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LIBRARY OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY

MASS.

WOODS HOLE,

LOANED BY AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

THE CANADIAN

PN OM OLOGIST.

POU i XX

EDITED BY THE

Reo. C. I. S. Pethure, M. A. D.C. F.,

PORT HOPE, ONT.

ASSiS ie») Bx

J. Fletcher, Ottawa; E. B. Reed, J. M. Denton,
and W. E. Saunders, London.

London:

FREE PRESS PRINTING CO.

; 1888,

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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME.

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BETHUNE, REV. C. Ae S, (rm porToR).

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.. HAWKINSVILLE, FLORIDA.

JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA.

.Port Hope.

BEUTENMULLER, W. ... NEw York.
RSC ERM EBs os .. NEWARK, N. J.
CAULELIEED,. 6. B.3.: . .. MONTREAL,

Clam HOWARD L...i.%225 0-5.
COCKERELL, T. D, A...

EDWARDS, HENRY...
EDWARDS, W. H..

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HOLLAND, REV. W. J......

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.. PROVIDENCE, R. I.
..West Curr, COL.

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.. COALBURGH, WEST Va.

OTTAWA.

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.. CAMBRIDGE, Mass.
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.. WASHINGTON, D. C.

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WHITE, J... aaewsrs » se DMONTON.
WILLISTON, PROF. S. W. each 4 rae New Haven, Conn.

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VOL. XX. LONDON, JANUARY, 1888. Noa

DESCRIPTION OF ) THEE PREPARATORY, (STAGES OF
ARGYNNIS ATLANTIS, Epw.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Ecc.—Conoidal, truncated, higher than broad, the base somewhat
rounded ; marked vertically by 14 ribs, one half of which reach the sum-
mit, the others nearly as far ; the spaces between the ribs broad, excavated
and crossed by ten or twelve fine ridges; the micropyle at top in centre
of a rosette of five minute flat cells; and about these are successive
irregular rings of cells, each iarger than the one next within, to the verge
of top; these are six and five sided, and some are sub-triangular,
deeply excavated ; color greenish-yellow when first laid, soon turning to
brown. In shape, this egg is like that of other species of this genus, but
it is characterized by fewer ribs than any with which I am acquainted.
Duration of this stage 16 to 18 days.

Younc Larva.—Length .06 inch ; cylindrical, even ; color of dorsum
yellow-green, of sides and lower parts more yellow; marked as in other
species of the genus by longitudinal rows of flattened tuberculous brown
spots, there being three on either side over spiracles, each of which gives
one or two long tapering hairs ; below the spiracles is another row of
similar spots, smaller, and on part of the segments broken into four spots,
each with its hair; on dorsum of 2, an oval spot of same character as
the others, with a row of hairs in front which are bent forward over the
head, and a shorter row behind these ; this oval spot corresponds to the
four upper spots of the other segments ; on the side is one spot above
and another below spiracle, each with two hairs, and over the foot a
smaller one, also with two hairs ; on 3 and 4 each is an additional spot
below spiracle, the three, on 2, 3, 4, making a demi-row ; head obovoid,
black, shining, with many long hairs, ‘The larva hibernates directly from

the egg.

bo

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

After first moult, in spring: Length.r1 inch; color brown-green ; the
spines in number and position as at maturity, and as inthe genus, black,
as well as the tubercles from which they spring ; beset with many short,
divergent, black bristles ; head obovoid, black, with black hairs. Dura-

tion of this stage about ro days.

After second moult: Length .16 inch ; color gray-black with a green
tint over upper side ; under side pale green ; the spines black, with black
bristles ; all the tubercles pale yellow ; head as before, black. To next
moult about 14 days.

After third moult: Length .32 inch ; color gray mottled with black ;
a double dorsal stripe of gray; spines black; the bases of dorsal rows
black on dorsal side, but yellow on outer side ; of middle and lower rows
dull yellow ; head as before, but reddish-yellow, the back less red, more
yellow. To next moult about ro days.

After fourth moult: Length .5 inch ; very much as at last previous
stage, the dorsal lines same, spines same. ‘To next moult about 6 days.

After fifth moult: Length .74 inch ; slender; color brown-black, with
a dorsal band of grayish-brown and not clearly defined markings else-
where ; these markings became distinct as the stage progressed.

Mature Larva.—Length 1.5 inch ; slender, somewhat thickened in
middle, the segments well rounded ; on dorsum a_ broad greenish-yellow
band, with a black line through the middle, edged by a little green; a
narrow greenish-gray band between the dorsal and middle rows of spines,
and a short band between the base of each dorsal spine and the next in
advance of the middle row; these gray bands are of irregular width and
the edges are whitish ; the spaces between the bands brown-black ; the
sides, from middle row to the outside of lower row, gray with a rust-red
tint in the middle of this area, and below to feet a darker, or more brown
shade of gray ; the spines are rather slender, swollen next base, above this
tapering to a small conical top, from which proceeds a straight bristle ; a
few bristles about the sides, each from a tubercle, and standing at about
45° with the axis of its spine; the dorsal row are gray, the middle row
gray tipped with rust-yellow, the lower row all rust color of deep shade ;
feet black, pro-legs gray-brown ; head sub-cordate, the vertices rounded ;
color dull dark brown in front, dull yellow at back, with many short black
hairs, From fifth moult to pupation 9 days.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ov

CurysaLis.—Length .8 inch; shaped as in Group 1 of the genus ;
head case square, bevelled on either side about equally to the cross ridge ;
mesonotum prominent, carinated, followed by a deep and narrow depres-
sion ; the wing cases very prominent at outer ends ; abdomen conical,
with fine tubercles corresponding to those of the larva; color mottled
dark brown and black ; the wing cases gray-brown. The only chrysalis
I had died before imago.

I have several times in previous years had eggs of A¢dantis, and the
young larvze from them, but always had the ill luck to lose the latter dur-
ing the winter. But, 25th Aug., 1886, I received several eggs from Miss
Caroline G. Soule, then at Stowe, Vt., laid 21st and 22nd. They hatched
3rd Sept., and the larvee were placed in ice-house, and in October were
sent to Clifton Springs, New York, to go in the “Cooler” at the Sani- °
tarium there. They came back to me 21st March, 1887, most of them
alive, and were laid on the tender leaves of a violet plant which had been
forced in anticipation of their coming. One larva passed rst moult 15th
April, others two and three days later. The first to pass second moult
was on 25th April, two passed same 29th. On goth May, one passed third
moult, the fourth roth, the fifth 24th, and this larva pupated 3rd June, but
died during the pupal stage. The other larvae had died off from time to
time before 4th moult. So that I am not able to give the length of the
last stage to imago, but it is probably about 20 days, as in the allied
species. The habits of the larve in confinement are in all respects like
those of Cybele.

ATLANTIS is found over British America from Newfoundland and Anti-
costi to the Pacific. In the United States, over the mountainous parts of
New England, New York and Michigan.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF
ARGYNNIS EDWARDSII, Reaxirr.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Ecc.—-Shaped generally like the eggs of this Group, higher than
broad, about as 15 to 13, the number of ribs 30, conoidal, truncated, the
middle but little narrewer than the base, the upper half sloping rapidly,
and convex ; about one third the ribs reach the summit, the rest end at

4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

from one half to two thirds distance from base ; the spaces between the
ribs excavated roundly, and crossed by many fine ridges ; the micropyle
in centre of a rosette of fine minute flat cells, outside of which are four
irregular rings of excavated cells, generally long and narrow, varying from
sub-crescent to five-sided ; color greenish-yellow. Duration of this stage
ro to 11 days, in July.

Younc Larva.—Length .o8 inch; cylindrical, even; color yellow-
green ; marked as in the allied species by flattened, tuberculous, brown
spots in longitudinal rows, three rows on either side above spiracles ; each
of which gives one or two long, tapering hairs; below the spiracles
another row of similar smaller spots ; on dorsum of 2 an oval dark patch
with a row of hairs in front, turned forward, and a shorter row behind;
head obovoid, bilobed, black, shining, with many long hairs. The larva
hibernates from the egg.

After first moult, in spring: Length .1 inch; color greenish-brown,
mottled ; the spines as in the genus in number and position, stout at base,
tapering to top, with many divergent short bristles ; head obovoid, black.
Duration of this stage 9 days in April and May.

After second moult: Length .18 inch ; color gray ; a black mid-dorsal
line ; the spines black ; the tubercles at base of dorsal spines black, of the
middie row yellow-brown, of the lower row same and more decidedly ;
head as before, black. ‘To next moult 7 days, in May.

After third moult: Length .25 inch; color gray and black, either dark
gray or whitish, individuals differing ; a broad, ciear gray band fills all the
space between the two dorsal rows of spines, through which runs a black
line, sometimes macular, or partly wanting ; the spines as at last previous
stage, the yellow at bases darker; head black over the front, yellowish
behind. To next moult 6 days.

After fourth moult: Length .46 inch; color over upper part black
with yellow white and gray bands and stripes ; the dorsal band yellow-
white, with more or less of a mid line of black ; between the dorsals and
middle row a gray stripe, and from each dorsal spine a similar stripe runs
to the base of the spine next in advance on middle row; all the spaces
between the band and these stripes black ; the sides gray; the lower row
of spines deep yellow at base and half way up, all others yellow at base
only, remainder greenish-gray ; head as before. ‘To next moult 7 days.

Or

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

After fifth moult: Length .9 inch; color black and gray-yellow, the
dorsal band brown-gray.

Mature Larva.—Length 1.4 inch ; stout, the segments well rounded ;
the pattern of the markings similar to that of Atdantis; a broad dorsal
band which fills the space between the two dorsal rows of spines, in color
a deep yellow, cut throughout by a black line ; between dorsals and mid-
dle row a narrow gray band, and a short band of similar color between
the base of each dorsal spine and the spine next in advance on the
middle row, these bands edged with whitish; the spaces between
brown-black ; below this area the sides to base are gray, mottled, with a
shade of reddish-yellow, most decided in the middle part ; feet black, pro-
legs green-brown ; the spines as in A¢/antis ; of the two upper rows gray-
green to base, a little yellow about base of those of middle row, and on
2 and 3 half up stem ; those of lower row also yellow, except the upper
half ; the two dorsals on 2 are turned forward, but are not longer than the
rest ; head sub-cordate, the vertices rounded ; color dull brown-black in
front, dull yellow about top and behind. From fifth moult to pupation
15 days.

CurysaLis.—Length .g inch; breadth across mesonotum, .24, across
abdomen, .26 inch ; general shape of this Group of the genus, but long
and slender ; head case square, bevelled on both sides to a cross ridge,
which is a little arched ; the corners rounded ; mesonotum long, moder-
ately prominent at rear and rounded, sloping to the front and rounding
down to head case ; carinated, the sides convex ; abdomen conical ; the
wing cases prominent ; color in shades of brown, the anterior parts dark
and reddish, mottled, on mesonotum, with yellowish ; on the tongue and
antenne cases reddish-yellow streaked and specked with dark brown;
wing cases yellow-brown, with dark streaks along the nervules, and a
small spot at end of cell; the abdomen has on the front of each segment
a dark brown band, somewhat broken, and serrated; the rear part of
the segments pale gray, mottled with patches of a darker shade.
Duration of this stage 12 days.

This species is found in the Rocky Mountain region from Colorado to

Montana, and was taken in Br. America by Captain Geddes, at Blackfoot
Reserve, (C;, E.,.xv., 222).

6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

SAPERDA FAYE S. CONCOLOR AND APHODIUS RViirE is:

BY JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENY, PA.

SapPerpDA Fayt, Bland.—This beautiful Saperda breeds in the small
limbs of Crataegus, especially cvws-ga//i and tomentosa, as first observed
by Mr. C. D. Zimmermann, Can. ENT., 10, 220 ; and should it, like some
of its allies, acquire a taste for cultivated fruit trees, it would be a formid-
able enemy, as is evidenced by the way it depredates on thorn bushes.
The beetles appear here the last week in May or the first week in June,
according to the season, the males preceding the females three or four
days. They do not appear to eat and are short lived, the whole brood
(except stragglers) appearing and disappearing within the space of ten or
twelve days, so that should the collector be negligent, or the weather un-
suitable for collecting at the time of their appearance, he may get none
till the next season. As soon as the females appear the males are ready
to associate with them, the union lasting three or four hours. They are
not much given to flying about, usually ovipositing on the same tree they
inhabited as larvee. There may be several thorn trees not far apart, and
one will be depredated on year after year till it is nearly destroyed, while
the others will remain untouched till colonized apparently by accident.
The beetles are sluggish, and when approached suddenly fall to the ground
and quickly endeavor to conceal themselves, not feigning death, as many
insects under the same circumstances do ; and when I say feigning death,
I mean it literally, in opposition to an unsupported doginatic statement
which I lately saw in print somewhere, “that insects can have no
knowledge of death.”

Oviposition is effected probably during the night, and the process has
not been witnessed, nor the eggs seen. The limbs selected for this pur-
pose vary from one third to one and one fourth inches in diameter, and
according to the thickness of the limb, the female with her powerful man-
dibles makes from three to six longitudinal incisions through the bark,
each about three fourths of an inch long and equi-distant and parallel to
one another, dividing the circumference into sections nearly equal ; an egg
is placed in each end of each of these slits, and as soon as hatched the
larva makes a burrow beneath the outer layer of wood,. perhaps one
eighth inch in length at first, and uses this as a retreat whence it issues to
feed on the diseased wood caused by the incision. These slits and the

e: | oh

~

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. {

irritation produced by so many larve at work, cause an increased flow of
sap to the part, and a consequent thickening of the sections between the
slits, so that the injured part soon assumes a gall-like appearance. On
the approach of winter, the larve having now attained the length of .25
inch, retire back a little further and close the opening of their burrows
with borings. One of the larvee, however, and in thick limbs two or three
at each end bore obliquely till one of them reaches the centre of the limb,
up which it proceeds, often two or three inches ; the cthers parallel this,
but keep a wooden partition between the burrows. These larve are
much larger—often twice the size—of those inhabiting the outer wood,
and are the only ones that produce beetles.

The whole of the interior of the limb is now dead wood enclosed by
a growth of living but unsound woody tissue, through which some open-
ings remain. The limbs are much weakened at these places, and many
of them, like the oak on which Z/aphidion villosum depredates, would
be broken off by the winter storms were the fibre not very tough and the
trees very low. And here analogy leads to the conclusion that as the
larve inhabit the portion of the limb next the tree, equally with that
beyond the injured part, this is likely to be the case in the history of the
Elaphidion mentioned.

Many of the larvee in the outside wood perish during the winter, and
the survivors, after feeding a while in the spring, likewise die, their mis-
sion seeming to have been merely to insure a sufficiency uf dead wood to
sustain the life of the favored few destined for full development.

In the spring the larvze in the deep wood return and feed on the dead
wood, which is now abundant enough for all their wants, and by autumn
they are nearly full grown; they again retire for the winter, and in the
spring, after opening up communication with the outside world, feed for a
short time, and when full grown measure in length about three fourths of
an inch. The larve now return to their burrows for final transformation
Some of them bore for at least six inches, while others scarcely go from
the entrance more than twice their own lengths; the outer ends are
closely packed with:borings withont and soft fibre within, which also fills
the inner ends. ‘The head of the larva may be either toward or away
from the opening—seemingly a matter of indifference ; in the former case
the beetle emerges from the place of entrance, in the latter from a round
hole at right angles to the burrow, probably cut by the beetle itself, as no
such hole has been detected in the many limbs I have examined contain-

io)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ing pupz with their heads turned from the opening. Pupation occurs
after the middle of April, and the perfected beetle will be found in the
limbs about the first of May, though few of them emerge hl the time
stated at the beginning of this paper.

The above is the result of three years careful observation of the habits
of this beetle, and imperfect as the history is, the amount of time and
labor expended in developing it can only be understood by those who
have attempted similar things. How widely this beetle is distributed is
uncertain, as till recently its habitat was unknown. ‘The typical insects
were taken in Ohio ; it is in Mr. Reinecke’s Buffalo Catalogue, and occurs
at Hamilton, Ontario (Moffat). Any one can readily ascertain whether it
occurs in his fauna by examining the limbs of the Crataegus for the un-
mistakable swellings it occasions.

SAPERDA CONCOLOR Lec. appears about the same time as S. Hayz, and
like it, is short lived, few individuals occurring after the middle of June.
Its larvae infest the canes of a small willow growing along water courses
and in swampy places—Sa/zx longifolia. The smaller canes are usually
selected for breeding purposes, these varying from one fourth to three
fourths of an inch in diameter. The beetle makes a longitudinal incision
through the bark with her jaws about three fourths of an inch in length-
and in each end deposits an egg. | Usually several incisions are made in
the same cane some distance apart, which often cause its death the fol-
lowing year. ‘The young larve follow the same course as those of \S,
Frayi, only they burrow deeper into the wood, and there are no super-
numeraries, as there is no need for them, the wood of the willow dying
much more quickly than that of Crataegus, and a warty, gnarly swelling
occurring around each incisure.

The beetle, however, does not always select the smaller canes, some-
times choosing ones from one and one half to two inches thick, in which
case the larve pursue a different course, for instead of boring up and
down, they take a transverse direction and girdle the stem one third to
one half its circumference, causing a rough annular swelling and frequently
the death of the cane. Two years is the time usually required to com-
plete the transformation, but some individuals probably pass through all
the stages in a single year. The head of the pupa is toward the opening,
from which the perfect insect emerges. The willow named seems to be
the natural food-tree of the larvae of S. concolor, and, did it confine itself

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 8)

to this insignificant shrub, could scarcely be classed with injurious insects ;
but it appears to have likewise either a natural or an acquired taste for
poplar, and might become very destructive, a fact first brought to notice
in Bul. No. 7, 118, U. S. Ent. Com., where the compiler writes: “ Gird-
ling the trunks of sapling poplars, by carrying a mine around the trunk,
which causes a swelling often nearly twice the diameter of the tree. We
have found numerous saplings of the common poplar in the woods about
Providence with the unsightly swellings around the trunk.” In case this
taste is perpetuated, this beetle will no doubt prove a formidable enemy
to this species of shade or forest tree. But in what State this Providence
is, or what kind of a tree “‘common poplar” is, we are not informed.
Here the common poplar is the Lirtodendron tulipifera, but at that
Providence it may be a tree of some other genus. This beetle seems to
have an extended distribution, occurring in Texas, Michigan, Canada and
New York, as well as here.

APHODIUS RUFIPES Linn.—This fine beetle is an interesting addition
to our list, and is fully described by Dr. Geo. H. Horn in his exhaustive
Monograph of our Aphodiini, just published, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. Phil., 14,
1. In Europe it is widely distributed, and, though probably indigenous
here, as observed by Dr. Horn, has only recently been discovered owing
to its inhabiting territory the Coleopterous fauna of which is very imper-
fectly known. Only three American specimens were known while Dr.
Horn was writing the description, two taken at Deer Park, Garret county,
Md., and one at St. Vincent’s Abbey, Westmoreland county, Pa. Dr.
Horn has now two specimens in his collection taken at the latter place,
and I have one from Turkey Foot (now Confluence), Somerset Co., Pa.,
midway between there and Deer Park, which is in the extreme north-west
corner of Maryland, the meridian of which to the north passes over a
rugged semi-mountainous country; first over the hills bordering the
Yonghiogheny thirty miles to Confluence, and thence through the Laurel
Ridge Mountains forty miles to St. Vincents. How much further to the
north or to the south-west from the points named it extends in a long
range of country of the same general character, the future will determine.
The two individuals I have examined, on comparison with my European
specimens, do not differ perceptibly—a proof of the remarkable stability
of species, considering the time that has elapsed since the ancestors of
those of the two hemispheres parted company.

10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

A NEW SOUTH AMERICAN GENUS OF CONOPINAE.
BY S. W. WILLISTON, NEW HAVEN, CONN.

Hitherto but a single genus (Conops) of this group has received
general acceptance among dipterologists. A second genus, Prysocephala,
was based by Schiner on characters in themselves of but little importance,
and which I did not deem sufficient to separate our species in the first
paper I published * on the North American forms. A further study, how-
ever, convinced me that they were sufficiently constant to warrant their
use, particularly in connection with other important ones in the neuration>
which I pointed out. I have recently had the opportunity of studying
sixteen South American species of the two genera, collected by Mr. Her-
bert H. Smith, and I am yet more convinced of the validity of Physo-
cephata as a genus.

A half dozen genera that Rondani attempted to establish (to say
nothing of Lioy’s fanciful productions) were based upon such confessedly
trivial characters that they have no where commanded any attention by
entomologists, save by Rondani’s devoted follower, Mr. Bigot, who, in his
last paper { on this family, while rejecting Physocephala, accepts Brachy-
glossum Rond., based upon the comparative lengths of the proboscis. I
do not think Mr. Bigot’s views will receive the approbation of many
dipterologists.

The only other genus which presents any claims for acceptance is
Pleurocerina Macq., which I suspect was based upon an accidental mal-
formation, the more so as I have seen several specimens of Conops and
Zodion with a very similar projection of the front, springing from the
frontal lunule, and due to some _ artificial cause. I am? “nut
aware that the type species, described from Tasmania, has been recog-
nized since its original description, and I think the genus had better be
held in abeyance till specimens are again examined.

The sub-family Conepinae, then, consists of two genera, to which I
here add the third, distinguished from the closely allied Conops by excel-
lent structural characters.

* Trans. Conn. Acad., iv., 327.
+ Ibid., vi., 388.
* Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1887, 31.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 11

TROPIDOMYIA, gen. nov.

Face, in profile, vertical and straight, with a median sharp ridge, on
the sides plane or gently concave, wholly without grooves or lateral ridges.
In front view, the face shows, below, a sharp triangular notch, rising a
little above the lower border of the eyes, from the apex of which the
sharp carina runs to the base of the antenne. Wings narrow ; anterior
cross-vein near middle of discal cell, and opposite the termination of the
auxiliary vein ; termination of second vein remote from that of the first,
the interval as great as that between the terminations of the second and
third veins.

The above are the most essential characters, readily distinguishing this
genus from Conops. Other characters that may or may not be of generic
value are the following: Third joint of antennz very short, scarcely
longer than wide, shorter than the first, the latter about one-third or two-
fifths the length of the second. Posterior cross-vein straight, and rec-
tangular to both the fourth and the fifth veins. Second segment of the
abdomen in the male very slender, somewhat broader in front, nearly as
long as the three following segments together ; in the female the second
segment is cylindrical, but less slender than in the male, only a little
longer than the third, the sixth segment as long as the three preceding
together, the fifth with a large process below. Proboscis as long as the
hind femora. ‘The legs and front, and general structure otherwise, are like
those of Comofs, sens. str. ; the wings with their narrow cells present a
very different appearance, however. The carinate, non-grooved structure
of the face differs from that of all the other genera of Conopidae save
Stylogaster, a species of which (\S. styZatus Fabr., which is distinct from
both the North American species) was found in the same region with the
present species.

TROPIDOMYIA BIMACULATA, N. Sp.

g, 2. Face with a silvery, or slightly yellowish, sheen, showing the
black ground-color in different reflections ; a slender median black line on
the carina. Vertical callosity yellowish red below, obscurely blackish
and luteous, save the narrow margins, which are more yellow ; close to
the eyes below, a circular opaque black spot. Antennae brownish red,
the third joint red ; style short, conical, but little longer than the lateral
projection. Thorax opaque black, thinly pollinose on the sides, a slender

12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

golden pollinose spot on the inner side of the humeri; humeri and scu-
tellum red; disk of metanotum shining. Abdomen biack, the second
segment brownish red; sixth segment thickly whitish pollinose ; fourth
and fifth segments (fifth only in female?) with a narrow yellow hind mar-
gin. Legs blackish red ; tibiae more red, tarsi black ; a silvery spot on
the outer distal part of the four anterior tibiae. Wings sub-hyaline,
brownish in front, but without a distinct picture. Length 7, 8 mm.

Two males and one female, Chapada (near Cuyaba), Brazil (H. H.
Smith). The yellow, intra-humeral spot and posterior abdominal margins
appear to be wanting in one of the males.

THREE SPECIES OF MOTHS NEW TO OUR FAUNA.
BY HENRY EDWARDS, NEW YORK.

After all, the geographical range of our fauna, as regards the distribu-
tion of insects, is but incompletely marked, and the fact that artificial
lines cannot limit the habitat of a species is every day made more appar-
ent. The Florida coast is constantly turning up species properly belong-
ing to the fauna of the West Indies, and Texas and Arizona are as often
adding Mexican forms to our list. It is, nevertheless, somewhat strange
that three such conspicuous species as those hereafter noted should have
only recently appeared within our limits, or at least for so long a time
have escaped the watchful eyes of our numerous observers. They may
all be cited as examples of the Mexican fauna, though Pseudosphinx
Tetrio is also found in the W. Indies, and on the continent reaches as far
south as the Argentine Confederation. As the insects are probably not
known to our local collectors, I have thought it advisable to append
descriptions of each.

FAM. SPHINGID&,
PsEUDOSPHINX TETRIO, Linn.

Whole upper surface light gray, the lines and markings brownish black.
The basal half line is whitish, with a black dash behind it obliquely.
Between it and the median line are some waved brownish indistinct
streaks, reaching only from the costa to the middle of the wing. There
is a very prominently marked discal spot, and a sub-triangular brown

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13

patch near the apical third of the costa. Behind this is a whitish cloud,
followed by a darker shade which cuts the wing directly across from about
16 mm. from the apex to about the same distance from the internal angle.
This darker shade encloses, a little from the apex, a heavy black streak,
and some shadings of brown. The lower wings are dusky brown, pale
along costa, bluish gray at the anal angle, and there marked by a double
dentate streak. Beneath both wings are brownish gray, with a submar-
ginal dentate line, an oblique simple median line, and on the secondaries
the same lines continued, the marginal one being more distinctly curved.
Abdomen brownish black, the segments edged rather broadly posteriorly
with whitish. A rather indistinct dorsal gray line, much widest in the
male. The thorax is gray, mottled with brown, and from the middle run
towards the junction of the abdomen two black lines forming an acute
angle, something as in Spf. cinerea. Collar transversely marked with
black. The shaft of the antennz is whitish, the pectination pale brown.

Average exp. wings, male, 115 mm.; female, do., 150 mm.

Described from 6 examples in my collection, from Cuba, Brazil,
Mexico and Arizona.

The claim of this species to a place in our fauna rests upon the cap-
ture of two specimens, male and female, at Tucson, Arizona, by Mr. W.
S. Edwards, and one male found in N. W. Texas, and now in the collec-
tion of Prof. O. S. Westcott, Maywood, Illinois.

There is no doubt but that this is the Spi. Hasdrubal of Cramer =
Macrosila Hasdrubal of Walker, and it has been so quoted by Mr.
Grote in his admirable paper on Cuban Sphingidz (Proc. Entom. Soc.
Philad., 1865, p. 64), in which notice the full synonymy of the species is
given. It would seem, however, that in Clemens’ description of JZacro-
sila Hasdrubal Cr., in Morris’s “ Lepidoptera of N. Amer.,” p. 185, the
allusion to the male must have reference to the dark form described by
Butler in “ Revision of the Sphingidz,” p. 610, as Pseudosphinx obscurus.
Poey, in his description, speaking of the male, simply says that “ it is
smaller than the female, with the black lines more distinct.” This is cor-
rect, but the under surface is not “ash gray,” which I take to be the
color of ashes of wood or coal, but brown gray, with the bands of a darker
shade. ‘The larva is described by Poey (Cent. Lepidopt.) and a transla-
tion or adaptation of his description is given by Clemens, loc. cit. A
singular error, however, occurs with reference to the pupa. Prof. Poey

14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

is quoted by Dr. Clemens as saying, “the pupa is represented without
the detached tongue-case.” Now in fact, the pupa has no external tongue-
case at all, such as is so noticeable in Amphonyx Anteus, Protoparce
Rustica, in the other species of Protoparce, and to a less degree in those
of Diludia. The pupa of Pseud. Tetrio, of which I possess several ex-
amples through the kindness of my friend, Wm. Schaus, Esq., jr., is as
follows: Pitchy, cylindrical, tapering a little from the junction of the
thorax and the head, and more abruptly from the 8th abdominal segment
to the tip. It is swollen on the thorax and on the eye cases, while the
head is distinctly rounded in front. The covers of the antenne and the
wing bases are slightly marked with transverse corrugations. In the
earlier stages of the pupa it has a paler tint, and is marked with some
black transverse bands on the upper abdominal segments, which, however,
are lost in the ground color as the pupa assumes with age a darker shade.
The pupa most nearly resembles that of the genus PA7/ampelus. Length
65 mm.; width of head, 11 mm.; width of middle of abdomen, 16 mm.

PHILAMPELUS TyPHON, Klug.

“Cinereous, reddish beneath. Palpi red. Thorax with two dark
brown abbreviated stripes. Abdomen with dark brown bands, red on the
sides, Anterior wings glaucescent and testaceous mixed, with several
blackish-brown sub-trigonate patches. Posterior wings red, with a den-
ticulated band, black, varied with glaucesceut, with the exterior margin
brown, and the cilia white.”—CLEMENS.

This grand insect, of which a specimen taken by the late H. K. Mor-
rison is now in the collection of B. Neumoegen, Esq., is in some respects
closely allied to P. Achemon Drury, but is larger in size, and altogether
richer and darker in color, while the markings are more diffused, and in
stronger contrast to the ground color of the wings. Ai fair figure of it is
given in “ N. Amer. Lepidoptera,” Sphingide, pl. 11, by Weidemeyer,
Calverley & Edwards, while that by Klug in “ Neus Schmett,” pl. 3, is
remarkable for its accuracy and fidelity to color. Mr, Neumoegen’s ex-
ample was taken in N. E. Arizona.

SYNTOMEIDA EpILaris, Walk.

Wings, thorax and abdomen bluish black, with a metallic lustre. The
primaries have five white spots each, one small at base of costa, one in
middle of wing near to basal third, one half way on costa, one smaller a

a

ye

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15

little behind this, which is cut by the nervule, and one behind the cell
also cut by the nervule. The secondaries have one rather large white
central spot, almost reaching to the costa. The abdomen has two basal
spots very clear white, conspicuous, and its sides have also three clear
white spots, the middle one the largest. Tip of the abdomen orange-red.
At the base of the coxz are also white spots. Lower side with the
markings repeated. Exp. wings, 50 mm.

Taken in Florida by Mr. C. J. Maynard. Coll. Museum Comp.
Zoology, Cambridge. A figure of this beautiful species is given by Mr.
Butler in Lepid. Heteroc. B. Museum, Pt. 1, plate 8, figure 5. Mr. Butler
gives the locality as Honduras.

DESCRIPTION OF TWO LEPIDOPTEROUS LARV#.
BY WM. BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK.

Botis magistralis, Grote.

Head pale brown, smooth, shining ; mouth parts dark brown ; cervical
shield brown, divided in the middle by the color of the body, which is
translucent greenish-white ; along the dorsal region two rows of shining
pale brown piliferous spots, four on each segment, those on the first seg-
ment darker in color. All the spots bear a short light brown hair. Thor-
acic feet, abdominal and anal legs concolorous with the body. Length
30 mm. __ Lives singly on Clethra alnifolia, in a number of leaves fas-
tened together with silken threads. Pupated July 6th. Imagos emerged
July 17th and 18th.

Botis erectalis, Gr.

Head small, jet black, shining ; mouth parts whitish. In some indi-
viduals of the brood the head is marked with dirty white. First segment
dirty white mottled with black. Body above ochreous, with five rows of
rather large shining jet black piliferous spots on each side, placed as fol-
lows: One row on the dorsal, one on the sub-dorsal, one above, and two
below the spiracles, which are black. From all the spots springs a short
pale brown hair. Anal plate dirty white, spotted with black. Body
beneath sordid white; on the 4th, 5th, roth and 11th segments two
shining black spots, and two minute ones between. Thoracic feet jet
black, mottled with dirty white ; abdominal legs whitish with three minute

16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

black spots outside and one inside ; between the thoracic feet are also a
few minute black spots. Length about 23 mm.

Lives socially in a web on Indian hemp (Apocyum androsemifolium,
L.) Sept. Spins a thin cocoon, passing the winter in the larval state,
and pupates the following spring. .

DESCRIPTION OF PREPARATORY STAGES OF DATANA
MINISTRA, Drury.

BY WM. BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK.

Ecc.—Pure white, ovoid, with flattened base, the apex with black dot
showing impregnation. Laid in masses, from 25 to 50 on under side of
leaf. -

Younc Larva.—Head black, shining, second segment orange brown
in front, cervical shield black. Body color chestnut brown, with the
stripes a little darker ; anal clasps and thoracic feet jet black. Length
3 mm.

AFTER First Moutt.—The head jet black, as is also the whole of
the second segment and anal segment. Body color now much darker, as
are also the stripes, these being almost obscured, except along the lateral
region. ‘Thoracic feet black. Length 12 mm.

ArTER SEcOND Moutt.—Head black, rather small, second segment
yellow except the cervical shield, black. The thoracic feet, abdominal
and anal legs, and termination of anal segment, jet black, while the stripes
are very clear yellow on the chestnut brown ground. Scattered over the
body are also a few short sordid white hairs, Length 20 mm.

Until after this moult the larvee feed upon the under side of leaf (par-
enchyma), and do not attack the edges until after the third moult begins.

AFTER THIRD Moutt.—Head jet black, second segment orange, cer-
vical shield black. Body color reddish-brown with rather broad yellow
stripes ; anal clasps, tip of legs and thoracic feet jet black ; under side
striped equally with reddish-brown and bright yellow. Length 30 mm.

Arter FourtH Moutt.—Head jet black, neck yellow, cervical shield
jet black, shining. Body chestnut brown, the stripes bright yellow and
equidistant ; the feet and anal clasps jet black, abdominal legs yellow

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17

banded with jet black outside. The hairs over the body are now quite
long. Length 33 mm. |

Mature Larva.—Head jet black, sometimes chestnut-red, shining,
finely punctured, neck bright yellow, cervical shield dull orange. Body
pitchy black with four sulphur-yellow equidistant longitudinal stripes on
each: side, all being narrower than the intervening spaces, the dorsal space
being the widest ; anal plates jet black, roughly punctured. Under side
also pitchy black with three stripes. Thoracic feet jet black, with their
bases yellow ; abdominal legs bright yellow, banded with jet black outside.
On the 4th, 5th, roth and 11th segments two yellow patches. The sordid
white hairs are few to each segment, though long and most numerous on
the lateral region. Length 55 mm.

Pupa.—Pitchy black, wing cases brown and very much wrinkled ;
head prominent ; segments coarsely punctured about the anterior portion,
smooth at the junction ; cremasters very short, four in number ; spiracles
ovate, very conspicuous. Length about 23 mm.; width of wing cases
7 mm.

Foop Piants.—Linden (Z7/ia), cherry (Prunus), pear (Pyrus),
quince (Cydonia), walnut (Juglans), hickory (Carya), oak ( Quercus ),
chestnut ( Castania), beech (Fagus), hazel (Corylus), hornbeam ( Car-
pinus), birch (Betula). Found from the latter part of July to about the
middle of Sentember. Single brooded. Subterraneous.

PREPARATORY STAGES OF CATOCALA RELICTA, Wa Lk.

BY HOWARD L. CLARK, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

Ecc.—Shape of flattened sphere. Diameter, 1 mil. Color, brownish
slate. There are thirty-six vertical ribs, each alternate one only reaching
the apex ; and numerous horizontal parallel striations. The eighteen ribs
which reach the apex there unite with the horizontal lines, forming an
irregular network. Duration of this period 241 to 246 days.

Younc Larva.—Length, 7 mil. Body very slender and geometrid-
like, the two anterior pairs of pro-legs rudimentary. The two posterior
pairs fully developed. Crawl with a very rapid looping movement. Head
ochreous, large and prominent, with minute black piliferous spots. Color

18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of body light translucent green, in some cases inclining to olive. Five
longitudinal lines are faintly indicated in shades of the prevailing color.
These markings and the green color becoming more pronounced in the
course of a day or two. Small black tubercles, each with a single black
hair, distributed somewhat irregularly over the body. A dark oval ventral
spot on each segment. Duration of this period five days.

After First Moult.—Length 10 mil. Form much as before, the head
perhaps a trifle less prominent. Hairs and tubercles the same, and the
anterior pro-legs still undeveloped. Head light straw color, with three or
four indistinct wavy brown vertical streaks on each lobe. Immediately
after shedding the skin, the body appears of an uniform light straw
color, nearly concolorous with the head, with three narrow brownish

SENN

longitudinal lateral lines on each side. _ A few hours later, after eating,
the dorsum appears darker ; the spaces between the lateral lines light
cream color, and the food which has been partaken of shows through in
greenish patches in parts of the body. Ventral spots as before. Duration
of this period seven days.

After Second Moult.—Length 20 mil. Diameter 2 mil. Head flat
and rather large, of an opaque whitish color, shaded with yellowish. The
lobes are marked vertically with irregular black and brown lines, inter-
lacing with horizontal lines to form a vein-like design. Top of head
marked with black. The body is wrinkled, very slightly constricted at
the third segment, is thickest at the ninth, thence diminishing suddenly
posteriorly. A dorsal excresence indicated on the ninth segment. Color
a uniform greenish cream, with a faint rosy tint at the junctures of the
segments, and thickly sprinkled with brownish atoms. Piliferous spots

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19

very minute. The ninth segment presents the appearance of having been
stippled with lamp black, and there is a less conspicuous repetition of this
marking on the twelfth. Pro-legs greenish, tipped with flesh color, the
two anterior pair still abortive. Venter greenish with dark oval spots.
A sub-stigmatical fringe of fleshy shreds as observed on larve of other
species. Duration of this period nine days.

After Third Moult.—Length 28 mil. Body shaped and proportioned
miich as after the last moult. Ground color the same bluish or greenish
cream, thickly sprinkled with brown dots. The same excrescence and’
black markings on the ninth and twelfth segments. The head is shaped
as after the last moult, is. opaque white with black markings much as
before. Between the markings of the face and the gridiron-like marks
above, is a clear white space forming a sort of crescent-shaped mark at
the apex of either lobe. Piliferous spots brown, minute. Stigmata con-
colorous ringed with black. Legs more or less green concolorous with
venter. Black ventral spots conspicuous. Towards the end of this period
the stigmata appear with a black centre, and the crescent-shaped marks
assume a pinkish hue. Duration of this period seven days.

After Fourth Moult.—Length 40 mil. Body rather more flattened
ventrally ; the hump on the ninth segment is more pronounced and the
skin is much wrinkled at the junctures of the segments. The ground
color has a more distinctly greenish tinge and the numberless dots with
which the body is thickly sprinkled are of a paler yellowish brown. ‘The
black markings on the ninth segment extend on to the anterior portion of
the fourth pair of pro-legs. The twelfth segment also marked with black
as before, and the anal pro-legs streaked with the same. Piliferous spots
small and concolorous. Stigmata concolorous, ringed with black. Head
very large and prominent, face measuring 4 mil. each way, a trifle broader
superiorly. The gridiron markings above are suffused almost to the ex-
clusion of the ground color, and the lateral marblings are heavier black.
The mouth parts have a violet tinge. The two anterior pairs of pro-legs
still lack their full development. All the legs concolorous with the venter,
which is light bluish green. Duration of this period fifteen days or more.

No more moults observed.

Mature Larva.—Length 60 mi:. Body same shape as before, thick-
est from the fifth to the tenth segment inclusive. The black markings on
the ninth, tenth and twelfth segments are constant, but in some cases

20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

there are slight black stipplings on other parts of the back. When pro-
vided with dried leaves, the larve drew them together, forming a very
thin cocoon.

CurysaLis.—Length 28 mil. ; length of wing cases, 16 mil. ; depth of
thorax, 8 mil. General shape as far as the ends of the wing cases, cylin-
drical, rounded anteriorly and somewhat constricted dorsally at the junc-
ture of the thorax and abdomen. Remainder of the pupa conical, the
extremity provided with eight hooks, the longest pair curving outwardly,
the next longest pair the same, while the two short pairs at the base curve
inwardly. On each of the two segments, posterior to the ends of the
wing cases, is a pair of ventral protuberances, which appear to be the
rudiments of the posterior pro-legs of the larva. ‘The stigmata are plainly
indicated and the abdomen is provided with a few black hairs. Immedi-
ately after pupation the color is bright green, which, however, soon
changes to a purplish brown, dusted with a whitish bloom. Duration of
this period twenty-five days.

It is probable that in their natural state the mature larve and pup
attain somewhat larger proportions than those described above, as the
moths which were bred expanded only from 65 to 68 mil., while the
parent moth from which the eggs were obtained expanded 80 mil. On
the emergence of the larve they were offered leaves of white birch, which,
however, they did not take to very readily. These were afterwards
changed for willow, at the suggestion of Prof. G. H. French, to whom the
writer is much indebted for his kindly interest and valuable instruction in
this department of entomological research. Upon this food-plant the
larvee appeared to thrive, and some ten examples of the imagines were
obtained.

The Society’s Coiiection of Insects sent to the Colonial and Indian
Exhibition in London, in 1886, came back in safety, with the exception of
two cases, which were somewhat damaged. We are anxious to replace
the following species, specimens of which will be thankfully acknowledged,
if sent to Mr. E. Baynes ReEep, London, Ont. :—/Farnassius smintheus,
var. Hermodur ; Pieris protodice, oleracea, vernalis, virginiensis, frigida
rape; Colias cesonia, eurytheme, philodice; Terias lisa, nicippe; Erebu
odora; Zale horrida; Homoptera edusa, Saundersit, lunata, calycan
thata, albofasciata, /unifera, benesignata, duplicata; YVpsia undularis.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. XX. LONDON, FEBRUARY, 1888. No. 2

DESCRIPTION, OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES, OF
COLIAS .CAESONIA,, STOLL.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Ecc.—Fusiform, thick in middle, tapering to a small rounded summit ;
marked by about 18 longitudinal ribs, these being low, narrow, the spaces
between flat and crossed by many fine ridges. Color yellow-green.
Duration of this stage about four days.

Younc Larva.—Length .08 inch ; cylindrical, thickest anteriorly ; on
the ridges of the segments many black points, each with a short black
hair ; among these are black tubercles, some with long hairs, but most
with white clubbed appendages, which form three longitudinal rows on
either side, one appendage in the row to the segment ; these rows are
sub-dorsal, upper and lower lateral ; color greenish-white, with a tint of
brown ; head rounded, a little depressed at top ; on the face many rounded
tubercles, each with depressed black hair; color pale yellow-brown.
Duration of this stage four to five days.

After first moult: Length .14 inch; the ridges thickly beset with
black points, each with black hair ; among these are smail tubercles of
same color, mostly on middle of each ridge, with longer hairs ; along base
a yellowish narrow stripe, and over it, on 3 and 4 each, a rounded black
process ; another larva showed this stripe only near the close of the stage,
and had not the black process; color yellow-green; head rounded,
nearly same green as the body, the tubercles and hairs more numerous
than before. ‘To next moult four to five days.

After second moult: Length .21 inch ; color yellow-green, with yel-
lowish basal band ; the processes on 3 and 4 as before, shining, black ;
head yellow-green, more thickly covered with small tubercles, scattered
among which are others, larger. To next moult three to four days.

After third moult: Length .32 to .38 inch; color yellow-green, the
band greenish-white ; the two processes on 3 and 4 present; on dorsum

bo

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of 2 and following segments are very small black rounded processes in
cross line and equi-distant, placed on the second ring of each segment ;
these are very variable in number ; one larva had four on 2, and two each
on 3 and 4, no others ; another had three on 2, one on one side, two on
the other, six on 3, two on 4, and these last were larger than any others ;
six seems to be the full number on a segment, and they vary from that to
one, present on some segments and lacking on others, with no apparent
regularity ; so also the number of lateral processes differs much ; one had
these on all segments except 2, 5, 9 and 13; as the stage progresses a
yellow stain appears in the band on each segment, and at last is often
orange-tinted ; head yellow-green, a little lighter than body. To next
moult about four days.

After fourth moult: Length .6 to.74 inch; to maturity about three
days. There was much change in the markings at third moult, but still
more at fourth. Some which had been wholly green at this moult dis-
covered cross bands of black and yellow, one or both, and there was
much variation in the extent of these bands.

Mature Larva.—Length 1.1 to 1.3 inch ; cylindrical, of nearly even
thickness from 3 to 11; thickly covered with small black tubercles, each
of which gives a short black hair; color yellow-green, light or dark ; along
base a yellow-white band with a dash of orange on each segment, and
sometimes the orange is nearly continuous ; over the band on 3 and 4
each a large vitreous black rounded process, from the top of which comes
a small hair, and around the base is a ring of black points ; some larvee
have additional processes of same character on the succeeding segments,
but there is much variation ; occasionally all are large as on 3, usually
they are much smaller ; in one example they diminished regularly from 4
to 12; on dorsum of one or many segments are small black processes on
the second ridge, varying from six to one, and often wanting ; the same
ridge is covered by a black band, sometimes present on every segment,
sometimes only on the two or three anterior ones, with broken lines on
dorsum or sides of the succeeding ones, frequently however wanting ; in
many examples the first ridge of every segment is bright yellow, and the
complete series of black and yellow bands is often present ; but others
have the yellow bands broken up on middle and last segments, or lack
them on these segments ; others have a yellow line instead of band; and
often there is no trace of yellow anywhere; some larve therefore are

a i i in,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23

wholly green, some green with yellow bands, some with black bands and
no yellow, but more have both black and yellow, with variation as to
extent of either ; the black bands appeared at fourth moult in examples
which showed no trace of them in previous stage, and some larvee wholly
green to end of fourth stage, at the moult took on all the bands ; under
side, feet and legs pale green ; head round, slightly depressed at top, with
many fine black points, each with short, black hair ; color yellow-green-
From fourth moult to pupation about six days.

CurysAis.—Length .8 inch ; breadth across mesonotum .18, across
abdomen .18 inch; greatest depth .24 inch; shape of Hurydice ; com-
pressed laterally, the thorax on ventral side prominent, rising to a narrow
ridge ; the abdomen tapering, conical ; the mesonotum low, rounded, with
a slight carina, followed by a shallow excavation ; the head case produced
to a point, a little curved up, with a regular slope on both dorsal and
ventral sides, angular laterally ; color bluish-green over whole dorsal side,
below, the abdomen yellow-green ; the wing and head cases dusky green,
on the under side a brown crescent ; on dorsum two rows of black dots
from mesonotum to 12. one to each segment, and a small black spot on
either side abdomen; the whole surface except wings dotted or finely
streaked whitish.

Another example gave same dimensions ; the dorsum yellow-green,
ventral side of abdomen more yellow; a brown patch on under side of
head case. Duration of this stage seven to ten days.

CAESUNIA is a common butterfly in the Mississippi Valley and Gulf
States ; also in Southern California and to the Isthmus. I myself have
never seen it on the wing, and the above descriptions are drawn from
larvee sent me during the season of 1887, by Mr. R. R. Rowley, of Curry-
ville, western Missouri. The first lot of larvae were received 2nd August,
mostly young, and with them eggs which hatched a day or two after. On
t1th Aug, there came about twenty larve of all stages to mature. Again,
on 26th Aug., came eggs and young larve, and more on 8th October.
The food plant was Amorpha fruticosa. In California it is Amorpha
Californica, and I was able to feed the larve from plants of this last
growing in my garden. The behavior of the larve is in all respects as in
Eurydice, Philodice and other species of the genus.

A noticeable feature of these larve is the variation in markings,

ey) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

described in some degree above, the greatest change occurring at the
fourth moult.

Boisduval, in Lep. de ’Amer., gives a Plate of Caesonza, with larva
and pupa, copied from one of Abbot’s unpublished sheets. ‘This larva is
roughly done, but shows the phase which has a yellow and a black stripe
on each segment. The text says the larva feeds on many kinds of Tri-
folium and Glycine, and also Tagetes papposa.

In the latter part of the summer and in the fall the females of this
species are apt to be more or less suffused with rose-pink on under side
of hind wing, and about apex of fore wing, and occasionally the male
shows something of this at base of hind wing, and around the margins of
both wings. Mr. Rowley writes: ‘‘The females with red under the wings do
not occur at allin the early summer broods. I tookscores of butterflies this
season in late April, all through May, June and July, and discovered not
astreak on one of them. The first examples with red were taken in
August. In September they were more numerous, while nearly every
female of late October and November were either heavily streaked or
solidly red below. I have yet to see a red under-wing of earlier date than
August. The feature is surely a seasonal one.”

NOTES ON THE GENUS COLIAS.
BY H. H. LYMAN, M. A., MONTREAL.

The discovery by Mr. W. H. Edwards that Co/zas Hagenzi is only a
form of C. Lurytheme, as detailed in the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST for
September, while very interesting in itself, serves also to show that this
genus is still in a very unsatisfactory state. That a form which so closely
resembles PAi/odice that nine entomologists out of ten would take it for
that species, should turn out to be a variety of Hurytheme, emphasizes
Dr. Hagen’s statement “that reliable differences between these two well
known forms are still a want.” Mr. Edwards has also come to the con-
clusion that Hagenii is the same as the form previously named C.
Eriphyle by him, as detailed in the November number of the CANADIAN
Enromotocist. <A glance at the history of this form will be found
interesting.

a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 20

In 1873, Mr. G. R. Crotch collected a number of butterflies at Lake
Labache, in British Columbia, among which were a number of specimens
which Mr. Edwards seems to have regarded as Colias Philodice, as men-
tioned in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v., p. 15. Subsequently on page 202
of the same volume, he described these specimens as a new species under
the name of C. Eriphyle.

In the same place he said that a Colias similar to this had been taken

by Mr. Mead, in Colorado, and by Dr. E. Coues, in Montana, and had
been referred to by Mr. Reakirt as PAz/odice, but was, he thought, nearer
to Eriphyle than to Philodice. The question now arises as to how these
discoveries affect the standing of other so-called species of Colias, for it
would seem that some of these forms are like children’s tin soldiers set
near together, in which if you knock down one, a whole row is laid low.

In But. N. A., vol I., plate 15, C. Hurytheme var. Keewaydin is ex-
cellently illustrated as a distinct species, as it was then believed to be by
a number of eminent entomologists, and one figure—No. 7—depicts a
greenish-yellow form with rather pale margins, which is certainly strik-
ingly unlike the ordinary type of Aeewaydin, but which was believed by
Mr. Edwards to be merely a variety of that form. In the text, page 50,
it is described as follows :

“Variety A. ¢. Upper side pale yellow with a very slight tinge of
orange on disk of primaries ; sometimes wholly without orange and then
uniform lemon yellow ; the marginal borders also very pale (Fig. 7.) ”

On page 51 the following extract from a letter of Mr. Henry Edwards
is given: “I may notice that the flight of the new species is much more
rapid and varied than thatof Hurytheme; * * * that the only variety
which appears in the latter is in the case of the albino female, while the
male of the new species is constantly subject to run into the lemon yellow
variety, which, however, is rarely so well defined as in the specimen I
send you.” [Figured in plate. |

Subsequently Mr. Edwards ascertained that Aecewaydin was only a
form of Hurytheme, as was also Ariadne, which had been described as a
distinct species in 1870, and he accordingly published in Part vii. of
second volume of But. N. A: (pl. 21, pp. 103-116) a very full account of
Eurytheme and its forms Keewaydin and Ariadne.

In the course of this most interesting account he said: “It
(Eurytheme) occupies with Philodice the whole of the United States and

26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

much of British America, and like that species, which it resembles in
every respect but in color, it is subject to great and extreme variation,
there being no feature whether of size or ornamentation that is not
unstable.”

At the close of this notice he said (page 116): ‘The butterfly
figured on Plate of Aeewaydin, in vol. i., as No. 7, supposed to be a
variety of that species, is regarded by Mr. Henry Edwards as distinct,
and has recently been described by him as C. Harfordiz.”

C. Harfordit was described from seven males by Mr. Henry
Edwards, in 1877, in Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., and at the same time C.
Barbara was described from two females, but subsequently he came to
the conclusion that they belonged to the same species, in which opinion
Mr. W. H. Edwards acquiesced. In “Papilio,” ili., p. 160 (1883) Mr. W.
H. Edwards described Co/zas Hageniz, and said of it that it was close to
Eriphyle and lay between Phliodice and Lurytheme, ‘the four species
making a sub-group.”

In Can. ENT., xix., p. 174, Mr. Edwards said: ‘“‘ Hagen? is known to
fly throughout the Rocky Mountain region, from Colorado to British
America. sg ze and I think it probable the yellow form
accompanies the orange over much of the territory occupied by the latter.
On the plains to the east of the mountains these would have been
regarded as Philodice by collectors. The yellow male figured in’ But. N
A., vol. i., on plate of Colas Keewaydin, fig. 7, is Hageniz, a very small
example.”

Now if this same much abused butterfly, known as fig. 7, is both
Harfordii, of which, as I have mentioned, Barbara is a variety, and also
Hagenii, and if taken east of the mountains would be regarded as
Philodice, and that Hagenii is Lurytheme and also Eriphyle, it must
follow not only that Hurytheme, Eriphyle, Hagenit, Harfordii and
Barbara are one and the same species, but also that it becomes
extremely difficult to separate PAz/odice from the same group. In con-
nection with this it should be remembered that at least two well marked
specimens of Hurytheme have been taken in this Province, one, a female,
at Quebec, by the late Mr. Bowles, and another, a male, at Montreal, by
Mr. C. W. Pearson, and that specimens of P/i/odice slightly suffused with
orange do occasionally occur. |

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. oy

I am, however, not prepared to follow Dr. C. V. Riley in his sugges-
tion that these two forms should be united.

The December number of the CanapiAN ENTOMOLOGIST contains
another paper by Mr. Edwards announcing a further reduction of species
in this genus by the recognition of C. Hdwardsii as a variety of C.
Alexandra. This reduction will, I venture to think, be followed by
others, which will considerably curtail our list of species in this genus,
for in view of all these discoveries it becomes impossible to believe that
Occidentalis, Chrysomelas, Emilia, Interior, Scudderii, Pelidne, Paleno,
Chippewa and Boothii are all distinct species.

It would of course be rash to try and indicate in what way the reduc-
tion is likely to take place, but I am inclined to believe with Dr. Hagen
that Zmzlza will prove to be a variety of Alexandra, and that Chippewa
will be united with Pa/eno.

There are, of course, several well-marked forms other than those
above mentioned which will probably maintain their positions as distinct
species, as for instance J/cadii, unless it should prove to be a variety of
Flecla, as Strecker has suggested ; Cristina, which I believe to be
thoroughly distinct, but I do not think that the name Ast7ea should be
retained at all,as I have a § supposed to be that form which I obtained
from Mr. Gamble Geddes, whose specimens were determined by Mr.
Edwards, and which agrees exactly with what I consider the typical
orange female of Christina; astes, from which AZozna seems to be dis-
tinct, but may probably prove to be a variety, and Aehriz, which is cer-
tainly distinct from any other American species.

Unfortunately some of these species are only found in very remote
localities, and it will, I fear, be many a long day before their life histories

are worked out, if indeed, of the arctic ones, they ever can be. Let us,

however, hope that the enterprising and hardy race which will result from
the colonization of our mighty Northwest Territories may produce
scientists who will yet push their way into the arctic regions of this con-

tinent in their search after knowledge, and succeed in wresting nature’s
secrets from her.

CO.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PREPARATORY STAGES OF CATOCALA DESPERATA, GuEN.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

Eccs.— Diameter, .o4 of an inch ; low conoidal, the edges of the base
rounded ; striated, fifteen of the striz reaching the micropyle, sixteen
more that do not reach the apex, though but few of these are only half
length ; shallow transverse striae. Color dull brownish olive. Duration
of this period 201 days.

YouNG LARVA.—Length, .15 inch; cylindrical, slender, shape like
others of the genus, a looper from the abortion of first two pairs of pro-
legs. Color of dorsum and head smoky, the head the darkest, pale
between the joints; sides a little paler than the back, with three fine
dark red lines. ‘Towards the last of this stage the color is more of a
whitish olivaceous with a slight pinkish tinge, and the head and top of
joint 2 brownish. Duration of this period ro days.

After rst moult.—Length, .35 inch; shape much as before. Color,
purplish black ; four white stripes tinged with the ground color, the two
upper blending on joint 2, the lower situated below the stigmata ; venter
pale with purple black spots in the middle of the joints ; head striped
with broken whitish lines ; thoracic feet pale. Towards the last of this
stage the black stripes are separable into a paler center and a darker
border line ; the pale a little lilac tinted. Duration of this period 7 days.

After 2nd moult.—Length, .85 inch. Colors much as before, four
dark and five light stripes, the pale of the dorsum making a pale stripe,
each stripe double ; the pale stripes are lilac color, but the two dark
stripes on the dorsum have prominent darker patches in the dark border-
ing lines on the posterior part of joints 4 and 5, and some on the joints
back of these, being a spreading of these lines towards the centre of the
body, so that between the two there is only a fine lilac line. Piliferous
spots black, but so small as to be scarcely perceptible ; head about as
during preceding stage ; venter with a prominent black patch on middle
of each joint. Duration of this period 3 days.

After 3rd moult.—Length, 1.35 inches. Developing more into the
usual Catocala larva shape, slightly flattening and fusiform. Striped as
before, but paler; ground color, pale lilac ; the bordering lines to the
stripes black, broken into dots and short bars, the central part of the
‘stripes mottled with black, the mottling in the dark stripes heavier than

;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29

in the light stripes, the one on each side near the subdorsal region with
the black patches on the posterior part of joints as before, the patch on
joint 5 filling the whole stripe, the next a little pale in the centre, those
back of joint 6 a little darker than the anterior part of the joint in the
same region; between the stripes a pale red line: piliferous spots small,
orange ; hairs gray. Head dull pale purplish red, marked longitudinally
with yellowish white broken stripes, more yellowish towards the mouth.
Lateral fringe white, well developed. Legs white, mottled with pale
purplish red. Venter white, with large black patches on all the joints.
Duration of this period 5 days.

After 4th moult.—Length, 1.60 inches ; lateral fringe long, profuse,
reaching the ends of the prolegs ; head oblique and flattened slightly as
in other species. Marked and colored much as before, but more of a
pinkish shade. Ground color pale lilac, the stripes as before, even to the
arrangement of the black spots on the dark subdorsal stripes ; the dark
stripes are made dark by mottlings that are mostly black dots, the light
stripes are equally mottled, but the mottlings in the centre are dark red-
dish purple ; in the paler edges—being the dividing lines of the preceding
stage—is a line of purplish red dots ; the dark part of the pale stripes is
narrower than the dark stripes, though this dark part and the pale
bordering line are altogether wider than the dark stripes. . Joint 9 is not
elevated, but is black shaded on posterior part, the shading extending
down the sides and into the anterior part of joint 10. Piliferous spots
orange, their bases the ground color; those on joints 5 to 13 larger than
on joints 2 to 4, each tipped with a short black hair. Head purplish
gray, marked with dull white stripes that are made up of dots, some
orange spots on the vertex with a black hair in the centre of each, these
orange spots in line with the dark subdorsal stripes, the spots contiguous
so as to make a short line. Lateral fringe of the same color as the body
ground color. Venter white, black patches on all the joints. Duration
of this period 11 days.

After 5th moult.—Length, 1.90 inches. Color and markings about
the same as before, a pale lilac ground color with stripes composed of
black dots giving a grey appearance, the ground color of the dark stripes
being a little darker than that of the light, the light and dark stripes
being now nearly the same color; instead of a black patch in the dark
stripe, each side of the dorsal stripe between joints 5 and 6, and 6 and 7,

ot) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

there is a patch of clear pale olive, without black dots; the dark stripes
on posterior part of joint 9g olive tinted, giving the joint a darker shade.
Head striped longitudinally with dull lilac and white, the latter broken
and irregular; the top has the lilac replaced by black, with the orange
dots of the preceding stage present ; a short black stripe on each side
from the clypeus. Venter white, the joints bearing legs with black
patches tinted with orange, the others with orange patches. Piliferous
spots the ground color, but a little rose tinted.

MATURE LARVA.—Length 2.50 inches, width of middle of body .30
inch, of head .20 inch; depth of middle of body .25 inch, of head .15
inch. Color characters the same as at the beginning of period ; the three
anterior ocelli black, the three posterior brown. Duration of this period
15 days.

CuHRYSALIS.—Length from .go to .95 inch; lateral diameter, through
joint 5, .33 to .35 inch; dorso-ventral diameter, through the same joint,
.28 to .30 inch ; the cause of the difference being a lateral expansion of
the wing cases; only a slight dorsal depression on joint 1 (referring of
course to the abdominal joints) ; length of tongue and wing cases .60 to
.65 inch, both extending to posterior part of joint 5 ; from joint 5 taper-
ing regularly to the posterior part of the terminal joint, this ending
abruptly in the cremaster ; anterior part rounded, this and the tongue and
wing cases moderately corrugated or wrinkled ; abdominal joints punc-
tured ; the whole covered with a white or glaucous secretion. Duration
of this period 28 to 30 days.

In this species, as in most I have bred, the eggs continue to hatch for
several days after the first ones emerge from the shell, these later speci-
mens being so much later in their pupation and in their other changes,
when the hatching is not too long delayed. In some cases these belated
examples are weaker than the earlier ones, and either die before reaching
maturity, or produce smaller or imperfect imagines. For these reasons I
have given the changes and characters of the earlier individuals. I be-
lieve, however, that in the woods the delayed hatching produces the late
specimens that are to be found in good condition in September and often
later.

The eggs from which these observations were made were obtained
October 29, 1886, by confining a dilapidated female with hickory bark and
leaves, the supposed food plant. They began to hatch April 21, 1887,

»

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. oul

when the hickory leaves began to expand. This would give the egg
period zor days. They began to spin June 11, giving a larval period of
51 days. With a pupal period of 28 days, we have a period of 79 days
from the egg to the imago, or 280 days from the egg to the same. It is
evident from my date of obtaining the eggs that they were obtained from
one of the latest specimens, and that eggs from one of the earlier moths
would add one or two months to the egg period, as there is evidently
only one brood in a season of any of our species of Catocale.

The food plant, as given before, is hickory. When ready to spin they
fastened leaves together in the breeding cage, preferring seemingly the
dry leaves under the fresh food. Several spun under a leaf lying on the
dirt in the bottom of the box, fastening bits of sand together for the bot-
tom of the cocoon and this to the leaf. These points would seem to im-
ply that they do not spin on the tree, but in the dry leaves under the tree
on the ground. This is further corroborated by several years ago finding
a chrysalis in leaves on the ground under a hickory tree, that produced C.
Flebilis. The cocoon, like the other species, is but slight, with the hooks
of the cremaster fastened into the posterior end.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW HEMILEUCA.
BY W. G. WRIGHT, SAN BERNARDINO, CAL.

HeEMILEuCA CALIFORNICA, 0. S.

Expanse, ~, 2.40-2.50; 2, 2.85-2.90. Head black. Antenne,
2d, stem brown, pectinations black ; ¢, wholly brown. Prothorax white.
Patagia white in front, overlaying longer hairs of white and black.
Thorax black, with tufts of rust-red hairs behind the patagia. Abdomen
black, with a few scattered white hairs toward anal end, and with white
or sometimes yellow hairs in segmental spots on sides beneath; g¢ with
large anal tuft of rust-red, 2 without tuft, but tip is hoary with short hairs
of sordid white. Legs—femora with long red and black hairs, tibiae with
fewer hairs of white and black. Wings, above and beneath the same ;
costa dense black to apex, base dense black, at length becoming thinner,
outer margin black and like the intermediate white portion, sub-diaphanous,

Dyed THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

When quite fresh the wings are clear white and black, and rather opaque,
but with exposure speedily become sordid, yellowish and less opaque.
Veins all are honey color. Discal spots thin black, touching the costa,
but separated from black base, and yet more widely from dark margin ;
at the cross vein in centre is the lunule, narrow, obtusely angled, the
angle clean cut and pointing toward the head. Discal spots on second-
aries small, black, never with any lunule or central mark whatever.
Habitat, Southern California. Types in author’s museum.

This species has heretofore been run in with A Wevadensis, Stretch,
but must be separated because of the red tufts on thorax, the white spots
on abdomen beneath, the color of the nervules across the black margin,
the angled Junules on primaries and absence of lunules on secondaries, in
all of which the differences are persistent and without intergrades. In-
deed, there appears to be as great difference between Z Cadifornica and
Nevadensis, as between Vevadensis and the Eastern Maza.

NOTES ON THE LIFE History OF HEMILEUCA CALIFORNICA.

This insect is quite local, being found in comparatively few places,
but is fairly abundant in such localities as it frequents. Like many other
species of Lepidoptera, it is often abundant one year, and nearly wanting
the next. This present season it has been more scarce than I have ever
before found it.

It is first seen on the wing in the latter part of October, males and
females appearing at about the same time, and it continues about three
weeks. The flight is labored and clumsy, so that they often fly against
sticks or twigs, yet vigorous and sustained. It flies only in the heat of
the day, and by three o’clock, or at the first whiff of cool afternoon air, it
hangs up for the night. The line of flight is undulatory, with a wavy up
and down motion, and slow, so that it is very easily taken in the net, or
it may be often caught in the hands.

The insect does not feed at all, nor drink, but spends the whole time
of its few days of life in the business of reproduction solely ; its large
body contains sufficient nutriment to sustain it a sufficient length of time
to enable it to fulfil its destiny. They are rather handsome when fresh,
but a clumsy flight among weeds and bushes speedily ruins ali good
looks. The male is gay with his showy red anal tuft, and his deeply
pectinated antennz show off beautifully as he flies slowly past with them
gracefully arched in front of him. If caught when fresh, he flaps his

THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ae

wings stiffly together over his back, and curling his anal end round under
his thorax like a caterpillar, remains rigid and immovable ; but if he be
old and worn, he is likely to struggle continuously for .iberty. The female
has similar habits.

Copulation takes place as soon as the female emerges, often, and per-
haps usually, before her wings are developed sufficiently to enable her to
fly. The emergence is from the ground, and as she climbs up some grass
stem or weed, shaking out and developing her wings, her presence
becomes known to the males, who cluster around, on the wing and on
foot, fluttering up blunderingly and with clumsy efforts to touch her with
their antenne. And here occurs a most singular thing, that in many
instances, as soon as the male. actually touches the female with his
antennze, he becomes alarmed and instantly flies off in precipitate flight,
dismayed and demoralized, and does not return. But there are plenty of
others left, and they crowd around, and it is not long before the right one
arrives and speedily becomes attached, when in a little while all the other
males fly away and leave the pair in peace.

The next business for the female is to lay her eggs. She flutters about
the willow twigs a few feet above the ground, and selecting a suitable twig
a line or two in diameter, catches hold with her claws, and hanging sus-
pended, bends her ovipositor up to the twig and deftly places the eggs in
a solid ring all round the twig. She commonly begins to oviposit in the
afternoon, and continues hanging in the same place all night, placing eggs
occasionally as they mature. When thus engaged in ovipositing, if she be
annoyed or roughly interfered with, she flaps her wings violently back like
those of a butterfly, and remains sullenly immovable. The males, be-
coming weary with their heavy flight, frequently stop to rest by hanging
on a twig or leaf, looking very much like a female ovipositing. He,
also, if picked off in the fingers, suddenly flaps his wings back forcibly,
making no effort to escape, except that probably he will exude upon the
captor a drop or a fine stream of vile fluid, which seems to be his chief
weapon of offence and defence. When at rest, or ovipositing, the wings
lie down over the body the same as do the wings of most moths, but when
caught they throw the wings back and curl the abdomen around under
the thorax, without further effort in self-defence.

The eggs hatch in the spring as soon as the leaves have grown suffi-
ciently to afford them food ; they are gregarious when young, but become

34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

solitary toward maturity. They feed chiefly upon white willow, Sa/7x
lasiolepis and S. dasiandra, or the smooth-barked willow, like the Eastern
golden willow, and also upon the cottonwood, Populus Fremonti. I have
also found their eggs upon Artemisia, ‘“* Roman wormwood,” but I do not
think that plant can be a normal food-plant. The larvee are yellowish,
very much like those of Vanessa Antiopa, but are larger and lacking the
red dorsal tufts of the latter; are spiny, and apt to be annoying if they
fall upon a person’s neck as he goes among the trees where they live,
wherefore they are locally known as “the poisonous caterpillar.” At
maturity they come down the stem of the willow, and pupate in the ground
or among the rubbish. Such as I have had to pupate in confinement, do
so without making any sort of cocoon, but with chrysalis naked, like that
of a butterfly.

STRAY NOTES ON MYRMELEONIDA:, Parr 4.

BY DR. H. A, HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

(Continued from vol. xix., page 217.)

Gen. nov., BRACHYNEMURUS.

Tibia calcarate ; spurs as long as the two basal joints, or a little
shorter ; antennz longer than head and thorax, stout, cylindrical, a little
thicker to tip, which is bluntly pointed, but not clavate ; palpi about equal,
last joint of labials (except in B. /ongipalpis) with the basal two thirds
inflated, fusiform ; abdomen long, slender, about half longer than the wings
(male) ; or as long as the wings (female) ; male appendages very short, less
than half the length of last segment, stout, cylindrical, very hairy and spin-
ous; a very small ventral triangular plate below and between them. Female
superior parts split, with numerous very strong spines; a short flat appendage
each side of the ventral part. Wings long, bluntly pointed, hind wings nar-
rower ; costal space with two series of areoles, or with one series, and the
apical transversals forked.

;
4
Z
'
‘
7

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 35

1. Brachynemurus longicaudus Br.

Burm. II., 994, 8; Ramb., 386, 2, pl. 12, f. 3; Walk., 329, 46; Hag.
SN) Ac, 227, A.

Body luteo-fuscous, hairy, very slender; head very small; antennze
longer than head and thorax, strong, thicker to tip, brown, somewhat
reddish before the apical part ; vertex elevated, with a split in the middle
anteriorly, luteous, with a transversal blackish band; another larger trans-
versal blackish band, in which the antenne are inserted, is notched below ;
face luteous, with a faint black longitudinal line. Palpi short, feeble, pale
luteous ; maxillary cylindrical, apical joint brown ; labial not longer,
paler, last joint fusiform, its basal half brown ; prothorax slender fuscous,
variegated with gray, two pale gray spots near the front border, and some
laterally ; mesothorax and metathorax fuscous, with yellowish marks ;
abdomen very slender, a little less long than twice the length of hind wing,
hairy, fuscous, basal half above with a yellowish band, a little enlarged on
the articulation, and divided by a median fine black line ; segments 2 to
5 of equal length, 7 a little shorter ; appendages blackish, fuscous, with
long black spines and hairs ; compressed, about one fourth the length of
the last segment, straight, after the basal half narrowed ; a short triangu-
lar yellow plate below ; legs pale, densely sprinkled with black, with long
bristles ; tip of tibiae, third joint of tarsi on tip, fourth joint entirely, and
tip of last joint black ; spurs light brown, of the fore legs nearly as long
as the two basal joints ; wings narrow, hyaline, venation close, two series
of areoles in the costal space of front wings ; transversals in the costal
space of hind wings furcate in the apical half; veins brown, interrupted
with white ; pterostigma small, white ; front wings rarely sprinkled with
fuscous, with three obsolete dots along the submediana. Male.

Length of body, # 38 to 45, g 27 m.m.; expanse al., 44-48 m.m.

Hab. Georgia, Burmeister’s type with label in his handwriting, from
Savannha, collect. Winthem ; two males from Millin, Scriven Co., Ga.,
July, 1876, coll. by Morrison ; two males from Florida, Cedar Keys, June
4, and Crescent City, by Hubbard ; one male Amer. merid., out of the
late Dr. Schneider’s coll. (perhaps this locality is erroneous).

Burmeister, 1. c., quotes a female: ‘‘ Abdomine alis equali; fusco
hirsutiusculo ; length 25 m.m.” When Winthem’s collection came in my
hands, this female was wanting. Formerly I had this species determined
in my publications as JZ. abdominalis Say ; I believe now this species to
be different.

36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Mr. 'Taschenberg (Zeitschr. Giebel., vol. 52, p. 213) describes the types
of Burmeister in the Halle Museum of JZ 7vroratus, from S. Carolina,
Zimmermann. ‘The two females belong evidently to JZ. /ongicaudus.
Though I have no female of this species before me, the identity is proved
by ‘Taschenberg’s description and by the mention of the three obsolete
dots along the submediana of the front wings. There can be no doubt
that these females are the types of JZ. ¢rroratus, as in the Halle coll., and
in Burm. Hdl., No. 11; but I repeat that the male described by me has
on the pin the label “ zrroratus Burm.” in his handwriting. As the
name 7rroratus is pre-occupied, no change is needed.

2. Lrachynemurus nebulosus Ramb.

Myrmeleon nebulosus Ramb., 387, 4; Walk., 33¢, 48.

Very slender, villous ; head small, blackish; face dull yellowish, with
a fine transversal line before labrum and a longitudinal line, black ; below
the antennee an incurvate black line; vertex elevated, not cut sharply in
front, more rounded, grayish-fuscous, as well as the occiput, with some
blackish not well defined spots; antenng: as long as head and. thorax,
strong, cylindrical, rather enlarged to tips, rufo-fuscous, articulations faint
yellowish ; palpi dull yellowish, the labials about as long as the maxillary,
last joint longer, cylindrical, its basal half a little thicker and darker,
Prothorax narrow, blackish, with three ill defined yellowish bands, begin-
ning on the front margin; the median very short, split, the two others
running together before the wings ; meso- and meta-thorax blackish, each
above with a yellow geminate spot and some marks near the wings; on
each side above the legs some yellow stripes. Abdomen of the male very
slender, much longer than the wings, villous, blackish ; basal half above
with a pale longitudinal band, interrupted on tip of segments: apical half
black with a pale basal dot, and sometimes another one in the middle ;
appendages about half the length of last segment, with long black hairs,
compressed, the base enlarged to reach the dorsum; below and between
them a very short and small triangular whitish plate. Abdomen of the
female as long as the wings, compressed on the more enlarged apical
third ; colored as the male ; genital parts in the last segment above yel-
low, split, surrounded with strong black bristles; below two short thick
black appendages. Legs short, pale yellow, much sprinkled with black,
with white and black hairs ; tip of tibiz and of all joints of tarsi (the
fourth entirely) black ; spurs brown, as long as the two basal joints ;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ae

claws brown, as long as the spurs. Wings narrow, with fringes on hind
margin, which is very little emarginate before tip ; hyaline ; venation pale
interrupted with brown ; base of numerous forks and around many trans-
versals brown ; front wings with many large rusty-brown round spots along
the mediana and submediana ; apical half of costal space with two series
of areoles ; hind wings similarly spotted, but without the large rusty-brown
spots.

Length of body, male, 38 to 45 m.m.; female, 28 to 31 m.m.; exp.al.,
40 to 50 m.m.

Habit., Millin, Scriven Co., Georgia; July, Morrison. I have before
me two males and three females ; it is a very pretty species and doubtless
Rambur’s JZ. nebulosus.

I had accepted this species to be JZ. contaminatus Burm., which is,
with a short diagnose, only mentioned by his JZ, zrvroratus. Mr. Tas-
chenberg describes a female, which is not labeled, out of Burmeister’s
collection. ‘This female belongs doubtless to AZ. conspersa Rbr.; he calls
the spurs of the anterior legs shorter than the first joint of tarsi, but these
are probably spines. If this is really the type of Burmeister, and I have
no doubt of it, the name has to be dropped, as it belongs to JZ. conspersa.

3. LBrachynemurus versutus Walk.

Myrmeleon versutus Walk., 331, 51; Hag. Syn. Neur. N. Amer., p.
235, No;.8.

Black, very slender, faintly villous ; head narrow ; front shining, yel-
low, above a broad black band, notched in middle below, narrowly yellow
around the eyes and around the base of antenne ; a black longitudinal
line from the middle of the notch to the epistom, where it is enlarged and
united with a larger transversal black band (which is sometimes divided
into four spots) on the epistom ; labrum black shining with yellow side-
margins ; vertex elevated, rounded, black, with a transversal yellow band,
interrupted in middle, and a posterior one, representing a larger yellow
spot on each side, and a smaller middle one, a little before them ; antennz
of male much longer than head and thorax, about 10 m.m.; of female
shorter, about as long as head and thorax, 7 m.m. ; long, filiform, a little.
thicker to the tip, bluntly pointed; those of female a little more enlarged.
on tip ; blackish-brown, the two basal joints shining black ; palpi yellow,
apical joint of the maxillary black shining, and the two foregoing black.

38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

externally ; labials scarcely longer, last joint shining black, except at ex-
treme base, long, a little inflated, but the apical half thinner. Prothorax
yellow, as broad as long, a little narrower in front, with two broad black
stripes, each of which includes a yellow dot in front, and another behind
them ; meso- and meta-thorax yellow with two interrupted black longi-
tudinal bands and some spots ; sides below the wings black with yellow
stripes and dots. Abdomen of male very slender, much longer than
wings, 40 m.m., blackish-brown, shortly villous, three basal segments dull
yellowish above, with a fine dorsal median black line, the other segments
black, with a fine yellow dorsal line ; appendages testaceous, more yel-
lowish at base and tip, with long black hairs and bristles, long, but shorter
than the segment before last, straight ; between them below a very short
triangular yellow plate ; abdomen of female as long as wings, stouter, en-
larged and compressed to the tip; same coloration; genitals yellow ;
upper part inflated, with many strong black spines ; below two very short
cylindrical yellow appendages. Legs yellow, largely sprinkled with black,
with numerous hairs ; tip of tibiz and of all joints of tarsi black ; spurs
brown, as long as the two basal joints; claws brown. Wings hyaline,
thickly and almost equally covered with small brown dots, which are all
at the base of the small forks, and on base and tip of the transversals ;
veins brown interrupted with white ; pterostigma larger, bright yellow ;
apical half of costal space with forked veins ; wings around and on the
veins hairy.

Length of body, male, 42 to 46 m.m.; female, 28 m.m.; exp. al., 55
to 60 m.m. ;

Hab., San Luis, Mexico ; September and October, Dr. Palmer ; three
males and six females. I think there is no doubt that this is the species
described by Walker atter one male.

NOTE ON LATE PAPERS ON THE NOCTUID.

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M.,

My last paper in the Proceedings of the Am. Philosophical Society,
Philadelphia, contains a number of typographical errors, the most serious
of which I corrected subsequently by an “errata” in a later volume, not

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

being able to see the proofs. This paper reviewed the main and first two
groups, leaving the Fasciate (Catoca/ing Pack.) and the Deltoids unre-
vised. I would recognise five very unequal groups both in structural value
and extent. Adopting Packard’s nomenclature so far as he went (this
author excluded the Deltoids at the time), we may call these groups sub-
families, but in Europe my Zhyatiride and the Brephide are taken out
of the /Voctucde@ as distinct families. We have thus the following classi-
fication, which can only be changed by throwing all five together as sub-
tamilies, which does not alter the matter in reality. The larvz of the
Thyatiride are, however, almost Notodontiform.

(1). Family THyaTirip&.

(2). Family Nocruipé.
(a) Sub-family Woctuzne.
(b) Sub-family Catocaline.
(c) Sub-family Ded/toidine.

(3). Family BRFPHID®.

The groups I have recognised and named may be regarded as tribal
with the ending zzz, as Hadenini, Orthosiini, Heliothini, Stiriini, Scoleco-
campini, etc. The Deltoids contain two such tribes, viz , Herminzini and
fLypenint. My object has been to bring the classificatory terms to corre-
spond with those in Coleoptera as used by Leconte.

In my last descriptional paper in Can. Ent., the genus and species
(8) Phiprosopus callitrichoides, 1s omitted accidentally on page 132, vol.
xv. My work is now to bring our genera into closer agreement with
European genera by comparison of types, as I say on page 131 of the
same volume, to which I direct the attention of students.

CORRESPONDENCE.

CALLIMORPHA.

Dear Sir: lam sure that Mr. Lyman’s article on Callimorpha, with
its excellent plate, has given an impetus to the study of this genus. It
will be no question with the Derivatists that these forms are all descended
from a single species. The test by breeding from the egg must now
decide whether these forms have each an independent cycle of its own or
are interdependent still. The test for species remains to be applied to

40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

them. As yet we can only compliment Mr. Lyman’s tact in sorting the
moths. JI had the opportunity of examining a lot of Clymene, taken in
the vicinity of Buffalo, and I came to the conclusion that it was possible
that the yellow and white forms are yet interchangeable. All the white
forms show traces of yellow on costa or body parts. I also possessed an
example of var. a/banchora m. (corresponding to Lyman’s fig. 5), which
very nearly resembled ¢nterrupto-marginata as to the brown markings, but
on a white ground. I believe it is Dr. Packard who first drew attention
to the interesting fact that our Callimorphas are buff and white, corre-
sponding to the prevailing colors of our Arctizne, whereas the European
species is gaudily tinted, agreeing with the brighter European representa-
tion of the sub-family of which it is a member. Like Datana and
Hemileuca, Callimorpha is an example of a generic group in which the
species or forms are more nearly related than usual, and is thus one of

those assemblages which I have called Progeneric.
ARS GROTE:

NOTES.

Mr. ALFRED WalLLy, Tudor Villa, Norbiton, Surrey, England, is
anxious to obtain specimens of the wild Silk-worms of all parts of the
world for exhibition in the Department of Sericulture at the Paris Inter-
national Exhibition of 1889. In order to make the exhibition as com-
plete as possible, he wishes to obtain specimens of live cocoons, in large
quantities or small, with names of food-plants for each species, whenever
possible, and also specimens of the moths; any specimens sent will be
purchased or exchanged, as desired. Small samples (in strong tin or
wooden boxes) of live cocoons and specimens of moths, can now be very
rapidly and safely sent by Sample or Parcels Post; to avoid the risk of
emergence during transit, cocoons should be sent before the end of March.
The production of mulberry silk has been so deficient of late years, it is
most important that efforts should be made to utilise as many as possible
of the wild Silkworms, many of which produce silk of great strength and
beauty.

PROFESSOR SAMUEL PiERPONT LANGLEY, LL. D., has been appointed
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, to succeed the
late Professor Spencer F. Baird. ;

CHANGE OF ADDRESs.—Mr. C. H. T. Townsend, from Constantine,
Mich., to War Department, Adjutant General’s Office, Washington, D. C.

4
-
3
‘
i .
;
4
a)

Che Canadwan Entomologist.

VOL. XX. LONDON, MARCH, 1888. No. 3

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF PAPHIA

TROGLODYTA, Farr... (GLYCERIUM, Epw., Bur. N. A.,
VoL, t, Pi: 46; ANDRIA, Scup.)

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, WEST VA.

Ecc.—Nearly spherical, a little higher than broad, somewhat flattened
at base and slightly depressed at top ; surface smooth ; crossed near the
top—at about one fifth distance from top to base—by two to four parallel
rows of raised points, about 22 in the full circle ; these seem to be placed
in vertical lines ; in some examples the rows are nearer together than in
others, and there is often irregularity in the number or position of the
points, some of the series wanting, or misplaced, in this last case lying
between the rows. Color pale green. Duration of this stage four to five
days.

Younc Larva.—Length, at 12 hours from egg, .og inch ; cylindrical,
tapering from 2 to 13 on dorsum and sides, the end of 13 rounded ; color
brown-green ; the cross-ridges on each segment studded with small white
rounded tubercles, from the top of each coming a short, fine, white hair ;
there are also four rows on either side of large white tubercles, one to the
segment, three above spiracles, a sub-dorsal, mid-lateral, lower lateral, and
one below spiracles ; each with a short stiff hair; each of the basal row
has a half circle of small tubercles, but larger than those over dorsum on
its lower side ; under side, feet and legs nearly as above, a shade more
green ; segments 5, 6, 11, 12 are crossed by two or three rows of
tubercles ; head a little broader than 2, rounded at top, the outline that

‘of a horse-shoe, the front somewhat flattened ; color yellowish ; across the

forehead a broad stripe of brown, within which are two little patches of
the yellow ground, one on each lobe, and the stripe bends at right angle
and narrowing passes down each cheek ; in a curve about the top in front
six small tubercles, and near the suture two others which with the second
and fifth of the curved row make a cross row of four. Duration of this

_ stage three to five days.

492 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

After First Moult.—Length at 12 hours .18 inch; shape as before ;

color gray-green, the dorsum of 12, 13 discolored brown or blackish, and —

a sub-dorsal patch of same hue on 8 and 10; thickly covered with fine
tubercles as at first stage; the rows of larger tubercles as before, ivory
white, bell-shaped, the hair or process from top brown or black ; the basal
tubercles large, each with its crescent of smaller ones on lower side ; head
higher than broad, narrowing at upper part, depressed at suture ; color of
the upper front greenish, over mandibles yellow-white, at the back gray-
green ; on each vertex a low duplex black process, the outer part larger
and higher than the other, each with a black short bristle at top ; at back,
on either side the suture, a duplex small yellow process and others down
the side of face at back ; over the front minute tubercles as at first stage,
and in addition three large conical white tubercles on either lobe, each
three in triangle with base above, so arranged that four tubercles cross the
forehead in line. ‘To next moult four to five days.

After Second Moult.—Length at 12 hours .25 inch ; shape as before ;
tuberculated as before ; color gray-brown, discolored on posterior seg-
ments as before ; head shaped as before ; the processes on vertex larger,
triplex, shining black, two being in line across front, the outer one larger,
the third lying behind and between the others; the back and the front
face armed as before. To next moult five days.

After Third Moult.—Length at 24 hours .34 inch; shape, armature
and color as before ; there is much variation in the extent of the black ;
on one example 6 and 11 were quite black dorsally, on sides of 8,9, 10
black patches, on sides of 3, 4, 5 paler black ; another was pale black on
12, 13, a very little of same on 5 and 6, and the sides of 8, 9, 10 pale
black ; head as at last previous stage, the front greenish-black, the vertex
processes black ; of the four cones across front the outside ones were
black, the others white, with brown rings at base. To next moult four
and five days.

After Fourth Moult.—Length at 24 hours .7 inch ; after five days was
fully grown.

Maturt Larva.—Length 1.3 inch; stout anteriorly, thickest at 3, 4,
tapering on dorsum and sides to 13; the end of 13 rounded and the dor-
sum much curved; color gray-green, segment 2 darker green; usually
marked by patches of black on dorsum or sides of segments after 6, but
some examples have little, or it is pale colored, and others have none at

a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ° 45

all ; entire upper surface studded with low rounded tubercles varying in
size, but always small, placed on the cross-ridges; these are whiter than
the ground color and from each proceeds a very short, straight white hair ;
under side, feet and legs a shade lighter than the upper, s, 6, 11, 12
crossed by tubercles ; head sub-ovate, depressed at top, the height to the
breadth as 8 to 7 ; color gray-green, thickly covered with tubercles like
those on body, small and large ; among these are larger ones, three on
either lobe in triangle, so disposed as to make a row of four across fore-
head ; these are white, with a brown rim about base, or the inner pair are
white, the others black ; on each vertex a triplex process as described at
fourth stage, black ; along the back and sides white processes, of which a
duplex or bifid one, taller than elsewhere, stands on either side suture ;
ocelli black. From fourth moult to pupation ten days. Mr. French, But.
East. U. S., p. 228, gives the length of mature larva as 1.55 inch, and
probably wild examples are larger than my bred ones.

CurysaLis.—Length .65 inch ; breadth across mesonotum .38 inch,
across abdomen .4 inch ; shape much as in Danais Archippus, the last
segments retracted in same way, so that the abdomen is greatly shortened,
and the shape that of a dome; the head case short, narrow at top and
bevelled to a sharp, slightly incurved ridge; the sides sloping ; mesono-
tum prominent, carinated, rising posteriorly to a rounded point, the slope
to top of head regular, and at about 45° ; the depression behind shallow
and broad ; the dorsal edges of wing cases prominent, the sides exca-
vated ; color light green granulated with whitish ; the edges of wing cases
and top of head case whitish. Duration of this stage nine to twelve days.

Some stages of the larva of this species were figured in Butterflies of
N. A., vol. 1, 1871, under the name of Glycerium. The drawings were
made expressly for me by the late Dr. H. K. Hayhurst, then at Sedalia,
Mo. They are before me as I write. The same drawings were used by
Prof. Riley, before my Plate appeared, in his paper on P. Glycerium,
Second Ent. Report, Mo., 1870, and his wood cuts were reproduced in
Prof. French’s Butterflies of the Eastern U. S., p. 228, 1886. These are
- the only published illustrations of the life history of any species of Paphia
so far as I know, and whatever defects there may be in the figures of the
larve are common to all three of the works mentioned. The principal
figure is that of the mature larva, and in But. N. A. a fair general view of
the stage is given. But the peculiar armature of the body and head is
not represented, and therefore this figure has very little value. Another

44 - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

figure shows the beginning of the case, and a third the completed case,
and this last is best of the three. The pupa is better than the larva, but
does not give the pretty green hue of nature. I intend to give a more
satisfactory Plate of all the stages in Vol. 3.

By the kind aid of Prof. Rowley, of Curryville, Mo., I was able to
follow the history from the egg, in 1887. Mr. Rowley not only sent eggs
at different times, beginning with 15th May, and larve of all stages of
growth and pupe so late as August 1, but kept me supplied with the food
plant, Croton capitatum. The eggs are laid on Croton monanthygnum
also, and these are the only plants known to Mr. Rowley. They are laid
usually singly on the under side of the leaf. The young larva, soon after
emerging, constructs for itself a perch on which it rests, after the manner
of a Limenitis. It is at the tip of the leaf, made by eating away along-
side the mid-rib, and using this rib as the base, covering with silk and
lengthening by chewed bits of leaf bound and held by the silk. One
perch in first stage measured .28 in length, and on it the larva rested with
the anterior segments arched, only the pro-legs furnishing the support.
But if there be two larve on one leaf, the second perch may be made
anywhere at the side. After the first moult the perch was, lengthened
and made heavier by binding it with larger pellets, so that it looked like
a string of .knobs, and the greatest length I observed was .4 inch. The
young larva bears much resemblance in body and head to young Limen-

itis Disippus, but is more like that larva at second stage than the first,.

and the head with its many tubercles and processes on vertices and at

back still more resembles either second or third stage of Désippus than,

the first.

After the second moult, the perch is deserted, and a case is made by
covering the upper surface of the leaf with silk, and bringing the edges
together. The larva lies at first quite concealed, and eats the base of the
leaf. Here the next moult takes place, and the larva then builds a new
case, and goes outside to feed, after the habit of the nearly mature Papz/7o
Troilus. By the time the fourth moult approaches, the larva is as long as
the case, and the head will be exposed at one end and tail at the other,
the rounded case being a pretty good fit, rather loose. When in suspen-
sion, the attitude is almost circular, and both ends meet and touch. The
pupa is often found, Mr. Rowley tells me, attached to a branch of the
food plant. There are at least two broods of the imago, and it is the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45

latter which hibernates. Mr. Rowley calls my attention to a decided
seasonal dimorphism in the two broods of the females.

Prof. French gives the localities as the Western States, from Illinois
and Nebraska to Texas, the presence of the butterfly no doubt being
determined by the presence of the food plant.

SOME OBSERVATIONS MADE IN 1887 ON DANAIS
ARCHIPPUS, Farr.

BY WM. D. MARSH, AMHERST COLLEGE, MASS.

Mr. Scudder, in his “ Butterflies,” p. 136, says of this species: ‘It
is the longest lived of our butterflies. It leaves its winter quarters later
in the season than other hibernating butterflies, and continues upon the
wing until July and August, laying eggs all the time, so that the insect
may be found in all its earlier stages most of the summer. carte
Whether or not there is a second brood in New England is doubtful ; but
the earliest butterflies which have not hibernated may be found in July, so
that while the earlier stages are passed rapidly, the perfect insect often
lives a full year, mingling on the wing with its own progeny, and witness-
ing the decay and renewed growth of the plant which nourished it ; for
the milk-weed dies early, and is not sufficiently grown to support the
caterpillars when the first butterflies appear in the spring.”

I understand that Mr Scudder still holds substantially these views
of the habits of Avchippus in New England, and at any rate has pubiished
nothing to the contrary.

Early in the summer of 1887, Mr. W. H. Edwards wrote me with the
request that I would make a study of Archippus. As my college term did
not close till June 25th, all my observations before that date were made at
Amherst ; from June 25th to August 12th, at Randolph, Vt., a hill-town,
37 miles N. W. from White River Junction.

1. Hibernated Archippus were observed at Amherst, May 15 and
May 21, and recognised as such by their faded and ragged condition. I

4 searched for eggs, but found none. I may say here that at no time after

46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

this, either in Mass. or Vt., did I see an imago that could have been a
hibernator.

2. A fresh 9 was taken at Randolph, July 4th, and another perfectly
fresh was seen the same day. This would be the first generation in
descent from the hibernator. On 2oth July, a larva two thirds grown was
taken, raised to pupa, and sent to Mr. Edwards, Aug. rst. On August
11th, 2 ¢ 1 @, perfectly fresh, were taken, plainly of same generation as
was the larva of July 20—the pupal period being then but 9 or 1o days.
These imagos were in the second generation from the hibernators.

3. On 5th Aug., found a fresh egg at Amherst, where the season
would be a week or ten days in advance of Randolph ; on 17th and 18th

Aug., two larvee, evidently by their size of the same generation as the egg
of 5th. Continued to find larvee all through September, the last one on
3oth, in all 34 larve.

4. From 3oth Sept. to 15th Oct., butterflies from pupz bred from
said larvae emerge. And besides, many pupz were found in the fields,
and the imagos came from them. These butterflies were then the third
generation from the hibernators, and individuals were seen on the wing
into November. Giving the above facts in a table, thus :

1. May 15th, hibernating female seen, Amherst.

2. July rst to 7th, imagos of rst brood from hibernator, Randolph.
2. Aug. irth to roth, i,aapeme:) " " Amherst.
4. Oct. 1st to Nov. 4th, » arden m " Amherst.

I communicated these facts to Mr. Edwards as they were noticed. I
cannot see wherein the behavior of 4rchippus is different from that of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47

any other hibernating butterfly. Nor have I found any evidence of excep-
tionally long life, or of the old hibernating females being about all summer,
laying eggs with their progeny. And of course they do not witness the
decay of the food plant, for the milk-weed does not die early, but lasts
till frost in October, and will stand pretty severe frost. On 28th Sept., I
wrote Mr. Edwards: ‘‘We have had two pretty heavy frosts within a
week, but the Archippus larve and more than half the milk-weeds are
fresh and vigorous.” On 3oth Sept., I wrote: ‘Found the 34th larva
this morning. Frosts have not been severe enough to kill larvae. Most
of the 34 have been on young milk-weeds, after the first mowing. Now
the fields have been mowed the second time, and this explains why the
late brood of the jarva and imago may be scarce in some parts of N.
England.”

On 36th Oct., I wrote: “I now have four pup, of which one should
give imago to-morrow, and three will wait a week. The pupal period in
October, the pupze being kept in a cool room, is about three weeks. In
September, it was of about 15 days duration. Larve taken 2nd Sept.
pupated oth to r2th Sept., and the imagos came out 25th to 30th Sept.”

I wrote 29th Oct.: ‘The one pupa has given imago.” On 4th Nov.,
I wrote: ‘ Another imago out this morning, a fine female. I have two
pupz left, and send you them by this mail.”

It is plain to be seen why imagos are rare in the fall, and therefore
more rare in spring, for there must be more or less loss of them in the
winter. In New England quite generally the fields are mowed the second
time, and that very late. Thus, while on Sept. gth were taken nine larvze
in a field near my house from a group of milk-weeds, before larvee of the
same generation could have completed their stages, all the food plants
were cut down. So myriads of larve must be annually destroyed in New
England.

I saw wild Archippus flying on the 5th of Oct., again on 13th, in
both cases after some frosts, as I have before mentioned. Of course these
late flying ones are the hibernators, and liable to be caught any day at
that season by cold that wculd compel them to seek hiding places or else
become torpid out of doors,

48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF
CANADIAN PROCTOTRUPID.

BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA.

The following paper is devoted to the description of new genera and
species of parasitic Hymenoptera belonging to the family Proctotrupide,
collected at Ottawa, Canada, by my esteemed friend, Mr. W. Hague
Harrington, to whose liberality I am deeply indebted for sending me these
and many other interesting forms in this family now in my collection.

Sub-family CERAPHRONINE,

The following table will be found useful to separate some forms closely
allied to the genus AZegaspidus Westwood.

Eyes hairy.

Metathorax spined.....................Megaspilodes Ashm.
Metathorax not spined.

Wingless, or with rudimentary wings. Lt Sigg anc LP aie) Sin raga

Winged ; a large semi-circular stigma iad a ae) vein.
Mesothorax with three grooves; f antenne filiform, ¢ flagel-

Tate: ficte steed Poses eres Sep Megaspilus Westw.
2. 2 antenne sub-clavate; gf unknown... ...Aumegaspilus, n. g.
Mesothorax with only a median groove.... edbMM clas petiders me

Megaspilodes Ashm.

The writer has recently characterized this genus elsewhere. It is at
once distinguished from JZegaspi/us Westw. by having a blunt spine, or a
bi-forked spine, in the middle of the metathorax. Two species pertain to
it, viz., Wegaspilodes armatus Say, and JZ. Suscipennis Ashm.

Megaspilus Westwood.

(1) Megaspilus Harringtoni, n. sp.

Male and female. Length .o7 to.10 inch. Black; head and thorax
finely reticulately sculptured ; abdomen polished black. Antenne 11-
jointed, the scape and pedicel dull honey-yellow, the flagellum brown-
black. Legs dull honey-yellow, the posterior femora obfuscated, the
anterior and middle coxz honey-yellow at apex, while the large posterior
cox are black. Wings sub-hyaline, heavily pubescent, the large stigma
and stigmal vein brown. ‘The male differs from the female only in its
smaller size, and is readily distinguished by its long, filiform antenne, the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49

scape of which at apex and the flagellum, brown ; the joints of the latter
are about four times as long as thick.
Described from two specimens, male and female.

Eumegaspilus, i. &.

This genus is distinguished from JZegaspi/us Westwood in being en-
tirely wingless or then with rudimentary wings, and by the shape of the
flagellum, which is sub-clavate. In AZegaspilus it is flagellate, i. e., tapers
gradually to a point at apex.

(2) Lumegaspilus Canadensis, n. sp.

Female. Length .og inch. Polished black; the head and thorax
only showing a delicate, reticulated sculpture under a high power lens.
On the head are a few large punctures, particularly on the vertex, two
small fovez or depressions on each side of front ocellus ; occiput pro-
minently margined ; eyes.pubescent. The antennz are 11-jointed, wholly
brown-black ; flagellum sub-clavate. the first funiclar joint longer than the
pedicel, the others sub-equal but gradually widened, the terminal. joint
being the longest and thickest. Mesothorax with three grooves. Legs,
including coxee, of a uniform brownish-yellow. Abdomen highly polished
with a depression near the base.

Described from one specimen.

(3) Eumegaspilus Ottawensis, n. sp.

This species is much like that just described, but it is more slender
and more highly polished ; the head is impunctured, while the scape at
base, the pedicel, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th flagellar joints, and the legs, in-
cluding the coxze, are honey-yellow. The rudimentary wings are linear
and reach not quite to the middle of the abdomen.

Described from one specimen,

Megaspilidea, n. g.
. This genus is at once distinguished from the others by having but one

groove on the mesothorax—the median one, the parapsidal grooves not
being present ; also by the difference in the flagellar joints.

(4) Megaspilidea minuta, n. sp.

Female. Length.o4 inch. Head and thorax shining black, micro-
scopically, reticulately sculptured. Eyes large oval, pubescent. Antenne
11-jointed, scape ob-clavate, more than half the length of the flagellum ;
_ flagellum sub-clavate, first joint hardly half the length of pedicel, others

»

D0 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

short, gradually widened toward tips, terminal joint very large and as long

as the three preceding joints combined ; scape yellowish at base and

beneath, flagellum brown-black. Legs, including coxee, brownish-yellow.

Abdomen highly polished, smooth, excepting a few longitudinal lines near

the base; the color above is black, excepting a large orange-colored ©

blotch across the base; beneath, it is wholly brownish-yellow.
Described from two specimens.

Sub-family SCELIONINA.

Acolus Forster. \

(5) Acolus Canadensis, n. sp.

Female. Length less than .o3 inch. Black, shining, sparsely pubes-
cent. Antenne black, excepting the scape at base; the first and second
funiclar joints are about as long as thick, third and fourth smaller and not
as long as wide, club very large, joints not well separated. Scutellum
sub-lunate. The legs, excepting the honey-yellow knees, are dark red.
Abdomen broadly oval, the second segment occupying most of its surface,
first segment with a transverse depression occupying nearly its whole
width, striated and with a fringe of white hairs at base.

Described from one specimen.

(6) <Acolus borealis, n. sp.

Female. Length .o3 to .o4 inch. Differs from 4. Canadensis only
in being relatively more robust, and in being distinctly, finely, confluently
punctate ; the lower part of face and the abdomen alone being smooth
and shining. The antenne are dark reddish brown. Legs uniformly red,
while the abdomen is striated at base.

Described from four specimens.

Prosacantha Nees.

(7) Prosacantha brachyptera, n. sp.

9. Length .o3 inch. Black, shining. Thorax sub-opaque, micro-
scopically punctate ; metathorax with an acute spine on its disk. Antennz
brown-black. Legs red. Abdomen broadly oval, black, excepting the
first segment, which is red and striated. Wings short, narrow, somewhat
spatulate, not ciliated ; the marginal vein long, black, the stigmal short,
post-marginal vein wanting.

Described from three specimens.

This species comes nearest to 2. minutissima Ashm., from which it is,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, SF

however, readily distinguished by the narrow, non-ciliated wings, and the
color of the first abdominal segment.

Pentacantha, n. g.
This genus is closely related to Prosacantha Nees and Trisacantha
Ashm.; but is at once separated from them by having five spines on the
metathorax, three short ones on the disk and one long one on each side ;
and besides, there is a short, smooth, blunt horn at the base of first seg-
ment, partly prolonged over the metathorax. Its other characters are
exactly as in Prosacantha. The blunt horn issuing from the base of first
segment would seem to indicate a relationship with /zostemma Haliday,
but that genus is in another sub-family.

(8) Pentacantha Canadensis, n. sp.

Female. Length .o8 inch. Polished black ; thorax opaque. Head
smooth, except some lines back of eyes and on occiput. Antenne 12-
jointed, brown ; first funiclar joint twice as long as the pedicel; second
two thirds the length of first ; third about as long as wide ; fourth shorter
than wide ; club large, six-jointed. Thorax and scutellum rather coarsely
rugose ; no parapsidal grooves. Legs, including anterior coxz, honey-
yellow, middle of femora and tibiz obfuscated. Abdomen polished
black, the third segment longest and widest ; first and second segments,
and the third excepting on its disk, longitudinally striated. Wings dusky-
hyaline, venation as in Prosacantha, veins rufo-piceous.

Described from one specimen.

Sub-family PLATYGASTERIN ®.
Metactisis Forster.

(9) Metaclisis erythropus, n. sp.

Female. Length .o8 inch. Black. Head opaque, coarsely rugose
on vertex and back of eyes. Antennz ro-jointed, the terminal joints of
funicle enlarged into an irregularly rounded club; club six-jointed, fili-
form Thorax shining, finely reticulated or scaly ; parapsidal grooves
distinct, converging and meeting at the base of the scutellum. Legs red.
Abdomen polished black. Wings dusky hyaline.

Described from one specimen.

LEictadius Forster.

(10) Lctadius Canadensis, n. sp.
Female. Length .1r2 inch. Polished black. The head is delicately

or
bo

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

transversely striated on vertex back of the ocelli and on the lower portion
of the face. Antenne reddish brown. Legs red, tarsi paler, yellowish.
The thorax has two distinct parapsidal grooves and is delicately micro-
scopically punctate. Metathorax, metapleure and base of abdomen
densely pubescent. Abdomen polished black and prolonged into a long
point posteriorly, being more than twice the length of the head and thorax
combined. Wings hyaline.

Described from one specimen.

Sactogaster Forster.

(11) Sactogaster Howardit, 0. sp.

Female. Length .oy inch Polished black, impunctured. Antenne
and legs dark red, the posterior femora obfuscated, tarsi paler. The scu-
tellum is convexly high, striated and ends ina spine. ‘The tail is nearly
twice the length of the inflated venter. Metathorax and metapleure
wrinkled. Wings hyaline. Hab.—Washington, D. C.

This species is described from one specimen taken by myself last
summer, on the outskirts of Washington. It is dedicated to my friend,
Mr. L. O. Howard, of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Its much larger
size, striated scutellum and longer tail will at once distinguish it from S,
anomativentris, described from Florida. In that species the scutellum is
smooth, while the tail is not as long as the inflated venter.

Sub-family D1apRuNné&.

Aneurhynchus Westwood.

(12) <Aneurhynchus mellipes, N. sp.

Female. Length .10 inch. Black, shining, sparsely pubescent. An-
tennz 12-jointed, red, stout, clavate; the scape is greatly thickened, a
little shorter than half the length of the flagellum ; pedicel thicker, but
not half as long as the first funiclar joint ; second shorter than the first,
and the third shorter than the second ; from thence the joints are shorter
than wide and well separated. Parapsidal grooves distinct. Legs, in-
cluding the coxee, honey-yellow. Abdomen polished black, petiole rugose.
Wings sub-hyaline, pubescent ; the submarginal vein ends in a callosity
and a short stigmal vein, but it does not reach the costal margin ; the
sub-marginal vein is very pale.

Described from one specimen,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. tas)

Paramesius Westwood.

(13) aramesius clavipes, n. sp.

Female. Length .o8 inch. Polished black, covered with some long,
sparse hairs on head, thorax and surrounding apex of abdomen ; the
metathorax, metapleure and abdominal petiole densely pubescent. An-
tennz 13-jointed, red, gradually incrassated toward tips; first funiclar
joint very slightly shorter than pedicel, following joints to fifth, sub-equal,
from thence moniliform, slightly pedicellated, the terminal joint more than
twice the length of the preceding joint, fusiform. Thorax without grooves,
somewhat flat, sides compressed ; collar red at sides. The abdomen is
pointed ovate, a deep depression above near base, while the ovipositor is
exserted between two short valves, probably unnaturally so. Legs red,
the femora strongly clavate, the tarsi very long, the anterior and middle
pairs being longer than their tibiz. Wings sub-hyaline, the marginal vein
but slightly developed, not longer than the very short stigmal vein.

Described from one specimen.

Loxotropa Forster.

(14) Loxotropa pesomachoides, Nn. sp.

Female. Length .o4 to.o5 inch. A small, highly polished, black,
apterous species, sparsely covered with some long hairs. The antenne
and legs dark red. Antenne r2-jointed, moniliform, the four terminal
joints being much widened and slightly pedicellated, the last joint of which
is large, fusiform.

Described from six specimens.

‘

(15) Loxotropa Harringtoni, n. sp.

Female. Length .o4 inch. Black, polished, covered with some long,
sparse hairs. The collar at sides, metathorax and abdominal petiole well
covered with dense, white pubescence. Antenne 12-jointed, dark red,
the four terminal joints abruptly larger than the preceding, and the species
may be readily known by this character, and by the last funiclar joint
being a little longer and more slender than the preceding one. ‘The legs,
including all coxz, red. Abdomen clavate, the ovipositor slightly ex-
serted. Wings dusky-hyaline, heavily pubescent and ciliate ; the mar-
ginal vein hardly developed, thickened.

Described from one specimen.

(16) Loxotropa armata, n. sp.
Female, Length .o7 inch, This species is very closely related to

54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

L. Harringtoni, agreeing with it in color, wing characters, etc., but it 1s
much larger, the antennze much more incrassated toward apex, the ter-
minal joint being very large and thick, and as long as the three preceding
joints combined ; these four terminal joints, which constitute the club, are
as usual slightly pedicellate. Another character which will readily dis-
tinguish it from all other species is a short conical spine in the centre of
the metathorax.
Described from one specimen.

(17) Loxotropa abrupta Thompson.

This European species must now be added to our fauna, Mr. Harring-
ton having taken a specimen in Canada which I am unable to separate
from types from Europe in my collection.

Monelata Forster.

(18) AMonelata hirticollis, n. sp.

Stature and size of AZ. me/icollis Ashm., but differs in being entirely
black ; the collar, metathorax and petiole densely pubescent ; antennz
dark red, the very large terminal joint nearly black, while the legs are
reddish-yellow. Wings hyaline, ciliate.

Described from one specimen.

Sub-family BELYTIN«.
Zygota Forster.

(19) Zygota Americana, NX. sp.

Female. Length.14 inch. Polished black, covered with a fulvous
pubescence. Antenne 15-jointed, filiform-moniliform ; first funiclar joint
twice longer than the pedicel, other joints almost round, sub-pedicellate.
Parapsidal grooves of mesonotum broad, distinct. Scutellum with a deep
depression at base. Metathorax carinated. Legs, including all coxe,
honey-vellow ; first tarsal joint of anterior legs long, deeply emarginate at
base. Abdornen ovate, black, a lateral streak on the apex of sixth seg-
ment red; venter densely pubescent ; petiole twice as long as wide, fluted.
Wings fusco-hyaline, pubescent ; veins brown, the marginal cell not quite
closed.

Male. Length .1r2 inch. This may be distinguished from the female
principally by the antennz. They are 14-jointed, long, filiform, pubes-
cent, pedicel rounded, the first funiclar joint about five times as long as
thick, excised at base, the following joints about four times as long as

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 55

thick. There is a tooth beneath anterior femora, near the base; while

the anterior tibiz are peculiarly twisted, the twisted part ending in a

spine, besides the apical tibial spine. Otherwise as in the female.
Described from one male and one female specimen.

AN INTERESTING NEW CHALCID FROM CANADA.

BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLF, FLA.

Among a small collection of parasitic Hymenoptera sent me by Mr.
James Fletcher, the Dominion Entomologist, for names, I found an inter-
esting Chalcid belonging to that remarkable Pteromalid genus Caratomus
Dalman, no species of which has as yet been described as occurring in
our fauna ; and as the present species seems to be distinct from the Euro-
pean species, Caratomus megacephalus Dalm., I believe it to be unde-
scribed, and submit herewith the following description :

Caratomus leucophthalmus, n. sp.

Male. Length .1o0 inch. Robust, blue-black, confluently, granulately
punctate. The head is very large, its breadth being nearly twice the
width of the thorax when measured from eye to eye ; its front is deeply,
broadly emarginated, and there is a deep emargination or broad groove
extending from the eye obliquely towards the mouth, the upper edge of
which forms an acute tubercle, while the lower edge forms an acute ridge
The eyes are satiny white, finely pubescent. The antennz are 13-jointed,
clavate ; scape, the long pedicel, and first and second funiclar joints
brownish-yellow, the following joints brown. The legs are red, excepting
the trochanters, extreme tips of femora and tibize and the anterior tibiz,
which are wholly brownish-yellow. The abdomen is oval, with a dull
bronzy tinge ; petiole short, yellow. The wings are hyaline with a large
fuscous blotch across the middle ; veins thick, rufo-piceous ; the submar-
ginal vein is distant from costal edge and nearly three times as long as the
marginal vein ; the stigmal vein is about as long as the marginal, curved ;
while the post-marginal is distinctly longer than the stigmal vein.

Described from one male specimen taken on a window at Ottawa, in
1885, by Mr. James Fletcher.

56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

MOTHS NEW TO OUR FAUNA.
BY JOHN B. SMITH, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Mr. Hy. Edwards, on p. 12 of vol. xx. of the Can. Enrt., records
three species of moths as additions to our fauna—two of them Sphingide,
viz., Pseudosphinx tetrio and Philampelus typhon. © Mr. Edwards is un-
doubtedly correct in the record of localities, and in calling attention to
their capture within our faunal limits ; but, with all due respect, I do not
think that these species should be added to our faunal list. Eyvebus odora
has been found in Canada, yet it would be an absurdity to cite it asa
Canadian insect. ‘The mere fact that an insect well known and abundant
in one faunal region is occasionally found in another, does not authorize
its addition to the latter fauna unless it breeds in or regularly migrates to
it. Sphinx tetrio is a very common species which we have from Mexico,
South America and the islands of the Carribean Sea. It is essentially a
tropical and sub-tropical insect, and does not come into the temperate
fauna except accidentally. It is undoubtedly true that political boundaries
cannot limit faunal regions, and yet the southern boundary of the United
States very nearly accords with the faunal line separating the temperate
from the sub-tropical fauna. Species occurring near this faunal border,
especialiy species of strong flight like the SpAzngide, will often cross the
line; but this does not make them members of both sides. The rule
should be that only insects which breed within the faunal limits should be
considered as forming parts of it. Ordinarily the presumption is that an
insect breeds where found. This presumption fails where the insect is
known to breed in a different fauna, and then positive proof should be
required of its right. On this view I must dissent from Mr. Edwards’s
idea that these particular species should be added to our fauna. Ina
monograph of the Sphingide now ready for the press, I have excluded
these species, and in addition Di/udia brontes and D. leucopheata—both
species possibly occasional visitants to our fauna, but really members of
the next, or sub-tropical.

Southern Florida has a peculiar fauna, and one that perhaps should
not be classed within the temperate limit. It really in many respects
’ should be classed with the West Indian fauna, but on this point I make
only the suggestion. It seems to me that Mr. W. H. Edwards, in the
Rhopalocera, has followed the wiser plan of separately calling attention
to species occasionally found in but not really belonging to our fauna, »

~j

ON

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF DATANA
DREXELII, Hy. Epw.

BY WM. BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK.

Ece.—Similar to D. ministra ; cannot be distinguished from it. Laid
in masses on the under side of leaf.

YounG Larva, after First and Second Moults.—Cannot be dis-
tinguished from D. ministra.

After Third Moult.—Little change except in size. ‘The stripes are
now confluent about the anal segments. Length 30 m.m.

After Fourth Moult.—Head jet black, cervical shield now chestnut
brown instead of black ; otherwise as in D. ministra. Length 40 m.m.

Mature Larva.—Head jet black, shining, slightly punctured ; cer-
vical shield and neck wholly golden yellow. Body black, with four equ-
distant stripes of citron yellow on each side, and three on the under side.
Abdominal legs and bases of thoracic feet orange. The stripes all
become conjoined at the posterior extremity. The anal plates jet black,
very shiny and nearly smooth, and not roughly punctured, as in D.
ministra. The hairs over the body are sordid white. Length 55 m.m.

Pupa.—Cannot be distinguished from D. mznistra.

Foop PLants.—Huckleberry ( Vaccinium), and Witch Hazel (Ham-
amelis). Single brooded.

STRAY NOTES ON MYRMELEONIDA, Parr 4.

BY DR. H. A, HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

(Continued from vol. xix., page 38.)

4. Brachynemurus abdominalis.

Myrm. abdominalis Say, Godm. West. Quart. Rep. ii., 163——Edit.
eConte; 124073:

M. juvencus Hag., Syn. N. Am. Neur., 234, 21 (var. with longer
spurs).

Yellowish, siender, faintly villous ; face yellow ; between the antenne
and a little above, a longitudinal median line, connected with a transversal
one on the epistom, all black ; palpi equal, pale, the apical joint of maxillary
and this of iabial, which is very little thickened in the basal half, some-
what brownish ; antennz longer than head and prothorax, in the male

38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

fuscous annulated with luteous, especially before the tip, which is clavate Z
shorter, more clavate in female ; the two basal joints brown, shining ;
vertex elevated, rounded, yellowish with two blackish dots ; prothorax
little longer than broad, yellowish, with two dorsal black lines, ending on
the anterior transversal sulcus ; sometimes a darker spot in front of the
lines ; on each side and nearly below a black band connected with the
lateral one of the thorax ; two black maculose bands including yellow
spots on the thorax ; mesothorax before wings black, with yellow spots ;
abdomen of male much longer than wings, faintly villous yellow, with a
fine black median line, apical part blackish, yellow on articulation and
some lateral marks ; appendages less than half the length of last seg-
ment, cylindrical, yellowish, brown at base, densely clothed with black
hairs ; below and between them a small triangular yellow plate ; abdomen
of female as long as wings ; coloration similar, but the dorsal yellow band
divided by a black line reaches the apex ; genital parts yellow, the superior
part split, with many black spines ; below two short yellow appendages.
Wings hyaline with a faint yellowish tint; veins pale interrupted with
brown, which covers in front wings most of base of the small forks and
the base and apex of the transversals; therefore the wing is faintly
sprinkled, more densely along the mediana and submediana ; hind wing
similar but less and more faintly sprinkled ; pterostigma white, larger in
the female ; wing around and on the venation faintly villous ; apical half
of costal space with forked veins. Legs short, pale, sprinkled with
black, with black hairs ; tip of tibize and of joints of tarsi black, fourth
joint entirely black ; spurs as long as three basal joints, or at least longer
than two, brown. Length of body, male, 30 to 37 m.m.; female, 28 to
30m.m. Exp. al., 36 to 54 m.m.

Habit., New Jersey, Uhler; Pennsylvania ; Georgia, Morrison ; Wash-
ington, O. Sacken ; Rock Island, Ill., Walsh ; Utah, Lake City, O. Sacken,
August 1, and Packard, August 13 ; Colorado, Golden City, Boulder, July
3, Packard ; Texas, Dallas, Boll ; Waco, Belfrage, June, July, Sept., Oct.;
San Antonio, A. Agassiz ; Carrizo Spring; New Mexico, Zuni, Hayden’s
Exped., July ; Umatilla, Washington Territory, S. Henshaw, June 28 ;
California, Vulcane Mts., Stinking River, H. Edwards.

The size of the specimens is rather variable in the same locality ;
there are before me now more than 50 of both sexes, but I have seen
more. The species seems very common in Texas, Colorado and New

Mexico.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 59

There is not much variation. Texas specimens have on the front part
of the prothorax two brownish spots, and younger specimens are more
bright in colors ; a number of specimens have the spurs longer, equal to
the three basal joints, though others of the same locality have spurs two
joints long, JZ. juvencus Hag. is Myrm. abdominadlis Say.

5. Brachynemurus peregrinus.

Myrmeleon peregrinus Hag., Syn. N. Am. Neur., 234, 20.

Face yellow, with a short black band above, surrounding the antennz
below ; sending a faint black median line on the upper part of the face, not
reaching the clypeus ; mouth yellow ; palpi yellow, the maxillary with the
last joint cylindrical fuscous ; labials a little longer, last joint shining
black, extreme base and tip yellowish, seen from above strongly fusiform
with a kind of ocellus-like transparent median spot ; seen from beside
the joint is less bulky, the third apical part strongly narrowed, conical.
Antenne longer than head and thorax, strong, clavate, black, scabrous,
dull, the two basal joints below shining brown ; the base and apex of the
antenne sometimes pale brown, and very faintly annulated ; vertex ele-
vated, rounded, yellow ; black in front with three not well defined yellow
dots and two black transversal bands, the last one interrupted in the mid-
dle, and arcuated ; prothorax scarcely longer than broad, yellow on the
dorsum, with four longitudinal black lines, and beneath on each side with
a black stripe ; the pattern of the dorsum and its many variations is better
to be understood in describing it as black, divided by a narrow yellow
line and each part divided again by a yellow line not reaching the front ;
broken in the middle and forming two elongate spots, of which the inferior
ones may disappear ; mesothorax black with yellow dots near the pro-
thorax ; after this yellow with three black forks ; metathorax yellow with
a black cross; sides of thorax black with some yellow bent stripes.
Abdomen faintly villous; above yellow with three longitudinal black
bands, the median much finer on the male, which has the three last seg-
ments black ; venter fuscous ; abdomen of male much longer than wings ;
appendages light brown with very long black hairs and bristles, very
short, blunt pyramidal, divergent ; between them and below a small plate
of the shape of a leaf, which can be folded in the aperture between the
appendages ; abdomen of female as long as the wings, dilated and com-
pressed to the apex ; genitals light brown, the superiors split, below with
a transversal row of very strong black spines ; below two short cylindri-

60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

cal appendages, brown with black hairs; they are retractible into the
abdomen, and so often not visible. Legs yellow, sprinkled with black,
and with black hairs ; hind femurs sometimes fuscous in middle ; tip of
tibiae and of the joints of tarsi blackish ; spurs brown, as long as the two
basal joints. | Wings long, broad, hyaline ; pterostigma yellowish ; veins
fuscous interrupted by pale yellowish ; transversals along the median and
submedian pointed with fuscous ; the points above the submediana are
larger and more numerous, forming nearly a serrated black line ; also the
gradate veins going from the end of the submediana upwards and out-
wards to the tip of wing form often a brown line, more or less visible ;
the smaller forks along the hind margin dark ; costal space of front wings
only with a few forked transversais before the pterostigma ; hind wings a
little shorter, narrower, nearly hyaline.

Length of body, male, 42 to 51 m.m.; female, 30 to 36mm. Exp.
al., 60 to 75 m.m.

Hab., Washington Terr., Ainsworth, July 20, very common ; opposite
Umatilla, June 27 ; Oregon, Umatilla, June 24-25 ; all these coll. by S.
Henshaw, 1882. California, Fort Tejon, by Xanthus de Vesey ; San
Francisco, 1865. Nevada, Humboldt Station, July 29; O. Sacken.
Colorado, Pueblo. New Mexico (formerly W. Texas), Pecos River, July
7 ; and Matamoras, Mexico, Exped. of Capt. Pope.

There are 40 specimens before me of both sexes. In the small town
* Ainsworth, in the middle of a sandy desert, the windows of the office in
the litt!e inn where we had to stay the night, were literally covered with
specimens. This species belongs to the west of the Rocky Mts. The
specimens from Mexico—Matamoras—are smaller than the others, but not
different.

Tue BurrerFLies or NortH America, by W. H. Edwards. Part
iv. of the Third Series has recently been issued. It contains the usual
three magnificent plates ; the first represents both sexes and several varie-
ties of Colias Chrysome/as, the second the upper and under surfaces of
both sexes of the lovely Avgynnis Nausicaa, and the third fully illustrates
all the stages of Canonympha Galactinus, form California. The letter-
press contains much interesting matter on the life histories, in addition to
the descriptions of the species.

Che Canadian —

VOL: XX LONDON, APRIL, “1888. ae 4

NATURAL HISTORY NOTES ON COLEOPTERA.—No. 4

BY JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENY, PA.

Bembidium undulatum, Sturm. ‘There are now about thirty-eight
species of Carabide recognized as indigenous to North America and
Europe, and some of them also to Asia. The most of these are arctic
or very northern, this being one of the few that occur in temperate
America, but how far northward it inhabits is unknown, as I know only
of its occurrence here, though in Europe and Asia it is found in sub-arctic
regions. Here it is taken abundantly in July and August under decaying
vegetation in moist alluvial places subject to occasional inundation. It is
a Notaphus, .20 inch long, shining, elytra obscurely rufo-piceous, paler at
apex with oblique pale mark, punctures of striz obsolete behind middle
and surface undulated. Identical with European specimens, and also
verified by Dr. Horn. ;

Bembidium assimile Gyll. (frontale Lec.) is found here with the pre-
ceding, but much more abundantly ; I have it from Florida, and it seems
to occur generally eastward from the Mississippi, and also in Kansas. In
Europe and Asia it has the same distribution as wadudatum. On com-
parison with European specimens no point of difference has been dis-
covered.

Platynus pusillus Lec. Waving recently examined and compared a
number of Anchomenus oblongus Fab. from Sweden with the same number
of the foregcing from Massachusetts, I conclude that Dr. Horn would
have been entirely justifiable in pronouncing the species identical (Tr.
Am. Ent. Soc., ix., 142), where he writes, “the only striking difference
between the two being in the slightly wider thorax of our species.” This
difference, when a number of each is examined, is observed to be merely
individual, and were I to write of the thorax, on the basis of a numerical
estimate of what is before me, the statement in the above quotation would
be reversed. The species has a wide distribution on this continent—-Ver-
mont, Massachusetts, New York, Canada to Kansas. In the Eastern

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

-uisphere it extends across Europe, and in Asia, throughout Western

aria.

Hlarpalus caliginosus Fab. The stridulation of this common beetle is
referred to in Ent. Amer., ii., 239, as not recorded previously and as a
discovery of Dr. Horn, and also that stridulation takes place only when
the beetle is at liberty, and can not be made to do so when handled.
This species and H. pennsylvanicus DeG. feed on ragweed (Ambrosia
artemisiefolia) when it is in bloom—here, in July, and both are exces-
sively abundant. Let the entomologist visit on a calm, sultry evening,
before sunset, some stubble field bordered by woods, when this weed is in
flower, and he will often witness a lively and by no means quiet scene ;
hundreds of the former and thousands of the latter will be seen mounted
on the weeds, each actively and intently employed in collecting the pollen
from the flowers, or licking some delectable morsel from the leaves and
occasionally evidencing its delight in a sonorous manner—a sudden
squeak—somewhat like the noise made by a steel pen scratching rough
paper ; and so intent are they on the business in hand as to be captured
before observing the approach of an enemy.

Striduiation is effected in both by the beetles rubbing the large coste
of the wings against the elytra, these coste being coarsely transversely
rugose from the base to near the apex. Stridulation is readily produced
after death by pressing intermittently on the elytra, provided the cost
are in a position to be brought in proper contact with them.

FH. compar and HZ. longicollis are catalogued as varieties of 7. penn-
sylvanicus, but curiously enough, though abundant, they do not seem to
have the same tastes, as I have never taken a single specimen of either
on ragweed, though carefully sought for. I strongly suspect they are
really three distinct species, notwithstanding the near approach in form of
some individuals, and certainly nothing is gained by the collector by
classifying them as varieties.

Graphoderes fasciatocollis Harr. was considered to be the same as the
European G. cinereus, till separated by Dr. Sharp in his learned Mono-
graph of the Dytiscidz, p. 693 ; this separation is pronounced “ unwar-
ranted” by Dr. Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., x., 280. Two primary points
of difference are given by Dr. Sharp ; the first, that tte male of fascéato-
collis has ‘‘ twenty-three ” small pallettes on the anterior tarsus and twelve
on the middle, while that of cczereus has “about twenty-eight” on the
anterior and fourteen on the middle one; the second, that in the former

oe

— *

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+

oe Sal

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the punctuation of the elytra is dissimilar in the sexes, being in the fem
fine and deep at the sides and somewhat dense at the base, while those
the latter are alike in both sexes. Recently I examined several specimens
of cinereus from Prussia and compared them with American forms, with
the result of confirming Dr. Horn’s opinion. Four males have each from ~*
thirty to thirty-three small pallettes on the anterior tarsus, and four have
twenty-eight—all with fourteen on the middle; one has twenty-five on the
anterior and twelve on the middle, with two rudimentary ; one has twenty-
three on the anterior and twelve on the middle, with doubtful traces of two
others. As the pallettes decrease in number they increase in size and
distinctness, but do not equal those in my single American male. The
sculpture of the elytra in the sexes (seven females seen) might be termed
uniform, though the punctuation is more pronounced in two or three
females ; the anterior black band of the thorax does not “ always attain
the front margin,” but exhibits the same variableness as exists among
American individuals. With the above I have compared one male and
three females of fasciatoco//is from Massachusetts and one female taken
here ; the male has twenty-three small pallettes on the anterior and twelve
on the middle tarsus, all larger than in the European forms. Whether
this number is constant, or variable as in the foreigners, would be desir-
able to know, that is, in a number taken together, for Dr. Horn has
demonstrated the variableness when from distant localities. The three
Massachusetts’ females have the elytra sculptured like the male and could
not be distinguished in this respect from their European sisters ; but the
female taken here is much coarser sculptured and punctured than ever
Dr. Sharp’s description requires. Both the points insisted on by the
learned Doctor for separate species are shown by the above to be un-
tenable.

Philhydrus fimbriatus Mels., one of the most common of the Hydro-
philidz, inhabits in great abundance all wet places, especially where there
is mud—swamps, ponds, springy places, springs on hill and mountain
sides, etc. It is variable in sculpture, size and color. The intention here
is to bring to notice a dwarf race that inhabits the little rivulets that flow
down hill and mountain sides from springs. While the normal form is
piceous black with pale thoracic and elytral margins, and about .20 inch
in length, this might be termed gray with paler margins, and in length is
not over .15 inch. In summer these spring runs are often dry for long
periods, and the beetles then crawl under stones and rubbish where there

+

64. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

is a little moisture ; these long droughts and the comparative scarcity of
food undoubtedly have dwarfed them, and living in clear water clinging to
stones has called into exercise a potential element that seems to inhere in
many insects of accommodating their colours to their surroundings. ‘The
black colour of the mud-inhabiting race would make them too conspicuous,
so they have changed it to sober gray to correspond with the general colour
of the stones and bottom of the brook.

Oxyporus 5-maculatus Lec. Seven other species of this genus occur
here more or less abundantly from the middle of August onward, all living
on various species of living mushrooms ; but 5-macudatus appears to be
rare, as I have only taken it three times—two at a time, and like the
others, feeding on mushrooms, but in June, and on rocky, mountainous
places. It differs remarkably from the other species by having the sides
of the thorax posteriorly so compressed as to elevate the disk at the mid-
dle of each side at base into a flattened tubercle in such a way as to
make the expression, ‘thorax posteriorly concave,” not inuppropriate.

Dendrocharis flavicornis Guer. A specimen of this curious insect,
now in the cabinet of Dr. Horn, was recently taken near St. Augustine,
Florida, by Mr. Charles W. Johnson, who dug it out of a tree. This is
the only native specimen in any of our collections so far as known. See
figure and description, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., xii, 12.

Meristhus. If the definition of this genus in the Classification,
“Front tarsal grooves wanting,” is correct, the two sjecies under it in the
Catalogue should be placed under Zacon, as they have these grooves deep.
I suspected a misprint of “tarsal” for tibial, but a careful examination
shows the existence of these grooves quite evidently in some specimens
of cristatus, though obsoletely so in others. There seems to be little
need cf the genus anyhow.

Dicerca prolongata Lec. and D. divaricata Say. A single character
that will in all cases separate these species infallibly is something not yet
in print. The prolongation and degree of divarication of the elytra are
the same in both; a typical specimen of the former kindly sent me by
Mr. Ulke, collected in Dakota, has the tips of the elytrons as widely
separated as in divaricata, while on the other hand I have a specimen of
the latter with the tips very prolonged and contiguous to near the end
(D. dubia Mels.) ‘The depth and distinctness of the thoracic channel is
not a character to be depended on; my type of pro/ongata has a very
deep and uninterrupted channel, but I have a specimen of the other taken

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65

here approaching it closely, and from this are all degrees of variation to
the slightest noticeable depression. No character can be derived from
the spurs of the middle tibiz of the males, for when a large number of
divaricata are examined, this will be seen to vary from a mere tubercle to
a formidable spur with long teeth on the distal edge. Colour, as a char-
acter, is not worthy of consideration. I have a specimen of pro/ongata
from Canada with the upper side polished black with a purple reflection
and the under coppery black. A point given me by Mr. Ulke (a char-
acter given by Dr. LeConte) is more permanent than any of. those
mentioned above, viz., tips of the elytrons with the angles rounded—/vo-
fongata ; tips of the elytrons with the sutural angles terminating in a
small spine—divaricata. This is the most constant character noticed,
but by itself fails in individual cases under observation. I do rot ques-
tion the distinctness of the species. Pro/ongata breeds, so far as known,
in conifers, and inhabits high altitudes and latitudes, while dvaricata is
more southern, being abundant in parts of Canada and all the States east
of the Mississippi, breeding in diseased or dead deciduous trees, as beech,
maple, apple, cherry, etc.

Dicerca obscura Fab. For a set of typical specimens of the real
obscura as defined by Dr. LeConte, I am indebted to Mr. Ulke, who takes
it quite commonly at Washington, D. C., on persimmon (Diospyros Vir-
gintana). ‘YVhere is a tendency among collectors to confuse this with Dr.
Leconte’s /urida Fab., as defined in his Monograph, and to give the latter
either name according to fancy. My observations, however, are that there
are sufficient differences to keep them apart, at least as races, and to the
collector this is the same as if they are separate species. In an examin-
ation of about one hundred and twenty specimens of /wszda taken here or
received from other places, I find that the thorax is in every case wider
near the middle than at base, and that behind the middle the sides con-
verge more or less to the base in a line varying from nearly straight to
deeply sinuous. In /urzda the reverse occurs, the widest part of the
thorax is the base, and the convergence, though not great, is directed
anteriorly, and from the middle to apex is more pronounced. ‘The direc-
tions of Dr. LeConte in his Monograph, if strictly followed, are quite
sufficient to effect a separation. cwrida breeds in dead and diseased
hickory, and is very abundant, but I have never seen a specimen of obscura
taken here.

Dicerca spreta Gory appears to be rare and [ have it not, though

66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

asperata Lap. & Gor. has been sent me for it by good collectors. Frrors
are mostly difficult to eradicate, and this one is not likely to be got rid of
soon, at least not till the genus is monographed anew. ‘The trouble is
about this way. Dr. LeConte in his Monograph (Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., xi,
198) fully and clearly described a sfreta and an asperata, which, of
course, went so into all collections ; but fourteen years afterwards Mr. G.
R. Crotch (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1873, p. 85) states that the names given
by Dr. LeConte should be reversed, but in his Catalogue misplaces the
species, though giving the synonyms. In Mr. Henshaw’s Catalogue the
same order is followed, but the synonyms dropped, and now nothing
points to an error in Dr. LeConte’s Monograph. The error was corrected
in few of the older collections, and is transmitted from them by tradi-
tion, while the latest catalogue indicates no error to one not conversant
with the whole literature of the subject.

Aphodius rufipes Lin. is mentioned at page 9. Mr. Blanchard, of
Mass., writes that he has a specimen collected in the mountains of North
Carolina. These mountains are the Alleghany, the same as at St. Vin-
cent’s and at Deer Park. Thus, this recent discovery is already traced in
a direct line over this continuously rugged country more than 4o0o miles.

Stenosphenus notatus Oliv. breeds in the limbs of dead hickory ; it
becomes a pupa the latter part of the second year and the imago is per-
fected before winter, but remains in the wood till the April or May follow-
ing. Veoclytus capraea Say, which breeds in ash and often renders worth-
less logs cut before June, follows the’same course. A manufacturer who
uses this timber showed me a log in his shop in December that must have
contained hundreds. When split in any direction the beetles crawled out
of the opened burrows and appeared quite active.

Saperda concolor, mentioned page 8, Mr. Blanchard informs me,
breeds in a low willow and in Populus tremuloides—in Massachusetts, the
“Common Poplar,” but here and everywhere west of the Alleghanies, the
‘“‘Quaking Asp.” How many other trees are “Common Poplar? ”

Chrysomela precelsis Rogers, when found, is in abundance, but its
habitat is limited. It feeds on the leaves of Convolvulez (/pomwa
pandurata and Calystegia sepium) growing on the banks of rivers and
moist alluvial ground, but not on the same plants when away from water.
Its season of abundance is about the middle of June.

Apion herculaneum Smith occurs plentifully about the last of May on

ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67

the cymes of the maple-leaved arrow-wood ( Viburnum acerifolia) just
as they are going out of bloom. The fruit of this does not ripen till
October, and some larva lives in the fleshy substance in which the thin,
flat coriaceous seed is immersed, which is probably that of this Afzon,
though not yet so proven. This is one of the largest species of the genus,
and when beaten into the umbrella behaves and looks so much like the
worthless Anthonomus guadrigibbus, that till the past season it was always
rejected.

o

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF
ARGYNNIS HESPERIS, Epw.

BY W. H.: EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Ecc.—Conoidal, round-topped, nearly as broad at base as high, the
top depressed ; marked by about 1g thin, elevated, vertical ribs, one half
running from base to summit, the others but four fifths or more the dis-
tance ; the spaces between crossed by many low horizontal ridges ; the
micropyle surrounded by two or three circles of very fine depressions,
outside of which are rows of very large four or five-sided depressed cells ;
color yellow-green. Duration of this stage about ten days.

YOUNG Larva.—Length .o6 inch; cylindrical, thickest in middle ;
color yellow-green ; marked as in the allied species by rows of flattened
tuberculous brown spots, each of which gives one or two long, tapering
hairs ; on dorsum of 2 a dark oval patch with a row of hairs in front,
turned forward, and a shorter row behind ; head obovoid, black, with
many long hairs. The larva hibernates directly from the egg.

After First Moult: Length .1 inch; color green, mottled with brown
over dorsum ; the under side pale green; the spines in number and
position as at maturity, and as in the genus, small at base, tapering little,
wholly black, beset with many short black bristles ; head obovoid, black,
with black hairs. Duration of this stage eight days, in April and May.

After Second Moult: Length .15 inch; color brown and gray; a
double indistinct gray dorsal stripe, and a similar one between dorsal and
upper lateral spines ; the spines black ; those of the middle row have the
bases on outer side pale yellow, of the lower row the bases are wholly

pale yellow ; head as before, Duration of this stage eight days, in May.

Sz
CO

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

After Third Moult: Length .28 inch ; color black and dark gray, the
sides mottled ; the double dorsal stripe more definite than before ; the
spines as before ; head same also. To next moult four days, in May.

After Fourth Moult: Length .44 inch; color black and gray ; the
dorsal stripe now solid, dark gray ; the spines black to bases except those
of lower row, and on 3 and 4 of middle row, all which have yolk-yellow
at base and half way up the stems; all bristles black ; head brown-black
over the front with many black hairs, long and short, the back brownish-
yellow. To next moult eight days, in May.

After Fifth Moult: Length .7 inch; in about eight days was fully
grown.
Mature Larva.—Length 1.2 to 1.4 inch; slender, somewhat thick-
ened in middle, the segments well rounded ; color wholly velvet-black or
brown-black (no gray dorsal stripe as before last moult) ; three rows of
spines on either side, as in the genus, all of them yellow nearly to tip, the
rest black ; feet black, pro-legs brown-yellow ; head sub-cordate, the ver-
tices rounded, dull brown in front, dull yellow at back. From fifth moult
to pupation 14 days.

CurysaLis.—Length .g inch ; breadth across mesonotum .26, across
abdomen .23 inch ; like Az¢/antzs in shape, but stouter ; color dark brown
over head and wing cases; so also on the front of each abdominal seg-
ment, in serrations, the rest yellow-brown. Duration of this stage ten
days, in June

HesPERIS flies in Colorado, Utah and Montana. Mr. Bruce writes
me of its habits thus: ‘“* Hesperis is by far the most abundant species of
the genus along the canons and water courses of the eastern or front range
of the Rocky Mtns., in Colorado, at from 6,500 to 8,000 feet elevation.
It is very active and restless, and difficult of capture except when on
flowers. They are very partial to the bloom of Clematis, and I have fre-
quently taken several at one sweep of the net on this plant; later in the
season, on the tall Sunflower. The wild Bergamot and Horse-mint are
much frequented by them. They are also fond of alighting on the ground
in damp places, especially, late in the summer, when they are worn. I
have taken them in Clear Creek and Platte canons from June 16th till end
of August. /esperis is a very pugnacious insect, and will circle round
and boldly flap the Lycaenas and Theclas off the blossoms. I was
amused one day, on the South Platte, with watching a male Hesperis

ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69

endeavoring to drive a Zygaenid moth (Azatolmis Grotei) off the blos-
soms of a large species of Senecio. The moth, which is a sluggish
creature at all times, would not fly, but slowly backed round the corym-
bose head of flowers, occasionally lifting its front legs in feeble protest.
Hesperis followed it, flapping its wings and clawing at it like a cat, till the
persecuted moth at last escaped by slipping over the petals, and hanging
on the under side. _It is probably owing to this restless and quarrelsome
disposition that individuals are so soon worn and broken. ‘They vary
much in size and in the color of the spots on under side, some being of a
deep buff, others a dead white, and others with a trace of frosted silver.
I have taken /esferis just below the timber line, but it is not common at
such elevations, nor below 6,500 feet in Colorado.”

Mr. Bruce sent me eggs of this species from Denver, Colorado, which
I received oth July, 1886, and a second lot three days later. The eggs
hatched at ten days, and after eating the shells, the larvee went into
lethargy. I sent them soon after to Clifton Springs, N. Y., to go in a cold
room there, and they were returned 21st March, 1887, nearly all alive.
But they came unexpectedly, and a month too soon, and before I could
force a plant of violet for them nearly all had died. Of the few survi-
vors, one passed rst moult 2oth April, the second 3rd May, the third 11th
May, the fourth 15th, the fifth 23rd. This larva pupated 6th June, and
the imago came out 16th June. Another pupated 11th June, but died
before imago. The habits of the larve in confinement are similar to those
of Atlantis. The butterfly is figured in Vol. 1, Butterflies of N. America.

SOME NEW NOCTUIDAE.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL

Cucullia Hartmanni, n sp.

Expanse 1.75 inches, length of body .75 inch. General color of fore
wings pale gray, so suffused in places with dark gray as to give the wings
a moderately dark gray cast, but not so dark as C. intermedia, Spey.
Lines black, basal half line only indicated on the costa. T. a. line double;
the inner part almost imperceptible ; strongly dentate, from its origin pro-
jecting obliquely outward to a strong tooth on the fold in the discal cell,

70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

with a short tooth on the fold between the costal and subcostal veins ;
from discal tooth it recedes to median vein a little nearer the body than
its inception on the costa; from this it extends out in another tooth nearly
twice as far out as the discal tooth, the point resting on the submedian
fold, almost reaching the inflection of the t. p. line, the points of both
lines nearly obsolete in a white patch at this place that fades out into the
general color; about the middle of the space from the median vein to
submedian fold a brownish black spur is sent out parallel with the median
vein, terminating above the middle of the white patch ; the line reaches
the posterior margin by another inflexion on submedian vein, and another
outward tooth below the vein. A fine line extends along the submedian
fold to the white patch. Median shade distinct above the cell, outwardly
oblique. Stigmata only indicated by a slight brown discoloration, except
below the reniform is an are on the median vein as though part of the
annulus. T. p. line obsolete except on costa and below second median
venule, the angle next to the white patch filled with a black shading ; from
this a slightly double curved line extends to end of first submedian venule.
Veins finely black ; in s. t. space a tendency to black interspaceal lines.
Terminal line black, broken, a few inward inflexions. Fringe gray, brown
tinted, a paler central line, cut with white at the end of veins to this line.

Hind wings sordid white, veins dark, a broad smoky black border that
is narrow at the anal angle. Fringe pale with a dark sub-basal line.

Palpi porrect; third joint slender, dark brown ; sides of first and
second, brown mixed with white, white beneath. Eyes naked, without
lashes. Head gray, a space between the antennz with a black annulus.
Collar gray with three narrow black lines, first space suffused with pale
brown, tips of posterior scales white. Pategia clear pale gray, apparently
a narrow terminal line. Thorax gray, one specimen shows indication of a
very slight posterior tuft, but not more so than some Agvotis. Abdomen
whitish, slight dorsal dark gray tufts on joints 1 to 3, usually a dorsal dark
line, suffusion of pale brown on joints 4 to 7. Beneath whitish with a
slight yellowish tinge ; legs gray, tarsi dark; tibiz unarmed.

Described from three specimens taken at Hockley, Harris Co., Texas,
by my friend, Leopcld Hartmann, to whom I have dedicated the species ;
his number, 105, white label.

This is near C. serraticornis, Lintn., but differs in the antennze being
simple, and several points in coloration.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a

Fladena Evelina, 0 sp.

Expanse 1.50 to 1.70 inches, length .80 inch. General color of fore
wings dark gray, washed with wine color over subterminal space, between
and beyond the stigmata, and between median and submedian veins
between t. a. and t. p. lines, the gray having a slight purplish reflection
over the rest of wing. Markings black, of a brownish cast, perhaps more
properly vandyke brown. Lines moderately distinct, double, the enclosed
space a little pale ; inner part only of basal half line distinct ; t. a. line
slightly oblique, straight in its general course ; outward teeth on subcos-
tal, median and submedian veins, the last two the most prominent ; t. p.
line only moderately outward curved beyond the cell, dentate ; claviform
extending one third across the median space, the t. a. and t. p. lines con-
nected through this by an umber shade bar; s. t. line sometimes con-
tinuous, ochreous, dentate, the inner teeth interspaceal, these more promi-
nent; five of them continued nearly across the s. t. space by umber
dashes, these connected with black interspaceal dashes that extend across
the terminal space to the outer margin. In others only the interspaceal
light points are present, with mere traces in places of the line; stigmata
concolorous, annulate with broken ochraceous, with mere traces of a black
annulus ; orbicular large, nearly circular, slightly oblique. <A basal dash
below half line. Fringe gray, a fine pale basal line, next to the terminal
black lunulate line at the end of the wing.

Hind wings smoky white, a little more soiled terminally; a black ter-
minal line ; fringe concolorous, pale at the base.

Eyes naked ; antenne of male serrate, female simple ; head, palpi aid
thorax concolorous with fore wings ; a central black line on the collar, a
black line also on pategia ; dorsal tufts on thorax and abdomen prominent,
concolorous. Abdomen darker than hind wings. Beneath, body pale
purplish gray ; tibiee unarmed. \

Described from three males and one female taken by Mr. C. F. Me-
Glashan at Truckee, California ; his number, 93. I have also a faded
specimen from Shasta Co., Cal., taken by Mr. James Behrens.

In color and lack of strong outward inflection of the s. t. line, forming
the usual M, this species belongs with 4 Arctica, Bd., and its western
ally, H. Occidens, Grote. The shade bar between the t. a. and t. p. lines
relates it to H. Bridghamii, G.-R., placing it between HZ Arctica and ZH.
Bridghamit,

~I
bo

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

STRAY NOTES ON MYRMELEONID, Parr 4.

BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

(Continued from vol. xx., page 60.)

6. Brachynemurus nigrilabris Hagen. N. sp.

Very similar to B. peregrinus. Face yellow, above with a large black
band, which is rounded below and reaches nearly the clypeus ; this band
is going between and around the antennz and connected above with the
black part covering the whole anterior half of the vertex ; posterior half
yellow with a broad black longitudinal band, dilated angularly in middle ;
the angle sometimes protracted on each side in fine line, which does not
reach the eyes; labrum shining black; palpi yellow, last joint of the
maxillary cylindrical black ; labials a little longer, last joint shining black,
fusiform, sharply pointed, less inflated than in B. peregrinus. Antenne
longer than head and prothorax, fuscous, the apex nearly luteous ; of the
male, 8.5 m.m. long; of the female shorter, 7 m.m. long, visibly more
clavate. Prothorax a little longer than broad, rounded, before yellow,
with two approximate black bands, reaching the front margin, connected
below with a shorter black external band, which reaches only the trans-
versal furrow ; a black line below the side margin ; mesothorax black with
two yellow dots in front, and two on each side near the wing ; on the disc
two yellow triangles in opposite position ; hind middle portion yellow,
with the anterior margin and two longitudinal bands black ; metathorax
similar, a black dot in the yellow triangles ; sides of the thorax black with
a few yellow stripes. . Abdomen faintly villous, brownish, below fuscous,
articulations pale; of male much longer than wings, three last segments
blackish ; appendages very short, pale brownish, hairy, cylindrical, blunt ;
between them and below a short pyramidal part; abdomen of female as long
as wings, similar, articulations pale, last segment pale, on each side a dark
spot ; genitals pale, superior part split, with a row of strong black spines ;
below two short pale cylindrical appendages. Legs yellow, with black
spines, femurs with a black band externally on the two hind pairs, with a
black spot on tip of fore legs ; tibia internally with a black line, those of
fore legs variegated with brown ; tip of tarsal joints faintly black ; spurs
brown, as long as the two basal joints. Wings hyaline, pterostigma
white ; venation brown interrupted with pale; subcosta and mediana

os

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

black interrupted with yellowish ; only a few costals before the pterostigma
forked.

Length of body, male, 45 to 55 m.m.; female, 33 mm.; exp. al., 56
to 60 m.m.

Hab., New Mexico, Aug., 1872, Mr. Yarrow ; Colorado, Manitou ;
Wyoming, Bridger Basin, Mr. Garman ; Salt Lake City, Sept , 1877, Mr,
Austin ; Farmington, July 23; Ogden, Aug. 2; O. Sacken ; Dakota, Cus-
ter Co., Garman. Four males and three females in alcohol, and four
females dry.

7. Brachynemurus blandus.

Myrmeleon blandus Hag., Syn. N. Am. Neur., 235, 22.

Small, yellow, marked with black. Face pale yellowish, with a
superior trifid black spot ; itis united with the vertex by a narrowed part
going upward between the antenne; on each side below the pale ring around
the antennz it reaches nearly the eyes ; the inferior margin bisinuated,
sending a fine black median line to the clypeus ; labrum yellow ; palpi
pale, maxillary with last joint cylindrical, brownish ; labials scarcely
longer, last joint fusiform, very pointed, brown except on base. Antennze
clavate, strong, about as long as head and thorax, a little shorter in the
female, where they are larger clavate, brown, luteous on clava, visibly
annulated with yellow, principally on the basal half; the two basal joints
black. Vertex elevated, cut straight in front, black ; above yellow with
two large approximate black spots, a little dilated externally. Prothorax
as long as broad, yellow, with two black bands, which have anteriorly an
external yellow incision ; the outer part of the black band reaches not the
transversal furrow ; beneath on each side of the prothorax a black stripe ;
mesothorax and metathorax black marked with yellow similar to B. nigri-
labris ; sides below the wings black, with some yellow stripes. Abdomen
clothed with white hairs, yellow above, trilineated with black ; beneath
black ; of the male longer than the wings, slender; appendages half the
length of last segment, pale with long dark hairs ; cylindrical, obtuse on
tip, which is bent up a little; between them beneath a small short tri-
angular plate ; of the female as long as the wings ; genitals pale, the upper
part split with a transversal row of black spines; below two short pale
cylindrical appendages. Legs yellow, sprinkled with black, with black
hairs ; tip of all joints of tarsi black ; spurs brown, as long as the two
basal joints. Wings hyaline, hairy around and on the venation, which is
black, interrupted by pale yellowish ; pterostigma large, pale yellow.

74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Length of body, male, 33 m.m.; female, 26 m.m.; exp. al., 40 m.m.

Habit.—The type, a female in bad condition from New Mexico (for-
merly Western Texas), Pecos River, May 14, from Capt. Pope’s Expedi-
tion; a female from Idaho, Snake River, by Cyrus Thomas, 1872; a male
from Bridger Basin, Wyoming, by Mr. Garman ; Nevada, H. Edwards.
I have never seen more than these four specimens, which are all alike.

The words of my description, Syn., p. 235, ‘“‘ vertex with two trans-
verse black lines, the hind one interrupted,” are to understand that the
first line is formed by the front edge of the vertex, the second by the
spots described.

ON THE DIAGNOSES\OF N: AM: PHYCITIDAL BY SEr de
RAGONOT.

BY A. R. GROTE, BREMEN, GERMANY.

I have received from the author a copy of this pamphlet in which a
large number of North American species and genera are somewhat briefly
described in anticipation of the publication of a general Monograph.
That M. Ragonot is in a situation to materially increase our general
knowledge of the group cannot be doubted. He has long collected types
and specimens, and has studied the characters of the Old World genera.
I have deprecated the description of PAycide without giving the full
structural characters, and in so far as this has been done do I agree with
M. Ragonot’s introductory remarks. But I by no means consider that
American authors should wait upon M. Ragonot to name their material,
nor that what Dr. Staudinger chooses to do is binding upon them in the
matter. I object to any hasty descriptions in this group, without denud-
ing the wings. and studying the head and mouth parts under the micro-
scope. When this is done and a full description given, the term “ hap-
hazard” will no longer apply. For the element of certainty in a generic
reference in these moths is only relative. I objected to Prof. Riley’s
descriptions, not because I differed as to the generic references, but
because the species were described without structural characters being
given, and from the obscure nature of the ornamentation and the great
general resemblance among the P#ycide, one can hardly determine a
species from a description of the colour and markings alone,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

We must wait upon the ‘“ Monograph’ for the reasons which induce
M. Ragonot to call the Family Phycitide and the typical genus Phycita,
and not as I have given it, Phycide and Phycis Haw. I have, however,
not yet seen a copy of Haworth. I regard the Phycide or Phyciine as a
sub-family of the Pyra/ide ; and M. Ragonot’s Anerasting as merely a
tribal division of the sub-family. I am not then agreed with M. Ragonot’s
divisional terms.

I have had no occasion to study M. Ragonot’s types. As the generic
term Czris (p. 17) is long ago used by me for C. W7/sonzi, I propose for
discigerev’a the name Ragonotia after its learned discoverer.

A NOTE UPON AUTHOR’S TYPES.
BY A. R. GROTE.

It has occurred to me to say a few words upon the subject of author’s
types. It sometimes happens that a specimen is labelled ‘‘ type,” which
is not the true type, i. e., the one (or ones) from which the original de-
scription was drawn up and which accords with that description. ‘This is
the criterion for types, that they do not contradict the original description.
The late Mr. Morrison sent me at one time a “type” of Harris’s Agroéis
tessellata. Upon my wonder at his having such a specimen, I found it
was merely a compared example, but it should not have been labelled
“type.” To my certain knowledge, Mr. Morrison on occasion labelled as
types subsequent material (vide genus Agrofzs). Only the material at
hand and compared when the original description is drawn up, should be
labelled as “ type.” On this head I would say a word as to Walker’s
types. Only when the evidence is complete and satisfactory should an
earlier name of Walker’s replace a designation in use. What I call in-
complete evidence may be recently offered by Mr. Hulst in proposing to
change Selenza Kentaria. Dr. Packard it seems had figures drawn from
what are supposed to be Walker’s types. There is no evidence. that these
are in every instance the proper types. The cases where more than one
species was included by Mr. Walker are not solitary. Dr. Packard inter-
preted this figure as applying to another form of Se/enza. Mr. Hulst
interprets it differently, and drops a settled name without a question. In
whatever way the matter is finally settled, Mr. Hulst would appear to have
acted without sufficient evidence, Having studied the original collection

70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

in 1868, during Mr. Walker’s lifetime, I am justified in saying that care
must be taken that subsequently added specimens are not taken for types.
Restitutions should be left to Mr. Butler and the British Museum authori-
ties. The original description must be studied, and facilities other than
Mr. Hulst’s are needed to make such changes.

ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CITHERONIA.

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M.

I wish to draw particular attention to this genus and its allies. I
have, in 1865, drawn a parallel between the group and the Hawk Moths,
from the young stages and the peculiar pupation, and in my pamphlet on
‘the Hawk Moths of North America,” I have discussed the probabilities
of their relationship. But I here wish to point out that the group is
American ; that in America we may expect to find old types among that
portion of the fauna which is indigenous, pre-tertiary, and to this C7theronia
belongs. Further than this, the Ceratocampine, which are tropical con-
tinental, or South American rather than North American, but compara-
tively equally spread to-day, seem to belong to the Eastern portion of the
New World. ‘That is, east of the Rocky Mountains, the Cordilleras, the
Andes ; east of the great rocky hack-bone of the continent running from
north to south. ‘If this is so, it will further illustrate my remarks on the
‘* Geographical Distribution of North American Lepidoptera,” which has
recently appeared in the pages of the Canapian EntTomonocist. The
sub-family, which I separate from the Saturnine or Attacine, contains
two series of genera cr tribes based on larval structare—Citheronia,
Anisota and Dryocampa (rubicunda and var. a/ba) standing together, as
opposed to Hacles imperta/is and allies. This sub-family, remarkable for
its form and habit of pupation, its thick wings, velvety-scaled, its short,
sub-simple antennze, stands lower than the A¢tacime or true Emperor
Moths, and seems to borrow some characters from the Cosszz@. But the
larvee are very different; they approach somewhat Bombyx mori, which
is the most Sphinx-like larva of all the Spinners, yet spins a cocoon, which
Citheronia does not. ‘That this group is American and has a compara-
tively defined range, between the mountains and the Atlantic, are matters
of no little interest in the study of the distribution and the origin of our
North American moths. In the Annals of the New York Lyceum, col-
ored figures are given by the late Mr. C. T. Robinson and myself of

-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Wet

Citheronia regalis Fabr., C. sepulcralis G. & R., and C. Mexicana G. &
R. The Pine Citheronia, C. sepudcralis G. & R., is found from Massa-
chusetts to Florida, but I have not heard of its being taken farther north,
or in Canada. It seems to be a rare moth, having been taken by Abbot,
who seems not to have known its transformations. It was unknown to
science until we described it from material found by the late Mr. James
O. Treat, of Massachusetts.

NEW WORK ON JAPANESE BUTTERFLIES.

The task of preparing and illustrating a work upon the Butterflies of
Japan, after the model of Mr. Distant’s RHopaLocEraA Ma.ayana, has
been undertaken by Mr. H. Pryer, of Yokohama, who with persistent
enthusiasm for the past seventeen years has been engaged in collecting
the Lepidoptera of the Empire, and studying their habits. The work,
entitled RHopaLocera Nionica, will appear in three parts, 4to. It is
printed upon Japanese “‘ untearable paper,” made of a curious combina-
tion of the fibres of rice straw and silk. The text is in English and
Japanese. The plates are drawn upon stone and printed in colours by
native lithographers under Mr. Pryer’s own supervision, and are truly
excellent. The first part, bearing the imprint of the “Japan Mail”
office, is before us. The writer during a recent stay in Yokohama had the
privilege of examining a portion of the MS. of the Second Part and the
proofs of the Plates which are intended to accompany it, It may be
worthy of note that the letter-press of Parts II. and ILI. will greatly exceed
in volume that of Part I.

The Japanese islands, stretching from Shumshu, the northernmost of
the Kuriles, in Lat. 50° 40’ N. to the Riu-kiu group in Lat. 24° N., possesss
every variety of climate from the semi-arctic to the tropical. The islands
of the great central group, Yesso, Nippon, Shikoku, and Kiushiu, are
itraversed by lofty mountain ranges, and dotted with volcanic peaks, some
of which rise from 9,000-10.000 ft., and one of them to 12,450 ft. above
sea-level. Upon the summits of these mountains perennial winter reigns,
while at their feet a semi-tropical vegetation blooms and flourishes. In
addition to the wide diversity in climates which prevails in the islands and
the contiguity of colder and warmer climates due to the mountainous
character of the country, there are more subtle influences at work depend-
ing for their operation upon the rainfall and the aerial currents. The

78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

atmosphere is characterized in spring and early summer by an excessive
humidity, surpassing that of the British Islands, while at other periods of
the year there is a well marked “dry season.” The result of these various
facts, taken in connection with the additional fact that at a remote geo-
logical period the islands doubtless were connected with the Asiatic and
North American mainland, has been the development of a fauna marked
by a wonderfully composite character, and revealing to an unusual extent
the phenomena of varietal change, and in the case of the insect tribes,
seasonal dimorphism. To these phenomena Mr. Pryer has paid especial
attention, with the result of ascertaining that not a few of the so-called
species erected by recent entomologists, into whose hands Japanese col-
lections have happened to fall, must be relegated to the great and ever-
growing mass of synonymical species. This is especially true of the gen-
era Papilio, Pieris and Terias, in which seasonal dimorphism reveals
itself most strikingly. The course pursued by Mr. Pryer in massing a
large number of forms of the species originally described by Linnaeus
as Zerias Hecabe under the name Zerias Multiformis Pryer, is open to
criticism on the ground that the labour of the elder nomenclator should
have been respected and his name retained, while the names of later
writers should have been adduced as synonyms. Nevertheless the fact
seems to be established beyond reasonable doubt that the species lumped
by Mr. Pryer under the newly coined name J7/u/tiformis, are all mere
local or seasonal variations of Hecabe L. It was the privilege of the writer
to spend many days in Mr. Pryer’s laboratory, and he can testify to the
painstaking care which he has taken to avoid error in his deductions.
The most surprising result of breeding is, however, one which is not alluded
to in Part I. of the RHopaLocERA NIHONICA, since it was only definitely
confirmed during the past summer, viz., the discovery that Zerzas
Bethesba of Janson is a dimorphic form of Zerzas Laeta of Boisduval.
The entire difference in form of the two has naturally led students unhesi-
tatingly to accept them as widely different species. Careful breeding has
established their practical identity.

As the first attempt at a comprehensive and accurate survey of a part
of the beautiful insect fauna of ‘‘ Dai-Nippon,” ‘the new work will no
doubt be hailed with pleasure by all entomologists who raise their eyes

beyond the narrow confines of their own immediate neighborhoods, and.

seek to ascertain. the truth as to the whole of Nature.
W. J. Hotianp, Pittsburgh, Pa.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. (ie

CORRESPONDENCE.

CALLIMORPHA.

Ld. Can. Ent.— Dear Sir: In reference to my former note on Cad/-
morpha, 1 would state that in my ‘‘ Check List” the white forms were
referred to Zecontei as varieules. I was totally unacquainted with what
may be a more Northern form, viz., confusa Lyman. Mr. Lyman’s ex-
cellent plate and paper must be commended, but I must zys/s¢ that neither
Mr. Lyman (nor Mr. Smith for that matter) have done more than separ-
ate the forms in the perfect state ; and in this Mr. Lyman seems to have
shown great tact and is the more correct, having made no fresh synonyms.
The yellow species commence the series in my Check List, in which ves-
talis and fulvicosta are distinguished as different forms or varieties, and I
have only to add to my former communication respecting the interchange
of yellow and white in this Subfamily, that it notoriously occurs in the
sexes of Leucarctia acraea. The American species of Cad/imorpha are
probably not long separated from an original type—they form to-day a
pro-genus, like Datana. In such cases where the naturalist attempts to
still further separate the species or races as Mr. Smith has done, the work
of all previous describers should be studied and certainty attained as to
what forms have been already named and what remain without a designa-
tion. In all this work there is nothing really original. When some one
breeds all these forms, as Mr. Edwards does the doubtful Butterflies, there
will be a real scientific addition to our present imperfect knowledge.

As KR. GROTE:

Dear Sir: Dr. Harris, in his well known work on Injurious Insects,
states that the caterpillars of the Callimorphas conceal themselves in the
day time uncer leaves and stones. According to my experience, the larvee
of Leconte: and confusa may be found on the food plants at all hours of
the day. About ten or twelve years ago, Leconte: was rather abundant
on certain parts of Montreal Mountain, and I observed quite a number of
the larve, from some of which I reared the moths. I unfortunately
neglected to take a descripuon of the larva, nor did I ascertain what the
food plant was. When the Mountain was opened as a public park, a
carriage drive was cut right through the Zecontez ground, and since that
time it has become very scarce, and I have so far failed to re-discover the

SQ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

laiva ; however, as I have elsewhere stated, I feel confident that careful
breeding will prove Lecontez, confusa and contigua to be good species. In
his paper on Callimorpha (Can. Ent., vol. xix., p. 237), Mr. Smith is in
error in stating that I “assumed the distinctness of Zecontei and mili-
tarts.” I gave militaris as a variety of Lecontec and assumed the dis-
tinctness of Leconte? and confusa, which is a very different thing, and
should have aided rather than misled him. I have found hibernated
specimens of Leconte and confusa easy to rear, the latter in confinement
feeding freely on almost any kind of leaf. Might not these hibernating
Arctians be reared by placing them on ice, as Mr. Edwards has done so
successfully with the diurnals ?
F. B. CauLFiELp, Montreal.

Dear Sir: In reference to Dr. Hagen’s recent notice of Calverley’s
illustrations of Sphingidz, I would say that the plates are neither “ un-
known” nor “forgotten,” but simply ‘‘ unpublished.” References to
their existence may be found in my printed papers. ‘To certain of the
figures I furnished the types. Dr. Hagen makes some remarks as to the
quality of the illustrations. It is perhaps not remarkable that he does not
notice that many figures are copies from Cramer and Drury, and that the
plate of Papilio Calverleyi is the same as published in Proc. Ent. Soc.
Phil., on different paper. Copies of Calverley’s Sphingidae were sent to
a few principal libraries, hence it is not extraordinary that Dr. Hagen
should have found one at Harvard. The work owes its inception perhaps
to the zeal of the late Mr. Stephen Calverley, who was a correspondent
of Doubleday. The names of its two original authors are remembered in
Limenitis Weidemeyertt and Papilio Calverleyi, as well as Detlephila
Calverleyt from Cuba. The text should have been written by myself, as
at one time at least intended, but the plates were finished at such irregular
periods and over so many years (1860 to about 1869) that they were
never placed complete in my hands for the purpose.

A. R. GROTE.

ERRATUM.—On page 57 (March No.), line 11 from the bottom, for ‘ vol. xix.”
read ‘‘ vol. xx.”

Mailed April toth. Delayed by accidental loss of proofs in transmission.

TO OUR FRIENDS.

It has been determined by the Council of the Entomological Society
of Ontario to make their collection a representative one of Canadian
Entomology, and thus enable it to be of permanent use for reference and

“comparison.

This is the more desirable as owing to the Collection having been
exhibited in England and the United States on various International occa-
sions, many specimens have lost their color and freshness.

Mr. J. Alston Moffatt, of Hamilton, Ont.,
revise and re-arrange the Collection.

Printed lists will be published from time to time of deszderata required
to fill up and replace the various sections.
We appeal to our members and friends to help the Society in this
useful work, and to send what specimens they can procure of the insects

required.

has kindly consented to

Insects used by the Society in this way will be labelled in the Collec-
tion with the name and address of the donor.

The following list of Lepidoptera has been prepared, One what
are the more immediate wants in this class.

It is not expected that all these will be obtained from present Collec-
tions, but members might bear in mind what is wanted, and endeavor to
make special captures during the next and following seasons.

All specimens should be securely packed and sent by express at the
cost of the Society, directed to Mr. W. E. SaunpeErs, London, Ont.

April, 1888.
LEPIDOPTERA—LIST A.
Papilio Chionobas Lycaena
marcellus, Cram. jutta, 2b, comyntas, Godt.
cresphontes, Cr vm. Satyrus _ neglecta, Aawards.
Phyciodes nephele, Az7dy. violacea, Haw.
nycteis, Walker. Thecla Carterocephalus
tharos, Cram. calanus, “zi. maudan, Adw.
tharos vary. marcia. Ontario, Zazw. Ancyloxypha
Edw. hyperici, Bozsd & Lec. numitor, “ad.
Limenitis Edwardsii, Saunders. Pamphila
ursula, 7a, falacer, Godt. zabulon var. pocahontas,
arthemis va7. proserpina, niphon, Borsd. e¢ Lec. Scud.
Ldw. strigosa, Harr. cernes, Bi.-Lec.
Debis humuli, azr. Pyrgus
Portlandia, Fad. titus, Fad. centaureze, Lamb.
Neonympha Feniseca Nisoniades

canthus, &d.-Lec.

tarquinius, Fad.

persius, Sczdder.

Nisoniades

brizo, Boisd. ct Lec.

juvenalis, Syzth.
Amphion

nessus,
Thyreus

Abbotii, Szwazzs.
Philampelus

pandorus, A272.

achemon, Drury.
Ampelophaga

versicolor, Harr.
Paonias

myops, 40d, & Sm.
Sphinx

kalmiae, S7zz¢h.
Ellema

bombycoides, Wad/k.
Alypia

MacCullochii, A770.
Scepsis

fulvicollis, zbx,
Lycomorpha

pholus, Drury.
Clemensia

albata, Pack.
Hypoprepia

fucosa, zbz.

fucosa, va7. miniata,

Cram.

Kirhy,

Crocota

ferruginosa. Vik.

quinaria, G7.

Treatii, Grode.

rubicundaria, Wwbn.
Utetheisa

bella, Zzv7.
Callimorpha

clymene, 2s.
Platarctia

parthenos, Harr.
Arctia

nais, Drur.

decorata, Saunders.

celia, Sazzders.

virguncula, Azrd,

arge, Drury,
Phragmatobia

rubricosa, Harris.
Euchates

egle, Drzr.
Halesidota

tesselaris, Sv. Ad.

caryae, larris,
Euclea

quercita, H. S.

ferruginea, Pack.

Parorgyia

Clintonii, G. & 2X.

parallela, Pack.
Limacodes

biguttatus, Pack,
Empretia

stimulea, C/e7z.
Phobetron

pithecium, 446. & Sm,
Tortricidia

testacea, Pack.
Ichthyura

inversa, Pack.

albosigma, /7/ch,
Datana

ministra, Dery.
Nadata

gibbosa, Walker.
Prionia

bilineata, Pack.
Actias

luna, £27272.
Platypteryx

genicula, Grode.

arcuata, Walk.
Dryopteris

rosea, Walk
Eacles

imperialis, 7720777.
Anisota

stigma, Fadbr,

senatoria, 4d. & S.

virginiensis, Drwry.
Dryocampa

rubicunda, /ad.
Clisiocampa

disstria, edi.
Microcoelia

diphteroides, Gzez.

obliterata, Cvode.

Bryophila

lepidula, G7.
Chytonix

palliatricula, Geen,
Dipthera

falllax,ecZeus
Ccelodasys

unicornis, 4, & S.
Hepialus

thule, Sz.
Apatela

dissecta, G. & RX.

grisea, Walk.
Agrotis

Normaniana, Gro/e.
Mamestra,

distincta, Gvofe.

Hadena

mactata, Gwen

fractilinea, Grote.
Oligia

versicolor, G7,
Anytus

sculptus, Gr.
Oncocnemis

occata, Grole.
Prodenia

flavimedia, Harvey.
Gortyna,

sera,G & RK,

nictitans, Borkh.

immanis, Gwe7.

cataphracta, Grote.

nebris, Gzev.

rutila, Gzez.
Achatodes

zeae, Harr.
Arzama

obliquata, G. & R.
Heliophila

pallens, Z27272.

Harveyi, Gvoze.

phragmitidicola, Groée:

lapidaria, Grote.

adonea, Grote

commoides, Gzez.

unipuncta, Haw,

pseudargyria, Gzez.
Ufeus

satyricus, Gvofe.
Caradrina

multifera, Wa/k.
Pyrophila

pyramidoides, Guez..
Tzeniocampa

furfurata, Gr.
Parastichtis

gentilis, Groée.
Ipimorpha

pleonectusa, Gro/e.
Nolaphana

malana, Fitch.
Aletia

argillacea, Adz.
Marasmalus

histrio, Grote.
Calpe

Canadensis, Beth.
Plusia

contexta, Grote.

Putnami, Grove.

biloba, Steph.

viridisignata, Gvole..

mortuorum, (ve7.

Plusia Erebus Hypena
ampla, /Valk. odora, L272. evanidalis, Rov.
Lygrantheecia Homoptera scabra, Fabr.
rivulosa, Gze72. lunata, Drury. Choerodes
Antheecia Saundersii, Beth, clemitaria, 4. & S.
arcifera, Guev. calycanthata, 40d. & Si. transversata, Drury.
Spraguei, G7. albofasciata, Beth, Metanema
eats edusa, Drury, quercivoraria, Ger,
cordigera, Thzb. duplicata, Beth. Ennomos —
Tarache : benesignata, Harz’. alniaria, Levn.
candefacta, zb72 Ypsia : Eudalimia,
2 : undularis, Drwry. subsignaria, 77672.

erastrioides, Gwe, : apa
‘ umbripennis, G7o/e. Endropia

ween Guen. a8 : SpE
epeeeata Guen horrida, udn. eteceana, ae
We ’ : Spargaloma bilinearia, Pack.
Celipteta sexpunctata, Grote armataria, LESS:
frustulum, Guen. Pangrapta Therina
Phoberia { decoralis, Hzb7. fervidaria, Hubn.
atomaris, HAlubn, Pseudaglossa endropiaria, G. & R
Remigia lubricalis, Geyer. bibularia, G. & 2.
latipes, Guev. Epizeuxis Metrocampa
Parthenos aemula, Hubz. margaritata, L277.
nubilis, bz. americalis, Guen. Anagoga
Catocala Megachyta pulveraria, Zz.
unijuga, Wadk. lituralis, A2ed72. Sicya
faustina, Strecker. Litognatha macularia, arris,
semirelicta, Grote. nubilifascia, Grote. Plagodis
briseis, Zdw. Chytolita rosaria, G. & 7.
parta, Guev. morbidalis, Gzez. phlogosaria, Guev.
coccinata, Grote. Pityolita alcoolaria, Gaver.
ultronia, Hn. pedipilalis, Guzen. Hyperetis
concumbens, Walk, Zanclognatha amicaria, 4, S.
amatrix, “dn. laevigata, Grote. Aplodes
cara, Guen, ochreipennis, Gvoée, mimosaria, Gwe.
ilia, Cram. . cruralis, Gzev. Synchlora
neogama, 4d). & Sm. marcidilinea, Grote. rubivora, Riley.
subnata, Gro/e. Philometra Annemoria
Meskei, Grote. longilabris. Gvro/e. unitaria, Pack.
antinympha, Aedz. serraticornis, Gvoze. Nemoria
’ palaeogama, var. pha- Palthis subcroceata, Wal/f.
langa. augulalis, H2é7. Eucrostis
palaeogama, Guen. asopialis, Guen. chloroleucaria, Guen.
habilis, Grote. Renia Acidalia
Clintonii, Grote. Belfragei, Grofe. nivosata, Gzez.
fratercula, G. & R. Bleptina quadrilineata, Pack.
polygama, Gwen. caradrinalis, Gzev. Eudeilinia
crataegi, Saund. Hypena herminiata, Given.
amica, Hlubn. baltimoralis, @zez. Aspilates
ilia, var. uxor, Guen. scutellaris, Gir. Lintneriaria, Pack..
innubens, Gue7. manalis, /Wa/k. Nematocampa
cerogama, Gwen. abalienalis, Wade. filamentaria, 1.-S.
serena, Edw. achatinalis, Ze//, Thamnonoma
similis, Edw. profecta, Gr. subcessaria, Wack.
grynea, Cram. deceptalis, Walk. argillacearia, Pack.
Panapoda perangulalis. Harv. Eufitchia

rufimargo, udu. vellifera, Gr. ribearia, Fitch.

i
:

Caripeta

angustiorata, Wadk.
Hibernia

tiliaria, Harrzs.
Anisopteryx

vernata, Peck.

pometaria, Harr.
Cymatophora

humaria, Guez.
Tephrosia

canadaria, Gvez.

anticaria, Valk.
Eubyja

quernaria, 4. dS.
Rheumaptera

ruficillata, Geez.

basaliata, Walk,

lacustrata, Gzc72.

hastata, Zzv7.
Petrophora

diversilineata, 772.

hersiliata, G'zez.
Epirrita

perlineata, Pack.

cambricaria, Cutis.

dilutata, Borkh.
Asopia

farinalis, Z2v272.

squamealis, G'vofe.

costalis, Fadbr.

olinalis, Gieez.

devialis, Grote,
Botis

octomaculata, £7727.

generosa, G. &: 2.

insequalis, Geez.

marculenta, G. d: 2.

signatalis, MWa/k.

Botis
niveicilialis, Goée.
plectilis, G. & 2.
gentilis, Grofe
magistralis. Grofe.
terrealis, Tve7¢s.
submedialis, Givo/e.
marculenta, G. d&: 2.
subdentalis, Goze.
citrina, G. & 2.
sumptudsalis, Wadk.
Harveyana, Gr.

Mesographe
stramentalis, A272.
Blepharomastix
ranalis, Gv 77.
Cataclysta
. fulicalis, Clem.
Tetralopha
asperatella, Clem.
Phycis
indiginella, Ze//.
Dakruma
convolutella, W272.
Argyria
nivalis, Drz7-y.
Crambus

Leachellus, Zzzck.

Loxoteenia
afflictana, Valk.
Ptycholoma

persicana, F7¢ch

melaleucana, Wa/k.
Pandemis

limitata, Aods.

(Enectra

puritana, Xobs,
Cenopis

Pettitana, ods.
Dichelia

sulfureana, Clem,
Amphisa

discopunctana, Clem.
Capua

furcatana, Wak.
Eccopsis

permundana, Clem.
Penthina

nimbatana, C/en.
Sericoris

coruscana, Clem.

campestrana, Ze//.
Peedisca

Scudderiana, Clem.
Semasia

formosana, C/enz.

agitatellus vav, albocla- Timetocera

vellus, Sch/.

albellus, Clem.

bipunctellus, Ze//,

topiarius, Ze//.
Schoenobius

longirostrellus, Clem.
Caccecia

purpurana, Clem.

cerasivorana, Fitch. .

ocellana, Schiff.
Phoxopteris

nubeculana, Clem.

discigerana, Walk

spirezefoliana, Clem.
Grapholitha

interstinctana, Clem.

The Canadivan Entomologist.

VOL. XX. LONDON, MAY, 1888. No. 5

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF MELITAEAS
BELONGING TO NORTH AMERICA.

BY W.-H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

te =M.) BRUCEI.

Mavte.—Expands from 1.5 to 1.7 inch. Upper side brown-black,
marked with spots of red and yellow in transverse bands ; there are three
well marked varieties, in one of which red predominates, sometimes almost
to the exclusion of yellow ; in another red and yellow, much as in other
allied species ; on the third much yellow, very little red ; in all the spots
are small, so that the black surface is more exposed than in many species»

1. Theredform. The spots dull; the common marginal row wholly
red, the submarginal row sometimes red on primaries, sometimes red
partly replaced by yellow, and secondaries always red and yellow; the
third row is red and yellow on primaries, red on secondaries, the fourth
row just the reverse of this; at end of cell on primaries a short red and
yellow band, in the cell four spots, red and yellow alternately, from the
arc, the yellow ones very small ; on secondaries, a red stripe along upper
side of cell, two small yellow spots in cell ; fringes black at ends of the
nervules, yellow in the interspaces.

2. The spots of the second row red and yellow on primaries, yellow
on secondaries, of the third yellow on primaries, red on secondaries ; of
the fourth red and yellow on primaries, yellow on secondaries ; the two
next costa sometimes red on the posterior side ; the yellow spots in cell
of primaries large, and a large yellow patch below cell.

3. Nearly all spots yellow; the marginal red; no other red on
secondaries, or a mere trace of it indicating the spots of the third row,
which are otherwise suppressed ; the submarginal row of primaries repre-
sented by a few scales only, as are also the spots in cell.

On the under side all these forms agree ; primaries dull red, almost
without black ; the marginal spots a deeper red, the next two rows yellow,

82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the submarginal obsolete on lower half; a yellow patch subapical on
costa, another outside arc of cell ; the two cellular spots yellow, dusted
red.

-- Secondaries have all the spots clearly defined ; the marginal row red,
the second row of yellow lunules; the third wholly red ; the fourth yel-
low, the spots of upper half elongated and cut unequally by a black line
from costa to lower discoidal nervule ; beyond to base red, with a straight
row of four confluent spots from costa to submedian, and a fifth at end
of cell.

FEMALE.—Expands 1.7 to 1.8 inch, °

Varies as the male, but some examples stiil more widely, the yellow
spots being very large. On the under side as in the male, except that
some examples have the red submarginal spots of secondaries slightly
edged with yellow; in the more yellow upper side examples the yellow
edging to these spots is broader, and even sometimes extends along the
marginal side.

This small Melitaea has long been known in collections, but till re-
cently I myself have seen few of them, and knew nothing of its localities
or habits. Mr. Bruce, who took great numbers of examples, says: “I
found it only on bigh mountain tops (in Colorado) ; this was strictly the
rule. These tops are in most cases extensive plains covered with flowers,
chiefly yellow Composite, and the Melitaeas in question sit on every
blossom in numbers, and are very sluggish—or rather I may say, they sit
and cling tightly to the flowers to prevent the brisk wind, that is generally
blowing at this elevation, from taking them away. I have never seen
them down the slope lower than a few hundred yards. It is an abundant
species on the Snowy Range at not lower than 12,000 feet, and must
appear early in June, as many of my specimens taken early in July are
rather worse for wear.”

The species comes also from Montana, Washington Terr., and British
America, in the Rocky Mts.

2.. M. TAvyuori.

Male.—Expands from 1.6 to 1.8 inch.
Upper side brown-black, the costal margin of primaries next base
dusted yellow ; marked with red and clay-yellow spots disposed in trans-

verse bands ; the hind margins have a cominon row of red spots, almost’

—_ Te

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83

confluent on primaries, and a submarginal row of yellow, usually very
small on primaries ; on same wings a third row of large yellow spots, and
a fourth row red, or sometimes red partly replaced by yellow ; around the
end of cell and to lower median nervule a yellow row, sometimes obsolete
below cell, the remainder appearing to branch from fourth row ; in the
cell four spots, red and yellow alternately from the arc, and a yellow patch
below cell. On secondaries the third row is of large red spots, the fourth
of large yellow ; a red stripe along upper side of cell and at end; two
yellow spots in cell and another below ; fringes blackish at the ends of the
nervules, white in the interspaces.

On under side the spots are repeated, enlarged, nearly concealing the
black ground on both wings ; and on primaries are as distinctly defined
as on secondaries, the red bright; the spots of common marginal row
confluent, of the submarginal large, crescent ; the red spots of third row
on secondaries have each a slight yellow edging except on the posterior
side ; next comes a black line, and a row of narrow red spots entirely
across wing as in Aubicunda, separated by a black line from the dorsal
row of yellow spots ; thence to base red, with four yellow confluent spots
crossing the area from costa to submedian, and a fifth at outer end of cell,

FeMALE.—Expands 2.7 to 1.8 inch.

Like the male on both surfaces.

The preparatory stages of this species were described by me in Can,
Ent., vol. xvii., p. 156, 1885, as of AZ. Rudbicunda, H. Edw., but a better
acquaintance with both forms makes it certain that they are distinct
species, though closely allied. Zay/orz is considerably the smaller. more
constant to one type, the spots of under side not light yellow, as in Rxédz-
cunda, but either white or white with a mere tint of yellow. Rubicunda
is a very variable species in all its markings.

I have named this Melitaea for the Rev. Geo. W. Taylor, of Victoria,
by whose kind aid very much knowledge has been gained of Vancouver
butterflies. I received larve from Mr. James fletcher, Sept., 1884, sent
him by Mr. Taylor.

These were in hibernation, lived through the winter, were fed on
Chelone glabra, the plant of JZ. Phaeton, and some of them pupated and
gave butterflies. I related in the paper spoken of that one larva, soon
after waking in spring of 1885, became lethargic, and on 23rd May I
returned it to the ice box. On 6th July, I brought it to my room, but

84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

after two days, as it had eaten nothing, though it had changed its position,
I returned it to the ice box, where it was in good condition on zoth Aug.
The larva died some weeks later, instead of passing the second winter as
I thought it perhaps might do. Of the extent of territory on the main
land occupied by Zay/orv7, I am unable to speak.

NOTES ON DANAIS ARCHIPPUS.
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Now that the observations of my young friend, W. D. Marsh, on this
species, have been given in the Can. ENT. (xx., p. 45), I think no reason-
able person can doubt that it is at least three-brooded in New England,
and that the late butterflies hibernate there. Very late in the fall of 1887,
Mr. Marsh saw individuals flying, long after severe frosts had been felt,
and still later, he had butterflies come from pupz. These late fliers are
the hibernators. And early in the spring a hibernatoy had been seen at
Amherst. It seems that Rev. H. W. Parker, when a resident at Am-
herst, some years ago, saw a hibernated Archippus, 12th May, 1871, as
appears by his notes published in Am. Nat., vol. vi., 115. This mention
had been lost sight of, but has recently been re-discovered by Mr. Scudder,
who called my attention to it. Of course this settles the matter, taken
together with the observations of Mr. Marsh, as to Avchippus hibernating
in Mass.

Mr. Marsh has stated, and it is an original observation on his part, so
far as I know, that a great destruction of Archippus larve takes place in
the fall, owing to the prevalent custom in New England of cutting the
grass a second time. Were it not for that, probably hibernated imagos
would be as abundant in the spring as they are in West Virginia.

I asked Miss Emily L. Morton, residing at Newburgh, N. Y., to make
observations there on Archippus, for Newburgh is in sight of the hills of
New England, and it is not to be supposed that the behavior of any
species of butterfly would be different at Newburgh, in the latitude of
Northern Connecticut, from what it would be inside the bounds of New
England. Miss Morton wrote me that she had taken hibernated Archip-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85

pus on 3rd, 4th May (1887), at lilac blossoms, and that at the date of
writing, June 27th, fresh males of the first brood of the imago were flying.
Mr. Marsh says that at Randolph, Vt., far to the north, a fresh male was
seen a week later, on 4th July.

On 16th August, Miss Morton wrote that a new brood of the butterfly
was flying in abundance. Mr: Marsh says that at Randolph, 2 9,1 Z,
perfectly fresh, were taken 11th August.

On 2oth Sept., Miss Morton wrote: “Fresh examples are emerging
every day now, and there are numbers of them in the clover field.” Mr.
Marsh says: “ From zoth Sept. to 15th Oct., butterflies from pupz bred
from said larvee emerge, and besides, many pupz were found in the fields
and the imagos came from them.” So running parallel to Miss Morton’s
account.

On gth Oct., Miss Morton again wrote: ‘On 6th and 8th of this
month, we saw numbers of perfectly fresh examples of Archippus. We
caught several, and in some the wings were still quite fresh, showing their
recent advent from chrysalis. On none were there any signs of age.” And
she adds: ‘These are doubtless the hibernators.” Mr. Marsh had
imagos out of bred pupz so late as 29th Oct. and 4th Nov.; and saw but-
terflies on the wing on 5th and 13th Oct. The history is identical in New
England and eastern New York.

Years ago I followed up the life history of Avchippus carefully in West
Virginia, and in Psyche, vol. 2, p. 169, 1878, and Can, ENT., xili., 211,
1882, I showed that the hibernators of this species came out of winter
quarters as early as other hibernating butterflies, and with them gathered
about the first blossoms of the year, which here are on the wild plum and
cherry trees ; that eggs were to be found, and old females were to be seen
Ovipositing on milkweeds but just out of ground ; that in a very short time
the old hibernated individuals had totally disappeared, undoubtedly dying
soon after laying their eggs, as is the invariable rule with butterflies ; that
within a month a generation fresh from pupae was flying ; and that so,
certainly three, possibly four, generations of the butterfly followed the
hibernators. In fact, that the habits of Avchippus were in no way abnor-
mal, nor was the species so long lived as others where there is but one
brood per year in descent from the hibernators (as for example, in Grapta
Faunus ).

I made observations myself here at Coalburgh last season, to some
extent, on this species. I found an egg roth May, on an Asclepias but

86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

four inches high. On 27th May, I found a pupa hanging to the outer side
of a rail, as I crossed the railway to my garden. I then, in the fall,
searched daily for eggs, to see how late they were to be found. On 2nd
Sept., I found 2 eggs; on 4th, 1; on 8th, 1; on roth, 1; on 14th, 1, and
saw the female lay this egg; on 16th, found 3; on 2oth, 2; on 22nd, I.
I found no eggs later than this. Mr. Marsh found larve up to 3oth Sept.,
though he obtained no eggs apparently later than 5th Aug. But the eggs
to produce his late larvee must have been laid early in September. On
26th and 27th Sept., I had occasion to drive many miles, and saw great
numbers of the fresh butterflies flying about the Actinomeris flowers. My
last imago, from one of the eggs found, was 12 days in pupa and came
out 11th Oct. So that the butterflies were coming out of pupee later, if
anything, at Amherst than they were at Coalburgh.

It had been said that no one ever found an 4rchippus egg in New
England, or on very young Asclepias plants, that could have been laid
by an hibernator, though thousands of plants had been searched, at
different localities, by many persons. Negative evidence is no evidence
at all in such a case. If one thousand plants had failed to produce an
egg, the one thousand and first plant nevertheless might have it. The
hibernated females are very few, as there is every reason to believe, after
hearing of the wholesale destruction over large areas of country of the
late larvee ; and Asclepias plants are exceedingly plenty in the spring,
thousands of them to one Archippus egg, no doubt. So that a person
might very possibly look all day and not find an egg. And on the other
hand, the first plant touched might have an egg on it. That the eggs
are there is sufficiently proven by the resultant butterflies.

ON THE NATURE OF SEASONAL DIMORPHISM IN
RHOPALOCERA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, WEST CLIFF, COLORADO.

In studying the seasonal variation exhibited by various species of
butterflies, I have been struck by the fact, that whereas in most instances
the form emerging in the spring is darker and smaller than the summer
brood, there are also exceptions to this rule, in which the vernal emer-

eT

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 87

gence is the lighter. Take, for instance, the genus /ierzs. The vernal
broods of P. xapi and P. protodice are distinctly more dusky than those
which have undergone their whole metamorphosis in a single season ; but,
on the other hand, the spring emergences of P. rape and P. brassice are
wont to be pale, and the spring-emerging P. wirginiensis is pale, and as
Mr.. W. H. Edwards remarks (“ Papilio,” 1881, p. 97), more like the
summer than the winter form of its progenitor P. zapz. In Japan, it would
appear (“ Entomologist,” 1888, p. 24,) that the vernal form of P. nap
is less dusky than the summer emergence.

Hitherto it has been held by the majority of Entomologists that
the darkening of vernal forms was due to the cold to which the pupz were
subjected during the winter, and this view seemed to receive ample con-
firmation when Mr. W. H. Edwards proved experimentally that cold
applied to pupz did produce darkening of the forms.

Supposing, then, that cold is the sole cause of the darkness of vernal
broods, why are not aé/ vernal broods dark, since they have all been
subjected to a greater amount of cold in the pupa-stage than the summer
ones ?

It seems to me that this question is unanswerable on the supposition
that duskiness is the simple effect of cold, and I have therefore been led
to seek another explanation of the phenomenon.

On one occasion, I bred a specimen of the European Geometra
papilionaria Linn., and paid particular attention to the appearance of the
pupa before emergence. I noted that although there could be no doubt
that the vital organs of the body were gradually formed during a consider-
able period before emergence, the wing-pigments did not begin to be
developed until the last few days. First of all the pigment appeared
brown, and only just before emergence did it assume the vivid green
characteristic of the insect.

Now suppose that G. papilionaria were a species hybernating in the
pupa-state, how would cold effect the formation of the wing-pigment ?
Obviously, not at all, since the pigment is not called into existence until a
short time before emergence, that is to say, not until the warm spring sun
has wakened the sleeping pupa into new life.

I have not had the opportunity of making careful observations of a
similar kind with the pupe of Rhopalocera since. I began to pay special
attention to the subject, but I think it will generally be accepted as a fact

88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

that the wing-pigments are not formed until a short time before emergence.
In all the cases of which I have recollection this has been so.

But I imagine that the ratio between the growth of the wing and the
metabolism of its pigment is not always the same, nor is that between the
wing-formation and the growth of the vital and reproductive organs con-
stant, and herein I believe lies the key to the solution of the problem.

Rapid metabolism produces darkness of colour, while slow change
accompanied by growth gives rise to a larger expanse of wing, on which
the pigment ts paler, lighter, and often more brilliant.

The vital and reproductive organs of a butterfly will develop sooner
and at a lower temperature than the pigment of the wings ; and hence
in a country where the winters are cold and the summers hot, the hiber-
nating pupz will have reached a nearly full development by the time the
warm weather comes on, except as regards the pigment of the wings.
This will undergo very rapid metabolism to be ready by the time of emer-
gence, and the result will be a dusky and small winged form. On the
other hand, if the spring comes gradually, and the winter is warm, the
wing-pigment will develop more slowly, the wings will have longer to grow,
and consequently the vernal brood will be paler even than that of the
summer.

And this is precisely what we find ; Pieris virginiensis is a pale spring
form taking the place of the dark oleracea-hyemalis of the more northern
portion of the continent, while P. rag@ and P. brassice, which do not
exhibit dusky vernal broods, are natives of Europe, where the winters are
milder and the advent of spring more gradual than in North America.

It may here be objected, why are not tropical species, whose develop-
ment is often excessivly rapid, uniformly dusky or black? ‘That they are
in many cases darker than their representatives in more temperate regions
will I think be admitted, but I would point out that they are not by any
means in the same position as North American vernal forms. The vital
organs must in any case take a certain time for development, which is
always longer than that necessary for the metabolism of the pigment. So
that in the case of any summer brood, however rapidly developing, the
temperature being high enough to allow the development of the pigment
at the same time as the organs of the body, it has ample time for sufficient
metabolism—less indeed than in the case of a warm and gradual spring,
but more than in that of a frigid winter and quick coming summer, where

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89

emergence must rapidly follow the first wakening to life by the hot rays of
the sun.

So I believe that sudden warmth after a period of prolonged cold,
and not the cold itself, is the cause of the duskiness of North American
vernal forms of Lepidoptera,-and I will not hesitate to advance the same
reason for the darkness of Arctic species, and of Mr. W. H. Edwards’s
specimens which he experimentally subjected to cold. I cannot prove
anything as yet, but I put forward this theory, which has commended
itself to me, in the hope that your readers, who have had much more ex-
perience in practical entomology than I, may be able to put it to the test,
and either prove its accuracy, or propose some other which may serve
better to explain the facts.

I believe there is a phase of melanism caused by moisture, quite
distinct in its nature from the duskiness dealt with in the present paper,
but I have already dealt with this question elsewhere (‘‘ Entomologist,”
1887, p. 58,) and need only point out the distinction here. It becomes
every day more evident, in dealing with colour-variation. that different
colours do not necessarily denote essentially different pigments, and seem-
ing identical colours may be quite unlike in their composition, though we
at present do not know precisely what that is.

CAPTURES MADE WHILE TRAVELLING FROM WINNIPEG
HOR VICTORIA, (B."E.

BY REV. W. J. HOLLAND, PH. D., PITTSBURGH, PA.

It was my privilege last summer to accompany the expedition sent out
by the National Academy and the U.S. Navy Department to Japan for
the purpose of observing the total eclipse of the sun which took place
upon the 19th of August, 1887. The route selected by our party was the
one just opened to the far East over the Canadian Pacific R. R., and I
was the first passenger booked in Chicago for Yokohama, and my col-
league, Prof. Todd, was the first passenger booked in Boston for the same
port, over the new line. We left Winnipeg on the morning of June 13th,
and were borne westward without any detention until the 15th, when,

90) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

owing to the fact that the railroad bridge at Duthil had been partially
carried away by a freshet in the Bow River, we were compelled to lie at
Canmore Station for about twenty-four hours. The delay was rather
acceptable to me, as it enabled me to do a little collecting in a region
wholly new to me. We reached Vancouver upon the evening of June
17th, and on the morning of the 19th were courteously permitted by
Captain Marshall, and Captain Webber, the Naval Superintendent of the
Can. Pac. R. R., to go to Nanaimo, on Vancouver Island, where the
‘“‘ Abyssinia” took on her coals. Upon the morning of the 2oth, while
the ‘black diamonds ” were being poured into the hold of the great ship,
I took refuge from the dust and discomfort which prevailed on board, and
with the assistance of a couple of Indian lads, spent two hours in collect-
ing specimens a few hundreds of yards from where the ship was tied up
to the shore. My captures consisted exclusively of Coleoptera. I saw a
specimen of Argynnis, and a fine male of Papz/io Eurymedon, but neither
came within reach of my net, and after giving chase for a moment, I
reverted to the more profitable task of gathering the beetles, which
appeared to be abundant. ‘The result of my collecting at Canmore and
at Nanaimo is given in the accompanying lists. I am indebted. to my
good friends, Dr. John Hamilton of Allegheny, and Dr. Geo. H. Horn
of Philadelphia, for the determination of the Coleoptera.

Species Collected at Canmore, June 15th, 1887.

LEPIDOPTERA.
1. Papilio zolicaon, Boisd., 1 ex. 9. Chionobas Chryxus,
2. Colias var. occidentalis § 1 1 Dbly.-Hew., 1 ex.
3. Thecla Irus, Godt., 4 10. WMisoniades Lcelus, Lint., 3 1
4. Lycaena antiacis, Bdl., 13 1 11. Heliothis, sp., 2 ot
me " amyntula, Bdl., 7 1 12. Rheumaptera, sp., Lon
6. Phyciodes Montana, Behr.,t 1 13. Hupithecia, sp., r fu
7. Argynnis Freya, Thnb., 2 1 14. WMephopteryx, sp., A
8. Lrebia Epipsodea, Butl., 1 ex.

COLEOPTFRA.
1. Pterostichus Luczotii, De}.,1 ex. 4. Acmaeops pratensis, Laich., 3 ex.
2.. Trichodes ornatus, Say, 2 1 5. Saperda tridentata, Oliv., 1 1
3. Dichelonycha Backit, 6. Lepyrus gemellus, Kirby, 1

Kirby, 39

—_—* =

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 91

At North Bend Station, B. C., after lunch, I succeeded in taking before
the train started four specimens of C7cindela Oregona, Lec. |
My search for Lepidoptera and Coleoptera at Canmore was interfered
with by the presence of larger game, and I was so much engrossed by the
chase of a lynx that I neglected my entomological opportunities, as I have
now occasion to regret, inasmuch as the lynx in the end proved missing.

List of Coleoptera taken at Nanaimo, June 20, 1887.

1. LVotiophilus Sibiricus, Mots., 24. Corymbites fallax, Say, 1 ex.
Hex, “25: " inflatus, Say, 1 1

2. Pterostichus lustrans,Lec,t 1 26. Chalcophora angulicollis,

3. Amara fallax, Lec., rt Lec.,9
4. Harpalus rufimanus, Lec.,t 1 27. Dicerca tenebrosa, Kirby, 1 1

5. Anisodactylus Californicus, 28. Buprestis aurulenta (lauta)

Dey, 1 11 Bee. sr

6. Silpha Lapponica, Hbst.,1 1 29. Melanophila longipes, Say,

7. Coccinella sanguinea, Linn.,5 1 IO 1:

8. Anatis Rathvoni, Lec., ae th Sie (0: " Drummond,

9. Psyllobora taedata, Lec., 3.1 Kirby, 18 «
10. Scymnus Phelpsii,Crotch,1 1 31. Chrysophana placida, Lec.,
11. Zrogosita virescens, Fab., 24 1 rt
12. Peltis Pippiigskoeldi, 32: Podabrus pintphilus,

Mann., 3 Eseh., 2

13. Adelocera profusa, Cand.,t 1 33. Zelephorus Curtisit, Kirby,1

14. Alaus melanops, Lec., Es Blige, aves " divisus, Lec., I

15. Cardiophorus tenebrosus, 35. Clerus sphegeus, Fab., Ma

Hecst ow 362 -Ltitings Vasares £', Lec. an

16. Elater apicatus, Say, Dow 34. Ceruchus siztaius, Lec 201

17. wu var. phoentcopterus, 38. Asemum atrum, Esch., 3 0

Germ., 1 1 39. Zetropium velutinum, Lec.,2 :

18. Agriotes Thevenetiiz, Horn, 1 1 40. Xylotrechus undulatus, Say,t

19. Dolopius lateralis, Esch.,2 1 41. Rhagium lineatum, Oliv., 1 1

20 Melanotus fissilis, Say, 1 1 42. Leptura obliterata, Hald.,1 w

21. Limonius Californicus, 43 1 chrysocoma, Kirby,t 1
Mann., 1 1 44. " seripta (var. a)

22. Athous vittiger, Lec., ath T.€Cis2be

23. n.sp.(fideDr.Horn)t 1 45. Syneta albida, Lec., To

92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

46. Haltica bimarginata,Say,23 ex. 53. Anaspis atra, Lec., - 8 ex.
47. Phellopsis porcata, Lec., 1 1 54. un rufa, Say, Tuk
48. Eleodes cordata, Esch, 7 1 55. Hurygenius campanulatus,
49. Lphthimus serratus,Mann.,5 1 Lec:, sBoan,
50. Platydema Oregonense, 56. Rhynchites bicolor, Fab., 3 1
Lec., 4 » 57. Amnesia grantcollis, Lec.,1 1
51. Helops pernitens, Lec., 1 1 58. Sctopithes obscurus, Horn, 1 1
52. Cistela variabilis (var. c) 59. Dorytomus luridus, Mann, 2 1
Horn, 1 1 60. Orchestes canus, Horn, Tt

While lying in the harbor of Victoria for a few hours, during which I
did not have the privilege of going ashore to collect, I climbed to the
main-top of the steamer, and while sitting at the cross-trees a specimen
of Pachyta liturata, Kirby, came flying toward me and settled on my arm.
It was promptly captured and tied in a corner of my handkerchief, and is
now embodied in my collection. Numerous specimens of J/elanophila
longipes also came on board and sought refuge in the seams between the
planking of the deck. I caught a dozen or more, and for two days after-
wards, when fully six hundred miles off the coast, a stray specimen would
now and then turn up upon the spray-swept deck of the vessel.

The success which attended my efforts to collect at Nanaimo reveals
the richness of the locality. I was absent from the steamer about two
hours, from 7.30 a.m. until a little before 10 a.m. My collecting was all
done in a little clearing made by an Indian for the purpose of planting a
few rows of beans and potatoes. The area covered did not exceed 75
yards square. The sun was shining brightly, and about the trunks of the
freshly fallen fir trees and under their bark the Buprestidz and Elateridz
were particularly abundant. It was with pleasure that I recognized Z7yo-
gosita virescens in this high northern latitude, as heretofore it has been
represented in my collection mainly by specimens from Florida. Most of
the specimens have dark blue elytra, but a few have the typical green. I
trust at some future day to be able to explore patiently and thoroughly
the length and breadth of Vancouver Island and the coast of British
Columbia lying to the East and North.

}

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93

STRAY NOTES ON MYRMELEONIDA, Parr 4.

BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS

(Continued from vol. xx., page 74.)

8. Brachynemurus Carrizonus Hag., n. sp.

Yellow with black lines ; face yellow, above with a transversal narrow
black band, separated by a yellow crescent from the antenne, and by a
narrow yellow line between the antennz from the vertex ; a faint median
black line goes from the black band nearly to the clypeus ; labrum yel-
low ; palpi short, pale yellowish, maxillary with apical joint, cylindrical,
black except on tip, the two preceding joints with a brownish mark in the
middle ; labials a little longer, apical joint hirsute, black shining except on
base, fusiform, thickened, the apical third thin, pointed; on the inflated
part an ocelius like spot. Antenne not fully as long as head and pro-
thorax, strong, clavate, black, faintly annulated, the two basal joints
shining brown below, yellow above. club luteous; antennz of female
shorter, club broader; vertex elevated, rounded, yellow, before a yellow
transversal band ; above two black transversal bands, the last one dilated
behind on each side of the middle to a larger triangular or square spot ;
one specimen with the anterior band interrupted in the middle. Prothorax
little longer than broad, rounded before, yellow with four black longitu-
dinal bands, the internals approximate ; space between the externals with
a yellow band, or divided in two elongate spots ; the two externals some-
times broader near the head, and a little divergent ; one specimen has the
externals reaching only the transversal furrow. Mesothorax black, with
two anterior yellow dots and some near the wings, two yeliow angular
bands divided from behind on the disk ; the hind part yellow with two
black approximate anterior spots ; metathorax similar but the yellow pre-
dominant ; sides of thorax black with yellow marks.

Abdomen slender, of male longer than wings, very finely clothed with
white hairs, black, the two basal segments above yellow with a broad
black median band, the following similar, but the black band broader ;
the last four segments black ; appendages pale with long black hairs, as
long as the last segment, slender, a little incurved ; the last segment below
at the end with numerous long black hairs ; it can not be ascertained if
among the hairs is a triangular plate ; abdomen of female a little shorter

94. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

than the wings, the yellow lateral marks on all segments ; genitals yellow,
superiors split with two transversal rows of strong black spines ; below
two very small cylindrical appendages.

Legs short, yellowish, strongly sprinkled with black and with black
hairs, tip of tibia, of third and apical joint of tarsus black, fourth entirely
black ; spurs brown, incurved, as long as the two basal joints.

Wings hyaline, pterostigma small, yellowish white, interiorly a dark
dot ; only the last costals before it forked ; venation dark, largely inter-
rupted with white ; along the mediana and submediana the costals marked
with dark, also the base of the small forks on the apical and hind margin
of the front wings.

Length of body, male 35 m.m.; female 25 m.m.; exp. al, 45 to 50
m.m.

Habit., Carrizo Springs, Dimmit Co., Texas, just on the border of “©

Mexico ; two males, three females.

It has the appearance of a smaller form of B. peregrinus. A larger
male, length 38 m.m., exp. al. 60 m.m., is apparently just transformed,
with the colors not yet finished, from Tusco, Arizona. I can not separate
it from the Texan species.

9. Lrachynemurus Sackent Hag., n. sp.

Yellow, variegated with black ; face yellow, with two oblique ovoid
black spots near the antennz ; labrum yellow ; palpi brownish, maxillary
with the last joint cylindrical ; labials little longer, last joint fusiform and
black on the basal half, with a few hairs ; antenne longer than head and
thorax, black, faintly annulated, clavate, more luteous on tip, below dull,
the two basal joints brown shining ; vertex elevated, rounded, black with
whitish hairs in front ; yellow with two lacerated black spots on top, which
unite anteriorly, surrounding a median heart-shaped yellow spot, two yel-
low dots behind it, sending to occiput on each side a fine black line; a
black dot near each eye. Prothorax as long as broad, yellow, with two
black median lines, separated by a fine yellow line, which is enlarged
behind ; on each side a black interrupted line, and a similar one shortly
before the side margin, which is clothed with white hairs ; below a black
band near the side margin ; mesothorax blackish-fuscous, on each side a
yellow maculose band, and some dots ; besides three small black shining
dots on each side; the posterior middle part bright yellow, with three

——

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 95

black dots behind, and two in the anterior corner similar to the ocellus-
like spots of J/. conspersa; metathorax yellow, divided by black cross
lines ; sides largely black ; thorax between the wings and legs black with
many yellow spots and stripes. Abdomen of male slender, longer than
wings, densely clothed with long black villosity ; black, each segment witha
large yellow spot in middle, a yellow band at the apex, and a yellow band,
except on the three last segments, on base ; appendages, long 4 m.m., full
as long as the two last segments, thin, cylindrical, a little incurved, clothed
with long black hairs ; between and below a short pyramidal tubercle
with longer hairs. Abdomen of female similar, as long as the wings ;
genitals with a row of black spines, appendages brownish.

Legs very slender, short, pale, hairy, sprinkled with black, femur and
tibia with a more or less distinct black ring at base and before tip; tibia
with the three last joints black at tip, fourth nearly entirely black ; spurs
brown, as long as first joint.

Wings slightly fumose ; pterostigma whitish after a darker spot ; only
few of the costals forked before it ; venation black, largely interrupted
_ with pale; some transversals near the mediana and submediana, and the
small forks near tip and hind margin more or less fumose ; hind wings
less marked ; venation and hind margin villous.

Length of body, male 35 m.m.; female 25 m.m. Exp. al. 4o to 50
m.m: |

Habit.—Texas, Dallas, Boll, and Waco by Belfrage, May 3 to 7 ; June
10. California, San Francisco, O. Sacken and Austin; Tucson, Arizona.
Seven males and two females.

Two females from Colorado, sub-alpine, July, length 35 m.m.; exp. al.
58, can not be separated from the males, except the larger size; the
description agrees fully, the legs and wings are stronger marked; the
abdomen is as long as the wings, the genitals with a row of strong black
spines, the small appendages yellow. The greatest breadth of the wings
is 9 m.m. where it is of the males only 6 m.m.

10. Brachynemurus longipalpis Hag., n. sp. ‘

Pale yellow, marked with black ; face very pale yellowish, with a small
black median spot above; sometimes between the eyes and the base of
the antenne a faint black stripe and another one on the inner side of the
base of the antennz ; labrum pale yellow ; maxillary palpi pale, of com-

96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

mon size and shape; the apical joint longer than the others, cylindrical,
tip a little pointed, light brown ; labial palpi of unusual length, longer
than the head, about 3 m.m.; second joint about thrice the length of the
last maxillary joint, much stronger, hairy, a little incurved, suddenly thick-
ened above just before tip, where it is brownish ; last joint as long as the
second, strongly clavate before the short, fine, cylindrical tip, hairy, yel-
lowish inside, externally brown, blackish on the club. Antennz nearly
as long as head and thorax, strong, thicker to tip, fuscous, annulated with
yellowish, the two basal joints and basal half of antenna below yellowish ;
vertex elevated, pale yellow, on top a transversal black line interrupted in
the middle, where is a black spot, and a second transversai line formed by
four black spots, besides some black dots near the occiput. Prothorax a
little longer than broad, narrowed before and rounded ; pale with whitish
villosity ; two fuscous longitudinal bands, approximate and reaching the
front margin; on each side, more distant, a fuscous band, ending in the
transversal furrow with a black spot ; below along the side margin a black
stripe ; mesothorax pale yellow with short black bands, forming three
forks, open behind, and a similar on the hind middle part ; metathorax
with a black cross; sides of the thorax yellow, with a black maculose
longitudinal band. Abdomen of male considerably longer than the wings,
slender, with whitish villosity, intermixed with brown hairs on the apical
half, fuscous below, above with a broad yellow band, divided by a fuscous
line on the segments 1 to 4; a yellowish median line on the three last
segments, and some lateral marks ; appendages very short, cylindrical,
going downwards, a little divergent, yellow with a black stripe above,
strongly clothed with black hairs. I can not find below them any middle
part or plate. Abdomen of female as long as the wings, blackish-fuscous,
with two yellow dorsal bands from the third segment to apex ; genitals
light brown with a row of strong black spines ; below two short cylindri-
cal appendages with long black hairs. Legs short, pale yellow, moderately
sprinkled with black, with strong black spines and on the interior of the
anterior femora with white spines ; tibia with a fine black ring near the
base ; tip of tibia and all joints of tarsi black ; spurs brown, strong, as
long or a little longer than the two basal joints. Wings hyaline, ptero-
stigma white after a brown spot; costals simple, a few forked before the
pterostigma ; veins fuscous interrupted with pale, near the submediana
fumose, forming a more or less visible longitudinal dark line ; near the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 97

hind margin and along the gradate veins parallel to tip slightly fumose ;
venation and hind margin villous ; hind wings hyaline.

Two females from Nevada have more variegated front wings ; nearly
all the oblique veins below the submediana, the forks along the hind bor-
der are more infumate, which makes the wing look strange ; the femurs of
hind legs fuscous.

Length of body, male 38 m.m.; female 26 m.m.; exp. al. 48 to 52 m.m.

Hab., California, Cap San Lucas, by Xanthus de Vesey ; Humboldt
Station, Nevada, July 29, by O..Sacken. Of the 9 specimens before me,
7 are from California (one female), all alike ; the two females from Nevada
are stronger colored, but otherwise not different. The great length of
labial palpi is a character not to be found in another species.

NOTES ON LYCAENA PIASUS, Boitsp.
BY W. G. WRIGHT, SAN BERNARDINO, CAL.

This is in California the first butterfly to emerge in the spring, appear-
ing in February, though it is the accepted representative of the Eastern
LVeglecta, which is not the first toappearthere. asus is double brooded ;
the second brood coming’in the latter part of April, and between it and
the first brood a few days intervene when no Piasus are seen. Both
‘broods are very fond of water, being always found on damp sands of wet
places, and at the brookside crossings. They are also often seen feeding
on willow blossoms. A large series gives a uniform expanse of 1.1 inch.
I can detect no difference in the markings or size of the two broods.

The larval food-plant of Pzasws is the buds of Adenostoma fasci-
culatum, an anomalous genus which has no representative, even approxi-
mate, in the Eastern States. The Spanish name is “chamiso,” which is
Anglicized into ‘‘ chemise.” It is a heath-like plant, 4 to 6 feet high, re-
sembling a juniper bush more than any other Eastern plant. Every part
of it is brittle, dry, and rather resinous, burning freely when quite fresh
and green. ‘The leaves are very small, round like pine needles, and ever-
green ; they grow all along the stems in little bunches or “ fascicles,”
whence the specific name. The flowers are minute, profuse, in dense
terminal racemes on the tips of the twigs, white, scarcely or not at all
fragrant, though forming one of the chief sources of honey in the country,

98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and it is notable that while the plant is abundant and flowers so profusely
as to whiten the landscape, tne seeds have never been found. It grows
upon the dry hillsides and covers uncounted square miles of waste land.

This plant, growing at a distance from the usual haunts of Pzasus, is
that butterfly’s food plant. While the flower buds are as yet but in their
merest infancy, the female Péasws of the first brood deposits her eggs,
‘singly, on the bud and between it and the stem. The female of the
second brood finds the flowers in blossom. ‘The egg is white, round,
flattened, with a depressed point in the center, like other Lycaena eggs.

While Adenostoma is entirely foreign to any plant in the Atlantic
States or Europe, it is placed by botanists in the Order Rosaczea, and
among eastern plants those nearest it are: Alchemil/a, ‘‘lady’s mantle ;”
Agrimona, “agrimona,” and Poterium, “ burnet,” though all of these are
very unlike in appearance to Adenostoma. It is possible that the buds
or the immature seeds of other Rosaceous plants might feed Péasws larvee,
as cherry, plum, strawberry, etc.

CORRESPONDENCE.

WIND-VISITING MOTHS.

Dear Sir: I have given in the CaNnapIAN ENTOMOLOGIST a pre-
liminary list of those moths which do not breed continuously in our
North American Territory, as defined by Leconte. It has been my
theory, stated in numerous papers within the past fifteen or twenty years,
that a number of species of moths, found as moths within our limits, are
wind visitors. I have been at some pains to point out that the Cotton
Worm Moth is, so far as the Central Cotton Belt is concerned and the
territory north of this, only a summer breeder, and that it is winter-killed
over the larger portion of our continent over which it flies. I ascertained,
while in the employ of the Agricultural Department, that, on the coast of
Georgia, the earlier or later appearance of the Cotton Worm depended,
at least in some seasons, upon the average direction and force of the
wind. No continued observations could be taken, but as the general
course of the wind is from south to north during the summer, what I
heard agreed with my previously published conclusions. My theory as
to the Cotton Worm has been ingeniously covered up in his Reports by

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 99)

Prof. Riley, but I refer to my statements in print and to the fact that the
line of continuous breeding is yet unfixed, while it is the primary object
to be ascertained by practical entomologists. On page 56 of this volume,
Mr. Smith “dissents from the idea” that certain Sphingide or Hawk
Moths determined from our territory by Mr. Edwards should be taken
into our fauna in papers on our fauna. He demands that the right
should be made clear by ascertaining that the insect breeds within our
territory. I agree with Mr. Edwards that we should take all species
found within our territory into our lists and treat them as belonging to
our southern fauna, until it is proved that they do not breed with us;
and ¢hen with the remark that they do not breed, but are merely wind-
visitors as moths. How can we pass over such a fact, as their being
found with us, in silence? Again, seeing the large extent both of our
territory and of our ignorance of the conditions under which our moths
live, how can we pronounce whether or no these moths may not be
summer breeders, or occasional breeders? Who knows that PAzlampelus
typhon does not breed seasonally in Arizona? Mexican moths are
probably more often found in Texas than we have yet any idea; and
Cuban in Florida. Mr. Roland Thaxter has bred the Spanish moth,
Euthisanotia timais in Florida. This is quite a pronounced tropical
form. ‘The moth in numbers is beaten by the wind into the light-houses
on the coast at least as far north as New Jersey, probably much higher
up. We must keep a busy record of the habits of these moths to under-
stand their geographical distribution and their habits. Any ignoring of
them in monographic works will tell against the completeness of such
works, while the moths, unhindered by the defects in our literature, will
wing their way northward and become at least adopted citizens of our
domains every summer. As to the Hawk Moths, the Blue and Green
Hawk (/abrusce) has been taken in Missouri and in New Jersey.
Tropical species of the Owlet Moths allied to Erebus odora have been
taken so far north as Wisconsin, coming up the valley of the Mississippi.
I refer the student to my general paper on the Geographical Distribution
of our Moths in these pages, and I earnestly hope that all our wind-
visitors will be catalogued, described and put on record, since it seems
to me we can get no complete picture of our fauna without them. The
limit of their continuous breeding must be ascertained, as also of their '
summer migrations. Do not our ornithologists take into their works and

100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

distinguish between continuous residents, summer breeders, and birds of
passage? These moths are our birds. The ornithologists have already
a trinomial nomenclature, which we may come to use in time. After
awhile the most self-important classificator will come to appreciate the
fact, that the laws of Nature are of general application, and that the value
of Natural Science is tested by its ability to broaden our views and widen
our understanding. It is clear we must compare our results with those
reached in other branches of Natural Science.
A. R. Grote, Bremen, Germany.

A RARE MOTH.

Dear Sir: Permit me, in the pages of your valuable journal, to
record the capture here of an interesting moth,—the rare and beautiful
flepialus auratus, Grote. ‘Towards the close of last July, while strolling
through a cool shady ravine at Lancaster, near this city, I came upon my
treasure resting upon the leaf of a wild gooseberry bush that grew on a
knoll, surrounded by as rich a growth of vegetation as nature can well
produce in this latitude. As it hung to the leaf with its wings steeply
closed over its back, and the tip of its long body elevated, it was a very
difficult object to detect; and in the deep shade in which it occurred,
greatly resembled a yellow, partially dead, leaf. The well known larve
of Grapta progne, which feed on this plant, derive perhaps some pro-
tection from a similar coloring. May not this circumstance indicate the
gooseberry as the food-plant of the golden epialus? The type
specimen of this species was taken by the late Mr. W. W. Hill in the
Adirondacks, July, 1877, and was described by Mr. Grote in the Can.
Enrt., vol. x., page 18. As I find no reference to the capture of another
example, I presume the present to be its second recorded occurrence.

E. P. VanDuzeer, Buffalo, N. Y.

CELIPTERA BIFASCIATA, BATES.
Dear Sir: Mr. John B. Smith has compared my types of Celzptera
bifasciata, described as a new species in the Can. Ent., May, 1886,
page 94, and informs me that it is evidently identical with Prurys

vinculum, Guen.
J. Etwyn Bates.

Mailed May 2nd.

Che Canadwn Entomolomst.

VOL. XX. LONDON, JUNE, 1888. No. 6

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW NORTH AMERICAN
CHALCIDID.

BY WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLA.

Sub-family ENTEDONINA.

Astichus Forster.

(1) Astichus arizonensis Nn. sp.
gf. Length .o4 inch. Steel blue, finely scaly, with a slight metallic
tinge on thorax ; the knees and tarsi white. Antennz dark blue, the
funicle joints excised, pedunculated, with whorls of very long hairs.
Wings hyaline ; veins pale, the marginal vein very long.
Hab.—Arizona.
fFfolcopelte Forster.

(2) Holcopelte missouriensis n. sp.

2. Length .og inch. Rather robust. Vertex of head, thorax and
metathorax cupreous ; face, thorax beneath and at sides, and the abdo-
men all blue. The scape of the antennz, excepting at tip, and all the
legs, excluding the blue cox, waxy white ; flagellum blue-black, pilose.
The head is punctate, thorax and scutellum scaly, the latter longer than
wide with a median groove ; metathorax with two delicate parallel keels.
Abdomen petiolate, truncately rounded at apex, the second segment
occupying most of its surface. Wings hyaline; veins pale brown.

Hab.—Missouri.

(3) Holcopelte Popenoei n. sp.

9. Length .og inch. All of the head, the thorax, mesopleura and
coxe bright cupreous. Head and thorax punctate ; scutellum delicately
scaly with a median groove. The scape of antennz, excepting at tip,
and legs yellowish white; flagellum cupreous. Abdomen as in Z.

102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

missourtensis, blue-black, with a slight eneous tinge near the base, in
certain lights. Wings hyaline ; veins pale.
Hab.—Kansas. Prof. E. A. Popenoe. ;
Both of the above species seem to approach quite closely to 7.
albipes Prov.

(4) Holcopelte floridana n. sp.

@. Length .o8 inch. All black, shining, excepting a slight zeneous
tinge on thorax. The trochanters, apices of femora, all tibiae and tarsi,
white. The head and thorax very delicately punctate ; scutellum smooth
with a median groove. Abdomen petiolate, pointed ovate, the second
segment occupying most of its surface, the following segments short, but
all distinctly visible. Wings hyaline ; veins brown.

Hab.—Florida.

(5) Holcopelte microgaster Nn. sp.

gf. lLength.o5 inch. Blue-black, smooth. Scape of antenne, cox
and metathorax, distinctly blue. Funicie eneous. The femora, except-
ing tips, blue; tibiae and tarsi white, the former with a brown blotch.
Wings hyaline ; veins yellow.

Hab.— Missouri.

Reared from a Microgaster cocoon.

Pleurotropis Forster.

(6) Lleurotropis leucopus n. sp.

9. Length .o6 inch. Robust, coarsely scaly. Dark blue, excepting -
a slight metallic tinge on the thorax ; the apical tips of tibie and all tarsi
white. Metathorax short, with delicate keels. Abdomen broadly oval,
the petiole very short, second and third abdominal segments nearly equal,
the following segments shorter. Wings hyaline; veins pale yellowish,
postmarginal vein wanting.

Hab.— Florida.

Lintedon Dalman.

(7) Lntedon albitarsis ni. sp.

gq. 2. Length .06 to.08 inch. Head, antennz and thorax, blue-
black, vertex of head and mesothorax, sneous, distinctly scaly. Abdo-
men of female pointed ovate, in male linear ; it, as well as the legs steel

2

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103

blue ; tips of tibiz and tarsi yellowish-white. Wings hyaline ; veins pale
brown.

Hab.—Virginia.

(8) Entedon arizonensis n. sp.

2. Length.1o inch. Head, antenne and thorax, fiery cupreous.
Head nearly smooth, vertex narrow ; thorax and scutellum very coarsely
scaly. Abdomen ovate, black, very highly polished, the second segment
occupying nearly the whole surface. Legs blue-black, the anterior and
middle pairs with metallic tingings, the posterior pair all cupreous.

Wings hyaline ; veins dark brown.
Hab,—Arizona.

(9) Lutedon columbiana n. sp.

@. Length .o7 inch. This species is very close to #. albitarsis,
and may prove to be nothing but a variety of that species. It differs,
however, in being much more robust, more coarsely punctate and in
having the trochanters, extreme tips of femora, all white, as well as the

tarsi, characters that will readily separate the species.
Hab.— District of Columbia.

Asecodes Forster.

(10) Asecodes albitarsis Nn. sp.

®. Length .o8 inch. Blue-black, smooth, shining. Head and
thorax with a decided brassy tinge. Scutellum smooth, metallic green.
Antenne (?) seven-jointed, scape blue, flagellum metallic green, pilose.
Legs, excepting the three basal joints of tarsi which are white, all blue
or black. Wings hyaline; veins brown, the postmarginal vein is slightly
developed.

Hab.—(?)

Omphale Haliday.

(11) Omphale bicinctus n. sp.

g. Length .og inch. Stout, robust, cyaneous, delicately ripple
marked. Head large, broader than the thorax. Eyes very large, brown.
Antenne inserted low down on the face ; scape slender, yellow, excepting
a dusky streak above near the apex ; joints of flagellum black, with long
hairs. Legs, excepting coxez and femora which are black, all yellow.
Abdomen pointed ovate, slightly longer than the thorax, the second

104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

segment the longest, but extending hardly to half the length of the
abdomen ; sides with some long hairs. Wings hyaline, with two trans-
verse brown bands across the disk; veins pale brownish, the post-
marginal vein longer than the stigmal.

Hab.—Florida.

Closterocerus Westwood.

(12) Closterocerus cinctipennis n. sp.

g. Length .o4 inch. Head, pleura, sternum, metathorax and
abdomen blue ; collar, mesothorax and scutellum golden green, strongly
punctate. Head emarginate in front and consequently very thin antero-
posteriorly. Antennze brown-black, hairy. Legs brown, trochanters,
tips of tibiz and tarsi pale or whitish. Wings hyaline, fringed with
long hairs, forewings with a brown band extending across the stigmal
region and another at the apical margin.

Hab.—U. S.
Sub-family TETRASTICHINA.

Anozus Forster.

(13) Axnozus siphonophore n. sp.

@. Length .o4 inch. Black, smooth, shining, impunctured. Head
transverse, very thin antero-posteriorly, front deeply emarginated.
Antenne black, (broken). Thorax transverse, collar not visible from
above ; mesothorax broader than long, parapsidal furrows, deep ;
scutellum Jarge, smooth, convex, without grooves, broad at base, the
scapule being very minute; metathorax short; pleura blue-black.
Abdomen sessile ovate, yellowish at base. All coxz black ; trochanters,
tips of femora and tibize, and all tarsi, yellowish. Wings hyaline ; veins
pale brown, the marginal vein is very thick and about as long as the
submarginal, the stigmal and postmarginal veins not developed, wanting.

Described from one specimen reared from an Aphis, siphonophera sp.

Euderus Haliday.

(14) Luderus columbiana n. sp.

®. lLength.1ro inch. Dull brown, or bronzy green, its whole sur-
face including the abdomen strongly confluently punctate. Head trans-
verse, not wider than the posterior part of mesothorax and with only a
slight antennal groove in front, Antenne about as long as the thorax,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105

eight jointed ; scape slender, yellowish brown; flagellum dark brown,
about twice as long as the scape, pubescent, the pedicel shorter than the
first funicle joint, the latter joint the longest, about twice as long as wide,
the following joints being not much longer than wide, sub-moniliform.
Thorax : collar transverse, rounded before ; mesothorax with parapsidal
grooves well defined; scutellum longer than wide, without grooves,
rounded behind, sides parallel. Abdomen conic ovate, cylindric, one-
third longer than head and thorax together, the segments of nearly equal
length. Legs dark brown, trochanters, knees, fore and middle tibize, and
all the tarsi honey-yellow, hind tibiz dusky in the middle. Wings
hyaline, fringed with short ciliz ; the veins brown, the marginal is twice
the length of the submarginal, the stigmal short, while the postmarginal
is wanting.
Hab.—Florida and District of Columbia.

Ly perteles Forster.

(15) LHyperteles hylotome Nn. sp.

@. Length .o8 inch. Dark blue, with a faint metallic lustre on
thorax. Antenne eight-jointed, brown, pubescent, scape brownish-
yellow, the joints of the flagellum are about twice as long as thick. Collar
transverse, rounded before ; mesothorax with a median groove ; scutellum
with two parallel grooves ; metathorax with three keels. Abdomen oval-
rotund. Legs pale brownish-yellow, excepting the femora, which are blue
for two-thirds their length ; tarsi pale. Wings hyaline, pubescent, veins
pale brown, the marginal vein about twice the length of the submarginal,
stigmal vein longer than usual, postmarginal wanting.

Hab.—Canada.

Described from three specimens sent to me by Mr. W. Hague Har-
rington, who reared them from the eggs of a saw-fly Zy/otoma sp. -

Aprostocetus Westwood.
(16) <Afprostocetus granulatus N. sp.

9. Length .o7 inch. Black, with a coarse, scaly punctation.
Antenne, including scape, brown, pubescent. Thorax ovoid, the parap-
sides distinct, the collar very short, rounded before, the scutellum longer
than wide with two grooves on its disk. The abdomen is pointed ovate,
longer than head and thorax together, depressed above, rounded below,
with an exserted ovipositor, nearly half its length. Legs dark honey-

106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

yellow, femora and the tibiz at base brownish. Wings hyaline, pubes-
cent and ciliated, the pubescence brown, the venation as in Zetrastichus.
Hab.—Florida.

Described from one specimen.

(17) Aprostocetus canadensis Nn. sp.

@. Length to tip of ovipositor .o8 inch; ovipositor .oz inch. Dark
blue, with a slight zneous tinge on the thorax. Head emarginated in
front, and very thin antero-posteriorly. Eyes brown. Antenne short,
eight-jointed, brown, pilose. Collar short, transverse, rounded before ;
mesothorax with distinct, deep parapsidal grooves and a median groove.
Abomen. linear not quite twice as long as the thorax, concave above,
keeled below, the ovipositor being not quite two-thirds as long as the
abdomen. Legs honey-yellow, the femora, excepting at tips, blue; the
tibia with a brown blotch in the middle, more distinct on the posterior
pair ; apical tarsal joints brownish. Wings hyaline, almost devoid of
pubescence ; the venation as in the genus Zetrastichus.

Hab.—Canada.

Described from two specimens sent me by Mr. W. Hague Harrington,
who reared them from the thistle (?) cecidomyia, along with So/enotus
Fletcheri, on which it may be a secondary parasite and from which it is
with difficulty distinguised. So/enotus, however, has a larger collar and
very broad, thick fore femora and tibiee.

(18) Aprostocetus americanus Nn. sp.

@. Length to tip of ovipositor .og inch; length of ovipositor alone
.o3 inch. Smooth, shining black. Head emarginated in front and very
thin antero-posteriorly. Antenne eight-jointed, brown, the club wider
than the funicle joints. Thorax: collar very short, transverse ; parapsidal
grooves deep, distinct and no median groove on the mesonotum. Scu-
tellum convex, slightly longer than wide, with two parallel grooves on the
disk. Abdomen sessile, long, linear, without the ovipositor about twice
as long as the head and thorax together, very slightly widened just before
apex and from thence acuminate and ending in a long ovipositor two-
thirds its length, above depressed, below keeled with a few long hairs
surrounding apex. Legs honey-yellow, the femora, excepting at tips,
brown, the terminal joints of anterior and middle tarsi and the two

—_—_” «< -

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 107

terminal joints of posterior tarsi, brown. Wings hyaline, with short
ciliz ; venation as in Zetrastichus.
Hab.—U. S.

Sub-family TRICHOGRAMMINE.

Trichogramma Westwood.
(19) Trichogramma acuminatum Nn. sp.

Female, length .o3 ; male,.oz inch. Honey-yellow ; eyes purplish-
brown ; legs pale or white. The abdomen in the female is acuminate-
ovate, about twice as long as the head and thorax combined, with a
lateral and a ventral row of five or six brown spots. In the male the
abdomen is obtuse behind, not longer than the head and thorax com-
bined. Antenne pilose. The wings are strongly ciliate, the fore pair
broadly rounded with a dusky blotch beneath the stigma, the hind pair
rather narrowed and pointed at apex.

Described from two female and one male specimens, reared from a
corn-leaf, and probably parasitic on the eggs of some leaf miner.

(20) TZrichogramma nigrum.

Female. Length .o2 inch. Robust, black, polished. Antenne
short, stout, brown. Legs entirely white. The scutellum is rather high
testaceous, the extreme tip white. The abdomcn is sessile ovate, not
longer than the head and thorax, its dorsum somewhat flat. Wings
hyaline, as in Z: acuminatum without, however, the small blotch beneath
the stigma ; veins brownish; tegulee white.

Described from two specimens.

(21) Zrichogramma ceresarum NX. Sp.

Female. Length nearly .o4 inch. Reddish-yellow, rather slender.
Eyes brown. Abdomen and posterior femora fuscous, the fore and
middle femora pale brown; tibiz and tarsi pale The thorax is trian-
gular in front; the abdomen not longer than the thorax but wider.
Wings hyaline. as in Z: xigrum, but with very strong violet reflections.

Described from two specimens reared from the eggs of the Membracid
Ceresa bubulus Say.

108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PREPARATORY STAGES OF CATOCALA PALASOGAMA, GUEN.

BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

Egg.— Diameter .o4 inch, low conoidal, a prominent bulging ridge
round the base of one half of a hundredth of an inch on each side, so
that inside of this the egg is .o3 inch; striated with 38 prominent long-
itudinal stria, of which 12 reach the small micropyle, shallow transverse
striae ; apex small, not depressed. Color dull, pale, brownish olive.
Duration of this period not known, but at least 194 days.

Young Larva.—Length .12 inch, of the usual Catocala shape, joopers
on account of the first and second pairs of pro-legs being small ; pale
brownish yellow, joints 5 and 6 dark, somewhat blackish, joints 7 and 8
whitish, 9 and ro blackish again; a faint fine red line on each side of
body, very short hairs from the pelifirous spots. Duration of this period
three days.

After 1st Moult.—Length .20 inch. Color reniform pale whitish,
slightly brown tinted, head darker, a red line on each side with a broken
line above it and another below it, of the same color, on the ventre a
round red spot on the middle of each joint. Duration of this period
four days.

After 2nd Moult.—Length .28 inch. On the sides are four rather
broad, dark reddish purple stripes, alternating with pale greenish ones,
these dark stripes approaching on joint 2 so that there is here only
a narrow dorsal light line, the upper line indistinct ; from joint 2 the
dorsum widens out in pale greenish so that in the middle of the body this
color extends to the region of the subdorsum, its outer part containing
the upper part of the lateral stripe which is here broken and of a purplish
green color. The dorsum from joint 5 to ro has in its centre a series of
very narrow elliptical pale purplish green spots extending from the middle
of each joint to the middle of the next one back. Pilifirous spots small
and black, head mottled with irregular longitudinal purplish black and
pale greenish markings, the purple on joint 2 being of the same color
but a little paler on its back part. Ventre with spots of the same dark
color in the centres of the joints; feet pale. Toward the close of this
period the larve turn darker, many of them being as dark on the whole
of the dorsum as on the thoracic segments at the beginning of the period,
this color purplish black, with a fine whitish dorsal line ; all of them

es

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109

darker than at the beginning of the period. Duration of this period six
days.

After 3rd Moult.—Length .85 inch. Marked very much as in the
preceding stage, stripes and mottlings purplish black, this color enough
paler in the middle of the body to be purple, and jet black at the
extremities, the two blending into each other and arranged in fine long-
itudinal stripes, each of which has a paler centre but which is not so pale
as the alternating whitish stripe; the dorsum paler than the sides.
Piliferous spots more prominent, black, the very short hairs black ; head
striped with broken white lines as before ; ventral spots prominent only
on the middle joints; thoracie feet pale. The lateral fringe begins to
show. Duration of this period three days.

After 4th Moult.—Length 1.20 inches. Striped with black very much
as before, but each stripe composed of three indistinct lines, making the
body pale on joints 5 to 8 and the anterior part of joint g and the pos-
terior part of joint 10, the rest of the joints darker; the light shade is
lilac tinted with a yellow tinge between the joints from the middle of the
body back ; joints 2 and 13 so darkas to obliterate the stripes. Head
striped as before, but the dark is orange shading into black towards the
mouth; legs orange; pilifirous spots on the dorsum black with yellow at
the base, the lateral ones yellow ; the hairs on the dorsum black, on the
sides and head pale yellowish; a black transverse patch on joint g
between posterior pair of dorsal piliferous spots ; eyes black ; ventre pale
yellow, a yellowish black spot in the middle of each joint ; the substig-
matal stripe not separable into lines but irregularly mottled. Duration
of this period five days.

After 5th Moult.—Length 160 inches. Color pale purplish red
mottled with black, in some more or less of a yellowish tint, rather dis-
tinctly arranged in five light and four dark stripes, the mottlings being
thicker in the dark stripes, the pale stripes with darker centres, the outer
edge of the pale being almost free from black but mottled in shades of
red ; the dorsal stripe with the dark in ellipses that have their broadest
part between the joints ; piliferous spots on joint 2 pale yellowish, almost
white, tipped with black ; those on joint 3 to 4 white; those on the
dorsum of the other joints dark yellow, pale at base ; those on the sides
pale yellowish; the posterior pair of dorsals on joint 12 very much
enlarged ; all large and prominent, each with a short black hair ; joint 9

110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

has a dark patch on the posterior part of the dorsum, Head pale reddish,
the same shade as the red ground color, marked with irregular longitu-
dinal rows of white dots; feet pale red; ventre pale yellow with black
centres to the joints, those at the anterior and posterior parts of the body
small. At this time there is a distinct fringe of fleshy appendages on
the sides.

Mature Larva.—Length 2.75 inches ; cylindrical, tapering slightly to
either extremity, with short lateral fringe. Marked as at the beginning
of the period with seven longitudinal stripes from stigmata to stigmata,
the lower dark one stigmatal, below this the space to the fringe the same
color as the dorsal stripe, making the nine stripes mentioned before.
The stripes are very nearly the same color, the only difference being that
the dark ones have a little more of the black mottling than the pale ones ;
the stripes are divided by narrower stripes or broad lines of the ground
color, which is dull, pale, smoky red. The thoracic joints are a little
darker than the others. Piliferous spots pale nankeen, the dorsal tipped
with orange ; the space between the posterior dorsals on joint g black,
only a little elevated ; the posterior pair on joint 12 about three times as
large as the others; each tipped with a very short black hair. Head,
the ground color striped with reddish white that consists of transversely
elongated dots ; feet the ground color ; fringe white ; ventre pale yellow,
a black patch on each joint. Duration of this period seven days.

Chrysalis.—Length 1.10 inches, depth .35 inch, width .4o inch;
cylindrical, tapering from joint 5 back ; tongue and wing cases extending
back to the posterior part of joint 5, tongue case as far back as wing case ;
abdominal joints moderately punctured, anterior part of each a little cor-
rugated ; head moderately rounded. Color chestnut brown, covered with

a white powder as is usual. Duration of this period from 30 to 32 days.

In pupating, the larva fastened leaves together with silk, slightly
lining the interior, and into this thin lining the cremaster was fastened.

Food plant hickory.

The eggs from which the larve from which these notes were taken
were found Oct, 5, 1886, in a crevice in a piece of hickory bark, there
being fifty-eight of them in a mass, laid so that they overlapped each
other, one edge of each being against the bark. I have since found the
shells of other eggs in the crevices of hickory bark deposited in the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. tT

same way. The species of hickory upon which they were found was
what is known as the Mockernut, or Carya Tomentosa.

The eggs hatched, or about one-fifth of them, April 17th, 1887, the
rest coming out from day to day after this, and they emerged from the
pupe from June r4th to 16th, giving an egg period as above of at least
194 days, to which it is probable that at least two weeks more should be
added ; and from the time of hatching to the emergence of the imagines
58 days, of which one month is in the pupa state. I have no reason to
think that this, or any other species we have here, is more than one
brooded. I am also of the opinion that they pass through changes
sooner in the hatching boxes than in their homes in the woods, as I never
find this species on the trees before July ; and the same may be said of
some other species, though C. //ea should probably be excepted.

After one had moulted, at the last moult, I saw it turn, after its usual
period of rest, and eat the cast off skin.

THREE MOTHS NEW TO OUR FAUNA.
BY HY. EDWARDS.

In my article with the above heading, to which my friend Mr. J. B.
Smith takes exception, I at once confess that an error occurs, and that
the title should have been new to ‘‘our lists” and not to “our fauna.” Mr.
Smith wrote me a day or two after the publication of the paper, and I
at once replied that I should have used the word “lists” in the place of
“fauna.” I am therefore somewhat surprised that in his printed remarks
he did not allude to the correction I had personally made, but that he
should take me to task affer receiving my letter, and charge me with
adding the species mentioned to our “fauna,” when I had disclaimed the
meaning he attributes to me. But though I am free to allow that the
species I spoke of may not with propriety belong to the U. S. fauna, I
am by no means willing to admit that they are on that account not deserv-
ing of a place in our Check List or Catalogue. This is, as I take it, not
a philosophic account of species belonging to a certain faunal district, but
merely the names of those species found to be inhabiting a geographical
limit, and is intended chiefly for the purpose of enabling collectors and

La THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

students to classify their specimens, and in the case of a synonymical
catalogue, of referring to the descriptions of species. At any rate, this is
the view I take in giving Pseudosph. Tetrio, Philamp. Typhon and Syntom.
Epilarts as being found within our limits, and I hold that they have as
much right to a place among N. American, or rather United States species
as many that have long been admitted. Of the first named, I have now
seen five examples, four taken in Arizona, and one in N. W. Texas. Of
these, one was quite fresh and in excellent condition, the others more or
less broken and imperfect, though apparently more from careless handling
than from either long flight or the age of the specimens. I cannot of
course say positively that the species breeds in U.S. territory, but I have
as much ground for believing that it does, as my friend Smith has for
assuming that it does not. Thenas to P. Zyphon. The specimen to
which I allude was taken by the late Mr. H. K. Morrison in the mountains
of N. E. Arizona, as nearly as I can tell, about 20c miles from the boun-
dary line. It is quite perfect, so much so that it may only have emerged
from the pupa state within two days, and it seems to me hardly credible
that this particular example should have flown such a great distance, and
still retain in their purity all its delicate scales. Syntometda Epilaris is
from Florida, and I have very little doubt that it will one day be found
there in comparative plenty. Indeed, I have good reason to believe that
it was taken by Mr. Morrison a short time before his death, and it may
possibly be among the Lepidoptera found by Mr. Schwartz during his visit
to Key West some little time ago. If we are to discard these insects from
our lists because our territory is not their original home, what will become
of a large number of the species now included? One third at least of
those from Florida, Texas, Arizona and S. California will have to be
eliminated, for at least this proportion must be said to belong to a diflerent
fauna from the insects of Pennsylvania or Illinois. Mr. Smith calls atten-
tion to the fact that he has excluded Di/udia Brontes from his monograph
of the Sphingidee. I still fail to see on what grounds. D. Arontes is found
in Florida, and specimens taken by Dr. Wittfeld are in my collection and
in that of Mr. Neumoegen. If these insects did not breed near Indian
River, where did they come from? Surely Mr. Smith would hardly have
us believe that they flew across the ocean from Cuba. I am no believer
in the frequent long flight of any species of insects, though it is known
that many species travel considerable distances, but I cannot bring myself
to think that a specimen say of D. Brontes flies from its home in Cuba,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. its

and that months or a year after two or three more do the same thing, and
that these all find their way to Dr. Wittfeld’s collecting box. As my
friend W. J. Florence would say, this is T. T. (too thin). It seems more
reasonable to believe, as I honestly think is the case with the species in
dispute, that a few individuals have established themselves upon our
limits, and that they are now gradually taking up new localities and spread-
ing over a larger area. Mr. Smith alludes to Zredus Odora, and says that
‘*‘ because it has been found in Canada, it would be an absurdity to call it
a Canadian insect.” Now I think he is unfortunate in this statement. We
do not yet know the food plant of the larva of this species, but because
we are ignorant of that, it is no reason why it should not breed in Canada,
and the evidence is in favor of its doing so. I have examined at least
forty specimens of £. Odora, taken severally in New York, Georgia,
Arizona, California, Vance. Island, Canada, Michigan, Illinois and Ohio,
some of them in absolutely perfect condition, and as fresh as bred speci-
mens, and I am in my own mind quite sure that this species at least has
taken up its abode with us, and is as much a resident of the U.S. as
Vanessa Antiopa or Pyrameis Cardui. As to Mr. W. H. Edwards hav-
ing ‘separately called attention to species occasionally found in but not |
really belonging to our fauna,” I respectfully submit that this is a mistake.
Mr. Edwards has done nothing of the kind. He has discarded from his
Catalogue a number of “species for some time accredited to our fauna,
but omitted for want of authentication,” which is but saying in other words
that had the statement of the capture of the species within our limits been
given on undoubted authority, they would have found their place in his
Catalogue. He has included indeed Parnassius Eversmannt, Callidryas
Philea, Diadema Misippus, and others, which certainly are not parts of
our fauna, but Mr. Edwards holds the same views as I do on the sub-
ject, and I claim no more for the three species I alluded to than is claimed
for the diurnals I have just mentioned, and that is, that they have been
found within our limits, that there is no evidence before us to show that
they do not breed therein, and that therefore, when I change, as I am
willing to do, the heading of my article to “our lists” in the place of
“our fauna,” the three species to which I called attention should be
recorded in our catalogues.

114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

THE ORIGIN OF ORNAMENTATION IN THE LEPIDOPTERA.

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

Elsewhere I have ventured to call attention to the interesting chapter
in Mr. Scudder’s book on Butterflies, in which the theory as to the primi-
tive pattern of ornamentation is given. By this we are told that the com-
plex patterns, the seemingly chiselled lines and the eye-like spots, arose
from simple transverse shade bands running parallel to the outer margins
of the wings themselves. Such bands we yet find on the wings of many
Owlet Moths. In the Moths we might expect to find, still existing, a
nearer approach to the primitive style of marking than in the higher
Butterflies. | Mr. Scudder’s theory of the primitive pattern is quite inde-
pendent of the theory as to the origin of the primitive transverse shade
lines themselves. Referring to what I have said in my ‘“ Essay on the
Noctuide ” and in other places, about the pattern of one wing being re-
produced in some species exactly, and in some whole families in the style
of a rougher copy, upon the under-lying wing, I have employed the word
. * photographed ” to express the effect produced. The primitive band
may then be conceived to have been produced by an outside process, the
effect of light and shade wpon the surface of the wing itself. Its produc-
tion may have been aided by the movement of the wings (expanding and
shutting). The edges of the wings in many ways may be conceived to be
first affected. That the primitive Lepidopteron was plain and sombre, we
have reason to suppose, judging from what is known of now extinct types
from which the whole Order may have been evolved. Under the murky
skies of the Carboniferous the colors of the insects remained dull. Upon
this plain wing, the first shade or marking may have arisen by a process
comparable with photography, the action being produced by the same
chemically acting ray of light. The atmospheric conditions then existing
are factors inthe problem. ‘The shadow originally cast on the wing left a
trace in process of time, a deeper tinting which became a permanent
shade line or band. ‘The evolution of this primitive shade band is the
subject of Mr. Scudder’s theory. The manner in which it may have arisen
from a shadow has been long the subject of my own thoughts. I am
aware that there is a learned opinion that the colors and patterns of insects
are developed from the insects’ insides, by a process the links in which I
am unable to follow, and which it has not pleased the authors of this

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115

inside theory to state. It seems more reasonable to conclude that the sun
has been the original painter, still improving and beautifying his work.
That the deviations from the original pattern and color have been seized
upon by Natural Selection and that gradual changes have been fostered,
may be conceived under the workings of general evolutionary law.

From a study of the subreniform spot in Cafoca/a, I, many years ago,
came to the conclusion that the spots in the Voctuzde were modifications
of the transverse lines, and this theory will be found stated in my writings.
They may be fragments of original transverse lines, or, as the case seems
to be with the subreniform spots, they may belong to existing transverse
lines from which they have become disconnected. The median transverse
shade is interesting, as it still simulates, by its cloudiness, the shade band
of the secondaries and of the under surface of both wings in most JVoc-
tuide nonfasciate or-lVoctuine. The primitive transverse shade band
will have been vague and cloudy, and all fine and cleanly cut markings
will prove to be recent in comparison and to have proceeded from nebu-
lous and undefined ornamentation.

The instances where the upper surface of the secondaries resemble the
under surface of the primaries occur in the Ceratocampine, and also in
the Smerinthine, among other groups. This fact struck me when I was
studying the relationship between the Horned Spinners and the Eyed
Hawk Moths. As a general rule, the cloudy bands on the under surface
of the wings of the Noctuidz or Owlet Moths, resemble those on the hind
wings above. ‘The under, or covered wing, bears a certain relationship to
the upper, or covering wing, in coloring and ornamentation. We may
conclude that it has remained longer plain and unicolorous, that its less
exposure in certain groups of the Lepidoptera has allowed it to retain
more of the primitive appearance. ‘The Spanners, or Geometridae, the
Sparklers, or Pyradide, carry the under wings more exposed and the
markings are continuous and similar on both wings above. This is the
case with the lower or geometridous Noctuidz, to a considerable extent.
The pattern of the wings seems to follow the exposure, as I have else-
where pointed out. The conditions of the caterpillar stages are widely
different from the environment of the perfect insect, and I have long ago
pointed out that each stage varies independently and unequally, as in the
case of the representative species of Apatela, etc, (see my paper in
Annals N. Y. Lyceum, N. H.) I have also elsewhere drawn attention to

116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the law of variation in representative species in the Owlet Moths. This
variation is first observed on the upper surface of the fore wings, then of
hind wings, while the whole under surface preserves its similarity longest.
The uniformity of the under surface in the Noctuidz seems to be corre-
lated with the habits of the insects themselves, to depend, in fact, upon
the conditions of its exposure to the light. I am not here arguing that
color in the wings is now dependent upon existing conditions of light, 1
merely point out that variation both in color and marking proceeds appar-
ently more noticeably upon the more exposed surfaces of the insect in the
Noctuidze, from a comparison of related species inhabiting different parts
of the world. In the history of the Lepidoptera former geological con-
ditions have played a part in the evolution of species together with the
whole environment. In this paper I merely show the probability that the
first transverse markings were the effect of light, and that the more ex-
posed surfaces show most variation in representative species. From my
scattered writings I have in part brought these brief notices on this point
here together, so that the student may be spared that trouble, and in the
hope that the investigation may be carried further.

In the investigation of this subject we must keep the phenomena of
color and pattern separate. The test of our theories must lie in the
observation of existing variations. In this direction the observations of
Mr. Edwards on the influence of cold in the pupa state upon the colors
of the imago, are of the utmost value. The class of facts bearing upon
the phylogeny of the species must be kept separate from those bearing
upon individual variation. But it must be remembered that varieties are
in the same sense evanescent species, that species are permanent varieties.
The crucial test of our modern idea of species lies in the demonstration
of the fact that, in the whole life history, the cycle of reproduction is ow
distinct. To the establishing of this fact repeated observations are often
necessary. The whole conditions under which the form is produced must
be understood. This is a great field of work, and single instances, how-
ever carefully recorded, of breeding from the larva, only partially illustrate
the subject. The value of specific determinations from collections of per-
fect insects depends on the tact and experience of the naturalist and are
to this extent tentative. Only where the full round of insect life is known
can our determinations be absolutely reliable. The vista of entomological
labor is widening as we proceed, so that it is trite to say that the subject

i

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ELT

is inexhaustible. The most attractive side of the study consists in the
curious habits and relationships of the different forms, and here is where
the talent of the observer is to be tested. The assorting of collections of
specimens is a matter of subordinate tact.

CEYLON BUTTERFLIES.

The Lepidoptera of Ceylon, by F. Moore, F. Z. S., Vol. I., (published
under the special patronage of the Government of Ceylon) London, L.
Reeve & Co., 1880-81. 4°.

The butterflies of the East India region appear to be now in a fair way of
receiving their due share of attention. We have already called attention
to Distant’s invaluable work on the Malayan butterflies, and to the hand-
book to the butterflies of India and Burmah, by Marshall and De Nicé-
ville. On many accounts neither of these is so important as the earlier
work on the Lepidoptera of Ceylon by Frederick Moore, which we desire
to introduce to the readers of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, principally on
account of the very considerable accession to our knowledge of the earlier
stages of eastern butterflies which is here given in the plates, and also to
draw attention to the notes on the natural history of the insects given by Dr.
Thwaites, which are embodied in the text. The work as a whole consists.
of three volumes ; but we speak here of the butterflies only, which are
comprised in the first volume, published in 1880-81. It is a large quarto,
with 71 excellent colored plates, in which the early stages are in very
many instances figured side by side with the butterflies. Notwithstanding
that it is published under the special patronage of the Government of
Ceylon, the work is a costly one, and to one residing in the United States
an embargo is laid upon its purchase by the fact that the duties upon such
a work are so high. This single volume cost me $15 for duties and trans-
portation alone. Thus is science encouraged with us!

We are here introduced to a new set oof illustrations of the early stages
of butterflies, many of which are of extreme interest, and these in every
family of‘ butterflies. It is the most important and considerable contri-
bution to our knowledge since Horsfield’s memorable volume. It is a
pity, however, that in many instances no reference is made in the text,
either in Dr. Thwaites’ notes, or Mr. Moore’s descriptive portion, as to the
meaning of certain figures which differ strikingly from those of their allies.

11s THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Thus the pupa of a species of Cirrochroa is represented as hanging by its:
hinder end, as in all Nymphalidz, but bent so at the end of the abdomen,
as to lie. parallel to the horizontal branch from which it is suspended,
much in the way that we find it in our own species of Chlorippe ; but
there is no appearence in the figure and no mention in the text of any
greatly elongated cremaster with its row of hooklets down the side, which
in Chlorippe stiffens the pupa into what would seem to be an unnatural
position. We have some interesting additions to our scanty knowledge of
the early stages of the Lemoniine and an unusual wealth of larve and
pupz of Lycaenine. Here again is a figure of a species of Spalgis hang-
ing by its tail without the median girt, which is wholly anomalous in this
subfamily, but, as there is no explanation of the matter in the text, it is to
be presumed that it is not meant to represent the insect in its natural
position, the more so as the same is the case in a species of Appias, one
of the Pierinze, represented in two figures as hanging by its tail only,
while the whole structure of the chrysalis indicates that it must have had
a median girt. Very interesting are the figures of the early stages of the
Papilioninz, which add very considerably to our knowledge, including as
they do some figures of the younger stages of the larva—presumably
younger from their appendages, though here again no mention whatever
is made of the fact in the text. We call attention also to the interesting
figure of Gangara, a hesperian living open and unconcealed, as I am in-
formed by Mr. De Nicéville, and which bears long waxy filaments appar-
ently not proper appendages, but as long as the width of the body itself,
rendering it an exceedingly conspicuous object.

In the arrangement of families, Mr. Moore follows the rapidly growing
company of the best instructed entomologists in beginning the series with
the Nymphalidz and placing the Papilionidee just before the Hesperida.
He separates the Lemoniinz from the Lycaenine as a distinct family, and
places the Libytheinze with the Lemoniina as was done by Bates ; but he
brings the Pierinze and the Papilionine under one family heading. It has’
naturally pleased the present writer to see that Mr. Moore has had the
courage of his convictions sufficiently to subdivide the old and bulky
group so long holding rank as a homogeneous whole, the so-called genus
Papilio, into a number of genera, including among the seventeen species
which he catalogues no less than ten genera, following thus precisely the
line which Hiibner long ago undertook to establish, and which I adopted
in 1872. SAMUEL H. ScuDDER.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119

EARLY STAGES OF ARZAMA OBLIQUATA, G. anp R.
BY H. H. BREHME, NEWARK, N. J.

Ecc.—Fusiform, thick in the middle and tapering to a small rounded
summit. marked by about sixteen longitudinal ribs, which are low, nar-
row, flat and crossed by a few fine ridges. Color yellow-brown.
Duration about fifteen days.

Younc Larva.—About .8 inch in length, cylindrical, slender ; shape
like the other Arzamas. Color pale green, with a few long hairs pro-
ceeding backwards. Duration eighteen to twenty days.

Mature Larva.—When fully grown the larve are 1% inch in
length, some as much as two inches long. ‘They are very slender; head
thick ; color more gray ; body smooth, with no hairs.

Pupa.—Length .75 inch; breadth across mesonotum .16 inch; across
abdomen .16 inch; greatest depth .22 inches. Shape like the other
Arzamas. Color dark brown. Duration sixteen days.

The eggs from which these observations were made were obtained on
the 26th of October, 1886, by confining a dilapidated female caught
flying about the food-plant—the Cat-tail reed. The female generally lays
her eggs in the middle of the reed, between the long leaves. They began
to hatch on the toth ef November, thus giving a period of about 15 days.
They began to go.into pupee on the zoth April, 1887, making the whole
larval period 161 days; adding to this the pupal period of 16 days,
makes a total of tg0 days from the egg to the imago.

The food-plant—the Cat-tail reed—grows in the meadows. As soon
as the larva is hatched, it bores at once into the reed and feeds from the
top downwards, continuing to feed throughout the winter, until the whole
of the reed is eaten out ; it then returns to the top, and forms its pupa
there. The larva is very hard to rear, as it feeds during the winter, and
the reed must .be kept as wet as possible. I have succeeded by keeping
the reeds in a pail of water,

The moth generally begins to fly between four and five o’clock in the
afternoon, and ceases between seven and eight o’clock. Its flight is very
slow. It is described and_ figured by Grote and Robinson, Trans. Am.
Ent. Soc., vol. 1, page 339-

120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

CORRESPONDENCE.

ON INSECTS FEIGNING DEATH.

Dear Sir: I notice in Dr. Hamilton’s paper, page 6, the remark that
a statement made by me in your pages, namely, ‘ that insects can have
no knowledge of death,” as such of course and purposely feigning it, is
‘‘ unsupported ” and ‘‘ dogmatic.” I wish to correct these two adjec-
tives, otherwise, as a matter of opinion, I have no further interest with the
subject. I cited in my paper the reason for my belief that insects merely
kept still and did not move on the approach of danger. I showed that
hard bodied insects, as beetles, suffered themselves to drop, while soft
bodied caterpillars, equally assuming attitudes of repose and quiet,
assisted by their colors and mimicry, clung tenaciously. There is no
doubt in my mind that the “keeping still” is the main point, and that
the insects have not sufficient mental powers to feign death. _ Whether
insects can have any knowledge of death, as such, may be a matter of
opinion, I should as soon credit them with a knowledge of history.
Beetles allow themselves to fall by folding in the legs, knowing, from
acquired or hereditary experience, that a fall will not hurt them, while in
the grass where they tumble they have a place of concealment where they
can stop “ feigning” and scamper away. While I do not believe that
insects can reach the “ feigning” process, I know that Dr. Hamilton
can, when he says of my paper, which we have all at least glanced over
' in the pages of the Canapian ENTOMOLoGiIsT, that he “lately saw it in
print somewhere.” Such carelessness is probably feigned, and whether
it is protective may be doubted. It is, however, the privilege of man to
keep still, without the danger of being credited with feigning death, a
privilege it seems denied to insects. It is well so, since a silent man
might run the risk of being buried on suspicion. A. R. Grote.

NOTES ON COLEOPTERA.

Dear Sir: In my paper in the April No. of the Enromotocist, page
66, last line, Apion herculanum is printed in error herculaneum. On
same page I wrote “prolongata [Dicerca] breeds so far as known in
conifers.” This statement admits of a doubt, when the proof is sifted
thoroughly. Mr. F. C. Bowditch writes that he collected it on the
Colorado mountains on aspen and willow, but never on conifers. It is
probably polyphagous, like some other species of this family.

JoHN HaMILTON.

—-,

;

Che Canadian Entomologist

VOX. LONDON, JULY, 1888. . meer

THE HESSIAN FLY AN IMPORTED INSECT.
BY DR. C. V. RILEY, WASHINGTON, D. C.

As the readers of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST are aware Dr. H. A.
Hagen has argued at length to the effect that the Hessian Fly was, rst,
not imported by the Hessian troops ; second/y, that it was not imported
from Europe at all, and that it is an indigenous North American insect.
In the Third Report of the U. S. Entomological Commission, Dr. Packard
has an extended article upon the Hessian Fly, and while he alone is
responsible for the general position there taken on this subject, we dis-
cussed the matter together, and the views there presented are substan-
tially those which I held at the time, as it was Dr. Packard’s desire to
arrive at an impartial judgement. The subsequent communication of Dr.
Hagen in the Canapran Entomovocisr for May, 1885, seemed, however,
positively to set at rest the question of the introduction of the insect by
the Hessian troops, as well as of its occurrence in this country prior to the
revolution ; because the correspondence which he there published from
Mr. H. Phillips, jr., seemed to admit of no further doubt that the first
question was settled in the negative, and the second in the affirmative.
While in Europe last autumn, I found a great deal of interest manifested
in the subject of the Hessian Fly in England, on account of its recent
introduction there, and, being calied upon, I made some statements at
one of the meetings of the Landon Entomological Society, which will be
found reported in the Transactions of the Society for October 5, 1887.
I take the liberty of quoting therefrom the following passages as indicating
my position in the matter :

‘* Prof. Riley said it would extend his observations beyond reasonable limits, to
enter into the details on which he based his own conviction, which had been substantially
expressed in the full paper by Packard, in the ‘ Third Report of the United States
Entomological Commission (1883).’ His opinion was that while we might drop the
Hessian theory—since Mr. Henry Phillips, jr., as quoted by Hagen (1885), finds mention
ofthe ‘ Hessian Fly,’ in the unpublished minutes of the American Philosophical Society
for 1768 (a rather astonishing fact, as it antedates the landing of the Hessians !),—and

122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

concede that the insect was introduced some time prior to the revolution ; yet that its
- introduction aéou¢ that time must be accepted, because Hagen’s arguments to the
contrary were not supported by [sufficient] evidence.”

‘Prof. Riley further remarked that he had referred to these conflicting views of
leading writers as to the original source and time of introduction of the insect into
America, not so much to foreshadow the future conflict of opinion on similar points in
England, as to bring out this important fact as a warning to hasty generalisers, viz., that
the arguments of Wagner, Hagen, etc., against its introduction into America, were
inherently weak from the biologic side. They are based on the average or normal period
of summer development of about seven weeks from egg to adult, and zevore the impor-
tant bearing of exceptional retardation in development whereby the puparia of one summer
remain latent and only give forth the fires in the spring or early summer of the ensuing
year, This fact, recognized by Harris (1852), Prof. Riley said he had evidence of
in America in garnered straw, and it was proved by Wagner himself to have occurred in
Germany in field stubble. It was more apt to occur, however, in straw kept dry and
packed than in stubble or exposed straw, and is in keeping with many other similar
cases of retarded development in insects, some: remarkable instances of which he called
attention to before the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1881.
It destroyed Hagen’s main argument, rendered the introduction of the species possible
at almost any season, and made its introduction to America by the Hessians, who left
Portsmouth, April 7th, and landed June 3rd, 1777, on Staten Island, quite probable and
plausible from biologic grounds.”

For the purpose of the present communication, it is not necessary to
go into the other arguments which Hagen has brought forward to relieve
the Hessians of whatever onus attaches to their accidental introduction of
this insect: the more important are, (1) that there was no Hessian Fly
in Germany at the time, and (2) that the Hessian troops did not carry
straw from regions in which it did occur. At this late day it would be
folly to attach too much importance to these negative deductions, where
there are so many possibilities of their both being erroneous in fact. The
evidence as to the introduction and spread of the insect in this country
is of a so much more clear and positive nature that it off-sets such nega
tive deductions. With the exception of Mr. Phillips’s positive statements,
there is only one other recorded statement that would seem to indicate
that the Hessian Fly was known in the United States prior to the land-
ing of Hessian trocps. This is a statement quoted by Fitch, of Judge
Hicock, of Lansingburg, N. Y., who says (Memoirs of Bd., of Agr., 11,
p. 169) that a farmer named Jas. Brookins had informed him (Hicock),
that upon his first hearing of the alarm upon Long Island, in the year
1786, he (Brookins) detected the same insect in the wheat growing on
his farm in Lansingburg. Fitch remarks in parenthesis, ‘doubtless 1776

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 123

is intended here,” evidently on the assumption that Brookins’s first hear-
ing of the alarm on Long Island was coincident with the first alarm—an
assumption by no means necessary, and one which only complicates the
matter. If we grant Mr Brookins’s statement to be reliable, there would
be nothing remarkable in it as an observation of 1786. But whether for
1776 or 1786 it were folly to overthrow prevailing record and belief by
one such unverified statement as this, where the chances are so great of
inaccuracy from mere hearsay, and Fitch was justified in stating the strong
probability that it was some other insect which was found by Col. Brookins.

Mr. Phillips’s statements, as the readers of the CANADIAN ENTOMO-
LOGIST are aware, are of a very different character. In response to
Hagen’s inquiries, made to Prof. J. P. Lesley, Mr. Phillips wrote as follows :

“* At the request of Prof. Lesley, I have examined our old minutes in reference to
the Hessian Fly, and append on next page the results of my search. I know fosztevely
that before the revolution our newspapers were full of communications in reference to the
Hessian Fly eo zomine. I cannot call to mind any one paper, but I remember perfectly
frequently seeing these articles when reading for other purposes. I cannot find that the
committee ever reported.”

The following are the extracts from the minutes as furnished by Mr.
Phillips :

1768, May 18. Com. on Husbandry to consider whether any method can be fallen
upon for preventing the damage done to wheat by the Hessian Fly. [N. B.—Mr.
DuHamel has written on the subject. ]

1768, June 21. Papers on the Hessian Fly read by Dr. Bond, ordered to be pub-
lished. See No. 4, original papers.

1768, Oct. 18. Col. Landon Carter, Sabine Hill, Va., observations on the Fly
Weevil destructive to wheat ; ordered to be published. [Is publishedjin Vol. 1. of the
Transactions of the Society. Cf. Harris, Injur. Ins., pp. 502. Dr. H. A. H.]

And upon being again questioned by Dr. Hagen as to the possibility
of error Mr. Phillips writes :

‘‘r, 1768 is not anerror. It occurs in the proper place in the old M.S. Vol., and
there can be zo doubt about the fact. Szmzlter the words Hesszan Fly.

‘* The term came in use in Pennsylvania from the early German immigrants long
before the revolution. Iam sve the term occurs in our Pennsylvania gazettes long
prior to that period. ;

‘¢2, Cannot say if that paper (of Bond) was ever published. Possibly in some
gazette pro bono publico, There is no clerical error as to the date and name.”

Since this correspondence was published by Dr. Hagen in the Can-
ADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, the early minutes of the American Philosophical

124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Society have been published, and the published volume confirms the above
statements of Mr. Phillips, as in the minutes for May 18, and June 21,
1768, the term Hessian Fly was printed.

The evidence against the introduction of the Hessian Fly, and even
its introduction by Hessians is so easily set aside, and so weak as com-
pared with the positive evidence of such introduction, that I have long
wondered at the records of these meetings, and thought that there must
be some error. Only recently, however, did I have the opportunity of
personally referring to and examining these early minutes in the original. I
felt an interest in doing so, because I thought it barely possible to show
that they were transcripts from earlier rough minutes, and made sub-
sequent to the revolution, when the term Hessian Fly, then familiar, was
inadvertently added by the transcriber. I was therefore much amazed to
find that there is really no mention of the Hessian Fly in these old
minutes, until the year 1791. I take the liberty of reproducing verbatim
et literatim the records as they really occur of the three meetings in
1768, quoted by Mr. Phillips in Dr. Hagen’s communication :

May 18th, 1768.—‘‘ It was recommended to the Committee of Husbandry, &c., to
meet on Tuesday, 31st of this month, at the college to consider whether any method can

be fallen on for preventing the damage done to wheat by what is called the fly. N.B,
Monsieur du Hamel has written on this subject.”

June 21st, 1768.—‘‘ The Committee for Husbandry report that they had considered
ye affair of destroying the Fly in wheat, and that Dr. Bond had laid before them a paper
containing many useful observations on that subject, which Dr. Bond was requested to
read before ye Society. The Society having heard and approved of ye paper request him
to prepare it for ye Press, that it may be communicated to ye public without loss of time.”

Noy. 15, 1768, —‘* Colonel Lee transmitted to the Society the ingenious and accurate
observation of Colonel Landon Carter, of Sabine-Hall, in Virginia, concerning the /ly-
weavil that destroys the wheat. The Society acknowledge themselves under great
obligations to Col. Carter for communication of the conclusions he has formed (on long
experience) concerning that insect’s propagation and progress, and the methods to be
used to prevent the destruction of the wheat by it, and order it to be printed for the
public benefit.”

It will be seen that in all three “the fly,” ‘“ the fly in wheat” and
“the fly-weavil” are the terms used, and it is susceptible of positive
proof that all these popular terms applied then, as they sometimes do yet,
to entirely different insects, viz., the grain-weavils, Stophilus granaria
and .S. oryz@,and the Angoumois grain-moth, Gelechia cerealella. Now
the minutes, as published, are avowedly abstracted from the original

YS

—.-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 125

minutes by Prof. Lesley, and not full, while the copies of Mr. Phillips
neither agree with the originals nor with the published abstracts, while in
one case, as may be seen, he has changed Nov.15, to Oct. 18. I can
readily understand how Prof. Lesley inadvertently used the term Hessian
Fly in abstracting from the minutes, if indeed he did so; but it is more
difficult to explain Mr. Phillips’s positive statement after Dr. Hagen’s
specific questioning. Mr. Phillips was unable to explain to me how he
came to make the error, and just as unable to give me any definite reference
that will justify his very positive recollections of having seen the term
‘‘ Hessian Fly” co zomine in pre-revolutionary literature. When the state-
ment of ocular evidence turns out to be so incorrect we cannot attach any
importance to his memory, even where so confidently asserted.

With the final disposition of this strongest blow to the general belief that
has prevailed for a century among both husbandmen and entomologists, I
feel that we must not only accept the general verdict and tradition as
correct that the insect was introduced about the time of the revolution,
but that there is no very convincing or valid reason for rejecting the other
common belief that it was imported by the Hessian troops. The recorded
history of the period does not necessarily include all possible, or even
probable facts in relation to the limits of distribution of the insect in
Europe, or of the sources from which infested straw may have been derived
by the Hessians.

In what I have said above I have spoken of the general belief and
arguments in favor of the introduction of the Hessian Fly to this country,
because I am quite aware that others besides Dr. Hagen have argued for
its indigenous nature ; but none of them have perused the question with
such single perseverance, and such bibliographical zeal and erudition.
He, in fact, deserves our thanks for having brought together so large a
body of bibliographical data, because I think it has been the means of
confirming not his own conclusions, but the opinion arrived at by Fitch
and others.

While in London last autumn I took the trouble to look up and read
over the voluminous letters and reports, of which Dr. Hagen has published
a list, contained in “ the proceedings of His Majesty’s most Honorable
Council, and information respecting an insect supposed to infest the wheat
in the Territories of America.” I was thus enabled to verify the accuracy
of the list furnished Dr. Hagen by Prof. Nichols. I was fortunate enough to

126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

secure a copy of the ‘* Annals of Agriculture,” published by Arthur Young,
Vol 11, 1789, pages 406 to 613, of which are devoted to these papers.
The title in this volume differs only from that given by Dr. Hagen, in
having the word ‘“ Privy” before “Council,” and the contents of the
volume from the table of titles given by Dr. Hagen, only in that his Nos.
three and seven “ Orders of the Council” are omitted in the Annals.
The original paper is a quarto volume, and fills in the octavo Annals
nearly 208 pages, which will account for the discrepancy in the’ space.
occupied by each article, the articles in the Annals not being numbered,
I refer to these old papers because they are most interesting as exempli-
fying the fact, that the late confounding of such terms as ‘ Fly-weavil”
for ‘“ Hessian Fly” in the minutes of the American Philosophical Society,
which has made such a difference in the historic facts, had its counterpart
at that time. The more important papers consist of a letter (1788) by P.
Bond, Consul at Philadelphia, to the Right Honorable Marquis of Car-
marthen, about the injury of the “‘ Hessian Fly” in the Middle States,
and supposing that the eggs are laid in the grain, as ‘‘ seed wheat steeped
in a preparation of elder juice effectually securesa crop.” Bond probably
referred to the true Hessian Fly, but his letter is followed by one from Sir
Jos. Banks, President of the Royal Society, to the Marquis of Carmarthen,
in which Banks calls the insect ‘‘ the Flying Weavil,” describes the adult
as a minute moth, likens it to the clothes moth, states how the eggs are laid
upon the grains of wheat and produce a diminutive caterpillar ; in fact
refers to the Angoumois grain-moth. There is a large subsequent cor-
respondence, and finally Banks recogizes his first mistake and collects
a good deal of information about both Gelechia cerealella and the true
Hessian Fly, the latter derived from Dr. Mitchell.

Pages 465 and 471 are occupied by an excellent article by Col. Geo.
Morgan, of New Jersey, to Sir John Temple, Consul General for Great
Britain at New York, which gives a good account of the spread of the
Hessian Fly and its origin, states that the name was given by him anda
friend early after its first appearance on Long Island, and then treats of
the “ Virginia Wheat-fly,” and also of the “Chintz Bug-fly.” It is worthy
of note that these papers are preceded in Young’s Annals by an anony-
mous article entitled, ‘‘On the Hessian Fly, whose depredations have
been very mischevious in America,” in which the author recognizes and
describes the work of C. destructor, describes its annual spread from the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 12%

points of introduction, and remarks that it must not be confounded with
the ‘‘ Virginia Wheat-fly” (cereale//a). The reading of all these papers
simply confirms the conclusions which I have expressed in this communi-
cation.

Washington, D. C., May 22nd, 1888.

P, S.—In the above communication I have stated merely the facts of
the case without any attempt at explaining away Mr. Phillips’s misleading
statements. ‘The receipt, since the article was written, of the latest part
(No. 127) of the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,
bringing them down to the meeting of May 4th last, induces me to add
this postscriptum.

I spent the evening of May 3rd very delightfully with Dr. G. H. Horn,
who, as one of the secretaries of the American Philosophical Society, was
interested in my intended investigation of the old minutes ; in fact Dr.
Horn informed me that Mr. Phillips, knowing that he (Horn) was about
to visit Dr. Hagen on his way to Europe, had but a short time before
charged him to tell Dr. Hagen, that the latter might feel quite certain of
the accuracy of his (Phillips’s) statements. I have already indicated my
surprise at finding them unverified, and shown how Mr. Phillips was
unable to give me any explanation of his mistake.

There was to be an exceptionally interesting meeting of the Society
that evening, and I purposely remained in Philadelphia to attend it, and
took occasion to call attention to the error in the old minutes above set
forth. Mr. Phillips, following my remarks, threw all the blame for the
published error on Prof. Lesley who was absent in Europe at the time ;
and, having in mind his (Phillips’s) communications to Hagen, this
conduct struck me as not very magnanimous. I deemed the correction
of this error of sufficient importance to go on record, and handed to the
Secretary for incorporation in the minutes a brief abstract of my remarks.
Judge of my surprise therefore to find the whole matter passed by in the
published minutes of that meeting of May 4th last, by the statement of
the Secretary that “ Prof. C. V. Riley referred to a possible error of
transcription in the Volume of Early Proceedings (No. 119), on pages 14
and 15, as to the word Hessian Fly” (!!) Mr. Phillips’s conduct in this
particular is as remarkable as his correspondence with Dr. Hagen, and
I call attention to it that it may no longer obscure the facts of history.

2

128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

ON DIADEMA MISIPPUS, Linn, IN FLORIDA.
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

About the middle of last November Miss Annie M. Wittfeld, whose
untimely death I have spoken of elsewhere, wrote me that she had taken
a butterfly of a species which she had never seen before, while it was
laying eggs on purslane. She confined the butterfly with the plant and
obtained 74 eggs. It was like a Danais, she said, but the caterpillars
were like a Vanessan. I wrote her it probably was JdZ/zsippus, a single
male of which Dr. Wittfeld had taken several years before. The female
of this species is entirely unlike the male in colour and markings, and
really imitates a pale Danais. Meanwhile eggs and larve at every moult
were put in alcohol for me, and after my letter was received Miss Witt-
feld inflated two mature larve, and with all these stages sent me living
pape, so that I shall be able to illustrate the history of this curious
butterfly. This was the last thing Miss Wittfeld did for me, and is an
example of the intelligent and painstaking work she was accustomed to.

Misippus is a common species in south-eastern Asia, in Australia,
Africa, in parts of South America, and is found in some of the West India
Islands. Drury figured the male, and gave New York as one of the
localities, but, except these few Florida examples, I know nothing of the
occurrence of the species within the United States. As the food plant is
everywhere one of the commonest of weeds, it is not improbable that from
Florida Misippus may spread northward.

In Papilio 1, p. 30, I mentioned the capture of the male spoken of
under the name JD. Bolina, Linn. Sodina is an allied but distinct species.
The one taken in Florida is MisipPus.

SOME NEW NOCTUID.
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.
Agrotis agilis, n. S.
Two males in good condition received from Mr. James Fletcher, from
Vancouver, belong to a decidely different species from my semiclarata,
Essay, Plate 1, Fig 9, though allied, as also to Californian gravis, and our

Eastern venerabilis. Antenne brush-like. Gray, with a brown tinge.
Lines obliterate. Fore wings yellowish gray fuscous, brownish, with a red

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129

tinge along costa, this color obtaining before the s. t. line before apices.
A distinct velvety black basal streak, absorbing the claviform spot and ex-
tending below median vein from base to the faint yellowish brown median
shade line. Cell filled in with velvety black on which the complete, rounded,
orbicular rests, a little pointed outwardly. Reniform moderate, subequal,
transverse, of the normal shape, surrounded almost completely by the
cellular black filling. Some black scales along costa marking the incep-
tion of the transverse lines, which are here filled in with white, under the
glass. The red brown shade obtaining before apices, shows three pale
ante-apical costal dots. The s. t. line is marked by cuneiform, dark, sub-
equal shades and followed by a white shade more determinate at costa.
Terminal space narrow, darker than the wing. Hind wings rather
uniformly pale fuscous ; beneath with an outer shade line and costal border,

. paler than fore wings beneath, with a thick cellular spot and somewhat

whitish at base and inferiorly. Fore wings smoky fuscous, with faint outer
transverse shades. On fore wings above, the pale shade is more or less
noticeable outside s. t. line at the apex of the wing. Head and collar
ochre brown. The collar shows a double black superior line enclosing a
reddish shade ; the upper black line edged outwardly with white scales.
Tegulae whitish, pale ; abdomen fuscous; anal hairs ochery. xpanse
30-32 mil.

Agrotis hospitalis Gr., Can. Ent. xiv., 184.

This species is allied to Baya by the black mark, inaugurating s. t.
line, but otherwise it is quite close to Perconfiua. I think that I am hasty
in considering it a variety of the latter species, but the pattern is much
the same, although the lines are marked in black in Hospitals, and the
color of primaries is a more uniform and darker brown, approaching Baja.
At any rate this species must be catalogued with Conflua, Perconflua and
Hilliana. In Papilio iit., 29, my late lamented correspondent, Mr. W. W.
Hill, records the capture of two specimens of Hosfztadis in the Adirondack
region in July. Ona very close comparison with Perconflua, taken by the
same Entomologist at Centre, N. Y., in August, the shape of the t. p. line
is seen to differ from that species. In Aosfitalis it slopes away down-
wardly and outwardly from costa much more obliquely ; it is less upright,
more outwardly exserted or bent. ‘The species are alike in size, in color
of hind wings and in the paler front and palpal tips, contrasting with the

130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

darker sides of the face and palpi. There will be nothing gained in
throwing these forms together, and they must be bred to decide. The
character of the t. p. line escaped me until recently, and speaks for the
ultimate distinctness of Hospitalis.

Xylomiges Fletchert, n. Ss.

The species sent me from Vancouver, by my kind correspondent Mr,
James Fletcher, is apparently allied to the forms described by myself from
California, under Xy/omiges, such as hiemalis and curialis; a specimen —
of X. crucialis Harv. is also before me from Vancouver. Vetcheri differs
by the more compact shape, the pale fuscous hind wings with darker
stained veins. ‘The eyes are hairy, the body untufted, and the color is. a
stone gray overlaid with whitish, so that the moth approaches Amytus
sculptus in color. ‘The costa is straight, the wings rather short and full
outwardly, with pronounced apices, reminding one a little of Cloantha.
To the eye the wings appear of a rather light stone gray, but under the
glass the whole base of the wing is seen to be overlaid by white scales, as
also the coalesced large stigmata, which are outlined in black, completely
fused inferiorly, forming an irregular V ; the inner limb of this, the
obicular is outwardly oblique ; the outer, the reniform, is upright, sinuate
on its outer edge. The white scales appear again over the terminal
portion of the wing. The lines are black, fragmentary, marked by different
shades on costa. A fine black basal ray. The median lines are waved
and inferiorly approach each other, narrowing greatly the median space
below the cell; the concolorous claviform spot, also outlined by black
scales, joins the median lines on submedian fold, although moderate in
size. ‘The subterminal line is fragmentary, black, appearing between the
veins. Head and thorax fuscous gray, a little darker than fore wings,
unlined ; tegule shaded with whitish ; at the sides with a black edging.
Abdomen dusky gray. Beneath the primaries are clouded fuscous ; the
secondaries paler than above with a neat dot and an extra- mesial line
accentuated on the veins. Antennz of the male simple; smaller and
shorter-winged than the other species described by me. xpanse 30 mil.

Orthosia hamifera n. sp.

This species has been sent me from California, by my kind friend Mr.
James Behrens. It is allied to purpurea, but larger. The male antenne
are brush-like, female simple. The fore wings are pointed at apices ;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 131 ©

the exterior margin somewhat sickle-shaped ; the eyes are naked ; the
tibia unarmed. Head, thorax and fore wings brownish wine-red ; the
thoracic hairs show a tipping of white scales under the glass. All the
markings obliterate, so that the insect in color and appearance reminds
one of Perigrapha transparens. The markings are indicated by blackish
scales. Reniform marked by an upper and lower blackish clouding,
moderate, upright, finely ringed with pale. Orbicular more faintly marked,
a little oblique, approximate, also finely ringed with pale. The median
shade crosses the wing. Lines not discernible ; under the glass the s. t.
line is seen.to be marked by double black points on the veins. Fringes
more clearly red on both wings ; secondaries without marks, somewhat
evenly fuscous ; beneath paler, with traces of the reniform on primaries ;
secondaries with a dot. This is larger than créspa; varying in depth of
red, the female the darker. Three specimens. The insect looks like
Gortyna nebris a little, except in its red color. xfanse 35 mil.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF
CHIONOBAS, JUTTA.

BY REV. THOMAS W. FYLES, SOUTH QUEBEC.

Eggs laid June 17th., scattered, hatched July rst.

Ecc.—Creamy white: one-twenty-fourth of an inch in diameter ;
shaped like a nutmeg-melon ; marked longitudinally with zig-zag ridges ;
attached by short foot-stalk.

Newty Harcuep Larva.—One-eighth of an inch long. Head large
in proportion to body, honey-yellow, granulated. Body attenuated and
ending in two pointed prolongations; pale amber, set with brown tubercles
bearing light spines. Dorsal and side lines darker amber. Spiracles
dark brown. Head and forelegs bearing a few bristles. The insect feeds
with its head downwards on the edge of the leaf. Its food plant is the
sedge, Carex oligosperma.

The first moult occurred July 6th. ‘The skin was ruptured under the
head. 4

Larva After First Moult.—Length one-fourth of an inch. Colour a
delicate shade of pea-green; dorsal, sub-dorsal and side lines a pale warm

132 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

brown ; spiracles black. A few small black warts on the body. Head
honey-yellow.
Moulted July 3oth.

Larva After Second Moult.—Length three-quarters ofaninch. Colour
grey; dorsal and sub-dorsal lines amber, the dorsal having twelve blotches
of a darker shade; side lines dark brown. Under the side line comes a
spiracular‘line of grey, and then a brown line touching the legs. Head
large, amber coloured ; thickly indented like a thimble, and marked with
four longitudinal rows of brown dots. Under the microscope the body is
seen to be thickly set with elongated amber-coloured warts—the brown
warts having disappeared,

In feeding the insect has changed its posture, carrying its head up-
wards and cutting through the blade till the top falls off; then eating across,
always working from the near edge, systematically shortening the blade
and lowering itself when necessary.

Moulted Aug. 14th. Inert and sickly-looking before the change.

Larva After Third Moult.—Length nine-tenths of an inch. General
colour grey; thickly covered with light brown hairs. Spiracular line
whitish. Spiracles kidney-shaped, chocolate-coloured with a yellowish
white perpendicular line through the centre. Dorsal line represented by
twelve brown spots ; sub-dorsal lines very faint. Head large, has five
warty dark brown spots on each side. Mandibles brown.

Moulted Sept. tst.

Larva After Fourth Moult.—Length one inch and five-sixteenths of an
inch. Head pale brown, indented, set with reddish hairs, and having six
longitudinal rows of dark brown dots, also on either side five dark warts.
Mandibles brown ; general colour of the body pale green, thickly set with
reddish hairs. Dorsal line dark green, bearing the twelve oblong brown
spots. Pale sub-dorsal lines, and dark green side lines bordered below
with a pale streak. Spiracles dark brown, Caudal fork has a slight rosy
tinge. Fore legs colour of head.

I left home for England on the 4th of October, having provided a
sufficiency of growing sedge, embedded in sphagnum, for the use of
Jutta. J returned in February, and found the larvee fresh and plump, but
quite torpid. ‘They had undergone the 5th moult (probably in October).
On the 6th of April they EEvINES)

— =

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 133

ee

MatTurRE LARVA AFTER HIBERNATION.—Length one inch and a
quarter. Body pale pea-green, set with light brown hairs. Legs of the
same hue of green. Head green with six rows of brown dots ; indented.
Twelve greenish-brown spots along the back; side-lines dark brown ;
spiracles black.

After their revival the larvae ate little, if anything. They pupated
April 21st.

Curysais.—Length five-eighths of an inch; greatest breadth one-
fourth of an inch. Head-case amber-coloured, with a brown dash on either
side. Wing-cases pea-green, outlined and streaked with brown. Thorax
prominent, abdomen conical, in colour pale yellowish green, with dorsal
line of darker green and numerous longitudinal rows of brown dots.

_ Extremity of abdomen rosy.

The perfect insect appears in this locality from May 31st to June 15th.

PARASITES ON DANAIS ARCHIPPUS AND ANTHOMYIA
RAPHANE

BY C. P. GILLETTE, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICH,

I am not aware that any parasites have ever been reported as attacking
the larvee of Danats archippus or the maggots of Anthomyia raphani.
However that may be, it will be of interest to the readers of the Enro-
MoLocistT to know that last fall I obtained from a single chrysalis of D.
archippus over fifty specimens of a new species of Preromalus. The
parasites came forth September 13, the chrysalis having been brought into
the laboratory a few days before, and inclosed with a bell-jar. Speci-
mens were sent to Mr. L. O. Howard, who has since described the species
and given it the name of Pteromalus archippi.

The parasites from A. raphanz belong to the genus Awcoi/a, and are
probably a new species also. A large number of pupe and full-grown
maggots of A. raphani were put in a jar containing earth, from which
the flies began to come forth June 9. The jar remained covered with
gauze until September 2, when the parasites began to appear, and in a few
days eight specimens were obtained.

In connection with the latter parasite it may be well to note the fact
that a red garden mite, a species of Zrombidium, did excellent service

134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

last summer in the College garden by feeding greedily upon the eggs of
Anthomyia brassice. It was not uncommon to find nearly a half tea-
spoonful of empty egg shells about the stems of the plants, and in such
cases a number of the mites were always to be found just below the
surface near the plant.

For experiment’s sake three of these mites were kept in a jar of moist
earth for a time, and fed each day upon fresh eggs, when it was found by
actual count that they would suck, on an average, twenty-eight eggs each
and every day.

Many of the plants did well and produced fine heads, that I am certain
would have withered and died had not these mites devoured enormous
numbers of the Anthomyia eggs.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVA.
BY WM, BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK.

Datana integerrima, Gr. & Rob.

_Berore Lasr Moutt.--Head and cervical shield shining jet black.
Body deep reddish brown, with three very fine, narrow, sordid white
stripes along each side, and a broader one below the spiracles, which are
black, and another stripe along the middle of the venter. Thoracic feet,
extremities of abdominal legs and anal legs jet black, shining. The body
is also covered with sordid white hairs. Length 32 mm.

Mature Larva.—Body wholly jet black, and covered with very long
floss-like, sordid white hairs, becoming yellowish as the larva undergoes
its changes to the pupa. Thoracic feet black, shining. Abdominal legs
black outside and reddish-brown on the inner side. Length 55 mm.

Lives together in large companies on walnut ( /uglans), hickory
(Carya), beech (Fagus ), and also on oak ( Quercus), but very rarely.

In several individuals of the brood of this species, in the last stage,
there are visible a sub-dorsal, ill-defined, white, longitudinal stripe, and a
rather broad wavy lateral stripe below the spiracles, and sometimes there
is also a white stripe along the middle of the underside. In all else
resembling the typical form. :

Datana contracta, Walk.

Berore Lasr Moutt.—Head and cervical shield jet black, shining.
Body black, with four equidistant sordid white stripes along each side,

|

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 135

being as wide as the intervening spaces, except the dorsal space which is
the widest. Body beneath concolorous to the above, with three longitu-
dinal stripes, and the intervening spaces much broader. On each of the
4, 5, 10 and 11 segments two reddish brown patches. ‘Thoracic feet and
claspers of the abdominal legs jet black, with their bases reddish brown.
The body is also sparsely covered with sordid white hairs. Length about
30'mm, !

Mature Larva.—The cervical shield now becomes orange yellow,
and the stripes creamy white. Otherwise as in the previous stage.
Length 55 mm.

Foop Piants.—Oak ( Quercus ), chestnut ( Castania ), hickory (Carya).

_ Datana Angusti, Gr. & Rob.

Head and cervical shield jet black, shiny. Body black, with four very
narrow, pale yellow stripes along each side, all being much narrower than
the intervening. On the underside three pale yellow stripes. One along
the middle, which is the broadest, and one on each side being broken by
the legs; the intervening spaces are much wider than those above.
Thoracic feet black. Abdominal legs reddish, with the extremities jet
black. On the 4, 5, 10 and 11 segments two reddish patches. Body
with sparsely distributed sordid white hairs. Length 55 mm.

_ Foop Prants.—Hickory (Carya) and walnut ( JSuglans ).

' The following synoptical table may serve in determining the larve of
the genus Datana. ‘The larve of D. robusta, Strk., and D. major, G.
-& R., are unknown to science:—

STRIPES NARROWER THAN THE INTERVENING SPACES.

Body black, stripes sulphur yellow. . : Gai. |. sl emestra:
Body black, stripes citron yellow, ebitiuieat ee ise remeles.
Body black, stripes very fine, pale yellow..................Amgusii.
Banyiplackestripes abseult..).i.0 052s... Caden. te Lategerrima.

STRIPES AS WIDE OR WIDER THAN THE INTERVENING SPACES,

Body black or red, stripes bright lemon yellow..............Perspicua.
peody-black,/Stripes creamy whites... 6. 2.02.2. . aides Contracta.
‘Body black, stripes yellowish, head and anal plates red...... Loridana.,

136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Fadena turbulenta, Hub.

Head jet black, shining; mouth parts sordid white. Body above jet
black, with a number of fine longitudinal stripes, beginning at the anterior
portion of the second segment and running to the end of the tenth segment;
last segments black, with a number of white spots. Cervical shield
velvety black, with a few semilunate spots on the anterior portion, and
posteriorly margined with white. Body at the sides and beneath dull
amber yellow. Along the sides are three white stripes; the two below the
stigmata run from theanterior portion of the first segment tothe last segment,
while the remaining stripe runs the same as those above. Thoracic feet
black, shining. Abdominal and anal legs dull amber yellow, with a
brownish patch, followed by a white one, on the outerside. All the stripes
on the black portion of the body are connected in pairs by a fine trans-
verse stripe at the posterior extremity. Lives socially on catbriar
(Smilax). September.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE A.A. A.S.

We are requested to announce that the next meeting of the Club will
be held at Cleveland, Ohio, in the High School Building, beginning at
g a.m., on Wednesday, the 15th of August. This date is a week earlier
than that at first decided upon for the meeting of the A.A. A.S. As this
location is central and convenient alike for both United States and Ontario
Entomologists, it is expected that there will be a large attendance, and an
interesting and enthusiastic meeting. All entomologists are requested to
come prepared to aid in the matter ; those who desire to present papers
should send to the Secretary, Prof. A. J. Cook, Agricultural College, Mich.,
the subject they propose to discuss in order that it may be announced in

the programme.

CORRESPONDENCE.

DANAIS ARCHIPPUS.

Dear Sir: I wish to enquire through your columns whether any
progress has been made lately in explanation of the migratory habit of
Danais archippus. The last information I have got on the subject
being from the vividly descriptive pen of Dr. John Hamilton (Can. Enr.,
Vol. xvii, No. 11), who showed clearly, that, up to that time, the facts and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 137

the theories had failed to agree. Several causes have combined recently
to turn my attention to the subject, notably a question from Mr. W. H.
Edwards, as to its time of ovipositing here, which I could answer only
in the most general terms. I have always regarded it as a misfortune
that Mr. Roland Thaxter, in his account of what he saw in Florida (Can.
Ent., Vol. xii, No. 2), did not give the month or months in which his
observations were made; it might have assisted us much in forming an
opinion as to whether they were flocks from the north come for the pur-
pose of going into hibernation or not, although the fact of some of them
pairing is decidedly against the idea that these, at all events, intended to
hibernate. They make their appearance here about the latter part of
May, according as the season favors ; the first ones are restless and
energetic, like males looking for mates; not in the least broken or
damaged ; not so rich and bright in color as fall specimens, but fairly
good withal. Ina week orso they become more plentiful, and begin to
mate, and for a time are scarcely seen but in pairs. Shortly after eggs
may be found on the flower clusters of the milk-weed, which is not yet
in bloom. They never seem to entirely disappear till fall, fresh hatched
specimens mingling with the old battered ones of the early season. Their
conduct in spring is quite in harmony with that of species which hatch
from the chrysalis here. If they hibernated in this locality I should
expect them to put in an appearance a good deal earlier than they do. I
regard it as a particularly interesting creature in every respect ; although
so common, it is never “ vulgar,” never in a hurry ; it has the easy grace
of the leisurely class. I have thought that one who has seen it only in
an open country can form but an inadequate conception of the diversity
of its movements on the wing. To see one on a bright summer day, when
a stiff breeze is blowing, disport itself about the wide-spreading top of a
high tree, is a choice pleasure. It seems to fairly revel with delight
in a gale ; now it rolls and tosses and heaves, always heading against the
wind ; now it spreads its sails to the breeze, and is hurried violently
backward and upward ; again it furls them, and, slowly descending and
advancing, it describes a variety of the most charmingly graceful curves
and waves and undulations imaginable ; a thing of beauty to look at, and
a joy to think of forever after. Attempts have been made to attach to it
common names. I have thought, when watching one at such a time, that
“ the storm king” would be very appropriate, and quite befitting its regal

138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

character. In my former scrap on this insect, an error in punctuation
occurs, which makes it rather confusing. The “ at least every other day ”
there refers to my visiting the woods, not to the movements of the
butterflies. I have but little of personal observations to add to it, having
seen but one small gathering since. A stream of Archippus from the
side of a wood attracted my attention. I entered to watch it go. There
was nothing of the listless attitude of my former observations in this
group. There was a general uneasiness pervading the whole flock,
rather difficult to describe, It did not come from a working of the
wings, but of the feet, as if the foothold was not good, and they were
trying to secure a better, which produced a rocking motion, whilst con-
tinuously throughout the swarm one and another was dropping off to
make for the edge of the woods and join in the grand procession.
J. Atston Morratr, Hamilton, Ont.

THE CLOVER-ROOT BORER, HYLASTES TRIFOLII, MULLER

Dear Sir :-—As far as I know, this insect has not been mentioned in
the Entomologist as occuring in Ontario. The beetle bas appeared in this
locality, and is doing incalculable damage to the clover fields. At the time
of writing this, the beetles, which have hibgrnated in the root during the
winter, have not all left their retreats, and may be counted by the dozen
in roots badly infested. No doubt the insect has been working in our
midst for some time, and at present fully three-fourths of the red clover,
Trifolium pratense, is dead or dying from the jury caused to the root.
The damage has not been all occasioned by the larve during the past
season, for I found the perfect beetle driving,channels in various directions.
through the roots during May and the early part of June. My observations.
correspond so well with the description given by Mr. W. Saunders in the
annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1881, page 43,
that I need only refer the reader to his paper.

June 9, 1888. J. Wuitre, Edmonton, Ont.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 139

Dear Sir: Mr. Brehme, in his article on “The Early Stages of
Arzama Obliquata,” after stating its manner of feeding in the reed, says,
‘“‘It then returns to the top and forms its pupa there.” I would remark
that that is not its invariable habit in nature, for I have found the chrysalis
in early spring beneath the bark of a decaying stump, corresponding in
that respect with Diffusa, and in some instances quite a distance away
from the marsh where the reeds grow. From Mr. Brehme’s dates it
would appear to be double brooded with him.

J. Atston Morrat, Hamilton, Ont.

ON BOLINA FASCIOLARIS, HUBN.

Dear Sir: In the pages of the Can. Ent. I showed that Mr.
Morrison’s statement, that we had re-described Bodlina fasciolaris Hibn.,
was an error, based upon a mistaken identification of Hiibner’s species.
That my determination was correct, is proved by a letter of Mr. Butler’s,
published in Extomologica Americana, Vol. iv., p. 13, where a specimen of
the true 4. fasciolaris, as determined by myself, is alluded to from my col-
lection. This specimen came to meas from ‘ Mexico.” Tomy knowledge
£. fasciolaris does not occur in our limits, but not improbably it may be
found in the south-west. Mr. Butler thinks that it is highly probable
that &. ochreipennis Harvey is the male of B. nigrescens G. & R., and
thus repeats the suggestion already made by myself. The species will be
known as nigrescens, this name being much the older. The genus Bodina
of Duponchel is, in my opinion, incorrectly used, and our species should
be referred to AZe/ipotis of Hiibner, as I have done in my Check List,
where ochreipennis is doubtfully referred to as the male of the preceding
species, nigrescens G. &. R. (p. 39, No. 1145). The sexual distinction in
ornamentation in JZe/zpotzs is peculiar and interesting.

ASK. GEOrE.

CHANGE OF AppRESS.—Mr. C. H. T. Townsend requests us to state
that he has left the Adjutant-General’s Office, War Department, and is
now an assistant in the Division of Entomology, Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington, D. C.

140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

(SCR SA SRSA NET OE ROE
OBITUARY.

Miss Annie M. Wittfeld, only daughter of Dr. Wm. Wittfeld, of
Fairyland, Indian River, Florida, died suddenly of rheumatism of the
heart on the roth April, aged 23. Fifteen months before—to a day—Dr.
Wittfeld had lost his only son by brain fever while down the coast on a
boating expedition, and so the stricken parents are desolate. It is about
ten years since Miss Annie began to aid me in obtaining eggs and larvee
of butterflies, and it is mostly owing to her zealous, friendly and intelli-
gent assistance that I have been able to learn the history of so many
Florida species. Her death is a loss to science. The readers of this
magazine will sympathize with Dr. and Mrs. Wittfeld in their bereave-
ment. W. H. Epwarpbs.

DEATH OF THE ‘‘ YOKOHAMA NATURALIST.”

Particulars have been received of the death in Japan, on the 17th of
February, of Mr. Harry Pryer, C. M. Z, S., the Yokohama naturalist, at
the early age of thirty-seven. When Mr. Pryer went to Japan in 1870 he
was already known as an active Fellow of the Entomological Society of
London. In the intervals of a busy mercantile career he interested him-
self in Japanese natural history, and soon became a recognized authority
on the subject. In conjunction with Captain F. Blakiston, he wrote the
standard monograph on the birds of Japan, and at the time of his death
he was engaged in publishing in English and Japanese an important work
on the butterflies of Japan, entitled “ Rhopalocera Nihonica.” Mr. Pryer
was not only an assiduous collector, but a keen observer and a practical
investigator, and his researches on the parasites of the silk worm have
been of material advantage to the silk culture of Japan. His house and
garden were filled with valuable specimens and collections of animals and
insects, living and dead, and the loss sustained by the European com-
munity through his death is shared by the Japanese, who recognize the
valuable services he rendered in connection with the establishment and
maintenance of the museum at Tokio.—/all Mall Gazette.

Che Canadian Entomologist

VOL. ‘XX. LONDON, AUGUST, 1888. No. 8

LIST OF THE SPIDERS, MYRIOPODS AND INSECTS OF
LABRADOR.
BY A. S. PACKARD, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

A list of all the known species of terrestrial Arthropods of the
Labrador coast may prove convenient as a starting point for future
investigations. Hence I have, besides enumerating the species of other
groups, revised the lists of Lepidoptera—Mr. Scudder kindly contributing
the list of butterflies. For changes in the names of the Tortricidae I am
indebted to Prof. C. H. Fernald’s excellent catalogue of the Tortricidz
of the United States.

ARACHNIDA,

The spiders which I collected at various points on the coast were sent
to Prof. T. Thorell, of Upsala, for identification and description. Out of
ten species collected, seven were new to science. Prof. Thorell’s paper
was published in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural His-
tory, xvil., April 21, 1875.

Lpeira patagiata (Clerck). Square Island, Strawberry Harbor.

“© Packardit Thor. ‘ me
Tetragnatha extensa (Linn.) “ i
Linyphia E-mertonii Thor. if *¢ and near Dumplin Harbor.
Clubiona frigidula Thor. - ee

Guaphosa brumalis Thor. Strawberry Harbor.
Lycosa Greenlandica Thor. ih a

“ furcifera Thor. Square Island, and near Dumplin Harbor.

“ fuscula Thor. Strawberry Harbor.

‘© Labradorensis Thor, Strawberry Harbor and Square Island.
Xysticus Labradorensis Keys. K. K. Zool. Bot. Ges, Wien., 479, 1887.

Ungava Bay (Turner).
MYRIOPODA.

Julus sp. Square Island.

142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

INSECTS.
Orthoptera.
Caloptenus. A Pezzotettix-like species, with short wings. Square Island
, Odonata.
Diplax sp., near rubicundula. Caribou Island. Dragon flies were very
rare on the coast, and I saw none north of the Straits of Belle Isle.
/Eschna sp. Caribou Island. Perhaps another species (identified by Dr.

P. R. Uhler,) also occurred, and an A‘schna-like form was observed
at Tub Island.
Hemiptera.

Teratocoris sp.

Deltocephalus debilis Uhler. Hopedale. A few other species of
Cercopide were seen at Caribou Island.

Trigonotylus ruficornis Fallen. Hopedale.

Corixa sp.

Platyptera.

Fteronarcys regalis. Okkak. Hopedale.

Plectoptera.

Potamanthus marginatus Zett. This boreal European May-fly, occurring
in Lapland, we have found in abundance in southern Labrador.

ferla sp. Belles Amoures. .

Chloroperta sp. A small greenish species was observed at Strawberry
Harbor.

Trichoptera.

Desmataulius planifrons Kol. Okkak.

Limnophilus subpunctulatus Zett. This Lapland Caddis-fly is the most
abundant species in Labrador, and what are probably its cases are
common in the pools of fresh water. Three or four other species
also occurred, but have not been identified. No genuine Meuroptera
or Mecaptera (Panorpide) occurred.

COLEOPTERA.
Lepyrus colon (Linn.) Cape Chidley (R. Bell).
.Pissodes ? sp. Hopedale.
Coccinella lacustris Lec. Okkak.
Leptura sp. Caribou Island.
Criocephalus obsoletus Randall. Okkak,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143

Argaleus nitens Lec. Near Cape Harrison.

Telephorus fraxini Say. Hopedale.

P. levicollis Kirby. Hopedale.

Podabrus mandibularis Kirby. Caribou Island.

Sericosomus incongruus Lec. Square Island.

Eanus vagus Lec. Square Island.

E. pictus (Cand.) Horn. (2. maculipennis Lec.) Caribou Island to
Square Island.

Cryptohypnus bicolor Germ. Belles Amoures, Strawberry Harbor and
Indian Harbor.

Byrrhus Americanus Lec. Caribou Island.

B. Kirbyi Lec. (B. picipes). Caribou Island.

Atomaria. Not determined. Caribou Island.

Ips sanguinolentus Oliv. Caribou Island.

Bledius. Not determined.

Quedius sublimbatus Mok]. Blanc Sablon (R. Bell).

Tachyporus n. sp. Hopedale.

Creophilus villosus Gray. Caribou Island.

Agathidium obsoletum Lec. Square Island.

Sipha Lapponica Linn. Caribou Island to Hopedale.

Phithydrus bifidus Lec. Caribou Island.

Gyrinus picipes Aubé? Square Island.

G. minutus Linn.. Square Island.

G. affinis Aubé? Square Island.

Colymbetes picifes Kirby. Caribou Island and Strawberry Harbor.

C. binotatus Harris (probably).

C. sculptilis Harris. Caribou Island, Square Island, Hopedale.

C. nov. sp. Square Island.

Agabus parallelus Lec. Square Island.

A, longulus Lec.? Stupart’s Bay (R. Bell).

A. ambiguus Lec. (A. infuscatus Aubé). Caribou Island.

A. subfasciatus Lec. Caribou Island.

A. semipunctatus (Kirby). Caribou Island.

A. levidorsus Lec. Caribou Island.

A. punctulatus Aubé. Caribou Island.

A. discolor Lec. Indian Harbor.

Hydroporus catascopium Say. Square Island and Dumplin Harbor.

H.. tenebrosus Lec. Caribou Island.

144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

H1. puberulus Lec. Sloop Harbor and Dumplin Harbor.

FT. longicornis.. Stupart’s Bay (R. Bell).

H, perplexus Shp. Stupart’s Bay (R. Bell).

Trechus micans Lec. Belles Amoures.

Latrobus tennis Lec. Square Island.

P. hyperboreus Dejean. Belles Amoures, Straits of Belle Isle, Cape
Chidley (R. Bell).

Harpalus herbivagus Say., var. proximus Lec. Square Island.

Amara obtusa Lec.

Amara, near A. melanogastrica Esch., perhaps A. brunnt.

A. pennis Dej. Caribou Island.

Amara, ‘no name.” Strawberry Harbor, Square Island and Hopedale.

A. similis Lec. (Stereocerus similis Kirby). Caribou Island.

A. hematopus Kirby. Sloop Harbor, Hopedale, Okkak (S. Weiz).

Pterostichus adstrictus Fesch., var. orinomum Kirby. Mecatina; Gulf
St. Lawrence.

Pterostichus hudsonicus Lec. Stupart’s Bay (R. Bell).

Ft., species not determined. Hopedale, Sinker Island, off Cape Harri-
son (Cape Webuc).

Ft. luczottii Dej. Blanc Sablon (R. Bell).

Platynus sinuatus Dej. Belles Amoures, Straits of Belle Isle.

Calathus ingratus De}. Whole coast.

Carabus chamissonis Fischer. Domino Harbor and Okkak,

Nebria Sahlbergii Fischer. Sloop Harbor, Cape Chidley (R. Bell).

Notiophilus Sibiricus Motsch. Domino Harbor, Square Island.

DIPTERA.

Scatina estotilandica Rondani, Archiv, etc. Canestrini ili., fasc. 1, 35,
Labrador. Osten Sacken adds: Mr. Rondani, in the same place,
mentions Scatophaga diadema Wiedemann (Montevideo), as having
been received from Labrador.

Flelophilus glacialis Loew. Stett. Ent. Zeit. vil., 121.

“ eroenlandicus {O. Fabr.)

Dolichopus stenhammari Zett. Sloop Harbor, July 19.

Therioplectes flavipes Wied.

i septentrionalis Loew. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien., 1858, 593.

Tipula tessellata Loew. Cent. iv., 4.

Tipula septentrionalis Loew. Cent. iv., 3.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 145

Amalopsis hyperborea O. Sacken. Monogr. iv., 269.
Dicranomyia halterata O. Sacken. Monog. iv., 71.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Tineidae.

Glyphipteryx sp. Caribou Island.
Tinea fuscipunctella Harv, (= @cophora frigidella Pack.) Caribou

and Square Islands.
(Ecophora sp. Hopedale.
Lncurvaria Labradorella Clem. Caribou Island.
Ornix boreasella Clem. Caribou Island.
Tinea spilotedla Tengstrom. Caribou Island, Square Island, “ Okkak,

June.” Christoph.
Gelechia continuella Zell. Moeschl. (=trimaculella Pack.) Strawberry

Harbor.
Gelechia labradorica Moeschl. Moravian Stations.

“ — brumella Clem. Caribou Island.

Tortricidae:

Grapholitha nebulosana Pack. Strawberry Harbor.
Phoxopteris plagosana (Clem.) Caribou Island and Square Island.

“ tineana Hiibn. (Pandemis leucophalerata Pack.) Hopedale.
Sericoris bipartitana (Clem.) Caribou Island.
Pedisca solicitana (Walk.) (Halonota packardiana Clem.) Caribou Is.
Sericoris turfosana H.S.

“« glaciana Moeschl. Whole coast ; common.
Penthina capreana (Hiibn.)

ae murina Pack. Caribou Island.

& septentrionana Curtis. Sloop and Strawberry Harbors. (Polar
regions, Curtis, )

ce intermistana (Clem.) (P. tessellana Pack.) Caribou Island

to Hopedale.
SJrigidana Pack.
Conchylis deutschiana Zetterstedt (Lozopera? fuscostrigana Clem.; C.
chalcana Pack.)
Sciaphila osseana Scopoli (Ablabia pratana Hiibn.)
4 moeschlertana (Wrcke).
es niveosana Pack. Moravian Stations, August.

146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Pyralidae.
Crambus unistriatedlus Pack. Caribou Island.
* argillacetllus Pack. Square Island.
a trichostomus Christoph. Moravian Stations.

e labradorensis Christoph. ‘‘ Okkak, July.”
. albellus Clem. Mouth of Esquimaux river, Aug. 3.
ie enornatedlus Clem. Caribou Island, July 15.
Eudorea centuriella Christoph. (Pempelia fusca Harv., Eudorea ?
Srigidella Pack.)
Ludorea? albisinuatella Pack. Okkak.
Pyrausta borealis Pack. Square Island.
Botys ephippialis Zettst.
“ torvalis Moeschl.
“ inguinatalis Zell. (Scopula glacialis Pack.) Hopedale.

Phalenide.

Eupithecia luteata Pack. Caribou Island, July.

ts gelidata Moeschl. Moravian Stations.
Glaucopteryx caestata (S. V.) Whole coast.
ee polata (Dupon.) Whole coast.
oy phocataria Pack.

Epirrita dilutata (Borkh.) Moravian Stations.
Petrophora truncata (Hufn.) Whole coast.

“ prunata (Linn.) eS es

° f
“ populata (Linn.) us és
et suspectata Moeschl. Moravian Stations.

Ochyria munitaria Hiibn. Caribou Island and var. /abradorensis Pack.
“© abrasaria H. Sch. Caribou Island.
Rheumaptera lugubrata Staud. Whole coast.
Ke postata (Linn.) Whole coast.
disceptaria (F. R.) Moravian Stations.
Triphosa dubitaria (Linn.) Caribou Island.
Semiothisa dispuncta Walk. (Sex-maculata Pack.) Square Island.
Anaitis sororaria Hiibn. Moravian Stations.
Aspilates gilvariaS. V. 4 gi
Acidalia sentinaria Hiibn.
“ frigidaria Moeschl. “ i

ce “é

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147

Noctuidae.

Brephos parthenias (Linn.) Moravian Stations.
flusia u-aureum Boisd.

oe paris iaubn, se is
“« divergens Fabr. re ES
Anarta funesta (Yhunberg). EE 8
‘¢ melanopa (Thun.) A
“ melaleuca (Yinun.) " - Whole coast.
“ vidua Christoph. i oe
“ cordigera (Thun.) Ke 5
“< algida Lef. rs
‘* lapponica (Thun ) ee f
“© schonherri Zett. a s
“ getterstedtit Staud. s cs
Hadena exulis Lef. H 7
“© exornata Moeschl. ee a
Pachnobia carnea Thun. s = Whole coast.

Mamestra arctica Boisd. Whole coast.
Dianthoecia subdita Moeschl. Moravian Stations.

ce phoca Moeschl. . bf
Agrotis septentrionalis Moeschl. . a
“fusca Boisd. o oe

s2 WVocket Moeschl. AS =
«speciosa Hubn. 5 es

“ comparata Moeschl. f -

“« — dissona Moeschl. “ Co

“ umbratus Pack. - “
conflua Fehr.. E “

Leucania rufostrigata Pack. Caribou Island.

Bombycide.

Hepialus labradoriensis Pack. Caribou Island.

‘« hyperboreus Moeschler. Moravian Stations.
Laria Rossii (Curtis) Whole coast.
Arctia Quenselii Paykull. Whole coast.
Platarctia borealis (Moeschler). Moravian Stations.
Euprepia caja (Linn.) Whole coast. .

148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

*RHOPALOCERA.

Lrenthis chariclea (Schneid). ~This is the Argynnis boisduvalii of the
previous list. A detailed description of the species, drawn up exclu-
sively from American material, will be found in the Proc. Bost. Nat.
Fist.; Vol, xvil.,"pa2gy.

Brenthis triclaris (Hiibn.) = Argynnis triclaris of the previous list. A
full description will be found as above on p. 294.

Brenthis polaris (Boisd.) = Argynnis polaris of the former list. A full
description, based entirely on Dr. Packard’s material, will be found
as above, p. 303.

Brenthis frigga (Thunb.) = Argynnis frigga of the former list. The single
male obtained in Labrador, with specimens from Colorado, taken by
Mr. Mead, form the basis of a detailed description in the same place
as the preceding, p. 306.

Eugonia j-album (Boisd.-Lec.)=Grapta interrogationis of the previous
list. This is the worst error in that list, and a case of pure careless-
ness in writing.

(Eneis gutta Hubn. = Chionobas jutta of previous list.

«© bore (Esp.) = Chionobas bore of former list.
‘© @no (Boisd) = Chionobas ceno of former list.

Agriades aquilo (Boisd.) = Lyczena aquilo of former list. An extended
description from Dr. Packard’s material will be found in the Proceed-
ings of the Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. xvii, p. 310.

Pieris frigida Scudd. I have not re-examined this.

Eurymus Labradorensis (Scudd.) This is the Colas paleno, as well as
the C. Labradorensis of the previous list. The specimen referred to
the former being of the same species as the latter. I will not here
venture on a discussion as to the validity of the specific name retained
here, but as the species was described and figured sufficiently for
determination, and is the common form in south-eastern Labrador,

it is easily identifiable.

*A revised list of the butterflies obtained in Labrador by Dr. A. S. Packard, by
Samuel H. Scudder. (The list was prepared for use inthe present work. The species
have been arranged in the descending order by the author.) In 1886 I published a list
of Dr. Packard’s collections in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural
History, Vol. xi. The present list is merely a redetermination of the same material,
in the light of larger collections since seen. The same order as before is followed.
The specimens are mostly in my collection and in that of the Museum of Comparative

Zoology.—S._ H, S,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

149

Eurymus nastes (Boisd.) =Colias nastes of former list. I have not re-
examined specimens, as they are apparently no longer extant.

Pamphila comma (Linn) = Hesperia comma of my former

list. athe

single specimen obtained was not examined by me in my study of
the species of Pamphila (Memoirs Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. il., 341),
and is the only specimen I have seen of P. comma from America.

It belongs to the var. catena Staud, found in northern

Scandinavia

and Lapland, and exactly resembles the specimen of that variety
figured by me in the memoir referred toabove. Moschler has already

noted that it is this variety which occurs in Labrador.
Hesperia centaureae Ramb. Nothing to be added.

HYMENOPTERA.

Urocerus flavicornis Fabr. Common on Caribou Island.
‘© cyaneus Fabr. Hopedale.

Euura orbitalis Norton. Var. a. b. Caribou Island.

Nematus Labradoris Norton, Caribou Island.

as malacus Re e He
i) fallax sf S 3
st monela i i ce
“ fulvipes ro sf
‘© placentus a te ie
Allantus originalis oa .

Macrophya (Pachyprotasis) omega Norton. Caribou Island.

Tenthredo mellinus Norton. Caribou Island.
Ue aeBRPIECOLIS Nx a v
Formica herculanea Linn. Whole coast.
“ sanguinea Latr. Straits of Belle Isle.
Vespa maculata Linn. Southern coast, Mecatina Island.
norvegica Fabr. Caribou Island.
Bombus lacustris Cresson. Whole northern coast ; common.
‘© kirbyed/us Curtis. Sloop Harbor and Hopedale.
« frigidus Smith. Square Island and Hopedale.
‘ »ivalis Dahlb. Caribou Island and whole coast nort

hward,

150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

JOHN ABBOT, THE AURELIAN.
BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

It has been a fortunate thing for the study of butterflies in this country
that the earlier students were those who devoted themselves very largely
to the natural history of these insects rather than to their systematic or
descriptive study. It was indeed a natural and healthy result of the
poverty of external resources in earlier times ; and I have thought that it
would not be devoid of interest to present a few facts concerning the life
and industry of one of these earlier naturalists, who worked to such good
purpose and accomplished so much, under circumstances that would now
seem very forbidding.

A unique figure, perhaps the most striking in the early development
of natural history in America, is that of a man of whom we know almost
absolutely nothing excepting what he accomplished. With one exception,
all our knowledge of his personality comes through tradition. No life of
him has ever been written, excepting a brief notice by Swainson in the
Bibliography of Zoology, to which Mr. G. Brown Goode has kindly called
my attention. Itis not known when or where he was born, or when he died ;
scarcely where he lived, or to what nationality he belonged. Even the
town where he worked no longer exists. His name alone remains, and
though we have access to not a little of his writing in his own round hand,
his signature cannot be discovered.*

John Abbot was presumably an Englishman, as the name is English,
and he is said by Sir. J. E. Smith, to have begun his career by the study
of the transformations of British insects. When not far from thirty years
old, and probably about 1790, he was engaged by three or four of the
leading entomologists of England, to go out to North America for the
purpose of collecting insects for their cabinets. After visiting several
places in different parts of the Union, he determined to settle in the
‘“‘ Province of Georgia,” as Swainson calls it. Here he lived for nearly
twenty years in Scriven County, as I am informed by several persons
through the kindness of Dr. Oemler, of Wilmington Island, in that State,
returning to England probably not far from 1810, where he was living
about 1840, at the age “probably above eighty.” It is rumored in

*Mr. W. F. Kirby has kindly made many researches for me at the British Museum,
the Linnzan Society, etc,

ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Poe

Georgia that he owned land there, and all that can be learned of him
comes from persons beyond riddle life in that State, who remember hear-
ing their parents speak of him. Col. Charles C. Jones, the Georgia
historian, informs me through .Dr. Oemler that “while he remained in
Georgia, in the prosecution of his scientific labors, his head-quarters were
at Jacksonborough, then the county seat of Scriven County. Here his
work on the Lepidoptera of Georgia was largely prepared. All traces of
this old town have now passed away.” It is supposed that he also em-
ployed himself as a school-master in this place, but this is purely traditional,
and his occasional bungling, not to say ungrammatical sentences, rather
indicate a lack of schooling on his own part. | What we certainly know
regarding him is that he entered into relations with John Francillon, a
silversmith in the Strand, London, who had a famous collection of insects
and an extensive entomological correspondence. Francillon undertook to
supply subscribers with drawings of insects and plants by Abbot, as well
as with specimens, the latter of which, says Swainson, ‘‘were certainly
the finest that have ever been transmitted as articles of commerce to this
‘country ; they were always sent home expanded, even the most minute ;
and he was so watchful and indefatigable in his researches, that he contrived
to breed nearly the whole of the Lepidoptera. His general price for a
box-full was sixpence each specimen ; which was certainly not too much,
considering the beauty and high perfection of all the individuals. Abbot,
however, was not a mere collector. Every moment of time he could
possibly devote from his field researches was employed in making finished
drawings of the larva, pupa, and perfect insect of every lepidopterous
species, as well as of the plant upon which it fed. These drawings are so
beautifully chaste and wonderfully correct, that they were coveted by every
one.” It would appear from a note in Kirby and Spence’s Introduction
to Entomology (sth ed.,iii., 148) that “the ingenious Mr. Abbot” also
knew the art of inflating caterpillar skins, and dealt in them through
Francillon. (See many other references in the same volume.) There still
exist in various places, principally in the British Museum, but also at
Oxford, Paris and Zurich, and in this country at Boston, large series of
his drawings of insects and plants. ‘Those in the British Museum are
arranged in sixteen stout quarto volumes, bound in red morocco ; each
volume has a printed title page and is dated 1792 to 1809, the dates no
doubt between which they were purchased for the Museum through
Francillon from Abbot, and which probably indicated the period of his

152: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

activity in America. In Boston two similar volumes exist, one of which
was presented by Dr. Gray of the British Museum, to Dr. Gray the
botanist of Cambridge, and by him to the Natural History Society, where
it may now be seen. ‘The other volume is a collection, perhaps the only
considerable one which has never passed out of this country, which was
purchased by the Society from Dr. Oemler, of Georgia, who inherited it
from his father.*

In the title page of the last volume of the British Museum series there
is a miniature portrait let into the title page, which, tradition says, was
painted by Abbot himself, and indeed it bears every mark of this, though
there is no memorandum to this effect within the volume. With its
peculiar physiognomy it adds considerably to our interest in the original ;
there seems to be not a little humour in the quaint features and figure, and
the spare form hardly gives the figure of robust health which the face
would indicate. Abbot probably returned to England about 1810, at an
age of about fifty, and our portrait was doubtless painted at about this
time, certainly before he left America, since it represents him in the
thinnest of southern costume. ‘There were old persons living in Georgia
up to 1885, but since deceased, who knew him, but apparently none now
remain.

Abbot’s work was by no means on Lepidoptera alone, as any of the
series of his drawings will show. Dr. Hagen, in speaking of the volume
in the British Museum containing the Neuroptera, says that all the details
are given with the greatest care, and that in almost all cases the species
can be identified. The same is the case with most of the drawings of
Lepidoptera, though there is a mark of carelessness in some of the &gures
of early stages which is not found in others ; this is no doubt due to the
fact that so many applied for these drawings, “both in Europe and
America, that he found it expedient to employ one or two assistants, whose
copies he retouched, and thus finished they generally pass as his own.
To an experienced eye, however, the originals of the master are readily
_ distinguished.”

It would hardly appear that he paid more attention to Lepidoptera
than to other insects. Yet in the Oemler collection alone there are one
hundred and thirty-three plates of Lepidoptera, nearly every one of which

*Mr. Oemler and Mr. “Le Compte”? are both mentioned in Abbot’s notes as
sending him specimens,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. iss

figures a species distinct from the others, and ninety-four of which are
accompanied by the early stages. Twenty-two of these are insects figured
in Abbot and Smith’s work, but the figures of the early stages are in no
case identical ; they represent the same insect but in different attitudes.
Of these one hundred and thirty-three plates, thirty-four are concerned
with the butterflies. The drawings of butterflies in the British Museum
are contained in the sixth and sixteenth volumes, the former comprising
the perfect insects only, the latter the early stages as well, and in this
latter series thirty-six species are figured ; while the two Boston collec-
tions contain figures of the early stages of all but two of the species repre-
sented in the British Museum volume. Swainson states that a series of
one hundred and three subjects of Lepidoptera, including none published
before, was executed for him “ with the intention of forming two additional
volumes to those edited by Dr. Smith, but the design is now abandoned.”

Each set of drawings furnished by Abbot seems to have been accom-
panied by more or less manuscript, in which the life history of the insect
is given in brief form, with the food plant of the caterpillar and the times
of the change of the caterpillars to chrysalids, and of chrysalids to butter-
flies, which shows that Abbot must have been an exceptionally industrious
rearer of insects. Indeed the transformations of not a few of our butter-
flies are even now known only through the observations and illustrations
of Abbot. Dr. Boisduval was good enough to present me with three
series of manuscript notes entitled ‘“ Notes to the Drawings of Insects,”
all written in Abbot’s own hand, and comprising twenty-seven foolscap
pages, rather closely written, and describing the changes of two hundred
and one species; of these thirty-eight are butterflies. These, unfurtunately,
are referred to only by number and by an English name, which Abbot
himself applied, apparently to every insect of which he furnished drawings,
such as the ‘reed butterfly,” the “ringed butterfly,” the “lesser dingy
skipper,” etc , though he occasionally makes use of such names as the
“autumnal ajax,” ‘Papilio antiopa,” etc., showing his familiarity to a
certain extent with Linnean names. Asthe names and drawings are in
some instances kept together, the manuscript of those in which they are
not connected is still of use. It appears that nearly all the Georgian
butterflies were observed and painted by Abbot, and that of about sixty
species which he raised he distributed illustrations and notes of the early
stages to some of his correspondents.

154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

As is well known by all aurelians, one considerable collection of
Abbot’s drawings was published by Sir James Edward Smith in two
sumptuous folio volumes, but these comprise, as far as the butterflies are
concerned, only twenty-four species. This work made an epoch in the
history of entomology in this country. Besides this Abbot published
nothing. ‘The article credited to him in Hagen’s Bibliography was by a
Rev. Mr. Abbot, who wrote from England in November, 1798, when
Abbot was in this country.

CHARACTERS OF PROTECTION AND DEFENCE IN INSECTS.
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

A few years since I described a colony of Spanner caterpillars
(Geometride) belonging to an undetermined species, and the description
appeared afterwards in this journal. These larvz were remarkable
for their mimicry, in color and shape and attitude, of dead leaves.
There could be no question that they belonged to the category of
protective appearance, to which so many green and brown tinted
larve belong, which share these ‘‘cosmical colors.” In studying
these larvee we must consider their color, shape and attitude separately.
The larvee of most of the Hawk Moths belong to this category. The
caterpillar in repose, or at the approach of danger, assumes a rigid attitude
in which it resembles a leaf on a branch of the food plant. The
markings along the back often assist this resemblance. The only motion
is that imparted by the swaying of the plant on which it rests. When
disturbed, the caterpillar of Ziyreus Abdbotii throws itself by jerks from
side to side and gives out a crepitating noise. It looks then somewhat
snake-like.

The second category is that of defensive appearance. Highly colored,
red and yellow larve, belong many of them to this category, as also
those armed with spines and prickles. ‘These would seem to court obser-
vation, which they further aid by their restlessness. It is probable that,
by their gaudy appearance, they inspire distaste or fear in their natural
enemies. ‘The caterpillars of Ovgyza are not eaten by birds, nor are
those of 4éraxas. By simulating obnoxious species it has been shown
that several kinds of butterflies escape destruction. From these two points
of view the appearance of insects must be studied, but it by no means
follows that the means to the end have been always perfectly attained.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15

Or

It is owing to the imperfection of their protection that insects are, as a
whole, kept under and an undue multiplication prevented. But there is,
probably, an effort in these directions to be noted and brought out in the
life history of allinsects. Darwin's law of Natural Selection tends to bring
out these characters more strongly by its effect of preserving the best pro-
tected kinds. I have noted how the species of Catoca/a, so numerous
with us, are preserved ; the larvee, by their resemblance to twigs, the
moths, from their upper wings, during the day and in repose, correspond-
ing in appearance with the trunk and bark of the trees against which they
rest. The larve of burrowing Lepidoptera resemble in their pale and
livid colors those of the Coleoptera or burrowing larvee of other Orders of
Insects. The larvae of Hymenoptera, which are external feeders, resemble
the external feeding Lepidoptera in their greenish tints. There is then a
correlation between habit and color. The larvee of cut-worms ( Agrofis )
resemble the soil in color, where they burrow at the roots of plants.

In South Carolina I collected a number of specimens of an Orthopter-
ous insect, which strikingly resembled the predaceous Cicindelide. They
were active on the leaves of Okra. I regret that the specimens were lost,
and I could not determine the species. I have observed that certain
smooth Chrysomelide, living on a species of lily, on the approach of
danger folded in the feet and allowed themselves to slide off the leaves,
dropping in the herbage beneath where they speedily recovered the use
of their legs. The snapping beetles, Z/ater7de, assume a rigid attitude,
the short feet tucked in against the under part of the hard body, and look
like bits of dead wood or twigs. By their quiet and protective color they
seem to expect that they will escape notice. This and similar actions in
other kinds of beetles and insects is called ‘feigning death” by some
writers. In order to ‘“ feign death,” as the words intend, some knowledge
of death as such and its advantages must be supposed. But I cannot
think that insects have arrived at any such generalization of ideas. Their
actions often incompletely answer to their apparent ends. It is probable
to me that their attitudes of repose are assumed from the experience which
they have gradually acquired that in a state of quiet they will best avoid
the immediate dangers which beset them and which they cannot escape
by flight. A Catocava will rest in quiet for hours, but on the near
approach of a disturber will take to very quick and instant flight. Trying
to capture a specimen once it thus escaped me, but in its endeavor to
avoid Charybdis it fell into Scylla, for a passing swallow devoured it in
the air.

156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The characters of protection and defense form an interesting subject
in the natural history of external feeding larvae, such as those of the
Lepidoptera, for here the insect must rely on them and can do little or
nothing by movement. ‘Therefore they can here be the more readily
detected. In tracing descent and relationship between the species, the
modifications of the external characters of the larvee must lead to the best
results, to the safest conjectures as to the line taken. Almost all our
knowledge as to any species andits habits is fragmentary and incomplete.
What piece and parcel we observe we are apt to be very certain about,
and we do not hesitate to draw therefrom very absolute conclusions, with
an air of authority incommensurate with our knowledge. But in the
multitude of counsellors there is in this case so far safety, that each may
bring his observations and conclusions to paper, and, if the editor will
print them, from the sifting of the whole a picture will in time be drawn
which will stand in some proportion to the real truth.

THE ORANGE SPOT IN NATHALIS IOLE, Bow.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, WEST CLIFF, COLORADO.

On November 1st, 1887, I took in this locality (Swift Creek, near
West Cliff,) an example of WVathadis tole, and was thereby led to examine
its characters. The general colour of the upper side of this insect is pale
yellow. The primaries are marked with pale black (if one may use such
a term,) after the manner described in the text books, and the upper
margins of the secondaries also present a black patch, covering the area
which is normally overlapped by the primaries. On this black patch,
not far from the base of the wing, is an elongated spot of the most vivid
orange. 1 first noticed this spot when setting out my specimen, and was
led to wonder why the most vivid piece of colouring in the whole insect
should be situated where it was invisible under ordinary conditions.
Could it be due to some peculiarity in the development of the pigment
induced by its peculiar position on the wing? was it a relic of the
original colour of the insect, which not being under the same influences
as the exposed parts, had not become modified in the course of ages ?
or was it a secondary sexual character to be exhibited by the raising of
the primaries ?

Being unable to answer these questions, I put the insect away until
January 12th, when I sent it off with other butterflies to Mr. W. H.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 157

Edwards, calling his attention to the presence of the orange spots. He
wrote in reply that he could not tell why some examples of 4. code had
the orange spot and others not, but it was a very variable species. On
March sth I received the box I had sent, and in it my specimen of
NV. iole, which, to my great astonishment, had comp/etely lost the orange
spots,—they having become pale yellow, the colour of the rest of the
wing (except the black portion), only somewhat glossy. The orange
shade on the under side of the primaries, near the costal margin, had not
faded in the least. Supposing that the butterfly might have been sub-
mitted to some unusual influence while in Mr. Edwards’ hands, I wrote
to him asking the exact circumstances under which he had kept it, and
he replied as follows: ‘‘The particular specimen which you sent and
I returned never was outside your box, and the latter rested on top of
one of my insect cases, so that no chemical influence was brought to bear
on it. Last year I raised several zo/e imagos from larve, and the males
I think all had the orange spot; I am sure some had. On looking at
them now (March 16), I find xo orange at all.” So it is perfectly clear
that the orange spot in (Vathadis is of a peculiar nature, and is further
liable to fade, which process is not one of continuous and gradual bleach-
ing due to the action of light—because my specimen was ali the time in a
closed box in perfect darkness, and the orange remained as vivid as ever
up to the time that I sent the insect to Mr. Edwards—but is more or less
sudden, and apparently due to change in the constitution of a complex
pigment, rather than its destruction. However this may be, I think that
however insignificant this question may seem from the point of view of
the systematist, it is one which the evolutionist will recognize as demand-
ing his careful attention, and this must be my excuse for dealing with it
at so great a length.

NOTE ON A GERMAN EDITION OF ROSS’S SECOND
VOYAGE (1829-1833).

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M.

A copy of a German translation of Ross’s Second Voyage lately fell
into my hands, and I make the following bibliographical note upon the
descriptions of Lepidoptera there given. ‘The translation is by Julius,
Graf von der Groben, Lieutenant in K. Pr. Reg. Garde du corps, and the
third part or volume is published in Berlin, 1836. This volume (8 vo.)

158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS?.

contains the natural history, the descriptions of the Lepidoptera occupying
pages 238 to 255 inclusive. The following are the references :

Coltas Boothit (Curtis), p. 238.

‘“¢ — Chione (Curtis), p. 2309.
flipparchia Rossti (Curtis), p. 241.

“ subhyalina (Curtis), p. 242.
Melitea Targuinius (Curtis), p. 243.
Polyommatus Franktinit (Curtis), p. 245.
Laria Rossii (Curtis), p. 247.
Liyprepia Hyperboreus (Curtis), p. 249.
fladena Richardsoni (Curtis), p. 250.
Psychophora Sabini (Kirby), p. 251.
Oporabia Punctipes (Curtis), p. 252.
Orthotenia Bentleyana (Don), p. 253.

ae Septentrionana (Curtis), p. 254.
Argyrotosa (?) Parryana (Curtis), p. 254.
I have identified the moth Zara Rossii from specimens taken by
Mr. Mann on Mount Washington, N. H.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ANTHOCHARIS.
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, WEST VA.

Anthocharis Pima.

Mavte—Expands 1.75 inch.

Upper side yellow; the bases of wings dusted black ; primaries
have the basal half of costa white, crossed by dark brown streaks ; the
apex also edged white on both margins, and next this is a series of five
large, elongated, dark brown spots, almost confluent, filling the interspaces
to second medium nervule, each sending a narrow projection to the
margin ; on the are a black rectangular bar, the area between this and
the apical spots and costal edge orange ; fringes whitish ; a few blackish
hairs at the end of each nervule on secondaries.

Under side of primaries yellow ; the apical area greenish, dusted with
black scales ; the orange repeated paler and diffused over cell and second
median interspace ; the bar on arc repeated.

Secondaries pale yellow, largely covered by patches of light yellow-.
green, confluent, forming irregular and connected transverse bands from
hind margin to base.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. hag

FEMALE— Expands 1.7 inch,

Same yellow; the apical spots. longer and completely confluent,
forming a solid patch ; the orange paler ; the bar on arc less rectangular ;
broadest on sub-costal ; under side as in the male.

From two examples taken early in April, 1883, in Pima County,
Arizona, by Mr. O. T. Baron. In all 2 and 29 were taken. This is
the only known North American species in which both sexes are yellow.
The brown apical patch is much larger than in the allied species.

BOOK NOTICE.
THE BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH AFRICA.

South African butterflies : A monograph of the extra-tropical species. By
Roland Trimen, F. R. S., etc., assisted by James Henry Bowker, F.
Z. S., etc. Vol 1: Nymphalide; Vol. Il: Erycimidz and Ly-
caenide. London: Trubner & Co., 1887, 8 vo.

All who have studied foreign butterflies at all are acquainted with
Trimen’s work on the butterflies of Southern Africa, published more than
twenty years ago, under the title Rhopalocera Africae Australis. It will
please them to know that there has recently appeared the first two of
three volumes on the same subject, which are based, indeed, upon the old,
but wholly rewritten, and with a great wealth of additions, especially on —
the natural history side. These two volumes comprise the Nymphalide,
Erycinidz and Lycaenide, in all 238 species. The Papilionide and
Hesperidz are to occupy the third volume with about 142 species. It
will thus be seen that Mr. Trimen falls into line with all the principal
lepidopterists of England in the serial order in which he here places the
different families of butterflies, adopting. indeed, exactly the subdivisions
and the order Mr. Moore employed in his Lepidoptera of Ceylon, which
we noticed lately. But he does more than that; for, in a long introductory
chapter of 44 pp., he treats of the structure, classification and distinctive
characters of the groups, together with their geographical distribution, their
habits and instances of mimicry in an excellent manner, such as is very
unusual in a work of this nature. It would interest every reader of the
CaNaDIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. So, too, all the families, sub-families and generic
groups are characterized with a fulness entirely proportional to the specific
descriptions, rendering the work one of the best introductions to a fauna
known tome. These descriptions are evidently the work of one who is
quite familiar with structure, are not copied from the writings of others, but

160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

are introduced in language of the author’s own, having a special value:
quite apart from the rest of the work. Nor is this all; for the characters
are drawn not simply from the complete stage of the insects, but from the
larva and pupa as well, and these same stages are introduced in the
generic descriptions. It is unfortunate that he has not included aiso the
egg. The work is illustrated so far by ten octavo plates, one of which is
devoted to the structure of the wings, the head and legs of the imago ; two
to the early stages of a few species, and the remainder to excellent chromo-
lithographs of the perfect insects. The figures of the early stages are an in-
teresting, though somewhat scanty, addition to our knowledge, the most
important of which is found in the larva and pupa of D’Urbania, a curious
genus of Lycaenine, in which the pupa, as well as the larva, is covered
with long fascicles of hairs, as long as the width of the body. Mr. Trimen
has been aided by collectors and naturalists throughout Southern Africa
to a very great extent, so much so, indeed, that he has added to his title
page the name of one of them, Col. Bowker, as joint author with himself ;
and the help he has received in this respect may be indicated in part by
the considerable number of species which have been added to the list of
South African butterflies since the publication of his first work, a total of
380 against 197. An excellent coloured map of Southern Africa, south of
the tropic of Capricorn, is prefixed to the first volume. We hope the third

volume, completing the work, will soon be issued.
SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

CORRESPONDENCE.

ene

REMEDY FOR ROSE-APHIS.
Dear Sir; Experiments with a weak solution of Creolin upon Rose
Aphides and leaf-tying larvee ( Zortrix) proved quite successful without
any apparent injury to the plants. Rose bushes syringed with Creolin
solution remained for some time after free from insects of any kind so far
as I could observe. More continued use of Creolin must be made to
speak with certainty, but it seems to me likely that in this disinfectant we

may have a valuable help for garden or greenhouse.
A. R. Grote.

Mailed August Ist,

Che Canadtan Entomolonist.

VOL. XX. LONDON, SEPTEMBER, 1888. No. 9

CATALOGUE OF THE MYRMOPHILOUS COLEOPTERA
WITH BIBLIOGRAPHY AND NOTES.

BY JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENY, PA.

Quite a number of our Coleoptera are known to associate in their
imago or perfect state with the Formicarie—comprehensively, ants. Very
little, perhaps nothing, is known of the larval and pupal life of any of these
beetles. Some, like atrisus bistriatus, probably never leave the ants ;
but others, like the species of Cremastochi/us, desert them in the spring,
whether afterwards to return and propagate among them is an open
question. The association here referred to is common inhabitancy and
more or less mutual interdependency, and not mere accidental occurrences
under stones, bark and common shelters as seen frequently ; and it is
not always easy for the collector to avoid confusion of this kind. By
bringing together the most of what is recorded in American literature about
these interesting Coleoptera, with this as a basis it is hoped a stimulus
may be given to research, and collectors may be induced to search for
them more diligently, and make public their observations. It is no easy
matter to investigate properly an ant’s nest, but patience and labour
intelligently directed may meet with ample reward. Larve and pup
should be diligently sought for in the formicariums. Only once or twice
is there mention of any larva of a Coleopter having occurred with ants,
and that of some Staphylinide that may have only been there as an
explorer.

ABBREVIATIONS.
Tr.—Transactions of the American Entomological Society.
Pr.—Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science, Phil. (2nd
series).
An.—Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York.
B. J.—Boston Journal of Natural History.

162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

No Carabide are known to me to truly inhabit with ants, but several
species hibernate in their burrows whether inhabited or not, as Panageus
Sasciatus, which J find in autumn and in spring.

Ptomophagus parasitus Lec. JI take this beetle occasionally in April
on the under side of flat stones covering the formicaria of a large black
ant (Formica herculanea ?). With this species of ant I once found five
specimens of Lister planipes, and Cremastochilus canaliculatus and
ffarrisii are its guests.

Colon. The Classification, p. 77, states that some species of Colon
are found only in ants’ nests, but I fail to find further bibliography.

Scydmenus. The Classification, p. 84, mentions ants’ nests as the
residence of some of the species. It might be well for the collector to
consider whether the association is other than accidental.

S. capillosus Lec. Is found in March on the under side of stones, and
is said (Pr., 6, 152) to sometimes occur in the nest of a small rufous ant
with red legs. I take it sometimes with various small ants but just as
frequently by itself, and see no connection besides that of occupying a
common shelter. Georgia, Pennsylvania and New York.

S. brevicornis Say. Occurs in the nest of a small black ant. New
York and Pennsylvania. (Pr., 6, 153.)

S. rasus Lec. Found with a small fuscous ant. Pennsylvania. (Pr.,
Ge i530)

Adranes cecus Lec. Found with a small black ant. June. Georgia
and lihmois. “(B.-)., 0, 6452N.5:, Dy28.)

Adranes Lecontei Brend. Several specimens of this curious insect,
which is without eyes and has only two joints in the antenne, were taken
by Mr. Charles Dury near Cincinnati, Ohio, witn a medium-sized pale
brown species of ant, inhabiting a decaying beech log. ‘“‘On each side
of the body and just back of the elytra is a tuft of brown hair, and from
it springs a tube from which the beetle exudes a fluid that the ants are
supposed to eat.”—Dury, Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural
History, July, 1884.

Ceophyllus monilis Lec. Inhabits here with a medium-sized, honey-
yellow ant (Lasius integerrimus ?) that nests under stones. When the
beetle is found, which is not often, from six to a dozen occur in the same

htt

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165

nest. I find Heterius brunnipennis with this ant. April and May. Dr.
Leconte took C. monzlis under bark in August in Michigan. (B. J., 6,
73.) GAN. ENT), 18,.26:)

Cedius Ziegleri Lec. Dr. Leconte took a specimen at Bedford, Pa.,
in the nest of Formica rufa, though previously he had found it under
bark. (Tr., 6, 288; B. J.;.6, 74.) .

Tmesiphorus costalis Lec. Found with Formica rufa. (Tr., 6, 287.)

Ctenistes pulvereus Lec. Taken at San Jose, California, ‘with a small
piceous ant with testaceous legs.” (An., 5, 214.)

Tychus puberulus Lec. With ants. San Jose, California. (An., 5,
214)

Decarthron formiceti Lec. Found with Hormica Pennsylvanica. April.
Pennsylvania. (B. J., 6, go.)

Batrisus Zone. Found by Dr. Leconte “with a small, opaque, black
ant, with rufo-piceous feet and antenne.” May. Mt. Iona, Georgia.
(iy) 12356,: 94.)

B. armiger Lec. Lives witha medium-sized rufous ant. Pennsylvania.
(B. J., 6, 94)

B. ferox Lec. Found with various ants. Pennsylvania, oc. cit.

B. cristatus Lec. Found with a large rufous ant with a brownish
head. Pennsylvania, /oc. cit.

B. riparius Say. Occurs occasionally in Pennsylvania under stones
with Formica Pennsylvanica (?), but more frequently under pine bark in
Georgia. (B. J., 6, 95.)

B. globosus Lec. Inhabits with several species of ant in Pennsylvania
and Georgia. (B. J., 6, 100.)

B. bistriatus Lec. Taken by Dr. Leconte witha large rufous ant, Zoc.
cit. I have taken it twice in April with a medium-sized honey-yellow
ant. The ants seem to be very fond of them, and carry them off like
their eggs and pupz, while the beetles appear to be entirely impassive.
(Can. Enr., 18, 26.)

B. lineaticollis Aube. ‘Taken with a large rufous ant. Georgia and
Pennsylvania. (B. J., 6, 100.)

It is quite probable other species of this genus occur with ants. Five
species in California, described as new by Mr, Casey since the catalogue

164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

was issued, are found in wet moss and under stones near water courses,
thus showing great diversity of habit in insects placed in the same genus.

Anchylarthron cornutum (inornatum ? ) Brend. Gregarious with
ants. Mississippi Valley and South Carolina. (Tr., 14, 208.)

Trimium puncticolle Lec. Many specimens of this species were
taken in an ants’ nest by Dr. Horn in Arizonia. (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc.,
17, 384.)

Homalota. An undescribed species was taken with Formica rufa at
Bedford, Pa., by Dr. Leconte. (Tr., 6, 288.)

Lomechusa cava Lec. About fifty specimens were taken with a colony
of black ants [/ormica Pennsylvanica| inhabiting a white oak log.
Massachusetts. (Bul. Brook. Ent. Soc., 2, 4.) Dr. Leconte took it from
the mounds of Formica rufa in the Alleghany Mountains ; it occurred
with yellow ants in Columbia County, Pa., Michigan and Maryland ; and
in Illinois in large numbers in the nests of Formica rufa (2). (Tr., 6,
287.)

Oxypoda. A species occurred with Formica rufa at Bedford, Pa.
Leconte. (Tr., 6, 288.)

Leptacinus longicollis Lec. Occurs in the middle States, and usually
in ants’ nests. (N.5., p. 41.)

Eleusis pallidus Lec. Ants’ nests, Lancaster County, Pa. (Leconte
in New Species, p. 58. This insect is gregarious. I have twice taken a
colony early in July under the bark of Balm of Gilead stumps (Populus
candicans )—once with very small brown ants, and once alone. ‘The
association of this species with ants appears to me to be merely acci-
dental. (Can. Enr., 18, 27.)

Hister planipes Lec. Occurs, according to Dr. Horn, from Massachu-
setts to Georgia. Here, I took once five specimens in April in a nest of
Formica herculanea.

H. perpunctatus Lec. Mr. F. Blanchard takes this species at ‘Tyngs-
borough, Mass., with a brown ant, 4.5 mm. long. (Tr., 8, 190.)

H1. repletus Lec. This, according to Mr. Blanchard, is also found in
Massachusetts in the nest of a small black ant. (Ent. Am., 3, 86.) It is
quite probable “7. subopacus is also a Myrmophile. It occurs in
Nebraska, Colorado, and also in Vancouver Island.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165

Fleterius brunnipennis Rand. Occurs here occasionally with a
medium-sized honey-yellow ant in April and May.

ff. Blanchardi Lec. Mr. Blanchard, the discoverer of this species,
took it and ister perpunctatus with the same species of ant. (Tr., 8,
190.) .

Echinodes setiger Lec. This singular form has occurred variously ; in
South Carolina and Georgia with a pale ant, (Horn. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc.,
13, 305.) Zimmerman found it at Columbia, South Carolina, in April,
with a small brown ant. (Tr., 2, 253.) And it has been taken in Haber-
sham County, Georgia, in the nest of a small ant under bark. (Pr., 1859,
316.)

Cremastochilus Schaumii Lec. Dr. Horn frequently found this
species in ants’ nests in California. (Tr., 3, 339.)

C. Westwoodi Horn. Found in or near ants’ nests in Owen’s Valley,
California, where it is not rare. (Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 18, 139.)

C. angularis Lec. ‘his species was taken frequently in ant’s nests in
California by Dr. Horn, who several times saw large black ants dragging
the beetles towards their nests. He strongly suspects the fossz at the
anterior angles of the thorax and the finely punctured: and _ perforated
patches under the hind angles yield a secretion grateful to the ants. This
species extends to Vancouver.

C. variolosus Kirby. -One specimen occurred here with ants,

C. canaliculatus Kirby. Is the most abundant species found here ; it
is found from April till June with large black ants, perhaps of two species,
inhabiting usually under stones or other covering, but not infrequently
throwing up small mounds in old pastures and open ground. The nests
under stones rarely yield more than two beetles, but the mounds often con-
tain five or six at once, and with care will yield a crop every two or three
weeks. The beetles are found near the surface, none having been taken
below the plane of the base.

As soon as it becomes warm, from the middle of April onward, this
species takes leave of the ants and flies away ; like the Cicinde/e it only
flies during the hottest sunshine and for short distances, alighting suddenly
on a stone or the middle of a dusty road. Its flight is low and heavy,
and after it lights cannot take wing again without some delay, and I have
seen it flying as late as August. Whether after having left, the same beetles

166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

return and breed among the ants, or whether it is a new brood that claims
their hospitality for the winter, is absolutely unknown. I never could
satisfy myself as to whether those found in the nests in June had returned
or were just preparing to leave. (For some interesting observations on
this species and Schaumzi see Ent. Am., 1, 187.)

C. Harrisii Kirby. I neglected to observe the ant with which I
took a specimen.

Dr. Horn incidently mentions that C. /eucosticticus, pilosicollis and
castanee have likewise been observed in ants’ nests. (Pr. Am. Phil.
Soc., 18, 384.)

Without much doubt many species of our Staphylinide will be found
to be Myrmophilous as in Europe, where, according to Rev. J. G. Wood,
in the Aleocharidz alone no less than “eight genera contain species that
are parasitic and spend their whole lives in the nests of ants,” among
them Atemeles emarginatus and A. paradoxus living with Formica fusca
and Myrmice ruginodis, which take as good care of them as of their own
young; also Wyrmedona Haworthii and Dinarda dentata, Quedius
brevis is said to live with Formica rufa, and that wonderful beetle
Claviger foveolatus, destitute of eyes and mouth, inhabits with Formica
Hava.

Besides the species catalogued here several others in our Fauna are
traditionally reputed to dwell with ants, but the observers have either not
published the facts or I have failed to find the bibliography.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE /BOMBY CIDA:

(Second Paper.)

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

We have seen, CAN. ENT., xix., p. 156, e¢ seg., that the Bombycidz, or
Spinner Moths, are characterized, as a whole, by their short, pectinate
antenne, ample, velvety wings, thick bodies, small heads and sluggish
habit, while the pupa is usually contained in a cocoon made by the cater-
pillar in its last stage. To almost all these characters the sub-:amily
groups offer exceptions, and we have seen that while Dr. Packard follows
the tradition of Harris, Latreille and Linnaeus, modern German writers
break up the family into independent groups limited by structural features

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167

taken from the imago. What Agassiz calls ‘‘ form” still unites these
various groups—a certain correspondence in outline and habit. — Dr.
Packard seeks this in the shape of the clypeus, the piece between the
eyes, its relative proportion. In my first paper I have adopted this view,
that we have to do with descendants of a former complex and that we
may still unite the Spinner Moths under a common family title. Those
who differ may merely alter my sub-families into families.

Sub-family Sarothripine.

The single genus Sarothripus Curt. was first referred to the Tortricide,
then to the Noctuide, and finally as part of the 2Vo/:me, the second sub-
family or group of the Bombycidz. In my new Check List the genus is
omitted, as I had no knowledge of our N. Am. species. The form of the
cocoon allies it to Vo/a. The moth is tortriciform and differs from (Vola
decidedly in the form of the wings. The fore wings are elongate, sub-
quadrate, hardly widening outwardly with acute apices. The palpi are
much longer than the head, more erect and prominent than in Voda. The
caterpillar is 16-footed and makes a boat-shaped cocoon. ‘The neuration
shows a relation to Voda and the Lithosians. As the hind wings have
only two internal veins, we see that the moth is not really a Micro, to
which group it was once referred. ‘The fore wings have no accessory cell.
We shall come back to this accessory cell later and show its importance
and constancy in some other groups. The antennz are simple in both
sexes. The resemblance to /Vo/a lies also in the want of ocelli, and this
character unites the three first groups, viz., Sarothripine, Noline and
Lithosiine; again, the elongate palpi, which are, however, equally
squamous throughout. Of the European genera, Ci/ephora, Halias and
Larias, we have no N. Am. species, and these probably form a distinct
group, Chlephorine. Of Sarothripus we have one described from the
East and one from the West. Now the European species is very variable,
and whether we have more than one species, or whether our species is
really distinct from the European vevayana, is not clearly made out.
Probably the earliest descriptions of forms of our Eastern Sarothripus
are those cited by Fernald, Am. Ent., I., 36, the Zortrix scriptana and
Srigidana of Walker.

Sub-family VoZine.

The fore wings are broad, sub-trigonate, without accessory cell ; the
hind wings rounded, not as in the Sarothripine, with the outer margin

168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

indented. No ocelli. The fore wings have tufted scale patches above.
The caterpillars are 14-footed and make a boat-shaped cocoon. The
neuration of our N. Am. genus Argyrophyes is given by me, Can. EnrT.,
ix., 236; aid we have two species, cé/icoides and nigrofasciata (—= Eustro-
tia obaurata Morr.). ‘This latter synonym recalls the fact that the orna-
mentation in this group of small insects resembles that of the Noctuide.
In Argyrophyes the raised blotches of scales on primaries are metallic.
Of the typical genus /Vo/a, I have cited five N. Am. species in the new
Check List.

Sub-family Zithosiine.

The long palpi of the preceding groups are replaced by shorter, more
bombyciform appendages. In this group the body is weak and the fore
wings usually narrow, while the hind wings are wide and frail. The ocelli
are wanting. Hence I refer Crocofa to the following group of Arctiine.
The costal vein of secondaries springs from the subcostal. No accessory
cell on primaries. The caterpillars are 16-footed and live on lichens. In
the new Check List I cite the genera Clemensia, Crambidia, Hypoprepia,
Cisthene, Byssophaga (distinct ?), Lethosia, Euphanessa and Ameria. It
is possible that the two last do not belong to this group.

Sub-family Arctiine.

In this group the male antennz are usually provided with short pecti-
nations ; the ocelli are present ; the palpi are quite short and the whole
appearance is bombyciform. Veins 4 and 5 are near together on both
wings. The moths are usually of larger size than in the preceding
groups ; the wings are ample, held roof-like in repose. The caterpillars
are hairy and make loose cocoons. Our North American genera are
allied to the European, but Dr. Packard has drawn attention to the fact
that onr species are more white and yellow, less red-colored than the
European. In the presence of the genus Vemecophila the west coast
fauna more nearly resembles the European. The genera Crocota,
Kodiosoma, Seirarctia, Leucarctia, Ecpantheria, Euerythra, Halisidota,
are more especially American forms, outgrowths, so to speak, of Spz/osoma
and Arctia. I wish to correct here Mr. J. B, Smith’s reference of Cera-
thosia tricolor Sm., to the Arctizde. A comparison of its corrected
characters will show that it should be rather referred to the WVoctuide.
The clypeus has an inferior circular rim and presents a sub-central, button-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169

like projection. This isa Noctuid and Pyralid feature, though a projection
is found in Cofzdryas without the rim. The fore wings have an accessory
cell. The hind wings have vein 5 present, but weak, not absent as stated
by Mr. J. B. Smith, and this vein is equidistant between 4 and 6, contra-
dicting the characters of the 4rctzine. Mr. J. B. Smith also describes
incorrectly the relative positions of veins 3, 4.and 5 on primaries, as also
the point of emergence of vein 10, which springs from about the middle
of the upper margin of the accessory cell, not from the upper and outer
angle of the cell, whence springs vein 7, giving off 8 and 9. In Cera-
thosta there is a claw on fore tibiz ; the legs are thinly scaled, the palpi
not so short as in the Arctizde. The moth is lithosiform rather than
arctiiform in appearance, but the ocelli will not allow of its being referred
to the Lithosians ; its neuration and total characters exclude it from the
Bombycidz altogether. The squamation is rather like Zarache than like
Arctia. It is not enough that a description of a genus be given ; the
reason wy it belongs to the family must be stated. Added to this, Mr.
Smith’s description is in itself faulty and inaccurate, and affords no reason
why this author should use such language in correcting Mr. Hy. Edwards’s
reference of certain genera, or take sucha tone in correcting my own
writings. In the present day when the Lepidoptera are well known, the
details of structure of the different groups are all given in the writings of
the past fifteen or twenty years in Europe and America.

Sub family Dasychirine.

This group is allied to the Arctizde by the tufted or shagey cater-
pillars, the frail cocoons. The antennz are more plumose, in the female
with short teeth. The palpi are short. The ocelli are again wanting.
The legs are short and are usually hairy as in many of the Arctiide.
The pupa itself is often hairy—an unusual character. The wings are
ample, but in the females of some genera wanting or incompletely ex-
panded. Veins 4 and 5 spring near together, another point of resembl-
ance to the Arctizde. In fact we cannot but approve of Harris’s and Dr.
Packard’s arrangements of these groups. AHepza/us and Cossus should
not be interpolated here, but are the lowest groups of the family. In the
Dasychirine the body is rather heavy, and there is a disproportion
between the sexes, many males being much smaller and lighter. In the
New Check List I have cited the N. Am. genera Pavorgyia, Carama

170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and Zagoa. ‘The two latter are curious, and show some resemblances to
the following group, Cochlidiine. Curama may be described by Curtis
also. The genera Orgyta and Dasychira are shared with Europe; in
the old world the representation of the Dasychirine seems to be far
greater than in the new.

PARTIAL PREPARATORY STAGES OF CATOCAEN
INNUBENS, GuEn.

BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

April 28, 1887, a single larva of a then unknown Catocala was found
on a Honey Locust which proved to be this species. By its appearance
it had seemingly passed the first moult. Hence the egg and first stage of
the larva is lacking in this account of its life history. If my conjecture
be true, my description will begin with the conventional ‘“ after the first
moult.” Length, .26 inch. Color pale greenish, the anterior two and
posterior three joints whitish ; four purplish red stripes on each side, the
lower somewhat broken; head mottled, but not heavily so ; piliferous
spots black, with short black hairs. Shape as usual with Catocala larve.
Duration of this period unknown.

After 2nd Moult.—Length, .40 inch. Color, pale dull purplish rose
in nine longitudinal stripes alternating with pale greenish white lines, the
rose darker on the head and joint 2, shading into the pale rose on joint
3; the dorsal stripe a narrow line on joints 2 to 4, broken between the
joints and narrow on the last three joints ; stripe 2 (counting the dorsal
one) contains the dorsal piliferous spots ; stripe 3 without any piliferous
spots ; stripe 4 with the lateral piliferous spots ; below this a broken and
irregular stripe that contains the lowest piliferous spots. These stripes
are of the double line kind, each edge darker than the middle, though
there is little difference in any of them except the lowest or number 5,
which has more or less of the greenish white in its centre. Piliferous spots
black, conspicuous, the short hairs black; head reddish purple with
mottlings of broken white lines. Duration of this period four days.

After 3rd Moult.—Length, .80 inch. Color, pale green, with seven
dark reddish purple stripes on each side, composed of contiguous dots ;
head striped with purplish black and white ; the dark on joint 2 black,

—

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. UAL

gradually shading into the purple; yellow tinted between the joints;
piliferous spots black ; joints in the middle of the body with black patches
on the venter. The posterior pair of piliferous spots on the dorsum of
joint 9 are, like other species, more approximate than the others and the
intervening space elevated, the elevation containing four spots in a trans-
verse row with a patch of pale yellowish back of these. Duration of this
period five days.

After 4th Moult.—Length, 1.20 inches. Color, pale green, almost
white, with a slight yellow tinge, more distinct underneath the top of joint
2, the legs and a substigmatal stripe distinct yellow ; the transverse folds
between the joints with more of the yellow tinge. Head striped with
dark reddish purple (this was black before) and white, the markings
arranged as before but the stripes are almost obliterated on the body
except on joints 2 to 4, and the transverse folds between the joints where
they are distinct as to the rows of black dots that mark the boundary of

the stripes, faint traces of these on the middle of the joints ; the black on

the venter small except on the middle joints. Piliferous spots black, not
very large ; a prominent black patch on each side of the posterior part of
joint 9, composed of three spots, a short dorsal orange line between them ;
the posterior pair of spots on the back of joint 12 more prominent than the
others ; no lateral fringe, but a slight fold above the pro-legs ; the anterior
two pairs of pro-legs pretty well developed.

Mature Larva.—Length, 2.25 inches. Color, sordid white, a little
green tinted, very obscurely striped as at the beginning of the stage, the
bordering blackish dots marking the boundary of the stripes most dis-
tinctly on the intersegmental folds ; the black on joint 9 the same as before
with a very short orange stripe between; the substigmatal pale stripe
orange on joints 5 and 6; joints 2 to 4 with the rows of spots distinct,
Piliferous spots small, black ; venter white, tinted a little with yellow,
black only on the joints bearing feet ; no fringe. Duration of this period

nine days.

Chrysalis —Length, 1.05 inches ; diameter, .40 inch; of joint 5, .30
inch ; tapering from joint 5 to the end; rather strongly indented on joint
r ; tongue and wing cases equal, extending back to posterior part of joint
5 ; cremaster two long hooks at the tip, two shorter at the base, outside
of these and a little removed from them several other short hooks ; abdom-
inal joints slightly punctured, the tongue and wing cases shallowly corru-

gs THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

gated, terminal joint deeply on dorsal and lateral parts; head rounded.
Color, chestnut brown, as usual coated with a white powder. Puparium
a slight lining to the leaves that were tastened together with silk.

The larva pupated May 17th, and the imago appeared June 2zoth,
giving a pupal period of about a month, which is about the same as the
other species that have been bred. One feature of the species is that the
larva has no lateral fringe. As given before, the food plant is Honey
Locust.

May 12th, another larva was found that differs from the above descrip-
tion only in being darker, and as a natural result the stripes more distinct,
the light stripes having an orange tint. After this two more were found,
one of which had all the light stripes quite distinctly orange tinted. ‘The
head was reddish purple striped with numerous white lines, or rather
broken lines. Like the other, the venter had the black only on the joints
bearing legs. This one had passed the last moult when found, and pro-
duced the imago June 17th, showing that keeping the first in confinement
had not materially interfered with its time of pupating or its other changes.

ON THE CHALCIDEOUS TRIBE CHIROPACHIDES.
BY WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLA.

Below I give an analytical table for recognizing the genera in the tribe
Chiropachides Thomson. It will be seen that I have placed in this
group the genus Sci?zonotus Ratzburg, which Dr. Arnold Foerster, in his
Hymenopterologische Studien (1856), says is identical with Se/aderma
Walker, an opinion in which I cannot concur, my type of Schzzonotus
Siebaldi Ratz. not agreeing at all with Walker’s definition ; also the genera
Mesopolobus and Platymesopus Westwood, which were subpressed by
Walker and other authorities, and placed in the genus /teromalus ; they
agree in all essential characters with, this group, the anterior femora being
very similar to Chiropachys, the type of the tribe.

Two new genera will be found characterized in this group, the
characters of which, as given in the table, being sufficient, it is hoped, to
enable them to be easily recognized.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. iS

The arrangement proposed is as follows :—

Tribe Chiropachides Thomson:

TABLE OF GENERA.

RO scerin ks tibsiccn walt OMe SPUN ce cue.)h!6 «Maram wi we Shays ome LenS
Posterior tibize with two spurs.
OVPES GE [DCMT a SA oa I a a) a ATE

Eyes hairy.
Abdomen sessile, long pointed ovate, marginal and postmarginal veins ,
somewhat thick, the latter being longer than the marginal ; stigmal
vein short, one-third the length of the marginal ; sculpture coarsely
‘Dn =(6 eee eee ee eae eS, oa <a G. 1, Dasyglenes n. g.

2. Collar transverse quadrate, separated from the mesothorax by a deep
incision at the posterior angle ; pedicel of antenne lengthened,
funiclar joints much broader than long, the club obliquely truncate
FOMEDeIOW £2 47. eae, aed aes. semen: . G2, Schizonvtys Ratzburg

Collar not so formed.

Collar transverse, rounded before, narrowed in the middle.

Anterior femora exciso-dentate ; ae with two transverse bands...... :

b Ree ae .G. 3, Chiropachys Westwood.
Anterior Ganows wot 3 wings van one transverse band

se) a lefa! st te vek al ial Seite

.G. 4, Acrocormus Forster.

3. Abdomen petiolated. . MAY. sPaTaeee i Ruse case chen aes AREA
Abdomen sessile, long or aainted ovate.

Marcinal wcinjot anterion,wamgs mot thickened. . 3.4.2.0 42 «jun esede af
Marginal vein of anterior wings thickened.

Pe eriecs WIth thANSVETSe MAME OILS («2 t 0s yea (3 i «allele wheal ccnien » SNGA

Antenne with ring-joints large not transverse.
Marginal vein but slightly longer than the stigmal. .

— an ee oe |e Sa a er ene = Bans een

4. Stigmal vein and postmarginal vein short....G. 6, Metacolus Forster.
Stigmal vein longer than the marginal; ? with the antennal joint stylate
EMULE Der Ses cc. <A we G. 7, Raphitelus Walker.

5. Parapsides only indicated anteriorly ; anterior margin of collar sharp.
Simmial Club: very lange ares (2. :.. «oe. serie 0, Linotus Forster,
Stigmal club small or moderate,

174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

* © With marginal vein at least thrice as long as stigmal ; funiclar joints
broader than ei middle tibize in ¢ with a small hirsute lobe, out-
wardly near tip.. S slahs a Sie te ele en Os AZ esopoloousin WicstwOoGge

ay * © With marginal ‘vein not twice as long as stigmal ; anterior tibic
iat; middle tibiz im {broadly dilated, foliaceous...422 see

.G. 10, Platymesopus Westwood.

6. Collar rounded before; mesothorax lengthened with three keels.
Marginal vein more than twice longer than the stigmal ; parapsides indi-
Gated ANUSMOTW sacs Be cdee io: sakes catin< .G.11, Rhopaticus Forster.
Marginal vein but slightly tbaees than the coaell ; parapsides complete
.G. 12, Brachycrepis n. g.

Dasyglenes n. &.

9 Whole surface, including the abdomen, very coarsely reticulato-
punctate, and sparsely covered with a pale pubescence. Head large,
slightly broader than the thorax with deep antennal grooves, the grooves
converging and meeting at apex. Antennz inserted slightly above the
clypeus, the latter with a sinus in the middle. Eyes hairy. Collar trans-
verse, contracted and produced anteriorly into a short neck, the neck
with a delicate medium carina. Mesothoracic parapsides delicate but
complete. Scutellum convex, as broad as long, slightly prolonged over
the metathorax and ending in a slight projecting ridge at the apex. Meta-
thorax short, with a delicate medium keel. Abdomen sessile, much longer
than the head and thorax together, acuminated, the tip projecting slightly
beyond the wings when folded. All femora swollen, the fore pair much
more so than the middle pair ; the tibiz are very long, the three basal
joints of which are as long as their tibize ; the middle and posterior tibiz
longer than their femora, and the tarsi not nearly as long as their respective
tibia ; the posterior tibiae are armed with two strong, divergent apical
spurs. The submarginal vein, of anterior wings, is one and a-half times
as long as the marginal, the marginal and postmarginal veins thick, the
latter much lengthened, gradually acuminated, ending at the rounded edge
of the apical margin of wing; stigmal vein short, about one-third the
length of marginal, slightly bent, the stigma small and slightly emargin-
ated at the apex. jg Unknown.

Dasyglenes osmié n. sp.

® Length .25 inch. Cyaneous, coarsely pitted, pubescent. Flagellum
of antenne brown. Legs darkred, pubescent ; femora infuscated. Wings

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175

hyaline, veins brown; the whole surface is covered with a fine brownish
pubescence. Described from one 2 specimen reared from a bee, Osmia
species, living in Catalpa twigs.

This genus shows strong affinities with C/eonymus Latreille and
Aetroxys Westwood, but is readily distinguished from both by the thickened
fore femora ; had it not been for this character I should have placed it in
the genus CZeonymus.

Chiropachys Westwood.

Chiropachys colon Linn., Faun. So. Ed., i, p. 413; C. guadrum
Walk., Ent. Mag., iv., p. 14; Pteromalus bimaculatus Swederus.

This common European chalcid must now be added to our fauna,
specimens having been taken in the United States that cannot be separ-
ated from types received from Europe.

The species described by Mr. Edward Norton as Chiropachys
nigrocyaneus, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, il., p. 327, is not a Chiropachys, but
belongs to the genus Pachyneuron in the tribe Sphegigastrides.

Dinotus Forster.
Dinotus elongatus nN. sp.

@ Length .13 inch. Dull metallic brown, confluently punctate.
sparsely covered with white hairs. Head much wider than the thorax,
the width of the vertex nearly twice the length of the eye. Ocelli- red,
Eyes ovate, brown. Antenne 13-jointed, filiform, pubescent, the long
slender scape, pedicel and the two ring-joints, honey-yellow ; flagellum
brown, the first funiclar joint the longest, following joints slightly subequal;
the club short, three-jointed, slightly thicker than the funicle, and not
longer than the first funiclar joint. Collar very short, transverse ; parap-
sides only indicated anteriorly. Metathorax not very long, not keeled ;
metathoracic spiracles long oval; metapleura slightly pubescent. Coxee
smooth, bluish-green, with tufts of white hair anteriorly. Legs honey-
yellow, excepting the femora which are brownish in the middle. Abdo-
men sessile, pointed ovate, one-third longer than head and thorax com.
bined, concave above, and of a dull greenish metallic lustre, each segment
laterally with some short hairs. Wings hyaline, sparsely pubescent ; veins
yellowish, the marginal hardly twice the length of the stigmal, the latter
terminating in a slight knob, while the postmarginal is slightly shorter than
the marginal. Described from one specimen captured at large.

176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Brachycrepis ni. g.

This genus is very similar to Rhopalicus Forster, but the prolonged
metathorax has three distinct keels, the abdomen has a short rugose
petiole, the marginal vein of the front wings is but slightly longer than
the stigmal and the parapsides complete. The anterior femora are very
much swollen ; the antenne are subclavate, 13-jointed with two ring joints,
and are inserted slightly below the middle of the face ; the pedicel is about
as long as the first funiclar joint.

Brachycrepis tricarinatus n. sp.

® Length .13 inch. Dark blue with a slight metallic tinge on the
head and thorax, confluently punctured. Eyes dark brown. Antenne
13-jointed, black, except the scape beneath, which is brownish-yellow ;
flagellum pubescent ; the first funiclar joint the longest, the others slightly
subequal, but gradually growing wider toward the club, the fifth and sixth
joints being wider than long. Collar transverse, narrowed in the middie.
Mesothoracic grooves distinct, but very delicate as they approach the
scutellum. Coxee, femora and tibie, excepting their tips and the last
tarsal joint, blue-black ; tips and the other tarsal joints, honey-yellow.
Abdomen long ovate, about the length of the thorax, blue-black with a
very slight metallic tinge near the base beneath. The second segment,
counting the petiole as the first, is the largest, the others gradually sub-
equal ; each segment with a single row of delicate white hairs. Wings
hyaline; veins pale brownish, the submarginal vein as long as the marginal
and postmarginal together, delicate, the marginal is but slightly longer
than the stigmal, the latter clavate with a slight uncus.

Hab.—Riley Co., Kansas. Prof. E. A. Popenoe.

CAN INSECTS DISTINGUISH BETWEEN RED AND YELLOW ?

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, WEST CLIFF, COLORADO.

In this neighborhood (Custer Co., Colorado,) one very frequently finds
a yellow spider of the genus Zhomisus or allied thereto, seated in the
middle of the umbels of Zigusticum montanum Benth. and Hook., and
on other yellow flowers. This spider, so seated, has nothing to cover it
from direct observation, and from its size and colour would be conspicuous
enough elsewhere ; but on the yellow flower, sitting in the depression in

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17¢

the centre of the umbel, it is quite invisible unless specially looked for.
Thus concealed, it waits until some insect—frequently a small bee, or a
butterfly of the genus Pamphila, settles on the flower—but no sooner is
the insect intent upon the nectar of the blossom, than the cunning Zhomisid
has it in its grasp, and is sucking its life-juices away. On one occasion,
also, I found a white Zhomisid spider seated on a white umbel, and
equally concealed here by its whiteness, it had secured and was feasting
on abee. So far good. It may be argued that spiders of this family have
been accustomed to sit on flowers, and being variable in colour (as in fact
they are) natural selection has so arranged matters that yellow spiders pre-
side over yellow flowers, white over white,andsoon. But perhaps, also, the
spider has “‘an eye for colour,” since he (the yellow one) occasionally
sits on a small species of sunflowers which has yellow rays and a dark
brown disc—and here, although the spider always sits in the mzdd/e of a
yellow umbel, he sits on the vays of this sunflower, knowing altogether
better than to expose himself to observation on the brown disc. But, to
come to the point to be discussed, there is a species of geranium found
here ( Geranium fremontii Torrey, ) having pink flowers—yet the yellow
spider sits on these, apparently unconcerned at the difference of colour.
Now, it is a curious thing, that throughout living organisms, whether birds.
(e. g. Fringillide), mollusca (ec. g. Tellinide, Helicide), insects (e. g.
Lygenide, Sestide, Cheloniide, Ichneumonide), or plants, that the red
and yellow pigments seem to stand in this relation to one another, that
the red is amore complex form of the yellow, and hence occasionally reverts.
to it, yellow being in all cases the primitive color. In Geranium, it is
true, there are not (to my knowledge) yellow-flowered varieties, but then,
there are both pink and yellow-flowered species of Oxadis, in the same
natural order. Therefore, it is conceivable that the yellow Zhomisid first
came to sit on geranium flowers at the time when these were yellow,
and has continued the habit—but still, since it appears to understand the
difference between brown and yellow on the sunflower, why cannot it tell
that pink and yellow are not the same? Does it not look as if, to this
spider, these colours were indistinguishable ?

Also, the geranium-frequenting spiders do not starve, although to
human eye they are very easy to be seen—does not this, again, look as if
the insects frequenting those flowers could not distinguish between pink
and yellow, and so, not seeing the spider, fell unwittingly into its grasp ?

178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

This is the question I wish to ask, and to answer it, it is necessary to
have observations of a more extensive nature on the relation of yellow
insects to pink flowers, and vice versa. I have myself noticed that (in
Kent, England,) Gonepteryx rhamni appears to be exceptionally fond of
settling on pink flowers, but it seemed to me rather that the butterfly was
conscious of the contrast between the colours and its own conspicuous-
ness arising therefrom.

May I rely upon your readers to supplement these notes, and so clear
up this question ?

CORRESPONDENCE.

DICERCA PROLONGATA.

With reference to Dr. John Hamilton’s note on p. 120, I may say that

I have found the larva of this species boring in Populus tremuloides in

Colorado, concerning which details were published in the “‘ Entomologists’
Monthly Magazine” for March, 1888, vol. xxiv, p. 232-233.

T. D; A. CockEREntiz

CAPTURES IN 1887.

Dear Sir: My additions to the list of Canadian Lepidoptera for the
past season is of the most meagre description. I took a good many
micros, new to me ; but as usual, with them a large proportion were single
specimens of a kind. I sent to Prof, Fernald 17 specimens which I had
in duplicate ; of these three turned out to be variations of kinds that he
had previously named for me ; three proved to be all one ; one, Depressaria
heracliana Dege. was new to me, but already in the list, and one Lecopszs
nitidana Clem. is new to the Canadian list ; the rest were unknown to
him. Three years ago I captured at Ridgeway, along with Limacodes, to
which I thought it belonged, a moth new to me, and which has been from
that time until lately awaiting a name. During the past winter, Mr. John-
ston, of this city, was making some exchanges with Miss Emily L. Morton,
of Newburgh, N. J., and received from her a specimen labelled Adoneta
spinuloides H. S., in which I recognized my unnamed Bombycid. Miss
Morton acknowledges her indebtedness to Mrs. Fernald for the correct
identification of most of her Lepidoptera. On the 11th of July last I
came on an assemblage of Pyralids in the grass under the shade of a
butternut tree, where I had taken refuge from the excessive heat. At first

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179

I thought it was Botts magistralis, on closer inspection I doubted its
identity—it was like, and yet unlike. I concluded that if it was Magis-
tradis, it was an unusually fine specimen, so I took a quantity of it anyway,
and all the more willingly as it was quite abundant in the very spot where
I wanted to stay for a while. On comparing them, I was still undecided ;
whilst in communication with the Rev. Mr. Hulst, about some Geometers,
I sent to him a specimen and received for it the name otis guinguelin-
ealis Grote. These three names are then the only presentable result of
my last season’s work in this direction.

J. Atston Morrat, Hamilton, Ont.

KNOWLEDGE OF DEATH IN INSECTS.

Dear Sir; An incidental remark in one of my papers, page 6, of the
present vol., has attracted the attention of a correspondent of the ENTo-
MOLOGIST, as may be seen by turning to page 120. I was then entirely
unaware that I was meddling with an “7pse dixit of Mr. Grote’s, or was
touching one of his ‘chips,’” but, in common with the readers of the
ENTOMOLOGIST, I know it now. While Mr. Grote certainly had the right
to show, if he could, that the alleged assertion, whether made by himself
or not, was not ‘‘ unsupported,” was not “ dogmatic ;” yet he had no
right to assume that I had seen his paper, and even on that assumption
no right disposed person, while differing from me, could take legitimate
offence at my words, which are strictly scientific. The cause is said to be
weak, when the advocate resorts to the argumentum ad hominem to over-
come his opponents argumentum ad rem; * * * — Let us see where
Mr. Grote stands, his words are: “It is by ¢he keeping stil/ that the
insects seem to me to appear to ‘ feign death,’ of che existence of which
latter they could have no knowledge.” Few or none will dispute the first
part of the quotation. It states exactly what such insects do, that is,
“keep still;” but this does not prove that insects can have “no know-
ledge of death ;” no proof ef this is anywhere offered, nor is the assertion
in any way limited or qualified; hence ‘‘ unsupported,” ‘dogmatic ” are
appropriate adjectives, and though not made by me with any reference to
or knowledge of Mr. Grote’s paternal claim. Now see how he “corrects”
the adjectives “ unsupported,” ‘‘ dogmatic” (ib, p. 120). His words now
read : ‘‘ Whether insects can have any knowledge of death, as such, may
be a matter of opinion,” etc., quite a different statement from his former

180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

postulate, that insects could have no knowledge of death. The reader
will notice how zugenuous/y “ dogmatic” is disposed of by this change of
base. Now, as to what he doubts not is the main point, that is, “‘ the
keeping still,” that is only what these insects do, a mere act, and one to
which even Mr. Grote himself attaches a motive, “the approach of
danger.” But why “keep still” on the ‘approach of danger”? His
answer cannot be surmized. Writers have expressed various opinions
about this “keeping still,” “death mimicry,” ‘feigning death,” as
practiced by certain insects and other animals, but I have not seen
any statement that they can have no knowledge of death, except
that claimed by Mr. Grote and a similar one in a Pittsburg news-
paper. Dr. Lindsay, in his work ‘Mind in Animals,” in treating of
death-feigning, says: “This must require great self-command in those
that practice it;” while Professor James, of Harvard College, in an
article in Popular Science Monthly, June, 1887, on ‘‘Some Human
Instincts,” says: ‘It is really no feigning of death at all and requires no
selfcommand. It is simply a terror paralysis, which has been so useful
as to become hereditary.” In commenting on this the newspaper man
makes the remark I took exception to, my notice of which, without at the
time being able to state where I had derived it, brought out Mr. Grote,
whom I would most assuredly have quoted had I been aware of his
assertion. JoHn Hamitton, Allegheny, Pa.

ARZAMA OBLIQUATA, G. AND R.

Dear Sir: In reference to Mr. Moffat’s remark in the July number
of the CANADIAN En'romotocist, that the larva of this moth does not
always form its pupa in the reed, I wish to say that I have taken
between fifty and seventy-five chrysalids this spring, and all of them were
in the reeds where the larva had been feeding. I believe that the larva
sometimes goes out of the reed and wanders in other directions before
going into pupa, but this is not often the case. My friend, Mr. Doll, when
breaking an old cedar stump apart last spring, found in it the chrysalis of
A. obliquata, but the larva had been feeding in the stump. Could that
have been the case in Mr. Moffat’s instance ?

HERMANN H. BrEHME, Newark, N. J.

Mailed September Ist.

VOL. 3 XX. _ LONDON, Oc’ rOBER, 1888. No. 10

THE. CLASSIFICATION, OF: THE BOMBYCIDA:.

(Third Paper.)

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.
Sub-family Cochk/iine.

A study of the American genus Zagoa in its various stages of growth
shows a manifest approach to the present group, so that we are warranted
in following the Dasychirine with the Cochliine. This sub-family is
remarkable for its peculiar larve, called ‘ slug caterpillars” or ‘ saddle-
backs.” The first name is given on account of their snail-like appearance,
the form being elliptical or oval, the false feet replaced by swellings on the
abdominal segments, so that the larva lies flat and close to the leaf. The
head is also retractile. ‘The cocoon is egg-shaped or circular, firm and
spun between the leaves. The moths are not unfrequently green and
brown as are the larve, and the name ‘‘ saddle-backs ” is given in allusion
to the bright green quadrate patch which covers the back in some species.
Dr. Packard calls one species wovitor, in allusion to the singular shape
and armature of the larve. The moths are of various shades of brown,
often with green patches, sometimes with darker lines and shades on
primaries. The ocelli are wanting and the tongue is short. The North
American genera fall into two series: one in which the male antenne are
pectinate, the other brush-like or sub-simple. To the first series belongs
the typical genus Zzmacodes of Latreille, and to this series belong the two
European species representing two distinct genera. As compared with
Europe, our fauna is rich in Cochdiing. We have two species belonging
to the Asiatic genus /arasa, with grass-green thorax, and the fore wings
largely green. The larva of Parasa chloris H.-S., is described by Mr.
Henry Edwards, Papilio ii., 128 ; that of Parasa fraterna Gr., by the
same author, Ent. Amer. ii., 169. (I here correct a statement of mine,
that the sub-family Ch/oephorine does not occur in North America. Mr.
Henry Edwards describes Zarias obliguata from Florida, a form unknown

182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

to me, the genus belonging to this sub-family which I distinguish from the
Sarothripine) Ido not know any forms of Coch/iine from California ;
if the sub-family is feebly represented there, it will be a fresh example of
the resemblance between the West Coast fauna and the European. No
Cuban forms were included in the collection described by me. The
geographical distribution of the North American Bombycidz merits atten-
tion. On the islands of the West Indies, there seem to be no typical
Spinner moths, that is to say, no Attacine, Ceratocampine, Platypterygine,
Lachneine. In the new Check List, I included the only West Indian form
of this group known to me, Heuretes picticornis G. & R., the types of which
are in the Royal Museum in Berlin. Fifteen other genera are included in
my list, and although one or two of these are probably synonyms, not
being identified by me, enough is shown to prove the richness of our fauna
in this group. Sepp figures a South American species of Hmpretia.
The group is probably widely distributed and belongs to the older forms
of the family.

Sub-family Psychine.

The larvze of the present group are still more curious than those of the
Cochliine from their habit of living in a case. ‘The thoracic feet alone are
developed, and the undeveloped abdominal feet present a resemblance to
the slug caterpillars, so that we have a reason for bringing the groups
together. The cocoon-making habit is not alone displayed by the mature
larve, for so soon as the little Psyche larva leaves the egg it fashions a tiny
sack and begins its wanderings, dragging its shelter after it. In most of
the genera, the females are apterous and worm-like, but in the North
American genera with broad, falcate wings, erophora Harris, and
Lacosoma Grote, the females are winged like the males. Sepp figures a
South American broad-winged form, and Herrick-Schaeffer, from the vena-
tion refers this section of the sub-family to the A¢tacine, notwithstanding
the sack-bearing larve. The neuration will hardly guide us in this group,
since certain European genera have apparently three internal veins on the
secondaries like the Microlepidoptera. Perhaps they are wrongly reckoned
here. Some of the moths resemble the Dasychirine. This resemblance
is seen in Psyche; but the American genera Zhyridopteryx and Ozketicus
have long-bodied males with partly glassy wings and short antennz, and
look more like the Cosséz@. As compared with Europe, we have apparently
very few species of Psyche; in fact only one species is well known, viz.,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 1385

Psyche confederata Gr., now described in almost all its stages. The life-
history of almost any species in this group will be found replete with
curious facts, and instances of parthenogenesis are recorded among the
European genera. The moth Prryganidia californica Pack., is appar-
ently incorrectly described as belonging to this sub-family, and Butler
refers it to the Dzoptide, a group not studied by me. The Psychine occur
in the West Indies, and South America; the genus QOvzkeficus also in
Ceylon. This group seems to he, with the Coch/iine, of very general dis-
tribution, and to belong to the older forms of the family, retaining perhaps
some characteristics of a primitive form of the moths. It may even be
that the cocoon or sack was, in past geological ages, more common as a
part of larval habit, and that it was later on restricted to the pupal con-
dition. The Spfingide and groups making no cocoon may have been
thrown off from the genealogical tree of the Lepidoptera at later periods.
In North America there seem to be but few species of Psychine, gener-
ally distributed ; the genus Ovzkeficus being tropical and sub-tropical,
Flateceticus a Floridian form, the other genera ranging from Canada to
the Southern States, while from the west a few species belonging to the
more typical section of the sub-family have been indicated. The broad,
falcate-winged genera seem to belong east of the Rocky Mountains, and
are reported from the region east of the Andes in South America. Hence,
their distribution is paralleled by that of the Ceratocampine.

Sub-family Vofodontine.

Although we have found some reasons for our sequence of the preced-
ing groups, there is here somewhat of a break. For instance, the
Sarothripine, Noline, Chloephorine, make a similar cocoon ; in the two
first the labial palpi are elongated. The Zzthosiine resembie these more
or less in form and the absence of ocelli, but their colors and shorter palpi
are more like the succeeding Arctizne ; again the Dasychirine resemble
the latter in their hairy larvee and style of pupation. There is an approxi-
mation to the Coch/:ine in the Dasychirid genus Zagoa, and the Coch/iine
and Psychine approach by the rudimental abdominal feet of the larve ;
but the WVe/odontine, although they fit in with succeeding groups, differ
greatly from the Psyching. Ihave described a Psychid genus from Cuba,
which has something of the Notodontid form, which is that of the Noc-
tuidz, and which latter several genera of this group greatly resemble.
Indeed, there seems to be some doubt as to whether the genus Zdemais,

184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

as I believe, a Notodontid, or a Noctuid. We may take also into con-
sideration a certain similarity of the abdomen in Zzmacodes and /chthyura,
among the superficial resemblances which induce the bringing in of the
Notodonting here ; but the position chiefly recommends itself to me in
that we obtain a better sequence for the ensuing groups.

In the (Votodonting, the neuration of the secondaries approaches the
Noctuide in that vein five of the hind wings is (when present) situated
midway between four and six from the cross-vein. The form varies, but
most of the genera have long wings, and the abdomen exceeds the second-
aries. The costal vein of hind wings does not spring from the sub-costal
or upper margin of the cell, but is free from the base. The head and
thorax are usually thickly haired, the latter being sometimes peculiarly
tufted at the sides. The male antenne are usually pectinate, the female
simple. The caterpillars are often naked, that of /Votodonta stragula
almost sphingiform. That of Apate/odes is hairy, and Abbot's figures
induced the generic name. They have fourteen or sixteen feet, and some-
times the anal claspers are wanting (Ceruwra), and the body is terminated
by two thin prolongations. It is this form of the larva which prepares us
for the Platypterygine, in which the anal projection is single. ‘This sub-
family is known to English entomologists under the name of “ Pebble
Moths,” in ailusion to the ornamentation, which consists often of shaded
spots or blotches. In repose, the wings are folded close to the body. In
this position Dazana looks like a broken twig, the shaded thorax, with its
raised tufts at the sides, like the top of the twig at the break. Datana is
related to the European Phalera bucephala; the same mimicry is dis-
played, but here the colors are paler, and the deception even more apparent.

The American genera are remarkable for their odd forms, and in some
cases for the number of species. Among the most unusual is Apatelodes,
closely related to the South American Parathyris. The fore wings are
broad, curiously outlined, with sharp tips; and the soft gray color, the
tufted abdomen, present a resemblance to the Sphingid genus Cressonza,
so that I have called the species of Afatedodes: False Hawk Moths. ‘The
larvee of several rarer Notodontids have been described by Prof. French, to
whom we are much indebted for life-histories of our North American moths.

Sub-family PVatypterygine.

The moths of this family are frail, geometriform, with falcate or sub-
falcate primaries, with short maxille and palpi, and pectinate male antenne,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185

The caterpillars have the anal claspers: replaced by a single projection,
have fourteen feet and.make a cocoon between the leaves, and are prob-
ably double brooded, the pupa of the second brood hibernating. I have
described the larva of Dr-yopteris ; an allied genus has been described by
Walker, from Japan, which | have not been able to compare critically with
our two North American species of Dryopteris. Mr. Henry Edwards
records the European /rionia dacertinaria from Canada, and it seems
that we have a second species in the Prionia bilineata of Packard. We
have two species of Platypteryx Lasp. (= Drepana Schrank) from the
east, the one more whitish, Walker’s arcuata, the other more of a buff
yellow, my gezzcula. The European genus Cz/zx of Leach, is apparently .
absent in our fauna. In the shape of the wings this little group resembles
the following A¢tacine, if we may compare such frail species with the
giants of the family. The neuration shows also some approach to the
typical Bombyces. ‘The hind wings have eight veins, but the inner of the
two internal veins is incomplete ; vein five is nearer to four than to six. The
fore wings are twelve veined, and a certain look of miniature Attacids is
due to the conformation of the wings. We have a Geometrid genus
Drepanodes, which, with its pointed primaries, looks like P/atypteryx, and
it is possible that Stephens has so mistaken the species.

STRAY NOTES ON MYRMELEONIDA, Parr 5.
BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
Dendroleon pantherinum Fabr.

Myrmeleon pantherinum F¥abr., Mantissa, 249, 3—Ent. Syst. ii.,

93, 3—Brauer Neur. Austr., 64.
Myrmeleon ocellatum Bork. in Scriba. Beitr. i., 165, pl. 11, f. 5.
Dendroleon pantherinum Brauer, Wien. Z. B. G. xvii., 963, pl.

EA h 2,

The species was described (1787) by Fabricius, from a specimen
wanting prominent parts, antenne and legs. The descriptions by
Villers, Olivier, Gmelin, Latreille and Walker, are simply copies.

Borkhausen, in 1791, described the sa mespecies as JZ. ocel/atum,

from a specimen found in Darmstadt, Hesse. ‘The description and figure
are good, and Burmeister believed the N. American species to be identi-

186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

cal. Prof. Brauer has given a new description in Neur. Austriaca. The
species is a very rare one, found, besides in Austria and Hesse, fifty years
ago in Silesia and Hungary. The discovery of the larva in the Prater,
near Vienna, on trees, and the raising of the imago by Prof. Brauer is
one of his numerous splendid discoveries. He made for the species the
new genus Dendroleon. Both species are recorded as Glenurus Hag. in
my Synopsis Hemerob. This genus was proposed exactly at the same
time with Dendro/eon, but the latter one should be retained for those species.

The N. American species and the European are very similar, but the
rarity of both prevented the exact knowledge of their differences. I have
seen of the European species only three specimens, one from the Rhein
Mus. Berol., one from Austria, and one from Hungary in Frivaldsky’s
collection. The latter one I have compared carefully with Burmeister’s
types in Winthem’s collection in 1852. As since this time nothing is
published about the differences of both species, I give here my manu-
script notes.

D. pantherinum is of the same size, but a little more robust ; pro-
thorax plain-luteous, without the fine black granulation of D. obsoletum ;
a large black dorsal band on metathorax and basal segment of abdomen ;
D. obsoletum has mesothorax, metathorax and basal segment above in
the middle only with a very dilute blackish color. Abdomen with seg-
ment second and third black, the fourth and fifth above light brown ; D.
obsoletum has on all segments, or at least on second and third, a transver-
sal yellow band. Legs yellowish brown ; fore legs with a ring around
the apex of femur, middle of tibize, and third and fourth joint of tarsus
all black ; middle and hind legs with a broad dark ring before the middle
of femur, which is externally nearly connected with the apical ring ; the
apex of tibia and a median ring, which is wanting on hind legs, black.
The coloration of D. obsoletum is very different, as stated in the descrip-
tion, Wings with the venation less close, the areoles larger; veins in
both wings more fuscous ; front wings in the basal third of the space
between fourth and fifth longitudinal vein with four fuscous spots, the
most apical one longest, about 3 mm. (wanting on DJ. obsoletum); the
ocellate spot on the hind margin is complete (D. obso/etum wants always
the apical half of the iris around the spot); hind wings with a quad-
rangular (round in D. odso/.) spot near the costa, and ring of spots on
the apex of hind margin.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 187

Dendroleon obsoletum Say.

Formicaleo obsoleta Say., Journ. Acad. Philad. vili., 44, 1—Say, Ed.
Mec Ae, 2

Myrmeleon obsoletus Hag., Syn. N. Am. Neur. 225, 2

Myrmecoleon ocellatus Burm. i1., 995, 1—Walk. 4o1, 172.

Myrmeleon nigrocinctus Rbr. 398, 20o—Walk. 361, tor—Glover Ent.
Amer. Neur., pl. v., f. 15 (the figure is a fair one).

Body slender, abdomen little villous. Head narrow, face luteous,
between the eyes a broad shining black band, notched on the inferior
margin ; vertex luteous ; antenne as long as head and thorax, slender,
elongated, clavate on tip, blackish fuscous, pale in middle ; palpi short,
pale ; maxillary ones with the three apical joints equal ; labials not longer,
apical joint fusiform ; prothorax elongated, narrower anteriorly, luteous,
faintly granulated with black ; thorax dull luteous, above darker ; on each
side above the legs a broad black longitudinal band ; below pale ; abdo-
men shorter than the wings (I believe I have not seen a male), blackish
brown, with a yellow dorsal, transversal band on the middle of each seg-
ment, or at least on the second ; the parts in the last segment light brown,
with black hairs ; above split longitudinally ; below on each side a short,
flat appendage ; legs very long and slender, with short hairs, shining
black ; anteriors with base of femur and tip of tibia brown ; hind legs
with a luteous band before the tip of femur, or luteous, tip black ; tibia
pale, black on tip and after base ; or black, pale at base ; tarsi long,
black ; the basal joint sometimes luteous ; spurs luteous, as long as the
two basal joints ; apex incurved ; claws luteous ; wings hyaline spotted
with fuscous ; front wings with the inner half of an ocellate spot on the
middle of the hind margin ; a double spot at the pterostigma, an apical
interrupted series, and some dots along the mediana ; hind wings with a
larger orbicular spot before the pterostigma, and some spots near the tip
and the apical part of the hind margin ; venation white, some of the forks
and the longitudinal veins interrupted with fuscous. Length of body, 20
to 26 mm; exp. al., 46 to 67 mm.

Mr. Sanborn, Mass. Agric. Rep., 1862, p. 161, states: —‘ Specimens
of this insect are sometimes found which differ either with the wings not
spotted, but hyaline or sprinkled with fuscous, or costal space with a
double series of areoles, or without spurs.” Apparently Mr. Sanborn has
here confounded several species.

188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Habit.—Canada, Ontario, Mr. Saunders ; southern peninsula of
Michigan, Mr. Harrington ; N. Hampshire, Mr. Leonard in T. W. Harris’s
coll. There is a very indifferent figure of Harris’s specimen by F. J.
Sanborn (it is reproduced in Dr. Packard’s Guide, f. 604), in his Rep.,
1862, Mass. Agric., p. 160. Mr, Sanborn, who had a most general and
reliable knowledge of insects in this country, says :—‘ It is of common
occurrence throughout the country, and this is the only well-known ant-
lion in N. England.” But I have to state that Harris’s specimen is till
now the only one from N. England seen by me; N. York, in Winthem’s
coll. and by Mr. Akhurst ; Missouri, St. Louis, Mr. Engelmann ; Illinois,
Galena, Mr. Bean; Maryland, Mr. Uhler; N. Carolina, Morganton ; S.
Carolina, Aiken; Virginia; Georgia, June 7 and August 21, in pine
woods, rare, in Abbott’s figures in the Brit. Museum; Alabama, figured
by Mr. Gosse in his letters from Alabama, p. 242 (I have not seen this
book); Liskiyon, Cala. Mr. Behrens. Mr. Th. Say states only, “this species
is rather common.”

The range of this species is very large, and probably a larger one to
the south and west. ‘The size is not very variable, except one specimen
from South Carolina, and one from Cala., to which belong the smallest given
dimensions Very probably the larva ascends trees as the related
European species ; and the larva from Washington, D.C., described by me
years ago, probably belongs to this species. (Stett. Ent. Z., 1873, p.
27 to Ws. 7)

Myrmeleon tmmaculatus De Geer.
M. immaculatus De Geer iii., 564 (365), pl. 27, f. 8—Retzius 59, No.
202—Walker 4o1, n. 174.

M. melanocephalum Oliv. Encycl. viii., 127, No. 33.

M. immaculatus Hag., Syn. N. Am., 231, 14, partim.

Face shining, black ; epistom and mouth yellow; the black color
covers sometimes more or less the epistom, notched anteriorly ; a fine

yellow ring around the eyes, more or less interrupted near the antenne,
and enlarged below near the mouth,

Labrum short, twice as broad as long, rounded laterally, largely
notched anteriorly.

Palpi light brown, darker in more adult specimens ; maxillary moder-
ately long ; thin cylindrical ; three apical joints sometimes black, with a

——

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189

small yellow basal ring; last joint cylindrical, truncate on tip ; labial
about as long, second joint arcuate, thin, enlarged on tip ; last joint of
the same length, subarcuate, largely fusiform above, shining black, tip
thinner, yellow.

Antennz a little shorter than head and thorax, clavate, dull biack,
more or less annulate with yellow, basal joint above yellow, below the
basal joints shining black.

Head broad ; vertex transversally ovoid, elevated ; anteriorly finely
rugose ; a number of very fine elevated lines originating together between
the antennz, and then diverging ; the color and pattern of the vertex
varies much ; the main color is dull black, with a yellow transversal band,
which is entire or more or less divided and may be wanting entirely ; two
pitchy black transversal bands are divided by a middle longitudinal band,
consisting of two anterior and two posterior approximate twin spots, all
these pitchy black shining flat spots and bands may be differently shaped ;
besides there is on each side near the eyes on the vertex a posterior

_ linear flat spot, and another behind this on the occiput ; the yellow trans-

versal band fills the space between the two pitchy black bands, and is
always interrupted in the middle by longitudinal band ; the yellow band
is entirely wanting in the N. England, Michigan and N. York specimens,
it is more or less indicated in the specimens of the Southern States, and
always present in. the Western States and Colorado.

Prothorax short, nearly once broader than long ; sides about straight ;
front margin semi-circular, dull brown ; the front margin, two large spots
on the part before the transverse sulcus, and two smaller ones after the
sulcus, and the membrane between the prothorax and mesothorax luteous
or yellowish ; some black hairs on the sides of prothorax ; thorax pitchy
fuscous to black above and below; the margins sometimes a little
luteous

Abdomen of female much shorter than the wings ; of the males less
shorter and more slender ; pitchy black ; the basal half principally of the
females or newly transformed specimens with a large dull luteous spot,
covered with short and fine whitish villosity.

Female genitals the same of JZ. modzlzs, but the black appendages a
little shorter and thicker, with very long black hairs ; male genitals similar,
but the spoon-shaped part a little shorter.

190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Legs of the Southern specimens similar to JZ. modzlis; the specimens
from the Northern and Eastern States and the Rocky Mts. much more
black ; the anterior tarsi and larger parts of tibia entirely shining black,
but all intermediate colors are to be found ; spurs and sometimes the
claws brown.

Wings similar, variable in size, shape and coloration; the most
striking difference is the hind margin of the hind wings, which is never
(in 3c specimens) sinuate in the apical half, but performs a flattened curve,
a little more incurved on tip; the mediana and subcosta are darker and
the space between them is blackish, where they are not interrupted with
yellowish ; sometimes the transversals below the mediana and some other
veins are fumose ; pterostigma white.

Length of body, 25 to 36 mm.; exp. al., 60 to 76 mm. _ Breadth of
hind wing, 5 to 7 mm. ‘The smallest specimens are from Colorado.

Habitat.—30 specimens male and female are before me ; Ludington,
Machi) Mr. ‘Pierce “(taised)' “Keene, No EY, Mr i -l Boster wdiseayn:
Peabody, Mass., Mr. G. H. Emerton (raised) ; Albany, N. York (raised
by myself) ; Maryland, Mr. Uhler; Virginia, Alleghany Mts., and Wash-
ington, D. C., O. Sacken; Morganton, N. Carolina, Mr. H. Morrison ;
Waco, Texas, Mr. Belfrage ; Denver, Golden City, Manitou, Colorado,
by O. Sacken; Wasatch Mts., Utah, Rocky Mts. Dr. Anderson ; Lake
Tahoe, Cala., O. Sacken; Sylvania, Cala.. Mr. Ricksecker (raised) ;
Oregon, Mr. H. Edwards; Washington Terr., Yakima River, Mr. S,
Henshaw.

The imago appears everywhere in June and July. The larva hyber-
nates and transforms in the pupa about May.

The description and the figure by De Geer, though both not sufficient,
proved that his species was the one here described ; there isno N. American
species known, which makes this determination doubtful. There can be
no doubt that JZ. melanocephalum Oliv. is the same species. Olivier’s
specimen was collected by Bose near New York, De Geer’s in Pennsyl-
vania. Burmeister’s type, now before me, is AZ. modzilis. It would be
useless to speak about two species described by Walker, without com-
paring his types. The same applies to Prof. Taschenberg’s species.

When I published the Synopsis N. Am. Neur., I knew only three
specimens, which are still before me. I had them separated in two

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191

species, but the insufficient material seemed to make it more prudent to
unite them provisionally. Both species are very similar, and the only
palpable difference is the hind margin of the hind wings sinuated in the
apical half of JZ. modzdis, and convex in WZ. tmmaculatus. Ihave raised
myself both species, and have the full grown larvee in alcohol.

(To be Continued.)

THE CHALCID GENUS RILEYA.
BY L. 0. HOWARD, WASHINGTON, D. C.

An interesting interference in the adoption of the generic name Ré/eya
has recently taken place between Mr. Ashmead and myself, and, as I
am of the opinion that this name should apply to the genus of Encyrtine
defined by myself, rather than to the genus of Eurytominz defined by Mr.
Ashmead, I state in this note the circumstances of-the interference, and
print in full the paper in which my description occurred.

At the meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington, held June
7, 1887, I read the paper in question and handed the manuscript, after
reading, to Mr. Smith, the Secretary, with the request that he publish the
generic description in full in his abstract of our proceedings in Entomo-
logica Americana. June g this periodical for June was received, and I
found upon reading Mr. Ashmead’s “ revised generic table of the Eury-
tomine,” published upon pages 41 to 43, that he had decided to use the
same name for a genus of that sub-family. The name is there given, zof
as a new genus, but as one already described, and the few words given to
it in the table fail to sufficiently characterize it. Noting these points, I
did not recall my description from Mr. Smith, and it was published in the
July number of the same periodical (received July 5). 1 inferred from
the fact that Mr. Ashmead entered the genus as “‘ Rz/eya Ashm.,” and not
“ Rileya n. g.,” that his description had been sent away for publication,
but had not appeared, and this inference was shown to be correct when
upon July 14, first copies were received of Bulletin No. 3 of the Kansas
Experiment Station, which contained in an appendix Mr. Ashmead’s full
description of this genus.

I am individually inclined to think, therefore, that as Mr, Ashmead

192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

did not give his few words in the generic table to Ri/eya as a new genus,
his mention of it there amounts simply to the mention of a manuscript
naine, and as the full description of Az/eya Ashmead as a new genus was
not published for some days subsequent to the publication of my genus,
the latter should bear the name. Were this a mere matter of credit for a
genus, I would not waste words upon it, and were it any other name I
would give way without hesitation to my friend Mr. Ashmead, but my
desire to establish the genus in Professor Riley’s name, and to apply it to
this extremely interesting and beautiful form, is so great that I am led to
assert my claim, which of course will stand or fall upon its merits.

The original paper as read before the Entomological Society of Wash-
ington, June 7, is as follows :—

‘‘One of the most beautiful insects I have ever seen was sent in con-
siderable numbers to Dr. Riley, from California, by Mr. Koebele, in 1886.
It was captured by Mr. Koebele, as stated in his notes, while searching
for a species of Dactylopius, which lives upon the Passion Flower at Los
Angeles. His account of the actions of the little parasites upon this plant
is interesting enough to quote: ‘A number of the parasites were collected
on a plant, and some of them were noticed depositing their eggs. Busily
they ran up and down the branches, and if they met with a grown
insect, this was touched from behind with their antenne from five to
fifteen seconds ; then either the parasite would run off or turn around and
thrust an egg into the insect, which, when the parasite approaches, keeps
perfectly quiet ; but if operated on, will turn the posterior part-of its body
rapidly around in a circle, and its enemy will, after the egg is left, walk
quietly off without facing its victim again,’

“This little parasite, although only about a millimeter and a-half in
length, is a perfect gem in color. It is a fleck of brilliant green-gold, and
its structure is very strange to one not familiar with the peculiar group of
genera to which it belongs. The remarkable antennz, with their concave
leaf-like scape, peculiar pedicel, and broadly flattened flagellum carry to
an extreme a conformation seen only with the three genera—JA@ira, Anusia
and Cerapterocerus-—of the sub-family Aucyrtine of the Chalcidide. 1
have always supposed that the preliminary tapping of a Bark-louse, with
the antennz, as described by Mr. Koebele above, and as often noticed
with other parasites, was for the purpose of ascertaining by a tactile sense

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193

or by sound whether the Bark-louse was already inhabited by a parasitic
larva, and it is altogether likely that this extraordinary development of the
antenne in these genera is of use in this direction, and was developed in
response to some such need, for it will be noticed that this conformation
occurs in the female sex only, and that the males of such of these genera
as have known males have antennee of the ordinary pedicillate whorled
type.

KILEYA SPLENDENS.

‘The relationships of this California parasite, although it forms a new
and in some respects abnormal genus, are plainly with the European genus
Cerapterocerus of Westwood ( Telegraphus Ratz.), of which two species
have been described, viz., C. mirabilis Westwood, and C. corniger Walker,
of both of which we have authentic specimens in the collection of the
National Museum, through the courtesy of Dr, Mayr, of Vienna. The

194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

former has been reared from a Lecanium on peach by Tschek, from a
Lecanium on plum by Kollar and Rogenhofer, and from coccids on grass
by Kollar and Kriechbaumer ; while the latter has been reared by Kriech-
baumer from coccids on plum and grass.

‘‘T have, with Dr. Riley’s kind permission, dedicated this remarkable
and beautiful genus to him, in acknowledgement of the work which he has
done in making known the life-histories of American hymenopterous
parasites, not less than in acknowledgement of the opportunities he has
given me, and the assistance and encouragement he has rendered me in
the study of the interesting family to which it belongs.

“ Rileya,Gen.nov, Female. Moderately stout, resembling somewhat
Cerapterocerus Westwood (see Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 1833, page 495 ;
see also Snellen van Vollenhoven, Schetsen, Tab. vil; see also Mayr,
Die Europaischen Encyrtiden, Verh. d. k. k. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1875,
page 747; see also Ratzeburg, Ichn. d. Forstins. ii, 1848, page 152,
under name Zelegraphus), but differing as follows: The face is not
elbowed in the middle so as to give a triangular profile to the head, but is
gently rounded, and has a strong glistening transverse clean-cut ridge just
above the insertion of the antennz, which are stouter and with a more
concave scape than with Cerapterocerus. ‘The mesoscutellum has a strong
tuft of erect black hairs as in Chz/oneurus, but which is lacking in Cerap-
terocerus. ‘The stigmal vein is given off immediately at the juncture of
the submarginal with the costa, and isa trifle longer than the postmarginal.
The submarginal is three and one-haif times as long as the stigmal. The
postmarginal, the distal third of the submarginal, and the wing disc below
this last heavily clothed with short stout bristles. The body is highly
polished and the wings are not hyaline. The metanotal spiracles are large,
long-oval and oblique, and the abdominal spiracles are very prominently
tufted. The ovipositor does not protrude, except in specimens killed in
the act of oviposition.

“ Rileya splendens, Sp. nov. Female. Length, 1.63 mm.; expanse, 3.8
mm.; greatest width of fore-wing, 0.53 mm. Front with a delicate round-
oval punctation ; cheeks with delicate longitudinal striation, and a perfectly
smooth band bordering the eyes ; mesoscutum very delicately shaggreened ;
scutellum and scapule smooth; mesopleura and abdomen smooth.
General color metallic green, the most brilliant reflections given off from
the cheeks and the proepimera ; antenne also with metallic reflections,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195

but darker in general effect ; mouth-parts honey-yellow ; abdomen bluish-
metallic below ; all legs metallic ; joints 2, 3 and 4 of tarsi honey-yellow.
Distal two-thirds of wings (fore) dark brown ; the proximal limit of the
color very definite, and the color deepest at this point, becoming lighter at tip
of wing; a narrow, longitudinal, slightly curved, hyaline line arises at the
middle of the proximal border of the infuscation, and extends rather more
than half way to the tip of the wing. Described from many female speci-
mens. Los Angeles, Cal., A. Koebele.”

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF
THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE
ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.

The annual gathering of the Entomologists of North America, in
connection with the meeting of the A. A. A. S., took place this year in the
city of Cleveland, Ohio. While much regret was felt at the absence of
many eminent Entomologists who have always taken an active part in
the work of the Club, and at the consequent smallness of the attendance,
the meeting was much enjoyed by those who were present, and the
valuable papers read were received with great interest.

The first session was held at 9 a.m. ina class-room of the Central
High School Building on Wednesday, August 15th ; the President, Mr.
John B. Smith, of Washington, in the chair. In the absence of the
Secretary (Prof. A. J. Cook, of the Agricultural College, Mich.) Professor
Herbert Osborn, of Ames, Iowa, was requested to act in his place. Owing
to the smallness of the attendance the Club adjourned till 1.15 p.m.,
when the President read his annual address on “ Entomological Collec-
tions in the United States.” In this interesting and valuable paper,
which, as well as the other papers read at the meetings of the Club, will,
we understand, be published in full in Extomologica Americana, the writer
gave an account of all the great collections, both public and private, in
the United States. Among general collections he especially mentioned
those of Mr. Bolter, of Chicago, and Mr. Henry Edwards, of New York ;
in Coleoptera he specified the collections of Dr. Horn, of Philadelphia,
Mr. Ulke, of Washington, and Messrs. Hubbard and Schwarz, and Lieut.
Casey ; in Lepidoptera those of Messrs. Henry Edwards, Neumogen,

196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Strecker, Graef, Tepper, Holland, W. H. Edwards, Lintner, Bailey, and
Meske ; in special departments of Lepidoptera those of Mr. W. H.
Edwards, Rev. Dr. Holland,and Mr. Bruce in Butterflies; in the
Hesperide that of Mr. E. M. Aaron, of Philadelphia ; in the Sphingide
that of Mr. E. Corning, of Albany ; in the Geometride that of the Rev.
G. D. Hulst, of Brooklyn; and inthe Tortricide that of Prof. Fernald,
of Amherst, Mass. He also noticed many other collections in various
orders for which we must refer the reader to the address itself.

After hearing the address the meeting adjourned till the next day.
The following persons were in attendance during the sessions :—John B.
Smith, Washington, D.C. ; Prof. H. Osborn, Ames, Iowa ; Prof. F. M.
Webster, Lafayette, Ind.; Dr. D. S. Kellicott, Buffalo, N.Y.; Mr. and
Mrs. O. S. Westcott, Chicago ; L.O. Howard, Washington ; J. Mackenzie,
Toronto; A. B. Mackay, Agricultural College, Miss. ; D. A. Robertson,
St. Paul; S. H. Peabody, Champaign, Ill.; Dr. C. V. Riley, Washing”
ton; S. B. McMillan, Signal, Ohio ; Rev. L. C. Wurtele and Miss Wurtele ,
Acton Vale, P.Q., and others.

The Entomological Society of Ontario was represented by its Presi-
dent, Mr. J. Fletcher, of Ottawa, and the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, of Port
Hope.

On Thursday, August 16th, the Club met at 1 p.m., and entered upon
the consideration of the President’s address ; this naturally led to a
discussion upon the best materials for boxes, &c., in which to preserve
collections. Mr. Howard stated that the boxes in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., had their bottoms made of
Italian poplar. Mr. Fletcher asked for the experience of members with
poplar, tulip-tree and other woods as regards cracking and splitting.
Dr. Riley said that there was no wood that would not split, warp or
crack ; the only remedy was to have the materials kiln-dried and then
soaked in shellac and alcohol. He adopted the form of boxes used in
Washington for the sake of convenience rather than otherwise. The
cabinets in Europe were not subjected to the same dry heat as in
America, and were consequently not a guide to us in this respect.

Mr. Fletcher stated that there are only two noteworthy collections of
insects in Canada: (1) that of the Entomological Society of Ontario at
London. It is not very large, but is very good as representative of the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 197

Canadian fauna, while it contains many specimens from the United
States and other countries. The collection of Lepidoptera is especially
good and well named, having been revised by Mr. Grote before it was
sent to the Philadelphia Exhibition, in 1876. In Coleoptera and other
orders great care has been taken to have the specimens well named. The
coliection is open to any one who desires. to examine it. (2) The
collection of Lepidoptera in the National Museum at Ottawa is very good.
The nucleus was formed by the purchase of .about 8,000 specimens from
Captain Gamble Geddes, of Toronto. It is now being added to by the
officers of the Geological Survey, who bring to it from time to time rare
specimens from out-of-the-way and little known regions. There are
several private collections of value, but it is unnecessary to specify them.
Mr. Fletcher agreed with Mr. Smith that “‘types” of new species should
be placed in some national collection where they would be accessible to
all students. For his part he should always be glad in future, as in the
past, to place ‘‘types” whenever possible in the National Museum at
Washington.

A discussion then arose as to what is meant by a “type.” Mr.
Fletcher understands the term to mean all the specimens actually before
a describer when he is making out his description of a new species.
Some writers, however, call all specimens types that may afterwards be
identified by the describer as agreeing with the originals. Mr. Howard
agreed with Mr. Fletcher that only the material before a describer at the
time is to be called “ type ;’ other specimens should be marked ‘‘ deter-
mined by the author.” Dr. Riley thought that all the materials deter-
mined by an author might be called “types of that species,” provided
that they do not vary from the original specimens. Prof. Webster
considered that all typical material should be placed in some national
depository where it would be perfectly safe, and instanced the loss of the
Walsh collection by fire as a calamity to science ; collectors should be
willing to sacrifice their types for the general good of science. Mr. Smith
was also of opinion that only the specimens before the author at the time
of making the description are “types,” and that specimens determined
afterwards are not really “types.” Mr. Fletcher referred to Chinobas
Macounii as an example. Mr. W. H. Edwards had eleven specimens
before him when he described the species ; these are types, though most
of the specimens were imperfect. During the past summer the speaker

198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

had obtained from the original locality a good supply of specimens in
perfect order, and although these agreed with the original description
perfectly, they should only be labelled as “ typical,” and he was of the
opinion that the describer even would not be justified in labelling them
“type.” Professor Osborn agreed with the last speaker.

(To be Continued.)

CORRESPONDENCE.

NOTES ON IPS.

In vol. xvii., p. 46, of the Can. Ent., Dr. John Hamilton gives some
notes on /ps fasciatus and allied forms. He says:—-‘‘ The form fasciatus
is the most common here (Allegheny, Penn.), and is that into which all
the others are resolved ; in it the elytra are black with an irregular broad
basal, and a sub-apical fascia, yellow; individuals are met with totally
black without any spot ; others have only a small basal and sub-apical
spot yellow (more often reddish) ; others add to these a humeral lunule ;
others have various other spots, and by the gradual dilation and coalesc-
ing of these through a series of specimens, the full form fasciatus is
reached.” He further says that he has never met with these black and
spotted forms at any other time than in early spring, usually during April.
As the season advances these entirely disappear and the fasciate form
alone remains, continuing till autumn. Judging from my observations of
these forms at Montreal, I cannot quite agree with Dr. Hamilton’s opinion.
I find that in the fasciate form the colour is bright clear yellow, while in
all the spotted specimens that I have seen the colour is very pale yellow,
almost white ; the difference in this respect being very marked. With
respect to seasons, [ find that the spotted form, or what I take to be
4-signatus, occurs during summer as well as in spring, as the following
notes will show:—April 24th, 1886, found /ps fasczatus and the spotted
forms common at a bleeding stump on Montreal Mountain, ¢-siguatus
being most abundant. June 12th, 1886, found several specimens of
[ps 4-signatus in a small hole in the bark of an oak tree, where the sap
was oozing out. August 5th, 1886, found a specimen of J//s g-signatus
on a tombstone in Mount Royal Cemetery. August 15th, 1886, found a
specimen of /fs g-signatus on a tomato on the breakfast table. July 26th,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199

1888, found a specimen of ps gisignatus in a jug of milk. The last
“find” was a rather curious one, but the specimen was quite fresh, and
had evidently been “ supplied” with the morning’s milk. No specimens
of fasciatus were observed during the summer months, so that my experi-
ence appears to have been just the reverse of Dr. Hamilton’s.

F. B. CavuLFIELD, Montreal.

INSECTS FEIGNING DEATH.

Dear Sir: | have read with much interest Mr. A. R. Grote’s commu-
nications upon the subject of “Insects Feigning Death,” glad always of
the opportunity of learning from the older members of the entomological
fraternity. But in this case I am not sure that I comprehend the gentle-
man’s meaning. In the June number of the Can. Ent. he expresses
a doubt in regard to insects possessing any knowledge of death, and hence
considers that they are not mentally capable of feigning death. In the
August number he again takes up the subject and says, “ It is probable
to me that their attitudes of repose are assumed from the experience they
have gradually acquired, that in a state of quiet they will best avoid the
immediate dangers which beset them, etc.” Immediate dangers of what ?
Physical pain, a knowledge of which they have gained by frequent cap-
tures and escapes? It strikes me that it is not only not this, but death
itself which they seek to avoid. With no knowledge of death, as such,
why should they seek to avoid it? Is it not true that all animal life is
doomed to die sooner or later? And is not a knowledge of the fact that
it is something to be feared and avoided as long as possible, necessary to
the perpetuation of species? Surely even insects would not seek to avoid
that of which they have no knowledge. Does not the very presence of
the sense of fear presuppose a knowledge of death, in the sense of
annihilation? If the larva of a Geometer has learned, no matter whether
by experience or instinct, that by assuming a certain rigid position re-
sembling a portion of the twig upon which it is itself located, it is thereby
enabled to escape destruction in common with the twig; might not
another species, by the same course of reasoning, learn that, to assume
the same inanimate position as a dead companion who is not carried
away, it also might escape? Beetles belonging to the genera Ch/amys
and Lxema, of the family Chrysomedide, will often drop from a seemingly

200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

safe position on the stem of a plant to the exposed upper surface of a leat
of the same, remaining there perfectly quiet without making any further
attempt to escape, their only protection being the form and color of their
bodies, which very strongly resemble the excrement of caterpillars. After
all have we not reason to believe that life, to an insect, embodies all that
is precious ; the alpha and omega of all that is worthy of being cherished
and protected? Knowing as we do the great variety of methods by which
insects seek to protect this life, is it so highly improbable that they should
hit upon the plan of feigning its absence? The question is an interesting
one, though difficult, and, perhaps, impossible to solve ; yet it certainly
involves nothing that should lead us to forget that we are fellow-workers,
F. M. Wesster, Lafayette, Ind.

DANAIS ARCHIPPUS.

Dear Sir: In view of the discussion now going on respecting this
insect, it may not be amiss to give some observations from this locality.
D. archippus (alias plexippus) is an exceedingly common butterfly in
Custer Co., Colorado, from the end of April throughout the summer. At
the present time it is abundant near my house, at about 8,400 feet alt.,
especially frequenting the flowers of Oxytropis Zamberti, and also seeming
much attracted by a patch of Zrifolium pratense that has sprung up in a
timothy field. But the peculiar thing is, that so far as I know, Asc/epzas,
the food-plant, does not occur nearer than some four or five miles away,
and at perhaps nearly a thousand feet lower elevation. The only larva I
have seen here was an immature one brought to me July 3rd, which had
been found on Ascepias at about 7,300 feet alt., some six miles from here,
Yet the specimens of Alexzppus found up here at 8,400 feet are perfectly
fresh and undamaged (much more so than Papilio asterias, which breeds
up here), and further, are frequently to be seen paired.

July 22nd. T. D. A. CocKERELL, West Cliff, Colorado~

Nortice.—The Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of
Ontario will be held in the City Hall, Ottawa, on Friday, October 5th.
It is hoped that there will be a full attendance of members.

Mailed October 3rd.

?

Che Canaduan Entomoloaist.

/
=

VOL. XX. LONDON, NOVEMBER, 1888. Nor r:

AN EXTREME CASE OF SEASONAL DIMORPHISM IN COLIAS.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, WEST CLIFF, COLORADO,

It was thought strange when it was proved that Colzas keewaydin and
C. eurytheme were seasonal forms of a single species. Still stranger did
it seem when Mr. W. H. Edwards proved by breeding that C. eriphyle
(alias Hagenii) was also a form of eurytheme, but even after this I was
not quite prepared for the conclusion, forced upon me by irresistible
facts, that in this locality the orange and yellow forms were not only of
one species, but actually alternated seasonally, the former being the
summer, and the latter the winter form. The locality in question is the
eastern slope of the Sangre de Cristo range, in Custer County, Colorado,
in the neighborhood of Swift Creek, at altitudes varying from about 7,800
to 8,400 feet. Only two forms of C. eurytheme are found (exclusive of
the pale females), and neither of these agrees precisely with those already
described, so that (‘‘ West American Scientist,” 1888, p. 42,) I called the
orange one intermedia, and the sulphur yellow form autumnadis, this last
being very close to C. eriphyle.
The facts of the case are best shown by extracts from my diary, all
bearing upon this locality :—
July 13th, 1887.—Arrived here, found zztermedia flying abundantly, and
so until the middle of August, when I left for a trip to the western
slope. No autumnalis seen.

October 22nd.—Returned to this locality ; a few worn zztermedia seen,
the last of brood.

November 9th.—Caught a 2 autumnaiis, the first I had seen.

May 13th, 1888.—Caught a 2 autumnalis—the first of the year. Soon
after autumnalis became common, but no zztermedia seen. The first
f was caught May roth. (The 2’s of both forms of exrytheme, and
also of C. alexandra, seem to emerge here sooner than the ’s.)

June 4th.—The first zztermedia of the year seen,

202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

June 8th.—Autumna/is still abundant, but some zztermedia seen.
June 12th.—/ntermedia becoming common, and autumnadlis scarce.

June 26th.—/ntermedia abundant, a single autumnalts,a f, taken, and
this is the last seen.

C. eurytheme var. intermedia is now (July 17th) abundant, and C.
alexandra is flying very freely. It is a curious circumstance that the
so called “albino” females (var. pad/zda) do not appear to occur in
autummnalis, or if they do are very rare, while they are so frequent in
intermedia that I have sometimes fancied they even outnumbered the
typical females. In both forms, I think, the females outnumber the
males.

From the above facts, | think that it is hard to come to any other
conclusion than that the orange and yellow forms alternate, and that this
should be so, presents perhaps one of the most remarkable cases of |
seasonal dimorphism at present known.

There is a very large Asiliid fly found here, which occasionally preys
upon C. eurytheme var. intermedia im the perfect state.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ORTHESIA FROM
CALIFORNIA.

BY WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLA.

In a collection of Hemiptera sent me some time since for identifica-
tion, were two male specimens of a coccid, and a single white waxy sac,
from which one had issued, attached to the upper surface of a small, oval
leaf, which at the time, from a superficial examination, I took to be a
mealy bug, Dactylopius longifilis Comstock ; but recently on a more
careful examination I find to be a species of that interesting genus
Orthesia Bosc.

But a single species has been described in this genus in our fauna, ze.,
Orthesia Americana Walker. <A good description of what is supposed to
be this species was given by Prof. Comstock in the U.S. Agricultural
Report, 1880, page 349. As the present species does not agree with that
description, it is apparently undescribed, and below I give a description
of it, naming it in honour of its discoverer, Mr. Hy. Edwards, who took it
at Grass Valley. Nepa County, California.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203

Orthesia Edwardsii n. sp.

Male sac.—This is broadly oval, pure white, .15 of an inch long by
-12 of aninch in breadth. It was evidently formed by a secretion of
fine, waxy flakes, the regularity of which has been lost as the insect
reached maturity, the dorsal disk being entire, and the flakes only being
partially distinguishable at the margins.

Male.—Length .12 inch; style about .o4 inch. Entirely black,
excepting a reddish cast on the mesothorax, scutellum, metathorax,
abdomen at sides and beneath, and the epipleura of the mesothorax ;
while the head beneath the insertion of the antennz is pale yellowish
white. Head small, nearly quadrate, being but slightly narrowed
posteriorly. The eyes consist of 5 or 6 ocelli placed at the side of the
head, while the mouth consists of two large, quite prominent ocelli.
Antenne very long, the points of which have four or five irregular nodose
swellings, with irregular whorls of long, delicate bristles ; the first two
joints are very short, not as long as wide, the 3rd and 5th joints the
longest, about an equal length, the 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th and oth shorter and
gradually subequal, the roth or apical joint more thickened, fusiform,
about four-fifths the length of the penultimate joint. Thorax short, less
than one-half the length of abdomen ; the prothorax is hardly distinguish-
able from above, being but a delicate ridge or collar; mesothorax quite
short, somewhat trapezoidal in outline, and obliquely ascending towards
the scutellum, but with a depression in the middle, the lateral lobes
distinct ; scutellum highly convex, polished, with some short hairs on the
disk, abruptly transversely divided by a deep, yellowish fissure posterior-
ly. Metathorax very short. Legs very long, rather slender, black, and
with a long, fine hair pubescence ; tibiz longer than their femora, slender,
cylindrical ; tarsi less than one-third the length of tibize and more slender,
gradually acuminate toward apex and terminating in a small, delicate
claw ; no digitules. Abdomen, on the dorsum, wrinkled, at sides towards
apex covered with a white, waxy substance, and terminating in two very
long caudal sete, more than double the length of the insect, rather
thickly covered with a white, waxy substance, especially at base, so
that in reality they are much more slender than they appear. Style long,
blackish. Wings two, white, of the ordinary shape, but I can detect a
spurious vein, springing from near the base of the longitudinal vein,
between it and the costal margin, and running parallel with it to half the

204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

length of the wings. I have examined many male coccids, but never
before noticed this spurious vein, and consequently think it of great
importance. Halteres linear, terminating in a hook with two teeth ; one
of the halteres is attached to a fold or thickening in the front wing, and
as has before been observed, evidently greatly assists the insect in its
flights ; the other one was loose, and thus enabled me to make out the
two small teeth.

STRAY NOTES ON MYRMELEONIDA:, Parr 5.

BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

(Continued from page 191.)

Myrmeleon mobilis Hag.

M. mobilis Hag. Stett. Z., vol. xxi., 368; vol. xxvi., 444. (No
description. )

M. immaculatus Burm. Vol. i., 994, 5 (not De Geer)~-Hagen Syn.
N,_Am..231,144,\ partim.

The face above the epistom blackish brown, shining ; mouth and a
ring around the eyes yellowish ; palpi yellowish ; maxillary thin, apical
joint cylindrical, notched on tip; labial of same length, apical joint
fusiform, the conical tip notched.

Antenne as long as head and thorax, thicker at tip, which is clavate,
fuscous, annulated with yellow, except on club ; basal joint yellow above,
second black ; antennz below largely yellow.

Head dull luteous, with some flat pitchy-fuscous spots; vertex
transverse-ovoid, elevate, anteriorly finely rugulose ; on the middle two
pairs of twin bands, one behind the other; the anterior pair with hind
end of its band bent outward ; a round spot on each side of the bands ;
the posterior pair straight ; on each side two triangular spots, near the
eye ; behind the vertex on each side a transversal band, near the eyes.

Prothorax broader than long, sides about straight, front margin semi-
circular, luteous with some black hairs besides ; anterior part before the
transverse sulcus on each side with a black crescent and indistinct median
band ; hind part on each side with an indistinct black mark; thorax dull
luteous, with some indistinct brown shadows besides and below,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205

Abdomen much shorter than the wings, slender, dull luteous, more
yellowish on the apex, articulations pale ; covered with very short pale
villosity.

Female—Last segment short, yellow, split below near the ventral
margin with two, thick, black shining cylindrical appendages, which are
as long as the segment and covered with very long black hairs and
spines ; out of the superior part of this segment is protruded an additional
short segment with two short quadrangular yellow plates with black
margins, and below two transversal rows of very strong black spines.

Male—Abdomen not longer than of the female ; ventral part of last
segment not split below, yellow with long black hairs, forming a large
spoon-shaped part ; there are no cylindrical appendages ; the additional
segment forming two yellow plates which are shorter but much more pro-
longed below and a little enlarged ; margin black with long black hairs
below, without the rows of spines ; above on dorsum with a bunch of
hairs.

Legs slender, pale, with black hairs ; the femur, tibia and all joints of
tarsus black on tip; a fine black ring on tibia not far from the knee ;
spurs as long as the basal joint, straight fuscous. Wings long, narrow,
front wings with the costa straight, curved strongly on tip, which is short,
about rectangular ; hind margin very slightly incurved, so that the wing
is broadest near the apical third; hind wing nearly as long, a little
narrower, sharply pointed ; hind margin a little sinuate on the apical half,
broadest near the middle of its length ; hyaline, hairy, veins fine, dark ;
subcosta, mediana and submediana interrupted with pale yellow ; ptero-
stigma small, whitish.

Length of body, 30 to 34 mm.; exp. al. 80 mm.

Hab.—Burmeister’s type from Savannah, Georgia, very probably col-
lected by Dr. Zimmermann ; it is a female, and was described out of
Winthem’s coll.; the label, zamacudatus De Geer, in Burmeister’s hand-
writing, is still on the pin. I have raised male and female in July,
1883, out of larve from Alabama, given by Prof. Lyon; I have the
full grown larva, larva skin, nympha skin and cocoon. The larva is
called Doodle, and it is a favourite pleasure of children to kneel in the
sand near the holes and to sing in a monotonous way, “ Doodle, Doodle,
etc.” It is believed that the animal comes out to receive food. But I
have to remark that the larva of Zetracha Carolina is treated similarly, _

206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The type is just transformed, as is proved by specimens from Ala-
bama, which made their transformation on the same day ; one has all
four wings developed, one only the fore wings, and the third has all wings
crumpled. Nevertheless they have all the same colours of the type, and
it is to be supposed that older specimens will show a darker coloration.

I have never seen more specimens. When I published the synopsis
I had before me the type of Burmeister and two specimens of JZ. zmma-
culatus, and believed all three to belong to the same species.

Myrmeleon formicalynx L.

The synonymy need not be repeated here; compare Stett. Ent.
Zeit., 1866, p. 439.

Face shining black, above with two impressions, which are variable
in shape and size, and an engraved spot in the middle between the
antenne ; around the eyes a yellow ring, interrupted near the vertex ;
epistoma yellow, with two black spots connected with the colour of the
face ; mouth yellow.

Maxillary palpi slender cylindrical, black shining, pale on tip ; apical
joint notched on tip, third joint incurvate ; the two basal joints globular,
dull yellowish, the second blackish externally ; labial palpi longer and
stronger, shining black ; second joint incurvate, thickened on tip; last
joint thick, ovoid, with an engraved spot externally before the tip, which
is pyramidal, pointed.

Antenne shorter than the thorax; tip clavate, dull black, below
shining black on base; basal joint yellow, below black in middle, and
with a yellow ring around the base.

Head dull black anteriorly, with rare white hairs, finely rugose, the
lines diverging ; vertex transversally ovoid, elevated, divided by a more
or less pronounced median impression, on top with a transversal corrug-
ated band, and some glossy flat spots; two approximate anteriorly and
two posteriorly, and on each side a larger round one ; behind the vertex
near the eye an oval similar spot.

Prothorax short, broader than long, enlarged behind, rounded before,
dull pitchy black ; margin yellow except in middle anteriorly ; yellowish
near the thorax ; on each side with some longer black hairs ; mesothorax
and metathorax pitchy black ; the body paler,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207

Abdomen slender, compressed, shorter than the wings, pitchy black ;
apical margin of the last segments pale ; villosity white, rather scarce.

Female genitals with two transverse rows of black bristles, two cylin-
drical black appendages with very long black hairs, and between them an
advanced black part of the margin with strong bristles, (Rambur says
with two appendages ‘‘ formant deux petites saillies an peu plus é€paisses ”
—which I cannot find.)

Male genitals similar to JZ. mobdilis, the spoon-shaped part shorter,
triangular, yellow. :

Legs slender, reddish-yellow ; apical half of femur black; tibia
blackish ; the posterior legs externally reddish-yellow, except on tip;
tarsi blackish, sometimes yellowish at base ; spurs about as long as the
basal joint, straight ; claws brown.

Wings in shape and venation like JZ. tmmaculatus, with the hind
margin convex ; hyaline; veins black, interrupted with yellow ; ptero-
stigma milk-white, blackish interiorly.

Length of body, 25 to 32 mm.; exp. al, 55 to 84mm. Breadth of
hind wings, 6 to 8 mm.

- Hab.— Everywhere in Europe, only England and the islands in the
Mediterranean excepted. A pair collected in Castilia by Staudinger is
quoted by myself Stett. Ent. Z., xxvii, p. 290. A. Costa figures it from
Naples. In Russia it is known from Livland to Astrachan and Nert-
schinsk, Siberia.

I have eight specimens, male and female, before me from Sweden,
Prussia, Silesia, Switzerland. The imago flies from July to September.
I have raised this species, which is common in Germany.

In the collection of Linnzeus a specimen of this species on the character-
istic Linnean pin, bearing im his own handwriting on the label the
name “ formicalynx,” is still present. I have seen it in 1857 and 1861.

The high authority of my friend McLachlan, and the emphasis with
which he declines to acknowledge this specimen as typical (Tr. Lond. Ent.
Soc., 1871, p. 443), oblige me to state why I hold decidedly the contrary
opinion. Mr. McLachlan bases his objection solely. on the fact that the
specimen is identical with the Swedish species, and that the African
habitat, given by Linnzeus for his JZ. formicalynx, must belong to a
different species (though the few words of the diagnosis given will apply

208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

to this insect so far as they go.—McL.), because no specimen from Africa
is known to him; and “that the collection of Linnzeus has been mal-
treated by additions, destruction and displacement of labels.” ‘The dis-
covery of a true African specimen would make McLachlan’s objection
untenable. Nobody would be surprised that an insect, with such a large
distribution, and found in Castilia and Naples, should be found in Africa.
For the statement of the displacement of labels in the Linnean collection
Mclachlan quotes the preface of Staudinger’s Catalog der Lepidopteren,
1871, p. xvi.-xvil. This quotation is indeed very unfortunate, as the Ger-
man original is essentially different (p. xvi) from the French translation
(p. xvii.) which is alone used by McL.:—“ C’est malheuresement un fait
certain que l’acquéreur de la collection de Linné a eu la deplorable idée
de remplacer quelquefois des exemplaires endommagés par des exem-
plaires frais—vze//etcht vorhandene schlechte Exemplare durch bessere
ersetzte.” So long as McLachlan gives not any other evidence for his
opinion, it is apparently not admissible.

Concerning the Neuroptera in the Linn. collection, I have published
(Stett. Ent. Z., vol. vi, 1845, p. 155) the list s¢e//7 before me, made in 1844
by Mr. R. Kippist, then Secretary of the Linn. Soc.

Of the 83 species described in Syst. Nat. Ed., xii., were present 50
species, but 17 of them were later additions, with labels written mot dy
Linneus, but probably by Mr. Smith, with the occasional addition
*exdescript Linn.” These 17 species are marked only with pencil in
Linneus’s own copy of Syst. Nat. Ed., xii. The other 33 species have
labels in Linnzeus’s own handwriting, and are marked in the copy of Syst.
Nat. Ed., xii., with ink. From these alone it is certain that they were in
the collection of Linnzeus, and among these is M. formicalynx. Ihave
compared myself the collection in 1857 and 1861. I found nothing
changed and no indication of displacements.

Illiger’s paper, 1801, in his Magazin, vol. 1., p. 7.

Westwood’s paper of the Linnean Staphylinus (Tr. Ent. Soc., Ser.
I, vol. iv., p. 45); Schaum ‘‘neber zweifelhafte Kaefer Linné’s nach
seiner Sammlung,” Stett. Ent. Z., 1847, p. 276; Haliday ibid., 1851, p.
131; Motschulsky, 1855, Etudes. Ent., iv., p. 25, will show that the
sweeping charges in McL. paper can not be considered as warranted.

The description of WZ. formicalynx in Ed. x. is the same as in Ed.
xii., excepting the clerical error “ antenne setaceze ” for clavate, as given in

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209

the character of the genus. The quoted figure of Reesel well represents
this species. The insects in Linné’s collection have been labelled by him
in accordance with Ed. x. of his Syst. Nat. At this time the imago of
the Swedish species (1758) was unknown to him, and was only published
later (1761) in the Ed. ii., of his Fn. Suecica. It is evident that Linnzeus
has believed Reaumut’s species and the Swedish one to be identical, as he
says in Ed. xii., ‘“‘Alae nostratis obsque maculis fuscis,” and as he has
called this species A7. formicarium, instead of AZ. formicaleo, as in all his
anterior works. Now every student of Neuroptera, since half a century
ago, knows very well that Linné has combined two different species, and
that a new name would be needed for one of them ; but as a second
species had been described also by Linnaeus this name was accepted for
the Swedish species as JZ. formicalynx. Therefore, indeed, no mistake
and no uncertainty was possible. McLachlan has given no proof for his
opinion that 7. formicalynx from Africa belongs to a different unknown
species. McLachlan’s quotation l.c., p. 441 and 442, “In the first
edition of the Fn. Suec., 1746, he (Linné) says of an antlion alae obsolete
nebulosae,” is not to be found at all in this book, and could not be found,
as Linné described only the larva. The words obsolete nebulosae occur
in no work of Linné, nor in any other work known to me describing this
insect ; but I have now the kind information by McL. that those words
were taken out of the interleaved copy of the Fauna Suecica, and that
my friend is now sure that they belong not at all to Myrmeleon.

McLachlan proposes to use the name JZ. formicarium, which every
body has used for more than a century, since Syst. Nat., Edit. xii., 1767,
for Reaumur’s species, for the Swedish species. McLachlan proposed
for Reaumur’s species at first the name JZ. formicaleo used by Linné
in Ed. x. and by Poda ; later he proposed to call it IZ. Europaeus, which
was adopted by Mr Redtenbacher and Prof. Brauer, though the latter
remarked that if a new name was needed JZ. nostras Fourcroy would
have the priority.

Concerning such changes of names, should be studied the excellent
dissertation of Dr. Elias Fries, Ofver Vexternes Namn Upsala, 1842
(also in Fries’s Botaniska Utflygter, T. i., p. 113, and German Transl. in
Hornschuch Archiv., 1855, T. i), where also about Linné’s collection,
the former idolatry and the later belittling in England, excellent advice
and notice will be found,

210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Myrmeleon formicarius, Linn.

The curious habits of this insect are known for nearly two centuries
and quoted so often that in my Synops. Hemerobidarum, p. 439, about
half a page is filled by them. There is much written pro and con about
this name. I believe the change of the name is simply a matter of taste,
and I remember with merriness the page on which the late R. Crotch,
my old friend McLachlan and myself were hacked to pieces for our
heresy in nomenclature by A. Lewis. I consider the paper of McLachlan,
Tr, Lond. Ent. Soc., 1871, p. 441, to be avery fair one. Of my two
objections one has been removed by himself as I mentioned by JZ

Sormicalynx.
Myrmeleon rusticus Hag.

MM rusticys Wag, syn iN. Amer, Neri 33.007.

Front a little convex, nigro-piceous, shining, above with two trans-
verse small impressions ; epistom black, or on each side with a yellow
oval spot, which may encroach a little on the front, and a triangular
yellow middle spot, largest anteriorly ; rhinarium bright yellow, labrum
largely notched, brownish ; maxillary palpi yellowish, apical joint a little
darker, cylindrical, notched at tip, scarcely longer than the preceeding ;
labial palpi longer, yellowish, second joint thin, incurved, thickened at
tip ; apical joint about as long, strongly ovate, blackish, with an impressed
spot outside, suddenly contracted before end, which is thin, pyramidal,
a little incurved; head below and a narrow ring encircling the eyes
bright yellow ; antennz strongly clavate, longer than head and prothorax,
dark, annulated with yellow.

Vertex obscure ferrugineous, shining, elevated, with a median furrow,
dull grayish in front above the antennze ; a yellow spot on each side near
the eye ; two flat interrupted median stripes and on each side a larger
flat shining spot.

Prothorax short, broader than long, narrowed before, front margin
rounded; clothed on margins and behind laterally with short white
villosity ; dull yellowish, with two approximated median bands more
visible before the furrow, and on each side with a broader dark fuscous
band more visible after the furrow ; thorax dull pitchy, obscurely mar-
gined with dull yellow; besides, below the wings pitchy with a few
yellow spots,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 211

Abdomen shorter than the wings, luteo-fuscous ; posterior margin of
segments, and sometimes a faint middle line, yellow.

Genitals of male and the last segment black, below a row of strong
black spines ; an inferior conical part with long black hairs ; abdomen of
female shorter, the superior parts blunt, below a row of black bristles ;
two small appendages (probably) inferiors.

Legs yellowish, not very short, the intermediate finely sprinkled ;
femora and tibia darker inside, except in the middle pair; tibia with an
apical dark ring ; tarsus about longer than tibia, tips of joints darker ;
spurs scarcely as long as first joint, straight, dark.

Wings hyaline, moderately pointed ; pterostigma small, milk white,
-a small dark dot before it ; venation pale, median and submedian veins
distinctly interrupted with fuscous ; costals simple.

Length of body, # 30, 2 26 mm.; exp. al. 54 to 60 mm.

Hab.—New Mexico (formerly W. Texas), Pecos River, August 4th,
Capt. Pope’s Exped.; Mexico, Matamoras, same expedition.

THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.

The Annual Meeting of the Society was held in the City Hall,
Ottawa, on Friday and Saturday, October 5th and 6th, 1888. A Council
meeting was held on Friday morning at 10.30 o’clock in a Committee
room of the City Hall, at which the following members were present :—
The President, Mr. James Fletcher, Ottawa ; Mr. E. Baynes Reed, Mr. W.
E. Saunders and Mr. J. M. Denton, London; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune,
Port Hope ; Rev. T. W. Fyles, Quebec ; Mr. James Moffat, Hamilton ;
Mr. H. H. Lyman, Montreal. After the transaction of routine business,
the sum of $200 was voted to the Library Fund for the purchase of books
and the binding of periodicals and pamphlets. An Executive Com-
mittee, to consist of the President, the Editor, the Secretary-Treasurer
and the members of the Council resident in London, was appointed to
deal with the financial affairs of the Society and to provide for the
representation of the Society at the annual meeting of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science. The work of arranging the
Society’s collections and putting them in good order was directed to be

212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISY.

| continued, and Mr. Moffatt was requested to do for the Coleoptera what
he has already so successfully accomplished with the Lepidoptera.

In the afternoon the Society met at 2 o’clock. Mr. W. H. Harrington
was present in addition to those above mentioned. Mr. Lyman exhibited
a series of specimens of the different species of Ca//imorpha which he
had described in his paper last year (C. E. xix., p. 181) and remarked
upon their various peculiarities. He thought it most desirable that
names should be attached to the different varieties, even though they may
hereafter be found to belong to the same species. Messrs. Fletcher,
Fyles and Moffat made remarks upon the subject, and agreed that all
distinct forms should have separate names.

Mr. Fletcher gave an account of his visit to Nepigon, Lake Superior,
early in July, in company with Mr. S. H. Scudder, of Cambridge,
Mass., for the purpose of collecting the eggs of various rare species of
butterflies. He described the various modes they had employed in order
to induce the females to deposit their eggs, and recounted the great
success achieved in securing the eggs of no less than seventeen species of
butterflies and capturing a number of others.

Rev. Dr. Bethune exhibited a number of specimens of Colas
eurytheme, chiefly of the form erzphyle, which he had taken at Port
Arthur on the rst of September last, and gave an account of his trip to
the Nepigon River, exhibiting a large number of specimens of butterflies
and other insects captured thereon August 21st, 22nd, and 30th. Among
these may be especially mentioned Colzas interior and ecurytheme,
Argynnis electa, atlantis, chariclea and bellona, Phyciodes tharos, Grapta
Jaunus and progne, Pyramets huntera and cardui, Limenitis arthemts, etc.

Rev. T. W. Fyles read a paper on Chionobas Jutta, in which he
recounted his success in rearing the insect through all its stages.
Mr. Fletcher and Dr. Bethune spoke of the desirability of issuing a
"series of papers on popular and economic entomology in the CANADIAN
ENTOMOLOGIST, and urged upon the members present the necessity of
co-operating in the work. The Editor also drew the attention of the
meeting to the duty of at once providing the material required for the
Annual Report of the Society.
The President laid on the table specimen sheets and plates of Mr.
Scudder’s great work on the Butterflies of the Eastern States and Canada,
which were examined by the members with much interest. He also

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a el

brought up for discussion the subject of the disease known as “ Silver-top ”
in hay, which is believed to be caused by a species of Thrips, and
requested the members to investigate the matter in their various
localities. The only remedy at present suggested is the plowing up of
old hay-fields which are found to be the most seriously attacked. The
depredations of Grasshoppers during the past season were next consider-
ed. Mr. Fletcher suggested that much might be done to reduce their
numbers by cutting the hay about the 2oth of June, if practicable, and
thus preventing the. maturity of the insects by depriving them of their
food before they were able to fly to a distance for it. Mr. Denton
reported that the Chinch Bug had been observed in the Township of
Delaware, near London, and that it was likely to become very injurious
if measures were not taken to counteract it.

The meeting adjourned at 5.30 p.m.

‘EVENING SESSION.

In the evening the Society held a public meeting in the Council
Chamber of the City Hall at 8 o'clock, at which there-were about sixty
persons present, including the Hon. C. W. Drury, the recently appointed
Minister of Agriculture for Ontario; Mr. John Lowe, Deputy Minister
of Agriculture for the Dominion of Canada; Prof. Saunders, Director of
the Experimental Farms of the Dominion ; Sir James Grant, M.D.; Mr.
R. B. Whyte, President of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club; Mrs.
Macleod Stewart ; Mrs. R. B. Whyte, Mrs. Davidson, and several other
ladies as well as a number of farmers and gardeners from the city and
neighbourhood. i

The proceedings of the evening began with an able and practical
address from the President, Mr. James Fletcher, of Ottawa, upon
‘Insects Injurious to Crops.” (The address will be published in full in
the Annual Report of the Society.) The speaker stated that it was a
well-known fact that at least one-tenth of all the crops grown in this
- country was destroyed by noxious insects. In order to combat these
insects it was necessary to know their life-histories, and to acquire and
disseminate this knowledge was the main object of our Entomological
Society. He described in simple terms the two systems of structure in
insects, in accordance with which one class live by sucking out the juices
of plants and the other by biting and gnawing the substance, and related
the various means adopted to counteract the ravages of each. In his
position as Dominion Entomologist he found it possible to give to nearly

214. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

all enquirers useful information about the insects that might be affecting
their crops or gardens. He then referred to many common injuries
and related the best means of dealing with them, and gave an
account of what might be termed the “first-class pests” of the season,
among these he specially mentioned the cut-worms and grass-hoppers,
which had been more than usually numerous and destructive in many
parts of the Province. He concluded his address, which was listened to
with great interest and attention for upwards of an hour, by expressing
the pleasure it gave to the members of the Society to observe the growth
of their science in popularity, a fact evidenced by the attendance that
evening of so many distinguished persons.

The Hon. C. W. Drury next addressed the meeting. He said that
he had not come to deliver a speech, but he had travelled five hundred
miles in order that as the head of the Agricultural Department of Ontario
he might show the importance which the Government he represented
attached to the work of the Entomologists. He considered that the
small grant annually made to the funds of the Society was amply repaid
by its practical work, and mentioned as an instance the immense saving
to the country effected by the discovery of the remedy for the clover-
seed midge

Sir James Grant spoke in graceful terms and delivered a very interest-
ing address. He described the importance of Entomology in its various
aspects, and referred to the work of some of its greatest masters, from
Aristotle and Pliny, in ancient times, to LeConte, who had described so
enormous a number of species of beetles and whose lamented death was
so great a loss to science. He described its relation to other depart-
_ments, especially to medicine, and mentioned as an instance the fact that
bacteria had been introduced into the blood by the bite of mosquitoes.
He paid a high compliment to the President for his practical and interest-
ing address, and for his enthusiastic devotion to the science which had
deservedly won for him the recognition of the Dominion Government.

Professor Saunders rose to move a vote of thanks to the President for
his valuable address. He gave a short account of the history of the
Society and its work, and mentioned the fact that there were only two of
the original members present besides himself, viz.: Dr. Bethune and Mr.
E. Baynes Reed, who had been concerned in its organization twenty-five
-years ago. Sir James Grant seconded the vote of thanks, pleted was put
_to the meeting by Dr. Bethune and unanimously carried.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215

Rev. Dr. Bethune then proceeded to give a brief address, in which he
strongly urged the importance of encouraging young people in their
instinctive fondness for collecting insects. It was not only a most useful
pursuit from an educational point of view, but led to great results in
developing a love for science and a steady increase in the number of its
votaries. As one of the pioneers of the Society he was delighted to see
for the first time at one of its meetings the Provincial Minister of Agricul-
ture and also the Dominion Deputy-Minister ; he expressed his pleasure
also at the presence of so many ladies, and trusted that they would bring
to the aid of Fntomology all those gifts of deftness and neatness which
they so eminently possessed. For their encouragement he mentioned
that the most distinguished entomologist in England at the present time
is a lady, Miss E. Ormerod, of St. Albans.

In acknowledging the vote of thanks, Mr. Fletcher took occasion to
refer to one point which he had overlooked, namely, the injuries inflicted
by “that miscreant, the English sparrow,” whose extermination he
strongly advocated. The Hon. Mr. Drury stated that this destructive
bird was no longer under the protection of the Act of Parliament respect-
ing insectivorous birds, and that everyone was. at liberty to aid in redu-
cing its numbers. The meeting then adjourned.

SATURDAY’S SESSION.

Saturday, October 6th.—At ro o’clock a. m. a meeting of the Council,
was held for the transaction of business, and after its adjournment the
Society coutinued its proceedings. The reports of the Secretary-
Treasurer, the Librarian, the delegate to the Royal Society of Canada,
the Montreal Branch, and the delegates to the Entomological Club of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science were presented
and adopted.

The following gentlemen were elected officers for the ensuing year :—

President—James Fletcher, F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Ottawa.

~ Vice-President—E. Baynes Reed, London.
; Secretary-Treasurer—W. E. Saunders, London.

Librarian—E. Baynes Reed, London.

. Curator—Henry S. Saunders, London.

~Council—J. M. Denton, London ; J. Alston Moffat, Hamilton ; Gamble
Geddes, Toronto ; W. H. Harrington, Ottawa; Rev. T. W. Fyles, M. A.,
South Quebec (ard the former Presidents, who are ex-officio members

216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

viz., Prof. Saunders; F:R.S.C.; F.LS., F'C.S., and Rev. C.J. S. Bethune);

Editor of the CanapiAn EntTomoLocist—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune,
MEA?, DICU:, ‘Port Hope:

Editing Committee—The President, Prof. Saunders, J..M. Denton,
H. H. Lyman (Montreal), Dr. W. Brodie (Toronto).

Auditors—J. M. Denton and E. B. Reed.

Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada—H. H. Lyman, Montreal.

Papers were read by (1) the Rev. T. W. Fyles on “ The Hypenidz of
the Province of Quebec;” (2) Mr. J. A. Moffat on ‘Some Curious Proceed
ings of the Larve of Huchetes eg/e Feeding upon the Milk-weed ;” (3)
Mr. W. E. Saunders on the English Sparrow, strongly recommending its
extermination ; (4) Rev. T. W. Fyles on ‘“‘ The Sphingidee of the Province
of Quebec.” Mr. Fletcher, in discussing this paper, remarked upon the
colours of Sphinx 5-maculata, and said that the dark forms seemed to be
hardier than the pale green; he had observed also in Papilio asterias
that some green pupz emerged much sooner than the brown ; he had
obtained no less than four broods of this insect this year. (5) Rev, T.
W. Fyles read “A Memoir of the late Philip H. Gosse,” and exhibited a
photograph of this eminent naturalist and his late residence. (The above
papers will all be published in the annual report of the Society.)

Mr. Moffat stated that he had taken Papilio cresphontes this summer
at Hamilton, and that he had seen in that neighbourhood a specimen of
the now rare Lierts protodice. Mr. Fyles mentioned that he had taken
Grapta gracilis and faunus at Quebec in September, Hepzalus gracilis
in the Township of Dunham, and /efza/us auratus in the Township of
‘Brome.. Dr. Bethune had found Grapta /. album numerous at Port
Hope in September, and brought some living specimens to the meeting ;
these will be taken care of during their hibernation, and efforts will be
made to obtain their eggs in the spring.

The following gentlemen were elected members of the Society :—Rev.
Prof. Symonds, Trinity College, Toronto ; Rowland Hill, London ; Mr.
Brown, Free Press, London ; A. L. Poudrier, Donald, B. C. ; Arthur M.
Bethune, Port Hope; E. M. Morris, Toronto.

It was decided to hold the next annual meeting in London immedi-
ately after the close of the meeting of the American Association in
Toronto in August.

After passing a vote of thanks to the Mayor and Council for the use
of the City Hall the meeting adjourned,

a

_—

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—
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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

. BOOK NOTICES.

ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS, for the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers,
Farmers and Gardeners. By A. S. Packarp, M.D. New York:
Henry Holt & Co.—1 vol., 8 vo., pp. 367.

It is with much pleasure that we draw the attention of our readers to
the publication of this work. For many years past, we have been re-
peatedly asked to recommend some book that would serve as an intro-
duction to the study of Entomology, and enable young collectors to make
a satisfactory beginning in the pursuit. Hitherto, we have been unable to
mention any single work that would answer the purpose, and we have felt
constrained to tell enquirers that they must procure several books, for
instance, Kirby & Spence’s Entomology, Harris’s Insects Injurious to
Vegetation, etc., and even then not have what they want. Dr. Packard’s
new book is certainly one that has long been wanted, though we fear that
it is a little too technical in its language, and too abtruse in its treatment
of some of the subjects to exactly meet the requirements of- beginnerst
We think, too, that the author has not been judicious in the arrangemen.
of the matter; the first two chapters on the structure of insects and their
growth and metamorphosis will, we fear, prove rather repellant to one
who has collected a few specimens and wants to know something about
them and what to do with them. They are carefully written, and give an
admirable summary of what every student of Entomology requires to
know ; but they are a little beyond the youthful mind, or the uninstructed
powers of the ordinary farmer. We, therefore, strongly advise all beginners
who procure this book—and we recommend them to get it without fail—
to commence their reading with Chapter vi., which contains very interesting
and useful directions for collecting, preserving and rearing insects ; they
might then turn back and read Chapters iv. and y. on insect architecture,
and insects injurious and beneficial to agriculture. By this time, we have
no doubt, they will have become so deeply interested in the work that
they will not be discouraged by the drier details and the harder words in.
the remainder ofthe book. The third chapter, which fills over a hundred
pages, gives an admirable synopsis of the classification of insects, and
should enable a beginner to arrange with some degree of system any
specimens that he collects. The author has departed from the usually
received divisions of insects, and sets forth no less than sixteen orders ;
this number he obtains by sub-dividing the Neuroptera, Orthoptera and
Diptera. To the new orders thus formed, he applies the novel terms
Plectoptera, Platyptera, Mecaptera, etc. We feel rather doubtful about
their general acceptance, and think it a pity that they should have been
put forth in an elementary work of this kind before they had been dis-

218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

cussed and approved of by Entomologists in general. We do not, how-
ever, wish to disparage the work ; it is certainly a valuable compendium,
and we cordially recommend it to our readers who are beginners in Ento-
mology. ‘The book is well written and excellently illustrated throughout,
and must prove a great help to the science by furnishing young students,
in a convenient form, with information that hitherto they could not readily
procure. ' CoS. BETHUNE:

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA,
with special reference to New England, by S. H. ScuppEr. Imp.
8 vo. Cambridge, pp. 1-40 and 105-208, Part I, rst Nov., 1888.

For some months Lepidopterists and Librarians have been anxiously
awaiting the appearance of Mr. Scudder’s monumental work on the
Butterflies of New England, which, as is well known, has been constantly
engaging the attention of this keen observer and careful student for the
last 20 years. ‘Through the courtesy of the author we have been favoured
with advance sheets and plates of Part I, which is to appear on 1st Nov.,
1888. From the well known high character of Mr. Scudder’s past work,
doubtless much will be expected by the scientific world of this long
promised book. Judging from the number under consideration we
believe few will be disappointed. No work has ever appeared, in any
branch of science, where such thorough and complete information is given
of the objects discussed, nor which has been so copiously and accurately
illustrated. An Introduction treats, with the greatest detail, of the general
structure of butterflies from the egg to the imago, and includes a chapter
upon their classification. This is followed by a systematic treatise in
which “ not only every species,” (embraced within the scope of the work)
‘but also every genus, tribe, sub-family and family is described and dis-
“cussed with a fullness never before attempted, except in individual
‘cases, including in each instance not merely the perfect form, but, when
‘possible, the egg, the caterpillar at birth and in the succeeding stages,
“and the chrysalis, together with the distribution, life-history, habits and
‘environments of the insect, in which a great accumulation of new facts
“ and observations is embodied.”

In the Part before us we have pages 1 to 40 of the Introduction cover-
ing the structure of the egg, the caterpillar and the chrysalis, and the
beginning of the description of the perfect insect. There is then a break
and the pagination continues again at page 105, where the second section

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 219

begins with a short chapter on the families of butterflies. This is a repro-
duction, slightly altered, of the table of classification which Mr. Scudder
has: already published in the Can. ENT., xix., 201, in which he divides the
butterflies into Vymphalide, Lycaenidae, Papilionide and Hesperide, an
arrangement virtually the same as that given by Bates and adopted by
Packard, in which the genera Cénezs and Cercyonis are considered the
highest of the butterflies.

At page 10g the systematic treatise begins with the Vymphalide or
‘“‘Brush-footed butterflies.’’ With this family, as with sub-families and genera
throughout the work, when possible analytical tables are given for their
arrangement, based upon the egg, the caterpillar at birth, the caterpillar
at maturity, the chrysalis and the imago. The first sub-family is the
Satyrine, including six genera, of which @wezs is described first. Under
each species we find first complete and careful technical descriptive
details of structure for all the known stages. These are printed in rather
smaller type than the rest of the book, a fact which will considerably
facilitate reference. ‘Then follows a general description, giving any inter-
esting features in the distribution and habits of the perfect insect and
larva, the food plant, variations and enemies, and lastly a list of the points
upon which further information is needed.

On page 127 appears the first of a series of essays, of which there are
to be over 70 distributed throughout the work, and to which the author
has applied the somewhat inelegant title of ‘‘ Excursuses.” These
discuss separately all the interesting problems which arise in the study of
butterflies (whether of distribution, structure, history, or relation to the
outer world), in themselves forming a complete treatise on the life of
these insects. These will be a charming feature of the work by means
of which a book, which must necessarily contain a large amount of
technical scientific description, will be made attractive to many who will
subscribe to it merely to possess the most extensive and beautiful book
which has ever appeared on the diurnal Lepidoptera of North America.
The scope of these may be inferred from the titles of those which occur
in the first part.

1. The White Mountains of New Hampshire as a home for butterflies.

2. The clothing of caterpillars.

3. The general changes in a butterfly’s life and form.

4. The eggs of butterflies.

5. The modes of suspension of caterpillars.

The species described in the first part are Gvezs semidea and 2. jutta,
Cercyonis alope and C. nephele, Enodia portlandia, Satyrodes eurydice,
Neonympha phocion and the beginning of the description of the genus
Cissia.

220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The nomenclature, we are told in.the prospectus, follows the rules of
the American Ornithologists’ Union. As is wel! known Mr. Scudder’s
views upon some points with regard to nomenclature are very extreme,
and it must be conceded that he has so far few followers. ‘This state of
affairs, however, we anticipate will be changed. After many years of
close study upon a special subject by so able a student, the writer, at
any rate, is prepared to weigh carefully, without previously condemning
them, his views as expressed in this his greatest work.

The illustrations are, as above stated, most profuse, superbly executed,
and each is accompanied by copious explanatory text, which will be
bound opposite each plate.

The eight plates in Part I. are as follows: No. 1 is a beautifully
coloured chromo-lithograph of butterflies, showing in most instances both
the upper and lower sides. ‘The complete work will contain about twelve
of these piates. The second plate, No. 14, is uncoloured, but is exqui-
sitely engraved, and by some may possibly be preferred to the last. It
shows seventeen figures of butterflies artistically grouped. There are to
be five plates similar to this. The next plate, No. 18, comprises eight
small maps, showing separately the distribution of the different species
treated of in Part I. There will be fifteen of these sets of maps. No.
46 shows scales of butterflies, and there will be six of this nature. No.
52 gives the heads of butterflies. The work on this plate, drawn by
J. H. Emerton, is very beautiful. There are to be eight others like it.
No. 67 is the first of three plates showing the micropyles of eggs mag-
nified highly. No. 70 is devoted to magnified figures of young larvee just
after leaving the eggs, and there will be three others like it. No. 93 isa
physical map of New England, prepared specially for this work by John
H. Klemroth, under the supervision of the Geographer of the U.S.
Survey. ‘These, however, do not by any mean exhaust the styles of plates
which will appear, for in subsequent numbers new sorts of subjects will
come forward, all of which will be fully illustrated whenever figures can
make the text more intelligible. Special articles upon hymenopterous
and dipterous parasites are to be prepared by the able specialists, Messrs.
L. O. Howard, of Washington, and Dr. Williston. In fact, all the phases
of life passed by the insects treated of as well as the important circum-
stances connected therewith, will be presented to the reader in the most
complete manner possible. There will be about two. thousand figures
on ninety-six plates, of which over forty will be coloured. The small in-
convenience of not always having all the plates referred to in the text
issued at the same time with it, cannot of course possibly be obviated in
a systematic work, where everything is treated fully in its proper place
under each species, and in which the number of subjects needing illus-
tration in each part is greater than can be shown on the quotum of plates
for that part. The whole will be issued in a year, in 12 parts, each to
contain 8 plates and about 150 pages of text.

JAMES FLETCHER.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. XX. LONDON, DECEMBER, 1888. No. 12.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE BOMBYCID.

(Fourth and Last Paper.)

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

Sub-family “Attacine.

The subfulcate primaries ally this group to the Platypterygine, and a
certain vague resemblance to the Geometride may be found in the tend-
ency which the upper surfaces of the wings show to display the same
pattern on both wings. The ocelli are absent, the oral structure unde-
veloped, the hind wings are without frenulum. The species form mostly
large cocoons, and the characteristics of the family are pronounced in this
sub-family of silk-spinners. The male antennz are feathered to the tips,
each joint bearing a double pectination. The antennz are comparatively
short ; in the female the pectinations are shorter. On the fore wings, vein 5
is much closer to 6, than to 4, arising from the upper corner of the cell. The
caterpillars are thick and short rather than long, the segments tending to
become centrally elevated, with prominent incisions. In the early stages
they are bristled; in the later stages of P/atysamza and Saturnia, for
instance, characteristic colored warts appear. They are almost poly-
phagous. Long lists have been given by Mr. Beutenmuller, of the food
plants of our common North American forms. Our beautiful Actzas luna
has an Asiatic ally in A. se/ene, and, I conclude, that the genus Acézas in
our fauna must be regarded as a relic of a former Arctic, circumpolar
fauna, the more so as it is seen to be absent south of the equator in the
New World. Leach’s genus Acfzas is older than Zrop@a of Hiibner,
which Dr. Packard used, hence I retain it in my Check Lists. We have
in California, and again in Texas, species of the European genus Satur-
nia; I have elsewhere drawn attention to the fact that there exists a
certain resemblance between the two faunz, of which this is an instance,

222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Sub-family Hemileucine.

Whereas the Attacine spin thick cocoons above the surface, and have
subfalcate primaries, in this group, so far as I have studied them, the
fore wings are blunt or rounded, and the cocoon is made at the surface of
the ground mixed with debris. The caterpillars in their last stage are
bristled, and resemble those of //atysamia in their earlier stage.
This group, represented by the typical genus Hemz/euca, prepares us for
the following Ceratocampina, in the gradual modification of its characters.
In its closely allied species and tendency to local modification it recalls
such lower genera as C/iszocampa. Perhaps the genus Quadrina belongs
here ; of this I have had only a single specimen to examine. When both
sexes are known and nearer comparisons are made it may be that we
have to do with a distinct sub-family type. Mr. Smith, after seeing the
type, referred it to the Cosszne. 1 do not believe this, or that we have to
do with an internal feeder. Later, he appears to have reverted to my
original idea that the genus was related to G/overia, referred by Dr.
Packard to the Zachneine, perhaps from its resemblance to the Euro-
pean Otus. The eggs of Hemzleuca are laid like those of the Lachneine,
in ring-form, and the abdomen is likewise tufted at the extremity.

Sub-family Ceratocampine.

In this group, defined by Harris, a cocoon is rarely made and the
transformation is subterranean. ‘The female antennz are sub-simple or
simple, and the male antennez are not pectinate at the tip. The abdomen
is longer, the squamation smoother, and, while the main Attacid charac-
ters are still retained, there is an evident departure in a fresh direction.
The ocellate marks on the secondaries are here and there apparent, but
the ornamentation has become simpler, and the lowest form, Dryocampa
rubicunda, has a resemblance in all stages to the ensuing Zachneine. The
caterpillars are often bizarre in appearance from the spines and horns
with which they are ornamented, especially in the genus C7theronia,
where they probably serve as a defence by frightening their different
enemies. ‘There seem to be two groups of larval types, the extremes of
which are displayed by Zacles and Citheronia; the larve of the Hacles
type, approaching the preceding Attacid type, those of the Citheronia
type approaching gradually the Zachneine. ‘The distribution of this sub-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 223

family is somewhat limited. It appears to be American, and to be
confined to the plains east of the rocky backbone of the continent from
north to south. In our fauna it seems to be a southern element.
Hibner calls this group Communiformes. Perhaps he intended thereby
to indicate a return to the more usual moth form, the fore wings tending
to become narrower, the secondaries subordinating, the abdomen lengthen-
ing. Ihave in my ‘ Hawk Moths” alluded to the probability that the
Hawk Moths may be a further offshoot from the Lepidopterous stem in a
parallel direction with the Ceratocampine.

Sub-family Lachneine.

In this group there is a return to the normal moth form with a
tendency to the lengthening of the abdomen noticeable in the caterpillars.
This lengthening of the abdomen and a certain weakness in structure
dependent upon this lengthening, seems to be indicative of lower rank in
insects generally and in the several suborders, The moths of the Lachneine
resemble preceding groups in the absence of ocelli and frenulum. The
hind wings are subordinate to the primaries, the colors mostly of shades
of brown and gray, with oblique transverse bands, more or less broken.
The palpi are more prominent than in the preceding groups, the tongue
remaining weak. The ornamentation of the long-bodied caterpillars consists
of tufts of hair. Our North American fauna is poor in species. We have
two genera derived from a former circumpolar fauna, also found in
Europe, Clisiocampa and Gastropacha. We have, then, two genera
which seem to me of South American extraction, Zo/ype and Artace. The
species of C/isiocampa are very closely allied. They offer ground for
the correctness of the view which I have expressed that in North
America, species tend to vary, to throw off local, perhaps, what Walsh
called phytophagic varieties or species. The wide extent of country, with
its differing climate and flora, inhabited by C7zszocampa, has led to the
throwing off of specifically appearing forms, which may have hardened in
most cases into true species, separable in nearly all stages by external
characters. An instance is offered also by Datana, which I regard as aa
offshoot from Phalera ; while there are only two species of Phadera, there
seem many closely allied specivs of Datana. The eggs are laid in a ring-
form on twigs, and the caterpillars of C7léstocampa are well-known as
enemies by the orchardist.

224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Sub-family Cossine.

The larva and moth are long-bodied, and this group is characterized
by the former being internal feeders. They are brown and livid in color
and coleopterous-looking, as are internal feeders generally, belonging to
whatever order of insects. They have this habit in common with
Castnia, and Sesia, but this has probably survived, while the other
characters have differentiated so that we cannot consider the habit as
uniting them in.a modern family. The female Cossus has an external
ovipositor, which is an index for the habit of the caterpillar. The ocelli
are wanting and the tongue is quite rudimentary. The male antenne are
pectinate, the wings are somewhat narrow and the habitus is sphingi-
form. I have watched the exclusion of Cossws from the cocoon, the very
active and moveable chrysalis being forced out into the air before the
shell is broken. Dr. Bailey gives a good account of the transformations
of Bailey’s Goat Moth, Cossus centerensis of Lintner. We have repre-
sentatives of the European genera Cossus and Hyfopta, while
Prionoxystus robinie, the Locust Goat Moth, seems to me decidedly a
distinct form of North American origin.

Sub-family Hepialine.

In this group we have, without a doubt, the lowest Spinners. The
long thorax, with its subequal metathorax, draws the insertion of primary
and secondary wings apart. The subequal wings with pointed tips and
the 12-veined secondaries, the short antennz, spurless tibiz are sugges-
tive of the Neuroptera. The distribution of the group is very general
throughout the world ; and this fact, together with the striking structural
resemblance of its members, leads us to believe we have to do with an
old and long preserved type of moth. The caterpillars are root feeders,
like those of the Cosszv@, sixteen footed, naked, yellowish. The eggs are
remarkable for their fineness, looking like gunpowder. The cocoon is
subterranean, a cell lined with silk. | We have very fine species in North
America, referred by Dr. Packard to Sthenopis, but which, notwithstand-
ing their size, seem to me congeneric with the European Heszalus humulz.
The limits of the genus may be reached with the beautiful H auratus,
which has a structural ally figured by Herrich-Scheeffer from Brazil. The
species are generally rare ; the moths fly in the dusk of evening and are
an object of interest with most collectors.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, a25

So far we have gone over the principal features of the Bomdbycide,
more in explanation of the sequence adopted by me in the Check Lists,
and which is that of Dr. Packard’s Synopsis of 1864, than in any
attempt to re-classify the family. But Dr. Packard gives no definitions
of the higher groups, and the diagnoses of the new genera do not include
certain structural characters, as, for instance, the neuration. I cannot
here attempt to limit the genera, and I only give the characters which
render the higher groups more or less recognizable. The neuration must
be comparatively studied. As a whole it seems to me to show characters
of simplicity. The cells are generally open; there is an absence of
accessory cells and crowding of veins, such as we see in some other
familes of moths. We can believe that the Sphingide may have been
thrown off from the same stem when we compare the neuration. Other
characters, such as the absence of ocelli, may be additional indices. In
the Wocturde the ocelli are quite rarely absent, in the Geometride quite
rarely present. But they appear in some sub-families of Bombycida,
though not in the lower ones and in the more typical Spinners, such as, I
think, stand nearer to the Hawk Moths. The Somébycide are, as we find
chem now, detached groups with very diverse resemblances to other now
distinct families of Moths. In this diverse resemblance lies the proof of
the synthesis which the Spinner Moths present. To detach the different
sub-families which we have here discussed is to lose sight of some of those
finer questions of relationship which a close study of these insects calls
up. No family of Moths is more interesting to the student on this
account than the Lombycide, with its great diversity of structure, appear-
ance and habit. To the collector the beauty of the moths, their bright
colors, the soft shading, the size of most of the species is equally tempt-
ing, while to the practical mind, the fact that the silk-worm, Bombyx
mort, and other silk-producers, belong to the Bombyctde, must render the
pursuit of these insects sufficiently attractive. They live short lives, the
incomplete mouth parts render food-taking to many kinds an impossibility ;
they live so long as caterpillars or chrysalids, and lay their eggs and die,
But the human mind seizes upon the many considerations, which it has
evolved from a study of the facts presented by these creatures, and turns
them to its profit or its pleasure.

226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTES ON DANAIS ARCHIPPUS, Fasr.
BY MISS EMILY M. MORTON, NEW WINDSOR, N. Y.

Having been requested by my friend, Mr. Wm. H. Edwards, to make
observations on Danais Archippus during the seasons of 1887 and 1888,
and subsequently having written to him the result of such observations,
he requested me to publish in the CanapDIAN Enromo Locist the substance
of what I had already written him in my letter. I wrote out a paper about
July 5th, which, however, was lost in the mails, and the paper now sent is
a partial copy of the original, though somewhat altered, as the first was
over four months old.

All my observations were made in New Windsor, N. Y., which town
is situated on the banks of the Hudson, directly opposite the hills which
bound the northwestern borders of Connecticut.

Archippus is not more rare with us than many of our hybernating
butterflies, and seems to me in no way abnormal.

It has always appeared when a certain Persian-lilac bush blooms, fly-
ing over and alighting on the blossoms.

Last summer (1887), the first hybernators came, as has already been
stated by Mr. Edwards, May 3rd and 4th; this season everything being
later with cold rains and high winds, the lilacs did not blossom out until
May soth, when Danais Archippus, (how I love the dear old familar
names !) allured by the first warm sunny day, and the perfume of the
opening blossoms came forth to drink of the nectar, and having refreshed
herself, hastened away to deposit her eggs before her few remaining days
are gone, and she is gathered to her forefathers. This butterfly could not
have been a “‘colonist,” for nothing so frail could have flown any distance
in the high wind and beating rain of the preceding day, and it was not
later than 9.30 a. m., the flowers and leaves still heavy with rain, so
she must have come froma very short distance—possibly from the ruins of
an old shed a hundred yards or so from the bush.

Has any one ever found a hybernating Archippus? Yet, we all know
they do hybernate.

In the earlier days of my collecting, many and many a stump has been
peeled of its bark, and even split to satisfy the craving for something new,
yet never an Archippus has rewarded the most untiring search in that direc-
tion, though once, and in early May too, a Vanessa Antiopa, torpid,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. pal

though still alive, was revealed in the very centre of a stump cosily mixed
up with the damp saw-dust left by the ants and other borers.

An egg of Archippus is a very tiny thing, and not easily found, even
when sought for, and as Mr. Edwards says, “there are thousands of
Asclepias plants to one Archippus butterfly,” especially a successfully
hybernated butterfly, as probably not one in ten of the hosts of September
and October flies live to leave their hybernacula in the spring.

How many people have found eggs of Hemaris Thysbe? Yet inmost
places Thysbe is ascommon as blackberries, and the larvee are often to
be found on the snow-ball bushes, though not one in a dozen ever reaches
maturity. Once I spent an hour looking for the egg which I saw Thysbe
deposit on a tiny bush which might have been covered by a three quart
pail, yet had to depart without it in the end.

Mr. Marsh, though an unusually intelligent and original observer, only
succeeded in finding one egg, which goes to prove that Archippus eggs
are harder to find than the larve or butterflies.

Mr. Fritz Senff, another very intelligent and accurate observer, though
a recent acquisition to our small band of students and collectors, tells me
he saw two perfectly fresh examples of Archippus, July 3rd and 6th, one
flying in the veranda of his home in New Windsor, the other, which he
caught, in a field not far distant ; these were, doubtless, the first brood
from the eggs of the hybernators ; besides these, we saw while driving
June roth, 1888, five or six examples; none of which were broken or faded,
though we were not near enough—that is, we had none in our hands, so as
to be able to distinguish that rich plum-like bloom so dear to the collector
of cabinet specimens, but which no butterfly ever carries having once flown
even ‘for a few short hours.”

Every collector or exchanger well knows how perishable is that same
bloom, and how utterly different is any hand-raised specimen, from a poor
wind-blown, grass-scratched passé imago, or even one who _ has dragged
its undeveloped wing through the sharp blades of grass to find a resting
place whereon to expand them.

Surely Archippus is one of the most perishable species, for the “bloom”
is as ephemeral as the dew of a summer morning, or the purple down of
all the Hemaris tribe ; one slight breath and it is gone forever !

As to any species laying “ for a monthor so,” what collector or breeder

228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of any lepidopterous insect has ever known any species to live and deposit
eggs for two weeks—to say nothing of ‘‘a month or so ?”

In most of the Heterocera five days is the usual period of life after the
® has paired. Every collector of course knows that most species will
live longer if kept from their mates, which is a provision of nature to
prevent the extermination of species. A Phobetron pithecium accidentally
kept from her mate lived eight days, mating the fifth ; another mating the
first day from pupa deposits her eggs and dies the fourth day.

I am no friend to the theory of colonization, though of course, I know
eggs and pupa are often brought to and from distant countries in the com-
merce of nations; but that anything so fragile as a butterfly or moth
should fly hundreds of miles, and not only that, but entirely change its
habits on its arrival, even though that country should be nearly identical
with its own in climatic properties, becoming from a double or three
brooded species a single one, seems out of all reason.

That a hybernating Archippus should be more or less shabby, accord-
ing to its hybernacula, is of course, highly probable ; and, I agree with
Mr. Edwards, in judging that a freshly hatched butterfly, finding a cold dry
place wherein to hybernate, should appear in the late spring, less faded
and unstained than another in a wet and exposed situation; but that
any should appear after the wear and tear of a northern winter, or a flight
of an hundred miles with the glorious hues of an imago fresh from
chrysalis, is utterly beyond belief.

This season, after an unparalleled winter, the first “‘ western blizzard ”
ever experienced in the State of New York, we have had swarms of hyber-
nated P. Atalanta; one would not suppose there were enough nettles in the
whole of New Windsor to afford nourishment to the hundreds which have
appeared during the month of May. Did they fly from the Gulf of Mexico ?
Quien sabe ?

A curious variety of Papilio turnus was found here in New Windsor,
closely resembling fig. 3 in plate 5 of Mr. Edwards’s Butterflies of North
America. She was taken in the grass July 8th, but could not fly as her
wings were crippled on one side. She is darker than Mr, Edwards’s speci-
men, looking like a G/aucus, but with a powdering of yellow scales cover-
ing the inner surface of all the wings. Could the blizzard of the rath of
March have produced this variety ?

October 29th, 1888.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229

THE CHALCID GENUS RILEYA.
BY WM. H, ASHMEAD, PHILADELPHIA.

My good friend Mr. Howard, in his article entitled ‘‘ The Chalcid
Genus Rileya,” published in the October Can. Ent., p. 191, makes
several inaccurate statements ; and, in the lines “An interesting inter-
ference in the adoption of the generic name Rileya has recently taken
place between Mr. Ashmead and myself,” implies that I knowingly
appropriated this name for a genus in the Lurytomine, after he had
decided to use it for one in the Azcyrtine, when I had no such knowl-
edge, thereby placing me in an unenviable position before my colleagues.

For the guidance of those who will have to settle this question, I
must state that my description of the Hurytomid genus Rileya was drawn
up and forwarded to Prof. E. A. Popenoe for publication about the last
of November, 1887, and a synoptic characterization of the genus appeared
in the Extomologica Americana for June 1888, although the full descrip-
tion of the genus was not published, as stated by Mr. Howard, until after-
wards—about July 5th, one month later ; still, both of these descriptions
were published three or four months ahead of Mr. Howard’s.

The opinion, expressed by Mr. Howard, that because the name
Rileya is given in my synopsis of the Eurytomine, “ot as anew genus,
but as one already described, and the few words given to it in the table
Fail to sufficiently characterize it,” is a matter of surprise to me, for the
characters given definitely separate it from ali other Eurytomids, the
characters are too unique among the Hurytomine to be mistaken, and as
to whether it was indicated as a new genus “has nothing to do with the
case.” I might have indicated the genus without my name, or in the
usual way—nov. gen., mihi., e¢ cetera, yet the genus would hold.

As I have before stated, I had no knowledge of Mr. Howard’s
intention to dedicate a genus to Dr. Riley, and I regret that such knowl-
edge was withheld from me, so that a controversy of this kind could have
been avoided. The first intimation that I had of his intention to do so
was on receipt of my July number of the Lxtomologica Americana,
received, I think, about July 12th, and several months after my descrip-
tion of the genus had been forwarded to Prof. Popenoe ; and just one
month after the publication of my ‘‘ Revised Generic Synopsis of the
Eurytomine.”

230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Mr. Howard’s paper on Rileya n. g.. was not read before the Entomo-
logical Society of Washington until June 7th, 1888, and not 1887, as
stated in the CANADIAN ENTomoLocisT ; while my synopsis was at that
time already published. If there is any ‘‘interference” in the adoption
of the generic name Rileya, it is on the part of Mr. Howard.

Besides the above ‘‘ facts,” I would state that the types of my genus
Rileya were shown to both Dr. C. V. Riley and Mr. H. G. Hubbard, at my
home in Jacksonville last winter, and at that time Dr. Riley made no
mention of Mr. Howard’s genus A/z/eya, although he did desire, for
reasons of his own, that if it were possible, the name of the genus should be
changed.

It is unfortunate that Mr. Howard, in describing his new genus
Rileya, failed to go over the European literature on the subject, for, both
from his figure and description, it seems to be identical with Dahlbom’s
genus Lonchocerus, described in 1857, Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-
Akademiens Forhandlungar, vol. xiv., p. 293. Mr. C. G. Thomson,
Hymenoptera Scandinavie, Tom. iv., Fasc. I., p. 116, in speaking of this

genus, says :—‘‘ Abdomen globosum. Pronotum magnum. Antenne
scapo et flagellum valde compressis ;” and on p. 130, in speaking of the
scutellum :—‘“ Scutellum dense holocericeo-pubescens.” ‘These characters

seem to be the essential characters of Mr. Howard’s genus 2/eya, the
only real difference being in the shape of the head ; but whether or not
Mr. Howard’s genus is identical is immaterial, my Eurytomid genus of
the same name having the priority.

In seeking to suppress the genus Mr. Howard has violated all the
well established rules of zoological nomenclature.

JOHN ABBOT, THE AURELIAN.
BY W. F. KIRBY, BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON, ENGLAND.

In the August part of the CANaDIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, pp. 149-154, I
notice an article on this subject by my friend, Mr. Scudder, and I may,
perhaps, be able to add some additional remarks.

The volume on Exotic Moths, published by Duncan in Jardine’s
‘‘ Naturalist’s Library,” contains (pp. 69-71) a short account of Abbot’s
life and works, and incorporates the notice by Swainson, to which Mr.
Scudder refers. Swainson remarks, respecting the plates, ‘“ M. Francillon
possessed many hundreds, but we know not into whose hands they have

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 731

as every volume bears the book-plate of ‘‘ John Francillon.” There are
passed.” I may say-that this is evidently the set in the British Museum,
17 volumes (not 16) ; the first 15 bear the date 1792 on the printed title
pages, and the two last volumes 1804 (not 1809). The contents are as
follows :—
Vols. 1-4. Coleoptera.

eS 5. Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera and Heteroptera.

‘5 6. Lepidoptera Rhopalocera.

“7-11. Lepidoptera Heterocera.
12. Neuroptera, Hymenoptera.

#4 13. Diptera.

$s 14. Arachnida.

$f 15. Myriopoda, Mallophaga, Acarina, Crustacea, Lepidoptera
(transformations), &c.

<6 16. Portrait, Orthoptera, Coleoptera (transformations), Lepidop-
tera (transformations).

a 17. Lepidoptera (transformations).

The drawings of transformations of Lepidoptera are rarely, if ever,
duplicates of those published by Smith, sometimes representing a different
variety of the larva of the same species ; and they are nearly three times
as numerous. There are only about a dozen drawings of transformations
of Coleoptera. Among the lesser-known orders, there is little doubt that
many species figured are still undescribed.

I fully expect that some of Abbot’s correspondence will be discovered
(of course, including his autograph), perhaps at the Antipodes, for
Swainson left England towards the close of his life, and died, according
to Hagen, in New Zealand, in 1856.

I am surprised that Mr. Scudder has not mentioned the volume of
Abbot’s Drawings presented by Edward Doubleday to Dr. T. W.
Harris (Harris, Entomological Correspondence, p. 123). If this volume
is the same as that said by Mr. Scudder to have been presented by Dr.
J. E. Gray to Dr. Asa Gray, some error must have arisen. Possibly it
came into Dr. Asa Gray’s hands directly, or indirectly, from Dr. Harris,
with an erroneous impression respecting the original English donor.

There are a number of specimens originally collected by Abbot in the
British Museum, and probably in other collections. The Museum of the
Royal Dublin Society (now known as the Dublin Museum of Science and

232 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Art) contains a large series of bleached specimens of insects of various
orders (Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, &c.,) which were not improbably
collected by Abbot (Cf. some notes by Mr. McLachlan, Ent. M. Mag. x.,
Pp. 227, 228). E

Nore sy Mr. ScuppEer.—The small volume of paintings referred to by
Mr. Kirby is in the library of the Boston Society of Natural History, and
was not mentioned by me because the less said about it the better. It
was picked up at a book shop, bears the date 1830, and though Double-
day paid seven guineas for it, it is certainly not the work of Abbot, but
of a very inferior copyist—some of the paintings being the merest daubs.
It has scarcely the least value. The notice by Duncan I had not seen, but
I find that it adds nothing to the facts of Abbot’s life. Either I have
never seen the seventeenth volume of Abbot’s drawings at the British
Museum referred to by Mr. Kirby, or, if it concerns the moths only, may
for that reason have taken no note of it. My memorandum of the dates
must have been incorrectly copied.

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB’
OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE
ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.

(Continued from page 198.)

Thursday, Aug. 16th.—The Club reassembled at 3.30 p.m. Papers
by Mr. Clarence M. Weed on “ The Parasites of the honey-suckle Sphinx,
Hemaris diffinis, Boisd.,” and on ‘* The Hymenopterous Parasites of the
Strawberry Leaf-roller, Phoxopteris comptana, Frol.,” were read by
the Secretary in his absence. Mr. H. Osborn read an interesting paper
on “ The Food-habits of the Thripide.” Mr. Smith gave an account of
the collection of Mr. D. Bruce, of Rockport, N. Y., which was chiefly
made in Colorado ; it is especially remarkable for the long series of speci-
mens of many species of Lepidoptera. Among others he has Chionobas
bore in great numbers from the Rocky Mountains, proving it to be distinct
from C. Semidea of the White Mountains; also an immense series of
Colias eurytheme in all its varieties, and numbers also of many species of
Noctuide.

Friday, Aug. 17th.—The Club met at 9 o’clock a.m. A paper was
read by Dr. D. S. Kellicott, on Hepzalus argenteo maculatus, which he

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 2

ip)
oo

succeeded in raising from larve obtained in Oswego County, N. Y.; it
bred in the roots and stems of Adnus incana. Mr. Schwarz stated that
he had taken the moth, near Marquette, Lake Superior, on July zoth, this
year. Mr. Smith considered it to be quite generally distributed, breeding
in oak, willow and poplar. Mr. H. Osborn read a note on the occurrence
of Cicada rimosa Say., in Iowa.

Prof. O. S. Westcott, related the occurence of a large gathering of
butterflies about the carcass of a dead dog at Port Arthur, in June last ;
one ‘hundred and ten specimens were counted, chiefly consisting of D.
archippus and some L, arthemis, Colias and Melitea. In the same
locality he captured, July 20 to 23, nineteen examples of J/e/itea ; of
these one was JVycfezs, and seventeen Zharos—eight of the form Marcia,
and nine Morpheus. He next gave an interesting account of the numbers
of Lachnosterna fusca and gibbosa taken at Maywood, IIL, by means of
a trap attached to a street-lamp, during the months of May and June,
1887 and 1888. Healso gave a list of 1192 specimens belonging to 65
species captured in his trap on the night of June 13th, 1888 ; of these 730
were Agonoderus comma and 204 Lachnosterna gibbosa.

Mr. Howard gave an account of some recent experiments made under
Dr. Riley’s direction at Washington, with kerosene emulsion as a remedy
for white grubs, the larve of Al/orhina nitida. He stated that the grass
had died over large areas of the affected lawn, and the soil was full of the
grubs. The affected portion was treated with kerosene emulsion diluted
fifteen times with water and applied with an ordinary watering-pot ; the
ground was then kept saturated for some days with ordinary water from a
hose. “A month afterwards, on digging into the part treated, the grubs
were found to have descended sixteen inches into the soil, and all had
died. In the untreated parts the larve were all alive and only two or
three inches below the surface. There was no injurious effect upon the
grass, even when the emulsion was only diluted half as much. He con-
sidered that the experiment was entirely successful. In the discussion
that followed, it was evident that this remedy is much too expensive for
adoption on a large scale, and could only be of practical use on a lawn
or plot of land of special value. Dr. Peabody stated that Prof. Forbes
had found the kerosene emulsion entirely successful against the common
white-grub (Zachnosterna ); but as its application cost at the rate of about
$100 per acre, it was far too expensive for ordinary purposes,

234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The Club met again at 3 p.m. Mr. Fletcher gave an account of his
expeditions to Nepigon, Lake Superior, in search of the eggs of butterflies.
Very little is known, he stated, regarding the early stages of many of our
diurnals ; of even so common a species as Pamphila cernes they were
unknown. In 188s, Prof. Macoun, of the Geological Survey of Canada,
collected specimens at Nepigon of a new butterfly, which was named after
him by Mr. W. H. Edwards as Chionobas Macounii. In 1886 and 1887,
Mr. Fletcher went to Nepigon in search of this insect, travelling about
1,500 miles on each occasion, but without success. This year he went
again, early in July, accompanied by Mr. S. H. Scudder, of Cambridge,
Mass.; on the first day after their arrival they caught five males ; the next
day nine females were caught and caged ; from these they obtained about
asoeggs. The egg is larger than and quite different from that of C. Jutta,
which has been found near Quebec, and bred by Mr. Fyles. Mr. Fletcher
also obtained eggs of /wtta at Ottawa, and reared the larve from them ; the
eggs were laid on July rst, and hatched on the 16th; those of Macounzi
were laid on the 12th and hatched on the 27th. At Nepigon, he and Mr.
Scudder obtained the eggs of 14 species out of 16 that they caged. He
then gave a full and most interesting account of the methods of capturing,
caging and treating butterflies in order to obtain their eggs, and mentioned
that he had received very valuable information and aid from Mr. Scudder
in the matter. The simplicity of the apparatus employed deserves men-
tion: ‘ Cages for all small species can be made in a few minutes by cut-
ting off the top and bottom of a tomato can, and then fastening a piece of
netting over one end, either by slipping an elastic band over it, or tying it
with a piece of string. The female is then placed in this over a growing
plant of the species that the larve are known to feedupon. ‘These cages
had answered well for all the skippers which feed on grass, and the small
Argynnides, For such species as lay their eggs on the foliage of shrubs
or trees bags had to be tied over living branches, care being taken that
the leaves were not crowded up, but that they should stand out freely, so
that the female could lay, if such were her habit, upon either the upper or
lower side, or on the edge of the leaves, In this way eggs were obtained
of Wisoniades icelus and Papilio turnus. Another cage for insects which
lay upon low plants, and which is easily constructed, is made by cutting
two flexible twigs and bending them into the shape of two arches which
are put one over the other at right angles with the ends pushed into the
ground ; over the pent-house thus formed a piece of gauze is placed, and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 235

the edges are kept down either with pegs or earth laid upon them. ‘This
kind was useful for larger insects than could be placed in the tomato cans.
In these eggs of C. Macounii, Colias eurytheme, etc., had been secured.”
(Entom: Americana iv., 159). Mr. Fletcher then described the habits
of a number of the species collected, referring especially to those already
mentioned, and to Pyrameis huntera, Pamphila hobomok, Mystic, and
Cernes, Carterocephalus mandan, Colias interior, Argynnis Vialis,
Myrina and Bellona, Nisoniades Persius, Fenesica Targuinins, etc. He
also exhibited living larve of C. Mandan, P. hobomok and Mystic, and
living imagines of C. exrytheme, which had emerged since his arrival in
Cleveland. At the close of his address, Mr. Smith expressed the gratifica
tion all present felt in listening to so lucid and interesting an account from
which everyone would carry away many practical and valuable hints.

The next paper was read by Mr. E. A. Schwarz, of Washington, on
“The Geographical Distribution of the Semi-tropical Floridian Coleop-
terous Fauna.” It was followed by a discussion, in which nearly all
present took part, as to what should be considered the limits of the North
American Fauna, and what species should be included in the fauna of a
particular region, reference being especially made to-semi-tropical species
that are from time to time found in the north.

The Club next preceeded to the election of officers for the ensuing
year, and unanimously selected the following: President, James Fletcher,
Ottawa, Ont.; Vice-President, L O. Howard, Washington, D. C.; Sec-
retary-Treasurer, Dr. D. S. Kellicott, Buffalo, N. Y.

Saturday, Aug. 18th.—A most enjoyable excursion was made to Put-
in-Bay by steamer on Lake Erie. There was a very large attendance of
the members of the Association, including the Entomologists. This
pleasant feature of the proceedings gave the members a much better
opportunity of becoming acquainted with each other than would otherwise
have been the case. Arrangements were made for the excursionists to
stay on shore for about an hour, and this time was made good use of by
the members of the Club. The insect of most interest was secured by Mr.
Westcott, who collected in large numbers by beating a small spruce-tree, a
remarkable Hemipteron, identified by Prof. Osborn as Emisa Jongipes.
Many galls and parasitic fungi were also collected. Among the butterflies
noted were Colias philodice, Pieris rape, and what appeared strange to
Canadian eyes at this time of the year, Papilio turnus; P. asterias and

236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Pyrameis cardut were also observed, and a few specimens of Utetheisa
bella were captured. ‘The party returned to Cleveland much. delighted
with their day’s outing, and separated to meet next year in Toronto.

ARCTIIDA! vs. NOCTUID.
BY JOHN B. ‘SMITH, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Mr. Grote takes occasion in Can. Ent. vol. xx., p. 168, to criticise my
reference of Cerathosia to the Arctizde, contending that it is a Voctuid.
He complains that I do not give “the reason why it belongs to the
family.” This [hasten to supply, and must beg Mr. Grote’s pardon for
having presumed him conversant with the characters separating the two
families. All authorities give for the /Voctuzde a furcate dorsal or internal
vein of primaries, while the costal vein of secondaries is from the root,
sometimes united with the sub-costal a short distance from base.

In the Arctizde ou the contrary, the dorsal vein of the primaries is
simple, while the costal of secondaries is not free, but springs from the
sub-costal, a variable distance from base.

In these essential characters, used in all systematic works, my genus
is Arctitd and Lithosiid. The only difference between the Arctizde and
Lithosiide is in the absence of ocelli in the latter family. Mr. Grote
Seems never to have seen an unspread specimen of Cerathosia, else the
striking habital resemblance to Zz¢hosza could not not have escaped him.

Mr. Grote has sent to Entom. Amer. a criticism of my genus in a
different form, whicn I have answered more at length.

Some months since, I sent a paper on Cydosia and Cerathosia, which
have considerable resemblance in clypeal structure, to the Proceedings
U. S. Natl. Museum, and this when printed will show that my genus is
not at all abnormal where I have placed it.

As I can hardly expect to convince Mr. Grote if the specimen itself
failed, I have sent an example to Mr. H. B. Moeschler, of Germany, and
requested his determination of family, for publicaiton,

It is scarcely worth while to deal with Mr. Grote’s objections in detail.
Not one or all of them, even were they a@// true, would militate against
the Arctiid character of Cerathosia. I must confess that I consider the

a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 237

—-+

venation and habitus Zithosiid rather than Arctiid, and would prefer so
to place it, even despite the presence of ocelli.

Lest Mr. Grote consider me ignorant, I will say here that I am aware
that there are some Noctuids which have the dorsal vein of primaries not
distinctly furcate, and some where the costal of secondaries is united with
the sub-costal a short distance from base, and thus appears to spring
from it.

With this I leave Cerathosia to its fate. In my papers I have given
ad/ the characters, family and otherwise, and shall let each form his own
judgment. It needs no more defence from me. In fact, I feel as though
I owed an apology for answering objections, not a single one of which is
vital.

Mr. Grote’s characterizations in his series of papers on the Bombycide
are thoroughly superficial, none of the essential characters being
emphasized, while some of them are absolutely incorrect—his definition
of the Zzthostine furnishes an example. He says unqualifiedly, ‘“ No
accessory cell on primaries.” Now, Von Heineman shows that in some
genera it is present, while as a matter of fact some species of Zithosia
have the cell (cephalica), while others have not. It is therefore not even
a generic character in this group. To point out all the misleading and
inaccurate statements, would necessitate criticising almost every paragraph
of Mr. Grote’s paper—a task I have neither time nor inclination for. In
future I shall not reply to any criticisms Mr. Grote may make, save to
admit their correctness where they are well founded.

PosTcRIPT.—Since sending in the above, I have heard from Mr,
Moeschler in regard to the specimens sent him. He writes me under
date, Sept. 28th. :—‘‘ To-day I received the parcel containing the two
moths. J have examined them, and there is no doubt you are right.
This species belongs to the Arctizde, as the costal nervule is not
derived from the base of the hind wings, but from the discoidal cell;
this characteristic separating the Arctitde and Lithosiide from the
Noctuidae, which have this nervule derived from the base of the wing, only
a little connected with the fore edge of the cell. I do not doubt this
species is an Arctiid, near allied to Deiopeia and Emydia.”

Under date Sept. 30th, Mr. Moeschler again wrote me :—‘“‘I received
LEntomologica Americana No. 6 to-day, and it was of great interest to me

238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

to read yours and Mr. Grote’s paper on Cerathosia tricolor Sm. If Mr.
Grote had looked into Lederet’s Moctuinen Europa’s he could read, p. 2,
‘sie (die JVoctuinen) unterscheiden sich von den Lithostiden (inclusive
Nola, Sarrothripa u. Nycteola,) und Arctiiden durch die bei diesen aus der
mitte oder zwei-drittel des vorderrandes der Mittelzelle entspringenden
Rippe 8 der Hinterfliigel.’

“Mr. Grote would have spared much pain to prove something not
existing, by reasons which are not of any value, if he had remembered the
only important characteristic separating the Lzthosizde and Arctiide from
the Voctuide. Iam much surprised that so distinguished a writer as Mr.
Grote can omit so important a characteristic ; but the systematic position
of the genera of the so-called Zygenide, in his New Check List, is
sufficient to prove that Mr. Grote’s systematic views are sometimes more
than singular.

“Seeing the specimens of C. ¢ricolor, my first thought must be: that
is a Genus very allied to Deiopeia ( Utetheisa) and Emydia, and I
should have been much surprised if an exact examination had given
another result.”

CORRESPONDENCE.

Dear Sir: In reference to my note on the use of Creolin, I found
subsequently discolorations on the leaves which did not appear to be
either rust or mildew, but possibly were the result of the Creolin mixture.
It is, however, probable that in this disinfectant we have a useful aid
against insects as it seems to be avoided by cockroaches and ants, and
probably woodwork might be preserved by it in greenhouses. I wished
merely to draw attention to Creolin, so that those interested might try it ;
my own opportunities for doing so being very limited. The rose-bushes,
of which I am very fond, seem on the whole no freer from insects in

Europe than in America. A. R. Grore,.

ARZAMA OBLIQUATA.

Dear Sir: Yn regard to Mr. Brehme’s query, I may mention that all
the Arzama larve and chrysalids taken here have been found in similar
situations, but in no instance has there been the slightest indication that
they fed there. The impression made by my observations is ;—That the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239

caterpillars seek out their hibernacula in the fall, remain in that state
during winter, and change to chrysalids with the first warm weather in
_spring. Caterpillars have been found yet imbedded in the winter’s frost.
In one instance I found one, in early spring, travelling about as if looking
for a place to transform ; it produced a Dzffusa. They have never been
looked for here in the reeds ; as they grow almost entirely in the water,
one would require the aid of a boat to make the investigation. When
surveying the situation where I have found the Arzamas, I have often
wondered how the caterpillars got from the reeds to the land. The
shallow part of our marsh where they might easily get ashore is invariably
- burned over in early spring by pike shooters for their own convenience.
J. Atston Morrat, Hamilton.

BOOK NOTICES.

AN INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY, by PROFESsoR J. H. Comsrock,
Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. Published by the Author. Part I
—pp. 234, 8 vo. (Price $2.00).

The autumn of 1888 is certainly a notable one in the annals of North
American Entomology, owing to the publication of so many important
works. Last month we drew attention to Dr. Packard’s excellent
“Entomology for Beginners,” and the issue of the first part of Mr.
Scudder’s grand work on the Butterflies of the Eastern States and Canada.
We have now before us the first portion of another admirable work,
which is intended to serve as a text-book for students, and to enable
them “to acquire a thorough knowledge of the elementary principles of
Entomology, and to classify insects by means of analytical keys similar to
those used in Botany.” ‘The first two chapters of the book treat of the
characters and metamorphoses, and the anatomy of insects ; the next
discusses the Orders of the Hexapoda, to which the author very properly
limits insects. In this chapter he gives his reasons for {adopting ¢ex
orders, the number being made up of the seven generally accepted orders
and the Thysanura, Pseudoneuroptera and Physopoda ; in adhering so
closely to the old classification, he states that he has been greatly influenced
by a desire to make his book as simple as possible, and “ by the belief
that an elementary text-book should follow rather than lead in matters of
this kind,” in which opinion we thoroughly concur. The remainder of

240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

this part of the work treats of the Orders Thysanura, Pseudoneuroptera,
Orthoptera, Physopoda, Hemiptera and Neuroptera. In each chapter is
given a general account of the Order treated of, an analytical table of the
Families, a descriptive account of each family with, in many cases,
tabular keys of the genera, and illustrations of the commoner species.
Future parts will complete the discussion of the Orders, and furnish
chapters on the remedies for noxious insects, directions for collecting and
preserving specimens, etc. Judging from the portion before us, we have
no hesitation in saying that the complete work will be a most valuable and
admirable manual of Entomology ; in clearness and simplicity of style, in
excellence of illustration and in arrangement of matter, it leaves nothing
to be desired. We must not omit to mention that the two hundred wood
cuts are for the most part drawn and engraved by the author’s wife, and
are very good indeed ; another excellent feature is the marking of the
pronunciation of the accented syllables of technical words, which will no
doubt in time help very much to a desirable uniformity in this respect.
Gi. Si Be

Insect Lire.—A monthly bulletin, published by the Entomologist and
his Assistants in U. S. Department of Agriculture at Washington.
Vol. IL.—Nos. 1 to 4; July to October, 1888.

This new periodical, ‘devoted to the economy and life-habits of
insects, especially in their relations to agriculture,” is a very welcome one
indeed. The four parts, of thirty pages each, which have thus far
appeared, are filled with matter of great interest to both the scientific and
economic Entomologist. With so able and experienced a staff as that at
Washington, presided over by Dr. Riley, and with Field Agents at
widely distant points, this new magazine cannot fail to be most useful,
and to do good work in the spread of valuable and timely information.

C.J. S.B.

Insects Feicninc DreatH.—We have received several more com-
munications on this subject, but we do not think that any useful purpose
can be served by their publication. The question is purely one of
opinion and definition, and cannot possibly be authoritatively settled in
one point of view or another.

Mailed December 8th,

INDEX TO VOLUME XX.

Abbot, John, the Aurelian, 150, 230.
Annual meeting Ent. Club A. A. A. S.,
195, 232.

" n Ent. Soc., Ontario, 211.
Ants’ nest beetles, 161.
Anthomyia raphani, parasite on, 133.
Arachnida of Labrador, 141.
Arctiidz vs. Noctuidz, 236.
Argynnis Atlantis, preparatory stages of, I.
" Edwardsii, " " ae
» _ _Hesperis, " " 67.
Arzama obliquata, " "
130, 180, 238.
Ashmead, W. H., articies by, 48, 55, 101,
172, 202, 229.

Acolus borealis, n. sp., 50.
u Canadensts, n. sp., 50.
Agrotis agilis, n. sp., 128,
_ hospitalis, 129.
_ Allorhina nitida, 233.
Aneurhynchus mellipes, n. sp., 52.
- Anozus siphonophorea, n. sp., 104.
Anthocharis pima, n. sp., 158.
Anthonomus quadrigibbus, 67.
Aphodius rufipes, 9, 66.
Apion herculanum, 66, 120.
Aprostocetus Americanus, Nn. sp., 106,
" Canadensis, n. sp., 106.
" granulatus, 0. Sp,, 105.
Asecodes albttarsis, n. sp., 103.
Astichus Arizonensis, n. sp., 101,

Bates, J. E., article by, 100.

Bethune, C. aj S., articles by, 195, 211,
217, 232, 239, 240.

Beutenmuller, W., articles by, 15, 16, 57,
134.

Bombycidz, classification of, 166, 181, 221.
Book notices, 60, 77, 117, 159, 217, 218,
239, 240.

Brehme, H. H., articles by 119, 180.
Butterflies of Ceylon, Moore, 117.
" Eastern U.S. and Canada,
Scudder, 218.
" Japan, Pryer, 77.
" Labrador, list of, 148.
" North America, Edwards, 60.
i rearing from eggs, 234.

Butterflies of South Africa, Trimen, 159.

Bembidium assimile, 61.
" pusillus, 61.
" undulatum, 61.
Bolina fasciolaris, 139.
Botis erectalis, 15.
n magistralis, 15.
n quinquelinealis, 179.
Brachycrepis, n. gen., 176.
" tricarinatus, N. sp., 176.
Brachynemurus, n. gen., 34.
" abdominalis, 57.
" blandus, 73.
" Carrizonus, 1. SP. 93+
" longicaudus, 35
" longipalpts, N. Sp. 95-
" nebulosus, 36.
" nigrilabris, N. Sp., 72s
" peregrinus, 59.
" Sackent, n. sp., 94.
" versutus, 37.

Calverley’s Sphingide, 80.

Can insects distinguish between red and
yellow? 176.

Canmore, N. W. T., species collected at,

99.
Captures in 1887, Moffat, 178.
n made between Winnipeg and Vic-

toria, 89.
Catocala desperata, preparatory stages of, 28,
1 innubens, " " 170.
" paleogama, " " 108,
n _ relicta, u 7s

Caulfield, F. B., articles by, 79, 198.
Chalcid, a new species from Canada, 55.
" genus Rileya, 191, 229.
Chalcideous tribe Chiropachides, 172.
Chalcididz, new North American, IoI.
Chionobas jutta, preparatory stages of, 131.
Citheronia, geographical distribution of 79.
Clark, Howard L., article by, 17.
Clover-root borer, 1 38.
Cockerell, T. D. A., articles by, 86, 156,
176, 178, 200, 201.
Coleoptera, catalogue of Myrmophilous,
161.

" natural history notes on, 61,

242 INDEX TO VOLUME XX.

Coleoptera of Labrador, 142.
Colias Ceesonia, preparatory stages of, 21.
1 extreme case of seasonal dimorph-
ism in, 201,
1 notes on the genus, 24.
Comstock’s Introduction to Entomology,
239.
Conopinz, new South American genus of,
10.
Cotton moth, the, 98.
Creolin, remedy for rose-aphis, 160, 238.

Callimorpha, 39, 79.

Caratomus leucophthalmus, Ns Sp» 55+
Celiptera bifasciata, 100,

Cerathosia tricolor, 168, 236.
Chiropachys colon, 175.

Chrysomela prezecelsis, 66.
Closterocerus, cinctipennis, N. Sp., 104.
Cucullia Hartmanni, n. sp., 69.

Danais archippus, observations on, 45, 84,
136, 200, 226.
" parasite on, 133.

paren Angusii, preparatory stages of, 135.

" contracta, " " 134.

" Drexelil, " " 57.

" integerrima, " " 134.

ministra, " " 16.

Death. knowledge of, in insects, 120, 179,
199, 240.

Diadema misippus in Florida, 128,
Dimorphism in butterflies, 86, 201.

Dasyglenes n. gen., 174.

" osmte, N. SP. 174.
Dendrocharis flavicornis, 64.
Dendroleon obsoletum, 187.

" pantherinum, 185.
Dicerca asperata, 66.

1 divaricata, 64,

» dubia, 64.

" lurida, 65.

1 Obscura, 65.

1 prolongata, 64, 120, 178.

4 spreta, 65.
Diludia brontes, 56, 112.

1 leucopheeata, 56.
Dinotus elongatus, n. sp., 175.

Edwards, Henry, articles by, 12, 111.
Edwards, W. H., articles by, 1, 3, 21, 41,
67, 81, 84, 128, 140, 158.

ee Club, A. A.A. S., meeting

of, 195, 232.

Entomological Society of Ontario meeting,
2ii.

Entomology for beginners, Packard, 217.
Ectadius Canadensis, n. sp., 51.
Entedon albitarsis, n. sp., 102.

" Arizonensts, N. Sp., 103.

" Columbiana, n. sp., 103.
Erebus odora, 56, 99, 113.
Euderus Columbiana, n. sp., 104.
Eumegaspilus Canadensis, n. sp., 49+

" Ottawensis, N. p., 49.

Fletcher J., article by, 218.

French, G. H., articles by, 28, 69, 108,
170.

Fyles, T. W., article by, 131.

Gillette, C. P., article by, 133.

Grote, A. R., articles by, 38, 39, 74, 75;
76, 79; 80, 98, 114, 120,
128, 139, 154, 157, 160,
166, 181, 221, 238.

Graphoderes cinereus, 62.
" fasciatocollis, 62.

Hagen, H. A., articles by, 34, 57, 72, 93,

185, 204.
Hamilton, J., articles by, 6, 61, 120, 161,

Hemileuca, description of a new, 31.
Hessian fly an imported insect, 121.

Holland, W. b° articles by, 77, 89.

Howard, L. O., article by, 191.

Hladena Evelina, n. sp., 71.

» turbulenta, 136.
Harpalus caliginosus, 62.

" compar, 62.

" longicollis, 62.

" Pennsylvanicus, 62.
Hemileuca Californica, n. sp , 31.
Hepialus argenteo-maculatus, 23

" auratus, 100.

Holcopelte Floridana, n. sp., 102.
" Microgaster, n. sp., 102.
u MMéssourtensis, n. sp., LOl.
» Poperoe?, n. sp., 101.

Hylastes trifolii, 138.

Hyperteles hylotome, n. sp., 105.

Insects feigning death, 120, 179, 199, 240.
Insect life, 240,

INDEX TO VOLUME Xx.

243

Introduction to Entomology, Comstock,

239.
Ips, notes on, 198.

Ips, fasciatus, 198.
i q-signatus, 198.

Japanese Butterflies, 77.

Kerosene emulsion for white-grubs, 233.
Kirby, W. F., article by, 230.

Labrador, list of spiders, myriopods and
insects of, 141.
Lepidoptera of Ceylon, Moore, 117.
" Labrador, 145.
Lepidopterous larvee, description of, 15.
Lyman, H. H., article by, 24.

Loxotropa, abrupta, 54.
" armata, Nn. Sp., 53+
" Harringtont, n. sp., 53-
" pezomachoides, n. Sp., 53:
Lyczena piasus, 97.

Marsh, W. D., article by, 45.

Melitzeas, two new species of, 81.

Moffat, J. A., articles by, 136, 139, 178,
8

238.

Morton, Miss E. M., article by, 226.

Moths new to our Fauna, 12, 56, III.

Myrmeleonidz, stray notes on, 34, 57, 72;
93, 185, 204.

Macrosila Hasdrubal, 13.
Megaspilidea minuta, n. sp , 49.
Megaspilus Harrington, n. sp., 48.
Melanophila longipes, 92.
Melitea Brucez, n. sp., 81.

un TZaylori, n. sp., 82.

» rubicunda, 83.
Meristhus cristatus, 64.
Metaclists erythropus, n. sp., 51.
Monelata hirticollis, n. sp., 54.
Myrmeleon formicalynx, 206.

" formicarius, 210.
" immaculatus, 188.
" mobilis, 204.

" rusticus, 210.

Nanaimo, B. C., Coleoptera, collected at,
gl.

|

Nathalis iole, orange spot in, 156.
Nepigon, butterflies taken at, 212, 234.
Noctuidee, late papers on, 38.

" some new, 69, 128.
Notes, 40.

Neoclytus caprzea, 66.

Obituary, 140.

Orange spot in Nathalis iole, 156.

Ornamentation, origin of, in Lepidoptera,
114.

Orthesia, new species from California, 202.

Omphale bicinctus, 103.
Orthesia Edwardsit, n. sp., 203.
Orthosia hamifera, n. sp., 130.
Oxyporus 5-maculatus, 64.

Packard, A. S., article by, 141.
" Entomology for beginners, 217.
Paphia troglodyta, preparatory stages of,
I

Al.
Phycitidze, the diagnoses of N. American,

4.
Proctotrupidee, new genera and species of,
48.
Protection and defence in insects, charac-
ters of, 154.
Pryer, H., death of, 140.
Paphia glycerium, 43.
Papilio turnus, 228.
Paramesius clavipes, n. sp., 53.
Pentacantha Canadensis, n. sp., 51.
Philampelus typhon, 14, 56, 99, 112.
Philhydrus fimbriatus, 63.
Phurys vinculum, 100.
Pleurotropis leucopus, n. sp., 102.
Prosacantha brachyptera, n. sp., 50.
Pseudosphinx obscurus, 13.
7 temo, 12550 tee
Pteromalus archippi, 133.

Rileya, the chalcid genus, 191, 229.

Riley, C. V., article by, 121.

Rose-aphis, remedy for, 160, 238.

Ross's second voyage, German edition of,
157.

Rileya splendens, 193.

Scudder, S. H., articles by, 117, 150, 159,
232.
Smith, J. B., articles by, 56, 236.

244 INDEX TO VOLUME XX.

Sactogaster Howardiz, n. sp., 52.
Saperda concolor, 8, 66.

" Fayi, 6.
Selenia kentaria, 75.
Stenosphenus notatus, 66.
Syntomeida epilaris, 14, 112.

Trimen’s Butterflies of South Africa, 159.
Types, notes upon authors, 75, 197.

Thyreus Abbotii, 154.
Trichogramma acuminatum, n. sp., 107.
" ceresarum, N. Sp., 107.
" nigrum, n. sp., 107.
Trogosita virescens, 92.
Tropidomyia, n. gen., 11.
" bimaculata, n. sp., 11.

Van Duzee, E. P., article by, 100.

Webster, F. M., article by, 199.
White, J., article by, 138.
Williston, S. W., article by, 10.
Wind-visiting moths, 98.

Wittfeld, Miss A. M., death of, 140,
Wright, W. G., articles by, 31, 97.

Aylomices Fletcher, n. sp., 130.
Yokohama naturalist, death of the, 140.

Zygota Americana, N. sp., 54.

ei

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United States, and registration fee 5c. on each package of six volumes or less).
Single copies, 10c, each.

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1872 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Canada
and United States, and registration fee 5c,

CORK.—Y, inch, 25 cts. per square foot; postage 5 cts; % inch, 15 cts. per
square foot ; postage 3 cts. a foot to Canada and United States, and regis-
tration fee 5c.

LIST OF LABELS FOR CANADIAN COLEOPTERA FOR CABINET
USE.—This list is based upon Henshaw’s List of 1885, and the supplement,
1887, and has a synonymical list connecting by number the names of the old
list (after Crotch) to those of the new, in such cases as the change is too
great to allow of the ready recognition of the new name. These lists will
be supplied to members at 25c. per set of 26 sheets, post-paid. | Address,

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO,
Vietoria Hall, London, Ont.

#.. Canadian Entomologist. <f

VOLUME POP EP

EDITED BY

REY. CJS BETHUNE.

ee PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.
SSS 6S —~

MAY, - 1888.

LONDON.
PRESS PRINTING CO., RICILMOND ST.

1888

ane

JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA.

Specimens of the Lepidoptera of Japan for sale. Price, $10 (U. S. Currency, or
Post Office Order) per hundred. Cash with order. Address—
REV. H. LOOMIS, Yokohama, Japan.

REY. W. J. HOLLAND, Ph. D., Pittsburgh, Pa., offers for sale or exchange a
limited quantity of JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA of his own
collecting. Has also cn hand a large mass of West African and Asiatic Lepidoptera,
for sale or exchange. Has been authorized to receive subscriptions in the United States
and Canada for Mr. H. Pryer’s magnificent work upon the Rhopalocera of Japan, to be!
issued in three parts, 4to., profusely illustrated with colored plates, at $4.a part. Part I
is now ready to deliver to subscribers. 3-12

CLASSIFICATION OF HYMENOPTERA.

The ‘‘Synopsis of the Families and Genera of the Hymenoptera of America
north of Mexico,” compiled by E. T. Cresson, and published by the American Ento-
mological Society, containing synoptic tables of Families and Genera. <A full cata-
logue of the described species, and bibliography (350 pp. 8 vo.), isnowready. Price
$3.00. Price List of Entomological Publications for sale, mailed on application.

Address, E. T. CRESSON, Treasurer,
3-12 P. O. Box 1577, Philadelphia, Pa.

FOR EXCHANGE.

Fine examples of J. B. Smirn’s new species, CERATHOSIA TRICOLOR, just
described from Texas.
Send list of duplicates, and receive in return my list of desiderata, to
EDW. L. GRAEF,
40 Court St., Brooklyn, N. Y.

COLLECTING BOTTLES WITHOUT A NECK.

Every Collecting Entomologist needs them. Endorsed by prominent members of the
Entomological Society of Ontario. Set of 5 bottles witout Cyanide, 4oc.; with Cyanide,
60c. Send for a sample set by express. Smallest size by mail as sample 12c., postage
paid.

W. E. SAUNDERS & CO., London, Ontario.

EXCHANGE.

Under this heading two lines will be inserted for 25 cts.; additional matter, 10 cts. per line.

OrTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects
from all parts, North American and West Indian: material preferred. Persons.
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE.
Bruner, West Point, Cuming Co., Nebraska, U. ‘S. A.

>

¥
,

a
ee Oe

Sa aa nh Sa ie

al

Published Monthly, Price Sixpence.

1 IN VOMOLOGIST
Edited by John T. Carrington, F. L. S.
AN ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & CO., Stationers’ Hall Court,
London, Eng.

North American Lepidoptera.

THE HAWK MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA: By A. Rapcuirre
Grote, A. M.

This work in pamphlet form will be sent on remitting price of One
Dollar, by the publishers, Homeyer & Meyer, by the Author, Bremen,
Germany ; or address Rtihle & Schlenker, Booksellers, Bremen.

NOW READY.

A new and revised Zzst of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico, by Samuel
Henshaw, assisted by Dr. George H. Horn. Published by the American Entomological
Society. Edition limited. Price, $1.25. Price List of Entomological papers for
sale, mailed on application.

E. T. CRESSON, TREASURER,
P. O. Box 1577, Philadelphia, Pa.

BUTTERFLIES OF INDIA FOR SALE.

One hundred and fifty Indian Butterflies of 100 named varieties for £1 16s., free.
Common species, three and four pence each ; rarer species, 6d., 8d. and Is. each,
Address,

REV. W. A. HAMILTON, Chaplain of Shillong, Assam, India.
FOR 50 CENTS WE WILL SEND YOU FOR ONE YEAR

THE CONCHOLOGISTS’ EXCHANGE

The only shell paper in America ; 16 pages monthly, and full of the latest and best

: ‘Shell News, and the following handsome premiums: A neat box of choice Land Shells,
_ Fresh-Water Shells, or Marine Shells, or Berlin H. Wright’s New Check List of North

American Fresh Water Bivalves, or D. D. Baldwin’s Land Shells of Hawaii. Don’t
wait, but send 50c. now to WM. D. AVERELL, Publisher,
Chestnut Hill, Phia., Pa.

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera (exclusive of
the Genera of the Nematocera and Muscidz sens. lat.), with Bibliography and New
Species, 1878-88. By S. W. WiLLisron ; 82 pages ; price, $1.00.

Address the publisher,

JAMES T. HATHAWAY, New Haven, Conn.

ues

their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Suciety of Ontario.

General Editor—REV, C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—WM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London;
CAPT. GAMBLE GEDDES and DR. BRODIE, Toronto.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

For ‘Ordinary \Miemibers ji) 2 S502 baalycedidienn Br aoc a me ea ete a $1 00
For ‘Associate. Méembers':im the: United States..50. June. eee oa I 00
HorAssociate Members im: Eiplandiss.. pe ua aeras Ered SI nh 4s. sterling

For: Associate “Members elsewhere) #2 A200. 38 <hees Neate chained alate Ley

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and

during the year, including the Illustrated Annual nar made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may .be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society, W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave,
London, Ontario. Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 19 can be supplied at
$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States). ;

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

Hor each insertion, per inchs serecr in any sehen tea alae Bee c Raeliel)
One inch per year

PEN TAN MS OPE en MSE TO OPTI Ae MeL AT els ahaa cs (SPA OO,
Plalfiipa ces yy ed ics Oe Ae A oe, WSMMRIB i? 5 eM es Ct a ee et Meanie 8 10 00
Whole 1 NG Nilay at lta RaNMSMNN air a aidenalaiay ahs Neva lve aalasaiiel \ocoMeleeseat werleiel\ahe) sia lute Teale I5 00
Exchange notices of 2 lines, each insertion........... CSET Bet Dono 25
Additional matter in exchange notiges; per Line... 4.100! cis) es pie ee ieee 5

SUPPLIES FOR SALE. .

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to § inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 6 cts. per 1000, and every
fraction of 1000, to Canada and United States.

CORK.— ¥f inch, 30 cts. per square foot ; postage 6 cts; 4% inch, 18 cts. per

square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every fraction of 20 inches, to
Canada and United States. siya

LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cts. each, embracing 55
families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets).

Printed Numbers, in sheets, I to 2000, for labelling cabinets.
Price 10 cts. each set. Postage extra.

4.

Canadian Enfomolog

VOLUME x=.

EDITED BY

REVt: boc BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

JUNE, - 1888.

LONDON.
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO, RICHMOND ST.

JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA.

Specimens of the Lepidoptera of Japan for sale. Price, $10 (U. S. Currency, or
Post Office Order) per hundred. Cash with order. Address— ;
REV. H. LOOMIS, Yokohama, Japan.

PAMPMILA and CATOCALA.
The undersigned will pay good price, either in cash or exchange, for perfect
specimens of Pamphila and Catocala.
PHILIP LAURENT, 621 Marshall St., Philadelphia, Penn.

REV. W. J. HOLLAND, Ph. D., Pittsburgh, Pa., offers for sale or exchange a
limited quantity of JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA of his own
collecting. Has also on hand a large mass of West African and Asiatic Lepidoptera,
for sale or exchange. Has been authorized to receive subscriptions in the United States
and Canada for Mr. H. Pryer’s magnificent work upon the Rhopalocera of Japan, to be
issued in three parts, 4to., profusely illustrated with colored plates, at $4 a part. Part I
is now ready to deliver to subscribers. 3-12

CLASSIFICATION OF HYMENOPTERA.

The ‘‘Synopsis of the Families and Genera of the Hymenoptera of America
north of Mexico,” compiled by E. T. Cresson, and published by the American Ento-
mological Society, containing synoptic tables of Families and Genera. A full cata-
logue of the described species, and bibliography (350 pp. 8 vo.), is now ready. Price
$3.00. Price List of Entomological Publications for sale, mailed on application.

Address, E, T, CRESSON, Treasurer,
3-12 P. O. Box 1577, Philadelphia, Pa.

FOR EXCHANGE.

Fine examples of J. B. Smiru’s new species, CERATHOSIA TRICOLOR, just
described from Texas.
Send list of duplicates, and receive in return my list of desiderata, to
EDW. L. GRAEF,
40 Court St., Brooklyn, N. Y.

“BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Part 5, Vol. iu., will be ready for delivery rst June.
Contents: Melitza Rubicunda ; Debis Portlandia; Erebia Magda-

lena, E. Haydenii. Price, $2.25: 3 plates.
Vol. 1, bound, $35; Vol. 2; $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.,,
Cambridge, Mass

EXCHANGE.

Under this heading two lines will be inserted for 25 cts.; additional matter, 5 cts. per line.

OrTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects
from all parts. North American and West Indian material preferred. Persons
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me, LAWRENCE
Bruner, West Point, Cuming Co., Nebraska, U. S. A.

Published Monthly, Price Sixpence.

Mera. to IN TOWOLOoGeisT.
Edited by John T. Carrington, F. L. S.
AN ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & CO., Stationers’ Hall Court,
London, Eng.

North American Lepidoptera.

THE HAWK MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA: By A. Rapcuirre
GroTE, A. M.

This work in pamphlet form will be sent on remitting price of One
Dollar, by the publishers, Homeyer & Meyer, by the Author, Bremen,
Germany ; or address Ruhle & Schlenker, Booksellers, Bremen.

BUTTERELIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 4, Vol. iii, will be ready for delivery 1st January.

Contents: CoLias CHRYSOMELAS ; ARGYNNIS NAUSICAA ; COENONYMPHA
CALIFORNIA.
Prce“$2/25..- 3 plates:
Apply to HOUGHTON MIFFLIN & CO., Cambridge, Mass.

NOW READY.

A new and revised Zist of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico, by Samuel
Henshaw, assisted by Dr. George H. Horn. Published by the American Entomological
Society. Edition limited. Price, $1.25. Price List of Entomological papers for
sale, mailed on application.

E. T. CRESSON, TREASURER,
P. O. Box 1577, Philadelphia, Pa.

Published Fortnightly. Annual Subscription, 6/6—Post free.
ENTOMOLOGISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Edited by Dr. F. KATTER.
A. Dose, Putbus, Rugen, Germany.

The VI. year of Entomol. Nachr. gives, with the assistance of several illustrious
Naturalists, a complete Review of Entomological Literature.

Back Volumes (1875 @ 2/, 1877 @ 3/, 1878 @ 5/, 1879 @ 6/6) may be had from
the publisher post free; payment in advance.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST.

A popular illustrated monthly magazine of Natural History, 8vo,, 64 pages and
illustrations in each number. Subscription $4.00 a year. Single numbers, 35 cents.

McCalla & Stavely, 237-9 Dock St., Phila., Pa.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. —

Published by the Entomological Siciety of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—NM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London;
CAPT. GAMBLE GEDDES and DR. BRODIE, Toronte

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

For: @rdinary-Membets as-nacy iiatun sr, cies gs iae mks rs eek serene ean $1 oo
HorsAssociate “Members ni ther United States. sso 2. ale ceis oe Se eae DOO.)
Hor-Associate Members) in’ Pnglands.2. i. 03.1) Jas te ane! 4s. sterling
For Associate ‘Meémbetss elsewhere to uo Cie (ela eee $1 25.

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
xovernment.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society, W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave,
London, Ontario. Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 19 can be supplied”at
$1 each and cost of transportation.

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inciusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

Hor,,each ‘insertion, per inela qn eee serie edge arte mee Roa ei eT $ 50
Onewmnch per ayear evs Nat Woe ae ela A aa vege BC RNee eA Ay oie eaa ae ieee aera 4 00
ALP Pages sy nici yehavomber Vere be elo alas MinG ane E REN. hay eh NRL ioe ees 10 00
Whole " 102s, Pelion al eh abated erusltell ise loy whet aienbhaleistarceene. te eualrin letreWphs ieee aettaanh «coeals » 15 00
Exchange notices of 2 lines, each insertion... ......., ... «: fh 8 tae 25
Additional matter in exchange notices, per line............... Met A eee

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to 4 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;

Nos, 5 and 6, in packages of 250 each, $1 per 1000. Postage extra. (New
lot just received ; in all sizes.) j

CORK —Double thickness, 30 cts, per square foot. _ Postage extra.
LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cts. each, embracing 55

families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets).
, Printed Numbers, in sheets, I to 2000, for labelling cabinets.
Price 10 cts, each set. Postage extra. _
e

‘

ei
aN.
|

it
|lss

a

r

EDITED BY

REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.
LSS

_ JULY, - 1888.

LONDON.
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO, RICIIMOND ST.

1888

JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA.

Specimens of the Lepidoptera of Japan for sale. Price, $10 (U. 8. Currency, or
Post Office Order) per hundred. Cash with order, Address—
REV. H. LOOMIS, Yokohama, Japan.

PAMPHIAIGA and CATOCATIA.
The undersigned will pay good price, either in cash or exchange, for perfect
specimens of Pamphila and Catocala.

PHILIP LAURENT, 621 Marshall St., Philadelphia, Penn.

REY. W. J. HOLLAND, Ph. D., Pittsburgh, Pa., offers for sale or exchange a
limited quantity of JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA of his own
collecting. Has also cn hand a large mass of West African and Asiatic Lepidoptera,
for sale or exchange. Has been authorized to receive subscriptions in the United States
and Canada for Mr. H. Pryer’s magnificent work upon the Rhopalocera of Japan, to be
issued in three parts, 4to., profusely illustrated with colored plates, at $4.a part. PartI
is now ready to deliver to subscribers. 3-12

HOR SALE.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.—Vols. i. to x.3.
the first three bound. Price, $40.00. The early volumes are scarce.

ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MONTHLY MAGAZINE.—Vols. i. to xxiii., exceptii. and iii.; up
to xvi. bound. The early volumes of this magazine are not to be had, having long been
out of print. Vol. i. was from Glover’s library. Price, $50.00.

BOISDUVAL AND GUENEE’S SPECIES GENERALE, Etc.—Eight Vols., half mor.,
in good condition. Price, $40.00. WM. H. EDWARDS, Coalburgh, W. Va..

FOR EXCHANGE.

Fine examples of J.B, Smirnu’s new species, CERATHOSIA TRICOLOR, just:
described from Texas.
Send list of duplicates, and receive in return my list of desiderata, to
EDW. L. GRAEF,
40 Court St., Brooklyn, N. Y.

“BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
Part 5, Vol. iii., will be ready for delivery 1st June. .

Contents: Meliteea Rubicunda; Debis Portlandia; Erebia Magda-

lena, E. Hayden. Price, $2.25: 3 plates.
Vol. 1, bound, $35; Vol. 2, $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.,
Cambridge, Mass.

EXCHANGE.

Under this heading two lines will be inserted for 25 cts.; additional matter, 5 cts. per line.

ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects:
from all parts. North American and West Indian material preferred. Persons.
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me, LAWRENCE.
Bruner, West Point, Cuming Co., Nebraska, U. S. A. Ng

"

Me * ¢ caf i
¥. Canadian Entomologst i”

NF GD Fe IV ns

EDITED BY

REV.G JS BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

AUGUST, - 1888.

—

(Sram. ay eS

LONDON.
FREE PRESS PRINTING 0O., RICHMOND ST,

1888

JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA.

Specimens of the Lepidoptera of Japan for sale. Price, $10 (U.S. Currency, or
Post Office Order) per hundred. Cash with order, Address—
REV. HB. LOOMIS, Yokohama, Japan.

PAMPHILA and CATOCALA.

The undersigned will pay good price, either in cash or exchange, for perfect
specimens of Pamphila and Catocala.

PHILIP LAURENT, 621 Marshall St., Philadelphia, Penn.

REV. W. J. HOLLAND, Ph. D., Pittsburgh, Pa., offers for sale or exchange a
limited quantity of JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA of his own
collecting. Has also on hand a large mass of West African and Asiatic Lepidoptera,
for sale or exchange. Has been authorized to receive subscriptions in the United States
and Canada for Mr. H. Pryer’s magnificent work upon the Rhopalocera of Japan, to be
issued in three parts, 4to., profusely illustrated with colored plates, at $4 a part.. Part I
is now ready to deliver to subscribers. 3-12

BTC) FER, aS A a oe

TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.—Vols. i. to x.3.

the first three bound. Price, $40.00. The early volumes are scarce.
Oo ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MONTHLY MAGAZINE,—-Vols. i. to xxili., except ii, and ii.; up
xvi. bound. The early volumes of this magazine are not to be had, having long been

“a good print. Vol. i. was from Glover’s library. Price, $50.00.
————ISDUVAL AND GUENEE’S SPECIES GENERALE, Etc.—Eight Vols., half mor.,
.condition. Price, $40.00. WM. H. EDWARDS, Coalburgh, W. Va,.
BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
¢ Part 5, Vol. ii., will be ready for delivery 1st June.

Contents: Melitza Rubicunda; Debis Portlandia; Erebia Magda-
lena, E. Haydeni. Price, $2.25: 3 plates.
Vol. 1, bound, $35; Vol. 2, $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., |
Cambridge, Mass.

EXCHANGE.

Under this heading two lines will be inserted for 25 ets.; additional matter, 5 cts. per line.

ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera, -
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects.
from all parts. North American and West Indian material preferred. Persons
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE.
Bruner, West Point, Cuming Co., Nebraska, U. 8. A.

“Published Monthly, Price Sixpence.
See et IN DV COTO Ge LSE
Edited by John T. Carrington, F. L. S.
AN ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & CO., Stationers’ Hall Court,
London, Eng.

North American Lepidoptera.

THE HAWK MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA: By A. RADCLIFFE
Grote, A. M.

This work in pamphlet form will be sent on remitting price of One
Dollar, by the publishers, Homeyer & Meyer, by the Author, Bremen,
Germany ; or address Riihle & Schlenker, Booksellers, Bremen.

NOW READY.

A new and revised Zzst of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico, by Samuel
Henshaw, assisted by Dr. George H. Horn. Published by the American Entomological
Society. Edition limited. Price, $1.25. Price List of Entomological papers for
sale, mailed on application.

E. T. CRESSON, TREASURER,
P. O. Box 1577, Philadelphia, Pa.

BUTTERFLIES OF INDIA FOR SALE.

One hundred and fifty Indian Butterflies of 100 named varieties for £1 16s., free..
Common species, three and four pence each ; rarer species, 6d., 8d. and Is, each.
Address,

REV. W. A. HAMILTON, Chaplain of Shillong, Assam, India.
FOR 50 CENTS WE WILL SEND YOU FOR ONE YEAR

THE CONCHOLOGISTS’ EXCHANGE

The only shell paper in America ; 16 pages monthly, and full of the latest and best
Shell News, and the following handsome premiums: A neat box of choice Land Shells,
Fresh-Water Shells, or Marine Shells, or Berlin H. Wright’s New Check List of North
American Fresh Water Bivalves, or D. D. Baldwin’s Land Shells of Hawaii. Don’t
wait, but send 50c. now to WM. D. AVERELL, Publisher,

: Chestnut Hill, Phia., Pa.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—WM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London;
CAPT. GAMBLE GEDDES and DR. BRODIE, Toronte.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

Bor ‘Ordinary \Menibers, cain ih ve udeeaspibetoe nis. suite tiene ea aateds Beate $1 oo
For Associate Members in the United Statess......... ce... 2c0e cere I 00
For Associates, Miembers iim Breland, {cuues tia. 2h acme aaa 4s, sterling
For Associate Members: elsewheres2s h2iio ne cee ee ee eee $i 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications

during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society, W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave,
London, Ontario. Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 19 can be supplied at
$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States,

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

Horjeach sinsengiony per dmehiatneevate a cous ce cee een vate nu ULE (uate S$) 450
One? inch, perievear iia cua tN aii cd ke i a Re aa LIA +. 4 00
Blalf pare, ithe 2) bein oe area waa ie ea ON 6 UU a IO OO
Whole 1 HD MNO elilslleseh ate ewatestuie ceiegs amb Aula’ ealel usin sive peramnal fenaitetente te Penne ee ences I5 00
Exchange notices of 2 lines, each insertion..........25 cee veveeecees 25
Additional matter in exchange notices, per line.......... eeceeeeee eres 5

. SUPPLIES FOR SALE.
ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;

Nos, 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 6 cts. per age and every |

fraction of 1000, to Canada and United States.

CORK.—} inch, 30 cts. per square foot ; postage 6 cts; % inch, 18 cts. per
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every re [a of 20 inches, to
Canada and United States.

LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cts. each, embracing 55
families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets).

Printed Numbers, in sheets, 1 to 2000, for labelling cabinets.
Price 10 cts. each set. Postage extra. °

eer aa eer ee SS
- a“
\

oo

EDITED BY

REV. C.J. S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

SEPTEMBER, - 1888.

ag— He

LONDON.
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO., RICHMOND ST,

JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA.

Specimens of the Lepidoptera of Japan for sale. Price, $10 (U.S. Currency, or
Post Office Order) per hundred. Cash with order. Address—
REV. HA. LOOMIS, Yokohama, Japan.

PAMPHILA and CATOCALA.

The undersigned will pay good price, either in cash or exchange, for perfect
specimens of Pamphila and Catocala.

PHILIP LAURENT, 621 Marshall St., Philadelphia, Penn.

REY. W. J. HOLLAND, Ph. D., Pittsburgh, Pa., offers for sale or exchange a
limited quantity of JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA of his own
collecting. Has also on hand a large mass of West African and Asiatic Lepidoptera,
for sale or exchange. Has been authorized to receive subscriptions in the United States
and Canada for Mr. H. Pryer’s magnificent work upon the Rhopalocera of Japan, to be
issued in three parts, 4to., profusely illustrated with colored plates, at $4 a part. Part I
is now ready to deliver to subscribers. By ags}a ky

A CD ES Ae a

TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.—Vols. i. to x.;
the first three bound. Price, $40.co. The early volumes are scarce.

ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MONTHLY MAGAZINE.—Vols. i. to xxiii., except ii. and ii.; up
to xvi. bound. The early volumes of this magazine are not to be had, having long been
out of print. Vol. i. was from Glover’s library. Price, $50.00.

BOISsDUVAL AND GUENEE’S SPECIES GENERALE, Etc.—Eight Vols., half mor.,
in good condition. Price, $40.00. WM. H. EDWARDS, Coalburgh, W. Va.

BUTTERELIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 5, Vol. 1., will be ready for delivery 1st June.
Contents: Melitzea Rubicunda; Debis Portlandia; Erebia Magda-
lena, E. Haydenii. Price, $2.25: 3 plates.
Vol. 1, bound, $35; Vol. 2, $40.
Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.,

Cambridge, Mass

EXCHANGE.

Under this heading two lines will be inserted for 25 cts.; additional matter, 5 cts. per line.

ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects.
from all parts. North American and West Indian material preferred. Persons
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE
Bruner, West Point, Cuming Co., Nebraska, U. S. A. '

} —_SPECIMENS OF—
ase Nee Lepidoptera, Orthoptera. Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Shells, ttc.

S aA LE.) \ REV. H. LOOMIS, Yokohama, Japan.

BUTTERELIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part XIII., Vol., 2, will issue 1st October, 1892. Contents: Chzonobas Calais ;

v

C. Jutta, and all stages; C. Crambis; C. Brucez, and all stages. Three plates.
Price, $2.25. Vol. I., bound, $35; Vol. II., bound, $40.
Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CAMBRIDGE, Mass.

PAONIAS = EXCAECATUS
Shouid be glad to Purchase Pupe of this Species.

W.H. B. FLETCHER, Fairlawn House,

worthine, Enmvianad,.

PIN E STORE BOXES saTae

° Zs Cents amd So Cents. e
INSECT CABINETS AND CASES MADE TO ORDER.
1b PRIDDEY, 125 Winchester Street, Toronto.

THE MICROSCOPE,

The representative of what is best, most instructive and progressive in
American microscopy. Leading contributors for beginners and experts.
Send postal card for FREE sample copy and announcement for 1890.
THE MICROSCOPE PUBLISHING CO.
& - Washington, DNC:

opm fee Ey RS.
TAXIDERMIST ayp DEALER tw ENTQMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES,

Fine Carlsbader Insect
Pins a specialty. Price List
sent on application.

as 78 Ashland Place,
IMPROVED ENTOMOLOGICAL FORCEPS. BROOKLYN, N. Y.

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TAXIDERMISTS, °
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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—J. FLETCHER, Ottawa; H. H. LYMAN, Montreal ;
REV. T. W. FYLES, South Quebec; J. H. BOWMAN, London.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

For Ordinary iMentbersi is oo eu. se sein ast ay et es nar aes aay $1 00
For Associate Members in the United States:.........-ccecceesceees I 00
For Associate Members in England and elsewhere..............-200 I 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
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Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, P. O. Order,
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unless 25c. is added for collecting.

J. A. BALKWILL, Treasurer.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO,
Victoria Hall, London, Ont.
All manuscript for publication, books for review, etc., should be sent to the
General Editor, Port Hope, Ont.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

Horjeach MSELtiON, pen inch wie email eins case ahaa eke ee $ 50
One inch per year...... Kida uw rap atin au haat» ejanle al e¥el lon krakate re ails Heras ee Re eee ea 4 00
Fl al hs pages wich :t¢ Bip iauscecarehataveyicdeeg itade eile Bila ul any Cece el a a ae ate a <3. 10 00
Whole 1 Mel pa,? sate lte: letsanaiyaite taitahie: topo) ele Webcam els se: fate-'s talleie ailiel s Soc tel a am Aleta ie Lainipiin’ eels 0 15 00

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 24-can be supplied at
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tration fee 5c.

LIST OF LABELS FOR CANADIAN COLEOPTERA FOR CABINET
USE.—This list is based upon Henshaw’s List of 1885, and the supplement,
1887, and has a synonymical list connecting by number the names of the old
list (after Crotch) to those of the new, in such cases as the change is too

great to allow of the ready recognition of the new name. These lists will
be supplied to members at 25c. per set of 26 sheets, post-paid. | Address,

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO,
: Victoria Hall, London, Ont.

All remittances, business communications and exchanges should be addressed to .

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;

y

=f i]

Hanan Bea u/

aa

DR ee a xi

WE CET INE? |. ee

EDITED BY

REV. C.J. S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

OCTOBER, - 1888,

2 Fo ee Om

LONDON.
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO, RICILMOND ST.

JAPANESH LEPIDOPTERA.

Specimens of the Lepidoptera of Japan for sale. Price,. $10 (U. 8. Currency, or
Post Office Order) per hundred. Cash with order. Address—
REV. A. LOOMIS, Yokohama, Japan.

- PAMPHILA and CATOCALA.

The undersigned will pay good price, either in cash or exchange, for perfect
specimens of Pamphila and Catocala.

PHILIP LAURENT, 621 Marshall St., Philadelphia, Penn.

REY. W. J. HOLLAND, Ph. D., Pittsburgh, Pa., offers for sale or exchange a
limited quantity of JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA of his own
collecting. Has also on hand a large mass of West African and Asiatic Lepidoptera,
for sale or exchange. Has been authorized to receive subscriptions in the United States
and Canada for Mr. H. Pryer’s magnificent work upon the Rhopalocera of Japan, to be
issued in three parts, 4to., profusely illustrated with colored plates, at $4.a part. Part I
is now ready to deliver to subscribers. 3-12

t a
TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SocfETy.—Vols. i. to x.;
the first three bound. Price, $40.00. The early volumes are scarce.

ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MONTHLY MAGAZINE.—-Vols. i. to xxiii., except ii. and ii.; up
to xvi. bound. The early volumes of this magazine are not to be had, having long been
out of print. Vol, i. was from Glover’s library. Price, $50.00.

BOISpUVAL AND GUENEE’S SPECIES GENERALE, Erc.—Eight Vols., half mor.,
in good condition. Price, $40.00, WM. H. EDWARDS, Coalburgh, W. Va.

BUTTERELIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 5, Vol. i., will be ready for delivery rst June.
Contents: Melitea Rubicunda ; Debis Portlandia; Erebia Magda-
lena, Eh. Ilaydeni, \ (Price, $2025.03 plates:
Vol. 1, bound, $35; Vol. 2, $40.
Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.,

Cambridge, Mass

EXCHANGE.
Under this heading two lines will be inserted for 25 cts.; additional matter, 5 ets. per line.

Oxruo:;reRA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
and wish 4o obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these ins cts
from all parts. North American and West Indian imaterial preferred. i’visons.
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE
Bruner, West Point, Cuming Co., Nebraska, U. S. A.

Published Monthly, Price Sixpence.

SrA | eI TOMO LnLOoG ts gT.
Lidited by John T. Carrington, F. L. S.
AN ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & CO., Stationers’ Hall Court,

London, Eng.
_-— — =

North American Lepidoptera.

THE HAWK MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA: By A. RADCLIFFE
Grote, A. M.

This work in pamphlet form will be sent on remitting price of One
Dollar, by the publishers, Homeyer & Meyer, by the Author, Bremen,
Germany ; or address Rithle & Schlenker, Booksellers, Bremen.

NOW READY. :
A new and revised Zzst of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico, by Samuel
Henshaw, assisted by Dr. George H. Horn, Published by the American Entomological

Society. Edition limited. Price, $1.25. Price List of Entomological papers for
sale, mailed on application.

E. T. CRESSON, TREASURER,
P. O. Box 1577, Philadelphia, Pa.

BUTTERFLIES OF INDIA FOR SALE.

One hundred and fifty Indian'Butterflies of 100 named varieties for £1 16s., free.

Common species, three and four pence each ; rarer species, 6d., $d. and Is. each.
Address,

REV. W. A. HAMILTON, Chaplain of Shillong, Assam, India.
FOR 50 CENTS WE WILL SEND YOU FOR ONE YEAR

THE CONCHOLOGISTS’ EXCHANGE

The only shell paper in America ; 16 pages monthly, and full of the latest and best.
Shell News, and the following handsome premiums: A neat box of choice Land Shells,
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American Fresh Water Bivalves, or D. D. Baldwin’s Land Shells of Hawaii. Don’t
wait, but send 50c. now to WM. D. AVERELL, Publisher,

Chestnut Hill, Phia., Pa.

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera (exclusive of
the Genera of the Nematocera and Muscide sens. lat.), with Bibliography and New
Species, 1878-88. By S. W. WILLISTON ; 82 pages; price, $1.00.

Address the publisher,

JAMES T. HATHAWAY, New Haven, Conn-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Scciety of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—NM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London ;
CAPT. GAMBLE GEDDES and DR. BRODIE, Toronte.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

Hox Ordinary! Members mies sanity semen ons tetera reve a eae hated anole a area at $1 00
For Associate Members in the United States..........:2s0---+ecee'e I oO
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For Associate Members elsewhere

SOMME aeRO Ma ie at ca ae Rese tester ade Bit $1 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society, W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave,
London, Ontario. Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 19 can be supplied at
$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

ADVERTISING RATES.
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Horjeach, msertion,) perrimeh Wess, escyaetehseetnahe ere ee rel ecclea anette Sateaso
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ElalPypages) oo ticiet, Sitka techn ih bel RACER A. ciao aD CARRS ol inte sire eee re (eats 10 00
Whole i IN che Ais seize rx Poiieeigal date tae mi rarialodlatie va Ue eitstgeltelte vebeaietial oils qhleie te dela cenel tel elated » 15 00
Exchange notices of 2 lines, each insertion..........- Wheaton mena crates 25
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ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;

Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000, Postage 6 cts. per 1000, and every
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CORK.—¥ inch, 3o cts. per square foot ; postage 6 cts; ¥ inch, 18 cfs. per
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every fraction of 20 inches, to
Canada and United States.

LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cts. each, embracing 55

families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets).
3 Printed Numbers, in sheets, 1 to 2000, for labelling cabinets. —
Price 1o cts. each set. Postage extra.
°

Seen ee OR

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AWG a

Canadian. Entomologist.

|

VOLUME >

EDITED BY

REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.
SSS ~~

NOVEMBER, - 1888.

be 5% SS | i. ee <)

m4 LONDON:
D4 FREE PRESS PRINTING CO., RICHMOND ST,

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The Butterflies of the Rastern United States and Canada

—WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO—
NEVT EN GUA N D.

Their structure in all stages of life, their variation, habits, manners,
life histories and their enemies, accompanied by frequent discussions of
problems suggested by their study, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. Issued
in twelve monthly parts, beginning November, 1888, of eight plates
(colored and plain), and about 144 pages of text. Price $5.00 per part,
payable on issue; or $50 for the entire work, if paid during 1888.

Address, SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, Cambridge, Mass.

PAMPHILA and CATOCALA.

The undersigned will pay good price, either in cash or exchange, for perfect.
specimens of Pamphila and Catocala.

PHILIP LAURENT, 621 Marshall St., Philadelphia, Penn.

North American Lepidoptera.

THE HAWK MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA: By A. RADCLIFFE
Grote, A. M.

This work in pamphlet form will be sent on remitting price of One
Dollar, by the publishers, Homeyer & Meyer, by the Author, Bremen,
Germany ; or address Rihle & Schlenker, Booksellers, Bremen.

REY. W. J. HOLLAND, Ph. D., Pittsburgh, Pa., offers for sale or exchange a.
limited quantity of JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA of his own
collecting. Has also on hand a large mass of West African and Asiatic Lepidoptera,
for sale or exchange. Has been authorized to receive subscriptions in the United States
and Canada for Mr. H. Pryer’s magnificent work upon the Rhopalocera of Japan, to be
issued in three parts, 4to., profusely illustrated with colored plates, at $4 a part. PartI
is now ready to deliver to subscribers. 3-12

NOW READY.

A new and revised Zist of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico, by Samuel

Henshaw, assisted by Dr. George H. Horn. Published by the American Entomological
Society. Edition limited. Price, $1.25. Price List of Entomological papers for
sale, mailed on application.
E. T. CRESSON, TREASURER,
P. O. Box 1577, Philadelphia, Pa.

EXCHANGE.

Under this heading two lines will be inserted for 25 cts.; additional matter, 5 ets. per line. —

ORTHOPTERA WANTED, —I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects

from all parts. North American and West Indian material preferred. Persons —

having specimens for sale or exchange wiJl please correspond with me. LAWRENCE
Bruner, West Point, Cuming Co., Nebraska, U.S. A.

on gi a aise le Pea

Published Monthly, Price Sixpence.

oe ee OIE OT OG Ls
Edited by John T. Carrington, F. L. S.
AN ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & CO., Stationers’ Hall Court,
London, Eng.

FOR SALE.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.—Vols, i
the first three bound. Price, $40.co. The early volumes are scarce.

ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MONTHLY MAGAZINE.—Vols. i. to xxiii., except ii. and iii.; up:
to xvi. bound. The early volumes of this magazine are not to be had, having long been
out of print. Vol. i. was from Glover’s library. Price, $50.00,

BOISDUVAL AND GUENEE’S SPECIES GENERALE, Etc.—Eight Vols., half mor.,
in good condition, Price, $40.00. WM. H. EDWARDS, Coalburgh, W. Va.

3 tONeer

BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 5, Vol. ii., will be ready for delivery 1st June.
Contents: Melitea Rubicunda ; Debis Portlandia; Erebia Magda-
lena, E. Haydenii. Price, $2.25: 3 plates.

Vol. 1, bound, $35; Vol. 2, $40.
Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.,
Cambridge, Mass

FOR 50 CENTS WE WILL SEND YOU FOR ONE YEAR

THE CONCHOLOGISTS’ EXCHANGE

The only shell paper in America ; 16 pages monthly, and full of the latest and best.
Shell News, and the following handsome premiums: A neat box of choice Land Shells,
Fresh-Water Shells, or Marine Shells, or Berlin H. Wright’s New Check List of North
American Fresh Water Bivalves, or D. D. Baldwin’s Land Shells of Hawaii. Don’t
wait, but send 50c. now to WM. D.: AVERELL, Publisher,

Chestnut Hill, Phia., Pa.

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera (exclusive of
the Genera of the Nematocera and Muscide sens. lat.), with Bibliography and New
Species, 1878-88. By 8S. W. Wix.isron ; 82 pages; price, $1.00.

Address the publisher,

JAMES T. HATHAWAY, New Haven, Conn,

‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—WM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London ;
CAPT. GAMBLE GEDDES and DR. BRODIE, Toronto.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

For Ordinary )Membersy yi) 206. 050s a hat Sk Saeed ne cau ae cepa $1 00
For Associate Members in’the United States..........-.00--c-eesers I 00
For Associate: Members: in Englands as. 5). 2c ues tia auetnieiemieia te alas 4s, sterling
Blor’Associate ‘Members ‘elsewhere ai 7o0), sa ule oonniele oie mnie wre eueeetoleysiehers $1 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government. — ;

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques. on-local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society, W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave,
London, Ontario. Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 19 can be supplied at
$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

Bor /eachyinsertion; peruinch a2 sys Gao ies be eid aa Sa caaieerala anteater eras Sovuao
One inchiper yea i ysis ceeke aeckc aa, alcatel § BRL ta aaa En eee ear aE 4 00
BMAP pages 1) sii Vea ON aU CL EOP 1) AS 10 00
‘Whole Mf] tn trast lat faplel'a dete! a\\a)'a Mabe ehcoias iter odioniny wil chien tiente seliien pitentetne Meat miele Ret esiete) sajsie I5 00
Exchange notices of 2 lines, each insertion........+.-+ 0+. «- Tv 25
Additional matter in exchange notices, per line..........0sseeeeeeeeee 5

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. oo to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 6 cts. per 1000, and every
fraction of 1000, to Canada and United States.

CORK.—¥ inch, 30 cts. per square foot; postage 6 cts; ¥% inch, 18 cts. per
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every fraction of 20 inches, to
Canada and United States. 1

LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cts, each, embracing 55

families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets).
Printed Numbers, in sheets, I to 2000, for labelling cabinets. .
Price 10 cts. each set. Postage extra.

— eee

ee See eg ee
ee ae 7?

EDITED BY

REV. C. J. S$. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

DECEMBER, - 18838,

oes = ar pie <\

f> wow

LONDON:
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO., RICHMOND

1888.

SUBSCRIBERS

will greatly oblige the Secretary by sending in their subscriptions prompt-
ly, and by addressing them always to him, not to the Editor, who has to
forward them by mail, the remittance thereby taking a double chance of
getting lost or stolen, and which necessarily increases the time before the
acknowledgment can reach the sender.

Your subscription for 1888 is NOW DUE. Kindly see to it, and
thereby save much trouble to the Secretary,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Avenue,
London, Ont.

FOR 50 CENTS WE WILL SEND YOU FOR ONE YEAR

THE CONCHOLOGISTS’ EXCHANGE

The only shell paper in America ; 16 pages monthly, and full of the latest and best
Shell News, and the following handsome premiums: A neat box of choice Land Shells,
Fresh- Water Shells, or Marine Shells, or Berlin H. Wright’s New Check List of North
American Fresh Water Bivalves, or D. D. Baldwin’s Land: Shells of Hawaii. Don’t
wait, but send 50c. now to WM. D. AVERELL, Publisher,

Chestnut Hill, Phia., Pa.

REV. W. J. HOLLAND, Ph. D., Pittsburgh, Pa., offers for sale or exchange a.
limited quantity of JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA of his own
collecting. Has also on hand a large mass of West African and Asiatic Lepidoptera,
for sale or exchange. Has been authorized to receive subscriptions in the United States.
and Canada for Mr. H. Pryer’s magnificent work upon the Rhopalocera of Japan, to be
issued in three parts, 4to., profusely illustrated with colored plates, at $4 a part. Part I
is now ready to deliver to subscribers. . 3-12

NOW READY.

A new and revised Zist¢ of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico, by Samuel
Henshaw, assisted by Dr. George H. Horn. Published by the American Entomological
Society. Edition limited. Price, $1.25. | Price List of Entomological papers for
sale, mailed on application. pes

E. T. CRESSON, TREASURER,
P. O. Box 1577, Philadelphia, Pa.

EXCHANGE.

Under this heading two lines will be inserted for 25 cts.; additional matter, 5 cts. per line.

OxnrHoprera WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects.
from all parts. North American and West Indian material preferred. Persons.
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE.
Bruner, West Point, Cuming Co., Nebraska, U.S. A.

Pe ee ee ee eee

ENTOMOLOGY for BEGINNERS

For the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers, Farmers, and Gardeners. By A. S.
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