

Length, 1.20 in. ; body thickest on middle and posterior segments, taper-
ing towards the tront; the body is arched or looped along the middle seg-
ments when in motion.

Head rather small, bilobed, of a shining green color, with a few whitish
hairs.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Lak

Body, above, yellowish-green, streaked and spotted with white, inter-
mixed all through with green, thus dividing the white into a series of
streaks, dots and broken lines; there is also a line of greenish-white on
each side, close to the undersurface. Each segment hasa few tubercles of a
green color, striped with white; these are small on the second, third and
fourth segments, but much larger from fifth to twelfth, inclusive, and
entirely wanting onthe terminal segment. On each of the hinder segments,
with the exception of the last three, are ten or twelve of these tubercles,
which almost cover the whole surface, and from each of the tubercles
throughout there arises a single whitish hair.

The under surface is of a deeper green than the upper, with a few
short whitish hairs, chiefly on 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 11th and 12th segments.
Feet green, prolegs, of which there are three pairs, green also.

This larva became a chrysalis on the 18th of June, and produced the
moth on the 13th of July.

In the caterpillar state, the insect feeds on the hop, consuming the
leaves, but we have never
known it to occur in
sufficient numbers to do
much damage. The moth,
(see fig. 6,) measures,
when expanded, about
13% inches. A large
portion of the upper surface
of the fore-wings is covered
with brilliant, metallic
green scales, which are
darker on the lower portion of the middle and on the tips of the wings,
and much paler towards the inner angle. The wings are covered by two
oblique, irregular brown lines, and parts of the upper and outer portions
are tinged with purplish. The hind wings are of a brownish dusky grey,
without markings. The anterior portion of the body is pale brown, marked
with buff and curiously crested above, the hinder portions of the body are
paler. The under surface of both front and hind wings is dull, varying in
shade from pale buff to brown, one of the brown lines on the upper surface
of fore- wings being reproduced and extended across the hind wings.

Fig. 6.

This moth has been found in various parts of Canada, but in no instance
have we heard of its being met with in any considerable numbers.

12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.
BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.

Continued from Vol. 4, Page 226,

ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA.—Ante vol. 4, p. 148, for Hermonella read
Hermanella ; p. 149, for Alexandriacella read Alexandriedla ; p. 173, line
11, for “there” read “then;” p. 195, line 5, for “all the veins are
united near the end of the cell,” which is an unaccountable blunder, read
‘all the veins given off from the cell arise near its end.”

ANESYCHIA.
A. trifurcella, n. sp.

White; palpi annulate and tipped with dark brown or black; a
longitudinal median blackish stripe on the thorax, and a spot of the same
hue on each side of it; primaries white with a median wide blackish
longitudinal streak beginning on the costa at the base, gradually widening
to the apex, where two small white streaks or spots divide it into three
short branches. Sometimes these white spots completely separate the
outer branches from the median one. A row of small dark brown dots
around the apex ; a small spot near the dorsal margin about the basal
fourth, and a larger one about the apical third of the wing. Antennae
dark brown. <A/ar ex. tt inch. Kentucky, in July.

HYPONOMEUTA.
fT. orbimaculella. Ante p. 88. Vol. 4.

This was described by me, ante p. 42, as H. euonymel/a, and the name
changed because of its resemblance to the name of a European species,
fT, evonymella. J had not then seen the European species, nor any figure
or description of it. Since then, however, I have seen the figure in
Wood's /ndex Entomologicus, and think it most probable that this species
is identical with it. The arrangement of the spots is identical, but in the
figure of evonymella the fore wing is shaded with a smoky or brownish
hue, while in all my specimens it is pure snow white ; and the color of the
hind wings in the figure is darker, and of a different shade from any of
my specimens, in which the shade varies from snow white tolead color. 1

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13

incline to think that the maturity of the imago at the time of its death
has something to do with the color of the hind wings, specimens killed
very soon after emergence having them more slaty or lead colored than
older ones.

ARGIOPE, gen. n0U.

A. dorsimaculella.
Fleribeia ? incertella ante p. 44. Vol. 4.

In my former notice of this species I placed it, provisionally and with
great doubt, in Stephens’ genus /erideia. I find, however, that either
Fleribeia Stephens is very different from the Heribeca of more modern Eng-
lish authors (which includes such small genera as Philocnistis, Lyonetia, &c.,)
or I have mistaken the characters of Stephens’ genus from his brief
diagnosis. I had supposed it (from the characters given by Stephens and
its location among his genera) to be allied closely to Yponomeuta. At any
rate, as I cannot satisfactorily locate this species in any genus known to
me, I think it best to erect a new one for it with the diagnosis given at
P- 43— Vol. 4.

It differs from Yfonomeuta in the colors and patterns of coloration ;
in having the terminal joint of the labial palpi a little larger in proportion
to the others ; in having the head entirely smooth ; in having the primaries
a Zittle falcate beneath the apex, though the neuration is not materially
different ; in having the costal margin of the secondaries a little excised
before the tip, which is pointed, and in having only a single branch (the
superior furcate one) given off from the discal vein (while Yfonomeuta has
an inferior simple branch also), and in having the median furcate from the
end of the cell, whilst in Yonomeuta it is simple.

GRACILLARIA.

G. blandella? Clem. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 1863, p. 9.

Although Dr. Clemens’ description is not strictly accurate, or rather, is
not altogether intelligible, where applied to the insects now before me ;
and I have not seen his specimens, yet notwithstanding the close resem-
blance which sometimes exists between different species of this genus, I
have very little doubt that my specimens belong to this species. Should
it, however, prove otherwise, then I suggest for these specimens the name
G. juglandivorella and annex the following description :

14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Face pale lemon yellow (or yellowish stramineous), palpi of the same.
hue, each joint of the maxillary palpi tipped with dark purple, the labial
palpi thickly dusted with dark purple and with a wide dark purple annulus
close to the tip. Vertex dark purple, with pale lemon yellow intermixed ;
antennae pale lemon yellow, faintly annulate with purple at the base,
towards the apex purple, faintly annulate with pale lemon yellow. Thorax
dark purple, with a narrow pale lemon yellow median longitudinal stripe,

_and a wider and more distinct one on each side above the wings, and a
dark purple spot before the wings. Primaries pale lemon yellow and dark
purple ; the dorsal margin is dark purple from the base to near the ciliae,
where the purple widens over the apical portion of the wing, except a small
lemon yellow spot on the edge of the costal ciliae before the apex ; costal
margin from the base to the basal fourth dark purple; from the basal
fourth of the costa a rather wide fascia passes obliquely backwards from
the costal purple to the dorsal purple, uniting them, and thus enclosing on
the base of the disc an oblong pale lemon yellow spot. Immediately
behind the oblique purple fascia, the dorsal purple is excavated, and the
wing is pale lemon yellow to the costa and as far back as the ciliae, with a
little purple dusting or row of small purple spots along the extreme costa
before the ciliae. Sometimes there is a faint golden or stramineous patch ”
in the purple at the extreme apex, and sometimes the apex is a little
dusted with golden or stramineous, Ciliae golden or stramineous, with
three wide dark purple hinder marginal lines, one at the base, one in the
middle, and one at the tip. (Perhaps they might be better described as
dark purple, with two shining stramineous hinder marginal lines, one before
their middle and one before their tip.) Posterior wings and ciliae dark
purplish fuscous. Anterior and middle legs yellowish mixed with purple
behind, dark purple in front except the tarsi, which are silvery white with
each joint tipped with purple. Posterior legs yellowish except the apical
half of the outer surface of the femora, the tips of the tibiae behind, and
the tip of each tarsal joint. Thorax and upper surface of the abdomen
dark purple; venter pale lemon yellow. In some lights what I have
called dark purple appears violaceous or iridescent, and the stramineous
portions appear golden or sulphur yellow. A/. ex. 34 in. Kentucky.

Dr. Clemens received his specimen from Virginia. I have bred it
from the leaves of the Black Walnut ( Fug/ans nigra). It mines the
upper surface, and, when first taken, was supposed to be the mine of a
Philocnistis, containing a pupa. It was something more than an inch
long, a little crooked, very narrow, and resembled a small snail’s track.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15

Not far from one end the mine was widened a little and the cuticle
puckered, forming a small nidus like that ot a Philocnistis pupa. Within
this nidus a small larva was visible. It was white, with the head pointed
before, but widened behind, and with the thoracic segments much swollen
and tapering rapidly from thence to the tail. (There is a good deal of
resemblance betweenthe very young larvae of Gracilaria, Philocnistis and
Lithocolletis of the cylindrical group.) In a day or two it changed its
form, becoming cylindrical and pale yellowish white, and it left the mine
and went to the uder side of the leaf, where it turned down the edge over
it, and, after eating out the parenchyma, turned it down in another place,
repeating this operation two or three times until it finally became a pupa
under the edge last turned down. Sometimes (at least in the breeding
jar) it leaves the leaf and pupates under a sheet or coverlet of white silk
like G. sa/icifoliella and many other species. Which mode it follows in a
state of nature I am unable to say, having never found it in the pupa
state. G. juglandiclla mihi mines the under surface of the leaves,
but the mine is larger and more blotch like, and when it leaves the mine
it goes to the wpper side of the leaf which it curls wpwards over itself and
there passes the pupa state. I do not mean to say that this habit of going
to the side of the leaf opposite the mine is universal in either species, but
only so far as I have observed it in some ten specimens of each. G.
blandella is a very handsome species.

A BALLOON SPIDER.
BY WILLIAM COUPER, MONTREAL.

“The American Naturalist” for May, 1871, contains an interesting
article on “ Flying Spiders,” by J. H. Emerton. The species noticed by
him are, no doubt, allied to the gossamer of Europe, and the phenomenon
occurs early in autumn on the Islands of the St. Lawrence.

During the month of July, 1871, while trout-fishing on a large lake
near the Upper Assumption, about one hundred miles north of Montreal,
my attention was drawn to’ an inflated transparent substance of
an oblong cocoon shape, passing about fifty yards over my head. To this
- miniature balloon, a thread was attached, and, on tracing it downward, its
architect was seen struggling on the surface of the lake. Taking up the

16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

paddle and forcing the canoe in order to secure this curious spider,
imagine my disappointment, just as I was within a yard of it, to see it
swallowed by a trout. The day was fine, with just sufficient wind to waft
a delicate body of this nature across the lake. My curiosity being aroused,
I kept a good look out for another specimen, but no more were seen that
day.

On another lake further north, and during similar weather, I was
pleased to witness a number of these in their aeronautic excursions, and
on a rock in the centre of thé lake was fortunate in capturing a specimen
of the spider. In size it is as large as the house spider. ‘The body and
legs are densely. covered with stiff hair; its mandibles are long and sharp.
It was extremely active, and lived about three weeks in a box after its
capture. Iam ata loss to account for the mode in which this spider pro-
duces the structure with the extraordinary length of attached thread,
which it manages to send off in the air. The woods near the lakes are
principally pines, which are moss-covered and rugged, and yet, these
curious balloons are evidently constructed on trees on the margin of the
lakes.

ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOME GENERA
OF CANADIAN INSECTS.

BY FRANCIS WALKER, LONDON, ENGLAND.

The following communication includes two genera of Chatidie,
Perilampus, and Callimome. Perilampus is known in America from
Canada to Mexico. P. hyalinus Say, inhabits Canada; P. cyaneus Brulle,
and P. Entellus Walk. are synonyms of it. Say has described two
other species, P. Alatigaster and P. triangularis,; the latter is distinguished
from all other species by the dark tips of the wings. P. Alexinus Walk.
differs from P. platigaster by not having a brassy tinge, by the luteous
tips of the femora, and by the luteous tibize with a black band. The
specimen of P. Lefreos is too much mutilated to ascertain if it agrees
with P. platigaster. P. hyalinus, above mentioned, has some resemblance
to the European P. violaceus, but has an elongated scutellum; in this
character it is far exceeded by the Mexican P. gloriosus, which far sur-
passes all other known species in size and beauty. JP. gloriosus is also
peculiar in the developement of the secondary veins of the forewings

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17

and is still more remarkable on account of the long cubitus, that vein
being very short in all the other species. In Europe this genus is
represented from Sweden to Italy by a few species which are generally of
rare occurrence and have been observed to be parasitic on wood-feeding
insects. There are two species in S. Africa, P. maurus and P. discolor ;
the former is wholly black ; the latter is distinguished from all others by
pectinated antenne, by a bifurcate scutellum, and by a concave abdominal
dorsum. P. Hedychroides is a small Ceylonese species, and P. Saleius
from Australia, is the smallest species of the genus yet known.

Philomides, Haliday, is another genus of Perilampide, and is only
represented by VP. paphius Hal., a native of Cyprus. The genus
Psilogaster Brulle, is placed by that author next to Perilampus.

Callimome consists of much smaller insects than those of the genera
of Chalcidie, before mentioned, and some species are abundant in
England. None have been reported in Canada, but the genus is doubt-
less there, as it occurs both to the north and the south of. that region.
Two species have been found near Hudson’s Bay. One of them, C.
cecidomye@ is most allied to the British C. euchlorus; it is parasitic on
Cecidomyia spongivora, which forms galls on the willow. The other, C.
_ splendidus, should be placed next C. purpurascius, with which itagrees in
its stout structure. The species collected by E. Doubleday, in the United
States, appear to be different from those described by Say, and a few
more from the same region have been lately published by Osten Sacken.
The British species are very numerous, and, as to the female, may be most
obviously distinguished from each other by the comparative length of the
oviduct. The chief district of the genus seems to be now N. Europe, the
known species of Australia and S. America being small and scarce. Some
are natives of E. Siberia or Amurland, and it is probable that the more
Southern parts of Asia were the earlier habitation of the present European
species. Their instinct induces them to act so that their young ones may
live at the expense of gall-making insects, and there is much to observe in
the mutual adaptation of the size of the gall and the length of the
oviduct, and as to what species are exclusively reared: in one kind of gall
or are developed in several kinds, and whether differences of habitation
have any effect on outward appearance. The many-chambered galls are
more interesting than those witha single cell. Some ten or twelve species
of Callimome resort to oak apples and effect lodgments for their eggs at
depths proportioned to the length of their oviducts; the species which

18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

has the longest oviduct obtains possession thereby of the grub in the
central part of the gall for the maintenance of its young ones, and the
latter have a longer life in the gall than the young of the short oviduct
species. The different species thus dwell in different concentric circles of
the gall, and observations may be made whether there is mutual agreement
as to the boundary lines between their respective territories, or whether
complications occur between them when they have removed the earlier
inhabitants.. Many other species of insects dwell in these galls, and there
is also much yet to be ascertained in the domestic habits of each one,
whether herbivorous or carnivorous.

MISCELLANEOUS.

GENERIC NOMENCLATURE.—Can not some method be devised to check
the recently introduced habit of rehabilitating fossil genera?

To borrow a geological simile, these had their little day of life in the
Eozoic period of entomological science, proved themselves unfitted to
survive in the struggle for existence, and then disappeared—it was to be
hoped, forever. Is it not taking a very unfair advantage of the older
authors to make them responsible for genera of which they had no
conception, and which certainly would have been indignantly repudiated
by them ?

What a change, for example, from Pafilio of Linneus, an overgrown
genus, capable of containing whole shoals of its lesser successors to Papilio
Linn., este Scudder, applying solely to one insect, already well supplied.

If Mr. Scudder’s proposed revolution in our nomenclature should be
adopted, I fear that also, on the other hand, the laboratories of the “‘ genus
grinders ” will resemble the mills of the gods in one respect, and in one
only, namely, that of “ grinding exceeding small.” If every genus has a
single type, then, as species differ structurally more or less, what can be
more evident than that each species is in itself the type of some genus,
and immortality as enduring as that of Eratostratus is within the grasp of
the man who grinds out his genera with the greatest rapidity !—Tueo. L.

MEAD.
ATTRACTING LEPIDOPTERA.—At page 194, vol. iii, CANADIAN ENTO-

MOLOGIST, attention is drawn to a new French method of collecting
Nocturnal Lepidoptera by means of bait.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19

Having purchased chemicals, &c., for the purpose of thoroughly
testing it at Anticosti and Labrador, last summer, I give my experience
with the hope that it may be of service. Dried apples, such as recom-
mended, were immersed in Nitric Ether, and hung on branches of trees
on the second day after my arrival on Anticosti, and I visited the baits
that night and each succeeding one during my stay on the Island. Moths
were flying in the vicinity, and several passed within twelve inches of the
bait, but only owe was noticed to rest on it during the season. The baits
on Anticosti and Labrador were constantly visited by Diptera and ants,
and these alone. My want of success discouraged me, and I resolved to
add sugar to the bait, and it was only with this addition that moths were
attracted. I think, therefore, that the old mode of sugaring is still the
‘best for this country. My friend, Mr. Caulfield, tried it here last summer
with a like result.

It occurs to me that a bait might be prepared to attract Diurnal
Lepidoptera. I passed two months of the summer of 1871 on the Black
River, about 140 miles north of Montreal. I resided ina shanty on the
new Colonization Road, which follows the river through the mountains.
Water in which salt pork had been par-boiled, was thrown out on the
sandy loam opposite the door, and I noticed that hundreds of Papilio
turnus frequented this spot during favorable weather, thrusting their
tongues into the moistened sand when the fluid absorbed, for which they
seemed to have such an extraordinary liking, rendered them semi-
intoxicated. .

I have seen them flying from all quarters direct for the shanty. Many
of them, I believe, came from a.distance of two miles at least. ‘The spot >
which these butterflies visited was certainly that on which the pork water
was thrown, and the effluvia resulting from this was doubtless the great
source of attraction. In A. R. Wallace’s “ Malay Archipelago,” page
124, he says that the rare Charaxes Kadenii, a Java swallow-tail butterfly,
was caught as it was sitting with wings erect sucking up the liquid from a
muddy spot by the roadside, and I have seen several of our Canadian
butterflies sucking the moisture from mud on the margins of ponds made
for the use of cattle.

I intend to try a few experiments in suitable places next sumer on
Anticosti, &c., with water in which salt pork has been par-boiled, with various
other substances added,and the results will be noted for the benefit of those
concerned. Cyanide of Potassium is a quick destroyer of insect life,
and I recommend it for night collecting.

20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

As it is almost impossible to keep butterflies perfect on pins while
moving from place to place in wild regions, each specimen of Diurnal
Lepidoptera of my next collection will be placed in a paper envelope,
and my subscribers will, no doubt, receive the remainder of their
specimens in good condition. ° Moths will be pinned, and collected
chiefly by sugaring, as I believe it is the cheapest and most prolific
method of procuring good specimens. I am anxious to obtain three
additional subscribers for the Northern Diurnal Lepidoptera, to be
collected during the season of 1873.—WILLIAM CouPER, 38 Bonaventure
Street, Montreal.

QuerRiEs.—John R. Smith; of South Pownal, Vermont, U. S., wishes
to ascertain the best locality for P. Zuna and Ceratocampa regalis ; also
if there is any published price list of American insects.

Will any of our readers kindly give the desired information ?

A New Sociery.—We are glad to learn that a new Entomological
Society has been started in Brooklyn, N. Y. We cordially wish it every
success.

ExcHANGE.—Mr. W. Cole, of London, Eng., is desirous to enter into
correspondence with Canadian Entomologists with a view of effecting
exchange of specimens. For further information address W. CoLE, care
of C. Browne, Esq., 5, Old Square, Lincoln’s Inn, London, England.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

The undersigned would like to exchange desirable Lepidoptera from
North America, Brazil, India, Europe, &c., for species of Lycenide, new
to him (from any part of the world.) Californian and Arctic species
especially wanted. Address H. R. Morrison, Old Cambridge, Mass.,
US.

Joun AkuHurRsT, Taxidermist, No. 19, Prospect Street, Brooklyn, N.
Y., keeps constantly on hand for sale, Sheet Cork for insect boxes—size,
12 x 3% x 4%; $1.25 per dozen sheets. Felt or German Insect Paper—
size, 18 x 22 x %; 50c. per sheet. Insect pins, French make ; No. 2, 4,
6, 8, 10,12, 14, 16, 18—$1.25 per tooo. Insects for sale or exchange.
Dealer in Bird Skins.

N. B.—The above prices do not include the cost of transportation.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. V. LONDON, ONT., FEBRUARY, 1873. No. 2

SOME REMARKS ON ENTOMOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE.
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

The papers on Nomenclature, lately published in the CaNaDIAN
ENTOMOLOGIST, have much interested me, and doubtless many others,
and as the subject is one that just now, for reasons well known, appeals
especially to Lepidopterists, I beg to be allowed a little of your space
to give my views thereupon, and to state what I believe is a practicable
remedy for the evils complained of.

I am glad that this matter of Nomenclature was brought so prominently
forward by the Entomologists present at the Meeting of the American
Association for 1872, and that a Committee was appointed by the
Entomological section to report a series of Rules for consideration at the
next Meeting.

I apprehend that hitherto very little attention has been paid to Nomen-
clature in this country, at any rate in Entomology, and that when start-
ling innovations are proposed, based upon assumed Codes or systems of
Rules, very few know what such Codes or Rules are, or how far they are
applicable or binding, or how they came to be enacted, with many other
points of like nature. As applied, they seem incomprehensible to most
persons, and even to the initiated have their difficulties. In the words
of Alex. Agassiz, “'The laws requisite for the correct name of an animal
or of a plant have become as difficult to establish as the most intricate
legal question.” How such a discreditable state of things has come
about, it is worth while to consider.

From an early period, Entomology, quite as much as its kindred
Sciences, suffered from a disagreement as to names of species, one set
prevailing in England, another in France, another in Germany, and so
on. The first effort to secure uniformity seems to have been made in
England by the Rev. Mr. Strickland, who, after consultation with other
naturalists, drew up a Code of Nomenclature for Zoologists, that was

bo
Le

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

adopted by the British Association, in 1842. (I have been unable to:
obtain a copy of this Code, and only know its Rules as I have found
them recited in various authors. On applying to Mr. A. G. Butler,,
Brit. Mus., I received the following reply:—“ I can get no exact informa-
tion as to when and where these Rules were published. At the time,
they appeared in the report on the Meeting, and separate copies were:
struck off and distributed. | Most of our Entomologists have either made-
copies of them or have seen them, and a few say they have printed copies
somewhere.”

This Code was not found to work altogether satisfactorily, and never
did receive the general assent of Naturalists in their several departments.
Prof. Verrill says, ‘‘ The success of these Rules was but partial, even in
England, for a considerable number of English authors have either ignored
them or adopted them in part, often violating the most obvious and im-.
portant Rules. In Conchology, especially, the violations have been
lamentably numerous.”

In 1865, a Revised Code was adopted by the British Association,
which Code is printed at length in the Am. Journal of Arts and Science,
July 1869, with valuable notes by Prof. Verrill. In this Revision some:
important changes were made, with a view to curing the defects of the
original Code, and of gaining a more general acceptance. It is significant
that Botany is recommended, by the Committee of Revision, to be
omitted from the operations of the Code.

These two Codes may, so faras my purpose is concerned, be treated
as one and the same, as the Rules that I consider obnoxious are found in
both of them, and it is of their application to Entomology only that I
have to speak, and more especially as affects the Lepidoptera.

The first Rule reads as follows :—-‘‘ The name originally given by the
describer of a species should be permanently retained, to the exclusion of
all subsequent synonyms.”

It is declared by those who are familiar with the facts, that the object.
of this Rule was not to drop out of sight all existing names in favor of a
rejected or obsolete name, but to give the right to that one of the names in
use that should be found to have priority of date.

For a period of years after 1842, it is asserted that such was the under-
stood effect of the Rule, until a generation arose who knew nothing of, or
overlooked the circumstances connected with its original proposal, and
who took the letter of the Rule as their guide. And gradually there has

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23

sprung up a class of authors who’have devoted themselves with enthusiasm
to exploring ancient works and forgotten publications of all sorts, in the
hunt for the earliest recorded name to every species, by which to replace
the name or names in use. ‘The old authors had described but a few
hundred species, and their descriptions were of the briefest. | How brief,
an average example from Linnzus will show :—“ Papilio Troilus ; wings
tailed, black ; fore-wings with pale marginal spots, hind wings. beneath,
with fulvous spots;” a description applicable, perhaps, to fifty species of
Papilio. (This description at once misled Drury into giving the name
Troilus to his figure of Asterias, to which it applies equally well.)

As new species were discovered, each of the earlier described having
a group of close allies, many of these descriptions were no longer capable
of identification, applying to numerous species as well as one. Then
recourse was had to tradition, or to type specimens. The former may, or
may not be trustworthy, and the latter is utterly untrustworthy unless the
type agrees with the description. Dr. Staudinger says:—“ It is unfortu-
nately a fact that the acquirer of the Linnzan collection had the deplora-
ble idea of sometimes replacing damaged specimens by fresh.”

Mr. McLachlan says :—‘‘ It (this Linnzan collection,) was so mal-
treated by additions, destructions and misplacements of labels, as to render
it a matter of regret that it now exists at all. Any evidence it now
furnishes is only trustworthy when confirmed by the descriptions.”
Speaking of quite a modern collection, that of Mr. J. F. Stephens, Mr.
Janson says :—“It not unfrequently happens that two, or in difficult
genera, more species are mixed up under the same specific title.”

And it is my opinion, knowing well the carelessness of collectors in
the matter of labelling, some even who have described many species using
no labels at all, but trusting to memory for identification of all their speci-
mens, that a type specimen, or what was offered as such, if it disagreed
essentially with the description, should be wholly rejected.

Besides the brevity of the old descriptions, many are defective from
other causes. Often the two sexes received different names; often
varieties were described as species ; often damaged and broken specimens
were described as if fresh, the defects being cured by imagination ; often
figures were made by unskilled artists, who omitted the specific charac-
teristics, or the figures were colored so poorly as to be incapable of
identification, or were copies from copies, or copies from memory, (for a
curious illustration of this last, see Westwood, Trans. Lond. Ent. Soc.

24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1872, on Donovan’s Papilios) ; and often descriptions were made from
unreliable figures, instead of from the insect.

Now, with these and other disadvantages that might be mentioned,
the authors who have undertaken to revise our Nomenclature have, each
for himself, fixed on this or that description as applying to this or that
insect, and there is frequent and serious disagreement between them.
This will sufficiently appear by comparing the two Catalogues hereinafter
mentioned, which, as to the names of British butterflies alone, that one
might suppose had been settled long ago, differ as to the correct specific
name to the extent of one-seventh of the whole number, as has been stated
by Mr. W. A. Lewis, in his paper on Synonymic Lists. Lond. 1872.*

To complicate the case still further, there is a disagreement as to the
date at which names shall be held to have first begun. Specific names
did not originate with Linnzus, but that naturalist was the author of the
binomial system of Nomenclature, and enunciated it in 1751. ‘This was
after his earlier works had been published, and even he did not fully apply
the system till several years later. | He re-described the known species
of insects, using sometimes the names of his predecessors, but often re-
naming, and very frequently changed a name given by himself in his
earlier editions.

The question of a starting point, therefore, has very much exercised
authors exploring for ancient names. And it isa very important one,
and one above all others on which agreement would seem to be necessary,
for many insects in 1767 bore different names from those given to them in
1758, and the latter from those of prior date.

Rule 2nd of the Code says:—“ Specific names published before 1766,
cannot be used to the prejudice of names published since that date ;” and
in the explanatory remarks, it is said :—‘‘ We ought not to attempt to carry
back the principle of priority deyond the date of the 12th edition of the
Systema Nature, 1766.” (Vol. I., issued 1766; vol. II., in which are
the insects, 1767.)

Mr. Kirby, in his Catalogue of Lepidoptera lately published (1870),
follows the Rule, and would ignore all names prior to 1767. Dr.
Staudinger, in his Catalogue of European Lepidoptera, also published

*Norz.—See also a very able pamphlet by Mr. Lewis, entitled ‘‘ A Discussion of
the Laws of Priority in Entomological Nomenclature,” Lond. 1872, which I advise
all persons who care to make themselves better acquainted with the subject, to
obtain. It may be had through the Naturalists’ Agency, Salem,

bo
wt

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

in 1871, adopts the roth edition of the same work (1758), and says dis-
tinctly :—‘“‘ Every name given before 1758 loses its right.” | Others go back
to various earlier dates. If the earliest Linnzan edition comes to be
claimed as having a prior right over those that followed, as symptoms
indicate, then there will be a sweeping away of landmarks, that will make
the lesser floods hitherto experienced seem as nothing.

The result of all these efforts at stability, for that is the avowed object
of the advocates of rigid priority of date, is extreme confusion,* instead
of the agreement hoped for when the Code of the British Association was
adopted, and students of one branch of Entomology at least are at a loss
to know where the Nomenclature stands to-day, and are very certain that
under the present order of things there will not be aname familiar to them
that 20 or 50 years hence will not be supplanted under the claims of
priority.

The Code of the British Association not only has not been adopted in
detail by the British naturalists, who might be supposed to have given
their assent to-it, but it has not been adopted in other countries.t It is
not the law of France nor of Germany. In the latter country, in 1858, a
Code of Nomenclature was adopted by the Dresden Congress, in which
the Rule on the subject of priority more sensibly meets the requirements

* Prof. Verrill, in his comment on Rule 2, says:—‘‘ Disregard of this important
and essential law (viz., fixing the 12th edition as the starting point,) has brought into
Conchology, and some other branches of Zoology, an almost incredible amount of con-
fusion.” :

+ ‘* Notwithstanding the Rules sanctioned by the authority of the Brit. Ass’n,
it would not seem that any perceptible improvement has taken place.” —G. R. Crotch,
Cist. Ent., 1872

Mr. Kirby has revised, &c., ‘‘in accordance with a series of Rules selected from
those issued by the Brit. Ass’n for 1865.” — Wallace.

Dr. Thorell ‘‘refers to the old Brit. Ass’n Rules with general approval, but differs
from them in some important points. ”—J/bid.

Dr. Staudinger lays down eight rules that vary from those of the Brit. Ass’n or
from Kirby and Thorell in several particulars. And Gemminger and Harold’s Cat.
Coleopt. differs in the Rules applied from all the others. See Wallace. As to
French authors, the following extract of a letter to me from a distinguished English
Entomologist will show how heterodox is their position :—‘‘The chief confusion in
generic Nomenclature is owing to the French, who consistently ignore or alter every

* thing done in other countries, on purpose to force their own names on the world in

place of others.”

26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of the case. “ The principle of preserving the oldest of the names given to
the same insect ts not absolute; the choice between them, following the greater
or tess degree of convenience, remains free.”

Until quite lately, although there was a general feeling among Lepi-
dopterists that the hunt for new names was getting to be a nuisance that
demanded abatement, there seems to have been no active opposition te
it, till the publication of the Catalogues of Staudinger and Kirby, and, in
this country, of Scudder’s Revision. The changes announced in these
works amount to a revolution of much of the existing Nomenclature.
In the Revision the names of American species have been changed
largely. and of genera almost altogether. For example: of the Butterflies
found in New England, out of 28 hitherto recognized genera (omitting
the Hesperide) Mr. Scudder has left but three untouched; of five others
he has retained the name, but restricted the genus; but of nineteen he
has changed the names altogether, displacing well-known names by others
purporting to have been found in ancient authors, and mostly in
Hubner. And from the twenty-eight genera have now proceeded fifty-
one. Whilst of the Hesperide he has made forty-five genera for one
hundred and thirty-eight species, besides giving a horrid array of barbaric

family and tribal names, remnants of systems ages. ago deservedly
exploded.

Mr. Kirby’s “ Revision has the effect of abolishing scores of old and
familiar names (generic) and replacing them by others altogether new to
the majority of Lepidopterists ” Wad/ace :and Mr. Crotch, by following out
his mode of determining typical species, “shows us that Mr. Kirby is
wrong in the names of twenty-seven genera,” defined before Hubner, and
in a letter he says: ‘I stopped abruptly at 1816, as the question of
Hubner’s Verzeichness beat me,” to which bewilderment we should be
grateful, for the assimilative powers of that author are fearful.

The trouble caused by the strict application of Rule 1 to specific names
becomes intensified when applied to generic names. It mightbe supposed
in the hunt for the former, that if the several authors now at variance could
be got to interpret the ancient descriptions by the same illumination, and
could agree upon a starting point, the ultimate name of each species would
some day be reached. It might require a long period, but it would seem
possible. Not so with genera. Even when the final stage of disinte-
gration was reached, and each species stood in a genus by itself, there
would be a never-ending contest as to whether such genus should bear

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 27

_ the stamp of Fabricius, or Latreille, or Hubner, and each successive
““ resurrectionist,” as these exhumers of dry bones are irreverently called,
‘would but glory in upsetting the platforms of his predecessors, and would
‘prove to a nicety that they and their systems were all wrong. Now, it is
a matter for admiration that, notwithstanding the imposing names attached
‘to these generic creations, every one of them is the result of the labor of
Brown, Smith or Jones, alive and industriously working, and that the
-ancient worthies, so honorably preferred, lived and died in happy ignor-
.ance of the progeny after ages would attribute to them.

Now, it is insisted by those who rigidly adhere to the application of
the priority theory to generic names that the original name given to a
_genus must never be lost, no matter what changes are made with the genus,
although to retain such name may be to attribute to its original author
-exactly what he did not mean, and perhaps never would have sanctioned.

Rule 4th says:—‘‘A generic name, when once established, should
never be cancelled in any subsequent subdivision of the group, but re-
‘tained, in a restricted sense, for one of the constituent portions.” And
Rule 5th:—‘ The generic name should always be retained for that portion
of the original genus which was considered typical by its author.”

That is to say, Papilio of Linnzeus embraced what is now divided into
very many genera, and the name Papilio must somewhere be retained.
What particular species Linnzeus would have chosen for the type of the
_genus, had he foreseen its future disintegration, is not known, and in the
absence of such knowledge, authors now would differ in selecting the
typical species; and unless there is agreement on that, it is plain that
nothing but discord can follow. Mr. Kirby says, following the Rules:—
“In subdividing a genus, the original name should be restricted to the
typical sections if this can be ascertained.” I have asked of an eminent
Ornithologist what would be done in such case in his science, and he
replied as follows:—‘“ It is our custom to take the first name mentioned by
an author as the type of his genus, unless another be especially claimed ;
.and, if this genus be subsequently subdivided, to insist that the original
name must be retained for the first species of the original list, unless there
are very grave reasons to the contrary. I notice, in the roth edition of
Linnzus, the first Papilio is Priamus, from Amboyna. I should, there-
fore, be inclined to maintain that the name Papilio should be retained for
that first mentioned species, whatever else might befall the group. This
‘being premised, the author engaged in overhauling a group has the right

28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

———,

to select any other species of the original section as the type of his new _
genus.” Mr. Crotch says (Cist. Ent., 1872) “‘ No genus can be considered
defined until its type is indicated,” but when this is not done by the
original author, “I am not inclined to cut the knot by taking the first
species, but to trace the genus historically until it has a type given to it ;”
and “Cuvier (1799) gives precision to the old genera by characterizing
them and indicating their types.”

Let us apply these dicta to Vanessa Antiopa as metamorphosed into Pa-
pilio Antiopa by Mr. Scudder. He says:—‘‘The generic name Papilio.
was applied by Linnzus to all the butterflies at the foundation of the
binomial system of Nomenclature. Fabricius, in his later works, restricted.
it to the Nymphales and Pafgilionides. Schrank was the next author
to restrict the name, limiting it, in 1801, to most of the Nymphales.”

By Rule 5, or by Mr. Kirby’s Rule, the original name having to be-
restricted to the typical section, Schrank should have left it with some
part of the Papilionides of Fabricius, for I suppose no one can doubt that:
the swallow-tailed butterflies were the typical section of Linnzus
(Equites), even though his typical species may be in question. Had he
bound himself by the ornithological dictum, he would also have restricted.
the name to the Pafiiionides, Priamus being the typical species.

By that of Mr. Crotch he would still have been restricted to the
Papilionides, making P. Machaon the type, because Cuvier (in 1799) made
this species the type of the genus Pafi/io (and so it is recognized to-day
and I hope will be for all future time.)

But, says Mr. Scudder, “If the laws of priority have any force or
meaning, I do not see how we can refuse to acknowledge the claims of
Schrank. I select, accordingly, from among the species grouped under
Papilio by Linnzeus, Fabricius and Schrank, one of ¢he dest known European
butterflies as most suitable for the type of the genus.” And by this.
curious process, one of the dest known species being selected as the type,
we get the astonishing creation Papilio Antiopa.—(Scud.) And this is.
equivalent to enunciating another dictum, being the fourth on this head, by
which the dest known species of a genus is to be the typical. | Moreover,
such exceedingly minute definition is given to the new genus that it would
appear to be impossible that a second species could ever be embraced.
within it.*

* I notice that Mr. Scudder speaks of the ‘‘ insufficiency of their generic descrip-
tions” being ‘‘ the reproach of Lepidopterists.” Mr. Wallace, on the other hand,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29:

_ Now, here are four modes of determining the typical species of a
genus, propounded by as many authors, and there may be others for
aught I know to the contrary, all with the view of simplifying these
sciences, under the operation of Rule 1. Isit strange that “an incredible
amount of confusion” is the result ?

Linnzus placed under Papilio the princes of the order, and no matter
what restrictions may have been made hitherto, these hundred years,
Papilio has always had a magnificent following, increasing in
splendor as the years wenton. And now we are told, in 1872, that,
in order to save the claims of the hitherto unappreciated Schrank,
who published his speculations in 1801, Papilio is to be ejected from his.
rich possessions, and made to share the rest of his unlucky days with the-
dingy Vanessan to whom hard fate and Mr. Seudder has driven him. No
more the superb creature we have read of, with “ glistering burganet,””
and “shinie wings as silver bright,”—“ refreshing his sprights,” in “ gay
gardins,” ‘ pasturing on the pleasures,” &c.; but, like Clarion, “ reduced
to lowest wretchedness,” his good times all over, he flits about in slums
and nasty lanes—and there we leave him.

In the explanatory remarks to Rule 4, it is said:—‘It is an act of-
justice to the original author that his generic name should never be lost
sight of.” By Mr. Scudder’s new creation the name Papilio is so nearly-
lost sight of that it might as well disappear altogether. It is certainly-
no compliment to Linnzus to retain it.

And this brings up the whole question of the obligation of naturalists.
to adopt whatever system any one may propose. Clearly enough, the
right of ignoring changes made in Nomenclature is recognized even by-
the most determined advocates of strict priority, when applied to their-
contemporaries. A genus is set up, andno one follows it. It happens
constantly, and it seems to me that in this matter one’s contemporaries.
are the proper judges of one’s work, and that no reversal of their judg--
ment may rightfully be looked for from posterity, and therefore the writings.

asserts that the definitions of a Westwood, or of a Doubleday, are ‘‘ careful and.
elaborate.” I was much struck on reading these words in Cope’s Origin of Genera,

_ page 6:—‘“‘ The reader will often find introduced into diagnoses of genera characters.
which indicate nothing of this sort ;”’ and these, ‘‘adjacent genera of the same series.
differ from each other but by a single character.” From which it may be inferred _
that inordinate length of generic description is not commendable, and is not properly-
attainable.

30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of authors whose systems were rejected in their own day, and whose
generic creations were ignored not only by contemporaries, but for gen-
erations afterwards, cannot properly be appealed to. If there was injustice
-done to them itis too late to remedy it, and justice at this late day means
injustice to those in present possession, and whose title often has the
strength of nearly a century’s undisputed possession. We cannot judge
of the circumstances that influenced the contemporaries of such authors,
and with the views prevailing at the time, their judgment was right.
Therefore, when Schrank, and Hubner and others, are sought to be rein-
‘stated, and a host of generic names set aside, the later injustice is worse
than the first,—if there was any first, and of that we have no knowledge.
Otherwise, fifty years hence a system or a genus proposed by an author
of to-day, though rejected by every naturalist living, for defects that appeal
‘to the sense of each one of them, may be reinstated in spite of such con-
temporary judgment.

It has become more and more the practice, for twenty years past, to
ignore all genera created since Hubner, and to replace subsec uent names
by names taken from that author, who published a Catalogue of Lepidop-
tera, in which nearly every species stands by itself, in a division that,
whatever it may be called, is not generic. Of course it is easy to apply
-one of his names to every genus that can be now created. By his con-
temporaries, and for a generation after his works were published, his fan-
-ciful divisions and fanciful names were rejected, and it is only of late years
that some authors have discovered that in his works is a mine of wealth.

But on this head it is sufficient to give the words of an Entomologist
whose authority is second to none. — I quote from the annual Address
(1871) to the Lond. Ent. Soc., by Mr. Alfred R. Wallace, President of
the Society, and I quote at some length, as it seems to me desirable that
American Lepidopterists should be made aware that Hubner’s claims are
not yet everywhere acknowledged :—‘“‘ By far the most important
-and most numerous alterations are caused by adopting the names of an
author who has long been purposely ignored as an authority for genera
both by English and Continental Lepidopterists. I of course allude to
Hubner.”

“Such old names as Chionobas, Agraulis, Eresia, Godartia, Adolias,
Polyommatus, Leptalis, Terias, Callidryas, Thestias, Anthocaris, with
many more, are changed for others to be found in no other work than
Hubner’s obsolete and useless Catalogue. Yet this wholesale change

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 31

does not seem to be warranted by the Rules of the British Association.
Rule 12th says:-—“ A name which has never been clearly defined in some
published work, should be changed for the earliest name by which the
object shall have been so defined.” And in the explanatory remarks it
is said, “Definition properly implies a distinct exposition of essential
characters, and in all cases we conceive this to be indispensable.”

Now this Rule merely embodied the feeling and practice of naturalists,
and it had been acted on for thirty years, before it had been formally
enunciated, in this very case of Hubner, whose work had been systemati-
‘cally set aside as an authority by most European Entomologists, because
it was felt that his so-called genera were mere guesses founded on facies
alone,—happy guesses, no doubt, sometimes—but as frequently wrong as
right, and wholly without such definition as was held, even in his own
day, to be required to constitute a new genus. Boisduval expressly states
this, and his non-recognition of Hubner’s genera has been followed in
almost all the great systematic works which have since been published.
If we take Hubner’s first four genera and the characters he gives them,
we shall be able to judge of the reasons for this course. ‘They are as
follows:

MMMDEE Ree Nald. Naela den oh et os upper wings half banded.
ANI Sa ease ee Ge ea a 5 “ — one-banded.
DMM 0 eS tay OS cee bee a *¢ twice-banded
DENCE a oh Ss ath eee sn oie Sela Ered soo a'os both wings banded.

Such a mode of defining genera, though it has the merit of being sim-
ple and symmetrical, is undoubtedly superficial, and it can only be by the
purest accident that a group so characterized can correspond in extent to
any real genus. * * * In Mr. Kirby’s own work, we find Hubner’s con-
demnation in almost every page, in the utter want of agreement between
his groups and modern genera. The modern restricted genus Helicon-
ius, for instance, contains species belonging to seven Hubnerian genera ;
Pieris comprises five, and Thecla twelve of these hap-hazard groups;
while, in other cases, the species comprising Hubner’s groups are divided
among several unrelated modern genera. * * * * The names sought
to be reinstated, rank as mere catalogue names for want of proper defini-
tion, and should therefore never be quoted. * * * Even as a matter
of justice it may be maintained that we should recognize the careful and
elaborate definitions of a Doubleday or Westwood, rather than the childish
guesses of a Hubner. * * * The proper course to be taken is to rein-

32 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

state every name which of late years has been made to give place to one
of Hubner’s, and further, to treat the Verzeichniss bekannter Schmetterlinge
as a mere Catalogue, which can never be quoted as an authority for
genera.”

Now with regard to the remedy for the evil complained of. There
have been various suggestions of Rules by foreign authors, many of which
would meet the assent of most Entomologists, and it is easy to select from
these authors both Rules and arguments for their adoption. _I_ will call
attention to so many of these suggested Rules as seem to me to meet the
difficulty of the case, and to others, which might properly form part of a
code, and will give short extracts illustrating them.

I mention them for the purpose of exciting discussion as to their
fitness for the end in view, and that Lepidopterists may know what is
the opinion of students in other branches of Entomology besides their
own:

1 There must be intelligible description and publication in case of a
species, or arecognizable figure. In case of a genus there must be a
definition giving the essential characters.—/v0m Dr. Thorell’s European
Spiders, quoted in Wallace's Address, before cited.

2. In determining the priority of specific names, notice should be
taken only of those works in which the Linnean binomial nomenclature is:
exclusively and consistently employed.— Zhorell.

Note—*“ The binomial system of nomenclature was fully and distinctly
propounded by Linnzus in the Philosophia Botanica, published in 1751,
and there can beno reason whatever why authors who adopted and sys-
tematically applied it should be set aside, because Linnzeus himself did
not apply it to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms till 1758.”—
Thorell. .
3. The same date should apply to generic as to specific names, both
being characteristic of the binomial nomenclature, and it being impossible
if we go back earlier, to determine what are to be considered as truly
generic names.—/#id.

4. Between two specific names in use, the prior right shall belong to:
the first named. But no name in use shall give way to an obsolete or
rejected name, even though the latter be of prior date—Weallace’s Ad-
dress, p. 67.

Note.—‘ The idea of justice to the namer or describer of a species is
sometimes appealed to, but the law of priority is founded on no such

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 33

expressed idea, but rather on the universal practice of mankind, which
always upholds stability of nomenclature, and requires cogent reasons of
beauty or convenience to sanction its alteration. * * * * * *

“The proper Rule to adopt (instead of Rule r of Brit. Ass’n.) would
have been wnchangeability of names in use, rather than priority of date,
which latter rule ought only to have been brought in to decide on the
claims of two or more names in use, not to retain obsolete names never
in use, or long ago rejected.—Jdid.

‘What we want for the sake of knowledge is stability and uniformity
of nomenclature, not an upsetting of it by the substitution of old, forgotten
and very doubtful names, published in works without, or with very little
scientific merit.,.—Dr. Schaum, on Nomenclature of British Carabidae, Ent.

-Ann., 1860.

“The rule of priority in Nomenclature, I hold to bea good rule within
its proper limits; it is not an unmixed good; and priority, like every
other hobby-horse, may be ridden too hard. When the rule is strained
beyond the reason for the rule, it becomes a nuisance,—nay more, it pro-
duces intolerable evil; but when reasonably applied, it produces more
convenience than inconvenience. I accept it, therefore, as a rule for con-
venience, and nothing more, a rule adopted for the benefit of science, not
for the glorification of name givers.” —¥. W. Dunning, Ent. Mo. Mag.,
vol. 8, 215.

*- In systematic nomenclature the object is to register titles, not to
gratify pride, and the names of authors are appended for convenience, not
fame; the question of justice or injustice has no place here.”—Scudder,
Am. Fo. Arts and Sci., 1872.

“Both sides agree that the accord of Entomologists is the ultimate
desideratum. I hold that the law of priority is not that the oldest name
of an insect is invariably the right one, but that in cases of dispute, the
prior name is to be preferred, and in such cases only ; and that any at-
tempt to subvert accord cannot be done under the law of priority, but we
must make a new law—the law of antiquity say. * * * * Insuch
event, every insect capable of identification must henceforth carry the
name under which it was first called—no matter by whom—no matter
the language. The American fire-fly must bear its Indian appellation—
the ‘ Palmer-worm’ and the ‘Canker-worm’ must have their ‘ prior’ names
restored ; we must carry the law back without limit—even to chaos itself.”

—T. Hi. Briggs, Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. 8, p. 93.

34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

“ Nobody but a fool or a madman would try to persuade the modern
New Yorkers to call their city New Amsterdam, or the English to have
their letters addressed to Londinium, because these were the old original
names. And yet, what men of the world would never dream of doing
certain scientific men are doing every day.”—Walsh, Am. Ent., 1872.

5. The name placed after a genus shall be that of the-author who
established the genus in the sense in which it is actually used—Dr. Sharp,
in Nature, Feb., 1872.

Note.—* Carabus of Linnzeus included all the insects now comprised
in the family Carabidz, at present divided into several hundreds of gen-
era. To write, therefore, Carabus, Linn., when we mean something else,
may be usual, but is not desirable.”—_Dr. Sharp, ibid.

I do not deny to any author the right to establish new genera. Quite
the contrary. But I would insist on these genera standing on their own
merits, and claim for the Entomological world the right to accept them or
not, as they choose. If any one thinks it worth while to break up Papilio,
for instance, let him do so at his pleasure, but do not let him apply to the
severed parts names taken from Hubner or other ancient author, in order
to give these brand-new creations a smack of age, and so get the advan-
tage of another author who may honestly put his name to his own work
It is by this species of wrong that Nisoniades, Hubner has supplanted
Thanaos, Boisduval ; Oeneis, Hub. is trying to supplant Chionobas, Bois. ;
Polygonia, Hub. thrusts itself into the place of Grapta, Kirby, and so in
cases innumerable.

Rules 4 and 5, if carried out, must pul an effectual es to the perpetual
shifting of names.

Other Rules, which might properly form part of a Code, are as
tollows:—

6. The same specific name may be employed in genera saree
remote from each other.— Staudinger, Cat.

7. Ifa species has received different names for its sexes, that first
given shall be retained.

8. The names of species should properly be Latin, or Latinized to
the extent that renders them capable of being used in scientific Latin.
But names once given are not to be altered or set aside for any defect or
errors.—Dr. Sharp, before cited.

“Tt matters not in the least by what conventional sound we agree to
designate an individual object, provided the sign to be employed be

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 35

stamped with such an authority as will suffice to make it pass current.” —
Lxplan. Rem. to Rule r.

“The name originally given, even though it may be inferior in point
of elegance or expressiveness to those subsequently proposed, ought, as a.
general principle, to be permanently retained.” —/did.

9. The same generic name may be employed in Botany, but not in
Zoology.

I have heard the objection to the application of the above Rules, that
Entomologists have no right to separate themselves from other naturalists,
and make a special Code for their own sole guidance. To this I would
reply, why not? _—_If itis found impossible to enact a series of Rules that
will meet the requirements of the several branches of Natural Science, and
the experience of thirty years shows that the thing is impracticable, why
should not each branch adopt Rules to suit its own case? If Botany
may be excluded from the operations of a Code, why not Entomology ?
It is very certain that in other branches than Entomology there is wide-
spread dissatisfaction, and I believe an effort for reform in any direction
will be met by general approval. At all events, as the dissatisfaction felt
on this side the Atlantic has found expression, and a set of Rules is to be
prepared as aforesaid, by a Committee of experienced Entomologists, it
may be left to them to estimate the force of this and any other objection,
and to report accordingly.

But Entomology is peculiar in one respect, and if there were no other
reason, this alone would make it imperative that its votaries should resist
strenuously unnecessary changes in Nomenclature, even if, by so doing,
they should separate themselves from other naturalists. This is the only
branch of Natural History that is becoming thoroughly popular through
organized effort. Nottospeak of Europe, the Governments of the United
States, and many of the individual States, and Canada, employ professional
Entomologists, who make frequent Reports that are printed by authority,
and widely disseminated with the view of rendering the people intelligently
acquainted with their native insects. Several Magazines have been pub-
lished, which are exclusively devoted to the same subjeet,and the numerous
agricultural weeklies or monthlies set apart a portion of their space for En-
tomology. Professedly, the object is to give information upon insects injuri-
ous to vegetation, but that includes, in one relation or other, every
insect. The expensive treatise of Dr. Harris was published by the State
of Massachusetts, and is everywhere a received authority. Packard’s

36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

‘Guide to the Study of Insects, has passed through three large editions, in
as many years, and is rapidly becoming the text book used in our schools
and colleges.

The result is that a vast degree of attention is concentrated upon En-
tomology, a hundred fold, I venture to say, more than upon Botany or
‘Geology,and a thousand-fold more than upon Ornithology or Mammalogy.
In these branches, therefore, a disturbance of names would affect scarcely
any but special students, and if they do not care to resist innovations, it
isnot our concern. But, from the nature of the case, in Entomology,
the advantage gained by disseminating information depends wholly upon
the precision with which the objects treated of can be identified, and pre-
cision can result only fromthe use of a common Nomenclature. If one
Treatise dilates upon the habits of an insect by one name, and the next
Report under another, and anybody may shift about the names, specific
and generic, at will, nothing can result but incomprehersibility and disgust.
What man reading the history of Papilio Asterias, figured with all its
preparatory stages, and colored to the life, in Harris, and the larva of
which species he recognises as one of the pests of his garden, will com-
prehend what the Annual Report of his State Agricultural Society for 1873
shall say upon Amaryssus Polyxenes? or, his old acquaintance, familiar
from boyhood, that he has been instructed to call Papilio Turnus, when
he shall read about Euphceades Glaucus? Mr. Wallace well says,
“Tntelligible language is wholly founded on stability of Nomenclature,
and we should soon cease to be able to understand each other’s speech,
if the practice of altering all names we thought we could improve upon
became general.”

I hope, therefore, that the Entomological section of the American As-
sociation, at its next Meeting, will adopt a new or amended Code,
having in mind the exigencies of their own science only, and that full dis-
cussion and interchange of opinion having meantime been had, such Code
will express the views of the great majority of the Entomologists of this
continent. Ifthe Rules are sensible, they will recommend themselves
to the Entomologists of other countries, and in time secure general
adoption.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. oF

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

I. CABBAGE BUTTERFLIES.

BY THE EDITOR.

In pursuance of our plan of laying before our readers, from time to
time, illustrated descriptions of the common insects of this country, we
propose to begin in this number of our journal some account of the
Butterflies belonging to the genus Preris—familiarly known in their larval
state as “‘Cabbage-Worms.”. As stated by our coadjutor, Mr. Saunders,
in the first paper of this series (C. E., v., page 4), we do not profess to
bring out any new facts or information of interest and value to the
experienced Entomologist, but we wish to afford to our less scientific
readers plain descriptions, with illustrations, of our more common insects,
in order that any one beginning to collect and observe may be able to
identify and learn something about what he meets with. Such being our
object, we shall not hesitate to make use of all available information,
whether derived from our own or extraneous sources, and shall not pretend
to be especially original in our descriptions or remarks.

The genus /zeris is represented in Canada by but three species
( Oleracea, Rape and Protodice), all of them white butterflies of moderate
size, with more or less conspicuous black markings. The first-mentioned
species, the Pot-herb Butterfly (P. O/eracea, Harris), is our native .repre-
sentative of the genus, being found all over the northern portion of this
continent, from Nova Scotia and Maine in the East to the District of
Algoma and even Manitoba in the North-West. It has been occasionally
observed south of Lake Ontario, but very rarely as low down as Pennsyl-
yania ; at Ottawa, Collingwood, and other northern localities in Ontario,
it is generally quite abundant every year, but it is seldom observed in any
great numbers at Toronto or other places in the same latitude. When
prevalent, it is usually to be seen on the wing from May to September,
there being at least two broods in the year.

The Oleracea Butterfly (Fig. 7), may be at once distinguished from all
other Canadian species by its almost pure white wings, destitute of spots
or other markings on the upper surface ; towards the tip and also next the

38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

body the forewings are slightly discoloured with dusky scales. On the
. Fig. 7. under surface the wings are sometimes of
Maa yellowish hue, with the veins broadly
marked with black or dark green; some-
¥ times they are entirely white, with the
veins merely faintly outlined in black ;
between these two extremes many grada-
tions of shade may be observed. The
pure white specimens found in the North
West were supposed at one time to be a °
—— = == clistinct species, and were described by
Kirby under the name of the “Chaste Butterfly” (P. Casta) ; there isno
doubt now, however, that these are merely varieties of the same species.
The legs and body of the insect are black ; its wings expand to a breadth
of about two inches, but there is considerable variation in the size of
individuals.

ec =

The butterfly, about the end of May or beginning of June, and again
towards the close of summer, may be seen hovering over the food-plants
of its larve, preparing to deposit its eggs. These are pear-shaped, or
oval, of a yellow-green colour, and measure about one-twentieth of an
inch in length, and a third of this amount in diameter ; they are ribbed '
longitudinally with about fifteen sharp-edged lines. The parent deposits
them singly, and rarely more than one on a leaf, on the underside of the
Icaves ot the cabbage, turnip, radish, mustard and other plants of the
order Crucifere. They are hatched in about a week or ten days.

The young larva is pale green, cylindrical in shape, and covered with
short, whitish hairs. In order to escape from the egg it makes an opening
with its jaws and then eats the shell until the aperture is large enough to
admit of its easy egress ; it subsequently devours the greater part of the
shell that remains. At first the new-born caterpillar is less than one-
twelfth of an inch in length, but it grows rapidly, until it attains its full
size, about an inch and a quarter, in the brief space of a fortnight. The
mature larva (Fig. 7, a) is pale green in colour, with numerous darker dots
and a dark line along the back ; it closely resembles the ribs of the leaf
upon which it feeds.

When mature, the caterpillar forsakes its food plant and crawls away
to some secluded spot, such as the under side of a stone or board, or a
crevice in a fence or wall; there it spins a knot of silk to which it fastens
its hindermost pair of feet; then it proceeds to form a loop of silk which

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39

it dexterously fashions into a girth around the middle, and thus supported
finally turns into a chrysalis. This is pale green or whitish, finely and
regularly speckled with black, and in shape much resembles that of P.
rape, of which an illustration will be hereafter given. In summer the
chrysalis state lasts only a week or ten days, but in the case of the
autumn brood the insect remains in this condition all winter and only
conies forth as a Butterfly in the April or May following.

REVIEWS.

ConTRIBUTIONS TO ENTOMOLOGY FROM THE STATE OF New York.
—Two works of value on the life history of various insects taken in the
neighbouring State of New York, are before us; both of them emanate
from official sources, and singularly enough, both appeared but a few
months ago, though the Reports to which they belong have reference to
the year 1869. The first to which we would draw attention is entitled
** ENTOMOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS,” by Mr. J. A. Lintner.* It contains
a remarkably elaborate description of the metamorphoses and whole life
history of the handsome but rare moth Hemileuca Maia, Drury, occupying

_nearly twenty pages, accompanied by a lithographed plate of egg, chry-

salis and imago, and constituting an excellent monograph of the species.
This is followed by interesting observations upon various stages in the life
of the butterflies We/it2a Phaeton, Fab., Ml. Nycteis, Doubl.. and Pieris
Oleracea, Harris. The author then describes, with illustrations, three new
species of Misoniades, named Scelus, Lucilius and Ausonius; and a new
Sphinx, El/ema pineum, which will probably be found in Canada, if it be
not already in some of our collections under the name of Z. Harrisii—a
closely allied species. A list of forty species of Sphingide, another of
over a hundred butterflies, and calendars of butterflies and moths, com-
plete the author’s observations. To these he has appended a very useful
list, with references to volume and page, of all the North American moths,
some 600 in number, described in Guenee’s Species General des Lepidop-
teres. The volume is concluded by a translation from the German of a
paper by Dr. Speyer on Cucullia intermedia, Spey., and C. lucifuga, W. V.,
to which Mr. Lintner has prefixed some notes on the larve. We have

’ given a full account of the contents of this volume in order that the

student may know where to look for very valuable contributions to our

_* Entomological Contributions, by J. A. Lintner. From the twenty-third Annual
Report of the New York State Cabinet of Natural History. for the year 1869. 8vo.,
pp, 90.

40 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

knowledge of the species referred to. We trust that Mr. Lintner will not
relax in his efforts, but wili continue to afford us year by year a complete
record of his most pains-taking and accurate observations.

The other work, to which we have alluded above, is Dr. FITCH’s
THIRTEENTH REPoRT as Entomologist of the State Agricultural Society
of New York.t -It opens with a long account of the synonymy and
natural history of the Bean Aphis (4. rumicis, Linn.,) followed by
descriptive notices of the Black-lined Plant-bug (PAytocoris lineatus, Fab.,)
the Lilac Measure-worm (Priocycla armataria, H. Sch.,) and a new species
of the latter genus, P. Fohnsonaria, Fitch. ‘The remainder of the
Report is occupied by a very long and minute account of the two Cab-
bage Butterflies (Pieris oleracea and P. rape), covering some six and thirty
pages. The diffuseness of these notices leads one to wish that the talented
author would extend his observations to some other department of
economic Entomology, and afford us, as he is so well able, concise and
accurate accounts of species that are not yet familiarly known. While
upon this subject we cannot forbear complaining of the excessive difficulty
there appears to be in obtaining Dr. Fitch’s Reports; we have tried in
vain to obtain his roth, r1th and r2th, and only succeeded as a special
favour in getting the one we have just noticed. We are sure that —
Entomologists would esteem it as a great boon were they permitted to
purchase these Reports separate from the volumes of Agricultural Tran-’
sactions, at some reasonable price. The Naturalists Agency at Salem
would, we should think, be an excellent and convenient depository for
them.

The volume of ‘ Transactions’ contains also an admirable account of
“The Grasses and their Culture,’ by the Hon. J. Stanton Gould, illus-
trated by upwards of 70 beautiful lithographed plates.

For SaLe.—A fine collection of named Shells, mostly marine—com-
prising about 1800 species, with numerous varieties and many rare shells.
Also about 200 species of Corals and Radiates. The specimens are all
in the finest order, having been selected with a view to their perfection
and beauty. The collection embraces about 6000 specimens. For
further information address D. W. Frercuson, Corner of Hester and
Elizabeth Streets, New York.

+ Thirteenth Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and other Insects of the State
of New York. By Asa Fitch, M.D. Transactions of the New York State Agri-
cultural Society for the year 1869. Albany.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOR/-ve’ > LONDON, ONT., MARCH, 1873. No. 3

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

—es

Mll. CABBAGE BUTTERFLIES.

BY THE EDITOR.

The next species of Pzeris on our list—the Rape Butterfly (P. rape,
Linn.,) though an European insect, is rapidly becoming one of our com-
monest and most destructive species, especially in the Eastern portion of
the Dominion. The history of its arrival near Quebec in some ocean
steamship, its discovery by Mr. Couper in 1859, its capture in abundance
at Quebec by Mr. Bowles, in 1863, and its subsequent rapid spread in all
directions is probably well known to all our readers. It is needless, then,
for us to dwell upon it here; we may merely state further that it had
reached the city of New York in 1869, Halifax, N. S., in 1871, and last
‘year it had come as far west as Belleville and Trenton, Ont. We fully
expect to see it at Port Hope this year!

. The Rape Butterfly, like the preceding species, is white, with a black
dash at the tip of the forewings, a black spot on the front margin of the
wigs os hind wings, and in the male (Fig. 8)

one black spot in the middle of the
forewings, but in the female (Fig. 9)
two. The under surface of the
forewings, in both sexes, is marked
by ‘wo spots, corresponding to
those on the upper surface in the
_ female ; in other respects the wings
are much alike on both sides, except that beneath there is a tint of yellow
at base and tip. Occasionally ma/e specimens are found of a bright yellow
colour, like our common Sulphur-yellow Butterfly (Co/ias philodice) ; to

42, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

:

this variety, which does not occur at all in Europe, Mr. Scudder has given

Fig. 9. the name of /Vovangliae, trom the first
observed specimens having been found
in the New England States. Dr. Fitch
gives it as his opinion that this colour
is produced by seclusion from light
(13th Report, p. 559), but we should
think it much more probably caused
by peculiarity of food. Mr. Caulfield,
of Montreal, (C. E., iv., p. 203,) is stated indeed to have found the yellow
colour displayed when the larvae had been fed upon mignonette. We
must await fuller observations, however, before we can feel justified in
adopting any particular theory upon the subject.

The larva (Fig. to, a) of this Butterfly is, when full grown, of a pale
green colour, finely dotted with black, with a yellowish dorsal stripe, and
a series of small yellow spots forming a stripe along each side; its length
is about an inch and a quarter. It feeds, like P. o/eracea, upon various
species of cruciferous plants, especially upon the cabbage, to which it is
most destructive. In this case it bores down, when feeding, into the very
heart of the plant and thus renders the vegetable quite unfit for food. It
forms its chrysalis (Fig. 10, 4) in the same kinds of situations and in a
similar manner to the preceding species. In this state it remains, in
summer, for from a week to a fortnight, but in the autumn it continues as
a pupa until the following spring. There are at least two, ean
perhaps three, broods in the year.

‘The ravages of this insect in Northern America are
beginning to be somewhat checked by a parasite
(Prteromalus puparum, Linn.) ; it belongs to the ichneu-
mon family, and is a four-winged fly, about one-eighth
of an inch long, with a golden-hued body and a bright
green head.

The remaining species of Pieris found in Canada—
the Southern Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris protodice, Boisd.)
—is quite a rarity with us, though oftentimes very
abundant in the western and more southern States. Last August we foun
it to be the commonest butterfly about Chicago and through the States of
Illinois and Iowa. Like the other two species, it is white with black
markings ; the accompanying illustrations so well represent the butterfly

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43

that we need not occupy our space with any special description. (Fig.
Fig. 11.

Ir, with the comparatively few
black spots, represents the male.
Fig. 12, the female, with its much
more numerous and conspicuous
spots and markings.)

The chrysalis (Fig. 13, 4) is over
half an inch in length, of a light
bluish-gray color, more or less pro-
fusely speckled with black, with the projecting portions tinted with pale
yellow or flesh color, and marked with large black dots. The caterpillar
(Fig. 13, a) varies in colour from ==
deep to pale bluish and green; it
has four longitudinal yellow stripes,
and is thickly covered with black
dots. As in the other species
there are two broods in the year,
and the winter is passed in the pupa
state. In the Southern States it is

a very injurious insect, but here it
Fig. 13.

is too rare to be more than
an interesting curiosity.

his

Another species of Pieris
(P. frigida, Scudder) has
been taken in Labrador and
on the Island of Anticosti,
but it is not likely ever to
spread much, or to be ranked
= E amongst ‘ common insects.’

oes
—

MN yi;, 44, tas >

ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOME GENERA
OF CANADIAN INSECTS.

BY FRANCIS WALKER, LONDON, ENGLAND.

Isosoma.—So much has been lately written about this genus that it
may be dismissed with a few words. The Zurytomidac, to which it
belongs, were considered by Nees to be in a debatable state between the

44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Chalcidiae and the Cynips tribe, and though they are now fixed with the
Chalcidiae, there is still matter for argument as to their maintenance by
animal life, or by vegetable life, or as to how they are divided between
these two means of existence. Nees mentions his discovery of a gall-
making urytoma, and Girand announces his ascertaining the vegetable
food of Jsosoma, a fact afterwards observed by Moncreaff, but this genus
has more importance in the U. States, where Harris, Fitch and others have
been witnesses of its ravages on corn. But the most interesting part of
its history is in Canada where a species occurs in grape seeds, and is
remarkable not only on account of the singularity of its abode, but also by
the contrariety of the sexes, one of them representing the carnivorous.
Eurytoma, and the other the herbivorous /sosoma, and thus one species
figuratively combines the diminishers of vegetation and the controllers of
such diminution. Jsosoma is destitute of the metallic hue which is the
especial ornament of its tribe, but possesses a compact and elegant form,
a finely sculptured thorax, and a highly polished abdomen. It occurs in
Australia, in Amurland, and probably in all the chief parts of the
earth.

PTEROMALUS.—This genus is the last of the Canadian Chalcidiae, and
thereby indicates what a multitude of discoveries in this tribe are yet to:
be made in Canada. It inhabits all parts of the earth, and the British
species are exceedingly numerous. J. fuparum is the type of the genus.
and has been long known in Europe. The chrysalis of a butterfly affords.
food and lodging for its young ; it was found formerly near Hudson’s Bay,
and its appearance in the U. States has been lately a source of gratifica-
tion, and it can hardly fail of being shortly recognized in Canada, having
now the means of making itself known.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.

Continued from Vol. 5, Pagel5.

G. eupatoriella. Ante p. 9. Vol. 4.

- The former notice of this species was very brief and imperfect, having,
as there stated, been made from a single specimen which had been untimely
nipped from its pupacase. Since then I have bred and captured other
specimens. It may be G. Venustella Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1860.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45

_p. 92, and re-described by Dr. Clemens, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 1863, p.
216. It does not agree accurately with either of Dr. Clemens’
descriptions, but it seems to be a somewhat variable species, though some
of the most striking marks in my three specimens are not mentioned by
Dr. Clemens. I therefore retain the above name for the present, at least,
as Dr. Clemens gives no measurement for his species, and was unacquainted
with its food plant. In the following description I have noted the points
in which my specimens differ among themselves and from Dr. Clemens
description.

Maxillary palpi and basal joint of the labial palpi dark brown; _ter-
minal joint white, with a dark brown annulus before the middle. (In one
‘specimen the labial palpi are entirely white, except the annulus. Dr.
Clemens’ first description says: “white, with a blackish spot near the
middle and one near the tip.” His second says: ‘‘Second joint fuscous
at its end, third with a broad fuscous ring.”) Antennae brown ; head
white ; thorax white, narrowly margined near the apex with dark brown,
and a dark brown line beginning on the head and extending to the apex
of the thorax. (Dr. Clemens does not mention this line nor the dark
margins.) Primaries dark grayish brown. A white streak along the
dorsal margin from the base to about the middle, where it is: confluent
with the first dorsal oblique streak. (In one specimen it does not attain
the oblique streak. This oblique streak is not mentioned by Clemens,
who simply says “the basal portion of the inner margin is white.”) A
‘small white dorsal streak at the beginning of the ciliae (not mentioned by
Clemens.) A short white costal streak in the basal portion of the wing ;
another about the middle, extending to or crossing the fold and pointing
- ttowards the second dorsal streak. (Dr. Clemens calls this second costal
‘streak a fascia extending obliquely across the wings and sometimes con-
stricted or partially interrupted near the dorsal margin. If sufficiently
interrupted, this- would make my second dorsal streak.) Two narrow
white fasciae in the apical part of the wing, the last one not oblique. (Dr.
Clemens calls these costal streaks extended to the middle.) All these
‘streaks are dark margined internally, and the two last named are continued
into the dorsal ciliae (a mark not mentioned by Clemens.) A fifth white
‘short costal streak at the apex (not mentioned by Clemens, unless this is
what he means by “ Ciliae—at the tip of the wings white, touched with
black at the ends.”) Ciliae of the general hue, with a dark brown hinder
‘marginal line beyond their middle. Anterior legs dark brown, with yel-

46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

——

lowish-white tarsi; middle pair like the anterior, except that there is a.
white annulation near the middle of the femora; another at its articulation
with the tibiae, and another near the base of the tibiae; posterior legs
whitish, annulate with dark brown. (Dr. Clemens says nothing about the
markings of the legs and tarsi, but in his classification of his species by
the color of the tibiae, he places Venusfella in the section ‘ without white
tibiae.”) AZ. ex. Y% inch. i

The larva may be found in the leaves of Aupatorium ageratoides
from July to October, but is rather rare. The mine is at first a
short narrow white line, but ends in a large tentiform mine. It.
is on the under surface, and the larva frequently leaves one mine
to form another. The maxillary palpi are a //#/e larger in this insect.
than in Parectopa robiniella Clem.; and I have not examined the neuration
of this species, but I think it is evident at a glance that they are congen--
eric. And I do not see how, with a species like this before him, Dr.
Clemens could have placed rvodiniella inaseparate genus. In fresh speci--
mens of robiniella the head is zof roughened. At p. 7, vol. 4, anvze, I have
suggested that Parectopfa Clem. is simply Zeller’s section of Gracilaria
with eight marginal veinlets in the primaries. Zeller’s section agrees nearly
with Herrick-Schaffer’s genus, Zuspilapteryx. And a glance at a figure of
Gracillaria (Euspilapteryx) amogattela, or G. (Eupilapteryx) phasian-
ipinella, as figured by Stainton, Vat. Hist. Tin., or the former in Woods’
Index Entomologicus, settles the position of Parectopa so far as the pattern
of coloration can affect it.

Many of the species of this genus, when very young, make linear
mines. The mines of G. plantaginisella and G. eupatoriella are short,,
crooked lines, ending in the large tentiform blotches heretofore described.
That of G. salicifolie/a is a narrow white line, sometimes nearly straight
and with lateral branches on the underside of Willow leaves; when it:
leaves this mine it again enters the underside, but passes immediately
through to the upper surface, where it makes the large blotch mine: The
statement at p. 20 ave, that it makes but a single mine, is incorrect, as it
commonly makes two or three. The young larva is flattened, resembling
somewhat a flat Lithocolletis larva. G. purpuriella sometimes pupates.
under a web, as stated an/e f. 28, but usually in its cone. The complete
cone sometimes occupies an entire leaf; the apex of the leaf is bent over,
so that the left edge touches the right one, to which it is fastened; then.
the leaf is rolled spirally to the base, and the tip is used to close one end
and the base the other, so that the whole leaf is utilized. Many of the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47

——

mines, however, are by no means so perfect. Possibly the form of the
mine may be useful as indicating the affinities of the species. G. desmodi-
foliella Clem. at first makes a narrow linear short mine on the underside of
the leaf, ending in a small tent mine, which is indistinguishable from that
of Lithocolletis desmodiella Clem., in the same leaves ; afterwards it leaves
the mine and rolls the leaf downwards from the tip. The mines of G.
(Parectopa) robiniella and G. (Parectopa) lespedesxefoliella Clem. resemble
somewhat the mines of the older larvae of G. sadicifoliella.. The larval
habits of the other American species are unknown, except G. suglandisnt-
eracella, which makes at first a short linear mine ending in a white blotch
on the under surface ; at this stage it is indistinguishable from the young
mines of some species of Lithocolletis ; when it leaves the mine it feeds,
and then pupates under the edge of the leaf turned up. I have seen no
account of the European G. juglandiella. The Black Walnut ( Yuglans
nigra) is naturalized in Europe. If it is the food plant of juglandiella,
then juglandisnigracella or blandella may be the same insect.

ORNIX.

The species of this genus may be distinguished from those of Graczl-
Jaria by the roughened head, the somewhat broader primaries and the
duller colors.

Many of the species resemble each other very closely, so that, as Mr.
Stainton says, the specific characters are to be sought for in the ciliae.

“Tn early life the larvae are leaf miners and make mines on the under
surface of leaves, difficult to distinguish from those of the genus Lzthocol-
letis. "Towards maturity, however, they abandon their mines and feed
under a portion of a leaf turned down from its edge, which is bound
closely with silk. When they are full fed a small portion of the edge of
the leaf is turned over, and the larva weaves its cocoon within the cone
thus made.”—Clemens’ Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., r86r. p. The italics in
this quotation are mine. Mr. Stainton gives substantially the same
account of their habits. And I believe the species described below as
O. inusitatumella is the only known species which has a different habit.

O. inusitatumella. WN. sp.

Dark iron gray, almost brown. Labial palpi whitish, with a dark
brownish gray annulus on the third joint before the tip. Head dirty
grayish mixed with brown. Antennae gray brown, faintly annulate with

48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

white. Thorax and primaries dark iron gray, or brownish ; primaries pale
whitish gray along the dorsal margin, dusted with brown. A _ narrow,
brown streak from the fold, which widens into three small spots, once near
the base, once towards the middle, and once behind the middle. Seven
(or eight?) indistinct pale costal streaks, the first before the middle, the
last close to the apex ; those in the apical part of the wing are longer than
those about the middle, and extend nearly across the wing, and all are
internally dark margined. A white spot at the extreme apex, very small,
and followed by a minute dark brown dot, behind which is an indistinct
brown hinder marginal line. Ciliae of the general hue. A/ar ex. nearly
¥ inch.

At the bottom of Z. r76, v. 3, ante, I have mentioned a mine on the
upper surface of the leaves of Haw trees, which resembles that of Litho-
colletis Virginiella on the upper surface of Ostrya leaves; and which I
then supposed to be the mine of an undescribed Zithocolletis. (As willbe
hereafter explained, there is no such species as LZ. Virginiella, and the
supposed mine of that species proved to be the mine of Z. ¢ritenwanella.
(But of that hereafter.) The mine on the uffer surface of the Haw leaves
proves to be that of the Ornix above described. This mine is white,
with the frass scattered, and much of it attached to the upper cuticle. It
is large and nearly circular, and when completed the leaf is folded
upwards. The larva never leaves the mine, but pupates in i, in a brownish-
red cocoon attached to the upper cuticle. J have never seen it on any leaves
except those of Crataegus tomentosa, and never on those, except in one
small piece of woodland containing about ten acres, near Covington,
Kentucky. There they are very abundant, and I have found multitudes
of them containing larvae and pupae, and empty ones with the pupa case
projecting through the upper cuticle, from May to November. J have
never met with any other Ornix on the leaves of C. tomentosa. It is a very
difficult species to rear, as out of at least one hundred mines that I have
gathered containing the larvae and pupae, I have succeeded in rearing
but two specimens of the imago.

Dr. Clemens states that his O. crataegifoliclla has the labial palpi
whitish ; and does not mention the annulus ; and he says that the fore-
wings have a few whitish streaks in the apical part of the wing. His
description is scarcely sufficient to enable one to determine a species
among those which resemble each other so closely as do many species of
this genus. But if he had mentioned the annulus on the palpi, and had

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49

not confined the whitish streaks exclusively to the apical part of the
wing, I should have considered caffured specimens of this species as
specimens of his species, which he says also feeds on C. ¢omentosa. But
‘then the habits of his species are those of the genus generally—that is,
it leaves the mine and pupates under the turned down edge of the
leaf.

Nor can there be any suspicion that my first surmise about the mine
‘was correct, viz., that it is a Zzthocol/etis mine, from which I have failed to
‘rear the imago; whilst I have bred an Ornix, which was unobserved in
another mine onthe same leaves. For in one of the instances in which I
bred it, I placed, one evening, a single Haw leaf in a wide-mouthed vial,
‘containing nothing else. ‘The leaf was carefully examined, and contained
nothing but the mine and pupa of this species. The next morning the
Ornix had emerged, and its pupa skin was projecting from the mine.

I have, therefore, described it as a new species, notwithstanding its
close resemblance to O. Cratacgifoliella, which Dr. Clemens says feeds
upon the same leaves, but which I have never found on or in them.

For the purpose of comparison with the preceding species, and with
the one described afterwards (O. prunivorella), 1 here quote Dr. Clemens’
-description of his species.

O. Crataegifoliella, Clem., Proc. Ent.. Soc. Phila., Nov., 1861, (p. 94 of
Mr. Stainton’s edition.)

“Labial palpi whitish. Head dark brown and gray intermixed.
Antennae dark brown, faintly annulate with whitish. Forewings dark
brown, with a purplish hue. Along the inner margin, from the base to
ithe anal angle, whitish dusted with dark brownish. In the fold at the
base is a dark brown streak, and a small blotch of the same hue beyond
‘the middle, nearly reaching to the inner margin. Toward the tip are a
few whitish costal streaks, and at the apex a small round dark brown spot
in a whitish patch, with a circular dark brown apical line behind it; ciliae
blackish gray. Hind wings blackish gray ; ciliae rather paler. Abdomen
blackish, tipped with dull yellow.”

“The larva mines the leaves of Crataegus tomentosa (black thorn) in
‘September, and becomes a pupa early in’ October, weaving a reddish-
brown cocoon in a turned down edge of the leaf. The pupa case is thrust
from the end of the cocoon at maturity, the imago appearing early in
May. There is doubtless a summer brood, but I have not sought for it.
‘The head of the larva is brown ; the body greenish-white, with the dorsum

50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

reddish-brown.” This description of the larva suits the larvee of a great
many species.

O. prunivorella. NV. sp.

Dark steel gray, almost brown. Labial palpi white, each joint tipped
externally with dark steel gray. Antennae of the general hue, faintly
annulate with whitish. Thorax and primaries dark steel gray, the primaries
with about nine faint whitish costal streaks, the first near the base and the
last at the apex, becoming gradually longer from the base to the apex, all
faintly dark margined internally, the last three or four nearly perpendicular
to the costal margin, crossing the wing avd uniting near the dorsal margin,
where they are very narrow and indistinct. A small black apical spot,
behind which are three dark hinder marginal lines in the ciliae, the first
of which is at their base, and becomes furcate in the dorsal ciliae, the
second is at the middle, and the third at the apex of the ciliae. AZ ex.,
¥% inch. Kentucky.

The larva mines the leaves of Apple trees (JZa/us) and Wild ‘Gheny
trees (Prunus serotina), making a large tentiform mine on the under
surface, which can only be distinguished from that of Lzthocolletis crataegella
Clem., in the same leaves, by its larger size. It is at first a short crooked
line, which ends in the large tentiform mine. It leaves the mine to pupate:
under the edge of the leaf turned down.

Lithocolletis crataegella, Tischeria malifoliella, Aspadisca splendoriferella,
and so many larvae of larger moths feed indifferently on the leaves of
Crataegus, Prunus and Malus, that I at first, when I bred this insect from
Apple and Wild Cherry leaves, was inclined to suppose it to be O.
crataegifoliella Clem., but a slight inspection shows it to be different, and
I have never found it feeding on Haw leaves. Among other things which
distinguish it from O. crataegifolicla and O. inusitatumella the posterior
margin of the wings is not whitish, and it has three hinder marginal lines.
in the ciliae. It may be found in all stages through the summer and fall.

PERSONAL.—We are pleased to learn that Mr. Aug. R. Grote, one of
our esteemed contributors, well known for his many valuable papers on
Lepidoptera, has removed from Demopolis, Alabama, to Buffalo, N. Y.,
where he has undertaken active work in connection with the Society of
Natural Science.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN HYMENOPTERA, No. 5;

BY E, T. CRESSON,

Continued from Vol, 4, Page 231.

Genus Micropus, Nees.

Micropus imiTatus. J. sf.

2 .—Sanguineous, shining; head, antennz, prothorax, surroundings:
of scutellum, pleura beneath, four anterior legs, including their coxe,
posterior trochanters and their tibiz and tarsi, black ; sides of mesothorax
tinged with blackish; metathorax coarsely punctured above with four
longitudinal carinz, the two central ones approximate, flanks less coarsely
punctured ; wings uniformly fuliginous, with the usual hyaline angular
streak beneath stigma; abdomen long, narrow, polished, with a purplish
reflection ; ovipositor longer than body. Length .37 inch.

Massachusetts. More slender than sanctus, with the mesothorax,
scutellum and sides of pleura sanguineous; the metathorax is differently
sculptured and the posterior tibiz are black.

MICRODUS SIMILLIMUs. J. Sp.

a@ 9.—Pale sanguineous or fulvo-ferruginous ; head, antennz, the
thorax, except metathorax and four anterior legs including coxe, black:
metathorax opaque, scabrous ; wings fuliginous; tips of posterior tibiae
and tarsi more or less fuscous ; abdomen shining, suture between first and
second segments very deeply impressed. Length .22-.27 inch.

New Jersey ; Pennsylvania; Illinois. Much smaller than savctwus,,
which it closely resembles, and from which it is at once distinguished by
the posterior trochanters not being black.

Micropus cCaALcaratus. JV. sf.

9 —Sanguineous ; head, antenne, the thorax, except metathorax,
four anterior legs, posterior trochanters and their tibiae and tarsi, black 3,
four anterior knees, anterior tarsi except claws, intermediate tarsi except
tips of joints, all the tibial spurs and apical joint of posterior tarsi, white:
or whitish ; metathorax shining above, with carinae forming an elongate
central area; wings fuliginous as usual; abdomen shining, second.

52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

segment with two finely crenulated, transverse lines ; ovipositor as long as
body. Length .25 inch.

Delaware. Allied to sacfus, but much smaller, with the tibial spurs
.and four anterior tarsi white.

Microbus pivisus. JV. sp.

gf .—Sanguineous ; head, antennae, pleura, metathorax, post-scutellum,
four anterior legs, including coxae, posterior coxae beneath, their tro-
chanters, tips of their femora, their tibiae and tarsi, black; metathorax
roughly scabrous; wings fuliginous; abdomen depressed, smooth and
polished, a broad, rather deep fovea on each side at base of second seg-
ment. Length .34 inch.

Illinois. Differs from medius, to which it is closely allied, by the color
of the legs ; the metathorax is more roughly sculptured, and the clear
blotch beneath the stigma more obscure, while in medius it is very con-
-spicuous.

Micropus aciuis. J. sf.

9 .—Small, slender, black; tip of clypeus, labrum, mandibles and
palpi yellowish ; thorax shining, metathorax opaque, scabrous; wings
hyaline, faintly dusky, iridescent; legs pale sanguineous, posterior tibiae
yellowish, their tips, a narrow annulus near base, and their tarsi, blackish;
three basal segments of abdomen pale sanguineous, remainder black,
shining ; ovipositor as long as body. Length .25 inch.

Massachusetts.

MICRODUS DISCOLOR. JV. sf.

g ¢.—Small, yellow-ferruginous ; antennz entirely black; space
‘between summit of eyes and two large spots on occiput, fuscous ; most of
prothorax, sutures of mesothorax, space around scutellum, sides of pleura
and metathorax above, all more or less fuscous; metathorax transversely
rugulose above ; scutellum sometimes blackish, and the spots on occiput
sometimes indistinct ; wings pale fuscous, areolet very minute ; legs honey
yellow, most of tarsi, tips of four posterior tibiz, tips of posterior femora
and an annulus near base of their tibiae, blackish ; abdomen opaque,
shining beyond third segment, which is more or less fuscous; one speci
men has the vertex, occiput and thorax entirely, the posterior tibiae except
broad median annulus, and the first, apex of the second, and the third

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 53.

segments of abdomen black. The f varies from entirely ferruginous,.
except antennae and posterior tibiae, to almost entirely black. Length
-14 inch.

Illinois. A very variable species.

MICRODUS PALLENS. J. Sf.

?.—Honey-yellow, shining ; tips of mandibles and antennae black,
scape reddish beneath ; metathorax roughened, opaque, pubescent ; wings
pale fuscous, areolet sub-triangular ; intermediate tarsi dusky, tips of
posterior tibiae and their tarsi black ; abdomen polished. Length .22
inch.

Illinois. Allied to fulvescens, Cress., with clear spot beneath stigma
much less distinct.

MICRODUS LATICINCTUS. J. Sf.

g .—Small, black, shining; mandibles and palpi pale; metathorax
scabrous; tegulae pale honey-yellow; wings hyaline, iridescent: stigma
blackish ; legs honey-yellow, posterior coxae dusky at base beneath, their
tibiae yellow, broadly black at tips, their tarsi fuscous; abdomen shining
black, first segment longitudinally striated, second yellowish, remainder
polished. Length .20 inch.

Missouri. (C. V. Riley.)

Micropus cinctus. W. sp.

$ 2.—Small, black, shining; tip of clypeus, mandibles and palpi
pale-yellowish ; antennz pale testaceous, more or less dusky toward tips,
scape piceous ; metathorax opaque, finely scabrous ; tegulae pale ; wings
hyaline, iridescent, faintly dusky; legs honey-yellow, tips of posterior
femora above black, their tibiae yellow, black at tips, with a narrow black
annulus near base, their tarsi fuscous ; coxae of $ generally entirely black,
. of ¢ entirely honey-yellow; abdomen black, polished, first segment
Opaque, second segment pale honey-yellow. Length .17 inch.

Illinois. Smaller than /aticinctus, from which it is at once distinguished
by the first abdominal segment not being striated.

MICRODUS ANNULIPES. JV. sf.

? .—Small, black, shining ; clypeus, mandibles and palpi more or less
pale-yellowish ; metathorax rugose, somewhat shining ; tegulae honey-
yellow ; wings hyaline, iridescent, stigma and nervures pale brown; legs

ay | THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

honey-yellow, anterior pair pale, posterior tibiae white, tips and a spot
near base black, their tarsi black, white at base ;' abdomen polished
black, second and sometimes base of third segment honey-yellow. Length
-16-.18 inch.

Massachusetts; Pennsylvania ; Illinois. Easily recognized by the
white posterior tibiae annulated with black. It is closely allied to the two
preceding species.

MIcRODvUS EARINOIDES. JV. sf.

? .—Small, slender, shining black ; mouth pale piceous, palpi whitish ;
metathorax rugose, sub-opaque; tegulae honey-yellow ; wings hyaline, iri-
~ descent; legs honey-yellow, posterior tarsi whitish, apex and spot near
base black, their tarsi black, whitish at extreme base: abdomen black,

depressed, polished, basal sutures of second and third segments sometimes
pale. Length .15 inch.

Massachusetts ; Illinois. Resembles Zarinus dimitaris in miniature.

Genus EarINus, Wesm.

EARINUS LIMITARIS.

Bassus limitarsis, Say, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.,1., p. 250.

g 2.—-Black, shining, with a short pale silky pile on face, pleura and
metathorax ; mesothorax not trilobate, feebly punctured ; metathorax
rounded, shining, disk with a narrow longitudinal groove ; tegulae whitish ;
wings hyaline, iridescent, costal nerve and stigma black, nervures fuscous,
areolet quadrate ; legs honey-yellow, posterior tibiae pale, apex broadly
and a narrow annulus near base black, their tarsi entirely black ; abdomen
narrow, depressed, polished, second segment with an oblique groove on
each side behind which is a round swelling; sheaths of ovipositor thick,
fringed with short dense black pubescence. Length .25-—.35 inch.

Canada; Mass.; Penn. ; Virginia; Illinois. Common.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 55

CANONS OF SYSTEMATIC NOMENCLATURE FOR THE
~ HIGHER GROUPS.

BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

[From THE AMERICAN JOURNAL oF ScreENcE AND Arts, Vou. III, May, 1872.]

Several years ago, the American Association for the Advancement of
Science appointed a committee to reconsider the canons of biological
nomenclature, and to report whether, with the growth of science, they
required any additions or alterations. No report has yet been made, nor,
so far as we are aware, is any likely to be presented, until the subject is
again brought prominently forward and new instructions given. Professor
A. E. Verrill has since republished * the Revised Rules of Zoological
Nomenclature adopted by the British Association for the Advancement of
Science in 1865, and has accompanied them by a few apt comments; in
England, Mr. W. F. Kirby, in a paper read before the Linnean Society of
London, has called attention to the extensive changes which a strict
adherence to the laws of priority would cause in the generic nomenclature
of butterflies; and quite recently has put the same into practice in his
catalogue of these insects.

But hitherto very little has been said concerning the special application
of definite rules to groups higher than genera, and it is to this division of
the subject that we desire to call attention.

In attempting to legislate upon this branch of zoological nomenclature,
two principles must be kept in view: s?, so far as possible, the canons
already in general acceptance for generic nomenclature should be applied
to all the monomial groups. Unity of principle lies at the foundation of
acceptable legislation ; second, retrospective laws should be avoided.

One difficulty meets us at the outset,—what some are pleased to term
the unstable nature of the higher groups, but which we should prefer to
call the disagreement of naturalists as to the limits and value of these
groups ; yet as this diversity of view is a nearly equal hindrance to any
code of rules, it needs only to be mentioned in passing.

Endeavoring to keep in mind the principles above enunciated, and as
the simplest means of presenting our views, the following outline of a
code is suggested for the consideration of zoologists.

This Journal, July, 1869.

56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Canons.—l. The name originally given by the founder of a group:
should be permanently retained, to the exclusion of all subsequent syn-
onyms.

This rule, recognizing the law of priority, which lies at the foundation
of all systematic nomenclature, is the same as the first and prime rule of
the code accepted by the British Association, with the exception of certain
references made exclusively to species; and, since this canon meets
universal acceptance, there is no need of SCRE it, aside from the
agli limitations.

. This law of priority should not extend to works published before:
Ly ss

The same reasons for such a limitation do not exist in the present:
instance as in the case of specific nomenclature ; but similar objections
can be made to an earlier limitation. Only three reasonable courses are
open to the naturalist: to accept (a) no limitation whatever, in which case
“our zoological studies would be frittered away amid the refinements of
classical learning ;” (0) the limitation here formulated, in which case all
our systematic nomenclature takes its common origin in the tenth edition
of Linne’s Systema Nature ;* or (c) to apply the laws of nomenclature to
each kind of group (sub-family, family, class, etc.), from the time when
such group was first brought into use—which would engender such con-
fusion as speedily to bring all nomenclature into deserved disrepute.

2. Plural or collective substantives (or adjectives used as substantives)
are alone admissible.

As the higher groups are all collective—in idea, if not in fact—it is
essential that the names applied to them should be at least capable of a
collective sense ; and names which are not so formed should be dropped.
The retrospective action of such a law would be very slight.

3. A name which has been previously proposed for some genus or
higher group in zoology should be expunged.

This accords too well with accepted rules to require any discussion.

4. When two authors define and name (differently) the same group,
both making it of the same or very nearly the same extent, the later name
(or if synchronous, the least known name) should be cancelled, and never
again brought into use.

* The English—the strongest upholders of the plan of dating from the twelfth
edition of the Systema Naturee—are now, by degrees, accepting the earlier date of
1758 as the starting point for zoological nomenclature, and we may assume that, in
this view, the whole scientific world will sooner or later concur.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 57

With the exception of certain verbal modifications, this law is identical
‘with the sixth section of the British Association rules, where it is applied
to genera only.

5. In any subsequent alterations of the limits of a group, its name
should never be cancelled ; but should be retained either in a restricted or
an enlarged sense. .

The necessity for such a limitation is obvious; otherwise a different
name would (or, could) be given by every author who differed from pre-
ceding ones in his ideas of the precise limitation of any group in question.
This indeed has already been done, and, if continued, will create lament-
able confusion; but this limitation should itself be subject to one
exception, which may be formulated thus:

6. But any assemblage so defined by an author as harshly to violate
the groupings of nature (as known to naturalists of his time), should be
cancelled.

Such a rule would prevent the injury which might accrue to science by
too close an application of the preceding law. The parenthetical limita-
tion seems, however, to be necessary.

II. Changes in the name of one group should not affect the names of
other groups.

This follows as a corollary of the first canon, but it has been not
infrequently violated, and it is easy to perceive the cause. The nomen-
clature of higher groups, notably of families and subfamilies, has, to a
considerable degree, been founded upon generic names, with the addition
of special collective endings to the root (see recommendation 1). Now,
when a generic name which has formed the basis of a family designation
has been found to be pre-occupied, it has been thought necessary by some
to recast the nomenclature of the higher group. But why? Aftera name
has been long applied to a group, it ceases to have any intrinsic meaning
and is simply associated with the group itself, recalling it without reference
to any particular member of the same. It certainly would be agreeable if
we had a nomenclature in which each group should by the very association
of ideas recall its members; but since that is utterly impossible, and we
have to deal with a mass of synonyms already tangled and intricate, our
problem is—how best to make our way out of the difficulty without a con-
tinual wrangling over names and entailing endless disputes upon future
generations.

58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

To this canon no exception whatever should be made ; for it would be
difficult to draw the line anywhere and gain general consent. Anyone
who considers the subject, will see that one apparently reasonable excep-
tion will lead to another scarcely less desirable, until the whole value and
force of the proposed canon is destroyed.

III. The mere enumeration of its members, when known, is. a suffi-
cient definition of the limits of a group, and gives it an unquestionable
claim to recognition.

Although it is certainly most desirable that every name proposed for a
group should, when first propounded (or shortly after), be accompanied by
a full description of its essential characters, it is evident that no one
acquainted with the subject of which an author treats can fail to under-
stand his meaning if he defines his groups by mere enumeration of their
members. If, for instance, he designates the known genera to be embraced
in a proposed family, he actually defines his group much better than he
could do by a specification of its characters, since we have probably not
yet been favored with any description of a natural family which gives
everything which is characteristic and omits all that is not.

Recommendations.—1. “‘ That assemblages of genera, termed families,
should be uniformly named by adding the termination -ide to the name
of the earliest known or most typically characterized genus in them; and
that their subdivision, termed subfamilies, should be similarly constructed
with the termination -inz.”

This recommendation, formulated by the committee of the British
Association, is deprived of a great part of its value by the disagreement
of naturalists as to the nature of family and subfamily groups,—assem_
blages of very diverse natures having received this designation at the
hands of different writers ; indeed, up to the issue of Professor Agassiz’s
Essay on Classification, no one had ever attempted to give definite shape
to current opinions upon the subject ; and it will be long before we shall
see a general concurrence in either the views put forward in that work, or
in any modification of them. Such being the case, it is evident that this
recommendation cannot have the force of a law, nor be allowed any
retrospective action. Otherwise these rules, or any other reasonable ones
(however generally they may be accepted), are powerless to assign to any
higher natural group a fixed and unalterable name ; but the group in ques-
tion would receive a different name from different authors, according as
they considered it a subfamily or an assemblage of still another nature.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 59

2. All monomial collective names should be derived from the Greek,
and have a plural form.

3. Only the surname of the author who first proposed a group need
follow its name, whether the group be used inits original or in a modified
“sense ; but when it is desirable to indicate at the same time its recognized
altered limits, the surname of the writer who first proposed the accepted
circumscription may follow in a parenthesis.

In systematic nomenclature, the object is to register titles, not to
gratify pride, and the names of authors are appended for convenience, not
fame ; the question of justice or injustice has no place here; and yet the
above recommendation ought to be satisfactory to those who view this
matter in a different light.

NOTES FROM THE EAST.

PIERIS RAP#.——The yellow variety of this butterfly occurs here every
‘summer, from the commencement until the end of the season; what I
have seen of them were of a delicate sulphur yellow. I netted all that I
met with, but never found a yellow female on the wing. In July, 1870, I
had a pot of mignonette growing on my window-sill, and observed a whzte
female Rape laying eggs on it. I reared seven or eight of the caterpillars,
feeding them on mignonette, and they all assumed the pupa state; after
the butterflies had emerged, a friend unfortunately opened the box and
‘some of them escaped before I had seen them. When I examined the
box there were five yellow females remaining in it. They had the dark
markings very strongly produced, as the later broods generally have ; not
knowing at the time the scarceness of the yellow females, I did not preserve
them, and I have not seen one since. I believe, with the exception of
one reared by Mr. Bowles at Quebec, it is the only instance on record,
Last spring I found some chrysalids of rage containing parasites, but did
mot succeed in breeding them, as the change from the cold of the open
air to the warmth of the house killed them. Last summer raf@ was very
abundant here, and now the chrysalids may be seen in great numbers sus-
pended to the fences about the city. The parasite has incrcased
wonderfully dnring last season, for nearly all the chrysalids that I have
seen this year are infested with tiem. I do not think that more than one
in fifty has escaped their attacks.—F. B. CAULFIELD, Montreal, P.-Q.

Macropasis Fasricit.—This beetle was very numerous here last
season, and did a considerable amount of damage to the potatoe vines ; in

60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

one field of potatoes that I examined I found on nearly every plant from
two to seven of them, busily employed on the leaves ; their blue-gray dress:
contrasted well with the green of the leaves, and gave them quite a
picturesque appearance. When disturbed, they did not attempt to fly, but
let themselves fall from the leaves ; however, when on the ground they
were active enough, and soon hid themselves under stones or lumps of
earth. While cn the plants they appeared to be very peaceable, keeping
together in small groups, but on some occasions they are sad cannibals.
A friend of mine brought me some of these insects in a paper, and when
I opened it there was only one alive; the rest of them were rather badly
mutilated, some had lost their legs and some were minus their heads. I
put them together again and the survivor immediately commenced a fierce
attack on one of his slaughtered relatives, and did not seem one bit the
worse after his strange repast.

DIAPHEROMERA FEMORATA.—] found this insect quite common here
last summer ; they do not seem to be particular in their choice of trees in
this locality. I found them on Maple, Linden, Oak and Butternut, and
early in the season I found a young one making a tour of discovery on an
Elm that I had sugared for moths. I found the males much more active
than the females, stalking up the tree when disturbed, while the females:
either remained quiet or dropped to the ground, rarely going up the tree.
—F. B. CauLFIeLbD, Montreal, P. Q.

‘

HESPERIA ILLINOIS Ipenticat with HESP. ACANOOTUS, Scupp.

I am informed by the best authorities that under the name of Hesp.
*‘ Tllinois,” I have merely re-described Mr. Scudder’s Hesf. Acanootus, and
I therefore hasten to make the necessary correction.

In comparing my supposed new species with specimens and
descriptions of N. A. Hesperidze, I was misled in regard to Acanootus,
(which I had never seen,) by Mr. C. S. Minot’s description of that species
on page 150, vol. iv, of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, which will be seen
to differ in several important particulars from my description of what now
appears to be the same species.

The majority of the females taken here also differ in the spots on the
primaries from the female of Acanootus, as first described by Mr. Scudder.

The few extenuating circumstances mentioned above, do not, however,
relieve me of the blame of having, with injudicious haste, re-described an
old established species.—G. M. Donpcg, Ohio, Ill.

Che Canadwn Entomologist,

VOL. V. LONDON, ONT., APRIL, 1873. No. 4

NOTES ON CASNONIA LUDOVICIANA, sALLe.
BY S.- V. SUMMERS, M. D., NEW ORLEANS, LA.

Long, .30-.33 inch. Body elongated, glabrous, sanguineous, pilose.
Head, disk of prothorax, and under surface black; head rhomboidal,
middle wider than thorax, thence gradually constricted into a narrow
rufous neck; eyes large and prominent; mouth parts, three basal joints,
antenne and legs rufous ; eighth and ninth joints of antennae white,
remaining joints black ; prothorax elongate, cylindrical, piceous; humeral
base and apex rufous, widest just behind middle, when viewed vertically
two fine long yellowish erect hairs will be observed to arise laterally just.
before the middle, much longer than on elytra. Elytra faintly striate,
striae with fine distant punctures, from each arise a single yellowish erect
hair ; intervals smooth, flat, elytral constriction at humeri narrower than
middle of thorax, humerus slightly elevated, angles rounded, a wide black
band on middle of elytra, sinuated above, arcuate below, apex truncate
and tipped with black; knees darker than femora, posterior thigh with
outer two-thirds black.

I am unable to detect any sexual dissimilarity.

Its larger size and finer punctured striae before band on elytra, and
the white eighth and ninth antennal joints, easily distinguishes it from
pennsylvanica. The Californian fzcfa is unknown to me.

ffabitat New Orleans, La. Mexico. Rare.

This charming addition to our North American fauna appears first due
to M. Salle, of Paris, France, who (if I am correctly informed) about
forty years ago took a unique, near an old Saw Mill, in N. O.
Subsequently, none others were known to occur until 1861, when an indi-
vidual was attracted by the lamp of a Mr. Speck, which ultimately became
the property of Mr. Salle, making the second specimen in all Europe.
Mr. Trabranelt, a diligent collector who has resided here some eighteen

62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

years, took the next three specimens, one of which he has lately exchanged
to Mr. Salle. Again, on Dec. 31st, ’72, under some board traps in dry
grass, near water, my first specimen occurred, and for three succeeding
days a unique was taken. ‘Their habits are probably gregarious, living on
the ground, and as the collecting grounds in the vicinity of New Orleans
are limited, owing to swamps, they may be found to occur more plentifully
in Northern La. They are very active and graceful, taking alarm at the
least noise, and run with great rapidity, keeping the antennae in constant
vibration ; when placed in a collecting bottle containing Cyanide of Potas-
sium, they would seize hold of some other insect and proceed to drag it
off, imitating certain species of ants. The drug, however, quickly quiets
them. '

ON MR. SCUDDER’S SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF SOME OF
THE AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES.

BY AUG. R. GROTE., BUFFALO, N. Y.

[PAPER NO. 2.]

Since it is conceded that the law of priority is invariable in its applica-
tion to zoological nomenclature, it remains for us to apply it to the
determination of our Butterflies. That some inconveniences may arise
from the correction of errors, does not militate against our desire to be
right. The question is, are Mr. Scudder’s genera well founded, or, are his
names entitled to precedence, not is it convenient for us to use them.
Without as yet entering an extended discussion upon the structural
characters of our Butterflies, we will briefly notice Mr. Scudder’s genera.

1. Oeneis, Hubner (1816.) The type and first species mentioned
under this name by Hubner is Vorna. While five species are cited under
this genus, Hubner refers two more to Eumenis, viz.: ae/o and tarpeja.
But the type of Eumenis is £. aufonoe. It is difficult to avoid the con-
clusion that we must retain Oeneis to be correct, while regretting the
necessary abandonment of Chionobas, so sonorous and accustomed a name.
In our North American fauna we have, besides the species cited by Mr.
Scudder, Oen. chryxus and Oen. Uhleri, described under Chionobas by
Doubleday and Reakirt. Chionobas Stretchiz, Edw., does not belong to

Ss

>
ig

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 63

this genus, and is a synonym of Satyrus Ridingsii, I have been informed.
Oen. nevadensis has been described by Behr.

2. Enodia, Hubner (1816). No one can possibly object to this desig-
nation for our Z. port/andia on any score.

3. Minois, Hubner (1816.) This generic name has priority, and Mr.
Scudder shows that it represents a distinct type. It cannot be objected
to on any score. Besides mephele and alope, it includes JZ. pegala, M.
ariane and M. boofis. The former is a Southern species, the Papilio
pegala of Fabr., and thought to be a possible form of JZ. aloge; the two
latter are described by Behr under Satyrus.

4. Argus, Scopoli (1777). Mr. Scudder restricts Scopoli’s term to our
species, the /7ipparchia Boisduvalii of Harris, enumerated under another
name by Scopoli. To this procedure there is no objection, provided that
Boisduval’s types of Argus were not of those referred to the genus by
Scopoli, which we cannot determine at the moment, when Boisduval’s
restriction would have priority. Hubner has, however, a Satyrid genus
Arge, the type of which is 4. psyche.

5. Megisto, Zuber (1816.) Hubner’s type is JZ. cymedia, to which he
refers Eurytus as a synonym. He includes in his genus Megisto Mr.
Scudder’s type of Argus. There can be objection to the use of the term
if we do not follow Mr. Butler’s Enlargement of Euptychia. \

(To be Continued.)

NOTES ON THE HABITS OF THE ANT LION.

BY H. L. MOODY, MA#&DEN, MASS.

It was in April of 1872, while at Plymouth, Mass., with a party of
friends in search of the Mayflower Zfigwa repens, that I was so fortunate
as to capture a specimen of the larva of this insect. It was quite by
accident that it came to my hands. A friend and myself were lounging
by the roadside, for want of better employment thrusting our fingers into
the light sand, when with a jerk and exclamation my friend withdrew his
hand to find this larva clinging with a most determined nip to a finger ; it
immediately dropped to the ground, however, and so quickly buried itself

___ backward as to almost escape us, but a moment's lively digging revealed

64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

it again, and I secured it in a pill box. On my arrival at home I provided.
a jar with a few inches of dry sand in the bottom, and placed the larva in

it; itat once buried itself, and though I waited several hours, hoping to

witness the commencement of its pitfall, there was no movement in that

direction ; there was now and then a slight stir of the sand, and once or

twice the head was thrust above the surface, but quickly withdrawn at the

slightest movement on my part. I grew tired of watching and retired for.
the night, returning in the morning to find a completed pit. It was in the
form of an inverted cone, about one and one-half inches in diameter and

three-quarters deep, and as smooth as sand could be made. At the first

glance I discovered no sign of the builder, but a closer inspection revealed

a pair of mandibles and at the base of them a pair of eyes; the bearer

of these was snugly ensconced in the sand. The mandibles were
stretched te their widest capacity and resting against opposite sides of the

pit, so harmonizing in color with the sand as not to be readily noticed.

In this position the larva would rest for hours unless disturbed, when it

would withdraw from sight, but soon reappear and resume its watch.

My great interest, however, was in its method of taking its prey, and
to witness this operation I provided a dozen or more ants of a small
species, dropping them all into the pit at once; the larva with one sweep
of its jaws secured three or four, and in a very short time killed or dis-
abled them, but it soon dropped them and proceeded to kill most of the
others before commencing its repast. Owing to their sluggish habit but
very few succeeded in escaping. I was curious to see if the larva would
attack as readily larger and more savage species, and the next day secured
the largest specimens I could find of the Red Ant, Formica sanguinea ?—
noted for its courage and ferocity. I dropped the largest of these on
the sand in the jar, leaving it to find its way into the pit, which it soon
did, hesitating a moment at the brink and then walking to the bottom.
At the instant that the ant came within reach the larva closed its jaws
upon one of its legs, and for a few moments I witnessed quite an exciting
contest, the ant turning and twisting to find its adversary and biting
savagely at everything within its reach, the larva endeavoring to draw far
back into the sand, thereby protecting itself and pressing the ant so close
to the surface as to allow but very little room for movement. The ant
finally freed itself from the jaws of the larva, but did not at once succeed
in leaving the pit ; the larva instantly almost entirely uncovered itself and
slashed right and left with its mandibles, seeming to be in a perfect fury at

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65

the loss of its prey. It also threw sand rapidly, but I could not see that
the sand struck the ant except when it tried to escape up the side of the
pit back of the larva; then the sand invariably struck it and brought it to
the bottom. The ant finally escaped, but the next day was again caught
and its juices sucked dry.

In no instance did I see so much resistance offered as in this case;
usually the ants seemed to realize that their adversary was one with which
they could not cope. From my observations I concluded that the larva
trusted rather to its long mandibles and the inability of its prey to readily
climb the walls of the pit, than to sand throwing where it did not capture
them in the first attempt, for I saw it throw sand in but few instances. I
did not see it in the act of digging its pitfall but once ; it was then mid-
night and I did not stay to witness the completion. I noticed only that
it threw the sand out with its head, working very rapidly. I have some-
times left the room to return in less than an hour to find a completed pit
where before there was no sign of it. From the day of capture to May
11th I kept it supplied with ants, of which it destroyed numbers every
day, but on the latter date, either by design or accident, its pit was filled
level with the surface, and from this time to the time of pupating it dug
none, remaining hidden most of the time and but once taking any food,
then capturing an ant while concealed by a few grains of sand. On June
4th it constructed a round cocoon of silk, covered with grains of sand,
and about one-half an inch in diameter. I presume it immediately ‘pu-

i pated, but did not open the cocoon to ascertain. On July 8th the imago
appeared and proved to be ALjrmeleon timmaculatus.

In the larva state it is certainly in some respects the most interesting
: insect I have ever seen, its very activity and pugnacity exciting admiration ;
. its mandibles were always ready to close upon any intruding object. When
I first obtained it I wished to preserve a description and in order to
accurately observe the colors I was obliged to remove the fine grains of
sand that were entangled in the short hairs on the body ; this I did with
a camel’s hair brush, an operation to which the larva decidedly objected,
but it stood its ground and fought it out, constantly seizing the brush
between its mandibles, often in its attempts to reach it springing quite
clear of the table.

66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN HYMENOPTERA, No. 6

BY E. T. CRESSON,

Continued from Page 54.

Genus TOXONEURON, Say.

The characters of this genus are given at length under the name of
Tenthredoides (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iv., p. 290), which appears to be
synonymous. It may be easily recognized by the short robust body,
rather large transverse head, stout legs, broad ample wings (which are.
generally fuliginous), and especially by the form of the marginal cell,
which is rather suddenly constricted (or somewhat reclivate) at tip of
second sub-marginal cell, and thence narrowed to the apex, which is some-
what incurved, and reaches the extreme apex of the wing; this, as well
as the second and third submarginal cells, are indistinctly defined, the
nervures being sub-obsolete.

The species, thus far known, may be distinguished by the characters
given in the following table:—

Body entirely black.

Wings entirely fuliginous.

Legs black, anterior knees Cie

Tibial spurs black... Sele eueaccieactacines vee sis Sie oic\e ven aeea aera ae
Tibial spurs white. Pot Sole tee . 2. MINUTUM.
Legs black, anterior ‘inde aad Tee ae siceaeae
knees honey-=yellows.<.c.ie% Aste aisle ores 3. ORIZABA,
Legs honey-yellow, coxe, trochanters, tips of posterior
tibize and their tarsi. black................ 4, EXPLORATOR..
Wings hyaline, apex fuliginous.
Legs entirely black......... Bate ee . 5. MEXICANUM.
Legs black, anterior pair Reiderk Bae Hatey yuleg . 6. APICALE.

Legs black, anterior tibiz and tarsi, base of teriedints
tibiz, their tarsi and band at base of pos-

terior tibize white or yellow......,.... . 7. TIBIATOR.
Body black; head, pro and mesothorax and anterior Sepa ies

ferruginous.......... wy scscicscecce + Oo, DHORAGGURE:
Body black ; abdomen and legs flavo- ie tatees. Gee . 9. ABDOMINALE.

Body ferruginous ; head, antennz, metathorax and nile bl ee .10. SEMINIGRUM.
Body fulvo-ferruginous; mouth, antenne, pleura beneath and

aeusaies ISCAS ea ces cosis ..-1]. VIATOR.
Body yellow ; three spots on mesothorax, picts on pleura, a pe ab-

domen, except base, black............ .12. ORNATUM.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67

1. TOXONEURON A&THIOPS. JV. Sp.

? .—Black, shining, clothed rather thickly with a short whitish pubes-
cence; wings fuliginous, a sub-hyaline spot beneath base of stigma,
posterior wings except tips and costa, hyaline ; legs black, anterior knees
bright honey-yellow, their tarsi palish. Length .25 inch.

Cordova, Mexico. (Sumichrast.)

2. TOXONEURON MINUTUM. J. Sf.

.—Very small, black, shining, slightly pubescent ; wings uniformly
pale fuliginous, iridescent ; legs black, tibial spurs white, anterior knees,
their tibiz, four anterior tarsi except tips, and intermediate knees pale
yellowish. Length .to inch.

Illinois.
3. TOXONEURON ORIZAB&. JW. Sf.

¢ .—Black, shining, slightly pubescent; mandibles, anterior femora
except base, their tibize and intermediate knees, honey-yellow, tibial spurs
black ; wings fuliginous, iridescent, posterior pair sub-hyaline ; abdomen
flat, base tinged with piceous. Length .16 inch.

Orizaba, Mexico. (Sumichrast.)

4. TOXONEURON EXPLORATOR. |

Bracon ( Toxoneuron) explorator, Say, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., i, p. 259.

“Indiana” (Say) ; Illinois ; Texas. The femora except base, and the
tibize except apex of posterior pair, are bright honey-yellow; tibial spurs
pale ; in one specimen the posterior femora and tibiz are dusky. Length
-20 inch.

5. TOXONEURON MEXICANUM. JW. Sf.

g 2.— Black, shining, rather thickly clothed with a short, white,
sericeous pubescence ; tips of mandibles brown ; impressed lines on meso-
thorax and excavation at base of scutellum, crenulated ; wings hyaline,
apex beyond first cubital cell fuliginous, nervures black ; spurs of anterior
tibiz pale. Length .25-.30 inch.

Cordova, Mexico. (Sumichrast.) Sometimes the posterior orbits are
tinged with honey-yellow, and the pubescence on anterior tibie tinged
with yellow.

68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

6. TOXONEURON APICALE. JV. sf.

g.—Black, shining, clothed with a very short dull pubescence;
sutures of mesothorax not crenulated ; metathorax with strongly developed
elevated lines; wings hyaline, apex fuliginous, leaving base of marginal
and of second cubital cells hyaline; nervures and stigma black ; legs
black, anterior femora except base and their tibiz entirely, bright orange-
yellow, intermediate knees slightly tinged with testaceous. Length .20
inch.

Illinois.
7. TOXONEURON TIBIATOR.

Bracon tibiator, Say, Long’s 2nd Exped., ii, p. 322; ( Zoxoneuron)
Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., i, p, 259.

“ Pennsylvania” (Say); Illinois. A very pretty species, easily recog-
nized by the white annulus at base of posterior tibiz. Length .25 inch.

8. TOXONEURON THORACICUM. WJ. spf.

gf 2.—Black, shining; head, prothorax, mesothorax, spot beneath
tegulae and anterior legs except coxae, trochanters and base of femora
pale ferruginous ; spot on cheeks beneath, mouth, more or less of clypeus
and a spot between ocelli and eyes in @, black ; wings uniformly blackish-
fuliginous, nervures and stigma black ; metathorax with strongly developed
elevated lines, forming an ovate central area. Length .20 inch.

Cordova, Mexico. (Sumichrast.)

9g. TOXONEURON ABDOMINALE. JV. sf,

¢.—Black, clothed with a short dull pubescence ; posterior orbits,
legs except coxae and trochanters, and the abdomen entirely pale san-
guineous; base of first abdominal segment tinged with yellow; wings
dark fuliginous, nervures and stigma black ; posterior tarsi dusky. Length
.28 inch.

Illinois. Bracon populator (Say, Long’s 2nd Exped., ii, p. 323), which
is also referred to this genus by Say, and which, he says, is “a very com-
mon insect in many parts of the United States, does not appear to be a
Toxoneuron, as the ovipositor is described as being longer than the
abdomen.” It is probably a true Bracon.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69

10. TOXONEURON SEMINIGRUM.

Tenthredoides seminiger, Cress., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iv, p. 291, f 2.

“Colorado. Colored much like Aftcrodus divisus, described in the pre-
‘ceding paper (page 52) ; the form is, however, much more robust, and the
neuration of the wings entirely different.

ti. TOXONEURON VIATOR.

Bracon (Toxoneuron) viator, Say, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., i, p. 258.

‘Indiana ” (Say) ; Arizona. The specimen from Arizona has all the
‘COX, except spot on two anterior pair beneath, concolorous with remainder
of legs. Length .30 inch,

12. TOXONEURON ORNATUM. W. Sf.

g¢.—Lemon-yellow, shining; spot behind antennz covering ocelli,

extending to summit of eyes and from thence in a narrow line to occiput

which it margins, three stripes on mesothorax, the central one broad and

abbreviated behind, spot on scutellum, short line beneath tegule, furcate

line on pleura, Jarge spot on underside, posterior coxze beneath and a spot

above at base, their femora and tibize within, spot on each side of first

abdominal segment, and the remaining segments except very narrow apical

+ margins, black; flagellum brown; wings yellow-hyaline, apex praae

nervures and stigma reddish-brown ; apex of abdomen compressed.
Length .25 inch.

Cordova, Mexico. (Sumichrast.) A beautiful species.

Genus PROTEROPS, Wesm.

= PROTEROPS CALIFORNICUS. JV. sf.

¢ ,—Black ; abdomen entirely ferruginons ; wings uniformly blackish-
fuliginous ; antennz as long as body; legs entirely black, slender. Length
.30 inch.

California. (Behrens.) This is allied in general form to Zoxoneuron,
from which it is at once separated by the anterior ocellus being situated
between the insertion of the antenne. The neuration is also quite
different. .

70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

SPECIFIC NOMENCLATURE.

BY H. K. MORRISON, OLD CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

The publication of Mr. Scudder’s Revision has caused much dismay
among amateurs, on account of the numerous specific changes and minute
generic sub-divisions which it proposes.

To students of Lepidoptera the novel, and in many cases, original
views advanced afford a fertile field for discussion. Mr. Scudder has
attempted to study the order by the same methods, and to correct its
tangled specific nomenclature by the same principles which govern all
other departments of Zoology.

This work is rendered very difficult from the fact that their beauty and
the readiness with which they can be captured and preserved, has made
them from the time of Linnzeus a favorite order with collectors. Thus it
was that many of the species have been described not by naturalists, but
by amateurs ; and genera founded on the most casual and unimportant
characters. The confusion caused by the publication of superficial and
carelessly written works, or of works in which the labors of preceding
Entomologists have been neglected, it will take years to undo. Mr.
Kirby, in his invaluable catalogue, has combined the results of the labors
of European students in this direction, and adopted, although he did not
fully carry out, the principles which Mr. Scudder followed strictly in his
Revision.

Unless some definite law is laid down and universally observed, in regard
to Entomologicalnomenclature,the Science will always remain in the chaotic
condition in which it now is. Time will only increase the confusion ; and
now that a good remedy has been proposed, it would be folly to reject it,
because of the temporary inconvenience it would occasion. The con-
demnation with which Mr. Scudder’s book has been received seems to be
founded, not on an intelligent rejection of his deductions, but simply on
account of the trouble which a partial change of names would cause the
present generation of students.

But is it not better to endure a slight and constantly diminishing evil
for the sake of a future and permanent good ?

There are two laws by which the nomenclature of a science may be
governed, that of priority and the so-called law of convenience. The

— eS

r

ae
‘

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. i

former is fixed, immutable, and to it every possible case of generic or
specific synonymy can be referred, and at once and for ever decided.
The latter is relative, changeable, differing in various countries and among
Entomologists of the same country. That which is convenient to
European Lepidopterists is the reverse to American. A collector has a
different standard of convenience from a naturalist. To reccncile all
these different opinions is impossible ; there is no rule which would be
acknowledged by all.

Take as an example one of our common Hesperide, Pamphila zabulon,
described by Boisd. & Lec. in 1833, and found in all the European collec-
tions under that name. In 1862 the same species was described in Har-
ris, Ins. Mass., as Hesperia hobomok, and it is so named in most American
collections. By the law of priority the matter would be at once deter-
mined in favour of zabzlon. But which is the most convenient ?—zabulon
evidently to European Entomologists, and obomok to American.

Here is a case in which the convenience of the two parties will always
be opposed, and what rule have we to decide which is right? none, unless
We accept priority as our guide.

Priority can be applied equally well to genera, but whether it would
be advisable to change our families in accordance with it is, perhaps,
doubtful, as the family name is not used in designating the ee is
therefore not of so much importance.

By accepting these laws as proposed by Mr. Scudder, we are under no
obligation to follow him in his excessively fine generic divisions. It is
the array of new names which gives his paper, at first sight, such a for-
midable appearance. I would be the last one to separate such closely
allied species as massasoit and zabulon, mystic and sassacus, polyxenes and
trotlus, and many others which are placed in new genera.

But the questions which can be raised in regard to the expediency of
using large or small genera, and others of like nature, will, in time, settle
themselves, if we can establish our nomenclature on a firm foundation
which will never be disturbed by subsequent investigation. ‘lhis we
think Mr. Scudder has done, and we hope that his work will be appre-
ciated by American Lepidopterists.

ver THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

——

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.

Continued from Page 50
GRACILLARIA.

If the rule holds good absolutely that the same generic name should
not be used in Entomology and Botany, then Graci//aria must be dropped
in one or the other. I do not know which has priority, but a name of a
genus so old and well known as the Graci//aria of Micro-Lepidopterists
ought scarcely to give place to an obscure genus of Cryffogamia.

EIDO ALBAPALPELLA.

Venillia albapalpella, ante v. 4, p. 207.

Dr. Packard calls my attention to the fact, which has slipped my
memory, that Venillia is preoccupied among Geometride. 1 therefore
substitute £zdo for it.

PSORICOPTERA GIBBOSELLA, Stainton.

Adrasteia quercifoliella, ante v. 4, p. 206.

When ‘ Adrasteia’ was established I knew Fsoricoptera only by name

A specimen of A. guercifolella which I sent to Mr. C. V. Riley, was pro-
nounced by him to be nothing else than P. gzbbosella, St. Mr. Riley
states that he has bred the species from larvae feeding on Oak leaves, and
that he compared his bred specimens with specimens in the collection of
Mr. Stainton. He has also favored me with a generic and specific
diagnosis of P. gibbosella, and I am satisfied that his identification of A.
guercifoltella with it is correct. Adrasfeia must therefore give place to
Psoricoptera, and the species which I have placed in the former must be
removed to the latter genus. Some of the other species (ase g. D?
pseud-accaciella) which I have placed provisionally in Degressaria, also
approaclf very nearly to Psoricoptera, if they do not in fact belong zz it.

PTEROPHORUS.

P. lacteodactylus. N. sp.

Creamy white. Head pale lemon yellow, except between the antennae
where it is of the general creamy white hue; abdomen with a streak of
pale lemon ye'low along the sides. Alar ex. 1% inch. Kentucky, in
June.

ae an aa allele

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 73

ADELA.

A. bella. LN. sp.

Vertex, upper portion of the face, palpi and a long streak on each
side of the thorax under the wings brilliant golden ; lower portion of the
face dark purple. @ with the basal half of the antennae dark purple, the
remainder snowy white: in the ff only about the basal third is purple.
Thorax above the wings and both pairs of the wings dark shining purple,
the thorax and primaries with a golden gloss and appearing, according to.
the light, dull brown purple, violaceous, or golden ; before the apex of the
primaries are three narrow, and in some lights, indistinct fasciae, the color
of which varies with the light and all of which are faintly dark margined
both internally and externally ; the third fascia isat the apex. The fasciae
when most distinct have a silvery lustre.

Al. ex., § %inch; alittle larger. Kentucky.

A fresh or living specimen of this insect is a gorgeous creature, but
after death the colors become dull. JI am not acquainted with the larva.
The imago may be taken in May, feeding upon the flowers of the “Climb-
ing Bittersweet” (Ce/astrus scandens), and a little later it is not uncommon
resting upon leaves along paths or roadways through the woods.

DICTE, ge. 70V. “A

Head, face as broad as the thorax ; head and face, basal joint of the
antennae and first and second joints of the labial palpi clothed with long
loose hair-like scales; antennae with the basal joint incrassate, stalk
simple, reaching to the apex of the wings; maxillary palpi microscopic 3
labial palpi drooping (in the dead insect), the terminal joint projecting
forwards and a little upward, and about two-thirds as long as the second
joint. (If recurved the palpi would reach the vertex.) Tongue naked,
rather longer than the thorax ; eyes globose, prominent.

Wings deflexed ; anterior oblong ovate, obtusely pointed, with
moderately long ciliae. The costal vein attains the margin about the
middle. ‘The subcostal curves gradually into the discal, giving off a long
branch before the middle, a shorter one behind the middle, then a furcate
one which curves upwards to the costal margin, whilst the apical branch
also curves up from its junction with the discal vein to the margin just
before the apex; the discal vein closes the discal cell and sends three
branches to the posterior margin ; the median is straight to the discal,
where it becomes furcate, both branches attaining the posterior margin ;
submedian ,simple.

7A THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Posterior wing about as wide as the anterior, sub-ovate, the apex
pointed and the costal margin but slightly convex; the costal attains the
margin behind the middle ; the discal cell is closed by a much curved
discal vein which emits two branches to the posterior margin ; the sub-
costal sends a branch to the apex from near the end of the cell and beyond
the discal vein becomes furcate, both branches attaining the margin behind
the apex. Median and submedian both simple, and both attain the pos-
terior margin. .

The roughened head and palpi and the shape and neuration of the
wings ally this genus to Zevea and its congeners.

D. corruscifasciella. NN. sp.

Head, palpi, basal joint of the antennae, thorax and basal half of the
anterior wings golden yellow ; antennae glistening snowy white, the apical
half annulate with velvetty black ; just before the middle of the anterior
wing, in the yellowish portion, is a brilliant metallic fascia. The central
portion of the apical part of the wing is occupied by a large, nearly
circular, greyish drab spot, containing four longitudinal velvetty black
streaks, bordered before by a brilliant metallic costal streak which points
towards the fascia ; and behind by a similar costal streak pointing towards
the dorso-apical margin. The grayish drab spot is separated from the
dorsal margin by a rather large triangular velvetty black patch, the apex
of which touches the dorso-apical margin. This triangular streak is
- dusted a little with grayish drab scales ; two metallic spots on the disc,
and four dorsal spots of the same hue. Costo-apical margin and the apex
brownish golden, with a bright metallic fascia interrupted in the middle,
and another streak of the same hue at the extremeapex. Posterior wings
purplish fuscous; under surface of both wings purplish fuscous mixed
with yellowish green, and the fascia and streaks of the forewing visible
through the wing. Abdomen black washed with golden, and each seg-
ment margined beneath with silvery; legs black, annulate with white.
Alar ex. a little over % an inch.

Kentucky and No. 127, collection of Mr. Wm. Saunders, London,
Ont. Rare. This is one of the prettiest and most brilliant ‘Micros’
known to me.

SOLENOBIA.

S. Walshella? Clem. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vi, p. 132.

Dr. Clemens described this species from a single specimen sent to him
by the late Mr. Walsh. Mr. Walsh took the larva in the winter time

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 75

underneath the bark of Hickory trees, and suspected it of making galleries
under the bark. Dr. Clemens more correctly suspected that it was
lichenivorous and hoped that Mr. Walsh might ascertain its larval history.
Alas! the researches of both have terminated forever.

Only the male was known to Dr. Clemens, and from his description I
think his specimen must have been somewhat rubbed. Male, “ Head
and face dark gray. Antennae dark gray, slightly spotted with white.”
Fore wings dark gray at the base, remainder paler, sprinkled irregularly
with dark spots and scales. Ciliae grayish white. “ Hind wings gray.”
(The quotations are from Dr. Clemens’ description.) The female is apter-
ous, with the head clothed with hoary scales and a tuft of the same at the
apex ; but the body is nearly naked. A/. ex. $4 inch. Kentucky. Com-
mon.

The larva feeds upon lichens and may be found in March and April,
feeding up. It becomes a pupa in April and the imago emerges about a
week thereafter. The larva is whitish, head black, upper surface of the
two succeeding segments shining yellowish brown, anteriorly margined
with white. The case is prismatic in outline, and of an almost leathery
consistence, about % of an inch long, and tapering slightly towards each
end ; it is composed of silk, sand, particles of lichens, and excrement of
the larva,and I have sometimes found small Molluscous shells adheringto it.

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

IV.—THE ISABELLA TIGER MOTH.

Pyrrharctia (Spilosoma) Isabella.

BY W. SAUNDERS, LONDON, ONTARIO.

There are but few of our readers who are not familiar with the cater-
pillar of the Isabella Tiger Moth, one of our commonest “ woolly bears,”
and found, we believe, in almost every part of Canada and the Northern
United States. This larva, in common with many other members of the
family (arctiade ) to which it belongs, hybernates during the winter. It
acquires nearly full growth in the autumn, and then, having selected a cosy
sheltered spot under bark, log, rail, stone or board in which to hide, it

76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

coils itself up there into a sort of ball and sleeps through the long and
dreary winter, and about the time when the birds come back and the warm
days of spring begin, this bristly creature rouses itself to begin life anew.
Hence it is one of the few caterpillars which present themselves to us full
grown in early spring, and from its peculiar appearance can scarcely fail
to attract attention. It has not to wander far for food, for, being in
possession of an omnivorous appetite, it feasts on the first green thing it
meets with, grass, or weed, or early plant, and having fed but a short
time, it spins its cocoon and becomes a chrysalis.

The caterpillar is about an inch and a quarter long; its head and body
are black, and it is thickly covered with tufts of short, stiff, bristly hairs,
which are dull red along the middle of the body and black at each end.
When handled it immediately coils itself into a ball and remains for some
time motionless. It is very tenacious of life; we have known -the larva
to be frozen in a solid lump of ice, and when thawed out move around as
if nothing had happened. It sometimes occurs, although very rarely, that
this larva becomes a chrysalis early in the fall, and produces the moth the

pose ee same season. We have never
met with an instance of this but
once, see CaN. ENT., vol. i, p.
26; its usual course is that which
has already been partially de-
scribed.

Its cocoon, 4, fig. 14, is spun
in some secluded nook, and is of
a dark color, of an elongated
oval form and curiously wrought
with a network of silk, in the
meshes of which are interwoven
the black and red hairs from the
body of the caterpillar. Within
b this enclosure the insect changes
to a dark brown chrysalis, and remains as such about two or three weeks,
sometimes longer, when the moth having burst its shelly covering, softens
the silky fibres of which its cocoon is formed by a liquid with which it is.
furnished, and makes its exit through a hole at one end of the cocoon.

The moth, a, fig. 14, when its wings are spread, measures about two
inches. Its wings are of a pale yellowish buff colour, with a few dull

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Pas

blackish dots more numerous on some specimens than on others. The
hind wings are sometimes paler than the fore wings, and at other times
tinged with orange red, while in other specimens we have observed that
the under surface of the fore wings assumed a dull rosy hue. The body
is a little deeper and richer in colour than the wings, and the abdomen is
ornamented with longitudinal rows of black dots; on the upper surface
there is a row down the middle of the back, and one on each side, and
on the under surface there are sometimes two additional rows of smaller
dots.

Although this insect is so common and well known in its larval con-
dition, it is not often seen on the wing. It flies at night, and being seldom
attracted by lights, it rarely finds its way into our houses. It is also. pro-
bably subject to the attacks of ichneumons, which destroy some of the
caterpillars before they reach maturity.

ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOME GENERA
OF CANADIAN INSECTS.

BY FRANCIS WALKER, LONDON, ENGLAND.

Before leaving the Canadian Chacidiz, in hope of returning to Con
when many more genera are discovered in Canada, I will mention A/egas-
Zigmus, which very probably occurs there ; it is 2 genus of Zorymide, and,
in some respects, connects that family with the Eurytomide, and is next to
the latter in the interest with which it may be regarded in case there is a
foundation for the report lately published concerning the seed-eating
habits of the species which represent it in California. But this does not
seem probable, as it is certainly carnivorous in Europe, where two species
exceed the others in beauty and are especially conspicuous, the great 4
giganteus that maintains itself on the Cynips of a one-chambered gall in
the Mediterranean region, and JZ. dorsalis that, with various other species,
lives on the substance of the Cywigs of the many-chambered Oak Apple
of North Europe. I have seen other species near London and in the
Alpine vallies of Switzerland, and they are attractive on account of their
comparative rarity, though their economy is but little known. The natural
history of the Australian species may be unknown for some time to come,
and I hope that its discovery will be preceded by attention to the
Canadian galls and to their parasitic inhabitants.

78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

SrrEx.—This genus is well known by the large size of the few species
that have been discovered and by its especial habitation in the North.
I have mentioned elsewhere its occurrence in Eastern Siberia, which may
have been the earlier habitation of the European species, and wherein
some of the North American species also dwell, such as S. gigas, S.
albicornis, S. zuveneus, S. spectrum and S. flavicernis. S. juveneus has
appeared as far south as Algeria, and 5S. cedrorum is contemporaneous
with the cedars on Mt. Lebanon. SS. varipes and S. dimidiatus inhabit
North America, and there are three apparently undescribed species from
that region and one of small size from Mexico. There are two in North
iindostan and one in Australia, and three or four whose native country
is unknown to me. It does not appear that distance in space between
two species is accompanied by seat iding difference in character, for
the Australian species is very nearly allied to S. juveneus. In the neigh-
bouring genus, 7remex, the European ce juxicernis is represented in North
America by J. columba, and there are three undescribed species, one of
North America, one of Hindostan, and one of China.

+ herd

NOTES ON COLLECTING.
BY THEODORE L. MEAD, NEW YORK.

Last season, while in the Catskill Mountains, I made some experiments -
in sugaring for moths, which may be oe to collectors.

The sugaring mixture employed was “ molasses sugar” and water, in
the proportion of three or four een to the gallon; I could not per-
ceive that other additions, such as alcohol or preserved fruit, &c., were of
any advantage.

About twenty trees in an orchard were sugared, but very few moths
were seen for the first night or two, though as afterwards they came in
immense numbers, it would seem that a little time is required for the news
to spread.

aving found a cyanide poison-bottle to be very useful in killing small
Diurnals, and noticing the almost universal habit of these moths, when
disturbed, of darting downward before flying away, it occurred to me to
make a poison-bottle on a large scale and to dispense with a net, always
SO inconvenient to use at night.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79

Accordingly I procured a quart bottle with as wide a mouth as pos-
sible—a fruit jar would have done very well—put in it enough lumps of
common fused cyanide of potassium to cover the bottom, and having
poured upon this about an inch of plaster of Paris mixed with plenty of
water, I had only to await nightfall to commence operations.

The large poison-bottle worked to a charm; scarcely a moth escaped
which I desired to take. With the new instrument I became impatient of
the time required to take out and pin each specimen as soon as stupefied,
and tried the experiment of capturing every uninjured moth seen and
allowing them to remain in a layer upon the plaster until it was convenient
to return to the house and sort them over, taking a moderate amount of
care that they should not be unnecessarily shaken up in carrying.

Rather unexpectedly I found that this treatment did not seem to injure
or rub the specimens in the least degree, though sometimes nearly a
hundred moths of all sorts and sizes would be piled together, making a
stratum an inch or two thick in the bottle.

After this discovery night collecting became easy, nets and boxes were
left at home, and the only necessary articles were a lantern and the poison-
bottle. Arrived at a tree and carefully turning the light upon the sugared
patch, I selected out such moths as seemed desirable, and, removing aye
stopper, gently touched them from below with the open bottle. When
they had flown down into the receptacle, the cork was replaced and the
specimens were thus safely disposed of till the following morning, when
they could be sorted over at leisure.

Occasionally a very wary moth would fly away at the first approach of
artificial light, and I endeavored with laudanum and hydrate of chloral
to so stupefy them that they could be readily taken. The laudanum was
rather too effective, seeming to intoxicate them; at any rate, after imbibing
the mixture, the moths fell off the tree and sprawled around in the grass
in a very absurd manner, quite unable to fly away ; but still most of them
managed to go a considerable distance, and so were lost in the grass. The
hydrate of chloral had no effect whatever upon them ; some moths which
took a considerable quantity of a very concentrated solution—about equal
bulks of the salt and of water—remained unaffected.

Sometimes ants were troublesome, biting the trunks of the moths as
they fed, and causing them to fly away. In these cases a dose of laudanum
was generally effective in driving off the ants for a considerable time.

80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Strips of white cloth nailed upon the trees were very convenient to
receive the sugar, though not necessary. One afternoon, while preparing
my baits for evening, a fine Grafta Interrogationis hovered around the
tree for a moment and then lit close by, and unrolling its proboscis, feasted
on the nectar. While engaged in this absorbing operation I readily cap-
tured it between thumb and finger. In some localities where rare species
are to be found, it may be worth while to try sugaring for butterflies as
well as moths.

The vapor of hydrocyanic acid in the poison-bottle, as a rule, did not.
change the colors of specimens even after prolonged exposure. But a
single moth of those collected, a pinkish Crambus, was faded by it,
changing to olive brown.

At my suggestion cyanide of potassium was adopted by the American
Museum of Natural History, to preserve their Entomological collections
from the ravages of insects. At first small tin boxes were used, but the
‘salt chrystallized upon the tin and made its way over the edge and down
the sides of the receptacle, staining the cabinet drawers. Finally small
glass capsules were used to contain the poison, and proved satisfactory.
The vapors render it unpleasant to work over the drawers while the cap-
sules are in them, but with the temporary removal of these the
inconvenience ceases. A fly or other small insect introduced into one of
the cases, dies in a very short time, and the protection against Dermestes
is very complete, though of course it is hardly advisable to use this method
where the drawers are not nearly air-tight. Still I think that every Ento-
mologist would find a single tight receptacle thus poisoned very useful as
a sort of quarantine for suspected specimens. Even delicate green
Geometrae, after being in an atmosphere of prussic acid vapor for months,
have, so far, shown no change in color.

Tue South London Entomological Society, which, though only nine
months old, has been extremely successful, held on Thursday evening
last, at Dunn’s Institute, Newington Causeway, a very interesting exhibition
of collections of insects, chiefly British Lepidoptera. The collections
were made by the members themselves, all amateurs, and do them the
greatest credit. The rcom was densely crowded, and the exhibition was
a great success,

Che Canadtan Entomologist.

VOL. V. LONDON, ONT., MAY, 1873. No. 5

HYPENA SCABRA (Fasr.) AND H. ERECTALIS, Guevn.
BY J. A. LINTNER, ALBANY, N. Y.

In the examination of my last season’s collections of AZypena scabra
(scabralis, Guen.,) and “ H erectalis,” for sexual determinations, I was
surprised to find of the former, only the male represented, and of the
latter, only the female. Collections of each having been made during the
same period of time (from September 1st to September 24th) and at the
same place (the wall and ceiling of the piazza of my residence)—such a
remarkable occurrence seemed to be so removed from accident, and
inexplicable from any difference of sexual habits, that I was led to suspect
the identity of the two species. On referring to my cabinet, I tkere
found individuals labelled as and 2 of each species ; but, on a critical
review of these determinations by an infallible method of distinguishing
sex in the Heterocera, viz., the structure of the /renu/um (simple in the
male and compound in the female), my “‘ 2 ” scabra proved to bea ff,
and my “ ¢” erectalisa 9. Among my duplicates of the collections of
several years, the same result obtained. Mentioning these facts to my
friend, Mr. Meske, of this city, he was quite positive of having in his
cabinet the sexes of each species, but he subsequently found that a
frenulum inspection of all his examples gave him only one sex of each
form. There was, therefore, no longer room for doubt of the identity of

the “‘ two species ”—that “ erectalis” is only the female (though uniformly
smaller) of scabra.

It is interesting, in connection with the above, to notice that Guenee,.
in his description of scabralts, refers to seven #’s under his observation,
and says, ‘ Je ne connais pas la 2.” Of erectalis he says, ‘3 f,1 3.”
Mr. Grote (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., iv, p. 102) cites J and 2 of erectalis

82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and scabra. The varying form of the abdomen of scabra—each sex often
assuming the form pertaining to the other—may have easily led him into
this error,as ithad done with me in those which I had placed in my cabinet.

A strong testimony to the value of the investigations in which the
eminent German Lepidopterist, Dr. Speyer, is at present engaged, in his
examination and comparison of the identical or closely allied forms of
European and American Heterocera, is given in the fact, that from the
study of a small number of scabra and erectalis submitted to him (perhaps
three of each form), he was led to believe that the two would prove to be
but one species. This opinion was recently communicated by him in a
letter to Mr. Meske. Before its reception, the conclusion, confirming his
belief, to which I had arrived, through an examination of abundant
material, had been forwarded to him.

There seems to be no sufficient reason at present for changing the
scabra of Fabr. into the scabralis of Guenee—the true relations of the
Deltoidz, whether to the Noctuas or to the Pyralites, being still a matter
of opinion and discussion.

I embrace the present opportunity to communicate the fact, that an
example of Defressaria Ontariella Bethune, sent by me last fall to Dr.
Speyer, and by him submitted to Zeller, was by the latter determined to
be D. heracliana Deg. The opinion of Mr. Angus, recorded in vol. a, p.
19 of this Journal, that it was probably identical with the above named
European species, is hereby confirmed.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN HYMENOPTERA, No. 7

BY E. T. CRESSON, PHILADELPHIA, PENN.
Continued from Page 54.
Genus HELcon, Nees.

Posterior femora toothed beneath near apex.
Body entirely black, legs ferruginous.............20eeee008: 1. OCCIDENTALIS.
Body black and ferruginous.
Abdomen black, with broad median ferruginous band...2. BOREALIS.
Abdomen entirely ferruginous.
Metathorax and pleura more or less ferruginous ;
posberiok ‘tarsy. white. . 2%. 0.03. oeleshene 3. ALBITARSIS.
Metathorax and pleura black ; posterior tarsi black.4. FRIGIDUS

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83

Posterior femora simple.
Body entirely black.
Legs entirely honey-yellow or ferruginous.
Wings hyaline; first abdominal segment narrow,

SLUINITI Oy fas etatoxcte/aieie eisie’se sieve F Horeeacoee g: 5. AMERICANUS.
Wings fuliginous ; first abdominal segment broad,
DEUS foi ahs opel onaneteie.'s ae ereh cel cia ei ela a. 0' ss) olohviete 6. FULVIPES.

Legs ferruginous, posterior femora, tibize and tarsi black.7. PEDALIS.
1. HELCON OCCIDENTALIS.

Heleon occidentalis, Cress., Proc. Ent. Soc., iv, p. 292. @.

Colorado.

2. HELCON BOREALIS. J. sf.

g¢ .—Black, opaque ; clothed with a short thin pale pubescence; top
of head, cheeks and space on side of pleura smooth and shining, face
finely and densely punctured ; antennz long, slender, brown; thorax
densely, rather roughly sculptured, somewhat coriaceous ; metathorax
densely and coarsely sculptured ; teguiz dull honey-yellow ; wings hya-
line, iridescent, nervures and stigma fuscous ; legs bright honey-yellow,
anterior coxee tinged with fuscous, posterior tibiz black, reddish at Jase,
their tarsi pale yellow, dusky at tips, femoral tooth strong and “blunt;
abdomen depressed, first segment coriaceous, second and third segments
honey-yellow. Length .33 inch.

Maine.

3. HELCON ALBITARSIS. JV. sf.

g .—Head, pro and mesothorax, scutellum and sometimes the pleura
entirely black; remainder honey-yellow or ferruginous; sometimes the
pleura is entirely ferruginous, and sometimes the metathorax is obscurely
ferruginous, nearly brown; antenne black or brown; head and thorax
sculptured as in Jorea/is, the metathorax being more distinctly reticulated ;
tegulae honey-yellow; wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures and stigma fus-
cous ; legs bright honey-yellow, posterior tibize black, reddish at base, all
the tarsi white, dusky at tips, femoral tooth acute; abdomen narrow,
shining, first and second segments reticulated ; apical segments sometimes
tinged with dusky. Length .27—.35 inch.

84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Virginia; Illinois. This may be the male of dentzfes, Brulle, the
female of which is described as having a white annulus on antenna, and
the tarsi are not conspicuously white as in a/bitarsis.

4. HeELcon Fricipus. JV. sp.

.—Black, shining ; face rough ; antennz slender, black ; prothorax
except posterior angles, semi-circular band on pleura, disk of meso-
thorax and basal excavation of scutellum, covered with coarse striz or
reticulations ; metathorax coarsely reticulated; tegule piceous ; wings
smoky hyaline, nervures and stigma black; legs, including coxe, rufo-
ferruginous, tarsi tinged with yellowish, posterior tibize blackish, femoral
tooth strong and very blunt; abdomen longer than thorax, narrow,
polished, ferruginous, dusky at base, first segment with two longitudinal
ridges and a stout blunt tubercle on each side near base; ovipositor
longer than body, honey-yellow, sheaths black. Length .45—.50 inch.

Hudson’s Bay ; Vancouvers’ Island (Henry Edwards.)

5. HELCON AMERICANUS. J. Sp.

°.—Black, shining; face roughened; prothorax and metathorax
reticulated ; labrum and mandibles except tips ferruginous; palpi pale
yellowish ; antennae long and slender, brown-black, base honey-yellow ;
middle lobe of mesothorax prominent, divided from the side lobes by a
deep groove which become confluent behind; tegulae and base of wings
honey-yellow ; wings hyaline, sub-iridescent, nervures and stigma black ;
legs honey-yellow, posterior tibiae and tarsi more- or less dusky, femora
simple; abdomen long, slender, shining, sides and base of second and
third segments tinged more or less with testaceous, first segment long,
narrow, grooved medially ; venter more or less tinged with testaceous ;.
ovipositor very long and slender. Length .55-.60 inch.

Canada; Virginia. Very distinct from /ilvifes by the shape and
sculpture of the first abdominal segment.

6. HELCON FULVIPES.

Helcon fulvifes, Cress., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iv, p. 292. ¢.

Colorado.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85

7. HELCON PEDALIS. WJ. Spf.

ft 9.—Same form and sculpture as fu/vifes, from which it differs by
the posterior femora except base, and their tibiae and tarsi being black.
Length .40-.48 inch.

Hudson’s Bay ; Massachusetts.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.

Continued from Page 50.
TINEA.
XZ. T. eunitarieedla. WN. sp.

Black ; head and face rufous ; palpi grayish white; antennae yellowish -
gray, annulate with black, tips white; wings black, with a costal and
dorsal white spot opposite each other just before the middle (sometimes
united, forming a fascia), a white fascia (sometimes interrupted) beyond
the middle, a costal white spot in the apical portion of the wing, and pear
the apex an obliquely curved costal white streak ; apical soon the
wing bronzy, iridescent, ciliae grayish brown; legs silvery white, in parts
tinged with fuscous ; posterior wing fuscous. A/ar ex. less than % of an
inch.

The larva is found upon old stone walls and monuments in cemeteries.
I do not know whether it feeds upen the hairs contained in the mortar of
the walls or upon the mortar itself, or upon Lichens, but upon the wall
where I have found it most abundantly, I have never found a trace of
Lichens. The case is composed of silk and grains of lime. It is flat
tened, with the under surface truncate at each end, and the upper surface
projects in shape something like the bowl of a spoon at each end; the
sides are emarginate near each end. I have lost my notes upon the
larva. Hab. Kentucky and the Gulf States.

It is one of the handsomest 7inee known to me.

2. TZ. Orleansella. LN. sp.

Straw color or pale yellowish, thickly dusted with fuscous; a discal
fuscous spot about the middle of the wing, and another opposite to it on

86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the dorsal margin; a row of dark brown spots around the apex, a dark
brown spot on the base of the costa and an obscure one at the inner
angle: the apical portion of the wing is thickly dusted. Antennae gray-
ish stramineous : head and palpi sordid stramineous, the outer surface of
the palpi brown. Alar ex. 34 inch. New Orleans, La., in November.

3. T. auristrigela. WN. sp.

Head and antennae straw color or pale golden, palpi silvery; thorax
and wings brown in some lights, bright purple, roseate or violaceous, with
a wide shining straw colored or pale golden streak upon the fold,
beginning at the base of the costa and extending to and into the beginning
of the dorsal ciliae, and sometimes connected with a large straw colored
or pale golden costal spot before the costal ciliae; ciliae pale golden
Alar ex. ¥% inch. Kentucky, in July.

4. T. straminiella. WN. sp.

Head sordid yellowish; palpi, antennae, thorax and anterior wings
straw color, palpi brownish externally ; sides of the thorax behind the
eyes brown; a row of small brown spots along the fold, another at the
end of the disk. Apex dusted with brown. <Alarex. Yinch. Ken-
tucky, in June.

5. TI. tridella. WN. sp.

Palpi and lower part of the face brownish ; upper portion and vertex
yellowish ; antennae brown; thorax and anterior wings iridescent, in
some lights brown, in others glittering bluish green, violet or topaz red.
In some lights the entire wing appears of a beautiful azure. Posterior
wings pale fuscous. Alar ex. 7 inch. Col. Mr. Wm. Saunders, of
London, Ontario, Canada.

A beautiful insect under the microscope.

6. T. misceella. WN. sp.

Head and palpi pale yellowish ; antennae pale fuscous; thorax and
primaries fuscous and saffron yellow intermixed in almost equal quantities,
the fuscous scales being sometimes aggregated into small spots, one of
which is about the end of the disc and a larger one is near the base.
Alar ex. ¥3 inch. Kentucky.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. S7

7. costotristrigedla. N. sp.

Head and palpi pale saffron yellow, the outer surface of the palpi
dark brown; antennae dark brown; thorax and basal portion of the
dorsal margin of the primaries dark brown dusted with yellowish white,
the primaries otherwise white dusted with dark brown, with an oblique
dark costal streak near the base, extended to the fold; just before the
middle is another longer one also extended to the fold where it enlarges into
an irregular spot, being also dusted with yellowish white above the fold ;
just behind the middle is another streak not reaching the fold, behind
which is a small costal brown spot and a row of brown spots around the
apex. The apical portion of the wing is more densely dusted than the
disc. Ciliae white with fuscous spots. Alar ex. % inch. Kentucky, in
August and September. Taken flying.

8 T. bimaculella. WN. sp.

Outer surface of the second joint of the labial palpi brown; inner
surface and terminal joint pale yellowish or stramineous ; head pale
stramineous ; antennae pale yellowish tinged with fuscous; thorax shining
dark brown, almost black, except the tip which is stramineous; costal
half of the primaries fuscous, narrow towards the base, but spreading
towards the apex, where it is mixed with pale yellowish, with a distincty
dark brown spot beyond the end of the disc; dorsal half ee
widest at the base, narrowing towards the apex, with a distinct dark
brown spot within the margin about the middle: ciliae fuscous and
stramineous mixed ; anterior and intermediate legs dark brown, the tarsi
faintly annulate with stramineous ; posterior legs stramineous. A/ar ex.
¥% inch. Kentucky.

g. T. aurosuffusella. LN. sp.

Palpi pale stramineous, the outer surface of the second joint of the
labial pair brown ; antennae pale fuscous; head and thorax pale stramine-
ous, with a small pale fuscous spot on the thorax before the apex; primaries
pale stramineous streaked along the fold with pale reddish golden, and
the apical portion of the wing suffused with the same hue; a rather wide
pale fuscous streak, the basal portion of which is scalloped towards the
fold, extends from the base of the costa along the costal margin to a little
beyond the middle, and a similar streak, scalloped towards the fold in its
posterior half, extends along the dorsal margin from near the base to the

S$ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

beginning of the ciliae; and at the beginning of the costal ciliae is a
rather wide somewhat oblique streak or band which extends almost to the
dorsal margin and is a little convex towards the base ; ciliae pale stram-
ineous. Alar ex. ¥sinch. Kentucky.

to. T.griseella. WN. sp.

Palpi brown; head and antennae sordid yellowish gray ; thorax and
primaries brownish gray, with a small brownish spot within the dorsal
margin before the middle, another still more faint on the disc, and a more
distinct one at the end of the disc. A/ar éx. %s inch. Kentucky.

wi. T. marginistrigella. NN. sp.

Palpi yellowish white, the labial pair brown externally and tipped with
white ; head whitish yellow ; thorax dark brown with a faint golden tinge;
primaries dark golden brown, with some white intermixed, especially in
the basal portion and along the dorsal margin to beyond the middle; the
white of that part of the dorsal margin is arranged in numerous narrow
short streaks which are perpendicular to the margin; a large white patch
at the beginning of the dorsal ciliae, sparsely dusted with brown; a row
of white spots extends along the entire costal margin from near the base ;
two of these spots about the middle being much larger than the others;
extending to the middle of the wing, and only separated from each other
by a narrow crooked brown line. The margin just before and at the
apex is white, much dusted with brown and separated from the dorsal
white patch by a patch of brown. Ciliae white with about seven or eight
brown spots extending into them. A/ar ex. % inch. Kentucky.

12. T. trimaculella. WN. sp.

Pale stramineous, the head a shade deeper yellow; thorax and
primaries dusted with pale fuscous; two small fuscous spots upon the
disc about the middle, the one nearest the costal margin being the most
indistinct, and a third one more distinct at the end of the disc ; posterior
wings shining pale or whitish yellow. Adar ex. Ys inch. Kentucky.

13. T. fuscomaculella. N. sp.

Gray, flecked and spotted with fuscous, which in some lights appears
reddish or brownish golden ; one of the spots is at the base of the costa,
and opposite to it on the dorsal margin is a smaller one connected with it

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89

by scattered fuscous scales ; a fuscous streak from the costa to the fold
sometimes almost interrupted in the middle ; an oblique fuscous streak
about the apical third of the wing and a small dorsal spot opposite to it,
and another small spot of the same hue near the apex; antennae silvery
gray ; face and palpi whitish, outer surface of the palpi dusted with fuscous.
Alar ex. ¥% inch. Kentucky.

The antennae in this species and in the one next described are rather
longer than is usual in Zizea. The neuration of the wings in both these
species is also different. But I have not thought it necessary to make a
new genus for them upon this account, the more especially as the neuration
is by no means constant among the different species of Zimea, and these
two species differ somewhat from each other in neuration. There are
also minute differences in the form and relative size of the joints of the
labial palpi between the preceding species and these two. This species
and the next differ from the others and agree with each other in having
the costal margin of the hind wings excised from the middle to the tip.
For these reasons I had at first intended to place them in a separate sub-
genus, but as they differ from each other somewhat, especially in neuration
and pattern of coloration, and agree with Z7vea otherwise than as above
quoted, I have concluded not to remove them from this genus. The next
described species has the scales of the thorax and wings appressed and
smoother than in the other species.

rg. T. argenti-strigela. N. sp.

Face and palpi silvery white, outer surface of the labial palpi brown ;
antennae silvery beneath, maroon brown above, annulate with silvery
white ; vertex maroon brown ; thorax above, a spot under each wing and
the basal portion of the primaries rich maroon brown, or in some lights
violaceous, with a narrow irregular white fascia upon the wings behind the
maroon basal portion ; behind the fascia the primaries are maroon brown
or violaceous, mixed with white towards the fascia, the white gradually
disappearing towards the apex. Six oblique silvery costal streaks, the
first being small and the others becoming gradually larger to the fifth, the
sixth again being smaller ; two distinct dorso-apical white streaks and a
small patch of maroon dusted with white in the dorso-apical part of the
wing, which is continuous with those of the five dorsal silvery streaks ;
dorsal ciliae silvery ; abdomen violaceous, each segment silver fringed ;
legs silvery iridescent. Alar ex. ¥% inch. Kentucky.

A very handsome species.

90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The following species differ from the true Zivea as follows: the an-
tennae are shorter and thicker, with the joints shorter and arranged like a
series of cups placed in each other, and microscopically ciliated (or rather
pubescent.) I have not thought it necessary to erect a new genus how-
ever, as in other respects they agree with the true Ziwea.

15. TZ. auropulvella. WN. sp.

Snowy white ; outer surface of the second joint of the labial palpi
brown ; antennae yellowish white; primaries very sparsely dusted with
pale reddish or brownish golden, except in the apical portion, where the
dusting is rather dense; it is also thicker near the base of the dorsal
margin. A dark brown spot on the costa at the extreme base ; another
larger one on the costa near the base; a smaller costal one just before
the middle ; a large one just behind the middle reaching to the fold;
another small one before the ciliae and five or six other small ones
extending around the apex at the beginning of the ciliae ;_ in some lights
these spots are distinctly golden brown. Alar ex. finch. Kentucky.
Taken in July resting upon the trunks of trees in forests. It is rather
sluggish and does not easily take flight.

16. T. fuscopulvella. WN. sp.

Snowy white ; outer surface of the labial palpi dark brown; antennae
sordid yellowish white ; thorax and primaries dusted irregularly with dark
brown scales, the dusting sparse in some portions, but in others aggre-
gated into small spots or patches, a small one of which is on the fold not
far from the base ; two other larger ones about the middle and others in
the apical half of the wing ; it also assumes the form of more or less
distinct costal and dorsal streaks. Adar ex. 34 inch. Kentucky.

77. T. maculabella. WN. sp.

Snowy white; maxillary and labial palpi brown, except the inner sur-
face of the labial pair, which is white; antennae sordid yellowish white ;
thorax and primaries snowy white, with large distinct dark brown spots
which in some lights are golden brown; one of these spots is on the
anterior margin of the thorax and one on each side before the apex ;
primaries sparsely dusted with dark brown ; a dark brown costal spot at
the extreme base and a larger one near the base ; another within the one
last named on the fold; before the middle is an oblique irregular streak

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9L

of the same hue reaching to the fold and pointing towards a spot of the
same hue just within the fold; a small spot of the same hue about the
middle of the costa, behind which is an irregular costal streak of the same
‘hue which extends to the middle of the apical portion of the wing and
widens into a large irregular spot ; in the apical part of the wing is an
indistinct Joxgitudinal dorsal streak, nearly opposite to which, but a little
behind it, is a larger and more distinct streak which is also longitudinal.
All of these spots are mixed with or margined by reddish yellow scales ;.
ciliae white dusted with dark brown. <A/arex. 7g inch. Kentucky.

The three foregoing species thus resemble each other and differ from
the others in ornamentation as well as inthe structure of the antennae.
They were all three taken in the same situations.

ON THE HABITS OF CERTAIN GALL INSECTS OF THE
GENUS CYNIPS.

BY H. F. BASSETT, WATERBURY, CONN.

For ten years past I have been studying the habits of the Cynipide:
to determine, if possible, whether there are one or two broods of these
insects each year.

Several years ago I discovered the flies of C. g. oferator in the act of
ovipositing in the young acorns of Quercus ilicifolia, the oak on which the
woolly galls of this species are generally found. The insect thrust its
ovipositor down between the acorn and the acorn cup, and, late in the
summer, the acorns thus stung proved abortive, while around them and
often protruding far above the cup were little acorn-like galls, each con-
taining a large Cynipideous larva. Several of these galls were often
found in each acorn cup. That year nearly all the acorns were affected,
and there are more or less thus injured every year.

I have as yet failed to rear any flies from these galls, probably because
I have failed to keep the galls in the proper condition for developement.

A later discovery, made three or four years ago, was that of two, and I
think three species of Cynips in the act of ovipositing in the buds of the
oak, Q. alba, just as the buds began to develope, but before the leaves
were visible.

92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The relationship of these species to any known species was only
inferentially established. It is true that the leaves of several oaks on
which I found one species very abundant, were almost all covered with
galls of C. g. futilis, O. S., but the females of this species were not so
large as my new bud stinging species.

I have, for the past three years, carefully examined the buds of Q.
ilicifolia, hoping to find the producer of C. g. oferator at work, but without
success, till this week, when I found no less than thirty gall flies ovi-
positing in the buds of this oak.

That they really are the producers of these galls needs no further
proof than I now give. ‘The insect C. g. oferator is distinguished from all
our other species by the projection of the ovipositor above the dorsum.
In this respect it resembles the several species of guest gall flies that
infest almost all our species of galls. It has, however, the neuration of
the true gall flies. In size my insects are considerably larger than C. g.
operator, but in form, color, neuration of the wings, and, above all, in the
peculiar form and position of the sheath of the ovipositor, they are like
this species.

Few will doubt their identity; but to make “assurance doubly sure,”
I hope some one will be so fortunate as to raise gall flies from these acorn
galls, when a comparison with mine will settle the question whether this
particular species (C. g. operator) is double brooded or not.

I wish (if my article is not already too long) to state a few other facts
and to show their bearing upon the history of these interesting insects.

There stands not far from my house a small oak tree, Q. bicolor, which
is almost ruined by the ravages of a species of gall fly, which closely
resemb'es and may be identical with C. g. dotatus, Bassett. Every summer
the leaves of this tree are so injured by the galls that scarcely one perfect
one can be found on the tree. The petioles and midveins are enlarged to
the size of one’s finger, and the blade shrivels up or remains undeveloped,
and each gall contains a large number of insects which come out in June.
I have reared many thousands of these gall flies and find them of both
-sexes—about equally divided.

Late in the summer another form of gall appears, this time on the ends
of the small branches, and the insects remain in these, in the imago,
through the winter. I have reared not less than fifteen thousand of these
gall flies and al/ are females, and they cannot be distinguished from the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93.

——

summer brood except that they are a very little larger. The flies of C. ¢.
futilis, O. S., are of both sexes, but among the considerable number found
Ovipositing in the buds of the White Oak, and which, I have no doubt,
produce the galls of C. g. futilis, there are no males and the females are
considerably larger than the summer brood.

And again, in my last discovery the flies are all females, but larger than
the females of C. 29. operator, though they have the structural peculi-
arities of that species.

From all the above facts I infer that all our species that are found only
in the female sex are represented in another generation by both sexes, and
that the two broods are, owing to seasonal differences, produced from galls
that are entirely distinct from each other. I shall not be surprised if it
shall yet be found that all our species of Cynips proper are double
brooded, but the allied genera Diastrophus and Rhodites probably produce
but one brood each year.

Mr. Walsh’s successful attempts at colonizing C. g. sfongifica, O. S., do
not prove that the galls he raised were the zmmediate product of the flies
he colonized ; another generation may have intervened from which his
galls were descended. 1 have in mind two species of Cynips that mature
from the egg in less than thirty days. They are our earliest vernal
species and are not yet described.

In an article published ten years ago in the Proc. of Ent. Soc. of
Phila., describing several new species of Cynips, I ventured to remark
that probably some of the species whose galls are formed on the leaves
deposit their eggs in the embryo leaves, the leaf buds of the following
year being formed at the time these insects appear.

This seems to be true only in part. It is at another time and by
another brood that the eggs are so deposited.

In the same article I gave it as my opinion that the woolly galls of C.
_ 4g. operator, O.S. and C. g. seminator, Harris were the abnormal develope-
ment of the embryo leaves, and that the wool was an enormous growth of
the pubescence of the leaf. To this view the late Mr. B. D. Walsh
objected, either in a published article or in a letter to myself, saying the
galls were not connected with the leaf buds.

Last spring I was so fortunate as to find two galls of C. g. seminator in
the earliest stage of growth; so young that I did not recognize their true
character, being simply large buds just beginning to open, but exhibiting

94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

on the summit a beautiful rose-coloured pubescence. I watched them
till they were mature and had the satisfaction of seeing them develope into
two fine galls of this not very common species.

My friend, Mr. L. S. White, of this city, like a true chemist, as he is,
suggested the idea of weighing the specimens of new insects we describe
and tried his plan upon the gall flies taken the other day. The species
taken on the buds of C. g. operator weighed 4% millegrammes, while
another species, probably C. g. g/obulus, Harris, weighed alive 18 mille
grammes. This last was taken on a bud of the White Oak.

Slowly, year by year, the above and other quite as interesting fragments
in the history of the Cynipide have come to my knowledge, and 1 hope
to live to see their history fully written. It is in such investigations of
the adits of insects that our real work and our highest enjoyment as
Entomologists consists.

A - GLIMPSE. O PL N'S BE C7 kao ine
BY PROFESSOR BELL, OF BELLEVILLE.

While looking over some old memoranda a few days ago, I found the
following, which may prove interesting to the readers of the ENTOMOLOGIST:

In the summer of the year 1830, while residing in the northern part of
the County of Northumberland, England, in the capacity of a farm
student, I was requested to carry out a sentence of death upon a worth--
less cur, which had been condemned as an incorrigible cattle chaser.
After the execution, I dragged the carcass across some fields to a small
clump of Willows near the river Till, and deposited it as an insect trap in
a hollow, which, from having been long under water, was devoid of vege-
tation. Ina short time the decomposing carcass became the resort of an
immense crowd of the common Blow-fly, Musca carnifex, under whose
manipulations it soon became a seething mass of the largest, fattest and
liveliest of maggots. It also attracted a number of the Silphide,
especially Wecrophorus humator, N. vespillo, and Necrodes littoralis. After
capturing as many specimens of these insects as I wanted, I was much
interested in observing their proceedings. About forty of them had
established a sort of encampment under the vertical wall of the hole,
about thirty inches from the carcass, to which each individual ever and
anon made a raid and captured a fine fat maggot, which he bore off
writhing and wriggling in his mandibles to the camping ground, where it

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95

was speedily devoured, when its captor made another incursion and
carried off another victim.

During the half hour that I watched their manceuvres, each one con-
sumed one maggot and set out in search of another about once in five
minutes ; and as they appeared to keep this up all day until late in the
evening, and perhaps all night long, the quantity of maggots destroyed
must have been quite considerable. One gigantic fellow of a humator
particularly distinguished himself in this predatory warfare, making about
three incursions to two of any of the others. I captured him finally, and
found him rather to exceed two inches in length.

After the lapse of a few days the maggots disappeared into the earth,
there to undergo their final transformation, when the burying beetles left
the place, and were succeeded by the Sz/pha rugosa and one or two of its
congeners, numerous specimens of which frequented the remains for a
time ; and even after the softer parts had all disappeared, I took from the
bones several individuals of two or three species of (Vitzdula.

I never observed the WVecrophorus mortuorum near the carcass of the
dog, though within half a mile, in the pine woods of Ewart Park, it was
very numerous on the bodies of crows and other carrion birds which had
been shot and left lying by the gamekeeper; and though I took several
specimens of JV. vespillo, and of another nearly allied species of which I
do not remember the name, in comparing with the V. mortuorum, I never
met with a single individual of the JV. Aumator or the Wecrodes littoralis in
the pine woods.

THE question has often been debated whether flies eat the pollen of
plants, or merely carry it away accidentally on their legs and backs. The
: question would appear to be set at rest by a paper read at the last meeting
of the Scientific Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society by Mr. A.
W. Bennett, in which it is stated,as the result both of his own observations
and of those of Erm. Muller, that the microscopic examination of the
stomachs of Diptera belonging to the order Syrphide, shows them to
contain large quantities of pollen-grains, especially of plants belonging to
the order Compesite. Entomologists had expressed a doubt as to whether
it were possible for insects possessed only of a suctorial proboscis to devour
such solid bodies as pollen-grains ; but Muller believes that the transverse
denticulations found in the valves at the end of the proboscis of many
Diptera are especially adapted for chewing the pollen-grains, and for
dividing the threads by which the grains are often bound together.

96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA.
COMPILED BY THE EDITOR.

From Kirbys Fauna Boreali-Americana: Insecta.

(Continued from Vol. 4, Page 235.)
FAMILY GALERUCID.

292. GALERUCA OLIVIERI 7rby.—Length of body 3¥% lines.
Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

Very near related to Galeruca quadrimaculata F. Body long, glossy,
reddish-yellow: posterior part of the head black, a cross impressed
between the eyes; antennae dusky with the four first joints rufescent:
prothorax impunctured, transversely subimpressed behind, sides mar-
gined: elytra very minutely and lightly punctured with punctures just
visible under a good lens ; at the base of each elytrum nearest the suture
is a roundish black spot, and another large oblong one extends from above
the middle towards the apex ; posterior thighs a little incrassated ; tarsi
dusky, especially at the apex ; medipectus and postpectus black.

[Synonymous with Phyllobrotica decorata Say. Taken in “Canada,
Lake Superior, Illinois ; rare. Inthe f the 5th ventral segment is very
large, canaliculate, deeply excavated behind, with a small testaceous
triangular appendage projecting over the 6th segment. The disc of the
thorax is not impressed.” Le Conte.]

[219.] 293. GaLERUCA CANADENSIS Xirby.—Length of body 4
lines. Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

Body elongate, hairy with short decumbent cinereous hairs or down,
dirty-rufous, underneath black. Head with a black vertical spot ; six last
joints of the antennae black, the others, except the scape, rufous black at
the tip; scape rufous, black above; prothorax transversely impressed,
sides posteriorly oblique with a slight sinus; three equidistant irregular
black spots or dots placed transversely on the disk; the two elytra taken
together have three black stripes, the intermediate or sutural one being

common to both, and converging with the lateral ones at the tip ; anus
obscurely rufous.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97

[Belongs to Le Conte’s genus TZ7richabda. ‘A common species
extending from Lake Superior and the Mississippi Valley to the Pacific.”
Le Conte. ]

294.. GALERUCA SaGiTraRIL#® Gy//.—Length of body 234 lines.
Several specimens taken in Lat. 54°. Taken also by Dr. Bigsby in
Canada.

Body brown, a little downy, not glossy. Mouth dirty-yellow ;_ pro-
thorax transverse, impressed, reddish-yellow, with three black nearly
confluent spots ; scutellum subquadrangular, truncated at the apex ; elytra
grossly but not thickly punctured ; suture and lateral margin paler than
the rest of the elytrum ; anus and legs reddish-yellow ; tarsi darker.

VariETy B. With the base of the antennae yellowish underneath, the
black spots on the prothorax distinct, and the elytra entirely of a brown-
ish yellow.

|“ Found throughout the middle and northern parts of the Atlantic
district.” Le Conte.]

[220.] 295. GALERUCA BILINEATA X?rby.—Length of body 2 lines.
A single specimen taken in Lat. 54°.

Nearly related to the preceding species, but smaller, the whole of the
head is rufous, the joints of the antennae are shorter ; the prothorax is
longer in proportion to its width ; and the elytra, nearer the suture than
the lateral margin, have two somewhat elevated approximated blackish
ridges, the interior one being the shortest and extending from near the
middle to the base, and the other reaching neither base nor apex.

[Considered by Le Conte as probably a specimen of G. xotulata
Fab., with indistinct markings. ]

296. GALERUCA MARGINELLA A?riy.—Length of body 3 lines. A
single specimen taken in Lat. 65°.

Body very black, a little downy. Mouth and base of the first joint of
the antennae subtestaceous or reddish-yellow ; prothorax wider than long,
impressed and confluently punctured on each side, with a longitudinal
dorsal channel ; behind the margin has a slight sinus ; reddish-yellow with
three black spots, the intermediate one being the smallest ; elytra grossly
and thickly punctured; lateral margin and apex reddish-yellow; legs
dusky-yellow ; last ventral segrhent of the abdomen yellow and deeply
emarginate.

[Le Conte refers a specimen from Fort Simpson, Hudson’s Bay Terri_
tory, to this species. |

98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

[221.] FAMILY SAGRID#.

297. ORSODACNA TIBIALIS Avrdy.—Length of body 234 lines. A
single specimen taken in the journey from New York to Cumberland-
house.

Body piceous ; underneath hoary with decumbent hairs ; above naked,
glossy, thickly punctured. Palpi and two last joints of the antennae
obscurely rufous ; front between the eyes with a transverse levigated ele-
vation; prothorax longer than wide, constricted at the base ; lateral
margin and epipleurae or side-covers of the elytra, except at the base,
yellowish-red ;_ thighs, at the base, and tibiae reddish-yellow, the four
posterior tibiae darker at the apex.

[Taken at Lake Superior by Agassiz’s Expedition. ]

298. ORSODACNA CHILDRENI A?trby.—Plate vii, fig. 6. Length of
body 234 lines. A single specimen taken in Lat. 54°.

[222.] Body above punctured, naked. Head and its organs yellow,
with the eyes, occiput, and apex of the mandibles black ; a levigated
transverse elevation of the front, as in the preceding species; prothorax
longer than wide, constricted at the base, with an impression in the
middle, pale-yellow, disk embrowned ; scutellum rufous ; elytra rather
paler than the prothorax, with a stripe adjoining the lateral margin, an
angular band beyond the middle and the base, black; antepectus, anus,
and legs, yellow, rest of the underside of the body is black, and hoary
with decumbent white hairs.

(Taken in Canada. ]

FAMILY DONACIAD.

299. H#MONIA NIGRICORNIS KXiréy.—Length of body 3%4 lines.
Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

This species is considerably larger than 7. Zguiseti and Zostere, from
which it is perfectly distinct. Body luteous above and glossy ; underneath
it is covered with a thick coat of pale, decumbent, rather silky hairs, with
somewhat of a golden splendor, if these are rubbed off, the colour of the
breast and basal abdominal segment is black. Head hairy, dusky, witha
levigated naked testaceous longitudinal elevation between the eyes ;
antennae black, robust, very little longer than the prothorax ; prothorax

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 99

subquadrangular with prominent anterior and posterior angles making it
appear constricted in the middle, it is channelled with an irregular discoidal
impression on each side; a few large dusky punctures are observable
where the channel terminates ; elytra with ten equidistant rows of large
punctures which converge at the apex ; besides these there is an abbrevi-
ated row at the base next the suture, as in many Harpalida, &c., the apex
of the elytra terminates in two teeth or spines; the inner one short and
dentiform, the outer one long and spiniform ; legs and anal portion of the
abdomen yellow, the former with all their articulations dusky at the
extremity.

The sculpture of the elytra in this species much resembles that of
another aquatic genus Ha/ip/us, Lat.

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

5. THE GRAPE VINE PLUME.—Pterophorus periscelidactylus.

BY W. SAUNDERS, LONDON, ONTARIO.

During the latter part of this month and early in June those who have

grape vines under their charge are often annoyed at finding the terminal
Fig. 15,

leaves of the young and tender branches tied
by means of silken threads into a sort of
ball shaped mass, and within the hollow
sphere thus formed is found a small whitish
hairy caterpillar, which feasts on the tender
leaves and young blossom bunches. Usually
but a single occupant is found in each en-
closure, but occasionally we have found two,
and, in one instance, three.

The very young larva is said to besmooth,
or nearly so, the hairiness becoming more
perceptible after each moult.

In fig. 15 this larva is represented nearly
j full grown at a. It is then about half an inch
Jong with a small yellowish green head, with
a band of black across the front, and a
yellowish green body, with transverse rows
of dull yellow tubercles from each of which arises a small tuft of white

100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

hairs. There isa darker green line down the centre of the back, and the
colour of the body becomes a little paler between the segments or rings.
The under side is somewhat darker in color than the upper, with a few
whitish hairs. It becomes full grown about the middle of June, and then
changes to a chrysalis.

The chrysalis, fig. 15, 6, is a very odd looking thing, nearly half an
inch long, angular and rugged in outline. It wriggles and twists about
very briskly when touched. At first it is of a pale yellowish green colour,
which gradually changes to a reddish brown. We have often found them
attached to the under side of the leaves.

In less than a fortnight the moth, d, fig. 15, makes its appearance. It
is an elegant little creature ; its wings are very delicately constructed and
measure, when expanded, about seven-tenths of an inch. The fore wings
are long and narrow and cleft down the middle about half way to their
base, the posterior half of the wing having a notch in the outer margin.
They are of a yellowish brown colour and metallic lustre, with several dull
whitish streaks and spots. The hind wings are divided into three lobes ;
the lower division is complete, extending to the base, while the upper one
is only about two-thirds as deep ; their colour is yellowish brown also, with
the same burnished metallic appearance, and with a streak of dull white
on the hinder lobe. ‘The outer and hind margins of the wings, as well as
all the edges of their lobes, are beautifully bordered with a deep whitish
fringe, sprinkled with brown. The body of the moth is long and slender,
and of a little darker colour than the wings ; the legs are also long, banded
alternately with yellowish brown and white, and powdered with metallic
scales. The unnatural grouping of the leaves when fastened together to
form the home of this insect while in the larval state, leads to its ready
detection, when it may be easily crushed with the hand. It is very
generally distributed throughout the provinces of Ontario and Quebec.

:

ADVERTISEMENTS.

EXCHANGE.—I am desirous to exchange English for Canadian of
American Lepidoptera. J. C. WassERMAN, Beverly Terrace, Cullercoats,
North Shields, England.

COLEOPTERA FOR SALE.—A number of Rocky Mountain Coleoptera
will soon be for sale in sets by JoHN AxXHuRsT, 19, Prospect Street
Brooklyn, N. Y.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.
J. C. WassERMAN.—Plusia balluca is very like P. chrysitis. We know

the latter insect well.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

OL. . V LONDON, ONT., JUNE, 1873. No. 6

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.
6. THE RASPBERRY SAW-FL V—Selandria rubi, Harris.

BY W. SAUNDERS, LONDON, ONTARIO.

Although this insect is quite generally distributed and very destructive
to the foliage of the raspberry, it has, strange to say, been but little
noticed by Entomologists in their publications. There is a short reference
to it in “ Harris’ Entomological Correspondence,” in a letter from Darling to
Harris, written in 1846, where a very correct account is given of the
manner in which the egg is deposited. There is also a much briefer

notice in “‘ Packard’s Guide,” and these are all the references we have been
able to find.

The perfect insect, which is a four-winged fly, appears on the wing
about the middle of May. We noticed them this year first on the roth,
last season they were not observed until the 21st, and they may be found
from this time until early in June. The wings, which are transparent,
with a shining surface and metallic hue, measure when expanded about
half an inch across; the veins are black with a streak of black along the
front margin, extending more than half way towards the tip. The anterior
part of the body is black, the abdomen dark reddish. In common with
some other species of Se/andria, these flies have a habit of falling to the
ground when disturbed, especially in the cool of the morning, and
remaining in this position long enough to enable one to catch them ; with
the increasing heat of the day they are, however, much more active, and
take wing readily when approached.

The egg, as it appears when squeezed from the body of the female, is
about one-thirtieth of an inch long, and a little over one-hundredth of an
inch wide at its widest portion. In form it approaches a long oval, rather

102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

obtuse at the ends, with its greatest diameter a little before the middle.

Colour white, with a faint yellow tinge and a smooth, glossy surface, semi--
transparent. The enveloping membrane is very thin and easily ruptured,

discharging watery looking contents. Only seven or eight eggs were
obtained from the body of the female examined ; possibly it might have-
previously deposited most of its stock. The eggs are buried beneati the

“skin of the leaf, close alongside of the ribs and veins, placed there by

means of the saw-like apparatus with which the female is provided, where
it swells somewhat and produces a slight discoloration of the cuticle on
the upper surface. The skin covering the under surface of the swelling
is so thin and semi-transparent that the movements of the larva may be
observed a day or two before hatching, by the black spots on the side of
the head showing through. The larva escapes through an irregular hole
made on one side of the swelling.

The young larva as it appears when fresh from the egg. Length, when
in motion, about one-twelfth of an inch. Head large, semi-transparent,
greenish-white, with a large black eye-like spot on each side and with a
number of short whitish hairs ; mandibles pale brown.

The body above is nearly white, semi-transparent, and thickiy covered
with transverse rows of white spines, nearly all of which are forked
towards the tip; some of the spines on the anterior segments are more
compound, having four or five branches ; the tips of all the branches of
the spines are blunt, nearly rounded. The under surface is similar to the
upper in colour and semi-transparency, feet and prolegs partake of the
general colour.

After the first moult the head is medium sized as compared with the
body, of a pale yellowish green, covered with short fleshy looking hairs.
of the same colour. The body above is of a uniform pale greenish-yellow
colour, excepting along the dorsal region, where, owing to the transpar-
ency of the skin, the internal organs show through of a deeper shade of
green. The surface of the body is thickly set with short greenish-yellow
tubercles, most of which are forked at the tips, the two branches spreading
in opposite directions, the greater portion of them extending anteriorly
and posteriorly. Out of three specimens of this age examined, one
varied from the others in having a pale brownish-yellow head. - The under
surface, feet and prolegs all pale greenish-yellow.

With the subsequent moultings slight changes take place in the colour
of the head, first pale brownish or greenish-brown, then bluish-green, and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103

sometimes the branches of the spines assume a brownish tint, especially
on the anterior segments.

When full grown this larva measures a little over half an inch;, it is
nearly cylindrical, tapering slightly towards the hinder segments.

The head is rather small, nearly globular, pale green with a faint
yellowish tinge, and a dark brown dot on each side, and a few very fine
TM?

short hairs visible only with a strong magnifier. The mandibles are
tipped with brown.

The body above is dark green, thickly set with green tubercles, from
which proceed fleshy looking, forked, pale green, hair-like branches,
most of them with their branches extending anteriorly and posteriorly
On the anterior part of the second segment there is a row of four spines
with five branches each, most of the others are forked, but some few of
them have three branches each. ‘There are eight spines or tubercles on
most of the segments, arranged more or less perfectly in a double trans-
verse row. In some specimens the hair-like branches or appendages are
black at the tips, end occasionally entirely black from the point of
divergence.

The under surface is similar to the upper; feet and prolegs green.

When mature—from the middle to the latter end of June—these larvee
penetrate below the surface of the ground, where they construct little oval
earthy cocoons, formed by glueing together particles of earth with silky
and glutinous matter. These cocoons are toughly made, and may be
taken out of the earth in which they are embedded and even handled
roughly without much danger of dislodging the larvae. The specimens
which we have bred, when examined a week or two after the cocoons
were constructed, were still in the larval condition, although somewhat
contracted in length. They ail dried up and died before changing to
pupae, so we are as yet unable to indicate when this change takes place,
the appearance of the chrysalis or its duration. As we have not met
with more than one brood in the season, it is probable that the larvae
remain in the ground for some weeks unchanged, gradually transform to
pupae and remain under ground in this condition until early the following
spring. J

104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

CIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS.
BY THE EDITOR.

From both sides of the Atlantic we continue to receive a continuous
and ever-welcome stream of serial publications, on various scientific
subjects. In all of those devoted to general Natural History our favorite
department of Entomology receives its due share of attention, while there
has been no recent diminution in the number of publications specially
devoted to this branch of Zoology. To Practical Entomology we find
more and more space and attention directed, year by year, in the leading
agricultural magazines and newspapers; few, indeed, of the latter are
now considered complete without the regular contributions of an Entomo-
logical Editor. The various State Entomologists continue, too, to afford
us their annual Reports, filled with great stores of most valuable informa-
tion, not only for the farmer and gardener, but for the student of nature
as well.

As we have not for some time directed the attention of our readers to
the scientific serials that we are constantly receiving, we propose to devote
rather more space than usual in this issue to the enumeration of the
principal papers that are of interest to the Entomologist. We take the
opportunity also of returning our grateful thanks to the Authors, Editors
and Publishers who, month by month, and year by year, favour ns with
their much valued productions.

To turn to the old world first—No more welcome visitor comes to our
table than the weekly numbers of (Vature (London: Macmillan & Co.)
This most interesting publication has now entered upon its eighth half-
yearly volume, and is evidently thoroughly well established in public
estimation. Recent numbers contain numerous articles and letters by
leading men of science on the much vexed subject of Instinct and
Perception in Animals. During the last month there have also appeared
the first two of a series of illustrated articles by Sir John Lubbock on
“The Origin and Metamorphoses of Insects,” and a paper by Mr. A.
Murray on ‘“ Venomous Caterpillars.”

Science Gossip (London: Hardwicke) is replete with matter of a lively
and popular character. During many months past there have been
published in its pages a useful series of articles on ‘Collecting and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105

Preserving” objects of Natural History in all departments. No. ror, for
May, 1873, is now before us ; it opens with an illustrated account of the
plant-erystals, Raphides, &c., by Prof. Gulliver; then follows “ Notes on
Collecting and Preserving Land and Fresh-Water Shells ;” “ Records of
Rare Plants,” the ‘* Origin and Distribution of the Insects of the British
Isles,” “ Comparative Size of Animal Hairs,” ‘Gossip’ on Microscopy,
Zoology, Botany, Geology, &c.

The Scottish Naturalist (Perth, Scotland) is an excellent quarterly
magazine of Zoology and Phytology, published by the Perthshire Society
of Natural History. With the number for January last the second volume
was commenced, and the size of the publication enlarged from 32 to 48
pages—a notable sign of progress. Among the articles of interest in the
last two numbers we may mention that on “The Occurrence of the
Hooded Seal at St. Andrews,” by Mr. R. Walker ; ‘‘- Memoirs on Scottish
Tenthredinide,” with a beautiful colored plate of Wematus gallicola, by
Mr. P. Cameron, jun. ; a paper by the Editor (Dr. F. Buchanan White)
on the extraordinary occurrence of Vanessa antiopa in Great Britain last
year ; papers on Scottish Diptera, Spiders, Vortrices, Galls, &c., by various
authors; an article on “ Polarity in the Geological Distribution of
Genera,” by the Rev. J. Wardrop; and instalments of an excellent
“ Insecta Scotia ”—Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. We heartily wish the
publication the fullest success.

Newman's Entomologist (London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co.) and
Zoologist (Van V oorst)—for which we are indebted to our friend Mr. Reeks
—continue to maintain their respective characters: the former as a
recorder of captures, varieties, ‘exchanges,’ &c. ; the latter chiefly as an
Ornithological magazine,though singularly enough, we always find in it the
fullest and best reports of the meetings of the Entomological Society of

London.

The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine (London: Van Vcorst) appears
to us to be better maintained and of more general interest than formerly.

From the authors we have received (Votes on Chalcidie (Farts i to vii),
by Francis Walker, Esq. ; Vote on a Chinese Artichoke Gall, by Albert
Muller, Esq. (from the Linnean Society’s Journal); and two papers Ox
Modern Glacial Action in Canada, by the Rev. W. Bleasdell (from the
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society).

Turning to this side of the Atlantic, we may notice first the Proceedings
and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science (Part ii,

106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

vol. iii), The number opens with the conclusion of Mr. J. M. Jones’
paper on “ Nova Scotian Lepidoptera ;” among the other articles we
would especially mention ‘‘ The Mammalia of Nova Scotia,” by Dr.
Gilpin, “On Parallel Ines of Elevation in the Earth’s Crust,” by Mr. A.
Ross, and ‘‘The Human Teeth,” by Dr. A. C. Cogswell.

The Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History (vol. xv.,
part i, Jan.—April, 1872), are chiefly occupied with an able geological
article by Mr. John B. Perry, on the ‘‘ Post-Tertiary History of New
England.”

The Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York (vol. 1x
and vol. x, Nos. 1-7) contain, amongst a large number of able papers on
all branches of Natural Science, two portions of the late Mr. Coleman
Robinson’s ‘‘ Lepidopterological Miscellanies.” The Proceedings of the
same Society from April, 1870 to April, 1871, contain a number of short
interesting articles, among which we notice a large proportion on Micros-
copy, by our friend Prof. A. M. Edwards.

The Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia
(parts 11 and ii, May—Dec., 1872) contain but one short -article that
bears any reference to Entomology—‘‘On the Agency of Insects in
Obstructing Evolution,” by Mr. Thos. Meehan.

The American Naturalist (Salem, Mass.), vol. vii, Nos. 1—4. This
excellent publication is maintained with undiminished vigour by its
energetic proprietors, Profs. Packard & Putnam. The numbers of the
current volume now before us contain the following articles on Insects :—
“* Harvest Mites,’ by Prof. Riley ; ‘‘ Controlling Sex in Butterflies,’ by
Mrs. Mary Treat, in which the authoress is unkind enough to suggest that
male butterflies are produced only from half-starved larvz, the full fed
specimens producing females !—this new phase of ‘women’s rights,’ though
based upon experiments, we cannot but regard as a fortuitous coincidence
in the cases referred to, and by no means a law of nature ; ‘‘A Viviparous
Fly,” by Rev. S. Lockwood; and “The Cotton Caterpillar,” by Mr. L.
A. Dodge.

The Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences—vol. i, No. 1,
April, 1873—1s a new addition to the list of scientific serials, and one that
we trust will be warmly supported by ali naturalists throughout America.
It is to be published quarterly, in octavo form, thirty-two pages at least
forming a number. ‘The copy before us contains four valuable articles, all

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107

from the pen of Mr. Aug. R. Grote, viz.: ‘ Descriptions of new North
American Moths, illustrated with a plate; ‘ Catalogue of the Sphingidze
of North America,’ ‘ Catalogue of the Zygzenidz of North America,’ and
‘Conclusions drawn from a Study of the Genera Hypena and Herminia.’
This list of contents will, we trust, be sufficient to cause our Entomo-
logical friends to send for the publication, and thus aid its permanent
establishment.

Monthly Report of the Department of Agriculture (Washington, D. C.,
April, 1873). The ‘‘ Entomological Record” in this number contains an
-illustrated paper by Prof. Townend Glover, on the Tobacco and Potato
worms (AZacrosila Carolina and gaingue-naculata ).

The Canadian Fournal (Canadian Institute, Toronto, May, 1873) and
The Canadian Naturalist (Montreal: Dawson Brothers, vol. vit, No. 1)
maintain their respective characters as literary and scientific periodicals,

The Canada Farmer (Toronto, vol. x, No. 9—May 15, 1873) is now
‘issued fortnightly instead of monthly, and is much improved both in form
-and matter.

The Canadian Patent Office Record and Mechanics’ Magazine (Montreal:
-G. E. Desbarats) is a new and attractive candidate for public favour. The
first number, now before us, is profusely and handsomely illustrated ; it
-consists of two parts, the official portion giving a record of inventions
patented at Ottawa during the preceding month, with illustrations of the
majority—the present issue contains no less than 237 diagrams ; and the
unofficial or magazine paper affording elaborately illustrated articles on
Engineering, Mechanics, Manufactures, &c. The work is well got up and
-deserves to become a great success.
Our limited space forbids our doing more at present than briefly
-acknowledging with thanks the receipt of the following publications :—
The American Agriculturist; The Horticulturist; The Weekly Sun, and
‘the Rural New Yorker, from New York; Zhe Prairie Farmer, Chicago ;
The Maine Farmer, Augusta, Me.; Zhe North Western Farmer, Indian-
-apolis ; Zhe Fournal of Education, Toronto ; Geological Survey of Canada,
Report of Progress for 1870—71, and Zhe Statutes of Canada, 1872, from
the Department at Ottawa; Zhe Canadian Almanac, 1873, Copp & Clark,
Toronto; Catalogue of the Birds of Canada, by Dr. A. M. Ross, Toronto ;
Directions for Collecting Coleoptera, and a Catalogue of species of the
-order, by Geo. Dimmock, Springfield, Mass. ‘The Reports of State
Entomologists, now being issued, we hope to notice in our next number.

108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

OUR SPECIFIC NOMENCLATURE.
BY THEODORE L. MEAD, NEW YORK.

In the article published in the April number on the subject of nomen--
clature, it is stated that Mr. Scudder, in his Revision, has followed the
same principles which govern all other departments of Zoology. It
would be interesting to know what these universally adopted principles
may be, for, judging from the recent publications on the subject, they”
must be yet unknown to a great number of those eminent in science..
Mr. Wallace, than whom we have no higher entomological authority, in
his address to the London Ent. Soc., recommends English naturalists to-
follow the British Association rules until others may be assented to, while
these same rules find scant acceptance in Germany or France.

In regard to species having been described, not by naturalists but by
amateurs, this may be conceded in Hubner’s case, but the term will hardly
apply to Linnzeus and Fabricius and the other authors whose species are
the cause of most dispute.

Mr. Kirby’s Catalogue is said to combine the results of the labor of”
European students, but Dr. Staudinger’s elaborate and conscientious
Catalogue no less had the benefit of all these investigations, with the
result of hopeless variance as far as both works cover the same ground,
and that too when the principles of nomenclature adopted by either-
author are almost identical with each other and with those which Mr.
Scudder apparently follows. In the group of insects best known and
most studied, the British Diurnals, these two authors differ as to the-
specific names of one seventh of the entire number. ‘This is the result
of rigidly following the law of priority, which sow/d at once and forever
decide every possible case of synonymy. ‘That does not seem encourag-
ing, for both authors in nearly all cases make the references to the same
obsolete and unrecognizable descriptions.

The rule of absolute priority, adopted as paramount law by a few
investigators, has already brought about such a state of things as this, and
alone is capable of continuing it.

Let the first law be stability of already accepted names, then the law
of priority takes its proper subordinate place to decide between names in
use. Rather than the term “law of convenience,” used by the opponents
of this rule, though it is suggestive and to some extent appropriate, I

)

would propose the name “ Law of Stability” as most applicable.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109

All nomenclature is but a means to the end of increasing our know-
ledge of the organisms themselves, and for this, unchangeability of names
is the first requisite. _ Whatever the strict law of priority theoretically
should accomplish, we have seen but the beginning of the permanent
confusion in which its practice results, and which its continuance as the
fundamental law will hand down to the remotest generation ; each inexact
description, as published, adding new material to increase the complexity
of the tangled web of names.

NOTES ON HYPERCHIRIA IO (Fasr.)

BY C. V. RILEY, ST. LOUIS, MO.

I have obtained many egg-masses of this species the present season
and have had them deposited by moths reared in confinement. Even in
a state of nature they are deposited quite irregularly, some fastened on
one of the compressed sides, some piled on top of others, but most of
them on the small end as in the closely allied AZaza. The average length
is 0.07, largest width 0.05, and greatest thickness 0.03 inch. They are
compressed on two sides, and flattened at the apex, the attached end
smallest. When first deposited they are pure cream color, with a trans-
lucent yellow spot on the flattened apex. Toward maturity the colour
changes to a more intense white with a faint lilaceous tint; the yellow
spot at apex becomes mostly black and the compressed sides are more or
less translucent, especially the upper half, through which the yellow of the
enclosed larva and some of the darker spines may easily be seen just
before the hatching period. Mr. Lintner’s description as “elliptical,
somewhat flattened,” and Mr. Minot’s “ top-shaped” are neither, strictly
true, and would hardly enable one to distinguish this egg from many
others ; while my own description is not as ample as it should be. Hence
these notes. The larval changes gre given in my 5th Report (p. 135.)
The spines of the larva in the first stage are too weak and pliant to enter
the most tender skin; and the urticating property is only ascertainable
after the first moult.

110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY VY. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.

Continued from Page 91.
Errava.—For TZ: eunitareela, ante p. 85, read ZT. cemeteriiella.
PITYS.

(This is a section of Zinea having the wings tufted and narrower than
in Zinea.)

Head and face rough (as in Zivea), tongue very short. Maxillary
palpi folded ; labial palpi drooping, with the terminal joint more than half
as long as the second, which has a few bristles beneath; eyes globose;
no ocelli. Antennae two-thirds as long as wings, filliform. Anterior
wings with raised tufts of scales, the tufts generally rather brightly
coloured ; lanceolate, narrower than in Zivcea ; the costal vein attains the
margin before the middle; discal cell closed by a straight distinct discal
vein, which gives off four branches, two of them to the costal and two to
the dorsal margin, one of the latter near the apex. The subcostal attains
the costal margin, giving off a long branch before the middle and a shorter
one near the end of the cell; the median is three branched, the two last
arising together from the end of the cell; submedian simple, fold
thickened at the end.

Posterior wings linear, lanceolate ; costa excised from the middle to
the tip ? the costal vein attains the margin about the middle; the sub-
costal is straight to the margin before the apex; the cell is closed by a
curved discal vein which gives off two branches, one to the apex, the
other below it; the median vein is three branched, the terminal one
having a common origin with the lower discal branch ; the two others
arise from the apical half of the cell. Ciliae long ; submedian and
internal obsolete.

I. LP. auricristatedla. WN. sp.

Pale gray, with intermixed brown scales. Head hoary ; a small
scattered patch of raised golden scales within the costal margin near the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1It

base, and a similar one opposite near the dorsal margin ; another large
‘one just before the middle, another small one within the costal margin
behind the middle, and a fascia of raised golden scales before the ciliae ;
a few scattered golden scales in the apical portion behind the fascia. 4Z.
x. over 4 inch. Kentucky.

2. P. fusco-cristatella. WN. sp.

Head and palpi sordid yellowish-gray ; antennae pale fuscous ; thorax
brown above, with a brown patch on each side under the base of the
svings ; basal three-fourths of the anterior wings sordid- white, yellowish,
and brown scales intermixed, the apical fourth fulvous and separated by a
distinct line, which is convex towards the apex. An obscure cloudy spot
near the base of the wing; at about the basal third are two dark brown
patches of raised scales, one of which’is on the disc, the other within the
‘dorsal margin; about the apical third are two similar tufts similarly
situated. About six small white costal streaks on the apical half of the
costa. Alar ex. yf inch. Kentucky.

3. £. fasciella. WN. sp.

Grayish fuscous, overlaid with golden yellow. Anterior wings with a
marrow brown border along both margins ; a tuft of silver gray raised
scales on the disc at about the basal third, and another opposite within
the dorsal margin ; a row of small oblique silvery streaks along the costal
margin; just before the ciliae is a narrow fascia of raised silver gray
scales, behind which, near the apex, are two indistinct narrow white
fasciae not raised, the first of which is especially indistinct. In the brown
dorso-apical margin are about eight small white spots. Ciliae gray. There
is a brown patch on each side of the thorax just underneath the base of
the wings ; thorax brown; _ vertex brownish-red ;_ antennae pale fuscous ;
palpi and face white, the second palpal joint white without. <AJar ex. %
inch. Kentucky.

In the general color of the wings and the costal markings this species
seems somewhat to resemble Homosetia costisignella Clem. ‘The genus
also resembles omosetia as described by Clemens, in the palpi and
neuration, but differs somewhat in these respects, and Homosetia has no
raised tufts.

g. P. misce-cristatdla. N. sp.
Palpi whitish, the labial pair externally fuscous ; lower part of the
face white, upper part and vertex sordid gray ; antennae pale fuscous ;

112 THE CANADLAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

thorax grayish fuscous ;_ primaries whitish, sparsely dusted with golden
brown scales and with three or four transverse patches of golden brown ;
about the basal fourth, in one of the golden brown patches, are two small
spots of yellow scarcely raised scales opposite to each other and just
within the margins, the dorsal one being the smallest. (In one specimen
in place of the dorsal yellow spot is a distinct patch of brown raised’
scales.) In another of the transverse patches, about the middle, is.
another larger spot of yellow scarcely raised scales, with a small opposite
dorsal patch of raised scales, and in another transverse fuscous patch,
about the beginning of the ciliae, is another transverse patch or streak of
whitish and brown scales with a few yellow ones intermixed. Costal
margin brownish, with seven white streaks, the first three pointing a little
obliquely backwards, and the last four, which are in the apical part of the
wing, nearly straight ora little oblique forwards; the last two cross the
wing and are concave—especially the last one—towards the apex. The
brownish portions of the wing with golden reflections in some lights. A4/
ex. 3g inch. Kentucky.

The specimen above mentioned in parenthesis has the apex of the
wings a little worn and [ cannot distinguish the costal streaks in that part
of the wing. Possibly it may be a distinct species, but I think not.

The foregoing sub-genus is allied to Zizea both in the trophi and the
neuration of the wings. Nevertheless, it differs decidedly from that genus
in the neuration. In the neuration of the wings and their tufts of raised
scales it is allied to Xy/esthia, but differs decidedly from it in the trophi;
and the antennae differ decidedly by their increased length. In this
respect and in the neuration and palpi it approaches nearer to Clemens’
sub-genus (of Zizea) Homosetia, but that sub-genus has no raised tufts.
upon the wings, and the neuration is not exactly the same.

CYANE, geil. nov.

This genus is very near to Zizea, the principal differences being in the
form and neuration of the hind wings (in which respects different species
of Zinea by no means agree with each other), in the absence of bristles
on the palpi, and the ciliated antennae. The general appearance of the
insect in repose is that of a Ge/echia, and such I supposed it to be when
it was captured. It also approaches that group in the form and neuration
of the hind wing.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Lis

Primaries lanceolate, ovate: the costal vein attains the margin about
the middle ; discal cell wide and closed ; the subcostal is obsolete towards
the base, and sends a long branch from near the base to the margin
behind the cell, two shorter branches from near the end of the cell, and
then proceeds to the costal margin before the apex ; the median sends one
branch from near the end of the cell to the closed margin, and then pro-
ceeds from the end of the cell to the dorsal margin; the discal gives off
four branches, one to the costal margin near the apex and three to the
dorsal margin. Submedian simple.

Secondaries a little wider than the primaries, with the costal margin
very faintly excised from the base to near the middle, and slightly arched
thence to the apex. Posterior much and regularly curved and apex
rounded. ‘The costal vein is close to the margin, but only attains it in the
apical fourth of the wing. Subcostal obsolete towards the base, nearly
straight and attaining the costal margin just before the apex; discal cell
wide and closed: the discal vein gives off two branches to the dorsal
margin: the median sends from about the middle of the wing a curved
branch to the dorsal margin and proceeds to the end of the cell and thence
to the dorsal margin : submcdian and internal veins distinct and simple.

Head roughened (as in 7Zivea). Antennae little more than half as
long as the primaries, tapering from the base toa point at the apex, witha
distinct shoal of ciliae on each joint. Tongue? (concealed by the max-
illary palpi, which are folded) ; labial palpi drooping in the dead insect
(or perhaps more properly called incurved), without bristles, long enough
to reach the eyes if recurved (as I think they are in the living insect),
with the second joint as long as the first and third united, the third verti-
cally compressed and with the scales roughened. Eyes, globose, moderate;
ocelli none.

C. visaliella. WN. sp.

Maxillary palpi white ; labial palpi white, outer surface of the second
joint, except at the apex,and a spot on the outer surface of the third
joint brownish ; head whitish gray with some brown scales intermixed ;
antennae with alternate white and brown annulations; thorax and
primaries pale or whitish gray,. sparsely dusted with brown, a small brown
spot on the base of the costa, a smaller one about the basal fourth, and a
very large one just behind the middle touching the costa and crossing the
fold; apical portion of the wing brownish, with some whitish and gray

114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISY.

scales intermixed, and with two small oblique costal white streaks just
behind the large brown spot; costal ciliae dark brown, dorsal ciliae
grayish. Adar ex. 48 inch. Several specimens captured in June resting
on forest trees, at Visalia, Kentucky.

CLYMENE, £é7. 710U.

Clothed with longish hair-like scales, those of the head and face
roughened, standing out in every direction, many of those of the anterior
wings also standing out (or rather reversed, suggesting a resemblance to
the breed of chickens with reversed feathers).

No tongue ; labial palpishort ; maxillary palpi long, three jointed, the
second and third joints sub-equal, drooping together or sometimes folded
in the dead insect (folded in the living ?). Antennae more than half as.
long as the wings, hairy, somewhat roughened in the living insect, carried
projecting together straight in front ; eyes small, not visible from above.

Forewings lanceolate ; there is a long semi-opaque space on the costal
margin ; discal cell unclosed ; costal vein short ; subcostal nearly straight,
passing to the apex, giving off to the costal margin four branches, the
first from about the basal fourth, the second and longest from just before
the middle and attaining the margin just before the other two, which are
given off in the apical part of the wing ; the median passes nearly straight
to the dorsal margin behind the apex, from about the basal fourth it gives
off a long branch which attains the margin just behind the vein itself,
which is trifurcate in the apical part of the wing ; fold very distinct ; sub-
median furcate at base.

Posterior wings lanceolate ; costal vein almost coincident with the
argin ; subcostal straight to the apex, sending to the costal margin two-
short branches, the first behind the middle, the second in the apical por-
tion ; median vein nearly straight to the dorsal margin behind the apex,
sending to the dorsal margin two branches, one not far from the base, the
other about the middle ; submedian distinct. Ciliae moderate.

The imago is very shy and active, running very rapidly till it finds a
place of concealment, and taking flight easily. The larva of the species.
described below is unknown; the imago is abundant in May and June:
upon the trunks of Beech trees.

C. egerfasciclla. NV. sp.
Head luteous with intermixed dark brown scales; palpi dark grayish
fuscous ; legs and body sordid luteous ; antennae sordid luteous, mixed

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115-

with dark grayish fuscous: thorax and anterior wings dark purplish brown
with a faint whitish spot on the dorsal margin near the base, a faint narrow
whitish fascia about the middle, and a faint whitish costal and similar
dorsal spot opposite, just before the ciliae, and another similar spot at the
apex ; these spots are all very indistinct. Ciliae fuscous. Posterior wings
grayish fuscous. The ends of the fascia on each margin are visible as
whitish spots in the wing itself after itis denuded. A/ar. ex. 4 inch.
(The wings are much longer than the body.) Kentucky.

INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA.
COMPILED BY THE EDITOR.

From Kirby’s Fauna Borealt-Americana: Insecta.

(Continued from Page 99.)

[223.] 300. Donacrta FEMOoRALIS Azrby.—Length of body 3%
lines. ‘Taken in Nova Scotia by Dr. MacCulloch.

Body bronzed, gilded, with a greenish tint, very minutely and thickly
punctured, not conspicuously hairy underneath. Frontal channel slight ;
antennae, except the scape which is bronzed, and mouth rufous ; prothorax
with an impression above the scutellum; anterior tubercles more than
usuaily prominent; scutellum rather large ; elytra with single slight
anterior impression adjoining the suture; legs rufous, but the thighs,
which are much incrassated, except the base and summit, are green-
bronzed ; posterior thigh without any tooth ; abdomen as in the preceding
species.

This species seems nearly related to Donacia pusilla Say.

301. Donacta FLavipes Kirby.—Length of body 4 lines. A single
specimen taken in Lat. 65°.

Body bronzed-copper with a golden lustre ; clothed below with very
short, somewhat silvery, decumbent hairs, the metallic splendor of the
body being visible through them. Head thickly, minutely, and con-
fluently punctured or wrinkled, channelled between the eyes; antennae
testaceous, longer than the prothorax ; prothorax subquadrangular, longer
than usual in the genus, widely channelled, very minutely, thickly, and

116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

confluently punctured and wrinkled; anterior tubercles large and not
prominent; elytra with two impressions adjoining the suture, elevated at
the base ; legs testaceous.

[Taken in Ontario and at Lake Superior].

302. Donacta AFFINIS Xirdy.—Length of body 334 lines. ‘Taken
‘by Dr. MacCulloch in Nova Scotia.

Body minutely punctured, copper-coloured brilliant with the splendor
of gold’; underneath very slightly hairy, Head channelled between the
eyes ; antennae and mouth testaceous ; prothorax widest anteriorly, chan-
nelled, punctured but not thickly, lateral anterior tubercles levigated ;
scutellum small; elytra with a single impression, not far from the base,
adjoining the suture; base elevated; margin of the ventral segments of
the abdomen of a fine bright, the anus of a deeper orange; legs
testaceous.

Very neir D. flavipes, but the sculpture of the prothorax, the
impressions of the elytra, and the colour of the underside of the abdomen
are different. It differs from D. discolor in having the prothorax much
more thinly punctured, the anterior tubercles, which in that species are
near obsolete, more prominent, and the scutellum much smaller.

[Named D. Xirbyi by Lacordaire. ]

303. DoNacIA EMARGINATA A7rby.—Length of body 3% lines.
Taken with the preceding.

[225.] Body black-blue, clothed underneath with pile, in certain
lights, glittering like silver. Antennae black; tubercles of the prothorax
prominent ; elytra with an impression near the suture ; last dorsal segment
of the abdomen emarginate ;- thighs very thick, bronzed, posterior one
with a stout tooth.

This species comes very near D. sericea, but it is sufficiently
distinguished by its deeply notched podex, and the silver pile that clothes
its body underneath, which in that species has a golden lustre.

{Taken in Canada and at Lake Superior. | °

304. Donacta Proxima Azrby.—Length of body 5 lines. Taken
in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

Body a little flattened, covered underneath with a dense coat of
glittering silver pile resembling satin. Head a little bronzed, channelled
between the eyes, minutely punctured ; palpitestaceous; antennae entirely
black ; prothorax in the disk dark violet and channelled, sides bronzed

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 117

and impressed; anterior tubercles not prominent; scutellum bronzed ;
elytra nearly black with a slight tint of violet, punctures green-gilt, inter-
stices of the rows not wrinkled; an anterior impression near the suture ,
rounded at the apex; posterior legs long, with thighs somewhat curved,
attenuated at the base, armed at the apex with two teeth placed
consecutively, the first long, slender, and acute; the last wide, short, and
denticulated posteriorly.

This species is nearly related to D. crassifes Fab., but the antennae
and the legs are entirely black, the teeth on the posterior thighs are not
equal,

| Probably synonymous with D. episcopalis Lac. Taken on shore of
Lake Superior. |

MISCELLANEOUS.

PEeRSONAL.— In part No. 2, “ Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres and Heter-
oceres,” the author, Mr. Herman Strecker, makes a most uncalled for and
ungentlemanly attack on me, which in justice to myself, much as I dislike
introducing matters of this sort into a scientific periodical, I can scarcely
allow to pass unnoticed.

It appears that Mr. Strecker received last summer, from Mr. Couper,
specimens of a Papilio which he had taken on the Island of Anticosti
while on a collecting tour there. At first Mr. S. says he thought it might
be my P. brevicauda, described in a foot note in “ Packard’s Guide,” but
on comparing the description there given with his specimens, he found
them to differ in some important particulars. He then proceeds to say
(I copy verb. at Zit.,) “I now again had the pleasant excitement incidental
to endeavoring to study out bare descriptions, unaccompanied by figures,
and in my misery I wrote to Mr. Couper, in Montreal, requesting him to
try to see the types of Brevicauda, and compare his examples with them,
or if that was impossible, to write to Mr. Saunders, of Ontario, Canada,
who described it and with whom he was acquainted, concerning the
species ; after some time Mr. Couper wrote ‘I communicated with the
Rey. Canon Innes (in whose collection are specimens of Brevicauda) and
Mr. W. Saunders, asking for information regarding P. Brevicauda ; up to
this instant no answer from either ;’ this certainly was not very satis-
factory, but as I was not particularly anxious to make a fool of myself by
re-christening old species, I importuned Mr. Couper to try the gentleman.

118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

with another epistolary shot; in due time, under date March 17, 1873,
came another letter from Couper thus: ‘I have purposely delayed a reply
to your favor of 2nd, because since its receipt I wrote again to Mr. W.
Saunders for the desired information, and my letter was written in terms
which could not deter him from answering ; however, no answer has been
received.’ After receiving this letter, I, of course, concluded that Mr.
Saunders’ time was of too much value to be encroached upon, and
requested Mr. Couper to by no means trouble him again, as his dignified
silence ai last brought me to a proper sense of my true position, and was
a merited punishment to both Couper and myself for our temerity.”

I did receive the two letters referred to from Mr. Couper. In the
first, dated Jan. 21, Mr. C. asks me where I obtained the Papilio described
as brevicauda, and whether I would loan him a specimen, as he wished to
compare it with some Anticosti Papilio’s which had been named for him
by his U. S. correspondents as P. polyxenes. ‘There were other matters
referred to in the letter which I wished to attend to before replying to
Mr. Couper, and as I was then extremely busy, and was obliged to leave
home for a while, not knowing either that there was any pressing need of
an immediate answer, I deferred writing for a time. In the second letter,
dated March 3rd, Mr. C. refers again among other matters to P. brevicauda,
expresses no disappointment at my not answering his first, does not even
now ask for a prompt reply, or hint that any of the information he desires
was for anyone but himself. Indeed, after referring to some differences
which he thought existed between his Anticosti specimens and my
brevicauda from Newfoundland, he says: ‘It is my intention to investigate
this matter further,” and referred to the opportunities he hoped to have
on revisiting the Island. To this second letter I replied as promptly as
possible, within a few days, and gave Mr. C. all the information in my
power in reference to drcvtcauda, as well as satisfactory reasons why I had
not written sooner.

It was scarcely kind of Mr. Couper to give me no hint of the terrible
state of excitement under which his friend, poor Mr. Strecker, was at that
time laboring, boiling over, as he evidently was, with indignation towards
one who was perfectly innocent of all knowledge of his wants. Had I
known the state of his mind my sympathies would at once have been
aroused and I should have written promptly, when I suppose this formid-
able bull of his would never have been fulminated against me, and I
should have been stared from being impaled on the sharp end of Mr.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119

Strecker’s irony, where, like a beetle on a pin, I am now supposed to be
wriggling and writhing in great discomfort.

I do not know Mr. Strecker and have never had any correspondence
with him, but I do feel sorry for him, that he should in his anger have
allowed himself to use language so discorteous in reference to one who
was a perfect stranger to him, without taking pains to enquire whether it
was deserved or not. I can scarcely designate such a proceeding under
such circumstances, as anything less than contemptible, and quite
unworthy of a naturalist or a gentleman.

Mr. Strecker further remarks in the paragraph following that last
quoted: ‘‘ However, I believe this is distinct from Brevicauda, and if it
be not, if is an absurdity to retain that name; the probability after all is
that Brevicauda and Anticostiensis (if they be not the same) are both
varieties of Asterius.” Why Mr. Strecker considers it adsurd to call a
species drevicauda he does not deign to inform us ;_ can it be that he has
a conscientious objection to any further references to the tails of insects
under any circumstances, or is it the evident superiority in length and
grandiloquence of sound which Avficostiensis has over brevicauda which
makes the use of the latter to his mind so absurd? It does seem strange
that with all Mr. Strecker’s anxiety to avoid ‘ re-christening old species,”
he should astonish the Entomological world with such a name as Axf-
costiensis Nov. sp., When at the same time he states his belief in the
probability of its being but a variety of asterias. Such a proceeding
seems at least contradictory, and, it will appear to some, as if he had thus
placed himself, in his anxiety to have his name attached to a species, in
the very position he professes a wish to avoid, and which he has
designated in such choice! language.—W. SauNnpDERs, London, Ontario.

To CoLLecrors.—I am very anxious to obtain the eggs, larvee in different
stages,and chrysalis of Grapta faunus, and I will offer as a reward to any
one who will obtain them for me, Vol. I of the “ Butterflies of North
America,” or Vol. II, asit shallappear. Where this species is common, that
is, in the highlands of New York and New England, or British America, it
would not be difficult to obtain eggs at the proper season, and from these
all the rest would follow. In the Catskill Mountains, the fresh specimens
of Faunus appear about the 1st of August, and by the 15th are plenty.
Allowing eleven days for chrysalis, the mature larvae would be found
between the 2oth of July and the 5th of August. From egg to chrysalis

120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

will be about fifteen days, and allowing four days for duration of the egg,
we may conclude that this is deposited from rst to 15th of July. There-
fore, an effort should be made to take the females the last of June or first
of July ; and when taken, they should be enclosed in a gauze bag, ona
stem of Hop, or on Nettle, Elm, and perhaps Currant or Wild Goose-
berry ; or enclosed in a keg, if convenient (nail or powder keg), from
which the heads have been removed, and the upper end covered with a
cloth, held down by one of the hoops. Care should be taken to stop up
all holes next the ground by which the insect would escape. In this way
eggs will infallibly be had, if the insect is confined with the food plant of
the larvse. In the present case, as that is not certainly known, if after
24 hours no eggs are found to be deposited, I should try one of the other
plants named. If eggs are obtained, two or three should be placed in a
small vial of water, to which has been added a few drops of carbolic acid
solution, which preserves them effectually, and should be sent by mail te
Miss Mary Peart, Pauling, Chester Co., Pennsylvania, for drawings
for me. In the same way, the larve at different stages may be sent, in tin
or wooden (not paper) boxes, by mail, with a supply of the food plant,
advising by letter of such sending. The chrysalis may be sent in the
same way as soon as formed. It is desirable that as full notes as possible
should be taken of the changes of the larvze. These I will publish, as
well as the drawings, in Vol. II of But. N. A., with credit to the discoverer
and observer.

In the same way, it is desirable that the larva of G. gracilis should be
found, and I will give a similar reward for the discovery of the preparatory
stages of this species, if attention is given to my directions in forwarding
the eggs, larve and chrysalids for drawings.—Wwa. H. Epwarps, Coal-
burgh, West Va., May 24th, 1873.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

EXCHANGE.—I am desirous to exchange English for Canadian or
American Lepidoptera. J. C. WasszRMAN, Beverly Terrace, Cullercoats,
North Shields, England.

COLEOPTERA FOR SALE.—A number of Rocky Mountain Coleoptera
will soon be for sale in sets by JoHN AKHURST, 19, Prospect Street,
Brooklyn, N.Y.

Che Canada Entomologist.

VOL. V. LONDON, ONT., JULY, 1873. No. 7

OBSERVATIONS'ON CERTAIN. PLANT LICE OF THE
GENUS: APHIS.

BY THCMAS G. GENTRY, GERMANTOWN, PA.

That the Aphides in the spring time are wingless, virgin females, is an
opinion that has been carefully entertained by some of the most
distinguished naturalists and physiologists in the world. Bonnet,
Reaumur, Owen, Huxley, &c., have especially studied this interesting
class of insects, and have given expression to the above opinion in their
writings. But this, there are strong reasons for asserting, must be taken
in a restricted sense, so far, at any rate, as our own Aphide are
concerned.

Whilst engaged recently in an examination of a species which was
observed feeding upon the leaves and tender shoots of Rumex crispus,
with the view of testing its manner and rate of reproduction, several
clusters of the insect were met with, each of which, contrary to expecta-
tion, contained one or two winged specimens. These, in addition to the
possession of wings, differed still further from the apterous ones in the
superior length of the antennze, and in the remarkable fulness of the
thorax above; this fulness being undoubtedly necessary for the attach-
ment of the wings and the muscles by which they are controlled. In
color the wingless specimens were entirely jet black, which, however, in
those endowed with the power of flight, was somewhat relieved by the
presence of a light fulvous annulus upon each antenna and tibia.

The presence of wings in some of the specimens at this season of the
year, in view of the assertions of naturalists to the contrary, would seem
to imply the existence of males, This impression does seem to be further
heightened and strengthened by comparison with drawings of the male
rose Aphis in “ Duncan’s Transformation of Insects.” To be assured

122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

upon this point, a solitary winged specimen was secured and confined ina
box in which a sprig of the insect’s natural food had been previously
placed to satisfy its wants ; due examination having been made to the
intent that nothing in the shape of food or animal life should stand in
the way of a fair and impartial test. After the lapse of twenty-four
hours, the inside of the box and its contents were examined with a glass.
of moderate diameter, and a single, newly-born Aphis was discovered
fastened to a leaf stalk, in the act of imbibing its juice.

A further continuance of the feeding process for several days longer
was productive of the same positive results. The rate of increase in this
species, as shown by these experiments, unlke its European congeners,
was proved to be but one a day; so it is to be seen that the insect does
not propagate as rapidly in this case at any rate, as naturalists have
asserted. European species, we read, produce at the rate of three, four,
and seven a day, according to eminent authorities. As our native Ameri-
can species differ in many points from European, in a structural as well as
a functional sense, this difference in the rate of propagation may not be
wondered at. From the above facts it does seem that nature has decreed
that there shall be both winged and wingless specimens in the spring time,
for it seems just to conclude that both varieties are virgin females. But
other observations which were subsequently made, seem to foreshadow
the existence of males also; but the evidence upon this point is not of
the most positive character, and requires further facts to settle it beyond
the shadow of a doubt.

Having secured similar winged specimens a few days later, they were
submitted to a like test, when both positive and negative results were
reached. Here was a rather curious and interesting problem for solution.
Why some should prove fertile, and others, which in no single particular
differed therefrom, so far as could be determined, should manifest a
contrary state of affairs was more than could be divined, and this too after
frequent experiments had been made. If the latter are males, as their
sterility would seem to indicate, the solution is self-evident ; but if of the
opposite sex, there can be no adequate key to unlock the problem, unless
the principle of excessive nutrition, which seems to account for so many
strange things in the vegetable creation, should prove to be it. But even
here a doubt arises, as observation has shown me that a succulent shoot
produces almost invariably wingless specimens, while a less tender one the
opposite variety. As the very existence of the two forms depends upon

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 123,

the quantity of sap which each obtains, said quantity being measured by
the nature of the shoot, whether succulent or otherwise, the only rational
conclusion that can be drawn is to consider the sterile form as male. The
correct course to have adopted would have been a dissection of the
animal, and a comparison of the organs of reproduction, but in this I was
debarred by the want of suitable instruments for the purpose.

From what has been written upon European species, combined with
the facts developed in this paper, it seems safe to conclude that the Aphid
reproduce both in a sexual and asexual manner. If not sexually, then
there is no getting rid of the conclusion that in the spring of the year
three forms of females are produced, wingless virgin, winged virgin, and
winged sterile females. As a further confirmation of the above facts, let
me add that similar experiments were performed upon a small drab-colored
species, which was found feeding upen the leaves and succulent shoots of
Spiraca corymbosa, with similar results.

NOTES ON RHYNCOPHORUS ZIMMERMANTI, Scu.

BY S. V. SUMMERS, NEW ORLEANS, LA.

Larve, long, 1.07 to 1.40 inch. Head rather large, smooth, vertical ;
occiput dark chestnut brown ; medial line abbreviated, but well defined ;
lateral lines complete ; vertex piceous, sculptured; front rufo-piceous ;
mandibles obtuse, opaque, with three large deep impressed punctures ;
labium 3-dentate ; mentum sinuated, sub-flavous. Body sub-cylindrical,
not curved, sub-flavous, middle segments largest, humeral and anal seg-
ments corneous, brownish ; legs replaced by six tubercles.

Described from seven living matured larve.

Pupz, long, 1.10 to 1.24 inch. Quite characteristic of imago, tawny
yellow ; prothorax and metasternumi piceous ; rostrum bent close on pro-
sternum, and reaching anterior margin of metasternum; elytra enclosing
posterior legs. Three specimens.

Rk. Zimmermanit. Long (exclusive of rostrum), 2.66 to 1.20 inch.
Black, shining, rostrum shorter than thorax; { nearly arcuate before
antennze, smooth, with rather large punctures; 92 not arcuate, tuber-
culate ; antenne with outer half of first joint rufous ; eyes large, finely

124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

granulate; prothorax longer than broad, smooth, finely and sparsely

_ punctured ; angles rounded; basal margin closely embracing elytra ;
scutellum prolonged, polished ; elytra with six distinctly punctured striz
which do not quite reach the apex ; intervals broadly rounded.

Inhabits Southern and Gulf States; abundant. Our largest curculio,
of which numerous varieties occur while immature, the most common
variety has the elytra and thorax reddish-brown, with three black spots on
elytra and one or more on thorax.

The larvee bore in the roots and stocks of the Palmetto, in the latter
part of June and July. When about to pupate, they construct an oblong
cocoon, which consists of layers of fibres and excrement loosely woven
together. These are invariably formed at the thickened basal part of
leaves’ stems, from which the imago issues in September and October.
They do not seem to be attracted by the lamp, but on several occasions
during the month of February, in the vicinity of New Orleans, I have
observed large numbers flying among the Palmetto’s, when they would
produce a buzzing noise similar to Copris carolina. They seem most
partial to the older and more injured plants, particularly those having
been burnt. Asmany as sixty specimens have occurred in a single tree.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.
Continued from Page 115
CYLLENE, £¢7. ov.

Anterior and posterior wings linear lanceolate, and apparently destitute
of nervures. (In a single specimen of the hind wing, mounted as a
microscopic specimen in Canada balsam, a short costal nervure, a sub-
costal and an independent nervure close along the posterior margin, but
not beginning at the base, are visible, but ordinarily I can find no trace of
any nervure except ferhaps the costal is visible ; to all ordinary observation
the wings are without nervures.) The posterior are excised from the
basal fourth of the costal margin to the apex. Size minute. The other
generic characters are those of Clymtene (supra), and itis characterized like
it by the erect or reversed hair-like scales. But it lacks the pale spots in
the integuments of the wings, which characterize Clymene

ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 125

C. minutisimella. NN. sp.

Vertex, palpi and abdomen silvery; face rather sordid white: antenne
dark griseous or fuscous, tipped with whitish ; anterior wings brown mixed
towards the base confusedly with silvery, with a distinct silvery spot on
the costal margin, two others on the dorsal margin, one of which is just
behind the middle and the other farther back: one at the apex and one
on the costal margin opposite the space between the two dorsal ones.
In some lights these spots are not distinct. Ciliz and hind wings dark
griseous.

Alar ex. scarcely exceeding % inch. It is therefore probably the
smallest Lepidopteron known. Mr. Stainton, Vat. //ist. Zin., v. 7, says
that Wepticula microtheriella, measuring 134 lines in a/ar ex., was then the
smallest. It is a shaggy and rather “ uncanny ” looking little moth. The
larva is unknown. I have taken the imago abundantly in May and July
at the lamp. But I find that I have but a single specimen left, for, as it
is too small to pin successfully, I placed it ina tin “cell” on a microscope
slide, covered by thin glass, held down by a rubber band, into which crept
villainous little Azrofes and ate all my little Cy//ene save one.

NEPTICULA.
Nepticula miners of leaves of the Sycamore (P/atanus occidentalis. )

Three species of WVepfticu/a mine these leaves. Dr. Clemens describes
these mines fully (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., March, 1862). One of the
mines is at first a slender track filled with frass. Afterwards the mine is
expanded into a round blotch, almost obliterating the previous linear
mine. ‘This is the mine of

NV. platanella Clem., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila, Fan’y, 1862.

It may be distinguished from the two other species by having the
wings shining dark brown, with a silvery costal streak about the middle, and
an opposite spot of the same hue on the dorsal margin. For other particulars
see Clemens’ description. A4/. ex. sz inch. Kentucky.

The mine described by Dr.Clemens as No. 2 is linear, slightly enlarged
towards its extremity, with the terminal portion enlarged into a small
blotch just before the larva leaves it. Jt has a central line of frass. Dr.
Clemens was not acquainted with the imago which I call

LV. Clemensella. NN. sp.

Palpi and face stramineous, tinged with rufous between the antennz
and eyes ; eye-caps yellowish silvery. Antennz pale fuscous. Primaries

126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

bluish black, zith a minute ochreous spot on the extreme dorsal margin about
the middle. Viewed from the direction of the head there is a faint silvery
streak visible opposite the ochreous spot, but it is not visible with the
light in any other direction usually, although in one specimen it 1s visible
on one wing in any light, butis not on the other. Ciliz pale yellow, with
a dark brown hinder marginal line near the base. A/ ex. s2 inch. Ken-
tucky ; Pennsylvania.

The mine of the third species is at first crooked, with a central line of
frass. Itis afterwards enlarged, forming an irregular blotch, which covers
all or nearly all of the original mine. It then resembles the mine of
platanella, but is less rounded and the outline is more irregular. I have
not succeeded in breeding this species, but have no doubt that the species
described below as WV. maximel/a is the maker of the mine.

N. maximella. LN. sp.

Head and eye-caps yellowish white ; palpia little paler; antenne dark
fuscous above, whitish beneath ; thorax and anterior wings bluish black,
with a silvery white fascia about the middle, concave towards the base, and
sometimes faintly interrupted in the middle. Apical ciliz whitish, with a
dark brown hinder marginal line near the base. 4/. ex. 14 inch. Ken-
tucky.

Taken in large numbers resting on the trunk and leaves of Sycamore
trees (P. occidentalis ), seldom elsewhere, and I believe it to be the miner
No. 3.

N. serotineella. NN. sp.

Tuft rufous ; face reddish yellow ; palpi silvery gray; eye-caps and
hinder portion of the vertex very pale or whitish golden; thorax and
primaries blackish, with purple and bronzy reflections, the primaries
crossed by two silver fasciz, both of which are straight, the first being
rather the widest, placed just before the middle, the second just before
the beginning of the ciliae ; clliae of the general hue, but in some lights
silvery gray, the dorsal ciliae rather pale. 4¢/. ex. “5 inch. Kentucky.

The larva makes a very pretty mine on the leaves of the Wild Cherry
(Prunus serotina), The mine is narrow, linear, very much convoluted
at first, filled with frass, which afterwards becomes a central line only in
the mine, which is gradually a little widened ; the mine is whitish and
the frass black, but to the naked eye the mine appears brownish red, and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 127

the leaf around it also becomes stained of that hue. ‘The larva is bright
green. Possibly this may be the JV. dzfasciela Clem., but I can discern
no trace of green in the wings. Dr. Clemens gives no measurements and
was not acquainted with the mine of d¢/asciella. He mentions, Proc. Ent.
Soc. Phila., Nov., 1861, an empty mine in the leaves of the Wild Cherry
as doubtfully that of a Wefticula, and possibly dipterous, and calls it JV. ?
prunifoliedlla. As, however, he says that that mine begins in a blotch,
and as he was not acquainted with the insect in any of its stages, and it
often happens that two or three species mine leaves of the same plant, I
have not deemed it expedient toadopt his name. ‘The practice of naming
‘species from an empty mine or even a larva, is a bad one, I think.

NV. apici-albella. N. sp.

Palpi and eye-caps white; face reddish orange; antennae silvery,
suffused with fuscous ; thorax and primaries dark brown, slightly irides-
cent, suffused with purplish or golden, according to the light ; just behind
the middle of the wing is an oblique white fascia, which is nearest to the
apex on the dorsal margin ; ciliae of the general hue, except at the extreme
apex, which is white. 4/ ex.s: inch. Kentucky. Larva unknown.

Imago in June.

NV. minimella. N. sp.

Palpi white ; face ochreous ; eye-caps white ; antennae light fuscous ;
primaries fuscous to the fascia, which is just immediately behind the
middle, and 7s convex both anteriorly and posteriorly; purplish fuscous
behind the fascia ; apex whitish. AZ. ev. less than two lines. Kentucky.
At light in August.

NV. thorace-albella, N.sp.

Palpi and eye-caps white ; face reddish ochreous ; antennae pale fus-
cous ; thorax white, with a few scattered dark brown scales; _ primaries
dark brown, with a curved white fascia about the middle, concave towards
the base, and rather indistinct upon the costa. A white spot at the
beginning of the costal ciliae, and an opposite dorsal one; ciliae of the
general hue, except at the apex, where they are white. 4/. ex. *s inch.
Captured in June in Kentucky.

NV. querct-castanella. N. sp.

Head, eye caps and palpi white, except a dark brown spot between
the antennae on the head ; antennae dark brown above, whitish beneath ;

128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

thorax and primaries yellowish ochreous, well dusted with dark brown ;
eiliae pale ochreous. 4/. ex. #: inch. Kentucky.

The larva makes a somewhat crooked linear yellowish-white mine,
with a central line of frass, in the leaves of the Chestnut Oak ( Quercus
castanea ), in the latter part of July.

NV. fusco-capitella, N. sp.

Head dark fuscous ; palpi, eye-caps and antennae yellowish white,the
antennae somewhat stained with fuscous above ; primaries and thorax
white, faintly tinged with yellowish, and the apical half of the primaries.
dusted with fuscous scales arranged mainly in small spots ; body and legs.
creamy white. A/. ex. almost Y% inch. Captured in Kentucky in June.

NV. ochrefasciella. N. sp.

Head and eye-caps pale reddish-ochreous; palpia little paler; antennz
pale fuscous, with a silvery lustre ; thorax and primaries blackish-brown,

with a nearly straight yellowish-ochreous fascia just before the middle ;

apical ciliae yellowish-ochreous, basal half of the primaries yellowish-
ochreous on the under surface. AZ. ex. scarcely 4% inch. | Kentucky.
Taken in June.

LV. ciliea-fuscella. iN. sp.

Palpi silvery ; head reddish-yellow ; eye-caps silvery ; thorax and fore-
wings dark brown, a little bronzed, and cilliae of the same hue. A white
fascia just behind the middle of the wing, nearly straight, a little widest
on the dorsal margin, and ferhaps a little nearer to the base on the costal
margin ; under surface and legs yellowish white ; posterior tibiae fuscous.
Al. ex. 8: of aninch. ‘Taken at lamp, Aug. 23rd.

I cannot see wherein this species differs from /wsco-tibiella Clem.,
except that Clemens says ‘ Ciliae pale grayish,” whereas the ciliae in this
species have the bronzy dark brown hue of the wings. Dr. Clemens.
gives no measurements.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 129

INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA.
COMPILED BY THE EDITOR.

from Kirby's Fauna Boreali-Americana: Insecta.

(Continued from Page 117.)

305. Donacta cupR&A Airby.—Length of body 4% lines. Taken
in Canada by Dr. Bigsby [also on Lake Superior. ]

[226.] Body above copper-coloured, glossy ; underneath covered
with a thick coat of decumbent pile of a cinereous colour, glittering in
certain lights. Head downy, channelled ; mouth and palpi rufous ;_ man-
dibles and antennae black; prothorax rather wider than long, very
minutely, thickly and confluently punctured and wrinkled; channelled,
with a pair of impressions on each side, anterior tubercles not prominent ;
scutellum downy ; elytra very grossly punctured in rows ; a single anterior
impression near the suture; truncated at the apex; three intermediate
ventral segments of the abdomen have a yellow margin; legs obscurely
rufous ; thighs bronzed in the middle; posterior thighs with a minute
tooth near the apex.

306. DoONACIA HIRTICOLLIS Azrdy.
single specimen taken in Lat. 65°.

Length of body 3% lines. A

Body underneath covered with a thick coat of decumbent pile
resembling satin and shining like silver. Head hoary from inconspicuous
hairs, most minutely and confluently punctured with a slight interocular
channel with an obtuse ridge on each side ; antennae with the second and
third joints equal in length ; labrum glittering with silver pile ;_ prothorax
longer than wide, hoary from inconspicuous down, most minutely and
confluently punctured, channelled, sides subimpressed, anterior tubercles
flat; scutellum large, levigated ; elytra black, punctured in rows, whose
interstices are wrinkled ; posterior thighs with a single short obtusangular
tooth.

This pretty species comes near D. didens Oliy., which I always find on
Potamogeton natans, but it is sufficiently distinguished by its black thorax
hoary from down, and legs without any red.

[Synonymous with D. rudicollis Lac. ‘Taken on Lake Superior. |

130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

307. Donacia £QuUALIS Sav.—Length of body 4-4% lines. Many
taken in the journey from New York to Cumberland-house |also in On-
tario. |

[227.]| Body underneath covered with a thick coat of silver pile as in
the preceding species. Head bronzed, hoary from cinereous down,
minutely and confluently punctured, channelled between the eyes with a
longitudinal obtuse ridge on each side the channel; antennae black,
bronzed at the base, second and third joints equal in length; mouth
piceous ; prothorax bronzed and gilded, rather longer than wide, thickly
and confluently punctured and wrinkled ; channelled; sides longitudinally
subimpressed ; anterior tubercles obsolete ; scutellum hoary from down ;
elytra bronzed, gilded, punctured in rows except at the apex where the
punctures are confluent, two impressions adjoining the suture, and one in
the middle of the base; apex truncated; ventral segments of the
abdomen, the last excepted, with a bright orange margin ; posterior thighs
with a stout short tooth.

N.B. In the male the ventral segments are without the orange
margin.

Variety B. Prothorax bright copper, elytra black-bronzed.

FAMILY HISPIDE.

308. Hispa (Anoplitis) B1coLor Oliv.—Length of body 334 lines.
Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby. Mr. Francillon had specimens from
Georgia. Oliv.

[228.] Body linear,naked. Head black, smooth,channelled between
the eyes ; antennae robust, scarcely longer than the prothorax, black; eyes
large, dark-brown ; prothorax transverse, narrowest anteriorly, red, with
four dusky spots placed transversely, grossly punctured, posterior angles
producted, behind with a slight sinus on each side; space above the
scutellum truncate; scutellum dull-red ; elytra linear, black, three-ridged,
with an abbreviated ridge towards the apex between the second and
third ; ridges elevated ; interstices with a double series of large and very
close punctures ; between the second and third at the base and apex the
series is quadruple, in the middle triple; lateral margin and apex serrulate;
underside of the body blood-red ; legs black, base of the thighs red.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. lol

FAMILY COCCINELLID#,

309. COcCINELLA EPISCOPALIS Kirby.—Plate v, fig. 4. Length of
body 2 lines. Taken in the journey from New York to Cumberland-
house.

[229.] Body narrow, nearly linear, having at first sight the aspect of
a Haltica, underneath black. Head black with three oblong pale yellow
spots, two adjoining the eyes on their inner side, and one’ placed back-
wards in the vertex ; mouth, antennae, and palpi rufous ; prothorax and
both elytra taken together, pale yellow with two black stripes, common to
both, resembling a bishop’s crosier, the crook being on the thorax and
the stalk on the elytra; suture of the latter black except at the tip; legs
pale testaceous ; anus, sides of the abdomen, and tips of the ventral
segment, except the basal one, pale.

| Belongs to Memia Muls. |

310. COCCINELLA TREDECIM-pUNCTATA Linn.—Length of body 3
lines. Several specimens taken in Lat. 54°.

Body oblong, black, lightly and minutely punctured ; underneath
slightly downy. Mouth and its organs pale rufous ; nose white, whiteness
with a posterior central lobe; antennae rufous; prothorax white with a
large discoidal spot falling short of the anterior margin, where it is trun-
cated; sides lobed, besides which there is a black dot on each side
connected with the above spot; elytra reddish-yellow with six largish
black dots, namely 1, 2, 2, 1, and one at the scutellum common to both
’ elytra ; the first marginal dot is ovate, the rest approaching to round ; the
tibiae and tarsi are testaceous; there are two transverse white spots on
each side the breast, between the four posterior legs; and four triangular
pale ones on each side the abdomen.

Variety B. Nose rufous, with a parallegramniscal white spot between
the antennae.

[Belongs to Hippodamia Muls. ; very common in Canada. ]

311. COccINELLA TRIDENS K7rby.—Length of body 214 lines. Two
specimens taken in the Expedition.

|230.] Body rather oblong, very minutely punctured; black under
neath, with two distant white spots on the breast, and three contiguous

ones on each side of the abdomen. Head black with a transverse white
band or trident between the eyes, tricuspidate both anteriorly and

132 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

posteriorly ; the intermediate posterior lobe the longest ; prothorax white
with a large bipartite black spot, each lobe being trilobed with rounded
lobes resembling a trefoil leaf and connected with the other by a transverse
band ; elytra pale reddish-yellow ; with three black spots and one at the
scutellum common to both elytra, placed 2, 1, 1; the scutellar spot some-
what bell-shaped, the humeral one roundish, the intermediate one nearly
kidney-shaped, and that nearest the apex rather crescent-shaped.

VariETY B. Frontal band replaced by three white spots, the inter-
mediate the longest and linear.

LIST OF COLEOPTERA OF ST. LOUIS COUNTY, MISSOURT
BY S. V. SUMMERS, M. D., NEW ORLEANS, LA.

The following list has been prepared to enumerate all the known
Coleoptera—not new—found in Southern Missouri, collected on a line
between St. Louis and Sedalia during the summers of 1869, ’70, ’71, and
72. The families Curculionide and Cerambycidz are omitted in this
list.

CICINDELID.
TETRACHA, /Vestw. CIcINDELA, Linn. (continued. )
carolina, Zinn. vulgaris, Say.
virginica, Zinn. repanda, Dey.
CICINDELA, Linn. var. 12-guttata, Chaud.
sexguttata, Fad. hirticollis, Say.
purpurea, O/v. cuprascens, Lec.
splendida, Hevfz. macra, Lec.
var. auduboni, Lee. lepida, Dey.
generosa, Dey. punctulata, “wd.

CARABID.

OmopuHROoN, Latr. ELAPHRUS, Jad.
tesselatum, Say. clairvillei, Avrdy.
americanum, Dey. ruscarius, Say.

nitidulum, Zee.

THE CANADIAN

NotIopHILus, Dum.
sibiricus, AZofsch.
NeEpria, Zatr.
pallipes, Say.
Ca.osoma, Fad.
externum, Say.
scrutator, Fwd.
Wilcox, Lee.
frigidum, Lec.
Sayi, De.
calidum, Fad.
Cycurus, fab.
lecontei, Dey.
elevatus, Fad.
PasimMAcuHus, Lov.
elongatus, Lec.
punctulatus, /aé.
ScARITES, Fad.
substriatus, /7a/d.

subterraneus, Fad.

Dyscurrivs, Bon.
globulosus, Say.
spheericollis, Say.
truncatus, Lec.
sellatus, Lec.

ARDISTOMIS, Putz.
viridis, Say.

ASsPIDoGLossa, Pitts.
subangulata, Lec.

Cuiivina, Latr.
corvina, Puiz.
cordata, Purs.
ferrea, Lec.
bipustulata, Fad.

SCHIZOGENIUS, Pitts.
ferruginea, Pudz.
amphibius, “ald.

ENTOMOLOGIST. tae

BRACHINUS, IVeder.
tomentarius, Zee.
alternans, Dey.
strenuus, Lec.
perplexus, Dey.
americanus, Lec.
ballistarius, Lec.
fumans, /ad.
cordicollis, De.
medius, Lec.
lateralis, Dey.
distinguendus, Chaud.
patruelis, Zee.
rejectus, Lec.
pumilo, Zee.

PANAGAEUS, La?r.
fasciatus, Say.

Morio, Lafr.
georgiae, Beaur.

HELLUOMORPHA, Lap.
laticornis, De/.

GALERITA, Fad.
atripes, Lec.
janus, Lad.
lecontei, Dey.
bicolor, Drury.

ZUPHIUM, La?fr.
americanum, Der.

CASNONIA, Lair.
pennsylvanica, Zz.

LEPTOTRACHELUS, La¢r.
dorsalis, Fabr.

PLOCHIONUS, Dey.
bonfilsii, Dey.

Lesia, La¢r.
grandis, /fents.
atriventris, Say.

134 THE CANADIAN

ENTOMOLOGIST.

Lepia, Latyr. (continued. )

pumila, Dey.
furcata, Lec.
scapularis, Dey.
vittata, Lab.
lobulata, Lec.
pulchella, Dey.
bivittata, /ad.
viridipennis, Dey.
marginicollis, Dey.
var. affinis, Dey.
viridis, Say.
var. moesta, Lec.
ornata, Say.
‘TETRAGONODERUS.
fasciatus, Hadi’.
BLECHRUS, Jotsch.
linearis, Sc/.
AXINOPALPUS, Lec.
biplagiatus, Dey.
Guiycia, Chau.
urpurea, Say.
Cyminpis, Lair.
americana, Dey.
pilosa, Say.
CaLLipa, De.
punctata, Lec.
CALATHUS, Bon.
gregarius, Say.
opaculus, Lec.
impunctata, Say.
PLAtTYNus, Lon.
marginatus, Chazd.
pusillus, Zee.
sinuatus, Dey.
extensicollis, Say.
decorus, Say.
cupripennis, Swy.

(To be Continued.)

Piatynus, Bon. (continued. )
punctiformis, Say.

limbatus, Say,
crenistriatus, Lec.
pectinicornis, Vewm.
crenulatus, Lec.
lutulentus, Zec.
octopunctatus, Jad.

OLISTHOPUS, Le.

parmatus, Say.
micans, Lee.

LOXANDRUs, Lee.

erraticus, Dey.
minor, Chaud.
taeniatus, Lec.

EVARTHRUS, Lec.

seximpressus, Lee.
obsoletus, Say.
incisus, Lec.
substriatus, Lee.
colossus, Lec.
orbatus, Vez.
var. sodalis, Lec.

PYEROSTICHUS, Lon.

chalcites, Say.
lucublandus, Say.
var. fraternus, Say.
var. castanipes, Azrby.
var. dilatatus, Lee.
coracinus, Vez.
erythropus, Dey.
caudicalis, Say.
disidiosus, Lec.
femoralis, A7rédy.
stygicus, Say.
permundus, Say.

LOPHOGLOSSUS, Le.

haldemani, Lec.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ca

CORRESPONDENCE.
To the Editor:

S1r,—Your notice of “‘ The Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural
Sciences,” edited, I believe, by Mr. Grote, reminds me that I have a duty
to perform.

Mr. Grote has, I am told, named and described a new Ses/a in the
Bulletin (Sesta marginalis 1 think is the name.) ~-To this insect Mr.
Grote has no sort of right of any kind, nor had he any right to name or
describe it.

It was,as I am informed, simply sent to him by my friend, Mr.
Strecker, for the purpose of obtaining his opinion as to whether it was a
new species or not, and as it was consigned to Mr. Strecker by me for the
express purpose of having it described and figured in his new work now
being issued, I must protest against Mr. Grote’s action in this matter,
and trust that Entomologists generally will mark their disapprobation of
this grab game by ignoring altogether Mr. Grote’s very unbecoming action
in the premises.

W. V. ANDREWS.

P. S.—I shall send the insect to Europe for description, &c., with an
explanation of the circumstances.

‘New York, Aug. 1, 1873.

Nore sy Ep.—We really are unable to sympathize with our corres
pondent in his grievance. - If he has ever done anything in descriptive
Entomology he must know what an immense amount of labour is often-
times involved in the effort to ascertain whether a particular insect has
been described before or not. Unless one is thoroughly conversant, by
dint of hard study and research, with the group or family to which an
insect belongs, one must spend hours of work in hunting through, not
only the descriptions of American Entomologists, but also the French,
German and Latin, as well as English descriptions of European authors.
After all this has been done and one arrives at the conclusion that the
insect in question is new to science, it does seem a little hard that the
labourer should be required to-hand over the results to some one else who
has not the ability or the industry to perform the work himself, and to
allow him to reap all the credit that may be attached to the publication

136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of anew specific name. Surely Mr. Andrews is expecting Mr. Grote to
do a little too much when he allows him to perform all this labour in
identifying a particular species of Sesca, and then proposes that some one
else should publish the results !

After all, however, it seems to us a very great misfortune that so much
importane y, in fact—is supposed to be acquired by a
naturalist by the mere giving a new name to an insect, and the appending
of his own to it. Were this kind of renown less sought after—were there
more generally diffused amongst us a humble desire to benefit science and
increase the sum of human knowledge—we should not be oppressed with
such a burden of synonyms as Entomology now groans under—infinite
labour would be spared to the conscientious student,—dire confusion and
distraction would not so often await the efforts of the pains taking
observer.

B..CO-N O MAT ACL FON T Oe O-E.@ (GaNe
BY PROFESSOR BELL, OF BELLEVILLE.

It is distinctly within my knowledge that many persons who are not
overburdened with too large a share of worldly wealth, are strongly
inclined to make the ehady of Entomology and the collecting of insect
specimens an employment for their leisure hours, were it not for fear of
the expense they believe it necessary to incur for cabinet, cork, pins, &c.
Now, the cabinet and cork may be dispensed with—ain fact, I have neither
the one nor the other myself. I keep my collection in boxes, nineteen by
twenty-four inches, outside size, of three-fourth inch pine board planed
down to about five-eighth inch, by two and a quarter inches deep ;_ the
backs are made of clean basswood planed smooth, and half an inch
thick, nailed on to the sides. On the upper edge of the two sides and on
one end I fix a slip of thin pine, so as to leave eighteen and an eighth
inches clear between the edges, and about one eighth for a groove at the
bottom. Over each of these I nail firmly a slip of pine a quarter of an
inch thick and a little wider than the thickness of the sides, so as to
project over the inside slightly. ‘This forms a groove for a light of glass
eighteen by twenty-four inches to slide in, and the groove at the bottom
receives the lower edge. ‘The top is left open and the upper edge of the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. bles

glass projects.about a quarter of an inch above the frame, which is con-
venient for drawing it out by. The inside is then lined out with paper
such as newspapers are printed on, a stout picture-ring is screwed into the
side at the top, and the box hangs like a picture against the wall.

I find that the Basswood, with a little care in putting in the pins,
answers as well as cork; but if a softer substance is thought desirable,
take a Basswood log and cut it into slices, about three-eighths of an inch
thick, across the grain, making the boxes a quarter of an inch deeper and
lining the backs with this, previously smoothed with a sharp plane. This
is an excellent substitute ; in fact I prefer it to cork, as it is free from the
hard nodules which often have caused me to bend a pin and spoil a
valuable specimen, and it never corrodes the wire, which the acid
developed in the cork often does.

Some of my younger friends have adopted this plan, and look with
pardonable pride on the adornment of their walls by these cases, which
they have coloured and varnished, and which they declare are far superior
to any pictures they could afford to buy.

. MISCELLANEOUS.

PyRRHARCTIA (Spilosoma) IsaBELLA.—Under this heading, in the
April, ’73 No. of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, we have from the pen of
Mr. Wm. Saunders, a brief history of the habits and metamorphoses of
this insect. My experience with the larvae of this moth has been that
some individuals at least ave somewhat particular as to their diet, many
rejecting clover and preferring the early shoots of June grass, others per-
sistently refusing the latter and greedily devouring the former, others still
ignoring both in their anxiety for some possibly more palatable article of
food. Omnivorous they certainly are, but sometimes decidedly finical.
Mr. S. states that they are “ frobably subject to the attacks of ichneu-
mons.” I have this spring bred from cocoons of Pyrrharctia Isabella two
parasites, which have been kindly identified for me by Prof. Riley as
Ichneumon signatipes, Cresson ; and Zrogus obsidianator, Brulle.

138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

I may add as a noticeable fact that I have this morning pinned a
brood of Cryptus nuncius, Say, bred from cocoon of Platysamia cecropia,
numbering 21 ¢ and 19 2, ncither sex, in this instance at least, being
remarkably predominant.—O. S. Westcott, Chicago, July 12, 1873.

PHYLLOXERA.—A very important paper has been printed by Government,
respecting the PAy//oxera vastatrix, or new Vine Scourge. It commences
with a letter from Sir C. Murray, H. M. Ambassador at Lisbon, calling
attention to the ravages of the disease; and stating that the Portuguese
Government has named a Commission “to examine into the progress of this
dangerous evil, and to gather from all quarters, whether scientific or
practical (sz¢) suggestions for the best mode of extirpating it.” A report
follows from Mr. Crawford, H. M. Consul at Oporto, on the scientific
aspects of the disease, as well as several others from French authorities,
including a very important one addressed to the Minister of Agriculture
and Commerce by the Commission instituted for the study of the new
disease, M. Dumas, president. The various papers having been referred
to Dr. Hooker for him to report upon them, he states that the only really
effectual remedy at present discovered, and this can obviously be only
very partially applied and not in the best districts, is flooding the vine-
yards in winter. He adds: “there is reason to believe that on the first
symptoms of attack in isolated cases, the prompt destruction of the vine,
its burning on the spot, and the subsequent treatment of the soil with
some approved insecticide, such as carbolic acid, would be of great
importance.” Vines of American species appear at present to have
enjoyed immunity from its ravages in the Rhone district, but the disease
has undoubtedly appeared in this country on vines cultivated under
glass.—Vature.

EXxcHANGES.—As I have occupied myself for some time with Ento-
mology, and have in my collection a good number of duplicates of
insects in all the orders, I am ready to make exchanges with any of the
correspondents of the Can. Ent. Iam in especial want of Neuroptera.
As I spend the summer in the collection of insects, I believe that I am
in a position to make numerous exchanges.—F. X. BELANGER, Natura-
liste, Universite Laval, Quebec.

EXCHANGEs.—I am much in want of a Canadian correspondent in
Lepidoptera. I may say that every Canadian insect is a desideratum to
me, for I have not a series of good specimens of any species. I have
many, of course, but not a complete series, and there is not a butterfly

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 139

which I should not be glad of, even to Pieris oleracea, Grapta faunus, and
Danais chrysippus. Thus even the commonest species would be very
acceptable. My plan is to send a large box from Liverpool once a year,
instead of smaller ones, though I occasionally forward lesser ones by
post. Address :—Dr. JorDAN, 35 Harborne Road, Edgbaston, Birming-
ham, England. [We take this opportunity of thanking Dr. Jordan for
the little box, containing 46 species of beautiful English Lepidoptera, that
he so kindly sent us. They came by post, and, thanks to careful packing,
arrived in excellent order. As soon as we obtain a little leisure we shall
return the box—not empty.—Eb. C. E.]

PIERIS RAP#.—This destructive pest of the cabbage and allied plants
has now come as far west as Port Hope; it is almost as abundant in our
garden as the common Cofias philodice. No doubt it will proceed as far
as Toronto before the close of the season. We have not yet perceived
any particular depredation from its larve in the kitchen garden, but we
fear that we shall not long enjoy this immunity.—-C. J. S. B.

SEMBLING.-—On the rgth of June last a fine female Cecropia Emperor
moth issued from its cocoon, which had been cut from an apple tree and
kept in my study for some weeks. Being anxious to try the virtues of the
process of ‘‘sembling,” I fastened its wings by an ordinary spring clip
and exposed it on my verandah for several nights without success; the
evenings were fine and cool. On the 28th, the evening being warm and
misty after a shower, the moth was exposed as usual on an empty flower-
stand, just outside of an open window ; inside the room on a table a lamp
was kept burning. About £1 o’clock, p.m., I entered the room and
observed nothing but a few ordinary Noctuae flying about ; on returning,
however, an hour later, I was amazed to find four splendid specimens of
the male Cecropia quietly at rest upon the table and lamp; a few
moments after a fifth came in and fiew wildly about the room, succeeded
in a little while by a sixth! They were all in excellent order and
evidently fresh from their cocoons. As I had kept the female so long in
confinement, I determined not to continue the experiment any longer ; I
accordingly dispatched five of the males with chloroform, while the sixth
was left with the object of his attraction. The result was a large batch
of eggs and subsequent larvae. As the female was entirely hidden from
view underneath the window, and was not found by the males, who entered
the room to the light instead, flying but a short distance over the fair one
of whom they were in search, it is evident that they were guided to the

140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

spot by the sense of smell and not by sight. The light in the room could
not have been the primary attraction, as it was so obscured by a trellis
covered with creepers as to be hidden from view a few yards off.

Not long after I tried the same experiment with a female Promethea,
but with no success whatever, though the evenings were often favourable.
This failure I attributed to the scarcity of its food plants in the immediate
neighbourhood (its cocoon was brought from a considerable distance),and
the consequent absence of males within reach of the females’ attractive
powers.—C. J. S. B.

Noxious Insecrs.—The Hessian-fly ( Cecidomyia destructor ) has made
its appearance in the neighbourhood of London, Ont., and has done a
great deal of injury to the spring wheat. The Colorado beetle (Dory-
phora decem-lineata) is very abundant throughout Western Ontario, but,
we are happy to say, is being well kept down by the intelligent farmers of
that district, who wage an exterminating war upon it with Paris Green. In
its eastern progress it has nearly traversed the whole Province of Ontario,
but not yet in sufficient numbers to occasion much diminution of the
potato crop. To the south-east we learn that it has invaded Maryland
and Pennsylvania. In the neighbourhood of London and Guelph, Ont.,
we observe, with great regret, that the Locust trees are being rapidly
destroyed by the ravages of the borer (Arhopalus robinie, Yorster).
Young Apple and Mountain Ash trees are also suffering grievously from
the attacks of the Buprestis borer (Chrysobothris femorata, Fabr.) About
Port Hope, Ont., this summer, the Forest and American Tent caterpillars
(Clisiocampa sylvatica and Americana) have been more than usually
numerous and destructive.—C. J. S. B.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

ExcHancr.—I am desirous to exchange English for Canadian or
American Lepidoptera. J. C. WasseRMAN, Beverly Terrace, Cullercoats,
North Shields, England.

COLEOPTERA FOR SALE.—A number of Rocky Mountain Coleoptera
will soon be for sale in sets by JoHN AKHURST, 19, Prospect Street,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

WETS,» NV’. LONDON, ONT., AUGUST, 1873. No.8

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

7. THE FALL WEB-WORM—Ayphantria textor, Harris.

BY THE . EDITOR.

Though extremely abundant and very destructive throughout the
‘whole of this Province, and in the neighboring Northern and Middle
Fig. 16. States, this insect (fig. 16) is very

commonly confounded with the
equally abundant and noxious
Tent Caterpillars (Clisiocampa
Americana and Sylvatica, Harris )
see fig. 17. This confusion
arises solely from the fact that

\\ A all three species spin large webs
=: 44SS upon the trees they infest, and
GZ Wh AVA sacs therefore, without further obser-
vation, it is taken for ee that they are one and the same. We feel
no surprise at a mistake being made between the two species of Tent
Caterpillars, as they closely resemble each other in many respects ;_ but
the Fall Web-worm differs from both in almost every particular. For
instance, the former are hatched from the egg-bracelets very early in the
spring before the apple leaves are fully expanded, and very soon spin in
the fork of a limb, or upon,the side of the trunk, their thick, silvery
white, cobweb-like ‘tent;’ the latter do not appear till the month of
August, when they form a loosely-woven, dirty-coloured web over the end
of a bough. Were the web and the ‘tent’ at once upon the same tree
there would be no difficulty in distinguishing between them, but few bear

142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

in mind the differences when the one follows the other. Again, the eggs:

Fig. 17. of the Tent Caterpillar are-
deposited in bracelets of two-
or three hundred on the twigs.
of the trees about midsummer,
but do not hatch out till the:
following spring ; those of the
Web-worm are deposited in
little clusters upon the leaves.
about the middle of June, and
hatch out early in August.—
The Tent Caterpillars, when
fully grown, are over an inch
and a half in length, covered.
with sparse hairs, blackish in
colour, ornamented with blue:
and with either a white stripe
or a series of white spots along:
the back; the Web-worm is
much smaller, more hairy, in
general colour varying from
black to blue and greenish and
with a broad blackish stripe
along the back. Further, the moths produced from the former belong to
the family Bombycidz, and are of a rusty red or pale brownish colour,
with the fore wings crossed in the one species with two pale lines, in the
other with two dark ones; the moths of the latter belong to the family
Arctiidze, and are of a pure white colour, free from any markings whatever
upon the wings. Lastly, the former pass the winter in the egg; the latter
in the pupa state.

< sk i >
tls
\; ANS,

OST TL

MBN NY
AMS
ni "

AN)

Having now related the principal characteristics that distinguish 7.
textor from our two species of C/stocampa, it is unnecessary to give any
further description of the insect, any indefiniteness being done away with,
we trust, by the illustrations prefixed to this paper.

The Fall Web-worm feeds upon the leaves of a great many kinds of
trees, few indeed—except the evergreens—appearing to come amiss to it.
It seems to be especially fond of the Wild Cherry, Hickory, Ash, Elm,
Willow, Apple, Oak, Birch and Button-wood.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143

The best, and indeed the only feasible remedy for the ravages of this
insect is to cut off and burn, or carefully tread under foot, the whole
portion of a branch that is covered with the web. As the worms feed
always beneath their web, and do not wander over the tree like the Tent
Caterpillars, this method of dealing with them is a sure one. Where it is
unadvisable to cut off the branch, as may sometimes be the case with
young or dwarf fruit trees, the insect may be got rid of by simply drawing
the infested leaves through the hand and crushing the caterpillars upon
them.

ON MR. SCUDDER’S SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF SOME
NEW ENGLAND BUTTERFLIES.

[3RD PAPER. |
Continued from Page 63.

BY A. R. GROTE, CURATOR BUFFALO SOCIETY NATURAL SCIENCES.

6. Danais, Lafr.—lt is objected that our species is generally known
as archippus, to the restitution of the name Jlexifpus, given by Linn. to
our common species. It is much better to alter a label than to perpetuate
an error.

7. BastLarciia, Scudd¢d.—Together with sixty-eight specimens of
arthemis, Mr. Chas. Linden took six proserpina near Buffalo, N. Y. The
material before me makes me feel sure that Mr. Scudder is wrong in.
referring Edwards’ species as a synonym of wrsu/a. Traces of the white
band and the general size make me suggest that we have possibly to do
with a race of arthemis. But as yet we must catalogue froserpina as
distinct. We have a reasonable excuse for preferring wrsw/a as the trivial
name for our common species. To this genus we must refer Z. weidemey-
erit.

8. Dox-ocopa, Hubn.—It is not disputed, or at least should not be,
that we have no true Afatura known from the Atlantic district.

g. Grapta, Azrby.—The retention of Kirby’s term is defensible on
general grounds. ‘

1o. NyMPHALis, Za¢r. 11. Papriio, Zznz., restr. Scudd.—Schrank’s
limitation of the term originally used for all the butterflies by Linn. is
referred to by Latreille, Insecta Pterodicera, p. 198, where vanessa is

144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

considered as the equivalent. I believe that Fabricius’ use of the term
Fafpilio will not allow us to follow Mr. Scudder’s. Iremain of the opinion
that the older writers before Schrank sufficiently expressed their ideas as
to the typical section of the genus, and that the term should be used for a
genus of which the European P. machaon is the type. As we cannot use
Lugonia, Hubn., of which angelica, Cramer, is the type, I propose the term
Scudderia for the Pap. antiopa of Linneus.

12. Aciais Da/m.—This I think we may adopt without hesitation
and be thankful for the pretty name.

13. VANESSA, fabr. 14. JUNONIA, Huby. 15. EUPTOIETA, Doubl.—
The values of these terms have not been altered. The seven genera
among which our frittillaries are divided, I think we must agree are
tenable. To Zuphydryas I refer Melitea chalcedon, Boisd., from Cali-
fornia.

23. LisyTHEA, Fabr.—We are unfeignedly glad Kirtland’s term is
retained and that we are not to be vexed by another of Boisduval and
Leconte’s unfulfilled intentions.

24. CALEPHELIS, G. G #.—Mr. Scudder uses erroneously Poly-
stichtis. Inthe Verzeichniss, Hubner identifies with an exclamation mark
Papilio fatima, Cram., 271, A. B., and regards this as the type of
Polystichtis. Ut is from Surinam. Our two species from the Atlantic
District are generically distinct from the S. American forms. Hubner
considers that “ Pap. cereus” of Linn. is this species of Cramer’s, and
prefers that name, but this identification may not be correct. Retain
Polystichtis for the S. American forms, but there is no excuse for stating
that “ Papilio cenius” is the “type” of Polystichtis. We were familiar
with Hubner some time ago. We doubt that Linnzus intended our J.
pumila under his “cereus,” ‘“‘cerea,” or “cenius.” We propose to
designate our two species as Cal. pumila and C. borealts.

So far as we have proceeded some few generic changes seem impos-
sible to be avoided. Many of Hubner’s genera are excellently well
limited (e. g. Nisoniades), even according to our present views. Perhaps
it is not hazarding too much to say that his genera are not in the present
state of science, more incongruous than those of any one author of or
before his time. _It is difficult to say on what plea we shall ignore him,
‘The prejudice has been strong that has hitherto neglected him.

As we must adopt Oeneis, Hubner, we propose the term Ca//eneis as

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 145

—

a substitute for Mulsant’s synchronic term. C. pusilla is from Nebraska.

Hubner’s subsequent use of the term Lugonia in the Phalaenidze
cannot be defended. I propose the term Zriflatymetra for our £.
coloradaria and the European £. angularia.

LIST OF COLEOPTERA OF ST. LOUIS COUNTY, MISSOURI.

BY S. V. SUMMERS, M. D., NEW ORLEANS, LA.

(Continued from Page 134.)

CARABID-.

LopnHoctossus, Lec. (continued. ) purpuratus, Boz.
strenuus, Lec. sculptilis, Say.
scrutator, Zec. ovalis, Lec.

AMARA, Bon. simplex, Dey.
avida, Say. elongatus, Dey.
lacustris, Zee. ANOMOGLOssUS, Chaud.
angustata, Say. emarginatus, Say.
impuncticollis, Say. pusillus, Say.
fallax, Lec. CHLANIUS, Bon.

obesa, Say.
musculus, Lec.
chalcea, De.
BADISTER, Clair.
notatus, add.
pulchellus, Zec.
ferrugineus, De/.
DripLocuita, Bru.
laticollis, Zec.
major, Lec.

impressicollis, Dey.

obtusus, Lec.
Dicz# vs, Bon.

dilatatus, Say.

splendidus, Say.

aestivus, Say.
erythropus, Germ.
fuscicornis, Dey.
laticollis, Say.
rufipes, De.
sericeus, Fors.
prasinus, De.
chlorophanus, Dey.
cordicollis, Airdy.
nemoralis, Say.
pensylvanicus, Say.
tricolor, De.
brevilabris, Lec.
impunctifrons, Say.
niger, Rand.

146 THE CANADIAN

tomentosus, Say.
viduus, Horn.
lithophilus, Say.
ATRANUS, Lec.
pubescens, De.
ANATRICHIS, Lec.
minuta, Dey.
Oopes, Bon.
fluvialis, Zec.
americanus, Dey.
amaroides, De.
cupreus, Chaud.

GEOPINUS, Lec.
incrassatus, Des.

CRATACANTHUS, De.
dubius, Beaur.

AGONODERUs, De.
lineola, Dey.
comma, Lee.
pallipes, Fadr.
partarius, Chaud.

DiscopeErus, Lee.
parallelus, add.

ANISODACTYLUS, De.
rusticus, Dey.
carbonarius, Say.
harrisil, Zee.
melanopus, /7a/d.
nigrita, De.
discoideus Dey.

baltimorensis, Say.

laetus, Dey.
coenus, Say.
sericeus, Harris.
XESTONOTUS, Lee.
lugubris, Dey.
Sponcopus, Lee.
verticalis, Lec.

ENTOMOLOGIST.

AMPHASIA, Vewm.
interstitialis, Say.

EuURYTRICHUS, Lee.
piceus, Lec.
terminatus, Say.

GyNANDROPUS, De.
hylacis, Say.

BRADYCELLUS, &r.
vulpeculus, Say.
badiipennis, add.
rupestris, Say.
tantellus, Chaud.

HarpPaA.Lus, Latr.
gagatinus, Dey.
dedicularius, De.
caliginosus, Fad.
testaceus, Lee.
erraticus, Say.
viridieneus, Beaur.
faunus, Say.

pensylvanicus, De Geer.

compar, Lee.
erythropus, De.
pleuriticus, A7zrdy.
herbivagus, Say.
nitidulus, Chaud.
rufimanus, Lec.
vagans, Lee.

STENOLOPHUS, De

carbonarius, Bru.
fuliginosus, Dey.
conjunctus, Say.
ochropezus, Say.
dissimilis, De/.
PatTrosus, De.
longicornis, Say.
BemBripIuM, £7”.
paludosum, S¢.

THE CANADIAN

inaequale, Say.
coxendix, Say.
nitidulum, Dey.
nitidum, K7zréy.
americanum, De).
fugax, Lec.
cordatum, Lee.
dorsale, Say.
patruele, Dey.
pictum, Lec.
affine, Say.
‘texanum.
frontalis, Zec.
4-maculatum, Lizz.
pedicellatum, Zez.

ENTOMOLOGIST.

levigatum, Say.
Tacnys, Zieg/.
proximus, Say.
scitulus, Lec.
corruscus, Lec.
levus, Say.
nanus, Gy//.
flavicauda, Say.
capax, Lec.
xanthopus, Dey.
incurvus, Say.
pulchellus, Fer¢e.
dolosus, Lec.
PERICOMPSUS, Lee.

ephippiatus, Say.

147

(To be Continued.)

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.
Continued from Page 128.

CLYMENE and CYLLENE.

C. aegerfasciella, ante p. 114, and C. minutisimella, ante p. 125.

When the generic and specific characters of these insects were written
-—more than a year ago—I placed them, with much doubt, among the
Micro-Lepidoptera. Subsequent examination has only served to increase
those doubts, or rather, has convinced me that they are allied to the
Hydroptilide, and are Trichopterous, if Aydroptila is Trichopterous. At
‘the same time, it was partly because I was unable satisfactorily to place
‘them in /7ydroptila, or any allied genus heretofore described, that I was
induced to place them among Micro-Lepidoptera. These minute species
-of supposed Trichopterous affinities are so little known; the characters
“of families, genera, and species are so vague; and so much confusion
‘prevails about them, that I take the liberty of suggesting that the //ydrop-
lide are more Lepidopterous than Trichopterous or Neuropterous—at

148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

least if these two species are true Aydroptilide. I am, however, no-
Trichopterist, and am not competent to decide the question. It seems.
to me, however, from an examination of such specimens as I have seen,
and from such study as I have been able to give to Trichoptera, that they
are more nearly allied, for instance, to Zivea than to Piryganea, that they
do not differ from other Z7vezna more than other genera of that family
differ from each other, and that they differ from other Trichoptera fully as-
much as they do from any Zizezna. I speak only of the imago—for the
larve of Clymene and Cylene are unknown—Trichoptera, and especially
fHydroptila, seems to me a very heterogeneous assemblage.

Referring the reader to the published accounts of CZymene and
Cyllene on previous pages of this volume, I add the following notes as-
bearing on their Trichopterous affinities. :—

The most striking character of both species, and that which first
suggested doubts of their Lepidopterous affinities, is the clothing. Both
are clothed with short stiff or scale-like hairs, instead of true scales, of
which I have not been able to denude the wings except by boiling in
potash. Many of these hairs are reversed, looking as if brushed back--
wards ; and, in C/ymene especially, the Patagia are comparatively naked
and are clothed with rather long stiff hairs or bristles. I have found both:
species in the same localities in company with each other and with
Gelechia, Lithocolletis and other true Lepidoptera, resting upon fences and.
trunks of trees, in the dryest situations to be found in this well watered
region. Of Cyllene I have dissected both ~ and 2; of Clymene only. .
the 2. In both the antenne are moniliform.

Cyllene-—Anterior tibia spurless ; intermediate ones with two apical
spurs, one of whichis small; posterior with one long median spur, and
two short apical ones, one of which is very short. Basal joint of the:
antenne small; ocelli none; maxillary palpi 3 (or 4?) jointed (if four
the basal one is very minute and indistinct), the last joint being slender:
and longer than either of the others. I was not able to detect the-
presence of labial palpi, even when the head was severed carefully from:
the body and boiled over the lamp on a glass slip under the thin glass-
cover. Anterior wings pointed ; posterior wings with the costa excised’
from before the middle to the tip ; cilia long.

Clymene.—Basal joint of the antennz swollen; ocellinone. In the
diagnosis, ante p. 114, I have stated that there is no tongue. ‘This is.
scarcely correct; there is a minute, conical, fleshy protuberance which I

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149°

think is a rudimentary tongue, and on each side of it a smaller and more
corneus projection, which I take to be the representatives of the maxillz.
Maxillary palpi three-jointed, the joints simple and of nearly equal
length ; labial palpi small, simple, one (or two?) jointed (if two the basal’
one is minute and indistinct.) Anterior tibia without spurs ; intermediate
tibia with one short median, and one short and one long apical spur ;
posterior tibia with two median spurs, one of them small, and two rather
long apical spurs.

The cilize, especially of the hind wings, are very long in both insects.
The neuration is obsolete in Cy//ene; in Clymene it resembles closely that
of Aydroptila tineoides Dalman, as figured by McLachlan in Zrans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., Ser. 3, v. 5, plate 5, fig. 7. Indeed that of the forewings is
almost identical, whilst the hind wings differ somewhat both in shape and.
neuration.

The specific description of C. aegerfasciella should be corrected by
adding the statement that the hairs around the mouth are dark brown.

By comparing the above account of these insects with Mcl.achlan’s
account of the family Hydroptilida and its two genera, Agraylea and
Hydroptila, loc. cit., the differences to which I have alluded will be
observed.

BUCCULATRIX.

This genus is usually associated with Zzthocolletis and allied genera ;.
but the fact that it is an external feeder, except.for a very brief period ;
the absence of palpi and tongue, and the different neuration of the wings
seem to me to remove it from that association.

In addition to the points of structure just mentioned, a Bucculatrix
has the basal joint of the antennae expanded, forming an eye-cap which
almost conceals the eyes. . The face is smooth and there is an erect tuft.
upon the vertex, and the antennae are nearly as long as the wings.

A—Species having a brownish spot on the dorsal margin of the
anterior wings.

* Having an apical spot.

r. B. trifasciella,Clemens. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 1865, p. 147.

Unknown to me except by Dr. Clemens’ description. Wings ochreous
with three silvery costal streaks.

150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

2. B. capitealbella. WN. sp.

Face and tuft snowy white; antennz silvery white; anterior wings
‘snowy white, with a few scattered ochreous brown scales about the
middle of the basal half. Just before the middle is a pale yellowish
-costal streak passing obliquely backwards to the middle of the wing and
‘widest on the costa, where it is dusted with brown. A similar but less
-oblique streak just behind the middle. On the dorsal margin, opposite
the space between these streaks, is a rather large yellowish spot internally
margined by a small raised patch of dark brown scales. On the base of
the costal ciliae is a patch of pale yellowish dusted with brownish; a
-streak of the same hue around the base of the dorsal ciliae, containing a
‘minute brown spot at the beginning of the ciliae and another at the apex
-of the wing. Ciliae white, flecked with brownish at the extreme tip.

Alar ex. alittle over Y% inch. A single specimen taken in Kentucky.
Larva and food plant unknown.

3. B. pomifoliella, Clem. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci,, Phila., 1860, p.
IgET.

This is our commonest species. It feeds on the leaves of Apple
trees. | Wings whitish dusted with brown. A brownish costal streak
“widest on the costa passes obliquely across the wing to the dorsal ciliae.

* * No apical spot.

g. B. obscurafascieia, WN. sp.

Face yellowish white ; tuft reddish orange, becoming almost rufous on
top; antennae yellowish silvery, dotted with brown above ; anterior wings
pale golden at the base, deepening towards the apex, with two tolerably
distinct but not well defined costal white spots or streaks before the
middle, the first continuing as a very indistinct band obliquely across the
wing and slightly angulated posteriorly near the dorsal margin, where it is
bounded behind by a distinct dark brown spot containing raised scales
At near the apical third is an indistinct whitish fascia with a few dark
brown scales before it on and near the costa. Ciliae pale stramineous.
Apex and ciliae sparsely flecked with pale fuscous. A dark brown hinder
marginal line in the ciliae. Under surface and legs yellowish silvery with ©
the anterior surface of the tarsi annulate with fuscous. A/ar ex. about 4
inch. Larva and food plant unknown. Captured May 23rd.

-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 151

Dr. Clemens’ description of his 2. coronatella seems to resemble this
insect, except that he does not mention the dorsal spot and the rst fascia
is represented in that species by a costal and opposite dorsal spots.

Kn bth. IN, Sp.

Face, tuft and antennae white ; thorax and anterior wings pale creamy
white suffused with pale orange, which in some places is condensed into
blotches or bands; sparsely dusted with pale fuscous, and with a very
small patch of raised scales about the middle of the inner margin of the
anterior wings. Ciliae stramineous. A/ar ex. 4% inch. Kentucky.
Larva and food plant unknown. Captured in March.

6. B. agnela. Clem., loc. cit.

Wings whitish, washed with luteous brown, especially towards the tip.
Costa dark fuscous from the base, giving off about the middle a short
fuscous streak. Imago in May. Unknown to me except by Dr.
Clemens’ description.

B—No dorsal spot.

7. B. Packardella. WN. sp.

Face and eye-caps white, lower portion of the face tinged with pale
golden, sparsely flecked with pale brownish. Tuft white below, tipped
above with yellowish and brownish. Antennae pale yellowish, dotted
with brown. Thorax white, well dusted with brown, and with a small
brown spot on each side near the apex. Wings, basal half white flecked
with brown, faintly streaked with orange chrome upon the fold, and with
a narrow line of the same along the costal margin flecked with brownish
and widening towards the middle, whence it spreads over the apical half
of the wing, which is a decided orange chrome, with a short, faint, narrow
curved white streak running through it from the middle of the wing to the
base of the dorsal ciliae, and a small oblique white streak about the
middle of the apical portion of the wing, which is dusted with brownish
along the costa, and in the ciliae forming an approach to two hinder
marginal lines in the ciliae, which are yellowish stramineous. A/ar ex. 4%
inch. Larva and food plant,unknown. ‘Taken in April.

8. B. coronatella,Clem. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1860, p. 13.

Unknown to me except from the description of Dr. Clemens. See
B. obseurofasctella, ante.

152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

9. B. Thuiella? Packard.

Unknown to me except from the figure in the “ American Naturalist,”
Vv. 5, p- 427, which does not indicate a dorsal nor an apical spot, though
Dr. Packard says that it resembles B. pomifoliella. I place it doubtfully
in this section. :

These, I believe, are the only described American species.
, ) y Pp

CORRESPONDENCE.

MONTRRAL, JULY I4TH, 1873.
DEAR SiR,—

I should like to be informed how to distinguish the sexes of moths
and butterflies when there is no dissimilarity in the markings of the
wings, &c. ; also, how to distinguish A. cybele from A. aphrodite, and also
to recognize A. atlantis and A. montinus, as in Harris they are not
described at all, and Packard only mentions their names. I should also
like to know how to preserve spiders and bugs, &c., in the best way.

Yours, &c.,
H. H. L.,; Montreal, P2Q@:

In the larger moths the sexes may be distinguished frequently by the
structure of the antenne, they being more widely pectinate in the male
than in the female. Where no distinguishing features of this kind present
themselves, the relative size of the bodies will enable one to decide this
matter, the bodies of the females being usually distended with eggs. A
more accurate method would be to examine the character of the generative
organs, for the structure of which we would refer our correspondent to
Packard’s Guide, p. 16, 170, 237.

In answer to the queries relating to cybele, aphrodite and atlantis, we
quote the following from that excellent work of Mr. W. H. Edwards’:
“The Butterflies of North America” :—

“‘ Cybele is the larger, and the difference in color between the sexes is
much less than in Aphrodite. In the latter the male is much smaller in
proportion to the female, is brighter colored than Cybele, and has very
little brown at base of wings. The black markings are noticeably more

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153

‘delicate, the marginal lines on primaries nearer together, more or less
excluding the fulvous spots which, in Cybele, are distinct along the whole
margin. The margin of secondaries also has an edge line like the
primaries ; the median band is formed of small crescents, separated by
wide spaces and obsolete on costal margin; and there is no black space
between the costal and subcostal as in Cybele. On the under side the
silver marginal and costal spots are decided, while in Cybele they are
usually wanting, or indicated by a few scales only ; the basal color of
secondaries is cinnamon-brown, and the band is more or less encroached
on by the ground color ; the pyriform spot of third row is cut by the arc
as in Cybele, but the smaller spot thus made is edged above with black
and is in effect a distinct spot. Comparing the females, Cybele is luteous,
very dark at base, heavily marked with black. Aphrodite is suffused with
a rich red tint that seems as if in the very texture of the wing, and that
makes living specimens conspicuous ; the under side of prirnaries is red
fulvous, of secondaries deep ferruginous, and the band is almost wholly
crowded out.”

“ Atlantis is readily distinguished from Aphrodite by its smaller size,
duller color, broad black margins, confluent median band of secondaries
and color of same wings below; also by the longer and narrower fore
wings.”

Spiders may be preserved in diluted alcohol in bottles. Bugs ( Hemip-
tera) are pinned in the usual way.

We received from our esteemed correspondent, W. H. Edwards, Esq.,
-a few days since, aletter in which he informed us that he had received
from Labrador, from Mr. Wm. Couper, specimens of a Papilio which has
already been several times referred to in our journal. With the writer’s
consent we have much pleasure in inserting the following note, which has
just come to hand.—Ep. C. E.

CoALBURGH, W. VA., 24TH AUG., 1873.
DeEaR SirR,—

I have taken the Papilio’s from Anticosti from drying blocks, and have
compared with all the allied species that I had with me; also, have com-
pared with the description of Brevicauda, Saunders, and I have no doubt
‘that the species is a good one and its name is Brevicauda. It is allied to
Zolicaon and Machaon.

154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

But the above is seen to differ in this, that the hind wings are black
from base to yellow band beyond the cell, while in all the others named
the color of that section of the wing is yellow. Also, the body is black
spotted with yellow, in longitudinal lines, as in Asterias, while in the
before named species the wings are black with yellow stripes, not spots.
There are other differences, but these are enough to mention.

The yellow spots of Brevicauda are replaced with fulvous to a
remarkable extent, but that peculiarity is not unusual in the group, nor in
the Asterias group. ‘These specimens from Anticosti differ greatly in this-
respect, though in all I have seen the fulvous is confined to the lower side.
They also differ in length of tail, though the longest is short compared
with the average Asterias. Yours truly,

W. H. Epwarbs.

MISCELLANEOUS.

TENT CATERPILLARS ( Clisioeampa ).—These pests were very numerous:
here this season, swarming on the trees of both orchard and forest. I
observed one Thorn tree on Montreal Mountain that had been completely
stripped of its leaves by them, leaving nothing but a few old webs that
one might fancy were banners left to mark the path of a victorious army.
A little farther on I found another horde encamped upon two Thorn trees
that were growing one on each side of a large rock; not finding the
leaves of the tree on which their parent had placed them to their taste,
they made a path across the rock to the tree at the other side, and upon
which they climbed by two or three leaves that rested against the edge of
the rock. Now, if it had not been for the leaves touching the rock the
caterpillars would have had to crawl down one tree and up the other
whenever they needed food, and their instinct seemed to have taught them
so, for although the whole nestful of hungry caterpillars crossed the leaves
every time they went to feed, not one of them attempted to eat their
bridge, but passed farther on before commencing their meal. In former
seasons any of these caterpillars that I observed spinning up, chose the
shelter of a fence or crevices in bark or some such place to make their
cocoons in, but this season I found them rolling up leaves and making
their cocoons inside them, and in some cases I found two cocoons in the
same leaf. I found them spun up in almost every kind of leaf, Linden,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 155-

Oak, Maple, Butternut, Thorn, Sweet Briar, Asclepias, Fern, &c. On
Asclepias and Fern they only rolled one edge of the leaf, and sometimes.
spun up on the leaf exposed without any covering. I also found several
spun between stalks of grass, indeed they selected some most extraordinary
places, for a friend of mine showed me one in a bird’s nest. ‘The nest
was built in a Fir tree and contained four eggs, over which the cocoon
was spun and attached firmly to the sides of the nest; it would not have
been so strange if the nest had been on any of its food plants and built
low down, but this was on a Fir tree and a good highth from the ground.
I suppose it may be set down as one of the freaks of Nature. I selected
cocoons from leaves of various trees and plants, and all of them proved
to be Clisiocampa sylvatica, Harris.

RarE CapturREs.—Debis porlandia.—I found a locality for this butterfly
in a sunny opening in a wood at Lachine, nine miles west of this city.
Erebus odora, Cram.—I received a specimen of this splendid moth,,.
taken in this city in July of this year. It was attracted into a room by
light. I believe this is the farthest north that it has been taken. Both
these species were kindly determined for me by Mr. Herman Strecker, of
Reading, Pa.—FRanxkK B. CAULFIELD, Montreal, P. Q.

- REDUVIUS RAPTATORIUS.—One night at the end of April I caught one
of these swift-footed insects, and while holding it between my finger and
thumb it managed to insert its proboscis into the latter member and gave
me, much to my surprise and disgust, a most savage sting. ‘lhe pain was
very great—much more than that caused by a mosquito, and it continued
for about five days, although the thumb did not swell. I put the &. &.
into a jar of water in which, fora fortnight, I had been keeping a large
water-beetle (Dy¢iscus ), feeding it with flies, ectobias and other insects ;
but this Hemiptera was too much for the poor beetle. It refused to be
quietly killed and eaten, but instead, pierced the hard shell which in the
morning was floating dead upon the water, while the victor still lived.
The mode of the beetles’s attacking its prey was very interesting; it
would make a sudden dash, seize the quarry with its strong mandibles,
then dive down and swim about beneath the surface as if to drown its
victim ; then after a time it would rise to the top and there quietly crunch
up its food,discarding the wings as too dry eating.—R. V. RoGERs, Kingston.

VENEMOUS CATERPILLARS.—Mr. R. Benson, of Madras, India, gives
the following account, in a recent number of JVature, of pain inflicted by
a caterpillar :—“ In 1868, when travelling in company with Capt. Street in

156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the Burmese forests on a botanical trip, and whilst in the act of detatching
a specimen plant of Dendrobium farmeri from the naked branch of a
tree, I felt a severe and painful sting on my thumb. On examination I
noticed I had seized hold of a large caterpillar, lodged amongst the roots
of this orchid. It was about two inches long, clothed with erect hairs ; its
colour was a reddish brown, the lower part of the abdomen being darker,
with well-developed legs. My thumb continued painful for three days ; it
“was considerably swollen, the skin having a drawn glazed appearance.
The Burmese told me that this kind of caterpillar was exceedingly
venemous, and one fellow was particularly consoling by informing me that
unless the pain subsided in three days the sting might prove fatal. I am
inclined to think that the caterpillar for self-protection has the power of
detaching these hairs ; whether any propelling force is present at the time
of detachment it would be difficult to prove. I found steeping my hand_
in Eau de Cologne gave me the greatest relief.”

Mr. ALBERT MULLER communicated the following notes at a meeting
of the Ent. Soc. of London, England :—

1. Areocerus coffee at Basle.—‘‘On the 29th of September, 1862,
while attentively watching the unpacking of some freshly-imported bags
of Java coffee, in a warehouse at Basle, a very lively specimen of this
beetle came tumbling out of one of the bags. I secured it and kept it
alive for some days. Ina letter dated the 14th of March, 1873, which I
have just received from my lynx-eyed friend Herr H. Knecht, of the
same city, he tells me that he can now get this species in any quantity at
Basle. It is well known that this species of Anthribide feeds in the larval
state on raw coffee-berries; hence its introduction and capture in com-
mercial emporia on the coasts of different continents need cause_little
surprise; but the two facts here recorded illustrate once more the
indubitable axiom that insects living on merchandise are spread chiefly
along the main trade-route, and become acclimatised along their whole
course, Basle being one of the chief markets where Central Europe stores
and disposes of the purchases derived from Mediterranean and Atlantic
ports.”

2. Tribolium ferrugineum in Ground-nuts.—* In the summer of 1863
a cargo of ground-nuts (Arachis hypogea) arrived in the port of London
direct from Sierra Leone. Onarrival the usual samples were drawn, when
it turned out that the husks were riddled by countless holes, while the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, L57

kernels were half eaten up by myriads of larve and imagines of Tribolium
ferrugineum. So completely had they done their noisome work that in
the numerous samples examined scarcely an intact kernel could be found.
If a nut was opened the whole interior was often found to be converted
into a living conglomerate of larvae, pupze and imagines of Tribolium
accompanied by the larve and perfect insects of a Rhizophagus preying
on the former, the whole mass being wrapped up in a layer of cast-skins
and excrement. As no purchaser could be found, owing to the deplor-
able state of the cargo, the work of destruction continued through the
months of August, September and October, the owners being unwillingto
take a considerably lower price than had beencalculated upon. A fresh
proof how the marketable value of an article can become reduced through
delay and ignorance on the part of its owner.” —TZhe Zoologist.

THe Waxy ExupaTION oF HoMmoprera.—An exudation, corres-
ponding to that which is characteristic of Aphis Fagi, is common to all
the several thousand species of Homopterous insects, and appears more
or less, and in various forms, throughout the tribes, from the singing
Cicada to the stationary Coccus, and often serves asadefence. In Cicada
it is slight and powdery ; in some of the tribe, of which the lantern-flies
are the most conspicuous representatives, it is excessive, and forms waxy
filaments which surpass the body in length. It hardly appears as an
emanation from the frog-hoppers ;_ but in the next family, or Psyllidee, it
may be often witnessed in gardens by the multitude of white flecks which
proceed from Psylla Buxi on the box-trees, and fall in showers when the
branches are shaken. Next come the Aphides, of which the types are
distinguished by two pipes, whence the streams of honey flow. The
beech Aphis, or A. Fagi, is less typical and less multiplying than many
others, and is more sheltered than them from the oviposition of Aphidius
by the fleecy or gummy substance which it emits. The American blight,
which belongs to this family, is defended by the abundance of its cottony
covering. The wax-insect, or Coccus of China, has been mentioned in
several books, and a Coccus in Arabia produces a substance which is
called manna, and is supposed by some persons to be identical with the
manna in the wilderness.—/vrancis Walker, in Newman's Entomologist.

THE COLORADO Potato BEETLE VARYING ITs Foop.-——A generally
received opinion in regard to the Colorado Potato Beetle, Doryphora
Io-lineata (Say), is that its food is confined to plants of the family
Solanacez. I have found it this season (June 19, 1872) at Port Austin,

158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Michigan, sparingly feeding on grass, on which it had also deposited its
eggs. Later in the season (July 20), at Fort Gratiot, Michigan, I
encountered it in large numbers, in both the larva and perfect states, in
the vicinity of potato fields (where it had committed terrible depreda-
tions), devouring the younger leaves and flower buds of the common -
thistle (Cirsium lanceolatum, Scop.), which it was rapidly stripping even
to its thick stem so that the entire top of the plant hung down, almost
severed. Inthe same neighborhood I also saw it on pigweed (Amarantus
retrofiexus L.), hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale Scop.), the cultivated
oat, smart-weed (Polygonum hydropiper L.), and the red currant and
tomato of the gardens, as well as the common night-shade (Solanum
nigrum 1), the last two its more legitimate food. But of the last
mentioned plants, with the exception of the night-shade, it ate only the
young leaves, and of them very sparingly. The thistle it seemed par-
ticularly to relish. Could its attention be diverted from the potato to the
Canada thistle it would encounter an object worthy of its prowess ; and
the curses which have been heaped upon its striped back would be turned
to blessings. But, I fear, little good can be hoped from the capacity, thus
evinced, to diversify its food, and so accommodate itself to circumstances.
This can only be regarded as another obstacle in the way of its
extermination.

Since writing the above I have found the beetle feeding on the maple-
leaved goosefoot ( Chenopodium hybridum L.), lamb’s quarters ( C. album
L.), and thoroughwort (Zupatorium perfoliatum L.) ; and August 8, 1872,
I saw it in the larva and perfect states, voraciously eating the black
henbane (Hyosciamus niger L.), on which was also to be seen an abun-
dance of the eggs—HeENnry GILLMAN, Detroit, Michigan, September,
1872, in American Naturatist.

THE AnT-LI0N.—-While in the Indian Ladder Region, Albany Co.,
N. Y., in August, 1871, I found a large colony of ant-lions. It is situated
near the head of the “Ladder Road,” at the base of the cliffs and
extends for several rods along the path to the “Tory House.” The cliffs
here hang over the paths, so that it is almost impossible for rain to reach
the spot. The soil is composed of disintegrated limestone, extremely
fine, but mingled with minute fragments of stone as well as larger
pebbles.

In Aug., 1871, the colony numbered rather more than 600 individuals,
but on July 6, 1872, there were scarcely half that number. Perhaps at

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159

this last date some were in the chrysalis, as of several specimens thus
obtained most of them entered that state in a short time, while those
taken in August remained until the following spring.

Food was very scarce in this colony, as it was rare to see more than
four or five victims in the lions’ dens at one time. On several occasions I
noticed a strong and active insect, having ventured over the edge of the
pit, run swiftly down and up the other side, leaving the ant-lion wildly
‘snapping its jaws, as the intended victim mounted the steep side of the
pitfall.

The ant-lion does not, as far as my observation goes, throw up sand to
bring down its prey, but throws it up in every direction in order to keep
its jaws free to seize the insect when it reaches the bottom of the den.

In 1871 there was another colony (which I did not visit in 1872) near
the “Paint Mine.” It consisted of some 300 members. I call it a
-colony, although, of course, there was no friendly intercourse between the
inhabitants of the settlement. On the other hand, in the most crowded
portions, the chief employment of the insects was to throw out the dirt
which their active neighbors were depositing on their own premises.—E.
A. Birce, Williams College, in American Naturalist.

DESTRUCTION OF DRAGON-FLIES BY Brirps.—Mr. Gould, in a com-
munication to the Entomological Society of London, says, “I believe
that the larger dragon-flies are very liable to the attacks of birds, and
have no doubt that the hobby and kestrel occasionally feed upon them ;
with regard to the small blue-bodied species (Agrionidz) frequenting the
sedgy bank of the Thames, I have seen smaller birds, sparrows, etc.,
capture and eat them before my eyes, after having carefully nipped off the
wings, which are not swallowed. This must take place to a considerable
extent, as I have observed the tow-path strewn with the rejected wings.” —
This has been observed by Mr. J. L. Hersey of New Hampshire (see the
following note) :—Ebs.

BEES AND KiNG-BIRDS.—For the last ten years I have carefully noted
the habits and movements of the king-birds, and have come to the follow-
ing conclusion, viz.: that they do eat the honey bee, and so does the
purple martin; but instead of being destroyed for it, they should be
protected and allowed to build their nests near the farm-house, because
they drive off the hawks, crows and other plundering birds from the

160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

poultry yard. Warm afternoons in July and August, when the drone bees
are out, we have seen the martins come down within ten feet of the hive
and snap up the drone bees, thus relieving the workers from the necessity
of expelling them from the hive and biting off their wings to prevent them
from getting back to the hive. The king-bird also, we find, selects the
drone, and will come afternoons and take his position on a stake in front
of the hive, and when a drone bee comes along will make a rush for him,
come back to the stake, give him a pick or two and swallow him. But
says an objector, “What do they subsist on before the drone bees fly
out?” This point I settled by shooting one in the month of May, and
I found in his crop the wings and legs of May-bugs. By watching their
movements, I find the dragon-fly is also a favorite food for them.—J. L.
Hersey, American Bee Fournal.

AGRICULTURAL ANnTS.—Mr. Moggridge has observed at Menton,
France, two species of ants (Aphenogaster) carrying into their nests, during
the winter months, the seeds of certain late fruiting plants. He has traced
their burrows to a spherical chamber filled with the seed of a grass which
he had seen the ants in the act of transporting. ‘‘ Outside the channels
there was generally a heap of the husks of the various seeds, and some-
times one of those heaps would fill a quart measure. These husks had
had their farinaceous contents extracted through a hole in one side. He
purposely strewed near the nests large quantities of millet and hemp
seeds. After the lapse of a fortnight many of these seeds, previously
conveyed into the nests, had been brought out again, they having evidently
commenced to germinate, and he then found that the radicle was gnawed
off from each seed, so as to prevent further growth, and, this being
effected, the seeds were carried back again. The cotyledons of germinated
seeds were removed from the nest.”—Zrans. Entomological Society of
London, 1877.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

EXxcHANGE.—I am desirous to exchange English for Canadian or
American Lepidoptera. J. C. WASSERMAN, Beverly Terrace, Cullercoats,.
North Shields, England.

COLEOPTERA FOR SALE.—A number of Rocky Mountain Coleoptera
will soon be for sale in sets by JoHN AKHuRST, 19, Prospect Street,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

¢

Che Canada Entomologist.

Wot: Vv. LONDON, ONT., SEPTEMBER, 1873. No. 9

ON THE GENUS CATOCALA:
BY AUG. R. GROTE., BUFFALO, N. Y.

Catocala Meskei, Grote.

Forewings dentate, pulverulent, of a rather lighter grey than C.
unijuga. Median lines black, single, not very distinct. A whitish space
before the large bisannulate concolorous reniform ; sub-reniform likewise
whitish, closed, joined to the t. p. line, the latter jagged but without very
prominent discal teeth, making a deeper and narrower sinus above vein
than in C. unijuga. Subterminal upright, dentate, shade (preceding the
blackish line) distinct. Terminal line appearing as black lunulated inter-
spaceal marks. Hind wings bright red, somewhat pinkish. The black
median band is straight, not regularly curved as in C. farta, and straighter
than in C. wzjuga, rather narrow, nowhere greatly excavate, rounding and
narrower on the interspace between veins 1 and 2 opposite the excavation
of the marginal band, arrested at vein 1, but a few blackish scales mark
its continuance towards internal margin. Marginal band narrower than in
C. unijuga. Ciliz white, with a few red scales at base, especially at
apices. Beneath the median band of the hind wings is narrower than
above, with the same peculiarities, constricted at veins 2 and 5, and con-
tinued by scattered scales beyond vein 1. Expanse 78 m. m.

Lent me by Mr. O. Meske, after whom I name the species, from near
Albany, N. Y., and who writes me that it has been taken in considerable
numbers by a collector in that vicinity.

Nore 1.—Mr. Walker’s description of C. juncfura applies to the
secondaries of C. mesket, but the color is not “red lead, orange-red
towards the base,” nor is there any “ large elongated apical spot,” nor

162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

‘red marginal lunules.” The fore wings are also very evidently different
in tint and color of median spots, while from my recollection of Mr.
Walker’s type, it was much nearer C. wvijuga than the present species
seems to be.

Note 2.—In looking over my paper on this genus, in the Transactions
of the American Entomological Society, I find that I have stated in refer-
ence to C. nebniosa, that “‘ Mr. Edwards compares the secondaries of this
species quite wrongly with C. cerogama.” In reality, Mr. Edwards no-
where directly alludes to C. cerogama. I should have written that Mr.
Edwards describes the secondaries in such a manner as to lead one to
suppose that he intended a species resembling C. ceregama, and my idea
is correctly expressed in my original description of C. ponderosa. JI am
sorry that in repeating my idea from memory, without referring to former
papers, I should have used words not in literal accordance with the
facts.

Note 3.—The median band of the hind wings in C. farfa is curved,
and occasionally a few dark scales are visible along the cross vein above.
Darker specimens of C. parfa, exhibiting every peculiarity of the species,
the apical streak, characters of the hind wings, etc., have occurred about
Bufialo with the paler, more usual specimens,and seem to be Mr. Strecker’s
“nov. ? var.” perplexa ; it seems to me that an assumption of bastardy is
unnecessary to account for so slight a variation. Mr. Strecker’s statement
that M. Guenee mistook C. relicta for C. fraxini must be based on an
erroneous comprehension of my quotation of that author. So excellent
an Entomologist as M. Guenee could not have made such an error.
Fraxini was doubtless sent him with an erroneous locality. M. Guenee
always shows an appreciation of the slightest differences in separating
European and American specimens throughout his great work, and here
the difference is excessive. Occasionally we see Acherontia atropos incor-
rectly referred to as occurring in America, nor can in this case any of our
Sphingidz have been mistaken for it. Mr. Strecker criticises the coloring
of subnata; this plate was published plain and drawn without being
intended for coloring ; the few copies colored for private distribution are
not properly the subject of public criticism. Mr. Strecker’s figures,
however, ave, and the coloring of the hind wings of anxtinympha, fig. 7,and
unijuga, fig. 9, is so -bad that I should doubt his determinations were it
not that he has taken his information from the collection of the American
Entomological Society, which represents my identifications.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163

Note 4.—Catocala Walshii, Edwards, is still unknown to me. I
believe the types perished in the Chicago fire. It must be nearly allied to
unijuga. Mr. Edwards’ description of the fore wings, “ Primaries yellow-
ish brown, clouded between the transverse lines with grey; markings
indistinct, but similar to Uniguga, Walk; reniform ferruginous, in a pale
circlet,” is not exhaustive, but it contains nothing contradicting Walker's
description of C. junctura.

Catocala Arizona, Grote.

Size large. Fore wings dentate, rather uniformly dark grayish brown
with a glaucous shade over the more grayish median space. Median lines
black and rather broad. A whitish shade before the brown-tinged, broadly
Disannulate reniform. Sub-reniform rather small, pyriform, whitish brown,
connected with the t. p. line, tending to become narrowly open. _ T. p.
line well produced opposite the cell, with two sub-equal rather prominent
teeth. A not very deep but broadly marked sub-median sinus. The dark
scales tend to connect with the t. a. line along the sub-median interspace.
The grey sub-terminal shade, preceding the dentate dark line itself, is not
erect, but runs obliquely backward to costa above vein 6. Secondaries
pinkish red. Median band rather narrow, not much curved, nearly even,
rounding and becoming narrower below vein 2, and terminating at vein
1. Marginal band rather narrow, rather deeply excavate opposite the
termination of the median band, and leaving a yellowish apical space
tinged with red. Beneath largely pinkish red ; the median whitish space
on primaries also tinged with red inferiorly. The median band as on
upper surface, and seen to terminate a very little before vein 1. Thorax
and collar brownish, without perceptible lines. Expanse 80 m. m.

I have received this species from Professor Townend Glover, of the
Agricultural Department at Washington. It is labelled “ Borders of
Arizona and New Mexico.—Dr. Palmer.” It is apparently nearest to C.
amatrix, than which it has more obscurely brown primaries and is perhaps
intermediate in character between the group of C. amatrix and the Cali-
fornian red-winged species, represented by C. californica.

Note.—In my list of the species of Cafocala, p. 164, 1872, I
enumerated 59 species of the genus from our Territory. The total num-
ber must be now increased to 63. Of these 11, viz., Stretchii Behr.,
adultera Hinze, irene Behr., Walshii Edwards, uxor Guenee, zoe Behr.,

164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

nuptialis Walker, micronympha Guenee, connubialis Guenee, messaling
Guenee, and Mr. Strecker’s Faustina, are unknown to me in nature.
Already twice the number of species of Cazoca/a have been discovered in
America than have been described from Europe. The genus does not
occur south cof Mexico, and has not been discovered in the West India.
Islands.

NOTES ON AN INTERESTING SPECIMEN OF PAMPHILA
ZABULON, Boisp & LEc.

BY H. K. MORRISON, OLD CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

The identity of Pamphila pocahontas and guadaguina with the typical
species zabu/on has been universally acknowledged, although there exists.
no more positive proof than the fact that no males of these forms have
ever been discovered. I have in my collection an intermediate specimen
exhibiting plainly the characters of the original species and of the variety
and sub-variety, and apparently a link between them.

The primaries above are like Aocahontas, except that the spots area
little larger and of a deeper yellow. The secondaries above are exactly
the same as in zabu/on, dark at the base, disk yellow, with a broad black
border. Beneath the spots on the primaries are united together, forming
a band almost as wide, and of as deep a color as in zabu/on. Secondaries
beneath like gvadaguina, except that the central light band is hardly as
narrow.

As will be seen from the description, the primaries beneath the
secondaries above resemble zadulon, the primaries above focahontas, and
the secondaries beneath guadaguina, making the specimen a curious com-
pound of all three.

It is a female, and was taken near Springfield, Mass.

: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165

MEETING OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR 1873.

FROM P. R. UHLER, BALTIMORE, MD.

The late meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, held at Portland, Me., was largely attended by the Entomologists
of the United States. Thirteen were present, and among them were
some of the most eminent in this country. Indeed, Section B. was
chiefly officered by Entomologists, Dr. LeConte being Chairman and Mr.
Scudder Secretary ; while, during the last three days of the session, Rev.
Dr. Morris presided over the sub-section Biology, and Mr. Grote acted
as Secretary.

On three of the evenings (August 21, 22, 23) the Entomologists held
meetings in one of the smaller rooms of the City Hail; Dr. LeConte
being chosen to preside, and Mr. Uhler to act as Secretary. As steps
had been taken at a previous meeting of the Association to enable the
Entomologists to form a sub-section, this subject was reconsidered, but
the number of Entomological papers offered being so small, it was not
then deemed advisable to go into sub-section.

The following petition was unanimously adopted and signed by all
present, to be presented to the American Entomological Society and to
the Canadian Entomological Society :—

“We, the undersigned, Entomologists assembled at the 22nd meeting
“of the Amer. Assoc. for the Advance. of Science, held at Portland,
“hereby respectfully petition the American Entomological Society of
“Philadelphia, and the Entomological Society of Canada, to appoint
“‘ yearly meetings to be held at the same times and places with the annual
“meetings of the American Association. The undersigned are moved to
“* this memorial from the considerations that such prospective action of
“the Socicties would ensure the annual assemblage of a large number of
“Entomologists resident over a wide extent of territory, and also prac-
“tically enlarge the sphere and increase the usefulness of these
“Societies.”

166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The following resolution in reference to the above was also recom-
mended by the Standing Committee of the American Association, and
adopted :—

“ Resolved, That the American Association for the Advancement of
** Science hereby endorses the accompanying memorial, and invites the
“Entomological Societies to call yearly meetings of their members, in
“‘ accordance with the request therein contained.”

Mr. Riley, from the Committee appointed a year ago on Nomen-
clature, requested that in view of the absence of some of its members, the
Committee be dismissed. On motion a new Committee was appointed,
consisting of Messrs. Edwards, Scudder, Riley, Bethune, and LeConte, to
report at the next annual meeting of the American Association, a code of
rules, to be discussed and adopted at said meeting, regarding a uniform.
nomenclature for the guidance of American Entomologists.

Several Entomological papers were read before Section B. of the
American Association ; one being by Mr. Grote, entitled ‘ Remarks on
the Origin of Insects, and on the Antennal Characters in the Butterflies
and Moths ;” another by Dr. J. L. LeConte, ‘“ Hints for the Promotion
of Economic Entomology in the United States ;” a third by P. R. Uhler
“On a Remarkable Group of Wasps’ Nests Found in a Hollow Stump in
Maryland ; ” a fourth by Cyrus Thomas, ‘‘ On the Identity of the Locust
of the Prophet Joel with the Oedifoda migratoria of Europe,” and a fifth
by W. L. Coffinberry, “ On Spiders.”,

The meeting was a very pleasant one to the Entomologists, and
enabled them not only to freely exchange opinions respecting subjects of
wide spread interest, but also to get a glance at the interesting Fauna of
the regions which they visited.

THE LAW OF PRIORITY IN NOMENCLATURE.
BY H. K. MORRISON, OLD CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

In a recent article in the ENTOMOLOGIST it is proposed to obviate the
confusion in which our nomenclature is involved, by accepting the names
most generally in use and allowing the law of priority (if it does not
make too much trouble !) to determine all questions which may hereafter
come up; ignoring entirely the claims of older authors and of writers
holding different opinions from the proposers of the scheme. This

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167

proposal, notwithstanding its arbitrary and unscientific character, and its
injustice to other Entomologists, would perhaps be accepted by those who
have more regard for present convenience than for the establishment of a
solid foundation for Entomological Science. Unfortunately, however, the
proposition, although at first view practicable, leaves the matter exactly
where it stood before.

Where is the authority that will be accepted by everyone when that
authority is governed, not by those fixed laws which should determine
questions of scientific nomenclature, but by individual opinion, the con-
venience of some particular class, or of the present generation of
students ? Surely Mr. Mead does not intend, as would be inferred from
his article in the June number of the ENromotocist, that we should
accept the most recent names, or those which, having been published in
this country or by some well-known author, are more familiar to or more
generally in use among American naturalists.

There are a few species, which from the excellence of their original
description and plates, or from their recent publication, have no
synonymy ; these are the only species which can be properly considered
as accepted dy a// (if we reject friority.)

All that the friends of priority ask is that it should be allowed to
decide between names already zz wse. Allowing that the term “in use”
should be applied in science to any name attached to a recognizable
description, published in a work which is or has been on sale; names
which are advanced in pamphlets printed for the private use of the
author, and only distributed among his friends; and in state agricultural
reports not for sale (except at second hand) can not be considered as
published at all.

To determine whether a description is recognizable or not is a matter
of much more difficulty, for here the judgment of individual students
would be likely to differ very much. We do not believe that every name
advanced by the older authors, often with but a line or two of loose
description, or a plate giving only a general idea of form and color, should
be retained. We do think, however, that whenever there exists a valid
description, the law of priority should take its course. In some cases in
which the description is not definite enough to determine the species, but
there exist authenticated types ; and in those cases in which the species is

168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS'.

not fully described by the author, but is afterward limited and restricted
by other writers previous to the publication of synonyms, we think the
law of priority should apply.

The supporters of the law of priority do not so much insist upon its
application in those few cases in which opinion as to the validity of the
description is denied, as upon its being taken as the acknowledged guide
in the great majority of cases in which recognizable descriptions are
attached to both names.

The difference between the catalogue of Mr. Kirby and that of Dr.
Staudinger is easily explained.

Dr. Staudinger may have adopted priority in some cases, but he
certainly has not in all. For instance, he has not in several cases recog-
nized the names of Fourcroy, Scopoli, Bergstrasser and others. The
differing degree of strictness with which the law was carried out, is
sufficient to explain the discrepancy in the catalogues.

To be effective, priority must be rigidly enforced. ‘The advantages to
be gained by the universal adoption of this law are so great to us, and
more especially to the future Entomologist, that the drawbacks, formid-
able at first, but steadily decreasing with time, can, it seems to us, offer
but slight resistance to its entire acceptation.

LIST OF COLEOPTERA: OF ST. LOUIS. COUNTY, MiSsSOuURE

BY S. V. SUMMERS, M. D., NEW ORLEANS, LA.

(Continued from Page 147.)

DYTISCID/:.

CNEMIDOTUS, ///ig. Hyprororus, Clairv. (continued. )
12-punctatus, Awe, pratruelis, Zee.
Hyproporus, Clairv. moestus, Azle.
hybridus, Zee. lacustris, Say.

imbelus, Lec. notus, Zee.

|
|

ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Hyproporvs, Clairv. (continued.) Cotympetis, Clairv. (continued. )

undulatus, Say.
sericeus, Zec.
lineolatus, Lec.
dispar, Lec.
impressus, Lec.
ubilus, Zee.
HypDRocanTHUus, Say.
atripennis, Say.
LaccopuHiLus, Leach.
maculosus, Say.
fasciatus, Aube.
Cortrotomus, Aube.
interrogatus, Fabr,
Matus, Aude.
bicarinatus, Say.
CoLyMBETIS, Clairv.
biguttulus, Germ.

Gyrinus, Zinn.
affinis, Aude.
analis, Say.
pernitidus, Zee.

HeELopHorus, fadr.
lineatus, Say.
scaber, Lec.

Hyprocuus, Germ.
scabratus, JAZz/s.
simplex, Lec.
impressus, Zimm.

HyYDROPHILUS, Geoffr.
ovalis, Zzeg/.
triangularis, Say.
nimbatus, Say.
striolatus, Lec.
sublaevis, Zec.

binotatus, Warr.
Acasus, Leach.
punctatus, Aude.
taeniolatus, Zec.
semivittatus, Lec.
ambiguus, Lee.
Hypaticus, Leach.
basillaris, Zee.
ornaticollis, Zee.
fascicollis, Harr.
Aciius, Leach.
fraternus, Zee.
Dytiscus, Lz.
fasciventris, Say.
CyBIsTER, Liv7.
fimbriolatus, JZeds.

GYRINIDZ.

Dineutus, McLeay.
americanus, Say.
discolor, Aube.

HYDROPHILID#.

Hypropui.us, Geofir. (continued. )

glaber, F7/és?.
Hyprocuaris, Lafr.
obtusatus, Lec.
Berosus, Leach.
miles, Lec.
pantherinus, Zee.
infuscatus, Lec.
exiguus, Lec.
bimaculatus, Lec.
penguia, Lec.
tomentarius, Lec.

170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PHILHYDRUS, So/,
cinctus, Lec.
perplexus, Zee.
maculicollis, Au/s.
ochraceus, Meds.
pygmeus, Fad.

Hypropsius, Leach.
regularis, Lec.

NECROPHORUS, Fad.
marginatus, Fad.
americanus, Oxv.
pustulatus, Hersch.
velutinus, Za.

SILpHA, Zinn.
surinamensis, ad.
marginalis, /ad.
inzequalis, Aad.

MIcrostemMA, Mofsch.
lecontei, AZotsch.

CEOPHYLLUS, Lec.
monilis, Zee.
CTENISTES, Reiche.
piceus, Lee.
zimmermanil, Lec.
Tycuus, Leach.
longipalpus, Lee.
BrYAaxis, Leach,
conjuncta, Lee.
dentata, Say.
abdominalis, Aude,

CycLonotum, £r.
estriatum, £7.

Cercyon, Leach.
flavipes, Zr.
limbatum, AZann.

centrimaculatum (var.) Er.

SILPHID~.

SILPHA, Linn. (continued. )
peltata, Lec.

var. terminatum, A7rdy.

var. affine, Az dy.
Catoprs, Fad.

opacus, Say.
SERICODERUS.

flavidus.

SCYDMANID/~.

ScCYDMENUS.
capillosulus, Lec.

PSELAPHID/-.

Bryaxis, Leach. (continued. )
puncticollis, Lec.
rubicunda, Abe.

DECARTHRON, Brend.
formiceti, Lee.

BaTRIsuS, Aube.
globosus, Lec.
nigricans, Lee.

RHEXIUS, Lee.
insculptus, Lec.

(To be Continued.)

——— Ks ee

ee 1 i

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 171

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

8 THE BACON BEETLE—Dermestes lardarius, Linn.

BY W. SAUNDERS, LONDON, ONTARIO.

This interesting little beetle, of which we give an enlarged drawing, as
well as a representation of its larva, in fig. 18, is a very destructive
Fig. 18. creature, dreaded by every Entomologist who
\ has had any experience of its ravages. Its
larva is very destructive also in some carelessly
kept provision and household stores, affecting
hams, bacon, old cheese and other substances.
It is a European insect, which has long been
naturalized in this country, where it seems to be
quite as much at home as in its native land. If
this beetle can find its way into the drawers or
boxes where the Entomologist has his specimens
stored, it deposits its eggs on the bodies of the
dried insects, where, as soon as the young
larvee are hatched, they begin at once to work their way towards the
interior, and here they live and gradually fatten on the dried up viscera
of the dead moth or butterfly, skilfully hiding themselves within the body
they are consuming, and leaving, when their work is completed, only the
bare shell which frequently falls to pieces when disturbed. Where the
beetle cannot get at the bodies of the insects to deposit its eggs upon, it
will often lay them by the side of small openings or crevices in such
boxes, through which the young larve enter and at once begin their work
of destruction. Besides the substances already mentioned, these larve
feed on feathers, skins, cat-gut, hair and have even been reared on bees-
wax, so that their appetite is by no means a dainty one, and their digestive
powers may be considered good.

The larva is an ugly, brown, hairy creature, its body tapering from
head to tail, and furnished with a pair of short, curved, horny spines on
the top of the last joint; it is quite active in its movements, crawling
about with a wriggling motion. The beetle is about three-tenths of an

172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

inch long, of an oblong oval form, black, with a wide band across the
wings at their base, of a dull, pale buff colour, dotted with black. Its
legs are short, and it is rather timid and slow in its movements, feigning
death for a time when disturbed.

Collections of insects and birds need to have a constant watch kept
on them to keep out these intruders. Camphor, which seems to be
offensive to these beetles, is frequently used to deter them from entering ;
but where they have entered and begun their devastating work, they can-
not be disposesssed by such mild measures; in such instances purified
benzine applied freely to the saturation of the bodies of the insects
occupied will destroy the dermestes larvee without injuring the collector’s
specimens.

NOTES ON APHIDES.
BY FRANCIS WALKER, LONDON, ENGLAND.

The following notes were suggested by “ Observations,’ &c., on
Aphides in THe Canapian Entomococist for July, 1873. The species
noticed on Rumex crispus seems to have very much resembiance to A.
rumicis in Europe ; some other species of N. America do not differ from
those of Europe, but have been probably introduced by means of ship-
ping. With regard to European Aphides it is well known that the winged
female of many species appears in the spring, that the wingless female is
more fertile than the winged one, that the winged state is, partly at least,
by means of the diminution of quantity or alteration of quality in the
food, and that the winged state enables the species to have a change of
habitation and thus to continue its race till the autumn. It is also well
known that the male and the oviparous female do not appear till the
autumn, and W. Curtis in the last century remarked that this appearance
was owing to the change in the atmosphere and to the consequent differ-
ence in the food. The male is, in a few instances, wingless, but is very
generally winged, and the oviparous female wingless, but in some few
species the oviparous female is always winged.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 173

From the great resemblance between N. European and N. American
insects, especially in the more northern parts of each continent, it seems
likely that the difference of the manner of life which is suggested by the
“ Observations ” does not really occur. However, there would be much
interest in the comparison between European and N. American Aphides,.
and in observing how far they are mutually counterparts, and in the
investigation of N. American species from Canada southward, and in
discovering the gradual change in their number and habits.

In Europe there is yet much to learn in their range between Lapland
and S. Italy, the latter being the southern limit of the region in which
they are known. The history of Aphides in Africa, Asia and Australia is.
yet almost unknown, though one species has been noticed in Madagascar,
another in Hindostan, a third in China, one or two in the Eastern Isles
and one in Australia. The parasitic Aphidii have been stated to be
plentiful in N. America like as they are in Europe, and thus they afford a
subject of enquiry as to the mutual resemblance in the species of the two
continents, and the same may be said of the other parasites of the
Aphides and those of the Aphidii.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.
Continued from Page 152,
ERRATA.

Ante p. 44, line 2nd from the bottom, for ‘nipped’ read ripped.

es 46, for ‘ amogattella’ read auroguttella.
cs 47, for ‘juglandisnigracella’ read juglandisnigracella.
© 48, and wherever else the name occurs in these papers, for

?L. tritenceanella’ and other misprints of the same name, read L.
tritaeniaella.

174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

XYLESTHIA.

X. Clemensella. WN. sp.

Head and palpi snow white or hoary, the outer and under surfaces of
the palpi yellowish dusted freely with fuscous ; antennae yellowish.
Primaries yellowish, reddish yellow and stramineous, with some white
scales, and densely dusted with dark brown and bluish black scales, the
dusting being much more dense in the middle and costal portions of the
wing than in the dorsal and apical portions. There is a white costal
streak just before the cilia and another very faintly indicated before the
middle ; dorsal cilae whitish at their beginning ; ciliae brown. Thorax
white dusted with dark brown; abdomen dark brown; legs and under
surface whitish, rather densely dusted with brown, the legs with white
annulations, and the anterior tarsi darker than the others.

There is a tuft of raised scales on the fold at the base of the
primaries and three other large ones between the fold and the dorsal
margin, two small ones about the end of the cell, three or four small ones
on the disc and three or four others in the apical part of the wing.

As this species approaches X. prunzramicdla Clem., the only other
described species of the genus, I have hesitated to describe it as a distinct
species, but it differs so decidedly from Dr. Clemens’ description of
pruniramiella that I conclude it must be a distinct species.

ARGIOPE.

A. dorsimaculella. Ante p. 13.

This species, for which I erected this genus, belongs to the Glyphip
terygide near Glyphipteryx, and may be found to belong to Acrolepia
Curt.

ADRASTEIA.

A. quercifoliella. Ante p. 72, and v. 4, p. 200.

The identity of this species with Psoricoptera gibbosella St., suggested
at p. 72 ante, was based upon Mr. Riley’s identification of the two, and
upon a bad translation of a generic diagnosis from the German. Since
the remarks at p. 72 were written, I have seen Mr. Stainton’s generic and
specific diagnosis in Jus. Brit., v. 3 (to which I had no access until this
summer), and find that the most distinctive character there given and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175

figured is the tuft of scales on the inner surface of the terminal joint of
the labial palpi—a character which I have never found in any of the
species which I have placed in Adrasteia. I am therefore not satisfied
that the two genera are exact equivalents.

GELECHIA.

G. scutellariaeella. N. sp.

This species approaches closely those which I have placed in Adras-
teia. ‘There isa distinct divided bunch on the second joint of the palpi,
but it is smaller than in the species which I have placed in that genus,
and there are no tufts of raised scales. It differs from the true Gelechia
in having the last joint of the palpi but little more than half as long as
the second joint, and the antennae but little more than half as long as
the wings.

Blackish brown, tinged with blue, dusted with pale or bluish white,
with an indistinct whitish costal streak before the cilia, and an opposite
dorsal one. The white dusting of the primaries is more dense and more
hoary towards the apex of the primaries. Inner surface of the palpi

yellowish. A/ ex. 34 inch. Posterior tibiz clothed with a tuft of long
hairs.

This is a very plain and inconspicuous insect, principally remarkable
for the habits of the larva. It is white, with green contents, and head
pale straw color, and mines the leaves of the “Scullcap” (Scutellarta
laterifiora). It constructs a case or tube of silk lined externally with its
frass. The tube is nearly flat, but curved, one side being convex and the
other concave, and it is wider at one end than at the other and attached
by its narrower end to the under surface of the leaves, and from it the
larva passes into the leaf to feed, retiring into the case when alarmed and
to pupate. It constructs but one case, and I think the attachment of that
one to the leaf is permanent, and that the larva makes but the one mine.

I have never found it except in a single locality—near the village of
Verona, in Boone County, Kentucky. There it is very abundant in
September and October.

176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

G. solanizella.
G. similiella, v. 4, p. 193}.

Similiella is a bad name for anything, and as I have discovered the
larva of this species, I change the name accordingly.

The larva is at first whitish, but before maturity becomes deep green-
ish blue. It mines the under surface of the thorny leaves of Solanum
Carolinense, eating the parenchyma entirely out of the mined portion,
which looks like a dead, dry blotch, and the leaf usually curls over the
mine. The larva constructs a sort of tube in the mine by sewing the
upper and lower cuticle together, and it usually resides in this tube. In
confinement it leaves the mine to pupate in a cocoon on the ground, and.
most probably does so in a state of nature.

G.? unistrigella. NN. sp.

White. Primaries very sparsely dusted with pale fuscous in the apical
portion; afuscous spot about the middle of the costa, with two other
small ones between it and the dorsal margin; a fuscous streak begins at
the base of the costal margin and extends along that margin for a short
distance, passing thence obliquely backwards across the wing, but not
quite reaching the dorsal margin. Antennae pale fuscous, with narrow
white annulations ; palpi white, suffused with fuscous on the outer surface
of the second joint, and with a fuscous ring near the base of the third
joint. AZ ex. % inch. Kentucky.

Wings in repose almost horizontal, as in Defressaria? (Gelechia)
cercerisella, which it also resembles in the palpi, which in both are those of
Gelechia.

CORRESPONDENCE.

DEAR SIR,—

I have to thank you for your remarks on Mr. Andrews’ note, printed
on page 135. They render any reply of mine to Mr. Andrews almost
entirely unnecessary. I have merely to add to your statements that I
was entirely ignorant that the specimens of Heman’s marginalis belonged
to Mr. Andrews, nor knew that Mr. Andrews was at all concerned in the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 177

matter till I read the note in the CANADIAN Entomo.ocistT. I received
from Mr. Strecker his material belonging to Heman’s Hemorrhagia and
Alypia for determination, and all the indication on the specimens of
Heman’s marginalis was the number 3, which referred to the locality
“ Michegan ” in Mr. Strecker’s letter to me accompanying the specimens.

Auc. R. GROTE.

September 11th, 1873.
DEAR SIR,—

I scarcely think that I intended my letter (in reference to Mr. Grote)
to be published. However, as it has afforded you an opportunity to apply
the lash where it was deserved (albeit it was somewhat over my shoulders)
I do not regret its publication. In justice, however, to myself, I must
request you now to give a place to this my response.

You totally misconceived the object of my complaint if you imagined
that I sought “ sypathy.” The wrong was impertinent, but not cruel.
Personally, I could have passed over Mr. Grote’s conduct without shed-
ding atear. But this gentleman has made himself, so far as Entomology
is concerned, public property, and when a man in such a position
perpetrates a wrong which, if repeated, may lead to injurious conse-
quences, I think it the duty of any one cognizant of that wrong to expose
it.

You seem to justify Mr. Grote, who, however, as my letter showed,
was not required to make any of the investigations you allude to.

Here is a parallel case: A is a “ money expert,” knows good money
from bad. BB has a doubtful five dollar bill which he sends to 4 for his
opinion as to its genuineness. 4 looks, determines that it is good, and
puts it in his pocket! After a while B writes for the opinion, and, of
course, for the bill. The answer comes this time, thus: ‘“ Oh, yes, your
bill is good ; so good indeed, that, imitating the great Ben Butler with his
salary-grab, ‘I have bought butcher’s meat with it !’ ”

Now, you say that 4 is right ; and, worse still, that you have no
sympathy with B. Serves him right, I suppose.

W. V. ANDREwS, New York.

178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

DEAR SIR,— September 18th, 1873.

It is my duty to say a word to your readers in reference to my
accusations against Mr. Grote, and which appeared in your last issue.

Those accusations have occasioned a good deal of feeling betwixt
Messrs. Grote and Strecker, if one may judge from the correspondence
which has since passed between them, and which, by the courtesy of the
respective gentlemen, I have been permitted to see.

Without betraying any confidence, I may say that the whole thing is
resolved into a question of veracity as betwixt those two gentlemen, and
I must say that while I feel confident that neither party would state a
falsehood, there certainly is a great imperfection of memory somewhere—
where, I, of course, cannot decide.

The statements made in my note, already referred to, were almost
literally as told me by Mr. Strecker. Mr. Grote denies that he received
any limiting instructions from Strecker. So the matter stands.

Let the thing drop altogether. It is not of sufficient importance to
waste another sheet of paper about it. My object was not, Sir, as you
imagined, to enlist a childish sympathy in my favor, it was meant to check
a practice of which I had heard a good deal, and which, if continued,
could not fail to exert an injurious influence on Entomological Science in

America.
W. V. ANDREWS.

MR. STRECKER’S CORRECTIONS.

DeEaR SIR,—

Mr. Strecker, of Reading, Penn., has been in correspondence with
Mr. H. B. Moschler, who has written some very valuable articles on the
Lepidopterous Fauna of Labrador, in the Wiener Entomologische
Monatschrift, and whose description of Gelechia labradorensis 1 have
translated in these pages. Mr. Strecker corrects the name sfeciosissima
Mosch. to sfeciosa Mosch., in the citation of a species of Arctia in Mr.
Robinson’s and my List (1868).

This is mght, and I committed an error in transcribing the name, and
one that escaped me on the proofs, but was detected about fifteen
minutes after the printed copies were in my hands. Mr. Strecker next, on

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179

information from Mr. Moschler, unites A. guenselii Geyer and JA. gelida
Moschler, cited separate in our “ List.” This correction, coming from
the author of the synonym, is doubtless of value, but we have no
responsibility in the matter nor did we “‘ fall into any error.” If Mr.
Strecker will refer to the two names in the List, he will find them followed
by a dash (—), and from our preface he may gather the information that
this dash indicates that we do not know the species and are not to be
held accountable for their value. Next, Mr. Strecker (undoubtedly on
the strength of Mr. Moschler’s letters) says we fell into the same error
with regard to Arctia parthenos Harris, and Arctia borealis Moschler. Mr.
Strecker should have read my statement that the two were probably
identical, published in the Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., pp. 74 and 537 (1864).
- The species were, however, described as distinct by Professor Packard
and the names are kept separate on this authority in the List; Jdorealis
being followed by a dash, since we do not know it as distinct from far-
Thenos. At the time of describing borealis, Mr. Moschler did not know
that Harris had described an allied species, nor in describing speciosa, that
Kirby had described wrzuncula, since he does not allude to them; _ but
perhaps, after all, the species described by Moschler from Labrador, may
be distinct ; at least it is yetan open question whether they are so or not.
Where is our “ error,” then, with respect to these species of Arctia ?

With only partial quotation of our remarks, Mr. Strecker unites our
Juteola from Quebec with cordigera from Lapland. We had only mystilii
in nature for comparison, and judged of cordigera by description when we
described Zuteola. ‘That we judged the American to be a near ally of the
European species is evident from our remark that it “ @fcars to represent
the European cordigera in our fauna.” Now, that Mr. Strecker has
received from Europe specimens of cordigera and compared them with
Zutcola, and finds no difference, it becomes probable that they are the same
species. ‘This information is very interesting in a distributional point of
view.

To conclude this notice I will draw attention to Mr. Strecker’s
repeated remarks that “ great confusion exists with regard to the species
of Catocala.” ‘These are not true of the most prominent collections of
that genus. There is but little uncertainty about our species, and that
with regard to the limits of a very few of them. I have determined
during the last ten years nearly all material in this genus, sent to me
from Canada, to Georgia, and all of Mr. Strecker’s determinations have ~

180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

come at first or second hand from me. The very poor descriptions in
the Lepid. Het. have not as yet improved our knowledge of our species,
except to the extent of giving us three very doubtful forms as new, the
best of which (C. obscura) I thought might be Guenee’s indicated var. of
insolabilis, and so informed Mr. Strecker, who sent me a specimen for
examination, accompanied by an epistolary threat that if I did not give
him the name of it within a certain time, he would “ describe it as new.”

A. R. Grote, Buffalo, N. Y.

MISCELLANEOUS.

An Aquatic Bompycip Motu.—Mr. Bar, of Cayenne, has forwarded
to the Entomological Society of France, descriptions and specimens of
the various stages of an interesting Bombycid. The larva lives under
stones in streams and rises to the surface for transformation. The cocoons
are found in clusters floating on the water. Aquatic caterpillars have
hithert> been known only in the lower families of Lepidoptera.—American
Natur alisi.

Move or Ecc-LayInc oF AGRIoN.—Mr. G. W. Dunn writes us that
while collecting at Santa Cruz, California, he observed a species of Agrion
(as we find the insect to be) “flying about the water united, male and
female. The female would light on a spear of grass growing in the water ;
the male would then let go, and the female go down the grass twelve or
fifteen inches under water and deposit her eggs.”—American Naturaisst.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

EXCHANGE.—I am desirous to exchange English for Canadian or
American Lepidoptera. J. C. WassERMAN, Beverly Terrace, Cullercoats,
North Shields, England. «

CoLEOPTERA FOR SaLe.—A number of Rocky Mountain Coleoptera
will soon be for sale in sets by JoHN AKHURST, 19, Prospect Street,
Brooklyn, N.Y.

Che Canadian Entomologist,

VOL. V. LONDON, ONT., OCTOBER, 1873. No. 10

RO Pe) RelA,

Our readers will observe, from the alteration in our title-page, that a
change has been made in the occupant of the Editorial chair of this
publication. At the annual general meeting of the Society, held at
London on the 25th ult., the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune tendered his resigna-
tion of the office of General Editor, and Mr. Wm. Saunders was
unanimously elected to take his place. This change of personality will
make no difference in the character and management of this journal,
except in the direction of improvement in material and greater regularity
in issue. For some time past Mr. Bethune has desired to vacate the
position of Editor—not from any diminution in interest in the publication,
or from any cooling in zeal and attachment to the cause of Entomology
—but solely because his position as Head Master of Trinity College
School, entails upon him so much labour and engrosses so much of his
time, that he cannot satisfactorily perform the duties that properly devolve
upon the Editor of the CanaprIan EnTomotocist. Since the removal of
the head quarters of the Society to London, the labour attending upon
the issue of this publication has gradually fallen more and more upon Mr.
Saunders, though largely shared in by Mr. Reed, the late energetic
Secretary-Treasurer of the Society.

The retiring Editor—who will continue to aid in the maintenance of
the journal, as far as his time will permit—begs to offer his most cordial
thanks to all those kind friends who have rendered him so much assistance
in the past, and to request that the same hearty support and co-operation
may be afforded to his friend and successor.

182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ANNUAL ADDRESS

OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO, 1873..

To the Members of the Entomological Society of Ontario :

GENTLEMEN,—Ten years have now gone by since a few of us met at
the house of Professor Croft, in Toronto, and organized this Society. We
commenced with less than five and twenty members, and now our Secretary
informs us that we have over three hundred names upon our roll. A
_ twelve-fold increase in a decade of years is certainly an evidence of

progress upon which we may well congratulate ourselves, and which ought
assuredly to stimulate all our members to use their utmost exertions for
the maintenance and improvement of the Society. Those of us who from
year to year have been entrusted by you with positions of office and duty -
in the Society, cannot but feel that it is for the best interests of our
institution that more of its members should be led to take an active part
in its work, and thus secure more efficiency in all our departments, and
more certainty of a permanent developement of all our operations.
Hitherto the work has fallen upon a few of us, and we have endeavoured
to perform it as efficiently and heartily as we can; but we find that year
after year our own professional and other duties make increased demands
upon our time and attention, so that with all the desire in the world to
devote ourselves to our favourite branch of Natural Science and the
operations of the Entomological Society, we are unable to do so to the
same extent as in earlier years. On this account—not from any diminution
of zeal and interest on our own part—we are most anxious that more of
you should take your share in the work and aid us in maintaining unim-
paired the good reputation that the Society has already achieved. Each
one, we are sure, can do something, and the united efforts of us all must
assuredly be productive of satisfactory and permanent results.

Our sister Society—the Fruit Growers’ Association of Ontario—we
rejoice to see is rapidly growing in public appreciation and favour ; its
members’ list of over 3000 names, its well-attended meetings in various
parts of the country, its judicious distributions of fruit for experimental

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183

purposes, and the vigour and zeal of its executive, are all matters upon
which we may well congratulate its President, Directors and Members.
That it may go on and prosper, and extend its work throughout our land,
till every resident of the Dominion enjoys the fruit of his own vine and
his own fruit-tree, is our most hearty aspiration.

During the past year but little has occurred in an Entomological point
of view that calls for especial notice on this occasion. A year ago I
ventured to call your attention to the subject of Specific and Generic
Nomenclature, which has been so unpleasantly exciting the minds of
Entomologists both here and almost everywhere else. My remarks, I was
gratified to find, elicited a good deal of discussion in the pages of the
CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, and brought forth a very able paper upon the
subject from the pen of Mr. W, H. Edwards, of West Virginia. The
question, however, has by no means yet been set at rest and will no doubt
continue to exercise us all for some time to come. At the Dubuque
Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a
sub-section of Entomology was formed, and a committee of its adherents
specially appointed to consider and report upon a series of rules upon
nomenclature. Unhappily—owing to various circumstances—no report
was drawn up, though, I must in justice state, that my friend Mr. C. V,
Riley, of St. Louis, took a great deal of pains to elicit the views of the
members and to draw up some conclusions from them. Last month, at
the Portland meeting of the Association—which, to my very great disap-
pointment, unavoidable engagements prevented me from attending—a
new committee was appointed to re-consider the subject, and we trust that
some definite rules will have been decided upon by its members before
the meeting of next year at Hartford, Conn.

You will all, I have no doubt, be gratified to learn that, upon the
suggestion of the sub-section of Entomology, the American Association
unanimously passed a resolution inviting our Entomological Society of
Ontario, as well as the American Entomological Society, to hold a general
meeting of our members at Hartford next year during their annual session.
I trust that this invitation will be cordially accepted and that a large
number of us may there meet our American friends and enlarge and
strengthen those cordial feelings of scientific brotherhood which have so
long pleasantly existed between us. I may add, as a notable token of
the estimation in which our-branch of science is now held, that the
Association will meet next year under the presidency of our ablest
American Entomologist—Dr. J. L. Leconte, of Philadelphia.

184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

You have already heard from our Secretary-Treasurer’s Report the
satisfactory condition of our finances and other business matters; I need
not therefore trespass further upon your patience and attention. Heartily
thanking you, gentlemen, for your kindness towards myself and my
colleagues during our term of office, and for the honour which you have
conferred upon me by calling me to preside over you,

I have the honour to remain, with best wishes for the advancement
and prosperity of the Society,
Your humble and obedient servant,

CHARLES J. S. BETHUNE,

President Entomological Society of Ontario.

Trinity College School, Port Hope, Sept., 1873.

ON THE IDENTITY OF GRAPTA DRYAS WITH COMMA.
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA..

On the 3oth of July Mr. T. L. Mead, at Coalburgh, took two females of
Grapta Dryas and tied them in a muslin bag to a branch of Hop-vine.
The result was a large number of eggs, laid on the leaves and in the
bag. On the 5th the eggs were all hatched. The larve we carried
through safely, and on the 21st the first ones began to change to chry-
salids. In course of the next three days all were changed, upwards of
sixty. Towards maturity some of the larve were white, as represented in
the plate of Dryas, in the ‘‘ Butterflies of North America.” The others
were black, like the larve represented in plate of Comma in the same
volume. On the 3oth the imagines began to appear, and nearly all are
true Comma; but six are Dryas, two ¢ and four 2. The relation of
the two forms to each other is therefore similar to that of the two forms
of Juterrogationis. The name of the species should be G. comma, Harris,
and the one form the type figured in my plate as comma, should be called
comma var. Harisii, and the other comma var. dryas, the two being equal
varieties of one species and not one a variety of the other.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.
Continued from Page 176,
EVIPPE, £7. 70U.

Primaries-——The costa attains the margin before the middle: the sub-
costal, which is faint towards the base, sends a branch to the margin from
before the middle, two others near the end of the cell, another beyond
the cell and becomes furcate before the tip, one of the branches going to
each margin. Cell closed by a very short oblique discal vein without
branches. The median sends two branches to the margin before the end
.of the cell, and becomes furcate behind it. Submedian furcate at base,
Wing lanceolate, with moderately long ciliae.

Secondaries—Narrower than primaries, short, tip produced and margin
deeply incised beneath it; costal margin slightly excised from before the
middle to the tip. Costal rather short, attaining the margin at the
excision. Subcostal simple, rather faint towards the base, attaining the
margin just before the tip. Cell unclosed. No discal nervure, but an
independent branch which arises near the median and going to the hind
margin. Median three branched, the first arising near its middle (and
rather minute) from the second. Submedian and internal short and
indistinct.

Head smooth with appressed scales. Tongue moderately long, scaled
at the base. Maxillary palpi microscopic. Labial palpi overreaching the
vertex, second and third joints of about equal length, the second being
slightly thickened with scales beneath. Antennz simple, about half as
long as the wings.

In repose the antennae are carried upon the wings, which are deflexed,
the head is applied to the surface, and the posterior end of the abdomen
and wings are elevated. It runs very rapidly, and is easily disturbed. The
structure, especially that of the antennae and wings, allies it to Z7~ypanisma
Clem., but there is something in its appearance which reminds one of a

186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Gracillaria, and the pattern and shades of coloration approach those of
G. salicifoliella. It is, however, nearer to Agnippe, ante v. 4, p. 194, than
to Zrypanisma. The neuration of Agnipfe is incorrectly given at v. 4, p.
Ig4¢. That of the primaries is identical with that of this species, except
that it lacks the first subcostal branch of this species ; and that of the
secondaries is identical with this species. I do not feel certain that I am
right in separating them generically. Gelechia? difficilisella, ante v. 4, p.
92, belongs to the same group, near to if not in 77ypanisma.

£. prunifoliella. WN. sp.

Labial palpi silvery white, except the base, which is dusky, and the
tip, which is dark gray brown. Head silvery white. Antennae dark
grayish brown. Thorax dark grayish brown on each side above the wings
with a broad median longitudinal white streak from the base to the apex
and continued thence along the posterior margin of the primaries to the
cilia. Primaries (except the posterior margin as just stated) dark grayish
brown, the line between the two colors scalloped, or rather the white
portion sends two or three teeth or processes into the brownish part, one
of which is just before the ciliae and is opposite to a costal white streak ;
dorsal ciliae dusky silvery dusted with dark brown. Secondaries pale
yellowish fuscous.

When the insect is in repose it appears to be dark gray brown, with a
wide white streak from the mouth over the head, thorax and wings to the
dorsal ciliae. AZ. ex. 34 inch. . Kentucky.

I do not know whether the larva is at any time a miner or not. It
feeds upon the leaves of the Red Wild Plum (Prunus Americana ), where
I have found it in September feeding under the tip of the leaf turned
downwards. The larva is pale green, immaculate. I have frequently
found on the under side of the same leaves a tentiform mine which I
suspected to be that of Lithocolletis crategella Clem., but I have never
succeeded in rearing the insect from it, and fossidb/y it may be made by
this species in its younger stages.

EIDOTHOA, gé7. #10U.

The insect upon which I found this genus resembles Zvipfe prunt-
foliella so closely that I have hesitated much as to the propriety of
separating them generically. The differences most marked are in the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 187

neuration. The discal cell of the primaries is wider in this species and
the discal vein is of course longer, and the median, instead of being
three branched with the third branch furcate behind the cell, divides into
three approximate simple branches about the end of the cell. In LZuvifpe
the median vein of the hind wings is three branched, in this species
it is two branched.

The antennae in this species are also a little longer than in Z. pruni-
Sohella.

In other respects it does not seem necessary to separate the species.

This species was found in my study, where it had probably escaped
from some of my breeding cages.

£. vagatioella. N. sp.

Palpi with alternate annulations of white and dark grayish brown,
‘five of each color, the tip being white and the base gray brown; face
white. Vertex yellowish dusted with grayish brown ; antennae fuscous ;
‘thorax dark brown and white, about equally intermixed ; primaries dark
brown faintly dusted with white, the dorsal margin being white; dusted
with dark brown, especially towards the apex, where it might more
properly be called brown streaked with white. There is an irregular
indistinct whitish streak on the costa near the base, and a white spot on
the extreme costa behind the middle ; the white color prevails in the
-apical portion of the costal margin, but is dusted with brown, and the
‘apex is white with a rather large dark brown apical spot or patch. Cilia
pale grayish dusted with white. Legs and under surface whitish, with
patches of grayish brown. A/. ex. % inch. Kentucky.

HELICE, gev. 100.

This genus and the species on which I have founded it approaches
Trypanisma Clemens, Gelechia difficilisella, and more remotely Agnippe
and Lvipfe.

Wings horizontal in repose. Primaries lanceolate ;_ the costal attains
the margin before the middle ;_ the subcostal sends to the costal margin
two branches before the end of the cell, one from the end, another behind
it and becomes furcate before the tip, delivering a branch to each margin.

188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

va

Cell narrow, closed by a short, oblique, and faint discal vein. The
median sends a branch to the dorsal margin before the end of the cell,.
and becomes furcate behind it. Submedian furcate at base.

Secondaries narrower than the primaries, apex long and sharply
pointed, with the posterior margin suddenly and deeply incised beneath
it and the anal angle rounded; costa emarginate from the middle to the
apex. The costal vein attains the margin about the middle. Subcostal
straight, attaining the margin just before the tip. Median dividing into:
three branches. Cell unclosed. (In Zrypfanisma Dr. Clemens says the
cell is closed by a faint discal nervure, but I have not been able to detect
it in this genus, nor in Evippe, Agnippe or G. difficilisella, all of which are
closely allied to Zrypanisma.) ZT. prudens,Clem., I have never seen.
Lvagora, Clem., belongs to the same group.

Tongue scaled, longer than the anterior coxe. Maxillary palpi small
but distinct under the lens ; labial palpi long, slender, over-arching the-
vertex, with the third joint almost acicular and longer than the two others
united; the second joint is laterally slightly compressed and slightly
thickened towards its apex. Antenne simple, about two-thirds as long as
the wings. Head and face smooth. Vertex short and face scarcely
retreating.

HT. paliidochreila. WN. sp.

Head, thorax and primaries pale grayish ochreous, minutely dusted
with fuscous. Primaries with a large transverse dark brown spot before
the middle and a smaller one behind it, both appearing bronzy in some
lights. Cilia reddish yellow ; palpi dusted with pale fuscous ; antennae
annulate with dark brown. A/. ex. % inch. Kentucky in June.

CECOPHORA ? Zell.

I am not certain that the insect described below is properly. included in:
this genus, though it approaches closely to it. It is also very near to
Callima Clem., but I do not feel satisfied that Ca//ima should itself be-
separated from @cophora, and Dr. Clemens seems to have entertained the
same doubt when he diagnosed the genus.

The following are the generic characters of this species :—
Primaries lanceolate; the costal vein attains the margin about the

middle ; just before the middle the subcostal sends a slightly sigmoid vein
to the margin and from near the end of the cell two other shorter branches,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189

and proceeds to the dorsal margin at the apex. The discal cell is wide
towards the end and the subcostal comes down obliquely towards the
middle of the wing, from its second branch to its apical one. The cell is
closed by a curved discal vein which gives off two branches to the dorsal
margin. The median vein is nearly straight to the end of the cell, where
it is deflexed to the dorsal margin, after having given off two branches
from near the end. The median is furcate at the apex and attains the
dorsal margin about the middle.

(This description is according to Dr. Clemens’ system of nomenclature
of the neuration. A more intelligible description, with the sketch of the
wing before me, would be—median nearly straight to the end of the cell,
which is widest near the end and is closed by the oblique curvature of the
costal vein to its junction with the median. Nine branch veins are given
off from the cell, the first from about the middle of the subcostal and
three others from about the end of the cell, all going to the costal margin,
the last one at the apex ; four other branches to the dorsal margin from
about the end of the cell, and one from the median before the end of the
cell.)

Posterior wings lanceolate, or rather wedge-shaped, the costa slightly
excised from the apical third; the costal vein attains the margin at the
excision ; the subcostal distinct from the end of the cell to the apex, faint
before the end of the cell ;_ the discal cell closed by a faint rather long
oblique discal vein which gives off two branches to the dorsal margin, the
superior branch being faintly continued through the cell to the base, the
inferior branch is given off close to the median, which is three branched,
the two last being approximate in their origin ; submedian distinct; cell
very wide.

.

C. boreasella. LN. sp.

Palpi reddish brown ; antennae dark brown, annulate with white
Primaries bright golden; a reddish brown spot margined behind with
-white crosses the base and is continued along the exfreme costa nearly to
the apex. About the basal fourth is a large costal red brown spot white
margined behind, and about the middle is a larger one margined with
white before and behind; opposite the space between these two spots is
a larger dorsal red brown spot, white margined before and behind, its
white margin being continuous with the white margin of the second costal
spots. It is also connected with each of the costal spots by a narrow red

190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

brown line. These spots are all large. A rather wide red brown line
extends around the apex at the base of the ciliae, and is connected about
the beginning of the dorsa/ ciliae with the second costal spot by a short
somewhat oblique red brown line. The shape of the two costal spots and
the dorsal one and the oblique line just mentioned is such as to include
between the ¢iree spots on the costal margin a nearly oval transverse
golden yellow patch, and to divide the apical portion of the wing into two
nearly circular golden yellow patches, the largest of which is on the costa
and has a small red brown spot near its centre, and this central spot is
connected with the red brown of the apical margin by a line of mixed
white and brown scales. Ciliae golden yellow. AZ. ex. 34 inch.

Since the preceding description was written I have carefully examined
fresh specimens of C. argenticinctella Clem., and I fail to discover wherein
it differs from Cicophora. The neuration is exactly that of G. pseudo-
spretella as figured by Mr. Stainton in Zvs. Brit. v. 3. CG. boreasella only
differs in having the apical branch of the subcostal of the primaries simple
instead of furcate.

LIST OF COLEOPTERA OF ST. LOUIS. COUNTY, MiISSOURE

BY S. V. SUMMERS, M. D., NEW ORLEANS, LA.

(Continued from Page 170.)

STAPHYLINIDZ.

Faracria, Mann. Homatota, Mann. (continued. )
dissecta, Er. recondita, Zr.
venustula, £7. lividipennis, AZann.
bilobata, Say. opacula, Fauvel.
cingulata, Lec. Tacuyusa, £r.

Hopianpria, Xvraats. rigrilla, Zee.
pulchra, Kraats. ALEOCHARA, Grav.

Homatora, Jann. fuscipes, Fad.
trimaculata, Er. var, lata, Grav.
aemula, Zr. bimaculata, Grav.

dichroa, Grav. opaca, Fauvel.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191

ALEOCHARA, Grav.
picea, Fauvel.
binotata, Fauve.
puberula, A7ug.

GYROPHAENA, Mann.
vinula, Zr.
dissimilis, Zr.
socia, Er.

Dinopsis, Jatth.
americanus, Kraa/z.

LEUCOPARYPHUS, Araaéz.
silphoides, Avraaéz.

Coproporus, Avraazz.
ventriculus, Araafz.
laevis, Lec.
scitulus.

TACHINUS, Grav.
nebulatus, Fauvel.
fimbriatus, Grav.

TACHYPORUS, Grav.
jocosus, Say.
maculipennis, Lec.
acaudus, Say.
brunneus, 47.
cribricollis.

Conosoma, Kraatzz.
crassum, Lec.
basale, Zr.
scriptus, /auvel.

Bo.erosius, Leach.
niger, £7.
pygmaeus, AZann.
cinctus, Zr.
cincticollis, £7.
dimidiatus, Zr.

Bryoporus, Araaéz.
flavipes, Lec.
rufescens, Lec.
testaceus, Lec.

(continued. )

MycetToporus, AZann.
americanus, £7.
AcyLopHorus, Wordm.
flavicollis, Sach.
pronus, £7.
QueEpIus, Steph.
fulgidus, Er.
capucinus, &r.
molochinus, £7.
caenobita, Fauvel.
ferox? Horn. (specimen lost.
CREOPHILUS, SZeph.
villosus, Azrdy.
LEISTOTROPHUS, ferty.
cingulatus, Kraaf¢z.
STAPHYLINUS, Liz.
maculosus, Grav.
cinnamopterus, Grav.
vulpinus, Vordm.
badipes, Lec.
mysticus, Zr.
tomentosus, Grav.
cicatricosus, Lec.
Ocyrus, Kirby.
ater, £7.
BELONUCHUS, JVordm.
ephippiatus, £7.
PHILONTHUS, Curiis.
cyanipennis, Zr.
aeneus, Vordm.
hepaticus, £7.
blandus, £7.
ventralis, Vordm.
promtus, £7.
debilis, £7.
palliatus, £7.
thoracicus, £7.
lomatus, £7.
micans, /Vordm.

192

PHILONTHUS, Curtis.

THE CANADIAN

(continued. )

fulvipes, Wordm.

brunneus, £7.

aterrimus, £7.

confertus, Lec.

apicalis, 27.

sobrinus, Zr.

peederoides, Zec. (pictus, Fau-
uel.)

quadricollis, Fazzel.

mylabrinus, /Vordm.

atomus, Grav.

noviboraensis—(/Zorn ?)

XANTHOLINUS, Serv.

obsidianus, AZe/s.
cephalus, Say.
emmesus, Say.
pusillus, Sachse.

LEPTOLINUS, Avraazz.

ruficollis, Lec.

Diocuus, £r.

schaumu, Avaazz.

LATHROBIUM, Grav.

concolor, Lec.
punctulatum, Lec.
puncticolle, A77éy.
brevipenne, Lec.
armatum, Say.
tenue, Lec.

collare, £r.
longiusculun, 27.
dimidiatum, Say.
nigriceps, Dey. Cat.
rubripenne, /auvel.

Cryprosium, AZann.

bicolor, £r.
melanocephalum, £7.
sellatum, Lee.

ENTOMOLOGIST.

CRYPTOBIUM, Mann.
pallipes, Vordm.
badium, £7.
despectum, Lee.
latebricola, Vordm.

STILicus, Lair.
angularis, Zr.
dentatus, 27.

LirHocnaris, Er.
corticina, 27.
confluens, “+r.
ochrea, Grav.

SUNIUS, Steph.
prolixus, £7.
linearis, £7.
binotatus, £7.
longiusculus, Zr.
monstrosus, Lec.

PAEDERUS, Grav.
littorarius, Grav-

PINOPHILUS, Grav.
picipes, Zr.
parcus, Lec.
opacus, Lec.

PALAMINUS, .Er.
testaceus, Hr.

STENUS.
semicolon, Lec.
punctatus, 77.
colon, Say.
stygicus, Say.
colonus, Hr.
egenus, Fr.
annularis, Zr.
arculus, Hv.
chalceus, Fauve.
juno—

(To be Continued.)

(continued. )

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193

———s +

INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA
COMPILED BY THE REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, M. A.

From Kirby s Fauna Boreali-Americana: Insecta.

(Continued from Page 132.)

312. COCCINELLA QUINQUE-SIGNATA Kirby.—Plate vii, fig. 1. Length
of body 3 lines. A single specimen taken in Lat. 65°.

Body oblong-hemispherical, very minutely and thickly punctured ;
underneath black and a little downy. Head black with an acute white
spot in the forehead between the eyes; antennae obscurely rufous, dusky
at the base and tip ; prothorax black, anterior angles and intermediate
streak white ; elytra tawny yellow with an abbreviated band common to
both at the base, an oblique discoidal abbreviated band and apical dot,
black ; four distant lateral triangular white spots mark the breast.

313. COCCINELLA QUINQUE-NOTATA Kirby.—Length of body 3%
lines. A single specimen taken in Lat. 54°. Taken also by Dr. Bigsby
in Canada.

]231.] Very like the last, but shorter and more hemispherical. Two
subtriangular transverse spots between the eyes, apex of the nose, dot at
the sinus of the eyes, and anterior angles of the prothorax whitish-yellow ;
basal band of the elytra broadest at the suture, the two other black spots
are of equal size and placed transversely, and each torms an abbreviated
band, falling far short of the suture and the lateral margin, so as to be
scarcely more than two transverse spots ; scutellar angle of the elytra
paler than the rest : the breast has no white spots. In other respects it
is exactly like C. 5-signata.

314. COoCCINELLA TRICUSPIS A7zrby.—Length of body 2¥ lines.
Several specimens taken in the Journey from New York to Cumberland-
house.

Body black, punctured. Head with two irregular transverse yellow
spots between the eyes ; antennae pale rufous, black at the tip : prothorax
with the anterior angles and a slender portion of the anterior margin

194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

yellow, the black part forming a large three-lobed spot; the middle lobe
being the longest and truncated, the lateral ones shorter and rounded ;
elytra tawny-rufous, paler and almost yellow at the base and sides, where
there is a black band common to both elytra not reaching the lateral
margin, which anteriorly has a double sinus so as to form three triangular
lobes or points in the band ; towards the apex of each elytrum is another
irregular black band, which reaches neither the suture nor the margin.

315. COCCINELLA INCARNATA K7rby.—Plate vii, fig. 7. Length of
body 2 lines. A single specimen taken in Lat. 65°.

[232.] Body black. Mouth and its organs and antennae reddish ;
prothorax flesh-coloured with two large subquadrangular black spots,
separated by a narrow flesh-coloured stripe, which occupy almost all the
disk: elytra flesh-coloured, taken together with eleven roundish rather
large black spots, three of which are common to both elytra, viz. 3, 4, 3,
1, the common spot at the apex is transverse ;_ legs black with the base of
the thighs and tibiae, tarsi, sides of the abdomen, and anus testaceous.

This species seems to come near C. borealis of Thunberg, but it differs
in colour and the number and disposition of the spots.

FAMILY PIMELIAD#.

316. PIMELIA ALTERNATA Kirby.—Plate v, fig. 9. Length of body
6% lines. A single specimen taken at Carlton-house, Lat. 53°, in April.

[233.] Body dull-black, oblong, naked. Head minutely punctured ;
antennae shorter than the prothorax; prothorax widest in the middle,
subquadrangular with the sides rounded, minutely but not very thickly
punctured, with some slight impressions in the disk: scutellum short,
wide, rounded at the apex; elytra with six elevated granulated lines
alternately more pronounced, besides the suture and marginal one sep-
arating the epipleura, which meet just above the apex ; epipleura granu-
lated: posterior legs much longer than the four anterior.

Mr. Say says of his P. rotunda that it was the first of that genus found
on the New Continent ; that above described furnishes therefore a valu-
able addition to the American insect Fauna. Africa appears to be the
metropolis of the genus, though several species have been found in
Russian Tartary.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195

—_——.

[A species of /eodes, synonymous with Say’s LEieodes (Blaps)
tricostata.

FAMILY TENEBRIONID#.

317. UPIS CERAMBOIDES Zinn.—Length of body 8-8% lines. A
pair taken in the month of April, in Lat. 65°. Taken also in Canada by
Dr. Bigsby. [Abundant throughout Canada; taken by Agassiz’s Expe-
dition on Lake Superior. }

Body dull-black, narrow, naked, minutely punctured. Head nearly
round depressed, porrected ;_ eyes lateral, kidney-shaped ; nose circum-
scribed by the segment of a circle ; antennae a little shorter than the
prothorax, joints obconical, four last lentile-shaped ; prothorax a little
wider than the head, oblong with rounded sides; scutellum rounded at
the apex ; elytra taken together wider than the prothorax, a little dilatéd
beyond the middle, and then sloping to the apex, which is acute; very
unequal with numerous irregular deep impressions and rugosities, variously
separated by a number of elevated lines or obtuse ridges running con-
fusedly in various directions ; legs long; thighs incrassated ; tibiae and
tarsi slender.

[234.] 318. TENEBRIO MoLitor Linnm,—Length of body 7% lines.
Taken in Nova Scotia by Capt. Hall.

Body oblong-linear, minutely and numerously punctured, a little
glossy, naked, above piceous, underneath rufo-piceous. Head uneven,
nearly orbicular ; anteriorly rufo-piceous ; antennae and palpi rufo-piceous ;
prothorax transverse, sides rounded with a reflexed margin; posterior
margin wavy, just above which, on each side, is a roundish impression ;
posterior angles acuminate: scutellum transverse, subacuminate: elytra
scarcely wider than the prothorax, slightly furrowed, furrows punctured
with the interstices transversely somewhat wrinkled, and most numerously
and minutely punctured ; shoulders short, compressed and incrassated ;.
cubit curved.

[An introduced European species that has spread all over Canada and.
the Northern States, and has become a great pest to millers, flour dealers.
and house-keepers. |

TENEBRIO PENNSYLVANICUS Anoch.—Length of body 8-9 lines.
Several specimens taken in Lat. 54°; it was also sent me by Dr. Harris.

196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

|235.] Body long, rather widest towards the anus, black, minutely
punctured, naked, not glossy. Head somewhat quadrangular, longer than
in the preceding species, uneven; prothorax nearly square with a minute
impression above the scutellum; posterior margin wavy; lateral very
slender and a little rounded ;_ scutellum subtriangular; elytra with nine
rows, including the marginal one, of punctures, and an abbreviated one at
the base next the suture ; under a powerful lens the interstices are minutely
but not thickly punctured: the shoulders are scarcely thicker than the
thighs.

[Belongs to JVyctobates Guen. ; very abundant throughout Canada.] .

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF ONTARIO.

The third annual general meeting of the Society was held at the
rooms, London, Ontario, on Thursday afternoon, Sept. 25th, 1873. The
President, the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., in the chair.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed.

The Secretary-Treasurer then read the financial statement, showing a
balance of $171.27 on hand.

On motion this report was received and adopted.

The President then delivered his annual address, a copy of which will
be found on another page.

Officers for the ensuing year were then elected, as follows :—

President, Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., Port Hope; Vice-President,
Mr. E. B. Reed, London ; Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. Joseph Williams, Lon-
don. Council—Mr. Wm. Saunders, London; Mr. R. V. Rogers,
Kingston ; Rev. Canon Innes, London; Mr. Geo. W. Bowles, Montreal ;
Mr. J. M. Denton, London. Auditors—Mr. C. Chapman, London ; Mr.
J. H. Gnffiths, London.

The Secretary read a letter from Mr. Caulfield, of Montreal, on behalf
of the Entomologists resident there, requesting permission to form a
Branch Society in that city. This was most cordially given, and the
Secretary was instructed to convey to Mr. Caulfield the best wishes of the
parent Society for the future success of the Montreal Branch.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 197

The Rev. C. J. S. Bethune having declined to act as Editor any longer,
Mr. Wm. Saunders was appointed in his stead.

The following Editing Committee were duly elected: Rev. C. J. S.
Bethune, M. A., and Messrs. Reed and Williams.

In accordance with clause 2, section 2 of the Constitution, the two
following gentlemen were elected Honorary Members: Mr. V. T. Chambers,
Covington, Kentucky ; Mr. P. R. Uhler, Baltimore, Maryland.

The following were elected Ordinary Members: Mr. John Wilkie,
Guelph; Mr. William McAllan, Woodstock; Mr. Samuel Anderson,
Wyoming,

A communication was read by the President in regard to the following -
resolutions, passed at the late meeting of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science :—

“We, the undersigned Entomologists, assembled at the 22nd meeting
“of the Amer. Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, held at Portland,
“hereby respectfully petition the American Entomological Society of
“ Philadelphia, and the Entomological Society of Canada, to appoint
“yearly meetings to be held at the same times and places with the annual
“meetings of the American Association. The undersigned are moved to
“this memorial from the considerations, that such prospective action of
“the Societies would ensure the annual assemblage of a large number of
“ Entomologists resident over a wide extent of territory, and also prac-
“tically enlarge the sphere and increase the usefulness of these Societies.”

*“ Resolyved—That the American Association for the Advancement of
“Science hereby endorses the accompanying memorial, and invites the
“Entomological Societies to call yearly meetings of their members in
“accordance with the request therein contained.”

After some discussion Mr. Saunders moved, seconded by Mr. E. B.
Reed—*“ That the Entomological Society of Ontario has heard with much
“pleasure the above resolutions of the American Association for the
“ Advancement of Science, and will gladly do everything in its power to
“ carry. out the proposed arrangements and facilitate the annual meeting
“of American Entomologists.”

“That we hereby tender our hearty thanks to the American Association
“for their cordial invitation, and that the Secretary be requested to
“ forward a copy of this resolution to the above Association.”

198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

EDITORIAL SUMMARY.

In the American Naturalist for September we find two very interesting
papers on Entomological subjects. The first by Prof. C. V. Riley, on
“Controlling Sex in Butterflies,’ in which he shows, we think pretty
conclusively, by the results of a number of experiments which he has
instituted, that the theory advanced by Mrs. M. Treat in the March
number of the /Va‘wra/ist, to the effect that the relative proportions in the
sexes of butterflies can be controlled by the quantity of food given, is
untenable. Mrs. Treat contended that by half starving a brood of larvee
you would obtain as a result either exclusively males or a very large pro-
portion of such, while by liberal feeding the reverse would be the case,
the gentler sex greatly preponderating. Prof. Riley thus sums up his
results: “On the whole, if these experiments indicate anything, they
indicate that where more males than females are obtained from stinted
larve, it is attributable to the fact that the females, being largest and
requiring most nourishment, succumb most readily under such treatment ;
rather than that the sexual characteristics are modified and determined by
such treatment.”

The second paper is the “ Third Annual Report on the Injurious and
Beneficial Insects of Massachusetts,” by A. S. Packard, Jr.

The author states that at a low estimate there are probably upwards of
50,000 species of insects in the United States, the proportions in the
different families being roughly estimated as follows :—Hymenoptera
(bees, wasps, ichneumon flies, sawflies, &c.,) 10,000; Lepidoptera (but-
terflies and moths,) 5,000 ; Diptera (two-winged flies,) 10,000; Coleoptera
(beetles,) 10,000 ; Hemiptera (bugs, &c.,) 10,000, with several thousand
species of Orthoptera (grasshoppers, &c.,) and Neuroptera (dragon flies,
caddis flies, &c.) A large number of these insects are as yet undescribed,
so that in the mere determination, classification and arrangement of these
vast hosts of animated creatures, an immense task has to be performed
for which the present number of working Entomologists is entirely insuffi-
cient, there being, the author states, but about thirty in this country who
publish anything relating to insects. Hence the more important work of
studying the history and habits of the various species is necessarily very
much interfered with.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199

With regard to insectivorous birds it is said that they seem to have
certain fancies of their own as to what they will eat among insects. The
canker-worm, which appears to be avoided by most birds, is eaten in large
numbers by doves, and the martin will store up in its nest quarts of the
common striped beetle of the potato, to the exclusion of other insects.

Some interesting details are given in reference to the history and mode
of life of the May Bug, Lachnosterna fusca, and also the Goldsmith Beetle,
Cotalpa lanigera, both destructive to the roots of the strawberry. The
Bean Weevil, an insect which seems to be largely on the increase in New
England, is noticed, and some suggestions given in regard to checking
its further spread. The seventeen year Locust and other species of .
Locusts are also referred to, as well as several other less injurious as well
as beneficial insects.

A DISTINGUISHED FRENCH VISIToR.—At the September 9th meeting
of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, among the distinguished
visitors present were Prof. C. V. Riley, of St. Louis, and Dr. J. E.
Planchon, professor of botany at Montpellier in France, the latter of whom
is now in this country under authority of the French Government, to
investigate our grape diseases. By invitation of the President, Dr.
Ruschenber, Prof. Riley gave an account of the PAyd/oxera or grape vine
root-louse, with his most recent discoveries in regard to the same. He
had little doubt but the insect was at the root of most diseases that attack
the grape in this country, as it was certainly in Europe. Prof. Leidy
inquired of Mr. Riley the true position of the insect in scientific classifi-
cation ; Prof. Riley replied that it was not yet well settled. Its appear-
ance brought it somewhere near the aphids, but it did not have successive
broods from one impregnation ; aphids did. In this respect it approaches
Coccus. He thought it between the two families.

Prof. Planchon described the ravages of the insect on the grape-roots
in France, and thought them less destructive on the roots of American
species of grapes than the European; and one of the objects of his
mission was to ascertain this fact definitely, so that in Europe some
American vines might be used as stocks for their vineyards.

It was clear from the fact, that the European vines had been but
recently attacked by it, and had suffered so severely from it; while in
America—the home of the insect—the wild vines had done tolerably well

200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

for so many ages, that the /7tis vinifera with it was more of a favorite.
He excused himself from any lengthy remarks on account of his limited
English, and would briefly say that he agreed entirely with Prof. Riley’s
views regarding it.

Mr. Thomas Meehan gave a history of grape-culture and grape-diseases
in Pennsylvania from the earliest time to the present, and showed that the
failures had never been satisfactorily explained on any theory sometimes
given, such as change of climate, or depletion of the soil. There were
always some facts or figures which rendered every previous theory inad-
missable to his mind, as he had frequently stated in other places. ° Prof.
Riley’s insect discovery, however, met all the requirements of the case, so
as to give an air of possibility to Mr. Riley’s views, such as no other
theory has possessed. ‘That when we saw the foreign grape and others
which often did perfectly well for years in one locality, and then failed, it
seemed absurd to suppose that the climate or soil suddenly gave out ; but
a sudden incursion of a brood of root-insects was a cause that could have
such a sudden effect.— Gardener's Monthzy.

LEAF-CUTTER BrEE.—For five summers a rose-leaf-cutter bee has built
her nest in a narrow-spouted watering-pot in my garden, and I have just
heard of another nest, found in the touch-hole of a gun belonging to our
volunteer artillery. My books on entomology only mention these bees’
nests as found in earth or cavities of walls; therefore I venture to record
the above as rather unusual localities.—F. C. in Hardwickes Science
Gossip.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

EXCHANGE.—I am desirous to exchange English for Canadian or
American Lepidoptera. I should also be glad to exchange living pup
of many British Lepidoptera for pupze of American species. J. C.
WASSERMAN, Beverly Terrace, Cullercoats, North Shields, England.

COLEOPTERA -FOR SALE.—A number of Rocky Mountain Coleoptera
will soon be for sale in sets by JoHN AKHURST, 19, Prospect Street,
Brooklyn, N.Y,

The Canadwin Entomologist.

MOL, V. LONDON, ONT., NOVEMBER, 1873. No. 11

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

9. THE DRAGON FLY—Libellula trimaculata, DeGeer.

BY J. WILLIAMS, LONDON, ONTARIO.

This insect belongs to the order Neuroptera, which term signifies
nerve-veined, so called in consideration of the netted structure of the
wings. The members of the particular family (Z7bel/ulide ) to which our
specimen belongs, rival many of the Butterflies in their graceful shapes
and brilliant colouring, while they excel them in rapidity of fiight. These
insects have received various popular names in different countries—the
French call them Demoiselles, the Germans Florfliegen or Gauze-flies, or
Wasserjungfern or Virgins of the Water, while the English style them
Dragon-flies, Horse-stingers or Devil’s Darning-needles. The English
terms, although lesss poetical than those of our European friends, are, we
believe, in a measure, more appropriate to the private character of these
insects, who fully earn the title of Dragon-flies, although they are not
Horse-stingers ; of the third title we can say nothing.

Our specimen, Libellula trimaculata (fig. 19) when full grown, may
Fig. 19.

be descrived as follows :—The body is much elongated and cylindrical,
and attains a length of two inches, in average specimens. ‘The head is

902 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

large and bears two very large and prominent compound eyes. These
eyes, which consist of many thousand facettes each, are so large that they
meet on the upper surface of the head. This great power of vision is
still increased by three simple eyes, or ocelli, situate on the upper surface
of the head. From the front part of the head project two short, tapering
antennae. The mouth occupies the front under surface of the head, and is a
most formidable structure. The upper lip is broad, and conceals very
powerful toothed organs, called mandibles; other organs of the mouth are
also armed with strong teeth which enable the creature to satisfy its carniv-
orous desires. The most remarkable portion of the mouth, however, is
the lower lip, a large, flat, lobed organ, closing the mouth from the under
side, and which may be projected forward to a comparatively great
distance when attacking other insects.

The thorax, or middle portion of the body, is three or four times as
long as the head, and very much greater in diameter. It resembles the
head in colour, being a medium chocolate shade, and is sparsely clothed
with very short hairs of the same hue.

The abdomen, or posterior part of Z. ¢rimacudata tapers very gradually
to the end, and is much smaller in diameter than the thorax, but more
than twice its length. The colour is slightly paler, and is relieved by a
line of pale yellowish blotches along each side, which gradually become
smaller in size toward the end of the body. The upper surface is arched,
while the under is flattened.

The legs are six in number, and are attached three to each side of the
lower surface of the thorax.

The wings, which are four in number, are attached two to each side of
the upper surface of the thorax, and are about one and a quarter inches
long, and three eighths to nearly half an inch in breadth; _ the front ones
being slightly the narrowest. The substance of the wings is a very deli-
cate net-work covered by a thin transparent membrane having a shining
surface. From the place of attachment of each wing there proceeds a
narrow elongated patch of a deep brown colour, while from about the
middle of the wings there is a large irregular patch of the same colour,
which extends completely across. The structure of the wings combines
great strength with lightness, thereby enabling the insect to fly with very
great rapidity. Their shining surface, transparency, and brilliant colouring
in this and other members of the same order, combine to give them a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203

beautiful appearance when flying in the bright sunshine, and evidently
suggested the popular names given to them by the French and Germans.

The Dragon-fly is usually found in the vicinity of small streams or
ponds, for reasons we will soon give. On bright and warm days in July
and August it may be seen skimming over the surface of the water or
ascending in graceful curves into the air, in search of food. When it
rests, its wings are expanded horizontally.

Notwithstanding their graceful and ‘“ Demoiselle ” appearance, they
are most bloodthirsty creatures. Their rapid flight and enormous range
of vision enable them to capture other insects with ease, while, their taste
not being limited, they can consume butterflies, moths and other insects
without compunction, and they are known to destroy and eat each other,
as well as very small fishes (Figuier). However, it is this ravenous
propensity which makes this insect so very valuable to man, as they
destroy immense numbers of other insects which are injurious to vegetable
and other products, and do not injure these substances themselves. A
few of them shut in a house will soon rid it of flies, bugs and mosquitoes,
and therefore their presence should be welcomed. The popular opinion
that they are dangerous to man is without foundation, as they can neither
bite, sting, or poison him.

We may now consider the development of JZ. ¢rimaculata from the
egg, as it furnishes some very curious and interesting information.

When the female is about to deposit her eggs, she attaches herselt to
some plant growing out of the water, and pushing her abdomen beneath
the surface, glues a bunch of eggs to the submerged stem or leaf (Uhler).
These eggs produce larve which have a distant and ugly resemblance to
the perfect insect. The larva is active and passes its existence in the
water, feeding on numerous weaker insects. It possesses a curious syringe
like apparatus situated in the end of the body, by which it discharges a
stream of water for a distance of two or three inches behind it, thereby
propelling the insect forward. The motion thus given is most irregular
and appears to be beyond the control of the larva. This curious arrange-
ment serves for respiration as well as locomotion.

The larva soon reaches the pupa state (corresponding to the chrysalis
state of a butterfly), in which it is also active, crawling over the bottom
of the stream preying on other insects. In this state it is longer than the

204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

larva, and still more resembles the perfect insect. The accompanying —
E78. figure (No. 20) of a pupa of a species of “schna,
nearly allied to Z. ¢rimaculata, will give an idea

of the appearance of that of our Dragon-fly.

When about to become a perfect insect, the
pupa climbs up some suitable plant near the
surface of the water and attaching itself firmly
awaits the last great change. In a short time
the skin opens down the back, and the adult
Dregon-fly, by bending backwards and forwards
for some time, emerges. It only requires to
remain a few hours till its wings attain their full size
and hardness, when it starts off on a life long
expedition of plunder.

REMARKS ON RECENT NAMES GIVEN TO SOME
LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS.

BY H. K. MORRISON, OLD CAMBRIDGE, MASS,

Looking over some recent papers, by one of our most careful and
distinguished naturalists, well known by his contributions to all branches
of Natural History, but more particularly to Lepidopterists by his exfaus-
tive studies on the genera of North American Bombycide, we were
surprised to see the numerous and apparently unnecessary repetitions of
the same specific name in closely allied genera and families.

In a single article on the Phalaenidz of California, there are in this
group alonc fez species named Californiaria or Cadliforniata. If the
Phalaenidz were an immense group, containing many distinct generic
types but loosely connected by intermediate forms, so large a number of
species of the same name would be opposed to all precedent in nomen-
clature. But, on the contrary, there is no group so compact, none in
which the genera are so difficult to define, and united by stronger and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205

‘more conspicuous characters. Such being the nature of this group, we
would expect at least to find Cadiforniaria distributed among the different
families, but it occurs in the same family; and in two genera Zephrosia
and Boarmia, so intimately related that only an expert Entomologist can
separate them correctly in every instance.

This is not the only case in which this name is repeated by the same
author, for in ‘ Contributions towards a Monograph of the Bombycide
of the United States,” Californica occurs four times, in the genera Pyrr-
arctia, Leucarctia, Phygamdia and Clisiocampa, the first three of which
are in the same family, and would have been referred to the same genus,
Arctia,ten years ago. Here are fourteen species described by one author
under one name, which should not properly have been used at all, for
there already exist nine species of Lepidoptera described by previous
Entomologists as Californica. In a paper on Geometride in the sth
Report of the Peabody Academy of Science, we find three species having
the name of Sw/phuraria, which has already been much used in Lepidop-
tera.

It seems to us that this repetition in species of the same group and
country cannot fail to cause confusion, and to render our nomenclature,

the condition of which is at present deplorable, still more difficult to
-straighten out.

There certainly is no warrant in the works of the writers on Lepidop-
tera for such a proceeding, and Guenee, the great anthority for Noctuilites
and Phalaenites, is scrupulously careful in this regard, and of the hundreds
of species which he described, in not a single instance is the name
repeated.

NOTES ON COSMIA ORINA, GUENEE.
BY AUG. R. GROTE., BUFFALO, N. Y.

Mr. Wm. Saunders has sent me, under the number 115, specimens of
a Noctuid “ from larvae found on oak, imago July r9th,” which I regard
as this species. The moth is variable in general colour and the appear-
ance of the discal spots, and hence Guenée’s description will not always
literally apply. The only difference of importance I can see is that the
two median trapezoidal lines on the fore wings are wider apart on the
internal margin than in my specimens of the European ¢rafezina. Guenée

206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

mentions this character in his description of C. orixa in the following-
words : “‘ les deux lignes medianes fines, blanches, disposees en trapeze
plus ouvert par le bas que chez Zrapezina.” Except that the hind wings
are paler, I hardly see any other difference and I do not see the discal
point beneath. In one specimen the “ points terminaux” are “ bien
marqués,” as in the var. A of ¢rafezina, but the wings are not “ teintés de
rouge—brique clair.”

ERRATA ET ADDENDA TO MR. GROTE’S PAPERS.

P. 143, line 19, for Basilarclia read Basilarchia.
os *¢ 31, add ‘‘ Polygonum had been previously used in Botany.”
P. 144, line 29, add “ Hubner’s cereus is a South American species..
Westwood’s caenius is our very distinct pumila. Hubner does not, in
fact, refer to pumila at all. It is no part of his genus Polystichtis.”

NOTES ON THE LARVA OF COSMIA ORINA, GUEN.
BY THE EDITOR.

A smooth, yellowish green larva, found feeding on oak, taken by bush
beating, June 2oth.

Length nine tenths of an inch, form cylindrical.

Head rather smooth, flattened in front, slightly bilobed, pale whitish
green, with a few fine yellowish hairs not visible without a magnifyer.

Body above pale yellowish green, with a dorsal line of yellow, less
distinct on the anterior segments, and covered with fine dots and short
streaks of yellow, less numerous on second and terminal segments. There
are a few fine short yellowish hairs scattered over the surface similar to
those on the head. Spiracles small, oval, whitish, encircled with dull
red.

Under surface of a slightly darker shade of green sprinkled with many
minute yellowish white dots ; feet pale and shining, prolegs green, both
faintly tipped with brown.

One specimen which entered the chrysalis state on the 24th of June
produced the imago on the 18th of July.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207

THE MILCH-COWS OF THE ANTS.
BY THOMAS G. GENTRY, GERMANTOWN, PA.

The above title, which forms the subject-matter of the present article,
is one that has claimed the attention of the most eminent naturalists of
all time. Although much has been said and written upon the subject,
still there is room for more. As science advances in its onward march
new facts are developed ; some of these have a tendency to subvert long
established principles, others to confirm pre-existent notions.

It is well known to naturalists and others that the Aphides secrete, or
rather excrete a sweet, viscid fluid, which affords a rich repast for various
species of ants. Ordinarily these little creatures are visited by the ants
upon the tender branchlets and leaves of plants ; but it has been asserted
that they even keep them as human beings do cows. By many this has
been deemed partly imaginary.

Formerly I was disposed to drift with the popular opinion in this
particular, but latterly some few facts, which accidentally fell under my
notice whilst searching for Carabs, have confirmed me in the opinion
that such is the case in at least one species of Formica.

Whilst exploring a neighboring thicket lately, I was led to raise every
stone that lay across or on the side of my path, as experience had
taught me that the objects of my search were generally to be found in
such concealed places. It was on one of these occasions.that I noticed a
nest of Formica sanguinea. Disturbed by this unexpected intrusion, the
colony soon presented a scene of activity. My interest being at once
excited, I decided to change my occupation for the time, and
instantly seated myself down upon a slight mound where I could com-
mand a view of the nest, and observe the minutest details of ant life. I
was not long in perceiving that the community consisted of full-grown
neuters, larve in various stages of developement, and a small species of
white Aphis that is ordinarily found adherent to the roots of plants. Not
a single male or female was to be seen, they doubtless were occupying
at the time the subterranean galleries. The working portion of the com-
munity was evidently divided into three classes, each having a separate and
distinct part to perform. The first class had the exclusive care

208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of the more matured larve ; the second the comparatively feeble, and the
third the charge of the herds. On the disturbance alluded to, each class
immediately set to work in the discharge of its prescribed duty. But as
itis to the third class that I shall particularly call attention, I shall be
compelled to pass over the two preceding classes, referring your readers to
the forthcoming Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences, where their habits will be found minutely detailed.

But now to the third class. When the disturbance took place, its
individual members were so intent upon soliciting by their caresses the
much coveted sweet, most likely to be used as food for the young larvee
(but this I could not determine at the time), that they did not seem to
notice the invasion of their jurisdiction. When fully aware of the fact
instead of leaving their flocks at the mercy of the invader, and seeking
their own personal safety by flight, each manifested the deepest concern
for the little creatures who pandered so willingly to their temporal welfare.
As if conscious of the debt of gratitude which they owed to them, they
carried them down into their underground dwellings, where they found
them comfortable quarters. Here it is plain that these tender creatures
receive as much, if not infinitely more, care and attention than man is apt
to bestow upon his flocks. Whether they bring the food to them or not
it is not my province to say; but this I do affirm, that the galleries of &
sanguinea, whenever I have observed plant-lice therein, have always been
constructed where these little creatures can find an ample supply of
natural food. It may be probable that the lice are carried to the food ;
but that they are escorted to it by the ants is highly certain, as the slightest
disposition to stray away by the more roving ones, is instantly checked.
But on the whole, it-cannot be denied that under the rule of their peaceful
masters—the ants—they lead happy and prosperous lives.

NiO LE S/O Nove OF, TAC en eee

BY W. V. ANDREWS, NEW YORK.

I can endorse (not necessary of course) Mr. Mead’s “ Notes on
Collecting,” pub. p. 78, vol. 5 of the “ Entomologist,” with right good
will, having used similar methods myself for several years. I think I got
my idea from D. Girard Knaggs.

vie a) i ee
Y

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209

A little improvement, however, may be made. If the collector, instead
of putting in his ‘‘ Cyanide of Potassium” in “lumps,” will pound it to
a fine powder, intimately mix it with the necessary amount of Plaster of
Paris, and then pour in water till the mixture has by stirring assumed the ©
consistency of cream, he will have a more efficacious, as well as a more
lasting box (or bottle). When lumps, particularly large lumps, are used,
it is difficult without using too much plaster, to cover the cyanide so that
it shall not deliquesce. Of course if it begins to do so more and more
of the surface is exposed and the box is always damp, and is liable to act
on the colors of the captured insects.

Mr. Mead uses a bottle. I use a box. For general purposes the box
commonly used for putting up Baking Powders will answer all purposes
except in the “Catocala” season. But a box of that size, or as I think
of any size, necessitates the making of a larger one on the same plan.
That is a “transfer box,” which remains in the house, or remains on the
hunting ground, according to circumstances.

After making two or three captures from one tree, I never think of
injuring the plumage of those by making an addition to them by intro-
ducing a lively moth; but immediately remove these to the “ transfer
box.” By the next morning they are in good setting order. Thus I go
through the night, the “transfer box” ultimately containing all the

captures.

Of course it matters little whether a box ora bottle is used. In fact,
it may be well to have a bottle for home service, and a box for the field.
A box, as described, is a much better collecting vessel for Coleoptera
than any alcohol bottle.

The best “ transfer box ” that I have ever used is a tin one about six
inches in diameter and about two and a half inches in depth—used
legitimately, I believe, for holding coffee samples.

Now, all these supposed improvements are based on the idea that
having two or more dead moths in your collecting box, the third one,
when introduced, will be absurdly lively for a time. This, at any rate, is
my experience. The little fellows seem to have no idea of the important
part they have to fill in Entomological Science, and dart about in the
most reckless manner. Mr. Mead seems not to have met with such an
inconvenience, but my captures have been uniformly obstreporous.
Besides, I cannot help thinking that to doulverse a box of dead moths,
say a hundred times a night, must do some little damage to them.

210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

I never met with any inconvenience from ants as Mr. Mead has, but I
have met with a rather serious one (because it is almost “‘ morally” im-
possible to remove it) in the various species of tree toads. Beautiful
little fellows, with eyes like diamonds, that will mount your garden fences
and snap up unwary Heterocera without compunction. Rather annoying
but of course you cannot drive them away.

Mr. Mead says nothing about a light. I advise a sgware tin lantern
with a good reflection and some means of shutting off the light, which
should be turned on suddenly. A Bulls-eye concentrates the light too
much. Strap the lantern around your waist. I like a little rum in the
molasses for the moths, and a little for myself.

INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA.
COMPILED BY THE REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, M. A.

From Kirby’s Fauna Boreah-Americana: Insecta.

(Continued from Page 196.)

FAMILY DIAPERID.

320. Diaperis (Arrhenoplita) BIcoRNIs.— Oliv.—Length of body,
male 114, female 2 lines. Several taken in the route from New York to
Cumberland-house.

Body punctured, glossy ; underneath black, above black-bronzed or
green-bronzed. Head of the female transversely impressed between the
eyes, unarmed; in the male just behind the eyes is a pair of long
cylindrical vertical piceous horns rather paler at the apex, between which
is a deep excavation ; the nose also at the apex is armed with a pair of
minute triangular teeth ; mouth, in both sexes, rufous: antennae black
with the three first joints attenuated and rufous ; prothorax transverse
with the sides rounded, posteriorly obtusangular but not lobed ; scutellum

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, ra As

triangular ; elytra slightly furrowed with the furrows punctured ; interstices
minutely punctured ; anus underneath with two transverse obtuse ridges ;
-legs rufous.

[Belongs to Hoplocephala Lap. ; quite common in Canada.]

[236.] FAMILY BOLITOPHAGIDA.

321. BoLiropHAGUS CORNUTUS Faér.—Length of body 5 lines.
“Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby, in a Boletus of the birch, near Lake
Huron. [Quite common in old dry fungi on trees and stumps. For
description and figures see Say’s Amer. Entomology, vol. i, p. 114, plate
51. With regard to the orthography of this word, we may mention that
the Greek term is #olites,and the Latin Boletus; as the termination
_phagus is Greek the generic name of the insect should be written as
above, Bolitophagus, while Boletus is quite correct as applied to the

fungus. |

322. BOLITOPHAGUS OBCORDATUS Kirby.—Length of body 6%
lines. Taken in Nova Scotia by Capt. Hall.

Body linear-oblong, pollinose. Head brown-black, subtriangular ;
labrum ciliated with yellow hairs; antennae black-piceous, last joint
smaller than the two antecedent ones, which are bigger than the rest:
prothorax brown-black, obcordate with a larger anterior sinus for the
head ; surface flat, uneven behind from five obtuse ridges, the lateral ones

_abbreviated, and before from several rounded tubercles : scutellum minute :
elytra embrowned with a yellowish tint from lutose scales, anteriorly [23 7\
with three obtuse ridges: the interior one very short ; the intermediate
one discoidal, abbreviated at each end; and the exterior one reaching
from the base to the apical tubercles, of which there are two much
elevated, the interior one being the largest and highest ; in the interstices
there are four rows of deep impressions: the sides of the antepectus are
verrucose ; the abdomen is black-brown with lutose sides; the disk is
longitudinally, densely, and thickly wrinkled, and the sides are verrucose ;
legs black-brown.

This species differs from the preceding one in the form of the thorax
-and the clava of the antennae, and ought perhaps to form a subgenus.

[Belongs to Vosoderma Esch. : rather rare in Canada. ]

212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

FAMILY HELOPIDA.

Genus Meracantua Azréy.—Labrum transverse, scarcely emarginate ;-
labium subtriangular, longitudinally and obtusely ridged in the middle
with a deep impression on each side ; mandibles bidentate ? at the apex ;
maxilla mutilated ; maxillary palpi first joint minute : second longer than
the rest, clavate ; third obconical ; fourth very large, securiform ; labial
palpi broken off ; mentum trapazoidal; antennae filiform, scape incras-
sated ; pedicel obconical ; third joint longer than the rest, subcylindrical,
a little incrassated at the apex ; fourth shorter than the fifth, subobconical ;
fifth longer than the subsequent ones, elongate, obconical; 6—t1o
obconical, gradually decreasing in length, and the gth and roth in thick-
ness ; 11th ovate acute.

Body ovate, convex, apterous. Head triangular; front elevated on
each side at the eyes protecting the base of the antennae; eyes large,
. lateral, internally emarginate. Prothorax rather wider than long, narrowest
anteriorly, subquadrangular ; margined on the sides and anteriorly, margin
very slender. Scutellum an obtusangled triangle. Elytra with the
epipleura narrow, falciform ; shoulders incrassated, armed with a tooth ;
calcaria very short and scarcely visible.

[238.] 323. MERACANTHA CANADENSIS A7zréy.—Length of body 6
lines. Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

Body black-bronzed, naked, glossy, punctured: on the upper side of
the body the colour is more metallic. Head and prothorax confluently
punctured, two last joints of the antennae pale from hairs ; elytra slightly
furrowed, the sutural and the marginal furrows meeting at the apex and
including the rest; furrows punctured ; interstices very minutely and
thinly punctured ;_ sides of the abdomen longitudinally wrinkled: tooth
of the shoulder short and wide, placed a little above the middle.

FAMILY STENOCHIAD.

Genus ARTHROMACRA Xvrby.—Labrum transverse ; labium dilated
above the insertion of the palpi, subemarginate: mandibles bidentate at
the apex; maxille bilobed; lobes thick, obtuse; maxillary palpi
incurved, four-jointed ; first joint minute; second longer than the rest,
clavate; third shorter than the fourth, triangular; fourth very large
securiform, with the truncature oblique: labial palpi three-jointed, last

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23

joint securiform ; mentum obtriangular ; antennae filiform, eleven-jointed ;
scape short, incrassated ; pedicel short, incrassated at the apex ; joints
3—8 obconical, nearly twice the length of the pedicel ; last joint cylin-
drical, downy, as long as the five antecedent ones taken together.

Body long and slender ;_ head triangular; eyes kidney-shaped; pro-
thorax cylindrical, not wider than the head ; scutellum rounded; elytra
wider than the thorax, linear ; legs slender ; tarsi very long.

[239.] 324. ARTHROMACRA DoNAcIoIDES Azrdy.—Length of body
5 lines. Taken in Canada, near Lake St. Clair, by Dr. Bigsby. Speci-
mens also from Massachusetts.

Body black-bronzed with a greenish tint, glossy, with the whole upper
surface thickly aud irregularly punctured ; underneath, except the sides
of the trunk, impunctured. Antennae much longer than the head and
prothorax, scape and pedicel dusky, 3—8 joints tawny-yellow : last joint
black, downy ; prothorax nearly cylindrical ; elytra wider than the pro-
thorax, obtuse at the apex ; thighs a little incrassated ; apex of the cubit
and tarsi tawny-yellow ; two last joints of the latter dusky.

This singular insect, at first sight, looks very like a Donacia, a
resemblance merely given by its colour.

[Belongs to Statyra Latr.; previously described as Lagria aenea by
Say (Am. Ent. i, 191) ; not uncommon in Canada. ]

FAMILY CISTELID#.

325. CISTELA ERYTHROPA Kirby.—Length of body 5 lines. Taken
in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

Body elliptical, gloss obscured, especially on the elytra, by very short
decumbent hairs. Head longitudinally and slightly impressed between
the eyes; antennae longer than the prothorax, reddish brown, with the
three first joints rufous: prothorax transverse, anteriorly not wider than
the head, posteriorly obsoletely trilobed, and nearly as wide as the elytra ;
lateral angles acute ; elytra slightly furrowed ; furrows scarcely punctured ;
legs pale rufous ; posterior tarsi long, embrowned.

BTA THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

CORRESPONDENCE.
DEAR SIR,—

In the September number of the ‘‘ Entomologist” I find my name
mentioned as one of a committee appointed by the entomologists at the
late meeting of the American Association, at Portland, to codify rules of
nomenclature for the guidance of entomologists.

I was not present when this action was taken, and immediately notified
the Secretary that I declined to act upon any such committee, which, in
my judgment, should only be selected by and among zoologists in general.

SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

Dear SIR,—

I have to respond to Mr. Andrews’ remarks, by requesting you to
publish one of Mr. Strecker’s letters to me regarding the species of Hemaris.
“This will show that I could not have known anything of Mr. Andrews.
Mr. Strecker, it will be seen, asks my assistance. Possibly Mr. Strecker
may have expected I would determine the species as “ new,” or publish
my observations in his very defective work. I knew nothing of the fact
that Mr. Andrews expected a dedication, or that I was to dothe work of
determination to enable Mr. Strecker to perform that graceful office. Mr.
Strecker, for his private gratification, has instigated Mr. Andrews to figure
in a most absurd manner before the public, and the whole exhibition is
arranged for the purpose of bringing Mr. Strecker’s indifferent publication
into notoriety, at the expense of Mr. Andrews’ desires to figure as an
Entomological, or other, authority. From the letter following it will
appear that Mr. Strecker could not determine the species sent me. _ For, |
when the specimens came to hand, “No. 1 Diffinis” was Hemaris
tenuis: “No. 2, “ke Diffinis,” was Hemaris diffinis; “‘No. 6” was H.
uniformis, and, in consequence of my determination, it is so cited in
page 12 of Mr. Strecker’s work. “No. 4” was not received by me; “No.3”
was my Hemaris marginalis ; “ No. 5, Thysbe,” was not the usual form of
that species. None of the species named by Mr. Strecker were correctly
determined. Considering that I had written at length on the genera

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215

Hemaris (Sesia, Grote, restr.) and Haemorrhagia, and had described six
out of the nine species previously catalogued, I was not struck with any
impropriety on the part of Mr. Strecker in submitting his material for
determination to me. Mr. Strecker’s letter is as follows * :

Reading, March 13, 1873.
DEAR Mr. GROTE,—

Iam in a muddle with my Seside. In your catalogue you have
thetis, diffinis, axillaris, gracilis, buffaloensis, ¢hysde, fusicaudis, Floridensis 5
those underscored I know, the others I don’t know by a shot and a half.
I have read your description of axillaris, and I think I have it, but ain’t
sure. Here is the way they are in my collection :

1. Dzffinis.

2. Like Diffinis, but margin of fore wings slightly scolloped inside.

3. Like Diffinis, but margin acutely dentated inside and broader ;
from Michigan.

4. Thetis.

5. Thysbe.

6. Like Thysbe, but margin of wings not dentated inwardly ; abdo-
men more robust, not so long; from Labrador. No. 6 may be Buffalo-
ensis ; I thought I had Buffaloensis, but if this:be it not, then I have not
that species ; can’t you get me an example of it and gracilis ?

What are fusicaudis and Floridensis? Where can they be seen? If
I could borrow the examples not in my collection I would figure the
whole lot of them, all the N. Am. Sesias on one plate, and with your aid
in the accompanying text the world might be set to rights on that bother-
some genus as far as the N. Am. species are concerned. Can you help
me to get the material for my plate? also, can you tell me what my Nos.
2 and 3 are by what I have written above.

Write soon to yours truly,
HERMAN STRECKER,
Box 111, Reading P. O., Berks C’y, Pa.

I wish, at least for the moment, to “let the whole thing drop
together,” as Mr. Andrews suggests, with the following note from Mr,
Andrews, which is rather different in tone from those printed on pages

* This letter is set up from the original. In Mr. Grote’s communication, pp.
176-177, for ‘‘ Heman’s” read everywhere ‘‘ Hemaris.”—Ep. Can. Env.

916 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

177 and 178. It was occasioned by my sending him entire (by the
hands of my friend) Strecker’s letters to me, showing his entire conceal-
ment of Andrews’ connection with the specimens, and absence of any
restriction as to their use. While Mr. Andrews prints in one style, trying
to justify an unprovoked attack, he writes in a different vein. I may be
“public property,” at least Mr. Andrews says I am, but I certainly am
not the frivaze property cf either Mr. Andrews or Mr. Strecker, as which
they would treat me. Mr. Andrews’ simile of the five dollar bill enures
to my credit, for Mr. Strecker sent me uncurrent ones and I returned
good species that will pass current anywhere. Mr. Andrews would
quarrel with a man who supplied him with the information by which
his doubtful money became genuine. On further provocation I am pre-
pared to furnish additional information relative to this absurdly disgusting
plot in which Mr. Strecker is the most to blame, but in the exposure of
which he has shrewdly placed Mr. Andrews in the position of suffering
most. The “ Press Copy” alluded to below was the letter on page 178.

Room 4, No. 117 Broadway, New York, Sept. 18, 1873.

DEAR SIR,—

Enclosed herewith please find Press Copy of a letter I have addressed
to the “Canadian Entomologist.” In justice to both parties I do not
think I can say more or less.

In writing to Mr. Grote you will be kind enough to express my great
regret that any occasion should have existed justifying my action in the
premises, and my confident belief that he has not wilfully done wrong to
me. Yours very truly,

W. V. ANDREWS.
E. L. Graef, Esq., 40 Court St., Brooklyn.

I apologize for taking up so much of your valuable room.
Yours truly,
Auc. R. GRoTE.

Our limited space fordids any further continuance of this correpond-
ence.—ED. C. E.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 217

EDITORIAL SUMMARY.

How po Parasitic INsecrs DETECT THEIR PREY ?—A variety of
opinions have been expressed as to the means by which ichneumon flies
and other parasitic insects discover the living objects upon which they
seek to deposit their eggs. Some have inferred that this is done by sight,
others by smell, or by the operation of some peculiar sense unknown to
us. The rapid movements of some of the Hymenopterous parasites
which attack caterpillars would rather lead one to suppose that the sense
of touch is an agent, if not the sole agent. These flies may be noticed
running rapidly up and down leaves and twigs, with vibrating antennae
and palpi, sometimes going over very nearly the same ground again and
again, which they would hardly do if they chiefly depended upon their
eyes; and were any odour given forth which led them to their victims,
these flies would hardly wander about in the manner we see. It is quite
possible they may detect even the larvae of Tortrices by the feel of the
leaf enclosing these, though the larvae themselves are screened.—F. &.
S. C. in Hardwicke's Science Gossip.

ANTS AND “THE TAINT OF THE Hanp.”—In JWVature, July 24, Mr.
James D. Hague, writing on the habits of ants, attributes their dislike to
the place across which a finger has been drawn to ‘‘the taint of the
hand.”

Now, Sir, I have frequently drawn a line with a piece of chalk across
the track of ants, and observed in them the same symptoms of dislike as
Mr. Hague’s ants showed to the finger-mark.

I have also drawn a small circle with chalk round one or more ants,
who will seek a spot untouched by the chalk through which to make their
escape ; but should there be no such opening, they will presently cross
the circle. If, however, this enclosure be made upon a perpendicular
wall, &c., they will frequently drop to the ground rather than walk across
the line.

Now, as I have never observed this same dislike—exhibited by drop-
ping—of the “taint” when‘ants have been running over my hands, and
_ as the chalk-line has the same effect as the finger-mark, may it not be
something else than the “taint of the hand” to which the ants object
when their usual track is interfered with ?—G. £. £., Nature.

218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

We quote the following from the excellent ‘“‘ Entomological Record,”
by Prof. Townend Glover, in the monthly report of the Department of
Agriculture, Washington, for October, at the same time thanking our
esteemed friend for his kindness in sending us so regularly this valuable
report :—

**GRAPE-VINE Borers.—Mr. Fred. J. Kron, of Albemarle, North
Carolina, in a letter to the Department, complains bitterly of the injury
done to all varieties of grape-vines by the grape-vine borer, Zgeria
polistiformis, described and figured in former reports of the Department
(1854, p. 80, and 1867, p. 72.) Mr. Kron states the insect has destroyed
for him one hundred and seven varieties of grapes, derived from the
Luxembourg, in Paris, including some five thousand vines ; and adds that
there is but one variety that has, so far, defied its ravages, and that is the
Scuppernong, which flourishes in the midst of the devastation caused by
the borer, all around it. Mr. Kron likewise states that he found a
Phylloxera on Clinton root, and adds: “ The insect has been noticed
here for more than thirty years,” but he does not complain of its doing
much injury.”

“‘In connection with this last-named insect,so destructive to the grape-
vines of France, Mr. Gaston Bazille, vice-president of the Agricultural
Society of Herault, publishes a remedy for the Phylloxera, which is
translated and republished by Mr. Charles V. Riley, in the New York
Tribune, as follows :”

“Three holes are made around the injured or infested vine, varying the
depth according to the nature of the soil, but generally 234 feet. These
holes were made in the experiments reported by means of a pointed iron
bar and aheavy maul. A tube, with a funnel attached, is placed in the
hole, two ounces of sulphuret of carbon are poured into the tube, which
is then closed with a cork. The vapor of the sulphuret of carbon per-
meates the soil and impregnates all the roots of the vine. The gas
engendered (though not the case with the liquid) is not fatal to the vine,
but is sure death to the insects. Four ounces of the liquid has been
found sufficient for an ordinary vine ;_ but sprinkling on the surface must
be carefully avoided, as it is in such a case very injurious to the vine,
whereas a pound may be used in the soil without injury to the roots.”

How to SenD Opjects THROUGH THE Post.—I am often grieved,
on reading your “ notices to correspondents,” to see the complaints of
articles being received in such a “ smashed” state as to be useless; and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219:

in your number for this month it is recommended to enclose them in a tin
box to withstand the energy of the post-office officials. But even that is
not safe; for though the said box itself may not be broken by the
tremendous whack the said officials usually lay on, yet still, very delicate
objects inside may be injured by concussion. In short there is a better
way, by which I have sent microscopic objects hundreds of miles and
numerous times, without the slightest injury. It is as follows: It is quite
a mistake to place stamps upon the box itself. They should be fixed to
one of the common luggage labels, which is then attached to the box by
a reliable piece of string, so as to separate it from the box by about two
inches. The “ official” may then whack away at the luggage label to his
heart’s content, and no harm be done. In this case the box need not be
strong; and, to prove this I now send, for your acceptance, a very fine
specimen of the Chirodota violacea, popularly known as ‘‘ Pharaoh’s
chariot-wheels.” The containing box, you see, is purposely slight ; and
yet, I will venture to say, you will receive the slide uninjured ; and, if so,
I hope you will inform your readers of the fact, and draw their attention
to the impropriety of placing their stamps on the box. I will merely add
that by the “common luggage label” I mean those made of paper pasted
on cloth, and having a small ring atoneend. They are sold by the dozen
at almost every stationer’s shop. I must add that I do not claim the
merit of the invention. It is by no means new, but, nevertheless, does
not appear to be known to many. One more remark. The address
should be written (as you see I have) on the label itself ; and, though not
absolutely needful,it is a good plan to wrap the box in black paper, which
prevents all temptation to stamp it, as in that case the stamp will not be
seen.— 77. U. F.

[Our correspondent is quite right. His frail box reached us safely, and
we cannot but be glad of the post-office energy which has happened so
fortunately for us!—£d. Science Gossip.|

We heartily concur in the remarks of H. U. J. It is most grievous to
have fine specimens so ruthlessly smashed, as we sometimes receive them,
beyond any possibility of recognition. We are glad to state that this
method of attaching a stout paper-and-cloth label, which we know in this
country as a tag, and putting the address and stamps on it, instead of the
box, has already been adopted by some of our correspondents. We
received a few days since from a friend in San Francisco a box containing

22,0 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

several delicate moths, which, packed with this provision, reached us
unhurt.

Having given at pp. 199, on the authority of the ‘‘ Gardener's
Monthly” for October, some remarks on Phylloxera said to have been
made by Mr.C. V. Riley, we gladly make room for the following correction
in the “ Monthly ” for November, just at hand :-—

“ PHyLLOXERA—CORRECTION.—Fniend Meehan: In your October
issue, speaking of some remarks of mine before the Academy of Natural
Sciences, you have the following, the italics being mine :

Prof. Leidy inquired of Mr. Riley-:the true position of the insect in

scientific classification ; Prof. Riley replied that it was not yet well settled.

Its appearance brought it somewhere near the aphids, but it did not have
successive broods from one impregnation; aphids did. In this respect it
approaches coccus. He thought it between the two families.

I am sure I said no such foolish thing. What I did say was that the
insect belonged to the sub-order Homoptera, and that while it was at
present classed with the plant-lice (Aphidide) it bears close relation to
the bark-lice ( Coccide.) Phylloxera multiplies agamically like all the
Aphidide, and therefore does produce successive broods from one
impregnation. Yours truly,

Co. Vo Ria

BOOKS RECEIVED.

Die Larven von Ascalaphus, von Dr. H. Hagen, 8vo., pp. 64.
On the Larve of the Hemerobina, by Dr. H. A. Hagen, 8vo., pp. 6.
On the Butterflies of Anticosti, by Aug. R. Grote, 8vo., pp. 1.

Report on Pseudoneuroptera and Neuroptera of North America in the Collection of the late Th. W.
Harris. By H. A. Hagen, 8vo., pp. 39.

Revision of the Genera and Species of the Tribe Hydrobiini, by George H. Horn, M.D. §8vo., pp. 20.

Revisionof the Several Genera of Meloide of the United States, by George H. Horn, M. D. 8vo., pp. 29.

Contributions to Entomological Bibliography up to 1862, by Albert Muller, F.L.S. Nos. 1 and 2.
8vo., pp. 24.

Catalogue of the Pyralide of California, with Descriptions of new Californian Pterophoride, by A. S.
Packard, jr. Svo., pp. 15. (From Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., vol. x, No. 9, 1873.)

Le Naturaliste Canadien, Sept., 1878.

Nature, to October 30th, 1873.

Monthly Reports of the Department of Agriculture, August, September and October.
Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, vol. i, No. 3.August, 1873.
Scottish Naturalist, April, July, October, 1873.

Newman’s Entomologist, July, August and September, 1873.

Journal of Education, October, 1873.

The Zoologist, August and September, 1873.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, January and February, 1873.
The Horticulturist, October, 1873.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, August, 1873.

American Naturalist, September, October, 1873.

ae ae

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. V. LONDON, ONT., DECEMBER, 1873. No. 12

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

zo. THE CLOUDED SULPHUR BUTTERFL Y—
Colias philodice, Godt.

BY THE EDITOR.

The clouded sulphur is everywhere one of our commonest butterflies,

abundant in its season in fields and roadways, frequently congregating in
Fig. 21.

groups on the borders of streams
nd springs, where, in hot weather
they seem to enjoy settling on the
moist ground. They are still more
abundant in clover fields as the
season advances.

The female of this species differs

somewhat in its markings from the
Colours, yellow and black. male, as will be readily seen by

reference to the figures, 21 representing the female, 22 the male. The
ground colour of the wings in both sexes is bright yellow, marked on the
outer edge with a dark brown or blackish border, narrower in the male
than it is in the female, while in the Fig. 22.
latter it encloses on the anterior wings 2a
a broken row of irregular yellow spots =
There is also a spot of black placed
near the front edge of the fore wings, 7
about half way between the base and 2/83 \ SS
tip, varying in form and distinctness. hf My, “RAR
The hind wings in both sexes are less K/L ABS
heavily margined, and near the middle Colours, yellow and black,
is a dull pale orange spot. Both wings are dusky towards the base, and
the fringes are pink.

222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

On the under surface the yellow colour is less bright, while the dark
margins are either entirely wanting or else represented by a dusky shade
margined occasionally within by a few dull brownish dots. The spot on
the forewings is distinct, but paler and usually centered with a small silvery
eye. That on the hind wings is much more distinct than above, being
composed of a bright silvery spot in the centre defined by a dark brown
line which is in turn encircled with dull orange. Immediately above and
a little towards the outer edge is a much smaller spot of the same
character; there is also a reddish dot on the anterior edge, about the
middle of the wing. The antenne are pink, with the knobs at their tips
of a darker shade; the body is dark above, paler at the sides and
underneath.

This insect appears first on the wing about the middle of May,
becoming more plentiful towards the latter end of the month, but the time
of its greatest abundance is later in the season, during the latter part of
July and throughout August. In the second volume of the ENToMOLO-
cist, p. 8, Mr. Bethune remarks as follows: ‘ On the 3rd of August, a
lovely, bright, warm morning, after an excessively wet night, I drove about
ten miles along country roads ; every few yards there was a patch of mud,
the effects of the heavy rain, and at every patch of mud there were from
half a dozen to twenty specimens of Colas philodice, at least one I should
think for every yard of distance I travelled. I must then have seen, at a
very moderate computation, about ten thousand specimens of this
butterfly.”

The caterpiliar of the Clouded Sulphur feeds on the cultivated pea, on
clover, on the Blue Lupin, Lupinus perennis, and no doubt on many
other plants belonging to the order Leguminose. ‘The egg is about one
twenty-third of an inch in length, tapering at each end, with twelve or
fourteen raised longitudinal ribs, with smaller cross lines in the concave
spaces between them. Their colour when first deposited is of a pale
lemon yellow, which changes in three or four days to a pale red, then
gradually to a bright red, and from that to dark brown just before the
time of hatching. The duration of the egg stage is about seven days.

The young caterpillar just hatched is one-twelfth of an inch long and
of a dull yellowish brown colour, but when a little older it changes to a
dark green. When full grown it is about an inch long, with a dark green
head and body, the latter with a yellowish white stripe on each side close

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 223

to the under surface, with an irregular streak of bright red running through
its lower portion. The body also has a downy look occasioned by its
being thickly clothed with very minute pale hairs.

The chrysalis is about seven-tenths of an inch long, attached at its
base, and girt across the middle with a silken thread. _Its colour is pale
green with a yellowish tinge, with a purplish red line on each side of the
head, darker lines down the middle both in front and behind, and with a
yellowish stripe along the sides of the hinder segments.

During the heat of summer the chrysalis state usually lasts about ten
days. A day orso before the butterfly escapes the chrysalis becomes
darker and semi-transparent, the markings on the wings showing plainly
through the enclosing membrane.

NOTES ON THE EARLY STAGES OF SOME OF OUR
BUTTERFLIES.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

I herewith send you some memoranda of what I have done during the
past summer, largely owing to the assistance of Mr. Mead. I consider it
my most successful season in the way of obtaining larve and eggs. One
of the most interesting species we discovered was Lycaena pseudargiolus.
Mr. Mead noticed a female hovering about flowers of <Adctinomeris
sguarrosa, which is a weed found hereabouts in company with A. /elian-
thoides—the last being a thousand-fold most numerous—and suspecting
that she was ovipositing, he made a careful examination of the plant. He
found several eggs laid directly on the flowers; then capturing two or
three of the females, he tied them in a muslin bag over a bunch of these
flowers (growing), the result of which was that many eggs were obtained.
From those in the bag a few caterpillars were hatched and finally brought
to maturity. They fed on the petals of the flowers. It became difficult
to obtain food for them, as no plant of A. sguarrosa could be found in
the vicinity of my house, and we tried them on the other species (he/ian-
thoides), and this answered equally well. Last week the caterpillars that
had escaped one accident or another, formed chrysalids in the same
flower heads. In summer, as no species of Actinomeris is in bloom, the

224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

butterfly must deposit its eggs on some other plant, so that it is evidently
much less limited in its diet than many of our caterpillars.

The egg is a beautiful object, blue-green, flattened and depressed at
the top, and covered with a net work like lace ; raised on the surface.

The larve, when full grown, are a little over one fourth of an inch
long and in shape a long oval, the head very small, black, and drawn—
when at rest—within the next segment, which falls over the head like a
hood. The body is green, dark dorsally, pale at the sides, and is marked
dorsally by eight sagittate, tuberculated, yellow-green spots, one on each
segment, pointing forwards, and truncated.

The chrysalis is dark brown, covered with minute hairs; of a long oval
shape, compressed at the middle. Length +s inch.

We obtained eggs of Zhecla poeas also, but only after trying many
species of plants, as the food plant of this butterfly was entirely a matter
of conjecture. But several eggs were laid on Blackberry. The larvae
hatched, but did not eat, and soon died.

Eggs of Phyciodes tharos were obtained on grass, after trying the
butterfly on every plant we could think of. The eggs were laid on the
leaves and stems of a clump of grass placed under a glass jar. Many
were laid directly on the sides of the jar. These eggs hatched, but the
caterpillars refused to eat.

We had better success with Phyciodes nycteis; a female having been
confined with a plant of Actinomeris squarrosa, she forthwith proceeded
to deposit a large cluster of eggs, about 100, side by side and in regular
rows, on the under side of a leaf. The larve hatched after a long
interval, 13 or 14 days, and we at once from the cuticle of the leaf trans-
ferred them to a glass and supplied them with fresh leaves, and in due
time the caterpillars reached the third moult. At this they stopped
feeding, and are now ina state of hybernation. These caterpillars are
dark brown, covered with pencils of short bristles of the same hue, that
proceed from longitudinal rows of tubercles. When feeding they consume
the whole surface of the leaf, which becomes very filthy from the excre-
mentitious matter mixing with the juices of the leaf. But the caterpillars
emerge from the mine as clean as a mole from under the ground.

I have also hybernating specimens of the larvae of Diana, cybele and
aphrodite, the eggs of which were obtained by Mr. Mead in the same
manner. I consider this process of obtaining eggs, provided the food

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225

—

plant is known, as infallible, and it is sufficient if the butterfly be enclosed
in a bag on a limb of the plant, or if a low plant like the grasses, in a
bag tied over a few stems or a single stem. I find it preferable to
enclosing in a box or keg for the reason that with the latter it is impos
sible to avoid the spiders, which destroy eggs and larvee terribly.

I have succeeded with the Papilio’s, all that are found here, as well as
with the smaller species. ;

DESCRIPTION OF NEW DELTOIDS.

BY AUG. R. GROTE,

Curator of Articulata, Buffalo Soc. of Natural Sctences.
Bomolocha scutellarts, Grote.

9. Larger than Baltimoralis and differing at once by the parallel
continuation of the transverse lines to the internal margin. The pecuhar
conformation of the dark median space, described by Guenée as
resembling “une espéce de col” in Baltimoralis, is therefore wanting in
scutellaris. Differing from crassalis, than which it is larger, by the inner
transverse line being incepted on costa and joining internal margin
without fusion with the outer transverse line. In coloration scufellarts is
unusually bright and contrasted. The deep brown median field of the
forewings shows the usual black dots. The inner transverse line is edged
with white scales outwardly; it is strongly outwardly and obliquely
acutely projected below median vein, running more shortly backwards,
after the angulation, to internal margin. The basal field is paler brown,
much washed with pale and whitish scales inferiorly. The outer trans-
verse line is of the usual general shape, projected medially, even, very
slightly notched. Beyond it the subterminal space is whitish, unusually
contrasting, crossed by two faint rivulous lines, approximate to, and
coincident with, the outer transverse line ; the cuter of these lines pre-
cedes a dusky irregular shade on costa. The subterminal line is white,
more continuous than usual; enclosing the usual, but here less obvious
and paler dots. The terminal space is pale, whitish above the two usual
apical oblique blotches, where the costo-apical dots are marked in brown.
Terminal punctiform line distinct, preceded by nervular white marks.

226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Fringes dark, cleanly cut with pale at the extremities of the veins. Hind
wings uniformly dark fuscous, with a neat terminal line. Fringes pale,
cut with dark scales; traces of a transverse line apparent on internal
margin. Thorax and palpi dark; front and collar with an admixture of
pale scales. Abdomen fuscous, the segments finely marked above by
pale scales, the three basal segments with dorsal black minute tufts.
Beneath pale ochrey fuscous ; fore wings dusky within the faintly marked
median transverse line, showing the discal dot ; subterminal line indicated
by costal dots; terminal line neatly indicated on both wings. Hind
wings with discal dot and faint transverse median shade line.

Lxpanse 30 m.m. Habitat Albany (O. Meske); Quebec (F. X.
Bélanger).

The six North American species of Bomolocha I arrange as follows. I
recognize Zeller’s achatinalis as my madefactalis. Guenée describes from
a figure and I noted that his description did not quite correspond with
my specimens, but I was unwilling to bestow a new name. It is question-
able whether any of Guenée’s deseriptions from Abbott’s figures should,
with propriety, have been written. Mr. Lintner has sent me my dark
var. of Baltimoralis as ‘* $ laciniosa,”

Bomolocha, Hubner.

Type: Crambus crassalis, Fabr.

scutellaris, Grote. biyugalis.
Baltimoratis. Hypena byugalis, Walker.
Ly pena Baltimoralis, Guenée. LTypena palhialis, Zeller.
flypena lacintosa, Zeller. manalts.
2 Hypena benignalis, Walker. Fypena manalis, Walker.
abalienalts. madefactalis.
Lypena abatienalis, Walker. HHypena madefactalis, Guenée.

fHypena achatinalis, Zeller.

LHHypena olivacea, Grote.

S. Closely allied to H. humuli and H. evanidalis, and with the same
pattern of ornamentation. The general color is dusky olivaceous, not
dusky blackish brown, as in Aumu/i, or light rusty brown, as in evanidalis,
and without the median costal darker shade or apical streak, evenly
colored. Four raised median black discal scale dots. Two (the reni-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 227

form) approximate, superposed, situate at the extremity of the discal
cell, set in a ground of pale scales, surrounded by the here acute outward
projection of the transverse posterior line. Two others (the orbicular)
further apart, obliquely placed, the lower and outer below the median
vein. Both the transverse lines distinct, irregularly zigzag, continued,
relieved against pale accompanying shades. Subterminal line apparent
by the paler terminal, contrasting with the darker subterminal space, even,
alittle bent. Terminal dots: the dark fringes marked by paler shades
opposite the dots; these paler shades extending on the terminal space
before the dots as longitudinal streaks. Hind wings wide, pale fuscous,
concolorous, without markings except a very faint relieving of the veins ;
fringes paler. Beneath obscurely shaded, with a discal dot on second-
aries. Head and appendages dusky olivaceous; abdomen like
secondaries.

Lixpanse 28m.m. Habitat Albany (Lintner).

Apparently a smaller form than A. humuli, with narrower primaries,
and of a peculiarly smooth concolorous dusky olivaceous tint.

SISYRHYPENA, N. g.

Ocelli ; eyes naked, without lashes. Labial palpi with the second
joint exceeding the front by half its length ; third joint long, recurved,
about one-third the length of the second joint, slender, more or less
pointed, especially in 2; the palpi are closely scaled. Antenne (2%)
strongly bipectinate ; the pectinations are for the most part twice the
length of the joints and they are furnished with long terminal spinules
and thickly scattered setal hairs. At basal third there is a very slight
tuft of scales on the inside, and here the pectinations are reduced in
length to the base of the antennus, where they become obsolete, while
they are lengthy on the outside. In the female the antennz are simple.
The legs are unarmed. The species is slight; the primaries are narrow,
crambiform, drab-colored or brownish with a silky gloss, with incon-
‘Spicuous and inelegant streaky and punctiform ornamentation.

A low Deltoid genus, perhaps nearest allied to Zetanoltta.

Sisyrhypena pupillaris,* Grote.

* Spec. sub No. 10, ad cel. Zeller misi.

228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

$. Concolorous, silky drab, veins tending to be paler marked.
Primaries with diffuse darker terminal shading, and a discal narrow
outwardly extended streak. An exceedingly fine and faint outer transverse
line, rounded opposite the discal cell. A subterminal oblique punctiform
line from apices to internal margin within the angle. Costal margin dark
shaded. The discal dots are perceivable against the longitudinal discal
streak. Hind wings a little paler with a very faint transverse shade line.
An interrupted fine dotted line before the silky fringes on both wings.
Beneath darker; the hind wings much clouded with dark brownish, with
a distinct discal spot and a continued transverse guttiform or cuneiform
subterminal line, analagous to the subterminal line of the forewings
above; faint traces of an inner transverse line. Forewings without.
markings except an incomplete reproduction of the subterminal shaded
apices. Body parts concolorous; abdomen like hind, thorax like fore
wings.

9. The labial palpi are held asinthe {, but the third article is
more pointed. Slighter than the ¢, with simple antenne and with
almost wholly blackish brown primaries; the f exhibits two transverse
lines, while both female specimens have entirely glossy brown forewings
without apparent marks except the inconspicuous discal points. Hind
wings pale drab with faint darker terminal shading. Beneath the second-
aries have the double lines more equally defined. Thorax and head dark,
concolorous with primaries.

Expanse, f 21to23m.m. 2 21m.m. Aabditat, Philadelphia, one
¢; Texas, one {,two §’s. The types are in the collection of the
Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, The Texan male has the primaries
darker, more streaked with brownish. This and the slightly smaller size
caused me at first to suspect a distinct species in the Texan specimens.
The darker greasy tinting of the primaries will probably prove variable in
disposition.

SYNONYMICAL NOTE.

Adelocephala albolineata, Grote & Robinson.

Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., plate i, fig. 7, ¢, vol. 6, p. 7, 1866, has been
re-described as follows :

Adelocephala vaspa, Boisduval.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Tome xv, plate ili, fig. 1, 2, p. 93, 1872.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.

Continued from Page 176,

Errata.—For Lidothoa, p. 186, read Eidothea.

Since the preceding accounts of the genera Zvifpe, Lidothea and
Helice were sent to the publishers, I have taken a single specimen of the
species described below. Its small size, general appearance and the
tufts of raised scales at first inclined me to place it near Laruna; but a
closer examination shows it to belong to the Ge/echide, and to the same
group (or subsection of Gelechia) with Lvippe, &c. and Gelechia dificl-
sella. Jam not altogether satisfied that I am right in separating these
species from Ge/echia, in the present heterogeneous condition of the group
called by that name. But that group is already so large, and contains
such a mixed assemblage of small moths, that the existence of such a
group is rather a hindrance than an assistance to the student of the
Tineina, unless, indeed, he is content to use it as a mere limbo to which
may be consigned anything allied to the Ge/echide which cannot be
satisfactorily located elsewhere.

Neither am I entirely satisfied that I am right in separating these
genera, Sinoe, Agnippe, Evippe, Eidothea, Helice and Taygete (vid. post )
from each other, so nearly are they related, yet the process of division
once begun I have not found it practicable to separate them otherwise
than as above indicated.

The species described below resembles Gelechia difiicilisella and Helice
pallidochrella, and even Gelechia obliqui-strigella in the pattern of colora-
tion. From the latter, however, it is distinct as to the neuration, whilst
in this respect it closely resembles the two former, as it does also as to
the palpi, whilst it differs from them decidedly by the absence of the
tongue. In the hind wings tle apical branch of the subcostal is delivered
below the tip in this species, instead of at it as in Gelechia difficilisella,
and in this respect only do the hind wings differ ; and the only difference
in the fore wings is the wider angle between the first and second branches

230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of the median in this species than in difficilisella. I should certainly
have considered them congeneric, but for the absence of the tongue in
this species, which likewise has raised tufts upon the fore wings. So close
is the resemblance otherwise, and so rare the occurrence of a species
allied to Gelechia without a tongue, that I suspected it might have been
broken off ; but I could discern no vestige of it, and the adjacent parts
Were uninjured. Both in this species and in G. difficilisella the terminal
joint of the palpiis decidedly shorter than the second, which is scarcely
thickened towards the apex. The characters of @. dificilisella as given
ante v. 4, p. 192, will answer for those of this genus, with the changes
above suggested. The form of the wings and neuration of Zvipfe are the
same, except that the subcostal vein of the hind wings attains the costal
margin defore the apex, instead of attaining the apex as in dificilisella, or
the dorsal margin as in this genus, and does not send off a branch to the
costal margin as in both of the others. In the fore wings d#ficiliselja and
this genus send two branches from the discal vein to the posterior margin ;
in L£vipfpe there is a single furcate branch which, like the two separate
branches in dfficilisella, arises about the middle of the discal vein, whilst
in this genus they arise close together and to the the median vein. ‘The
palpi in #viffe are more elongate and slender, with the scales more
appressed, and the terminal joint is if anything a little longer than the
second. idothea scarcely differs from Fviffe as to the palpi and
resembles it in ornamentation, but the posterior wings are more excised
beneath the tip, and have no discal branch vein, and the discal branch
vein of the fore wings is simple and nearer to the median vein. The
neuration of /elice is that of Zidothea, except that the costal vein in the
hind wings goes to the tip instead of attaining the margin before it, and
the wing is even more excised beneath the tip, and in the fore wings there
is no discal branch vein, but the apical branch of the median is furcate.
The palpi, however, resemble those of G. dificilisella more than those ot
Liidothea. Agnifpe is more distinct, though the neuration of the fore
wings only differs from that of Evzppfe in having only two instead of three
subcosto-marginal branches before the end of the cell. It resembles the
species described below in the presence of raised tufts on the fore wings,
but the position in repose (resting upon the face with the apex of the
body elevated) is nearer to that of Argyresthia than Gelechia, and the
length of the third joint of the palpi, relative to that of the second joint,
is rather greater than in dzficilisella, though less than in Zvifpe, and the
form is more robust than that of either of the other sub-genera.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. JS

SINOE, gen. n0v.

Generic characters as above and aniev. 4, f.192. It is perhaps
necessary here to advise some correspondents that specimens which they
formerly received from me labelled Sinve ambroseaiella—the name
formerly attached to them in my cabinet before they were carefully
examined — belong to a somewhat aberrant species of Butalis (B.
matutella, Clem.) and are not congeneric with the species described
below.

S. fuscopalidella. WN. sp.

Pale sordid fuscous ; third joint of the palpi white, with two wide
dark brown annulations. Face with faint purplish reflections. On the
fore wings, just within the basal fourth, is a dark interrupted dorsal streak
of raised scales, pointing obliquely backwards towards the middle of the
wing ; behind this streak and just within the dorsal margin, is a minute
tuft of dark brown raised scales, margined behind by a few whitish scales :
nearly opposite to this minute spot, but a little behind it, is a somewhat
larger one similarly margined ; further back, just within the dorsal ciliae,
is a rather large dark brown patch of raised scales, which is internally
margined by a dark brown streak of scales not raised, which passes back
through the middle of the apical part of the wing but does not go to the
apex ; just beyond this streak is a small oblique costo-apical dark brown
streak which attains the costal margin close to the apex ; there is a row of
dark brown spots around the apical margin, and there are three indistinct
pale brown oblique costal streaks, one before the middle, one about the
middle, and one just before the ciliae. In some lights these three costal
streaks or stains are invisible. There is also a small brown spot about
the middle of the base of the fore wings, and there are also some small
ones on top of the thorax, two of which are on the posterior margins just
before the apex. Al. ex. 34 inch. Kentucky.

TAYGETE, gen. n0v.

I erect this genus for the species which, as the name indicates, I have
found it difficult to locate, the species referred to above as G. diffcilisella.
Recognizing its differences from the true Gelechia, I at first (ante v. 4, p.

232 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

—

65) placed it in Zvagora, to which it makes an approach in some
respects, but as it could not with strictness be placed in that genus, I
removed it (v. g,f. 192) to Gelechia. But unless Gelechia is to remain a
miscellaneous waste box, it cannot properly be placed there, and I there

fore erect this genus for it. See v. 4, fp. 65 & r92 for the generic and
specific. characters.

REMARKS ON LIMENITIS PROSERPINA AND ARTHEMIS.
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

It seems probable to me that Limenitis proserpina will be found
related to LZ. arthemis, the two being forms of one species, as in Grapta
comma and dryas, and I desire to call the attention of Lepidopterists who
live where these species or forms are found, that they may observe them
from this point of view. They are alike in size and shape, and so far as
my experience and that of Mr. Mead goes (confined in both cases to the
Catskill Mountains), they are always associated. I notice in a late paper
by Mr. Grote that among a number of arthemis taken in western New
York, was a certain proportion of proserfina. The under side of these
two forms, excluding the white band, is essentially the same thing. I
should like to know the Northern range of proserpfina, and whether up to
the limit of such range it is found wherever arthemis is found; and
whether it is anywhere found where arthemis is not; and whether it is
known anywhere to associate with what is undoubtedly ursuda.

I formerly received large numbers of arthemis from high up in British
America, Slave Lake to Fort Simpson, and with them were no specimens
of proserpina. Like the black female of ¢urnus, the last may have a limit
beyond which it does not pass. On the other hand, the range of arthemis
is limited to the south, and I am not aware of proserpina having been
found apart from arthemis, while ursu/a swarms throughout the low lands
of the Middle States, and throughout the South. If proserpina is found
nowhere but with arthemis, this fact and the several points of resem-
blance between the two forms, makes the dimorphism probable. But it
still remains to be proved beyond question by breeding, that these forms

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Jaa

are species from eggs laid by captive females of one or either, and this
can easily be done, in the way I have elsewhere indicated, by any one
taking the trouble to attend to the matter on the spot. A strong point in
favor of the identity of these forms would be a great similarity between
the larve that produce them. The young larva of arthemis I know, and
it is essentially different from that of wrsu/a. I expect the larva of
proserpina to exhibit the form of arthemis, and not of ursuda. It would
not be difficult to establish the facts one way or other next spring, to
some of your readers.

NOTE ON CATOCALA WALSHII, Epwarps.
BY AUG. R. GROTE, BUFFALO, N. Y.

I have received, through the kindness of Mr. C. V. Riley, a specimen
of this fine species which has been heretofore unknown to me. It is,
perhaps, a little larger than wt7uea and very different in character (also,
therefore, distinct from junctura, from my recollection of that species in
the British Museum) ; it resembles the European e/ocafa in the appearance
of the forewings: these are evenly intensely powdered with dark scales on
a grey ground color which becomes yellowish brown over the median
spots and subterminal space. The species thus differs strongly from
Meskei, in which the forewings are pale grey and resemble in color more
distantly those of the European ¢eecfa, or perhaps our American arta.
There is a more prominent discal tooth on the t. p. line in Walshit,
wanting in e/ocata. On the hind wings the median band is much as in
Arizonae, narrower than in Meskei or unijuga (in which it is broadest)
and not continued below vein 1, whereas in e/ocafa it attains the internal
margin. Beneath, the band is narrower than in ¢/ocata, and also non-
continuous. The median spots on the fore wings above are more like
elocata than unijuga. On the hind wings the inner edge of the marginal
band is much as in Avizonae, even, not ragged as in elocata; the ante-
postical sinus is cleanly cut. Beneath, the white bands on the primaries
are broader than in eocata, and even than in uzijuga, and the space
between the median band on the hind wings and the marginal band is
wider on either surface in Wa/sfii than in either of its allies. The red of

234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the hind wings is more pinkish, like Arvizonae (a species totally distinct in
the color and markings of the primaries), and brighter than in e/ocata, not
like unijuga, where it is less pinkish and more like farta. My specimen
of Walshii expands 82 m.m.; eocafa averages about 78m.m. The
band in the European zwffa on the hind wings is abbreviate, discontinued,
broad and angulated or elbowed, hence very different from our American
Arizonae, Meskei and Wadtshit, in which, though discontinued, it is not
angulated, but is narrower, hardly constricted and straighter and longer.
Although, judging by the fore wings alone, we should set down Wa/shii as
“representing ” e/ocafa in America, the very different hind wings separate
the two species very clearly. Perhaps w#ijuga is more like eocata in the
hind wings, and Wa/shii in the appearance of the primaries ; hence the
European eocata seems a compound of both of our species.

BOOK NO Tl CS

Fifth Annual Report on the Noxtous, Beneficial and other Insects of the
State of Missouri. By C. V. Rivey, State Entomologist.

This valuable report, consisting of 160 pages, 8vo., is full of interest
to the agriculturist as well as the entomologist, detailing as it does the
habits and history of many of the foes which the farmer and fruit-grower
is obliged to fight. It opens with a chapter on collecting, studying and
preserving insects, which is followed by one on noxious insects—notes of
the year. In this latter, among other interesting matters, a discovery is
announced which will probably prove to be a very important one, that of
the finding of two parasitic insects which attack the worm of the Codling
Moth. One of these Pimpla annulipes is said to have been common in
the West during last year, Mr. Riley having obtained 21 parasites from
162 cocoons of the Codling Moth.

A large space is devoted to the Grape Phylloxera, an insect whose
ravages, especially in Europe, appear to be exciting increased comment ;
it is one also to which Mr. Riley has paid special attention. Further
observations on the Oyster Shell Bark Louse are recorded, also on the
Pine Leaf Scale Insect. Following these are chapters on “‘ Eggs in and
on Canes and Twigs,” ‘ Stinging Larve,” ‘“ The Goat-weed Butterfly,”

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 235

and the Yucca Moth. The work throughout is admirably illustrated with
seventy-five wood cuts, most of which have been drawn from nature by
Mr. Riley himself. We heartily commend this excellent report to all
those interested in Entomology, and we feel assured that the valuable
series of reports which have from time to time been issued by this pains-
taking observer, have done very much in the way of instructing the
readers in this important branch of natural history, while the practical
remedies suggested for the various insect pests have no doubt been the
means of greatly lessening the yearly loss occasioned by them.

Third Annual Report on the Noxious Insects of the State of Illinois.
By Wo. LE Baron, M. D., State Entomologist.

Dr. Le Baron is doing good work also in Illinois. His third report
contains 76 pages 8vo., and is illustrated with occasional wood-cuts. It
is divided into two parts; the first part treats of insects injurious to the
Apple and the Cotton Wood, to which is appended a chapter on the
transportation of useful insect parasites. Among apple insects the history
of the codling worm is minutely detailed and interesting tabular state-
ments given of the results of using bandages on the trees as traps for the
worms. The second part is devoted to “ Outlines of Entomology,” in
which reference is made to the structure of insects both internal and
external—their metamorphoses, instincts, their classification and division
into orders. The extensive circulation of such yearly reports as these
two we have referred to cannot fail to increase the interest already felt in
Entomology among a large class of intelligent agriculturists.

Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences—Nos. 2 and 3.—
No. 2 opens with an excellent paper on new species of Fungi, by Charles
H. Peck, in which appear descriptions of 132 new species, a most
valuable contribution to our knowledge in this department of natural
history. Erom the fertile pen of our esteemed friend, Aug. R. Grote,
there follow: “ Contributions to a Knowledge of North American
Moths,” and “ A Study of North American Noctuide.” In the former
paper the author makes some suggestions in refereuce to classification,
and in both are contained many descriptions of new species, which are
illustrated by two lithographic plates ; full catalogues are also given of the
species in many families, with recent corrections as to names. In these
papers are evidences of much and careful stndy ; Mr. Grote well deserves
the hearty thanks of all American Lepidopterists for his zealous labours.

236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Part 3 contains a paper on the distribution of North American
Lichens, by Heny Willey, and seven papers by Mr. Grote, on our Lepi-
doptera. In one of these, “ Descriptions of Noctuidz principally from
California,” there are descriptions of twenty-five new species, besides
numerous interesting notes on many previously described. We trust that
this excellent publication will meet with that cordial support from
Entomologists which it deserves.

Synopsis of the Histeride of the United States. By Grorcr H. Horn,
M. D., Philadelphia, 8vo., p.p. 87, with one plate.

We are indebted to the author for a copy of this synopsis, a most
valuable contribution to our knowledge of the Histeride. We sincerely
hope that this elaborate publication may do much towards clearing up the
obscurity which has so long attached to many of the species composing
this difficult family of Coleoptera.

INTIMATION.——A letter from Mr. J. Behrens, San Francisco, Cali-
fornia, with several interesting papers received from other esteemed con-
tributors, are unavoidably deferred until next month for want of space.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

Synopsis of the Histeride of the United States, by George H. Horn, M. D., 8vo., pp. 87, with one
plate.

Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres and Heteroceres, No. 6, by Hermann Strecker, Reading, Pa.
Synopsis of the"Thysanura of Essex County, Mass., by A. S. Packard, jr., 8vo., pp. 29.
Description of New American Phalaenide, by A. S. Packard, jr., 8vo., pp. 29.

Notes on North American Moths of the families of Phalaenide and Pyralide in the British Museum, by
A. S. Packard, jr., 8vo., pp. 15.

Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, vol. 1, No. 2.
Prairie Farmer, Chicago.

Indiana Farmer, Indianapolis.

Maine Farmer, Augusta, Me.

Rural New Yorker, New York.

Monthly Journal of Education, November, Toronto.
American Agriculturist, November, 1873.

Canada Farmer, November, 1873.

Science Gossip, November, 1873.

American Naturalist, November, 1873.

Nature, to November 20th, 1873.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, March, April, May, June, July, August,
September, 1873.

INDEX TO VOLUME YV.

——_ $$ —_——__—.

A |

Acherontia atropos, 162.
Acrolepia, 174.
Address, President’s Annual, 182.
Adela, 73.

“¢ bella, n. sp., 73.
Adelocephala albolineata, 228.

“ vaspa, 228.

Adrasteia quercifoliella, 72, 174.
Aeschna, 204,
Aglais, 144.
Agnippe, 230.
Agraylea, 149. )
Agrion, Mode of Egg-Laying, 180.
American Association, Meeting of, 165
ANDREwWs, W. V., Article by, 208.
Anesychia trifurcella, n. sp., 12.
Anoptitis bicolor, 130.
Ant-Lion,

«6 Habits of, 63.
Ants, Agricultural, 160.

** and ‘Taint of the Hand,” 217.

‘© Milch Cows of, 207.
Aphenogaster, 160.
Aphides, Notes on, 172
Aphis, Observations on Genus, 121.

‘« rumicis, 172.
Araeocerous coffeae, 156.
Arctia speciosa, 178.
Arge psyche, 63.
Argiope dorsimaculella, 13, 174.
Argus, 63.
Argyresthia, 230.
Arhopalus robiniae, 140.
Arrhenoplita bicornis, 210.
Arthromacra, 212,

ES donacioides, 213.

Aspadisca splendoriferella, 50.

B

Bacon Beetle, the, 171.
Basilarclia, 143.
2 arthemis, 143.
proserpina, 143.
ursula, 143,
Bassett, H. F., Article by, 91.
Bees and King Birds, 159.
BELL, PRoressor, Article by, 94.
Beruune, Rev. C. J. 8., Articles by: 1,
37, 41, 96, 104, 115, 129, 139, 140,
14], 182, 193, 210.
Blaps tricostata, 195.
Bolitephagidae, 211.
Bolitophagus cornutus, 211.
ee obcordatus, 211.
Bomolocha, 226. |

ee

se

| Bucculatrix,
ace

abalienalis, 226.
achatinalis, 226.
Baltimoralis, 226.
bijugalis, 226.
madifactalis, 226.
manalis, 226.
scutellaris, 226,
Book Notices, 234.
Bracon explorator, 67.
‘¢ populator, 68.

tibiator, 68.
viator, 69.
149,
agnella, 151.
capitealbella, 150.
e coronatella, 151.
lutula, 15I.
obscura-fasciella, 150, 151.
Packardella, 151.
pomifoliella, 150, 152.
Thuiella, 152.
trifasciella, 149.
Butalis matutella, 231,
Butterflies, American, on Scudder’s Re-

vision of, 62, 1438.

Bomolocha

se
ee

oe

se

se

Butterflies, Cabbage, 37, 41.

“ec

Changes in Names of, 8.

oe

Notes on Early Stages of, 223.

| Butterfly, Clouded Sulphur, 221.

|

Callimome,
| “cc

Cc

Calephelis, 144.

ee

borealis, 144.
pumila, 144,
Callima, I88.
16, 17.
cecidomyae, 17.
euchlorus, 17.
purpurascius, 17,
splendidus, 17.
Calloeneis, 144.

oe pusilla, 145,
Captures, Rare, 155.
Casnonia ludoviciana, 61.

sf pennsylvanica, 61.
Caterpillars, Venemous, 155.
Catocala, on the Genus, 161.

“ adultera, 163.
amatrix, 163.
antinympha, 162.
Arizonae, 163, 233.
Californica, 163.
cerogama, 162.
connubialis, 164,
elocata, 233.
Faustina, 164,
fraxini, 162,

“ec

938 INDEX TO VOLUME V.

= —

|

Catocala irene, 162, Crambus, 80. 3
junctura, 161, 163, 233. pees cressalis, 226.
ss Meskei, 161, 233, _ Cresson, E. T., Articles by, 51, 66, $2.
i. messalinae, 164. Cryptus nuncius, 138.
. micronympha, 164. Cyane, gen. nov., 112.
es nebulosa, 162. “ visaliella, n. sp., 113.
+ nuptialis, 164. Cyllene, gen, nov., 124, 147, 148.
at parta, 161, 162, 233. ae Pie ake co ni. Sp., 125, 147.
Fe perplexa, nov. va7., 162. Cynips, 44 :
as ponderosa, 162. Habits of Certain, 91.
cs relicta, 162. “ q. botatus, 92.
¥ Stretchii, 163. Ap q. futilis, 92, 93.
s subnata, 162. ch q. globulus, 94.
*: unijuga, 161, 162, 163, 233. Ee q. operator, 91, 92, 93.
* uxor, 163. Se q. Seminator, 93,
ge Walshii, 163, 233. se q. spongitica, 93.
Ss zoe, 163. D
‘ a 7) ur Res 2 rad ¢ > |
ries hae F. B., Articles by, 59, 60, _ Danais archippus, 4, 143.
Cecidomyia destructor, 140. cy peta pa
fe spongivora, 17. plexppus;

Debis portlandia, 155.
d 3 ry >
Gecropis Empstor Beth sai | Deltoids, Descriptions of New, 225.

Chalcidiae, 16, 17, 44, 77. Depressaria cercerisella, 176,

Cuamprrs, V. T., Articles by, I2, 44, | = heracliana, 82.

os Ontariella, $2.
a A nwte Dermestes lardarius, 171.

ae ‘ <Hye Diana aphrodite, 224.
: 2 Pp ’
Chionobas Stretchii, 62. Pa aS

Chrysobothris femorata, 140. | Diaperidae, 210.

Cistel th 213:
Cistelidac, oe : | Diaperis bicornis, 210.

Diastrophus, 93.
Dicte, gen. nov., 73.

** corruscifasciella, n. sp., 74.
Dover, G. M., Article by, 60.

Clisiocampa Americana, 140, 141.
a sylvatica, 140.
Clymene, gen. nov., 114, 147, 148.
‘© aegerfasciella, n. sp., 114,147,

149. Donaciadae, 98.
Coccinella episcopalis, 131. _ Donacia eee =

* incarnata, 194. ~ bi amie 129,

ES quinque-notata, 193. > err

‘< “6 signata, 193. 2 crassi1pes, 117.

cupraea, 129.
discolor, 116.
** emarginata, 116.
‘* episcopalis, 117.

aE tredecem-punctata, 131.
es tricuspis, 193.
ee tridens, 131.

Coccinellidae, 131. cer ae lis. 115
Coleoptera, List of, from Missouri, 132, | iy flavinent te 116
SN NE © hirticollis, 129,
Colias philodice, 41, 221. ‘© Kirbyi, 116
Collecting, Notes on, 78, 208. 6 proximi 116
Collectors, to, 119. ‘* pusilla Wd :
Colorado Beetle, 140, 157. “+ pudicollis, 129
Common Insects, on some of our, 4, 37, ‘sericea, 146

__ 41, 75, 99, LOL, 141, 171, 201, 221. Doryphora decem-lineata, 140, 157.
Copris carolina, 124. Dox-ocopa, 143.
Correspondence, 135, 152, 176, 214. Dragon- -tly, the, 201.

C osmia orina, 205.

‘< Notes on Larva of, 206.
trapezina, 205. E
Couper, W., Articles by, 15, 19. | Economical Entomology, 136,

Destruction of by Birds, 159.

ae

— a

INDEX TO

VOLUME V.

239

Editorial, 1, 181.
eS Snmmary, 198, 217.
Epwarps, W. H., Articles by, S, 21,119,
184, 223,
Lido albapalpella, 7 i pH
‘Nidothea, gen. nov., 186, 229, 230.
o vagatioella, n. &p., 187.
Eleodes tricostata, 195.
Enodia, 63.
‘s portlandia, 63.
Entomological Nomenclature, Some Re-
marks on, 21.
Entomological Society, Annual Meeting
of, 196.
#ntomological Society, New, 20.
Ee of Sonth London,

80.
Erebus odora, 155.
Errata, 12, 110, 173, 206, 229.
Eryplatymetra, 145.
Eugonia, 144. 145.

4 angelica, [44.

AS angularia, 145.

Sf coloradaria, 145.
Eumenis autonoe, 62.
Euphydryas, 144.
Euptoieta, 145.
Eurytomidae, 43, 77.
Euspilapteryx, 46.

A amogattella, 46.
re phasianipinella, 46
Evippe, gen. nov., 185, 229, 230.

sé prunifoliella, n. sp., 186, 187.

Exchange, 20, 138, 140.
F

Formica sanguinea, 64, 207.
For Sale, 40, 140.

G

Galeruca bilineata, 97.
F canadensis, 96.
7 marginella, 97.
se Olivieri, 96.
£ quadrimaculata, 96.
sagittariae, 67.
Galerucidae, 96.
Gall Insects, Habits of, 91.
Gelechia, 112, 148, 229.
cercerisella, 176.
J difiicilisella, 229, 230, 231,
€ labradorensis, 178.
“3 obliqui- strigella, 229.
mise scutellarieella, 2. Sp.,
- similiella, 176.
* solaniella, 176.
unistrigella, 176.

175.

|

- Generic Nomenclature, 18.

Gentry, THos. G., Articles by, 121, 207.
Geometre, 80.

Glyphipterygide, 174.

| Grote, AvG.

Glyphipteryx, 174.
Gracillaria, AZ 186.
amogattella, 46, 175.

x blandella, 13, 15.

eS desmodifoliella, 47.

-y eupatoriella, 44, 46.

4 juglandiella, 15, 47.

= juglandisnigracella, 47, 173.
35 juglandivorella, 13.

te see agrecr tee ‘as

os phasianipinella, 46

. plantaginisella, 46.
RS purpuriella, 46.
£ robiniella, 47.
-s salicifoliella, 15, 47, 186.
“ venustella, 44
Grape- Vine Plume, 99.
es Borer, 218.
Grapta, 143.
=f comma, 233.
cs dryas, 232.
= ** Identity of with Comma,
184.
Grapta faunus, 119, 139.
= gracilis, 120.
ss interrogationis, 80.
R., Articles by,
143, 205, 225, 233.

H

50, 62,

| Haemonia equiseti, 98.

te nigricornis, 98.
es zosterae, 98.

Haliplus, 99.

Harpalide, 98.

Helcon, 82.
ae albitarsis, n. sp., 83.
ee americanus, i. sp., S4.
& borealis, n. sp., 83.
‘< frigidus, n. sp., S4.

és fulvipes, 84.

ce occidentalis, $3,

<< pedalis, n. sp., 89.
Felice, gen. nov., 187, 229.

ce pallidochrella, n. sp.,
Helopidae, 212.
Heribeia, 13,
Hesperia acanootus, 60.

** — hobomok, 71.

‘* Illinois, 60.
Hessian Fly, 140.
Hipparchia Boisduvalii, 63. -
Hispa bicolor, 130.
Hispidae, 130,

188, 229.

240 INDEX TO YOLUME V.

Homoptera, Waxy Exudation of, 157. | Lithocolletis, 15, 46, 47, 148, 149.

Homosetia costisignella, 111. Ry crataegella, 50, 186.
Hoplocephala, 211. | vi desmodiella, 47.
Hydroptila tineoides, 149. tritenaeanella, 48, 173.

Hydroptilidae, 147. ce virginiella, 48.

Hymenoptera, North American, 51, 66, _ London Branch, Annual Meeting of, 3.
82. Lycaena pseudargiolus, 223.

Hypena abalienalis, 226.

achatinalis, 226. M

= Baltimoralis, 226.

‘* _ benignalis, 226, | Mean, Tueo. L., Articles by, 18, 78.

‘* bijugalis, 226. | Megastigmus, 77. ie:

ae erectalis, 81. és dorsalis, 77

es evanidalis, 226. “ giganteus 77

« humuli, 226, 27. Megisto, 63. ;

cs laciniosa, 226. ‘ " cymelia, 63.

= oe 226. : Melitaea chalcedon, 144.

“ manalis, 226. Meracantha, 212.

ze: olivacea, 226. = Canadensis, 212.

pallialis, 226. Microdus, 51.

.. scabra, 81. agilis, n. sp., 52.
Hyperchiria Io, 109. 2 annulipes, n. sp., 53.
Hyphantria textor, 141. e calearatus, n. sp., 51.
Hyponomeuta evonymella, 12. “ cinctus, n. sp., 53

orbimaculella, 12, oe discolor, n. $p., 52.
Sc divisus, n. sp., 52, 69.
I se earinoides, n. sp., 54,
“6 imitatus, n. sp., 51.
Ichneumon signatipes, 137. le laticinctus, n. sp., 53.
Isabella Tiger Moth, 75, 137. a limitaris, 54.
Insect Life, Glimpse of, 94. - pallens, n. sp., 53.
Insects, Canadian, Geographical dis- = simillimus, n. sp., 51.
tribution of, 16, 43, 77. | Micro-Lepidoptera, 12, 44, 72, 85, 110,
Tnsects, Consumption of Pollen by, 95. 124, 147, 173, 185, 229.
Tsosoma, 43. Minois, ‘63.
«« alope, 63.
J “* _ariane, 63.
; ‘© nephele, 63.
Junonia, 144. “* ~ pegala, 63.
| Moony, H. L., Article by, 63.
K Morrison, H. ae Articles by, 70, 164,
166, 204.
Krrsy’s Insects of British North Amer- | Moth, an Aquatic Bombycid, 180.
ica, 96, 115, 129, 193, 210. MULLER, Aubert, Article by, 156.

Musca carnifex, 94.

i | Myrmeleon immaculatus, 65.
Lagria aenea, 213. N
Laruna, 229.
Leaf-Cutter, Bee, 200. _ Necrodes littoralis, 94, 95.
Lepidoptera, Attracting, 18, _ Necrophorus humator, 94, 95.
on Recent Names of, 204. “ mortuorum, 95.
Libellula trimaculata, 201. ce vespillo, 94, 95.
Libythea, 144. Nepticula, 125.
Limenitis arthemis, 232. apici-albella, n. sp., 127.
proserpina, 232. ef bifasciella, 127.
cS ursula, 10, 233. se cilie-fuscella, n. sp., 128.

LINTNER, J. A., "Article by, 81, f. Clemensella, n. sp., 125.

=i INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Nepticula fusco-capitella, n. sp., 128.

os fusco-tibiella, 128.

aA maximella, n. sp., 126.

a micro-theriella, 125.

Fe minimella, n. sp., 127.

BS ochre-fasciella, n. sp., 128.

¥ platanella, 125, 126.

‘* 7? pruni-foliella, 127.

gs querci-castanella, n. sp., 127.

on serotineella, n. sp., 126.

+ thorace-albella, n. sp., 127.
Nomenclature, Law of Priority in, 166.
Norna, 62.

Nosoderma, 211.
Noxious Insects, 140.
Nyctobates, 196,
Nymphalis, 148.

O

188.
boréasella, n. sp., 189, 190.
es psuedo-spretella, 190.
(Edipoda migratoria, 166.
(Eneis, 62, 144.
«« chryxus, 62.
“* nevadensis, 63,
*¢ Uhleri, 62.
Ornix, 47.
‘« crataegi-foliella, 48, 49, 50.
<* inusitatumella, n. sp., 47, 50.
“<< prunivorella, n. sp., 49, 50.
Orsodacne childreni, 98,
as tibialis, 98.

P

Packard’s Annual Report, 198.
Pamphila zabulon, 71, 164.
Papilio asterias, 8.

** caenius, 144,

** cereus, 144.

“« fatima, 144.

“* glaucus, 9.

*¢ Tuna, 20:

** machaon, 144,

‘* pegala, 63.

“* turnus, 19.
Parasitic Insects, how detect prey, 217.
Parectopa robiniella, 46, 47.
Perilampide, 17.

(Ecophora,

Perilampus, 16.
fe alexinus, 16.
“3 cyaneus, 16.
rts discolor, 17.
a entellus, 16.
és loriosus, 16.

ss edychroides, 17.

|

Perilampus hyalinus, 16.
= lepreos, 16.
£ maurus, 17.
i paphius, 17.
By platigaster, 16.
ids saleius, 17.
f triangularis, 16,
violaceus, 16.

Personal, 50, 117.
| Philocnistis, 14.

| Pieris,
oe

Philomides, 17.
Phryganea, 148.
Phycioides nycteis, 224.
ea tharos, 224.
Phyllobrotica decorata, 96.
Phylloxera vastatrix, 138.
37.
casta, 38.
“* frigida, 43.
“* novangliz, 42.
“¢ oleracea, 37, 42, 139.
“* protodice, 37, 42.
‘« rape, 37, 41, 59, 139.
Pimeliade, 194,
Pimelia alternata, 194.
os rotunda, 194.
Pitys, 110.
“ auricristatella, n. sp., 110.
** fasciella, n. sp., 111.
« fusco-cristatella, n. sp., 111.
‘« — misce-cristatella, n. sp., 111,

| Plant Lice of Genus Aphis, 121.

Platysamia cecropia, 138.
Polystichtis, 144.
Post, Sending Objects Through, 218,
Promethea, 140.
Proterops, 69.
es Californicus, n. sp., 69s
Psilogaster, 17.
Psoricoptera gibbosella, 72, 174.
Pteromalus puparum, 42, 44.
Pterophorus, 72.
es lacteodactylus, n. sp., 72
ta periscelidactylus, 99,
Pyrrharctia Isabella, 75, 137.

R

Raspberry Saw-fiy, 101.
Reduvius raptatorius, 155.
Reviews, 39.

| Rhodites, 93.

Rhyncophorus Zimmermanii, 123,
Rizey, C. V., Article by, 109.
Rogers, R. V., Article by, 155.

S

| Sagridze, 98,

241

242, INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Saunpers, W., Articles by, 4, 10, 75, Tinea, griseella, n. sp., 88.

99, 101, 117, 171, 181, 198,206, 217, iridella, n. sp., 86.
221, 234. | % maculabella, n. sp., 90.
Scientific Nomenclature, 70, 108. | ' marginistrigella, n. sp., 88.
sc Publications, 104. | ‘© qisceela, n. sp., 86
ScuppeEr, S. H., Article by, 55. | Orleansella, n. sp., 85.
Scudderia, 144. | ‘* — straminiella, n. sp., 86.
Selandria rubi, 101. | trimaculella, n. sp., 88.
Sembling, 139. Tineina, 229.
Sesia marginalis, 135. Tischeria malifoliella, 50.
Sex in Butterflies, Controlling, 198. Torymidae, 77.
Silpha rugosa, 95. Toxoneuron, 66.
Sinoe, gen. nov., 231. abdominale, n. sp., 68.
<< ambroseaiella, n. sp., 231. = aethiops, N. Sp., 67.
“ fusco-palidella, n. sp., 231. ss apicale, n. sp., 68.
Sirex, 78. = explorator, 67.
‘* albicornis, 78. | es mexicanum, n. sp., 62.
‘«* _cedrorum, 78. es minutum, n. &p., 67.
‘¢ dividiatus, 78. < ornatum, n. 3p., 69.
‘« — flavicornis, 78. =< orizabe, n. sp., 67.
«« gigas, 78. Se seminigrum, 69.
*¢ juveneus, 78. “ thoracicum,*n. sp., 68.
<« spectrum, 78. re tibiator, 68.
‘c-varipes, 78. ce viator, 69.
Sisyr hy hypend, N. gy 227. | Tremex, 78.
pupillaris, n. ap., 227. | as columba, 78.
Solenobia, Ge <s juxicernis, 7S.
ae Walshella, 74. | Tribolium ferrugineum, 156.
Spider, a Baloon, | Trichabda, 97.
Spilosoma isabella, 7 15, 137. | Trogus obsidianator, 137.
Statyra, 213. Tryphanisma, 185, 187.
Stenochiade, 212. |
Suamers, S. V., Articles by, 61, 123, | U
132, 145, 168, 190.
Synonymical Note, 228. | Unter, P. R., Article by, 165.
Systematic Nomenclature, Canons of, 55. Upis ceramboides, 195.
. r Vv
Taygete, gen, nov., 231. | Vanessa, 143.
Tnebrio molitor, 195. . Venillia albapalpella, 72.
«« pennsylvanicus, 195.
Tenebrionide, 195. Ww
ic og Boe 141, 154.
enthredoides, 66. | WALK [CIS -
Tetanolita, 227. | V yr te ee Articles by, 16, 43,
Thecla poeas, 224. Web-worm, the Fall, 141.
Tinea, 85, 148. | Wesrcort, O. 8., Article by, 137.
argenti-strigella, n. sp., 89. Wuiams, J., Article by, 201.
« auristrigella, n. sp., 86.
‘© auropulvella, n. sp., 90. ¥

“ aurosuffusella, n. sp., 87.
‘“ bimaculella, n. sp., 87.
“* coemeteriiella, 110.

Xy lesthia, 112, 174.
Clemensella, a. sp., 174.

“ costotristrigella, n. sp., 87. “

“ eunitaricella, n. Spuy 85, 110. pruneenione aia
‘© fuscomaculella, n. sp., 88. Y

‘© fuscopulvella, n. sp., 90. Yponomeuta, 13.

ERRATA,—Page 224—fourth line from bottom, for mine, read mire.

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THE CANADIAN

BN EOMOLOGISS,

CO(X VOLUME VIL. Yo

Edited by G. Saunders,

LONDON, ONT.

ASSISTED BY

REV. C. J.S. BETHUNE,M A., Port Hope, Ont.; J. M. DENTON, London, Ont. :
and E. B. REED, Barrister-at-Law, London, Ont.

LONDON :

PRINTED BY THE FREE PRESS STEAM/PRINTING COMPANY, RICHMOND ST,

1874

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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME.

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BUNKER, ROBERT...

CAULFIELD, F. B......

SieeotRS, V. T....,...--
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DODGE, G. M...

EDWARDS, W.H..

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NORMAN, GEORGE........

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SAUNDERS, WM., The Editor..........
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MOmMMERS, DR. SV. co... Bes. w...
bene FRANCIG).U... Bul...

© o SMENEEL © 0-00 © x >

. .LONDON, ENGLAND.

.NeEw YORK.

. Port Hope, ONT.

.. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL
.. ROCHESTER, N. Y.

.. MONTREAL, P. Q.

. .. COVINGTON, Ky.

.. MONTREAL, P. Q.
a eS 0° Re a (St
.. GLENCOE, NEBRASKA.
..COALBURGH, W. Va.
. LONDON, ONT.

.. GERMANTOWN, Pa.
.. BUFFALO, N. Y.

.. CAMBRIDGE, MASss.
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. PHILADELPHIA, PA.

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. .LONDON, ONT.

Sr. Louis, Mo.
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. .LONDON, ON’.

CAMBRIDGE, MAss.
San FRANCISCO, CAL.
New ORLEANS, JA.

|

Che Canada Entomologist.

VOL. VI. LONDON, ONT., JANUARY, 1874. No. 1

EDITORIAL.

In accordance with a time honoured custom, we heartily tender to
all our readers in this, the opening number of a new volume, the

compliments of the season—a happy and a prosperous new year. It is

meet at these annually recurring points in the history of cur journal that
we should briefly review the past, believing as we do that a recalling to
mind the advances we have made and the encouraging success which has
attended our efforts thus far will stimulate us to renewed exertion and
make us hopeful and trustful for the future. Five years ago the CANADIAN
ENTOMOLOGIST made its first appearance as a small eight paged magazine.
Our members were scarcely sanguine enough to hope for a regular monthly
issue even of this size, so in the opening number its appearance was
promised occasionally, as material should accumulate; but our success
has been beyond our expectations, the issue of our journal has been
tolerably regular up to the present time; we have gradually increased its
size from eight to twenty pages ; have risen from common white paper to
finely finished toned paper, have embellished our pages with many
beautiful wood-cuts, and have presented to our readers from time to time
Entomological matter in such variety as we trust will have met the views
and wishes of all those who have favored us with their patronage. The
work which our late esteemed Editor has so successfully carried on we
shall, with his assistance and that of our other coadjutors, endeavour to
continue.

To those who have aided us by their valuable contributions to our
pages we are especially grateful, and we sincerely hope for a continuance
of these esteemed favors. Pressed as we are with a burden of other
work, we trust our friends will continue to forward their papers without
waiting for personal solicitation. We propose to continue the monthly
articles on our common insects, and also to furnish such gleanings in our

2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

summary as we think will interest the general reader, while at the same
time we shall endeavour to maintain for our journal that scientific
standing which gives it value in the eyes of so many of our co-laborers-
in the Entomological field.

We feel persuaded that our readers will not overlook the fact that this.
festive season is the time also for renewing their subscriptions; money is
a motive power in our operations which we cannot overlook. This gentle
hint will no doubt be heartily responded to, and we trust that while our
members bear in mind their own liabilities in this matter, they will also
try to induce as many of their friends as possible to join our ranks, so:
that the circulation of the ENromoLocist may be greatly increased.

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.
wz. THE TIGER SWALLOW TAlL—FPapilio turnus, Linn.

ee

BY, THE EDITOR,

All our readers must have seen the large tiger swallow tail butterfly
floating about in the warm days of July and August, enjoying the
Fig. 1.

sunshine and sipping the honey from flowers. It is among our largest
and handsomest butterflies. In figure 1 we have an excellent represen-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3

tation of it. When its wings are expanded this insect will measure about
four inches across. The ground color of its wings is a pale lemon
yellow, which is banded and bordered with black ; on the fore wings are
four black bars, the inner one extending entirely across the wing, the
outer ones shortening more and more as they approach the apex. The
front margin is edged with black, and the outer margin has a wide border
of the same in which is set a row of eight or nine pale yellow spots, the
lower ones less distinct.

The hind wings are crossed by a streak of black which is almost a
continuation of the inner band on the fore wings ;_ there is a short black
streak a little beyond at the end of the discal cell, and a wide black
border widening as it approaches the inner angle of the wing. Enclosed
within this border and towards its outer edge are six lunular spots, the
upper and lower ones reddish, the others yellow ; above and about these
spots and especially towards the inner angle of the wing, the black
bordering is thickly powdered with blue scales. The outer margin of the
hind wings is scalloped and partly edged with yellow; the inner margin
is bordered with dusky for about two-thirds of its length, followed by a
small yellow patch, which in turn is succeeded by a larger black spot
centered with a crescent of blue atoms and bounded below by an irregular
reddish spot margined within with yellow. The hind wings terminate in
two long black tails, edged on the inside with yellow. The body is black
above, margined with pale yellowish ; below yellowish streaked with
black.

The under surface of the wings somewhat resembles the upper, but is
paler.

This species passes the winter in the chrysalis state, and appears first
on the wing from the middle to the latter end of May, but becomes much
more plentiful during July. Whether these July insects are a second
brood, or whether the bulk of the chrysalids which have wintered do not
mature until about this time we are unable to determine ; individuals
which we have wintered over have escaped from chrysalis as late as the
3rd of June.

The eggs of ¢urnus are deposited singly on the leaves of the different
plants or trees on which the larva feeds. They are between one-twentieth
and one-twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter, sub-globular, flattened at the
place of attachment; colour dark green, surface smooth, without
reticulations, but showing a few small irregularly distributed spots under

4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

a magnifying power of forty-five diameters. In about ten or twelve days
they begin to change colour, becoming darker, and very dark just before
the young larve are hatched.

When fresh from the egg the larva is about one-tenth of an inch
long, with a large black head and with a black body roughened with
small brownish black tubercles. The second segment is elevated or
thickened and of a dull glossy flesh colour, with a prominent fleshy
tubercle on each side and a patch of white on the seventh and eighth
segments, wide anteriorly, pointed behind ; there is also a dull flesh
coloured streak along the back on fourth and eleventh segments. The
twelfth segment has a pair of fleshy tubercles rather prominent, but not
so large as those on the second; both those on the second and twelfth
have several short whitish hairs arising from them. The ander surface is
brownish black, with the feet and prolegs of the same colour.

The full grown larva, see figure 2, taken July r4th, measured one and
a half inches in length. Its head is rather large and of a reddish brown
colour, sprinkled with very
short white hairs.

The body above,green, of a
slightly darker shade on the

22. anterior segments, paler on
the sides of the body, over which eae is a whitish bloom produced by a
multitude of very minute white dots, with small short hairs of the same
colour issuing from them; the anterior segments of the body are
wrinkled. On the front edge of the second segment is a raised yellow
fold slightly overhanging the head, and on each side of the fourth
segment is an eye-like spot, nearly oval in shape, yellow, encircled with a
ring of black, centered with a small elongated blue dot, which is also set
in black and has above it on each side a black line nearly crossing the
yellow spot. On the hinder portion of the fifth segment is a raised
yellow fold, bordered behind with rich velvety black, the latter visible
only when the larva is in motion; on the terminal segment is a similar
fold flattened above, with a slight protuberance on each side. On the
fifth segment, in front of the yellow fold, are two blue dots, one on each
side of the dorsal line ; there are also faint traces on the hinder segments
of a continuation of these dots in longitudinal rows.

The under surface is of a paler green than the upper, with a whitish
bloom ; prolegs of the same colour, feet tipped with brown.

THE CANADIAN ENTMOLOGIST. oo

As the larva approaches maturity and is about to change to a
chrysalis, the colour of the body gradually grows darker until it becomes
dark reddish brown, the sides nearly black. ‘The minute whitish granu-
lations and the blue dots become much more Cistinctly visible, giving the
larva a very different appearance. It then selects some suitable spot in
which to pass the chrysalis state, where it spins a web of silk in which its
hind feet are entangled, and having prepared and stretched across a silken
band to sustain its body in the middle, it casts its larva skin and remains
a dull brownish chrysalis until the tollowing spring.

This insect is widely distributed, being found throughout the greater
portion of the United States and Canada. ‘The larva feeds on a number
of different trees, but chiefly affects with us the apple, cherry, thorn and
basswood.

THE USE OF APHIS-EXCRETION AND BENEFIT DERIVED
THEREFROM.

BY THCMAS G. GENTRY, GERMANTOWN, PA.

It is well known to the popular as well as scientific world that the
A phides secrete or rather excrete a peculiarly viscid and honey-like fluid
which forms one of the chief delicacies of Ants. That it was originally
designed to form an article of food for the latter is a supposition that
cannot be entertained for a single moment ; but that it is in some way
connected with the preservation of the soft and tender beings by which
it is manufactured, there can be no reasonable doubt. Various opinions
have been hazarded, and not a few theories devised to account for its
probable origin and use and the material benefit which it secures to the
authors thereof, but these have been of such an unsatisfactory character
as not to merit the approval of the learned.

While some writers have surmised its application to be connected in
some way with the wants of the newly-born AfAis, still the lack of
evidence confirmatory of any such surmise has caused it to fall into
neglect and disuse.

That this fluid has both a primary and a secondary purpose to subserve
in the economy of the plant louse is a fact the truth of which stands off
as gross as black from white. Recently, while engaged in the study of the

6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Aphis which particularly infests the blossoms of Cucurbita ovifera, I had
the happy satisfaction of being a witness of a phenomenon which
promised to solve the knotty problem. After a few moments of calm and
deliberate reflection upon what I observed, the entire theory, the
details of which I am about to delineate, became almost intuitively
outlined upon my mind.

Feeding upon the flowers of this plant were hundreds of lice, the
groupings of which not even a careless and hasty observer could fail to
detect. There, like the patriarchal tribes we read about, were observable
group after group, each composed of a head and a family of children of
diverse ages and sizes. In the arrangement the young and newly-born, as
if requiring thc first care and earliest attention of the mother, were closely
in her rear, the proximity to her presence in the case of the residue being
apparently determined by their age.

While intently scrutinizing the actions of the various groups, one little
fellow was observed to caress its parent by means of its antenne, as if
soliciting the bestowal of a favor. After the lapse of some few seconds
the mother, acting in obedience to the child’s wishes as thus expressed,
slowly elevated the posterior part of her abdomen and ejected a honey
drop upon the head of the latter, apparently to its infinite delight and
satisfaction. It is my honest opinion, evidenced by repeated observations,
that it is only during the first two days of the life of the offspring that
this process of feeding is necessary, the digestive organs at this period
being too feeble and delicate to partake of the strong juice of the flower
without the entailment of injury. But after undergoing remarkable
changes in the alimentary laboratory it becomes deprived of its injurious
properties and rendered fit for the sustenance of life.

In conjunction with the previous discovery I remarked that the older
and stronger seldom, if ever, deviated from the path over which their
maternal head had passed, but seemed to find their chief good attained
by following closely therein. It seems just to conclude that this would
not be if they were amply qualified to look after their own temporal
welfare ; but on the ground that parental provision and attention are still
indispensable, the reason is obvious.

Plant lice being vigorous feeders, the manufacture and excretion of
this fluid would necessarily be very great and profuse, and as nature does
not work in vain, it might be argued that it is a sort of compensation
which the insect lavishes upon the plant for the losses which it

THE CANADIAN KNTOMOLOGIST. 7

momentarily sustains. But to this opinion I cannot assent, as experience
‘teaches me that the plant does not receive the least benefit therefrom.
Even if it possessed any healing virtues, these could not manifest any
marked effects, owing to the very rapid multiplication of the lice, which
are constantly probing the wounds by means of their puctorial apparatus
_and thus serving to heighten instead of lightening the evil. Viewing the
‘subject in this light, nature would seem to be defeating her own ends.

It is true that these highly mischievous creatures are slightly held in
check by a few species of the Ichneumonide, Syrphidz and Coccinel-
lide, but their rate of increase is so enormously out of proportion to the
number of their enemies that very little good results to plants.

From the preceding remarks it is evident to the mind of every candid
‘reasoner that plants receive no material advantage from this excretion. It
mow remains to indicate its use. ‘That it is of great service to the newly
‘born Apfhis, totally unfitted as it is both by nature and by structure to
imbibe the strong, yet sometimes acrid and bitter fluids of plants, there
can be no doubt. But as the supply is clearly above the requirements of
such, why the excess? Most assuredly to serve as fadbu/um for their
stronger companions. How? By uniting with the plant’s forced
excretion, thus diluting and rendering it a suitable material for imbibition
and digestion. ‘That its primary use is to serve as food for the lice during
their early existence I think from the argument adduced must be obvious
‘to all.

That a secondary purpose also is subserved thereby, to wit, the
preservation of the species, there are just grounds for belief. It is well
‘known to naturalists that ants do not merely possess a fondness for
‘sugar, gums and saccharine solutions, but that they also manifest a
‘decided penchant for the rich juices and tender tissues of animals; the
liquids aud solids of humbler forms of insect life being sought after and
devoured with avidity, save when the animals possess some peculiar
properties that recommend them to the mercy of their enemies.

There is no doubt that the soft and juicy Aphis, which is esteemed
such a rich morsel of food by the Coccinella, was primitively as delicious
‘to the Formica, and that it shared equally with other feeble creatures of
its class the murderous assaults of the latter. This condition of things
‘doubtless continued for ages, until there appeared on the scene an ant
possessed of more sagacity than any of its fellows.

8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

This ant having discovered the hidden virtues of the Aphis excretion
there would dawn a new era in the history of the two species. The news-
of this discovery would doubtless become diffused not only through the
colony of which this ant formed a part, but through the entire species and
kindred species, for the /urmicide, as is well known, exhibit in a remark--
able manner the power of communicating their thoughts, wishes, &c., to
each other.

As ants are endowed with a high degree of intelligence, considering”
the place which they occupy in the scale of created existence, they would
not be slow to perceive that their chief good would be best attained by
taking under protection the little creatures which are the authors of this
luxury. From this time the ants would gradually abandon their
sanguinary propensities, and little by little manifest their solicitude and
regard for the latter by gentle strokes and caresses. The lice in turn
perceiving the latter's disposition to friendliness, would cease by degrees.
to regard them as enemies, and would learn to cater to their physical
wants. Thus would be developed these amicable relations which are
known to exist between them, and which so admirably tend to their
mutual good.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.
Continued from Page 232, vol. y.

BUTALIS.
B. fuscicomella, Clem.

B. flavifrontella, Clem.

Both of these species occur abundantly in this locality; but the
latter (my specimens can be nothing else) has the apical vein furcate
before the apex, whilst Dr. Clemens says that it is simple. Mr. Stainton
says it may be B. basilaris, Zeller.

B. matutella? Clem.

I am not altogether certain that my specimens belong to this species.
which I know only by Dr. Clemen’s description. The neuration of the
wings in my specimens is the same with that of Dr. Clemen’s species as

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9°

given by him ; but there are some structural points in which it differs from
Butalis, and Dr. Clemens’ specific description is applicable to only a
small proportion of individuals out of the many that I have examined.
My specimens have been bred from larvae found mining the leaves of the
great hog weed (Ambrosia trifida) and various species of Aster (A.
ericoides and A. sagittifolius). It spins a small web on the under side of
the leaf from which it passes into the leaf, eating out the parenchyma in
small patches. It makes several mines before passing into the pupa
state. The mine is at first convoluted, narrow and filled with frass, but
soon becomes a clear transparent blotch somewhat like the mine of
Bedellia somnulentella in leaves of the morning glory (/fomea). It pupates
in a dense web which it spins around itself,and which is but slightly
attached to the surface of the leaf.

In the imago state the tongue is scaled at the base only, the wings are
carried slightly deflexed in repose instead of being folded around the
body as in the true species of Buta/is. The primaries have only three
instead of four veins beneath the apical one, and the head is rather less
obtuse and is scarcely at all retracted. I had at first inclined to erect for
it a new genus, and specimens in my cabinet were labelled Sinoe
ambrosiacella, and have been distributed to some correspondents under
that name. The neuration of the wings is very similar to that of the
genus Ayia, but the palpi are very different.

The imago is shining bronzy dark brown, with a purplish tinge.
Usually there is a whitish yellow spot on the fold of variable size, some-
times spreading to the dorsal margin, sometimes scarcely discernible, and
sometimes absent: there is alwaysa distinct streak of the same hue at
the beginning of the dorsal cilia, and a white patch on the abdomen
beneath near the apex. A/ ex. Y% inch.

The larva is at first white with green contents ; then a small black
spot appears on each side of the first segment, and afterwards.a series or
line of similar spots extends along the entire length of the larva and
ultimately they become purple. In the later-larval stages a purple line
appears on each side of the median one. There isa small blackish spot
behind each eye. In the adult larva the 9th and 1oth segments become
purple on top and the purplish longitudinal lines above mentioned are
connected on the posterior margin of each segment by a transverse band
of the same hue. It has sixteen feet, the thoracic ones being piceous. It
may be found in all of its stages from June until the fall of the leaves.

10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ARGYRESTHIA.
A. oreasella. Clem.

Mr. Stainton states in his edition of the Clemens papers that this is
the European A. andereggiella. It is the only species of the genus hereto-
fore described from this country. I have never met with it in this locality
but have received from Mr. Wm. Saunders several specimens with the
information that they were all taken whilst resting on the leaves of a
thorn bush (Crategus ————?). In my specimens there is nothing
that can be called an ‘ eye cap’ only a few long scales pendant over the
eyes from the elongate basal point of the antennz, and the body, wings
and antennz more slender than in the species described below as A,
undulatella, The neuration of the wings in orease//a is exactly that given
by Mr. Stainton (lus. Brit. Lep. Tin., v. 3) for A. nitidella.

A. unidulatela. N. sp.

Not having recognized this as a true Aveyresthia formerly, it was
labelled in my cabinet Chalciope undulatella, and has been distributed to
some correspondents under that name, and also under ay names Polyxo
undulatella and Albunea undulatella.

It is more robust than ovease//a, the primaries are wider, the tuft on the
vertex is larger, the basal joint of the antenne is enlarged and has a
distinct eye cap; the antenne are much more robust and each joint is
clothed with rather spreading scales so that it is enlarged towards its apex,
the succeeding joint being inserted in the centre of its apex.

The neuration of the primaries is like that of ovease/a, but in the
‘secondaries the discal vein is absent from the subcostal to the first branch
‘of the discal, so that the cell is partly unclosed.

I have named the species wadu/atella from its habit of ‘ see-sawing’ on
its middle legs before it comes to rest in the attitude of the other species
of the genus, resting on its head with the apex of the body and wings
projecting at an obtuse angie to the object on which it rests. It is very
sluggish and not easily disturbed. It is found in considerable numbers
in May resting on the trunks of Elm trees. The larva is unknown.

A. undulatella. N. sp.

Palpi brownish, at base white ; face white around the mouth, brownish
above. Tuft and eye caps snowy white. Antennae checkered with
alternate black and white spots. ‘Thorax and dorsal half of the primaries

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, ll

#

‘snowy white; costal and apical portions brownish or dark brown, some-
times dusted with white and sometimes (usually) with streaks of the white
extending into the brown portions, sometimes so as to divide it into two
or three brownish costal streaks. ‘There is great variety in the shade and
proportions of the whitish and brownish portions of the wing, but snow
white is the characteristic color of the basal and dorsal parts and brown-
ish of the costal and apical parts, with the line between them more or
Jess emarginate. A/ ex. %inch. Kentucky.

A. apici-maculella. WN. sp.

In this species the eye cap is as distinct as in wndudate//a, but the stalk
is simple and slender as in orease//a. The neuration of the primaries is
that given by Mr. Stainton for A. arceuthina (loc. <it.) Inthe second-
aries it is the inferior portion of the discal vein that is absent instead ot
the superior, as in wvdulatella; that is the portion next to the median
‘vein.

Shining silvery white, each joint of the antennae (except the basal
one) is dotted above with dark brown. Primaries with a blackish or
dark brown shining almost triangular spot at the apex, with three pale
and indistinct brownish costal streaks before it ; the first of these streaks
is the shortest and most indistinct, and is placed at the beginning of the
ciliae. The second is a little more distinct and sometimes extends
entirely across the wing, and the third one always does so after dividing
into two branches just before the apical spot. These streaks are usually
more or less interrupted and sometimes spread over the apex so that it
might perhaps be more correctly described as dusted than streaked.
There is a bright though pale golden basal streak just within the costal
margin. A/. ¢x. 3 inch. Kentucky, in oak woods, in June and July.

THE FAMILIES OF DIPTERA.
BY FRANCIS WALKER, LONDON, ENGLAND.

The two-winged flies are more important in nature than any other
order of insects because of their number and diffusion, and the families
may be briefly traced in succession previous to a more extended notice
of each of them, in case the subject should become more interesting.

{2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Family 1, PULICID%.
a 2, MYCETOPHILID®.

In the following arrangement the first manifestation of Dipterous:
existence is associated with the inmost recesses of man’s habitation, and
a few beasts and birds aiso partake of its presence in their dwellings. In
this form it has some perfections in which it exceeds all the rest of the
race, being unequalled in strength and in activity and in endurance of
pressure. The dismissal of this wingless fly will be readily accepted, and
there is a wide gap between it and the next form of Dipterous life
wherein it is transferred to the fungoid-race, and here its work is to
appropriate and elaborate the substance of the fungus and to raise it to
its own level, and this will be said to be just contrary to the first scene in
which it reduces the circulation of the vertebrata to its own purposes. In
the second scene the fly has in some cases much resemblance in the body
and in the legs to the first family, but the strength and the activity are
comparatively passed away, and the structure of the mouth is much
changed and much less effective ; however, it has a compensation in the:
possession of wings. Even in the small extent of England there is yet
much to learn about the fungus-flies, but there is a much wider field for
observation in Canada and in the more northern regions of America
where the gradual diminution and cessation of the race may be traced.
Winnerty has contributed much more than any one else to the history of
this family, and his synopsis of the sub-families is here translated :

A—Middle transverse vein elongated.

a—Brachial vein wanting....... olin Regen iedseven ot Diadocdine:
b—Brachial vein present.

*—Antennz not very long.

t—-Brachial vein long... cic: « . jee sense vase ose ae MVCOROR Mas

+ +—Brachial vein short.......... ceeesce cave oeiee@ CGQQiaiemnam
* *__Antenne very long.
+—Antenne setiform......... os pila tLe cas ja tale ...-4 Bolitophilinz

+ t—Antenne filiform... ..0.5...0cccecessscesee 5 Macrgcerma
B—Middle transverse vein not elongated.

a—Brachial vein present..........:0.2e00000eeee+ +6 Sciophilinz:
b—Brachial vein wanting.............0eee8++++7 Mycetophiline:

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13

NOTES ON NOCTUIDz.
BY AUG. R. GROTE,
Curator of Articulata, Buffalo Soc. of Natural Sciences.
Agrotis badinodis, Grote.

a. Antenne pectinate. All the tibize armed or spinose. Abdomen
a little flattened. Body slender; wings ample and wide. Nearest to
Agrotis collaris, but with wider wings, and larger and differently colored.
Smooth, pale brown. ‘Transverse lines even, with coincident pale
shades. Basal half-line evident ; on the sub-basal space a pale dot
followed by darker scales situate on median nervure. ‘T'ransverse anterior
line straight, touching the broader superior portion of the large orbicular
on subcostal nervure, and leaving on the disc an intensely blackish brown
space to obtain between the narrower lower portion of the orbicular and
the line. Reniform, like the orbicular, cancolorous, with narrow pale
edging, hardly as large as the orbicular and broader below than above.
Space between the spots deep, faintly reddish brown, deepening to median
nervure. The diffuse median shade apparent below median nervure.
Claviform large, concolorous, indistinctly limited. ‘Transverse posterior
line even, regularly arcuate, much as in co//aris. Subterminal space dark
reddish brown; subterminal line faint, narrow, irregular, pale ;_ terminal
space paler, less reddish brown than the subterminal. ‘Terminal line
broken into minnte dots ; fringes dark.

Hind wings concolorous, dark silky fuscous, with pale fringes. Beneath
with a reddish brown tinge ; a common diffuse fuscous line, and a dark
_discal spot on the hind wings which are palest and notably irrorate. Collar
dark, thorax pale brown ; abdomen like hind wings. Axfavse, 35 m. m.
Habitat, Maryland (coll. Lintner, No. 2506.)

/

The antennal pectinations are longer than in ¢riangulum, the color
. different, the orbicular differently shaped.

Eurois occulta.

I have determined this species in the collection of Mr. Lintner, from
New York, and in that of the Laval University, Quebec. It is a robust
form, resembling Mamestra nimbosa in appearance, but structurally

- distinguished by the naked eyes, spinose fore tibize and excavated genital

14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

———

pieces. It should be considered as the type of Hubner’s genus Zurois,a
name which has priority over Af/ecfa, and is cast for the same species,
most of which, as Lederer has shown, are not properly separable from
Mamestra. Polyphaenis seems to me equally valid with Zurois; Iam not
therefore agreed with v. Heineman’s fusion of the species of the two.
genera under the name of Afg/ecta. The late Mr. Walsh has already
referred to this species as found in this country. The list of species
common to both continents, given in the Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p.
214, contains, however, several errors of different kinds, and is therefore
unreliable.

Luperina rentformis, Grote.

g 2. Eyes naked, without lashes. Tibiz all unarmed. Maxillae
weaker than in Hadena. Abdomen conical, apparently without tufts in
the 2, with longer dorsal depressed scales in the Z, in either sex not
with the thick squamation of Hadena. A little larger than Aydr. sera,
which it resembles, but is more blackish, and the reniform is contrastedly
annulate with white scales which usually extend along veins 3 and 4 at
base, as in Haworthi. Beneath the thoracic squamation is somewhat
woolly. Blackish brown; suhterminal space usually contrasting by its
pale ochreous color. Median space wide. Orbicular an oblique finely
and faintly pale ringed annulet, concolorous with the wing. Claviform
indistinct, black. Reniform very narrow, its base visible between veins 3.
“and 4, neatly ringed with pure white, preceded by a pale vertical streak
which appears to cover the closure of the cell, but which is probably part
of the true outer annulus of the spot. Median shade black, irregular,
faint. T. p. line accentuated on the nervules, even, pale between double
lines, not retreated on cell 2,followed by black nervular dots on the
subterminal space. Subterminal line preceded by a dark brown shade
which shows some more determinate shade marks, produced opposite the
median nervure. Terminal space black, narrow. Interspaceal terminal
black dots. The narrow brown fringes cut with pale at extremity of the
veins. Hind wings pale fuscous with soiled veins, beneath with distinct
dot and faint transverse line. Varies by the darkening of the subterminal
space, and obsolescence of the pale scales on the median nervules.
Antennnez simple in both sexes. xfanse36m.m. Habitat Canada ;
New York (Mead, No. 120; Lintner, No. 3588 and No. 3741 var.)
Collection of Buffalo Society N. Sciences.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15

Fadena fractilinea, Grote.

9. Eyes naked, with lashes. Thorax with anterior and posterior
crests ; the dorsal abdominal tufts are minute. Legs unarmed. Size
moderate ; squamation smooth. Dull blackish and very pale dull carneous
brown. The pale color obtains along the internal margin of the fore
wings and largely subterminally, extending to the apices without the
undulate ferruginous subterminal line. The blackish color obtains at
base and superiorly along costal region, and surmounting the pale
subterminal space and over the constricted terminal space. The contrast
between the two tints is variably strong, the blackish color becomes in
some specimens dull brownish and the pale tint obscure and dusky. The
median space is blackish above submedian fold, narrowed inferiorly ; the
ordinary spots small, orbicular concolorous with a fine pale annulation,
reniform with the centre of the paler shade of the wing, with a dark
internal streak. Transverse posterior line incompletely geminate,
followed by a series of minute black and pale nervular dots. The twice
prominently undulated subterminal is preceded by a more or less obvious
ferruginous shade. Fringes black, narrowly cut with pale at the
extremity of the veins. Hind wings concolorozs brownish grey, rather
dark, without lines; fringes pale with a narrow dark internal line. Beneath
paler, dusted with dark scales, with a purplish or carneous tinge and a
tolerably distinct exterior common line, more denticulately waved on
secondaries. Patagia mixed with blackish scales; disc and tufts paler,
touched with ferruginous ; abdomen like hind wings. Zxfanse, 28 to 30
m.m. Habitat, Canada (Pettit, No. 1594); Albany (Lintner, Nos. 3568
and 1998). Much smaller and distantly recalling rwrea in the disposition
of the colors. It has apparently also a resemblance to the European
Agrotis putris, but is generically distinct, and differs by the dark opaque
secondaries.

Hadena cariosa.

Xylophasia cariosa, Guenee, p. 144.

The median lines are more distinct than in its immediate allies. The
median space is narrowed inferiorly, the large claviform extends to the
transverse posterior line.

Cerastis alternata.

Noctua alternata, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. IIL.
Eastern States; New York; Pennsylvania.

16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Cerastis cupida.
Noctua cupida, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. III.

Eastern States ; New York; Pennsylvania.
Teélesilia cinereola.

This species is the Placedes cinercola of Guenee, but the generic name
had been previously used, and Herrich-Schaffer in consequence proposed
the present designation for the European amethystina, and which should
be retained for our species. Lederer’s term Zwcarta is later and has
been withdrawn, in favor of Zé/es/Za, by its author. Hubner enumerates
the European species under Trigonophora, the type of which is quite
distinct structurally from 7Zc/esiVla amethystina.

Plusia gamma, (Linn).

Ffabitat, California (Hy. Edwards, No. 147).

I cannot distinguish the American specimens specifically. This
species has been credited to Canada by Kirby (p. 307), and also to
Hudson’s Bay by Mr. Walker, in the British Museum Lists;

Adipsophanes miscellus, Grote.
Habitat, California (Hy. Edwards, No. 187).

ENTOMOLOGICAL READINGS,
Suggestive and Reflective.
BY W. V. ANDREWS, NEW YORK.

“There are no satisfactory distinctions between some of the moths
which enable any one to say that they are of such and such species, and
very frequently they are separated into different kinds because they happen
to feed on various plants, and because the moths are not all colored in
the same manner. Of course the Entomologists that believe in the real
nature of species have taken a vast deal of trouble with the Noctuina, but
those who do not think a species to be anything more than an abstract
idea, and that it really consists of the sum of the variations of a closely
allied series of forms, do not see the use of this Natural History hair
splitting.”—Duncan’s Transf. of Lusects, p. 125.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17

“« Many naturalists have observed that the species of So/enodia, one of
the Tineidzw, have a most exceptional power of reproduction. The
maiden females of the genus lay eggs which can be hatched so as to
produce larve, and a naturalist may breed a species for years without
seeing a male So/enobia. ‘This extraordinary fact is not without parallel
amongst the Lepidoptera * bi * and it is common among the
bees and the aphides.”——Duncan’s Transf. of Insects, p. 146.

Nore.—To many persons there will be, I hope, nothing new in the
above statement, but there are more to whom it will not only be new but
also incredible. In this connection I wish to state an occurrence, which,
although not quite conclusive in its character, may, if known, recall to
others similar occurrences with the same species, and they may have met
with more definite results.

Two years ago, wishing to rear several broods of Eacles imperialis, I
placed a female of that species in a favorable situation for attracting the
male. I had forgotten whether the male usually remained in the company
of the female for a long or a short time, and watched pretty closely till 1
o’clock a. m., for the purpose of ascertaining that fact.

I was much chagrined to find that at none of my visits was there any
male visible. I was up betwixt 3 and 4 o’clock, a. m., still no male; and
at broad daylight the result was the same. The female had, however, laid
on the branches of the tree on which she was confined about thirty eggs,
and although I considered them worthless, I put them into a small box
without quite knowing why. I removed the female the next night to a
still more promising spot, hoping that the eggs remaining in her might still
be impregnated. No trace however of a male was visible, but, by the
next morning, she had laid a quantity of eggs which I secured as
before.

Every one of these eggs were fertile ; but now comes the curious part
of the matter. Every one of the larvae were of the dark brown variety,
not a green one amongst them.

Now what I would like to learn is this: Does any one know of any
case in which zfericlis has produced fertile eggs without male assistance
and, if so, what color were the larvae ?

18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

CORRESPONDENCE.

San Francisco, Cau., Nov., 1873.
DEAR SIR,—

Many printed pages you devote to the question of nomenclature and
rights of priority of generic and specific names. Allow me a small space in
your columns to say a word in no way personal, still from a different
point of view, yet with deference to the contending opinions.

In the first place I would claim a general acknowledgement for such
compilers of entomological material as have in an exhaustive way at their
time—so far as exhaustion is possible—published the results of their
researches, and which compilations form entireties of certain large groups
of insects. I will refer to only a few, among them Burmeister, for his
Rhynchosa and Gymnognatha ; Gyllenhall, for his North European Cole-
optera ; Harold and Gemminger’s Munich Catalogue of the World’s
Coleoptera; also, Ochsenheimer and Freitschke’s work on Lepidoptera
of Europe, this latter one so complete with Geometridze and Micros.

All these compilers have worked with the full understanding of the
value of generic names come down to them from earlier authorities, have
been guided by the wish of letting Linne’s and other great author’s earliest
names stand for the typical genus, giving room at the same time where, by
newer discoveries, new genera had necessarily been created, for their
interpolation. The great completeness of these published compilations,
based upon conscientious researches, is what has created, if not all over
the world, at least in Europe, the use and endearment of certain generic
names that in my opinion might be everywhere respected, and will, I
hope, everywhere and for ever be adopted. I see no necessity of going
further back than the authority of such great compilers, even if a few
errors of judgment, as likely, have occurred.

To restrict my observations to Lepidoptera only, I will here especially
refer to Ochsenheimer and Freitschke’s work of wonderful completeness ;
it treats of European Lepidoptera only. The European Fauna has its
representatives all the world over, and it is around and between European
genera that the world’s new species have to be ranged, whether or not the
formation of new genera becomes necessasy. Such ground work or basis
for a complete series of classes and genera as O. & F. have compiled
might, in my opinion, be followed up and their generic names without
omission be adhered to. Addressing American Entomologists, I would

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19

allow myself the question: Might not all controversy about generic
names, whether from earlier or later editions of Linne’s or from other early
authorities, be dropped, and all punctilious adhesion to priority be
dismissed ; might not the long-familiar names on the strength of above
named second-hand authorities be with safety fixed upon as final and

generally acknowledged ?
Yours respectfully,

JAMES BEHRENS.

P. S.—It would be well if the authors of new created generic names
would give their Greek or Latin derivations.

—

HABITAT, ECONOMY, ETC., OF AGROTIS FENNICA, EVERSMAN.
SPRING BANK, ST. CATHARINES, ONT., DEC. 22, 1873.
DEAR SIR,—

I am very anxious to obtain information respecting Agrotis fennica,
Eversman, whether it is an abundant species in any part of Canada or the
United States, and, being a stranger in this country, would be very
thankful would any gentleman conversant with the insect, kindly aid me
in the pages of the Can. ENT., by any information he may posess touching
its economy in the larval state, food plant, time of year when the imago
is found, or any other necessary details.

Finally, should any Entomologist have duplicate specimens to spare, I
need scarcely say they will be very acceptable, and later on in the season
I will do my best in return to repay the obligation, and send an equivalent
in any desirable species from this neighborhood.

1 heve read with much interest the articles on collecting in late
numbers of the Can. Envr., especially as my experience with cyanide of
potassium as a killing material induced me years ago to abandon that
method. I had the material both in tight-fitting boxes and glass-stoppered
bottles, in all cases the cyanide being covered with a stratum of plaster
of Paris. Asa killer it does admirably, but, according to my experience,
it renders the moths so rigid that in setting the wings are very liable to
be torn in lifting them into position. This method of killing with cyanide
was, indeed, condemned years ago in England owing to this very cause.

Geo. NORMAN.

20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ZOOLOGICAL Museum, CAMBRIDGE, U.S., DEc. 20.
Dear SIR,—

I have commenced to study and arrange the Coleoptera in the
Museum, and hope to get help on all sides, and shall be particularly glad
to see specimens in the less studied groups. At present I have finished
the N. American Phytophaga, and hope to work at the Staphylinide ere
long. I also want to see all the Dytiscidae that I can, as it is only by a
long series that much can be done. Ichall be glad to hear from any one

interested in exotic insects, also. Yours truly,
G. R. Crorcu.

LARVA OF P. BREVICAUDA.

We extract the following from a letter recently received from Mr.
Edwards :—Miss Peart has drawn the larva of drevicauda. It differs-from
asterias larva in that the black transverse bands are broken, and no yellow
spots are between them; the lowest black spot is triangular, and so to
each band. Itis more like zo/icaon, although that has yeilow spots. The
point is that it is not astertas.

W. H. Epwarps, Coalburgh, W. Va., 18th Nov., 1873.

BO OE MOTIGES:

Hackberry Butterfiies. Descriptions of the early stages of Apatura Lycaon, Fabr. and Apatura Herse,
Fabr., with remarks on their synonymy, from the Trans. St. Louis Acad. Science. 8 vo., pp. 14,
with four illustrations by Chas. V. Riley, M. A., Ph. D., St. Louis.

On Platypsyllidz, a new family of Coleoptera, from the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,
8 vo., pp. 6, with one plate, by J. L. Le Conte, M. D.

Seltsame Geschicte eines Tagfalters, von Samuel H. Scudder.
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xv, parts 3 and 4, Dec., ’72 to April, ’73.
Nature, to December 11th.

Science Gossip, December.

American Naturalist, December, 1873, January, 1874.
Canada Farmer, December 15 and 30.

Prairie Farmer to Dec. 27.

The Horticulturist, Nov. and Dec..

Rural New Yorker to Jan., ’73.

American Agriculturist, Jan.

Maine Farmer to Dec. 27.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

. VOL. VI. LONDON, ONT., FEBRUARY, 1874. No. 2

THE FOOD-PLANTS OF EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES.
BY S. H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Kaltenbach is publishing a work entitled Die Pflanzen-Feinde aus der
Classe der Insecten, two parts of which have appeared and carry the
investigation through the willows. He enumerates all the German insects
known to feed upon particular plants ; annotated lists of more than three
hundred species of insects are sometimes ascribed to a single tree. Among
these are many butterflies, and by collating them I have prepared the
following list, believing that, as it is fuller than any yet published, it will
be of great service to those who are endeavoring to discover or extend
the histories of our own butterflies. As soon as the work of Kaltenbach
is completed, a supplement will be prepared to this list. The nomen-
clature of the butterflies is altered to make it accord with Staudirger’s
last catalogue.

1. Apatura iris—Salix caprea, S. aurita.

2 “ #ia—Salix, Populus tremula, P. dilatata.

2 - “var. c/ytic—Populus tremula, P. canescens.

4. Limenitis populi—Populus tremula.

Bi rt camilla—Lonicera ccerulea, L. xylosteum, L. caprifolium,
L. periclymenum.

6. a3 sibilla—Same plants as the preceding.

7. Vanessa levana—Urtica dioica.

8. “ egea—Salix, Parietaria officinalis.

5 “ _ C. album—Ulmus campestris, Humulus lupulus, Urtic.

urens, Ribes rubrum, R. grossularia, Corylus avel-
lana, Lonicera xylosteum.

Io. “< polychloros—Pyrus communis (pear), P. malus (apple), P.
cydonia (quince), P. cerasus (cherry), Ulmus,
Salix, Populus, Cornus.

22

Il.

12.
13.
14.
rc.
16.
ie

gi

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vanessa xanthomelas—Populus, Ulmus, Salix caprea, S. acuminata,

S. glauca, S. vitellina.

L. album—Ulmus, Salix.

urtice—Urtica hispida, etc.

zo—Urtica, Humulus.

antiopa—Salix, Betula, Populus, Tilia (Ulmus is not given.)

atalanta—Urtica dioica, U. urens.

cardui—Cirsium oleraceum, C. arvense, C. palustre, C. lan-
ceolatum, Carduus natans, Malva_ rotundifolia,
Gnaphalium arenarium, G. luteoalbum, Achillea
millefolium, Artemisia vulgaris, Filago arvensis,
Onopordum acanthium, Cynara scolymus, Centaurea
benedicta, Urtica dioica, Carlina.

Argynnis aphirape—Polygonum distorta, Viola palustris.

“ce

ce

“ce

“c

ce

ce

ce

ce

(74

ce

ce

“ee

sedene—Viola canina, V. tricolor.

euphrosyne—Viola canina.

pales—Viola montana.

dia—Viola cdorata.

daphne—Viola, Rubus idzus, R. fruticosus.

ino—Urttica.

Zathonia—Viola arvensis, V. tricolor, Hedysarum onobry-
chis, Anchusa officinalis.

aglaja—Viola canina.

niobe—Viola odorata, V. tricolor.

adippe—Viola odorata, V. tricolor.

paphia—Hesperis tristis, Viola canina, Rubus idzus,
Urtica.

pandora—Viola.

Melitea cynthia—Plantago lanceolata, Pedicularis rostrata.

ce

“

ce

maturna—Melampyrum nemorosum, Populus tremula, Salix
caprea, Fraxinus excelsior, Veronica, Plantago.

aurinia—Geranium sanguineum, Scabiosa, Veronica, Plan-
tago.

cinxia—Plantago lanceolata, Veronica, Hieracium pilosella,
H. canescens.

phebe—Centaurea scabiosa, C. jacea.

trivia—Verbascum thapsus, V. nigrum.

didyma — Artemesia abrotanum, Plantago, Centaurea,

Stachys, Linaria vulgaris, Veronica, Teucrium chameedrys.

38.

39-

50.

EE.
52.
53:

54.
55-

56.
57:
58.

59:

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23

Melitea dictynna—Melampyrum nemorosum, Spirea aruncus, §S,
ulmaria, Veronica.

“ — athalia—Melampyrum sylvaticum, M. pratense, M. nemo-
rosum, Plantago, Veronica chamaedrys, Chrysan-
themum corymbosum, Digitalis ochroleuca.

‘¢ aureltia—Plantago.

ms “var. britomartis—V eronica chamaedrys, Melampyrum
pratense.

“ parthenite—Plantago lanceolata, Centaurea jacea, Melampy-
rum pratense.

Nemeobius luctna—Rumex, Primula.
Thecla betule—Prunus spinosa, P. armeniaca.
“¢ spinti—Rhamnus saxatilis, R. cathartica, R. frangula, Prunus
spinosa, P. domestica.

“< W. album—Ulmus campestris.

¢ ddtcts—Ul mus.

“ acacie—Prunus spinosa.

“< pruni—Prunus spinosa, Amygdalus communis, Rhamnus
cathartica.

“ _ rubi—Prunus spinosa, Rhamnus, Cytisus, Hedysarum ono-
brychis, Amygdalus persica, Rubus, Genista, Ledum
palustre.

Lycena betica—Spartium, Colutea, Phaca beetica.

“< telicanus—Lythrum salicaria.

“ _ argiades—Lotus corniculatus, Anthyllis vulneraria, Medi-
cago falcata, M. lupulina, Trifolium arvense, T.
pratense, Pisum sativum.

“ argyrotoxus—Genista, Colutea arborescens, Trifolium.

“ argus—Rhamnus, Trifolium montanum, Mellilotus officin-
alis, Genista germanica, Spartium scoparium, Hedy-
sarum onobrychis, Lotus corniculatus, Erica
vulgaris.

“ optilete—Vaccinium oxycoccos.

‘< — orion—Sedum telephium.

“ _astrarche—Erodium cicutarium, Geranium dissectum, G.
pusillum.

“« wcarus—Tnifolium, Mellilotus, Genista, Ononis spinosa,
Astragalus glyciphyllos, Fragaria vesca, Medicago.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Lycena bellargus—Trifolium, Coronilla: varia, C. montana, Hippo-
crepis comosa, Genista sagittalis, Stachys.

coridon—Vicia, Astragalus, Coronilla varia.

hylas—Trifolium, Mellilotus officinalis.

dolus—Trifolium. —

damon—Hedysarum onobrychis.

argiodus—Rhamnus frangula, Mespilus, Pyrus malus.

minima—Anthyllis vulneraria.

semiargus—Mellilotus.

cyWarus—Astragalus glyciphyllos, Trifolium, Mellilotus,
Genista sagittalis, G. germanica, Hedysarum ono-
brychis.

jolas—Colutea arborescens.

Polyommatus virgauree—Solidago virgaureze, Rumex acutus, R.

acetosa.

cc

dispar—Rumex, Polygonum.

hippothoe—Rumex acetosa.

alciphron—Rumex acetosa.

dorilis—Rumex acetosa, R. acetosella.

phleas—Rumex acetosa.

amphidamas—Rumex acetosa, Polygonum _bistorta,

Viola canina.

Rhodocera rhamni—Rhamnus cathartica, Frangula, Mespilus ger-

manica, Pyrus.

cleopatra—Rhamnus alpinus.

Colias paleno-—Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Vaccinum uliginosum.

“ Ayale—Coronilla varia, Trifolium, Vicia.
myrmidone—Cytisus biflorus, C. nigricans.
edusa—Onobrychis, Cytisus.

Pieris brassice—Brassica, Rhaphanus sativus, Cochlearia armoracia,
Sinapis, Lepidium sativum, Tropzolum, Cheiranthus
annuus.

rape—the same plants as the preceding, and also Reseda.

napi—Brassica oleracea, B. napus, Reseda lutea, R. luteola,
R. odorata, Turritis glabra, Alliaria officinalis,
Sinapis.

daplidice—Reseda lutea, Turritis glabra, Erucastrum, Rha-
phanus rhaphanistrum, Sisymbrium sophia, Capsella
bursa-pastoris, Alyssum incanum, Sinapis, Thlaspi.

“cc

“

“

87.

88.

89.
go.

gl.
92.

93:

94.

95-
96.
97:

98.
99.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Bh

Aporia crategi—Crategus oxyacantha, Prunus spinosa, P. domes-
tica, P. padus, Pyrus malus, P. communis, Mespilus,
Sorbus.

Anthocaris cardamines—Alliaria_ officinalis, Cardamine impatiens,
Turritis glabra, Brassica campestris, Hesperis,
Sinapis, Thlaspi.

Leucophasia sinapis—Lotus corniculatus, Lathyrus pratensis, Tri-
folium pratense (Sinapis is not given).

Parnassius apollo—Sedum album, Telephium, Sempervivum tec-
torum.
4 mnemosyne—Corydalis bulbosa, C. solida.

Papilio sinon—Prunus spinosa, P. domestica, Pyrus malus, P. com-

munis, Amygdalus persica, A. communis, Quercus.
“ machaon—Carum carui, Anethum foeniculum, Apium graveo-

lens, Daucus carota, Pimpinella saxifraga, Angelica
sylvestris, Peucedanum chabrei, Heracleum, Oreosi-
linum.

Nisoniades tages—Iberis pinnati, Eryngium campestre, Lotus corni-
culatus, Coronilla varia.

Spilothyrus alcee—Malva.

Syrichtus alveus—Polygala chamzbuxus.
= malve—Malva moschata, Plantago lanceolata, Fragaria,
Comarum, Rubus.
sao—Rubus idzus.

Carterocephalus palemon—Plantago.

100. Hesperia sylvanus—Plantago major, Althea rosea, Malva moschata,

Iol.

Lavatera communis.
se comma—Coronilla varia.

NOTES ON COLLECTING CATOCALAS.
BY ROBERT BUNKER, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

In many respects the Catocalas are among the most interesting of the

moths. The contrast of color between their fore and hind wings renders
them objects of great beauty, and hence these fair forms of the woods

26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

are eagerly sought after by collectors. My spare time this season was
spent in collecting Catocalas. In this part of the country they may be
found from the first of June till the first of November. Amasia and
ultronia are seen first ; I took a fine amasia on the z9th of May, and an
ultronia on the roth of June. Cara and several other species may be
found as late as the first of November.

Oak woods, where the trees are young and sufficiently scattered to
admit the sunlight, are the most favorable places for collecting. Ina
small piece of woods of not more than four acres, 1 captured thirty-two
specimens, among which were thirteen different species. I was unable to
visit the place more than eight times ; probably many more could have
been taken had my visits been more frequent. My collecting was done
in this manner: On approaching a tree I examined the trunk carefully up
as high as the first limbs; if a Catocala was seen, and low enough down
to reach, I used a paper box (collar box) to secure the prize, but if high
up the net was brought into requisition. If I failed to find one, I gave
the tree a vigorous shake, and if one was lurking anywhere about the
trunk it was sure to start up and fly, generally but a short distance, when
it would settle, and by cautiously approaching the tree I found no diffi-
culty in securing it. Sometimes two would start up from one tree,
generally male and female, and in such a case it was no easy matter to
follow both of them; still I generally managed to secure them. As I
examined trees I marked them with chalk to save the trouble of working
the ground twice over.

Catocalas, like the lappet moths, usually alight on objects that har-
monize with their own colors. Those with light grey fore wings were
found on white oak (Quercus alba), and those with dark wings, like
epione and cara, on black oak ( Quercus nigra).

In alate number of the Enromotocist, Mr. Grote gave us a list of
the Catocalas, fifty-nine in number ; he now adds four new ones to the
list. My impression is that additional species will be found in the northern
and middle States.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. oF

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

r2,. THE AMERICAN COPPER UNDER WING—
Amphipyra pyramidoides, Guen.

BY THE EDITOR.

This insect is a troublesome one in many parts of our province, and
is yearly increasing. It first attracted attention by its depredations on
the foliage of the vine, but now, with us, while it is still a plague in the
vinery, it is more abundant on plum and apple trees, and is also common
on the thorn. It has been knownin popular language as “ the pyramidal
grape vine worm” on account of the larva having a pyramidal hump
near the end of its body; also as “the green grape vine worm,” in
consequence of the larva being of a green colour, but since it is not by
any means restricted to the grape, we prefer the common name placed at
the head of this article—‘‘ the American copper underwing ”—given to it
because the hind wings of the moth are of a lustrous copper colour. A
very similar moth, Amphipyra pyramidea, Linn., is common in Europe,
the larva of which feeds on the oak, elm, poplar and other trees, and since
this insect is known in England as “the copper underwing,” we think
the common name we have referred to, which was first suggested by Mr.

Eig. =; Riley, is a very appropriate
one for our species.

The larva, of which a very
good representation is given
in figure 3, first attracts notice
early in June, when it may be found about half grown and feeding
vigorously; by the middle of the month it has usualiy attained its full
size, when it measures from one and a quarter to one and a half inches in
length. The head is rather small, flattened in front, and of a whitish
green color, with the mandibles tipped with black. The body is of a
delicate whitish green, a little darker on the sides, with a white stripe
-down the back, a little broken between the segments and somewhat
widened behind. On each side, close to the under surface, there is a

28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

bright yellow stripe which is most distinct on the hinder segments, and a.
second one of the same color, but fainter, half way between this and the
dorsal line ; this latter is more distinct on the posterior portion of the
body, where it follows the peculiar pyramidal hump or prominence on the
twelfth segment, as shown in the figure. The under surface of the body
is pale green.

When full grown this caterpillar descends to the ground, and, drawing
together some loose fallen leaves or other rubbish, spins within a loose
silken cocoon, where in due time it changes to a dark, shining brown
chrysalis, from which the moth usually escapes in the latter part of July;
those which we have reared have appeared about the 2oth of the month.

The moth, see figure 4, measures, when its wings are expanded, about:

one and three quarter inches. The fore wings are dark brown, shaded:
Fig. 4.

with paler brown, and with dots and
wavy lines of a glossy grey or dull
whitish hue. The hind wings are red-
dish with more or less of a coppery
lustre; browner on the outer angle of
the front edge of the wing, and paler
towards the hinder and inner angle.—
The body is dark brown with the hinder
portion banded with lines of a paler shade. The under surface of the
wings is much lighter in color than the upper.

In what stage of its existence this insect passes the winter months has
not yet been determined. Whether the eggs, which are probably laid
during August, remain dormant during the remainder of the summer and
hatch early the following spring, or whether the eggs hatch into larve
early in the fall, and the larve, while still young, become torpid and sleep
through the long winter months, remains undecided ; we incline, however,
to the latter view.

Where the caterpillars prove troublesome their numbers may be
lessened by jarring the trees or vines on which they are feeding with the
hand, when they will usually drop to the ground, where, on account.
of their green color, they can be readily seen and destroyed.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29

ON ANISOPTERYX VERNATA AND POMETARIA.
BY H. K. MORRISON, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

There has been some confusion lately in regard to the limits and
synonymy of these two common species, partially due to Dr. Harris’
unsatisfactory reference to them in his ‘‘ Report on the Insects of Mas-
sachusetts,” 1841, and to the inaccessibility of Prof. Peck’s original
description of A. vernata.

In the numerous notes on these species and references to them in
recent publications, they are in nearly all cases confounded together or
wrongly determined ; and I have not found them correctly named in a
single collection which I have examined.

I reprint the descriptive portion of Prof. Peck’s excellent essay. He
was only acquainted with verwafa and makes no reference to any other
species. Dr. Harris considered fomefaria the true ‘‘ canker worm,” and
vernata a variety ; on what grounds I do not know, as the latter is much
the commoner, and, I presume, the most destructive. The following
description of vernata was published in the Massachusetts JZagazine, vol.
vii, Sept. and Oct., 1795, and reprinted in 1827 in the New England
Farmer, vol. v.:

** Phalaena vernata, geometra geticornis, alis cinereis, fascit tribus obscuris,.
“ fuscis, posticis immaculatis, femina aptera. The wings are ash color
“with three obscure blackish transverse stripes, and a small dash of the
“same color at the tip; the under wings are of a uniform color and
“rather lighter than the ground color of the upper ones. The body of
“the female is nearly four lines in length, ash colored and marked on the
“back with a brown list extending from the thorax tothe tail. In thirteen
“ days the females deposit their eggs ; these are placed in the crannies of
“the bark in the forks of small branches, and where there are spots of
“moss upon the smaller limbs; they seem most fond of insinuating
‘themselves in the cavities between its leaves. For this purpose they
“are furnished with a tube through which the egg is passed. The egg is
“elliptic, one-thirtieth of an inch in length, of a pearl color with a
“yellowish cast. The larve when full grown are about 9 lines long. The
“head pale, marked on each side with two transverse blackish stripes, the

30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

“back ash colored, marked lengthwise with small interrupted dusky lines..
“ The sides blackish, with a pale line along the length of the body ; there
“‘are two white spots on the last segment of the body. The abdomen
‘beneath is ash colored. The chrysalis is about five lines long and one
“and one-half lines in diameter, of a light hazel color, oblong and
“‘ pointed at one end. Their natural and regular time of rising is about
“the middle of March, but happens earlier or later according to the
“warmth or coldness of the season.”

Dr. Harris described the male of what he considered the true ‘‘ canker
worm moth” as follows. The female he seems to have confounded with
the females of vernata.

“ The fore wings are ash colored, with a distinct whitish spot on the
“front edge near the tip ; these are crossed by two whitish, jagged bands
** along the sides of which there are several blackish dots ; the outermost
“‘ band has an angle near the front edge, within which there is a short,
** faint, blackish line, and there is a row of black dots along the outer
“margin close to the fringe. The hind wings are pale ash colored, with
“a faint blackish dot near the middle. The wings expand about one
“inch and a quarter. This species may be called Amzsopteryx pome-
“< taria.”

It has been thought that perhaps these two forms were the autumnal
and vernal broods of the same species.

That the two species are entirely distinct, differing from one another
in the most positive and unmistakable characters, has been abundantly
shown by Mr. B. Mann in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of
Natural History.

I give below the distinctive characters of the two species arranged in
the most convenient form for comparison. It will be noticed that while
the species resemble each other closely externally, the differences, par-
ticularly in the females, are in many cases structural.

Vernata, Peck. Pometaria, Harr.

The first seven rings of the ab- The first seven rings of the ab-
domen in both sexes bear each domen in both sexes with no spines
upon the back two transverse rows upon the back.
of stiff red spines, pointing towards
the end of the body.

THE CANADIAN

ENTOMOLOGIST. ob

Fore wings of male ash colored
or brownish gray, the whitish spot
found on the fore wings of fomet-
aria wanting.

The whitish bands found on the
fore wings of pomefaria are wanting,
but there is a jagged, submarginal
white band on the upper side of
the fore wings in most specimens.

Three interrupted dusky lines
across the fore wings, instead of
two lines as in fometaria; some-
times these lines are only indicated
by dark spots on the costa and by
blackish dashes at the crossing of
the median nervure.

There is an oblique black dash
near the tip of the fore wings, also
a distinct, nearly uniform, continu-
ous black line before the fringe.

The white band found on the
hind wings of Jometaria is wanting.

Abdomen of the female termin-
ating in a retractile ovipositor rather
acutely tapering behind.

Body and legs of the female
clothed with whitish and dark brown
dentate scales; general coloration
not uniform ; a black, dorsal, longi-
tudinal, interrupted band on the
abdomen ; a whitish patch on each
side of the beginning of the band ;
. the spines often give a reddish tinge
to the part they occupy.

Fore wings of male ash colored,
with a distinct whitish spot on the
front edge near the tip.

Forewings crossed by two whitish
jagged bands ; the outermost band
has an angle near the front edge ;
the whitish bands are sometimes
obsolete, in which case only the
whitish spot remains.

Along the sides of the whitish
bands there are several blackish
dots, each on a nervule, and all
generally connected together by a
dusky band which includes them.

Within the angle of the outer-
most whitish band, near the front
edge, there is a short, faint, blackish
line, and there is a marginal row of
black dots before the fringe.

In most specimens a _ curved
white discal band extending across
the hind wings.

Abdomen of the female without
ovipositor, terminating bluntly.

Body and legs of the female
smooth, clothed with glistening
brown and white truncate scales
intermixed, giving the body the ap-
pearance of uniform shining, dark
ash color above, and gray beneath.

32 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

In regard to the time of appearance of the species, vernata emerges
in the spring (March and April). I have never seen a specimen taken in
the autumn. It is by far the commoner of the two. ometaria is not so:
common as vernata, and the great majority of specimens emerge in the
fall or early winter, very rarely a few remaining over until the spring. The
spring specimens of the male are very strongly marked, of a dark smoky
brown, resembling somewhat in coloration the dark suffused variety of
Cleora pulthiaria, Minot. Although I have searched particularly for
them, I have never been able to take but two males. The females seem
to be more common in the spring, and do not differ from the fall speci-
mens.

I have examined 150 male, 70 female vernata; 40 male, 60 female
pometaria, taken in the autumn, and 2 male, 10 female Zometaria, taken in
the spring.

NOTES ON THE LARVA OF BOARMIA LARVARIA, GUENEE.
BY THE EDITOR.

Several of the larvee of this species were taken on the 24th of June ;
they were found feeding on willow and taken by beating the bushes over
an umbrella.

Length one inch ; body cylindrical.

Head medium-sized, flat, bilobed; brownish grey in front, a little
darker at the sides, with a patch of brownish black on the summit of
each lobe, and a few short brownish hairs ; mandibles brownish black.

Body above reddish brown, smooth and glossy, having here and there
a greenish tint, and with many fine longitudinal lines of a slightly darker
shade scarcely visible without a lens. On each segment, from fifth to
twelfth inclusive, there are two small black dots on each side of the dorsal
line, and on sixth segment a black tubercle with a small patch of white at
its base in front. On seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh segments
are similar black tubercles, but much smaller, with a whitish dot on the
anterior part of the base of each, most distinct on tenth and eleventh

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 33

segments. Twelfth segment with two scarcely raised black tubercles
above, a short black streak on each side behind them, and a small whitish
spot in front ; terminal segment with a few very fine short brownish hairs.
Spiracles small sub-oval, pale ringed with black.

Under surface similar to the upper, with the greenish tint a little more
decided and a central stripe of greenish white widening between the two
pairs of prolegs ; each segment from fifth to ninth has several small black
dots. Feet yellowish green, faintly ringed with black at their base; pro-
legs green, marked with reddish brown on the outside.

Two specimens entered the chrysalis state on the 25th of June; one
produced the imago on the gth of July, the other onthe 12th. The
moth was kindly determined for me by Dr. A. S. Packard, Salem, Mass.

A DISSERTATION ON NORTHERN BUTTERFLIES.
BY WILLIAM COUPER, MONTREAL.

The Swallow-tail Butterflies which occur on the Islands of Anticosti
and Newfoundland, and on the north coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence
are at present a subject of dispute, both as to species and position among
the Papilionide. Having some knowledge of their localities and geo-
graphical range, I venture to state my opinion on the matter.

When I first visited the south coast of Labrador, in 1867, a Swallow-
tail butterfly was taken by me at Natashquan, where it was rare. I
supposed it then to be a boreal variety or race of Asterias, and on my
return to Quebec presented two or three specimens to the Rev. Mr. Innes,
who had a collection of Lepidoptera among which were specimens of a
smaller Papilio, which he informed me came from St. John’s Newfound-
land. Mr. Innes removed afterwards to London, Ont., and I heard no
more of the Labrador or Newfoundland Pafs/ios until Mr. W. Saunders
described his Papilio brevicauda in “ Packard’s Guide.” Mr. Saunders
obtained his specimen through the kindness of Mr. Innes, who told him
that he had received it from an officer who had been spendirg some time
at St. John’s. If the Pafilios taken by me at Natashquan, Labrador were
in Mr. Innes’ cabinet when Mr. S. obtained the specimen described as
brevicauda, did Mr. Innes point them out to Mr. S. in order to compare
avith those from Newfoundland? This primary question should be
answered, because there is no evident difference between the Pafilio of

34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Anticosti and that of the Labrador coast.* Yet Mr. Saunders states
(April 3oth, 1873) ‘‘that he saw one of my Anticosti specimens at Mr.
‘“‘ Mead’s, in New York, but did not feel at all satisfied that it was identi-
‘cal with his drevicauda. Polyxenes is Scudder’s new name for aséerias,
“but he (Scudder) does not regard drevicauda now as identical with it.”

I have tried to obtain a specimen of the Newfoundland Papz/io, and
communicated with a gentleman residing at St. John’s, Newfoundland,
asking him to procure specimens of this swallow-tail butterfly forme. He
says: ‘‘In my opinion it is very rare in this district. During the last
“three summers I have seen but one specimen, and some of my
“friends here confirm the opinion regarding its rarity.”" That he has
reason to believe that in other parts of the Island it is more abundant,
as he has heard of it at Cod Roy, on the western coast, and Notre
Dame Bay, in the north of the Island. He adds ‘ that a Halifax
“ Entomologist has been enquiring for it on the south coast of the Island
“for some time, without success.”

I am confident that it becomes scarce as we proceed down the
south coast of Labrador, towards the Straits of Belle Isle. The true
habitat of the Papilio (specimens of which I gave Rev. Mr. Innes in
1867) is the Island of Anticosti, where it occurs more abundantly than
in Labrador or Newfoundland. It is met with occasionally at Mingan,
but more commonly at the mouths of rivers east of Seven Islands.

The description in “ Packard’s Guide” does not exactly correspond
with the external markings of the Anticosti specimens, and I candidly
state that I have never seen a butterfly whose general features are more
uniform than in that of the latter Island.

Mr. Edwards, of W. Virginia, states that it is not related to asterias,
but to machaon and zolicaon. Ina letter from him, dated August, 1873, he
thinks that the Anticosti Papi/io is undoubtedly drevicauda, Saunders,
whose description was taken from a single ¢, and the fulvous prevailed
remarkably in the yellow spots. That the description of drevicauda fits
one of the Anticosti 2 exactly. He points out, however, wherein the
Anticosti Papilio differs notably in two respects from machaon, or the
American representative of that, viz., P. Aliaska, Scudder, and from
zolicaon. 1st—the hind wings are black, while in the others from base to

* The specimen Mr. Innes gave me was from Newfoundland. He did not show
me Mr. Couper’s specimens.—Kp. C. E.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 35.

disc they are yellow. 2nd—the abdomen of the Anticosti species is
spotted with yellow like asterias, while all the others have that part black
with yellow lines, as in furnus. In a letter from Mr. Edwards, dated
Sept. 1st, 1873, he says that ‘‘we had all been looking for affinity to
asterias, while the butterfly belonged to another group. Strecker described
it as a var. of asterias, and so Packard considered érevicauda a var. of
asterias. In my synopsis I put the species down as a var. of asterias. It
is many years since I saw the original drevicauda, and I have forgotten its
appearance ; but inreading over the description in Packard, I consider
that the excess of fulvous is the only permanent distinction between the
Newfoundland and Anticosti specimens.” Mr. Grote agrees with Mr.
Edwards that the Pafi/io collected in Anticosti is drevicauda, Saunders, but
I think my memory serves me correctly when I state that the specimens
of Papilio in Mr. Innes’ collection from Newfoundland were considered
distinct by the latter gentleman and myself, at that time. The Newfound-
land specimens were smaller than those from Labrador; indeed, we
looked on the St. John’s butterfly as dwarfed, but the species was not then
determined.

Not having access to all the forms constituting connecting groups of
Pafpilios, 1 am not prepared to concur with the gentlemen who have
classed it with machaon or zolicaon. At first view the Anticosti butterfly
takes the characters of asterioides, Reakirt, and asterias, while the form
has a mere approach to machaon and zolicaon. I suppose it is on account
of the latter affinity that Mr. Edwards places it near machaon and zolicaon,
but there are these notable differences between the Anticosti Papilio and
P. Aliaska, Scudder, or zolicaon, viz., 1st, the hind wings are black and
the zuferior band underneath is constant in form and number of spots, and
the spots are not wedged into each other as in zoficaon or asterias. 2nd,
the abdomen is spotted with yellow similar to asterias and asterioides, and
in fact, in my judgment, the Anticosti Paf/io, with the exception of the
width of the macular band, is a prototype of asterioides, Reakirt, from
Mexico. Constancy of marks on the wings and body of an insect, no
matter to what order it belongs, is undoubtedly dona fide evidence of the
stability of the species.

We have evidence of European insects introduced into this country
becoming acclimatized and segregated in course of years, and a few of
these which we now find holding a local existence on such islands as
Anticosti and Newfoundland, may have in earlier times found it necessary

36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

to search for more congenial localities, there becoming attached to new
food plants, which, no doubt, have an influence in diversity of colors. We
have an instance of this in the American representative of Vanessa
antiopa, which is of rare occurrence in Anticosti ; but where it retains the
features of its English congener, while those taken in more southern
latitudes assume a different coloration. Instance also the introduction of
Pieris rape into Canada of late years. This species has nowa struggle to
exist in the latitude of Quebec, but so long as its food plant is abundant
it will continue with us. It has been gradually moving south, where, with
a more favorable climate, it propagates extensively. This butterfly also
shows the effects of climate in the appearance of a yellow variety. It
may be possible that the butterflies called Jrevieauda by Mr. Saunders and
Anticostiensis by Mr. H. Strecker, had a similar origin. The connecting
link or affinity of Papilio brevicauda with asterias is only a perplexing
attempt to make the Anticosti form an ally of the continental P. polyxenes,
which is Scudder’s new name for asterzas.

I cannot find sufficient reason for such connection, as there is quite a
distinction between the larva of astertas and that of the Anticosti
butterfly. It may, however, be discovered that an affinity occurs in
P. asterioides and brevicauda or Anticostiensis; and although the former is
found in Mexico, I see no reason to doubt their connection in years gone
by.*

Considering the present rate of travel of Pieris rapae southwardly, it
may during the course of another twelve years reach Costa Rica, and
there change so much externally as to be claimed as another variety, while
the Canadian form will still be called the segregated species. Mr. Her-
mann Strecker, of Reading, Penn., in his “ Rhap. et Hetero.” No. 6, page
48, gives the geographical distribution of asfertas as follows :—‘‘ The
“ordinary form, with but little variation, occurs from Canada to Florida,”
taking a southern range, while it extends west as far as Colorado. He
considers asterioides to be the tropical form of asterias, that drevicauda

* Nore.—‘‘ The insects of separate arctic regions have a great mutual resem-
*‘blance, and the difference between them increases in the successive concentric
“* circles from the above regions towards the equator. It has been said that the
“advance of the glacial period was accompanied by the migration of insects
‘*southwards, and that the present distribution of insects was effected by the pre-
**valence of this epoch, and by the succeeding temperate epoch.” —F. Walker, F. L-
S., in Can. Fnt., vol. iii, p. 148.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 37

may be a segregated type peculiar to Newfoundland, while the species
which he has named P. Anticostiensis is considered to be a sub-arctic
form, peculiar to the Island of Anticosti and south coast of Labrador.

Messrs. Edwards and Strecker have given me considerable aid in
forming the opinions which I now advance, and although the former states
that the Anticosti Pafi/io is not related to asferias (as a group), the
question of greatest import is as to whether it is connected with asterias
and asterioides specifically.

Should the Newfoundland, Labrador and Anticosti Pafities turn out
to be identical, I should hold that they are the segregated and original
type, existing in their primitive concentric circle, and that the variations
of asterias, which are now being discovered throughout the great extent
of territory south and west of Labrador, are descended from the northern
form, and that these varieties have changed by food and climatic
influences. ‘The northern Pafi/io, although differing in size, never varies
in its coloration, and this peculiar feature of constancy constitutes the
principal ground of my opinion. It may be discovered that the New-
foundland Pafilio is different in some respects from those occurring in
Labrador aud Anticosti, but the proof that such is the case is not thus far
sufficient to disturb the theory advanced, that one is a race of the other.

(To be Continued.)

CORRESPONDENCE.

Parasires.—I collected two dozen chrysalids of Pieris rapae about
the second week in January. They were taken indiscriminately from
under the coping of a wooden fence in this city. All these chrysalids
were filled with the larve of a small parasite, probably Pteromalus
puparum. I have counted ninety-five in one chrysalis. It occurs to me
that chrysalids containing these parasites could be sent to a great distance
during winter, and it would be interesting to learn their progress in
localities where vafae does not occur. I am certain that Montreal can
supply them in any number. Mr. Caulfield informs me that another
small parasite came from a chrysalis of Graffa prognue—W™m. CouPER,
67 Bonaventure Street, Montreal.

38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

DEAR SIR,—

On the 23rd and 24th of last July I caught 2 specimens of C. philodice
¢, of a white color, with a slight greenish shade, especially towards the
inner margin of the hind wings. As these are the only times that I have
happened tc meet with this variety, I would like to know whether it is
common or not.

About the end of July or the beginning of August last, I caught a
very battered butterfly which closely resembles ZL. ephestion, Stoll., except
that it has a row of white spots crossing the front wings and following
very much the same direction as the outer edge of the white band of Z-
arthemis. The white spots are better defined on the under than on the
upper side. ‘The orange spots also on the front wings are very small and
indistinct. Is this a distinct species or only a variety of L. ephestion ?

Last year there was a second brood of L. ephestion at Portland, which
appeared about the end of August. I believe that this is the first time
within the last six years that this has occurred there. There appeared
also, about the same time, a pretty plentiful supply of G. comma. These
I constantly found alighted on the warm, sandy road, which they appeared
to prefer to all floral attractions. —

Within the last four or five years I have not been able to obtaina
single specimen of C. cardui in the vicinity of Portland, though formerly
they were quite common.

C. atalanta has also greatly decreased in numbers within the last two or
three years. In 1872, out of 20 or 30 caterpillars which I tried to rear,
only one arrived at maturity, most all the rest being infested with

parasites.
Yours, &c.,

H. H. L., Montreal:

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE LONDON BRANCH.

The annual meeting of the London Branch of the Entomological
Society of Ontario was held at the residence of Mr. W. Saunders, on the
17th of February.

A goodly number of members were present, and the following officers
were elected for 1874: President, A. Puddicombe ; Vice-President, H.
P. Bock; Secretary-Treasurer, J. G. Geddes; Curator, J. Williams ;
Auditors, Messrs. C. Chapman and J. Griffiths.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39

A box of Lepidoptera from Miss Carey, of Amherstburg, was shown
by Mr. E. B. Reed, containing some interesting specimens taken in that
locality ; among others there were fine examples of Pafi/io thoas and
Philampelus satellitia.

W. Saunders exhibited a box of Coleoptera, embracing a large number
of species kindly donated by Theodore L. Mead, Esq., of New York.
Also, several boxes of European insects, presented by Francis Walker,
Esq., of the British Museum. The Secretary was instructed to tender to
Mr. Walker the sincere thanks of the Society for his continued liberality
in this matter—the cabinets of the Society and those of the members also
having been repeatedly enriched with valuable specimens through his
kindness.

OBITUARY.

Dr. LeConveE announced the death, at Davidsburg, York Co., Pa., on
the roth March, of Friedrich Ernest Melsheimer, M. D., a correspondent
of the Academy, aged nearly ninety-one years. He inherited great taste
for entomology from his father, E. F. Melsheimer, a clergyman, who
cultivated natural science with much success, and not only was a highly
esteemed correspondent of Knoch and other European entomologists of
the end of the past and beginning of the present century, but an active
collaborator with Say, the founder of descriptive entomology in the
United States.

Dr. Melsheimer thus inheriting the tastes and the collection of his
father, has preserved, for later investigators, the only authentic types of
many of Mr. Say’s species ; and has also contributed no small proportion
of the descriptions of Coleoptera, which appeared up to February, 1847.
His memoirs on this subject, containing notes and descriptions of about
four hundred and fifty-seven species, were printed in the 2d and 3d vols.
of the proceedings of this Academy.

Entomology also owes to him the catalogue of the described Coleop-
tera of the United States, which, after revision by Prof. S. S. Haldeman
and myself, was published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1853. It
was the first work of bibliographical importance in the modern history of
that branch of science, and gavé a powerful impetus to its developement
in the United States, and has greatly diminished the labor of those who
have continued the study of that department.

40 THE CANADLAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Living an isolated life on his farm, remote from usual lines of travel,
dependent almost entirely on letters for the sympathy and counsel of his
fellow students, separated from libraries containing the results of modern
research, and therefore dependent on the traditional knowledge received
from Europe, which constituted in fact most of the intellectual capital of
the founders of natural history in the United States, Dr. Melsheimer must
be considered as a very remarkable instance of one who, with very
limited opportunities, has worked honestly, to the extent of his abilities,
to develop the powers of usefulness which were given him.

Modest, unpretending, affectionate to his family, devoted to his
friends, industrious to the limit of human usefulness, his death, at such an
advanced age, can only leave, with those who have enjoyed his acquaint-
ance, a satisfaction that they have known so good a representative of the
purer qualities of humanity.—Pree. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

First, second and third Annual Reports of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories for
1867, 1868 and I86y, Sve., pp. 56. From F. V. Hayden, U. 8. Geologist.

Sixth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories, embracing portions of
Montana, Wyoming and Utah, forthe year 1872, By F. V. Hayden, U.S. Geologist, 8vo., pp. 844,
with numerous ilustrations.

Contributions to the Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territores, By Joseph Leidy, from the
U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C

Acridide of North America. By Cyrus Thomas, Ph. D., from the U. 8. Geological Survey, Washington,
Re.

Catalogue de Livres D’Histoire Naturelle. De E. Deyrolie Fils 23, Rue de la Monnaie, Paris.
The Scottish Naturalist, January, 1874.

Science Gossip, January, 1874.

Nature, to January 22, 1874.

Canada Farmer, to Feb. 2, 1874.

Indiana Farmer, Jan., 1874.

Contributions to Entomological Bibliography, up to 1862. By Albert Muller. No. 3.
Newman's Entomologist, Nov. and Dec., 1873; Jan,, 1874.

The Zoologist, Dee., 1873., and Jan., 1874.

The Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, Dec., 1873.

The Horticulturist, Jan.. 1874.

Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, Nos. 6, 7, § and 9, to Feb., 1873.
Hints for the Promotion of Economic Entomology in the U.S. By Jokn L. LeConte, M. D.
American Agriculturist, Feb., 1874.

Monthly Report of the Department of Agriculture, Jan. 1874:

Le Naturaliste Canadien, Janvier. 1874,

The Western Rural, Chicago, te Jan. 24, 1874.

Rural New Yorker, Jan., 1874.

Maine Farmer, Dec. 29, 1873.

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Che Canadian Entomologist,

VOL. VI. LONDON, ONT., MARCH, 1874. No. 3

J

DESCRIPTION AND HABITS OF A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES
OF LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVA OF THE GENUS SPHINX.

BY THCMAS G. GENTRY, GERMANTOWN, PA.

Des.—Body cylindrical, tapering gradually anteriorly, 12-jointed,
exclusive of head. Head sub-elliptical, thickly punctured, moderately
pubescent and of a yellowish brown color. Oral appendages largely
developed. Antennz 3-jointed, cylindrical, acuminate, the basal joint
very long and quite thick. A dark purplish curved band passes from the
crown of the head to therightantenna. Prothoracic segment surmounted

by a transversely elongated, punctated, corneous saddle, concolorous with
the head.

General color dark purple, relieved by two series of dorso-lateral
gold-colored dots, ranging from the posterior half of the metathoracic
to the seventh abdominal segment (each series containing twenty-seven
points). The anterioz half of the second, to the seventh abdominal
segments inclusive, each furnished with a single, much larger, similarly
colored one. Above the line of the prolegs, intermediate between this
and that of the spiracles, on each side, is a row of irregularly shaped
yellow spots.

True legs moderately elongate, acuminate, 3-jointed and yellowish
brown in hue, the tarsal joint being armed with a short, recurved, black
claw: the whole slightly invested with short black hairs. The
membraneous legs of the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th abdominal segments
cylindrical, thickish, abruptly truncate at base, and clothed with short
reddish brown hairs, and armed on the inferior aspect interiorly with a
double row of stiff, ferruginous hairs, for adhering to objects. Anal pro-

42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

leg sub-quadrangular, warty and pubescent, and surmounted by a triangular
supra-anal plate of a dark purplish color, with the apex directed
posteriorly.

Prothoracic and first and abdominal rings are ‘furnished each with a
pair of transversely oval, yellowish spiracles. Inferior aspect of the larva
is marked with clusters of white spots, relieving the monotony of the
purple. Last abdominal segment surmounted by a moderately long
recurved horn, yellowish brown in color, and bearing scattered gland like
bodies, which manifest a tendency to become spines. Length nearly 3
inches. Taken in Germantown during the first week of September, while:
feeding upon the leaves of Polygonum pennsylvanicum.

This larva, belonging, as it does, to the family Sphingide, is
undoubtedly rare, as it is the only one that I have met with in all my
entomological rambles; nor can I find in any of the works at my com-
mand a description, still less a figure thereof. In some respects it
resembles the full-grown larva of Sphinx euphorbia, described and figured
in “Transformation of Insects,” by Dr. Duncan; in others it differs very
materially therefrom. In the Euphorbia Sphinx the yellow points are
scattered promiscuously over the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the body,.
but in the specimen under consideration they are arranged with some view
to order. ‘There is a still further resemblance in the irregular spots which
flank the sides, just beneath the line of stigmata, and in the general
color, the former being black, and the latter a rich dark purple. It differs
from the former in being devoid of the three longitudinal lines of carmine
tint, which is a prominent feature of it, and also in being more tapering
anteriorly.

There is one character in the life history of this larva which struck me
as peculiarly novel and interesting, and which deserves to be placed ypon
record. Instead of assuming the peculiar Sphinx-like attitude in a state
of rest, (whence the popular name of Sphinx is derived), and which is so
familiar to entomological students as well as the outside world, it curves
its body, bringing the head and tail in close proximity, reminding one of
the position which is so easily and readily taken by the larva of Czmbex
ulmi, Reek.

It cannot be denied that this is its natural posture in a state of
inaction. To assure myself that a position which seemed so natural and
easy to the worm was not an occasional one, I was permitted in the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43

intervals of relaxation and freedom from duty, to give it prolonged and
careful attention for many consecutive days. In not a single instance did
it assume the attitude so eminently characteristic of the Sphinx family.

One other peculiar trait of its nature it was my happy fortune to
observe. Caterpillars, as is well known, have a variety of ways for
defending themselves against the annoyances and assaults of their
enemies. While some are provided with hairs which act as irritating
causes when brought into contact with highly sensitive surfaces, others are
furnished with fearful looking spines which infuse a feeling of horror into
their enemies, even when they have not the power toactas irritants. This
species, presenting an almost perfectly smooth bodily surface, assuredly
makes up from its lack of integumentary appendages, in being armed with
a pair of powerful tridentate mandibles, which it uses freely and indis-
criminately.

Hundreds of Lepidopterous larve have been handled with impunity
by the writer, and this new method of self-defence, even where manifested,
has been so slight as not to attract much attention. In this case the
insect seemed unwilling to permit any familiarities. The softest touch of
the finger was sharply resented. On one occasion the writer’s finger was
seized and held on to with such pertinacity, as to require considerable
effort at extrication. The smart from this squeezing lingered for many
minutes afterwards—a suitable punishment for his temerity. Even when
laid upon the palm of the hand it continued its rapid twitchings from
side to side, and with gaping jaws, as if still conscious of hidden danger,
ready to vent the full measure of its infuriated passion upon anything that
should come within their scope.

In conclusion, I am sorry to say that my vvarium having been unduly
tampered with during my absence, this caterpillar, which was always
exceedingly restless under confinement, effected its escape. On the
discovery of the fact dilligent search was commenced, but no clue to its
whereabouts could be obtained—it, doubtless, like many of its unfortunate
kind, having become a rich morsel for some insect-loving bird. I trust to
be able during the gradually approaching season to secure similar larve
and bring them to the imago or moth condition.

44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

HESPERIA PAWNEE. JW. sp.

BY G. M. DODGE, GLENCOE, DODGE CO., NEBRASKA.

Male expands 1.45 inches. Primaries above fulvous. Subcostal, sub-
median and subdorsal veins black at the base. Stigma black and
conspicuous, followed by a dusky shade. A small black line at the
extremity of the disk is preceded by a yellowish white or semi-transparent
spot in the disk ; a similar spot, triangular in shape, appears between the
first and second median veinlets at their divarication, and two others
between the sixth and seventh subcostal veinlets. |The outer margin is
broadly bordered with brown, which is finely powdered with fulvous scales
toward the apex.

Two nearly square fulvous spots between the last subcostal and first
median veinlets, separate an oval brown patch that lies at the extremity
of the disk, fromm the border. Costal edge blackish. Fringe white, dusky
toward the apex.

Secondaries fulvous, bordered with brown ; broadly and darkest along
the anterior edge, narrowly on the outer edge, where it appears as cunei-
form spots between the veinlets, and broadly again along the inner edge,
where it is sprinkled with fulvous. Most of the veins on both wings are
black. Underside of both wings pale yellow. Primaries black at base,
having a black line corresponding to the stigma.

Inner margin brown, preceded by a large whitish patch. Five pale
whitish spots near the apex, another in the disk, and one between the
first and second median veinlets. Fringe white at the anal angle, brown
tipped with white at the apex. Secondaries have a whitish spot in the
disk, and are crossed by a nearly straight row of small whitish spots.
Head and thorax greenish yellow. Body black. Abdomen, breast and
palpi yellowish white. Antennz black and yellow above, white tipped
with chestnut below.

The spots on the underside of secondaries sometimes obsolete.

light brown above, with a slight purplish reflection. Primaries
sprinkled with fulvous scales near the base and inner angle. There is a
large, square, white spot in the disk, and an unequal, curved row of nine
white spots extend from the costa—beginning about two-tenths of an inch
from the apex—to the submedian vein. ‘The first three spots are narrow

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45

and equal, the fourth and fifth are small and square and lie nearest the
outer edge of the wing, the sixth is larger and triangular, the seventh
largest and square, the eighth and ninth are irregular in shape and partly
fulvous.

Secondaries darkest along the anterior margin. A curved row of five
whitish yellow spots, of which the second and third are longest, crosses
the wing beyond the disk, and in the disk is a small yellow spot. A
yellow streak precedes the last median veinlet, running to the outer
margin. Fringe of all the wings white. Below, on the primaries, the
same white spots appear as above, except that the eighth and ninth are
merged in a large whitish patch situated as inthe male. A brown patch
covers part of the base and inner margin, and extends to the center of the
wing. On the secondaries three small white spots appear near the apex.
The ground color of both wings is yellowish white, most deeply tinged
with fulvous near the costal border of the primaries. Fringes white.
Head, thorax and body brown above. Abdomen and palpi white. An-
tennz black above, whitish tipped with red below.

This species was taken at Glencoe, Nebraska, upon high rolling
prairie, from the first to the middle of September.

The writer can exchange a few males for United States diurnals, with
those desirous of seeing the types.

LIST OF NEUROPTERA

COLLECTED BY J. PETTIT, GRIMSBY, ONT.

Psocus striatus, Libellula 4-maculata,
Pteronarcys biloba? “« pulchella,
Calopteryx maculata, « semifasciata,
Lestes rectangularis, Diplax intacta,

** forcipata, “ _ rubicundula,

* unguiculata, Chauliodes pectinicornis,
Agrion saucium, ms maculatus,

“irene, : a angusticollis,

Sewers, Polystoechotes punctatus,
Aeschna constricta, Myrmeleon obsoletus,
Plathemis trimaculata, Panorpa rufescens.

Libellula luctuosa,

46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

—_—

13. THE DISIPPUS BUTTERFL Y—Limenitis disippus, Godt.

BY THE EDITOR.

In the annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, for
1872, this insect is referred to at some length, and from the material there
given much of the following has been condensed. In the perfect or
winged state it is tolerably common throughout Ontario, and in this
condition it very closely resembles our common red or archippus butter-
fly, see Can. Ent., vol. v, p. 4, from which, however, it may always be
distinguished by its smaller size and by a black band which crosses the
hind wings, which band is entirely wanting in the archippus.

Fig. 5 represents the disifpus butterfly. The ground color of the
wings is a warm orange red, with the veins heavy and black, and the
margins spotted with white. In the figure the left wings represent the
upper surface, while those of the right, which are slightly detached
from the body, show the underside; the two surfaces differ but

Fig. 5.

very little in color or markings. The butterfly appears on the wing rather
late in the summer, when it may frequently be seen hovering about willow
bushes, on which the female usually deposits her eggs, that being the
favorite food plant of the larva.

The egg, which is well shown in fig. 6, is a very beautiful object; @
represents it highly magnified, while at ¢ it is shown of the natural size
and in its usual position ona willow leaf. At done of the minute cells

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 47

of the egg is shown still more highly magnified. Mr. C. V. Riley, who
was the first to describe this egg, says that at first it is of a pale yellow
color, but that it soon becomes gray as the enclosed larva develops. The

Fig. 6.

eggs are usually deposited singly near the tip of the leaf, generally on the
under side, although sometimes on the upper, and occasionally two or
even three are placed together.

In a few days the young larva appears. As it issues from the egg it
measures only one-tenth of an inch long, has a large yellowish brown
head, and a pale yellowish brown body, the latter with darker streaks and
a few pale dots and warts, the warts having pale spines or bristles issuing
from them. The larva attains full growth in about one month from the
time of hatching, when it appears as shown at a, fig. 7. It is then about
one inch and a quarter long, with a rather large head, which is flattened
in front and divided by a central depressed line into two lobes, each of

Fig. 7.

which is tipped with a green tubercle or short horn. The head is of a
pale green color, with two dull white lines down the front, and roughened
with a number of small green ind greenish white tubercles.

48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The body above is of a deep, rich green color, with patches and
streaks of dull white ; the second segment is smaller than the head, and
thickly covered with whitish tubercles ;. the third segment, which is dull
whitish green, is raised considerably above the second, and has a flat
ridge above with a long brownish horn on each side of it thickly covered
with very short white and brown spines ; the fourth segment has a similar
ridge, with a small tubercle on each side, each tipped with a bunch of
short whitish spines. All the segments behind the fourth have two
tubercles, one on each side, of varying size and in a line with the long
horns on the third segment, each being covered with a cluster of whitish
spines. The tubercles on seventh, eighth, tenth and eleventh segments.
have a streak of white at their base, and each segment behind the fourth,
excepting the ninth, has several smaller tubercles of a bright blue color.
A large whitish patch covers nearly the whole of the ninth and parts of
the eighth and tenth segments, and another of a similar character covers.
the second, third and part of the fourth. A white stripe extends along
each side, close to the under surface, from the fifth to the terminal seg-
ments, in which is set a small cluster of whitish spines about the middle
of each segment, from the sixth to tenth inclusive. On each side of the
seventh, eighth and tenth segments is an elongated blackish spot, just
above and behind the spiracles ; the latter are rather large, oval, and of a
brownish black color.

The under side is whitish green, with a central dull white stripe on the
hinder segments ;_ the feet are brown, ringed with brownish black; the
prolegs pale greenish, faintly tipped with brown.

The chrysalis, fig. 7, d, has a curious mixture of colors—brown, grey,
flesh color and white—and is characterized by a remarkable, thin and
almost circular projection sticking out from the middle of its back, which
has been likened to a Roman nose.

There are two broods of this insect during the year; the larve of the
second brood scarcely attain half their growth when they hybernate, and
complete their developement the following spring. On the approach of
inclement weather the little caterpillar constructs a curious case in which
to dwell, see ¢, fig. 7, which has been likened to the leaf of a miniature
pitcher plant ; having first, by means of silken cords, firmly secured the
stem of the leaf it uses to the twig on which it grows. These cases are
frequently found upon willow bushes, and also on the American poplar
during the winter season.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49

This butterfly is subject to the attack of several parasites ; one a, tiny
dark four-winged fly, infests the eggs ; another four-winged fly of a larger
size, and a still larger two-winged fly attack the insect in its caterpillar
state.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.

Continued from Page 11, vol. vi.
ERRATA.—Ante v. 5, p. 229, for Laruna read Laverna.

DRYOPE, gé/l. N0Uv.

Primaries lanceolate ; the costa enters the margin about the middle
discal cell narrow and closed by a nearly straight discal nervure. The
subcostal sends off a long curved branch from about its middle, and
which attains the margin behind the end of the cell. From the end of
the cell the subcostal bends somewhat obliquely upwards to the costal
margin. The median is furcate from the end of the cell, both branches
being short and bending somewhat suddenly downwards to the dorsal
margin, the inner branch being straight and continuous with the discal
vein. The discal vein emits five branches, the superior going to the
costal margin, the next furcate before the tip with one of the branches to
each margin ; the three others go to the dorsal margin.

Secondaries narrowly lanceolate, costal vein short, subcostal very
long, simple, attaining the costal margin near the tip; cell unclosed ;
- median vein with three nearly equidistant branches. No discal vein but
an independent branch which arises near the median and attains the
dorsal margin before the apex.

Head smooth ; vertex short and broad ; forehead obtusely rounded ;
face smooth, narrow and much retreating ; tongue long, clothed at the
base. No maxillary palpi; labial palpi short, porrected, densely scaled,
almost tufted beneath ; no ocelli; eyes large, but partly concealed by
some long scales pendant from the swollen basal joint of the antenne,,.
which aré about two thirds as long as the primaries, with the joints.
closely set and microscopically pubescent.

50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

This genus must approach closely to Chauliodus, Treit., but I can not
reconcile either Mr. Stainton’s or Dr. Clemens’ diagnosis of the genus
with the characters of this insect as to the labial palpi and neuration, nor
do I discern any tooth-like projections of scales along the inner margin
of the primaries. In ornamentation, too, the insect evidently approaches
C. canicinctella, Clem. closely, though evidently distinct from it.

D. Murtfeldtela. N. sp.

Head, palpi, thorax and basal third of the primaries pale yellowish,
the remainder of the primaries being of the same general hue, but darker
and more reddish, the line between the two shades distinct (that is, they
-do not pass gradually into each other).

Al. ex. % inch. Kentucky in June. Also, received from Miss Mary
E. Murtfeldt, of St. Louis.

In many specimens (which should, perhaps, be regarded as a distinct
species) the colors are much more distinct, and the hue varies somewhat,
the basal portion of the primaries having a pinkish cast and the remainder
more of a brownish purple: some of the scales in the apical part of the
wing tipped with hoary or pale yellow ; these specimens are also decidedly
larger than the others.

OENOE, gew. n0v.

Head and face rough, the tuft projecting in front ; tongue short, con-
cealed by the palpi; maxillary palpi long, folded; labial palpi drooping,
the second joint one-third longer than the third, and with projecting
bristles at the apex; eyes globose ; no ocelli ; antennae nearly two-thirds
as long as the wings, filiform; the terminal joints with the scales arranged
in whorls, and the basal joint with a few long hair-like scales depending
over the eyes.

Anterior wings lanceolate; discal cell closed by a straight discal
nervure ; costal vein short ; the subcostal from before the middle sends a
branch to the margin behind the middle ; another short branch behind
the middle, from the end of the cell, is slightly bent upwards to the
margin ; the discal vein emits two branches from a common point: the
upper branch attains the costal margin, the second branch sends a branch
to the dorsal margin and becomes furcate before the tip, delivering a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a |

branch to the costal and one to the dorsal margin. The median divides
into two branches at the end of the cell, both branches going to the dorsal
margin ; submedian simple, rather long.

Posterior wings linear lanceolate; the costal margin is excised from
about the middle to the tip; the costal vein attains the margin at the
excision ; the subcostal is nearly straight and attains the margin at about
the apical fourth ; discal cell unclosed ;_ a disco-central nervule is faintly
indicated through the cell, becoming distinct in the apical half of the
wing, when it sends two branches to the dorsal margin and attains the
costal margin just before the apex; the median vein is coincident with
the dorsal margin from the basal third to beyond the middle.

This genus is nearly allied to Eudarcia, Diachorisia, but especially to
Hybroma, Clem., differing, however, from all somewhat both in the trophi
and neuration.

O. hybromella. iN. sp.

Palpi brown and silver gray intermixed ; head yellowish white ;
antenne grayish fuscous, becoming more silvery towards the tip ;_ thorax
and basal half of the forewings maroon brown, with darker brown scat-
tered scales and small spots ; remainder of the wing white, with scattered
brown scales which upon the costa and in the apical portion of the wing
are condensed into loose, rather large, irregular blotches. Adar ex. ¥%3
inch. Kentucky.

PERIMEDE, gev. 100.

This insect is allied to S#i/boszs, Clem., Laverna, &c. It was captured
in my library, where it had most probably escaped from some of my
breeding cages, but I can give no account of its larval history.

No maxillary palpi; labial palpi slender, rather sparingly scaled,
reaching the vertex, widely divergent ; antennz faintly pectinated, more
than half as long as the wings ;_ basal joint suddenly clavate towards the
tip. Head and face smooth, with the scales appressed; face rather
broad.

Wings long and narrow, with long ciliae.

Primaries longer than the body, narrowly lanceolate. Discal cell
closed, the discal vein giving off one branch to the posterior margin near
the tip. The costal is very short. The subcostal sends two branches to

52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the margin before the end of the cell, one from the end of it and one
behind the cell, and attains the margin just before the tip. The median
sends three branches to the dorsal margin. (Probably the discal branch
above mentioned should more properly be considered the terminal portion
of the median and the discal described as having no branches.) Sub-
median simple.

Secondaries linear lanceolate. The costal vein is very long and close:
to the margin ; the subcostal attains the tip, its basal half being obsolete.
Discal cell unclosed ; median sub-dividing into four equidistant branches,
the first of which attains the dorsal margin before the middle, and the last
one not far from the tip.

Imago long, slender, and the single species described below has small
raised tufts of scales upon the primaries.

P. erransella. IN. sp.

Antennae grayish brown ; face and palpi pale grayish, tinged with |
purple ; primaries grayish brown, tinged with purple, with three small spots
of raised black scales, the two first of which are margined behind and the
third one before with pale ochreous ; one of these tufts is near the dorsal
margin before the middle, one about the middle of the disc, and one at the
end of it. Under surface and legs whitish, with four distinct dark brown
spots on each side of the abdomen, and the joints of the legs gray
brown. AZ. ex. nearly % inch.’ Kentucky.

LIST OF COLEOPTERA OF ST. LOUIS COUNTY, MISSOURI.

BY S. V. SUMMERS, M. D., NEW ORLEANS,

(Continued from Page 192, Vol. vy.)

EUAESTHETUS, Grav. BLeEpDIvs, Steph.
americanus, £7. semiferrugineus, Lec.

Oxyporus, Jud. troglodytes, £7.
vittatus, Grav. pallipennis, Zr.

Osortius, Latr. fumatus, Zec.

latipes, Zr. nitidicollis, Zec.

EE —

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 53

Biepius, Steph. (continued)
annularis, Lee.
analis, Lee.

OXYTELUS, Grav.
insignitus, Grav.
sculptus, Grav.
nitidulus, Grav.

PLATYSTETHUS, Mann.
americanus, £7.

"TROGOPHLOEUS, JZann.
morio, £7.
insculptus, Fauve/.

ANTHOPHAGUS, Grav.
brunneus, Say.

Acipota, Steph.
subcarinata, Zr.
OLOPHRUM, &r.
rotundicolle, Zr.
emarginatum, £7.
LATHRIMAEUM, £7.
sordidum, £7.
CoryPuHium, Steph.
notatum, Lec.
GLyPToma, &r.
costale, Er.
LISPINUS, £7.
laevicauda, Lee.

HISTERID.

Ho.o.erta, Pay.
fossularis, Say.
HIstTer, Linz.
binotatus, Zee.
interruptus, Beauv.
depurator, Say.
abbreviatus, Fad.
americanus, Pay.
bimaculatus, Zzzz.
carolinus, Pays.
lecontei, AZars.
immunis, Zr.
foedatus, Zec.
harrisil, Kirby.
sedecimstriatus, Say.
PHELISTER, Mars,
subrotundus, JZars.
vernus, Jars.
‘TRIBALUS, Er.
americanus, Lec.

SCAPHIDIID-®.

EPIERUS, £7.
pulicarius, £7.
regularis, Lec.
Bacanius, Lee.
punctiformis, JZars.
DENDROPHILUS, Leach.
punctulatus, Zee.
PAROMALUS, £7.
affinis, Lec.
bistriatus, Zr.
conjunctus, Lec.
SAPRINUS, Leach.
assimilis, £7.
seminitens, Lec.
patruelis, Lec.
fraternus, Lec.
AcRITUS, Lee.
politus, Lec.
fimetarius, Lec.
exiguus, Lee.

ScAPHIDUIM, O“iv.

piceum, JZe/s.
4-guttatum, Sy.

54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

SCAPHIDIID (continued).

CypaRium, £7. Toxipium, Lec.
flavipes, Lec. gammaroides, Lec.
ScaPHIsoMA, Leach. compressum, 27mm.
convexum, Say.
suturale, Lec.

TRICHOPTERYGID.

TRICHOPTERYX, A7zrdy.
haldemani, Lec.

PHALACRID.

PHaLacrus, Payk.
politus, JZe/s.

Ouigrus, £7.
apicalis, Lec.

Cercus, Lair.

abdominalis, Za/r.

Co.astus, £r.
truncatus, Lec.
morio, £7.
semitectus, £7.

CARPOPHILUS, Leach.
pallipennis, Zee.

hemipterus, S7eph.

antiquus, JZe/s.
luridus—
ConoTELvs, £7.
obscurus, £7.
EPURAEA, £7.
helvola, #7.
vicina, Lec.
NITIDULA, Fab.
bipustulata, Aad.
ziczac, Say.

Outsrus, Zr. (continued. )
nitidus, Zee.
bicolor, £7.
pusillus, Lec.

NITIDULID.

PROMETOPIA, £7.
sexmaculata, 27.
Omosita, £7.
colon, Zr.
PHENOLIA, £7.
grossa Zr,
STELIDOTA, £7.
geminata, Er.
octomaculata, Lec.
AMPHICRosSUS, £7.
ciliatus, £7.
PALLODEs, £7.
silaceus, 47.
CrYPTARCHA, Shuck.
ampla.
Ips, Fad.
fasciatus, Say.
4-signatus, Say.

————— cl eh.

Se

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Bactripium, Lec.
nanum, Lec.

Nemosoma, Latr.
cylindricum, Zee.
TEMNOCHILA, Westw.

viridicyanea, Lec.

virescens, £7.
ALINDRIA,

cylindrica, £7.

teres, Lec.

Diroma, ///.

quadriguttata, Lec.

SyncuHita, Hellwig.
granulata, Say.
nigripennis, Lec.

MONOTOMID.

Monotoma, dst.

americanum, Aube.

TROGOSITIDZ:.

Trocosita, Ol“.
mauritanica, Ol.
corticalis, AZé/s.
dubia, AZe/s.
nana, Me/s.
castanea, JZeé/s.
laticollis, Horv.
bimaculata, JZe/s.

COLYDIID.

PROLYCTUS, Zimm.
exaratus, JZe/s.

CERYLON, La?r.
unicolor, Zee.
castaneum, Say.

AULONIUM, £7.
parallelipipedum, Zr.

A DISSERTATION ON NORTHERN BUTTERFLIES.

BY WILLIAM COUPER, MONTREAL.
(Continued from Page 37).

The confinement of the genus C/zonobas to high latitudes affords an
example regarding distribution of species. Their food being lichens
peculiar only to the Alpine regions, must confine them within a limited
range. Mr. Scudder, in his “‘ Revision of the hitherto known species of
the genus Chionobas, of North America ”—Proceed. Ent. Soc. Philad.,
vol. 5, pp. 26-28—gives them three or four localities ; but these are either
arctic, sub-arctic or Alpine. He places them also in Alpine districts—on

56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

high mountains in temperate latitudes in Europe and America. Mr.
Scudder asks ‘‘what relations of structure do the species of these
different localities and varying range of habitat bear to one another ?”

Specific relations are just what we want to have elucidated, but it is
difficult to obtain material for this work while butterflies of the genus
Chionobas are confined to frigid, unaccessible localities. Mr. Scudder
deserves the gratitude of entomologists for his able Revision of the
Chionobas, and in defining-the species known to occur in our Northern
and Alpine regions. I may here remark that I did not see a species of
this genus during my two visits to Anticosti, and I cannot account for
their absence from the island.

After returning from Labrador in 1867, I sent Mr. Scudder 2 speci-
mens of a Pieris taken on the south coast of the Lower St. Lawrence, at
Natashquan. His answer, dated Oct. 1st, 1867, is as follows: ‘“ Pieris:
“T am inclined to think this is P. frigida, Scudd., described from Upper
<‘ Labrador, but I cannot be positive without seeing some ¢ ¢ from your
“collection.” Ihadno # f at that time, and therefore could not send
them ; but I took it for granted that the species was his Pieris frigzda.

I made a subsequent collection on the Island of Anticosti and
Labrador, in 1872, and captured a number of the above Pieris at Fox
Bay, as well as on the south coast of Labrador. The specimens were
distributed to my subscribers under the name of P. frigéda, according to
Mr. Scudder’s determination. The gentlemen receiving the species (all
reputed entomologists) did not doubt that it was anything else than
Scudder’s P. frigida until my return from Anticosti this year. I am now
informed by Mr. Grote that the Preris is not frigida, but Ganoris oleracea
var. borealis.

Now, I have before me Mr. Scudder’s paper in Proceed. Boston Soc.
of Nat. Hist., vol. vii, Sept., 1861, in which I quote as follows:

“ Pieris oleracea, Boisd.

“ Pontia oleracea, Harris.

“ Pieris cruciferarum, Boisd.

“ Pontia casta, Kirby.

“ The butterflies described by Harris, Boisduval and Kirby under the
«above-mentioned names are one and the same insect. It is found
‘‘ inhabiting the northern and eastern portions of North America, reaching
“‘rarely as far south as Pennsylvania, and extending eastward to Nova

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 57

“Scotia, at least as far west as Lake Superior, while in the North it is
“ found as high as the Great Slave Lake in the Hudson Bay Company’s
“territory, and even, according to Kirby, to Latitude 65° N. on the
“* McKenzie River.”

I haye now the mortification of finding that my Anticosti specimen
of what I claim to be a Pieris is now Ganoris oleracea; but a var. to be
-called borealis. Mr. Grote says that the species resembles /rigida, but
that the peculiar elongated wings of /rigida are wanting.

With a knowledge of the history of the Anticosti Pzeris or Ganorts,
whichever it may be, I am prepared to state that the former does not
agree with the habits of Pieris oleracea, which is double brooded in
‘Canada and quadrupled in the south, while that of Anticosti has but one
brood during the season.

The egg of oleracea is pear-shaped or oval, of a yellow green color, and
ribbed longitudinally with about fifteen sharp edged lines. The eggs are
deposited singly, rarely more than one on a leaf, on the wxderside. The
egg of the Anticosti Pieris is not pear-shaped, but oblong, pointed at
each end, flesh colored, smooth and without ribs. The insect never
deposits eggs underneath the leaves, but on the upper surface of its food
plant ( Zurritis stricta), and I have counted six on a single leaf. The
caterpiliar of the Anticosti Pieris is also different from that of oleracea.
It approaches the color of that of P. rafz, but without dorsal or lateral
stripe, and is pubescent. In fact, it is as different from o/eraceaas the
caterpillar of the latter is from rape. It occurs to me that the argument
I have advanced regarding the Pafz/io of the Island applies also to this
Anticosti Pieris. I find that after examining a number, with few excep-
tions, the colors are constant ; and I cannot agree with Mr. Scudder that
the upper surface is ‘supplied with obsolete spots similarly situated to
“those on the upper surface of P. rape of Europe.”

It is possible that the Pieris oleracea of the south and west may be
but races of this northern form. Mr. Scudder says that “No possible
“step in the gradation from one extreme to the other is wanting, and both
“extremes are found equally among numerous examples from as widely
“ distant places as Massachusetts and the Great Slave Lake; although
“the suite of specimens with which I have made my comparisons seems
“to indicate that the paler forms are more commonly met with in the
“more southern localities, and that more heavily marked ones are the
“¢ characteristic forms of the north.”

58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Mr. Scudder, speaking of a white butterfly taken in Eastern Labrador,
says that it is very closely allied to, but distinct from P. oleracea. Ina
note following the description of P. frigida, he adds: “It would be
“exceedingly difficult to distinguish this species except by immediate
‘“‘ comparison with both sexes of o/cracea ; the differences are more easily
“seen than described, although the extreme limits of variation of oleracea
“do by no means permit us to include within its boundaries this com-
‘* paratively persistent form ; it is more heavily marked than any specimen
“ of oleracea which I have seen.”

The Pieris which Mr. Grote has named Ganoris borealis is found along
two hundred miles of sea-coast on Anticosti ; it is quite abundant on the
north shore of the Gulf, terminating in a western direction in the neigh-
borhood of Seven Islands. It occurs throughout the north, on the
Labrador Islands, into the Straits of Belle Isle, and probably Newfound-
land. Iam aware that P. oleracea occurs at Quebec, and it may extend
on both sides of the St. Lawrence opposite the mouth of the River
Saguenay ; but it is not found below the latter river, towards the Gulf.
It seems curious that Pieris frigida or Ganoris borealis should, like Papilio
brevicauda, be confined to the north coast and islands of the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, and that the caterpillar of the Anticosti Pveris is differently
marked and the habits of the butterfly contrary from that of oleracea.
What is the object of the study of eggs and larve of insects? _Is it not
for the purpose of determining the value of species?

The object in claiming primitive source for some of the northern
butterflies, arises mainly from the fact that in them we discover perman-
ency in form and color, while their geographical range is limited in
accordance with the distribution of their food plants. That species found
scattered over defined circuits are generally tending towards the equator.
That many of these are but figurative races removed from their original
habitat, and have varied through the influence of food and climate.

In this connection I quote an extract from Geographical Distribution
of some Genera of Insects, by Francis Walker, F. L. S., Vol. iv, No. 10
of Can. Ent.: “ In studying the fauna of a mountain it is most suitable
“‘to begin with the top, and to trace it downward, where the agencies or
“forms of life become successively more numerous and complicated in
“ their mutual adaptations and limitations, all being as wheels which serve
“to regulate the great living mechanism of which they are the parts. In
“like manner, in noticing the faunas of the two primary mountains into

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 59

‘which the earth is divisible, their summits being the poles and the
“‘ equator their common base, it is advisable to begin with the arctic
“species or with those which have ascended to the highest latitudes. The
** difference in soil, in vegetation and in elevation facilitate or hinder the
“ migration and settlement of insects, and help to effect the variety of
“ distribution, which is one of the chief attractions in the aspects of
“‘ nature.”

MONTREAL BRANCH OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
' OF ONTARIO.

This branch was organized November 11th, 1873. The. following
officers were elected for the ensuing year :—President, W. Couper ; Vice
President, M. Kollmar ; Secretary-Treasurer, F. B. Caulfield ; Council—
G. J. Bowles, P. Knetzing, C. W. Pearson, W. Hibbins, jr.

The meetings of the Society are held at the residence of the
President, No. 67, Bonaventure Street, Montreal, on the first Wednesday
evening in each month.

ENTOMOLOGICAL COLLECTING TOUR.

We would call especial attention to a notice of an Entomological
collecting tour about to be undertaken by Dr. S. V. Summers, of New
Orleans, La., which will be found on the outside page of cover of our
magazine. This is one of the most extensive undertakings of the sort we
have ever heard of, and is well worthy of the patronage of Entomologists.
The number of specimens guaranteed is extremely liberal, and the returns
will no doubt well repay those who invest in the proffered shares. We
are duly authorized by Dr. Summers to receive monies for shares on his
account, so that any of our readers who may prefer negotiating with us
will please communicate with our Secretary, Mr. J. H. McMechan.

60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

id

TO OUR PATRONS.

At a special meeting of the Council of the Entomological Society of
Ontario, held on the 19th of February, 1874, Mr. J. Williams, being about
to remove to Montreal, tendered his resignation as Secretary-Treasurer,
which was accepted with regret. Mr. J. H. McMechan having kindly
consented to undertake the duties of the office, was unanimously elected
as his successor. Our friends and correspondents will please bear this
change in mind, and address all remittances and business communications
to J. H, McMechan, Secretary-Treasurer, London, Ontario.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Pieris Rap£.—About the last of September, 1873, I netted the first
Rape Butterfly that I have ever seen in this part of the country—town-
ship of Dunn, county of Haldimand. It is a male butterfly, as described
fig. 8, vol. 5, No. 3, CANADIAN ENnTOoMOLocIsT.—F. C. L.

VANESSA G. ALBUM.—I have lately received from the north-west
coast of British America a specimen of Vanessa G. album. I do not
remember hearing of its being found so far from the Atlantic before—W-
H. Epwarpbs.

BOnpek NOTICES

Tllustrations of the Zygaenidez and Bombycide of North America, by R. H. Stretch, San Francisco,
California. Parts 8 and 9, with three eolored plates.

The Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science, Vol. i, No. i, 8vo., pp. 96.

Catalogue of the Phalaenide of California, No. 2, by A. S. Packard, jr., M. D., Svo., pp. 40, with one
photograph plate. From the Proceedings of the Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol xvi.

Nature, to February 12, 1874.

Science Gossip, February, 1874.

Newman’s Entomologist, February, 1874.
The Zoologist, February, 1874.

Le Naturaliste Canadien, Fevrier, 1874,

The Western Rural, Chicago, to Mareh 7, 1874.
Prairie Farmer to March 7, 1874.

Indiana Farmer to Feb. 28, ,1874.

Canada Farmer, to March 2, 1874.

Maine Farmer to Feb. 14, 1874.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. VI. LONDON, ONT., APRIL, 1874. No. 4

NOTES ON THE LARVA AND PUPA OF
SAPERDA MOESTA, LEc.

BY THE EDITOR.

On the 25th of March, 1873, I received from P. E. Bucke, Esq., P.
O. Dep’t, Ottawa, a bundle of twigs of the Balm of Gilead tree ( Populus
balsamifera), containing larvze of mvesta. These larve were very thickly
set in the branches, in many places not more than an inch or two apart
and situated chiefly at the base of the buds, where the presence of an
occupant was indicated by a swelling in the branch, surmounted by a
dark brown patch of partly decayed bark. The castings and debris of
the food were of a light orange color, and were pushed forward, stuffing
the swollen part. The whole length of the excavation made by each larva
did not usually exceed an inch, and so much of this towards the front
was filled with debris, that the clear space left was very little larger than
its body.

The body of the larva was nearly cylindrical, tapering a little —<
orly, and about half an inch in length.

Head very small, dark reddish brown in front, with a pale streak down
the centre. Color pale behind ; jaws black.

Body above deep yellow, with a glossy surface, sprinkled with very
minute short yellow hairs, invisible without a lens. Second segment
above and below a little deeper in color, and more horny looking than
the other segments; interspaces between segments strongly indented.
There was a depressed dorsal line not different in color from the rest of
the body, but sunken, and on each side of it the projecting rings of the
body were somewhat flattened. Spiracles pale brown, rather small.
Terminal segment a little more hairy than the others.

62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The under surface was similar in color to the upper.. I was not able
to detect any trace of feet, although a careful examination was made
with a lens.

No further observations on these larvae were made until May 2, when
I expected to find them in the chrysalis state, but was surprised to find
in the several cells I opened that no pupal enclosure was to be seen, but
that the head, antennae and legs were fully developed, while the wings
and wing cases were only partially so. The wing cases, which covered
the membraneous wings, were not more than one-eighth of an inch Idhg,
and projected out over the sides, spreading almost free from the body. At
their base they were yellowish and semi-transparent, while from about the
middle to the base they were black and covered with the usual small
granulations. The scutellum was indicated by a short black streak
widening anteriorly, while behind this the body was of a dirty yellow
color and soft, flabby consistence. This color and consistence prevailed
below also, behind the base of the legs, while about and anterior to them
the color was black. The insect could move its legs, but was very
sluggish and did not seem disposed to move at all unless disturbed; at
this stage it was incapable of walking. Several of the chambers, which
had been opened with care, were closed and tied up with their occupants
in them ; these were examined again on the gth of May, when the abdo-
men was found to have decreased in size and become uniformly dark,
almost black below, with the surface roughened, but still yellow at the
tip. Above there was a large black patch behind the scutellum, covering
nearly one-third of the body, and another large black spot near the tip,
covering the roth and r1th segments, while the interspace between these
two segments was of a dark greenish hue; the elytra had lengthened so
far as to cover about two-thirds of the abdomen. The beetle was more
active now, and able to walk, although with difficulty.

On the 16th of May the wing cases of one were found of full length,
but not fully expanded so as to cover the body, while in another case they
were fully developed. The twigs containing these insects had been
allowed to remain in a dry room without any means being taken to keep
them moist, hence they had become quite dry and brittle. On the 24th
of May a fresh bundle of twigs was received from Mr. Bucke, and in
these, while the greater number appeared to have been eaten by wood-
peckers, some five or six specimens were found in a state of chrysalis
one cell was occupied by the pupa of some parasite.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 63

The chrysalis was nearly half an inch long. Body semi-transparent ;
color uniform pale yellow, excepting the eyes and enclosed mandibles,
which were black ; the knee joints were faintly tipped with brown, and a
faint brown line down each side of the scutellum. All the parts of the
insect were plainly visible through the pupa case. The wings were very
small and diverged to each side of the scutellum in a similar manner to
that described on the 2nd of May.

On the zgth of May two of these which had been seen as pupae on
the 24th, had become perfect beetles ; another had its wing cases green,
but its abdomen was yellow and soft; two others were still unchanged
pupae. Early in June all were perfected, the beetles having escaped from
their enclosures by gnawing a neat round hole through the twig, just large
enough to allow of the passage of the body.

Possibly the insects I examined on the 2nd of May -might have
already passed through their pupa stage, and their subsequent slow
developement have been due to the altered condition of the twigs con-
taining them, owing to the dry atmosphere in which they were kept.

OBSERVATIONS ON FORMICA FLAVA, AND INFERENCES
DEDUCTED THEREFROM.

BY THCMAS G. GENTRY, GERMANTOWN, PA.

During the latter part of the month of May, of the spring of 1873,
while reclining upon the ground beneath the shade of a tree growing on
the outskirts of a thicket, the sun at the time beaming in all its glory and
splendor overhead, my attention was suddenly arrested by the activity
and excitement presented by a nest of the ordinary yellow ant, Formica

flava. Scattered promiscously upon the earth before me were numberless
larvae in various stages of developement, and not a few of immobile
pupae, brought up from their subterranean domiciles by their ever active
and thoughtful nurses to receive the life-sustaining benefits of the sun-
light, while here and there were a dozen or more of ants that had but
recently escaped from the prison-houses in which they had been confined
—frail, to be sure, and with a pallid, death-like appearance, in conse-

64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

quence of their long imprisonment, basking in the warmth of the sun to
dry their bodies and to give color and tone to their systems, preparatory
to entering upon the duties of the formicarium.

The full-grown neuters were the very pictures of restlessness. Con-
sternation was evidently written upon their looks, if I may be permitted
so to speak, and clearly evidenced in their hasty and dubious movements.
The ova, larvae and pupae were being carried away to places of security
beneath the ground, or hustled away to the neighboring grasses, in short,
wherever their nurses could find safe and comfortable quarters for them.

Looking around me to find the cause of all this turmoil, my eyes soon
rested upon two or three individuals of /ormica subterranea, Lat. which
had intruded their unbidden presence into this peaceful and hitherto
happy family. There is no doubt that these ruthless invaders of this
flourishing oasis of ant-life, were bent upon plunder or slaughter.

If pillage was their motive, these giants no doubt soon learned that
if their weaker, more distant kin were unable to cope with them in
strength, they could assuredly make up for its loss in stratagem, sagacity
and numbers.

Not daring to attack their more powerful neighbors, after having
sheltered the more tender, and being unable to defend their comrades
who had just attained perfection and who were necessarily impotent, or
to carry them to places of safety in view of their weight, in order to
defeat the plans of the foe they set to work and destroyed those upon
which but a few days before they had lavished the most endearing
attentions.

While the major part of the workers were engaged in looking after the
wants of the immature, and manifesting a readiness to provide for their
further safety, should necessity demand it, a few were observed running,
about seizing in their mandibles thc newly developed, not to bear them
beyond the reach of danger, as was at first supposed, but to save them a
life of servitude mayhap, at any rate to keep them from falling a living
prey to the rapacity of the enemy.

Knowing by experience the sympathy and affection which the nurses
ever bear towards these frail and tender objects of their care, this act of
inhumanity, so to speak, struck me as peculiarly novel and astonishing.
Prompted by curiosity to know the nature of the wounds inflicted, I
raised a still struggling being up, and having placed it upon the palm of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65

my hand, made a careful examination of it by the aid of a small pocket
microscope of twenty diameters. On the superior and inferior aspects of
the abdomen, between the second and third semites, were observed two
‘deep wounds which met each other in the interior, the mandibles having
penetrated completely.

Several instances of the kind occurred. It cannot be assumed that
these wounds were purely accidental. It might be possible that accidents
of the kind would occur once in a long time through inexperience, but to
argue that insects so habituated to such manipulations as the neuters
assuredly are, would be likely to make such mistakes, when it is known
—especially in the case of larvae, whose integuments and tissues are so
‘delicate and yielding by reason of early age, that the greatest caution is
necessary, is, in the estimation of the writer, perfectly preposterous.
Admitting, for the sake of argument, an occasional occurrence of the
kind, a successive repetition of it could hardly be justified. But on the
ground that a purpose is thereby subserved, there is no doubt the object
had in view is justified by the means employed for its accomplishment.

What this purpose is the writer will endeavor to show in a few care-
fully drawn opinions. It is a well established fact, as an abundance of
well authenticated instances could be cited by the writer confirmatory
thereof, that many animals of many families and orders, both in the
domesticated and undomesticated conditions, are wont to destroy their
disabled and wounded comrades. In wild animals, in many cases, the
destruction seems to be warranted in order to preserve the herd or pack
from the close pursuit of enemies. Mr. Charles Darwin, in his work
entitled “Origin of Species,” if I mistake not the work, remarks that
“Instinct or reason may suggest the expelling an injured companion, lest
“‘Deasts of prey, including man, should be tempted to follow the troop.”

In tame animals, of which some well authenticated examples are
recorded in the case of the hog, cow, &c., the habit is undoubtedly one
which affords a beautiful and forcible illustration of what is known as the
““survival of instincts.”

Audubon, in writing of the Wild Turkey (J@eleagris gallopavo), which
is found in great abundance in-the far West, observes substantially that
the old males in their marches often destroy the young by picking the
head, but do not venture to disturb the full-grown and vigorous. The
feeble and immature being an encumbrance to the party, it is obvious
that their destruction would tend to the latter’s preservation. Should

66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

they be actuated by sympathetic and affectionate emotions, it is evident
that the constant watchfulness and attention which the weak would
demand, would necessarily retard the rate of their movement, and doubt-
less lead to the destruction of the entire flock. Here it is plain to the
most obtuse intellect that instinct or reason, the latter, as I conceive it to:
be, operates for individual and family good.

Granting that instinct or reason does sometimes act for individual and
family preservation, in the manner described, the writer does not feel at
liberty to admit that in every case that may arise in which the weak and
disabled are sacrificed, that it is done for the material benefit of the
physically able and robust. How the destruction of the weak and newly
developed ant can result in good to the colony, it is difficult to conceive
in view of the fact that not the slightest effort to escape the danger by
continued flight is undertaken, the sole object being to hide the immature
away from impending danger, either in the natural galleries or underneath
adjoining objects. A vigilant and powerful enemy, under these circum-
stances, would have very little difficulty in carrying out the very spirit and
letter of his programme.

There seems to be one of two theories for the writer’s selection.
wherewith to account for in anything like a satisfactory manner, this
strange and abnormal habit upon the part of an insect which has been
proverbially distinguished for its kind and affectionate disposition towards
the tender beings committed to its trust—either to attribute it to an utter
unwillingness and repugnance to witness its fvofeges made the servants of
a hostile race, or to the survival and exhibition of a habit which was in
vogue far back in the buried ages of the past, when this species of
Formica was migratory or of a roving disposition.

That a feeling of utter repugnance sometimes takes possession of the
nature of some forms of animal existence, when the objects of their
solicitude and care are or are about to be reduced to a state of confine-
ment, and impels them to a course of action which bears the semblance
of inhumanity, will be patent to all from what follows.

In the summer of 1873 a friend of the writer’s having procured a pair
of the young of Zwrdus migratorius, Linn., placed them in a cage and
hung the latter on a tree, close to his dwelling, where the parent birds
could still administer to their temporal well-being. All went well for
several days, and the parents, who had busied themselves in the intervals
of feeding in their attempts to relieve their offspring, finding all their

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67

efforts fruitless and ineffectual, flew away, but returned shortly afterwards
bearing in their bills objects of a green color, most probably worms of
poisonous qualities, fed them to the young and left, never to return. A
few minutes afterwards the latter were dead.

It is evident from the above that the parents, finding their efforts of
no avail to relieve their young from their imprisoned condition, sought
this way of saving them from a life in preference to which death would
assuredly prove desirable. Other instances might be cited, but I forbear
Enough has been written to sustain the writer’s position, that in the case
of Formica flava an unwillingness to suffer any of the colony to undergo
a life of slavery was the controlling motive in the sacrifice alluded to.

If it could be shown in the above cases that any material good was
subserved thereby, or that any advantage was acquired, the author would
be free to admit that Mr. Darwin’s theory to account for the destruction
was the only one competent to explain all the known facts. But from
the foregoing statements it is evident that a desire to save their offspring
and proteges, on the part of parents and guardians, from the condition of
involuntary servitude, no doubt is equally as important.

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

——

14. THE COMMON COCKCHAFE R—Lachnosterna quercina, Knoch.

BY GAMBLE GEDDES, LONDON, ONT.

Our readers will recognize at once in figure 8, (Lachnosterna
guercina) the common May-bug in its different stages. 1 shows the
chrysalis ; 2 the larva, and 3 and 4 the perfect insect. It appears in some
years in vast numbers, and is greatly complained of, whilst in other
seasons it is comparatively rare. This depends chiefly on the long
duration of its developement. The insect flies with a humming noise, so
that one is aware of its approach at the distance of some yards. It
appears principally in May and the beginning of June, and feeds upon

68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

several trees, amongst which may be mentioned particularly the cherry
tree, as well as the oak, beech, maple and poplar. It is entirely nocturnal
in its habits, and during the day time is sluggish and seeks shelter under
boards and logs.

The perfect insect is of a chestnut brown color on the back, with a

smooth and shining coat. Underneath it is of a lighter shade of brown.
Fig. 8.

After the pairing of the sexes the male soon dies, and the female burrows
into the earth about nine or twelve inches, where she deposits 60 or 70
eggs, after which she comes out and lives but a very short time. These
eggs are soon hatched into small white grubs, which commence almost
immediately to feed upon the rootlets of plants. As they grow the larvae
become great enemies of the agriculturist. When they are hatched they
are just in time for the tender vegetation of early summer.

In appearance the larva is of a white color, with a light brown head,
and when full grown is about the size of one’s little finger. They are
constantly turning up when digging and gardening are going on, and crows
and other birds will often follow the plow to pick up the white grub, to
which they are very partial.

At the end of the third summer the grubs stop feeding and bury
themselves deep in the ground, where, in an oval cavity, the change to the
chrysalis state is accomplished.

In this condition it remains for a variable period, and then appears
the perfect insect, which works its way up by degrees to the surface of the
ground.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 69

In the Report of the Entomological Society for 1872, Mr. Saunders
Says, in reference to this insect:

“ Every one must be familiar with the May-beetle, or May-bug, as it
is sometimes called, a buzzing beetle, with a rapid but wild and erratic
flight, which comes thumping against the windows of lighted rooms at
night, in May and early in June: and when the windows are open it
dashes in without a moment’s consideration, bumping itself against walls
and ceilings, occasionally dropping to the floor, then rising again sud-
denly, it sometimes lands unexpectedly against one’s face or neck, or it
may be, on one’s head, where its sharp claws get entangled in the hair
and its further progress is stayed until a forcible removal takes place. At
such times it is quite a terror to those whose nerves are weak.

“Although thousands of these summer’s evening tormentors are
yearly, yea, nightly trodden to death during their brief season, yet
thousands of others rise to supply their places, and sometimes they are
reinforced by armies of tens of thousands. Thenit is that oftimes serious
damage is done to trees, whose foliage they consume, their powerful and
horny jaws being admirably adapted for cutting and grinding the leaves.
‘Cherry trees are frequently injured in this way, indeed these beetles are
not at all particularas to what they eat; the oak, the Lombardy poplar
and many other kinds of trees are just as readily attacked, if in their
way.”

‘ON MR. COUPER’S COLLECTIONS OF LEPIDOPTERA MADE
ON ANTICOSTI ISLAND IN 1873.

BY AUG. R. GROTE,

Curator of Articulata, Buffalo Soc. of Natural Sciences.

The butterflies collected by Mr. Couper have been already enumerated
in the “Bulletin of the Buffalo,Society of Natural Sciences.” They
were: Vanessa atalanta, Argynnis atlantis, Phyciodes tharos, Glaucopsyche
Couperi, Cyaniris lucia, Ganoris oleracea var. borealis, Papilio brevicauda
and Cyclopides mandan. The moths, as far as the Geometride, have been
determined by me and were as follows:

70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Alypia Langtoni, Couper.

Fourteen J and two @ specimens received. The males are eight-
spotted, the females six-spotted. The male is correctly described by Mr.
Couper in the Can. Wat. It is only with difficulty that it can be separated
from the male A. octomaculata. t appears to differ by the parallelism of
the inferior edge of the basal sulphur spot on the fore wings with the
margin of the wing; in ocfomaculata this spot is oblique. Neither the
vine nor Ampelopsis grow on Anticosti, and Mr. Couper states that he
has observed A. Zangfonit ovipositing on the stems of grasses. I have
formerly determined.a specimen of A. Langfonii $, from Anticosti, sent
me by Mr. Strecker, with other species of the genus, as 4. S-maculata.

Haemorrhagia uniformis, (G. & R.)
Hyles chamaenerit, (Harris.)

Lethia gordius, (Cramet.)
Trochilium, sp.

Ten specimens of a species that I do not venture to describe on
account of the number of unidentified descriptions extant in the group.

Platarctia parthenos, (Harris.)

As early as 1864, I drew attention to the probability of Mr. Moesch-
ler’s Arctia borealis being identical with the present species, as also to-the
fact that Mr. Moeschler’s papers on the Lepidoptera of Labrador had
been written without reference to Kirby or the writings of American
Entomologists. It is unfortunate for Mr. Moeschler that Mr. Strecker,
whose acquaintance with entomological literature is so slight, should have
been selected to make an unnecessary correction. Until Dr. Packard’s
later separation of the two species is properly contradicted, I do not
understand why they should not be separately cited in a catalogue. Mr.
Couper collected a single female specimen in fine condition, which seems
only to differ from Mr. Moeschler’s figure by the collar not being all red
as Mr. M. paints it, aside from the sexual characters and the greater size.
But Mr. Moeschler’s description accords perfectly with my specimen
where his figure contradicts it. So far as I can see, my specimen in no
way essentially contradicts Harris’ original description and figure in
Agassiz’s “‘ Lake Superior.” It is evident, however, that Dr. Packard
separates an allied species from P. parthenos, as the borealis of Moeschler.
Without having seen the material upon which Dr. Packard’s two
descriptions are based, it is useless for me to express any further
opinion.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 71

eee

Arctia virguncula, (Kirby.)

A specimen in fine condition. Except that the figures are smaller,
Mr. Moeschler’s representation of sfeciosa does not seem to me to differ.
I again repeat, provoked by Mr. Strecker’s ill-advised remarks, that I
called the attention of American Entomologists to this fact in 1864, and
it seems to me that to be now charged with an ignorance of Mr. Moes-
chler’s errors, when they were published by me ten years ago, is very
absurd and shows merely that Mr. Strecker’s knowledge of American
Entomological works is not greater than that of Mr. H. B. Moeschler.

Phragmatobie rubricosa, (Harris.)
Habrosyne scripta, (Gosse.)
Thyatira pudens, Guenee.

The single specimen is rubbed and appears to have the spots on the
forewings more greyish than usual. It expands 48 m. m.

Agrotis gilvipennis, Grote.

As yet the only described species of the genus from America with
yellow hind wings. Specimens sent to Prof. Zeller for examination were
kindly determined by him as allied to the Siberian A. chardinyi.

Agrotis confiua, (Tr.)

I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Geo. Norman for some frag-
ments of Scotch specimens of this species, and although my comparisons
are not as absolute as I could wish, I feel little doubt that the twenty-four
specimens collected by Mr. Couper belong to this species, which is
apparently not well known on the Continent. Two Swiss specimens in
the collection of the Buffalo Society offer but unimportant differences,
while the species seems to vary in the intensity of the color
and distinctness of the markings: I have described this species and the
preceding in the Report of the Peabody Academy, and I am under
obligation to Mr. Geo. Norman for his assistance in this very interesting
determination. According to Dr. Staudinger, fhe species occurs in Ice-
land, where it is subject to great variation in color.

Eurois occulta, Hubner.

The American specimens are generally more blackish than those from
the Continent of Europe, but seem to agree with the form taken in Scot-
land and the north of England. Mr. Lintner’s Albany specimen was
more purplish and stouter, and like German specimens in the collection
before me.

NT
> ae

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Liyppa xylinoides, Guenee.

One specimen.

Nephelodes violans, Guenee.

One specimen.

FHeliophila commoides, (Guenee).

The three specimens are less reddish on the primaries than my
material from the Middle States, with the dotted t. p. very distinct, but
do not seem to differ specifically.

Pyrophila pyramidoides, (Guenee).

One specimen.

Plusia 8-signata, Sanborn.

One specimen.

Plusia simplex, Guenee.

Several specimens.

Plusia bimaculata, Stephens.

This is Guenee’s P. w-brevis ;. Mr. Couper’s material is in fine con-
dition.

Plusia mappa, G. & R.

One specimen.

Cucullia intermedia, Speyer ?

One specimen, much rubbed.

Tarache erastrioides, (Guenee).

Drasteria erichto, Guenee.

Two specimens.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.

Continued from Page 52, vol. vi.
CHYSOPELEIA, 2é/. 710U.

This genus, tbough closely allied to Sti/bosis, Walshia, Elachista, &c.,
-differs from them somewhat as to the palpi, and yet more as to the
neuration of the wings. In the neuration it is near Sti/dosis, but in many
respects is nearer Wadshia.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 73:

Anterior wings lanceolate, caudate. The costa attains the margin
about the middle; discal cell long, narrow, and closed by a slightly
oblique discal vein; the costal vein is furcate~ just before the apex,
delivering one of the branches above and one below it ; it also sends
another branch to the costal margin from behind the cell, one at the end
of the cell, and two before it; the discal vein sends a vein to the hinder
margin from a point near the median, which passes straight to the hind
margin, and just before the discal vein sends a branch to the hind margin
also ; the submedian is furcate at the base. _

Posterior wings linear lanceolate. Costal vein obsolete ; the subcostal
proceeds straight to the apex, sending a single branch to the Azvd@ margin
just before the apex ; the median is slightly sigmoid, attaining the hind
margin at about the apical one-fourth, and delivering to it three other
branches, the first about the middle. Submedian short.

Wings convoluted in repose, with tufts of raised scales on the anterior
ones, and the tips bent under. ead and face smooth, with appressed
scales ; vertex broader than long ; face much receding and very narrow;
eyes small; antennz sub-pectinate, a little more than half as long as the
wings ; palpi drooping, of moderate size; no visible maxillary palpi;
tongue rather short, scaled; terminal joint of labial palpi acute, and
about two-thirds as long as the second, which is a little enlarged at its.
apex.

It is not a typical Zaruna, and yet, possibly, ought not to be separated
from it. But I place Sti/bosis, Clem., as my precedent,

C. purpuriella. LN. sp.

Very dark purplish blue, almost black, with an indistinct confused
oblique yellowish fascia about the apical fourth. The tufts are black or
very dark brown; one is placed within the dorsal margin, at about the
basal one-fourth, opposite the space between two others placed opposite
to each other, about the middle, and a fourth at about the apical fourth
of the wing, also opposite the space between the second and third. The
tufts are arranged thus: -'- Alar ex., 4% inch. Kentucky. Larva
unknown.

AEAEA, éit. 710.
Allied to Chrysopelia, Stilbosis, &c.

Primaries lanceolate, tufted ; discal cell narrow and rather acutely
closed ; the costal vein is short and close to the margin ; the subcostal
gives off three branches beyond the middle, and a fourth one from the

74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

end of the eell, and has a common origin with the apical branch, which
is bifid close to the apex. The median divides into three branches from
the apical part of the cell (the submedian is furcate at the base ?)

Secondaries very narrowly lanceolate. The costal attains the margin
about the basal fourth, and from thence to the tip the margin is excised ;
the subcostal is almost obsolete towards the base and passes straight to
the tip; discal cell unclosed; the median divides into three? brenches
(or into two? with an independent discai branch arising so close to them
that I have not been able to‘determine certainly whether it is connected
with them or not).

Head smooth with appressed scales ; vertex wider than long ; antennz
simple, scarcely more than half so long as the wings, with a somewhat
elongate basal joint. No visible maxillary palpi; labial palpi long and
slender, over-arching the vertex ; terminal joint about two-thirds as long
as the second. Tongue moderate, densely scaled towards the base.

A. ostryedla. WN. sp.

Face, palpi, legs and under surface of the body pale or hoary gray
with a faint bluish tinge. Vertex, antennae, thorax and primaries dark
steel gray, with a blue or purplish tinge. The basal portion of the dorsal
margin of the primaries pale gray, with many of the scales tipped with
hoary ; behind this lighter portion of the dorsal margin is a rather large
raised tuft of blackish or bluish brown scales. An oblique pale gray or
whitish fascia crosses about the middle of the wing, being widest and
farthest from the base on the dorsal margin, and being margined behind
by two small dark tufts of raised scales. About the apical third of the
wing is asecond fascia of the same hue with the first, and parallel to it,
with a small dark tuft of raised scales on its anterior margin and two
others on its posterior margin, and in the apical part of the wing, on the
dorsal and costal margins and at the apex, three or four other minute
tufts of the same hue. The apical part of the wing and ciliae are
sprinkled with hoary or snow-white, many of the scales being tipped with
that color. AZ ex. scarcely 4% inch. Kentucky,

The larva mines the leaves of the Ironwood (Ostrya virginica). I
have occasionally, though very rarely, found a single specimen of the mine
in June and July, but in August, September and October nearly every
leaf upon the trees will have its mine, and many leaves will contain
several. The larva is yellowish white, with the mouth ferruginous, and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 75

two small brownish spots on top of each of the next three segments after
the head, and is nearly cylindrical. It is exceedingly difficult to rear the
imago, mainly, I think, because the Osfrya leaves dry up so quickly, and
the larva will seldom make a new mine after leaving an old one, though I
have sometimes known it todo so. It leaves the mine to pupate in a
small whitish ovoid cocoon among the leaves on the ground. ‘The mine
isa singular one. In the natural way it begins at the junction of a vein
and the midrib, and extends along the midrib to the next vein ; there the
parenchyma is taken out between the two veins and with the frass a little
tube is constructed along the midrib, and from the mouth of the tube to
the edge of the leaf two walls of frass are constructed, between which the
larva, when disturbed, retreats into its tube. In the breeding cage, when
the leaves are bent or the larva is crowded, it will sometimes vary the
form of its mine, or even form a new one, but I doubt if in a state of
nature it ever passes beyond the midrib or the two veins. From probably
three hundred mines which I have gathered, I have not succeeded in
raising half a dozen insects, and Dr. Clemens does not seem to have met
with better success, for he does not seem to have been acquainted with
the imago, though he mentions the mine and larva in his letter to Mr.
Stainton of Oct. roth, 1859, which is published with an excellent figure
of the mined leaf in Mr. Stainton’s edition of the Clemens Papers, page
a7.
THEISOA, gen. nov.

Maxillary palpi microscopic ; labial palpi ascending above the vertex
{a little longer than in Zvachista). Antennae simple, more than half as
long as the wings. Head and face smooth.

Primaries lanceolate ovate ; the costal attains the margin just before
‘the middle. Discal cell very narrow, and closed by a very short discal
nervule ; the subcostal sends a branch to the margin from before the
middle, another from near the end of the cell, and then is deflexed to
meet the discal vein, beyond which it sends another branch to the costal
margin and there becomes furcate before the tip, delivering a short branch
to each margin near the tip. The discal vein is short, straight, a little
oblique, and without branches. The median vein gives off to the dorsal
margin a single branch beyond the middle, and becomes furcate just
beyond the end of the cell. The submedian is furcate at the base.

Posterior wings linear lanceolate. The costa slightly excised from the
middle to the tip ; the costal vein is near the margin, which it attains at

76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the excision; the subcostal passes nearly straight to the apex, its basal
half being obsolete; it gives off no branches. Cell unclosed ; the
median sends a branch to the dorsal margin about the basal fourth, and
becomes furcate about the apical third. Wings horizontal in repose.

Ciliae of both wings moderately long. The neuration of the primaries:
is very nearly the same with that of the next described genus, Philonome,
but is still nearer to E/achista, from which, however, this species differs in
having the wings horizontal in repose, and the antennae longer and more

pointed.

T. bifasciella. NN. sp.

Palpi silvery: white ; face white, tinged with golden yellow, which
deepens towards the vertex, where it becomes pale ochreous; antennae
with alternate annulations of white and dark brown; thorax and basal
third of the primaries pale saffron, slightly suffused with fuscous; at the
basal third of the primaries is a silvery white fascia dark margined
internally, and thence to the tip the wing is pale saffron yellow, suffused
with fuscous and white and becoming darker towards the apex; at the
apical third is a second white fascia, which is frequently very indistinct
or even obsolete, except upon the costa, where it is oblique, distinct and.
strongly dark margined internally, or rather with a dusky spot on the costa
before it. Ciliae dusky yellowish. AZ ex. nearly % inch. Kentucky in
May. Larva unknown.

ELACHISTA.

£. praematurella? Clem.

This species belongs to the sub-group containing £. zigrella of
Europe. Possibly it may prove to be one of the European species. I
am not absolutely certain that my captured specimens belong to
praematurella, as I have not seen any of Dr. Clemens’ specimens, and do
not, indeed, know that there are any extant. I do not know its food
plant, though from the frequency with which 1 have found its corpse-like
pupa on fallen leaves in “blue grass” pastures, I suspect that it mines.
that species (Poa fratensis), and this suspicion is strengthened by the
fact that other species of the same group mine plants of the same genus
in Europe. Dr. Clemens was not acquainted with the food plant of
praematurella, In my specimens the costal and dorsal spots are opposite
as Dr. Clemens describes praematurella, but the fascia is a little oblique,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 77

being a little nearer to the base on the costal than on the dorsal margin,
and the wing before the fascia has a grayish hue, occasioned by minute
white dusting, and Dr. Clemens does not mention these particulars in
pracmaturella ; but a more decided difference is that in praematurela the
fascia is ‘‘ just behind the middle,” whilst in this species it is just before
it. My specimens are near /. gregsonz, as figured by Mr. Stainton, but
have less white at the apex. But the species of this group are very
difficult to distinguish without comparison of bred specimens, and I have
not thought it necessary to separate my specimens from praematurella. It
is the only true Z/achis¢a that I have thus far met with here, though some
of the immediately preceding genera approach this genus closely. Like
pracmaturella, my specimens appear early in April.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

The first number of “ The Cincinnatti Quarterly Journal of Science,”
published in January, came to hand in due season. It is a well got up
octavo serial of 96 pages ; editor and proprietor, S. A. Miller, Cincinnatti,
Ohio ; price, three dollars per year. Among the more interesting original
papers €ontained in this number we notice one by our esteemed friend
and contributor, V. T. Chambers, of Covington, Ky., on Fresh Water
Entomostraca, and among the selected articles, ‘‘ Facts in the Physiology
of Spiders and Insects,” and ‘‘ Movements of Insects on Dry, Polished
and Vertical Surfaces,” both by John Blackwell, from the Jour. and Pro.
of the Linnean Society. In addition to these there are a number of
interesting original and selected papers on Geology, Botany, Zoology, &c.
We sincerely wish this new journal success.

Illustrations of the Zygenidz and Bombycidz of North America, by
Richard H. Stretch, San Francisco, vol. 1, parts 8 and 9. These two
parts issued together complete the first volume of Mr. Stretch’s excellent
work on the Zygzenide and Bombycide. ‘These latter parts contain three
colored plates, two of moths, illustrating 29 species, and one of larvae,
containing 11 species. The whole volume consists of 242 pages octavo
of letter-press, with ten well finished colored plates, on each of which a
number of species are faithfully delineated. In this work—in addition to

78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the author’s own material—are brought together a large number of facts and’
details hitherto scattered throughout the various scientific journals and
publications, relating to the members of this interesting family. We hope
Mr. Stretch will receive such encouragement from Entomologists as will
reward him for his valued labors in this department, and stimulate him to:
further efforts.

Catalogue of the Phalaenidz of California, No. 2, by A. S. Packard,
jr., M. D. This is an octavo pamphlet of 40 pages, with one photograph
plate, illustrating 24 new species, detailed descriptions of which are given
in the accompanying letter-press, together with ae other interesting:
facts relating to other Californian species.

EDITORIAL SUMMARY.

MR. RILEY RECEIVES A HANDSOME TESTIMONIAL.

The following correspondence explains itself:

AGENCE CONSULAIRE DE FRANCE A ST. LOUIS, |
Sr. Louis, Mo., FEB. 23, 1874. J

Prof. Chas. V. Riley, State Entomologist, St. Louis, Mo. :

Dear S1r.—I have the honor to inform you that his excellemcy, the
Minister of Foreign Affairs, has forwarded to me through the Consulate
of New Orleans, the gold-medal awarded to you by the Minister of
Agriculture and Commerce, of France, in appreciation of discoveries in
economic entomology, and especially of services rendered to French
grape culture.

I congratulate you sincerely on this well deserved compliment. It is.
a proof that your talents and labors have been recognized by very high
and competent judges.

Accept my assurance of the high regard with which I am, yours.
respectfully, EMILE Karst,

Agent Consulaire de France.

The medal is of gold, very heavy and handsomely finished. It is
round, probabiy an inch and a half in diameter, and bears upon its face
the head of the Goddess of Liberty, in bas-relief, with the words =
~ Republique Francaise.” Upon the reverse is :

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79

“ Mr. Riley, a St. Louis, Missouri, Services Rendus a La Viticulture
Francaise, 1873,’ encircled by ‘“ Ministere de l’Agriculture et du
Commerce.”

The following is Mr. Riley’s acknowledgement :

St. Louis, FEB. 23, 1874.
Emile Karst, Agent Consulaire de France :

My Dear Sir.—Your favor of to-day is at hand. Knowledge, to the
seeker after it, brings with ita reward far higher and more lasting than
any outward token. Yet am I gratified to receive this testimonial of
appreciation from the French Republic; because it shows that, while
endeavoring. as a servant of the State of Missouri, to do what lies in my
power for the advancement of agriculture within her borders, my efforts
have been appreciated elsewhere. It illustrates that science—the true
interpretation of nature’s workings, and mighty lever to civilization and
progress—is not local, but sheds her bright beams among all nations. It
proves that the discovery of any fact tending to promote the comforts
and conveniences of human existence, or, as Bacon so tersely expresses
it, humanis commodis inservire, belongs not to one State alone, but to the
world. Yours respectfully,

C. V. Ritry, State Entomologist.

THE PHYLLOXERA.

The following article from the Bulletin des Sceances de la Society
d’Agriculture de France, 1872, p. 514, may be of interest to some of our
vine-growers as showing the good effect of an application of soot for the
destruction of the grape-vine root gall-louse. However, not having tried
the soot ourselves, we can only give the experience of others, and add
that Dr. Erni, formerly chemist to the Department of Agriculture, in a
letter from Berne, Switzerland, has also highly recommended the use of
soot for the same insect.

“™M. Rogier, mayor of Poule Gard, exhibited to the central’ society of
agriculture the results obtained by the use of soot in the treatment of
vines attacked by the Ahy//oxera. A young vine attacked by this insect
in 1869, was treated with soot put at the foot or root of each stem, in the
quantity of a half kilogram, (about one and one-tenth of a pound.) The
vine recovered. The following years all the stems which composed it
were smoked with soot. This vine has a remarkable vigor, while the
neighboring vines were dead or seriously injured. All vines treated with

80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

soot, used as a preservative compost, are healthier, although surrounded
with diseased vines.”

We give the above extract for what it is worth, and hope some of our
correspondents will try soot and report the result to the Department, as
we have scarcely any of these destructive insects in our own immediate
neighborhood. In reference to this insect, the grape-root gall-louse, the
Department has received a very interesting letter from Mr. George W.
Campbell, of Delaware, Ohio, in which he expresses his opinion that the
aphis (pemphigus) affecting the leaves and that upon the roots are not
identical. He says:

‘“‘T have since then found in two instances what were doubtless eggs of
the phylloxera (root-gall-louse) upon diseased roots the same as those
within the galls, but solitary, and not in clusters as in the galls. This, I
think, settles the question that the aphides infesting the roots are propa-
gated under ground, upon the roots, and that they are probably not the
same as are propagated in the galls upon the leaves.”

Mr. Campbell also sent specimens of the roots injured, together with
numerous root gall-lice clustered upon them, but although carefully ex-
amined with the microscope, we failed to find any eggs whatever upon
the roots sent. ‘These roots, however, have been planted just as received,
with the insects upon them, in a flower-pot, and placed in a large wardian
case in close contact with other pots containing heaithy vines, in order
to find out if the insects will pass from one vine to another during the
winter, and if the healthy roots will next season be infested with either
root or leaf gall-lice. We give Mr. Campbell’s remarks merely to stimu-
late further inquiry into the identity of the two insects, as many naturalists
have stated them to be merely varieties of the same insect. In France,
it appears that flooding the vineyards at certain seasons to drown the
insect out has been recommended, but this plan, even if successful, could
only be carried out in level places, and could not be adopted in side-hill
vineyards. — Monthly Report of the Department of Agriculture.

CoRRECTION.—We would draw attention to an error which appeared
in Dr. Summers’ advertisement last month, and which will be found cor-
rected in the present issue. It is in reference to the time up to which
shares may be secured of the material to be collected in the lengthened
tour he is about to undertake. It should be up to December, 1874, instead
of April; after that date specimens only will be for sale; we have a few
yet to dispose of,—parties desiring them will please address our Secretary.

—- -

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. VI. LONDON, ONT., MAY, 1874. No. 5

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

15.—THE COCCINELLID.

BY R. V. ROGERS, KINGSTON.

“ Of all the painted populace that live in fields and live ambrosial
lives,” there is scarcely a family better known than those which compose
the last of all the tribes of Hard-shells, the Coccinellide. To the young
and to the old, to the illiterate and to the scientist, they are equally®
familiar and equally interesting. Popular sympathy is extended towards
them by the elders because they do much good in preventing the excessive
multiplication of Aphides ; by the juveniles because they are very pretty
little things and tamely pitter-patter to and fro, and their supposed mis-
fortunes affect deeply sensitive little hearts, while infantile accents lisp
** Lady-bird, lady-bird, fly away home ; your house is on fire, your children
are burned.” They are distinguishable chiefly by the colors of and the
spots upon their wing covers ; the different species are sometimes difficult
to discriminate ; they number upwards of one thousand, and more than
thirty species are known to inhabit Canada.

The general colors of the Coccinellidz are yellow, red or orange, with
black spots, and black with red, white or yellow spots, the spots being
either lunate or round. Their shape is hemispherical, and although of
variable size, an average specimen ‘bears a considerable resemblance
in size and figure to an ordinary split pea; they have but very short legs
and therefore creep but slowly; their powers of flight, however, are
considerable.” When alarmed,or laid hold of, they fold up their tiny
limbs and eject from the joints a yellow, mucilaginous fluid, which has a
somewhat strong and disagreeable odor. This fluid entitles the pretty
Lady-birds to be ranked among the materia medica, and to be assigned a
place in the Phamacopeeia, for it is a superior, cheap and _ never-failing

82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

remedy of that most harrowing of pains, the tooth-ache. The learned
President of the Entomological Society of Ontario says that he has never
possessed sufficient courage to test its qualities himself, but a well-known
American brother of the net and bottle tells us that he tried this applica-
tion in two instances, and the tooth-ache was immediately relieved ;_ but
he confesses that he was uncertain whether the remedy or the faith of the
patient acted therapeutically, or the tooth ceased troubling of itself. Let
us be charitable and give the benefit of the doubt to the pretty little
beetle.

The Germans call these insects WJarien-kaefer, Lady beetles
of the Virgin Mary; while in France they have the equally fine names of
Vaches de Deice, or Betes de la Vierge, Cows of the Lord or animals of the
Virgin. And they have good claims to be held in such esteem, for they
are most beneficial to man in destroying the plant-lice, which, if allowed
to go on propagating and increasing unchecked, would soon reduce the
most fertile country into a barren and a howling wilderness. Lady-birds

‘both in their perfect and in their larval state, feed om these lice, and, pro-
videntially, few trees, plants or shrubs infested by these disgusting and
destructive creatures are to be found whereon is not also this antidote for
them. The grubs, which are of a flattened shape and darkish color,
spotted usually with red or yellow, and furnished with six short legs near
the fore part of the body, are far more voracious than the mature insect ;
they creep along on the leaves of plants until they find the helpless
Aphides, among which they ravage and riot like wolves in a sheep-cot,and
then, doubtless, many a heart-broken Aphis parent, pointing to the
aldermanic proportions of the lady, exclaim: ‘‘ Foul murder hath been
done ; lo! here’s the proof !”

Occasionally Lady-birds occur inimmense swarms. Kirby and Spence
relate that on one occasion the banks of the Humber were so thickly
strewn with the common species, that it was difficult to walk without
treeding upon them; at another time they covered in great numbers the
sand-hills of Norfolk, and again, the cliffs of Kent and Sussex, ‘to the
no small alarm of thejsuperstitious, who thought them the forerunners of
some direful evil.”

The eggs of these little creatures are long and oval,of a yellowish color
and deposited in patches, oftimes among a colony of plant-lice, so that,
thanks to the wondrous instinct of the mother, the larvae have not far to
crawl to get their first hearty meal.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83

The larvae consume immense quantities of Aphides, and may be seen
chasing, or rather, stalking the plant-lice, and eating them one after the
other, taking the whole set on a leaf or stem in regular order. “The larve
{see fig. 9) are rather long, oval, soft-bodied and pointed behind, with the

Fig.9. prothorax larger than the other rings, often gaily colored and
beset with tubercles or spines.” After having eaten voraci-
ously for the appointed time, the larva attaches itself by its
tail to a leaf or a twig—after the fashion of a caterpillar—and
: either throws backits skin or else keeps it loosely folded about
it as a protection; in this position it remains quiescent for some
ten or fifteen days, and then emerges a perfect insect.

We will now briefly refer to sume of the well known Coccinellidae
which make the Dominion of Canada their home.

The Two-spotted Coccinella, C. d:punctata, Linn., is our most common
‘species. | They appear to have two broods each season; the eggs are of
an orange yellow, and attached in bunches of about twenty-five to the
bark of trees. They hatch out when the leaves and their natural article
of diet, the Aphis, appear. The body of the larva is black, with flattened
tubercles, adorned on top with spines; on each side of the first abdominal
segment is a yellowish spot, and there is another broad one in the middle
of the fourth segment, and one on each side. Packard thus describes the
modus operandi of the larva becoming a pupa, and the appearance of the
pupa itself: ‘“‘The larva begins the operation by attaching very firmly,
with a sort of silky gum, its tail to the leaf, the point of attachment not
being the extreme tip, but just before it, where the tip of the abdomen
of the pupa is situated. Meanwhile the body contracts in length and
widens, the head is bent upon the breast, and in about 24 hours the skin
splits open and discloses the pupa. The body of the pupa is black ; the
head is also black, and the prothorax is black and yellowish pink, with a
black dot on each side, and a smaller black dot on each edge. The
meso-thorax, wing-covers, scutellum and legs are shining black. The
abdominal rings are pale flesh-colored, with two rows of large black spots
on each side, the spots being transverse; the terga of the fourth to the
seventh segments are separated, the body being arched and _ Fig. 10.
leaving a deep furrow between.”

The Nine-spotted Coccinella, C. xovem-notata, Herbst. (see
fig. 10), is one of our most common beetles, and may be found
in all parts of our Dominion; it is of a red brick color, somewhat

84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

larger than the Two-spotted, and ornamented with nine black
spots.
The Plain Lady-bird, C. munda, Say. (see fig. 11), is rather smaller
than the others of its kind, of a light brick red, but with its elytra.
Fig. 11. unadorned with any spots.

The Three-banded Coccinella, C. ¢rifasciata, Linn, is
of ared brick color, marked with two irregular black bands.
across the elytra, and a black spot near the posterior angle.
It is of an intermediate size between its cousins, the Two-spotted Lady-
bird and the Fifteen-spotted Mysia.

The Spotted Lady-bird, Hippodamia maculata, De Geer (see fig. 12) is
a small pinkish beetle, but occasionally of a pale red, with large _Pis- 1°.
black blotches twelve in number ; two of them on one elytron 4 |
are opposite to and touch two on the other. Mr. Riley says that i
this insect commits great havoc upon the Chinch Bug. and upon ¢ .
the eggs of the Colorado Potato. Beetle.

The Thirteen-dotted Lady-bird, 7. 73-punctata, Linn. (see fig. 13) 1s
Fig.13. _ rather larger than the preceding: it has Fig. 14.

RE thirteen black spots on a brick red
ground.

The Convergent Lady-bird, A. con-

vergens, Guer. (see fig. 14) is of a deep orange red B c
color, marked with black and white. It has been of great use in checking
the ravages of that destructive pest, the Colorado Bug ; its larva is blue,
orange and black, and in its pupa state it is of the exact color of the
larvae of the Colorado Beetle, for which it is often, doubtless, mistaken
and ruthlessly destroyed.

The Parenthetical Lady-bird, 7. parenthesis, Say, is a small beetle of
a dull red color, and can be easily distinguished at a glance by the dark
marks, curved like the bands of a parenthesis (_ ), one on the hinder
part of either wing cover ; there are two black spots on each elytra,
besides the parenthesis, one on the anterior part and the other on the
inner margin, touching the one on the other cover.

The Fifteen-spotted Mysia, AZysta 15-punctata, Oliv., is black on the
head and prothorax, with seven black spots on each of the brownish red
elytra, and another on the scutellum, according to Packard. But it
appears to vary much in its perfect form and in color from a very light

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85

-grey toa deep chestnut brown. The larva, which is about half an inch
in length, black on the upper surface, with a pale spot on the under edge
of the prothoracic ring, and furnished with six rows of stout spinulated
spines, is an inveterate foe to the larvae of the Colorado Beetle, and on
page 169 of the third volume of the ENromoLocist we have a most
graphic account of the summary way in which the young lady despatches
‘the grub.

The Chilocorus bivulnerus, Mulsant (see fig. 15) is an obese little
Fig. 15. thing, with minute legs, of a black color, and beautified
| with two yellow spots.

Such area few of the very many Lady-birds that creep
among our trees and adorn our Entomological cabinets.

4

REMARKABLE VARIATIONS IN COLORATION, ORNAMEN-
TATION, &c., OF CERTAIN CREPUSCULAR AND
NOCTURNAL LEPIDOPTEROUS LARV. ,

‘
BY THCMAS G. GENTRY, GERMANTOWN, PA.

Having spent considerable time during the past season in the collection
-and study of various larval forms of our twilight and night-fliers, I was
peculiarly impressed with the novel colors, markings, and external
structural characters presented by those that were taken late in the
autumn, at the period when the leaves were donning their autumnal hues.
‘To one who has rendered himself familiar with their usual outward
characters, a moment’s inspection was sufficient to show a marked
contrast between those taken early in the season, when the leaves were
fresh and green, and those captured later, when the foliage of the trees
had sustained a check to their vitality. That these larval changes have
a producing cause it shall be my aim to show in the conclusion of the
present article.

Of the many specimens taken by the writer during the past season,
and they were confined to but a few species of as many genera, none
exhibited these variations more clearly and prominently than Zelea foly-

86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

phemus (Attaus polyphemus of Fabricius), Actias tuna, Linn. ( Attacus
Zuna of Fabricius), Laces imperialis of Hubner, and the Sphinx guingue-
maculata of authors. Before entering into a description of the anomalous
forms, the writer deems it not amiss to detail the leading characters of
the normal ones after their last skin moulting, and just prior to their
assumption of the chrysalis condition.

Actias luna, Linn.
Attacus tuna, Fabr. (normal.)

Des.—Length of caterpillar, three inches. General color, pale bluish.
green. Head nearly elliptical, somewhat pearl colored. Oral appendages.
similarly colored. A pale yellow stripe extending along each side, just
below the line of spiracles, from the first to the tenth segment; narrow
transverse bands of a similar color between the rings, continued from side-
to side, crossing the dorsum. On each ring there are six pearl-colored
warts, tinged with purple, and at the posterior part of the abdomen three
brown spots, edged above with yellow. Specimens captured in August
whilst feeding upon the Black Walnut ( Fugdans nigra. )

Variety of same.

Des.—Length, two and three-eighth inches. General color, reddish
brown inclining to dullness. Head and oral appendages similar. The:
lateral and transverse stripes wanting, passing, no doubt, through the:
various shades of yellow, orange, red, into the general color of the body.
Posterior brown abdominal spots present, but lacking the yellow edging.
and shining very conspicuously from the depth of their color. The six.
pearl-colored warts, with their purple tinge, have assumed a richer hue,,
blazing like a coronet of rubies. Taken in October, early part, while
feeding upon Fuglans nigra. Cocoons of a beautiful reddish brown..
Number of specimens taken, six.

Telea polyphemus (normal).

Des.—Length, three inches. General color, golden green. Head
light brown, nearly elliptical; mouth pieces similarly colored. A
transverse, conspicuously-colored yellow band on the posterior margin of
the pro-thoracic segment. Six rows of gold-colored warts, two dorsal,two
lateral, and two sub-lateral, reaching from the meso-thoracic to the eighth
abdominal ring; each wart tipped with two moderately long blackish
hairs. Between the rings, from the fourth to the tenth segment, a trans-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. S7

verse yellow band. Spiracles transversely oval, with brown centres,
encircled with yellow. Taken during the latter part of August, while
feeding upon Acer rubrum.

Variety of same.

Des.—Length 234 inches. General color green, with a stronger and
richer tinge of yellow. Head and oral appendages a deeper shade of
brown than the preceding. The warts of the color of red sealing wax along
the back, but upon the lateral walls somewhat elongate oval in shape, of
an orange color in the middle, deep red above and below, and with a
narrow vein of the latter color encircling the whole. Spiracles trans-
versely oval, red in the centre,'and surrounded by an orange-colored
border. Taken during the second week of October while feeding upon
the leaves of Acer rubrum. Number of specimens captured, twelve.
These caterpillars have a very close resemblance in markings to the
normal form of the larva of 4. /una.

Lacles imperialis, Hubner (normal).

Des.—Length, four inches. General color, varying from a dark to a
light green. Head nearly elliptical, dark brown. Oral appendages
similar in color. Six rows of spiniferous tubercles, two dorsal, two
lateral, and two sub-lateral, extending from the first to the last segment.
The meso and meta-thoracic spines moderately long and slightly curved ;
spiracles oval, with dark centres and yellowish margins. The entire larva
invested with a dense growth of long gray hairs. Taken during the last
week of August, and the early part of September. This species has been
observed to feed upon Funiperus Virginianus, F. communis, Acer rubrum
and the various species of Pimws. I might add here that for the past
four years, in the neighborhood of Germantown, it seems to have deserted
in a great measure Coniferous plants, and to have taken to Acer rubrum.
Where I find one upon cone-bearing plants, I discover twenty upon the
Red Maple.

Several varieties of the dzmperialis of Drury have becn observed as
late as the 12th of October, exhibiting marked contrasts from the normal
form, and varying slightly from each other in the details of color
and marking. F

Variety A.

Des.—Length, two and three-fourth inches. General color, reddish
brown. Head and oral appendages similarly colored. Spines small in

38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

proportion to size. Entire body slightly invested with short scattered
hairs. Two specimens only taken, while feeding upon Acer rubrum.

Variety B.

Des.—Length, two and a half inches. General color dark brown,
exhibiting in certain parts a decided shade of black. In other particulars
identical with Variety A. Found at the base of a pine tree. Most likely
had been dislodged therefrom. It had evidently not attained its full
size, since it continued to feed for nearly a week afterwards. | No appar-
ent change was observed in its color from the above, at the time of
entering the ground.

Variety C.

Des.—Length, nearly three inches. General color light yellowish brown,
with a dark median dorsal band an eighth of an inch long, extending
from the posterior margin of the pro-thoracic to the beginning of the
anal segments; a much wider one above the line of spiracles, and a
similar one above that of the pro-legs. These longitudinal bands were
crossed between the rings by transverse ones, similar in color. Spiracles
with dark centres and yellowish rims. Entire larva presented a perfectly
smooth surface, affording a striking contrast to that of the normal type.
Taken upon Acer rubrum. Six specimens captured.

Sphinx 5-maculata (normal),

Des.—Length, three inches. General color, green. Head and oral
appendages dark, inclining to black. Lateral, oblique, beaded bands of a
light color, seven in number, each band passing obliquely through two
segments, from the first abdominal to the anal inclusive. Spiracles nearly
circular, with dark centres, surrounded by light annuli. Caudal appen-
dage nearly black, somewhat armed with rudimentary spines. Taken in
the early part of September, while feeding upon the different varieties of
our ordinary white potato, Solanum tuberosum, L., the common Jamestown
Weed, Datura stramonium, L., and the cultivated tobacco, Vicotiana
tabacum, LL.

Variety of same.

Des.—Length, varying from two and a half to two and three-fourth
inches. General color dark, bordering on black, rivalling that of the
head of the normal form. Lateral oblique bands similarly colored with

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89

‘the body, their outline being indicated by the prominence due to their
‘beaded structure. Spiracles dark, with no trace of light annuli. Observed
-during the middle of October, in the vicinity of Bristol, Penn., feeding
upon the frost-bitten leaves of JVicotiana tabacum.

CONCLUSIONS,

That the abnormal forms described above should present such curious
‘deviations from the ordinary normal type, is to me a rather interesting
occurrence. That they are to be considered as the effects of a legitimate
cause is a settled conviction in my mind. What the cause is it will be
my aim to show. Happening at a period when the leaves of plants show
-a diminished state of vitality, and are assuming the characteristic hues of
‘the season in consequence of the introduction of chemical changes into
‘their parenchymatous material, it seems that the variations are in some
‘way connected with defective nutrition. The unusually small sizes of the
larvae, when compared with the normal forms, add great weight to such
-an opinion.

It will be seen that the colors of the caterpillars rival those of the
changing leaves. In few cases all the transitional color stages from the
natural one of the larva to that which is last assumed, were distinctly
observed by the writer, thus clearly proving the two facts to be connected
with each other in the relation of effect and cause.

If the beautiful and varied shades of green which many caterpillars
present can be attributed to the green and granular chlorophyl of the
leaves upon which they subsist, the conclusion must be irresistible that
when chemical or other changes are inaugurated in the parenchyma of the
leaf, thereby inducing color changes, the introduction of such food into
the insect’s economy must give rise to changes therein which will have a
tendency to vary its external coloration and markings.

’Tis true that the variable colors of animals in many cases are
brought about through the influence of the w7//. The changeableness of
our ordinary /7y/a versicolor, Lec., might be cited as an example, and the
number of such might be prolonged to considerable length, but the
cases are sO numerous and so well known that it would not be advisable
to give them notice in a paper like the present. In the above example
the color variableness serves to conceal the animal from its enemies by
adapting it to the colors of objects upon which it chances to place itself.

90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

I do not know of any recorded instance where the larvae of the countless:
numbers of our Lepidoptera possess a similar faculty. Indeed, had such
a case been observed, especially in a single individual of any of the above
genera, I should assuredly have characterized it as one where the animal
possessed the power of altering its color, in accordance with the dictates.
of a “will principle,” whereby its protection was secured. This power
of adaptation to the colors of the insects’ natural food, being protective
in its character, would be preserved, and thus, in the course of time, all
the individuals of the species would adopt it.

But I am satisfied that the will (for assuredly these humble forms of
animal life are endowed with a small degree of it) has nothing to do with
these color transformations, but aver that they are due to the effects of a
changed nutrition, as specimens, as above asserted, were observed exhi-
biting the transitional stages.

It has been shown by a French experimenter, according to the
Chronique de la Society @ Acclimatation, that by feeding silk-worms on the
leaves of the vine, cocoons of a beautiful red have been obtained, and by
the employment of lettuce, others of a rich emerald green. By another
Frenchman, silk of a beautiful yellow, of a fine green, and of a violet
have been obtained by feeding the silk-worms on lettuce or on white
nettle. An essential condition to the success of the experiment is to feed
the worms on the mulberry leaves during their early ages, and to change
the food twenty days prior to the introduction of the chrysalis state.

There can be no doubt that the silk-bearing glands of the caterpillars
undergo a certain degree of modification, consequent upon the intro-
duction of foreign material into the insect’s economy, whereby they adapt
themselves to the absorption of the proper elements from the general
circulation, necessary to give to the silk its characteristic colors. It is.
clear that the color of the silk depends upon the food of the larva. Such
being a true statement of the facts of the case, why will not a changed
condition of the same food, evolved in obedience to the action of chemical
or physical forces in the parenchymatous matter of the leaves, have a
similar tendency? If the different capacities of different leaves to produce
diverse effects are due to the chemical activities at work therein, bearing
in mind that the same simple elements enter into the composition of all
leaves, why will not leaves undergoing chemical and physical changes.
have different effects upon the tender beings that appropriate them as.
food, as well as the same food in a stable condition ?

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 9r

In caterpillars that exhibit different shades of green, their external
appearances are due to the characteristic colors of thelr blood. _ If this:
blood undergoes changes, the muscles, tissues and other parts, which are
the out-growths thereof, must evidently adapt their constitution and color-
thereto.

To my mind this theory seems perfectly plausible. Whatever cause
may be assigned to account for the phenomena, there is no getting over
the fact that the two are synchronous events.

A DISSERTATION ON NORTHERN BUTTERFLIES.

(Continued from Page £9).
BY WILLIAM COUPER, MONTREAL.

The meeting with Pafilio turnus on the Island of Anticosti, astonished”
me, as I did not expect to find this butterfly so far north in the Gulf of
St. Lawrence. Only two specimens were taken during the season. and
old settlers say that it is always rare. Anticosti is evidently its most
northerly limit, as it does not occur on the opposite shore of Labrador.
It is common at Halifax, N. S.,and in many localities along the south
side of the St. Lawrence, until we reach the lake and rocky regions on
the heighth of land from which the Asscmption river flows north of
Montreal. Plants of the family O/eacee are generally selected by /urnus
as food of the larvae. They feed on Fraxinus trifoliata and probably
the Swamp Ash of the south. The Anticosti food plant of furnus is not
known to me; it may be a species of Fraxinus ; whichever it is, the
Island of Anticosti, which stands between latitudes 49° and 50°, is.
evidently the most northern range of that class of plants tending to the
existence of this butterfly.*

* Norr.—Mr. Scudder gives the following food plants of P. turnus: Apole,
wild-thorn, choke cherry, cultivated cherry, alder, tulip, bass-wood, oak, black ash
and birch. The former eight do not grow on Anticosti, but the latter two may
Mr. Saunders found them feeding on cherry—‘‘ Can. Env, vol, i, p. 74.”

‘92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The Island specimens are smaller, and the dark portions of their
bodies blacker than those of the west and south. Although undoubtedly
turnus,they exhibits sufficient change of color to claim attention. Possibly
the larval food is the power whereby this variety is produced. I have not
had an opportunity of comparing specimens of furnus from widely
separated localities, but it is a fact that those occurring in the latitude of
Anticosti are different from the ¢wvnus of the south and more temperate
latitudes of America.

The dark color observable in the Anticosti furnus supports my view
that boreal insects, especially the Diurnals of high latitudes, are blacker
where the dark scales occur than their congeners of the south. The fact
that Papilio glaucus var. turnus * feeds on the Hickory, while ¢wsnus has
not been found feeding on the leaves of this tree, is, in part, evidence
that although the variety is thus attracted by change of appetite to an
unusual plant, the true form (¢urnus) holds to those food plants which
have been recorded by the early writers on Entomology.

I took a few spegimens of Col/ias on Anticosti last July, which Mr.
Strecker informs me are Philodice.t This is another rare butterfly on the
Island, where its habits differ from those found at Quebec. The Anticosti

philodice is a difficult insect to capture ; its flight is rapid and continuous

during the occasional hours of its appearance, and it is only towards the
end of July, when the weather becomes cold, that it can be easily
approached. + When it alights on a flower, instead of being erect on its
feet, it lies sideways, as if to receive the warmth of the sun. Here, then,
we have the most northern Aabitat of Colias philodice almost on the
dividing line between the Canadian and Arctic Insect Fauna.

* Nore.—See Can. Env., vol, v, p. 9.

+ Norr.—To my subscribers I distributed an equal share of what I supposed
were two species of Colias, taken last year on Anticosti, and one of each was sent
to Mr. Grote, who did not include them in his article on the butterflies of that
island.

+ Norre.—Its habits are similar to Colias edusa of Europe, which has a lively
flight. Mr. Coleman says that ‘‘his pursuer has need of the seven league boots,
“* with the hand of Mercury, to insure success in the fair open race, if that can be
““called a race at all, between a heavy biped struggling and perspiring about a
«‘ slippery hill-side, such as edusa loves, and a winged spirit of air, to whom up-hill
“and down-hill seems all one.”

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93:

I believe that the most expert Entomologist would pronounce the
Anticosti pxi/odice different in habit from those found in the vicinity of
Canadian cities. There appears to be a difference of opinion among
Entomologists in reference to the variations in thisinsect. Mr. Edwards,
of West Virginia, says: ‘I suspect that at least two species are passing
“under the name of Colias philodice. The species is known to vary
“widely, but some of the supposed varieties are extreme—almost too
‘smuch to be considered varieties, unless proved to be so by actual
= breeding from the egg.”

The only correct method by which to arrive at a conclusion as to the
species constituting the genus Co/éas, would be the tracing of the imago
(true form or variety) to the plants on which it deposits its eggs. It is
possible that eggs deposited by a single female on two distinct American
plants may produce larvee showing variation from each other and from the
ordinary coloration of larvee of the original type, which may have been
described in another latitude, and taken on a third food plant. These
variations are known to occur, and a wide difference is seen between
many species which systematists term representative Ameriean forms of
European types. There is no question that great deviation exists between
the species which are found on the two Continents, and the cause of such
variation is what is now wished to be arrived at. We find certain
butterflies localized or kept within a certain range, because climate
restricts the growth of the bulk of that class of plants on which they
feed. In such a case, one hundred examples of the butterfly will probably
show no more variation than is general between the sexes, and I give
Pieris (Ganoris) borealis as an illustration of this fact. Larve of the
greater portion of North American Diurnals are said to feed on from two
to ten distinct plants, and I am of opinion that it will yet be proved,when
proper attention is given to Entomology in connection with Chemical
Botany, that many of the perplexing varieties occurring among the true
forms are produced by the food * which sustain the larvae.

* Nore.—W. S. Coleman, in his remarks on the brilliant metallic spots which
adorn the chrysalides of butterflies, says: ‘‘This golden effect is produced by a
‘*brilliant white membrane underlying the transparent yellow outer skin of the
“‘chrysalis (Cynthia cardui), aud it may be imitated, as discovered by Lister many
“‘ years ago, by putting a small piece of black gall ina strong decoction of nettles ;
“‘this produces a scum which, when left on cap-paper, will exquisitely gild it, without
“‘the application of the real metal.”

Late experiments made by a French Entomologist on caterpillars of a Bombyx,

94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The species comprising the genus Graféa of this country, are subject
‘to very perplexing variations. Mr. Edwards, in vol. v, p. 148, CAN. ENT,,
writes that Mr. Mead of New York, by experiment, identified Grapta
dryas with comma. Two females of Grapta dryas were tied in a muslin
bag, which was attached to a branch of Hop-vine, on the 3rd of July.
‘The result was a large number of eggs laid on the leaves and in the
“bag.” Tne eggs were all hatched on the sth, and the first ones Began
to change on the 21st (he does not state the month, but as the imagines
appeared on the 30th, I suppose the time to be August). ‘Towards
“‘maturity some of the larve were white; the others were black, like the
“‘ larvae represented in Mr. Edward’s plate of comma.”

Here, then, is one experiment with “upwards of sixty” larvae, of
what is said to be the product of ¢ryas, resvlting in giving imagines of
true comma. As Mr. E. does not state how many white adult larvae were
seen, it appears to me that this experiment, although a good one, does
not prove the leaves of the hop to be free from eggs of another variety,
and it may be possible that a female of comma visited that vine prior to
the bag being placed over the branch. We have no direct evidence that
all were the product of dryas.

Messrs. Edwards, Saunders, Scudder and Mead deserve great credit
for their labors in metamorphic Entomology, but it appears to me that a
link is missing—the admzxture of the sexes prior to the deposition of the
eggs. Were the dryas females the selection of comma males?

As illustrating the confusion in which the species of Grafta stand at
present, two specimens sent to Mr. Edwards were stated by him to be
progne and gracilis, and two similar ones sent to Mr. Strecker were
reported as faunus and comma. Faunus is taken on Anticosti, and Iam
therefore inclined to think that the latter is dimorphic with gracilis. I
found a larva of a Graféa feeding on wild currant, on Anticosti, a
description of which was sent to Mr. Edwards, of West Virginia, who
says: ‘‘I don’t know what to make of the larva of Grapfa you describe.

were as follows: ‘‘It was ascertained that silk worms fed on vine leaves yielded silk
‘‘of a red color; when they had lettuce alone they gave cocoons of an emerald green;
‘‘nettle leaves produced violet silk, and it was also found that numerous combinations
‘of colors were the result of a varied diet of mixed leaves, fed during the last 20
‘days of the larva period. Yellow, red, green and violet seem to bejthe colors most
‘* successfully produced.”

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95

“Tt would not appear to be that of pragve,which feeds on currant, as that
“is olive brown in color, and this color covers nearly all the surface.
““ Comma has a yellow skin in some of its phases, with black marks. At
“ other times it is black, with yellow marks. It varies greatly. I do not
“know that it feeds on currant. aunus, Scudder thinks, is dimorphic
“with gracilis. I don’t. The larva of faunus feeds on willow. I1t may
“have other food plants, but so far we only know of willow; and it
“looks like the larva of C. album, of Europe; that is fore-half rusty
‘red, hind-half white, so that your description does not fit that.”

Mr. Edwards, in his remarks on larvae raised from the females of
interrogationis, describes them as exhibiting “every distinct type of
“ coloration, and that either type of larvae produced either sex or form
“of butterfly indifferently.” G. interrogationis has been found feeding
on several plants, one of which is Zzéia pubescens, and it will surely be
conceded that there is a marked difference between the taste of the
leaves of the hop and linden. If the color of a larva is affected by food
taken into its system, does it not appear reasonable that the imago issuing
from it will be more or less marked? Say, for instance, that Grapta
comma feeds on two distinct plants, and that a male whose larva féd on
the hop, took for its mate a female which fed on elm. _In all probability
_a versicolor butterfly would be the result, although the form would be that
of comma. Itis on the ground of finding northern species confined to a
single plant, and which presents no varieties, that I conclude that such as
are extremely phytophagic are those which produce the greatest number
of varieties, while their forms are lessened or extended in accordance
with geographical situation. *

There are a few other well marked species inhabiting the north
belonging to Lycaenide and Hespferide, but as the previous remarks apply
-equally to them, I shall not extend the matter. My cbject is to ventilate

* Nore,—Coleman, in his “British Butterflies,’ remarks on the variety

Gonopteryx cleopatra, of Europe, that M. Boisduval has proved that G. rhamni and
the former are identical, and in a foot note adds that ‘‘they are two varieties, but
‘* why they fly together he cannot explain; but it is possible there may be a con-
“* stitutional difference between individual insects, just as we see that of two English-
‘‘men going to a hot climate—one will brown deeply, while the complexion of the
“ other will hardly alter, although exposed to the very same external influence.” In
another portion of Coleman’s book he thinks it possible that Colias edusa var. helice
may be a male between C. edusa and C. hyale.

96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the subject, in order that it may be more thoroughly investigated by those-
who have leisure. The theory advanced is, I think, a reasonable one,and
is based upon what I have noticed in my rambles during a number of
years in the woods and fields.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.
(Continued from page 77.)
ERRATA.

Page 73, line 1, for “ costa.” read costal vein.
id “ 3, for “costal” read subcostal.
“93, for ~ place” read’ plead.
Page 75,*line 7 from the bottom, for ‘‘ there” read ¢hen.

ce

PHILONOME, gé/i. 7107’.

The little insect which I have made the type of this new genus, unites
in itself the characters of several genera.

Tongue naked, about as long as the maxillary palpi, which nearly
conceal it. The maxillary palpi are about as long as the labial palpi and
in the dead insect are laid upon the coxae; they are rather densely
scaled, the scales being somewhat roughened. ‘The labial palpi ascend
about half way to the vertex ; the first and second joints are short; the
second has a minute tuft at the end beneath, and the third is about as
long as the first and second together, and somewhat roughened with
scales. Face broad, smooth, with appressed scales and much retreating ;
vertex roughened, with a large tuft of erect scales which extends down
between the base of the antennae ; no ocelli; eyes moderate, visible from
beneath, but concealed above by the large eye-cap which clothes the
somewhat swollen basal joint of the antennae. Stalk of the antennae
simple, about two-thirds as long as the primaries.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97

Primaries lanceolate, almost caudate; the costal vein runs near the
margin, which it reaches at about its middle. ‘The subcostal sends two
branches to the costal margin from near the end of the discal cell, which
is closed rather acutely by the union of the subcostal and median veins.

“The first of these branches is given off at the point where the subcostal
‘bends towards the median, and the second is given off almost from the
-apex of the cell. The median vein is unusually large and distinct, and
from just behind the middle it sends a branch to the dorsal margin, from
the end of the cell it sends a furcate branch also to the dorsal margin ;
from the apex of the cell a discal branch, which is almost continuous
with the median, passes to apex, becoming trifurcate near the apex, one
-of its branches going to the costal margin near the apex, one to the apex
_and one to the dorsal margin near the apex. One or more tufts of raised
_ scales.

Hind wings linear lanceolate ; costa somewhat naked from the base to
_the basal fourth, and from thence excavated to the apex ;_ the costal vein
is close to the costa and enters it about the basal fourth; the subcostal
proceeds to the apex; behind the middle it sends two branches to the
-dorsal margin; the median is furcate behind the middle, close to the
margin, both branches entering the dorsal margin. Cell unclosed.

P. Clemensella. N. sp.

Palpi, face and eye-caps white ; tuft reddish orange; antennae pale
reddish orange; thorax white, with a reddish orange narrow stripe just
before the apex, and a spot of the same hue on each shoulder. Primaries
reddish orange, with two white basal streaks, one median, the other
dorsal, the latter continuous with the white of the thorax, and extending
to a small raised tuft of brown scales just before the middle of the dorsal
margin ; from the tuft the dorsal white streak is deflexed obliquely to

about the middle of the wing, where it intersects at an acute angle the
median basal white streak ; at the apical third of the costa is a rather long
oblique costal white streak, which is produced along the extreme costa
‘towards but not to the base; apical portion of the wing dusted with dark
brown. Ciliae whitish, with an oblique, rather wide streak of reddish
-orange, dusted with brown, resembling the “hook” of many species of
Gracilaria.
Al. ex. scarcely ¥3 inch. Kentucky. Larva unknown.

I have named it in honor of Dr. Clemens, who may be called the
father of this branch of Entomology in this country.

98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ARCTIA ARGE, Drury.

BY PROF. S. H. PEABODY, AMHERST, MASS,
4

A moth taken by an evening lamp, May 25, 1873, on that night and’
the next day laid eggs which hatched June 14. The larve fed freely on
the leaves of the common narrow-leaved plantain, Plantago danceolata..
The earlier moults were not observed with care; the last two occurred
June 23 and July 1.

July 6, the larvee ceased feeding and next day began to spin their
cocoons in the breeding cage. July 26, imagos appeared, copulated and
laid eggs for a second brood. Other imagos appeared at about the same
time from without, showing the species to be double brooded. The cycle
of transformations occupied 42 days from the hatching, 62 from the
laying of the egg.

When the larvze ceased feeding they were 134 inches long, ¥% inch in:
diameter, tapering slightly to each end.

Head small, black, marked in front with animpressed inverted 4. Fore
legs black ;_ pro-legs yellow with black fringe.

Body dark brown; a white dorsal stripe, and midway to spiracles a
white lateral stripe, shaded to orange on each segment ;_ spiracles black ;.
an orange spot above each, and a wavy white line beneath. Underneath
dirty gray ; on each segment twelve black tubercles, two on each dark
stripe, clothed with long white hairs.

The moth is quite abundant in this locality.

EDITORIAL SUMMARY.

THE Burrerriies oF NorrtH America, dy W. H. Bdwards—Second
Series. —We are much pleased to be able to announce that the first part
of the second volume of this admirable work will be issued during the
present month, by Messrs. H. O. Houghton & Co., Riverside Press,
Cambridge, Mass., the succeeding parts to appear quarterly, with five
plates in each part. The illustrations which adorn the pages of Vol. 1
are admirably truthful and life-like, and we have no doubt but that the
forthcoming volume will in this respect quite equal its predecessor. The
talented artists who were engaged upon the plates of the previous volume,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 99

Miss Mary Peart and Mrs. Bowen, will execute the plates of this also.
Illustrations of the eggs and larvee, as well as the butterfly, in many cases
will be given, which will add greatly to the interest of the work. Price
$2.50 per part. We bespeak for this volume an enlarged circulation.

Francis WALKER, of the British Museum, has lately published a supple-
ment to his Catalogue of Hemiptera ; also the first part of a general list of
Diptera. Copies of these pamphlets may be had from k. W. Janson, 28
Museum Street, London, W. C., England.

WE HAVE received a copy of a Memorial to the Legislature of Mas-
sachusetts from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, setting
forth the desirability of a new and thorough survey of the state in which
besides the usual geological matter, there should be “full descriptions
and truthful illustrations of the animals and plants, including their natural
history, transformations, and relations to man and his requirements, said
reports to be prepared with special reference to an intelligent use by the
people.” The State could not make a wiser use of its funds. We heartily
wish the memorialists success, feeling sure that in such a publication
Entomology will receive its due share of attention.

A New Enromo.ocicaL Monrui_y.—We are pleased to learn that
the Cambridge Entomological Club, organized last autumn, have deter-
mined to issue an organ to be called ‘ Psyche,” a 4-paged monthly, to
begin with. The first number will be issued in a few weeks. We com-
mend the Cambridge Club for their enterprise, and shall gladly welcome
their little sheet, and sincerely hope it may live and grow.

BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO Society OF NATURAL ScIENCES.—We
have received No. 4, which completes the first volume of this valuable
publication. The present part contains eight plates, making eleven in
all which have appeared in the volume of 289 pages. No. 4 contains
the following Entomological papers: ‘On the Butterflies of Anticosti,”
“On Eight Species of Noctuide,’ and “ Determination of Brazilian
Sphingidae Collected by Mr. Chas. Linden,” by Aug. R. Grote; “ Notes
on the Species of Pasimachus,” by John L. Le Conte, M. D.; “The Two
Principal Groups of Urbicolae,” ‘‘ Note on the Species of Glaucopsyche
from Eastern North America,” by Samuel H. Scudder ; “ Notes on North
American Lepidoptera,” “ Description of ‘two New Noctuidae from the
Atlantic District,’ by H. K. Morrison; ‘New Phalaenoid Moths,”

100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

% Rectification of Treitschke’s Use of Hubner’s Generic Term ‘Cyma-
tophora,’” by Leon F. Harvey, M.D. Price of this volume complete,
Three Dollars. Part 1 of vol. 2 is now in hand, and will shortly appear ;
it will contain, among other articles, a catalogue of the Noctuidae of North
America, embracing nearly 800 names, by Aug. R. Grote, with one colored
plate. The subscription for the new volume will be Four Dollars. Re-
mittances should be sent to Leon F. Harvey, M. D., Buffalo, N. Y.

CarocaLA ReLicra.—Mr. Robert Bunker, of Rochester, N. Y., has
sent us a very nice photograph of an unusually dark female specimen of
rélicta. He says: “It is well known that this species alights usually on
white surfaces ; the specimen from which this photograph was taken was
captured on a surface as dark as itself.”

BOOKS RECEIVED.

Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xvi, part 2, June, 1873—Jan., 1874, with two
plates: and several wood-cuts.

On tne Oviposition of the Yucca Moth, from the American Naturalist, pp. 4, by Prof. C. V. Riley.
Controlling Sex in Butterflies, from the American Naturalist, pp. 9, by Prof. C. V. Riley.

The Grape Phylloxera, from the Popular Science Monthly, pp 16, with seven cuts, by Prof. C. V. Riley.
The Grape Phylloxera, False Theories. From the New York Weekly Tribune, by Prof. C. V. Riley.

Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres and Heteroceres Indigenous and Fxotic Part 9, with one colored plate
containing figures of eleven species of Catucala, by Herman Strecker, Reading, Pa.

Note on the Species of Glaucopsyche from Eastern North America, Syo., pp. 2, by Samuel H. Scudder,
Cambridge, Mass.

The Two Principal Groups of Urbicole (Hesperide, Auct.,) Svo., pp. 2, by Samuel H. Scudder, Cam-
bridge, Mass.

The Pterostichi of the United States, from Proc. Acad Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, July 27, 1873, pp. 19, by
John L. Leconte, M. D.

Synonymical Remarks upon North American Coleoptera, from Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci., Phils ., pp. 16, by
John L, Leconte, M. D.

Notes on the Species of Pasimachus, from Bul. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., pp. 8, by John L. Leconte, M D.

On the Origin of Insects and Remarks on the Antennal Characters in the Butterflies and Moths, from
Proc. Amer, Assoc., pp. 3, by Aug. R, Grote.

The Natural History of a Polymorphic Butterfly, from the American Naturalist, May, 1874, pp. 10, by
Samuel H. Scudder.

Report Dept. Agriculture, Washington, April and May.
Science Gossip, March and April.

Nature to April 16th.

Le Naturaliste Canadien, Mars et Avril.
The Zoologist, March and April.
Newman’s Entomologist, March and April.
Joumal of Eduvation, Feb’y.

Prairie Farmer to May 9.

Indiana Farmer to May 2.

Canada Farmer to May 1.

Western Rural to May 9.

Bruce Reporter to May.

Che Canadran Entomologist.

VOL. VI. LONDON, ONT., JUNE, 1874. No. 6

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

16.—THE GOOSEBERRY SAW-FLY (Nematus ventricosus, Klug.)

BY THE EDITOR.

This prolific pest, known also in the larval state as the Currant Worm,
is now so widely disseminated, and, at this particular season of the year, so
abundant and destructive, that it may well be classed among our com-
monest insects, and is one in which all cultivators of the gooseberry and
currant must take some interest.

The Saw-flies, the parents of this troublesome brood, usually spend the
winter in the chrysalis state, enclosed in a tough, papery-looking, silken
cocoon, sometimes on and sometimes under the surface of the ground,
and occasionally fastened on the stems of the currant or gooseberry
bushes on which they have been feeding, or in some sheltered spot near
by. They make their appearance very early in the season, usually about
the third week in -April, but sometimes a week later, depending on the
temperature; and by the time the gooseberry bushes are bursting into
leaf, these enemies have paired, and the females are ready to deposit their
eggs on the new and tender foliage. The gooseberry bushes develope
leaves before the currant bushes, and whether it is from this cause alone
or from a preference for the gooseberry foliage, we know not, but we find
that the gooseberry is the first attacked, and often, if let alone, many
bushes will be stripped quite bare of foliage before the eggs deposited on
the currant are hatched ; on this account the gooseberry bushes require
the first attention.

Both male and female flies are represented in fig. 16, but magnified.
‘The upper one (a) is the male, 4 the female ; the hair lines below show

102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

their natural size. The male is nearly as large as the common house-fly,
Fig. 16.

but with a more slender body and
glossier wings. Its head is black,
spotted with dull yellow, with the an-
tennae brownish black ;_ the thorax or
anterior portion of the body is black,
with a yellow spot at the base, and in
front of each of the fore wings ; the
abdomen or hinder portion is black
above, yellowish underneath and at the
tip. Its legs are bright yellow; the
wings glossy, with black or brownish
black veins. The female is larger than
the male and differs from it chiefly in
the color of the body, being mostly
yellow, instead of black. These flies
are active only during the warmer parts of the day; at other times they

are quiet, indeed almost torpid.

The eggs are laid on the surface of the larger veins or ribs on the
underside of the leaves ; they are arranged in long and regular rows, as
shown in fig. 17, each female depositing about a hundred or more. We
have counted as many as 118 squeezed from the body of a female just

escaped from the chrysalis, and a3 the eggs are then very soft and easily
Fig. 17.

ruptured, it is probable that some
of them were broken in count-
ing, and thus escaped notice. This
process of egg-laying is continued
throughout May, so that you have
eggs hatching almost daily during
the latter part of the month, on
bushes which are, perhaps, covered
with worms from half an inch to an,
inch long. It is probable that the }
female fly lays her stock of eggs
at one time, and that the subsequent
deposits are made by those who
have escaped later from the pupa
state. The eggs, as found on the leaves, are about one-twentieth of an
inch long, four times as long as broad, rounded at each end, and having a

~~. -_.

ee Se SC

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103

whitish glossy surface. As squeezed from the body of the insect they
are not much more than half this size, which indicates that they must
expand considerably after being laid. The exterior of the egg is thin
and elastic, and contracts and shrivels up as the young larva escapes ; the
usual duration of the egg stage is from a week to ten or twelve days.

The larvae or worms, when first hatched, are about one-twelfth of an
inch long, with a greenish white, semi-transparent body and a large head,
having a dark round spot on each side. At first they eat small holes in
the leaf on which they are placed, as shown at 2 and 3, fig. 17, feeding
in company, from 20 to 40 on a leaf, the soft parts of which they soon
consume, leaving nothing but the frame-work ; as they increase in size
they eat the veins as well down nearly to the foot-stalks, and, travelling
from leaf to leaf, they soon strip the branch on which they have
been located, when they spread to other parts of the bush, which is
sometimes stripped quite bare of foliage by these marauders in a few
days.

Fig. I8 represents the larva nearly full grown. It is then about three-
fourths of an inch long, with a black head and a bluish green body,

gic eet becoming yellowishon the hinder

segments and on thesides, Its
whole upper surface is thickly
covered with small, shining black
tubercles or raised dots, from
each of which arises a single
black hair. Low down on each
side, in a line with the*spiracles,
is a row of larger black tubercles
from each of which there arises
several short black hairs; the
terminal segment has a patch of
black above. The under surface
is pale bluish green, growing
yellowish towards the extremities,
with a few faint brownish dots ; feet nearly covered with patches of black.
Prolegs—of which there are seven pairs—pale greenish. After the last
moult, just before entering the chrysalis state, it becomes of a uniform
plain green culor, tinged withyellow.

Having completed its growth, its chief concern now is in the selection
of a suitable place in which to pass the chrysalis stage of its existence.

104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Such a spot having been fixed on, the larva begins to contract the length:
of its body and to spin a cocoon over itself, which, when finished, is-
nearly oval, smooth, of a brownish color and papery texture, and within
this it changes to a small brown chrysalis, from which the fly escapes late
in June or early in July. Shortly after this eggs are again deposited, from
which another brood of worms are hatched ; these complete their growth
before summer closes, and in most instances change to chrysalids before
winter, and thus these tormentors lie dormant until spring comes round
again.

There may possibly be more than two broods during the season ; it is.
certain that there are not many weeks during the whole of summer when
you cannot find the larvae on the bushes in some stage of their growth.
It is well known that the flies composing the separate broods do not all
appear at onetime ; some are weeks later than others, and their progeny
are later in proportion; but whether this tardiness in maturing on the
part of some specimens is sufficient to account for the almost continual
presence of the larve from May to September, we are unable at present
to decide.

The Saw-fly has natural enemies, but, unfortunately, they do not as
yet appear anywhere in sufficient numbers to materially lessen its in-
crease. One small parasitic insect attacks the egg,and there are two other

Fig. 19. species which prey upon the larva. Besides these we
have another friend in a member of the Heteroptera
or true bug family, see fig. 19. This insect is about
the size of acommon Lady-bird, with the head, thorax
and legs black, and the abdomen red, with an
elongated black spot in the centre, crossed by a
whitish line. On approaching one of the worms they
thrust into it their sharp proboscis and quietly suck
its juices until it shrivels up and dies. In the figure
this insect is magnified ; the outline below shows its
> natural size.

It is fortunate that we have a remedy which is sure and speedy, and
while it brings sudden death to the worm, does not injure either the
bushes or fruit. We refer to powdered Hellebore, which is best used by
mixing two tablespoonfuls of the powder in two or three gallons of water,
and showering it on the bushes with a watering pot.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105

ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUID~.
BY H. K. MORRISON, OLD CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Flydrecia semiaperta. Nov. sp.

Antennae serrate. Collar arched, ochreous at its base, brown above.
Behind the collar the usual longitudinal sharp-edged thoracic crest. Ab-
-domen with a thick, short tuft on its first segment. 9 with an extended
-ovipositor. Anterior wings above brown, with ferruginous shades. All
the transverse lines dark brown, regular and distinct. Half line present.
Interior line undulate above the median nervure ; at the latter point it is
‘bent inwardly, and advances in a nearly straight line to the inner margin.
Median shade very distinct, broad, not clearly defined along its edges,
‘strongly angulated on the median nervure, and then nearly touching the
teniform spot. Exterior znd subterminal lines obliterated on the costa,
‘below distinct, sub-parallel, broadly undulating, the former dentate between
‘the median branches.

Ferruginous stains on the median and subterminal spaces, particularly
just before the subterminal line and between and beyond the ordinary
spots. Terminal space in fresh specimens showing a purple reflection.
Orbicular spot small, ferruginous, ringed with brown. Reniform spot long
and narrow, pure white, crossed by the black nervules, its upper half
‘frequently more or less overspread with ferruginous shades. Nervules
black, with irregularly occurring white atoms. Fringes long, edged with
a basal and exterior black line.

Posterior wings dark fuscous, lighter at the base ; a black line at the
‘base of the brown fringe.

Beneath,the most conspicuous feature is the broad, black, wan exterior
line, which extends over both wings. Discal dots present. On the
-anterior wing, before the exterior line, the wings are blackish. The costa
~subterminal and terminal spaces of the anterior, and the whole of the
posterior wings violaceous brown, sprinkled with numerous black atoms.

Expanse, 34 to 37 m.m. Length of body, 16 m. m. Had. Mass.,
New York. Not uncommon. Coll. of H. K. Morrison.

In color this species most nearly approaches sera, G. & R.; in the
form of the spots, “rea, Guen.

U

106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The white reniform spot is not a sexual character, as in zéctitans, Linn.,.
but common to both sexes.

The regular, distinct, median lines, particularly the broad angulated
median shade, the white reniform, and the continuous exterior line
beneath, afford a ready clue to its determination.

Ffadena congermana. Nov. sp.

Palpi, vertex, the upper portion of the collar, and the tegulae ferru-
ginous brown. The basal portion of the collar, a broad, dorsal, thoracic
band, and the abdominal tufts dull ochreous. Anterior wings uniform
dull red, with the nervules brown. The transverse lines, with the-
exception of the subterminal, almost entirely obliterated, represented by
white dots on the costa and nervules, but in some cases the ground color
is slightly lighter along the ordinary course of the lines. Subterminal line
more distinct, showing the usual = -shaped marking between the median
nervules, set off and followed by a lighter line. Terminal space lighter~
than the rest of the wing, particularly at the apex and internal angle,
where are formed irregular ochreous spots. Orbicular spot reduced to a
pale dot, encircled with brown. Reniform as in the common sfwfator
Grote (2!. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci.,vol.i, p.190), kidney-shaped, with an internal
brown annulus following the shape of the spot. Posterior wings white at
the base, with a broad, diffused light fuscous terminal band. Beneath
the wings are yellowish white, with reddish atoms terminally and traces of
the exterior line. Expanse, 35 to 38 m.m. Length of body, 18 m. m.

A rare species. Had. New York, and one specimen taken at Beverly, .
Mass., June 24, 1867, by Mr. Edward Burgess, who has generously given
me this and many other interesting species of Noctuidae.

A very detailed description of this species is not necessary ; it is
another member of the same little closely related group of Hadena, of
which dubitans, Walk., and sputator, Grote, are the only species. It is
the smallest of the group (expanding 35 to 38 m.m., while spufator
expands 42 to 46 m. m., and duébitans 48 to 50 m. m.,) but it resembles
nearest in color duditans, the largest.

Its best character is the orbicular spot, reduced merely to a whitish
dot, surrounded witha brown ring. In the other species the orbicular, .
although obscured by the ground color, is of the usual size. It can be
easily distinguished by the dull red ground color of the anterior wings, the
almost white posterior wings, the dorsal thoracic band, and the white-
conspicuous reniform.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107

THE PRESERVATION OF CATERPILLARS BY INFLATION.*
BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

Many persons are deterred from collecting caterpillars by the difficulty
and expense of preserving them in the ordinary way. The easy and
inexpensive method of blowing up and mounting the pellicle is so little
known in this country, that at the last meeting of the American Associa-
tion, only one entomologist besides myself had ever seen the operation ;
since then others have tried it, and been delighted with its simplicity. In
the hope of inducing all our entomologists to experiment for themselves,
the following explanation cf the process has been prepared.

It should be premised that caterpillars may be prepared in this way,so
as to retain their colors far better than by any other method, and often to
to be fit subjects at any subsequent time for the artist’s pencil; the most
delicate processes may be preserved uninjured, and the examination of
hairy or spiny appendages made even more readily than during life.
Specimens taken from spirits, unless absolutely naked, are always difficult
to examine from the matting of the hairs; and the internal organs can
seldom be studied, even in the rudest manner, unless the greatest care
has been bestowed upon their preservation ; in fact, no specimen can be
fitted by any process for the study of both internal and external organiza-
tions, and for the latter, no method of preparation compares with that of
inflation.

The instruments necessary for the operation, besides the tools in the
hands of every entomologist, are a small tin oven, a spirit lamp, a pair of
finely pointed scissors, a bit of rag, a little fing wire and a straw.

The oven is simply an oblong tin box, about 2% inches high, 2%
inches wide, and five inches long ; the cover is of glass, and one end of
the box is perforated by a circular hole 1% inches in diameter. It would
be well to have this end of glass, and the opposite end should be mov-
able ; the oven rests upon an open standard of twisted wire or riveted tin
plates, as in the woodcut (fig. g0.) No soldering should be used upon
the oven or standard, as it would soon be melted. Mr. Riley suggests
that there would be an advantage in having the front end of the standard
higher than the back, as he has shown inthe sketch. He also proposes

*From advance sheets of the American Naturalist.

108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

a movable wire loop, indicated in the woodcut by the dotted line,* but
this would seem superfluous.

The wire should be very fine and annealed; the best is that wound
with green thread and used for artificial flowers. It should not be more

a
a
ee
4
a -

than half a millimetre in diameter; the cut represents it magnified nine-
teen diameters (fig. 21).

The straw. Mr. Goossens, of Paris, my courteous instructor in this
art, who possesses a collection of nearly a thousand species of inflated
caterpillars, uses nothing but ordinary wheat straw, choosing stout, dry
pieces of various sizes, the cross section of which is perfectly circular ;

Bee with these he inflates the smallest
micros and the largest sphingidae.— _

Various modifications have been sug-

: gested ; a glass tube drawn to a fine

LPO point,and provided with a pair of spring
clips to attach to the caterpillar, is a favorite form ; the Germans use this
largely, and sometimes attach the caterpillar by threads passed around
the anal prolegs. Dr. LeConte informs me that Dr. Gemminger uses a
finely pointed tube with an elastic bulb attached, like a rubber syringe.

Mr. Riley suggests (as his drawing represents) still another mode, which
is to pierce a piece of soft wood along the grain with a fine heated wire

* The engraver should have made this loop hang from the edges of the oven.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109

and then sharpen to a point the tube thus formed, to be inserted in the
caterpillar ; a tube is also inserted in the other end (see fig. 21.) For
myself I prefer the simple straw.

The operation. Kill the subject by a drop of ether or by a plunge in
‘spirits ; if it bea hairy caterpillar, it should remain at least half an hour
in alcohol, and then rest on bibulous paper for forty-eight hours; other-
wise the hairs drop off in the subsequent operation. Then placing the
caterpillar in the left hand, so as to expose its hinder extremity beyond
the gently closed thumb and first two fingers, enlarge the vent slightly at
the lower edge by a vertical cut with the scissors ; next lay the larva
either upon bibulous paper on the table, or upon soft cotton cloth held in
the left hand, and press the extremity of the body with one finger, always
with the interposition of cloth or paper, so as to force out any of the
contents of the rectum ; this process is continued from points successively
farther back, a slight additional portion of the contents of the body
being gently pressed out with each new movement. Throughout all this
process great care should be taken lest the skin should be abraded by too
violent pressure, and lest any of the contents of the body soil its exterior
or become entangled in the hairs or spines; to avoid the latter, the
caterpillar should be frequently removed to a clean part of the cloth or
paper. When a portion of the intestinal tube itself becomes extruded, it
should be seized with a pair of strong forceps, and, the head remaining in
the secure hold of the left hand, the tube should be forcibly but steadily
torn from its attachments; with this most of the contents of the body
will be withdrawn, and a delicate pressure passing from the head toward
the tail will reduce the subject to a mere pellicle.

The alcohol lamp is now lighted and placed in position beneath the
oven; a straw is selected, of the proper size to enter the enlarged vent,
and the tip, after being cut diagonally with sharp scissors, is moistened a
little in the mouth (to prevent too great adhesion of the skin to the
straw) and carefully introduced into the opening of the caterpillar; the
process may be aided by blowing gently through the straw. When the
skin is slipped upon all sides of the straw to the distance of nearly a
quarter of an inch, without any folding of the skin and so that both the
anal prolegs protrude, a delicate pin (Edelston and Williams, No. 19, is
best) is passed through the anal plate and the straw.

By this time the oven will be sufficiently heated to commence the
drying process, which consists simply in keeping the caterpillar in the

110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

oven, extended horizontally upon the straw by blowing gently and steadily
through the straw, as one uses a blow-pipe. Too forcible inflation will
make the caterpillar unsightly by distending unnaturally any spot that may
have been weakened or bruised in the previous operation ; the caterpillar
should be kept slowly but constantly turning, and no harm will result from
withdrawing the creature from the oven and allowing it to collapse, to gain
breath or rest ; only this relaxation should be very brief. The caterpillar
should be first introduced into the oven while inflated by the breath, and
so placed that the hinder extremity shall be in the hottest part, directly
above the flame, for it is essential that the animal should dry from behind’
forward ; yet not altogether, for as soon as the hinder part has begun to
stiffen (which can readily be detected by withholding the breath for a
second) the portion next in front should receive partial attention, and the
caterpillar moved backward and forward, round and round over the flame-
During this process any tendency of the caterpillar to assume unnatural
positions may be corrected—at least in part—by withdrawing it from the
oven and manipulating it; during inflation, the parts about the head
should be the last to dry and should be kept over the flame until a rather
forcible touch will not cause it to bend.

To secure the best results, it is essential that the oven should not be
too hot; the flame should not be more than an inch high, and its tip.
should be one or two inches from the bottom of the oven.

When the skin of the caterpillar will yield at no point, it is ready for
mounting. The pin is removed from the straw and the caterpillar skin,
which often adheres to the straw, must be gently removed with some
delicate, blunt instrument, or with the finger nail.

A piece of wire a little more than twice the length of the caterpillar
is next cut, and, by means of forceps, bent as in fig. 21, the tips a little
incurved ; a little shellac* is placed at the distal extremity of the loop, the
wire is held by the forceps just beyond this point, so as to prevent the
free ends of the wire from spreading, and they are introduced into the
empty body of the caterpillar as far as the forceps will allow ; holding the
loop and gently opening the forceps, the caterpillar is now pushed over
the wire with extreme care, until the hinder extremity has passed half-way
over the loop, and the shellac has smeared the interior sufficiently to hold

* To prepare this, the sheets of dark shellac should be preferred to the light, and
dissolved in forty per cent. alcohol.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. se

the caterpillar in place when dry: the extremities of the parted wires:
should reach nearly to the head. Nothing remains but to curve the
doubled end of the wire tightly around a pin with a pair of strong forceps
and to place the specimen properly labelled, in a place where it can dry
thoroughly for two or three days before removal to the cabinet.

For more careful preservation and readier handling, Mr. Goossens:
employs a different method, placing each specimen in a glass tube, like
the test tube of the chemist. The wire is first bent in the middle and the
bent end inserted in a hole bored in the smaller end of a cork of suitable
size, so as nearly to pass through it; the loops are then formed as above ;,
both ends of the cork are varnished, and a label pasted around the
portion of the cork which enters the tube, thus guarding both specimen
and label from dust, and the latter from loss or misplacement. After two
or three days the cork with the caterpillar attached is placed in its cor-
responding tube, and the tube may be freely handled.

Modifications of this system will occur to every one. Dr. Gemminger
uses a syringe for the extraction of the contents as well as for the inflation
of the emptied skin. Foran oven, the Vienna entomologists employ an
ordinary gas-chimney, open at both ends and inserted in a sand bath,
which prevents, perhaps, the danger of too great heat.

TRANSLATION OF THE SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA OF
EUROPEAN MYCETOPHILID/.

BY FRANCIS WALKER, LONDON, ENGLAND.

The Diptera, generally considered, are less attractive than other orders
of insects, and appear to be more insignificant, but are the most useful on
account of their excessive abundance and of their purification of matter
and thereby of the atmosphere. In like manner, the Diptera may be divided
into more or less numerous and beneficial tribes, and the work assigned
to the former is the removal of decaying substances. The fungus race is
in subjection to the Mycetophilide, and are the means for the develope-
ment of the perfect state of the latter, according to the law whereby
degradation precedes the attainment of a higher state, and this law is ,
exemplified in minerals, plants and animals. In like manner the

112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Mycetophilide among themselves exhibit much difference in utility and
beauty, the former quality being exemplified by Mycetophila with its
‘skipping and shuffling movements; the latter by the graceful form of
Macrocera when it rests on a shady paling. The four following sub-
families of Mycetophilide are distinguished from the others by each of
them including more than one genus:

Sub-family MycreTosin2.

A—Brachial vein and cubital vein forming a sessile fork... 1 MYCETOBIA
B—Brachial vein and cubital vein forming a petiolated fork.
a—Base of this fork nearer to the base of the wing than is

the base of the 2nd hind areolet.... ~..2. 2.4.0.2 vs. 2) 2 urn
b—Base of this fork more distant from the base ef the wing
than is the base of the 2nd hind areolet........ 3 PLESIASTINA

Sub-family CERATOPLIN.

Aq Mouth elongated: like a‘beale'!”. i Fos eee ee 1 ASINDULUM

B—Moouth not elongated like a beak.

a—Antenne dilated ; palpi not bent together............ 2 CEROPLATUS

b—Antenne not dilated ; palpi bent together...............3 PLATYURA
Sub-family ScIOPHILINA.

A—Costal vein extending to the tip of the wing............ 1 SCIOPHILA

B—Costal vein not extending to the tip of the wing.
a—Base of the 4th hind areolet much nearer to the base of

the wing than is the base of the 2nd hind areolet.....2 EMPHERIA
b—Base of the 4th hind areolet a little nearer to the base of

the wing than is the base of the znd hind areolet.
*—Second hind areolet with a very long petiole............3 POLYLIPTA
* *—Second hind areolet with a moderately long petiole......5 EMPALIA
c—Base of the 4th hind areolet in a transverse line with the

base of the 2nd, or very near the base of the

1 = a Ph Ph aR SP .......6 TETRAGONEURA
d—Base of the 4th hind areolet much more distant from the

base of the wing than is the base of the 2nd hind

AT CQ Use lacs o-» wic arn saver eee est dart pick sol eet eeee+4 LASIOSOMA

Sub-family MycreroPHILIN&.

A—Three ocelli on the front.
.a—Abdomen with seven segments.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 11s

*—Proboscis not elongated.
t—Costal vein extending beyond the tip of the cubitus.
t—Basal part of the cubital vein and middle transverse vein

equally long.
§—Auxiliary vein not extending to the costal vein........ 1 SYNTEMMA
§§—Aunxiliary vein extending to the costal vein .......... 3 ANACTINIA
${—Basal part of the cubital vein longer than the middle

transverse vein.
§—Base of the 4th hind areolet under the base of the cubital

ERIM ea RM TREN Sia/S ty Niu’ s 7s (bk Dvd Hials. agar Ue Et 2 LEPTOMORPHUS-.
§§—Base of the 4th hind areolet nearer to the base of the

wing than is the base of the 2nd hind areolet........4 BoLETINA
§§§—Base of the 4th hind areolet more distant from the base

of the wing than is the base of the 2nd hind areolet..6 PHTHIRIA
t+t—Costal vein not extending beyond the tip of the

POM IM Aba! By. ooo wits det Ge od elon 7 GLAPHYROPTERA
eremnarneate Clameated 5.05.) 0.5 oo Lab, ace JL. ete cee we 5 GNORISTE
b—Abdomen with six segments.
*—Hind vein forked.

SY Sree ces Sere ota ons ses. nie wee aden eee 8 LEya
IE Rn. 5.75 ok Ste Bos eatin ke mW d Os 6 ob Qe 9 COELOSIA
**__Hind vein not forked.

+—Middle discoidal vein forked..............00cceceees 10 AENEMIA
t+t—-Middle discoidal vein not forked...............00eeeee 11 AZANA

B—Three ocelli: one on the inner border of each eye ;_ the

third in the middle of the fore front.
a—Costal vein extending much beyond the tip of the cubital

vein.
c—Two ocelli; one on the inner border of each eye.
a—Base of the 4th hind areolet nearly in a transverse line

with that of the second hind areolet........... 25 MYCETOPHILA
b—Base of the ath hind areolet much more distant from the

base of the wing than is the base of the 2nd hind

Ee MGs Diand) ute: ata ee bo ad iar .w ade odis'e oo eines Erwiows 26 DYNATOSOMA
c—Base of the 4th hind areolet much nearer to the base of

the wing than is the base of the 2nd hind areolet.....27 CoRDYLA
+t—Petiole of the second hind areolet long.............-.. 20 EXECHIA
Tt—Petiole of the 2nd hind areolet short...... suakimn 2 24 MYCoTHERA
****__No 4th hind areolet.

114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

+—Fore cubital areolet moderately broad................ 21 ZYGOMYIA

++t—Fore cubital areolet very farrow........... 0.20000: 22 SCEPTONIA
+{—Hind vein not forked.
Find vem, forked.) a.) ace sem oak Fea hi Se 23 EPICYPTA
*_Base of the 4th hind areolet in a transverse line with that

of ‘the .2nd hind areolet -4go9. 20% btw .12 DACOSIA

**__Base of the 4th hind aval more site Bete the bad

of the wing than is the base of the 2nd hind areolet.r8 ANATELLA
b—Costal vein extending a little beyond the cubital vein.....19 PHRONIA
c—Costal vein not extending beyond the tip of the cubital.
*__Base of the 4th hind areolet a little nearer to the base

of the wing than is the base of the 2nd hind

areolet.
+—Petiole of the 2nd hind areolet very short..............14 RYMOSIA
++—Petiole of the 2nd hind areolet moderately long........15 ALLODIA
**__Base of the ath hind areolet much nearer to the base of

the wing than is the base of the 2nd hind areolet.
+—Costal vein ending much before the tip of the wing. .13 BRACHYPEZA
++t—Costal vein ending a little before the tip of the

Wine. 2 oo ert net She ps eee etn ee See eee 16 BRACHYCAMPTA
***__Base of the 4th hind areolet and that of the 2nd about
equally distant from the base of the wing..........17 TRICHONIA

****__Base of the 4th hind areolet much more distant from
the base of the wing than is the base of the 2nd.

NOTES ON COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA.
BY G. M. DODGE, GLENCOE, DODGE CO., NEBRASKA.

In collecting Catocalas at Ohio, Ill., I have found them, during July,
invariably abundant upon Black Locust (Robinia pseudacacia), which, at
that time, exudes considerable sap from the holes made by borers. Last
season I pinned rags, dipped in molasses, to three or four of these trees,
and from the middle to the last of July obtained from them over thirty
Catocalas of ten species. On suitable evenings I would visit the trees
with a lantern and cyanide bottle ; several times between sunset and ten

LE a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ELS

o'clock, p. m., earlier or later, I had little success. I seldom used a net,
pteferring that a specimen should escape rather than capture it in a
damaged condition.

In August and September decayed apples or pomace from the cider
mill, spread upon trunks of trees, will attract the late species of Catocala
‘such as cara, concumbens, &c., and a host of the lesser Noctuidae.

Limenitis misippus and ursula are also very fond of the juice of apples.
I have often seen the former species feeding upon apples that were being
sun dried, and both may be observed around apple trees upon which the
fruit is over-ripe. Upon more than one occasion, by wetting my fingers
with apple juice, and holding them near an wrsza, as it sat upon a leaf
above me, I have induced it to leave its perch and alight on my hand,
where it would remain until the last drop was sucked up. Where the
rarer species of this genus are found, it would seem that apple might be
successfully used as a bait.

The objection to cyanide offered by Mr. Norman, in No. 1, Vol. vi,
does not seem to me a Sufficient reason for discarding it. Although
* cyanide certainly “renders the moths rigid,” the difficulty can be over-
come. My Catocalas, taken in the evening, remained in the bottle all
night, and next morning were transferred to a close box. At noon they
-were soft enough to spread without difficulty.

NEW CANADIAN NOCTUZ.
BY AUG. R. GROTE,
Curator of Articulata, Buffalo Soc. of Natural Sciences.

Perigrapha Normani, Grote.
g 2. The eyes are hairy, the tibie unarmed. The collar is cut out
in front and there is a slight tuft in front, on the dorsum of the thorax,
while the sides of the patagia are determinate. Dark leather brown ;
thorax concolorous, with the inner edge of the patagia with a more or less
obvious bordering of dark scales. Forewings shining leathcr brown,
deepening in tint over costal region, somewhat darker mottled. Lines
distinct, continuous, geminate, with lilac-grey centers distinctly con-

116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

trasting. Basal half line bent on median vein, continued to internal
nervure. ‘TT. a. line nearly even, slightly outwardly arcuate, very slightly
notched on costal and median veins. Orbicular very indistinct; it
appears large, spherical, outlined by a ringed shade of a lighter brown
than the ground color. Reniform large and wide, with a distinct darker
inner annulus, and with an enclosed blackish stain on the median vein
inferiorly. T. p. line like the first two transverse lines, exserted round
the reniform, nearly even. There are three grey ante-apical costal dots,
while the apices are distinctly washed with a grey shade, which obtains
beyond the subterminal line over costal region on the terminal space.
Terminal line very vaguely indicated. Hind wings whitish, with a vague
fuscous terminal shade and the veins stained with blackish, darker in the
female, fringes whitish. Beneath pale, with a common line appearing by
blackish nervular dots and streaklets ; a discal point on secondaries, which
have whitish fringes, while beneath the fringes of the fore wings are brown
(as above) and contrast. xfanse, 32 m.m. St. Catharines, George
Norman, Esq.

Matuta. WN. g.

Habitus of Zaeniocampa and Perigrapha,; the thoracic and caputal
squamation is woolly. The eyes are, however, naked and lashed, not
hairy, as in allied genera. The hind and middle tibiae are spinose, and
the form is not flattened, as in Glaea ( Cerastis, Led.) The f antennae
are simple, not pectinate, as in Pachnobia. The fore wings are broad,
entire and widen outwardly, with full and rounded external margin. In
color the species resembles Ceramuca picta; the lines are obsolete, except
the subterminal, which, with the ordinary spots, is grey. The thorax has
the collar distinctly lobed, as in Perigrapha, and the sides are well defined ,
there seems to beno dorsal tuft, while the wings are broader than in that
genus. The habit is that of Zwentocampa and Lithophane; the perfect
insect has been taken by Mr. Geo. Norman, in May.

Matuta Catherina, Grote.

fg. Dark and deep red brown; the fore wings are brighter colored:
outside of the t. p. line, and at base below the median vein. The median
transverse lines are hardly to be made out against the blackish red brown
color of the wing ; thet. p. line is seen to be single and regularly inter-
spaceally scalioped and accented on the nervules. The stigmata contrast
by their grey color; the orbicular well sized, spherical; the reniform

a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 117

proportionate and enclosing a blackish inferior stain as in allied genera.
The subterminal line is quite distinct, belng indicated by a line of
powdery greyish scales, like the stigmata. There is an extremely fine
grey, wavy terminal line Jcfore the margin, formed by the outer edging of
the deeper tinted marginal line which appears as interspaceal points.
Fringes light brown, cut by a fine darker hair line (preceded by a pale
line) without the middle. Hind wings pale, much soiled with fuscous
and with the pale fringes ruddy tinted. Beneath fuscous, with a rufous
tinge, both wings rather dark, with discal marks and a broad, vague,
common shade line. Thorax like fore wings ; collar above with indistinct
pale edging ; palpal tips pale, as is the front, else the head is rufous. £x-
panse,32m.m. St. Catharines.

Besides the foregoing, Mr. Geo. Norman has secured specimens, in
beautiful condition, of the following Noctuz, on Catkins, in May:

Lithophane vulgaris, G.& R. (socia of my List); Lith. disposita,
Morr.; Lith. Bethuneit, G. & R.; Lith. ferrealis, Grote (allied to the
European L. semt-brunnea, Haw); Lith. laticinerea, Grote.; Morrisonia
vomerina, Grote; Actinotia ramosula (Guen.,) and Taeniocampa alia
Guen. These species are mostly additions to the Canadian lists. It is
improbable that Zaeniocampa instabilis occurs in N. Am.; and 7. alia has
probably been mistaken for it.

The following species of European Noctue are credited to North
America with apparent certainty :
Agrotis augur (Fabr.)
= @ya (W. V,)
cnigrum (Linn.)
“ plecta (Linn.)
“< fennica (Tausch.)
“ conflua (Treits.)
saucia, Hubn.
“< segetum (S. V.)
— sayusae (5. V.)
Mamestra grandis (Boisd.)
“ brassice (Linn.)
Hladena arctica, Boisd.

“< rurea (Fabr.)
Dipterygia pinastri (Linn.)
Euplexia lucipara (Linn.)

118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Heliophila pallens (Linn.)
Pyrophila tragopoginis (Linn.)
Xanthia gilvago (W. V.)
Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linn.)
Plusia gamma (Linn.)

“< sont ~Tdubn.
Anarta cordigera (Thunb.)

«« — melanopa (Thunb.)
Heliothis armigera, Hubn.
Euclidia cuspidea (Hubn.)

Besides the foregoing, other species are occasionally attributed to
North America, such as /yppa rectilinea, for which H. xylinoides is mis-
taken ; Agrotis nigricans, for which Agr. tessedlata is mistaken, etc. With
the exception of the boreal species of Avxarta, the foregoing list embraces
all the European species I feel as yet at all sure are properly credited to
North America.

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH.

The first annual meeting of the Montreal Branch of the Entomological
Society of Ontario was held on May 6th, 1874, when the following officers
were elected for the ensuing year :

W. Couper, President; G. J. Bowles, Vice-President ; F. B. Caulfield,
Secretary-Treasurer ; G. B. Pearson, Curator ; Council—W. Hibbins, sen.,
C. W. Pearson, P. Knetzing.

The reports of the Council and Secretary-Treasurer were read, and on
motion adopted. The Branch, although young, is in a prosperous
condition, the expenses of the past year having been met, leaving a small
balance on hand, and the list of members is gradually increasing. Owing
to the lateness of the season but little field work has been done, but some
rare captures have been made already. The Branch meets as usual at the
residence of the President, No. 67, Bonaventure Street, Montreal, P. Q.
All business communications to be addressed to the Secretary-Treasurer,
F. B. Caulfield, 254, St. Martin Street, Montreal, P. Q.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119

CORRESPONDENCE.

A THIRSTY SPIDER.
DEAR SIR,—

On the sixth of April my attention was drawn to a small black spider
running on the inside of my window-sill. In the course of its travels it
came to a drop of water that had trickled from the window pane, when it
‘stopped and commenced drinking.

Wishing to see what it would do, I touched it with my finger, when it
‘Set off at a great rate ; passing near another drop, it ran to it and again
commenced drinking, this time turning out of its path in its eagerness to
reach the water.
I have sometimes seen Lepidopterous larve drinking, but had never
observed a spider doing so before.
F, B. CAULFIELD, Montreal, P. Q.

DYSAUXES MEDIASTINA.
DEAR SIR,—

Dysauxes mediastina, Hubner, Zutrage, figs. 505, 506, must be erased
from the list of American Lepidoptera, the locality assigned to it by
Hubner being erroneous. The figures quoted above are excellent
representations of an Australian insect which I have received from New
South Wales. This is not the only erroneous locality which has crept
into Hubner’s writings, as those who have studied the volumes will have
-discovered. Yours truly,

R. H. Stretcu, San Francisco.
PLATYSAMIA COLUMBIA, .S. Z. Smith.
DEAR SIR,—

In March last I found a cocoon on a maple tree, in the east end of
this city, which bore a very close resemblance to P. cecropia, only it was
not much more than half the size. I compared it with Mr. Bowles’ de-
‘scription of columbia, and as it differed in some respects, I supposed it to
be cecropia. All doubts were, however, removed by the appearance of the
imago on the 13th May, which proved to be a fine male specimen of
columbia. I believe this is the first that has been taken in Montreal.

C. W. Pearson, Montreal, P. Q.

120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

EDITORIAL SUMMARY.

We have received from our esteemed friend, J. A. Lintner, of Albany,
N. Y., No. 3 of his Entomological Contributions, from the 26th Annual
Report of the New York State Museum of Natural History, 8vo., 76 pp.,.
with many cuts. These yearly contributions are valuable additions to our
Entomological literature, giving us in terse language the facts and
observations recorded by one of our most accurate and pains-taking
fellow laborers. The present No. is divided into 12 chapters, in each of
which much will be found to interest the practical Entomologist. The
first is on the larva of Audryas unio and allied forms. © Then follow—
“Transformations of some Bombycidae,”’ ‘“ Descriptions of Larvae of
some Bombycidae and Noctuidae,” “‘ Notes on New York Bombycidae
and Noctuidae,” ‘‘ Descriptions of New Species of Cucullia,” &c., &c.
We trust Mr. Lintner will receive every encouragement from the directors
of the New York State Museum in the prosecution of his valued labors.

The promised list of the Noctuidae of North America, by Aug. R.
Grote, has come to hand. It is a.goodly octavo pamphlet of 77 pages,
with one colored plate illustrating eleven new species. The first 58 pages.
are occupied with the catalogue proper, which is conveniently indexed and
gives evidence throughout of great care and labor in its compilation ; the
remaining pages are filled with descriptions of some 35 species, many of
which are new. As stated 1n our last, this list will appear in the forth-
coming number of the Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences.
For the convenience of Entomologists, separate copies have been struck
off, which may be had by remitting $1.50 to the Secretary, L. F. Harvey,
M. D.

Psyche.—The first number of this little Entomological monthly has
appeared. It is nicely printed on good paper, and we doubt not, from
the array of names of noted Entomoiogists composing the Cambridge
Entomological Club, of which this is to be the organ, that it will be well
sustained.

The Butterflies af North America, by W. H. Edwards.—Part 1 of the
second series is just at hand, with five beautifully colored plates, in which
the drawing and coloring are both elegant and faithful. We know of no
illustrations so charming and correct as these are. If all the succeeding
parts of the forthcoming volume equal in design and execution that which
we are now noticing, vol. 2 will be a fitting sequel to vol. 1. Figures ot
the larva and egg in several instances accompany those of the perfect
insect.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. VI. LONDON, ONT., JULY, 1874. No. 7

NOTES ON THE LARV! OF ARGYNNIS CYBELE,
APHRODITE AND DIANA.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

I am now able to give the results of my attempts at raising the cater-
pillars of the three Argynnides, Cydele, Aphrodite and Diana, from the
egg, this past season. In August and early in September, 1873, females
of cybele were easily obtained, and a few of aphrodite, which is a rare
species here, and these were shut up in kegs, within which were placed
pots of growing violets. The eggs were laid abundantly on the leaves
and stems, and on the cloths which covered the kegs. There were soon
several hundreds of cyde/e eggs, and many of aphrodite. About the same
time, Mr. T. L. Mead, who was at Coalburgh, made an excursion to a
region about fifty miles east of us, where diana had been previously found
by him in some numbers, and brought back with him about sixty females,
which were placed in kegs and boxes, also with violets either in pots or
planted in earth in the boxes. Hundreds of eggs were so obtained of
this species. The three species hatched in from seven to twelve days, and
so far as was possible, the larvae at large were transferred to plants, but
of course many were lost. In a few instances some of them were
observed to feed on the leaves, but almost all began their hybernation at
ence after hatching, and fixed themselves on the under sides of the
leaves, and especially in the grooves of the leaf-stems, where some of
them were to be seen, extending quite down to the base of the stem. The
three species were so nearly alike at this stage that cydele and aphrodite
_ could not be distinguished apart by any glass I had, and diana differed
almost imperceptibly from the others.

They were each about one-twentieth of an inch long, cylindrical, with
brown heads ; the body greenish brown, with rows of tuberculated darker
colored spots, from each of which emanated a black hair.

129 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

As the weather became cool the plants gradually lost their leaves by
drying up; mould began to attack the decaying leaves, and I was
compelled to transfer the caterpillars to fresh plants, which at this season
I had much trouble in providing. In fact I had to raise a number of
plants from off-shoots in the house, to be ready for any emergency. The
transfer was effected by using a pin bent at the point. The larvae would
curl up when touched, and were easily hooked and so moved. When
placed on the new plants they would soon straighten out, and change
position sufficiently to make themselves comfortable. But as the process
had to be repeated several times as the winter progressed, a great many
of the larvae were lost. I placed the pots ina small greenhouse about
the 1st of January, hoping t9 see the caterpillars revive and commence
feeding, and had the satisfaction soon after of seeing this desired result
take place. On the goth of January I noticed some of the cybele were
active and had been feeding; on the 21st, aphrodite and diana. They
very soon began to increase in size perceptibly, and were active in running
about the leaves and in wandering off the flower pots. I should have
lost these lively ones had I not confined them to the plants by glass lamp
chimneys and glass globes. But in these the air was no doubt too con-
fined for an Argyznis caterpillar (though a Grafta would have thrived,)
for many died ; and I came near losing them all in a way that I had not
provided for, the gardener having taken occasion one day, when I was
absent from home, to smoke the entire house with tobacco, forgetting to
remove my pots.

From this catastrophe emerged about a score of cyde/e, half a dozen
aphrodite, anda few of diana. ‘These larvae all throughout this period
grew very slowly, no doubt owing to the cooling down of the house at
nights, so that it was the 27th of January before I was able to see that any
had passed the first moult. The first to change was cybele, whlch now
appeared in a coat of smoky brown, covered with long fleshy spines, from
which sprung many short black bristles. These spines were of the general
appearance shown in the several successive moults. In all there were
five moults to each of these species, and until the fourth they maintained
their close resemblance to one another, so that had one from either lot
escaped to another, I could not have separated them. They were
cylindrical, thick, furnished with six rows of stout black spines, from the
ends and sides of which sprung stiff bristles. The color of the body was
silky brown or black, and at bases of part of the spines were yellow or
fulvous spots. The heads were bilobed, brown or black, much tubercled,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 1238

~with conical vertices, and the back of the head was yellow or fulvous ;
the spines of the second segment were rather longer than the rest and
projected forward horizontally over the head. After the fourth moult
there were some differences. Cybele became larger than aphrodite, though
not varying much in other respects, the one measuring at maturity about
two inches in length, and the other about one and a half inches. But
diana, which was also large, like cyde/e, at the fourth moult, displayed
spines of immense size, nearly twice the length of those of the other two
species. These radiated from the central axis of the body, like spokes
from the hub of a wheel, the lower lateral row drooping so that the ends
were on the level of the feet. The spines of the second segment, four in
all, two dorsal and two lateral, were a formidable protection to the head.
It was a superb creature.

The mortality had been so great among all these larvae that at last, as
they approached maturity, they were reduced to but three or four of
cybele, two of aphrodite,and one of diana, and how to preserve these was
amatter of much anxiety. I arranged a keg with a high gauze bag over
the top of it, which bag was confined by the upper hoop, and in the keg
were planted violets every two or three days, as the leaves were consumed.
‘This plan seemed to answer well, affording plenty of air, and I regretted
that I had not tried it sooner. The larvae were fond of resting high up
the sides of the bag, or on elevated sticks under it, coming down when
impelled by hunger. After remaining motionless for hours, they would
suddenly arouse themselves and start off in extreme haste, wandering all
round the enclosure, and when leaves were reached, would eat ravenously
and then climb up to rest again. I sometimes found them extended on
the earth, and no doubt they appreciated the coolness and dampness
of it.

Only three cyde/e went into chrysalis. They spun buttons of white silk
and soon hung suspended, nearly straight, the anterior segments but little
bent, and so continued about two days, when the change to chrysalis
occurred. The first change was on the rgth of May, and three months
and ten days from the awaking from hybernation. The chrysalis yielded
the imago in twenty-three or twenty-four days, and the whole period from
the laying of the egg to the imago was just thirty-eight weeks. One
"aphrodite only fastened for chrysalis. This was on the rath of May, and
the change occurred on the 15th, an interval of about thirty-six hours
Unfortunately this insect died in chrysalis.

124 - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

‘

Diana fixed on the 17th,and became a chrysalis on the 19th, the interval
being about fifty-four hours. This yielded a butterfly on the oth of June,,.
after twenty to twenty-one days. The chrysalids of the three bore a
strong likeness to each other, being all of the same general shape, and I
may say in brief that they would be tolerably represented by the figure
of the chrysalis of A. ag/aia, in Humphrey’s British Butterflies, although
much larger than that figure. The length of cyde/e and diana was rather
over one inch ; aphrodite was as long, but more slender than the others,
and it, as well as diana, was prettily streaked and variegated in brown and
red; cySele was plain brown, and in one case yellow brown, with little
ornamentation. By Miss Peart’s assistance I was able to obtain a com-
plete series of drawings from egg to chrysalis of each species, and of the
several moults of each, and I propose to introduce these figures in course:
of Vol. 2, Butterflies of N. A.

Cybele was flying this year at Coalburgh, on the 1st of June, and
these early examples must have come from larvae that began to feed after

hybernation in March, as the food plant then would first appear above —

ground, so that the larval period after hybernation, when in the natural
state, would be two months shorter than in the cases related above.

With regard to the food plant, I used every species of wild violet
accessible from the woods, and during the winter cultivated species, and
discovered no preference for one more than another. The wild violets
were in flower part of the time, and the flowers were eaten by the cater-
pillars with avidity. The contrast between the habits of these larvae and
those of other genera not far separated from them, according to the
received arrangement, is something .remarkable—as Graf/a, for instance.
One isin the preparatory stages nine months in the year, is impatient of
confinement, extremely tender and raised only by the greatest care; the
other is hardy, indifferent to confinement, and completes its cycle in about
thirty days, from the laying of the egg to the appearance of the butterfly ;
one is single brooded, the other many brooded, at Coalburgh there being
three or four. The number is probably dependant in any latitude upon
the length of the season.

There are one or two points in the life history of the larger
Argynnides that are not yet clear. With us, cyde/e f is on the wing from
the 25th of May to the roth of June, as I have noticed for several
successive years. Probably aphrodite nearly as soon, and diana first
appears about the 2oth of June. Shortly after the rst of June the 2 of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 133

ybele is to be seen, and both sexes abound in the clover fields. By the
end of June cybe/e has become scarce, and the individuals to be seen have
lost their freshness and are broken and worn. It is certain that these
-early appearing females have not matured eggs and laid them, because at
no time from June to August will anything but rudimentary eggs be found
by dissecting, and the eggs do not become distinguishable to the eye
until August. They then mature rapidly, and in a few days attain full
-size. Iam confident that no eggs are laid till August. But about the
-first of that month and all along to near the end of it, there appear in
great numbers both fresh males and females, as if just from chrysalis, with
no abrasion of the hairs on thorax between the wings, which spot is the
first to show wear. (I doubt if an Argyunis could fly two days without
‘thus giving evidence of it.) There are flying at the same time many worn
individuals, especially females. These last are the first to deposit their
-eggs, but shortly after, and up to the time of frosts, the others also are in
condition to do the same. I see no explanation of the appearance of
‘these freshly emerged butterflies than that they have formed part of the
brood of caterpillars hatched the previous fall, some of which brood
yielded the butterflies that came out in May and June, and the remainder
-continued in the larval or chrysalis state until August, and upon these last
‘the perpetuation of the species largely depends, for nine-tenths of the June
‘flight must have been destroyed long before August. If [ am right, the
preparatory stages of the August cyde/e must consume eleven months out
-of the twelve.

CATOCALA WHITNEYI, W. sf.

BY G. M. DODGE, GLENCOE, DODGE CO., NEBRASKA.

Expands 1¢ inches. Primaries light gray, the outer third brownish,
‘with a triangular gray spot near the apex. A narrow black line near the
base of the wing extends from the costa to the submedian vein. Parallel
to this and farther out, a black patch, narrowest at the costa and broadest
-on the second median veinlet, extends nearly across the wing. ending
-at the submedian vein. A triangular black patch surrounds the brownish
ieniform spot, and immediately back of this a curved black line reaches
drom the sub-dorsal vein to the second median veinlet. The secondaries

126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

are yellow. The black median band is curved, constricted in the middle-
and ends abruptly at the submedian vein. The marginal band is broadest
at the apex, is sometimes broken opposite the termination of the median
band, and extends but little beyond the submedian vein. There is a
small yellow apical spot. Fringe on fore wings brown; on hind wings
whitish, partly brown at base.

Beneath the prevailing color is yeliow, being lighter outwardly. The
median band of the posteriors is narrower than above, and prolonged by
scattered black scales toward the anal angle. The marginal band is
unbroken. lLunule black. Thorax and collar light gray. About one--
third or less of the specimens taken are brown instead of gray. The
median band also varies in width.

I name this species in honor of Mr. C. P. Whitney, of Milford, New
Hampshire. My specimens were taken at Ohio, IIl., but it also occurs.
here. It is the only Catocala that I have ever seen attracted by flowers.

THE FOOD-PLANTS OF EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES.

Second LVotice.

BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

The third and concluding part of Kaltenbach’s work (Die Pflanzen--
feinde aus der Classe der Insecten), has just been received in this country,
and contains the following notices of the food plants of European
butterflies, in addition to those previously given.* The numbers in.
parentheses refer to the former list. .

1. Aleclanargia galathea—Phleum pratense.
2. Erebia meduse—Panicum, Setaria.

a “ ethiops—Dactylis.

4. e Zigea—Milium effusum.

5. Satyrus hermione—Holcus lanatus.

* See CANADIAN EnTomo.ocist, vi, 21-25.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Tee

6. Satyrus circe—Lolium, Bromus, Anthoxanthum.
EE ri briseis—Sesleria and other grasses.
8.° “ — semele—Several species of Aira.
9. pe dryas—Avena elatior.
10. Pararge mera—Poa annua, Glyceria fluitans, Hordeum murinum,
Festuca.
TE} oh megera—Triticum and other grasses.
r2; c egeria—Triticum repens.
£3. 4 achine—Lolium teriueleutum, Carex.
14. Lpinephele janira—Poa annua and other grasses.
15. a ida—Triticum cespitosum.
16. ff tithonus—Poa annua.
iy B x hyperantus—Milium effusum, Poa annua, P. pratensis.
18. Coenonympha hero—Elymus Europeus and other grasses.
19. e iphis—Brachypodium sylvaticum, Cynosurus and other
grasses.
20. i arcania—Melica nutans.
21 % corvinna—Triticum cespitosum, Carex gynomane.
22. Ha pamphilus—Poa, Anthoxanthum.
23. . tiphon—Festuca elatior.
24. (12). Vanessa L. album—Hippophae rhamnoides, Gooseberry, Birch,
Purple willow.
a5. (ES): “ antiopa—Salix capreea.
26. (32). Melitea maturna—Fagus sylvatica, Scabiosa.
27. (34). “ ¢cinxia—Aira canescens.
28. (46). Zhecla W. album—Prunus spinosa.
29. (47). “ tdicis—Quercus.
30. quercus—Quercus.
31. (59). Lycena icarus—Medicago minima.
32. (67). “ semiargus—Anthyllis vulneraria.
33. (86). Pieris daplidice—Diplotaxis tenuifolia.
34. (87). Aporia crategi—Quercus.
35. Lhais polyxena—Quercus ilex.
36. (97). Syrichtus malve—Fragraria vesca, Agrimonia eupatoria.
37. Hesperia thaumas—Aira montana, Festuca, Phleum.
38. . /ineola—Arrhenatherum avenacium.
39. (100). Hesperia sylvanus—Avena pratensis, Holcus lanatus, Festuca.

~~

128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.

(Continued from page 97.)
COLEOPHORA.

[Antennae and palpi both simple. ]
C. selleriella. LN. sp.

Slate color, tinged with ochreous; apex of the abdomen yellowish ;
two longitudinal dusky lines on top of the abdomen, which, however, are
invisible in the dead specimen. AZ. ex. x inch. Kentucky.

he case is ochreous, slender, cylindrical, tapering a little to each
end, and compressed or pinched at the posterior end, so as to divide it
into three small ridges. It is about half an inch long, and was found
adhering to the bark of sugar trees ( Acer saccharinum. )

C. argenti-albella. LN. sp.

Silvery white; some parts of the legs and under surface tinged with
yellowish. AZ. ex. #¢ inch. Kentucky. Larva and food plant unknown.
The long, slender case was found adhering to the bark of beech trees
(Fagus Americana ).

C. gigantella. WN. sp.

White, with seven longitudinal streaks upon the primaries, golden or
ochreous yellow according to the light; one extends from the base just
within the costal margin to the beginning of the ciliae. Two other
parallel and oblique ones from the base near the costa to the dorsal margin
near the apex; these are in the apical part of the wing, between the costal
one and the first oblique one, and the seventh is within the fold, extending
from the base to the dorsal ciliae.

Al. ex. ¥3 inch. Collection of Mr. Wm. Saunders, London, Ont.

C. aeneusella. LN. sp.

Greenish bronzy ; posterior wings pale fuscous. A/. ex. 5 lines.
Kentucky.

This species belongs to the section constituting Stephens’ genus
Metallosetia.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129

[Antennae simple, second joint of palpi tufted at the apex.]

C. fagi-costicella. LN. sp.

Yellowish white ; a pale ochreous yellow streak from the base along
the middle of the wing to near the end of the disc, where it becomes
furcate and passes on into pale ochreous yellow of the apex; dorsal
margin pale ochreous yellow, and a pale ochreous yellow streak just
within the costal margin. AZ ex.¥%inch. Kentucky. The streaks are
all obsolete or nearly so.

The larva and food plant are unknown, and I am perhaps wrong in
maming the species for the 4adifat in which I have always found the pupa.
I have found it so invariably upon the bark of beech trees as to make
me suspect that the larva feeds on beech leaves,or on the moss and lichens
which grow upon the bark. The larva case is almost cylindrical, tapering
a little to each end, with a bent neck or tube at the anterior end, and
compressed or pinched together at the other end, so as to be deeply con-
cave on the upper surface ; about the middle or just behind it its outer
envelope is scalloped or serated so as to present three or four deep
seratures or processes, looking as if the inside case had been inserted
into the small bracts of a young leaf bud, from which the bud had first
been removed.

C. unicolorella. LN. sp.

Entire insect grayish drab, unicolorous. AZ cx. * inch. Kentucky.
Larva and food plant unknown.

This can not be C. concolorella Clem., which is yellowish ochreous
without markings.

C. cilieochrella. LN. sp.

Silvery white, becoming gradually tinged with reddish ochreous to the
apex of the primaries, the ciliae of which are distinctly reddish ochreous ;
antennae alternately annulate with white and brownish yellow. AZ. ex. 5
lines. The tuft on the palpal joint is very small.

[Basal joint of the antennae with a small tuft ; palpi simple. ]

C. rufo-luteelia. N. sp. .

Head white ; lower portion of the face tinged with yellowish; a spot
on the vertex, and tuft of the basal joint of the antennae yellow ; antennz
white, each joint annulate at its base with yellowish brown, and a few
joints at the base entirely of that hue; thorax and anterior wings deep

.

130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

reddish orange, deeper, almost brown towards the apex; sides of the
thorax and costal margin to the cilie white. 4/ ex. nearly %4 inch.
Kentucky. Captured in June.

[Basal half of the antennz thickened with scales ; palpi simple. ]
C. auropurpuriella. LN. sp.

Entire insect, according to the light, golden brown or golden purple
with a greenish bronzy hue, especially towards the apex of the primaries,
where the greenish tinge is very decided; apical half of the antennae
annulate with silvery white. AZ ex. finch. Coll. Mr. Wm. Saunders,
London, Ont. (Belongs to Mefallosetia, Steph.)

[Basal joint of the antennae thickened with scales ; palpi tufted.]

C. lineapulvella. LN. sp.

White, faintly tinged with ochreous yellow ; dorsal margin and apex
of the primaries more distinctly yellowish ; two rather indistinct ochreous.
yellow lines begin before the middle of the wing and pass back, one to
the apex and one to the dorsal margin before the apex, the apical line
giving off a faint branch to the costal margin. Ciliae pale ochreous ; the
entire wing, except near the base, dusted with dark brown specks, which
are arranged in lines more or less parallel to each other; antennae
annulate with ochreous yellow. A/. ex. 5 lines. Kentucky. ‘Taken at
the lamp.

I have taken on the wing many other species, but I refrain from
describing them until their food plants are known, a plan which I had
perhaps also better have adopted with some of the above, for many of the
species of this genus resemble each other so closely that it is well nigh
impossible to give written descriptions by which they can be identified.

Sicns Usep To Denote Sex.—I have often been puzzled to account
for the origin of the signs in use among naturalists to denote the male ( f)
and the female ( 2 ) sexes; but the other day, while reading an astronomical
paper, I came across a fact which seems to offer a solution of the difficulty.
It appears that the first sign (7) has been used from remote antiquity to
signify the planet Mars, and is a rude representation of a spear behind a
shield, fit emblems of the God of War. Ceres, the goddess of corn, was
similarly symbolized by the sign used in zoology to denote the female sex,
with this slight difference, that in the original astronomical sign, the con-
tinuity of the circle is broken on the left side, so that the figure appropriately
represents a sickle.—Z. C. Lefroy in Hardwicke’s Science Gossip.

ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 138

Ont LW SPECIES OF AGROTIS, ALLIED TO
A. TRIANGULUM.

BY AUG. R. GROTE,
Curator of Articulata, Buffalo Soc. of Natural Sciences.

Among the material submitted to me for determination by Professor
Packard, from the Peabody Academy of Science, are specimens from
Maine and Massachusetts of two species of Agrofis allied to, but distinct
from A. friangulum.

Agrotis attentus. LV. sp.

The eyes are naked. The middle and hind tibiae are armed, but the
fore tibiae are without spines; male antennae simple, bristled and
pubescent. Fore wings pulverulent brown, paler over the costal region,
on which the inception of the geminate lines are marked in dark brown..
There is a narrow deep brown basal ray extending to the dentate indistinct
t.a.line. Disc not suffused with darker brown between the ordinary
spots, which are moderate, pale, with fine dark annuli. Orbicular
spherical, complete, not pointed inferiorly, as in ¢riangulum. TT. p. line
with its pale centre alone perceivable, denticulated, notched opposite the
cell. The subterminal space is not differentiated by any darker tint ; the
subterminal line is pale, preceded at costa by a very slightly darker brown
shade, not always noticeable, and not at all like the determinate mark of
triangulum. Male hind wings almost whitish ; female darker. Thorax
and head like fore wings. Beneath the fore wings are brown, with the
exterior line indicated ; hind wings with brown costal region, else pale,
with faint discal spot and a double subterminal line marked on the costal
region. Maine; two specimens ; expanse, 36 m. m.

Agrotis perattenius. LN. sp.

Eyes naked; fore tibiae unarmed, middle and hind tibiae spinose;.
male antennae simple, bristled and pubescent. Color of A. attentus, but
brighter, rosy brown and moré like ¢riangu/um, on account of the discal
field before the orbicular and between the spots being suffused with dark
brown shading. Orbicular spherical, pale ; claviform indicated in out-
line ; a deep brown shading accompanies the basal dash. Reniform large
and wider than in ¢zangu/um. Ordinary lines distinct, geminate, dark
brown ; t. p. line with its inner line distinct, lunulate ; its outer line lost

LS2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

against the darker brown subterminal space, which is differentiated by its
deeper color and which it inwardly limits. Subterminal line indicated by
the difference in color between the subterminal and terminal spaces, the
latter concolorous with the rest of the wing. Hind wings pale testaceous
fuscous in #, more fuscous in 2. Beneath a common fuscous line and
dots ; the tint is testaceous, with fuscous powdering; fore wings the
-darker, with ruddy costal edge. Mass.; Me.; expanse, 32 to 36 m. m.

Both these species are slighter bodied than the European J. #7-
-angulum, and differ in ornamentation by the shape of the ordinary spots,
the conformation of the t. p. line, and the pallor of the hind wings.

Mamestra renigera (Steph.)

This species, referred in my “ List” to Aadena (p. 16), belongs to

Mamestra, and should be interpolated on page 13 1. c., between JZ
cinnabarina and AL. laudabilis.

NOTES ON THE LARVA OF LEUCANIA PSEUDARGYRIA,
GUENEE.

BY F. B. CAULFIELD, MONTREAL, P. Q.

On April 18th of this season, while searching for insects on Montreal
Mountain, I found under a stone at the foot of a hickory tree, a larva, of
which the following is a description :

Length two inches. Form cylindrical, slightly annulated. Head
reddish yellow, with two brown streaks, and marbled with lines and dots
of the same color; semi-transparent, shiny, slightly bilobed, with a few
scattered hairs of a whitish brown color. Mandibles brown.

Body above dirty greenish grey, with darker spots and blotches, a
faint white dorsal line, and another of the same color a little above the
spiracles ; sides light greenish grey, minutely spotted with brown, with a
few scattered hairs of a brown color, tipped with yellowish white, Under-
surface, feet and prolegs very light greenish grey.

I placed this larva ina box with some earth, but owing to the backward-
ness of the season I could not find any food for it. It went under the
earth on April 21st, and turned to a chrysalis on April 23rd. The imago
emerged on May 2oth, and proved to be Leucania pseudargyria, Guen.

That this larva hybernated there can be no doubt, and I believe, as a
rule, that those larve which lie dormant during the winter, when spring

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Las

comes, feed again for a short time before changing to chrysalis, but this
instance proves that food is not always necessary to them after they have
hybernated, as there was not even a bud to be seen when I found it. Of
course under its natural conditions it would have partaken of some food
as soon as vegetation appeared, otherwise it would have pupated in the
autumn. This deviation from the usual habit may be attributed to its
changed conditions, the warmth of the house hastening its trans-
formations.

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE
MONTREAL BRANCH OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.

During the summer of 1873 a fortunate circumstance occurred to
which this Branch owes its origin. The following gentlemen, viz., Wm.
Couper, F. B. Caulfield, Wm. Hibbins, C. W. Pearson and G. B. Pearson,
met by chance on the Montreal Mountain, where the subject was
discussed, and it was then decided to hold a meeting at the residence of
Mr. Caulfield, in order to make further arrangements for its formation.
This meeting was held on the 3oth of August, when it was resolved to-
form a branch in connection with the Entomological Society of Ontario,
and the Secretary fro. fem. was instructed to write to the parent society,
asking permission to forma Branch Society in this city. This proposition
Was at once accepted by the parent Society.

On the 16th of October the following officers were elected for the
ensuing year :—William Couper, President ; M. Kollmar, Vice-President ;,
F, B. Caulfield, Secretary-Treasurer ; Council—G. J. Bowles, P. Knetzing
and C. W. Pearson ; Curator, William Hibbins.

By-Laws were framed for the guidance of the Branch, which were
approved by the parent Society. Our monthly meetings have been
regularly held and well attended, and your Council congratulate the
Society on the benefits derived. During the eight meetings which have been
held, independent of the production’ of original communications on
Entomology, there were remarkably good exhibitions of insects, which
also tended to give additional information to members.

134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The first meeting of the Branch in August, 1873, consisted of seven
members, and since then five additional members have been elected.

The following papers were read during the winter months :

‘« A Dissertation on Northern Butterflies,” by William Couper; “On
the Cicindelidae Occurring on the Island of Montreal,” by F. B. Caulfield ;
“¢ On Some of the Benefits Derived from Insects,” by F. B. Caulfield.

The tollowing works have been donated during the year:

‘*On Some Remarkable Forms of Animal Life from the Great Deeps
of the Norwegian Coast,” by G. O. Sars, 1 vol.; “ On Norwegian
Crustaceans,” by G. O. Sars, 2 vols.; “Synopsis of the Acrididae of
North America,” by Cyrus Thomas, 1 vol.

Your Council would suggest that the Curator procure store boxes for
the preservation of the specimens obtained for the Society during the
approaching season. In this way the nucleus of a collection can be
formed prior to the purchase of a cabinet, which your Council trusts the
Society will be possessed of before next winter.

Your Council would also suggest that members carry note-books
wherein to record Entomological observations, especially relative to
insects injurious to the crops; also of such species as are considered
beneficial in checking the progress of destructive insects. As this is one
of the principal objects of the Society, field notes of this nature are
always valuable, and should form subjects of investigation and discussion
at our meetings. Attention should be given to the larval forms of insects,
as this is a specialty of Entomology from which much knowledge is yet to
be obtained.

Your Council strongly impress on the members to use their influence
in promoting a knowledge of the importance of the study of Entomology,
more especially with agriculturists and horticulturists, in crder to enable
them to check the ravages of the numerous insects injurious to vege-

tation.
All of which is respectfully submitted.

Wo. CouPeER, C. W. PEARSON,
Chairman. GEo. JNO. BowLeEs.

oe

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ras

NOTES ON THE SPECIES OF OODII OF LOUISIANA.

BY S. V. SUMMERS, M. D., NEW ORLEANS, LA.

The species belonging to this sub+tribe, although small in number,
rank with the rarer forms of Carabidz ; they may easily he known by their
glabrous body and the confluent eighth and ninth striz of the elytra.
Several of the Oodii bear a superficial resemblance to certain Amara
allied to fallax. With one exception (O. e/egans) the species are all
Atlantic, occurring more abnndantly southward. Oodes fluvialis must be
considered a typical northern species, occurring rarely near St. Louis,
Mo., but more abundant at Rock Island, Ill. O. edegans has occurred
with Dr. Le Conte along the Gila River, in Arizona. We may expect
.additional species from the Southern Pacific region and the western source
of the Rio Grande.

Lachnocrepis parallelus (Say).

A single ¢ specimen taken in November, under a partially submerged
log on the Jackson R. R., near New Orleans. Dr. Horn gives the length
0.42 inch (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., v. 3, p. 106); my specimen measures
-o.44 inch long. Color black, somewhat shiny; basal angles of thorax
reddish brown. I have not been able to find this species in any of the
New Orleans collections. I have seen one in Mr. Trabrandt’s cabinet,
‘from Mexico, near the Rio Grande.

Anatrichis minuta (Déj.)

Our smallest Oodii; length, 0.20--0.25 inch. Ratherrare. Specimens
‘taken adhering to under surface of logs near streams, and on sifting mud
‘from roots of plants over water. This species seems not to have occurred
in Louisiana collections before last winter.

. Oodes amaroides (Dej.)
Length, 0.34-0.40 inch. More than twenty specimens taken in galleries
under logs, in very damp or muddy places. The species of the sub-genus

Oodes (Chaudoir), have the ability to remain under water for nearly an hour
-at a time, and are seldom found running on the ground.

Oodes Americanus (Dej.)

Length, 0.58 inch. Asingle # taken under a rail on the Ponchartrain
R. R. Several others occur with Mr. Trabrandt. Our largest and rarest

136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

species ; none of my /fzvialis measure over 0.52 inch. Dr. Horn gives:
this and the preceding species as 0.50 inch long (ante. )

Oodes cupreus (Chaud.)

Several specimens taken by Mr. Trabrandt. I have found this species.
pretty common near St. Louis, Mo., on baling water over mud flats. They
take flight very readily, and may be found running on the ground on warm
days, but I have never been able to find them or Leconfet remain under
water longer than most Carabide. The La. specimen before me is greatly
mutilated, and I am reluctant to give its measurement. The Missouri
species give 0.40 inch long.

Oodes Lecontei (Chaud.)

Length, #,0.36 inch; 2,0.40 inch. Not rare. Many specimens taken
under logs near water on bailing near the shore; also running on the ground
in July and August. Itis amore robust species than cupraeus, less shining
and with punctured striz. A single specimen taken somewhere on the
coast of Miss., during the stoppage of steamer to ‘‘ wood up,” in June.

Oodes 14-striatus (Chaud.)

Length, 0.42--0.47 inch. Common everywhere near N. O. during the
summer; found under logs and running on the ground near water, and
frequently under loose bark in the woods. The specimens have a
decidedly greenish tinge when alive. They are not as active as the Oodes
and Stenous groups. Mr. Trabrandt informs me that they do not occur
abundantly every year. They are also found in Texas and Mexico.

Oodes texanus, Lec.

Length, 0.42 inch— %. A single specimen taken by C. Trabrandt
while collecting together, and given me as a r¢-striatus, from which it is at
once distinguished by the punctured striz. The specimen occurred under
some rail-road ties on the Ponchartrain R. R., on high ground, not near
water. Dilligent search has sinced failed to discover others.

LEvolenes tmpressus, Lec.

Length, 0.37 inch—{. A single specimen taken near New Orleans.
and given me by Mr. Em. Trochammur. This is the rarest Oodii occurring
in La. Any enlargement on descriptions of species would seem out of
place, but would refer all to Dr. Horn’s admirable and complete synopsis.
in Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 3, No. 2, 1870.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 137

Crinus scrophularie, Auct.

A unique of this European Curculio was taken on wood wharf, June
3oth. There can be little doubt of the correctness of this determination.
My specimen is 0.16 inch long (exclusive of rostrum). Body black.
Rostrum shorter than thorax, slightly arcuate; antennz inserted about
two thirds from tip, piceous; club somewhat paler. Thorax much narrower
than base of elytra, covered with dense prostrate yellowish hairs, and with
an elevated transverse ridge at middle ; elytra somewhat triangular, black-
ish, coarsely punctured and with four black longitudinal vittz, dotted with
whitish. A rather large, oblong, dense black spot, margined posteriorly
with whitish hairs, placed on the suture, near the scutellum, and a similar

but smaller spot at apex.
whitish hairs.

Legs blackish, more or less speckled with

oe

ANTICOSTI COLEOPTERA.

COLLECTED ON THE ISLAND IN 1873, BY WM. COUPER, MONTREAL.
(As determined by J. L. Leconte, M. D.)

Notiophilus sibiricus, Motsch.
Carabus palustris, ischer.

“ lapilayi, Laporte.
Calathus ingratus, De7.

re confusus, Lec.
Pterostichus coracinus, Lec.

$f Juczotii, Lec.
Harpalus pleuriticus, A7zrdy.
Boletobius pygmaeus, Jann.
Creophilus villosus, A7zdy.
Anthobium dimidiatum, Aes.
Necrophorus vespilloides, Herbst.

ff mortuorum (pygmaeus),
Kirby.

Hydnobius substriatus, Zec.
Epuraea boreella, Zr.
Omosita colon, Zr.
Byrrhus americanus, Lec.
Heterocerus substriatus, K7es.
Aphodius fimetarius, 77/7.

‘* — ruricola, Meds.

“« granarius,var. spretus, add.

Chrysobothris trinervia, Lec.
Elater mixtus, Lec.

Agriotes fucosus, Lec.
Limonius quercinus, De.
Sericosomus incongruus, Lec.
Corymbites resplendens, £sch.

“ aeineicollis(Kendalli), A7zrdy.

“ spinosus, Lec.

©. aratus a2.

Eros coccinatus, Say.
Podabrus basillaris, Say.

“* Jaevicollis, Xzrby.
Telephorus fraxini, Say.
Dolichosoma foveicollis, Azrdy.
Hadrobregmus foveatus, Kirby.
Spondylus upiformis, JZan.
Criocephalus agrestis, Kzrdy.
Pachyta monticola, Rand.
Acmaeops pratensis (strigilata.)
Leptura pedalis.

Donacia emarginata, A7rby.
Syneta tripla, Say.

138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Pachybrachis atomarius, JZé/s. Dendroctonus rufipennis.
Bromius vitis, Fadr. Amara, not determined.

Anaspis rufa, Say. Cyphon, indeterminate.
Hylobius pinicola, Couper. Graptodera, not named.
Dryocaetus septentrionis, /Zds?. Ceutorhynchus, not determined.

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

17.—THE CURRANT GEOMETER OR MEASURING WORM
—Lllopia (abraxis) ribearia, Fitch.

BY THE EDITOR.

This insect is now becoming very abundant in most parts of Ontario,
and is a very troublesome pest. Its peculiar mode of progression will
enable one to readily distinguish it from the common Saw-fly caterpillar,
for, having its feet placed at each extremity, it arches its body into a sort
of loop at every step, and is hence popularly called a measuring worm or
span worm.

Fig. 22 (after Riley) shows this caterpillar in various attitudes. At
2 it is represented hanging from a silken thread which it has the power of

Fig. 22. spinning at will, and by means
of which it is enabled to lower
itself suddenly from the bush
when danger threatens, and re-
mains suspended in mid air until
it can safely return to its former
position. When full grown, it
S measures an inch ora little more
in length. Its head is of a
medium size, white, bilobed with
a large round black spot on the
upper part of each lobe, a short
black stripe across the front, a
little above the mouth, with a
small spot of the same color on
each side of it ; there are alsoa
few short black hairs scattered
over its surface ; jaws black.
The body above is whitish, with
a number of black spots of different sizes on each ring or segment ; there

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 139

is a wide yellow stripe down the back, and another of the same character
along each side, but somewhat broken. The under side is white, with a
slight tinge of pink, and also spotted with black, with a wide yellow stripe
down the middle. The feet are blackish; prolegs yellow, dotted with
black.

When full grown, the larva descends to the earth and buries itself a
little below the surface, where it is transformed into a dark brown chrysalis
about half an inch long, and remains -in this inactive state from two to
three weeks.

The moth, see fig. 23 (after Riley), is of a pale yellowish color, with
‘several dusky spots varying in size, form and distinctness in different
specimens ; sometimes they are so arranged as Fig. 23.
to form one or two irregular bands across the
wings ; when these latter are expanded they
measure about 114 .inches. Soon after the
moths escape they pair and shortly the female
‘deposits her eggs on the twigs and branches of
the gooseberry and currant bushes, where it is
‘said they remain unchanged until the following spring.

This insect is a native of America, and was formerly confined to the
wild gooseberry and currant bushes, on which we still occasionally see
them. The larvae are found in various stages of their growth, from the
1st to about the 2oth of June, and will feed on the black currant as well
as on the red and white currant and gooseberry. The moths begin to
appear during the first days of July, and are very common for two or three
weeks following.

Powdered hellebore mixed with water and used with a watering pot,
or Paris green mixed with twenty times its weight of flour and dusted on
the bushes, will be found effectual remedies for the destruction of this
caterpillar. The habit it has of letting itself down from the bush with a
silken thread, and remaining suspended, may also be turned to practical
account in its capture, for if, after tapping the infested bushes, a forked
stick or some similar instrument is passed under it, all the hanging threads
may be caught and the larvae drawn out in groups and crushed with the
foot.

140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

EDITORIAL SUMMARY.

We have been{kindly favored with a copy of the “ Sixth Annual Report
on the Noxious, Beneficial and Other Insects of the State of Missouri,” by
C. V. Riley, State Entomologist, 8vo., pp. 160, with 55 illustrations. Both
entomologists and agriculturists are laid under lasting obligations to Mr.
Riley for these excellent yearly reports on the life history and depredations
of many of our insects. The present Report opens with ‘“ Notes of the:
Year,” under which heading there are given some practical observations
on the Codling Moth, the Colorado Potato Beetle and the Cotton Worm.
Next follows a lengthy and exhaustive chapter of 56 pages on the Grape
Phylloxera, in which is brought together in a consecutive form all the
facts hitherto published in reference to this interesting insect. The Blue
Caterpillars of the Vine then claim attention, each species being nicely
illustrated. Detailed accounts are given also of Ham Beetles,the Clover
Worm, the legged Maple Borer, the Raspberry Root Borer, the Northern
Brenthian and the Jumping Sumach Beetle. A chapter on Beneficial
Insects is next in order, in which the life history of a parasite on the
common white grub is detailed. Then follow observations on the
Dominican Case Bearer, the Yucca Moth, Hackberry Butterflies, closing
with an interesting chapter on the Katydids. Mr. Riley seems admirably
adapted to fill the position in which he has been placed, and we sincerely
hope he may long be spared to prosecute the work he loves so well.

INTERESTING CAPTURES.—Mr. F. C. Lowe, of Dunnville, has recently
been on a collecting tour in the county of Essex, and we have been
favored with a sight of some of his captures. Among the more interesting
insects secured, we would especially mention a very handsome and perfect
specimen of Papilio marcellus, with the ground color an unusually fine
pale green. Mr. Lowe saw three of these insects on the wing in the
neighborhood of North Ridge, about four miles from Essex Centre, on
the Canada Southern R. R, but only succeeded in capturing one of them.
Papilio thoas—several taken. This insect was quite common in almost
every clover field in that neighborhood. Mr. Lowe took two specimens
of thoas last season on the River St. Clair, near Port Lambton. TZhyreus
nessus also common in clover fields ; esp. ot/eus, several specimens ; also.
the following, all captured between the roth and 2oth June: Zrebia
nephele, common; Ludamus tityrus, common; Papilio turnus and P.
troilus ; Nisoniades catullus, not rare ; M. tharos, common; P. Americana,
common ; esp. bathyllus, rather plentiful ; esp. zabulon, very common;
Lisontades perstus, Trichius bidens and Desmocerus palliatus.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. VI. LONDON, ONT., AUGUST, 1874. No. 8

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

I8.—_ THE SPOTTED PELIDNOTA—Pedlidnota punctata, Linn.

BY THE EDITOR.

This large and handsome beetle is an enemy to the grape vine. It

attacks the foliage, eating numerous holes in the leaves, and sometimes
Fig. 24.

when the beetles are abun-
dant, completely riddling
them. Damage from this
cause to any great extent is
however, fortunately of rare
occurrence; in most instances
the beetles are not numerous,
but even where only occasion-
ally met with, their size and
beauty will always attract
notice.

In the accompanying figure
24 (after Riley) this insect
Ze is shown in its three stages of
larva (a), chrysalis (4), and beetle (c) ; it is in the latter state only that
it is injurious to the vine.

The beetle measures about one inch in length, and half an inch in
width at its widest part, is nearly oval in form and of a dull reddish yellow
color, with a polished surface. The thorax, which is slightly darker than
the wing covers, has a small black spot on each side, and there are three
larger ones on each wing case. The jaws and posterior part of the head
are both black ; so also is the scutellum, which is a small,nearly triangular
piece placed near the centre above, just where the two anterior edges of

142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the wing cases join the thorax. The transparent gauzy wings, which are
concealed when not in flight under the wing cases, are dark brown. The
under side of the beetle is of a dark green shade, with a metallic lustre
and downy about the middle, with fine brownish hairs; legs dark shining
green.

It appears with us during July and August, and is moderately active
during the day time, flying about from vine to vine with a heavy awkward
flight and loud buzzing noise. After pairing, the female deposits her
eggs in rotten wood, on which the grub, when hatched, feeds; the decaying
stumps and exposed roots of different trees are usually selected for this

purpose. Mr. Riley, of St. Louis, Mo., was the first to describe this’

larva, and we quote his description as given in the American LEntomolo-
gist, vol. 2, p. 295:

“Tt is a large, clumsy grub, bearing a close resemblance to the
common white grub of our meadows, and differs from that species
principally in having the skin more polished and of a purer white color,
and in the distinct heart-shaped swelling above the anus, fig. 24, a.
Towards the latter part of June we have found this larva (fig. 24, @), in
common with the pupa (4), in rotten stumps and roots of the pear. In
preparing for the pupa state the larva forms a rather unsubstantial cocoon
of its own excrement, mixed with the surrounding wood. The pupa
state lasts but from eight to ten days, and the beetle (c) is found on our
vines during the months of July, August and September. It is not yet
known how long a time is required for the developement of the larva, but
from analogy we may infer that the insect lives in that state upwards of
three years.”

In the figure, e shows the antenna of the larva, and f one of the legs
—both magnified.

This insect in our Domtnion is confined mainly to the province of
Ontario, and prevails most in the western section. We are notaware of
its having been found at all in Quebec. It is common in most of the
Western and Eastern States. Should it become sufficiently numerous in
any section to excite alarm, it may readily be checked by hand picking ;
the insect being heavy and clumsy in its movements, may be easily
captured and destroyed.

—

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143

a] ii 0

THE LINNEAN SIGNIFICATION OF THE GENERIC
TERM PAPILIO.

BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Perhaps no part of my “Systematic Revision of Some of the American
- Butterflies” has been more severely criticized than the restoration of the
Linnean name Papilio to one of the nymphalideous butterflies, Antiopa.
‘The principal objection made to this change, besides the fact that it runs
counter to the current of modern usage, being that it violates the idea of
the genus as it lay in the mind of its founder. The attention of those
interested is called to the following historical facts, not given in the
Revision.
The name Papilio was established by Linné in the first edition of his
‘Systema Nature, in 1735*, where the following division occurs :

ANGIOPTERA.

Alae omnibus date, elytris destitute.
Paritio. Rostrum spirale, alae 4. Papilio alis erectis.
Psyche alis planis.
Phalaena alis compressis.

Here the typical Papiliones are the butterflies in general. The
succeeding genera of Angioptera are Lzbellula, Ephemera, Hemerobius,
Panorpa, Raphidia, Apis, [chneumon and Musca.

In the second edition of the same work (1740) we find the following
on p. 60:

153. PapiLio. Cauda simplex, alaeiv. Rostrum spirale seu nullum.

Pap. antennis clavatis, pedibus 4.

i ff 6, alis erectis angulatis.

i ei ¥ 6, cl rotundatis.
6, alis patentibus.
6, alis reflexis.
Pap. ore spirale, antennis subulatis.

< € 4 barbatis.

< +t nullo, subulatis.

re ff re barbatis.

* T have only been able to consult Fee’s reprint, Paris, 1830, p. 76.

144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The butterflies with aborted front legs (z. ¢., Nymphales) are here
placed at the head of the series.
The third edition (1740) was but a reprint of the first, for German
students.
The following arrangement occurs on p. 94 of the fourth edition
(1744.) :
160. PapiLio. Antenne clavate.

P. pedibus 4.

e 6, alis erectis angulatis. |
a 6, c rotundatis. \- le Papillon.
“ 6, alis patentibus. |
on 6, alis reflexis. |

Here Papilio is stlll further restricted, always in the direction of the
butterflies, and those with atrophied front legs are still at the head of the
series.

In the year 1746 the first edition of the Fauna Suecica was published,
in which Linné for the first time treats of species, giving to them names
in the language of the country. The butterflies are found on pp. 232—-
248, and are divided into two groups, as follows :

[232.]* Pedibus quaternis unguiculatis.
[240.]** Pedibus sex unguiculatis.

The so-called tetrapods still at the summit. The species are numbered
from 772 to 807; the species afterwards named anfiopa is No. 772 ; that
called machaon, No. 791.

In the fifth edition of the Systema Naturee (1747), under Gymnaptera,
p. 68, is an exact repetition of what is found in the second edition.

The sixth edition (1748) contains the following on p. 63:
185. Papitio. Antenne clavate.

1. Papilio pedibus 4, alis erectis angulatis. morio Fn. 772.
polychloros Fn. 773.
urticana Fn. 774.
C. duplex(®n. 775.
oculis pavonis Fn, 776.
ammiralis Fn. 777.
belladonna Fn. 778.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 145

2. Papilio pedibus 4, alis erectis rotundatis. imperator Fn. 779.
comes Fn. 783.

3- Papilio pedibus 6, alis erectis angulatis. regina Fn. 791.
canicularis Fn. 795.
4. Papilio pedibus 6, alis erectis rotundatis. _ brassicaria Fn. 799.

aurora Fn. 8or.
alpicola Fn. 802.

argus Fn. 803-806.
butyracea Fn. 807, 808.

Here not only are the four-footed butterflies placed first, but, as inthe
Fauna Suecica, “ morio” (%. ¢., antiopa) heads the list, followed directly
by the butterflies most closely allied to it—folychloros, urtice, c-album, io,
atalanta and cardui, in the same order as they occur in the Fauna Suecica,
to which the numbers on the right refer.

In the seventh edition (1748), exactly the same is found on p. 63.
The eighth edition contains no animals.

In the ninth edition (1756) we find precisely the same as in the sixth
excepting in the first line, which reads, p. 69 :

196. PapiLio. Axntenne clavate. \e Papillon.

Not until the tenth edition (1758) of his great work, did Linné place
the ‘“‘swallow-tails” at the head of the genus Papilio, in the order too
well known to require repetition here. In view of these facts, it is worth
enquiring: In Linné’s mind, which was a ¢yfical Papilio—Antiopa or
Machaon? and was there, or was there not, any reason for specially
selecting Antiopa as the type of Papilio, when it was found, in 1872, that
by Schrank’s first limitation of the genus, in 1801, it must be applied to
some one of the Nymphales ?

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.
BY W. V. ANDREWS, NEW YORK.

Mr. J. E. Fletcher has a note in the March No. of Wewman’s Ento-
mologist, on “ Controlling Sex in Lepidoptera.” He says: ‘‘ During last
summer, I had a few larvee of Exapate congelatella feeding on privet ; as I
was greatly occupied with other things, they were neglected ;_ the supply

146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of food was very irregularly given and short in quantity, yet the moths.
produced from them consisted of four males, full sized, and eleven
females, some of these latter being much below the average of the species.
in size.”

I presume that the reason Mr. Fletcher supposed that the resnlt may
have been very different was because he had: read in “Newman” the
result of an experiment performed by an American lady, I think Mrs.
Treat, who, having underfed a lot of larvee, succeeded in producing all
males, the inference drawn being that males were simply underfed
females. I wrote some notes on this subject for ““ Newman,” thinking
that Mrs. Treat’s paper had appeared originally in that publication. It
seems, however, that it did not, and I now reproduce the substance of
those notes here, as more likely to meet the eyes of all concerned.

First, then, I would remark that this clearly is not Nature’s method of
“controlling sex.” If a batch of larve, say of V. antiopa, all feed on the
same elm, there will be produced both males and females, although the
feeding must be alike for all. But there is an excellent opportunity
afforded Mrs. Treat of testing the value of her theory, by the larva of
Thyreus Abbottii (Swains.) It is well known that the male larva of this
species is altogether different in color from that of the female, so the
sexes are easily distinguished.

Now, if Mrs. Treat will take the female larvee, and by underfeeding it
produce male imagines, the thing will be more satisfactory. I am not
unaware that in Hymenoptera food is said to have a good deal to do with
the production of sex, but still Mrs. Treat’s experiment cannot be con-
sidered as conclusive.

Hasty generalization is a fault to which we are very liable, and
- doubtless the ambition to discover a new law is very laudable. A case
of this nature occurs in your No. 5, vol. 6. In a paperappearing in that
number, Mr. Gentry, of Germantown, fancies he has discovered the law
which produces difference of color in caterpillars of the same species.
Now, to be of any value, this law must be universal, and the facts of the
case do not show any such universality. Mr. Gentry thinks that the
difference in color and markings where this occurs is attributable to the
difference in the chemical constituents of the food plant at different
seasons of the year. He selects as one instance the larva of Zacles
imperialis, and gives, correctly enough, three varieties of color. But,
unfortunately, these varieties occur at one part of the season as well as at-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147

another, and the varieties may be found feeding on the same tree. How,
then, can the food have anything to do with the variation? Ladcles
imperialis is single brooded with us, but still the larva is found in August
as well as in October, and no difference in color is observable at one time
more than another. In a previous number I related an experiment made
with a brood of zmperialis, and, in that case, every one of the larvae were

dark.

The chemistry of biology is doubtless a very abstruse subject, but it is
well worth any labor that may be bestowed on its investigation. The
larva of A. luna feeding, say, on Sweet Gum, produces an insect of a
beautiful green color. That of ZLacles imperialis, feeding on the same
food, produces an insect of which yellow and purple are the predominant
colors, while that of regalis produces an imago yellow and red. Here are
larvae all similarly constituted as regards masticatory and digestive
powers, and the substance acted upon is the same in each case, and yet
how different is the result. This is very wonderful. What is there in the
constitution of the digestive organs of these respective larvae that enables
one to eliminate this color, and another that 2? Of course similar results
may be observed in other animals, and the same beefsteak may contribute
to the growth of a negro as well as of a white man, but still this does not
diminish the difficulty we have in understanding how it is done. Ento-
mology is a fascinating pursuit, looked at as merely an amusement, but I
have an aliding faith that it is destined to throw more light on the
phenomena of life than perhaps any other branch of science can. But
we must avoid hasty conclusions.

I have selected only one instance from Mr. Gentry’s paper, but there
are others. For example, the same objections may be made in the case
of Sphinx 5-maculata as are made in that of zmperialis. The different
colors appear at the same season, and may be found feeding on the same»
tomato plant.

ON THE LARVA OF CATOCALA ULTRONIA, Husn.
BY THE EDITOR.

For several years past, while jarring our plum trees for Curculio in
June, we have taken the larva of a Catocala usually less than half grown,
but have never succeeded in rearing any of them until this season, when

148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

from three larve taken on the 16th of June, one has been successfully
brought through its various stages, and proves to be w/fronia.

The following description was taken at the time of its capture, when
it was nearly full grown.

Length 1-60 inches, onisciform.

Head medium sized, flattened in front, slightly bilobed, dull bluish
grey, with the front flattened portion margined with a purplish-black
stripe. Under a lens the surface appears thickly dotted with pale and
dark colored dots and streaks, with a few short, pale, scattered hairs.

Body above dark dull grayish brown, appearing under a magnifying
power thickly studded with brownish dots ona paler ground. Second
segment a little paler than the others. A sub-dorsal row of dull reddish
tubercles, one on each segment from second to fourth inclusive, but
behind this there are two on each ring to the twelfth segment inclusive,
the antetior one being the smallest, while the posterior and largest tubercle
is more decidedly red, all encircled with a slight ring of black at their
base. On the ninth segment above there is a prominent, nearly upright
stout, fleshy horn, about one-twelfth of an inch long, pointed and similar
in color to the body, but with an irregular grayish patch at each side. On
the twelfth segment the two hinder tubercles are somewhat increased in
size and united by a low ridge, tinted behind with deep reddish brown ;
there is also an oblique stripe of the same color extending forward from
the base of the tubercles to near the spiracle on this segment. The
terminal segment is flattened and has a number of small pale,reddish and
blackish tubercles scattered over its surface. In front of each of the
smaller sub-dorsal tubercles, from fifth to twelfth segments inclusive, there
is a dull white dot, and one also of a similar character in front of each of

“the spiracles along the middle segments of the body; from each of the
tubercles throughout there arises a single dark short hair. Spiracles
large, oval, dull grayish, faintly encircled with black. Along the sides
of the body, close to the under surface, is a thick fringe of short, fleshy
looking hairs of a delicate pink color.

The under surface is also of a delicate pink, of a deeper shade
along the middle, becoming bluish towards the margins, with a central row
of nearly round, velvetty black spots, which are largest from the seventh
to the eleventh segments, inclusive. The anterior segments are greenish
white, tinted with rosy pink along the middle, with a dull reddish spot at

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149

‘the base and behind each pair of feet. Feet pale greenish, spotted out-
side and tipped with black; prolegs dull greyish brown, margined with
black. :

This larva became a pupa on the 21st of June, and remained in this
state for twenty-four days, producing the imago on the 15th of July.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BMV. 2. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.
(Continued from page 130.)

ASPIDISCA.

For the purpose of comparing it with the other species, I quote here
Dr. Clemens’ description of

A. splendorifercla.

“ Head golden; antennz fuscous, tinged with golden. Fore wings
from the base to the middle leaden grey, with a splendant lustre, and
from the middle to the tip golden, with a broad, nearly straight, metallic,
silvery streak, extending from the costa, near the tip, to the middle of the
wing, and dark margined on both sides. This is nearly joined by a dorsal
‘streak of the same hue, almost opposite to it, with converging dark
margins, and with a blotch of dark brown scales adjoining it behind. In
the costo-apical cilia is a short, blackish brown streak, parallel to the
dark margin of the silvery costal streak. At the tip is a black, apical
‘spot, with metallic, silvery scales in its centre, and a few silvery scales in
‘the ciliae above and beneath it. A blackish brown hinder marginal line
in the ciliae, interrupted by a silvery streak in the ciliae beneath the
apical spot, and the ciliae yellowish brown. Hind wings leaden gray, and
the ciliae yellowish brown.”

There is a straight black streak in the ciliae, from the apical spot to
the apex, not mentioned by Dr. Clemens.

150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Alar ex. 2 lines or less. I have made some other observations on it.
in its various stages, vol. 3, ante p. 223. | As_ there “stated, it mines the-
leaves not only of the Apple, in which Dr. Clemens found it, but also
those of the Haw (Crategus), Pear (Pyrus), Wild Cherry (Prunus
serotina), and since then I have found it mining the leaves of the Quince
(Cydonia). All of these trees (except, perhaps, the Wild Cherry) are so
nearly related that it is not surprising to find in the leaves of any one of
them any larva which mines the leaves of another, and the Wild Cherry
is such a favorite food with the larve of Lepidoptera, that it is not
surprising to find any larva feeding on it which is not exclusively attached
to some single species. Thus an Ornzx, which mines Apple leaves, also:
mines those of the Wild Cherry. TZischeria mavlifoliella Clem., and.
Lithocolletis crategella also both mine the leaves of all the above named.
trees except, perhaps, the Pear and the Quince. The fact that A.
Splendoriferella mines the leaves of the trees named, affords no presumption
then that it is a general feeder, or that it mines the leaves of any tree
not closely allied to the Haw. ‘

I make these suggestions because Mr, Stainton, in the preface to his
very valuable addition of the writings of Dr. Clemens (for publishing
which he has the hearty thanks of every student of the American Micros).
states that he has bred from Aspen leaves, from Oregon, a species which
it would be very hard to distinguish from A. splendoriferdla. But because
of the difference in the food plants, Mr. Stainton (rightly, I think)
considers it a different species. If the vignette upon the title page of
Mr. Stainton’s edition, above named, is, as I suppose, mtended to.
represent the mined Aspen leaf, I think it establishes the specific character
of the Aspen species. The hole left in the Aspen (judging from the
vignette) is very nearly an ellipse. That made by A. splendoriferella is
much wider in proportion to its length, being nearly as wide as long, and
the case is almost angulated at the sides. The mines of the Micro-
Lepidoptera, and the larval cases of the ‘case-bearing species, and the
modes of pupation, and forms and colors of their cocoons and pupa cases,
have specific characters as distinct as the galls made by the Cynzpide.
The color of a pupa case, cut from a leaf, depends, for instance, not only

on that of the leaf, but of the silk with which it is lined and the color of

the enclosed larva and pupa. But I have never been able to detect a
difference between the pupa cases of A. splendoriferella from any of the.
leaves mined by it, as above stated. See remarks under the next.
species. ‘

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Ld}

A. juglandiella. WN. sp.

Except that it is perhaps a trifle smaller, I can not distinguish this:
species in the imago from A. splendoriferella. Nevertheless, I consider it
a distinct species. The pupa case is oblong oval, much narrower in
proportion to its length, and smaller in every way than that of A. sflen-
doriferella, besides being more pointed at the end by which it is attached.
Besides, although sA/endoriferella is much the most common species (at
least 1000 mines of sflendoriferclla being found to a single one of jug/an-
diella), yet I have never met with a mine of the former earlier than the
latter part of July, whilst the mines of the latter are as abnndant, or
nearly so, in the latter part of May as at any time. The first mines of
Juslandiclla that I discovered were in the leaves of a small Walnut tree,
which stands under a large Wild Cherry tree. It was early in June. I
found several mines, but they were not by any means abundant. Not a
mine could I find on the Wild Cherry, either at that time or for two
months afterwards. Sug/andiella continued to mine the leaves of the
Walnut throughout the season, but never became abundant. But from
the latter part of July, on through the season,the mines of splendoriferella
were abundant, not only in the leaves of that particular Wild Cherry tree,
but in those of all the species mined by it, and by October the leaves
were riddled with the holes left by cutting out the cases. The pupa case
of splendoriferel/a is much larger than that of yuglandiella, though there is
no appreciable difference in the size of the insects. The former is dark yel-
lowish, while the latter is brown. I have taken the latter species mining
Walnut leaves at a great distance from any Wild Cherry trees, as well as
close to them. (See also the remarks under A. splendorifere.la.)

A. saliciella. N. sp.

Silvery. Antennz faintly tinged with fuscous. There is a triangular
white costal spot before the ciliz, and an opposite dorsal one, each dark
margined before and behind ; ‘he space between these two streaks and behind
them to the apical spot is silvery. There is a golden yellow patch on the
end of the disc immediately before the space, between the two streaks.
above mentioned (the costal and dorsal white streaks). Another golden
yellow patch behind the costal streak, on the margin, with a very indistinct
and small! black costal streak in it; another golden yellow patch on the
dorsal margin, behind the dorsal streak, and behind it is 4 blackish patch
coverjng the base of the dorsal cilia. Apical spot black, and adjoining it

152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

behind is a fan-shaped dark brown patch at the base of the apical cilia.
Cilize silvery, and not containing a black streak from the apical spot to the
apex.
The italics above indicate the differences between it and A. splendori-
_ferella, and besides, it is much smaller than either that species or A. edla,
having an avar ex. of less than % of an inch, and thus smaller than
Nepticula microtheriella, which, Mr. Stainton says, is the smallest hereto-
fore known Lepidopteron. Besides, the antennz are not so distinctly
fuscous as in splendoriferel/a, and the golden portions of the wing are not
so deep or reddish golden as in that species. It resembles that species
more closely than either A. ela or A. lucifluella. The pupa case is
oblong ovate, brownish, not so much pointed at the anterior end as that
of A. juglandiella, and is a little smaller.

Dr. Clemens found a mine and larva in the leaves of the White Willow
(Salix alba), which he called A. saliciella, but he was not acquainted
with the imago. I have not met with that mine, my species having been
bred from the Weeping Willow. But as I have no doubt that it is the
same species, I have adopted his name.

AL ella. Ante v3. p: 224:

In the description of this species I have used the word ‘‘before” where
I should have written ‘“ behind,” as to the location of the costal streaks ;
and the whole description is so unsatisfactory that I wish to redescribe
it. It is, however, difficult to get a good description of a species which
does not present the same appearance in any two views of it.

Head, palpi, thorax and basal half of the primaries pale grayish
silvery. Antennz fuscous above, silvery beneath. Apical half of the
primaries black along the dorsal margin, the black spreading over the
middle of the apical portion of the wing to the golden yellow costal part
of the apical half of the wing. This golden yellow costal portion
extends along the entire costo-apical margin, and along the middle of the
apical portion of the wing it passes gradually into, or blends with, the
blackish dorsal portion. (Perhaps a more correct description would be:
apical half of the wing golden along the costal half, blackish along the
dorsal half, the two colors meeting and blending with each other in the
middle, and the black passing into the base of the dorsal cilia.) In some
lights the golden is strongly tinged with red, and the black becomes a
deep golden brown. J» the black dorsal portion, behind the middle of the
dorsal margin, is a triangular silvery streak ; and opposite to it, mm the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153.

golden costal portion, is another, the two almost meeting so as to form a
fascia, and both dark margined on both sides ;_ behind the costal streak,
at the end of the golden portion and before the apex, is another small
costal silvery streak, which is distinctly dark margined before by a straight
line, and faintly behind by an oblique one. Apical spot black, and
behind and adjoining it is a fan-shaped, dark brown spot, behind which
is a straight dark brown streak in the ciliz, extending to’ the apex. The
apical spot is margined before and on each side with brilliant, metallic,
silvery scales, as in splendoriferella.

Al, ex. 2 lines or less. Same as in sflendoriferella, but this species is
slenderer than that. ‘The first costal and the dorsal streaks are as in that
species, but there is much less golden in the apical half of the wing, and
much more blackish or dark brown. ‘The apical spot aud adjoining fan-
shaped patch and apical streak are as in sflendoriferella, but in splendori-
ferella there is but one costal streak. It is, in fact, less like splendoriferella
than any of the other species. The pupa case is nearly an ellipse, slightly
oval, golden yellow, marked with small brown dots. |

I was at first in doubt whether this might not be Clemens’ J. lucifiuella,
which mines Hickory leaves. But I cannot reconcile it to the require-
ments of his description, which says that (lwcifwella is larger than
splendoriferella, and has three costal streaks. I have met with the larva of
lucifiuella, but have not succeeded in raising it. Dr. Clemens met with
another mine in the leaves of the Hornbean, which -he called A. astryae-
foliella, but the maker of the mine is still unknown. Possibly it may
prove to be this species.

[Since the foregoing remarks were written, I have observed that the
microscopic hairs (vegetable) on the surface of the case of A. ella are
identical with those on the under surface of Hickory leaves, and this
tends to the conclusion that this is Clemens’ /ucifwella; but other leaves
may have similar hairs. The fact that I can not recognise it in Dr.
Clemens’ description is by no means conclusive, for my own first descrip-
tion is certainly defective, and the shades of coloring vary so with the
play of the light, that it is a very difficult species to describe satisfactorily. }

ERRATA.—Anze p. 128, under C. gigantella, in line 5 of the description,
for “these ” read ‘‘three ;” p. 129, for fagé-costicella read fagi-corticella.

154 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE NOCTUID4: OF
CALIFORNIA.

BY AUG. R. GROTE,

Curator of Articulata, Buffalo Soc. of Natural Sciences.

I. Bombycia improvisa (Hy. Edw.,) Proc. Ac. N.S.,Cal., 5, p. 189.

“*Cascades, W. T.” Unknown to me and perhaps incorrectly referred to
this group.

2. Pseudothyatira expultrix Grote.

** Cariboo, B. C.,” Hy. Edw., 1. c. Unknown to me from the West
Coast.

3. Habrosyne scripta (Gosse.)
“ Alaska” (?) Hy. Edw.,l.c. Sitka, No. 137, Hy. Edw. ¥

4. Acronycta lupini Behbr., Bull. Buff. Soc. N. S., 1, p. 79.
One specimen.

5. Acronycta lepusculina Guenee, Bull. Buff. Soc. N. S., 1, p. 130.

A fresh specimen sent by Mr. Behrens gives me some reason to doubt
this determination and to suspect a distinct species, allied to 4. Zeporina
and A. lepusculina, in California. The fore wings are narrower, the
markings more obliterate above. A different material from that now
accessible to me is needed to make any change in this determination or to
confirm it with positiveness.

6. <Acronycta perdita Grote.

g Nearest resembling JA. xyliniformis of any of our Eastern species,
but larger, more robust, and with the fore wings even darker. There is
an absence of any softer shadings before and behind the transverse
posterior line. All the markings are coarser. The terminal series of
black interspaceal mirks are large and heavy. The transverse posterior
line has the outer dentations more uneven ; the teeth on veins 4 and 6
are notably longer; the line itself seems hardly so near ‘the terminal
margin asin xyliniformis. The black shade streak at anal angle is heavier
and the dash on the median space is different in position, more incon-

: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST _ 155

*

‘spicuous and near the t. a. line. The median shade is less prominent and
‘the t. a. line more distinct and widely geminate. Hind wings white, like
xyliniformis, but the fringe is merely black dotted,not cut with black as in
the Eastern species. The palpi exceed the front more prominently than
in A. xyliniformis. Exp.40m.m. ‘“ June 5th,” Mr. Behrens..

7. L&eralia februalis Grote. List of the Noct. of N. Am., p. 60.

“ Sanzalito,” Mr. Behrens, “‘ February 12th.”

8. Agrotis saucia (Hubner), Bull. Buff. Soc. N. S., 1, p. 135.
“ Oakland,” No. 15, Mr. Behrens.

9g. Asgrotis fennica (Tauscher.)

“Kodiak,” No. 13, Mr. Behrens. A single 2, which agrees with
Herrich-Schaeffer’s figure 146, except that the hind wings are very pale
.and whitish.

ro. Agrotis lycarum Herrich-Sch., figs. 122-124.

No. 1392, Mr. Hy. Edwards; No. 31, Mr. Behrens. This species,
-which seems to be very common in California, I have determined with
hesitation. I cannot discover, however, any difference of importance
between Herrich-Schaeffer’s figures, above cited, and the material before
me.

II. Agrotis Vancouverensis Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc. N. S., 1, p. 134,
plate 4, fig. 4.
“Vancouver's Island,” No. 2624, Mr. Hy. Edwards.

I2. Agrotis formalis Grote, List of the Noctuide of N. Am., p. 61.

California, Mr. Behrens.

13. Agrotis Wilsont Grote, List of the Noct. of N. Am., p. 62.

California, Nos. 12 and 24, Mr. Behrens.

u
I4. Agrotis specialis Grote, List of the Noct. of N. Am., p. 62.

California, Mr. Behrens.

15. Agrotis fuscigerus Grote.

g $. Aspecies closely resembling 4.§Cochrani, but with notably
darker and more fuscous hind wings in either sex. The primariés are

156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

much darker, more evenly colored, without that mottled appearance which
has induced Mr. Riley’s comparison of Cochrani with chenopodii. ‘The
lines are variably distinet ; when present, the inner component line of the
t. p. line is usually broad. The four specimens (f f 2 2) sent by Mr,
Behrens under the No. 25, and as taken Sept. 13th and 14th, expand—
gf 30, 2 35 m.m., and cannot be referred to Cochrani.

16. Agrotis Hollemani Grote.

A small species with all the tibize spinose ; the fore tibia have two-
rows of. strong spines. Antennz pubescent. Fore wings of a dark
bluish grey, with hardly a trace of the usual lines. A strong black
basal stripe ; the cell shaded with black about the discal stigmata, which
are singularly shaped, the orbicular elongate and fusing with the moderate,
excavate reniform, so that we are reminded of Oncocnemis Chandleri. The
terminal space is indicated by interspaceal black streaks. Fringes con-
colorous with internal hair line. Hind wings blackish fuscous, with
whitish fringes divided by a hair line. Beneath whitish, powdered with
fuscous, without lines ; hind wings with a minute discal dot. Head and
thorax like primaries; collar with a dark superior line. xpanse, 30 m.
m. Siskiyou Co., Cal., Capt. Holleman. From Prof. A. S. Packard, jr.

17. Mamestra cuneata Grote, Bul. Buf. Soc. N. S., 1, p. 139, plate 4,
fig. 9.

No. 21, Mr. Behrens. ‘“ Mendocino, No. 21. The dot near internal
angle of fore wings is always yellow; in a few specimens, probably
rubbed, it is not noticeable.

18. Mamestra chartaria Grote, Bul. Buf. Soc. N. S., 1, p. 138, plate:
4, fig. 12.

California, Mr. Behrens.

Ig. Mamestra niveiguttata Grote, Bul. Buf. Soc. N.S., 1, p. 140,
plate 4, fig. 16.

California, Mr. Hy. Edwards. .

20. Mamestra pucrilis Grote, List of the Noct. of N. Am., p. 64.
California, Mr. Hy. Edwards and Mr. Behrens.

21. Mamestra cinnabarina Grote, Proc. Bost. Sec. N. H., 16, p. 241.

California, Mr. Hy. Edwards and Mr. Behrens. Several specimens.
show a range of variation in the extent of the brown and palest tint on
the primaries above.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 157

22. Mamestra' laudabilis (Guen.)
California, Mr. Hy. Edwards.

23. Mamestra g-lineata Grote, Bul. Buf. Soc. N.S., 1, p. 140, plate
4. fig. 15 and List, p. 13.
California, Mr. Hy. Edwards and Mr. Behrens.

24. Dianthecia leucogramma Grote, List. p. 64.
California, Mr. Hy. Edwards and Mr. Behrens.

25. Dianthecia rufula Grote, List of the Noct. of N. Am., p. 64.
California, Mr. Behrens. ‘“ Oakland, No. 22.”

26. Dianthecia insolens Grote, List of the Noct. of N. Am., p. 65.
California, Mr. Behrens.

27. Oncocnemis Behrensi Grote, List of the Noct. of N. Am., p. 65.
California, Mr. Behrens. ‘ Sanzalito, Feb. roth to 24th.”

(To be Continued.)

CORRESPONDENCE.

GRAPTA COMMA AND DRYAS.
DEAR SIR,—

I am able to give you the results of an experiment made with Grafte
comma, the converse of that made in 1873 with dryas. On the roth of
May last I took a female, true comma—tred hind wings and plain brown
underside—and tied it up to a branch of Hop-vine, which branch was
free from eggs of any sort. She laid in the bag some forty eggs, and I
had from them thirty-nine caterpillars. Most of them in due time
reached the chrysalis state, and between the roth and 15th of June there
emerged thirty-four butterflies—every one a dryas. In the fall of 1873,
from eggs of dryas, there resulted a large number of comma and six dryas,
as stated in the ENromotocisr for October. I think this fully settles the
-question of the dimorphism of the species.

Yours truly,
W. H. Epwarps, Coalburgh, W. Va.

158 THE. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

MISCELLANEOUS’ NOTES,
DeEaR SirR,—

I send you the following items, hoping they may prove of interest:

CLISIOCAMPA SYLVATICA.—The caterpillars of this pest are swarming
on almost every description of tree or shrub in the vicinity of this city,
many trees being completely denuded of foliage. C. Americana is also
common on apple trees. .

LACHNOSTERNA QUERCINA. — This insect, though usually very
abundant, has been quite scarce this season; I have not seen more than
a dozen specimens.

DEPRAVED TaSTE OF P. TURNUS.—One day early in Junea P. /urnus
which I was pursuing hovered over and alighted upon some cow drop-
pings, thrust out its tongue, and settled itself quietly to its disgusting
repast. While in this position it was easily captured. .

On the 27th of July, last year, it rained very heavily during the
evening in the vicinity of Portland, where I was spending the summer ;
but the night seemed very favorable for moths, a large number entering
the house, among them a fine specimen of Philampelus satellitia, two of
Arctia virgo, and one of Arctia rubricosa, besides a number of others
with the names of which I am not acquainted.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EGG OF GASTROPACHA AMERICANA.—The eggs
of this moth are very pretty, being white with peculiar black markings.
They were laid June 27th, by a female reared in confinement. Length
.o6 of an inch; width, .o45. Form oval, flattened at the base and also
above, but a little thicker at one end than at the other. At each end
there is a semi-circular stripe and dot, closely resembling the crescent and
star of the Turkish arms, and these markings are larger and more distinct
on the larger end. On both the flattened surfaces there are markings
like eyes, each formed by an oval spot in the centre, with a curved stripe
above and a shorter straight one below, of which the latter is widened
towards the extremities. Between and parallel to the two eye-brow-like
marks there is another black stripe which is widest at the larger end of
the egg, and tapers towards the other. Over the whole surface there is a
minute indented reticulation, the meshes of which are irregular in form,
with a depressed dot in the centre of each.

H. H. Lyman, Montreal, P. Q.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159

DEAR SIR,—

A few days ago I went to a swamp where P/efon feeds in early spring,
-and discovered several of the webs of that species spun over the stems
of Chelone glabra and whatever other plants were contiguous. Within
the webs were larvae about 4% inch long,and as during the last few days,
‘since I have had a number of them in the house, there is no appearance
-of feeding by the larvae, I presume they are quiet for the season and
‘till next March. Seeing a good many Piyciodes marcia flying in the
swamp, it occurred to me to try a female with a stem of Chelone glabra,
and I did so with satisfactory results, as three days after I enclosed her
in a bag, she laid about 75 eggs on the under side of one of the leaves.
I hope I have at last found the food plant of this species, after having
tried a score of plants to no purpose.

W. H. Epwarps.

EDITORIAL SUMMARY.

PALZONTOLOGY OF ONTARIO.—We are much pleased to observe that
‘the Legislature of this Province is extending its liberality in the cause of
Science to other departments, besides those somewhat utilitarian branches
of Entomology and Horticulture, as is eminently manifest from the
excellent Report before us on the Paleontology of Ontario. It has been
prepared by Prof. H. Alleyne Nicholson, of the University of ‘Toronto,
-and contains descriptions and figures of the organic remains of the
Devonian Formation of Western Canada. No less than one hundred
and sixty species of fossils are described, and illustrated by means of
nearly sixty wood-cuts in the text, and eight splendid lithographic plates.
It is noteworthy, also, that all the figures are original, except two of the
wood cuts. We trust that the Legislature will long continue its assistance
to this excellent work, and that Prof. Nicholson may be enabled tc carry
out a complete investigation of the Palzontology of ail the fossiliferous
geological formations in this country.

AmonG the “ old country ” publications that we have lately received,
we may mention the 15th number of the Scottish Naturalist (Dr. F. B.
White, Perth.) We gather from its pages that a goodly number of Field
‘Clubs are being organized in Scotland, and that much satisfactory work

160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

is anticipated from them. Cannot something of the kind be re-inaugurated’
here with a fair promise of success > Vatu continues to be as
well filled as ever with most interesting and instructive matter; recent
numbers have contained seasonable articles upon the Comet and the
Transit of Venus, and a series of illustrated papers upon the observatories
of the United States. European potato growers are beginning to
become alarmed at the prospect of a speedy invasion of their fields by
the devastating Colorado Beetle. As it has now very nearly reached the
Atlantic seaboard, we have little doubt that in another year or two it

will succeed in crossing the ocean and striking terror into the hearts of -

all patriotic Irishmen. Mr. Newman, in a recent number of his “ Ento-
mologist,” while he confuses the sweet potato with the ordinary potato,
and the insects that prey upon these very different plants, expresses his
disbelief in the prospect of trouble from any of our American pests. He
goes on, however, to quote all the remedies against the Colorado beetle
contained in the Report of our Society—without acknowledgement !

WE REGRET to announce the death of Mr. Geo. R. Crotch, M. A.. of
St. John’s College, Cambridge, who sailed from England to America in
1872 for the purpose of studying the Entomology of parts which he

considered incompletely known. He made collections, especially of -

Coleoptera, in California, Vancouver’s Island, Oregon and other Districts.
So much were his labors valued in England that his University on two

occasions voted him a sum of money to aid him in the formation of

collections for the Museum at Cambridge.

THE 23RD Meeting of the American Association is to take place this.

month at Hartford, Conn., beginning on August 12th. Dr. LeConte is
the President elect. As an invitation was extended at the Portland
meeting to the members of the Entomological Society of Canada to be
present on this occasion, we trust that many of our friends will make a
point of attending; there will no doubt be a large attendance of insect
hunters from all parts of the continent.

THE 44TH Meeting of the British Association is to be held at Belfast,

under the Presidency of Prof. Tyndall. It is to commence a week later

than that at Hartford.
Cayo ars.

—

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. VI. LONDON, ONT., SEPTEMBER, 1874. No. 9

THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION.

At the recent gathering of this scientific body, in Hartford, Conn.,
there were brought together an unusual number of Entomologists. This
was owing partly, no doubt, to the kind invitation extended by the
Association to the American and Canadian Entomological Societies, to
appoint special meetings of their members to be held at that time and
place, with the view of having these important Societies fully represented.
In response to this invitation, a number of members of the American
Entomological Society were present, while our Canadian Entomologists
were represented by the worthy President of our Society, Rev. C. J. S.
Bethune, M. A., and the Editor of the Enromo.ocisr. Several evenings
were occupied by these “ brethren of the net” in interesting and profit.
able discussions on the habits and peculiarities of various insects, the
time passing so pleasantly that the midnight hours were reached ere a
separation could be effected. After mature deliberation it was resolved
to organize under the name of ‘The Entomological Club of the A. A-
A. S,” and the following constitution was adopted :

TITLE.

I. The name of the association shall be “ The Entomological Club
of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.”

OBJECTS.

II. The annual reunion of the Entomologists of America, the
advancement of entomology, and the consideration of all general questions.
relating to the science that may from time to time arise.

MEMBERSHIP.

III. All members of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science who are interested in Entomology, shall épse facto be members.
of the club.

162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

OFFICERS.

IV. The officers of the club shall be a President, a Vice-President,and
a Secretary, to be elected annually by vote of the members.

DUTIES OF THE OFFICERS.

V. The President, or in his absence,the Vice-President, shall preside
at all meetings ; the Secretary shall perform all the usual duties of a
recording and corresponding secretary.

MEETINGS.

VI. A meeting shall be held in each year at the place of meeting
appointed by the American Association for the Advancement of Science ;
it shall commence at 2:30 p. m.on the day before the meeting of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, and be continued
throughout that evening ; further meetings may be heldas time will permit
during the week following.

The following resolutions were also unanimously passed :

Resolved, That the members of the American Entomological Society
and the Entomological Society of Ontario, together with all other persons
interested in entomological science, be cordially invited to attend and take
* part in the proceedings.

Resolved, That the secretary be requested to publish notices of the
meeting in such periodicals devoted to natural history, and especially in
those devoted to entomology as are published on the continent; and
further, that the members be requested to bring with them at the annual
reunions specimens for exchange and exhibition, and especially types of
species that they may have described during the year.

Ata subsequent meeting of the Club, the following officers were
elected: President, Dr. John L. LeConte, Philadelphia, Pa.; Vice Presi-
dent, Samuel H. Scudder, Cambridge, Mass.; Secretary, Chas. V. Riley,
St. Louis, Mo. We feel sure that under such able direction, the Entomo-
logical Club of the A. A. A. S. will prosper, and be the means of stimulating
many to increased effort, and thus greatly advance the interests of our
favorite study.

As it may interest many to know who werc present at these meetings,
we furnish the following list: Dr. John L. LeConte, Philadelphia, Pa.;
Dr. J. G. Morris, Baltimore, Md.; Prof. S. S. Haldeman, Chickis, Pa, ;
Dr. H. A. Hagen, Cambridge, Mass.; S. H. Scudder, Cambridge, Mass. ;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163

A. R. Grote, Buffalo, N. Y.; Dr. G. M. Levette, Indianapolis, Ind.; C. V.
Riley, St. Louis, Mo.; O. S. Westcott, Chicago, Ill.; J. A. Lintner, Albany,
N. Y.; H. F. Bassett, Waterbury, Conn. ; George Dimmock, Springfield,
Mass.; B. Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass.; E. P. Austin, Cambridge,
Mass.; Dr. R. King, Kalamazoo, Mich.; Chas. P. Dodge, Washington,
D. C.; Mr. Patton, Waterbury, Conn.; Rev. C.J.S. Bethune, M. A., Port
Hope, Ont.; W. Saunders, London, Ont. During the meetings of the
Association several interesting and valuable papers on Entomological
subjects were read by Dr. LeConte and Messrs. Scudder, Riley and Grote.

THE LINNEAN SIGNIFICATION OF THE GENERIC TERM
PAPILIO.

BY H. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

In a recent issue of the CANADIAN EnTomotocist, No. vill, Vol. vi,
there appears from the pen of Mr. Scudder a paper on “The Linnean
Signification of the Generic Term Papilio,” containing some statements
on which I propose to offer a few remarks.

The data given by Scudder from Linné’s works are—save some minor
typographical errors—correct, excepting in two important points. On p.
144 he says “in*the year 1846 the first edition of the Fauna Suecica was
published, x which Linne for the first time treats of spectes, giving to them
names in the language of the country.” (The italics are mine.)

In the first place, Linné did never give either to animals or insects names
in the language of his country. This is important in view of Mr. Scudder’s
proposition in “Psyche” to give such names for the convenience of non-
entomologists. The names quoted by Scudder, viz.,morio, polychloros, &c.,
are never given by Linnéas zames of the species, but just at the end of the
synonyms, quoted as synonyms, always in this form, vu/go morio. These
names were zever invented by Linné, but were used by former naturalists ;
some are to be found in Petiyer’s Museum, viz., Oculus pavonis (not
Oculis), Bella Donna, Ammiralis (the Admiral) Argus, in Rajus Hist.
Ins. and in Albin. Engl. Insects, Brassicaria, Urticaria, ete.—the others in
different other authors. Even Linné used some of them before, in his
Elenchus, viz., Bella Donna, Oculus pavonis, and always in this manner:

164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Bella Donna dictus, Oculus pavonis dictus, showing clearly that the names.
were not given by himself. Such names as are quoted with vu/go are not
numerous, although in much larger proportion in Lepidoptera than in any
other order. I find 25 such among 37 Papilio, and 14 Phalene only
among the 114! described; in other orders the proportion is much less.
There is notin the whole Fauna Suecica one name given by Linne. In
the rare cases where Linne quotes Swedish names he has never given
these himself, but quoted them as synonyms, as in Phal. mori.

Vulgo Bombyx.
Suecis Silkesmask.

In the end of the last and in the beginning of the present century there
was a general tendency to give to every insect a name in the language of
the country in which it was found. In this work labored Donovan for
England, Fourcroy and Geoffroy for France, Sepp for Holland, Isert for
Sweden, Bruennich for Denmark, Panzer and Sturm for Germany; but
very soon it was seen that this business was a difficult one, often the names.
were not appropriate, some were foolish, and others even ridiculous,.
while it was apparent to all that such names, instead of being a benefit to
science, were only a burden, and soon the matter was dropped entirely.

Even in the case of injurious insects it is seldom necessary to invent.
common names, for where species are really destructive the people almost
always have a name for such just at hand.

With regard to the second point in the paragraph quoted, Linne treats
of species first ina paper published in 1736,in Acta literaria et Scientiarum
Sueciz Upsala, ‘I. iv, p. 97-138, Animalia per Sueciam observata. This
paper is reprinted Lugduni Batav. 1743 in 8vo., Blenchus animalium per
Sueciam observatorum, p. 37-94. Jainne himself quotes this paper later
always “ Acta Upsal, 1736,” and states in the preface of Fauna Suecica,
ist edition, “‘ quum ad patriam Academiam Upsaliensem 1729 degerem,
conquirendis insectis primam dedi operam,nec prius destiti, quam visendz
mihi essent 1735 aestive regiones. Eorum que reperi, catalogum a me
exhibitum. Regia Scient. Soc. Upsal. actis suis pro anno 1736
inseruit.’”"*

* When I studied in 1729 at my native Academy of Upsala, I collected chietly
insects, nor did I desist until I started to visit other countries in 1735. Of those
which I found, the Royal Scientific Society of Upsala published in their proceedings
for the year 1736 a catalogue prepared by me.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165

The Elenchus (just as the first edition of the Fauna Suecica) has xo
names of the species (I say purposely so, as Linne called NOMINA
TRIVIALIA what to-day is called sPECIES NAME, and Linne called NOMEN
-SPECIFICUM what to-day is called p1AGNosIs) but always a diagnosis, and
where it was possible, quotations of former authors, viz., Petiver Museum
.and Gazophylacium, Rajus, Albin, &c. The species given in the Elenchus
-are just as easily recognized as those in the Fauna Suecica, Ed. 1, by
“comparing the quoted authors and the diagnosis. It follows, therefore,
that if the first edition of the Fauna be recognized to have nght of
ipriority, the Elenchus must be recognized to have the same right.

Now, the genus Papilio is established in Syst. Nat. Ed. 1, 1735. The
Elenchus és the first publication with species (1736) after it, and the first
Papilio is P. Rhamni, quoted as Papilio sulphureus Petiv. Mus. 1. Com-
paring Petiver’s words and Linne’s Fauna Suec., Ed. 1, No. 795, the
identity of this Papilio sulphureus with P. Rhamni is sure.

I give here the list of the species of the Elenchus and of the first
edition of the Fauna Suec., i and ii :

Llenchus. Faun. Suec., Ed. i. Ed. it.

1. Rhamni mas. 1. Antiopa. 1. Machaon.
2. Rhamni fem. 2. Polychloros. 2. Apollo.
_3-\ Brassice. 3. Urtice. 3. Mnemosyne.
4. Rape. 4. C. album. 4. Crateegi.
igoy Nap. S>.» kOe 5. Brassice.
6. Crategi. 6. Atalanta. 6. Rape.
7. Apollo. 7. Cardui & foliow 7. Napi & follow
24. Rhamni. 12. Rhamni.
ro. Antiopa. 25. Crateegi. 21. Antiopa.
11. Polychloros. 26. Napi. 22. Polychloros.
12. Urtice. 27. Rape. 23. Urtice.
13. C. album. 28. Brassice. 24. C.album.
14. lo. 31. Apollo. 25. Atalanta.

Follow ; Linne first (1736) places P. Rhamni at the head of the genus
Papilio ; second, 1746-48 (the later editions until 1756 are only reprints)
P. antiopa at the head, and third, 1758, and following, the swallow-tails

-at the head, beginning with P. priamus in Ed. x, Syst. Nat., and with P,
‘machaon in Ed. 4, Fauna Suecica.

In the Fundamenta Entomologiz, 1767, 4to p. 32, Linne speaks
-about the division of Papilio into five classes, devoting more than a page

166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

to this subject, and says strictly that his Zguétes form the first class,
Heliconit the second, Danaii the third, Mymphales the fourth, Plebett the-
fifth.

The closing lines in Mr. Scudder’s paper should therefore be amended’
so as to read thus: ‘‘In Linne’s mind which was a typical Papilio—.
Rhamni, or Antiopa, or Machaon? ‘The answer is simply that
Linne in his study arrived at the conclusion that the first class of his.
Papilio should be formed by the Equites. I would remark, however, that
Linne never speaks, as far as I know, of any particular species being the
type of its class, and this idea that his first species is the type is of very
recent date.

The fact that so few Entomologists have the opportunity of consulting,
Linne’s older works, induced me to publish these statements.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.
(Continued from page 153.)

ANTISPILA.

A. cornifoliella ?. Clem.

Can there be two Antispila miners of the Dog-wood? Either there-
must be, and my specimens are specifically distinct from this species, or
Dr. Clemens’ description is strangely erroneous in at least one particular,.
viz., the color of the fascia and streaks, which he says are golden in:
cornifoliella, but which are silvery white in my specimens, all of which—
six in uumber—agree exactly in ornamentation, and all but one of which
are bred specimens. The species of the genus generally resemble each,
other very closely, and some recognized species do not differ from each
other more than my specimens do from Dr. Clemens’ description. Neither:
is it improbable that two species mine the leaves of the Dogwood, for the
same thing occurs in Europe, where 4. Pfeiferella and A. Treitschkiella
both mine the leaves of Cornus sanguinea. A. cornifoliella and my
specimens both mine the leaves of Cornus florida. I subjoin Dr..

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167

Clemens’ description for the purpose of comparison with my own
specimens :

“ Head, face, labial palpi and fore feet dark brown. Antennae dark
brown ; basal joint somewhat ochreous. Forewings rather dull dark
brown, with a coppery hue. Near the base is a rather narrow, golden
band, ot constricted on the fold, and rather indistinct toward the costa.
where it is somewhat suffused with a coppery hue, and nearest the base
on the inner margin. At the apical third of the wing is a small golden
spot, and nearly opposite, on the inner margin, another of the same hue,
with the hinder portion of the wing tinged with a bright reddish coppery
hue ; ciliae dark grayish. Hind wings purplish brown; ciliae somewhat
paler, with a coppery hue.”

The italics are Dr. Clemens’. The following description is drawn
from the six bred specimens above mentioned :

Head and face dark brown or brilliant metallic, according to the light ;
labial palpi yellowish white; tarsi all yellowish white, with each joint:
tipped with dark brown on its anterior margin. Antennae dark brown,
with the two or three joints nearest the base ochreous, and the extreme tip
white. Fore wings and thorax dark brown, blackish, bronzed or tinged
with purple, according to the light; before the middle of the wing is a
slightly curved fascia, which is widest and nearest to the base on the
dorsal margin, vot constricted on the fold, but quite distinct throughout. A
costal and dorsal streak just before the ciliae, the costal streak a little
behind the dorsal one. In fresh specimens this fascia and these streaks
are silvery white ; in old specimens they have a faint golden hue in some
lights. (Clemens describes them as golden.) Basal half of the cilie
purplish ; apical half grayish silvery. Al. ex. scarcely Y% inch.

Dr. Clemens suggests that cornifoliclla may be a variety of his Nyse
foliella. J have never succeeded in breeding the latter species.

A. tsabella, Clem.

I find nearly the same differences between my specimens (bred) of
this and Dr. Clemens’ description, that I have noted above as to corni-
foliella. Dr. Clemens says that the fore wings have no greenish or violet
reflections, which is certainly incorrect. The fascia is wider than in
cornifoliella, the thorax more shining metallic, the purple hinder marginal
line is less distinct, and the entire wing is less purplish, and the species is
a little larger. Nevertheless, they resemble each other very closely. The

168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

costal and dorsal spots in both are of nearly equal size, or the costal one
is a little the largest.

A. viticordifoliella. N. sp?

Dr. Clemens mentions a mine and larva in grape leaves to which he
gives this name, but he was not acquainted with the imago. Though it
sometimes happens that more than one species of a genus mines leaves
of the same plant, and it is therefore possible that the species described
below may not be the same referred to by Clemens, yet from his descrip-
tion of the mine and larva, I feel confident that it is, and have therefore
given it the name suggested by him.

Dark brown, inclining to blue black, with a purplish tinge in some
lights, and in some lights bronzy brown or greenish ;_ thorax and base of
the wings with pink, purple or topaz red reflections, according to the
light. A nearly straight silvery white fascia before the middle of the
wings, not constricted on the fold, widest on the dorsal margin, where it
is also a little nearer to the base ; a large triangular silvery white dorsal
streak just before the beginning of the ciliae, and a smaller one at the
beginning of the costal ciliae. Ciliae white. Tarsi yellowish white, each
joint tipped in front with dark brown. Face yellowish white; antennae
dark brown, with about six terminal joints silvery white, and the six
preceding ones alternately white and dark brown. It is a little smaller
than 4. cornifoliella. The mine, larva and case are smaller than those of
A. isabella, and the case is elliptical in shape, whilst in cornéfoliella and
zsabella it is nearly circular.

A. ampédopsifoliella. WN. sp.

This species is known only in the larval state, unless the species
described, but not named below, may be the same. ‘The mine, larva
and case are very small, smaller than any other known species. It mines
the leaves of Ampelopsis quinguefolia, and the mine is elliptical in out-
line. I find that I have mislaid my notes upon the larva. I have never
succeeded in breeding it.

Can not something be done towards determining the original of some
cultivated plants by a knowledge of the habits of insects which feed upon
them? A great majority of herbivorous insects are doubtless poly-
phagous, but many are confined to a single group of plants, and some to
a single species. When an insect known to feed only on a single wild
species, if found feeding on an allied cultivated plant, is it not a fair

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169

‘deduction that the cultivated one is derived from the wild stock? — Dr.
Clemens states that he bred his species A. ésabel/la from the cultivated
gtape Isabella, which, if I am rightly informed, is supposed to be derived
from Vitis labrusca. 1 have bred it from at least a dozen cultivated
varieties, including Catawba, Hartford Prolific and Concord, but I have
also bred it from the wild Vitis cordifolia, so that this instance proves
nothing. But Dr. C. records the larva of A. viticordifoliella from the
leaves of V. cordifolia only, and I have never found its mine in any other
species or variety. Would there not bea presumption—if it should now
be found mining any cultivated variety—that that variety sprang from the
cordifolia stock ? So Dr. C. records Phyllocnistis vitigenel/a from the leaves
of V. cordifolia only, whilst I have found it in the leaves of a great many
cultivated varieties, including those above named, so that it proves no
more than J. isabella; but P. vitifoliella I have never found elsewhere
than in the leaves of V7 cordifoliella, and one or two cultivated vines of
which I find I have kept no memorandum.

Some years ago I bought from the gardener of the late N. Longworth,
of Cincinnatti, a grape vine of a variety but little cultivated, called
““Longworth’s Seedling, No. 20,” the origin of which the gardener refused
to tell me. The foliage is unlike that of any other grape known to me,
and is still less like that of Ampelopsis guinguefolia, and approaches V.
cordifolia, Last summer I found its leaves mined by a larva closely
resembling that of A. ampelopsifoliella, supra, and which I suspect to be
the same. I have never found it in the leaves of any other plant, though
over a dozen other varieties of grapes grow within a few feet of the
Longworth vine. From it I bred the species described below, which I do
not now name,as it may prove to be identical with 4.amfelopsifoliella. The
‘single specimen was a little injured, and the description is therefore in
one or two respects imperfect.

Palpi pale yellowish ? Head and face bright but pale golden, insome
lights silvery, tinged with golden. Antennae brown, /azvtly annulate
with whitish. Thorax and primaries rich purplish brown, in some lights
‘strongly purple or bronzed ; before the middle of the primaries is a some-
what oblique fascia, which is silvery, or bright but pale golden according
to the light, widest and nearer to the base of the wing on the dorsal
margin, and not constricted on the fold; a silvery or pale bright golden
‘spot on the dorsal margin, just before the ciliae, and a smaller costal one
mearly opposite, avd a spot of the same hue at the apex. Cliliae a little

170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

paler than the wings, but I can not discover any hinder marginal line.
Al, ex. fe inch.

The larva is white, without maculae, but with the anterior margin of
the first segment brown.

A. hydrangeella. WN. sp.

The mine and larva only of this species is known, and I have never
succeeded in rearing the imago. The mine, larva and case resemble those
of A. viticordifoliella, but are perhaps a little smaller. It mines the leaves:
of the wild Aydrangea (H. nivea.)

Dr. Clemens states that the species described by him mine the leaves:
of the various plants in the latter part of August and in September, from
which I infer that he found them only at that time. But the mines of all
the species may be found as early as the first of July, and in increasing
numbers from that time until the fall of the leaves. I have reared A.
cornifoliella in the latter part of July, from leaves gathered in that month,
and have found the mines and larvae of all the other species, though I
have only succeeded in rearing the other species in the spring from mines.
gathered in the fall.

NOTES ON THE “LIST” OF 1868.
BY AUG. R. GROTE,
Curator of Articulata, Buffalo Soc. of Natural Sciences.

Preparatory to a fresh edition of the ‘‘ List of Lep.,” of 1868, a few
memoranda of the necessary changes will be published.

Sesia uniformis, p iii. This species is distinct from fhysbe, and has —
been noticed by Mr. Lintner in his valuable “ Entomological Contribu-
tions.” Mr. Couper found it on Anticosti. This can not be Sesta
ruficaudis Kirby, the description of which is given on p. 27 of the
‘« Synonymical Catalogue” of 1865. Kirby says: two first segments of”
the body yellow olive, two next black, the rest ferruginous with yellow
olive spots. Uniforms has the first segments yellow olive, the next deep:
ferruginous, the next again olive, and the anal hairs black, with ferruginous.
central tuft. In fact, Kirby’s description rather resembles difinis in the-
body parts. And from his comparison with fuciformis, we should think.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 171

at once of difinis. But the terminal segments in difints are not “ ferru-.
ginous” any more than in wxiformis, and so Kirby may have had a boreal
species we do not yet know before him. From his description there is.
no more correspondence with uaiformis than with ¢hysbe; rather does his.
description agree with /usctcaudis as to the abdomen terminally.

Cressonia juglandis, p. iv. To this species must be cited Sm. pallens
of Mr. Strecker, whose figure represents a pale 2 specimen of C.
Juglandis, without the median shade on the forewings. Belfrage has sent
C. juglandis from Texas.

Dysodea || p. vi. This generic name is preoccupied and must give
way to that of Platythyris. Mr. Walker's type of Varnia appears-
distinct. | We have probably but one species which should be known as
Platythyris oculatana. Boisduval’s figure and description of Vitrina do.
not agree with our species, and probably vétrina represents ocudatana in
Europe. Much confusion has occurred through Dr. Clemens having
described the species figured by us, Am. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., vol. viii,.
pl. £3, figs. 4-5, as one of the Tortricide, and without referring to
Boisduval’s original illustration of the genus. A second species is.
afterwards described by Dr. Clemens under the name of Dysodia mar-
garitana, which I have never seen. Consult Am. Soc. Belge, T. 7, Pl. 1,
for an illustration ot the embryonic stages of Ziyris. They seem to-
correspond generally very well with Dr. Clemens’ characters of the larva
of Dysodea.

NOTES ON MEGACHILE CENTUNCULARIS.
BY THOS. G. GENTRY. GERMANTOWN, PA.

Since so much has been written upon the habits of our ordinary
Leaf-cutting Bee, it would seem presumptuous for me to offer anything
further in connection therewith. But a few facts which came to my notice-
recently are sufficiently interesting and important to merit publication.

During the latter part of June, 1873, several cells, a half a dozen in
number, were sent to me by a friend, who had accidentally brought them
to light while digging underneath the shade of a Spir@a corymbosa. They
were found in close proximity to each other, arranged in a_ nearly
horizontal position, at a depth of three inches below the surface of the

172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

-ground. The soil was comparatively solid. From the freshness of the
leaves which composed the cells it would seem that the work had but
lately been accomplished, but after the examination of a few, it was
evident that some time had elapsed, since the larvae had attained to
-considerable dimensions.

The cells were nearly three-quarters of an inch in length, with a
-diameter of one-fourth of an inch. ‘They were constructed of nearly
perfect leaves of Spiraca corymbosa, instead of those of the various species
-of Rose. The outermost circle of leaves, three in number, had their
margins slightly overlapping on the exterior, each piece forming an arc of
_a circle of 120 degrees. Within these were other three, arranged
-alternately with them; others, again, alternating with the latter, and so
-on until there were no less than six circles, having eighteen pieces in all.
Each succeeding individual layer from without inwardly projected but
-slightly beyond its predecessor, having but a slight resemblance ‘“‘to a
long sleeve with folds upon it,” as has been affirmed by writers. The
mouth of each cell was closed by six circular pieces of leaves, nipped
from the same plants. These were a trifle larger than the mouth of the
-cell, and when in position presented a concave surface facing outwardly.
It is obvious that the whole structure is a striking proof of adaptation to
an end. If the cell had been arranged vertically, its structure would
-doubtless have afforded water a ready access to the larva and its food, and
thus have defeated the object which nature had in view. In the horizontal
position the tile-like arrangement in the exterior, acts as a sort of roof by
which the water is turned off. The concave arrangement of the circular
pieces subserves a similar purpose. The freshness of the leaves was
-due, no doubt, to the protection which the enveloping earth afforded.
“The chemical rays of sunlight, which act upon the parenchymatous
material of the leaf, when deprived of its vitality, converting the green.
-and granular chlorophyl into others of a brownish hue, operate with less
intensity at the depth of three inches. The comparative absence of
moisture in the ground, no doubt, prevents oxidation ; there being ample
moisture at the same time to insure softness and prevent rigidity.

During the early part of last April (1874), several cells were brought
to me by one of my pupils, which, on a superficial examination, appeared
to be the mud cells of our ordinary Pelopeus, the mud-dauber. They
were found adherent to the. rafters of an unplastered attic. The cells
-were arranged side by side in numbers of three. On the exterior there

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 17

were no shallow grooves, denoting lines of demarcation. With this
unimportant difference, the general outline of the mud mass, with its
combination of pellets, was exactly similar to that constructed by the
mud-dauber. Had the lines of separation existed, I should have had no
hesitancy in characterizing it as a case either of usurpation of instinct
upon the part of the AZegachile, or one of confiscation of property.

Within, exposed to view by detachment from the aforesaid rafters, were-
what I supposed to be the leafy cells of Megachi/le. ‘The length of these
and the peculiar disposition of their parts, materially different from what
I had always observed, operated upon my mind to such an extent that I
was almost constrained to believe that I had met with something altogether
new to science, or else that I had been fortunate enough to discover a
species of Pelopeus with Megachile-like habits.

Each cell was one and one-eighth inches in length, with a diameter
slightly exceeding one-fourth of an inch. It was built of elliptical pieces-
snipped from the leaves of a species of Spirea (S. corymbosa, it seemed
to me.) ‘The pieces were of less dimensions than those before alluded
to, and arranged somewhat on a similar plan, except that there was a
strong appearance of a double cell, as if the inferior concavity of one
cell had been deposited in the superior concavity or mouth of the other.
This resemblance held true to a certain extent, but the absence of a
clear line of division between the two seemed to militate against the idea
of a double arrangement.

Having kept a few of the cells a reasonable length of time, until all
hope of seeing insects emerge therefrom had vanished, I began the work
of destruction by carefully pulling some of them to pieces. While
engaged in my labor I was led to notice the comparative ease with which
each relative structure separated in the middle. Within the aperture of
one cell was a cylindrical pouch, composed of pure silk, glazed within by
an oily secretion from the larva. This containsd a perfect, but dead
bee, which was readily identified as Megachile centuncularis. The lower
half of the same enclosed a similar silken sack, with fragments of legsy
wings, antennz and complete body segments, with a mass of debris which
showed the clearest evidence of .the ravages of some ruthless destroyer.
Under a glass of moderate power, I had little difficulty in recognizing the
fragments as parts of a Megachile similar to the above.

This last fact impressed me as peculiarly interesting and novel, as.
showing the economy which exists and is practiced among certain

174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

individuals of this species. To construct the inner leafy cells, with their
‘numerous parts, is a labor of little moment when contrasted with the
hours that must be spent in moulding the clay for the outer side into
small pellets, and then adjusting them to their proper positions. The
existence of two bees in separate cases of silk, one above the other, in
the same earthy apartment, seems to imply the existence of a double leafy
cell, even though a partition between the two should be wanting.

It would appear that the deposition of one cell upon another would
defeat the object which the mother Aegachile had in view. On the
supposition that oviposition in the upper cell took place subsequently to
that in the lower, the time of leaving the egg would be earlier in the
latter, the larva would sooner mature, and the perfect insect would be
prepared to leave its prison-house anterior to its associate, and,

unable to effect its exit by reason of the narrowness
of its domicile, would perish. This, doubtless, would be the upshot of
the affair if similar cells in like situations should be built in the summer
season. But as far as I have had any experience in the matter, the
summer abodes of A/egachile are single, a few inches below the surface of
the ground, and generally under the shelter of some protecting shrub,
where the warm rays of the sun can not effect any mischief. This site is
doubtless well selected for the reasons above adduced.

There are usually two broods of this species in a season; a summer
brood, which makes its appearance early in July, and a spring brood
which has survived the winter in its double cell of earth and leaves. It
is possible that the larva, after having exhausted its stock of honey and
pollen, its natural food early in the fall, passes into the condition of a
pupa, and thus remains until awakened from its sleep by the genial warmth
of spring.

In the cells designed for the winter accommodation of the species, the
double arrangement of the inner cells will not materially affect the original
purpose, since both insects will have passed through the cycle of trans-
formations, and when the suitable time shall have arrived for their
departure, the one occupying the upper cell will have made its way out
and thus left a clear passage for the one below.

The absence of a line of separation between the two cells appears to
indicate that the food had been deposited in the lower cell, and two eggs
instead of one had been left in mistake. Where it is the custom of the
insect to deposit but one egg, instinct teaches it to collect just enough

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 175

food to provide for the sustenance of the larva to which it gives birth ;
the two eggs in the present cases were deposited through some inadvert-
ence upon the part of the insect, and it does not seem wise to conclude
that a similar inadvertency had led to an accumulation of a double portion
of food. If this double brood had been the result of mistake, it is not
possible that several mistakes of a similar kind would have occurred, since
it was my good fortune to meet with unoccupied cells that showed
evidence of being once occupied.

If two eggs are deposited within the same cell, there must be collected
.a double quantity of pollen and honey for the nourishment of the larve.
The one which attained to full growth first would, no doubt, seek a clear
‘space in which to spin its covering, and this would be afforded by the
upper part of the tube or upper cell. The other, after having made a
sufficient space for this essential operation by the consumption of the
remaining food, would accomplish the task therein.

Some cells, which it was my privilege to examine, exhibited faint
tracings of a partition-like arrangement between them. A portion of the
debris in the lower cell, to which reference has been previously made, may
have been due to the comminution of the leaves forming the separating
dayers, through some cause or other. But this Iam unable to substantiate.
If such should prove to be the case by future observations, there is
‘no doubt that there will be found to exist a separate accumulation of
pollen and honey in each cell.

After a little reflection, there seems to be an offset to a portion of this
argument. May it not be possible that after the two larve had matured
into perfect insects, the more powerful one overcame the weaker, and that
the fragments of wings, legs, body segments, &c., are the sad trophies of
‘such a conflict? This point would be worthy of acceptance if every cell
which was examined had betrayed similar evidences. But it was not the
case. It only remains, then, to assume one of two opinions—either that
the two ova were deposited upon a double allowance of food, so that the
larvee, when hatched, should find ample sustenance to reach maturity, and
‘subsequently had constructed their silken cocoons in their respective
positions, said positions being determined upon by priority of growth;
-or, that a double cell was built, one on the top of the other, each properly
-victualled and provided with an ovum.

176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

STRAY NOTES ON CANADIAN DIPTERA.
BY BEVERLEY R. MORRIS, M. D., NOTTINGHAM, ENGLAND.

The following fragmentary notes are submitted to the readers of the
CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST in the hope that they may assist in even a
small measure in determining the numbers of this order occurring in the
Dominion.

When in Canada I only incidentally captured Diptera, and the number
I possess is very limited. I am indebted to F. Smith, Esq., of the
British Museum, for the names of those given below. There are some
other species as yet undetermined, and which on some future occasion I
may succeed in getting named. ‘The localities and dates given may be
relied upon, as I numbered every insect taken, and recorded the date and
locality at the time. I have included a few taken in New Hampshire and
Maine, asit is probable they may also be found in Canada. Apologizing
for the imperfection of the list, I send it in hope of assisting any one who
may take up the Diptera of Canada. For the labels being lost off some
I am indebted to the gross carelessness of one of our railways, over which
the cabinet containing my insects was sent. I found great numbers loose,.
some ground to powder, others more or less injured, and many with the
tickets shaken off. This prevents my being certatn of the localities, &c.,.
in some cases, but I de/eve all were taken in or near Toronto.

Anthrax fuscipennis, Say.

I took this fly in considerable numbers on the carriage drive in front
of the Rev. W. Ritchie’s, at Georgina, on the 8th of August, 1863. They
were hovering over holes in the gravel.

Anthrax analis, Say.

Taken at the same time and place, and along with the last. Habits.
the same.

Anthrax bastardi, Macq.

One was taken at Orillia in August,1863. I also took one at Gorham,
in New Hampshire, on August rgth, 1861.

Anthrax terminipennis Say.

Labels lost, but taken, I believe, at Toronto.

Ppa Teg

me ee

we

ee ee Fe ne eee ee Pe

ee

ba |

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17

Anthrax fulvina,Say.

Taken at Orilia the end of July, 1863; also at Cape Cottage, Port-
land, Maine, July 29th, 1861, and up to August 8th.

Stratiomis ischiaca, Harris.

At Cape Cottage, Portland, August 2nd, 1861.

Syritta proxima, Say.

Taken at Cape Cottage, Portland, on August 3rd, 1861.

Syrphus Ribestt, Fab.

Label lost, but I believe taken at Toronto.

Syrphus agnon, Walk.

At Toronto, in our garden, Nov. 10, 1861.

Eristalis inflexus, Walk.

Cape Cottage, Portland, July 22nd, rgér.

Eristatis sincerus, Harris,

At Toronto in 1860.

Eristalis nebulosus, Walk.

Label lost.

Conops sagittaria, Say.

Near Cape Cottage, Portland, July 24th, 1861. Two specimens.

Tachina finttima, Walk.

Cape Cottage, Portland, August 7th, 1861. Common.

Tachina apiifera, Walk.

College Avenue, Toronto, June 3rd, 1858. Cape Cottage, Portland,
July 27th, 1861.

Tachina iterans, Walk.
Label lost. Probably Toronto.
? Sp.

At Orilia in August, 1863. Same size as Z: finitima. Abdomen
black, with a white spot at the side of each segment.
? Sp.

Bred from a chrysalis of some moth at Toronto, April 2nd, 1862.
Rather smaller than the last species. Abdomen black, with somewhat
obsolete white spots on side of each segment. Eyes reddish.

? Sp.
Somewhat like the last, but only half the size. Label lost.
? Sp.

Label lost. Same size as last. Wings iridescent ; body black; eyes

brownish red.

178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Chrysops carbonarius, Walk.

Taken at the Humber, Toronto, June 13th, 1863.

Asilus ————? Sp.

Cape Cottage, Portland, August 16th, 1861. A large species, measur-
ing an inch and a quarter in iength, and nearly an inch and a half in
expanse of wings.

CORRESPONDENCE.

EXPLANATORY.
Dear SIR,—

The following considerations have suggested themselves to me in
reference to Mr. Herman Strecker’s recent personal attacks. For myself
I do not think that either Mr. Strecker’s style or language can be defended
on any ground. As to the matter, this is furnished by certain synonyms
in my writings on North American moths. To those conversant with the
subject, it is not necessary to point out the fewness of such mistakes, but
it may have escaped notice that in nearly every instance I have been the
first to correct the mistake,and thus Mr. Strecker’s abuse has come ex fost
facto and proves itself wholly personal and unscientific. I take pleasure
in referring here to words used in my earliest paper (Proc. Acad. Nat,
Sci. Phil., 1862, p. 59). I think I have always lived up to my first state-
ment, and where I have made a synonym, both ‘‘ willingly and gladly”
acknowledged it. And although I am charged by Mr. Strecker with
allowing one mistake to remain “ nineteen months” before correction, I
can assure him that I still corrected it the moment I became aware that
it existed. Certain of these mistakes have occurred in describing American
species under distinct names. Sometimes these species have turned out
to be the same with European forms, and a synonym has been the result.
I do not think this the great misfortune which Mr. Strecker pretends, the
Jess when we remember that in many instances the American specimens
may be distinguished, and I have suggested that we shall lose a knowledge
of these distinguishing points unless we use distinguishing names.
Certainly these are occasions for quiet scientific observation, not in any
case for unscientific vituperation. The difficulty of avoiding a giving of
too great weight to a remote locality is even instanced by Mr. Strecker,
who has re-described a $ Cressonia juglandis as a new species of
Smerinthus from “Texas.” The pale specimen, merely wanting the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179

median shade on the primaries, would, if caught, say in Reading, have
hardly furnished one of Mr. Strecker’s “coveted” novelties. Again,
instances are on record where naturalists have first considered the
American species the same as the European, and then changed their
views and described them as distinct. An instance of this is offered by
Brephos infans, first described as the same as the European Srephos
parthenias. ‘The amount of error is no greater in the one case than the
other.

At the time that I commenced my labors, the difficulty of determining
our species of moths was very great, certainly much greater than it is
now. ‘That this change is in part due to my work I think is true, equally
so that Mr. Strecker is both unjust and ungrateful to omit the consideration
from his mind. How much he himself is indebted to my labors may be
seen by comparing my work on the genus Cafoca/a with his own on the
same subject. His figures and determinations are taken from the collec-
tion I studied and the paper I published; and, in reality, his figures
merely supplement my original work. ‘That Mr. Strecker has so generally
coincided with me in his specific discriminations in the genus Cafoca/a, is,
IT think, less a compliment to my correctness than a proof of Mr. Strecker’s
ready acceptance of assistance.

I have a few special remarks with which to conclude. I am blamed
for retaining the name C. fonderosa instead of the earlier C. nedulosa ||
for a species of Catocala. From Linnzus to Lederer it has been
customary to avoid the repetition of names in the same family of moths,
and Gueneé has changed the name of a species of Catocala on account
of an Azarta bearing the same specific title. I have never changed the
name of another author on this account ; my opinion (as, indeed, cited
by Mr. Strecker) being that a fresh name is unnecessary. I have merely,
where two names were attached to the same species, preferred the later
when the earlier had been previously used. Whether my descriptions in
the genus Catoca/a are the best, I will not dispute with Mr. Strecker ; in
his comments on C. ponderosa Mr. Strecker forgets that we figured the
species, in justice to Mr. Wiest, the artist, I think very acceptably. Nor
will I allow Mr. Strecker the proper authority to discuss the value of
structural characters in the Lepidoptera, seeing that he has shown no
experience in the matter, and is unable to discriminate even between the

sexes of Cafoca/a when the abdomen is wanting.
A. R. GROTE.

180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

SYNONYMICAL NOTE.

Dr. Boisduval has recently re-described Zudryas grata (Fabr.) from
Georgia under the name Zudryas assimilis, with the remark: Cette belle
‘espece n’a pas encore ete figuree. It is manifestly unimportant to Dr.
Boisduval that the science of Entomology is pursued in America. In
this same paper (Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, 1874) the genus Alypza
is erroneously attributed to Kirby, and a citation is given: “ Sphinx
octomaculata Hubn. Zut., 119, 120.” which does not exist, the proper
citation being ‘‘ Alypia octomaculalis Hubn., Zutr., No. 60, fig. 119,
720.”

Dr. Boisduval separates Drury’s figure of Urania rhipheus (1773) from

Cramer’s (1782), under the new nameof Urania Druryi. This is, how-

ever, a simple synonym in any event, since Drury’s species must retain
the name of AAipheus as originally proposed. Cramer himself says, when
describing his RhAipheus, T. 3, p. 193, “Ce beau Papillon et qui est tres
rare, ressemble beaucoup a’ celui qui a ete annonce par Mr. Drury dans
ses Illustrations of Natural History, Vol. 2, pl. 23, figs. 1, 2, sous le nom
que nous lui donnons ci-dessus.” Gueneé, in 1857, also draws attention to
this mistake of Dr. Boisduval’s, then only proposed to be committed. It
has been generally conceded that Drury’s species is the same as Cramer’s,
and that the differences in the figures arose from an intentional mutilation
of Drury’s original specimen. Dr. Boisduval’s quotation from Lacordaire
would hardly cover such a case as this, in which a pair of scissors very
probably effected ‘‘la creation.” To find another ‘taille sur le meme
patron,” would argue, then, a lack of conscience somewhere, as well as
the sacrifice of a specimen. But Dr. Boisduval insists on other characters
to separate the two species than the absence of the tails, i. e., the large
size and the ornamentation of the fore wings of RAzpheus Drury. So in
this case we should have two species, i. e., Chrystridia Rhipheus (Drury)
nec Hubn. ( = Urania Druryi Boisd.) and Chrysiridia Orientalis (Swains)
{ = Rhipheus Cramer 385, A. B.; Chrystridia Rhiphearia Hubn.)
A. R. Grote.

Our usual acknowledgements of books received have been omitted
for want of space, they will appear in our next.—Ep. C. E.

ae

The Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. VI. LONDON, ONT., OCTOBER, 1874. No. 10

ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO, 1874.

To the Members of the Entomological Society of Ontario :

GENTLEMEN,—I beg to offer you again, after the lapse of a year, my
hearty congratulations upon the continued prosperity of our Society. As
you have already learnt from the Report of our Secretary-Treasurer, we
have been favored with a slight increase in our list of membership—as
large, indeed, as can fairly be expected in a Society which confines itself
to the study of a particular branch of Natural Science, and which cannot
therefore attract into its ranks many who are not specially engaged, to
some extent at least, in this limited field of investigation.

It is especially pleasing to find that our number of branches continues
to increase—a highly successful one, with its headquarters in Montreal,
having been organized since our last annual meeting. Its first annual
report has been already presented to us in the pages of our journal.

The CaNnapIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, upon whose success the well-being
and fair fame of our Society so largely depends, has—I am sure you will
all agree with me—been more ably sustained than ever before. The
thanks of the whole Society are assuredly due to the energetic and
talented Editor, Mr. Saunders, who has been, indeed, its mainstay from
the issue of its first number until now. It would be well if all our mem-
bers would aid him, not only by contributions, but also by increasing the
circulation, and thereby improving the means of support of the
publication.

When I applied jxst now the term “limited” to our field of enquiry,
I only did so when considering Entomology as one amongst a large
number of sections of the great circle of natural sciences, which includes
within its area the study of all things material which come within the
range of man’s intellectual powers. If we look, however, at Entomology
and its objects alone, we cannot fail to see at once that it is practically

182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

without limit—that there is work enough for thousands of investigators
for almost innumerable generations to come. And when we couple with
Entomology other kindred sciences, such as Botany, Geology and Physical
Geography, which are so closely allied that no student can safely overlook
them, we begin almost to be overwhelmed with the vast extent of this
field of knowledge that we seek to explore. So vast, indeed, is the field
that no one now ventures to survey the whole of it, except in a very
general way; each explorer finds himself compelled—if he would do
any effective work—to confine his labour to some one or two of its
sections or subsections. By this division of labour, all departments of
the Science will by degrees be taken up, and much that is now a ‘ ferra
incognita’ will become familiar to the patient explorer.

In our own country—within the bounds of this great Dominion—there
is need of many more students and explorers. Even in this Province of
Ontario, the headquarters of our Society, where more has been done than
in any other part of Canada, there is yet room for a great increase to our
band of collectors and investigaters. | How incomplete, for instance, is
even yet our list of Diurnal Lepidoptera, and how many pages are still
blank in the life history of some of our commonest butterflies? Our able
Editor, my excellent friend, Mr. Saunders, has done much to fill up these
blank pages, and his work is everywhere recognized as thorough and
authoritative ; but yet there remains much more to be done, that we hope
our members will before long accomplish. If we turn to Crepuscular
and Nocturnal Lepidoptera, we must feel almost appalled at the extent of
ourignorance. For those who have the time and the ability, I can think
of no more interesting or attractive field of enquiry—none that will sooner
or better repay the pains-taking student, whether he looks for fame or
pleasure, whether he sighs for fresh fields to conquer, or desires to set his
foot where man has not trodden before. In a department where so much
remains to be done, we all, I am sure, offer a most cordial welcome to
one who has recently cast in his lot among us, and has traversed the broad
Atlantic in order to study the Noctuide of this country. I allude to Mr.
George Norman, of St. Catharines, late of Forres, in Scotland.

In another order of insects, the Coleoptera, much no doubt has been
accomplished. Through the pains-taking labours of a Billings and a
Pettit, not to mention other good workers, and by the aid of the great
authorities in the neighbouring States, Dr. Leconte and Dr. Horn in par-
ticular, we have been able to increase our list of Canadian beetles from a
few hundreds at the birth of the Society, to more than as many thousands

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183

now. But still how very much more remains to be done? What a field
of labour there is before both student and collector in the Carabide, the
Staphylinide, the Curculionide and other numerous families of beetles!
May we not hope that during the coming winter our present scattered
stores of knowledge will be utilized and made available for the good of
all, by the compilation and publication of a large addition to our old and
valuable list of Canadian Coleoptera ?

If there remains so much to be done in these two favorite orders,
what shall I say of the remainder, that are so generally neglected? It is
surely time that some of our members should devote themselves to the
working up of such interesting orders as the Neuroptera, the Hymen-
optera, the Orthoptera, the Hemiptera, even if no one can be found at
present to take up the study of the more difficult Diptera.

In all these orders there is the nucleus of a collection in the cabinets
of our Society, while no doubt much additional material would be
furnished by individuals to any member who will take up in earnest the
study of any one of them. It would be a great contribution to our
knowledge of Canadian insects if there could be published by the Society
carefully prepared lists of as many species as possible in each of these
orders. Such lists would, of course, be very incomplete at first, but they
could easily be so arranged in publication that additions might be made
to them at any time, as our stores of knowledge increase.

Such, gentlemen, are some of the modes in which, I think, we should
endeavour to extend the operations of our Society. If each year, when
we assemble together for our annual meeting, we can point to some such
work done in the previous twelvemonth, we shall have good reason to
congratulate ourselves upon real permanent progress—upon building up
the foundation of an Entomological structure that will prove enduring
and substantial in time to come.

Thus far I have referred to Entomology as a purely scientific pursuit ;
there is another aspect in which we cannot refrain from regarding it, viz.,
as a subject of very great economic importance to every inhabitant of our
land. This view of Entomology has been especially brought before us of
late by the havoc that has been produced in our farms and gardens by
hordes of destructive insects.

The dreaded Colorado Potato Beetle (Doryphora decem-lineata) has
spread eastward with great rapidity, and has now reached the Atlantic
coast insome parts of the United States. I have been informed by

184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

friends who reside in various parts of the Union, that while little, if any,
diminution in the numbers of the pest is to be observed in the west, it is.
becoming very destructive where it has attained to its second year of
colonization. During the first year of its invasion of a particular locality,
no appreciable damage is done by it, but as its armies increase in geome-
trical progression, the potato crops of the following season generally
suffer to a terrible extent. It has now covered the whole of the Province
of Ontario, and is very destructive throughout the western half of it,
though we are happy to say that our intelligent farmers and gardeners are
effectually using the remedies suggested by our colleagues, Messrs
Saunders and Reed, in their Report to the Legislature a few years ago.
In Quebec it is but beginning to be observed ; no doubt it will be found
there in myriads next year. Across the border, it has penetrated to the
western portion of Vermont, into New Jersey, down to the sea coast in
Pennsylvania, and in Maryland ; at Baltimore, Md., it is very abundant,
while straggling outposts have been found as far south as Washington.
The whole of New York and Ohio have been pretty well covered with
the insect, while in Missouri it is as abundant as ever. In Indiana and
Michigan there is a local diminution in the numbers of the pest, but no:
where are there as yet any signs of its cessation. The people of Europe
are now beginning—and with good reason—to feel alarmed at the
prospect of its crossing the Atlantic. The English and French scientific
and agricultural publications are commencing to publish notices of the
insect and to talk of restrictive measures, while in Germany, we are told
that stringent regulations will probably soon be put in force by the Gov-
ernment to prevent the invasion of the country. Unless some regulations
of this kind are put in general force throughout the whole of Western
Europe, I believe that—judging from the spread of noxious European
insects on this side of the Atlantic—the Colorado Beetle will. soon
become there as familiar an object and as destructive a pest as itis here.

While the Colorado Beetle from the Rocky Mountains has been over-
spreading the whole northern continent eastward, there has been moving
southward and westward in a similar manner another insect—the Cabbage
Butterfly (Pzeris rape)—that is almost as injurious as the other. This
insect, an European importation, as of course you all know, starting from
Quebec some few years ago—there first noticed by our friends, Messrs.
Couper and Bowles—has now spread westward over almost the whole of
Ontario. At Port Hope it has been this year by far the most common
of all butterflies; thousands were to be seen throughout the whole

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185

season, from early summer to the present time, flitting about along every
road, and hundreds hovering over or alighting in every garden. ‘There is
hardly a cabbage or cauliflower fit to be eaten anywhere in the neighbour-
hood, while stocks and mignonette have been ruthlessly demolished in all
the flower gardens. Its spread westward, however, has hardly been as
rapid as its movements to the south. The two maritime provinces of
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and all the New England States, have
for some time been occupied, and now I am told that this year it is most
plentiful as far south as Washington, and that it is by no means rare in
Virginia.

While referring to the wonderful spread of noxious insects during the
past few years, and to their excessive prevalence now, I must not omit to
mention the affliction caused to our north-west Province of Manitoba and
to many of the western States by the swarms of locusts, or grasshoppers
as they are termed (Calopitenus spretus). The accounts of the sufferings
caused by this terrible plague are perfectly appalling, and rival anything
that we have read of the ravages of the Eastern locusts. Happily for us
they do not seem to extend much further to the east than the Missouri
River, though, occasionally they penetrate to some of the broad prairies
beyond. As a detailed account of this insect will probably be afforded
you in the forthcoming Annual Report of our Society, I need not detain
you with any further remarks upon it.

The only other insect to which I need now call your attention for a
“moment, is the Grape-Vine PAyHoxera. Iam glad to learn that its rava-
ges in the vineyards to the south of us have been comparatively trifling
this year, and that in all probability the summer droughts to which we are
so liable, will prevent its ever being as formidable a foe as was at one time
apprehended.

To turn from this not very cheerful subject, I may mention, before
concluding, that Mr. Saunders and myself duly attended the recent meet-
ing at Hartford, Conn., of the American Association for the Advancement
-of Science. ‘There we had the pleasure of meeting a large number of
Entomologists from all parts of the United States, and we had the further
gratification also, of being presided over, in general session, by the ablest
of American Entomologists, Dr. Leconte, and in the Zoological Section,
by another great worker in our department, Mr. S. H. Scudder. Infor-
‘mal meetings of Entomologists were frequently held, and finally it was
-agreed upon to form an Entomological Club of Members of the A.A.A.S.,
who should assemble annually a day before the meeting of the Association

186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

in the place that may be from time to time selected for its sessions. In
this way we trust that much may be done for the furtherance of our
favourite branch of science, and that Entomologists generally, from all
parts of the continent, will bring together their types of new species and
the surplus of their collections for mutual information and benefit.

Without further trespassing upon your time and attention, I beg to
thank you, gentlemen, for the kind consideration you have shown to my
colleagues and myself during our term of office, and with hearty wishes.
for the continued prosperity of our Society,

I have the honour to be, gentlemen,
Your obedient servant,
CHARLES J. S. BETHUNE,
President E. 8. of O.
Trinity College School, Port Hope, Sept. 22, 1874.

ON SOME CHANGES IN THE NOMENCLATURE OF NORTH
AMERICAN COLEOPTERA, WHICH HAVE BEEN
RECENTLY PROPOSED.

BY JOHN L. LECONTE, M. D., PHILADELPHIA.

Since the issue of the Check List of N. A. Coleoptera by the late
Mr. G. R. Crotch, I have been asked by several persons interested in that
branch of science, if I would advise them to change the labels in their
collections in accordance with the nomenclature of several familiar genera
as therein set forth. To all such applicants I have answered, that such
changes are not expedient, unless they are fully convinced of the propriety
of admitting them. For my part, I considered them quite unnecessary,
and still further, contrary to the code of laws of nomenclature under’
which I supposed we were acting.

Circumstances, which it is unimportant for me to specify, have
prevented me from heretofore making known the views upon which I
formed the opinion thus given, but as confusion of ideas upon the
adoption or non-adoption of Mr. Crotch’s nomenclature now exists, I
think that the time has now arrived for a full discussion of the
subject.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 182

For the purpose of confining attention to the more radical changes
proposed, I will leave for a future time all questions relating to specific
names, and consider at present only those affecting genera.

With the exception of some very unimportant examples, these chiefly
turn upon the validity of the genera proposed and defined by Dr. Geoffroy
in his Histoire Abregee des Insectes.

The first edition of this valuable work, in which, as is justly said by
Mr. Crotch, he displayed “a degree of acumen far in advance of his age,”
bears date on the title page, 1764*, and was printed at Paris. The last
edition, with supplements, was printed also in Paris, year of the Republic
vii, (1799.)

The binominal nomenclature was first distinctly used in zoology in the
roth edition of the Systema Naturz, by Linnzus, in 1758, and repeated
in the 12th edition, 1766-67.

After the publication of the work last mentioned, Fabricius and
others, devoting themselves more exclusively to entomology than Linnzeus
had done, divided his genera, and in describing new ones adopted other
names for several of those described by Geoffroy.

The names of these later authors have, until the changes proposed by
Mr. Crotch, been adopted without cavil.

Thus much as to the history of the question. Now as to the
argument.

The most systematic attempt to reduce the laws of nomenclature in
zoology to a code, capable of being easily understood and applied, was
that of the British Association, acting through a committee, which
reported at the meeting held in 1842.

Without discussing the details of this report, some of which might be
and, indeed, were subjected to criticism, it is sufficient to state that the
principles therein recommended were adopted by the Association, and
without important modification, were reaffirmed by the Association of
American Geologists and Naturalists at the meeting held in 1845.t These
laws have been accepted and acted on by nearly all investigators in
Natural History ever since.

Some discussions having taken place which indicated a possibility
of improving the code, it was again referred by the British Association to

* Mr. Crotch states 1762, but I know not on what authority.
+ Am. Journ., 2nd series, ii, 423—(1846).

188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

a committee, which reported substantially the same rules, with a few
closer definitions of moot points and some useful commentaries upon
certain rules.

This report was adopted at the meeting in 1865, and was reprinted
with notes by Prof. A. E. Verrill, in the American Journal of Science and
Arts, 2nd ser., xlvin, 92, in 1869.

It would therefore appear that the common law under which Zoologists
now act in questions of nomenclature, is the code, the history of which I
have just given. The only other alternative is, that there are no established
rules, and that in the Republic of Science each citizen isa judge, capable
of expounding the law for Himself, and amenable to no tribunal.

I will therefore assume that until a different code is formally adopted,
American naturalists are disposed to abide by the recommendations of
the two important scientific bodies, whose reports are above mentioned.

As the language of all three reports is equally clear and definite upon
the points I wish to make against the reception of the Geoffroy’an genera,
I shall quote from the latest, reprinted in Silliman’s Journal, 1869, as
being most easy of reference.

“ Rule III. The committee are of opinion, after much deliberation,
that the XIIth edition of the Systema Naturae is that to which the limit
of time should apply, viz., 1766”...... (p- 94.)

P. 96. ‘*As our subject matter is strictly confined to the d:nomial
system of nomenclature, or that which indicates species by means of two
Latin words, the one generic, the other specific, and as this invaluable
method originated solely with Linnaeus, it is clear that as far as species
are concerned, we ought not to attempt to carry back the principle of
priority beyond the date of the 12th ed. of the Systema Naturae, 1766.
Previous to that period, naturalists were wont to indicate species not by a
name comprised in one word, but by a definition which occupied a
sentence, the extreme verbosity of which method was productive of great
inconvenience.”...... (p. 97.) ‘‘ The same reasons apply to genera.”....
“Brisson, who was a contemporary of Linnaeus and acquainted with the
Systema Naturae, defined and published certain genera of birds which are
additional to those in the 12th edition of Linnaeus’ works, and which are
therefore of perfectly good authority. But Brisson still adhered to the
old method of designating species by a sentence instead of a word, and
therefore while we retain his defined genera, we do not extend the same
indulgence to the titles of his species, even when the latter are accidentally
binomial in form.”

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189

By reference to the several editions of Geoffroy it will be seen, 1st, that
he did not adopt the binominal nomenclature, except in regard to the addi-
tional species described in the supplements to the edition of 1799*; 2nd,
that he did not admit himself any rule of priority in generic names, inas-
much as he described genera previously proposed by Linnzeus under other
names, quoting Linnzeus in synonymy ; 3rd, that he made no reclamation
either in genera or species, in the last edition of his work.

It must also be kept in mind that Olivier and Latreille, cotemporaries
and friends of Geoffroy, used his generic names only so far as they did
not conflict with the genera established by other authors up to the date
of their respective memoirs. They did not therefore ‘revive’ these
names, as claimed by Mr. Crotch, but adopted them and introduced them
into the proper and permanent literature of scientific terminology, thus
placing them upon a new basis.

It would therefore appear, that notwithstanding the great value of the
work of Geoffroy, and the importance of the views of classification which
he proposed (and none will be more ready to admit the merit of his
labors than myself,) he did, by an unfortunate want of appreciation of the
necessity of adopting the Linnean binominal nomenclature, and by not
recognizing the principle of priority, exclude himself from being cited
either for genus or species under the existing code, except so far as relates
to the supplemental species in the edition of 1799.

In all other instances the names of his genera are free, and must be
attributed to the authors who subsequently employed and defined them,
either zw7th or without reference to his use of the names.

In order that the evidence upon which I have based my opinion may
be readily accessible, I have appended the remarks of Mr. Crotch upon
the priority of his names, and two tables, one of synonyms, the other of
homonyms of all the Coleopterous genera defined by Geoffroy,

In conclusion, I would recommend to those who use the Check List
to substitute for the generic names adopted from Geoffroy in that work,
the following, which have been in current use:

P. 37.—Peltis Geoffr. to SirpHa Linn., and change Si/pha_ to
Necropuorus Fabr. Fabricins was the first to divide the Linnaean

* An abridgment of his work under the name of Fourcroy, with binominal
nomenclature, was issued in 1785, and must be taken, therefore, as the earliest date
for his species.

190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Silpha into two genera. The idea of type species, now commonly
(though by no means universally adopted), did not then exist, and
consequently it was competent for Fabricius to determine for which part
of the genus he would retain the original name. If it was for the part
corresponding with Geoffroy’s e/tis, the latter must sink. Fabricius’
Necrophorus, as will be seen in the table, is contained in Dermestes
Geoffroy.

P. 42.—Change Zyritomide to MYCETOPHAGID&, and Tritoma to
Myceropuacus Hellw., or else cite the name 77ztoma from Fourcroy,,
1785. The name in this sense should, in my opinion, be suppressed, as
it was founded on a false character, and should not have been separated
by Geoffroy from his Dermestes.

P. 79.—Change Clerus Geoffr. te TRICHODES Herbst.,and Zhanasimus
Latr., so far as it relates to the rst division of the genus, to CLERUS
Fabr. Herbst first divided the genus as established by Geoffroy, and
adopted by Fabricius, and therefore had the right to apportion the names.
to the divisions he founded.

P, 88.—Stenocorus Geoffr. The same reasoning would change this.
name to RuaciumM Fabr.; the latter author having divided Stenocorus.

P. 51.—Change Cisteide to BYRRHID#, and p. 52, Ciste/a to BYRRHUS
Linn.

P. 93.—Change Spermophagide to BRUCHID&, and Mylabris Geoffr. to-
Brucuus Linn.

P. 105.—Change TZenebrionellus Cr. to TENEBRIo Linn. Tenebrio
Geoffr. is considered by Mr. Crotch to have Aszda as its type, and there-
fore the change was proposed by him for the genus, as restricted by
Fabricius, who first commenced its division into several genera. The
same reason here applies as in several of the preceding instances.

P. 107.—Though not connected with the present subject, I may
remark that the change of Utoma to Phaleria, and of PHALERIA to
Halophalerus Cr., has been produced by the assumption of generic types
for the genera of authors who would certainly have repudiated the idea,
had it been proposed to them. /P&aéeria Latr. was founded on three
species, now belonging to different genera, and in course of time, and by
the will of those who divided the genus, the 1st species has gone back to
the previously established genus Grathocerus, the 2nd became U/oma and
the 3rd retained the name PAaveria.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 191

P. 108.—Change Pseudocistela Cr. to CISTELA Fabr.

P. 115.—Cantharis Zivn. should read Geoffr. The table of synonyms
of Geoffroy’s genera will show that by adhering to the received code of
laws of nomenclature, the name CanrHaris Linn. should be restored to
some genus of Telephoridae which contains Linnaean species. Of these
perhaps Podabrus would be the most convenient, while for the blistering
flies, a dismemberment of JZé/oe Linn., the name proposed by Fabricius,
Lytra, must be adopted.

Remarks of Mr. Crotch on the Genera of Geoffroy, Trans. Ent. Soc.
London, 1870, 43:

“1762. Geoffroy, in his Histoire Abregee, divides the Coleoptera
into 50 genera, displaying a degree of acumen far in advance of his age,.
which was but little appreciated by his contemporaries ; the ill-concealed
jealousy of Linnaeus is only too evident in his 12th edition ; Olivier and
Latreille succeeded in restoring the majority of Geoffroy’s names, but
there are still several which must be adopted. . . . Platycerus and
Peltis, often attributed to Geoffroy, must either be rejected as synonyms,
or, if allowed to remain, be quoted from Latreille and Illiger, who revived
them. ‘The others ought to be all retained.”

Table of Synonyms of Geoffroy’s Genera.

1764. 1767. 1775. 1789. 1796-1806.
GEOFFROY. LINNAUS. FABRICIUS. OLIVIER. LATREILLE.
1. Platycerus Lucanus Lucanus Lucanus Lucanus
Trogossita ‘Trogosita
Platycerus
2. Ptilinus Ptinus Hispa Ptilinus Ptilinus
Drilus Drilus
3. Scarabzeus Scarabaeus Scarabaeus Scarabaeus Scarabaeus.
Cetonia Cetonia Cetonia
Trichius Trichius
Trox ‘Trex Trox
Melolontha Melolontha Melolontha
Aphodius
Geotrupes
Oryctes
Hoplia
4. Copris Scarabaeus Scarabaeus Copris Copris

Ateuchus

192

1764.

GEOFFROY.

14.
15.
r6.

Ey:
18.

19.

20,

. Attelabus

Dermestes

. Byrrhus

. Anthrenus
. Cistela

. Peltis

. Cucujus
. Elater

. Buprestis

Bruchus
Lampyris

Cicindela

Omalysus

Hydrophilus Dytiscus

Dyticus

Gyrinus

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1707:

LINNAEUS.

Hister
Dermestes
Silpha

Ptinus
Dermestes
Byrrhus
Byrrhus
Silpha

Buprestis
Elater

Carabus
Cicindela

Ptinus
Lampyris

Cantharis

Dytiscus

Gyrinus

1775: 1789.
FABRICIUS. OLIVIER.
Hister Hister
Dermestes Dermestes
Necrophorus Necrophorus
Tritoma Ips
Dryops
Sphaeridium Sphaeridium
Elophorus Elophorus
Nitidula Nitidula
Anobium Anobium
Anthrenus Anthrenus
Byrrhus Byrrhus
Silpha Silpha
Buprestis Buprestis
Elater Elater
Carabus Carabus
Cicindela Cicindela
Elaphrus Elaphrus
Ptinus Ptinus
Lampyris Lampyris
Pyrochroa
Cantharis Telephorus
Malachius Malachius
Necydalis Oedemera
Omalisus
Hydrophilus Hydrophilus
Dytiscus Dytiscus
Gyrinus Gyrinus

1796-1806.

LATREILLE.

Sisyphus
Onthophagus
Hister
Dermestes
Necrophorus
Ips

Dryops
Sphaeridium
Elophorus
Nitidula
Anobium

Anthrenus
Byrrhus
Silpha
Choleva
Buprestis
Elater
‘Throscus
Carabus
Cicindela
Elaphrus
Loricera
Panagaeus
Bembidium
Harpalus
Brachinus
Lebia
Ptinus
Gibbium
Lampyris

Telephorus
Malachius
Oedemera
Dasytes
Omalisus
Hydrophilus
Dyticus
Hyphydrus
Haliplus
Gyrinus

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1764. 1767.

GEOFFROY. LINNUS.

1775:

FABRICIUS.

21. Melolontha Chrysomela Cryptocephalus Clytra

22. Prionus Cerambyx
23. Cerambyx Cerambyx

24. Leptura Leptura
Cerambyx
Necydalis

25. Stenocorus Cerambyx
Leptura

26. Luperus

27.Cryptocephalus Chrysomela Cryptoceph.

28. Crioceris Chrysomela
Hispa

29. Altica Chrysomela

30. Galeruca Chrysomela

31. ChrysomelaChrysomela

32. Mylabris Bruchus
33. Rhinomacer Attelabus

34. Curculio Curculio

35- Bostrichus Dermestes

Dermestes
Attelabus

36. Clerus

37- Anthribus Dermestes
38. Scolytus

39. Cassida Cassida
40. Anaspis Mordella
41. Coccinella Coccinella

Prionus
Cerambyx
Lamia
Saperda
Callidium

Stenocorus

Leptura
Donacia
Rhagium

Crioceris
Hispa
Altica
Crioceris

Chrysomela

Bruchus
Attelabus

Curculio

Bostrichus

Clerus
Notoxus
Dermestes

Curculio
Bruchus
Bostrichus
Cassida

Coccinella

1789. 1796-1806.
OLIVIER. LATREILLE.
Clythra
Prionus Prionus
Cerambyx Cerambyx
Necydalis Lamia
Saperda Cerambyx
Callidium Prionus
Stenocorus
Leptura Leptura
Donacia Donacia
Luperus
Cryptoceph. Cryptoceph.
Eumolpus Eumolpus
Crioceris Crioceris
Hispa Orsodacna
Altica Altica
Galeruca Galeruca
Chrysomela Chrysomela
Prasocuris
Bruchus Bruchus
Attelabus Attelabus
Rhynchites Rhynchites
Apion Apion
Apoderus
Curculio Curculio
Calandra
Brachyrhinus
Lixus
Cionus
Bostrichus __ Bostrichus
Anthribus
Clerus Clerus
Necrobia Necrobia
Thanasimus
Opilus
Anthribus
Anthribus Anthribus
Macrocephalus
Scolytus Scolytus
Cassida Cassida
Mordella Anaspis
Coccinella Coccinella

193.

194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
1764. Toy. L775: 1789. 1796-1896.
GEOFFROY. LINNAUS. FABRICIUS. OLIVIER. LATREILLE.
42. Tritoma Chrysomela Mycetophagus Mycetophagus
43. Diaperis Chrysomela Chrysomela Diaperis Diaperis
44. Pyrochroa Lampyris Pyrochroa __ Pyrochroa Pyrochroa
Cantharis
45. Cantharis Meloe Lytta Cantharis Cantharis
Necydalis Necydalis Oedemera Oedemera
Lagria Lagria
Sitaris
46. Tenebrio Tenebrio Tenebrio Tenebrio Tenebrio
Silpha Opatrum Opatrum Opatrum
Blaps Blaps Blaps
Helops Helops Helops
Cistela* Cistela Cistela
Asida
Pedinus
47. Mordella Mordella Mordella Mordella Mordella
Cistela Cistela
48. Notoxus Meloe Notoxus Notoxus Notoxus
49. Cerocoma Meloe Cerocoma Cerocoma Cerocoma
50. Staphylinus Staphylinus Staphylinus Staphylinus Staphylinus
Paederus Paederus Paederus
Oxyporus Oxyporus Oxyporus
51. Necydalis Cantharis Cantharis Telephorus Malthinus
52. Meloe Meloe Meloe Meloe Meloe

Fabr.; Parnus Fabr.; Dryops Latr.; 7, Dermestes Fadbr.;

Notes to Table of Synonyms:

1, Trogosita Fabr.; 3, Geotrupes Fadr.; 4, Ateuchus Fabr.; 6, Lyctus

13, Brachinus

Fabr., Weber ; 15, Lycus Fabr.; 16, Telephorus Scheffer, 1766 ; Dasytes
Fabr.; 17, Omalysus Faér.; 19, Hydrachna Fabr.; 21, Clytra Lazcharting,
1781; 24,Prionus Fadr.; 26, Crioceris Fabr.; Ptinus Faby., 27, Eumolpus
Fabr.; 28, Lema Fabr.; 29, adopted by Fabr. in Syst. Ent., 1775; trans-
ferred to Galleruca in Ent. Syst., 1792; some of the species also under
Crioceris and Chrysomela; 30, Galleruca Fadr.; 32, the name Bruchus
was adopted by Linnaeus from Kalm.; 34, Lixus and Calandra /aér.; 35,
Fabricius referred capucinus to Bostrichus in 1775, but in 1792 transferred
it to Apate ; 36, Clerus Za/v.=Trichodes Herbst, Fabr.; 38, Eccoptogaster
Ferbst.; 40, Mordella Fabr.; 42, Ips Fabr., Mycetophagus Fadr.; 43,

Diaperis, Hispa Fadr.; 45, Lagria Fadr.; 48, Notoxus Faér., 1782,
Anthicus Fabr., 1801 ; 50, several of Gravenhorst’s genera, also adopted

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

by Latreille.

These notes are not intended to give in all instances the authority by
whom the additional names of genera were first proposed, but only to

show their use by the authors quoted.

Table of Homonyms of Geoffroy’s Genera, with their Reference to Modern

Famitltes :

oy AME YD on

Platycerus ; Lucanide. Lucanide (Za¢r.)

Ptilinus ; Ptinide. Ptinide (O“iv., Latr.)

Scarabaeus,; Scarabaeide. Scarabaeide (Linn., &c.)
Copris ; Scarabaeide. Scarabaeide (O“v., Zatr.)

Attelabus ; Histeride. Curculionide (Linn., &c.)
Dermestes ; Dermestide. Dermestide (Linn., &c.)
Byrrhus ; Ptinide. Byrrhide (Linn., &c.)

Anthrenus; Dermestide. Dermestide (Fadr., Oliv., Latr.)
Cistela; Byrrhide. Cistelide (/adr., Oliv., Latr.)

Peltis ; Silphide. Trogositide. (. “ )

_cucujus; Buprestide. Cucujide..( “..)}
. Elater; Elateride. Elateride (Zznn., &c.)

Buprestis ; Carabide. Buprestide (Zinz., Gc.)
Bruchus ; Ptinide. Bruchide (Zzum, &c.)

. Lampyris; Lampyride. Lampyride (Zizx., Gc.)

Cicindela; Telephoride. Cicindelide (Zinn., Gc.)
Omalysus; Lycide. Lycide (Ofv., Latr.)

Hydrophilus ; Hydrophilide. Hydrophilide (Aadr., Oliv., Latr.)

Dytiscus ; Dytiscide. Dytiscide (Zinz., &e.)

. Gyrinus; Gyrinide. Gyrinide (Zinn. Gc.)
. Melolontha ; Chrysomelide. Scarabaeide (Fadr., Oliv., Latr.)
. Prionus ; Cerambycide. Cerambycide (Fadr., Oliv., Latr.)

Cerambyx ; Cerambycide. Cerambycide (Zinn., Gc.)

. Leptura; Cerambycidé. Cerambycide (Zizn., Gc.)
. Stenocorus ; Cerambycide. Cerambycide (/udr., Oliv., Lair.)
. Luperus; Chrysomelide. Chrysomelide (Ozv.)
. Cryptocephalus; Chrysomelide. Chrysomelide (fadr., Oliv.,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

28. Crioceris ; Chrysomelide. Chrysomelide (Faér., Oliv., Latr.)

29. Altica; Chrysomelide. Chrysomelide (Faér., Oliv., Latr.)

30. Galeruca; Chrysomelide. Chrysomelide (Odv., ZLatr., Fabr.)

31. Chrysomela ; Chrysomelide. Chrysomelide (Lénz., &-c.)

32. Mylabris; Bruchide. Meloide (faédr., Oliv., Latr.)

33- Rhinomacer; Attelabide. Rhinomaceride (Za¢r. )

34. Curculio; Curculionide. Curculionide (Zinz., Sc.)

35. Bostrichus; Bostrichide. Bostrichide (Ofv., Zatr.) Scolytide-
(Fabr.)

36. Clerus; Cleride. Cleride (Aadr., Oliv., Latr.)

37. Anthribus; Anthribide. Anthribide, Ofv., Latr.

38. Scolytus; Scolytide. Scolytide (O@v., Zatr.) Carabide, Fabr.

45-
Fabr. )
46.
47-
48.
49.
50.
Bi.

Cassida ; Chrysomelide. Chrysomelide (Zznmn., &c.)

. Anaspis; Mordellide. Mordellide (Za¢r.)
. Coccinella ; Coccinellide. Coccinellide (Zinz., Gc.)
. Tritoma; Mycetophagide. Erotylide (Fadr., &c.)

Diaperis ; Tenebrionide. Tenebrionide (OZiv., Zatr. )

. Pyrochroa ; Pyrochroide. Pyrochroide (Fadr., Oliv., Latr.)

Cantharis ; Meloide. Meloide ( O/iv., Zatr.) Telephoride (Zinn...

Tenebrio; Tenebrionide. Tenebrionide (Zznz., Ge.)

Mordella; Mordellide. Mordellide ( Zinun., &c.)

Notoxus ; Anthicide (Fadr., Oliv , Latr.) Cleride, Fabr.
Cerocoma; Meloide. Meloide (Fabr., Oliv., Latr.)
Staphylinus ; Staphylinide. Staphylinide (Zzm., G»c.)

Necydalis ; Telephoride. Cerambycide (Zinn., Oliv., Fadbr.):

Oedemeride (adr. ) .

52.

Meloe; Meloide. Meloide (Zznun., &c.)

DISCREPANCIES IN RECENT LISTS OF LEPIDOPTERA.

BY W. F. KIRBY, ENGLAND.

The opponents of the law cf priority in nomenclature have taken
occasion, both in England and America, to argue against the restoration
of obsolete names, on the ground that the names employed in my
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera do not always harmonize with those
used in Staudinger’s Catalogue of European Lepidoptera. Although this.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197

argument looks plausible at first sight, a little reflection will probably
convince many that it is baseless) We may leave genera out of the
question now, as Staudinger has not attempted to grapple with the
difficulties which they present; but as regards species, it must be
remembered—rst, that Staudinger starts from 1758, instead of 1767, and
that I should have done the same had I investigated the question fully
when I commenced my work; and 2nd, that Staudinger, working at
European Lepidoptera only, was necessatily better acquainted with the
special literature relating to them than myself. Had I selected 1758, and
possessed Werneburg’s Beitrage zur Schmetterlings kunde at the time I
was writing my own Catalogue, or had Staudinger’s new Catalogue been
published in time for me to verify the references contained in it, I think I
may say that many of the alleged discrepancies would have disappeared,
although, in some cases, I may have made use of materials which
Staudinger does not appear to have employed, or may have seen reason
to disagree with him as to the determination of certain species. Unless
two authors have exactly the same materials to work with, or one copies
from the other, no rules will be sufficient to insure their absolute agree-
ment in every case; but by the strict law of priority, the chances of
disagreement are reduced to a minimum.

MICRO - LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.
(Continued from page 170.)

ANTISPILA.

A. ampelopsisella. WN. sp.

In the preceding paper on this genus I mentioned that I had found
the larva of this species mining the leaves of Ampelopsis quinquefolia.
Since that paper was placed in the hands of the Editor, many months
ago, I have succeeded in rearing it from the mine.* ~

* The specimen mentioned in that paper as having been bred from the Long-
_ worth grape-vine, is now too much denuded for satisfactory comparison with this
species, but I believe it to be the same ; certainly it is not any of the other known
American species, and I have never met with it except in the Longworth grape leaf.

198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

It is much smaller than any of the previously described species of this
country, measuring only »*s of an inch a@/ar ex., whilst cornifoliella is larger
Y%, Isabella a little larger still, and Viticordifoliclla is scant 4%. But it
differs still more decidedly by having an almost lunate, rather large snow-
white streak extending along the base of the dorsal ciliae nearly to the
apex.

The distinctions between the described American species are as
follows: The fascia and dorsal spot in zsabe//a are wider than in corni-
foliella. Tsabella has the palpi white and the anterior feet yellowish, with
brown annulations. Dr. Clemens is in error when he says that it is without
violet and greenish reflections ; I find it shows them about as in cori-
foliella. Inall the species I should call the fascia silvery rather than
golden, though it certainly is tinged with golden. J/sadc//a has the antennz
brown, with faint purplish reflections in some lights; the basal joint is
pale ochreous yellow, but the terminal joint is of the general hue. In
cornifoliella the stalk appears a little darker, and the terminal joint is
white. The head in zsabel/a can scarcely be said to be golden, as Dr.
Clemens describes it, but has metallic hues; it appears to be like the
fascia, silvery tinged with golden, though in some lights it appears to be
brown. I have not been able to detect any appreciable differences
between the fore feet of these two species. The face of cornifoliella is
more decidedly brown and less metallic than that of zsaded/a, and the
palpi are somewhat darker.

The most striking differences are in the size and form of the fascia.
Viticordifoliclla differs from both ¢sabella and cornifoliella in the fascia,
which, however, resembles that of zsade//a, except that it is narrower on
the costa. The costal and dorsal white spots in wéticordifoliella are much
more nearly regular triangles than in the other two species, in which they
approach the trapezoidal form, and the costal spot is relatively smaller
than the dorsal and a little further back, but the most striking difference
is that the wings of witicordifolid/a are more of a dead brown hue, the
violet and bronzy green reflections being much less distinct. Its anterior
tarsi are silvery white, and the head and palpi silvery tinged with
yellowish. Avmpelopsiella has the palpiwhite ; face and head silvery, the
face with a blue tinge ; antenne dark purple brown, with the tip white ;
fascia much as in cornifoliella; costal and dorsal spots rather as in vif7-
cordifoliella, but its most distinguishing mark is the curved white spot or
streak along the dorsal ciliz.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF ONTARIO.

The annual meeting of the above society was held (by the kind
permission of the Provost) in the library of Trinity College, Toronto, on
‘the 23rd of September, at 3:30,p.m. The report of the Secretary-
Treasurer was presented, showing a slight increase of membership and a
satisfactory condition of the finances, after which the President read his
annual address, which was, by request of those present, kindly placed at
the disposal of the Printing Committee for publication.

The following officers were then elected :-—

President, Rev'd C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., Port Hope ; Vice-President,
R. V. Rogers, Kingston ; Secretary-Treasurer, J. H. McMechan, London ;
Council—E. Baynes Reed, W. Saunders, Rev'd G. M. Innes, J. M.
Denton, London ; G. J. Bowles. Montreal. Editor of ENromo ocist,
W. Saunders. Editing Committee—Rev'd C. J. S. Bethune, M. A.; E.
Baynes Reed; J.G. Bowles. Library Committee—W. Saunders, E.
Baynes Reed, J. H. McMechan. Auditors—Chas. Chapman and J. H.
Griffiths, London.

CORRESPONDENCE.

BRIEF NOTICE OF MR. STRECKER’S LAST ISSUE (No. IO.)

The number bears the date of May, but its issue is certainly later,
-copies having been sent to subscribers in August; its exact date is
therefore uncertain. It contains brief descriptions of some supposed
new species of moths, besides its curious account of North American
Lyceene, and pretty plate. The description of AZacroglossa fumosa is in
so far objectionable as Mr. Strecker is ignorant that all the allied species
have, on emerging from the pupa, a light clothing of scales on the pellucid
portion of the wings (see Ann. N. Y. Lyc., Vol. 8, and Lintner’s N. Y.
State Reports) which is easily brushed off.

Sphinx eremitoides is very probably S. Zugens Walk.

Catocala magdalena is C. illecta Walk. (my No. 37).

Catocala aspasia is apparently C. Arizona, the description, so far as it
goes, corresponding, with allowances for Mr. Strecker’s “ scarlet” hind
wings. A. R. GROTE.

200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PuRCHASE OF INSEcTs.—It often happens that an Entomologist is at

a loss to procure specimens of certain rare species that he desires for

purposes of study or to complete a series in his cabinet; he has seen
them, perhaps, in the collection of a friend, or read of them in some
publication, but is unable to obtain them for himself: We are glad to
find that a provision has been made for such cases by the establishment
of the “ Philadelphia Agency” for the sale of specimens of insects; it
is under the management of Mr. J. H. Ridings (518 South 13th Street,)
and is evidently in close connection with the American Entomological

Society. The Agency not only sells to purchasers, issuing price-lists of
J 8 Yi y Ss |

species from time to time,-but also receives and disposes of collections
from individuals upon commission. The names, moreover, of all insects
sold by the Agency are guaranteed to be correct. We would recommend
any of our friends who desire to procure rare and beautiful specimens, to
send to the Agency for a price-list.

BOOKS RECHT V ED.

On the Noctuidz of North America, by Aug. R. Grote; from the 6th Report of the Peabody Academy
of Science, Salem, Mass., 1874, pp. 18.

Descriptions of New North American Phalnidz and Phyllopoda, by A. 8. Packard, jr., ibid, pp. 19-

On the Transfor mations of the Common House Fly, with notes on allied forms, by A, 8. Packard, jr.
M. D. ; from Proc Boston Soc. Nat, Hist., Feb., 1874, pp. 16, one plate,

Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Nat. Sciences, Vol, ii, Nos. 1, 2 and 3.

Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xvi, part iii, Jan. & Feb,, nate iv, Feb. to
April, 1874.

Report of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, June to October.
Proceedings of the Convention of the American Association of Breeders of Short Horns.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, October—December, 1873, and Jan.,
Feb. and March, 1874.

Report of the Council of the Agricultural and Arts Association of Ontario for 1873; Prize List of do
for 1874,

Additions to the Library of the Linnaean Society, London, Eng., pp. 25. |

The Observer of Nature, Lawrence, Kansas, vol. i, Nos, 1 and 2.

Entomology in Missouri, by Prof, C. V. Riley, from the American Naturalist, March and April, 1874,
pp. 10.

The Zoologist and Newman’s Entomologist, May to September ; from Mr. Reeks,
Science Gossip to September,

Nature to Oct. 1,

The Horticulturist, N. Y., to Aug.

The American Agriculturist to July,

The Prairie Farmer, Chicago,

The Canada Farmer, 'voronto, to July 15,
The Maine Farmer, Augusta, Me.

The Journal of Education, Toronto, to July.
The Indiana Farmer, Indianapolis,

Le Naturaliste Canadien, Quebec, to July,
Journal of Education to Sept., 1874.

Che Canadian Entomologist,

VOL. VI. LONDON, ONT., NOVEMBER, 1874. No. 11

ON ENTOMOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE.

BY JOHN L. LECONTE, M. D., PHILADELPHIA.

Part I—On the Law of Priority.
Im Ganzen—haltet euch an Worte ! GoETHE.*

The discussions upon the subject of nomenclature in Zoology, and
especially in the department of Entomology, have recently become very
perplexing to American students. Many who have been unable
either by want of time or lack of opportunity, to consult old works, which
are to be found in but few libraries, are called upon suddenly to decide
for themselves, whether they will or will not adopt changes in the names
of some of the most familiar and best known objects.

To all such I have but two words of advice : Resist innovation, unless
the innovator presents to you the reasons for his proposed change, with
such force as to convince your judgment. Disregard the Mephistophelean
counsel, in the motto above cited. Use the words only to acquire and
convey accurately your knowledge of ‘Azngs ; but never believe that the
word is superior to the thing which it represents. Thus will you avoid
scholasticism, one of the great abysses of thought into which the seeker
after truth is liable to fall.

With a view to guide the thoughts of those of my readers who have
paid heretofore but little attention to this very troublesome subject, in
such manner that they may be able to form independent opinions, I have
endeavored in this essay to place briefly before them the canons upon
which all action in regard to nomenclature are at the present time
supposed to be based. And to these canons I have appended short

* On words let your attention centre. B. Taylor’s Faust, i, i10.

202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

commentaries on the method in which I think they should be executed,

in order that we may arrive at permanent and unchangeable results. |

These canons, as I would express them, are as follows :

1. The binominal system of nomenclature is the only one to be
recognized: one word for the genus, and another for the species, to
indicate each object.

2. Linnzeus was the author of the binominal system.

a
science make it practicable.

This law renders inviolable the name of every species which has been
properly published, and the name of every genus properly defined and
exemplilied by one or more species.

4. The great number of the organic beings subjected to study
has made it necessary,in order to avoid confusion,to increase the binominal
name by adding the authority upon which the name either in whole or
part rests.

5. In the formation of new names, reference is to be had to classical
construction and to the ordinary proprieties of social intercourse.

Since the binominal system is of modern invention, being indeed
scarcely more than a century old, and was only gradually introduced even
by its author, it is obvious that none of these fundamental canons existed
in the minds of the founders of Zoology, and that the appreciation of the
necessity of such ordinances has become apparent only in consequence
of the confusion occasioned by their non-existence.

The old codes of rules, Philosophia Botanica of Linnzeus, and its

imitation, Philosophia Entomologica of Fabricius, do not cover many of

the most perplexing cases which have since arisen under these four rules,
although, if acted on in good faith, they would have prevented mach of
the confusion since produced.

Concerning the two old codes I have at present nothing to say, the
exhaustive commentary on the rules of Linnzus in the introduction
to the Nomenclator Zoologicus of Agassiz, leaving, in fact, nothing to be
desired.

It is therefore apparent that in applying the four canons, their influence
must, like all retro-active laws, commence at certain arbitrary periods, to
be determined, not by the judgment of individual investigators, but by

3. The law of priority must be adhered to, so far as the interests of

i a a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203

the same authority which fixes the principles themselves, that is: the
common consent, expressed in a more or less formal manner, of the
majority of those engaged in systematic study relating to the improvement
of classification.

Now, the rst and 2nd canons have been already put in execution by
the rule adopted by the British Association, and reaffirmed by the
Association of American Naturalists and Geologists, as follows :

“Rule II[. The Committee are of opinion, after much deliberation,
that the XIIth edition of the Systema Nature is that to which the limit
of time should apply, viz., 1766.”

This rule was adopted after much discussion regarding the respective
claims of the roth and the r2th edition to be considered as the basis of
the system, and I think for wise and sufficient reasons. However that
may be, there is no room now for individual difference of action ; it isa
law, and must be obeyed by all good citizens in the Republic of Science,
until modified or abrogated by an authority equal to that which
enacted it.

The third canon respecting the law of priority is also formulated in
several rules of the British and American code, but in such manner as to
render its application somewhat difficult. The following considerations
seem to me of sufficient importance to require a definite decision, when
the next opportunity occurs for formal action.

1. Itis obvious, on an examination of the works of the earlier
authors in Entomology, that they did not attach the same value to the
fixity of nomenclature that circumstanees have since rendered necessary.
Linnzus changed apparently without cause several of the specific names
from the roth to the 12th edition. Previous to that time, he used the
generic names in different senses, in different editions, without any
explanations. Geoffroy described genera without reference to genera
previously established by Linnzeus. Fabricius did the same with regard
to Geoffroy, and alsoin some instances changed his genera from 1775 to
1787, without reason, or even reference to the earlier name.

It is not until we come to Olivier that we find in Entomology the law
of priority appearing ; and not then as a matter of principle, so much as
a courtesy due to the earlier describer.

I would therefore respectfully submit, 1st, that a rigorous application of

the law of priority to those authors who did not act in accordance with it,
will lead to much confusion; and it would probably be better, in all

204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

doubtful cases, to restrict its operation to the time since the commencement
of Olivier’s part of the Encyclopedie Methodique, and to accept his
decision as final on all cases up to that time, in the same way that the
12th edition of Linnzeus is accepted as final on the question of binominal
nomenclature.

2. If the authors anterior to the 12th edition are ruled out because
of the imperfection of the binominal method up to that time, it would
surely be consistent to exclude those after that time who failed to recog-
nize its necessity. Species cannot, of course, be cited from them, for they
gave no specific names ; but I will go farther, and say that genera ought
not to be attributed to them, except so far as to quote them in synonymy
for their generic ideas, which were brought into harmony with the system
of nomenclature by subsequent authors. They will live in the literature
of the science in synonymy, but they have taken no part in the formation
of the names of the objects, by which alone we know them and can
speak of them, and therefore should not appear as authorities.

The proper application of the fourth canon is attended with still
greater difficulty, and I fear that the two sets of opinions regarding the
authority to be placed after the binominal name are absolutely irrecon-
cilable. The arguments in favor of the original describer of the species
on the one hand, and of the author of the binominal combination
adopted on the other hand, are equally strong, perhaps, as regards the
convenience of science, and each side has been argued with the utmost
ability. I have therefore nothing to say on the subject in the way of
argument, and suspect that for some time it must be left to the discretion
of each student to decide under which system he can work best.
Practically I do not regard it as a matter of any consequence, if each
person will dzstinctly declare in his work which system he uses. The
number of instances in which any confusion can result are few, and the
synonymy in catalogues which are always at hand will at once resolve the
doubt.

I may be permitted to observe, however, that clearer views of the
respective merits of the two methods would prevail, and possibly even
some harmonious result more speedily be obtained, if the arguments
involved less discussion of purely personal interests. It would seem from
some expressions of opinion I have seen, but which I forbear to refer to
more definitely, that there are those that believe that one main object of
descriptive natural history is to give the authors a sort of proprietary

ad

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205

interest in the species to which they affix names. The two methods of
reference to authors would lead, therefore, on the one hand, to hasty and
vague descriptions of species, on the other to arbitrary and unnecessary
changes in genera. Such ideas are really aspersions on the motives of
the great professors of unremunerative labor, upon whom science chiefly
depends for her advancement. The good and true laborers are many ;
the small and mean minds, who feel honored at being quoted even in
synonymy, are few. _I think, therefore, that the harm to be done by
adhering to either of the two methods is greatly exaggerated.

I would prefer to believe that the somewhat passionate line of argu-
ment occasionally indulged in, arises rather from a mental fault which is
too common in this age, which prevails in all classes and in all pursuits
—the undue importance given to the claiming of supposed rights, over
the performance of fixed and definite duties. Of clamor for rights, even
in countries where there is no cppressing class, we hear a great deal; of
appeals for the rigid keeping of obligations we hear very little.

It is the privilege, with the facilities for publication now afforded by
learned societies, of every careful observer of nature to contribute valuable
material for the progress of the branch of science which he is capable of
cultivating. // 7s Ais duty to put his contributions to knowledge in such
a form as to be most easily available to his brothers in science. Whether
his name remains connected permanently with his observation or not is a
matter of small importance; he has done his duty in increasing the
power of work of his colleagues.

In this connection I would observe that it is only in descriptive
Natural History, the lowest and most routine work that a man of science
has to perform, that any association of names with results is possible. In
all other and higher departments of knowledge, such as Newton with
gravitation, Young with light, Franklin with atmospheric electricity,
Faraday, Henry, Arago, Ampere and Jacobi with dynamical electricity,
Agassiz with glacial action; or, to exemplify from our own departments,
Linnzus, Jussieu, Cuvier and Geoffroy, all these men are historically eminent
for their labors, far more than for attaching their names to the objects of their
study. With suchexamples of high and honest effort,to be imitated byus in
proportion to our respective abilities, it is surely an ignoble ambition, and
certainly an uncommon one, that would aim at distinction by having the
name printed in association with a weed, or a bug, or a bone.

The multitude of new objects is the great curse of Natural History
at the present time. When they are nearly all described and named, so

206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

that they may be recognized, a period of more rapid and healthy progress
willcommence. ‘The attention of the lovers of nature will then be free
to observe the habits and to study more minutely the structure of the
different species. Classification and economic science will advance
together to the perfection which will reward the future students.

One more subject remains to be treated, and I have done. It is one
that I approach with hesitation, and even with pain. The recom-
mendations contained in the British American Code, for the future
guidance of naturalists in respect to nomenclature, are carefully drawn,and
if faithfully and prudently regarded, would leave nothing to be desired.

Unfortunately, under the influence of personal peculiarities, the excite-
ment of political struggles, or the uncongeniality of religious associations,
the contributors to scientific literature are sometimes led to forget the laws
of good breeding, which are binding upon all civilized men, and should
be particularly so upon those addicted to so ncble a pursuit as the study
of nature.

Under these exaltations of brain, names are sometimes proposed
which are offensive* in the highest degree. It is useless to reason with
such persons on the impropriety of their conduct, or the irrelevancy of
proclaiming opinions which have no place in science, for their minds are
occluded against all such appeals to their better nature. What shall be
done with such names? It is a question which concerns not only the
systematist, but every collector, every writer, indeed, who may have
occasion to use-an illustration fiom Natural History. I therefore invite
the fullest and most democratic expression of opinion.

INSECTS AND FLoweErs.—lI have observed this spring that the bees
extract honey from the flowers of the [Visteria by drilling a hole through
the calyx. I have seen the big bumble-bees drilling the holes, and the
honey-bees making use of these holes. Whether the latter have strength
to bore the holes I am not sure; but it is curious that they should not
treat the honeysuckle in the same way. It would be easier to pierce the
corolla of that flower than the tough calyx of Wisteria, and it would yield
a more abundant supply of nectar. No doubt there is some reason why
they do not, and perhaps you can inform me what it is.—C. 7! zn Science

Gossip.

* [The author here evidently alludes to such names as Pleocoma Staff, Eudae-
monia Jehovah and others of the same nature. |

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207

ON THE INSECTS MORE PARTICULARLY ASSOCIATED
WITH SARRACENIA VARIOLARIS (Spotted Trumpet-Leaf.)*

BY CHAS. V. RILEY, ST. LOUIS, MO.

The insect-catching powers of those curious plants, the Fly-traps
(Dionea), the Sun-dews (Drosera) and the Trumpet-leaves (Sarracenia)
have always attracted the attention of the curious, but renewed interest
has been awakened in them by virtue of the interesting experiments and
observations on their structure, habit and function, that have lately been
recorded, and especially by the summing up of these observations in some
charming papers by Prof. Asa Gray, which recently appeared in Zhe
Nation and The New York Tribune, under the title of “ Insectivorous
Plants.”

Through the courtesy of Dr. J. H. Mellichamp, of Bluffton, and of
H. W. Ravenel, of Aiken, S. C., who have sent me abundant material, I
am able to submit the following notes of an entomojogical bearing, on
the Spotted Trumpet-leaf (Sarracenia variolaris), which must henceforth
rank with the plants of the other genera mentioned as a consummate
insect catcher and devourer.

The leaf of Sarracenia is, briefly, a trumpet-shaped tube, with an
arched lid, covering, more or less completely, the mouth. The inner
surface, from the mouth to about midway down the funnel, is covered
with a compact, decurved pubescence, which is perfectly smooth and
velvety to the touch, especially as the finger passes downward. From
midway it is beset with retrorse bristles, which gradually increase in size
till within a short distance of the bottom, where they suddenly cease, and
the surface is smooth. There are also similar bristles under the lid.
Running up the front of the trumpet is a broad wing with a hardened or
ventral side border, parting at the top and extending around the rim.
Along this border, as Dr. Mellichamp discovered, but especially for a
short distance inside the mouth, and less conspicuously inside the lid,
there exude drops of a sweetened, viscid fluid, which, as the leaf matures,
is replaced by a white, papery, tasteless, or but slightly sweetened sedi-
ment or efflorescence ; while at the smooth bottom of the pitcher is
secreted a limpid fluid possessing toxic or inebriating qualities.

* Read before the American Assuciation for the Advancement of Science, at
the late meeting at Hartford.

208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The insects which meet their death in this fluid are numerous and of
all orders. Ants are the principal victims, and the acidulous properties
which their decomposing bodies give to the liquid doubtless render it all
the more potent as a solvent. Scarcely any other Hymenoptera are found
in the rotting mass, and it is an interesting fact that Dr. Mellichamp
never found the little nectar-loving bee or other Mellifera about the
plants. On one occasion only have I found in the pitcher the recogniz-
able remains of a Bombus, and on one occasion only has he found the
honey-bee captured. Species belonging to all the other orders are
captured, and among the larger species that I have most commonly met
with, which, from the toughness of their chitinous integument, resist
disorganization and remain recognizable, may be mentioned Asaphes
memnonius and LHuryomia melancholica among Coleoptera, Pentatoma
lugens and Orsilochus variabilts, var. complicatus among Heteroptera ; while
katydids, locusts, crickets, cockroaches, flies, moths, and even butterflies,
and some Arachidna and Myriapoda, in a more or less irrecognizable
condition, frequently help to swell the unsavory mass.

But while these insects are decoyed and macerated in order, as we
may naturally infer, to help support the destroyer, there are, nevertheless,
two species which are proof against its siren influences and which, im
turn, oblige it either directly or indirectly to support them.

The first is Xanthoptera semicrocea Guen., a little glossy moth, which
may be popularly called the Sarracenia moth. ‘It is strikingly marked

Fig. 25. with gray-black and straw-yellow, the colors
being sharply separated across the shoulders
and the middle of the front wings. This
little moth walks with perfect impunity over
the inner surface of the pitcher, which proves
so treacherous to so many other insects. It
is frequently found in pairs within the
pitchers soon after these open, in the early
part of the season or about the end of
April. The female lays her eggs singly, near

the mouth of the pitcher, and the young

XANTHOPTERA SEMICROCKA, —a, - .
enlarged, the natural size, indicate a larva, from the moment of hatching, spins
OM deep Maclin pam form, for itself a carpet of silk, and very soon
with wings closed, closes up the mouth by drawing the rims
together and covering them with a delicate, gossamer-like web, which
effectually debars all small outside intruders. It then frets the leaf

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209

within, commencing under the hood and feeding downward on the cellular
tissue, leaving only the epidermis. As it proceeds, the lower part of the
pitcher above the putrescent insect collection becomes packed with
ochreous excrementitious droppings, and by the time the worm has
attained its full size the pitcher above these droppings generally collapses.
This worm, when full grown, is beautifully banded transversely with
white and purple or lake red, which Dr. Mellichamp poetically likens in
brightness to the Tyrian dye. It is furthermore characterized by rows of
tubercles, which are especially prominent on the four larger legless joints.
It is a half looper, having but six prolegs, and keeps up, in travelling, a
constant, restless, wavering motion of the head and thoracic joints,
recalling paralysis agitans. The chrysalis is formed in a very slight
cocoon, usually just above or within the packed excrement. ‘The species,
kindly determined by Mr. A. R. Grote, was many years ago figured by
Abbot, who found it feeding on Sarracenia variolaris, in Georgia. Guenée’s
descriptions were made from these figures, for which reason I have made
some descriptive notes from the living material.* The species feeds alike
on S. variolaris and S. flava, and there are at least two broods each
year, the first brood of larve being found during the early part of May,
the second toward the end of June, and disappearing with the dying of
the leaves.

The second species is a still more invariable living accompaniment of
both kinds of Sarracenia mentioned. By the time the whitish efflorescence
shows around the mouth of the
pitcher, the moist and macerated
insect remains at the bottom will be
found to almost invariably contain
a single whitish, legless grub or
“gentle,” about as large round as
a goosequill, tapering to the retrac-
tile head, which is furnished with g.o.ooy Oe eee
two curved, black, sharp hooks, ce, fly, the hair lines showing average natural

lengths ; d,enlarged head and first joint of larva,

ay . showing curved hooks, lower lip (g), and pro-
truncated and concave at the PT thoracic spiracle ; e, end of body of same, show-

i 3 ing stigmata (7) and prolegs and vent ; A, tarsal
terior end of the body claws of fly with protecting pads ; 7, antenna of
" same. All enlarged.
This worm riots in the putrid insect remains, and when fed upon them

to repletion, bores through the leaf just above the petiole and burrows

* These will be found in the Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science.

210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

into the ground. Here it contracts to the pupa state, and in a few days
issues as a large two-winged fly, which I have described (/oc. cit.) as
Sarcophaga sarracenie—the Sarracenia Flesh-fly.

The immense prolificacy of the flesh-flies, and the fact that the young
are hatched in the ovaries of the parent before they are deposited by her
on tainted meat and other decomposing or strong-smelling substances,
have long been known to entomologists, as has also the rapid develop-
ment of the species. The viviparous habit among the Muscide is far
more common than is generally supposed, and I have even known it to
occur with the common house-fly, which normally lays eggs. It is also
possessed by some (Estridz, as I have shown in treating of Estrus ovis,
the Sheep Bot-fly,* ,

But the propensity of the larve for killing one another, and their
ability to adapt themselves to different conditions of food supply are not
sufficiently appreciated. I have long since known, from extensive rearing
of parasitic Tachinidz, that when, as is often the case, a half dozen or
more eggs are fastened to some caterpillar victim only large enough to
nourish one to maturity, that they all hatch and commence upon their
common prey, but that the weaker eventually succumb to the strongest
and oldest one, which finds the juices of his less fortunate brethren as
much to his taste as those of the victimized caterpillar. Or, again, that
where the food supply is limited in quantity, as it often is and must be
with insects whose larve are parasitic or sarcophagus, such larvae have a
far greater power of adapting themselves to the conditions in which they
find themselves placed, than have herbivorous species under like circum-
stances.

Both these characteristics are strongly illustrated in Sarcophaga
sarracenie. Several larvae, and often upward of a dozen, are generally
dropped by the parent fly within the pitcher ; yet a fratricidal warfare is
waged until usually but one matures, even where there appears macerated
food enough for several. And if the Xanthoptera larva closes up the
mouth of the pitcher ere a sufficient supply of insects have been captured
to properly nourish it, this Sarcophaga larva will nevertheless undergo its
transformations, though it sometimes has not strength enough to bore its
way out, and the diminutive fly escapes from the puparium, only to find
itself a prisoner unless deliverance comes in the rupture or perforation of
the pitcher by the moth larva or by other means. _ This rupturing of the

L —

* Ist Mo., Ent. Rep., p. 165.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 211

pitcher does not unfrequently take place, for Dr. Mellichamp writes under
date of June 27, as follows: ‘ Most old leaves now examined—I might
almost say all-—instead of being bored, seem ripped or torn, as if by
violence, apparently from without. You see occasionally shreds of the
leaf hanging. Surely the legless larva of Sarcophaga cannot do this !
What then—toads, or frogs, or crawfish abounding in these moist, pine
lands? or rather is not the fat maggot the occasion of the visits of the
quail, which lately I have observed here?”

These two insects are the only species of any size that can invade the

death-dealing trap with impunity while the leaf is in full vigor, and the
only other species which seem at home in the leaf are a minute pale mite
belonging apparently to /olothyrus in the Gamasidz, and which may
quite commonly be found crawling within the pitcher; and a small Lepi-
dopterous leaf-miner, which I have not succeeded in rearing. There
must, however, be a fifth species, which effectually braves the dangers of
the bottom of the pit, for the pupa of Sarcophaga is sometimes crowded
with a little Chalcid parasite, the parent of which must have sought her
victim while it was rioting there as larva.

No other insect, so far as we now know, can crawl up the slippery
belt, but tumble into the tube and there meet their death.

Certain questions very naturally present themselves here: First,
What gives the flesh-fly more secure foothold on the slippery pubescence
than the common house-fly exhibits? Second, What enables the larva
of the flesh-fly to withstand the solvent property of the fluid which
destroys so many other insects? ‘Third, What gives the Sarracenia moth
and its larva similar security? I can only offer, in answer, the following
suggestions: The last joint of the tarsus of the common house-fly has
two movable, sharp-pointed claws, and a pair of pads or “ pulvilli.” These
pads were formerly supposed to operate as suckers, and all sorts of
sensational accounts of this wonderful sucker have been given by popular
writers, who forgot that there are any number of minute insects having no
such tarsal apparatus, which are equally indifferent to the laws of gravita-
tion so far as walking on smooth, upright surfaces, or on the ceiling, is
concerned. In reality, these pads are thickly beset on the lower surface
with short hairs, most of which terminate in a minute expansion kept
continually moist by an exuding fluid—a sort of perspiration. Take the
soft human hand, moistened by perspiration or other means, and draw it,
with slight pressure, first over a piece of glass or other highly-polished
surface, and then over something that has a rougher surface, such as a

212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

planed board, a papered wall, or a velvety fabric, and you will experience:
much greater adhesion to the smoother objects, and may understand the:
important part which these moist pads play in the locomotion of the fly.
They also act, in part, like the cushions of a cat’s paw in protecting and
preventing abrasion of the claws, which are very useful on the rougher
surfaces, where the pads are less serviceable.

Now, compared with Musca domestica, the claws of Sarcophaga sarra-
cenie are much the longest and strongest, and the pads much the largest,
presenting three or four times the surface. These differences are, I think,
sufficient to explain the fact that while the common fly walks with
slippery and unsteady gait on the smooth pubescence (the retrorse nature
of this pubescence sufficiently explaining the downward tendency of the
movement), its sarcophagus congener manages to get a more secure
footing ; for not only does the latter present a larger adhesive surface, but
the longer claws are more likely to reach beyond the pubescence and the
bristles, and fasten to the cellular tissue of the leaf beyond. Moreover,.
Sarcophaga is more thickly beset with stiff, spinous bristles than Musca,.
and Dr. Mellichamp says that when disturbed it buzzes violently about,
just as if an animated sheep-bur had fallen into the tube—not apt to go
down, because it will hitch and stick, and finaily, by main force, it
generally emerges, but once in a while also succumbs.

In answer to the second question I can only say that there is nothing
exceptional in the power of the larva to withstand the solvent quality of
the fluid ; it is, on the contrary, in accordance with the facts known of
many species of Muscide and (Estridz, some of which, like the well-known
horse bot, revel in a bath of chyme, while others are at ease in the
intestinal heat of other warm-blooded animals. It is also well known that
they will often live for hours in strong liquids, such as alcohol and tur--
pentine.

In answer to the third question, the meth is doubtless assisted im
walking within the tube by the spines and spurs on the legs, which it, in
common with most other moths, possesses—the tarsi in Xanthoptera
being armed with spines, and the spurs being quite long, and_ in isemicrocea
usually shod at tip with a corneous point. Its larva overcomes the
treacherous surface by either carpeting it with silk or destroying it.

CONCLUSION,

To one accustomed to seek the why and wherefore of things, the
inquiry very naturally arises as to whether Xanthoptera and Sarcophaga

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 213

play any necessary or important role in the economy of Sarracenia.
‘Speaking of the Sarcophaga larva, Mr. Ravenel asks, ‘‘ May he not do
some service to Sarracenia as Pronuba does to Yucca?” And if so, may
not all this structure for the destruction of insects be primarily for his
benefit? Can he be merely an intruder, sharing the store of provision
which the plant, by ingenious contrivance, has secured for itself, or is hea
welcome inmate and profitable tenant? Self-fertilization does not take
place in Sarracenia, and the possibility that the bristly flesh-fly aids in the
important act of pollination, lends interest to the facts. No one has
witnessed with greater pleasure than myself the impulse which Darwin
has of late years given to such inquiries ; but we should be cautious lest
the speculative spirit impair our judgments or ability to read the simple
lesson of the facts. My own conclusions summed up are :

First: There is no reason to doubt, but every reason to believe, since
the observations of Dr. Mellichamp, that Sarracenia is a truly insectivorous
plant, and that by its secretions and structure it is eminently fitted to
capture its prey.

Second: That those insects most easily digested (if I may use the
term), and most useful to the plant, are principally ants and small flies,
which are lured to their graves by the honeyed path, and that most of the
larger insects, which are not attracted by sweets, get in by accident and
fall victims to the peculiar mechanical structure of the leaf.

Third: ‘Yhat the only benefit to the plant‘is from the liquid manure
resulting from the putrescent captured insects.

[Mr. Ravenel, in making a transverse section near the base of the
young leaf, noticed large tubular cells passing down through the petiole
into the root, and much of the liquid manure may possibly pass through
these into the root stalk. ]

fourth: That Sarcophaga is a mere intruder, the larva sponging on
and sharing the food obtained by the plant, and the fly attracted thither
by the strong odor, as it is to all putrescent animal matter or to other
plants, like Stafelia variegata, which give forth a similar odor. ‘There is
nothing to prove that it has anything to do with pollination, and the only
insect that Dr. Mellichamp has observed about the flowers with any
frequency, isa Cetonid beetle—the Zuryomia melancholica, which, with
other species of its genus, is commonly found on many different flowers.

fifth: That Xanthoptera has no other connection with the plant than
that of a destroyer, though its greatest injury is done after the leaf has

214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

performed its most important functions. | Almost every plant has its
peculiar insect enemy, and Sarracenia, with all its dangers to insect life
generally, is no exception to the rule.

Sexth: That neither the moth nor the fly have any structure peculiar
to them that enables them to brave the dangers of the plant, beyond
what many other allied species possess.

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE NOCTUID& OF
CALIFORNIA.

Parl ie

BY AUG. R. GROTE,

Curator of Articulata, Buffalo Soc. of Natural Sciences.

Io. Agrotis Cochraniti Riley. (See ante p. 155).

The specimens are hardly to be distinguished from Eastern material ;
they are perhaps a little larger, and of a little different tone of color. My
determination of this species as Zycarum H.-S., based on a figure, is
probably incorrect. It seems possible that Harris has described A.
Cochranii under the name messoria, which should then be retained. More
material of A. fuscigerus (ante No. 15) shows that this is a good but
variable species, both in size and color. ‘There is always a uniformity in
the disposition of the ground tint over the primaries above, and usually
the broad inner lunulations of the t. p. line and the median shade are
characteristic. | Some specimens have the hind wings of a pale yellowish
testaceous, with double subterminal shade lines visible.

79. Dianthoecia niveiguttata (Grote). (Ante p. 156.)

In my $ specimen the ovipositor is apparently broken off.

28. <Agrotis alternata Grote.

Mendocino, Mr. Behrens, June. Nos. 4 and 164. The California
specimens vary in distinctness of the markings on the forewings as well
as in the general color. One has the primaries entirely plain and uni-
colorus. [I do not think there are grounds for suspecting a different
species.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 215

29. Agrotis innotabilis Grote, Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., 1874.
Sauzalito, Mr. Behrens, August.
g0. Dianthoecia pensilis Grote, Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., 1874.

Sauzalito, Mr. Behrens, Aug., Sept. 11th, Nov., both sexes. Nos. 181
and 183, 123, 147. The specimens are less brightly gray than those
from Victoria. The male has the primaries more uniformly broken up
with reddish. The white shade above internal angle is indicated by the
pallor of an angulation of the subterminal line.

31. Hadena arctica (Boisd.), Bull. B. S. N.S., 1, p. 42.
Sierra Nevada, Hy. Edwards, Esq., No. 3513.

32. Hadena Bridghami (G. & BR.) 1. c. p. 142.

Sierra Nevada, Hy. Edwards, Esq., No. 3510.

33. Hadena devastator (Brace.)

California, Hy. Edwards, Esq. Mr. Behrens, No. 193.

34. Hadena lateritia (Hubn.) This is &. dubitans Walk., of my ‘ List.
Sierra Nevada, Hy. Edwards, Esq., No. 3512.

35. Hadena genialis Grote, List N. Am. Noct., p. 66.

California, Mr. Behrens, Nos. 7 and 64.

36. Hadena castanea Grote, Bull. B. SN. 5.5125 p> £50-
California, Mr. Behrens, No. ro (red label).

37. Hadena albina Grote, |. c. p. 157. >
California, Mr. Behrens ; Sauzalito, May 15th, No. 78.

38. Hadena curvata Grote, |. c. p. 157.
California, Mr. Behrens, Nos. 70 and 99.

39. Hadena divesta Grote.

A moderate, slender bodied species, resembling somewhat in its colors
Dianthoecia pensilis. Eyes naked; abdomen strongly tufted dorsally.
Fore wings dark gray, with the basal field shaded with carneous ochrey ;
a patch above the submedian dash and extending between the spots, and
the subterminal line shaded with the same color. There is a narrow black
basal ray. Ordinary spots large and wide, concolorus, the blackish median
shade marked on costal region between them. Median space wide, owing

216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

to the outward removal of the t. p. line; the latter somewhat as in Z.
curvata, but much more removed beyond the reniform. T. p. line
angulated opposite the cell, geminate, even in its course, its inner line
forming a regular series of slight lunulations; the filling in of the line
becomes white inferiorly. Subterminal line preceded medially by cunei-
form black marks. Hind wings fuscous, darker outwardly, with a
transverse shade line without the middle. Beneath fuscous, with even
common line and discal spots.

Expanse 32m. m. Sauzalito, Aug. 12th, Mr. James Behrens, No. 145.

40. Hadena marina Grote, List N. Am. Noct., p. 67.
California, Mr. Behrens, No. 68.

41. Hadena flava Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 5.
Victoria, Mr. Crotch ; Colorado, Mr. Mead.
42. Morrisonia peracuta Morr., Bull. B.S. N.S., 2, p. 114.

California ?

43. Eupsephopacctes procinctus Grote, Bull. B.S. N.S., 1, p. 138, pl.
4, fig. 6.
California, Hy. Edwards, Esq., No. 73; Mr. Behrens.

44. Hydroecia nictitans var. erythrostigma (Haw.)
California, Mr. Behrens, July 30th, No. 165.

45. Ochria sauzalite Grote.

Sauzalito, September 17th, Mr. Behrens, No. 161 ; Hy. Edwards, Esq.
No: r35.

This species has a distinct clypeal tubercle, and is therefore congeneric
with the European flavago. It belongs to Gortyna of Lederer, but not
of Hubner, whose genus is equivalent to Aydrecia “B” of Lederer,
For the European flavago, I have shown that Ochria Hubn. must be
retained. I have separated Wydrecia ‘‘ A.” of Lederer under Guenée’s
name, butI am of opinion that for this genus, of which the type is
nictitans, the term Afamea must be retained. It is not a little singular
that the species which most nearly resembles /favago in America, viz.,
cataphracta Grote, should have no clypeal tubercle, and therefore must be
referred to a different genus. In my “ List” I have erroneously referred
Gortyna purpurifascia, an Eastern species without the tubercle, to Ochria,
which, so far should only contain O. sauzalite. The Cal. species differs,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. rh Oe 6

from G, purpurifascia by the t. p. line being slightly arcuate superiorly.
In size and ornamentation the Californian species rather resembles ruéi/a,
which wants the tubercle.

46. Admetovis oxymorus Grote, Bul. B.S. N.S., 1, p. 133, pl. 4, fig. 5.

Sierra Nevada, Hy. Edwards, Esq., No. 2733.

47. Heliophila pallens |Linn|.

California, Mr. Behrens, No. 1o [red label].

48. Heliophila phragmitidicola |Guenee}.

Sauzalito, Sept. 25th, Mr. Behrens, No. 169.

49. Ufeus plicatus Grote, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 16, p. 241.

California, No. 4414, Hy. Edwards, Esq.

50. Losteropoda hirtipes Grote, List N. Am. Noct., p. 68.

California, Hy. Edwards, Esq., No. 3484.

MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY,
(Continued from page 198.)

AbSPIDISCA.

A. diospyriella. LN. sp.

This species was bred from minute mines in the leaves of Persimmon
trees (Diospyros virginiana ), gathered in great abundance at the ‘‘ Bee
Spring” camp of the Kentucky Geological Survey, in Edmondson
County, a few miles west of the Mammoth Cave. Ihave never met with
it in Northern Kentucky, where the Persimmon tree also grows, but is
comparatively rare.

Head and thorax, and a little more than the basal halt of the primaries
pale leaden gray, with a metallic, almost silvery lustre ; antennae fuscous
above, silvery fuscous below ; just behind the middle of the wing are twe

918 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

silvery streaks, one on the costal and one on the dorsal margin, the latter
a very little before the former, and both strongly dark margined before and
behind, their anterior dark margins meeting just behind the middle of the
wing, where they are somewhat posteriorly angulated. The silvery streaks
are not confluent, being separated by the anterior point of a dark brown
dorsal patch, placed behind the dorsal streak. This dark brown dorsat
patch is common to all species of the genus now known, and in all of
them it forms the posterior margin of dorsal silvery streak, and becomes
confluent with the posterior dark margin of the costal streak also; the
anterior dark margins of both silvery streaks are margined faintly before
with pale golden, much less distinct and covering much less space than
in splendoriferela ; behind the posterior dark margin of the costal streak
isa small golden patch, as in sflendoriferedia, containing a small black
dorsal streak (or, perhaps more correctly, margined by it.) In perfect
fresh specimens of sf/endoriferela the extreme costa in this golden spot is
always more or less streaked longitudinally with dark brown scales ; these
dark brown streaks are absent in this species, and besides, in sp/endoriferella-
the anterior dark margins of the costal and dorsal silvery streaks are not
confluent and posteriorly angulated as in this species, but are separated
by a narrow golden line, which is carried backwards between the silvery
streaks themselves, thus connecting the golden patch before the streaks
with the costal golden spot behind the streaks ; in this species they are
not so connected. Mr. Stainton,in a note on sf/endoriferel/a, in his edition
of the Clemens papers, states that the silvery costal and dorsal streaks
are confluent in that species. I have never found them so, but always
under a good lens I find them separated by the narrow golden line as
above stated. In sflendoriferella the dark brown dorsal spot is separated
from the fan-shaped apical spot by a narrow projection of the costal golden
spot, which extends to a small spot of silvery scales on the dorsal edge
of the apical spot; but in this species this golden projection is only
represented by a small golden spot, which is separated from the costal
golden one by a narrow blackish line, which ‘extends from the brown
dorsal spot to a small silvery spot at the beginning of the fan-shaped
apical spot. As in all the other species, there is also a small silvery spot
on the costal side of the fan-shaped apical brown patch, as well as one
on the dorsal side, and the one at its beginning. The fan-shaped apical
brown patch is traversed across its middle (between the two silvery spots)
by a streak of paler brown, thus dividing it into two velvety black
(rather than brown) spots. As in sf/endoriferelia, there is a narrow brown

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 219

Jine from the apex of the wing to the apex of the ciliae, and as in that
species, the ciliae are yellowish rather than yellowish brown, as Dr.
Clemens describes them. Dr. Clemens’ statement that in splendoriferella
there is a black apical spot, with metallic scales, in its centre, also
seems to me misleading ; there is only the fan-shaped apical black spot
divided across its centre by a paler brown streak, at each end of which is
a minute speck of silvery scales, and there is the third one at the
beginning or handle of the fan-shaped spot—and this is true of all the
species. I have not been able to detect separate from the brown dorsal
patch what Dr. Clemens calls “a blackish brown hinder marginal line in
the ciliae” in splendoriferella, unless by it is meant the brown band which
crosses the fan-shaped spot ;_ but by careful observation with a lens, two
such lines may be found in the dorsal brown patch, darker than the
surrounding portions, but which I have not been able to detect in
diospyriela. The basal portion of the wing is more silvery than in
splendoriferella, and the apical portion is much less golden, so that in this
species the dark brown and silvery hues prevail over the golden, while
Dr. Clemens was perhaps right in calling golden the ground color of the
apical part of the wing in sflendoriferella.

In juglandiella the apical part of the wing is more golden than in
diospyriella, but less so than in splendoriferella. It has, like diospyriella,
the anterior dark margins of the two silvery streaks confluent, and the
silvery streaks are separated in jugandiel/a as just described in diospyriella
But, as in splendoriferelia, the golden costal patch sends off towards the
dorsal ciliae and / the little silver spot which on that side margins the
fan-shaped spot, a short streak which is not cut off from the rest of the
golden patch by a process from the costal brown spot to the fan-shaped
spot, as we have seen is the case with diospyriclla. The case of juglan-
diella, like that of diospyriella, is nearly oval, whilst that of splendoriferella
is rather trapezoidal. But jug/andiella is but little smaller than
splendoriferella, whilst diospyriedla is but little larger than salicifoliella
Some of the points of differ2nce that I have mentioned are only brought
out by the use of the compound microscope.

Considering the near rejiatianship of the food plants (Walnut and
Hickory), it is strange that I have not sooner thought that juelandiella
may be Zucifiuella Clem. It may be, though I have not been able to
recognize it in Dr. Clemens’ description. Indeed, it seems to me that
Zucifiuella and A. clla are nearer to each cther, though I have not been
able to recognize 4. ela in Dr. Clemens’ description of Zucifuella. I

220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

am, however, satisfied that A. e//a must either be /uciffuella or the unknown
species which mines Osfrya leaves. I have bred ella frequently from
cases found adhering to various trees, but I have not been able to breed.
either the Hickory species (/ucijfuella) or the unknown Osérya species.
A. ella must be one of these, because the thoroughness of my search
satisfies me that there are no other mines of this genus to be found in
this region, except those of sAéendoriferella and saliciella, which are
sufficiently distinct, and both of which I have bred. If jug/andiella is
lucifiuella, then ela must be the Ostrya miner. Sflendoriferella is
decidedly the largest species that I have seen, but Dr. Clemens states
that Zuciffuella is a little larger than it. This, however, is probably a
mistake, as the cases that I have seen of /ucifuella are even smaller than
those of splendoriferclla, and very greatly resemble those of A. e//a, while
also the vegetable hairs on the cases of A. e//a appear to be identical
with those on Hickory leaves.

The minute size of diospyricila is one of the strongest reasons for
considering it a distinct species. AZ. ex. sz inch.

MISCELLANEOUS.

DRYOCAMPA RUBICUNDA.—About four or five years ago I found a dead
male specimen of this rare moth under an apple tree in our garden, and
although a good deal rubbed, it was perfectly recognizable. This is, I
am informed, the only instance of this moth having been taken in this
city.—H. H. Lyman, Montreal, P. Q.

Dr. A. S. PackarD, of Salem, Mass., is about to publish his long
projected monograph of Geometrid moths, and designs giving a figure of |
each species. To make the work as complete as possible, specimens of
this family are earnestly desired for study, and will be carefully returned,
or other specimens sent in exchange.

DeaTH OF FRANCIS WaALKER.—We.have just received the sad
intelligence of the death of this distinguished Entomologist, who died at
his residence, Elm Hall, Wanstead, on the 5th of October. A more
extended notice of him will appear in our next.

| Che Canadwn Entomologist.

VOL. VI. LONDON, ONT., DECEMBER, 1874. No. 12

THE LARV4Z OF DEPRESSARIA DUBITELLA AND
GELECHIA RUBENSELLA.

BY MARY E. MURTFELDT, KIRKWOOD, MO.

Being much interested in the Tineidee, Mr. Chambers’ articles on this
family of moths are the first to receive attention as the successive numbers
of your magazine come to hand.

I have had the satisfaction of rearing from their larvae many of the
winged gems described in your pages, among others the two species named
above. Now, as Mr. C. seems to have been in some doubt as to his own
determination of these species, of which he has as yet—as he informs me
—seen only the imagines, it occurs to me that a description of their larval
characteristics might afford some aid in deciding the doubtful points.

The larva of Depressaria (Gelechia) dubitella Cham. is very character-
istic and beautiful. It may be found during the months of July and
August on Ambrosia artemisiefolia, concealed in a fusiform case, which it
constructs by drawing together the pinnatifid divisions of the leaf. I
think it forms but a single case, which at first consists of but two divisions
of the leaf drawn together with silken threads. As it increases in size, its
domicile is enlarged by the incorporation of other lobes of the leaf. It is
always to be found in its case in the daytime, and probably emerges only
at night to feed.

This larva is rather more than half an inch in length, elongate and
slightly flattened. Head horizontal, semi-elliptical, highly polished jet
black. First segment horny, black and polished like the head. Second
segment, anterior half ve/vety black, posterior half ivory white, ornamented
above with five linear black marks, extending longitudinally backward ; the
dorsal and sub-dorsal ones do not reach to the posterior edge of the
segment, while the lateral lines, above the stigmata, do. The remaining
segments are of a translucent white color, varying from pearly to yellowish.
They are marked with three faint, longitudinal, brown lines and with a few

229, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

minute, black, piliferous spots, each of which gives rise to a single, short,
fine hair. Venter of the thoracic segments and thoracic legs black; pro-
legs and under surface of abdominal segments whitish. The change to
pupa usually takes place within the larvalcase. Chrysalis slender, smooth,
bright reddish brown, except the head and wing sheaths, which are much
darker. Mr. Riley once brought me a leaf-folding larva on Hackberry,
which resembled these Ambrosia case-makers in every respect, but as I did
not succeed in obtaining the imago from it, I am unable to say whether or
not the insects were identical.

In my specimens of duditel/a the purple-brown of the anterior wings.
is marked with four ochreous spots, instead of ¢éree, as in Mr.
Chambers’ description, and the hind wings are more nearly gray than
fuscous. ;

There is another leaf-folding larva of the same size and habit of D.
dubitella, which also feeds on Ambrosia artemisiefolia, and which is even
more elegantly marked in black and white than the latter. This insect,
which I take to be a true but undescribed Gelechia, I may, perhaps,
describe in a future paper. I would respectfully propose for it the name
of Chambersella.

The larva of G. rudbensefla is an external feeder on Oak. It inhabits a
thin web at the base or near the tip of the leaf, and skeletonizes the upper
surface of the latter. Its length is rather more than 34 of aninch. In
form it is elongate and sub-cylindrical, tapering anteriorly and posteriorly
from the middle, and has the sutures deep. The color is grass green,
striped with numerous very fine longitudinal lines of purple, and ornamented
with two sub-dorsal rows of conspicuous purple spots, situated at the
sutures. Head horizontal, pale brown, pointed toward the jaws with two
irregular whitish dashes on each side. Legs and prolegs pale green—the
latter very narrow. This pretty larva is as characteristic in its habits as in
its appearance. It does not touch the leaf except when feeding, but
remains suspended in a sort of gallery of delicate web-work, through which
it moves with surprising rapidity. It changes to pupa within a frail
cocoon, on the surface of the ground. The chrysalis is pale brown, slender
and chiefly characterized by long, free wing sheaths. |The moth issues in
about ten days. In its perfect state this insect bears so close a resemblance
to G. roseosuffusella Clem., that it is difficult to distinguish it from the
latter. It is, however, as a rule, smaller, darker and more roseate, while
the larva is entirely different, that of G. roseosuffusella mining the leaves
of Clover, and being much less strikingly marked.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 223

ON ENTOMOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE.

BY JOHN L. LECONTE, M. D., PHILADELPHIA.

Part I1.—On Generic Types.

“ Tgnorato genere proprio, nulla descriptio, quamvis accurate tradita
certum demonstret ; sed plerumque fallat.”—Ca:sap. apud Linn., Syst-
Nat, x11, 1, 13.

In the first part of this essay I endeavored to show the confusion
which resulted from the application of the law of priority to the names
employed in the early development of our science by persons who had
no idea corresponding to the law which has since been formulated.
We will now attempt to discuss the second great fallacy in the exegesis of the
writings of the founders of the science ; the selection on principles, more
or less arbitrary, but always opinionative, of generic types, when these
have not been explicit/y mentioned by the author.

With the more minute observation of differences in structure, and
the consequent multiplication of genera, has arisen an idea that all
classification, generic and otherwise, is simply a human contrivance for
the purpose of expressing degrees of resemblance between the organic
forms which we collect and recognize as distinct.

In short, that our best efforts to ascertain the relations of organic
beings has resulted, not in a system, but in a dictionary.

This was not the idea of the fathers in science—nor is it the idea of
many respectable students of the present day.

The language of Linnzus is clear upon this subject. ‘ Genus et
species naturz opus ;’ to him and to his followers there was no generic
type. Each species comprised in the genus was equally typical, unless, as
in rare cases, it was mentioned as aberrant, with a suspicion expressed in
some instances that it wonld be subsequently separated as a distinct
genus. When dissections were made, as in the fuller definitions in the
foot notes in the works of Fabricius, it was not because the dissected
species were selected peculiarly as the type of the genus (for in many
instances the dissections are not part of the generic formula), but merely
that the most common and available species was chosen for the purpose
of giving more information than was conveyed by the condensed generic
diagnosis.

224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

In the gradual progress of science, and with the multiplication of
genera, it came to be considered that the person who recognized the
necessity of subdividing an ancient genus, should exercise his judgment
regarding the part to which the old name should adhere ; and in most
instances this was attended with no inconvenience.

Rarely, as in the case of ‘TeEMNOCHILA JVw., the name of the original
genus TRocossiTA was retained for a group which did not accord with the
original definition ; the new name was imposed upon the set of species
which should have kept the original name. ‘These instances are but few
in number, and the exposure of the error committed is sufficient to cause
its immediate correction.

I would therefore infer that the practice of some students in recent
times, of applying the older generic names in a different sense from that
in which they were restricted by the persons first making the divisions, is
founded upon an incorrect interpretation of what was formerly meant by
a genus ; and that these old authors, were they now alive, would strongly
resist the limitation of their generic idea to a single type-species.

When the describer of a genus establishes the genus upon a single
species, either because it is the only one known to him, or because, as is
sometimes the case, he does not choose to ehumerate the others, then of
course, from the accident of the case, that particular species becomes
typical of the genus, and must remain so as long as the present system of
nomenclature is adopted. | But when, on the other hand, several species
are included in the genus, and they all agree accurately in the possession
of the characters mentioned as defining the genus, they must in my opinion
be regarded as equally typical. It would save mnch confusion in inter-
preting the modern use made of these restricted older names, if in all
instances in systematic works the restricting authority was added in
parenthesis.

A more difficult source of confusion is that resulting from the erroneous
position ascribed to a genus, which renders it, with the ordinary usages
of interpretation, absolutely irrecognizable ; as when, for instance, the
Byrrhide genus AmpHycyrta was described by Mannerheim as a Tene-
brionide, under the name Eucyphus, and the genus AMPHIZOA also as a
Tenebrionide (Dysmathes). In these two cases Mannerheim’s names
fail from want of priority, but had this not been the case, I still maintain
that the names of erroneous position should be suppressed in favor of
later names which may have been independently given, and correctly

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225

defined. The genus being erroneously described, of course fails to
represent any idea realized in nature, and the specific name must there-
fore fall with it, and the whole name be quoted in synonymy, with the
error mark ({) appended.

While I fully recognize the importance of having the same object
always spoken of by the same name, I must frankly say that the forced
uniformity aimed at by somewhat arbitrary processes, in a few familiar
instances, seems to be capable of producing still greater confusion. To
take an example: our common tumble-bug is equally known to most
students of entomology as CANTHON or Copropstus, and specifically as
fevis or volvens, the first generic and specific names having priority.
Recently, however, on the authority of Gemminger and Harold, and of
Mr. Crotch, the specific name Audsonias has been resurrected from
Forster's Centuria Insectorum. The priority of this last name is not
borne out by any evidence in the books containing the descriptions, and
if it be valid, can only be demonstrated by careful bibliographical inves-
tigation of a collateral kind. It is unreasonable to expect that our
familiar names for common objects, for it is only among them that such
changes are likely to be suggested, should thus be altered where there can
be any excuse for resisting the innovation. But I will go farther
and say, that where two names have become from peculiar circumstances
equally known, there can be no serious objection to the writer using that
one for which he has preference. If I had occasion to write concerning
the great Aristotle, it is certain that all those persons capable of under-
standing what I would desire to say about him, whether I mentioned him by
his name or spoke of him as the Stagyrite, or even as the Preceptor of
Alexander, would know who was meant.

When the different names which have been applied to the most common
species, have been recognized by competent authorities as synonyms, and
have been thus collated in accessible registers, catalogues or systematic
works, it is not a subject worth contention which of these equally known
names may be used by individual writers. Certainly it is wrong for a person,
without a careful study of bibliography, to change his habit in the use of a
name, because the latest authority advocates a subversion. It is by no
means true in natural history that the latest is the best, and those who are
not critical students in these subjects will do well to follow the advice

given in the first part of this essay, to resist innovation,* until they find

* Confusis enim nominibus omnia confundi necesse est.—C_esALP. apud Linn.,
Syst. Nat. xii, i, 13..

226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

that the later views are adopted by those to whom they have a right to
look for instruction upon these technical points. Let them, at any rate,
be clear in their minds that the changes are in accordance with the existing
laws, or let them agitate for such alteration in the current code as will
produce legally the modifications they desire.

Other special cases may arise of still greater difficulty than those I
have here discussed. For the proper solution of these, I think the
suggestion of Mr. Alfred Wallace* is most valuable. It is that all
disputed points in nomenclature should be referred for investigation and
decision to a committee of experts. Such a committee could be readily
formed in the Entomological Club of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, which would dispassionately determine all
questions relating to the progress of the science in North America, and
announce their decisions each year. These decisions would, I am
convinced, be cheerfully adopted by most, if not all of those who are
occupied in the study of the insects of this continent.

One more suggestion in conclusion.. It isthis: That in proportion
as the objects become well known, and especially in those species which
fortunately possess no synonymy, all reference to authorities should be
dropped, except when Jdzbliographical reference to a full description or
figure is necessary. If, however, a synonym must be mentioned, jet the
author of this supplementary name be quoted.

Should this suggestion be adopted, it will result that the name of the
describer will not be unnecessarily connected with the valid name of the
species, and one strong support of the small personal vanity which I have
‘criticized in the first part of this essay will be destroyed. Another
important result will be that the maker of a synonym will know that his
name will be inseparably connected with that synonym, when-
ever it is mentioned; and that, therefore, so far from being an honor, or
a recognition of good work, the use of an authority will come to be known
as an indication of bad or imperfect work, and the makers of species on
hasty study or on defective materials will be discountenanced.

* Address of the President, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1871, lxviii.

bo
NJ

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 2

ON SOME OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

No. 15. THE 10 MOTH—Saturnia (Hyperchiria) Lo, ¥abr.

BY E. B. REED, LONDON, ONT.

This lovely moth is well worthy a place in the cabinet of the collector,
-and is always sure to attract notice and admiration. ‘The larva, of which
fig. 27 represents a full-grown specimen, is of a most delicate apple or

Fig. 27.

pea green colour, with a broad, dusky
white stripe at each side, bordered
with lilac on the lower edge. ‘The
body is covered with clusters of green
bristles, tipped with black. These
bristles are exceedingly sharp, and
when the insect is handled, will pro-
duce a very irritating sting, similar
to, but much sharper than that of
the nettle, and the effect of which
causes a reddening of the flesh and
the immediate appearance of raised
white blotches, which last for a
considerable time.

Fig. 28 shows the appearance
of these bristles, some of them, as
6, being stouter and more acute than the others, and able to inflict a sharper
and more penetrating sting. According to Mr. Riley, the irritating

Fig. 28. property belongs to the substance of which the spines
are formed, and his opinion was strengthened by the
fact that the spines of a cast off skin, which had been
in his cabinet for years, still retained the irritating
power. -

In the earlier stages the caterpillars are gregarious,
feeding together side by side, and in going to and returning from their
place of shelter, moving in regular files, like the processionary caterpillars
of Europe (Lasiocampa processionea). When about half grown they

228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

disperse, each seeking a location for itself. They moult five times,
devouring their cast off spinous skins. After being in the larval state
about eight weeks, they arrive.at maturity, and are then about two inches
and a half long.

Their food plants are numerous. They have been found on Black
Locust, Indian Corn, Willows, Sassafras, Wild Cherry, Elm, Hop-vine,
Balsam, Balm of Gilead, Dogwood, Choke Cherry, Currant, Cotton and
Clover. I, myself, this year found it on the English Filbert, and raised
it to maturity on that plant. I have, however, more commonly found it
on the Choke Cherry. The larva, when full grown, crawls to the ground,.
where, amid the loose leaves and rubbish, it forms a rough covering, within
which it makes a slight cocoon of tough, gummy, brown silk. In this.
retreat a change is soon effected to the pupal or chrysalis state, and having
remained therein during the winter and spring months, the moth emerges
in the perfect winged state about June. The moths are especially
remarkable for the difference between the sexes, both in size and colour.

The male, fig. 29, which is much the smallest, is of a deep Indian or
maize yellow ; on the fore wings are two oblique, wavy lines, near the hind
margin, and a zigzag line
near the base. There is.
also a large, dark, reddish,.
central reniform spot or
blotch. The hind wings.
are broadly shaded with
purple, next to the body ;.
on the hinder margin is a
purplish curved band, and
within this again is a
smaller one of a dark
purple or violet colour. In the centre of this last band and the middle of
the wing is a large, round, blue spot, with a whitish centre and a broad
border almost black; the under side of the wings is of the same deep:
yellow ; the fore wings showing the same dark occellated spot, as on the
other side, and having the inner margin broadly shaded with purple. ‘The
hinder wings are more uniform in color, with a transverse purple line and
a very small, distinct white spot representing the centre of the large spot
on the upper side.

The body is also deep yellow.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS’. 229

The female, fig. 30, is considerably larger; the specimens vary very
much in color, from a dark purplish brown to a warm ochreous red. The
fore wings have similar wavy, zigzag lines ;_ the reniform blotch being less

distinct than in the male ; the inner margin is of a deeper colour, and is
Fig. 30.

thickly coated with short hair, like the head and thorax. The hind wings
are similar to those of the male; the under side has the same uniform
colour, and the markings and spots as in the male.

The body is the same shade as the wings, the abdomen being a little
lighter in colour, and each segment being bordered with a narrow reddish
band.

The moths vary in size from two and a half inches in the male to three
and a half in the female.

The eggs are deposited on the under side of the leaf, and are described
by Mr. Riley as being compressed on both sides and flattened at the apex,
the attached end smallest, in colour cream white, with a small black spot
on the apical end and a larger orange one on the sides.

TINEINA FROM TEXAS.
BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.

A collection of Tineina received from Mr. Belfrage, of Waco, Texas,
presents some points worthy of mention apart from the descriptions of the
new species.

The collection consists of about two hundred and fifty specimens in
tolerably good condition, referable to seventy-six species and twenty-seven
genera. Such a number of genera and species is evidently typical of the

230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Tineina of the locality where they were collected. Twenty-nine of these
species belong to the genus Ge/echia, and twenty-five others belong in the
same family. Fifty-three of these species thus belong to the Ge/echida, and
only twenty three to other genera. The Gelechide are numerous every-
where, and a preponderance of species belonging to this family is to be
expected in almost any collection, but I have not known any other
collection in which it was so great as in this one.

The collection contains seven species of Laverna, and another species
which I have made the type of a new genus very nearly allied to Laverna.
These seven species differ from each other somewhat as to the neuration,
and also as to the raised tufts on the wings, but perhaps not to any greater
degree than do well recognized species of Zaverna, as e. g. L. Staintont
and ZL. langiclla of Europe. Mr. Stainton (Vat. Hist. Tin., vii) enumerates
only twenty species belonging to this genus, and three others are also known
from this country. ‘This collection then contains nearly one-third as many
species of this genus as were heretofore known altogether. Of the
species heretofore known, but one (if I rightly understand Mr. Stainton)
is fairly described as white, that being the prevailing or ground color,
though some others have more or less white markings. But of these
seven, five may fairly be placed in the white section; and the other two
are also strongly marked with white.

The collection contains five species which I have placed in Butaéts,
though with great doubt as to two of them, which are totally unlike all
other species of the genus in color, though I have not been able to discover
any structural differences whatever.

But it is, perhaps, more remarkable for what it does not than for what
it does contain. As before stated, such a collection is typical of the
Tineina of the locality where it was collected. Yet it contains no speci-
men of Lithocolletis, which, both in the collections of Dr. Clemens and
myself, is the genus next most numerous in species and individuals after
Gelechia. Tinea, Coleophora, Gracilaria, Bucculatrix, Tischeria and
Nepticula are also genera usually numerous in species and individuals.
Yet this collection contains only one Zinea, two Coleophora, no Gracilaria
(unless a single species of Corisceum be held to represent it), and three ?
species of Bucculatrix, one of which is a somewhat aberrant form.

All of the species are new except ten. ‘These are as follows :

Gelechia cercerisella Cham.., Ypsolophus eupatoriella Cham.,
3 equepulvella * Plutella cruciferarum Zell,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 231

Gelechia disco-ocelella Cham. Flolocera glandulella Riley,

ff roseo-suffusella Clem., Bucculatrix pomtfoliela Clem.,
FTagno faginella Cham., Hamadryas Basettella 2%

Of these ten species, G. roseo-suffusella, judging from the number of
specimens in the collection, appears to be by far the more numerous,
though it may turn out that some of the specimens do not belong to this
species, but to a very closely allied and undescribed one; and all the
specimens are of a darker hue than those from the Northern States. This
species appears to be distributed nearly all over the United States, and is
perhaps the most common species of the genus.

G. cercerisella was originally placed by me in Depressaria, and I was
led to do this by giving too much importance to the neuration of the
wings. It is, however, properly referable to Gelechia. The specimens—
thirteen in number—belong to a very well marked variety. In all the
specimens (a great many) that I have heretofore examined, the fore wings
are marked just within the middle of the dorsal margin by some faint,
short, ochreous streaks, only discernible distinctly under a lens. In these
thirteen specimens these ochreous streaks are not present, and their
place is occupied by a larger snow white spot, like those on the margins -
of the wings.

G. equepulvella is well represented in the collection, but there appears
to be some variation in the shade of the ground color and in the density
of the dusting.

The single specimen of Holocera glandulella differs from Mr. Riley’s
description as follows: there is a single discal spot behind the angulated
line, and two others at the end of the cell, instead of “ two discal spots,” as
stated by Mr. Riley; besides, “three tolerably distinct, dusky marks
around the discal spots” are wanting. Unfortunately I have now no
typical specimens of this species, with which to compare it, but I doubt
not it is the same.

Hlamadryas Bassettella was described by Dr. Clemens from specimens
sent to him from Connecticut. He states that it appears to be.congeneric
with a portion of Gelechia. The remark is applicable to almost every
species of the family Gelechide. Dr. C. does not seem to have observed
its very close relationship to Dasycera, nor, perhaps, its still closer relation-
ship to, or even identity with the genus Pancalia. The antennae in
Bassettella are stout, and the ciliation is microscopic, quite distinct in this
respect from species of Dasycera. The wings of Aassettella are narrower

232 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and the form of the secondaries is different, approaching that of Buta/is.
Mr. Stainton’s figure (Ins. Brit., v. 3) represents the secondaries of D-
sudphurella narrower and more pointed than are those of D. WNewmanella,
but less so than those of Bassette//a. The ornamentation of D. Mewman-
ella resembles that of most species of Butalis. The ornamentation of
Bassettella rather resembles that of Pancalia, to which, also, I think, it
makes the nearest approach structurally.

flagno faginella seems to have the transverse dusky lines of the
primaries darker and more distinct than in the Kentucky specimens, and
those about the middle of the wing condensed into two indistinct
fascia.

Plutella cruciferarum pxesents nothing unusual; but there is in the
collection a single specimen which I incline to consider an undescribed
species. In it the lighter color of the inner margin projects into the
darker part of the wing only once, and that very faintly, behind the middle
of the wing; otherwise the line between the two colors is nearly straight ;
the markings in the posterior portion of the costal half of the wings also
differ somewhat from those of P. cruciferarum. But the specimen is:
imperfect, and I shall not at present separate it from cruciferarum. From
an examination of my collection of cruciferarum, I concur with Mr.
Stainton’s suggestion that P. mollipedella Clem. is the female of P. cruct-
Serarum.

The new species are as follows :

AMADRIA? Clem.

A. Clemensella. LN. sp.

Yellow; the palpi are a little paler, except the outer surface of the
second joint. Primaries with minute brown spots arranged in transverse
rows ; these require close observation : one spot on the fold and one on
the end of the disc, a little larger than the others. Al. ex. %inch. There
is also a row of small fuscous spots around the base of the ciliae.

TINEA.

ZT. obseurostrigella. LN. sp.

Dark fuscous; the primaries obscurely mottled with sordid yellowish ;.
there is a row of indistinct yellowish spots or streaks on the costa, from.
the middle to the tip, and along the base of the dorsal ciliae. A/. ex.
1% inch. Season, October.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 233

ANESYCHIA.

A. multipunctella. N. sp.

Second joint of the palpi dark brown, tipped beneath with scattered
white scales, and with a few scattered white scales above ; third joint
white, tipped beneath at the base with dark brown; face black ; vertex
white, with a central black spot ; antennae fuscous ; thorax white, with six
black spots, one of which is placed close to the base of the wings and is
continuous with the dark brown of the wings ; two others on top, and one
on each side a little before the tip. Primaries shining dark brown or
black, with a wide white streak extending along the dorsal margin from
the base nearly to the tip, and a white costal spot close to the tip; there
is a sinus, or projection of the white into the dark brown portion, just
before the middle, and from thence to the tip the line between the two
colors is irregular, with another sinus behind the middle ;_ there is a small
black spot in the white at the first sinus, and six others along the dorso-
apical margin at the base of the ciliae, and another in the costal white
spot, or more properly, perhaps, there are three in the costal white spot,
two of them being confluent with the dark brown color around it; _ciliae
white, except at the tip. A/. ev. iS inch. Season, April and May. In
nine specimens I detect no variation.

A. mirusella. N. sp.

Palpi pale yellowish ochreous ; the second joint has two brown spots
on its outer surface, that nearest to the base being largest ;_ the third joint
has the base and tip dark brown. Head pale yellowish or nearly white ;
antennae pale fuscous ; thorax pale yellowish ochreous, with four brown
spots, two of which are about the middle and one on each side near the
tip. Primaries white, faintly tinged with ochreous yellow, and with a
rather wide golden brown basal streak, which begins near the costa and
diverges thence to the end of the cell, and from thence narrows and
becomes more diffuse towards the apex, which it does not quite attain.
The costal whitish portion is more streaked and suffused with ochreous
than the dorsal portion, which has a small brown spot before the middle ;
there is likewise a row of small brown spots around the apex, at the base
of the ciliae. Al. ex. t¢ inch. Season, April and May.

I have not examined the neuration, and the ornamentation is unusual
in the genus ; but the other characters are those of Avnesychia.

234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

HARPALYCE, ge7. 10V.

In the neuration, and more decidedly in the form of the secondaries,
this genus makes a very near approach to the Zortricidz. ‘The hind wings
are as wide as in any genus of that family. The primaries, however,
rather resemble those of the genus HYagwo, and the palpi also ally it to the
Gelechide.

Wings nearly horizontal (in the dead insect).

In the primaries the costa is regularly arched, and the wing is widest
about the middle ; the costa attains the margin behind the middle ; the
cell is rather narrow ; the subcostal gives off four branches to the margin
before the end of the cell, the first and longest of which arises before the
middle, and the last of which arises close to the end of the cell, and
reaches the costal margin close to the apex ; the apical branch reaches the
apex or the margin close to and beneath it; the discal vein gives off two
branches ; the median gives off, close to the end of the cell, a single
branch, which becomes furcate, and the apical branch runs to the margin,
parallel to the discal branches ; the fold is thickened at the end, and the
submedian vein is long and furcate at the base.

The secondaries are at least one-half wider than the primaries, their
width being equal to about two-thirds of the length ; the costa is strongly
arched near the base, and very faintly simuate before the apex, which is
rounded, and the dorsal margin very faintly sinuate beneath it ; the costal
vein is sinuate from the margin and almost coincident with the subcostal
towards the base, and attains the margin near the apex ;_ the cell is wide ;
the subcostal is furcate behind the cell, with the superior branch delivered
to the apex; the discal vein is curved or angulated, the angle pointing
towards the base, and wear the median it is again angulated, the angle
pointing backwards, and a branch proceeds from it to the margin; the
median sends a branch from behind the middle to the margin, and from
the origin of the branch bends up to its union with the discal, at which it
becomes furcate. Submedian and internal veins distinct. In one of the
species (canusella) the costa is not so much arched, and the posterior
margin not at all sinuate beneath the apex, and the discal vein is curved
(not angulated) and unites with the median without forming a second
angle, what I have described as the discal branch vein, being continuous
with the median and arising from a common origin with the furcate
branch.

——————

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23>

Tongue rather short; maxillary palpi minute; labial palpi simple,
slender, slightly overarching the vertex, the third joint about half as long
as the second, and pointed ; antennae simple, more than half as long as
the primaries, with the basal joint short and a little enlarged; scales of
the posterior portion of the vertex a little roughened, but not forming a
tuft ; eyes globose, of moderate size ; ocelli, none.

H1. tortricella. WL. sp.

Yellowish or straw color; head and hind wings paler, nearly white ;
there is a minute, pale brownish spot at the end of the disc. Aj. ex. %
inch. Season, May.

f. albella. N. sp.

White ; a minute, indistinct, ochreous spot at the end of the disc, on
the forewings, and a very few widely scattered dark brown scales. There
is a brownish, ochreous streak on the outer surface of the second joint of
the palpi. Al, ex. ti inch. Season, June, July and August.

FH. canusella. NN. sp.

Pale grayish, almost white, with obscure patches of very pale fuscous
on the primaries ; a small brown spot within the dorsal margin, before the
middle ; another a little behind it on the fold, and another at the end of
the disc. At the beginning of the ciliae is an obscure, narrow, curved,
pale fascia, which is very concave towards the base of the wing. AZ ex.
#5 inch.

GELECHIA.

G. thoracealbella. NN. sp.

Second joint of the palpi brush-like, the brush spreading and faintly
divided; third joint slender, more than half as long as the second.

Palpi whitish, the second joint ochreous brown at the base, and the
scales of the brush tipped with ochreous yellow ; face, head, and a wide
streak from the head to the apex of the thorax, white. Antennae, sides
of thorax over the wings, and the primaries brown, the primaries very
faintly streaked with whitish towards the apex. A/. ex. 3s inch.

G. minimaculella. NN. sp.

Second joint of palpi brush-like; third more than half as long as the
second.

936 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Head and palpi ochreous yellow ;_ palpi with the base of the second
joint, a spot on its outer surface, near the tip, and a ring around the third
joint, near the tip, dark brown ; antennae dark brown ; thorax brownish
ochreous above, except the sides just above the wings, which are dark
brown like the primaries, and, like them, faintly tinged in some lights
with a bluish cast. Near the base of the primaries, extending from the
costa to the fold, is a narrow, irregular, interrupted, somewhat oblique
ochreous yellow line or series of small spots; there are three or four
minute ochreous yellow spots on the disc, and a spot of the same hue
about the beginning of the dorsal ciliae, and an opposite costal one. AZ.
ex. ¥4 inch.

G. ochreosuffusella. N. sp.

Second joint of the palpi brush-like; third joint about half as long as
the second.

Insect dark brown; second joint of the palpi above sprinkled with
white or pale yellow scales ; third joint ochreous or yellowish, except at
the base and a narrow annulus before the middle, which are dark brown ;
head ochreous, densely dusted with dark brown, so as almost to obscure
the ground color ; thorax, base of the wings, and a streak along the fold
suffused with reddish ochreous ; primaries sparsely dusted with whitish
and with a reddish ochreous streak at the base near the costa, as well as
that on the fold, and with the costal and dorsal spots faintly indicated.
The white dusting of the primaries is sometimes very distinct, and it
forms an interrupted fascia or rather a line of small specks across the
wing, just before the ciliae. 42. ex. 34 inch.

G. depresso-strigela. N. sp.
Second joint of the palpi brush-like ; third joint about half as long as
the second.

Brown, with a grayish ochreous tinge, the wings streaked with ochreous
and the palpi sprinkled with whitish scales. Thorax, basal portion of the
wings, and a streak along the fold suffused with reddish ochreous ; four
very indistinct, oblique, dark brown lines extend along the disc, and the
spaces between the veins in the apical part of the wing are each marked
with a similar line, and all of these lines appear to be depressed or sunken
below the general surface of the wing. A/. ex. 34 inch. Season, July,
August and September. It resembles the preceding species, but the

——*———

. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 237

brush is smaller, color of the head and palpi different, and the narrow
longitudinal depressed brown lines separate it from that species.

G. pallidagriseella. N. sp.

Second joint of the palpi brush-like; third joint about half as long as
the second.

Palpi and head whitish, almost hoary. Pale yellowish gray, a little
suffused with ochreous on the thorax and primaries. There is a minute
rust red spot about the middle of the disc ; extreme costa dark brown at
the base ; antennae dark brown. AZ. ex. 34 inch.

G. guadrimaculela. N. sp.

Third joint of palpi longer than the second ; palpi not at all brush-like.

Dark brown, in some lights tinged with ash gray ; a small dark brown
spot on the fold within the basal fourth of the primaries ; another also on
the fold about the middle ; another near it, about the middle of the disc,
and another at the end of it. A/ ex. 5g inch. Season, May. The
brown spots are very indistinct, differing but little from the general hue.

G. Wacoella. WN. sp.

Second joint of palpi with a small brush; third about as long as the
second.

Ochreous, sprinkled above with dark brown ; third joint dark brown :

head and thorax dark brown, with a faint ochreous tinge. Primaries dark

brown ; two ochreous spots on the costal margin near the base, another
at the beginning of the ciliae, and two small spots of the same hue on the
fold before the middle. AZ. ex. +s inch.

G. crescentifasciella. N. sp.

Palpi not brush-like; third joint about as long as second.

Ash gray, microscopically dusted with brown ; there is a crescentic, very
indistinct pale fascia at the beginning of the ciliae, very concave towards
the base of the wing ; one or two minute dark spots on the disc, and one
at its apex. A/ ex. Y%inch. Season, April and May. It resembles G.
guadrimaculella, but is smaller and of a more ashen hue. Sometimes the
fascia is absent.

G. pullusella. N. sp.
Palpi slender, simple; third joint more than haif as long as the second.

238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Brown, microscopically sprinkled obscurely with whitish scales. _4Z
ex. 7s inch. Season, August.

G. plutella. WN. sp.

Palpi simple, slender ; third joint more than half as long as the second,
and pointed.

Face and palpi white; vertex pale yellowish, with a dusky central
spot ; antennae pale yellowish ; patagia and costal half of the primaries,
almost to the tip, creamy white; thorax and dorsal half of primaries and
the tip dark brown ; the whitish portion of the primaries is widest at the
base, and the dark brown portion at the apex, and the whitish part sends
two short, oblique projections into the brown one just before the middle

Jf

and the other just behind it. 42 ex. % inch. Season, August.

The ornamentation of the wings bears considerable resemblance to
that of Plutella cruciferarum, except that the colors are reversed.

G. sella. LN. sp.

Second joint of the palpi thickened bencath towards the tip, but not at all
brush-like; third joint more than half as long as the second.

Head yellowish white, sometimes with a wide longitudinal brownish
streak on the vertex. Palpi very pale yellowish, with the second joint
externally brown and internally streaked or sprinkled with brown, and the
third joint, with the tip and a band around the middle, dark brown.
Thorax and primaries pale ochreous gray; under the microscope pale
ochreous yellow, somewhat dusted with fuscous. There is a velvety dark
brown spot on the fold, not far from the base, behind which is usually. a
dark brown dorsal streak, extending more than half across the wing,
perpendicular to the margin, placed before the middle, but sometimes it
is represented only by a triangular spot on the fold, and which does not
touch the margin; and there is another small spot of the same hue at the
end of the cell, and surrounded by a paler annulus; base of the costal
margin and six or seven small spots along the costa dark brown, the last
of which is just before the ciliae ; and there is a narrow ochreous basal
Streak just within the costal margin; occasionally the spots along the
costa are absent. A/. ex. % inch. Season, July and September. It is a
handsome species.

G. trimaculella, N. sp.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239

Second joint of the palpi scarcely thickened ila aia third half as long
as the second ; acuminate.

Head, antennae and palpi pale vellowish white ; third joint of the
palpi tinged with fuscous. Thorax and primaries very pale ochreous
yellow (under the lens sparsely and minutely dusted with pale reddish
ochreous scales); two small, nearly circular, blackish spots before the
middle, one beneath the fold, the second on the disc, a little behind the
first one ; and a larger one of the same hue at the end of the disc, anda
row of minute, dark brown spots around the base of the ciliae. Al. ex.
% inch. Season, April and May.

G. clegantella. N. sp.

Second joint of palpi scarcely thickened beneath ; third more than half as
long as second.

Palpi white ; second joint yellowish towards the tip, the third with
three brown annulations, one at the base, one before the middle, and one
before the tip, sometimes connected by a line along the under surface ;
head and thorax sordid white or yellowish, slightly iridescent ; base of the
primaries white, iridescent, narrow, but wider on the dorsal than on the
costal margin ; this is followed by an oblique, ochreous or yellowish orange
band, which crosses the wing and is margined with brown before and
behind, and followed, by an oblique white band, which also crosses the
wing, and is rather widely margined behind by an iridescent, brown line,
terminating at a smooth tuft of raised scales on the dorsal margin, the tuft
or rather smooth elevation being metallic and highly iridescent, as also are
the brown margins of the ochreous bands; the dark brown, posterior
margin of the second brown fascia is produced backwards along the disc
and passes backwards along the disc, inclining towards, but not reaching
the base of the dorsal ciliae, and containing three smooth, metallic
elevations, like the one on the dorsal margin, the wing between it and the
costa being white, and between it and the dorsal margin the wing is white
and pale ochreous. The oblique streak terminates just before the dorsal
ciliae at a curved fascia, which is very convex towards the base, is reddish
ochreous on the dorsal margin, and brown on the costal margin. — This
curved fascia is followed by an oblique one, which is nearest to the tip on
the costal margin, and the costal portion of it is wide and white, and the
dorsal portion brown, and in some lights is brilliant metallic ; the brown
portion is narrow where it meets the white costal portion, and passes

240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

around behind it to the costal margin, and thence curves as a narrow line
backwards around the apex at the base of the ciliae, returning to its origin
on the dorsal margin, thus enclosing an oblong, egg-yellow or golden
patch, parallel with the base of the dorsal ciliae. In some lights this
fascia is dull brown, not at all metallic, and the yellowish ochreous parts
of the wing become almost brick red ; and, in truth, all the colors of the
wing, except the dark velvety brown streak which passes obliquely the
disc, are so variable that it is very difficult to give an adequate or intelligible
description of the insect. The ciliae are fuscous. Al. ex. 34 inch.
Season, May, August and September. I have also received it from Miss
Murtfeldt, from St. Louis.

This species belongs to the same group with G. roseo-suffusella, &c.,
and is the prettiest Ge/echia that I have seen.

G. rufusella. N. sp.

Second joint of the palpi somewhat thickened beneath before the apex
(nearly as in the European G. populella); third joint a Little longer than
the second. } .

Palpi white ; second joint externally dark brown at the base. Head,
thorax and base of the primaries yellowish white, with a faint reddish
tinge, which gradually deepens and becomes more distinct as it passes
backwards over the wings, and about the basal one-fourth becomes bright
brick red, and continuing to deepen, becomes tinged with fuscous at the
apex. Antennae brown, annulate with pale yellow. AZ ex. % inch.
Sometimes the primaries are sparsely dusted with brown. Season,
September.

G. costa-rufoella. WN. sp.

Second joint of the palpi clavate, not brush-like, brown, tipped with
yellowish ; third joint pale yellowish. Antennae brown; head, thorax,
base of the primaries, and costal’ margin to beyond the middle, rufous ;
the remainder of the primaries brown, with four small yellow spots, two
of which are on the fold, and two on the disc, and a fifth small one at the
beginning cf the costal ciliae ; ciliae brown, pale at their base. AZ ex. a
little over 14 inch. Season, September.

G. subruberella. NN. sp.

Labial palpi, with the second joint of the palpi, a little thickened before
the tip, as in rufusella.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISY. 241

Pale ochreous, faintly tinged with rufous, streaked and blotched with
brick red along the base of the dorsal ciliae ; a minute rufous spot on the
fold, and a circular brown one at the end of the disc, with a small one
before it. AZ ex. % inch. Season, October. Very near to rufusella,
perhaps a variety. The palpi are precisely as in that species as to form
and colors, but the general hue is much paler.

G. maculimarginela. N. sp.

Second joint of the palpi a little brushlike, yellowish, dusted with dark
brown; third joint dark brown, with extreme tip and a few scattered
scales white ; about as long as the second. Antennae dark brown ; head
pale ochreous yellow and brown ; thorax and primaries dark gray brown,
spotted with darker colors; one of the spots is on the costa near the
base, and there is a small yellowish spot before it and another behind it,
and beyond that is another of the dark spots ; there is a dark spot on the
fold, with a small yellowish one before it; a small dark spot about the
centre of the disc, without any yellow spot before it, and about the end
of the disc is another dark spot, with a small yellow one beforeit. There
is a pale yellowish streak at the beginning of the costal ciliae, and an
opposite dorsal one. 4/. ex. % inch. Season, July.

G. argenti-albella. WN. sp.

Second joint of the palpi scarcely thickened beneath; the third more than
half the length of second.

Silvery white; each joint of the palpi has a dark brown annulus
before the tip; there are a few blackish scales over the base of the
antennae, which are annulate with brown; a small dark brown spot on
the extreme costa at the base, followed by three others within the margin,
and there-is also a small one within the dorsal margin near the base ;
there is a transverse brown spot or line on the fold, and another at the
end of the disc, a brownish fascia at the beginning of the ciliae, and a
brownish golden streak around the apex at the base of the ciliae. AZ
ex. ys inch. Season, June. A rather pretty and distinctly marked
species, like G. variiella, but I think it is quite distinct from it.

G. bidiscomaculela. N. sp.

Pale ochreous, becoming a little deeper towards the apex of the
primaries; there is a small brown spot about the middle of the disc,

242 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

another at its end, and a brown streak along the base of the costal ciliae.
Al, ex. ¥g inch. Season, July. I have but a single specimen, and in it
the palpi are missing. Allied to swdruberella ; perhaps a variety of it.

G. subalbusella. LN. sp.
Second joint of the palpi not thickened.

Creamy white, sparsely dusted with ochreous yellow and brown.” AZ.
ex. 3g inch. Season, July.

G. parvipulvella. LN. sp.

Palpi simple.

Pale yellowish white, lightly dusted with fuscous, the dusting more

dense towards the apex of the primaries. Al. ex. 3g inch. Season, May
and August. Possibly a variety of G. subalbusella.

G. lavernella. LV. sp.

Second joint of the palpi a little thickened beneath towards the apex;

third joint rather thick.

Palpi ochreous, with the basal half of the second joint and a band.

before its tip, dark brown; an annulus before the middle of the third
joint, and another wide one before its tip, dark brown. Thorax and
primaries gray; base of the costal margin dark brown, and from it a

narrow, oblique, dark brown streak crosses the wing to the dorsal margin,

in its course crossing almost at night angles an indistinct brown line
which proceeds from a brown spot on the costal margin, and passes
obliquely forwards nearly to the base of the wing ; and at the intersection

of the lines the brown color spreads around them, forming another spot ;

these lines are irregular, and in some parts indistinct ; behind these lines
the wing is densely dusted with fuscous to the tip, and a brown fascia is
well indicated at the beginning of the ciliae. A/. ev. % inch. There is
something in the clumsy looking palpi and general appearance which
reminds one of a Laverna.

G. cilialineclla. WN. sp.

- Only microscopically distinguishable from G. solaniella. _Ochreous,
tinged slightly with grayish; there is an indistinct brownish spot on the
fold, and another a little behind it on the disc, and another in the apical
part of the wing. Costal ciliae whitish, avd a narrow, indistinct, white

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 243

line at their base, and one also at the base of the dorsal cilia, and three dark
brown hinder marginal lines in the apical cilia. Al. ex. V4 inch.

G. minimella. WN. sp.
Palpi simple. .

Insect dark brown, indistinctly sprinkled with white. A/. ex. 34 inch.
The neuration is nearly that of C/eodora.

ANARSIA.

A. suffusella. WN. sp.

Ochreous yellow, somewhat suffused with fuscous. Outer surface of
the second joint of the palpi dark brown, tipped with ochreous; third
joint pale yellowish. The third joint of the palpi is more slender than
in A. pruniella Clem., and the fascia is narrower. Al. ex. 34 inch. Season
April.

A. trimaculella. WN. sp.

Outer surface of the second joint of the palpi dark brown, except at
the apex of the tuft, where it is whitish; third joint yellowish. Head
pale ochreous; head and thorax pale ochreous, densely dusted with
fuscous. Primaries ochreous, suffused and dusted with brown; a small
dark brown spot on the fold before the middle; one a little larger at the
middle of the disc, and one at its end, and some scattered dark brown
scales along the base of the dorsal ciliae, near the apex. A/. ex. scarcely
¥% inch.

NEDA, géw. 10U.

This genus is between Avarsia and Cleodora. It is an Anarsia in all
but the hind wings, which are those of Cleodora, both in form and
neuration.

Head smooth, convex; ocelli, none; antennae minutely denticulate ;
tongue moderate, scaled; labial palpi moderate, second joint with a
projecting tuft at the apex; third joint smooth, ascending in the 2 (all
my specimens are 2.) Primaries lanceolate, ciliae moderate ; the costal
vein attains the margin before the middle ; the cell is narrow and pointed;
the first branch of the subcostal is given off before the middle, and there
are two other branches towards the end of the cell ; the apical branch is

DA4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

furcate on the costa before the tip, and has almost a common origin with
‘the adical branch of the median at the end of the cell; the median has
three branches behind the middle, and the submedian is furcate at the
base. The secondaries are pointed, scarcely as wide as the primaries,
with the dorsal margin deeply excavated beneath the tip; the costal
margin is excavated from the basal third to the tip ; the costal vein attains
the margin about the middle ;_ the subcostal is straight to the end of the
cell, and thence bends a little upwards to the apex ; the cell is very wide;
the discal vein oblique, with two branches to the dorsal margin, the upper
branch arising close to the subcostal, and the second continued faintly
through the cell to the base ; the median is trifurcate behind the middle,
the first branch remote from the others ; the submedian distinct ; internal
obsolete.

LV. plutella.

Third joint of palpi and upper surface of the second one creamy
white, the second otherwise dark gray brown; head, thorax and the
dorsal margin of the primaries to a point beyond the beginning of the
ciliae, creamy white, the primaries otherwise dark gray brown, except that
the extreme costa is creamy white and the costal margin is obscurely
streaked with the same hue. Ciliae of primaries creamy white, except
atthe apex. A/. ev. %; inch. Season, September. The ornamentation
reminds one of a Plufella.

CLEODORA.

(No species of this genus has heretofore been described from the U.
S. or Canada.)

C. pallidastrigella. N. sp.

Palpi pale yellowish ; a spot on top of the third joint, and the brush
on the second joint reddish ochreous. Thorax and primaries pale
orange ; paler, nearly white, along the dorsal margin, and on the extreme
costa beyond the middle; a narrow, indistinct, whitish line along the
fold, ending at a small brown spot; there is an oblique, narrow, whitish
streak along the base of the costal ciliae, continuous with the white of
the extreme costa, and there is a short one along the base of the dorsal
ciliae ; a minute brownish spot surrounded by a pale ring at the end of
the disc, and an oblique brownish streak in the ciliae at the apex. The
brown spots are all indistinct. Al ex. 34 inch.

EE ———————

or

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 24

The neuration of the primaries differs from that of C. cytisella, as
figured by Mr. Stainton (Zns. Brit., v. 3), by having a branch from the
apical vein to the costal margin, just before the vein becomes furcate,and
that of the secondaries differs from it by having a single branch from the
discal vein, and the subcostal furcate beyond the cell, or rather the
superior branch of the discal is united with the subcostal at the cell.
Nevertheless, I have no doubt that this species and the following are
properly placed in this genus.

G. pallidella. NV. Sp.

To the naked eye this species appears very pale gray, almost white ;
under the lens it appears pale ochreous gray, with minute and indistinct
pale fuscous specks ; there is a fuscous streak along the upper surface of
the second joint of the palpi, and the antennae are annulate with fuscous.
Al. ex. 34 inch. Season, August.

Mr. Stainton, in a foot note on page 111 Of his edition of the
Clemens papers, doubts whether Avorthosia Clem. ought to be separated
from Cleodora. But the two genera differ decidedly in neuration, and the
palpi of Anorthosia, as figured by Dr. Clemens, are very different from
those of Cleodora, as figured by Mr. Stainton (Jus. Brit., v. 3). On the
other hand, the palpi of Axorthosia resemble more closely those of my
genus, Sagaritis. In both the tuft rises above the palpal joint, instead of
spreading around it, as in Cleodora, and in those genera the tuft is com-
posed of long scales, whilst in Cleodora it is clothed with stiff, bristle-like
scales. In Axorthosia the tuft is figured largest at the base of the joint,
whilst in Sagaritis it is largest towards the apex. The terminal joint in
Dr. Clemens’ figure is represented shorter relatively to the third than it is
in either Sagaritis or Cleodora. 1n both these genera the cell is closed in
both wings, while in Avorthosia it is open. There are also other differ-
ences both in the form and neuration of the wings. Sagarifis is quite
distinct from Cleodora in the more elongate and slender body and legs,
and more graceful appearance, as well as in the form and neuration of
the wings.

NOTHRIS.
NV. griseella. N. sp.

Tuft large, but not projecting beyond the end of the joint, its anterior
* and inferior margins forming almost a right angle with each other; the

246 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

terminal joint of the palpi is nearly as long as the second, recurved =
tongue rather scantily and roughly scaled at the base, the scales laterally
projecting. Having but a single specimen, I have not examined the:
neuration, but the palpi are nearly those of 1. vecharcella, as figured in
Ins. Brit., v. 3, than to any other genus known to me.

Pale gray ; basal half of the second joint of the palpi dark brown on
the outer surface ; tip of third joint dark brown; basal joint and annu-
lations of the stalk of the antennae brown. There is a rather short dark
brown line on each side of the thorax above the wings. Primaries with
the extreme costa at the base, and the inner angie, dark brown, and the
base towards the dorsal margin suffused with faint reddish yellow; the
disc from the base nearly to the middle is suffused with brown, and there:
are faint brownish streaks between the veins in the apical part of the

‘wing. AZ ex. 34 inch.

HOLOCERA.

H. Clemensella. N. Sp.

fl. chalcofrontella Clem. is so variable a species that it is possible this
may be a variety of it; but it is not one of the described varieties.

Whitish, dusted lightly with dark purplish brown, the dusting dense on
the second joint of the palpi. There is a purplish brown patch at the
base of the costa, a small one about the middle of the costa, a small one
opposite to it on the fold, a small one on the disc opposite the space
between the other two, one at the end of the disc, and a row of small
dots around the apex at the base of the ciliae. A/. ex. % inch. Season
August.

POLYHYMNO, gé/. 710V.

The two insects for which I erect this genus are possibly not con—
generic. P. Zuteostrigellais a slender, elongate insect, whilst P. sexstrige/la
is rather robust ; there is but a single specimen of the latter species, and
the head of that is wanting, though it is otherwise perfect. The form and
neuration of the secondaries is very nearly the same in both, and so is the
form of the primaries, except that those of sexstrige//a are a little wider.
The generic diagnosis is that of /uteostrigedla. The points in which
sexstrigela differ from it are noticed under that species. The form of
duteostrigella and the markings of ‘the wings in both species are suggestive

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. QAT

of affinities with Gracilaria, especially the short streaks at the apex of
the primaries, reminding one of the “hook” in some species of that
genus. The palpi are rather suggestive of relation to Cosmopteryx or
Stathmopoda, but the form. and neuration of the wings place it beyond
doubt in the Gelechid@, though the caudate primaries are peculiar.

No maxillary palpi; labial palpi recurved, very long and slender, with
the third joint longer than the second, and pointed ; tongue long, scaled
-at the base ; forehead convex ; face broad; scales of the head and face
appressed; basal joint of the antennae small, scarcely distinguishable:
from the stalk, which is long and slender.

Primaries lanceolate, narrow, caudate, the costal and dorsal margins
both being excised before the tip, behind the cell, the dorsal margin
deeply so, and the extreme tip isa little hooked backwards. The costal
vein is short, cell narrow; the subcostal gives off two branches, both
behind the middle, the ‘first remote from the second, which is at the end
of the cell; and the apical branch is furcate behind the cell, both
branches going to the costal margin. The discal vein gives off a single
branch, which goes to the dorsal margin, and the median is four-branched,
all four at or near to the end of the cell ; the submedian is furcate at the
base.

The secondaries are deeply emarginate beneath the apex, which is a
little hooked backwards ; the subcostal gives off a long branch from before
the middle. and is furcate, with one branch to the costal and the other to
the dorsal margin before the tip ; the cell is unclosed, and the independ-
ent discal branch arises af the median, which is three-branched, the first
one being before the middle and remote from the others. They are about
as wide as the primaries.

The neuration of the secondaries allies this genus to Z7ypanisma Clem.,.
Taygete, Evippe, &c., Cham.

P. luteostrigella. N. sp.

Silvery white ; ciliae pale stramineous; upper surface of the thorax,.
with four narrow, equidistant, longitudinal, golden yellow lines. Primaries
with three similar golden yellow lines extending through the entire length
of the wings; one of these is placed just within the dorsal margin, and
is continuous with one of the central thoracic lines, but the line is very
indistinct, becoming more distinct towards the apex ; another of the lines.
on the wing is continuous with one of the lateral thoracic lines, is very

SAG.” THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

distinct, becomes furcate on the disc, one branch going to the extreme
apex and the other towards the dorsal margin at the beginning of the
ciliae, where it becomes confluent with the first mentioned line, but
immediately separates from it again, the two lines continuing on parallel
to each other around the base of the dorsal ciliae to the apex. The third
line begins on the costa at the base, and runs just within the costal margin
nearly to the apex, where it becomes confluent with the second or apical
branch of the second or median streak. In the apical part of the wing
are three golden costal streaks, which become confluent with the second
and third longitudinal lines, and point obliquely backwards, the first being
rather remote from the other two ;_ behind these three streaks is a fourth
one, perpendicular to the margin; behind this is a fifth, pointing obliquely
forwards, and behind this again two short curved ones, pointing forwards,
one at the apex and the other close to and before it. There are two’
distinct, though small black spots in the dorsal ciliae. AZ. ex. 34 inch.
Season, August.

Polyhymho? sexstrigella. N. sp.

As already stated, the head is missing in the single specimen which I
possess of this species, and the primaries are wider, decidedly so in pro-
portion to their length, being a little wider than the secondaries, and the
costal margin before the tip is not so decidedly scalloped ; the tip is not
hooked backwards; the apical branch of the subcostal is not furcate ;
there are three branches before it, instead of two, as in /ueostrigella, but
the last one has almost a common origin with the apical, and the median
is only three-branched, instead of four.

The secondaries are the same, except that in this species the long
branch of the subcostal (the first branch) is absent.

The insect is more robust than /wtcostrigella.

Iridescent fuscous, in some lights silvery. About the middle of the
primaries is an oblique, wide, silvery white costal streak, of irregular out-
line, reaching the fold, pointing obliquely backwards, divided in part by a
narrow yellowish line, which passes back along the middle of the wing to
the second costal streak, the wing above and below it being dark fuscous,
somewhat iridescent ; the second costal streak is white and placed behind
the middle ; opposite .to it is a white spot, just within the dorsal margin ;
the second streak is dark margined behind, and the dark margin is pro-
duced backwards as a line along the centre of the apical part of the wing,
but does not quite reach the apex, and nearly opposite its end are two

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 249

small, straight, silvery white costal streaks, both dark margined behind
and close to each other; behind these two streaks are two others, also
close together, the last one at the apex and both dark margined behind.
The apical part of the wing (behind the second costal streak) is golden
yellow, sprinkled towards the dorsal margin with brown. Ciliae_ silvery
fuscous, with a wide, dark brown hinder marginal line. _A/. ex. 36 inch.
Season, July.

In the form and neuration of the wings, and in the disposition of the
costal streaks it approaches luteostrigella ; whether it does in the palpi and
antennae remains to be seen.

Since the above remarks were written, I have received from Mr.
Belfrage more perfect specimens, and find the palpi and antennae as in
luteostrigella. It may be necessary to amend the specific description a
little hereafter.

(To be Continued.)

ON A NEW SPECIES ‘OF CERAMICA.
BY H. K. MORRISON, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Ceramica rubefacta (nov. sp.)
Expanse, 41 m. m.; length”of body, 20 m.m.

Eyes hairy ; collar and thorax reddish brown; the thorax of my only
specimen was injured in capture, so that the presence, or if present, the
size of the tufts could not be ascertained. But apparently it was tufted,
as there are traces of a meta-thoracic elevation. Abdomen yellowish,
with a strong basal tuft; the labial and anal tufts tinged with carneous ;
beneath red ; anterior wings deep uniform red ; lines obsolete; nervules
distinctly black ; a white dot.on the costa at the base ; the interior line is
only represented by a white dot on the costa and on the subcostal, median
and submedian nervures. The orbicular is blackish, small, oblique and
with a grayish centre, situated close to the reniform, and at more than the
usual distance from the base; reniform vague and blackish, with a gray

-—-*.

250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

-centre ; the exterior line consists of faint white dots on the nervules, and
its course is marked by the slightest possible change of color between the
median and subterminal spaces ; the ante-apical white dots are very
distinct ; the subterminal line wanting, except at the costa, where several
linear white shades show its place. Posterior wings yellowish white, with
a broad fuscous terminal border; beneath the anterior wings are gray,
with traces of an exterior line; the apical, costal aud terminal regions
deeply suffused with carneous. Posterior wings whitish, with the fringe
yellow; the costal and apical portions of the wings carneous. Had.
Malden, Mass.; from my collection. Found under bark, June 24, 1873.

In a reccnt paper, Mr. Grote refers Ceramica to Taeniocampa, being
then only acquainted with Ceramica picta Harr. The discovery of this
species, which agrees perfectly in structural characters with //cfa, confirms
my previous opinion that the genus should be recognized. The characters
which separate it from Zaeniocampa are not very striking, but they can be
readily appreciated, and the habits and markings of the two species are
very different from any of the Zaeniocampas. Rubefacta approaches to
the description of vxdemialis Guen., but differs in the presence of the
orbicular and in other particulars.

In a recent number of the ENnromotocist Mr. Grote described a
species under the title of Perigrapha normani. In working on allied
genera, we have identified this form, but we are unable to see the propriety
of the generic reference.

The following are the characters of Lederer’s genus Perigrapha :

Eyes hairy; tibiae unarmed; antennae pectinated in both sexes ;
collar cut out and produced in front into a sharp corner: thorax with an
angular projection on each side, and bearing behind the collar a lofty,
sharp-edged, longitudinal crest ; abdomen with a closely cut tuft on the
first segment.

In the species under consideration the antennae in both sexes are
simple; the collar is not produced into a sharp corner; the thorax is
rounded, without angular projections on fhe sides. Behind the collar there
is simply a small, flat, furrowed tuft, instead of a lofty crest ; the abdomen
is untufted.

Such being the generic characters of xormani, we remove it from
Perigrapha and refer it to a separate section of Zueniocampa, as it agrees
with the typical species of that genus, except in the possession of a slight
prothoracic tuft. The known species will now stand as follows

bo
wr
a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Taeniocampa Guen.

Section t.—Thorax untufted.

Alia Guen, ;

Oviduca Guen.

Pacificata Harvey.

Section 2.—Thorax with a weak, flat, furrowed tuft behind the collar.
Normani Grote.

ON THE SPECIES REFERRED TO ORTHODES BY GUENEE.
BY H. K. MORRISON, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

In Mr. Grote’s recent “‘ List of the Noctuidz” four of the five species
described by Guencée are marked unidentified. With a very large material
(nearly 100 specimens of the different species, for many of which we are
indebted to Mr. F. C. Bowditch, who has found them common in the
vicinity of Boston) before us, we have attempted to straighten out the
species and to characterize the two genera to which we refer them.

Mr. Guenée, in instituting this genus, comprised under it many
discordant forms, and in his preliminary remarks he forsees the necessity
of a future generic separation of the species.

We restrict Orthodes to the group of which zzfrma is the type, and
also the most widely known member.

ORTHODES Guen., Noct., vol. 1, p. 371 (1852.)

Imagines of medium size. The eyes hairy; antenne simple in both
“sexes ; the palpi stout, erect, thickly but evenly clothed ; the terminal joint
short, but distinctly separated from the other two ; the collar rounded,
-distinctly lobed, and well separated from the thorax; in zzfirma there
is an open space between the two lobes. The thorax untufted, its
villosity smooth and pressed down ; the abdomen untufted, in the female
-slightly exceeding the posterior wings ; in the male long hairy tufts which
have their origin at the base of the genitalia, enclose and extend far
beyond the parts ; the anterior wings rapidly increasing in width from the
base outward, triangular, the apex and internal angle rounded. The
-spots and lines are very clear and evident. Beneath, the males have on
‘the median space an irregular, slightly raised patch of closely compressed
hair.

J5Q, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

SPECIES:

Infirma, Guen., Noct., 1, p. 375 (1852).

In this species the squamation is smooth ;_ the lobes of the collar are
separated below ; the thorax is concolorous ; the anterior wings are dull
purple gray ; the lines and spots are all present, with the exception of the
claviform spot, and accompanied by distinct, even, yellow lines ; the half-
line parallel with the interior line ; the median lines are trapezoidal ; the
median shade is blackish, diffused,and curved, passing between the spots ;
the reniform and orbicular are large, contiguous, and surrounded by pale
annuli; a double row of spots on the nervules follow the exterior line ;
the subterminal line is distinct, even and slightly curved ; the subterminal
space dark, particularly near the costa; a pale scolloped line at the base
of the wings. Beneath yellowish, with a common line; on the anterior
wings the characteristic patch of hair is more elongated and narrower
than in the allied species ; on the posterior wings discal dots.

Expanse, 32-35 m.m. /fab., the Eastern and Middle States. Ihave
also received specimens from St. Louis (Prof. C. V. Riley.)

This species is very constant, except that the ordinary spots differ in
their closeness to each other. It is extremely common in the Middle
States in July; to the northward it becomes less abundant.

Cynica Guen., Noct., 1, p. 375 (1852).
Nimia Guen., id., p. 76; candens Guen, id.

gf ....The collar rounded, well separated from the thorax; there is
no open space between its two lobes. It varies greatly in color from
light ochreous through all the shades of reddish and purple brown. ‘The
thorax concolorous with the anterior wings; the latter are rounded, pro-
portionately shorter than in ivfirma ; they vary from gray, with scarcely any
red admixture, to deep reddish brown. The median lines are always present,
simple, black and irregular,accompanied by paler shade lines ; their position
in reference to eachother varies in different specimens,; in some they are tra-
pezoidal, in others they are almost sub-parallel, and they vary to infinity
between these two limits. The median shade is black, diffused and arcuate,
always touching the base of the reniform,and approaching more or less near
to the exterior line. The ordinary spots are always distinct, concolorous,
with white annuli; they vary in their distance from each other. The
orbicular is usually oblique, and but little smaller than the reniform ; in

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 953

one specimen, however, it is round and very small. The subterminal line
is generally whitish, distinct, and preceded by a dark shade line; this
latter is sometimes absent. The posterior wings are uniform, fuscous,
slightly lighter at the base, with a faint discal dot ;_ the fringe tinged with
ochreous or carneous, or with a shade between them. Beneath the anterior
wings are gray, the apex sometimes carneous. The characteristic patch
of hair covers the upper part of the basal and median spaces. The
posterior wings are yellowish, with a discal dot and thick median line ;
the latter is rarely obsolete. The fringes of both wings vary; they are
usually carneous, but sometimes ochreous or even pale gray. The anal
‘tufts are usually yellowish.

Expanse, 30 to 33 m. m.

2. Inthe female the collar is purple, tipped with ochreous ; the
thorax and anterior wings are never gray, or with any trace of ochreous,
neither are they reddish brown, as in the males ; they are usually of a dark
intense purple brown. The median lines vary 2s in the males, but they
are always less distinct ; the ordinary spots are usuaily present, as in the
males, but in one specimen they are barely traceable. The subterminal
light line is less distinct, and frequently entirely obsolete. The posterior
wings are as in the males ; beneath also varying as in the other sex.

Lxpanse, 29 to 32 m.m. //ab. Maine, Mass., N. Y., Ohio ; St. Louis,
Mo. (Prof. C. V. Riley). Appearing in the latter part of June and first
of July.

We have no hesitation in referring ima as a synonym of this species,
as specimens from New York exactly correspond with Guenée’s
description. Candens, however, may be distinct ; but we are disposed to
consider it merely a variety, from the description; at least until it is
discovered and proved to be a good species.

PSEUDORTHODES (vou. gen. )

Closely allied to Orthodes, but we think sufficiently distinct from it.
The anterior wings are narrower than in Orthodes, and lack the distinctive
sexual patch of closely compressed hair of the males. The markings are
confused, and the ordinary spots are obsolete. The males have not the
long anal tufts found in Orthodes. * The third palpal joint is longer and
better defined.

Vecors Guen., Noct. 1, p. 376 (1852.)
Var. griseocincta Harvey, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci, 1874.

254 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

In this species the thorax is concolorous with the anterior wings ;_ the
abdomen is smooth and flattened ; the wings are usually reddish brown or
gray, lustrous ; the median lines are blackish and confused, often accom-
panied by pale, faint shade lines; the interior line is slightly oblique and
sometimes geminate; the median shade is broad, black, arcuate, and.
diffused, touching the reniform, which is reduced to a red or white spot.
The orbicular and claviform are absent. The exterior line is always
simple and denticulate ; the subterminal line is faint, light, preceded very
frequently by a dark shade, in which are sometimes formed, opposite to
the cell, black cuneiform dots. The fringe is concolorous. Posterior
wings dark grayish fuscous, sometime almost black. The discal dot is
always present. Beneath the anterior wings are dark gray, with the
terminal space usually light; the posterior wings lighter, with a distinct
discal dot. A common median line extends over both wings.

Expanse 25 to 32 m.m. Aad. Atlantic States.
Nearly forty specimens were examined from different localities.

O. cynica can be justly called a variable species, but this one is infinite
in its variations of size as well as color. We can not.consider. gréseocincta
other than a specimen in which the reddish tint is entirely absent, and
the gray shades accompanying the lines are unusually prominent. The
forms of this species slide so gradually into each other that it is impossible
to draw distinct lines of demarcation. ‘There are, however, two principal
varieties ; in one the reniform is clear, white and conspicuous, and the
ground color is reddish ; in the other the reniform is reddish, or indicated
only by a few pale scales, and the ground color is gray with but slight
reddish admixture. Specimens of this latter variety (which is the only
one described by Guenée) sometimes occur in which the ground color is.
red, but it is more frequently the other way.

In one specimen expanding only 25 m. m., the reniform is white ; the
ordinary lines are diffused and black, coloring the whole wing, and
entirely cbscuring the usual reddish shade. In another, which approaches
griseocincta, the expanse is 31 m.m. ; the reniform is simply a few collected
whitish scales. The lines are nearly obsolete, and the interior line is
preceded by a faint pale shade band. The gronnd color is a dull lustrous.
slightly brownish gray.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 255

Obituary.

The sad intelligence of the death of that distinguished Entomologist,
Francis Walker, of London, England, conveyed in a brief notice in our
last, will, we know, have brought grief to the hearts of all those who have
been favored with the correspondence of that genial-hearted man. His
continued and disinterested kindness towards all those with whom he had
to do has endeared him to many. Although we never had the pleasure -
of a personal acquaintance with the deceased, yet to ourselves personally,
as well as to our Society, he has always been among the truest and
kindest friends we have had, ever ready to do us any service in his power.
His death leaves a void in onr circle which it will be hard to fill. The
following brief sketch of his career and his unceasing labors, written by
one who knew him well, will be read with interest :

It has become my painful duty to record that Francis Walker, the most
voluminous and most industrious writer on Entomology this country has
ever produced, expired at his residence, Elm Hall, Wanstead, on the 5th
of October, 1874, sincerely lamented by all who enjoyed the pleasure and
advantage of his friendship. He was the seventh son, and the tenth and
youngest child, of Mr. John Walker, a gentleman of independent fortune,
residing at Arno’s Grove, Southgate, where the subject cf this memoir
was born on the 31st of July, 1809. Mr. Walker—the father—had a
decided taste for science, especially Natural History; he was a fellow of
the Royal and Horticultural Societies, and vice-president of the Linnean,
so that his son’s almost boyish propensity for studies, in which he after-
wards became so eminent, seems to have been inherited rather than
acquired.

Mr. Walker’s decided talent for observing noteworthy facts in Ento-
mology was first exhibited at home, when, as a mere child, his attention
was attracted by the butterflies, which, in the fruit season, came to feed on
the ripe plums and apricots in his father’s gardens ; Vanessa C-Album is
especially mentioned ; and Limenitis Sibylla, another species no longer
found in the vicinity of London, was then common at Southgate.

In 1816 Mr. Walker's parents were staying with their family at Geneva,
then the centre of a literary coferie, in which they met, among other
celebrities, Lord Byron, Madame de Stael, and the naturalists De Saussure
and Vernet. They spent more than a year at Geneva and Vevey, and in
1818 proceeded to Lucerne, from which place Francis, then a boy nine

Lo
Or
er)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

years of age, made the ascent of Mont Pilatus, in company with his elder
brother Henry; their object, in addition to the ever delightful one of
mountain-climbing, being the collecting of butterflies. |The family after-
wards visited Neuwied, and returned to Arno’s Grove in 1820.

In 1830 the two brothers, Henry and Francis, again visited the
Continent, and now it was purely an Entomological tour, the late Mr.
Curtis, the well-known author of ‘ British Entomology,’ being their com-
panion. ‘This party collected most assiduously in the island of Jersey, and
afterwards at Fontainebleau, Montpellier, Lyons, Nantes, Vaucluse, &c.,
the French Satyridee, of which they formed very fine collections, being
their principal object.

Mr. Walker's career as an author commenced in 1832. Hecontributed
to the first number of the ‘Entomological Magazine,’ the introductory
chapter of his ‘ Monographia Chalciditum,’ a work on the minute parasitic
Hymenoptera—a tribe of insects which he ever afterwards studied with
the most assiduous attention, and one on which he immediately became
the leading authority. He was then only twenty-three years of age; but
his writings exhibited a depth of research and maturity of judgment which
have rarely been excelled, and which abundantly evince the time and
talent he had already devoted to these insects. It is worthy of notice
that he now descended from the largest and most showy to the smallest
and least conspicuous of insects, doubtless feeling that whereas among
the magnificent butterflies there was little opportunity for the discovery of
novelties, among the Chalcidites everything was new—everything required
that minute, patient, and laborious investigation in which he seemed so
especially to delight. | Only two authors, Dalman and Spinola, had pre-
ceded him in devoting their attention to the structure of these atoms of
creation ; and even these two had described comparatively a very small
number of species. vy

In 1834 Mr. Walker, somewhat reluctantly, consented to undertake
the editorial management of the ‘ Entomological Magazine,’ and resigned
this office the following year, yet continued a constant contributor to its
pages. The same year he visited Lapland, in company with two of our
most distinguished botanists ; and in this extreme north of Europe, and
especially at Alten and Hammerfest, he assiduously collected insects, more
particularly the northern Diptera, the Satyridz among Lepidoptera, and
the Chalcididze amongst Hymenoptera. During this journey we have the
first and only notice of his prowess as a sportsman: he shot wild grouse

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 257

.and ptarmigan ; and on one solitary occasion was accessory to the death
of a reindeer, but as other rifles besides his own were simultaneously
discharged, it is difficult to say whose was the effective bullet. I am glad
to be able to record that Mr. Walker declined to give the poor creature
the coup de gréce, and, for this especial purpose, resigned to another his
couteau de chasse. .

In May, 1840, he married Mary Elizabeth, the eldest daughter of Mr.
Ford, of Ellell Hall, near Lancaster, and spent the summer on the Con-
tinent, again collecting in Switzerland with his customary assiduity.

In 1848 he explored the Isle of Thanet, the following year the Isle of
Wight, and succeeding years, 1850 and 1851, he visited Geneva and
Interlachen ; and during the former year commenced his great work on
Diptera. This formed part of a projected series of works on British
insects, to be called ‘Insecta Britannica,’ a project in which the late Mr.
Spence took a deep interest.

During the year 1851 was published the first volume of the ‘ Diptera.’
‘This work is printed in 8vo., and contained 314 pages ; the second volume
appeared in 1853, and contained 298 pages; and the third volume in
1856, and contained 352 pages. ‘Thus the entire work comprised nearly
1000 pages of closely-printed descriptions.

Another tour on the Continent occupied a considerable portion of
1857, Mr. Walker visiting Calais, Rouen, Paris, Strasbourg, Baden-Baden,
Heidelberg, Wiesbaden, Frankfort, Mayence, Cologne, Brussels, Aix-la-
‘Chapelle, and Antwerp. During the journey he collected in the Black
Forest ; and this is the only scene of his scientific labours, during the
tour. of which I have any intelligence.

The summer of 1860 was devoted to a thorough exploration of the
‘Channel Islands. Dr. Bowerbank was his companion during a portion
of the time, and, as a consequence, the sponges of these islands were a
main object of research—the Gouliot caves in Sark, so celebrated for
their marine productions—were a great attraction to both naturalists.

In 1861 Mr. Walker’s excursions were chiefly confined to North
Devon; he visited Linton. Clovelly, Ilfracombe, Bideford, and Barn-
staple : and now his attention seems to have been again chiefly occupied
with Lepidoptera, at the scarcity of which he was greatly disappointed,
having expected, from the extensive woods, to have found moths particu-
larly abundant.

9258 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

In 1863 he toured the English lakes; and, in the spring of 1865,
North Wales and Ireland; and in the autumn he again visited Paris,
Geneva, Lucerne, Interlachen, and Altdorf, ascending the -Righi, Mont
Pilatus and the Mirren, and proceeding to Kandersteg, the Oeschinen
See, and the Gemmi Pass.

In 1867 we find him again in France and Switzerland, ascending the
Col de Voza, and examining the Jardin of the Mer de Glace ; thence over
the Téte Noir to Martigny, Sion, and the Great St. Bernard ; returning by
St. Maurice and the Villeneuve to Geneva.

In 1869 he made the tour of the Isle of Man, and returned by Holy-
head ; in 1870 he paid another visit to Llanberis, as well as to all the more
beautiful scenery in North Wales, crossing over to Ireland, and touring
that island from south to north ; and in 1871 he examined Entomologically
the Scilly Islands, and the districts of the Lizard and the Land’s End.

In 1872 he turned his attention to Italy, visiting Rome, Piza, Lucca,
Florence, Naples, Sorrento, Capri, Milan, and Venice, as well as the Lakes.
of Como and Maggiore.

And, finally, in the present year, he had again proceeded as far as
Aberystwith, on his way to Ireland, when his intention was frustrated by
illness, which terminated fatally on the 5th of October. He died in’ the
most perfect peace of body and of mind. For many years Mr. Walker
was a member of the Linnean and Entomological Societies of London,

but resigned his membership in both some time before the close of his
life.

It might be excusable in a man of such incessant bodily activity—so
locomotive by inclination, so devoted to the study of Nature in all her
aspects, so dilligent a collector of the objects of his favourite study—had
he allowed his pen to rest while his hands were engaged in forming and
arranging his collections. | But this was not the case with Mr. Walker, as
his Catalogues of the National Collection abundantly testify. Of the
Lepidoptera Heterocera, alone, Mr. Walker catalogued and described
upwards of twenty-three thousand species ; in addition to which he pre-
pared similar catalogues, although perhaps not to the same.extent, of the
Diptera, Orthoptera, Homoptera, Neuroptera, and part of the Hymen-
optera: such an amount of labour, as is testified by these catalogues, has
seldom, if ever, been accomplished by one individual. But this statement
by no means represents the whole of his literary labours. He contributed

——E——

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 259

shorter or longer papers to the Transactions of learned societies, and to
the periodicals of the day, especially to the ‘ Zoologist’ and ‘ Entomolo-
gist ;’ by the indexes of the latter I find he sent. thirteen communications
to the first volume, three to the second, one to the fourth, thirteen to the
fifth, and forty-three to the sixth; during the present year his writings
appear in every number. I intended to catalogue these and his other
labours, to give some idea of the number of pages, number of species and
dates of each; but I can scarcely now venture to look forward to the
accomplishment of this labour of love.

A word remains to be spoken of the man apart from the scientific and
accomplished naturalist. ‘Throughout my long life I have never met with
anyone who possessed more correct, more diversified, or more general
information, or who imparted that information to others with greater
readiness and kindness ; I have néver met with any one more unassuming,
more utterly unselfish, more uniformly kind and considerate to all with
whom he came in contact. _It is no ordinary happiness to have enjoyed
the friendship of such a man for nearly half a century.— Zdward Newman
in The Entomologist.

CORRESPONDENCE.

ON CIRR@DIA PAMPINA Guen.
DEAR SIR,—

In the list of the North American Noctuidz published in the Bulletin
of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, we find the familiar name of
Cirredia Guen. replaced by Afethmia Hubn. We are unable to see the
necessity of this change. A/ethmia was founded by Hubner in the
Verzeichniss (1816) on

x erampelina Hb.
ambusta W. V.
subusta Hb.

Guenée, in his “ Zssai sur les Noctuélites,’ printed in the Annals of
the, French Entomological Society for 1839, p. 489, takes out .. erampelina,
which is congeneric with our fampina as well as the European ambusta,
placing it in the genus Civradia. In 1852, the same author in the “ Species
Général,” vol. 6, p. 12, defines Athetmia (which he spells as in. the index,
not the text of. the “ Verzeichniss”), referring subusta as the typical

260 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

species, and adding another, zzusfa, to the genus, both of these species
being native in South America.

This being the synonymy of the two genera,we would retain Cirredia
for our well known form. H. K. Morrison, Cambridge, Mass.

BOOK NOTICES.

Manuscript Notes from my Journal, or Illustrations of Insects, Native
and Foreign Diptera, by Townend Glover, Washington, D. C.

We sincerely thank the author of this valuable work for his great
kindness in placing us on the list of the favored few among whom the
first small edition of forty-five copies of the above work has been dis-
tributed. This work is unique in several respects. It is a fac simile of
the author’s own note book on this family of insects, written by the author
himself on prepared pzper, then transferred to stone and printed on a
lithographic press. ‘The costliness of the paper required for this purpose
and the fact that it can only be used on one side, adds much to the
expense of issuing this work, which expense has been borne entirely by
the author. Such generosity and disinterestedness in the interests of our
favorite science is deserving of the highest commendation.

The work is published in quarto form, and opens with three pages of
introductory matter, followed by thirteen plates, containing no less than
480 excellent illustrations of Dipterous insects in their various stages, or
of parts of these insects, accompanied by suitable explanatory lists of
names, &c. The labor on these plates alone, all of which is the work
of this pains-taking and laborious Entomologist, is something enormous,
and this, to our knowledge, is but a fraction of the work he has accom-
plished in this department during the past few years. ‘The next 59 pages
are occupied by an alphabetical list of the families and genera of Diptera,
with synonyms, habitat, food, &c. Then a list of predaceous or parasitic
Diptera ; vegetable and animal substances inhabited, injured or destroyed
by Diptera, &c., &c, A valuable practical portion of the work is the
enumeration and description of various remedies which have been
suggested to giard against the injuries caused by these insects. Each
division of the work throughout is arranged alphabetically and in the most
convenient manner, so as to enable the student to refer readily to any
portion he may desire.

Notices of other books received will appear in our next.

INDEX TO VOLUME VI.

A

Acronycta lepusculina, 154
= perdita, 154
Adisophanes miscelius, 16
Aecaea n. g., 73
“<< ostryaeella, n. sp., 74
Agrotis, On Two Species of, 131
alternata, 214

A Thirsty Spider, 119
Attacus luna, 86, 146

B

Bethune, Rev, C. J, $., Articles by, 159, 160, 181,
200

Behrens, James, Article by, 18

Hi attentus, i. sp., 131 Boarmia larvaria, On the Larva of, 32
oa amen n.sp., 13 | Book Notices, 260

“© Cochranii, 214 * | Books Received, 77

i collaris, 13 Brief Notice, 199

+ conflua, 71

| British Association, Meeting of, 160
fennica, 19, 155

Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 231

Be fuscigerus, 155 | Bulletin Buff. Soc. Nat. Sei., 99

ES gilvipennis, 71 | Bunker, Robert, Article by, 25

a Hollemani, 156 | Butalis basilaris, 8

yy lyearum, 155 ea flavifrontella, $

“ perattentus, n. sp., 131 i “ fuscicomella, 8
Alypia Langtonii, 70 so matutella, 8
Amadria Clemensella, n. sp , 232 | Butterflies, Eurupean, Food Plants of, 21, 126
American Association, Meeting of, 160, 161, 185 Butterflies of North America, 98, 120

Amphipyra py ramidoides, 2 27
Anarsia suffusella, n. sp., 248

“ — trimaculella, if. sp., 243 ; C
Anatrichis minuta, 135
Andrews, W, V., Articles by, 16, 145 | Caloptenus spretus, 185
Anesychia mirusella’ n. Sp., 233 Captures Interesting, 140
= multipunctella, n, sp., 233 ' Catocalas, Notes on, 25
Anisopteryx pometaria, 29 Catocala aspasia, 199
er vernata, 29 ss Whitneyi,n. sp., 125
Annual Address, President’s, 181 “< magdalinua, 199
“« Meeting Ent, Soc , 199 ** relicta, 100
ae ** London Branch, 38 ** —ultronia, Larva of, 147
“< Report, Riley’s 6th, 140 Caterpillars, On Preserving by Inflation, 107
Anthrax analis, 176 Caulfield, F. B., Articles by, 119, 132
“< bastardi, 176 Ceramica, New 'Species of, 249
** fulvina, 177 ae rubefacta, i. sp., 249
“ fuscipennis, 176 Cerastis altcrnata, 15
“* terminipennis, 176 Ceratocampa regalis, 147
Antispila, 166, 197 | Chambers, V.T., Articles by, 8, 49, 72, 96, 128.
ampelopsiella, n. sp., 197 149, 166, 197, 217, 229.
es ampelopsifoliella, n. sp., 168 | Chilocorus bivumerus, 85
eA cornifoliella, 166, 198 Chionebas, 55
xe hydrangaeella, in, sp., 170 Chrysopeleia, n. g., 72
se isabella, 167, 198 ) as purpuriella, n. sp.. 73
ze viticor difoliella, n. sp., 168, 198 Chrysops carbonarius, 178
Aphis Excretion, use of, 5 | Cirroedia pampina, 259
Arctia arge, 98 | Cleodora, 244 —
“borealis, 70 “« pallidastrigella, n. sp., 244
** rubricosa, 158 « pallidella, n. sp., 245
“virgo, 158" | Clisiocampa syivatica, 158
<e virguncula, 71 : Coccinella bipunctata, &3
Argyresthia andereggiella, 10 “ munda, 84
= apici-imaculella, n. sp-, 11 os novemnotata, 83
a oreasella, 10 ¥e trifasciata, $4
*s undulatella, i. sp , 10 | Coecinellidae, On the, 81

Argynnis cybele, aphrodite and diana; Notes on { Coleophora, 128
Larva of, 121 aeneusella, n. sp , 128
Aspidisea, 149, 2i7 * argenti- -albella, 1. sp., 129
diospyriclla, N. 8p., 217 ss auropurpuriella, n. sp., 130
‘ay ella, 152, 219 ciliae-ochrella, n. sp., 129 \

a juglandiella, Nn. sp., 151, 219 5 Fagicosticella, n. sp., 129
lucifiuella, 152, 153, 219 gigantella, n. sp., 28
Ss saliciella, 1. 8p., 151 a linea-pulvella, n. sp., 130

ss splendoriferella, 149, 151, 153, 217 \ = rufo-luteella, n. sp., 129

262 INDEX TO

VOLUME VI.

Coleophora wnicolorella, n. xp., 129

as Zelleriella, n sp., 128
Coleoptera, List of, 52
“ of Anticosti, 137

Colias philodice, 58, 92

Collecting Lepidoptera, Notes on, 114

Colorado Potato Beetle, 160,. 183

<ommon In-ects, On —— of our, 2, 27, 46, 67,
81. 101, 138, 141, 227

Conops sagittaria, 177

Correspondence, 18, 37, 60, 119. 178, 199, 259

Couper, Wmm., Articles "by, 38, 37, 55, 91, 137

Correction, 80

Cressonia juglandis, 171, 178

Crinus scrophulariae, 137

Crotch, G. R., Letter from,
os Death of, 160

ynthia cardui, 38

20

D

Death of Francis Walker, 220, 255
Depressaria dubitella, Larva of, 221
Desmocerus pa liavus. 140
Dianthoecia niveiguttata, 214

oe pensilis, 215
Diptera, Canadian, Stray Notes on, 176

«The Families of, 11

“« Prof. Glover’s New Work on,
Dodge, G, M , Articles by, 44, 114, 125
Doryphora decemlineata, 183
Dryocampa rubicunda, 220
Dryope, n. g., 49

* Murtfeldtella, n.
Dysauxes mediastina, 119
Dysodea, 171

260

sp., 50

E

Eacles imperiatis, 17, 87, 146
Editorial, 1
oO Summary, 78, 98, 120, 140
Edwards, W. H., Articles by, 20, 121, 157
Elachista praematurela, 76
Ellopia ribearia, 138
Entomological Collecting Tour, 59
= Contributions, Lintner’s, 120
. Notes, 145
Readings, 16

E hin nepuele, 140
Eristalis infiexus, 177

nebulosus, 177

sincerus, 177
Errata, 153
Eudamus tityrus, 140
Eudryas grata, 180
Eurois occulta, 13, 71
Evolenes impressus, 136
Exapate congelatella, 145
Explanatory, 178

Fonnica flava, Observations on, 63
G

Gastropacha Americana, 158

Geddes, Gamble, Article by, 67

Gelechia aequaepulvella, 230, 331
argenti-albella, it, 8p.,
bidiscomaculella,
cercerisella, 230,

241
it. xp., 241
231

Gelechia cilialineella, n sp., 242
- costa-rufoella, in. sp., 240

= erescentifasciella, n. sp., 237
depresso-strigella, in. sp., 236
disco-ocele.la, 231
“« elegantella, n..sp..-239
“© Javernella, n sp., 242
maculimarginella, n. sp., 241
minimaculella, n. sp., 235
minimella, n. sp., 243
ochreo-suffusella, R. 8p., 236
6S pallidagrissella, n. sp , 237
parvipulvella, n. sp., 242
‘¢ plutella, n. sp., 238
pullusella, n. sp., 237
quadrimaculella, n. sp.,
E roseo-suffusella, 231
-- rubense!la, Larva of, 222
2 rufusella, i. sp , 240
2 sella, n. sp., 238
ar subalbusella, n. sp., 242
ie subruberella, n. sp., 240
-- thorace-albella, n. sp., 235
trimaculella, n. sp., 238

se Wacoella, n. sp., 237
Gentry, Thomas G , Articles by, 5, 41, 63, 85,171
Geometrid Moths, Packard’s Monograph of, 220
Grapta comma, 157

- dryas, 94, 157
és progne, 37
Grote, A. R., Articles by, 13, 69, 115, 131, 154, 170,
178, 180, 199, 214

H

.
Hadena cariosa, 15 :
~ congermand, in, Sp.,
<s divesta, 215
“ fractilinea, 15
Hagen, Dr. H,, Artic e by, 163
Hagnod fagineila, 231, 232
Hamadryas Bassettella, 231
Harpalyce, n. g.: 234
sf albella, n, sp., 235
canusella, n. sp., 235
tortricella, n. sp., 235
Heliophila commoides, 72
Hemiptera, Catalogue of, 99
Hesperia bathy lus, 140
re oieus, 140
ss pawnee, in. sp., 44
ss zabulon, 14u
Hippodamia convergens, 84
macu ata, 84
parenthesis, 84
v 13-punctata, 84
Holcocera cha'icofrontel.a, 246
ss Clemensella, n. sp., 246
os glandu'e la, 231
Hydraecia sem iaperta, Nn. Sp.,

I

Insects and Flowers, 206
“ Purchase of, 200

iN
Article by, 196
i,

Lachnocrepis parallelus, 135
Lachnosterna quercina, 67, 158

237

106

“e

es

“

105

Kirby, W. F.,

——————————<— ss rll CC ,CrC OUT

INDEX TO VOLUME VI.

Law of Priority, 201

Leconte, Dr. John L., Articles by, 186, 201, 223

Lepidoptera, Collection of in Anticosti, 69
Discrepancies in Recent Lists of, 196

a Larvae, Supposed New Species of,

Leghibegtshaine Lary ae, Variations in Coloration,
85

Leucania pseudargyria, Larva of, 182
Limenitis arthemis, 38

: disippus, 46

43 ephestion, 38
List of 1868, Notes on, 170
Lithocolletis crataegella, 150
Luperina réniforimis, n. sp., 14
Lyman, H. H., Articles by, 38, 158, 220

M

Macroglossa fumosa, 199
Mamestra cinnabarina, 156

rs cuneata, 156

S nimbosa, 13

33 renigera, 132
Matuta, n. g., 116

- catherina, 116
Megachile centuncu aris, 171
Meiitaea phaeton, 159

Ye tharos, 149
Melsheimer, Dr., Death of, 39
Micro-Lepidoptera, 8,49, 72, 96, 128, 149, 166, 197,

oly
Miscellaneous, 220
aa Notes, 158

Morris, Dr, Beverly R., Article by, 176
Morrison, H. K , Articles by, 29, 105, 249,
259
Montreal Branch, Organization of, 59
. = Annual Meeting of, 118
ey Annual Repert of, 133
Murtfeldt. Mary E., Article by, 241
Mycetophilidae, Synopsis of European, 111
Mysia 15-punctata, 84

251,

N

Nature, 160
Neda, it. g., 243
«< plutella i. sp., 244
Nematus ventricosus, 101
Nepticula microtherieella, 152
Neuroptera, List of, 45
Nisoniades catullus, 140
Noctua alternata, 15
Re cupida, 16

Noctuae, New Canadian, 115
Noctuidae, Notes on, 13

s* On two new Species of, 105

LY Grote’s List of, 120

ae of California, Prelimmary List of,

214
Nomenclature, on, 18
Be of Coleoptera, on some Changes
Recently Proposed, 186
ne Entomological, 201, 223

Norman, George, Article by, 19
Northern Butterflies, Dissertation on, 33,55, 91
Nothris griseella, n. sp , 245

154,

O hs

Obituary, 39. 255

Ochria sauzalitae, 216

263

Oenoe, nr. g., 50
* hybromella, n. sp., 51
Oodii of Louisiana, on Species of, 135
Oodes amaroides, 135
americanus, 135
““cupraeus, 136
‘* elegans, 135
“ fluvialis, 135
‘“* 14-striatus, 136
“ Lecontei, 136
“« texanus, 136
Orthodes, On Species Referred to by Guenee, 251
c= eynica 252
on nimia, 252
ae infirma, 252

P

Paleontology af Ontario, 159
Papilio brevicauda, 20, 33
marcellus, 140
“ thoas, 39, 140
** troilus, 140
*« turnus, 2, 91, 140, 158
‘. Linnean Signification of the Generic Term,
143, 163
Peabody, Prof. $8. H., Article by, 98 >
Pearson, C H., Lotte from, 119
Pelidnota punctata, 141
Perigr apha, 250
See n, sp., 115
Perime de, i Jen
se N SP.y 52
Pettit, J,, Article by, 45
Phalaenide of California, 78
Philampelus satellitia, 39, 158
Philonome, n. g.. 6
cg Clemensella, n. 8p. 97
Phragmatobia rubricosa, 71
Phylioxera vastatrix, 79, 185
Phyciodes marcia, 159
Phyllocnistis vitigene.la, 169
Pieris frigida, 56
*- oleracea. i
** rapae, 36, 37 57, 60, 184
Platarctia parthenos, 70
Platysamia co umbia, 119
Placodes cinereo a, 16
Platythiris, 171
Me oculatana, 171
Plu ella cruciferarum, 230,
Plusia gamm +, 16
Poluhymno i. g.. 246
as luteostrigella, it. Sp. 247
ide sexstrigella, i, sp., 248
Polyommatus americanus, 140
Pseudorthodes, n g., 253
“s vecors, 253
Psyche, 99, 120
Pteromalus puparum, 37
Pyrameis atajanta, 38

232

Q
Quarterly Journal of Science, 77
R

Reed, E. B., Article by, 227
Riley, C. V., Article by, 207
Rogers, R. V., Article by, 81

264 INDEX TO VOLUME VI.

S Theisoa, 2. g.y 75
_“* _bifasciella, n, sp. 76
Saperda moesta, Notes on Larya of, 61 ae cena eo a
Sarcophaga sarraceniae, 208 ; : Tischeria-malifoliella, 150
Sarracenia variolaris, Insects Associated with, 207 | To Our Patrons, 60 >
Saturnia io, 227) | Trichius bidens, 140
Saunders, W., Articles by, 1,2, 27, 32, 38, 46, 59, |
60, 61, 77, 98, 101,120, 138, 140, 141.147, | U
161, 199, 260
Scottish Naturalist. 159
Scudder, S. H.,; Articles by, 21 107, 126, 143 | Urania Druryi, 180
Sesia diffinis, 171 / - rhipeus, 180 :
“ ruticaudis, 170 / -
Signs to Denote Sex, 130 V
Sinoe ambrosiaeella, 9
Sphinx eremitoides, 199
ee 5-maculata, 88, 147
Stratiomis ischiaca, 177
Stretch, R. H., Article by, 119

Vanessa antiopa, 146
‘© G-album, 60

P rT
Summers, S. V.. Articles by, 52, 135 VW
Synonymical Note, 180
Syrphus Ribesii, 177 Walker, Francis, Articles by, 11, 111
= agnon, 177 i
Syritta proxima, 177 <i
I

| Xanthoptera semicrocea, 208

Tachina apicifera, 177 | Xylophasia cariosa, 15
* finitima. 177 :
‘* jterans, 177 |

Taeniocampa, 250

Telea polyphemus, 86

Telesilla cinereola, 16 __

Testimonial to C. V. Riley, 7s | z

Y
Ypsolophus eupatoriella, 230

Thyreus Abbotti, 146
~ nessus, 140 : 3 2
ey Zygaenidae and Bombycidae, Illustrations of, 77

QL The Canadian entomologist
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