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Che Canadian Entomologist.
VOLT. LONDON, ONT., JANUARY, 1879. No. 1
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF COSSUS CENTERENSIS.
BY JAMES S. BAILEY, A. M., M. D., ALBANY, N. Y.
Although Cossus centerensis has only recently been discovered, it must
have existed for many years in the vicinity of Center, N. Y., its present
_home. More than twelve years ago, while riding in a Central R. R. coach, I
noticed certain species of Poplar, the central shoot of which had perished
from causes then unknown; later, while on an Entomological tour near
the same place, I found a group of the Populus tremuloides which were
similarly affected, as were also many other trees of the same species in
the vicinity.
On closer inspection many perforations were found in the trunks of
these trees, some of which were of recent origin, but nothing then was
discovered to explain the cause and consequent unhealthy condition of
this species of timber ; several times each year afterwards this group of
Poplars was examined, but nothing definite was learned until during the
month of July, 1876, when a brittlespupa-case was found protruding from
one of these openings. ‘This gave a clue which revealed the true nature
of the destroyer of this woody growth. On the roth of June, 1877, a
fresh pupa-case was discovered, removed and examined, but the Cossus
could not be found, although probably resting upon the tree at that time.
It now remained for the youthful-and keen eyesight of my son, Theo-
dore P. Bailey, to discover’ the imago. ‘The facts as related were com-
municated to stimulate him to vigilance, and the trees were examined
daily, every foot of them being closely scrutinized. June i4th of the
same year he found a fresh pupa-case, and but a short distance from it a
male Cossws, which had apparently just emerged. This insect was
given to Mr. Lintner, who subsequently described it in the CanapIAn
ENnToMoLocisr. J am now enabled to adda few facts in reference to the
natural history of this borer, to give a description of its earlier stages
“a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
which have hitherto been unrecorded, and have also added a more minute
description of this interesting moth. The accompanying lithograph repre-
sents the insect in its different stages, life size. This season (1878)
’ beautiful specimens of both sexes were obtained during the month
of June, from which our illustrations were made by Paul Riemann, a
naturalist and artist. During 1877 the majority of examples obtained
were females ; during 1878 the reverse was the case, as males largely pre-
~ dominated.
It was ascertained that the time for the Cossus to emerge was from
dark to early morning, or between the time of the setting and rising of the
sun. Every day the empty cases were removed, and by counting them it
was known how many to expect to find, which aided the collector much.
As might be expected from the aborted tongue, this Cossus
is not attracted by sugar. The trunks of the trees from which they
emerged, as well as neighboring trees, were sugared extensively
during the time of their appearance, but not one came to taste the bait.
During this process, in examining the sugared patches, the light from the
bulls-eye lantern was thrown repeatedly upon the surface of the Poplar
trees, and several were observed at different times in the act of emerging.
Just before the final transformation the pupa renews its efforts and
pushes itself through the thin bark that has been allowed to remain by
the larva. It pushes itself through the opening as far as the base of the
abdomen, when, after a while, the exposed pupal skin becomes dry and
splits, and the moth escapes, climbing up the bark of the tree, shaking
out its wings until developed. The moths usually select the end of a
dead and broken limb or protuberance of the roughened bark to rest
upon, which their color so closely resembles that it is exceedingly difficult
to discover their whereabouts.
The empty pupa skins remain at the entrance of the tunnel. The
moth itself at first is rather sluggish, and can be captured readily on the
bark of the tree in which it has passed its immature state. The moth is very
liable to “‘grease,” consequently it is advisable to let it thoroughly dry
before capturing and pinning. The cavity of the abdomen should be
stuffed, and a few drops of benzole previously put in the cavity or placed
upon the material used as stuffing.
The chrysalids vary much in size, some of which are infested by an
ichneumon fly, which preys on the caterpillar. A pupa was observed
endeavoring to makeits way to the surface of the bark, but seemingly unable
i all
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3
to extricate itself, when assistance was rendered by enlarging the orifice.
It was laid in a paper box for hatching ; a few days afterwards many
minute ichneumons were observed resting upon the wall near the box ;
on examination they were found to be escaping through minute holes in
the pupa, which would barely admit a No. 3 Entomological pin. Fifteen
of these perforations were counted in this pupa. I presume that the larva
of the Cossus is pursued in its burrows by the parent parasite. If so, it
is curious that the Cossws pupa is not killed by the parasites until it has
worked itself up to the mouth of the tunnel, thus allowing the ichneumon
flies to escape outside.
October 14th, we visited the trees which were known to be inhabited
by the Cossws, for the purpose of obtaining caterpillars in the different
stages of growth. A section of a tree measuring nearly four feet in length
was taken, and from it six caterpillars were secured, two of which were
occupying pupal cells preparatory to transformation. Judging from the
difference in the development of the caterpillars taken at this time, it
would seem as if it would require at least two years for their maturity.
While thus far the Center locality has proved to be the chief home of this
Cossus, it will undoubtedly be found elsewhere wherever the Populus
tremuloides is found. Several pupa cases of this species have been found
in the corporate limits of Albany. Usually trees of less than one foot in
diameter are attacked, although in one instance a pupa case was found in
a tree measuring sixteen inches in diameter.
The larva, taken October 14th from its burrows, is 45 mil. in length,
of a pale flesh color. It is a little broader anteriorly. The prothoracic
segment is blackish brown above, the dark color edged with a dirty orange
shading. The head is mahogany brown, shining, slightly roughened. The
mandibles are black, with three strong teeth. The surface of the head
gives rise here and there to single scattered hairs. The antennz are
three-jointed ; the second joint gives rise to a single long hair. The
7th, 8th, 9th and roth abdominal segments are provided with false feet.
The segments are marked with a lateral row of brown dots above the
reddish stigmata, and there is arow of similar dots, two to a segment, on
each side of the dorsal line. These dots give rise to single pale hairs.
The larva moves with freedom either backward or forward. The-burrows |
which it excavates are about 15 millimetres in width, and terminate in the
pupating cell, which is about 4o mil. in length, smooth ; the extremity
towards the opening is closed by a wad of finer and then coarser filings
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4 THE. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
of the wood. ‘The coarser splinters are vot detached entirely from the
wood, but are split up by the larva all around the top of the cell, and
project like bristles, appearing somewhat as those wooden toy-trees which
are made for children, and which are formed by shaving down the wood
and leaving the shavings still adhering by one end. These splinters make
afirm wad. Against them are piled a quantity of finer chips or thin
filings, which are loose, but pressed together.
The cell is about 4o mil. from the outer bark of the tree, and
the chrysalis makes its way to the air through the burrow by means
of its teeth on the segments and the spinose process on the front, by
which it forces itself, by stretching and contracting the abdomen, through
the wood scrapings which close the cell, until it comes to the end. We
have noticed a fine thread of silk proceeding from the spinneret of the
larva, although in the puparium we have foundno silk whatever. The
puparium seems to have been formed by wedging first coarser, and then
finer strips of the wood together, and seems to be merely a more carefully
and smoothly finished enlargement of the original burrow.
A specimen of the pupa which I have examined is about 30 mil. in
length, narrow, brownish black, shining, rugose. ‘The clypeus presents a
strong broad spinous process, supported at base by lateral projections,
On the underside it descends into a wide sulcation, terminating in a broad
projection. ‘The caputal appendages are visible, and here and there arise
isolated hairs as in the previous stage. The abdominal segments are pro-
vided with teeth over the dorsum, decreasing in size to the stigmatal line.
The anal segment is provided with two unequal sized terminal teeth on
each side of the vent.
The moth seems to belong to the genus Cossws Fabr., and not to be
congeneric with Xystus vobinte. The head is short, eyes naked, labial
palpi small, appressed, scaled. The thorax is thickly scaled, the scales
gathered into a ridge behind, and is squarer in front than in Xys¢ws, not
so elongate, or so elevated dorsally. The male antenne are bipectinate,
the lamelle short, rather broad and ciliate. The female antenne are
serrated. It is allied to the European Cossus terrebra, while a larger
insect. It differs from C. guerciperda by the absence of any yellow on the
male hind wings, and by its darker color and closer reticulations.
In color this species is black and gray ; the edges of the thorax and
collar are shaded with gray—more noticeable on some specimens than
others. The primaries are covered with black reticulations, which are not
—-
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5
always identical in their minor details in different specimens, nor some-
times on both wings in the same speciinen. Beyond the cell there is a
transverse continuous line, broader than the rest and outwardly bent over
median nervules. The ground color is blackish over nearly two-thirds
of the primaries from the base, and outwardly gray. Hind wings rounded
in both sexes, with blackish hairs at base, pale and sub-pellucid, with
short gray fringe, before which there is a narrow blackish edging. The
abdomen is blackish. The males are smaller than the females. The
smallest male expands about 4o, the largest female over 60 millimetres.
A female, after being captured and pinned, deposited three eggs, which
were clothed with scales of the same color as those of its abdomen.
The females possess a long ovipositor, with which they place their eggs
securely in the deep crevices of the bark of the same species of tree
from which they emerge. In due time the worms are hatched,and although
very small, are soon able to bore into the tree, never apparently ceasing
to eat and extending their tunnels through solid wood, first in the alburnum
and then through the heart, their burrows increasing in size as the larva
increases, until the latter are completely grown. In consequence of the
innumerable tunnels cut in feeding many trees.are destroyed.
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.
BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY.
LAVERNA.
L. Murtfeldtella Cham.
Miss Murtfeldt favors me with the following notes upon the larva of
this species: “It feeds in the flowers of the Ginothéras both wild and
cultivated, and is especially destructive to G@. Missouriensis, which is now
extensively cultivated. The eggs are laid singly on the sticky surface of tie
calyx, and the larvee, as soon as hatched, make their way to the centre of
the bud and feed upon the petals and stamens. The full-grown larva is
% inch in length, cylindrical, tapering slightly posteriorly and anteriorly.
6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
When young it is of a dull brownish-green color, gradually assuming a
reddish tint, until at maturity the dorsum and sides are of a deep dull
pink arranged in wavy shaded stripes, which are most intense on the sub-
dorsal spaces. Head oblique, round, pale glossy grayish-brown, with dark
brown mandibles and the triangular face outlined with the same color.
Cervical collar entirely covering top of 1st segment of glossy dark grayish-
brown, marked on the dorsum wtth a narrow but distinct longitudinal line
of white. Anal plate brown and horny. Legs and prolegs well devel-
oped. Pupates in a dense, tough, yellowish-white cocoon on the surface
of the ground. Moths issue in about ten days. There are at least two
distinct broods in a season, the second of which hybernates in cocoon.”
Miss Murtfeldt adds: “ The Gnotheras ought to be dear to the Ento-
mologist on account of the numerous and beautiful insects which they
foster. I have already reared from them seven or eight distinct species
and am sure that there are still others.”
One of these is Z. ? wnotherceella Cham., which, however, is no doubt
the same species placed by Zeller provisionally in Phyl/ocnistis as P. mag-
natella. As stated elsewhere, this, though not a true Laverna, is nearer to
that genus than to Phyllocnisiis.
L. enotheresemenella Cham. is another of the nothera-feeding species.
In Colorado I met with a larva believed to be that of a Laverna min-
ing in the leaves of a species of Genothera, but I did not succeed in
rearing it.
Including wnothereella, there are thus five species of Laverna which
are known to feed on @nothera in this country ; and it is not at all im-
probable that other species will also be found to feed upon this genus of
plants. The genus Zpz/odium is nearly allied to G:nothera, and in Europe
eleven of the seventeen known species feed upon Zfz/obium, one of the
eleven also feeding on an allied plant ( Ctrcwa /uteliana ).
Since the original description of Murtfeldtella was prepared, I have
also taken it in Kentucky. The dark lines and specks mentioned in the
description are seen in the fresh specimens to be mostly composed of
raised scales, and so likewise are some of the white marks ; and thereare
also some raised scales on the thorax. Its nearest known congener seems
to be Z. decorella Stainton. A comparison of a good series of specimens
satisfies me that Z. a/bocapitella Cham. and ZL. grissed/a Cham. are merely
variations of Z. Murtfeldtella.
i i il
aha eek
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 7
Zi. cephalanthiella Cham.
The description of this species, avfe v. 3, p. 227, is very unsatis-
factory, but it is next to impossible to describe satisfactorily these small
species of many colors irregularly mixed and blended, and varying with
every change of the light, especially when, as in this instance, there is
considerable range of variation within the limits of the species. No
difficulty will, however, be experienced in recognizing bred specimens, and
no species has yet been discovered in this country which approaches it at
all closely ; and until some such species is discovered, the following gen-
eral description of the fore wings will perhaps assist one in recognizing
the species more than a more detailed one :
Varying in different specimens from ochreous dusted and overlaid with
brownish gray, to brownish gray streaked or marbled with ochreous ; that
is, the proportion of the two colors varies greatly in different specimens,
and even appears to vary inthe same specimen according to the direction
of the light and the power of the lens used in observing it. The grayish
or brownish-gray parts of the wing have metallic reflections, and in some
views it is a very pretty and in others a very plain insect ; there is a large
blackish tuft on the dorsal margin about the middle, and usually the
portion of the disc above and behind this tuft is distinctly ochreous, con-
taining a longitudinal blackish short streak ; there is also a similar tuft
about the anal angle; there are two costal blackish streaks behind the
middle, and a third passes entirely around the apex ; the apical half (and
a little more) of the wing is more ochreous than the basal half, and the
part of the wing Jehind the second tuft and. defore the second blackish
costal streak is distinctly ochreous, with or containing a short blackish
longitudinal dash (like that in the ochreous patch above the first tuft
above mentioned). The ochreous of the wings has a reddish hue; the
ciliz are pale ochreous tipped with blackish and with a blackish hinder
marginal line just before the tips. Apex of the fore wings obtuse.
In the statement, /oc. ci¢., that the mine and larve resemble those of
Aspidisca, the word “larva” is a /apsus pennae, though it is correct as to
the mine. The mine, however, is more like that of an Avfispi/a than of
an Asfidisca; that is, the mine of the well-grown larva—its last mine—
which is always, so far as I have seen them, (and I have seen a great
many) near the edge of the leaf; but the young larva, before it makes
that mine, usually makes two or three short linear mines beginning at the
midrib. The imago does not resemble at all closely any species known
8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
to me, but the larva resembles that of the European Z. sudstrigella, as
figured in Nat. Hist. Tin, xvi. The head is pale sordid brownish, upper
portion of next segment a very little darker, with a crimson spot on each
side of the dusky portion and another just above the feet. The next
segment has the crimson spots larger and more diffuse, and on top of it
begins a wide crimson line which extends along the dorsum of all the
segments to the anal; the remaining segments, except the last two, have
each three crimson spots on each side of the median crimson line, instead
of two, as in those immediately following the head ; each of the last two
segments has a transverse crimson line.
L. obscurusella Cham.
The form of the palpi, the tufts along the dorsal margin of the fore
wings, and the neuration of the wings in this species resemble those of
Chauliodus Lint., and it perhaps belongs as properly in that genus as in
Laverna—tf, indeed, any well marked distinction exists between the genera.
L. ? ignobilisella Cham.
As stated in the Can. ENT., v. 7, p. 51, the imperfect description of
this species was unintentionally published, and the mistake was discovered
too late to correct it. Since then, having received other material, I have
been enabled to give a more correct account of the species. The orna-
mentation resembles closely that of Z.? Coloradella Cham., and they
may prove to be varieties of the same species. The form of the head
‘seems to me to differ, however, the head and face in the ‘Texan specimens
being wider than in those from Colorado in proportion to their length, and
there is, so far as Iam able to compare them with the material before
me, a decided difference in ornamentation, though the resemblance is
strong.
The wings are not tufted and the second palpal joint is but little
enlarged towards its apex. Head, antenne and basal joint of palpi sil-
very white, stalk of antenne yellowish fuscous: Thorax and fore wings
silvery white, with an ochreous costal spot about the basal fourth of the
wing length, extended to the fold, sometimes interrupted so as to form two
spots, one on the costa and one on the fold, and the costal margin to the
base more or less stained with fuscous ; just behind the middle the wing
is crossed by an ochreous band, and the wing at its tip and along the
base of the dorsal ciliz is dusted and suffused with ochreous. Ciliz
white, hind wings and legs whitish. 4/. ex. nearly % inch.
re
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9
PERIMEDE.
P. unomaculella.
Lthome unomaculella Cham., ante v. 7, p. 94.
This species is too near P. erransella Cham. to be separated gen-
erically from it. The neuration differs as follows: In the fore wings the
median subdivides into four branches instead of into five ; there are like-
wise no tufts on the wings and the palpiare perhaps a little shorter. There
are no other structural differences, and they resemble each other closely
also in ornamentation ; wzomaculella is, however, decidedly the smallest,
having an alar ex. of only 3% lines.* Perfectly fresh specimens of both
are deep shining brown, but when a little worn they become dingy,
Specimens of uxomaculella differ.as to the amount of white and dark
brown on the terminal joint of the palpi; the antennz are faintly and the
tarsi distinctly annulate with whitish. Its position in repose is unknown
to me, but P. erransella lays the hind legs along the abdomen and rests on
the other two pair, with the face not quite touching the surface on which
it reposes, and the hinder part of the body and wings elevated so that it
looks as if it stood upon its head.
ea ostryeella and Chrysopeleia pur puriella.
I observe that at p. 72, v. g, ante, the later generic name is misspelled
Chysopeleia. These two species can not be separated generically and are
even very closely allied species. The antenne of purpuriella are, loc. cit.,
described as “ sub-pectinate.” I meant to write serrated, but those of
ostryeeéla are more distinctly so; the palpi in the living insect are
recurved in both. 4@a ostryclla, like all the Ostrya-feeding species, is
very difficult to rear, because the leaves dry or mould so quickly, so that
out of hundreds of gathered mines I have only succeeded in rearing
some eight or ten specimens—about equal numbers of both sexes. The
generic and specific diagnoses were prepared from three males. The
female differs decidedly from the male, and very closely resembles the
male of purpuriella. The male of ostryee/a is lighter colored and more
grayish, with less of the purple lustre than the female, and in the latter
pale grayish fasciz are absent. Both are of the same size. Purfuriella
is somewhat larger than os¢ryge/a, and though not so strongly tinged with
purple as the female of ostry@ela, it is decidedly darker. Its food plant
is unknown, and certainly its habits of life must differ from those of
10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
ostryeella, for no mine similar to that of the latter is found in this vicinity.
The male is nearer in ornamentation to the female ostrywel/a than to the
male, being darker, more purplish and lacking the fasciz. There are
slight differences in neuration between the two species, but not greater
than are found between different species of Laverna, or even Llachista,
which is perhaps nearer to these species than Zaverna. . But the different
phraseology used in the diagnosis of the two genera may perhaps indicate
greater differences of neuration than actually exist ; though “‘ discal cell
long, narrow and closed by an oblique discal vein,” which ‘sends a vein
to the hinder margin from a poipt near the median vein,” which (the
median) “ passes straight to the hind margin,” sending ‘‘ just before the
discal vein a branch to the hind margin,” ( Chrysopeleia) is pretty much
the same as discal cell narrow and rather acutely closed; and “the
median divides into three branches from the apical part of the cell”—
(4@a ) the difference being that the oblique vein which closes the cell is
in the one case considered as the discal vein, and in the other as the end
of the median. In both species the head is not only short and depressed,
but is almost acutely angled in front. The position and number of the
tufts is nearly the same in both species, and is not very accurately indi-
cated by the position of the dots at p. 73, v. 4. The two opposite costal
dots should be nearer together, and in os¢vy@e//a the inner one is a little
in advance of the outer one; while in furpuriella the first and last are a
little further from the two central ones than in ostry@edla. Ostry@ella
also has two or three minute tufts in the apical part of the wing, which
‘are wanting in the other species. In purpuriella there is, loc. cit., said to
be an “ indistinct confused yellowish fascia about the apical fourth,” but
in some specimens this is simply represented by a pale ochreous dot
before the dorsal ciliz. Both species should be referred to ea.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ANISOTA.
BY J. A. LININER, N. Y. STATE MUSEUM NAT. HIST., ALBANY.
Anisota bisecta, nov. sp.
9. Head sunken ; head and collar tawny. Antenne short, simple, the
joints showing as distinct rings. Thorax robust, globose, elevated in
front, and projected over the head more than in A. décolor or in A. Fetlig-
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 11
brodti. Shoulder-covers narrowly bordered above with brown. Abdomen
short, not extending beyond the hind wings, concolorous with them.
Primaries rounded, full, much as in 4. dzcolor, but more rounded on
the outer margin ; pale ochraceous, sprinkled with brown irrorations which
are more numerous costally and outside of the transverse line ; the latter
brown, sharply defined, commencing just before the apex (nearer to it
than in A. dicolor) and running straight to the inner margin at its middle,
or a little nearer to the base. Outside of this transverse line the wing is
somewhat darker. Inner margin of wing bordered with brown of the
shade of the tr. line, becoming stronger until lost in the long basilar hairs.
An indistinct sub-basilar line is indicated by some confluent brown spots,
in form and direction similar to that of A. dzcolor. Cilia interspersed with
some brown scales.
Secondaries rounded at the angles and excised costally, more than in
A. bicolor ; without spots, and with no median band ; of a paler ochraceous
than the primaries, more yellowish toward the outer margin ; basilar region
bearing some dull reddish long hairs from below the cell to the fold near
the inner margin, upon which they attain their greatest extension. Cilia
concolorous with the basal portion of the wing.
Beneath, wings of a duller ochraceous. Primaries with the transverse
line indicated at the apex by a clustering of the brown dots, and beyond,
showing from the upper surface; the brown dots are confined to the
costa, the apical and the outer portions of the wing; a diffused brown
discal spot. ‘
Secondaries darker ochraceous than above. Costa and costal region
thickly sprinkled with dark brown dots. From near the apex, a brown
shade curves downward and then inward, losing itself opposite the cell ;
beyond this to the outer margin the wing is darker ochraceous than else-
where. No discal spot.
Abdomen beneath concolorous with the outer margin of the second-
aries. ‘Tibiz and tarsi of the anterior and middle legs, lead colored.
Expanse of wings, 3.12 inches ; length of body, 0.94 inch.
Flabitat, Racine, Wisconsin. One female, captured by, and in the
collection of, P. R. Hoy, M. D., of Racine.
This species can at once be separated from all other known American
species, by its pale ochraceous color, and the very distinct and oblique
transverse band dividing the wing into two nearly equal parts.
12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
It is closely allied, judging trom the description and figure in Zrans.
Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. i., p. 11, pl. i, fig. 2, to the Mexican species Adelo-
cephala quadrilineata Gr.—Rob., in the shape of its wings and thorax, the
sharply defined, straight and very oblique transverse band, the absence
of a median band on the secondaries, and the leaden coloration of the
tibiz and tarsi. The more prominent points of difference are, a more
distinct sub-basilar band and the transverse band farther removed from
the apex on the primaries, and the more extended reddish area of the
secondaries in A. guadrilineata.
A. bisecta, in all probability, occurs also in Texas. I am informed by
Mr. O. von Meske that he has carefully examined an example which had
been received from Mr. Boll, of Texas, which he has no hesitation in
regarding as the f of the above described 2. From a very recent
inspection of the specimen, he is able to recall its more acute primaries, a
deeper yellow color, the transverse line of the same course but stronger,
the brown bordering of the inner margin, and a deeper red of the
secondaries.
ON CERTAIN HYMENOPTERA.
BY W. H. PATTON, WATERBURY, CONN.
PREDACEOUS SAWFLIES.
On two occasions I have observed AW/antus basilaris (Say) Nort. 9
devouring another insect ; in one instance the larva of a Chrysopa, in the
other a small flower beetle of the genus Phalacrus. Although no such
habit has been recorded previously in regard to any American species, it
does not appear to be entirely without precedent among the European
members of this family, for, according to Westwood, (Introd., ii., 109)
“Various species, however, (Z: viridis, scalaris, etc.) attack and devour
living insects which frequent the same plants, as observed by St. Fargeau
(Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1834, p. 11) and Dahlbom (Prod. Hym. Scand.,
p. 38).” The choice of its prey made by the A//antus in the instances
hai al
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13
observed does not warrant us in regarding the insect as beneficial, although
the predaceous habits and some correlated peculiarities of structure tend
to show that the imago may prove to be so. Upon what plant the larva
feeds is unknown. The mandibles of A//antus, as of many other saw-
flies, are asymmetrical, the teeth onthe right mandible being more acute
than those on the left; but the resemblance which they bear to the man-
dibles of Cycinde/a is very striking and would of itself suggest a similarity
of habits.
Of the restricted genus A//antus two species occur in the eastern
United States, and, as they have not hitherto been clearly defined, I
append their distinguishing characters :
1. ALLANTUS BASILARIS.
Tenthredo basilaris Say, Long’s 2nd Ex., i., 316 (1824).
A. basilaris Norton, Bost. Jour. N. H., vii., 240, 9 (1860).
«Frans. Am: Ent. Soc., i, 361 (exck: van
a, @), (1867).
ft 2. Antenne short, black ; basal joint straw yellow. Markings
on legs and thorax clear yellow.
?. Del A Be St, 11,362 (28679,
g ¢. Antennz longer; ferruginous basal joints generally paler
Markings on legs and often those on thorax piceous yellow.
%. Meso-pleura black.
¢. Abdomen black, the second, third and fourth segments yellow ;
posterior tarsi piceous yellow ; a small yellow spot on meso-pleura, pectus
black.
g var. (one specimen). Antenne black, a pale spot on pectus.
In dubius the wings are darker and the size slightly larger; the vertex
is more coarsely punctured, not so highly polished, and often it is orna-
14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
mented with piceous markings which are wanting in dasi/aris. There is
generally less yellow on the legs, cheeks, collar, scutellum, basal plates
and abdomen (éasz/aris 9 sometimes has spots on the tst, 2nd and 3rd
segments) of dudzus than of dasi/aris ; but these characters vary in both
species.
Both species occur in New England from the latter part of July to the
latter part of August, dvdzus frequenting the low grounds, dasilaris the
hills.
A RARE XIPHIDRIA AND ITS PARASITE.
XIPHIDRIA ATTENUATA @.
X. attenuatus Nort., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila.,i., p. 144 (1862), f.
= * Trans. Am, mt. 50¢,.\ib, 0.354, (oe
¢. Head and thorax black ; tibiz and tarsi pale ; wings hyaline ;
abdomen red, with six yellow spots. Length 0.40 in. ; expanse 0.64 in.
Antenne 16-jointed, black, piceous beneath, especially towards tip.
Face below and between antennz, palpi and base of mandibles, fulvous.
Eyes, except for a short space above, bordered with yellow, the border
covering nearly the whole cheek and the anterior and posterior borders
extending backwards to meet on the edge of the occiput, thereby enclosing
a spot above the eyes which is black in the centre but shading through
piceous into the yellow borders. Space about the ocelli finely rugose,
with delicate ridges radiating from each ocellus; vertex behind ocelli
polished. A pit or deep puncture midway between lower ocellus and the
insertion of antenne. Thorax closely and finely rugulose, scutellum and
enclosure on basal plates polished. Tegule, minute spots before tegule,
one each side above anterior wing, and the cenchri, yellow. Trochanters,
tips of coxe and of femora dull yellow ; femora piceous, posterior pair
black ; basal half of tibize and basal joints of tarsi, except at tip, yellow ;
the remainder of tibiz and tarsi fulvous, becoming brownish on the pos-
terior tibiz. Wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures and stigma pale piceous.
Basal half of the first segment of abdomen black and roughened with fine
confluent punctures; the remainder of this segment and portions of the
terminal segment are darker than the other segments of the red polished
abdomen. A yellow spot on each side of segments three, four and seven,
those on the seventh segment being the largest. Sheath of the ovipositor
black ; abdomen beneath, except at base of ovipositor, red,
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15
One specimen. Connecticut, June 6th, 1873.
Taken from a dead stick of Betula nigra. My aitention was drawn to
the spot by finding a Rhyssa humida (Say) with its ovipositor firmly driven
into the wood. Upon cutting into the stick, this specimen, together with
a pupa of the male and several horn-tailed larvae, were found. The
antenne of the pupa are bent down upon the sides of the face and up
-along the back of the head. One of the larvee changed to pupa (female,
length 0.32 in.) on the 21st of July. The male agrees well with Norton’s
description as given in the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., and is very unlike the
- female.
RHYSSA HUMIDA (Say, Bost. Jour., i., p. 224, female. Walsh, Tr. St.
Louis Acad. Sci., ili., p. 108, female).
The specimen differs from Say’s description only in minute characters
of sculpture and coloration which Say omitted, but which appear in
Walsh’s more detailed account. From Walsh’s description it differs in
having no white spot on the metathorax and no “faint, brown cloud in
the inner angle of the radial area.” The length of body is slightly less
_ than half an inch.
A NEW CATOCALA FROM FLORIDA.
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M.,
Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sciences.
- Catocala sinuosa, n. s.
This species is allied to C. coccinata, but very distinct from that and
all other described species. Fore wings whitish gray, paler, but lines
much as in coccinafa. ‘The t. p. line has the double sub-equal teeth and
the long inward and thicker indentation above internal vein. Hind wings
crimson. The median band reduced to a sinuate, unusually narrow and
abbreviate fascia which looks like an elongate discal mark rather than the
usual band. Hind margin with the black band continuous, not quite
attaining anal angle. Beneath largely shaded with bright red on both
wings, the black fascia reduced to unusually narrow stripes; on the hind
wings discontinued. Abdomen gray. Size of coccinata. Very different
in character from the Texan var. cérce of coccinata, which seems to inter-
grade with the type form. Two specimens Florida, Mr. Albert Koebele.
16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
REMARKS, CRITICAL AND SUGGESTIVE, ON THE GENUS
LIMENITIS EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
BY ROBERT M. GREY, KENWOOD, ALBANY CO., N. Y.
Demonstrations from examples taken by me during the past three
years, and from examples taken in Farmington, Conn., twenty years ago,
_give indubitable evidence that our Zimenitis are plastic forms of one species,
accommodating themselves readily to the environment, assuming colors
from climatic effect or different seasons and localities, or for purposes of
protection—the form Z. disippus being mimetic of plexippus, as already
suggested by authors. My conclusions are drawn from the following
observations: Near the Hudson River I find wrsula and proserpina in
close association, each partaking of the markings of the other, evidently
one brood, alighting on the same heap of pomace ; expansion of wings
three to three and a half inches. About six miles from the river ursula
and proserfina are equally abundant, with a few arthemis and rarely a
disippus. Expansion of the wings of the four about two and a half inches ;
all found in one glade. From this to the highest tables of the Helderberg
Hills, ursuda gradually disappears and only proserpina and arthemis are
found, the latter most abundant. In the low lands disippus, ursula and
proserpina are only found; in intermediate broken lands wssula, proserpina
and arthemis are chiefly found ; at the highest altitudes only prvoserpina
and arthemis are found, and examinations of many examples from the
different localities show that these forms approach each other very closely.
In December, 1877, I sent a melanitic form of disippus to W. H.
Edwards, Esq., for his examination, and in a communication written to
Mr. Edwards at the time, I ventured the assertion of all being one
species. As Mr. Edwards did not notice it in a future communication, I
took it as a gentle way of dealing with an absurdity. From captures
made. since I am convinced that all our Zimenitis have one origin. In
proof I have in my collection a disi#pus without the division line on
secondaries ; some with narrow and others with broad mesial lines. In
one example the dividing line is extended to a broad band, with blue
crescents in marginal, and red lunules in submarginal band. An arthemis
from the white band to margin is the exact counterpart of it; in one
example, on the under surface of secondaries inside of mesial line, are
white lunules.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17
I have a melanitic form of d7sifpus with all the markings of ursula
on the under surface,and an ursuz/a that mimics this at the apex of superior
wings, and is suffused with tawny red to base of wing. One wssula has a
bright red under surface, and so on through many examples blending into
each other in color, proving all to be of one origin. The larve feed on
much the same food plants. | The larvee of disifpus and ursula are held
by many collectors to be undistinguishable.
ANOTHER BEE ENEMY.
BY A. J. COOK, LANSING, MICHIGAN.
About one year ago I received a small bug from a gentleman in Mary-
land, together with the information that it was a serious enemy of the
honey bee. It was stated that this bug would lie concealed among the
flowers, and upon occasion would grasp a bee, and, holding it off at arm’s
length, would suck out its blood and life. More recently, I have heard
of the same insect, with the same habits, in Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, and
“more recently, through the editor of Gleanings, from Minnesota, and later
still, from V. W. Keeney, Shirland, Ill. In one case it was stated that the
bug had the power, which it was not slow to use, of stinging quite
severely. This same insect has been observed by both Prof. W. J. Beal
and myself, at this place, resting on flowers, in which it is often almost |
concealed, awaiting an opportunity to capture and defluidize its prospec-
tive victims.
WHAT IS IT?
This is a Hemipteron, or true bug, and belongs to the family Phyma-
tide Uhr. It is the Phymata erosa, Fabr., the specific name erosa_ refer-
ring to its jagged appearance. It is also called the “‘stinging bug,” in
reference to its habit of repelling intrusion by a painful thrust with its
sharp, strong beak.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
This insect is mentioned by the lamented Dr. B. D. Walsh (Am.
Entomol., vol. 1, p. 141), who facetiously compares its intelligence with
=
‘
r .
. -
18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
that of the highest bipeds, who are often ignorant of the difference
between a bee and a beetle, nor could they safely grasp the former. Yet
this humble bug does know the distinction, and holds the bee well off, so
as safely to suck out its substance. On p. 25, vol. 2, of the same work,
this insect is briefly described and its habits given. Dr. A. S. Packard
speaks of this stinging bug, in the American Vafuralist, vol 1, p. 329,
and also in his Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 552, where the insect is
figured. Mr. Townend Glover, late of the Agricultural Department, in
his beautiful work on the Hemiptera, p. 57, has described the habits of
this bug, and has given three figures of it, Plate III., Fig. 13. Prof. P.
R. Uhler, our greatest American authority in this sub-order, in “ Hemip-
tera West of the Mississippi,” p. 58, speaks of the habits of the Phymata
ervosa. In thecurrent volume of the Country Gentleman, p. 551, the able
entomological editor, Prof. J. A. Lintner, in response to a correspondent,
gives a brief account of the habits, etc., of this same insect.
DESCRIPTION.
The “stinging bug” (Fig. 1) is somewhat jagged in appearence, about
three-eighths of an inch long, and generally of a yellow color, though
Fic. 1—Side view, natural size. Fic. 2—Magnified Twice. Fic. 3—Beak, much magnified.
this latter seems quite variable. Frequently there is a distinct greenish
hue. Beneath the abdomen, and on the back of the head, thorax and
abdomen, it is more or less specked with brown; while across the dorsal
aspect of the broadened abdomen is a marked stripe of brown (Fig. 2,
d,d). Sometimes this stripe is almost wanting, sometimes a mere patch,
while rarely the whole abdomen, is very slightly marked, and as often we
find it almost wholly brown above and below The legs (Fig. 2, b), beak
-and antennze, a) are greenish yellow. The beak (Fig. 3) has three joints
(Fig. 3, a, b, c) anda sharp point (Fig. 3, d). This beak is not only the
great weapon of offence, but also the organ through which the food is
ie
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19
sucked. By the use of this, the insect has gained the soubriquet of
stinging bug. This compact jointed beak is peculiar to all true bugs,
and by observing it alone, we are able to distinguish all the very varied
forms of this group. The antenna (Fig 4) is four-jointed. The first joint
(Fig. 4, a) is short, the second and third (Fig. 4, b and c) are long and
slim, while the terminal one (Fig. 4, d) is much enlarged. This enlarged
joint is one of the characteristics of the genus Phymata, as described by
Fic. 4— Antenna, much magnified. Fic. 5—Anterior Leg, magnified—exterior view.
Latreille. But the most curious structural peculiarity of this insect, and
the chief character of the genus Phymata, is the enlarged anterior legs (Figs.
5,6 and 7). These, were they’ only to aid in locomotion, would seem
like awkward, clumsy organs, but when we learn that they are used to
grasp and hold their prey, then we can but appreciate and admire their
modified form. The femur (Fig. 5, b) and the tarsus (Fig. 5, a) are
Fic. 6—Interior view. Fic. 7—Claw extended. Fic. 8—Middle Leg—much magnified.
toothed, while the latter is greatly enlarged. From the interior lower
aspect of the femur (Fig. 6) is the small tibia, while on the lower edge of
the tarsus (Fig. 6, d) is a cavity in which rests the single claw. The other
four legs (Fig. 7) are much as usual.
HABITS.
This insect, as already intimated, is very predaceous, lying in wait,
often almost concealed, among flowers, ready to capture and destroy
unwary plant lice, caterpillars, beetles, butterflies, moths, and even bees
ame ee, fr
—
20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
and wasps. We have already noticed how well prepared it is for this
-work by its jaw-like anterior legs, and its sharp, strong, sword-like beak.
Mr. Keeney says he caught the one he sent on goldenrod. This
plant, from its very color, tends to conceal the bug, and from the very
character of the plant—being attractive as a honey-plant to bees—the
slow bug is enabled to catch the spry and active honey-bee.
VERDICT.
As Prof. Uhler well says of the “stinging bug”: “It is very useful in
destroying caterpillars and other vegetable-feeding insects, but is not very
discriminating in its tastes, and would as soon seize the useful honey bee as
the pernicious saw-fly.”. And he might have added that it is equally
indifferent to the virtues of our friendly insects like the parasitic and pre-
daceous species. .
We note, then, that this bug is not wholly evil, and as its destruction
would be well-nigh impossible, for it is as widely scattered as are the flowers
in which it lurks, we may well rest its case, at least until its destructiveness
becomes more serious than at present. ~
TO OUR ASSOCIATE MEMBERS.
By referring to the second page of the cover of the present issue, it
will be seen that the yearly fee for associate members of the Entomological
Society of Ontario has been reduced—those residing in the United States
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enlarge the sphere of its usefulness. If each one of our members will
exért themselves a little and send in their own and as many additional
subscriptions as they can obtain, they will greatly aid us in our endeavors
to further the interests of Entomology.
I have returned from my
Fourth Annual Collecting Tour to Nevada.
with a Fine Series of Insects, of all orders, and particularly CoLEOPTERA
and LEPIDOPTERA.
I have also a good many specimens from my trips to Colorado and
Georgia, and from other parts of the country.
SPECIMENS PERFECT AND CORRECTLY NAMED. - TERMS REASONABLE,
Address,
H. K. MORRISON,
Box 22. Morganton, Burke, Co., North Carolina.
Sale Agency for N. A. Lepidoptera, Etc.
Collectors in Lepidoptera and other Orders (except Coleoptera)
having surplus which they desite to place ON SALE, are requested to
write the undersigned. If sufficient interest is found, frequent short lists
will be issued, beginning at an early date.
Persons wishing to buy, sending mem. of wants or applying for lists,
will be answered as soon as material accumulates.
THOS. E. BEAN, 506 Olive St. (Room 43), St. Louis, Mo.
POR S.A 2.2 -
THREE HUNDRED LUNA COCOONS—These have been care-
fully reared, and warranted not to be Ichneumonized.
Address—- MISS NATTIE AUKETELL,
Delafield, Waukesha Co., Wis.
Pins, Labels, Boxes and Pita.
Pins.—Mueller (Carlsbad), 36 mm., Nos. 1-8; do., 39 mm., Nos.
1-1r. Klaeger (Berlin), 36 mm., Nos. 00-5, and (after April, 1878,) 39
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$6.5, $5.00 and $5.50. Transportation free.
List of Labels, 2 cents.
Boxes.—35X25x1o cm., for storing, 45 cts.; smaller, for mailing,
6, 8 and Io cts.
Pita, for lining, $1.80 per square metre. Transportation on boxes
and Pita, extra. Al// Prices in gold.
B. PICKMAN MANN, Cambridge, Mass.
THE BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA
BY W. H. EDWARDS.
Houghton, Osgood & Co., Boston, have issued Part 7, Volume 2, of
THE BUTTERFLIES OF NorTH AMERICA. © Price $2.50,
Contents: Papilio Zudra; Anthocaris Genutea, A. Fulia; Colias
Lurytheme and its form Ariadne; Phyciodes Zharos and form Marcia ;
P. Phaon, P. Vesta.
A a f etc: Natural Histo
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The Canadian Entomoloaist.
WILE XT, LONDON, ONT., FEBRUARY, 1879. No. 2
THE GOLDSMITH BEETLE (Cotalpa lanigera).
BY THE EDITOR.
This is, without doubt, the most beautiful of our leaf-eating beetles. It
is nearly an inch in length (fig. 9), of a broad oval’ form, with the wing
cases of a rich yellow color, with a pale metallic lustre, while the top of
the head and thorax gleams like burnished gold of a brillant reddish
cast. The under surface has a polished coppery hue, and
is thickly covered with whitish wool; this latter char-
acteristic Having suggested its specific name /anigera
(wool-bearer).
This insect appears late in May and during the month
of June. Itis distributed over a very wide area, embracing
most of the northern United States and Canada, and
- although seldom very abundant, it is rarely that a season
passes without more or less of them being seen. During
Fig. 9.
the day they are inactive and may be found clinging to the under side -
of the leaves of trees, often drawing together two or three leaves—which
they hold with their sharp claws—for the purpose of concealing them-
selves. At dusk they issue from their hiding places and fly about with a
buzzing sound among the branches of trees, the tender leaves of which
they devour ; the Pear tree, the Oak, Poplar, Hickory, Silver Abele and
‘Sweet Gum all suffer more or less from their attacks. Like the May Bug,
this beautiful creature is often attracted by light, and flies into open win-
dows on summer evenings, dashing in a bewildered sort of way against
everything it meets with, to the great alarm of nervous inmates. Insome
seasons they occur in considerable abundance, and may then be readily
captured by shaking the trees on which they are lodged in the day-time,
when they do not attempt to fly, but fall at once to the ground.
dap THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
The beetle is short-lived. The female deposits her eggs in the ground
during the latter part of June, and having thus provided for the continu-
ance of her species, dies. The eggs are laid during the night, singly and
at different depths, the number probably not exceeding twenty in all. They
are very large for the size of the beetle, being nearly one-tenth of an inch
in length, of a long ovoid form and white translucent appearance.
In less than a month the young larva is hatched; it is of a dull white
color, with a brown polished horny head and the extremity of the abdomen
lead color. The mature larva (fig. 10) is a thick, whitish,
fleshy grub, very Similar in appearance to that of the com-
mon May Bug, familiarly known as “the White Grub.” It
£2 lives in the ground and feeds on the roots of plants, and
on this account it is sometimes very destructive to straw-
berry patches.
ee Several years are required to bring this grub to maturity ;
finally it reaches its full growth in the fall, and changes to the perfect
beetle early the following spring.
THE SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF INSECTS.
BY GEORGE D. HULST, BROOKLYN, N. Y.
It is our desire in the present article to call attention to two pretty
well established laws of nomenclature, that with a few seconding words on
our part, the laws may, “to those whom it may concern,” preach the
importance and necessity of their being observed and obeyed.
tst. ‘All scientific names must be Latin or must be Latinized.” The
laws which govern the structure of the Latin language must apply in every
case in the making of the binomial combination,
In the making of the’ binomial, four methods of construction are in
use. The generic name is alwaysa noun. ‘The specific name is (a)'a
proper name in apposition with this, as Papilio ajax, the Papilio called
ajax ; (b) an adjective giving some description or characteristic, as Codias
occidentalis—the western Colias, Cossus Centerensis—the Cossus living at
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. yA
Center ; (c) anoun in the genitive case, giving the food plant, the country
in which it lives, or the person in whose honor it is named, as Pyrameis
cardui—the Pyrameis of the Thistle, Avgynnis Edwardsii—Edwards’ Ar-
gynnis ; (d) a noun with a participle understood governing it, as Zhecla
M-album, the Thecla with a white M.
In following these, which we believe include directly or indirectly all
combinations, the rules of Latin grammar must apply. Under class “a” a
feminine name must not be joined to a masculine noun. It is just the
same as saying the girl John, as to utter such a combination as AZelitaea
phaeton or Danais archifpus. Duty in the matter is simple and easy.
Fulius and Fulia are exactly the same word, with terminations to express
sex. A person comes to us clothed as a man, and professing to be a
man, and is called Julius. It transpires afterwards that this person is a
woman ; we must, by the compulsion of language and her sex, call her
Julia. We must, or ought to, write and say Melitaea phactona, Danais
archippa, and so on through the list. -
Woderclassb)” the adjective must be Latin, and must agree in
gender with the generic noun. A word is not necessarily Latin because
it ends in ws or a. Combinations to express specific points are important
and to be sought after, but should be made according to law, and in all
cases the gender of the adjective should agree with the gender of the
noun—e. g., we should write—we must write, if our worthy Editor will
allow me so to say—Fagilio brevicaudws Saun., not P. brevicauda Saun.
This error is a wonderfully common one, but can be very easily remedied.
Under classes “c” and “d” mistakes are not often made. But
while it may be Latin, it is not always the best Latin, to make a proper
name by adding ws or zs to what is English. It certainly is curious that
the vast majority of modern Latin names are of the second declension.
One can look through a catalogue and not find an example of the third.
Still, as long as it is. grammatically correct, no fault can be found with a
proper name, though it be an anomaly like Pap. Coon, or a curiosity like
Hewitsonius, in place of Hewiitson, genitive Hewitsonis.
Authors are not always to blame for the bad Latin. ‘Their species are
tossed from genus to genus, as systematising goes on ; but we have about
reached the possible limit of genera, and species are probably settled in
the places they will occupy, and, as a rule, all new genera are feminine.
Our catalogues ought to give, so far as possible, an end to these errors. It
5, Set
6 Be ae eeu
si a
24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
is a pity that some of them seem ‘to be beyond remedy, some which, by
reason of the combination, have a ludicrous meaning, as Sesca Schmidtit-
jormis ; some are beyond change, because the specific word has no
feminine form, as Ludaimonia Fehovah. The former combination is
allowable, for .the Latin will pass muster ; and perhaps the honored Mr.
Schmidt is such an attenuated example of that well-known group of the
genus homo, that the meaning is after all applicable. But the latter com-
bination cannot be defended. “This is a free country,” and each one
can follow out his own ideas of what is reverential and fitting, but our
freedom gives no right to murder either language or sense. Just translate
the binomial, Zudaimonia Fehovah, the beautiful female demon Jehovah;
I suppose demon is right enough, for the insect has long tails, and as
Spenser*would put it, ‘‘fearfulle horns,’ but take it altogether, there
seems to be, to put it very mildly, some incongruity. We hope Mr.
Strecker, who has been our very kind and generous friend, will not leave
that name as a monument for future scholars to gaze upon and wonder
at. And we wish cataloguists would be bold enough to put such, and all
monstrosities, into some proper shape, for the sake of those who read and
for the sake of the authors. We would like the future to have kindly
feelings towards all of us who will then be the past.
2nd. “ Specific terminations must be made to conform to terminations
universally received, and subserving a useful purpose.” This, of course,’
if construction and sense will allow.. The Tineina, Tortricina, Pyralidina
and Geometre have each, as a rule, certain specific terminations. Mr.
Packard has done the science a good turn in his “ Geometrid Moths,” by
giving the proper-terminations to all specific names. But grammar and
sense are the highest law, and so there may be redemption even for Mr.
Schmidt from his sad fate.
We are aware much can be said against these laws, which we do not
pretend are laws as uttered by competent authority. There are two
arguments to defend their disobedience: (a) the following of them will
make now, and for all time to come, endless confusion ; and (b) the
specific name is not an adjective, but a term to express the individual—as
we say among men, its Christian name. It is as proper to say Mary
Thomas as to say Yohn Thomas. It is as proper to say Argynnis mon-
tinus as to say Argynnis montina. Itis the Argynnis whose given name
is montinus. 'To the argument ‘‘a” we say, then we ought to give up the
pretence of writing scientific names in Latin. There is no possible con-
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25
fusion to those who understand that language, and check lists and cata-
logues create the nomenclature of those who do not. To the argument
“b” we say, while we confess what would otherwise be grammatical
errors are thus justified, it is impossible to look upon this family idea as
existing in fact. Gender may be arbitrary in some languages, but it is
_arbitrary to the individual word only. The sun may be considered mascu-
line, but then @// suns are masculine. If Papilio be masculine, then all
Papiliones are masculine. And, taking the generic name as a family
name, so that promiscously masculine and feminine words may be joined
to it, there are already existing and universally received names which
could not thus be used—ze. g., Pyrameis cardui, and all names, such as
Argynnis Edwardsit, named in honor of any one. If the specific name
is an individual name, it is indeclinable unless with the generic name.
And surely, then, these must be Pyramets carduus and Argynnis Ed-
wardsius. Again, if specific names are given names, they should always
be begun with a capital letter—which in descriptive adjectives (more
common as names of the Geometrz and Noctuz), no one ever thinks of
writing. And yet, again, it is impossible to get a noun or name idea in
specific names which is an adjective. Weremember how the old Puritans
ransacked the Bible and their own brains to get expressive names for their
children ; but they gave the names in the noun form. It was Charity, not
Charitable—or at the most, if an adjective, it was grammatical in its use.
The adjective idea remains permanent. Hefialus argenteo-maculatus is, it
is true, the Hepzalus called by that name ; but it is as well true that it is
the Hepialus that is silver-spotted. We may be dull, and that may be the
explanation, but we cannot comprehend that the names of insects are
arbitrary, as are the names which designate men and women.
Can we not rightly make an appeal for the observance of these laws ?
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF
ONTARIO FOR THE YEAR 1878.
The Annual Report of our Society to the Department of Agriculture
of Ontario has just issued from the press, and will be mailed to our mem-
bers in the course of a few days.
ae ke ee ee ee ay ae Pe
5 .
°6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
ON GRAPHIPHORA AND. NEW N. AM. NOCTUID.
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M.,
Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Sctences.
As our acquaintance with the numerous forms of this group increases
the arbitrary division of the individuals into species and the species into
genera becomes a matter of increasing difficulty. At the same time this
does not absolve us from a careful study of the organism in all its parts,
and a correction of former groupings becomes as obligatory as the publi-
cation of the original observation. The limits of the genera Mamestra and
Graphiphora are not always easy to establish from the imago, widely though
they are usually separated. Both are distinguishable by the hairy eyes
from all naked-eyed Noctuz, and by the unarmed tibiz from all genera
(e. g. Agrotis) which have one pair or more spinose. But AMamestra is
tufted more or less obviously on thorax and dorsum of abdomen, and
Graphiphora ( = Taeniocampa of authors) is without these tufts. Speci-
mens received from California, and not in very good condition, have been
referred by me to Mamestra and Dianthoecia, which, from fresh material
received from Dr. J. S. Bailey, I now refer to Graphiphora. These are:
Graphiphora puerilis.
Mamestra puerilis Grote, Bull. B. S. N. S., IL, p. 9.
Graphiphora rufula.
Dianthoecia rufula Grote, Bull. B. S. N. S., II., p. 64 (May, 1874).
The genus Dianthoecia is established for Mamestras with exserted ovi-
positors. I have elsewhere expressed the idea that such a divisionis
untenable, because species very similar in general appearance are separated
by it. And in @raphiphora we have species with the ovipositor exserted
(oviduca) and not (incerta). So far as I can see, the relative position of
the ovipositor may vary in one species. The type of w/fu/a has it
exserted. Fresh females show no evidence of it. ‘There is a variation in
the color of ruwfu/a from reddish to gray, which is interesting. The ‘
variety at first sight looks like a different species, but I have a specimen
which seems to me intermediary in shade, and we have a wide range of ¥
color in incerta. Among the species which I now range among the Gra-
phiphoree is
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. , PA
Graphiphora modesta.
Dianthoecia modesta Morrison, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Hist., 144, Nov.,
1874.
I retain in Mamestra Dianthoecia meditata Grote, which shows a series
of minute abdominal tufts at base, and on this and other accounts does
not seem to me to be intimately allied to modesta.
The species of Graphiphora may be divided according to the structure
of the male antenne. At the present time I only indicate the following
two genera which we may not be able to distinguish from Gvaphiphora.
I am not able to distinguish them myself, but am more concerned to draw
in genera of my own erection at the present writing. Renewed attention
must be paid to them when more material is accessible. These are
Orthodes of Gueneé and Pseudorthodes of Mr. Morrison.
ee an cee | b* :
ASHI
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y
EXPLANATION OF CuT.—a, young larva of Gemma magnified ; a?, head
of same; 2, mature larva magnified; 47, head of same ; ¢, chrysalis.
AFTER FIRST MOULT—Length .18 inch; thicker in middle seg-
ments than at last stage, and tapering posteriorly more rapidly ; the tails
longer, more slender, brown-tipped ; each segment several times creased,
and upon the summit of each ridge so caused is a row of white tubercles,
each with a short white hair ; color dark green, banded and striped longi-
tudinally with white ; on middle of dorsum a dark green band edged on
either side with pale green, and next, on the extreme part of dorsal area,
a white stripe ; a similar stripe over feet, and between these on middle of
side are two white lines contiguous ; under side bluish-green ; legs and
feet green ; head sub-pyriform, higher in proportion than at first stage, the
top excavated roundly ; on each vertex a long, tapering, divergent horn,
slightly curved forward, the length being about equal to length of face ;
color of head brown, pale in front and green-tinted ; from base of each
horn a dark stripe passes down the side, and in front is a second stripe ;
horns dark brown. Duration of this stage in August 5 days, in October
10, In May 7.
AFTER SECOND MOULT.—Length .34 inch; shape as at last
stage, the tails longer in proportion; color pale green, striped as before ;
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. oo
head deep green in front, dull green at back, the stripes brown and horns
brown. Duration of this stage in August 5 days, in May 8.
AFTER THIRD MOULT.—Length .55 inch ; one day later .75 to
end of horns, which are held in the plane of the body, the face being -
bent down asin Apatura ; shape as at last two stages ; in the summer and
fall larve the color of body is now reddish-buff, the dorsal band dark
brown ; the sub-dorsal stripe reduced to a broken dark brown line, only
distinct at the extreme hinder end of each segment from 3 to 10, making
in effect a line of spots ; on the middle of the side a dark brown stripe ;
at base a rounded ridge, buff colored, and beneath it a brown line ; head
shaped as before, but higher and the horns less divergent ; color of face
green, with brown stripes as before ; the horns brown in front, and as
well as the head gray-brown behind ; as the larva advances the green of
the face is replaced by brown, and the colors of the body change gradu-
ally to buff and reddish-gray, the former the dorsal color, the other of the
sides (figs. 4,2°). There was nofourth moult, the stage just described lasting
till maturity, at which the larval length was.go to.95 inch. In the summer
(August) brood the larva ceased feeding on the eighth day after the third
moult, spun a button of white silk, suspended on the ninth day, and
changed to chrysalis on tenth. The larva which I fed in October became
lethargic 3rd November. On 24th of that month, after a few warm days,
it was discovered to be active, and had recently “passed its third moult.
It fed at intervals (being kept in a warm room) till the 1st of February,
when it suspended and made chrysalis on 4th.
On 17th April, 1878, I captured a female Gemma, and obtained a
number of eggs, from which eight larve reached chrysalis. All these
were green at third moult, and to maturity, and the chrysalids were green.
LARVA OF SPRING BROOD, AFTER THIRD MOULT—Color
bright yellow-green ; the medio-dorsal band dark green; on the sides
three yellow lines (one sub-dorsal and heavier than the other), and at
base a yellow raised stripe ; tails pink-tipped ; head greenish-white on
front face and at back, the stripes dark brown, the horns reddish-brown.
Time from third moult to chrysalis 5 to 6 days,
_ CHRYSALIS—Length .52, greatest breadth .14 inch; shape cylin-
drical, thickest at 6th and 7th segments ; slightly depressed on dorsum
behind base of mesonotum, which is rounded, rather prominent, carinated ;
head case truncated, sloping at a low angle from the mesonotum, beveled
34. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
at the sides, and ending in two long, three-sided palpi cases, which are
sharp and divergent, with an angular depression between them ; a cross
section of one of these cases would give a right angle, the long side a
little convex ; wing cases flaring on the dorsal side ; color of dorsum and
the entire abdomen, in the summer and fall examples, sordid yellow-buff,
the wing, antennz and palpi cases all more yellow; the surface finely
streaked with brown, mostly longitudinally and always irregularly ; from
base of mesonotum to last segment a brown band ; the wing cases show
an irregular, wavy, brown stripe on the disk and another on the costal
margin, and each nervule ends in a blackish dot (fig. ¢).
In the spring brood the chrysalids were from .46 to .50 inch, breadth
-14; color blue-green, the dorsum streaked irregularly with paler or
whitish-green ; the wing cases finely granulated with pale green, and with-
out any stripe, but the nervules end as in the other form, in blackish dots ;
there are also two such dots on the inner side of the antennz cases, at
about half their length ; the outer edge of the wing cases cream color, and
this is continued along the head and palpi cases ; the keel of mesonotum
lightly marked by same color. Duration of this stage in May and June
8 days.
The attitude of the larva when suspended is peculiar. From last seg-
ment to 4th the body hangs almost perpendicular, the dorsal side incurved
and ventral correspondingly curved outward ; the anterior segments are
bent at a right angle, the head being turned down upon second segment.
In Sosybcus, the only other spécies of Ccenonympha whose early stages
are fully known to me, the attitude of the suspended larva is that of figure
6. Gemma in its larval stages resembles an Apatura (Ce/fis) more than
it resembles Sosydzws. It holds the head bent under so that the horns are
nearly or quite in the plane with the back. The chrysalis differs
materially from any Satyrid chrysalis known to me, that is, from Sosydzus,
Eurytris or Nephele.
The figures of both larva and chrysalis of Gemma in Boisduval and
LeConte, Plate 62, are quite wrong, and must have been drawn from some
other species. The larva figured has no horns, and moreover is round
headed. Gemma is not uncommon in this region, but I have found it
restricted to certain localities, in open woods, or near woods, and at the
proper season I can always find examples by visiting these places. It is
three brooded, and, as shown above, I have raised each brood from
the egg.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ow
I know no other butterfly which moults three times and no more, but
I have verified the fact in this case repeatedly, keeping the larvz in
separate glasses and watching them through all their changes. I use half
pint glasses, with tin tops, for all my larve, except the largest, as the
Papilios, and for these also in their earlier stages, so that it is easy to
examine and observe them. No larva moults without an interval of
abstention from food, and absolute rest for 24 or more hours, and at this
time the skin over head and second segment becomes white and swollen,
making it impossible that a moult should be coming on without oppor-
tunity of knowing it. Nearly all larvee moult four times, but P/z/enor alone
of the Papilios bred by me, moults five times. Some of the hybernating
larve moult but four times, as Wephele and Eurytris, others five times, as
the large Argynnids. Some Argynnids which have a summer as well as
winter brood, moult four times in the summer. So do Zkharos and
WVyctets, but five times in the hybernating brood. Milford, 'N., Hi:
Tabanus superjumentarius.
9. Length 16-19 m.m. Palpi long, slender, gray, thickly beset
outwardly with short black hairs. Face and cheeks gray, with white pollen
and hairs. Antenne black, base of joints reddened, upper angle of third
joint prominent. Front without ocellar tubercle, coarctate anteriorly, gray
with a central brown spot and brown vertex with black hairs. Callus
chestnut brown, higher than wide, fusiform above. Eyes naked, uni-
colorous. Thorax chocolate brown, with white stripes, the middle one
narrow, geminate, abbreviate. Thorax and scutellum densely clothed
with white hairs. Humeri and pleure pale carneous with black pile.
Abdomen tapering, black, with dense appressed glossy hairs. Segments
3 to 6 faintly margined posteriorly with white, which expands centrally
into small triangles on the anterior segments by a few white hairs. Venter
black, whitish pollinose laterally, the segments margined with white and
with white ciliz. Legs black, with black hairs, base of tibize testaceous
interiorly. Wings tinged with fuliginous. Base, costal cell and stigma
pale yellow. A faint cloud on divarication of third vein. First posterior
cell slightly coarctaie.
Two ¢. July 4. Milford, N. H.
Labanus Dodger.
¢. Length r2-14m. m._ Face and cheeks densely covered with
light gray pollen and long white hairs. Palpi whitish with white and a
few black hairs. Antenne pale yellow, third joint black, upper angle
rounded. Front parallel, gray, no ocellar tubercle, callus dark chestnut
brown, rectangular, a little wider than high, and frequently emarginate
above. A disconnected ovate lanceolate spot above. Eyes pubescent,
purple, with two parallel green stripes, the upper wider; and wider than
35 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
the intermediate space. Thorax brown with broad white stripes. Scu-
tellum brown with black hairs. Abdomen brown with two broad white
stripes of sub-equal width with the space between. Hind margin of seg-
ments white. Venter dark, covered with gray pollen, hind margins white.
Feet yellowish, base of femora and tips of tarsal joints infuscated. Wings
hyaline, costal cell and stigma pale yellow. Veins brown. First cell open.
Nine 2 received from Mr. G. M. Dodge, Glencoe, Nebraska, to
whom the species is affectionately inscribed.
Tabanus sparus.
9. Length g-11 m.m. Palpi yellowish-white with a few short white
and black hairs. Face gray with white pollen. Antenne fulvous, third
joint compressed, upper angle obtuse, annulate portion black, short. Eyes
large, naked, unicolorous, dark green with a purple reflection. Front
coarctate, gray, no ocellar tubercle. Callus rectangular, a connate line
above. Thorax brown with light gray stripes. Scutellum concolorous.
Abdomen dark brown, the segments with white margins, the central tri-
angles smaller than the oblique lateral ones, which are frequently discon-
nected from the margin on the posterior segments. Venter dark fulvous,
black posteriorly, segment margins white. Legs varying from blackish
brown to pale yellow, the base of tibiz being lightest. Wings -hyaline ;
stigma pale yellow. First cell open.
Milford, N. H. June and July. Abundant. One f, Prof. F. G.
Sanborn, same locality, resembles 2 closely, but the black on abdominal
dorsum prevails and the tip of venter is darker.
This species resembles pumz/us Macq., but is larger; the spots on
second segment coalesce with the margin, the eyes are unicolorous, while
pumilus has two bright green parallel stripes on purple ground.
PARASITE ON THE COMMON HousE-FLy.—Prof. Leidy recently stated
that in examining various common animals of our household, he found a
thread-worm infesting the house-fly. The worm is from a line to the tenth
of an inch in length, and lives in the proboscis of the fly. It was found
in numbers from one to three in about one fly in five. This parasite was
first discovered by Mr. H. J. Carter, the well-known naturalist, in the
house-fly of India, who described it as ilarta muscae.—Science-Gossip.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39
CORRESPONDENCE.
SCARCITY OF PAPILIONIDA IN NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK.
DEAR SIR,—
During the months of July and August last I visited several places in
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and was everywhere, alike, surprised at
the scarcity of Papilionidze this year. Where last summer there were
swarms of Argyunis aphrodite, Colias philodice, Nymphalis arthemis,
nephele, alope and Pieris rape, 1 did not see two dozen examples in all.
The only arthemis I have seen this year is one obtained from a mature
larva I picked up on the side-walk near my own residence. I have one
dtstppus taken near St. John, July 1st. This species I think is rare here
at any time ; ¢wvmus is also rare. AZelitacas have been about as abundant
as usual ; Vanessa antiopa much less numerous. The commoner kinds
of moths which enter our houses at night are remarkably scarce.
In Nova Scotia I found large numbers of the larvee of Cynthia cardui,
and later here I have seen the imagines very abundant. wunfera is much
less common. At Parrsboro’, N.S., I found on cultivated grounds several
young maples quite defoliated by the larvee of Orygia leucostigma. A
careful search failed to discover any on the larch, poplar, willow, moun-
tain ash and other trees and shrubs which were planted thickly around.
On the opposite side of the street I saw a small apple ttee swarming with
these caterpillars, but they do not appear to do as much injury to the
apple as to the maple tree. I suggested to the owner of the apple tree
that they might be picked off and destroyed before they commenced
spinning, but he evidently thought it would be too much trouble. There
will likely be a good crop of these caterpillars next year.
CAROLINE E. HeEvstis, Carleton, St. John, N. B.
DeEaR SIR,—
For some two or three years back there has been no little discussion
of the question, “‘ What constitutes a genus?” The opinions of many
of our lepidopterists and others have been given to the gain of us all. We
each had our opinions before the reading of these articles, but now are
able intelligently to give a reason for our opinions. And probably the
majority have been convinced that the creation of genera upon minute
differences is not only unnatural, but ill-advised and unnecessary.
fed
Ae
s
40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
But with the Catalogues of Edwards and Strecker before me, and
after viewing the varying conflict between Messrs. Strecker and Grote, I
would like to ask ‘‘ What constitutes a species?” There is certainly a
wide difference of opinion among authors upon the subject, and if we are
properly, and with profit, to read their articles and study their books, we
ought to know the basis upon which they work. I am aware there is,
properly speaking, in nature, no such thing as a species defined by precise
limits. It is impossible to tell where variety leaves off and species
begins, and where one species ceases to be one, and becomes two. But
when a person becomes (by the fact that he gives a ‘‘ Check List” or a
“‘Catalogue” to the public) a professed systematist, we, “the public,” have
some right to the ideas of truth upon which their work is based. Apart
from right, however, I am sure information on this subject will be of gen-
eral interest and profit. May I therefore.ask our friends to “rise and
explain ?” Very truly yours,
Gro. D. Hutst, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Dear SiIR,—
The paper by Mr. Robert M. Grey in your January number is of great
interest. In it Mr. Grey takes the ground that the four Eastern so-called
“species” of Zzmenztis are plastic forms of an original species modified
by the environment and with essentially differing ranges in latitude and
vertical height. The intermediary individuals which bear out this state-
ment, and Mr. Grey’s experience in collecting the different forms, are
important witnesses to the truth of his discovery. I wish to point out the
fact that, in experiments in breeding these different forms, we may not
expect to rear all four from one brood of larve, as a proof of Mr. Grey’s
correctness. These forms of Lémenitis stand evidently in an intermediate
position between varieties and species. We may expect, indeed, more or
less reversion to be made clear by breeding experiments with them. But
we may suppose that these forms, either from climatic or other influences,
are partially crystallized. This seems to be inferable from their greater
distinctness, more intense than in the cases selected from European
butterflies by Weismann and shown in Papilio Ajax by Edwards. Experi-
ments will doubtless allow us to arrive at some conclusion respecting the
oldest of the forms, which may prove to be a7themis.
A. R. Grore, Buffalo, N. Y.
I have returned from my
Fourth Annual Collecting Tour to Nevada.
with a Fine Series of Insects, of all orders, and particularly COLEOPTERA
and LEPIDOPTERA.
I have also a good many specimens from my trips to Colorado and
Georgia, and from other parts of the country.
SPECIMENS PERFECT AND CORRECTLY NAMED. - ‘TERMS REASONABLE.
Address,
H. K. MORRISON,
Box 22. Morganton, Burke, Co., North Carolina.
Ore SS Apa
THREE HUNDRED LUNA COCOONS—These have been care-
fully reared, and warranted not to be Ichneumonized.
Address— MISS NATTIE AUKETELL,
Delafield, Waukesha Co., Wis.
Pins, Labels, Boxes and Pita.
Pins.—Mueller (Carlsbad), 36 mm., Nos. 1-8; do., 39 mm., Nos.
1-11. Klaeger (Berlin), 36 mm., Nos. 00-5, and (after April, 1878,) 39
mm., Nes. oo-7 [equal Mueller, Nos. 1-7, ro, 11]. Price per 1,000:
No. 1, $1.35 ;. Nos. 4-8, $1.10; other Nos., $1.20. Price per 5,000:
$6.50, $5.00 and $5.50. Transportation free.
List of Labels, 2 cents.
Boxes. —35x25x1o cm., for storing, 45 cts.; smaller, for mailing,
6, 8 and ro cts.
Pita, for lining, $1.80 per square metre. Transportation on boxes
and Pita, extra. A// Prices in gold.
B. PICKMAN MANN, Cambridge, Mass.
LHESDODPTERFPLIES. OF NORTH AMERICA
BY W. H. EDWARDS.
Houghton, Osgood & Co., Boston, have issued Part 7, Volume 2, of
THE BUTTERFLIES OF NortTH AMERICA. Price $2.50.
Contents: Papilio Zudra; Anthocaris Genutea, A. Fulia; Colias
Eurytheme and its form Ariadne; Phyciodes Zharos and form Marcia ;
P. Phaon, P. Vesta.
ne
“ “THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST i: ie - : 4 |
“This Gite. contains much ah eveuton't in all pidnaats et Scot tisk
Natural History, and is occasionally illustrated by plates and wood cuts. | ilies.
The Scottish Naturalist will be sent direct to subscribers in eos r
United States for 4s. per Panu, read, or apy be had at the office o
American mms no yay Kei
possible for the purpose of se th is Aone AT if
return to any who will forward their TorTRICIDa to me fort oe ‘purpose, al ay
save such as may prove new and desirable to retain for description. | Af ae aR
I also desire to correspond withaugaeho are intending to UG ea
in parts of North Cae where but Tittle collecting has hitherto > been done,
Address, $ EROE- 0 = F Bt a
O
NOCTUIDA.
: BY A. R. GROTE, A.M. si i.
Part 1, pp. 28, with photographie plate, néted and nit Srp (Bom. :
byciae and Noctuelitae [Nonfasciatae. sd ba) Price $1. 100.5) haae tae Nas aut Py hie |
Part 2, with prefatory note in reply to Edwards and Hagen o iF re p
“a
. (Noctuelitae, {[Fasciatae] Deltoides and Noctuo- Phalaenidi. )S Price 75. ets eax
‘The ii part completing the work, will be ae free for Bh Rae:
Address, f 5. ay gee ae
v wx AEINECKE & ESCH, —
, “ 500 Main St., Buffalo, WN. ny. | er x
« The work will be weloome to every. one wishing information on the sy
North American Noctuid fauna.’ ’—Dr. a ‘Spey yer, St. Ent. Zeit., 200.
THE AMERICAN NATU RAL
A popular illustrated Monthly Magazine Aa N atural ‘History, 8¥0, 64 p S .
and Illustrations in each number. cea aed $4.00 — ue *.
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y * es ni Hy a
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HARDWICKE’S SCIENCE GOSSIP.
A Monthly Medium of Interchange and Gossip for Students ane a
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Edited Uys ap dee Taylor, PERER Ss 5 COL:
This Journal will be mailed direct to any address in the U. S.or —
Canada, on receipt of the annual subscription—7s. eu eupency,
or $1.90 U. S. Currency.
HARDWICKE & BOGUE, 192 Piccad Piccadilly, London, n, Eng.
| JOHN AKHURST,
Taxidermist, No. 32 Nassau Street, Brooklyn, New York, keeps constantly
on hand for sale, Sheet Cork for insect boxes—size, 12 x 3} x i; $1.25 per dozen -
sheets. Entomological pins, of Klager and other German makers, $1.25 per | 1000 ; \
also dealer in native and exotic bird skins, birds’ eggs, insects, &c., fe ]
N. B.—The above prices do not include the cost of transportation, x
‘Butterflies and Moths of North ch Aa
Instructions for collecting, breeding, preparing, classifying, packing
for shipment, etc. aut
A COMPLETE SYNONYMICAL CATALOGUE of MACROLEPIDOPTERA, to which is
added a FULL BIBLIOGRAPHY, a glossary of terms, a descriptive list of localities, and
the food-plants of the Jarve. Diumes. 8vo, pp. vi, 283. Sent by mail prepaid on ;
receipt of $2.00 by . 2
HERMAN STRECKER, Box 111 Reading P.O., Pennsyieaneal
AY 4
Che Canadian Entomologist.
VOL. XL. LONDON, ONT., MARCH, 1879. No.
INSECT: POWDER.
BY THE EDITOR.
The Insect Powders of commerce are the powdered flowers of different
species of Pyrethrum. Those of Pyrethrum carneum and roseum were
introduced some thirty years ago under the name of Persian Insect Pow-
der, and subsequently those of Pyrethrum cinerarie folium, a native of
Dalmatia, Austria, as Dalmatian Insect Powder. Both the Persian and
Dalmatian powders are good insecticides, but the latter is much the more
energetic in its action and hence commands a higher price ; indeed, it is
so much preferred that it is gradually driving the so-called Persian powder
out of the market. The fact of the flowers of P. voseum being less active
than those of P. cinerarie folium, has been accounted for on the ground
that the single flowers are much more powerful than the double ones, and
that the double flowers occur in.P. voseum in much larger proportion than
in the other species. The flowers, either whole or powdered, preserve
their activity for a long period. A recent European experimenter states
that he could not perceive any particular loss of activity in samples which
had been kept for six years. The fresh (undried) flowers act very slowly
as compared with the same dried and powdered, and the plant itself pow-
dered is quite inactive. It is singular that while there are many other
3
composite plants closely related to the genus Pyvethrum, as yet this
peculiar property has been found only in plants belonging to this genus,
and even within this limit there are several species whose value as insecti-
cides is very slight. avaterRy GLOte!.;: 5 ss ks 8 #8 ‘- .tnieasa; Lint. . Aug
Harrissimemna sexguttata, Harris «« herilis, Grote... .. July-Aug
Re Peat. Sais. arent pune rine Plecias. Damme Ud. cw June
Apatela occidentalis, G. & R.. Aug <-" -redimuculas Morr s jea
ees eRENOMML an Ce GEES .(25) 0 48 July ‘*. spltyicbrouss Gro .o.,; July
“« lobelize, Guen...June-Sept sc scandens, Riley...) Aug
«© furcifera, Guen.... ..July SS UMTS KROUGIS oe i a spo
«« — lepusculina, Guen. ..June é¢> “messoria,. Harr’. . July
“ epAmericaha, Hlariice: July «> velleripennis, Grote. ....“
Ge ereeucdta. CarOUS zi (gre es ¢ ‘*¢ —_venerabilis, Walk.. ... ce
a] hamamieliss Guen’. 2.0: “¢ ypsilon, Rutt.. March-Nov
« ‘ vinnula, Grote...... June ON Salas ELE Ne- - «s
Jaspidea lepidula, Grote......
Microcoelia diphteroides, Guen.
Agrotis sigmoides, Guen.. .
(a4
(Eulonche) oblinita, Sm.—
Abb.. tease « Une
ce
bs var. obliter-
ata, Grote..
«July
perattenta, Grote... ... “
Mamestra latex, Guen... .
clandestina, Harr ‘“
brunneicollis, Grote.. .July
alternate, (Gretex.. s.0s Aug
Cipiiela GOCE es 6
(Eurois) prasina, S-V.. “
occulta; Hib it ..it. ss
adjuncta, Guen..
=
y
;
‘
ce ae ee eh ee) Peo et ee
pans wail) Wan Be free l ae arias
70 THE CANADIAN
Mamestra grandis, Boisd.. .. June
+. subjunctay GPa Rape
«_ idistineta; Hib. 5°. A
“¢ — legitima, Grote. .....May
“ . hilacina,; Harvey... .t °“
“ trifolii, Esper.. .... Aug
“> detracta, Walk -: -.4gmme
ae herea. els oS OS > sy eee
“« _ renigera, Steph.. May-Sept
Dianthoecia meditata, Grote. . June
ae capsularis, Guen..
“ec
i lustralis, Grote... Aug
Hadena delicata, Grote.. ....Sept
‘ devastatrix, Brace. . June—
Sept.
“ . sputatrix, Grote..June-Sept
‘f apamiformis, Guen... Aug
os arctica, Boisd..june-Sept
“ vulgivaga, Morr......Aug
a lignicolor, Guen.. ...
iy SAIC Sel CoM cal! 08 aie ago
“ cariosa, Guen.. ....June
* mactata; Guenii. :.. July
‘ modica, Guen..+... June
se fractilinea, Grote.. .. “
“« (Oligia) versicolor, Grote “
Perigea xanthioides, Guen....Sept
‘<) , falretgcta: Morya. <..°**
Dipterygia scabriuscula, Linn.June
Hyppa xylinoides, Guen <
Callopistria mollissima, Walk. . ‘
Laphygyma frugiperda, Sm—Abb
oo sates LAG ee DDE
frugiperda, var. obscura,
Riley. - s Sept-Oct
Prodenia commelinz, Sm-Abb..Oct
“« flavimedia, Harvey... “
“”, dipeatella, Harvey. ...
ce
ENTOMOLOGIST.
Euplexia lucipara, Linn.. .. .June
Brotolomia iris, Guenter ees =
Nephelodes violans, Guen.. .. Aug
es minians, Guen.. ..
Tricholita semiaperta, Morr.. July
Helotropha reniformis, Grote. . Aug
. attay (role: 2. Sure
(ontynayserd, VG GR een
nictitans, Bkh..
“¢. “inquaesita, G. 6c Re.
« ‘Ingmanis Guen sescrae
es) mitela, iGien. al:
<-> ‘nebris, Guen s. ae
Pe cerussata, Grote...... ‘s
Achatodes zeae, Harr; .o. eee
Arzama obliquata, G. & R... .May
Nonagral spies anaes Genet
Heliophila pallens, L... .June-Sept
“cc
‘“* Harveyi, Grote. .
“ phragmitidicola, Guen. “‘
“‘adonea, Grote. 7 572. ale
“ commoides, Guen.June-Sept
“ unipuncta, Haw. .. May-Oct
“ pseudargyria, Guen “
Caradrina miranda, Grote. ...Aug
Pyrophila pyramidoides, Guen.
He eihetie whee se LIME rene
af glabella, Morr....Aug
Orthodes infirma, Guen...... June
“ Seecynica; Guenises
Graphiphora incerta, Hufn. May-J’ne
Fy oviduca, Guen... June
Ceramica picta, Harr... ate
Parastichtis gentilis, Grote.. .. Aug
Ca]ymnia orina, Guen........July
Ipomorpha pleonectusa, Grote *
Orthosia helva;’Grote‘s." (4). Aug
‘“* ferruginoides, Guen.Sep-Nov
THE CANADIAN
71
ENTOMOLOGIST.
Glaea inulta, Grote...
Eucirroedia pampina, Guen...
Xanthia togata, Esper........
Scopelosoma Walkeri, Grote .
Scoliopteryx libatrix, L,..June-Oct
Lithophane Bethunei, G. and R.
ce
ce
eatery eel pa y-Oct
= laticinerea, Grote..Oct
Anytus sculptus, Grote.... ..Sept
Calocampa nupera, Lint...... ef
Lithomia germana, Morr...... “
Cucullia asteroides, Guen.... “
Pat santermedia; Speyer...“
Adisophanes miscellus, Grote..June
Crambodes talidiformis, Guen. ‘“
Nolaphana malana, Fitch.. .. ‘
a metleris Grote s ss i
Aletia argillacea, Hiib.. . .Sept-Oct
Ingura abrostoloides, Guen... June
Calpe Canadensis, Beth...... Aug
Plusiodonta compressipalpis, Guen.
Ce oe Vie
Telesilla cinereola, Guen.. ..June
Plusia aerea, Hub.. .. Aug-Oct
See COntextas Grote... oe
‘** biloba, Steph. .May-Aug-Oct
ee VETUUGA, LADY len, is aw aept
Se GY als «Grove, 45). s sept
“« _ precationis, Guen. . June-Oct
sO, Giten gaas)<-2n.. Sept-Oct
os *
me (panmiger, Titi gs 8
Heliochilus paradoxus, Grote.. ‘
Pyrrhia exprimens, Walk. .Aug-Sep
h angulata, Grote....... Aug
Tarache candefacta, Hiib.....June
$s erastroides, Guen.... “
Eustrotia synochitis, G. @R... “
- carneola, Guen....... s
4 apicosa:’ Guenet i: 3o5%
af muscosula, Guen:...° <8
Lithacodia bellicula,, Hub... ... 1“
Galgula subpartita, Guen..... ‘
ns hepara, ‘Guen gad scent
Drasteria erechtea, Cram. .May-Oct
Euclidea cuspidea, Hub.. *
Stictoptera divaricata, Grote.Sep-Oc
Parthenos nubilis, Hiib......June
Catocala.epione, Drury...... “
desperata, Guen.. ..Sept
=. ppretecta,) Grote ts. .. Aug
insolabilis, Guen..June-Sep
Levette1, Grote ).\.7.. aly
+ (ie SODSCUTA,, SECC 2.02" ss Aug
Se se telictasWalkea.. otis s ag
sf ty wna re Wallen: te sc: 5
“to Jibrigeisy MGcwate sss son.
“© concumbens, Walk..: “
eres amare SEL . Sept
Ober CATARN CINE wes osteren Oe Aug
‘~ °-cocemata, Grote... «.june
a wlironias” Gueme: 255725
“_» parta; 4 Sept
co alia . Aug
‘ innubens, ‘‘ é
‘}e }pecrogamiay§./5 -
2! ieneopania, x £ aries
ef Spina GTOte. ehcn.
Coe o platrix, PAM e hie tae
palaeogama, Guen.. .
ee habslis, Grote 2: 3./can*
BA) rn to ee bee SS
aa) aes i
eee ee
ee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Gatecala Clintonu, “0.0%. A Aug Homoptera lunata, Drury. .May-Oct
“© polygama, Guen... . .July Ypsia undularis, Drury.. ....Aug
=O Crataesi,“Salind :'. eee **. aeruginosa :\. >see eee
: grynea, Cram.... ...Aug Homopyralis tactus, Grote....June
“« fratercula, G. and R. .July Pseudoglossa lubricalis, Geyer—
“Si: ‘gracilis; dws. 0.5) vem oS a, eS
{oe} yantica, SEMID.: 2. "rs deere ee Epixeuxis: aemula, Hibs - es
eo ltheellas Grote: : ot:cee i Americalis, Guen “
Panopoda rufimargo, Hub.... “ | Chytolita morbidalis, “ June
A carneicosta, Guen.. “ Zanclognatha laevigata, Grote ‘“
Remigia hexastylus, Harvey...Sept Renia Belfragei, Grote.. .... “
¥ latipes; Gmen... 62)eOet “ _Jarvalis, if < Sea
Celiptera frustulum, Guen....June Bleptina caradrinalis, Guen.. “
Parallelia bistriaria, Hib.-.... ‘* | Bomolocha abalienalis, Walk. ‘
Erebus odora, Linn..........Aug ‘* (Euhypena) toreuta,Grote “
Zale horrida, Hiib... ......June ‘* (Macrhypena) profecta ‘* “
Pheocyma lunifera, Hiib.. .. “ Fi ‘“* deceptalis, Walk ‘‘
Homoptera edusa, Drury. May-Oct ra ‘* perangularis, H’y “
ie Saundersil, Beth ‘ Plathypena scabra, Fab. . June-Sept
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.
BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY.
Lithocolletis Scudderella F. & B.
Knowing this species only by Prof. Frey’s description, I have in pre-
vious notices treated it as identical with Z. sadicifoliedla Cham. But
among the specimens submitted to me by Dr. Hagen is one of Prof. Frey’s
Scudderella, and being thus enabled to compare it with sadicefolie//a, I find
that they are sufficiently distinct.
Scudderella is larger than sadicifoliella, and has the tuft on the vertex
darker. The ground color of the thorax and fore wings is not very dif-
ferent in the two species, but sadicifoliel/a usually has the fore wings
densely dusted with brown. ‘This character can not, however, be relied
on to distinguish the species, for the dusting is frequently almost or entirely
éo
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ‘73
wanting. But on the basal part of the costal margin sadicifoliella has a
white streak, and just behind it another which meets an opposite dorsal
streak so as to form an angulated fascia ; and this streak and fascia are
absent in Scudderella. The other costal streaks are similar in the two
species, except that in sa/iczfoliclla the last two, placed just before the
apex, usually cross the wing, becoming fascia. There are other differ-
ences, but those here indicated are sufficient for the ready distinction of
the species.
L. deceptusella, n. sp.
Among my captured specimens of Z. crategella Clem. I find a speci-
men of this species which at the time of its capture I regarded only as a
variety, but which a more attentive examination convinces me is a distinct
though allied species. The abdomen and two hinder pair of legs are
wanting, though otherwise the insect is in good condition, and though
there is but a single specimen, I describe it for the Pee of discrim-
inating it from crategella.
Head, antennz and palpi silvery white, tuft white mixed with saffron,
much paler than in crategel/a. Thorax and fore wings very pale golden
brown—much paler than cratege//a, perhaps more properly described as
dark reddish saffron. On the fore wings there are four silvery white
costal streaks like those of crvatege//a in shape and position, but smaller
and not so distinctly dark margined ; the first is about the middle of the
wing length, and is dark margined on both sides ; the second is behind it
and is dark margined only before, as also on the other two, which are in
the apical part of the wing. The dark margin of the first streak is con-
tinued along-the extreme costa to the base. There is a short and narrow
white streak on the base of the dorsal margin and a median basal silvery
white unmarginéd basal streak which extends nearly to the middle of the
wing. (In cratege/la this streak is dark margined on both sides and
around its apex.) Nearly opposite to, but a little before the first costal
streak, is a nearly square large dorsal silvery white spot, which extends to
and becomes confluent with the median basal streak just before the apex
of-the latter. It is directed @ “tle obliquely backwards and is not at all
(or but very faintly ?) dark margined ; opposite to the second costal streak
is a triangular silvery white dorsal spot, larger than the costal spot and
almost an equilateral triangle. The first of these dorsal spots—the one
which extends to and is confluent with the median basal streak—is in
a ee Tee ee ee a
: *. Ree
ee dey as hr dg 2) Lis iw 5 al
74, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
crategela, and in L. Hageni F. & B., represented by a long dorsal streak
placed immediately behind the apex of the median basal streak, and
curving to a point near the middle of the wing, dark margined, and not
confluent with the basal streak. This is the most striking difference
between the species except in size (Z. Hagenz is larger than L. crategella,
which is larger than this species). In the apical part of the wing is a
median dark brown streak extending to the apex. In cvatege//a this streak
is much longer, beginning at the first costal streak and connected with
the dark margin of all the streaks ; in this species it begins behind the
second costal streak ; and in Hageni it is represented only by a small
circular apical spot. Ciliae white with a dark brown hinder marginal line
at their base ; in this respect it resembles crategel/a, while Hageni has the
tips of the costal cilize brown and a distinct brown “hook” radiating
from the apex through the cilia. In this species and in crategella the
space at the base of the wing between the median and the dorsal basal
streaks is of the general color, except that the color gradually deepens
towards the apex, while in Hagenz the whole dorsal half of the base of
the wing is white, so that there is no distinction between the median and
dorsal basal streaks ; the white, however, extends farther along the middle
of the wing than it does along the dorsal margin. Hind wings in this
species pale silvery gray, with ciliz of nearly the same hue. Fore legs
white with the tibiz and tarsi marked on their anterior surfaces with red-
dish saffron. The fourth dorsal streak is small in this species and in
crategella; indeed, in the latter it is sometimes obsolete. It is distinct in
Hfageni, and I am not sure but that a fifth is also there indicated by its
small dark margin. ‘This species is nearer to crateged/a than either is to
Hlagent. The larva of crategella feeds on Crataegus and allied genera ;
that of Hageni, according to Prof. Frey, on Oak, and from the locality in
which I took the single specimen of this species I suspect that it also
feeds on Oak.
Gracilaria purpuriella Cham.
This species was originally described from a few bred specimens and
seemed to be distinct from the European G. stigmatella. But a larger
collection induces me to believe that on a comparison of specimens they
will be found to be the same species.
LYONETIA.
Four species of this genus have been described in this country—one,
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ae
L. speculella, by Dr. Clemens, and three, Z. alniella, L. apicistrigella and
L. gracilella, by me. Of these speculel/a and alniel/a are certainly distinct
species, and so the others appear to me to be. But considering the
ammount of variation which is found so commonly in the extent and
intensity of the fuscous markings of the known species of the genus, and
the fact that two or more of the fuscous marks may by spreading and con-
fluence unite into a larger patch, or may surround a white spot, or may
be connected by streaks, etc., it is not impossible that Z. apzcistrigella
may prove to be a variety of specule/la or of gracilella, or even all three
may prove to be varieties of one species. ‘The truth about this can only
be satisfactorily determined by breeding them from the larva, and as yet
alniella, of Colorado, is the only species the larva of whichis known. In
the description of that species I alluded to the range of variation in its
ornamentation. I have taken in Kentucky two specimens which I incline
to refer to apicistrigella, though they differ somewhat from the typical
specimens, having the whole fore wings pale fuscous and the markings
only deeper than the remainder of the wings; but even these deeper
markings do not agree accurately with those of typical specimens of the
species. I have now before me a specimen which I feel bound to refer
to L. speculella Clem., though not agreeing at all accurately with it; and
I have also before me a specimen which I refer to gracé/e/a, though it
differs from it to about the same extent that the other specimen differs
from speculella. This specimen (of gvacile//a), indeed, seems only to
differ from Lzthocolletis nidificausella Packard (Guide, plate 8, figs. 19 and
19a) by the absence of the spots and shading on the basal half of the
dorsal margin of the fore wings, and such a difference in this genus would
not be of specific value. The figures above referred to leave no doubt
that xzdificausella is properly referable to Lyonetia instead of Lithocolletis.
The mode of pupation there indicated is that of all the known species
of Lyonetia, and not of any species of Lithocolletis.
It may be proper to add that the figure 15¢ /oc. cét., given as repre-
senting the mine of Lzthocolletis geminatella, is not like any of the multi-
tude of known Lzthocolletis mines, and may possibly be that of a Lyonetia,
but is much more probably that of a Wefticula.
Should graci/e/a prove on breeding it to be identical with nidficausella,
the latter name has priority.
Rie
=
ee
Be aaa ae
ae gt
nm *
al » aad - La ee
* a
76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
SOME NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUID&.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.
Dicopis vitis, n. s.
Jmago—Length .50 of an inch. Expanse of wings 1.35 inches. Head,
prothorax and thorax gray, the second tipped a little with light and con-
taining a fine dark line. Abdomen yellowish gray. Color of primaries
below a line running from the outside of the basal line on the costa to
near the hind angle, light gray ; above this line dark gray, with a slight
smoky tinge. The stigmata, a space along the costa in front of the stig-
mata, the apical space and the subterminal space one-third of the distance
from costa to hind margin, the same light gray as the hind or inner part
of wing, mottled a little with smoky spots. Basal line obsolete except on
the costa. TT. a. line black, double, the inner part very faint, strongly
but regularly arcuated, the end of claviform connected with it outwardly ;
from this a brown dash runs to the t. p. line. ‘Transverse shade scarcely
visible. TT. p. line faint, nearly parallel with the outer margin. Subter-
minal line scarcely distinguishable save by the dark brown in the terminal
space. The brown is in the form of shaded points in the middle that run
to the outer margin. Outer margin light gray. Fringe dark gray inter-
rupted with white at the ends of the veins. Secondaries grayish white
Bs ,
with a blackish outer border.
Larva—Length when fully grown 1.25 inches. Ground color green,
marked as follows with greenish white: very faint dorsal line bordered
; each side with a darker shade of green, subdorsal line distinct, stigmatal
faint, neither of these bordered with darker green. Besides these lines,
i the body is irregularly mottled with small spots of the same greenish
q white color. Head a little smaller than the other segments, of a nearly
uniform green.
4 The chrysalis is subterranean ; the anal end tipped with four bristles,
two rather stout, the other two about half as long as the first two and
| more slender. ‘The larva was found on a grape vine, upon the leaves of
which it fed while in confinement. It is single brooded, pupating the
; last of June and producing the imago in the following March.
Described from one ¢.
,
; Orthosia signata, n. s.
, Length .7o of an inch. Expanse of wings 1.50 inches. Color of
: head, prothorax and thorax rich cinnamon brown ; the abdomen the same
/
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. xs
with a slight rose tint to the long hairs on the basal segments, and a slight
ochre tint on the posterior part of each segment, the terminal brush a
dark brownish ochre. Under side of the body the same as the upper, the
long hairs having the rosy tint. Primaries the same color as the thorax,
marked with darker shades of brown, with a few lighter scales on the
veins and a few black scales scattered over different parts of the surface.
Basal, t. a. and t. p. lines moderately distinct, double, composed of brown
and black scales, in which the black predominates, the included space a
little lighter than the ground color ; the t. p. line strongly arcuated beyond
the reniform. | Transverse shade prominent below the median vein and
near the costa. Subterminal line light, running nearly parallel with the
outer margin, bordered on its inner side with a dark brown that shades
out towards the t. p. line. Between the subterminal line and the outer
border is the lightest part of the wing. Orbicular and reniform annulated
with slightly lighter brown than the ground color, the first somewhat kid-
' ney-shaped, the last with a prominent black spot in its lower part. Second-
aries blackish brown, not very dark, scarcely lighter at the base. Fringes
dark reddish brown with a narrow ochreous stripe at the base. Under
side a little lighter than above, with a distinct black arcuated line mark-
ing the outer third of both wings.
Described from one @.
Fleliothis [linotensts, 1, s.
Length .45 of an inch. Expanse of wings 1.10 inches. Color of
head and thorax reddish brown, the dorsal portion of each having a yel-
lowish cast. The-abdomen rather dark nankeen yellow. Under side of
body a mixture of yellow and reddish brown. Primaries reddish brown,
being rather more of a red than a brown, with patches of dark ochre
scales between the stigmata, the reniform and the t. p. line, and below the
median vein. Basal, t. a. and t. p. lines black, single, the t. a. line with
a strong outward angle just before reaching the hind margin, the t. p. line
angulated about the same as in other species of the genus. Transverse
shade distinct only near the costa and hind margin. Subterminal line
broken into about nine black spots without shading. The annulations of
- the stigmata indistinct, these spots chiefly marked by a few enclosed black
scales, portions of the black annulus being seen in places. At the base
of the wing, on the hind margin, is a small patch of yellow scales similar
78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
in color to the dorsum of the abdomen. Secondaries the same ground
color as the fore wings, rather bright, scarcely lighter at base, with an
indistinct, blackish, subterminal band, partially interrupted in the middle ;
under side of wings paler than above, with an arcuated black line marking
the outer third of the wings, not distinct on the secondaries, and a black
discal dot.
Described from one 2 taken in Union Co., Illinois.
eALERTS EAL LL ES
OBITUARY.
Another veteran in the Entomological ranks has passed to his rest.
Frederick Smith, the renowned English Hymenopterist, is no more ; he
died on the 16th of February, in the 74th year of his age, from exhaustion
consequent on a painful and dangerous surgical operation. He was born
in London, England, in 1805, and in early life was apprenticed to Mr. W.
B. Cooke, an eminent landscape engraver, where he acquired a very
thorough knowledge of the engraver’s art, which was of great use to him
in after life. While still a young man he became an ardent collector of
bees and ants, and also devoted some attention to the collecting of
Coleoptera ; but it was not until 1837 that the first paper from his pen
was published, giving an account of the natural history of one of the Gall
Flies. From 1842 to the time of his death his publications were very
numerous and of great value. A most industrious man, a painstaking
and methodical student, and an accurate observer, he has done very much
to advance our knowledge of the Order in which he especially labored.
By his death Entomology loses a sincere and talented advocate and an
earnest votary, and Entomologists will greatly miss a friend who was ever
ready to impart his knowledge to others.
CORRESPONDENCE.
DEAR SIR,—
To my list of food plants of Saturnia io (CAN. ENT., vol. ix., p. 180)
I now add the Black Alder (Prinos verticillatus L.) and two species of
Rubus (R. villosus Ait., and Canadensis L.)
L. W. GoopELLt, Amherst, Mass.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79
DEAR SIR,—
In recording an article of mine on Jacob Hubner and his works, pub-
lished in the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, the Editor of the Bibliographical
Record of Psyche criticizes the paper very briefly by saying that my article
proposed to “‘settle” the matter, but that I did not meet the principal
points of my opponents. My paper did not aim to settle the position of
Jacob Hiibner in entomological literature at all. That must be left to
time. What I tried to “settle,” and hope I succeeded in doing, was that
Dr. Hagen and Mr, W. H. Edwards, in the last named author's criticisms,
had given the date of Ochsenheimer’s volume incorrectly, had misrepre-
sented Ochsenheimer by introducing a full stop in the middle of one of
his sentences, and in appealing to Ochsenheimer as a rejection of the
Tentamen failed to improve their position, for Ochsenheimer adofied
genera from the Tentamen, such as Agvotis, etc. I think it quite clear
that, whatever be the ultimate fate of Hiibner’s works, it will never do to
read him out of entomological literature on account of his alleged ill
success with the men of his time, or in such a manner as Mr. Edwards
has attempted, or by such erroneous statements. For one I should be
glad of a settlement in the matter, but it can never be arrived at in the
manner in which it has been attempted by Mr. Edwards and Mr.
Strecker. I have fully replied, I think, to their attack in my article afore-
said and in the preface to my Check List of N. Am. Noctuide.
But, in any case, I write now to object to the interjectional criticisms
in the Bibliographical Record of Psyche, rather than to re-open the matter
of Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. It seems to me that such criti-
cisms are entirely out of place in a Bibliographical Record, and their
continuance will seriously impair its value and usefulness. One does not
look for criticisms in such a place, and, finding them, their impartiality
becomes at once suspected. In the present case the criticism is essen-
tially hasty and bad, but, if my friendly advice to avoid such matters in
future be taken, I think it will not prove entirely unfortunate for the pub-
lishers of Psyche. Respectfully,
A. R. Grote, Buffalo, N. Y.
DEAR SIR,—
As I did not have the opportunity to correct the proofs of last half of
my paper in March No., will you allow me to call attention here to some
80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
errors in printing? Onp. 54, 5th and 4th line from bottom, read :—
“ Besides that Zerene and Monticola are either one species or stand
together in a natural series, purpurascens is Zerene of Behr (Aydaspe
Bois.).”
On p. 55, erase the reference to Vol. 1, But. N. A., on 22nd line, and
insert it at the close of the paper, page 56, after purpurascens. The last
clause will then read :-—
128. ZERENE, Bois., 1852.
Var. HypaspE, Bois., 1869.
Zerene Behr, 1862.
purpurascens H. Edw.,; 1876.
Zerene var., Edw., But. N. A., Vol. 1, pl. 32.
Yours truly,
W. H. Epwarps, Coalburgh, W. Va.
DEAR SIR,;—
With infinite mortification, I find that in my article in No. 2 of this
volume I committed a blunder bad enough to be considered acrime. Will
you permit me to apologise to you, and correct myself? Papilio brevi-
cauda is excellent Latin. Papilio brevicaudws, which I would have
substituted, is a barbarism. I ask such as may have noticed the ludicrous
error to take the spirit of what was written and pass by the illustration.
The barbarism is itself an apt illustration that something more than an
amateur knowledge of a language is necessary in one who would criticise.
None the less, however, is the principle I urge the true one and a
necessity. Very truly yours,
' Gro. D. Hutst,
Beresford, Volusia Co., Fla., April 8, 1879.
DEAR SIR,—
I beg leave to protest against the publication of such names as appear
in Mr. Whitney’s recent paper on Tabanidez. I, for one, will never accept
the description of insects baptised with such names as cuclux, nigribimbo
and the rest. Very truly yours,
Epwarp Burcess, Boston, Mass.
I have returned from my
~ Fourth Annual Collecting Tour to Nevada.
with a Fine Series of Insects, of all orders, and particalarly CoLEOPTERA
and LEPIDOPTERA.
I have also a good many specimens from my trips to Colorado and
Georgia, and from.other parts of ‘the country.
SPECIMENS PERFECT AND CORRECTLY NAMED. — - TERMS REASONABLE.
Address,
H. K. MORRISON,
Box 22. z Morganton, Burke, Co., North Carolina.
NOTICE.
A CaTALocuE of the DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA of iene
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Price, $1.00. Address—E. T. CRESSON, 7Z7eas.,
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Che Canadian Entomologist.
VOie ei LONDON, ONT., AUGUST, 1879. No. 8
NOTES UPON THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF CERTAIN
SreCtian OF BUPTERFLIES. NO: 2:
x BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.
4. Meviraa Minuta Edw.—Figured in Mead’s Report on Butterflies
of Colorado. Syn. Avachne Edw...
CurysaLis.— Length .54 inch ; cylindrical ; head case short, narrow,
rounded at vertices, the sides sloping ; mesonotum rounded, not promin-
ent, followed by a shallow depression ; the abdomen large, and offering
several rows of short conical tubercles ; color yellow-white or buff, marked
with black ; top of head case black, the antennz cases same ; mesonotum
with two crescent spots on each side; on the ‘wing case a central patch
and dark border ; the segments of abdomen edged with black on dorsal
side ; a ventral longitudinal stripe and one on either side; the tubercles
black at summit, orange at base. ?
Sent by Mr. Boll, and obtained from larva bred by him in the spring of
1879, in western Texas. ‘This resembles in shape the chrysalis of Bazont
and Phaeton.
5: PARNASSIUS SMINTHEUS, var. BEHRII.
Ecc.—Does not differ from that of type Swzntheus, as figured in But-
terflies of N. America, vol. 1. Button-shaped, the sides rounded, the top
depressed, base flattened ; the surface covered with a crust of hexagons,
which diminish as they approach the micropyle, and show a little open-
ing at each corner of the hexagon down to the shell ; color chalky-white.
Deposited on leaves of species of Sedum.
Younc Larva.—Length .9 inch; cylindrical, thickest anteriorly,
tapering shghtly to last segment; the segments well rounded; color
black, with four rows of tubercles on either side, not very prominent,
whitish, each sending out one or more black hairs ; from those of dorsal
142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
and first lateral row one hair each ; from the second lateral row four hairs
each ; from the third or lower lateral row two hairs ; head sub-globose,
the surface rough but scarcely granulated, and thinly covered with short
black hairs ; color black.
6. PaRNAssIuS BaLtpuR Edw. C/arzus Boisd., not Eversmann.
Ecc.—A little larger than Swzzntheus, of same shape, and covered in
same way with a crust of hexagons ; color pale coffee-brown. Laid on
species of Sedum.
Younc Larva.—Not distinguishable in shape, markings or color from
Smintheus.
Mr. Mead brought me, in September, 1878, a large number of the
eggs of both these Parnassians, obtained by him from females shut up
with Sedum, while he was in Nevada. I kept the eggs in a cool place
until 29th December, and then brought a few of each species into a warm
room. On 16th January three larvee of Smdntheus came forth, eating a
round hole in the side of the egg. On 31st Jan’y one Baldur hatched.
I had fiesh leaves of the same Sedum on which the eggs had been laid,
and there was an effort to gnaw the surface of these, but all the larvee died
in course of a few days. On 25th Feb’y I brought more of the eggs into
my room, and the weather having turned warm at that time, the larve
quickly came.out. | Most of them died very soon after, but a few eat of
the leaves and grew to double their original size, when one after another
died. It is possible that in nature the larvae do not emerge until the plant
is in bloom, and if I succeed in obtaining more eggs, I will retard them
till Sedum in flower can be had. Very little is known of the larvee of
species of Parnassius.
7. CH1onozas IvaLLDA Mead. Fig’d in But. N. A., Part viii., Vol. 2.
Ecc.—Sub-conic, broadest at base, nearly as broad as high, rounded
at top ; marked by about 18 vertical ridges, the sides of which are irregu-
larly excavated; part of these terminate at about three-quarters the distance
from base to summit, and the remainder gradually sink to the surface ; the
spaces between the ridges over the top being irregularly and shallowly
pitted.
YounGc Larva.—Length .11 inch; stout anteriorly, tapering to last
segment, which ends in two blunt conical tails, each with a terminal white
bristle ; color at first soiled white, soon after greenish-white, striped longi
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143
tudinally with dull red ; a broad medio-dorsal stripe, another on middle
of side, running to tail ; a third along base of body ; between the dorsal
and lateral stripes a brown line, and a second just below lateral ; on each
segment from 3 to 12, on either side, are three rows of white clubbed
hairs, springing from white tubercles ; head rounded, broadest below,
broader than next segment; the surface much covered with shallow
punctures ; color dull yellow ; across upper front face is a curved row of
four round brown tubercular spots, and six spots across middle face, each
sending out a dark hair ; the ocelli dark.
This larva was received from Mr. Mead, in Nevada, and was but just
out of the shell when I opened the box. Like the larve of the Parnas-
sians, it came from a hole in the side of the egg. This was 18th August,
1878. The larva lived till 21st September, readily feeding on grass, and
was about to pass its first moult when it was accidentally killed. It
behaved like other Satyrid larve, being sluggish, and moving very little.
Probably in nature hybernation occurs when the larva is half grown.
8. CuHronopas IpuNA Edw. Fig’d in But. N. A., Vol 2.
Eco.—Shaped like J/vad/ida,; the ridges sinuous, more prominent,
sharper than in /vad/da, and the larger part extend from base to summit.
Sent me by Mr. O. T. Baron.
TINEINA. .
BY V. I. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY.
It has so happened that within a few years past Professors Zeller and
- Frey in Europe, and I in the U.S., have at about the same time described
a large number of American species of Tineina, and as might have been
expected under these circumstances, it has occasionally happened that the
same species has been twice described under different names. I am,
however, surprised to find how seldom this has happened. In so far as I
have been able, from the figures and descriptions of Professors Zeller and
Frey, to identify their species with those described by me, I have hereto-
fore dgne so in the pages of this and other journals ; and I have to thank
144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Dr. Hagen for the ability to make the following corrections and identi-
fications, which I was unable to make from the published descriptions of
Professors Zeller and Frey alone. Dr. Hagen has submitted to’ my
examination some of the type specimens of those authors in the Collection
of the Museum at Cambridge, and from them I am enabled to make the
corrections noted below. There still remain a few of the species of Pro-
fessors Zeller and Frey which I have not seen, but as types of more than
three hundred of the species described by me are in the Museum, which
I believe also contains type’ of the greater number of American species
described by Frey and Zeller, the species may be readily determined by
any one having access to the Collection.
Argyresthia quercicalella Cham.
From Colorado. Previously described by Zeller from Texas specimens
as A. abdominalts.
Batrachedra Clemensella Cham.
From Kentucky and Colorado. -Previously described from Texas by
Zeller as B. striolata. In Bul. Geo. Survey, v. 3, pp, 134 and 141, I at
first confounded it with 4. preaugusta,; whilst the true preaugusta, then
first discovered in America, was described as a new species under the
name 4. Clemensella. Afterwards, when the supposed new species was
discovered to be preaugusta, the name Clemensella was transferred to the
" species which had been erroneously supposed to be fre@augusta, and
which is the s¢rolata of Zeller. I have not seen any authenticated speci-
mens of 4. salicipomonella Clem., but I suspect it is at most only a variety
of preaugusta.
Lithocolletis ee Frey & Boll.
In my account of Z. necopinusella 1 suggested that it might prove to
be Z. Hagent F. & B., and so it turns out on examination of a type speci-
men of the latter species.
Lithocolletis gemmea ¥. & B.
With a doubt indicated by a mark of interrogation, Messrs. F. & B.
identify this species with Parectopa robiniella Clem. Misled by this identi-
fication, I, in the Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vi., p. 209, made some comments
on its transference from Parectopa to Lithocolletis by Messrs. F. & B., and
asserted what is unquestionably a fact, that P. vobiniella Clem. is not a
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 145
Lithocolletis, but is a Gracilaria. A more careful comparison of P. robine-
ella with the description of Z. gemmea by F. & B., convinced me that
the latter was a very different insect from P. vobznced/a, and that its identi-
fication therewith by F. & B. was altogether wrong; and it further con-
vinced me of the fact that Gracilaria mirabilis F. & B. is P. robiniella
Clem., which I had previously transferred to Gracilaria as G. robiniella.
These corrections were made in the Cin. Quar. Jour. Sci., vi, p. 339. An
examination of one of the types of Z. gemmea shows that it is a true
Lithocolletis, nearer perhaps to Z. ornate/da Cham. than to any other known
species, but very distinct from it, and about as much like Gracilaria
(Parectopa) robiniella Clem. (G. mirabilis F. & B.) as Colias philodice is
like Papilio asterias. ,
L. aenigmatella Frey & Boll.
I have not seen a specimen of this species, but I think it will turn out
to be Z. ¢llieella Cham., described long previously.
L. Scudderella Frey & Boll.
A specimen of this species is among the insects submitted to me
by Dr. Hagen. I have heretofore regarded it as equivalent to the variable
L. salicifoliella Clem. & Cham. Unfortunately I have no specimen of the
latter species now with which to compare the specimen of Scudderella, but
I incline to the opinion, after examining Scuddere//a, that it is distinct from
salicifoliclla.
L. quercivorella, n. sp.
Face, tuft and antenne silvery white, the sides of the tuft immediately
over the eyes reddish saffron, and each antennal joint with a fuscous spot
-on the upper side at its outer margin. - Thorax and primaries reddish
orange, with a wide white streak along the middle of the thorax from its
anterior margin to the apex, which, when the wings are closed, is con-
tinuous with a dorso-basal. streak on each fore wing, and which extends
beyond the middle of the dorsal margin. There are on the fore wings
three costal white streaks ; the first is dark margined behind and ow the
costa before ; the second behind and around the tip. with the dark scales
produced a little way back ; both of these streaks are oblique and resemble
in position and character the costal streaks of Z. basistrizella, L. ulmella
and L. bicolorella. ‘The third streak is a mere spot before the ciliz, is
dark margined both before and behind, and opposite to it is a dorsal white
146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
streak pointing obliquely backwards, densely dark margined behind, its
dark margin continued into the densely dusted apex. Cilia silvery gray-
ish with a basal dark brown hinder marginal line. Hind wings pale
silvery fuscous with silvery ciliz. Abdomen pale yellow; tip silvery. Legs”
white ; tarsi annulate with black. A/. ex. 4 inch.
The form and size of the mine in leaves of Q. obtustloba, and the
general reddish saffron hue of the insect, ally it to Z. Bethuneella, L. uni-
fasciella and L. castaneeella, one of which I believed it to be until I bred
it. In other respects it is allied as closely to the w/mel/a group, as above
stated.
Incurvaria mediostriatella Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Jan’y, 1860,
P- 5: .
Tinea auristrigela Cham., CAN. ENY., v. 5, p. 86.
I am satisfied that in Z: auwristrigel/a | have re-described Dr. Clemens’
species, though I see no sufficient reason for separating it from Z7nea.
T. iridella Cham. will probably also be referred to Zacurvaria.
INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA.
COMPILED BY. REY. C. J. S|. BETHUNE, M. -A.
From Kirby’s Fauaa Boreali-Americana : Insecta.
(Continued from Vol. x., p. 217.) 5
[286] VIII. LEPIDOPTERA.
FAMILY PAPILIONID®.
[288.] 403. Pontia casta Avrby.—Plate ii, fig. 1.—Three speci-
mens taken in Lat. 65°.
[A well-known variety of Prerts oleracea Boisd. ; quite common in
Canada. |
Lad
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147
[289.| FAMILY NYMPHALID®.
404. Me.ir#a sevenis Avrdy.—-Vaken in North America. [Is our
common JZ. hares. |
405. ARGYNNIS CYBELE /abr.—Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.
[Common in Canada ; for description and figures, and for a full account
of the differences that distinguish this species from A. aphrodite, No. 407,
see Edwards’ “ Butterflies of N. America,” Part i. |
[290.] 406. ARGYNNIS MyRINA /adr.—Taken in Canada by Dr.
Bigsby. [Quite common in Canada and well-known to collectors. |
407. ARGYNNIS APHRODITE Fadr.—Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.
[Quite common ; see our note on A. cybele above. |
[291.] 408. ARGyNNIS rREYA sfer.—Expansion of the wings 13%
inches. Three specimens taken near Cumberland-house, Lat. 54°.
Stalk of the antenne yellow with a large compressed dark-brown knob,
red underneath at the base and tip ; wings tawny, dark-brown at the base,
with a narrow black band occupying the posterior margin, followed by a
series of black arrow-headed spots; next to which in the primaries is a
zigzag angular discoidal black band, and at the anterior margin five trans-
verse spots of the same colour; the underside of these wings is tawny
variegated with black and white spots and lines; the secondaries are
underneath reddish-brown variegated with white and yellow spots and
bands, with a discoidal arrow-headed white spot in the centre ; the fringe
of the wings is alternately white and yellow.
[A decidedly northern insect ; has been taken in Labrador. |
[292.] FAMILY VANESSIDA.
409. VANESSA C-ARGENTEUM Avréy.—Plate i., figs. 6 and 7. Ex-
pansion of the wings 2 inches. A single specimen taken in Lat. 54°.
- Antenne brown above, pale below; knob pale at the tip; wings
angular, cut out into sinuses which are dentated ; primaries above orange-
tawny, with five black round spots forming a right-angled triangle with
each other ; two triangular costal bars and posterior margin black ; above
the black marginal band is.a series of paler tawny triangular spots ; under-
neath the wings are veined, marbled and clouded with black, brown, and
cinereous ; the primaries have a very broad paler band near the margin ;
148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
secondaries above dull-orange, at the base with a black spet or two near
the anterior margin ; the other half is black with a transverse series of
triangular pale spots, the interior ones being nearly obsolete ; the disk is
inscribed with a slender silver somewhat obtusangular C, with the con-
cavity towards the anterior margin.
[Synonymous with our common Gvapita progne Cramer. |.
410. VANESSA FURCILLATA Say.—Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.
Common in the N. West Territory and the vicinity of Fort William.
[Synonymous with VY. AZi/berti Godt., a common and very familiar
butterfly throughout Canada. For description and figure see Say’s Am.
Entomology, vol. i, pl. 27.] °
[293. | 411. VANESSA ANTIOPA Zixzu.—Taken in Canady by Capt.
Sheppard. [Too common in Canada to require any description. |
[294.] 412. VANESSA ATALANTA Livn,—Several taken in Canada.
| Quite common ; for description see Harris’ Insects of Mass., p. 294. |
[295.] 413. Cynruia carbdul.—Zzvn.—| Another very common
butterfly ; see Harris’ Insects of Mass., p. 291. |
[296.1 414. CYNTHIA HUNTERA Drury.—|Almost as common as
the preceding species; see Harris’ Insects, p. 292. This and the two
preceding species are now included in the genus Pyrameis Hubn. |
[297.] -FAMILY -HIPPARCHIADZ.
415. HIPPARCHIA NEPHELE Avrdy.—Ixpansion of the wings 2%
inches. ‘Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.
Antenne brown annulated with white, rufous at the end; knob
slender ; wings brown ; primaries both above and below with a paler sub-
marginal broad band including two eyelets ; the upper ones surrounded
by a paler atmosphere, witha black iris and white pupil; on the under
side the atmosphere of the eyelets is more distinct and forms a kind of
glory round them; the pupil is snowy-white with some blue scales scattered
round it; the under side of both wings, above the band, is marbled with
transverse deeper coloured streaks ; the secondaries are dentated but not
the primaries, which at the margin have two transverse black parallel
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149
lines ; in the former there is anteriorly a costal paler bar, and the posterior
half of the wing is paler ; between the bar and the marginal paler band
are three minute eyelets, with a black iris and bluish pupil, arranged
transversely in a triangle; and three more similar ones arranged obliquely,
the external one minute, in the paler part, the internal one pointing to the
anal angle.
| Quite common in Canada ; included in the genus Satyrus Westwood. |
[298.] 416. H1pparcHiIA DISCOIDALIS A77by.—Plate ii., figs. 2, 3.—
Expansion of the wings 134-2 inches. Several specimens taken at Cum-
berland-house, Lat. 54°.
Body brown. Antenne annulated with white; wings very entire,
brown ; costa spotted with gray ; a triangular obscure reddish-tawny dis-
coidal stripe extends from the base to the posterior margin of the pri-
maries, and is discoverable also on the under side where the wing is faintly
clouded with gray at the tip ; the secondaries underneath are indistinctly
marbled and clouded with gray or whitish scales ; fringe whitish and brown
alternately.
[A northern species ; has been taken at Fort Simpson, and in Alaska. |
FAMILY LYCANID.
417. ‘THECLA AUGUSTUS A77by.— Plate 11., figs. 4, 5.—Expansion of
the wings 1 inch. Taken in Lat. 54°.
~ Antennze annulated with white ; knob elongated ; wings dusky black
with a dull ferruginous disk ; fringe alternately black and white ; second-
aries underneath black at the base ; at the apex dusky ash-coloured, with
a transverse series of about eight black spots, rudiments of which appear
on the same surface of the primaries.
Named after the Esquimaux Augustus.
[Taken in Canada, the New England States, and New York. |
[299.| 418. Lyca#na porcas A7rby.—Plate iv., fig. 1.—Expansion
of the wings 1 inch. Taken in Lat. 54°.
Body black above, white underneath. Antenne black, annulated with
white ; knob tipped with orange ; wings brown with a reddish tint, under-
neath tawny ; primaries with an angular band formed of faint black spots ;
behind these nearer the costa is a black bar, above which are two more
150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
spots ; between the band and the posterior margin are three more black
spots arranged transversely, and above the base are three spots forming a
triangle ; the secondaries have a slight sinus near the anal angle, the fringe
of which projects so as toassume the appearance of a shorttail ; a cross
the disk runs an angular band formed of faint black spots, above which
is a crescent of the same colour ; at the anal angle is an orange coloured
angular bar, or abbreviated band ; underneath, these wings have several
indistinct black dots, the three external ones of which form an obtuse
angle with the four internal ones.
This species seems the American representative of Z. PhiZeas, but its
colour is much less vivid.
[Belongs to the genus Chrysophanus Hubn. ; it is probably identical
with C. Americana D’Urban. |
419. Potyommatus Lucia Azrby.—Plate iii., figs, 8, 9.— Expansion
of the wings 1 inch. One specimen taken with the preceding.
[300.| Wings above silvery-blue, terminating, especially at the posterior
margin, in a very slender black line ; fringe white barred with black ; prim-
aries underneath ash-coloured mottled with white ; in the disk is a black
crescent and a curved macular band, consisting of, mostly, oblique black
crescents edged with white, especially on their under side ; the wing ter-
minates posteriorly in a broadish, brown band, formed chiefly-by obsolete
eyelets ; the secondaries are brown ; underneath spotted and striped with
black and white ; towards the posterior margin the white spots are arranged
in a transverse band parallel with it; and, as in the primaries, the wing
terminates in several obsolete eyelets.
[Figured by Harris (Ins. Mass., figs. 105, 106) under the name of P.
pseudargiolus. Not uncommon in Canada and the Northern States. |
FAMILY HESPERIAD#,
420. HespERIA Peckius Xzrby.—Plate iv., figs. 2, 3.—Expansion
of wings 1 inch and % aline. ‘Taken with the preceding, and also by
Prof. Peck.
Body brown, paler on the under side. Antenne rufous above, below
the joints have a patch of white scales ; knob fusiform, hooked ; wings
above tawny-brown, with an articulate angular band. common to both
wings, of pale yellow ; primaries striped and streaked with the same colour -
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 151
near the base, and in the costal area ; underneath the wings are paler; the
primaries have nearly the same marks as above but more conspicuous ; on
the secondaries the angular band is surmounted by another irregular spot,
so as to form two contiguous spots, or rather one large irregular didymous
one.
[Quite common in Canada. |
[301.| FAMILY ZYGENID&.
421. Axrypia Mac CuLitocui Airby.—Plate iv., fig. 5.—Expansion
of wings 1% inch. Taken in Nova Scotia by Dr. Mac Culloch, and in
Canada by Dr. Bigsby.
-Body-and wings very black. Orbit of the eyes externally clothed with
white hairs ; base-covers or tippets whitish ; primary wings with three very
white spots, one near the base oblique, obversely wedge-shaped, divided
into two by a longitudinal black line ; next, at a little distance from the
anterior margin, is a subtrapezoidal, small, white spot, between which and
the posterior margin is an articulate band, abbreviated at each end, of the
same colour, consisting of six spots divided by black lines ; the same
spots distinguish the under surface of these wings, and besides there is a
whitish longitudinal one in the costal area ; in the secondaries are also
three white spots on both surfaces, viz., a large rectangular one near the
base divided longitudinally into four ; a longitudinal undivided one at the
anterior margin ; and an articulate posterior abbreviated band, divided
into five spots ; the longitudinal costal streak may almost be regarded as
forming a sixth, as the lower end is parallel with the last spot of the band ;
the four anterior legs are externally covered with long orange coloured
hairs, which character is slso found in A. octomaculata.
FAMILY SPHINGID#.
422. SMERINTHUS CeErisy1 Avrby.—Plate iv., fig. 4.—Expansion of
the wings 234 inches. _ Taken in North America, locality not stated.
[302.] Body ash-coloured ; thorax with a large trapezoidal brown spot
dilated next the abdomen ; primaries angulated, ash-coloured, with a
transverse series of brown submarginal crescents in a paler band, between
which and the posterior margin is another obsolete paler one ; above the
crescents is a straight whitish band, and a linear angular forked one under
the internal sinuses of which the wings are clouded with dark brown ;
152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
underneath the above markings of the wing are very indistinct ; the
secondaries are rose-colour, paler at the costal and posterior margins ;
underneath they are dusky-cinereous, with a whitish band coinciding with
that of the primaries, a transverse series of crescents and a dentated
brownish band, all rather indistinct ; but the most conspicuous character
of the secondaries is a large eyelet situated at the anal angle, consisting
of a black pupil, nearly but not quite surrounded by a blue iris, and situ-
ated in a black triangular spot or atmosphere, which extends to the anal
angle, and is surmounted by some blue scales ; the abdomen above is
dusky ash-coloured.
This insect appears to be the American representative of S. ocellatus,
from which, however, it differs considerably. It comes very near to SS.
geminatus (Say Am. Ent. i., ¢. xii.,) but in that the eyelet has two blue
pupils.
423. DEILEPHILA INTERMEDIA Az7sby.—Expansion of wings 2%
inches. ‘Taken in North America.
This species is intermediate between D. Luphorbie and D. Gali, which
last it most resembles, but the anterior portion of the mesal stripe of the
primary wings is pale rose-colour; the fringé of their inner margin, and
of the posterior of the secondaries is white ; there is no series of white
dots on the back of the abdomen and the ventral segments are fringed at
the apex with white hairs. This description was taken from an old speci-
men apparently somewhat faded.
|Is probably identical with D. Chamencrit Harris, a common species
in Canada. |
[303.] FAMILY SESIADA.
424. SESIA RUFICAUDIS Kirby (Sphinx pelasgus Cramer).—Expan-
sion of the wings 2% inches. Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby, and in
New Jersey by Mr. Drake.
Body yellow-olive, underneath pale-yeilow. Antennze black ; primaries
reddish-brown, hyaline in the disk, with the hyaline part half divided
towards the base with a costal bar, covered with yellow-olive hairs at the
base ; underneath the costa, the posterior margin and the nervures are
dark ferruginous ; there is also a yellow stripe on the inner side of the
base ; secondaries hyaline in the disk ; base externally and costa yellow ;
internally the base is ferruginous; underneath the dark part of the wing
ayy
a
:
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153
is ferruginous, and the base pale-yellow ; two first segments of the abdo-
men yellow-olive, two next black, the rest ferruginous with pale-yellow
lateral spots.
This species appears to be the American representative of Sesta fuct-
JSormis, which it greatly resembles, but differs in the colour of the tail and
the base of the secondaries.
| This description is not sufficiently definite for the determination of the
species. |
FAMILY LITHOSIAD&.
425. CALLIMORPHA PARTHENICE A7vrdy.—Expansion of the wings
134 inch. Taken in North America.
[304.] &. Antenne black, bipectinated ; thorax flesh-coloured with
two anterior, and three posterior, oblong, black spots, the latter being the
largest ; primary wings black, with the so-called rivulets pale with a slight
pinkish tint ; the main streams, especially towards the apex of the wing,
form several islets, most of which are divided by slenderer ones which do
not appear on the under side of the wing ; the secondaries are of the colour
of red lead, with five black spots towards the posterior margin, the inter-
mediate three forming a macular. band, above which is one smaller one
and below it another ; underneath there is also a small spot, at the costal
margin, above the others.
|A species of Avctia, probably identical with A. virgo Linn. ; not
uncommon in Canada. |
426. CALLIMORPHA VIRGUNCULA A7rby.—Plate iv., fig. 6.—Expan-
sion of the wings r¥%4 mch. ‘Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.
Head pallid ; orbit of the eyes, and the mouth, black ; antennz black,
serrato-pectinate ; thorax pallid, with five lanceolate black spots, the pos-
terior ones being the largest ; primary wings black, with pallid rivulets,
which are formed by the scales that clothe the nervures, and produce the
rays at the apex of these wings, where the lines are traversed by a trans-
verse, angulated band ; underneath they are pale, with the black parts less
distinct, except at the apex; there is a black spot in the disk near the
costal margin ; the secondaries are orange-tawny, spotted at the apex with
black ; abdomen tawny above, below pale, with a dorsal, and on each side
a double, lateral, black, macular stripe ; trunk underneath black, with pale
154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. —
hairs intermixed ; legs black ; tibize pale above ; thighs with a pale spot
at the base and apex.
This is nearly related to the preceding species, but is much smaller ;
and the painting and spotting of the wings differ materially.
[A species of Avctia; taken in Canada. |
[305.] 427. LITHOSIA MINIATA Kirby.—Expansion of the wings
1% inch. Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.
Head, trunk, base and apex of the abdomen, costal and anal margin,
mesal forked stripe of the primary wings, and base of the secondary,
miniatous or of the colour of red lead ; two longitudinal stripes and the
space between the apical fork of the primaries, apex of the secondaries,
and middle of the abdomen, slate-coloured.
[Belongs to the genus Hyfoprepia Hiibn. ; not uncommon in Canada. |
-
FAMILY CTENUCHID&.
428. CTENUCHA LATREILLANA A?7rby.—-Expansion of wings 2%
inches. Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby, and in Nova Scotia by Dr. Mac
Culloch.
[306.] Body, and primary wings, light-brown. Antennae and anal
hairs black ; head and base of .the primaries, bright orange ; trunk, back
of the abdomen, and outside of the thighs, cyaneous or blue-green ; fringes
of the wings white, but in the middle of the posterior margin brown ;
secondaries short. ,
[Previously described under the specific name of wrginica Charp. ;
quite common in Canada. |
Mr. W. F. Kirby has been transferred from the Natural History
Museum, Royal Dublin Society, to the British Museum. His new address
-is 5 Union Road, Tufnell Park, London N., England.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 155
POR TRACTIDA.
BY PROF. C. H. FERNALD, STATE COLLEGE, ORONO, ME.
Tortrix (Loxotaenia) Clemensiana, n. s. :
Head and thorax above ochre yellow ; palpi darker on the outside,
lighter beneath ; antenne dark ochre yellow, minutely pubescent in the
male ; legs straw yellow, in some specimens the fore and middle legs are
fuscous in front ; thorax beneath and abdomen above and beneath silvery
fuscous, In some specimens very light straw color ; anal tuft light straw
color.
Fore wings straw yellow, some specimens inclining to ochre yellow.
Most of the examples before me show the venation on the upper side -of
the fore wings in darker lines; costal fold short and near the base of
wing ; beneath fuscous in the males, very light straw yellow in the females ;
fringes light straw yellow above and beneath.
Hind wings very light straw yellow above and below, or nearly white,
darker towards the apex and fuscous in some specimens towards the anal
angle ; fringes above and beneath nearly white.
Expanse— f 20-23 m.m.; 2 19-21 m.m.
Habitat—Maine, Mass., N. Y., Wis. Described from twenty males
and seventeen females.
This species is in the collection of Dr. Clemens, now in the collection
of the Am. Ent. Soc., under the name of TZortrix pallidana, but no
description was published, and since the name fadlidana is pre-occupied, I
have named it for Dr. Clemens. .
This species has a strong superficial resemblance to. Zortrix data
Robs. and Zortrix pallorana Robs., but may be at once distinguished by
the costal fold on the fore wings of the male, which does not occur in
lata or pallorana.
Tortrix (Lophoderus) juglandana, n. Ss.
Head, thorax and fore wings reddish brown to dark brown. Fore
wings each with two oblique narrow bands of darker brown than the
ground color of the wing; the first, beginning at about the basal third
of the costa, extends obliquely across to the middle of the inner border ;
the second begins near the middle of the costa and extends obliquely
across the wing parallel to the first band, and ends at the anal angle; these
bands expand somewhat on the costal and inner borders. On the fore
wings of most of the males are scattered scales of a straw yellow color,
especially bordering the oblique bands ; fringes of the fore wings lighter
in the middle, but at the apex and anal angle concolorous with the oblique
bands.
Hind wings above, with their fringes, as well as the abdomen above
and the under side of fore wings, fuscous. Under side of hind wings and
legs lighter.
Expanse— f 15-20 m.m.; 2 20-26 m. m.
Habitat—Mass., N. Y., Ontario, Ohio, Wis.
Described from eleven males and fifteen females.
Raised by James Angus, of West Farms, N. Y., on Hickory leaves.
Penthina osmundana, 1. s.
Front of the head and first two joints of the palpi, light ochre yellow ;
last joint of the palpi, two spots on the outside of the middle joint of the
palpi, vertex, thoracie tuft and an edging of scales around the patagia, dark
purple ; front of thorax dark, reddish brown with violet reflections in
certain lights.
Fore wings dark reddish brown with a large reddish yellow subtri-
angular spot, the base resting upon and occupying the middle half of the
hinder border of the wing, while the opposite angle extends nearly to the
costa. The basal patch has numerous lead-blue metallic scales scattered
over it, showing a slight indication of an arrangement in cross lines in
some specimens, the outer edge beginning at the basal third of the costa,
extends directly across the wing as far as the middle of the cell, thence in
amore or less waved line across to the hind margin near the humeral
angle. This line is frequently indicated by whitish scales. From the
middle of the costa an interrupted double row of lead-blue metallic scales
extends obliquely across the wing towards the outer margin, confluent on
the disk, curving downward beyond and ending near the anal angle.
Numerous similarly colored scales rest upon the outside of the yellow
spot, and in a line curving up and outward join the previously described
line, leaving the ocellus quite free. On the costa beyond are three light
colored geminate spots faintly seen, from the inner one of which a lead-
blue line extends obliquely outward, and curving down, ends near the
middle of the outer margin. More or less black scales rest upon the
borders of these lines. Fringes fuscous, purple in one specimen.
pomk
j
“J
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Hind wings and abdomen above, together with all the wings beneath,
f{uscous, with violet reflections. Body, abdomen beneath, together with
the legs, lighter. Fore legs in front light brown with lighter rings at the
ends of the joints.
Expanse 12 m. m.
Described from five males and one female.
Found feeding on Osmunda regalis in Orono, Me., by Mr. A. Allen,
drawing the leaves together with its silken threads. Emerged July 1, 1879.
Grapholitha albimaculana, n. s.
Head, antennez, thorax, abdomen above and fore wings, ashy grey, the
scales of the fore wings tipped with whitish. A white triangular spot rests
upon the middle of the hind margin of the fore wing and extends upwards
to the fold, edged with black on the side next the thorax. Four small
geminate white spots rest upon the costa ; the first at the basal third, from
which a metallic band of dull leaden hue extends across the wing to the
white spot on the hind margin ; the next two costal spots beyond are
somewhat nearer each other than to the others ; from the first of these a
metallic band extends across the wing, terminating near the anal angle ;
the fourth spot is near the apex and sends a metallic stripe to the outer
margin just below the apex ; beneath this is a short metallic stripe extend-
ing downward and forming the outside of the ocellus, which last contains
two parallel black dashes. The space between the first and second bands
is more or less filled with black from the costa downward. Fringes
metallic with a black line at the base.
Hind wings above and below white at the base, sprinkled with dark
scales, blackish on costa and outwardly, fringes lighter. Underside of fore
wings fuscous, showing traces of the markings above. Underside of body
and abdomen silvery white. Palpi and all the tarsi greyish, the latter
tipped with whitish.
Expanse of wings 13 m. m.
Described from two males taken in Orono, Me.
Retinia ? Comstockiana, n. s.
Head in front, basal joints of antenne and palpi white ; last joint of
158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
palpi and a few scales upon the outside of the middle joint dark grey.
Eyes black, vertex light sulphur-yellow to straw-yellow, antenne dark
brown annulated with whitish. Thorax above white with a few scattered
grey scales ; beneath silvery white. Abdomen above light brown with a_
silvery lustre, lighter at the end of each segment ; beneath lighter ; last
segment in the females darker brown above and beneath, and without the
silvery lustre. Anal tuft in the males light straw-color. Fore and middle
legs light brown, femora and tibia of hind legs white, tarsi of all the legs
brown ringed with white. Fore wings ferruginous brown, the extreme
costal edge from base to near the apex dark brown. A number of small
white spots rest upon the costa, four pairs beyond the middle, from all of
which stripes composed of white and leaden-hued scales extend more or
less irregularly across the wing at nearly right angles with the costa, and
having something of a wavy appearance in some specimens, with some
indication of a basal patch, a central and subterminal bands composed of
the leaden and white scales. Fringes light brown above and beneath ;
fore wings light brown beneath, ferruginous apically, with the white spots
of the costa well indicated. Hind wings above and beneath greyish brown
with a tinge of ferruginous in some specimens, and with darker irrorations
on the costa and outwardly ; fringes long at the anal angle, somewhat
lighter and with a darker line near the base.
Expanse— f,, 18-20 m.m.; §, 18-20 m. m.
Habitat—-Ithaca, N. Y.
Described from two males and three females received from Prof. J.
Henry Comstock, who ‘ found the larve boring in branches of Pinus
vigida at Ithaca,” and to whom I dedicate this species.
I have provisionally referred this species to the genus Refznza, for,
although it agrees with the definition of the genus as given by Heinemann
in other respects, the venation of the fore wing differs in the origin of veins
four and five, which are not from the same point, but a little remote from
each other ; the distance between veins five and six at their origin is
about twice the distance between veins four and five.
The Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario will be
held in the rooms of the Natural History Society, in Ottawa, on Tuesday,
the 23rd of September, at 4 p.m.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159
INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS FOUND ON THE
ORANGE TREES-OF FLORIDA.
BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA.
Since my discovery of the mite found preying upon the eggs of the
Orange Scale Insect ( Asfidiotus Gloverii), I have been studying the
insects found on the Orange tree, and my study has resulted in bringing
to light many curious insects, of which I submit the following brief
description. Those interested will find a full account of their habits in
the Florida Agriculturist. ‘
Glover’s White or Yellow Orange Mite.
Acarus ? Gloverit, n. sp.—Soft, flattened, oval, of a pale yellow color,
with a broad pinkish flesh-colored stripe extending from thorax down the
middle of abdomen, terminating at hinder edge, which is obtuse ; legs
eight, thin, finely pubescent, with two claws. Length about .o1 of an
inch. In company with them are often seen pale flesh-colored specimens,
which are the immatured ones.
I find it mentioned by Townend Glover in an old Agricultural Report
published in 1855. It seems pretty widely distributed through Florida
and is found in company with the Oval Scale Insect (Asfidiotus citricola )
on the eggs of which it probably feeds.
Aphelinus of the Orange Scale.
Aphelinus aspidioticola, n. sp.—Head and thorax light reddish brown ;
head nearly same width as thorax, three ocelli, eyes prominent, dark ;
antenne three-jointed (?), the last joint is club-shaped ; a dark brown spot
on thorax at base of each wing; wings hyaline, both fore and hind wings
ciliated from end of costal vein ; no other apparent veins ; a small dark
reddish spot on fore wings at termination of costal vein ; abdomen rather
elongated, and of a darker shade of brown than the thorax, with two
oblong spots of very dark brown on each side; legs rufo-testaceous, with
a tibial hair at junction with tarsi. There is also a short ovipositor, hardly
160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
perceptible. I have found numbers of the scales of Aspidiotus citricola
with a hole perforated in the top by the Apfelinus, into which it crawls
and lays its eggs ; the larvee on hatching feed upon the eggs of the Scale
Insect. Glover also mentions having found it.
Leaf-Scaled Coccus.
Lecanium phyllococcus, 2. sp.—Oval, convex, cinereous (entirely coated
with a powder-like substance). Antenne eight-jointed, inserted below and
under the eyes ; abdomen composed of eight or more segments ; surround-
ing the outer edge is a series of leaflike scales extending to the head; legs
six. Length from .o3 to.14 of aninch. Some are very large and nearly
round, which I believe are the females ready to lay their eggs. The eggs
are laid under a cotton-like substance and are elliptical, of a pale yellow
color ; about .o2 of an inch in length. It is found in the new shoots and
terminal branches.
My attention has been drawn to a strange insect by Rev. T. W. Moore,
which he supposes is the cause of the Orange rust. It may be termed the
Oil-eating Mite of the Orange, belonging to the genus Zyphlodromus, and
is probably the first species of this genus discovered in America.
Typhlodromus oiliioorus, n. sp.—Whitish, flesh color, elongate, cylindri-
cal, gradually increasing in size until near the head it becomes twice as
thick as at tail; abdomen apparently consisting of numerous very thin
segments ; at the extremity is a bifid appendage that evidently assists in
clinging to the Orange; just above it protrude two caudal filaments ; head
almost entirely hidden in thorax ; beak short and black ; legs four, rather
stout, with one claw and two tarsal hairs. It is too small to measure with
‘my instrument, so must wait until I can get a micrometer to ascertain its
length.
They attach themselves to the oil cells; as the oil exudes the chemical
action of the atmosphere causes it to oxidize, and the result is a hard
rusty skin. They all fall off and disappear half an hour after the fruit has
been picked ; hence the reason why microscopists could never detect any
insect, and as a dernier resort, attributed the rust to a fungoid. Thus the
long-vexed question of what causes the Orange rust is solved, and proves
to be not a fungoid, as many suppose, but an infinitesimal creature that
could never have been discovered except with the aid of a microscope.
I fase eeed from my
Favith Annual Collecting Tour to Nevada.
with a Fine Series of Insects, of all orders, and particularly COLEOPTERA
- and LEPIDOPTERA.
I have also a good many specimens from my trips to Colorado and
Georgia, and from other parts of the country. nae
SPECIMENS PERFECT AND CORRECTLY NAMED. - — TERMS REASONABLE.
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VOL. XI. LONDON, ONT., DECEMBER, 1879. No. 12
ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS.
BY THE EDITOR.
It is intended that in the forthcoming volume of the Canapran Enro-
MOLOGIST each number shall contain at least one paper addressed especially
to beginners in Entomology. Our esteemed coadjutor, Mr. Jas. Fletcher,
of Ottawa, has kindly offered to assist in this undertaking, and we hope that
other able hands will render all the aid they can. We want in this way
and by the aid of illustrations to make the ENromMoOLoGIsT more inter-
esting to the general public and especially to the young, as well as to
agriculturists, and we trust that this can in some measure be accomplished
without interfering with its value as a scientific journal and a medium of
communication among advanced Entomologists. . It is to the young that
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in the Entomological ranks, and if by any means we can induce some of
our young friends to devote their leisure hours to Entomological studies
we shall be abundantly rewarded for our efforts, for
the taste once acquired will seldom wane or die.
We do not propose at present to follow any sys-
tematic course, but to treat in a series of brief
articles of the habits and life history, as far as they
are known, of such insects as are frequently met
with, no matter what Order they may belong to.
We hope also to be able to present occasional
papers containing hinis and instructions in refer-
ence to collecting and preserving insects.
Dytiscus Harrisii (fig. 13). This is one of the
carnivorous water beetles, known as ‘ Diving
Beetles” or ‘“ Water Tigers,” a strong, sturdy
creiture of an oval flattened form, with oar-like
swimming legs, covered with long hairs. It is very
active in the water, darting and diving about indifferent directions with
great rapidity, the form of its body with sharp. sides enabling it to cut
202 ‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
of the insect world, for there are few things that live in the water which
are safe from their attacks. They are especial enemies of the larve of
other aquatic insects ; they feed also upon tadpoles, molluscs and small
fish, and when pressed by hunger they do not hesitate to devour one
another. They may be kept in an aquarium and fed on water insects and
small pieces of raw meat, which they suck greedily.
Fig. 13 represents this species very correctly ; it is black with a broad
margin of pale yellow on each side, and stripes of the same color across the
front of the head and on both the front and hind margins of the thorax ;
there is also an irregular yellow line crossing the wing covers near the
tip. The under side is somewhat paler with reddish markings. Examples
of this insect are often brought to us during the summer by persons who
have found them in tubs or barrels of water and who were puzzled to
know how they could get there. Beneath their hard wing covers they
have a large pair of membranous wings, by the use of which they can fly
with great ease ; by this means they are enabled to travel from pond to
pond in search of their prey. When wishing to change their location
they crawl out of the water (usually towards evening) either up some reed
or other water plant, or to the margin of the pond, and suddenly open
their wing covers, expand their wings and rise into the air almost perpen-
dicularly to a great height. Their descent is nearly as sudden and direct,
and they often, when descending, drop into the water with considerable
force. It would appear that they are enabled to distinguish the water
from a considerable height by its glassy surface, for sometimes they have
been known to drop with violence upon glazed garden sash, which they
had evidently mistaken for water.
The female lays her eggs in the water, where they soon hatch into
young larve, possessing the ferocious disposition and voracious appetite
of their parents. The larvae grow rapidly, and-when mature are about
two inches long, with large flattened heads armed with sickle-like jaws,
with which they seize other insects and hold them while they suck their
juices ; they sometimes quickly snip off the tails of young tadpoles, and
are known to attack young fishes and suck their blood. Many years ago,
when searching with a dip-net in a pond for the larvee of Dragon-flies, we
caught one of these savage creatures, and supposing it could be as safely
handled as the libellulze larvee, took hold of it, when it quickly turned and
buried its sharp jaws in the flesh of one of our fingers, making the blood flow
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25
quite freely. These larvee breathe through their tails, which they protrude
into the air for that purpose. When full grown and about to assume the
pupa state, the larva leaves the water, and burying itself in the earth, con-
structs there a round cell within which it undergoes its change, and if this
occurs in summer, it appears in two or three weeks as a perfect beetle ;
but if in autumn it remains in the chrysalis state all
winter, transforming to a beetle in the spring.
Fig. 14 represents another of our large water
beetles, Aydrophilus triangularis. This species is
entirely black, and so strong and muscular as to be
difficult to hold in the hand when captured. ‘The
relationship of this tribe of insects ( Wydrophilus )
with the preceding one (Dytiscus) is very close.
There is much similarity of form and a close resem-
blance in habits ; their method of swimming, how-
ever, is different, for while in Dydtscus both paddles
are moved simultaneously, in Hydrophilus they are
moved alternately, hence the stroke of the latter is
much less effective. We are not aware that anything has been written on
the early stages of Hydrophilus triangularis, but in Europe the life history
of a closely allied species, Wydrophilus piceus, has been carefully traced
by several observers, and there is little doubt but that our species has
similar, if not identical habits. ‘The female of A. fzceus has the singular
habit of spinning a silky cocoon for her eggs, one side of which is fur-
nished with an upright, bent, horny point, an inch long, which is supposed
to be serviceable in conveying air to the interior. These eggs, some fifty
or sixty in number, are placed in an upright position and in regular order
in their receptacle, which is round and flattened and attached to some
water plant at the surface of the water. In warm weather the larve are
hatched in from twelve to fifteen days, when they escape at the lower part
of the cocoon, which is closed only by a few threads. They. undergo
three moultings, and when full grown measure nearly three inches in
length. The head is horny and of a very singular form, its lower surface
‘being convex, while its upper surface is flattened. Its sharp and formid-
able jaws are well adapted for seizing and securing its prey... They are said
to attain their full growth in July, when they leave the water, bury themselves
in the earth, where they undergo their changes in a manner similar to that
of Dytiscus.
224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
ON THE LARVAL HABITS OF LIMENITIS ARTHEMIS (WITH
ITS CO-FORM PROSERPINA), AND ALSO OF
L. DISIPPUS.
[From Advance Sheets of Part VIII., Vol. 2, of Butterflies of North ‘America. }
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.
The larvae of Avthemis feed on the leaves of willow, aspen, bass-
wood, and, it is said, on thorn. In the Catskills, the eggs are laid the last
days of July or early in August, on young trees, and but one egg upon
one leaf. This is placed near the tip, and the newly hatched larva eats
away the leaf on both sides of the midrib. When at rest, it is to -be
found on the stripped portion of the rib, and is easily discovered by this
habit. | When two larve are hatched on one leaf, as happens when two
eggs have been laid in confinement, Mr. Mead has noticed that one of
them occupies the midrib, while the other rests on a perch constructed by
itself from the side of the leaf. This perch, he says, is nearly a quarter
of an inch long and about one fiftieth of an inch in diameter, irregularly
cylindrical and composed of frass and small bits of the leaf, fastened
together and covered with grayish silk.
Limenitis Dzsppis has in all respects larval habits similar to Arthemis,
and as I have often watched the construction of the perch in that species,
one account will apply to both. The end of the rib is no sooner laid
bare than it is coated and wound with silk, and to the extremity are fixed
grains of larval excrement, at first but two or three, placed one after the
other in line. These are bound together and to the rib, and being small
as grains of rifle powder, they form a continuation of about the same
dimensions as the rest of the perch, and seem effectual to prevent curling
as the rib dries. As the larva grows, the process is continued until this
- artificial portion will measure five or six tenths of an inch, and makes a
stout, irregular cylinder, the “entire perch reaching about one and a half
inches. It is constantly strengthened by additions of silk, the larva almost
invariably, as it goes back and forth from its feeding ground, adding
threads and patching the weak places. On the perch the larva, in its
younger stages, that is, before hybernation, always rests, going to the leaf
for food at short intervals. It occupies the middle of the perch and its
usual attitude is a twist, the ventral legs clasping ; but the anterior half of
the body is bent down by the side of and somewhat under the perch. If
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. * 225
two larvee are placed on the same leaf, one always takes possession of the
extremity, often with something. of a contest and knocking of heads
together ; but the other will presently be found on one edge, excavating
on either. side of a narrow strip which is to constitute the base of the
perch. Thisis bound and lengthened with frass and serves every purpose.
Both these species of larve have a habit of accumulating little scraps
of leaf at the base and under side of the perch till quite a packet is
formed, and this is rolled back as the substance of the leaf is eaten so as
to be close to the cut edge of the leaf. ~This edge, in willow, is kept
nearly square, a section being eaten from one lobe and then a correspond-
ing one from the other. In beginning on a fresh section, the larva lies
diagonally across one corner, the anal legs clasping the base of the perch,
and its head will strike the side of the leaf about two tenths inch above
the corner. It eats a canal nearly perpendicular to the side and towards
the midrib ; not all at once, by any means, for this is the result of several
meals, in the intervals always returning to the perch. When the rib is
reached, the larva then begins to feed on the lower side of the canal next
the rib, and to keep the slender and unsteady bit of leaf in position it
spins guys from the end and edge to the solid leaf opposite and to the
rib. As the feeding proceeds and a considerable triangle is held only by
a narrow strip, which diminishes at each mouthful, more guys are put out,
and, at last, when the triangle falls, it is held by the threads and swings
to the base of the perch. If not, it is soon brought there by fixing one
thread after another from it to the rib and leaf till it is pulled to its place.
Here it is bound loosely.. As other bits are added, there comes to be an
open packet, held together by simple threads, and of about one tenth
inch diameter. In the two younger stages this is moved along as the
larva feeds, and is always kept close to the leaf, partly by pushing, what
is gained at each effort being secured by threads, or it is rolled by attach-
ing successive threads from the farther side to the leaf and mb till the
mass is turned over. After the second stage the packet is left behind, and
no additions are made to it. I was at first puzzled to account for this
construction ; but happening to see one of the caterpillars back down the
perch and drop its excrement directly into the packet, it occurred to me
that really this was the magazine whence the larva drew its materials for
lengthening the perch. On pulling some of the packets apart a few grains
were always found in them. ‘This I believe to be the use of the packets,
and without some contrivance to catch the frass, it is difficult to see how
226 ‘ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
the larva obtains the materials it uses. Apparently it drops just about
enough into the packet for the object in view, for it is certain that the
grains are usually expelled wherever the larva happens to be, and fall to
the ground. After the end of the perch is sufficiently strengthened and
there is no further need of the grains, the packet is dropped behind and
neglected.
The larve of Avthemis hatch in from seven to nine days, undergo two
moults, and construct, each for itself, cases or hybernacula of leaves in
which to pass the winter. As the weather in spring becomes settied and
warm, they emerge from their cases, feed a few days sparingly, and pass
the third moult, soon to be followed by the fourth and last, and must
change to chrysalids from ist to 15th June.
The larve of D7sippus, however, mostly pass three moults before they
make their cases (at Coalburgh, W. Va., though perhaps but two towards
‘ the northern limit of the species), and two moults in the spring. But
occasionally a larva is found constructing its case and taking possession
after the second moult. Whether these individuals pass more than two
moults in the spring, I am not yet able to say. Both species cut out the
patterns of the cases as follows: First eating a narrow canal for one
quarter inch, the width of the head, obliquely outward from the stem at
base ; next a canal of same length on the side of the leaf, about three
fifths the distance to the apex. perpendicular to the edge ; then turning
this at a right angle in the direction of the first canal and cutting for a
little distance ; then crossing to the other half of the leaf and cutting
similar canals ; after which the extremity of the leaf was cut off by an
incision froin the bend in the second canal directed obliquely forward to
the midrib, first on one side, then on the other ; next the first and second
canals on one side were joined, then on the other side, and there remained
of the leaf but a small fiddle-shaped piece, lying almost equally on either
side the rib. Before and during the time this work was progressing, the
larva had taken intervals of rest from the cutting, and had occupied itself
in weaving threads from the branch to the stem, and along the upper side
of the leaf, thus coating with silk what was to be the inside of the case.
Finally, beginning at the base, it drew the edges partly together for a little
distancé, leaving an open space between of about one tenth inch, and
held them in position by single threads ; then proceeded to weave a thick
permanent covering to this gap ; which done, it worked back, drawing the
edges as before, and weaving, tiil at length the case was complete. As it
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. pie
spun, the larva was in a constant state of anxiety about its work, as if it
foresaw the storms of rain and wind it must be subjected to for many long
months, shut in this slender house. In closing, it lies along the midrib ~
inside, its anterior segments extending over the top, and it moves its head
from side to side weaving a concave edge. _But it often reached far over
and added a thread here and there where the work seemed to be finished,
and it would frequently leave the case to inspect the fastenings about the
branch, and to weave additional threads there as needed. ‘The silk is
‘passed entirely around the branch, and binds both sides of the leaf-stem.
In weaving at the case the larva would soon become exhausted. I timed
one actively at work for ten minutes, and there succeeded an interval
about as long of rest, the larva lying motionless along the midrib. When
at last the case is finished, the larva enters and rests awhile, but presently
comes out, runs about examining the stem and the fastenings, then
returns—and this scrutiny will be repeated perhaps three or four times.
Two larve were kept in the same glass, each of which had commenced a
case and partly inclosed it, when I removed one. ‘The other soon began
to amuse itself by shifting about, trying each case and working at it, and
finally completed and occupied that which it had not begun. Some days
after all had apparently retired for the season, one came out and wandered
uneasily about, but a few hours later was found to have returned to its
case and was seen no more.
There was some variation in the mode of cutting the pattern, as
sometimes work was begun on the side of the leaf instead of at the base.
But it always resulted in the same fiddle-shaped piece. The cutting was
evidently fatiguing, from the inconvenient position of body required, the
head and anterior segments having to be bent sideways, even to a right
angle much of the time, and the larva frequently rested and shifted its
place. It was never found on the wrong side of the cut, however, or in
danger of falling with the rejected portion of the leaf. Occasionally after
having begun a case the larva would desert it and construct another. The
larve finally entered the cases head first, their bodies contracting in length
and proportionately thickening so as to completely fill the upper end of
the tube, and allow nothing to be visible from the aperture, while over
this last the long flap of the leaf soon curved sufficiently to keep out
water.
Probably in the natural state the case of Avthemisis constructed from the
leaf on which the caterpillar began its existence, whether willow or aspen.
228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
This is so with Dészppus. The ends of the leaves have been eaten away
and only the sides need shaping. But if the residue is insufficient, or for
any reason does not answer the purpose, the caterpillar moves to another
leaf and begins cutting.
ON A NEW PSOCUS.
BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA.
In my investigations of the insects of the Orange tree, I have dis-
covered another curious insect on some branches infested with Scale
Insects, and given me by Major A. J. Russell. I at first took them to be
Aphides, but on closer examination they proved to belong to Psocus.
The eggs are laid in oval masses under and frequently on upper part
of leaf, and are protected by a closely woven web, through which are
sprinkled sooty particles. The young, when first hatched, are very
active, white, Aphis-like looking creatures, from a dozen to twenty clus-
tered together, in all stages of development, beneath the web. On dis-
turbing they disperse from under it with surprising rapidity. They
probably prey upon the young Scale Insects and the decaying matter
caused by them. As I can find no description or mention of them, I
submit the following :
Psocus citricola, n. sp.
Elongate, pale yellowish ; head large, as wide as long, outer edge from
eye to eye forming a perfect half circle ; eyes are large and very promin-
ent ; maxillary palpi four jointed, the basal joint little longer than either
of the others, but narrower ; thé others about even in length but gradu-
ally increasing in thickness, the last being the thickest ; antennee three-
jointed, first two short, same size, as wide as long ; the last joint is long
and filiform, reaching nearly to the end of abdomen, and covered with
long fine hair ; thorax narrower than head, slightly longer than wide,
rounded at edges, with a transverse suture dividing it into two parts (im-
mature specimen) ; abdomen longer than head and thorax together, eight
segments, the largest being nearly twice as wide as thorax ; legs six, rather
long, tarsi two-jointed, ending in two minute claws. The abdomen and
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229
legs have small short hairs springing out all over them. Wings hyaline,
with costal, subcostal, median and submedian veins ; in fore wings the
subcostal runs parallel with costal until before reaching apex it bends
downwards and then curves upwards, ending at termination of costal
vein, forming a cell which is opaque ; it also sends a veinlet from before
middle that descends and curves around upwards until near the third of
the wing, when it divides, thé lower ending in outer edge ; the other runs
to below apex, near the edge, where it divides into two short veinlets,
terminating at outer edge ; median vein curves slightly downwards until
near the middle of wing; it then divides into two, the lower descending
till near apex of inner edge, when it suddenly curves upwards, terminating
at outer edge, the cell thus formed being opaque; the other veinlet
ascends, crossing the branch of the subcostal till just before reaching the
apex it breaks into two veinlets, forming a small triangular cell at apex.
Hind wings contain one costal, three subcostal, two submedian, and one
internal cell. Length of matured specimens from .1o to .12 of an inch,
MONTREAL BRANCH OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF ONTARIO.
The sixth annual general meeting of the Montreal Branch of the Ento-
. mological Society of Ontario was held at the residence of G. J. Bowles,
Esq., on Tuesday, the 3rd June, 1879, at 8 o’clock p. m.
Mr. Bowles read a paper entitled ‘‘Some of the insects that frequent
the orchard and garden—under what circumstances they increase unduly,
what insects to spare, what to kill, and how to kill them, with other useful
information,” by the Rev. F. W. Fyles, corresponding member of the
Nat. Hist. Soc.
The annual report of the Secretary-Treasurer was then read and
adopted. ‘This rcport showed that after meeting the current expenses of
the year, there still remained a very fair balance on hand.
The proceedings were closed by the election of the following officers
for the ensuing year :—President, G. J. Bowles ; Vice-President, H. H.
- -
23 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Lyman ; Secretary and Treasurer, Geo. H. Bowles ; Curator, F. B. Caul-
field ; Council—Robert Jack, W. Couper and G. B. Pearson.
‘The meeting then adjourned.
G. H. Bowtes, Sec’y.
Annual Report of the Council of the Montreal Branch of the Ento-
mological Society of Ontario.
In presenting their sixth annual report, your Council have much
pleasure in stating that the Society is still making satisfactory progress.
Eight very pleasant meetings have been held during the year, and
besides the many interesting Entomological items recorded in the minutes
of the Society, the following papers have been read before the members :
tr. On the larve of Papilio brevicauda and Pieris borealis, and their
food plants—W. Couper.
2. On the May Beetle, ZLachnosterna quercina, and its ‘parasites—G.
J. Bowles.
3. Introductory notes on the Ichneumonide—G. J. Bowles.
4. Notes on Phyciodes Harristt and nyctets—H. H. Lyman.
5. On the Saw-flies—G. J. Bowles.
6. My Entomological Trip tothe Godbout River, 1878—W. Couper.
7. On the insects of the Mammoth Cave (selected)— Geo. H. Bowles.
The following books have been added to the Library :
Riley’s Reports, 2, 4 and 5, making the set complete. The -nine
reports have been bound in three volumes, and form a very valuable addi-
tion to our Library.
Hentz’s Spiders of the United States, with 21 plates. °
Saussure’s Solitary Wasps of America, with 4 plates.
La Crysomele des Patates, from the Department of Agriculture, with
1 plate.
Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1878.
Reports of the Fruit Growers’ Association of Montreal, 1877 and’78.
Our order for books to the Naturalists’. Agency is still not quite filled,
and a balance of about $10 remains in their hands.
Your Council would note that additions are still being made to the
list of species in the ‘‘ Montreal Catalogue,” and would recommend the
work to the members as one worthy of zealous prosecution.
In regard to the labors of the coming season, your Council feel glad
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 251
to report that the members are beginning their collections with renewed
vigor ; and they trust that the next year’s operations will show a great
advance in the study of our fascinating science in Montreal.
The whole respectfully submitted.
Gero. JNo. BowLes, President.
Montreal, 3rd June, 1879.
THE SPECIES OF EROTYLA, SPRAGUEIA, FRUVA, XAN-
THOPTERA, EXYRA AND PROTHYMIA.
BY A. R. GROTE,
Director of the Museum, Buffalo Society Natural Scwences.
EROTYLA SULPHURALIS Linn.
The neuration of this European species is as follows: Fore wings
r2-veined, 8 out of 7 well beyond the extremity of the accessory cell, 9
out of 8, a comparatively short furcation to costa. Hind wings 8-veined,
5 weaker than the rest, joined to the weak cross-vein which closes the
cell; this latter is comparatively shorter than in Sfragweza, veins 3 and 4
longer.
SPRAGUEIA LEO Guen.=onagrus H.-S. (nec Guen.) fig. 209.
Fore wings 12-veined, 8 and 7 together from the extremity of the
accessory cell, 9 out of 8, a long furcation to costa. Hind wings 7-veined.
This North American species is the type of the genus Spragueza. I
collected Zo in Alabama. ‘The fore wings have the costa striped with
sulphur yellow to apical fourth, the costa beyond is orange to apices and
there is an orange terminal band. A sulphur yellow stripe runs from base
outwardly along sub-median interspace. The rest of the wing is blackish
plumbeous, the central dark ‘portion divided into three spots by two
transverse orange lines which intersect the narrower dark space along
internal margin as well. Fringes blackish except at anal angle, where
they are orange. Three dark costal marks, the first two surmounting the
two transverse orange lines, the outer of which latter tends to be broken
and angulate on the median vein.
252 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
There can be no doubt that Herrich-Schaeffer’s figure does not repre-
sent ovagrus as illustrated and described by Gueneé. This confusion led
me formerly to regard /eo and onvagrus as varieties of one species, but from
my present material I must consider that we have two distinct species.
Whether one of these is the /eo of Gueneé admits of some doubt from his
description. But if the species is but slightly variable in the continuation
of the two orange lines which break up the mesial blackish stripe, his
description will apply. In Herrich-Schaeffer’s figure these two lines are,
in effect, not continued across the wing, but joined in a sort of horse-shoe
mark,on internal margin ; but the upper part of the horse-shoe is in reality
the continuation of the basal submedian stripe, above which the lines are
discontinued. If the outer orange median line alone be continued, then
we would have Gueneeé’s spot “ tresgrande, en Y plein,” which consists
of the bent subterminal band joined to the spherical reniform. While I
have not before me the exact counterpart of Gueneé’s description or Her-
‘ rich-Schaeffer’s figure, I believe it-more reasonable that Zeo should vary to
include both, than that I should suspect a third species in my material.
That Herrich-Schaeffer’s figure represents an easily understandable variety
of my species I have no doubt.
SPRAGUEIA ONAGRUS, Guen., 2, 205, PI. 10, fig. 2.
Fore wings 12-veined, 8 out of 7 a little beyond the extremity of the
accessory cell, 9 out of 8, a long furcation to costa. Hind wings 7-
veined, cell closed by a weak cross-vein.
Collected by Mr. Schwarz in Florida. In the character of the fringe
of primaries it agrees with eo. It differs by the fusion of veins 8 and 7
at base, in which it stands nearest of all the species to Zroty/a, but the
hind wings are 7-veined and on primaries vein 9g is longer, as in the other
species of the genus. The fore wings are sulphur-yellow at base with a
rather broad plumbeous basal streak, a curved line below it above internal
margin, which with the rest of the wing is orange, except the sulphur-
yellow costal region. ‘The discal spots are distinct, surmounted by three
detached costal marks which note the ‘inception of the anterior line,
median shade and posterior line. A broad bent dark band on subter-
minal space, not continued to costa. A pre-apical costal mark. The
first two of the four costal marks nearly fuse with the orbicular. In fresh
specimens the colors are very vivid. In colors and ornamentation the
species resembles /eo. It is distinguished by the absence of the two orange
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 238
lines and of the median blackish longitudinal shade, as well as by the
isolation of the spherical discal spots.
SPRAGUEIA PLUMBIFIMBRIATA Grote.
Fore wings 12-veined, 8 and 7 together out of the extremity of the.
accessory cell, g out of 8, a long furcation to costa. Hind wings 7-
veined. The neuration agrees with /eo.
This species, collected by Belfrage in Texas, has the fringes of pri-
maries plumbeous ; at internal margin a few pale hairs are sometimes to
be noticed, but there is no distinct patch as in /eo and onagrus. In color
this species wants the orange of its allies, in ornamentation it resembles
dama, but there is no basal plumbeous marking.
SPRAGUEIA DAMA Guen.
Fore wings 12-veined, 8 and 7 together out of the extremity of the
accessory cell, 9 out of 8,a long furcation to costa. Hind wings 7-veined.
The neuration agrees with ovagrus, except that vein g is thrown off a very
little further from the origin of 8.
I collected this species in Alabama. The fringe of primaries is entirely
orange, flecked with plumbeous opposite the cell, and there are a few
plumbeous hairs at internal angle.
I have a specimen of Gueneé’s variety ‘‘A” collected by Belfrage in
Texas, July 30.
SPRAGUEIA TORTRICINA Zeller.
Fore wings 12-veined, 8 and 7 together from extremity of accessory
cell, 9 out of 8, a long furcation. Hind wings 7-veined.
The species is bright yellow and has narrower wings than Xanthoptera
nigrofimbria , the fringes are blackish and there are two cellular dots, the
outer surmounting a biackish abbreviated band resting on internal margin
two-thirds from base. The primary wings are a little more produced
apically than in the other species, but the neuration agrees and the struc-
ture of the front differs from /ruva, to which genus | have referred it,
Can. ENT., ix., 69. It has been taken by Belfrage in Texas, May ro.
The clypeus is narrow and smooth in the species of Sfragueia, flat on
the first four species or but slightly bulging ; in /orfricina and guttata,
especially in the latter, it is somewhat globose. In £vro¢y/a the front is
much projected and the surface is rough, the infra-clypeal plate is promin-
234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
ent and the front terminates in a wide-lipped protuberance, centrally
flattened, its lower edge exserted. In /ruva fasciatella the infra-clypeal
plate is also prominent, the front is elevated and is crowned by a shallow,
wider and more narrowly edged and rounded depression. Structurally
Fruva is more closely allied to Zrotyla than Spragueia, as we shall see in
’ discussing the neuration of /. odso/eta, yet in ornamentation the resem-
blances are reversed. .
SPRAGUEIA GUTTATA Grote.
Fore wings 12-veined, 8 and 7 together from the extremity of the
accessory cell, 9 out of 8, a long furcation to costa, the accessory cell
smaller than in the other species. Hind wings 7-veined.
This species has very distinct ornamentation, the fore wings being
light sulphur yellow crossed by black lines ; the only orange is at base on
internal margin, and a band running upwards on median space within the
t. p. line, interrupted by the black-ringed, sulphur-yellow, spherical reni-
form, and extending beyond it to apices. The fringes are orange, touched
with blackish at apices, opposite the cell, and again about internal angle.
It has been collected by Heiligbrodt in Bastrop Co., Texas.
The wings are narrower in Sfragueta. ‘The neurational characters
which distinguish the North American genus from the European £rotyla
(Agriphila) are first the 7-veined secondaries, with the three-branched
median vein wanting the weak vein 5, while the cell is longer. Then the
longer vein 9g of the primaries, while in all the species except ozagrus, veins 7
and 8 spring together from the extremity of the accessory cell ; in onagrus
they are joined on a shorter stem than in Zvotyla sulphuralis.
FRUVA FASCIATELLA Grote.
Fore wings 12-veined, veins 8 and 7 out of the extremity of the acces-
sory cell, 9 a long furcation. Hind wings with vein 5 obsolete. The
genus differs from Spragueca in the bulging clypeus surmounted by a
shallow cup-like depression. But there is a faint indication of an inde-
pendent vein on hind wings at the cross-vein, immediately beyond which
it vanishes.
This species varies in the color of the indefinite shadings of the pri-
maries from dusky olivaceous to ochreous. ‘The discal dots and t. p. line
are more or less evident. It is common in ‘Texas.
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 935
FRUVA OBSOLETA Grote.
Fore wings 12-veined, veins 6 and 7 out of the extremity of the acces-
sory cell, 9 a short furcation. Hind wings with vein 5 weaker, but dis-
tinctly present.
The neuration approaches 7o¢y/a more closely than the other species
in the presence of the weaker vein 5 on the secondaries, and the short-
ness of vein 9 on fore wings. The position of 8 and 7 on fore wings is,
however, as in fascéatella, being separate at base. The species has uni-
colorous, dusky olive-fuscous primaries, a little paler shaded over costal
region at base, and showing a variable ochrey reflection exteriorly. No
markings. Illinois and Texas in June.
I have a single specimen of Fruva acerba Hy. Edw, from California,
which seems allied to fasciatella.
XANTHOPTERA NIGROFIMBRIA Guen.
I restricted, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 295, 1873, the genus Xanthoptera
to this type, proposing in the Check List, 1875, Exyra, with the type
semicrocea, for the hairy species with differing venation and which are
found to feed in the larval state on the species of Sarracenia, or pitcher
plants. Gueneé’s single species of Zxyra was only known to him through
Abbot’s drawing.
In xigrofimbria the fore wings are 12-veined, the accessory cell longer
than in SJragueva, veins 7 and 8 separate at base, 9 out of 8 a rather long
furcation. Hind wings 8-veined, cell closed, vein 5 hardly weaker than
the rest. The palpi are rather long and free from the front with well
developed terminal joint, closely scaled. The front is smooth, rather
wide and slightly elevated with a shallow depression and discolorous rim.
The thorax and head are closely covered with flattened scales. The fore
wings are rather broad with produced apices.
XANTHOPTERA SEMIFLAVA Guen.
Fore wings 12-veined, 8 and 7 joined at base, 9 out of 8, a long fur-
cation. Hind wings with vein 5 very faintly indicated. Head and
thorax closely scaled. Front globose.
This species differs from the following species of Hxyra by the closer
squamation and the wide, slightly elevated front, in which it agrees with
nigrofimbsia. But there seems to be no rim and shallow depression in the
236 THE CANADIAN. ENTOMOLOGIST.
clypeus. It agrees with Zxyra also in the unition of 8 and 7 at base, but
the accessory cell is shorter even than in z7gvofimbria. On the other
hand, vein 9 is longer than in the latter and differs from Lxyra greatly in
this respect. This species has been taken in Texas by Belfrage in April
and May. Its generic position may afterwards be changed, but I leave it
for the present where it was placed by Guene¢. It is easily known by its
lemon yellow thorax and base of primaries, which are outwardly purply
black, the line dividing the two colors being od/igue. It varies slightly in
the extent of the darker external portion of the wing.
EXYRA SEMICROCEA Guen.
Fore wings 12-veined, the accessory cell greatly elongated, veins 8
and 7 united at base, 9 a very short furcation. Hind wings with vein 5
nearly as strong as the rest. Front not elevated, rather narrow with a.
slight inferior tubercle. Squamation of palpi, head and thorax long, thick
and hairy or consisting of narrow scales. Fore wings broad with blunted
apices. I have not been able to thoroughly examine all the species, but I
refer to this genus semzcrocea Guen., Ridingstd Riley, fax Grote,and Rolandi-
anaGrote. The latter, one of our most brilliant Noctuids, is described in
Psyche, II., 38, where also the larva, which feeds on Sarracenia purpurea,
is described by its discoverer, my friend Mr. Roland Thaxter, after whom
the species is named. Mr. Jas. Ridings brought specimens of semicrocea
and Azdingsit from Georgia, but when the material was submitted to me
I did not recognize the latter as a distinct species. Mr. Townend Glover
discovered the larva of semccrocea feeding on Sarracenia violaris, and sent
me a drawing of it now many years ago. It has been fully illustrated by
Prof. Riley, Trans. St. Louis Academy, Vol. 111.
Prothymia Hub.
After a careful examination of the type of P. swbolivacea Harvey, I
regard it as a synonym of P. orgéae. Three species are described from
our territory: P. coccineifascia Grote, P. rosalba Grote, and P. orgiae
Grote. This latter is pale yellow with the external margin shaded with
rosy. Two faint, obscure, shade lines take the place of the subterminal
and t. p. lines; these lines are even, sub-parallel, oblique or slightly
curved. Two minute superposed dots take the place of the reniform. In
subolivacea the tone of the wings is slightly olivaceous and the thorax and
base of the wing and internal margin shaded with pale rosy. Otherwise
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Zak
it does not differ as far as I can see. The species may be known by the
discolorous purplish fuscous head and thorax, the dark color extending on
the shoulders of the fore wings. It has been collected in Texas by
Belfrage in March and July. The primaries are more pointed in orgiae
and this species is more faintly colored when compared with its con-
geners.
The species may be thus catalogued :
Lrotyla Hubn.
sulphuralis Zzznz. Europe.
Spraguera Grote.
onagrus Gwen.,2, 205. Florida.
Type leo Guen., 2, 205. Alabama.
plumbifimbriata Grote, C. E., ix., 68. Texas.
dama Gwuen., 2, 205. Alabama, Texas.
gutlata: Gro, C..¥,5-viL, 225. ‘Texas.
tortricina Ze//er, Beitr., 1., 15. Texas.
apicella Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., iv., 21. Alabama,
Texas.
truncatula Zeller, Beitr.. 1., 3.
Fruva Grote.
Type fasciatella Grote, C. E., vii., 225. Texas.
obsoleta Grote, C. E., 1x., 69.° “Illinois, Texas.
Xanthoptera Guen.
Type nigrofimbria Guen., 2, 24%. N. Y., Ala., Texas.
semiflava Guen., 2, 241. Texas.
Exyra Grote.
Type semicrocea Guen., 2, 241. Georgia.
Ridingsu Az/ey, Trans. St. Louis Acad., ili., 240. Georgia.
nigrocaput Morrison, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 17, 153.
fax Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 295. Georgia.
Rolandiana Grote, Psyche, u., 38. Mass.
238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Prothymia Hiubn.
coccineifascia Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 294. N. Y., Texas.
rosalba Gvofe, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 295. Penn, Mass.
orgiae Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 116. Texas.
subolivacea Harv., Bull. B. S. N.S., 3, 11.
DESCRIPTION: OF A NEW SPECIES OF PAMPHILA.
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.
P. Dion.
Male—Expands 1.2 inch.
Upper side has the disk, cell and basal areas pale fulvous, the latter
much obscured ; costal margin also fulvous, but obscured, and inclining
to red in the sub-costal interspaces ; the apex and hind margin broadly
bordered with fuscous ; stigma long, narrow, formed by two velvety-black —
spots, the lower one-a little back of the line of the other; the black arc
of cell forms a continuation of stigma and joins a dark stripe which runs
along upper side of subcostal to base, the whole forming a sub-triangular
inscription such as is seen in Avfa. - Secondaries have the disk to base
obscure fulvous, but there is a clear fulvous ray on the-outer part of this area.
Under side of primaries ferruginous, deepest over costal margin ; area
below cell to inner margin black, and over median interspaces pale black ;
on the disk an oblique band of four yellow or fulvous spots, besides a
fifth spot, obsolescent, out of the line and opposite end of cell. Second-
aries ferruginous, of uniform tint, except that there are tivo pale rays from
base, one of which passes through cell, the other occupies submedian
interspace, to margin.
Female—Expands 1.5 inch.
Upper side fuscous with a slight tint of fulvous ; primaries have two
yellow sub-apical spots, and an oblique row of yellow spots across the
disk ; secondaries have the disk nearly as in male, more obscured, but
with the bright ray. ‘Under side as in the male.
This species is closely allied to Arvfa Bd. and Lec., but may be dis-
tinguished from it by the pale rays on disk of secondaries, Ara being
one shade of color. I formerly received Dion from Mr. G. M. Dodge,
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239
Nebraska, and supposed it to be 47fa, and so gave Nebraska as one of
the localities in my Catalogue. ‘This season I have received the species
from the southern shore of Lake Michigan, in Indiana, from Mr. Chas.
E. Worthington ; also from Mr. J. A. Moffat, of Hamilton, Ont., who
says it inhabits one locality there. It would appear then to occupy a belt
extending from Canada to Nebraska.
CORRESPONDENCE.
DEAR SIR,—
Mr. A. H. Mundt, of Fairburg, Ills., writes me thus: ‘‘ On 7th Sept.,
while walking through a grove near this place,-I saw a large number of
D. Archippus hovering about and settling upon some limbs of a hickory.
More from curiosity than anything else, I went again the next day before
sunset, and found the butterflies in still larger numbers on two branches
of the tree. (The weather had been pretty cold for several days, with
slight frost at night.) Those sitting within reach of my net seemed to be
alarmed and would fly upon approach, but would alight again. I resolved
to make a further test, and after dark I started for the grove with a long
step-ladder, a lantern and box, and took 125 specimens, 51 f, 74 f, all
of them perfect.” If such assemblages of these-butterflies are usual, they
have so far escaped notice, and the object of them is matter for con-
jecture. . W. HH. EDWARDS:
Coalburgh, W. Va., Oct. 20, 1879.
DEAR SIR,—
In the June number of the Can. Ent., W. E. Saunders remarks that
he saw a specimen of Papilio ¢hoas on the 11th May, and that “the
appearance of this butterfly at so early a date would seem to indicate that
they are double-brooded here, unless it can be shown that the escape of
the imago from some of the chrysalids is much earlier than from others.”
I have obtained two fine specimens of this butterfly from mature larvee ;
one in 1878, the other this year. .The first example went into chrysalis
about the middle of September, and the imago appeared on the gth cf
May following. The second was in chrysalis only from the 7th September
to the 23rd of March. I think the temperature at which the chrysalids
240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
were kept was about equal. On the first day of July this year I took two
specimens of ¢ioas in King’s Co., N. B., and I have seen them on the
wing in St. John Co., a few miles from the city, at the same date in other
years. I have one example captured here a few days later.
CaROLINE E. Heustis, St. John, N. B.
DEAR SIR,—
I have got caterpillars of P. thoas or cresphontes taken in the garden
of A. Reid, in the west end of the city, feeding on a bush called the
‘burning bush,” from its going off with a blaze when light is held to it ;
I do not know its Botanical name. ‘Two of them have gone into chry-
salis. J. Atston Morrat, Hamilton, Ont.
[The plant referred to is Dictamnus fraxinella—Ep. C. E.]
DEAR SIR,—
On p. 195 of the present volume, the Can. ENToM. makes me say that
I regard Disippus as “probably the original type” of Basilarchia. 1
have never held such an opinion, but the very opposite.
SaML. H. SCUDDER.
Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 1, 1879.
PAPILIO CRESPHONTES.—Mr. Wm. Murray, of Hamilton, writes as
follows : ‘‘ We have a new butterfly in Hamilton and vicinity, and several
of them have been captured ; it is P. cresphontes (thoas). I got two of
the larvee this fall feeding on Dictamnus fraxinella rubra ; one has gone
into chrysalis, and the other died after it had hung up to undergo its
change.”
On the 16th of October, Mr. Watson, of Thedford, Ont., brought us
a specimen of this larva, which had been found feeding on Prickly Ash,
Xanthoxylum fraxineum. It was nearly full grown, and we fed it on
Prickly Ash and Orange leaves until it spunup. In the endeavor to shed
its larva skin it died when the chrysalis was more than half developed ; the
same fatality attended a specimen which we tried to rear last year.—Ep. C.F.
ERRATA; Vous 2ol.—P. 13, h86,-for “2 o> reads ae; df peeeee
11, for “‘ii.”, read i.; p. 214, 1. 9, for “oscillated” read ocellated ; on
p. 206, l. 20, 22 and 26, one s should be deled from Aforrissonia.
INDEX TO VOLUME XL.
Acarus ? Glover?, n. sp., 159. BAILEY, Dr. JAMEs S., Article by, 1.
Acidalia enucleata, 194. Bark Louse on Pine, 183.
Actinotia derupta, 205. Batachedra Clemensella, 144.
Adela bella, 125. Bees, are they injurious to Fruits, 204,
“¢ biviella, 125. ; Bee Enemy, 17.
Adita chionanthi, 2c6,. BETHUNE, REV. C.J. S., Article by, 146.
Eaea ostryeella, 9. Blepharipus zzcus, n. sp., 214.
Agrotis vernzlis, n. sp., 57. Blister Beetles, Life History of, 30.
** -vocalts, n. sp., 56. Bombus fervidus, 135.
Allantus basilaris, 13. AS lapidarius, 136.
sé dubius, 13. ve muscorum, 136.
Alypia Mac Cullochii, 151. % pensylvanicus, 135.
Anisota disecta, n. sp., 10, ne separatus, 135.
Annual Address of President, 181. ie ternarius, 135.
Anthocaris s¢e//a, n. sp., 87. ie terrestris, 136.
ES thoosa, 87. a vagans, 135.
Anthrax, sp. nov., 216. “*__virginicus, 135.
Anticarsia gemmatalis, 179. Bombylid, an Anomalous, 215.
Antispila ampelopsiella, 126. Bow ss, G. H., Article by, 229.
‘© hydrangezella, 126. Bow Es, G, J., Articles by, 134, 230.
Apatela distans, n. sp., 58. Bucculatrix luteella, 93. _
ue parallela, n. sp., 58. BurGEss, EDWARD, Article by, 80.
Apathus Ashtoni, 137. Butterflies Collected in Dayton, Ohio, 139.
a elatus, 137. Ss New Species of, 49, 81.
Aphelinus asfzdtoticola, n. sp., 159. = Preparatory. Stages of, 127, 141,
Apis mellifica, 135, 204. _ 189. :
Arctia vectilinea, n. sp., 45. ; Callimorpha interrupto-marginata, 47.
Argynnis aphrodite, 147. o parthenice, 153.
se argeys3: S- virguncula, 153.
ss astartey (52: Carpocapsa pomonella, 187.
‘* chitone, n. sp., 82. Catocala s¢zuosa, n. sp., 15.
‘* cybele;. 147. Cecidomyia leguminicola, 121.
eeeeCleIS) 52.07. ek trifolii, 121.
“© freya, 147. . i tritici, 187.
‘* —hesperis, 54, 56. Chalcophora liberta, 182.
‘© hippolyta, n. sp., 81. CHAMBERS, V. T., Articles by, 5, 72, 89,
‘« hydaspe, 55, 56, 80. 118, 125, 143!
‘* ~ idalia, preparatory stages of, 217. | CHAPMAN, Dr. A. W., Article by, 189.
Sessa, GBF Chauliodes, Larvee of, 96,
‘¢ laura, n. sp., 49. Chelymorpha cribraria, 120,
*« monticola, 54, 56. Chionobas iduna, 143.
‘¢ montivaga, 52. He invallda, 142.
*€ —mormonia, 52. Chlorion aerarium, 133.
Spiny rina, LAr. Chrysis martia, n. sp., 67.
** nevadensis, 51. on a. UeErUCaits, De Sp. O77;
‘* —nitocris, 82. Chrysobothris Harrisii, 119.
«* purpurascens, 55, So. Chrysopeleia purpuriella, 9.
“Se Zerene) 545) 50; Chrysops cuclux, n. sp., 35.
Argyresthia quercicolella, 144. os curstm, N. sp., 36.
ASHMEAD, WM. H., Articles by, 93, 159, se nigribimbo, n. sp., 36.
228. : Cirrospilus eszus, n. sp., 162.
Associate Members, to our, 20. CLAYPOLE, E. W., Article by, 61.
Audela acronyctoides, 204. Cleptes a/vena, n. sp , 66,
242
INDEX TO VOLUME XI.
Clisiocampa sylvatica, 187, 204.
Clover-seed Fly, 44.
Codling Worm, 187.
ao gemma, Preparatory Stages
of, 31.
Colias eurytheme, 47,
Collecting about Chicago, 68.
Collectors, to, 99, 100.
Colorado Potato Beetle, 187, 196, 202.
Conotrachelus nenuphar, 187.
Cook, A. J., Article by, 17.
Corrections, 79, 80.
Correspondence, 39, 78, 119, 140, 180,
200, 239.
Corydalis cornutus, Larva of, 96.
Cossus centerensis, Natural History of, 1,
188
Cotalpa lanigera, 21.
Cotton Worm, 202, 205.
s ‘< Parasites on, 161.
Crabro digemineus, n. Sp., 213.
Crabronidz, Descriptions of, 210.
Crickets, how Produce their Sound, 98.
Ctenucha latreillana, 154.
Cucullia, Species of at Sugar, 203.
Cynthia cardui, 148.
s huntera, 148.
Dectes spinosus, 140. .
Deilephila intermedia, 152.
Dermestes lardarius, Larva of, 100.
DEVEREAUX, W. L., Article by, 105.
Dianthoecia meditata, 27.
Dicte corruscifasciella, 125.
Dicopis vétis, n. sp., 76.
Diptera, Collections of in
Mass., 132.
Dorcaschema alternatum, 140.
Dytiscus Harrisii, 221.
Eburia quadrigeminata, 140.
Epwarpbs, W. H., Articles by, 31, 49,
79, 81, IOI, 117, 127, 141, 177,
189, 27, 224, 238, 239.
Entomological Club A, A. A. 5 , Meetings
of, 116, 163, 194, 201.
Entomological Club A. A, A. S., Annual
Address of President, 163.
Entomological Society of Ontario, Annual
Report of, 25.
Entomological Society of Ontario, Contri-
butions to Collection of, 124, 219.
Entomological Society of Ontario, Annual
Meeting of, 220.
Entomological Joke, 180.
Entomology for Beginners, 221.
Epicauta cinerea, 120.
Eresia texana, . 127. -
Erotyla sulphuralis, 231.
Cambridge,
Eudamus proteus, 189, 193.
Euleucyptera cumatilis, 207.
Eustrotia vet7s, n. sp., 198.
‘¢ secta, Ni. Sp., 199.
Exyra semicrocea, 236.
FERNALD, PROF. C. F., Article by, 155.
FLETCHER, JAS., Article by, 220.
FRENCH, G. H., Articles by, 45, 76.
Fruva fasciatella, 234.
** obsoleta, 234.
Fy es, THos. W., Article by, 59.
Geometrids, Early Stages of, 193.
Goldsmith Beetle, 21.
Gonatopus contortiulus, n. sp , 65.
GoopDELL, L. W., Articles by, 78, 193.
Gracilaria fascicollis, 100.
a fasciella, 118.
os fulgidella, 118.
- inornatella, 119.
nf Packardella, 119.
purpuriella, 74, 119.
se 5-notella, 118.
Graphiphora erythrolita, n. sp., 208.
ec fidelis, 27.
furfurata, 27.
German, n. sp., 28.
modesta, 27.
muricina, 27.
normalis, 27.
ee perbrunnea, n. sp., 28.
a puerilis, 26.
es rufula, 26.
Grapholitha albimaculana, n. sp , 157.
GREY, RoBerRT M., Articles by, 16, 140.
Grote, A. R., Articles by, 15, 26, 40,
56, 79, 94, 197, 205, 231.
Hadena passer, 179.
HaGEN, Dr. H., Articles by, 110, 132.
HARRINGTON, W. H., Article by, 119.
Heliophila da, n, sp., 29.
Heliothis armigera, 202.
OY Lllinotensts, 1. Sp., 77.
ce sulmala, 207.
Hesperia Peckius, 150.
Hessian Fly, 137, 188.
Heterocampa Zelfraget, n. sp., 209.
HEeEustTIS, CAROLINE E., Articles by, 39,
100, 239.
Hipparchia discoidalis, 149.
BC nephele, 148.
Honor, a well-merited, 99.
Hoplisus gracz/is, n. sp., 210.
Hornia, Development of, 28.
House-fly, Parasite on, 38.
Howarp, L. O., Article by, 200.
HuBNEkR, JAcoB, and his works, 79. -
Hutst, Gro. D., Articles by, 22, 39, 80.
INDEX TO
VOLUME XI.
243
Humble Bees, Notes on, 134.
Hydrophilus triangularis, 223.
piceus, 223.
Hylurgus terebrans, 182.
Incurvaria mediostriatella, 146.
Ingura declinata, n. sp., 207.
“< flabella, n. sp., 208.
Insect, a Wood-boring, 196.
Insects Captured by Bidens, 196.
** Collection of at Washington, 202.
Destructive to Forest Trees, 204.
Fossil in Gum Copal, 202.
Larvee of Dipterous, 204.
Insect Powder, 41.
Ss Experiments with,
Ithone unomaculella, 9
Junonia ccenia, 47.
KELLICOTT, D. S., Article by, 114.
KirBy’s Fauna-Boreali Americana, 146.
Kirsy, W. F., Change of Address, 154.
Lachnosterna fusca, 200.
Laverna albocapitella, 6.
cephalanthiella, 7.
grissella, 6,
ignobilisella, 8.
es Murtfeldtella, 5.
obscurusella, 8.
Lecanium fhyllococcus, n. sp., 160.
Leucanthiza amphicarpeefoliella, 93.
LECONTE, JOHN L., Article by, 100.
ce
te
185.
Limenitis arthemis, 16, 47, 195, 224, 226.
Critical Remarks on, 16, 40, 195.
disippus, 16, 195, 224, 226, 240.
ee
ce
ce
proserpina, 16, 195.
ursula, 16, 195.
ce
LINTNER, J. A., Articles by, 10, 44, 121.
Lithocolletis argentinotella, 89.
aenigmatella, 145.
Bethuneella, 89.
Clemensella, 91.
coryliella, go.
deceptusella, 0. sp., 73
Fitchella, go.
gemmea, 144.
Hageni, 144.
juglandiella, 9r.
marizella, 92.
obscuricostella, 92.
ornatella, gt.
ostryzefoliella, gr.
quercivorella, n. sp., 145.
Scudderella, 72, 145.
trifasciella, 92.
tritzenizella, 89.
virginiella, 92.
Lithosia miniata, 154.
Lyceena dorcas, 149.
ee
ee
ee
ce
ce
Lad
oe
“ce
ce
Lygranthoecia separata, n. sp.;
Lyonetia alniella, 75.
198.
‘* apicistrigella, 75.
gracilella, 75.
speculella, 75.
ce
ce
Macroglossa tantalus, 140.
Mamestra lorea, 28.
ce mucens, 206.
passer, 179.
Marasmalus ventilator, 179.
Melitaea baroni, 129.
Sis juluca, Disp. Lys
minuta, 141.
selenis. 147.
Micro-Lepidoptera, 5, 72, $9, 118, 125.
Mite, on Orange Scale Insect, 93.
Morrat, J. A., Article by, 240.
Monohammus confusor, 120, 181.
OF scutellatus, 120.
Montreal Branch, Report of, 229.
Morrissonia infidelis, n. sp., 206.
Moth-trap, a Successful, 131.
Nemeophila caespitis, 209.
RY geometrica, 209.
Nephopteryx Zimmermani, 114, 183, 195.
Nepticula quercicastanella, 93.
‘“¢ serotineeella, 93.
Noctuide, Captures of at Clyde, N. Y.,
105.
Noctuide, New Sees of, 76, 197.
oe North American, 26, 179, 205.
North American Entomologist, 180.
Notozus marginatus, n. sp., 66.
Nysson aegualis, n. sp., 212,
ie lateralisnancs
ce
ind
ce
Obituary, 78.
Obnoxious Insects, Destruction of, 110.
Oiketicus Abboti, 201.
Oncocnemis aderrima, n. $p., 199.
Orange Trees, Insects Found on,
Orgyia leucostigma, 39.
Oribates asfidiotz, n. sp., 94.
Orthosia szenata, n. sp., 76.
Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club, 99.
Pachypolia atricornis, 94.
oy diffusilis, 95.
Pamphila accius, IOI.
arpa, IQI.
brettus, 190.
delaware, 192.
dion, Mi. sp., 238.
maculata, 191.
palatka, 192.
phyleus, tgo.
Papilio ajax, 203.
Ss asterias, Retarded Development of,
201,
150.
ee
ee
ee
ee
ce
os
244
INDEX TO VOLUME XI.
Papilio asteroides, 85.
ie balrdiinS 3.
Pe cresphontes, 120, 203, 239, 240.
‘¢ _philenor, 203.
us thoas, 120, 203, 239, 240.
Papilionidz, Scarcity of in Nova Scotia,
39-
Paris Green, Use of, 184, 195.
Parnassius baldur, 142.
ag smintheus, 141.
PATTON, W. H., Articles by, 12, 64, 133, |
210.
Penthina osmundana, n. sp., 156.
Perimede erransella, 9
i unomaculella, 9.
Personal, 99.
Pheosia rimosa, 100.
Pholisora catullus, 203.
come O72ets, ee Sp. sb bs
Phyciodes nycteis, Preparatory Stages of,
Iol.
us vesta, 129.
Phymata erosa, 17, 196.
Pieris rapee, 187, 196.
PILATE, G. R., Article by, 139.
Pissodes strobi, 177.
Platarctia Scudderi, 210.
Plusia, Species of at Sugar, 203.
Plum Curculio, 187.
Polia zlepida, n. sp., 95.
Polistes metrica, 196.
Polyommatus lucia, 150.
Pontia casta, 146.
Proctotrupes crenzzlatus, n. sp., 64.
Prodena phytolaccze, 205.
Protest against Certain Names of Insects,
80.
Prothymia orgiz, 236.
« subolivacea, 236.
Pseudohazis eglanterina, 175.
Psocus cétricola, n. sp., 228.
Pyralid, a Carnivorous, 196.
Retinia duplana, 194.
‘* — Comstockiana, n. sp., 157.
Injurious to Pine, 176, 183.
sylvostrana, 194.
Rhyssa atrata, 140.
e humida,-75-
‘¢ Junator, 140.
RILEY, C. V.,; Articles by, 30, 96, 161.
Samia cecropia, Retarded Development of,
201.
Saturnia io, Food Plants of, 78.
Satyrus Pazlus, n. sp., 50.
SAUNDERS, W., Articles by, 20, 21, 41,
78. 99, 100, 124, 163, 180, 181, 194,
201, 221, 240.
ec
ee
SAUNDERS, W. E., Article by, 120.
Sawflies, Predaceous, 12.
Scientific Names of Insects, 22, 61.
Scoliopteryx libatrix, 195.
Sesia ruficaudis, 152.
SIEWERS, C. G., Article by, 47.
Smerinthus cerisyi, 151.
SMITH, FREDERICK, Death of, 78.
Sphinx eremitus, Larva of, 59.
Spilomena pusilla, 213.
SPRAGUE, F. H., Article by, 46.
Spragueia dama, 233.
guttata, 234.
a Leom2ae
onagrus, 232.
plumbifimbriata, 233.
tortricina, 233.
Tabanidz, New Species of, 35.
Tabanus Dodgez, n. sp., 37-
‘¢ sparus, n. sp., 38.
superjumentarius, N. Sp., 37:
Tachina adefi@, n. sp., 162.
Tamila vanella, n. sp., 197.
ee velarts, N. Sp., 197.
Tarache /anceolata, n. sp., 198.
Tetracis crocallata, 193.
Thecla augustus, 149.
Therina endropiaria, 194.
Tinea auristrigella, 146.
Tineina, 143.
Tortricide, Work on, 203.
Tortrix Clemensiana, n. sp , 155.
‘¢ Juglandana, n. sp., 155.
nigridia, 195.
Trichogramma /refiosa, n. sp., 161.
Typhlodromus oiliioorus, 160.
ce
cc
Vanessa antiopa, 148.
‘* atalanta, 148.
‘* c-argenteum, 147.
So wcardul~ 20,
‘* furcillata, 148.
Wasp, a New Fossorial, 133
WEstcoTT, O. S., Articles by, 131, 140
Wheat Midge, 187.
WHITNEY, C. P., Article by, 35.
WILLISTON, S. W., Article by, 215.
Wollaston, Mass., Notes from, 46.
WorTHINGTON, C, E., Article by, 68.
Xanthoptera nigrofimbria, 235.
semiflava, 235.
Xiphidria attenuata, 14.
Xylocopa fimbriata, 60.
micans, 60.
ae purpurea, 60.
# varipuncta, N. sp., 60,
as vidua, 60.
L s
By ae aa
Sy i>
celta Bau
; FO R Ss A oe “ae ae.
. oBne erat Each of Bred Specimens of SMERINTHUS ASTYLUS |
and DARAPSA VERSICOLOR ; also other rare Sphingidz.
ee Gro. W. Peck, 215 Pearl St., New York.
I have returned from my
Fourth Annual Collecting Tour to Nevada.
with a Fine Series of ES of all orders, and particalarly COLEOPTERA
and LEPIDOPTERA.
I have also a good many specimens from my trips to Colorado and
- Georgia, and from other parts of the country.
SPECIMENS PERFECT AND CORRECTLY NAMED. ~~ TERMS REASONABLE.
Address,
kt. K: MORRISON,
Box 22. < Morganton, Burke, Co., North Carolina.
“NOTICE TO ENTOMOLOGISTS.
Butterflies and Moths of North America.
Instructions for collecting, breeding, preparing, classifying, packing
for shipment, etc.
A Complete Synonymical Catalogue of Macrolepidoptera, to which is
- added a FULL BIBLIOGRAPHY, a glossary of terms, a descriptive list of localities, and
the food-plants of the larva. Diurnes. 8vo, PP: vi, 283. Sent by mail prepaid on
receipt of $2.00 by | ,
pi HERMAN STRECKER, Box 111 Reading P.O., Pennsylvania.
| Pins, Labels, Boxes, Etc.
Pins. —Klaeger’s best, of uniform length, Nos. oo-5, 36 mm.; Nos.
00-7, 39 mm. Per 1,000 : Nos. 2-6, $1.10; others, $1.20. eee 5,000 :
$5.00 and $5.50. Other sorts on hand or. to order.
Labels.—Sheet of 40 or 50, blank, 2 cts.; 60 sheets, ied For
‘U. S. Butterflies (complete to 1876), printed, $1:00. For States, etc.
Boxes.—For storing, 35x25x10 cm., 45 cts.; for mailing, 22x17
cm., and half and quarter, 10, 8, 6 cts. . Glass Tubes, Rubber Stoppers,
Corks, etc. Vo Pita. Transportation on pins and labels prepaid ; on
other goods extra. All Prices in gold.
‘'B. PICKMAN poeiate? vananes Mass.
: pee BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA
BY W. H. EDWARDS.
ek Osgood 8 Co., Boston, have issued Part 7, Volume 2, of
_ THE BUTTERFLIES OF Nort America. Price $2.50.
__ Contents: Papilio Zndra; Anthocaris Genutea, A. Fulia; Colia
_Eurytheme and its form Aviadne; Phyciodes Zharos and form Marcia
Se ede BS
3 ate.
Teo
ee ee Phaon, P. Vesta.
In JAM, April, July and Oct.. price rod. , 44 pp. ‘8vo.
“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST.”
A Journal of Scottish Natural History. Edited by F. Buchan White, } M.D. |
This Magazine contains much original information in all branches of Scottish | Se.
Natural History, and is occasionally illustrated by plates and wood cuts.
The Scottish Naturalist will be sent direct to subscribers in Canada or the we
United States for 4s. per annum, postpaid, or may be had at the office of the
American Naturalist.
TORTRICIDA WANTED.
{ am desirous of obtaining as many North American TORTRICIDE as
possible for the purpose of studying this family. I will be glad to name and
return to any who will forward their ToRTRICID# to me for this purpose, all 2 a
save such as may proye new and desirable to retain for description. Hse: .
yas
“Ws
{
‘
—" oe ee) |
I also desire to correspond with any who are intending to collect LEPIDOPTERA i eee
in parts of pre America where but little collecting has hitherto been done, ae ech
‘ Address, PROF. C. H. FERNALD, ; .
‘ - Orono, Maine.
NOCTUID i.
BY: > A. R. GROTE, A. M.
CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN |
Part 1, pp. 28, with photographic > plate, notes and. ee (Bom A eee
by ycrae and Noctuelitae [Nonfasciatae.] Price $1.00. =~.
Part 2, with prefatory note in reply to Edwards and Hagen on tuba,
(Noctuelitae, [Fasciatae] Deltoides ‘and Noctuo-Phalaenidi.) Price 75 cts.
The two parts, completing the work, will be mailed free for $l. 50.
Address, SAE
REINECKE & Bet Hea
500 Main St., Buffalo, N.Y.
a The work will be welcome to every one wishing information on the oa
North American Noctuid fauna.”-—Dr. A. Speyer, St. Ent. Leit., 200. |
THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. ~
A popular illustrated Monthly areans of Natural History, Svo., 64 pages . a
Oe Illustrations in each number. Subscription + 00 a year. inch
es pst 35 cents.
McCalla & Stavely, 237-9 Dock St., Phila., Pa.
Published Monthly, Price Stx, pence.
NEWMAN’S ENTOMOLOGIST:
AN ILLUSTRATED eS oF BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY.
Bet eit to United States, Six shillings
T. P. NEWMAN, 32 Botolph Lane, London, Eng
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