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LIBRARY OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY

MASS.

’

WOODS HOLE

LOANED BY AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

$

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tie,
9

THE CANADIAN

moO VOMOGHES Te

VOLUME XX.

EDITED BY THE

eo. @. J. S. Methune, M. a., B. C. ¥V.,

PORT HOPE, ONTARTO:

2 SS RES ARASH D) SNe

J. Fletcher, Ottawa; J..M. Denton, E. B. Reed
ang Wo. Saunders, London.

London:
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO.

1889.

pithy CL oa sare uit

; ah BSG pant ie

PLU e a igh

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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME.

AARON, E. M.
ASHMEAD, W. H.

BETHUNE, REV. C. i S, (eoauey.

BEUTENMULLER, WM....
BREHME, H. H.. netsh
CLARKSON, FREDERICK...

GOOG reby lab EIN erst oe =

BUG@MIPROEL AS I jus a0
DAWSON, PERCY M....

HELA ONG: Wiis a athe Res

HONSATRG! EL Gr.
EDWARDS, W. H..
BEbIO MM As.
FLETCHER, JAMES..

FRENCH, PROF. ear eee
WVID BS ye baie ok (Vs se och Akoae i ae -

GEDDES, GAMBLE...
SARSO I Shae Je pa Caen ee
EVAGEN, DR. Hi. A... ..

HAMILTON, DR. JOHN.........
W. HAGUE.....
OM CAR DER OM etal ks gee
TOMEUINS TON AMHGHs 2. aan.

HARRINGTON,

.. PHILADELPHIA, Pa.

.. WASHINGTON, D. C.

.Port Hopr, ONT.

..NeEw YORK.
... NEwarK, N. J.
.. NEw YorK.

.West C.iirr, COL.

, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICH.
.. MONTREAL.

. WELLESLEY, Mass.

.. RHINEBECK, N. Y.
.. COALBURGH, WEST Va.

PLOVER MILLS.

.. OTTAWA.

.CARBONDALE, ILL.
. SOUTH QUEBEC.

.. LORONTO.
.. BREMEN, GERMANY.

Rene hG Ol ie, DIR ir Sts Boos Aa a iaxs <

AGES IV AUN rocks V-AU EM 9 5 sais oy

POP ANMNIN SET EL 8 oie

MCNEILL, JEROME... 22...

MOFFAT, J. ALSTON.
SCUDDER, S. H..

SKINNER, DR. HENRY.

SMITH, PROF. J. B...

EEKOOME B.C. fu.) foes.
VANSDUGEHE, Pee oo. e. ln.

WY Gere...

.. CAMBRIDGE, Mass.

.. ALLEGHENY, Pa.

.. OTTAWA.
.WasHINGTON, D. C.

HAMILTON.
CoLuMBUs, OHIO.

.. RIDGEWAY.

. MONTREAL.

..Miormne; ILE.

.. HAMILTON.

.. PHILADELPHIA,
.. New Brunswick, N. J.
. MONTREAL.

. BuFFao, N. Y.

CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
PAG

.. INDIA.

6515

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Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. XXI. LONDON, JANUARY, 1889 No. 1.

HEMIPTERA FROM MUSKOKA LAKE DISTRICT.
BY E. P. VAN DUZEE, BUFFALO, N. Y.

This list is presented as a slight contribution to our knowledge of the
geographical distribution of the North American Hemiptera. Ass our litera-
ture of this order is by no means overburdened with faunal lists, I trust that
the present will find sufficient excuse for its appearance in the matter it
contains. I have made every effort to have the list as accurate and com-
plete as possible, under the circumstances. The material was accumulated
during a brief collecting tour in the Muskoka Lake District of Canada, in
the interval from July 25th to August 3rd, 1888. The particular localities
being in the vicinity of Bracebridge, along the Muskoka River to the Lake,
and some of the adjoining islands, and along the road from Bracebridge to
South Falls.

For the information of such as are not conversant with the physical
features of this beautiful Lake District, I will add that it lies in the
metomorphic belt reaching eastward from the Georgian Bay. The surface
is somewhat rugged, with boid, rocky bluffs from one hundred to two
hundred feet in height, skirting the river and lowlands ; the latter present-
ing a good depth of soil, which is elsewhere very thin, in many places
quite insufficient to cover the rocks. Conifer, poplars, birches, and a
few oaks form the bulk of the timber on the rocky highlands, with the
addition of maple, hickory, beech, basswood, etc., on the deeper soils.
The undergrowth is largely hazelnut, with blueberry, raspberry, vjburnum,
spireea, and other bushes interspersed. Away from the cultivated areas
very little grass is to be found; but carex, cypreus and glyceria take its
place to a large extent. The bane of this land is the ever-recurring

‘Dush-fire,” and to an entomologist a “burned district” is a wilderness
indeed.

The Hemiptera taken were largely such as might have been expected
from this locality, but were more numerous in individuals than I had

Z THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

anticipated ; the Homoptera especially, seemed proportionately more
numerous than farther south, and included many rarities.

I am indebted for a number of the species here enumerated, to the
kindness of Mr. A. H. Kilman, who was one of our party, and who passed
over to me any luckless Hemipter that perchance found lodgment in his
indefatigable umbrella. To Mr. P. R. Uhler, I am under renewed obliga-
tions for the determination of some of the more difficult forms, especially

in the Capsidee.
HETEROPTERA.

Scutelleride.

Flomemus enifrons Say. Occasional on sedges and weeds on the lowlands.
Eurygaster alternatus Say. Abundant with the last.

Corimelenide.

Corimelena atra Am. and Serv. One nymph taken. |
Corimelena pulicaria Germ. A single example.

LPentatomide.

Podisus spinosus Dall. Taken here as elsewhere on trees and bushes,
but more rarely than the next.

Podisus modestus Dall.

Neottiglossa undata Say. Common.

Cosmopepla carnifex Fab.

Mormidea lugens Fab. One example.

Euchistus fissilis Uhl.

Euchistus tristignus Say. Occasional.

Banasa calva Say. Abundant on the arbor-vite.

Coreide.
Alydus eurinus Say. Frequent on flowers of the Canada thistle in old fields.
Protenor Belfragei. Hagl = Tetrarhinus Quebecensis Prov. One
nymph swept from weeds.
Lerytide.

Neides muticus Say. Common.

Corizus punctiventris Dall. Larger and darker coloured than examples
from Buffalo.

Corizus nigristernum Sign. Less abundant than the preceeding. At
Buffalo it is the common form.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3

Lygeide.

Nysius grentandicus Zett. Scarce.

Cymus /uridus Stal. Three examples, swept from a low swampy spot by
the roadside, near South Falls.

Cymus angustatus Stal. Not common.

Cymus claviculus Hahn. Abundant everywhere on the lowlands. ©

Blissus leucopterus, Say. One brachypterus example, swept from the
borders of an oat field on Muskoka river, near the lake.

Geocoris borealis Dall. Taken with the preceeding. This appears to be
but a dark variety of G. budlatus Say.

Ligyrocoris sylvestris Linn. Very abundant in the cultivated districts.
Peliopelta abbreviata Uhl. One small, short-winged example captured.
Capsida.

Brachytropis calcarata Fall.

Trigonotylus ruficornis Fall.

Miris affinis Reut.

Collaria Meilleurii Prov. These four species were not uncommon where
cultivation had prepared the way forthem. The latter was just com-
ing to perfection.

Hadromena pulverulenta Uhl. (MS.) Two examples.

Diommatus congrex. Uhl. Rare.

Phytocoris eximus. Reut. Occasional.

Phytocoris pallidicornis Reut. Abundant, and of large size.

Phytocoris colon. Say. One example.

Neurocolpus nubilus Say. Common, and as a rule, deeply coloured.

Calocoris rapidus Say. A single specimen.

Melinna modesta Uhl. Beaten from pine trees.

Lygus pabulinus Linn.

Lygus pratensis Linn.

Lygus flavonotatus Prov. A few taken.

Lygus invitus Say. Common.

Lygus intersectus Uhl. (MS.) Abundant.

Coccobaphes sanguinarius Uhl. Not uncommon on maple and beech trees,
especially near South Falls.

Peciloscytus unifasciatus Fab. Numbers taken on the cultivated uplands
south of Bracebridge, and elsewhere.

Lactlocapsus lineatus Fab, Rare.

4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Largidea opaca Uhl. (MS.) Smaller and slighter than New York
examples.

Camptobrochis grandis Uhl. Common. Apparently of nocturnal habits,
as I took several flying around the candle at our camp; some of
these individuals were extremely dark, even approaching an almost
uniform piceous black; others were as pale as those taken near
Buffalo.

Neoborus Petitit Uhl. (MS.) Several pale examples.

Fulvius anthocoroides Uhl. One example.

Monalocoris filicts Linn. Common everywhere on ferns.

Hyaliodes vitripennis Say. This neat little species was taken frequently
on pines, and occasionally on other trees and bushes.

Pilophorus amemus Uhl. Common on pine trees.

Globiceps flavomaculatus Fab. One example taken. This species was
erroneously cited as occurring at Buffalo, in my list of Capsidz from
that locality (Can. ENT., xix., p. 72, 1887). The insect there re-
ferred to was the next, which superficially resembles the flavomacu-
latus.

Mimoceps gracilis Uhl. (MS.) <A few swept from grass and weeds near
a rivulet among the hills.

Mecomma gilvipes Uhl. (MS.) Three examples taken with the pre-
ceeding.

Macrolophus seperatus Uhl. Three examples.

Stiphrosoma stygica Say. Scattering.

Labops hesperia Uhl. A few brachypterus examples swept from an oat
field on the flats near the mouth of the river.

Ldolocoris agilis Uhl. Common on the lowlands.

Orthotylus alternatus Uhl. Common on bushes, especially the hazelnut.

Macrotylus guttatus Uhl. (MS) One example of this elegant little
Capsid was swept from briars growing on a rocky hillside near the
river.

Rhinocapsus Vanduzeit Uhl. (MS.) Not uncommon among rank
weeds in damp situations.

Psallus variabilis Fall. A single example.
Psqllus antennatus Uhl. (MS.) Several taken,
Plagiognathus obscurus Uhl,

re |

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Agalliastes associatus Uhl. One example of the typical form occurred to
me while sweeping near South Falls.

Anthocoridea.

Dolichomerus elongatus Reut.

Dilasia fuscula Reut Two examples taken from a log of hard maple ;
they occurred under loose bark where there was a slight fungoid
growth.

Triphelps insidiosus Say. Common.

Anthocoris musculus Say.

Tingitide.

Galeatus Peckhami Ashm. (Sphcrocysta Peckhami, Ent. Am, vol. iii., p.
156). Swept from low weeds—probably a dwarf vaccinium or a
species of aralia, which were growing together—among pines on a
rocky island. Iam indebted to Mr, Uhler for this generic reference.
The three examples taken agree in every respect with Mr. Ashmead’s
description, and I think there can be no doubt of their identity.

Corythuca arguata Say. (2). The small form, which is probably a dis-
tinct species, occurred abundantly on birches everywhere. I have
taken it from osier bushes at Machias, N. Y., also at Pine Swamp,
near New Haven, Ct. If distinct it would seem to be the northern
analogue of C. arguata.

Corythuca marmorata Uhl. One example.

Aradide.
Aradus qguadrilineatus Say.
Aradus rectus Say.
Reduvioidea.
Coriscus subcoleoptratus Kirby.
Coriscus inscriptus Kirby. Common.
Coriscus ferus Linn,
Sinea diadema Fab. Scarce.
Opsicetus personatus Linn. Bracebridge. One example.
Hydrobatide.
Lfygrotrechus remigis Say.
Limnotrechus marginatus Say. Abundant in favorable localities,
Limnoporus rufoscutellatus Latr. One example.

6 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Metrobates hesperius Uhl. Muskoka Lake. On pleasant afternoons, ~
when the surface of the water was smooth, these insects would con-
gregate in immense numbers, closely covering an area of several
yards in extent. A breeze, sufficient to slightly ruffle the surface,
would quickly disperse them, but whither I failed to discover, as I
was unable to detect any along the shore. The majority of the
specimens taken were immature ; they differ from the adult in having
five, pale yellow spots in addition to the pronotal—one on the centre
of the metanotum, one above each anterior, and another before each

posterior coxa.
Salidide.

Salda interstitialis Say. Common along the shores of the river and lake.
HOMopPrerRa.

Cicadide.

Cicada canicudaris Harris. The familiar shrilling of this species was
frequently heard in the heat of the day among the tree tops,

Membracide.

Enchenopa binotata Say. Apparently rare.

Ceresa bubalus Fab. Common, but mostly of the small dark coloured
variety, with blunt thoracic horns.

Ceresa diceros Say. Occasional.

Telamona corydi Fitch. Abundant on the hazelnut. The females are
frequently of an almost uniform brownish-ferrugineous, with but slight
indications of the pale bands, thus approaching closely the next, from
which it probably is not distinct.

Telamona tristis Fitch, Common with the preceding.

Telamona fagi Fitch. One example.

Telamona reclivata Fitch. Three examples. Variable both in colour and
form of the crest; this being sometimes sharply angled behind, or
again obtusely rounded ; and the posterior edge may be either slop-
ing or almost vertical. The present examples are very dark in colour,
the pale areas being much obscured by fuscous punctures.

Carynota marmorata Say. Numbers taken from a small poplar bush
(probably P. grandidentata), on the uplands south of Bracebridge.

i

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

My examples correspond with Say’s short description, except that the
tip of the thorax extends to, and in some cases beyond, the apical
areole. According to the characters given by Say, it must belong
here and not to Cyzfos/a, where it is placed by Dr. Fitch.

Smilia camelus Fab. ‘Two examples beaten from oaks.

Cyrtosia vau Say. Not infrequent on trees.

FULGORID.
Sub-family Crx7ide.

Cixius stigmatus Say. Not common.

Cixius pint Fitch. Occasional on various low bushes ; rarely on pine.
Near Buffalo I have taken it only on vaccinium.

Oliarus qguinguelineatus Say. More abundant than the preceding forms.

Sub-family Delphacide.

This family was well represented, but I have not studied the material
taken.

Sub-family Achelide.

Two undetermined species of this family occurred in single examples.

Sub-family Derdide.

Otiocerus Coguerbertii Kirby. Not uncommon on maple and beech
trees.

Otiocerus Degeerii Kirby. Beaten from oak and beech trees. Another
small and probably undescribed form occurred, which I had the mis-
fortune to lose while in the field.

Anotia sp. One example taken among bushes on the bank of the river
at Bracebridge. It is, perhaps, a variety of Bonnet: Kirby.

Lamenia vulgaris Fitch. Abundant and of large size.

Sub-family /sszde.

Bruchomorpha oculata Newm. Abundant in damp grassy localities,
especially on the lowlands. One example has the elytra fully
developed. ‘they are long and narrow, somewhat surpassing the

8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

abdomen in length; sides parallel, not widened at tip; of a deep
smoky-brown colour, almost opaque. Nerves very scrong and simple,
the radial and two ulnar nerves run straight and undivided to the
transverse nerve, which crosses the elytra a little beyond the tip of
the clavus, forming three large cells'on the base of the corium ; the
second ulnar is forked at the transverse nerve, the first ulnar is twice
forked beyond the transverse, and between this and the radial is a
short nerve from the transverse to the costa ; these forming seven
apical cells, of which the medial is small and triangular, and the next
inner the largest and rectangular ; the claval nerves unite beyond
the middle, the resulting nerve joining the claval suture just before
its apex.
Peltonotus histrionicus Stal. One example. Occurs also at Buffalo.

Cercopide.

Lepyronia quadrangularis Say. Rare.

Aphrophora quadrinotata Say. Very abundant on the lowlands, but
mostly immature ; the imagines were just beginning to appear.

Aphrophora parallelia Say. Common on pines.

Aphrophora saratogensis Fitch. Rather more abundant than the pre-
ceeding, with which it occurred and which it greatly resembles ; it is,
however, readily distinguished by the more obtuse head, clearer
markings, and concolorous punctures.

Clastoptera obtusa Say. Very common on the blueberry.

Clastoptera proteus Fitch. With the last.

Bythoscopidea.

Tdiocerus pallidus Fitch. | Abundant on willows, birches, etc.

Ldiocerus suturatis Fitch. On low poplar bushes near the river ; even
more abundant than the preceeding.

Tdiocerus lachryma/is Fitch. Numbers ofthis, our largest species, occurred
on birch and other trees.

Ldiocerus alternatus Fitch. Scarce. It is with slight misgivings that I
place this insect here, although I believe future study will justify the
reference.

Agallia novellus Say. As abundant at Muskoka as in New York; on
grass and weeds.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. “9g

Agallia flaccida Uhl. But few. of this common species were seen at
Muskoka.

Agallia siccifolia Uhl. Not uncommon in dry pastures.

Pediopsis viridis Fitch. Apparently rare.

Pediopsis variabilis Fitch. Examples occurred of varieties 4. and C. of
Fitch, and a single specimen of a uniform ferrugineous, with pale

yellow elytra crossed from the shoulder to the apex by a broad
ferrugineous band.

Pedivpsis minor Fitch. Two examples.

Pediopsis fenestratus Fitch. A common species on birch trees.

Tettigonide.

Oncometopia costalis Fab. Very abundant among coarse weeds and grass,
particularly near South. Falls, where the pretty striped nymphs
occurred with the newly developed imagines.

Diedrocephata coccinea Forst. Not uncommon on blackberry bushes.

Diedrocephala mollipes Say. Common.

Diedrocephala noveboracensis Fitch.

Alelochara communis Fitch. Common.

Euacanthus orbitalis Fitch. A few examples taken..

Gypona S-lineata Say. The form named /ffavilineata by Dr. Fitch
occurréd abundantly on various trees and bushes. I place this
variety with S-deweata Say, as it seems impossible, on a superticial
examination, to find any constant characters for separating the two
forms, although they have every appearance of being distinct species.
Some of the examples taken exhibit no indications of the yellow lines
on the head, pronotum and scutellum, while all are extremely variable
in the elytral venation. A careful study of our northern species of
Gypona is needed.

Jasside.

Acocephalus vitellinus Fitch. One example.
Grypotes unicolor Fitch. Not uncommon.

Cuadula ( Macrosteles ) quadrilincata Forbes. A few examples of this
common species occurred on cultivated lands. Near Buffalo it is

10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

quite variable, some individuals corresponding very closely with
Mr. Uhler’s description of Jassus divisus, with which this may prove
identical.

Thamnotettix eburata n. sp. Form and aspect of ¢dite/laria Say, to which
it is closely related. Above brown with a large white discal spot,
beneath white ; venter marked with black and yellow 7, or whitish
2. Vertex pale yellow, whitish on the base, slighly suffused with
ferrugineous on each side near the eye; a central impressed line
extending about half way to the apex. Face whitish, slightly tinged
with yellow. Antennz white, sete brown. Pronotum and scutellum
dark ferrugineous or fuscous, the latter paler with a transverse im-
pressed black line before the apex, behind which the edges are narrowly
yellow, and slightly calloused. Hemielytra ;—Clavus fuscous, the
common disc with a large, obtusely cordate, ivory white spot which
is slightly suffused with yellow ; behind this spot is a dark area.
Costal half of the corium milky white, almost opalescent, tip broadly
_fuscous ; discal half brownish ferrugineous, paler posteriorly, and
shading to fuscous along its junction with the white costal area,
Beneath and legs white, immaculate ; small spines at tip of the tibize
and tarsal joints slightly embrowned ; claws black. Venter black,
posterior edge and disc of the segments yellow ; the latter with a
central black line, represented by dots on the three basal segments ;
convexivum yellow; tergum black. Wings milky hyaline, veins
faintly brownish. The female differs from the male in being some-
what paler, in having the discal spot of the elytra more yellowish,
and the abdomen pale yellow or whitish. In the venation of the
elytra and other structural features this species agrees very closely
with clitellaria. The @ has the last ventral segment slightly con-
cave posteriorly ; valves obtusely triangular, black; plates white,
sparsely covered with long concolorous hairs. The § has the last
ventral segment black, with the lateral margins pale ; as in c@te//aria
it is deeply incised each side of the middle, leaving a central tongue,
which is, minutely emarginate at tip ; pygofers pale, suffused with
brown toward the central groove, and fringed with long pale hairs,
Length, J 5mm.; 2? 5%-6mm. A male was swept from grass
near a rivulet at Bracebridge ; also taken in the vicinity of South
Falls.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Tt

Athasanus striola Fall. Occurred abundantly near South Falls, on a low
meadow overgrown with swamp grasses ; here they were of large size,
measuring in some cases 6 mm. to tip of the elytra ; elsewhere,
scattering and of normal size.

Allygus irroratus Say. ‘Taken in moderate numbers. Both the normal
form and the large variety, with the vertex produced and flattened,
occurred together here as elsewhere ; the variety predominating in
moist situations.

JSassus tmmistus Say. Common among low bushes and briars. This
pretty insect seems to be congeneric with a form occuring near
Buffalo, of which I have seen specimens in the National Museum
labelled Scophoideus jucundus Uhl. <A third and undescribed species
occurred to me at Muskoka.

flatymetopius acutus Say. Moderately abundant.
Deltocephalus debilis Uhl. Rare. Occurs also at Buffalo.
Deltocephalus configuratus Uhl. Abundant here as elsewhere.
Deltocephalus sayz. Fitch. Scarce.

Deltocephalus inimicus Say. Very common on cultivated lands.

Typhlocybide.

Several species of these minute insects occurred; but as the North
American species have been but little studied they are omitted from the
present list.

Psyllide.
Psylla carpini Fitch. Abundant on the blue beech.

Aphidide.
Want of time precluded any attempt at collecting the Aphidide and
Coccide.
In addition to the 141 species here enumerated a number of doubtful

forms were taken, belonging mostly to the Homoptera ; giving a total of
something over 150 species as the fruits of ten days collecting.

12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

FURTHER NOTES ON CHIONOBAS JUTTA.
| BY REV. THOMAS W. FYLES, SCUTH QUEBEC,

Our President has asked me what methods I adopted for the raising
of C. jutta from the egg. -I will endeavour to describe them.

As it is well known that larvee of the genus C/zonobas feed on grasses,
_my first-care was to determine what grasses were to be found in the
haunts of /z¢¢a, and to notice the circumstances under which they grew.
I found several, all rooted in the sphagnum of the swamp. I took home
roots of every kind, and potted them in sphagnum, being careful to close
the hole in the bottom of each flower pot with a cork, and to soak the
plants thoroughly with rain water. I soon had a number of thriving
plants. I placed the pots containing these—so nedr together that some
of the blades of every plant intermingled with blades of the rest—in a box
of convenient size ; and I filled up the interstices, to the level of the rims
of the pots, with sphagnum. I then made a slight, arched lattice over the
top of the box, and stretched a piece of green netting over it. My cage
was then ready. When /ztta was pretty well worn, z. e., about the rath
of June, I captured two or three females, and placed them in my cage.
On the 17th of that month I found a number of eggs, not laid on the
blades of grass, but scattered over the netting. When the larvz appear-
ed, I placed, by means of a camel’s hair pencil, a few of them on each
plant; but I soon found that they congregated on the sedge. This then,
I concluded, was their favourite food-plant. I kept the cage on the seat
of an open window with a north-western aspect ; and, whenever it rained
I removed the covering of the box, and let the insects have the benefit of
the shower. In dry times I occasionally sprinkled them at sunset with
soft water. ;

In August I noticed that my insects were seriously decreasing in
number. As their habits were unknown I thought it possible that the
vanished specimens had buried themselves in the sphagnum, and would
in due time again appear ; but a wounded larva, that had evidently been
‘nipped by a foe, at length aroused my suspicions. I procured fresh plants
‘of sedge, placed upon them ali the larvae I could find, and then spread a
large sheet of paper, and upon it putled all the old bedding to pieces. The
result was that I found, not the lost larvae, but several very well grown
specimens of Lithobius Americanus. I consider this creature therefore a

THE-GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1455)

foe to be guarded against. On the approach of winter the care of /utta
became perplexing—the more so as I was about to leave for England. I at
length resolved to place the case, near a window, in a outer passage lead-
ing toa dairy. There it would be, I thought, sufficiently removed from
the warmth of the house, and would escape the crushing weight of the
winter’s snow. I left the larve supplied abundantly with sedge growing
in well soaked sphagnum. On my return in February only six of the
larve remained. They were torpid, but fresh and plump. A mild day
came, and one of the larve revived ; but the mild day was followed by a
bitter night, and the adventurous larva perished. When the others began
to revive I moved the cage into a room where the temperature
could be better regulated. Of the remaining larve one afterwards died
and four went into chrysalis. The chrysalids were naked, unattached,
and lay on the surface, or just below the surface of the sphagnum. I sent
one of them to Mr. W. H. Edwards, and one I preserved as a specimen.
The other two produced butterflies. The first of these appeared on the
31st of May, and was crippled. I thought that perhaps I had kept the
chrysalis too dry, and I sprinkled the one remaining with fresh water.
Next day a beautiful and fully developed female /utta presented itself,
crowning my efforts with success. It was as large as the largest
specimens I had taken in a state of nature. The only difference I could
perceive—and it was hardly perceptible—was that the insect raised in
captivity was of a somewhat paler brown than the others.

ONE WORD MORE ABOUT RILEYA.
BY L. O. HOWARD, WASHINGTON, D. C.

(See Mr. Ashmead’s communication in December Can. ENT.)

Without entering further into the discussion of priority, beyond stating
that Mr. Ashmead is wrong in his points (1), that my original communi-
cation was read after the publication of his synoptical table, (it was read
two days before the receipt of the number of Zxtomologica Americana, in
which the table was published), and (2), that his full description was
-published before mine ; (mine was published nine days before the receipt
of the Kansas bulletin). I wish to say just a word in reply to his supposi-

14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

tion as to the identity of Zonchocerus Dahlbom and Az/eya Howard. His
statement that I had not consulted the European literature is, of course,
uncalled for and absurd. I had not only familiarized myself with the
European descriptions, but had sent specimens to Dr. Mayr, who so ably
monographed the European Encyrtine some years ago, and whose opinion
corroborated my own as to the novelty of this form. Mr. Ashmead’s
comparison of Thomson’s description with my own must have been most
hurried, as they differ so widely that I would advise him to retract his
expressed opinion for the sake of his entomological reputation.

I tabulate here the differences which can be noted from comparison
of the two descriptions and my figure of AzZeya. The quoted portions in
the Aieya column-are from the description, and the unquoted portions
can be verified from the figure. ZLonchocerus, by the way, is nothing but a
synomym of J/ra, if Thomson is right in supposing that Dahlbom
founded the genus for Dalman’s Eucyrtus platycerus. Dahlbom’s genera
in the Encyrtinze were described, however, without any indication of types.

RILEYA HOWARD. LONCHOCERUS DAHLBOM.

‘Face * * * gently rounded, and has ‘*Caput subtriangulare, vertice sat lato,
a strong, glistening, transverse, clean-cut | lateribus tereti, medio subacuto.”
ridge just above the insertion of the an-

tennee.”

Antennal club not jointed. ** Clava 3-articulata.”

Mesoscutum transverse, ‘‘ highly po- ‘*Mesonoto [mesoscutum] haud trans-
lished.” verso, dense albo-sericeo.”

“© The mesoscutellum has a strong tuft of ‘* Scutellum dense holocericeo - pubes-
erect, black hairs” at tip only. cens.”

Wings not shortened; when closed ‘© Alze abbreviatee, Thorace vix super-
reaching considerably beyond tip of | antes.”
abdomen,

‘* The stigmal vein is given off immedi- ‘* Stigmate [marginal vein] lineari, dis-

ately at the juncture of the submarginal | tincto.”
with the costa.” Consequently there is 70
marginal vein.

Abdomen flattened ovate, cutely pointed ‘* Abdomen subglobosum, dense albo-
behind, ‘‘ highly polished.” pubescens.”

In conclusion, I wish to apologize for the slip (or misprint) in the use
of “1887” for “1888.” The change does not alter the relative order of
the events, and the date of reading the paper is unimportant.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15

POPULAR AND ECONOMICAL ENTOMOLOGY.

WINTER COLLECTING.

BY JAMES FLETCHER, OTTAWA.

At the last annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario,
it was decided that every month there should be at least one short article
upon the above subject. The Council consider it wiser not to increase
the size of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST at the present time, but to take
two pages from the space we now devote to Scientific Entomology. It is
true the space at our disposal is all too small to accommodate the valuable
articles sent in by our friends, but the demands are so frequent for articles
of the nature mentioned, that it has been decided to try the experiment of
having them regularly, and it is thus hoped to largely extend the influence
of the Society by inducing more lovers of nature to take up Entomology as
a study, and by providing agriculturists and horticulturists with short and
simple accounts of their insect enemies and the latest discovered remedies.
It has been suggested that the winter is an inappropriate time of the year
to begin such a series of articles ; but upon slight consideration this will
be found to be not at all the case. In the continuous chain of nature,
great interest will be found at every link and thing unexpected, strange
and of marvellous beauty will appear at every point. Even in Canada,
snow and ice-bound for so many months in the year, there is much col-
lecting which can be done in the winter. A favorite occupation of the
writer is to go off collecting with a congenial companion upon snow-shoes,
The charm of this pleasant exercise in which, supported by the light snow-
shoes, one can visit places inaccessible during the summer, is in no way
diminished by being able to take home with you specimens which will
afford ample occupation for many evenings. Starting off in a straight line
many objects of interest are met with as we go along, across field and
fences, through woods and swamps and over rivers, hills or even moun-
tains, all levelled and smoothed down to an even surface by their thick
covering of ice and snow. In passing through the woods and swamps
cocoons are eagerly looked for on the slender boughs of trees and shrubs.
It is seldom that we are not rewarded with cocoons of the large Emperor
moths. In crevices of bark and beneath moss, many hibernating insects
are discovered of several orders. Larve of moths and chrysalids of
butterflies, beetles and hemiptera, One of our annual trips is to a certain

16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

tree for the pretty little homopteron, which forms galls on the leaf of the
hackberry (Psyla Celtidis-mamma, Riley), and which passes the winter
in a torpid state beneath the scales of the bark of the hackberry, the color
of which it closely resembles. In passing through the swamps, tufts of
moss are pulled from any exposed hummocks to be picked to pieces at
home when they have thawed out. Here will be found many treasures
which we have not found in any other way. Every cluster of leaves
adhering to a deciduous tree or swelling upon a stem has to be examined
for the cause, and if it prove to be the work of insects, must be put into
the bag for examination. The only apparatus necessary for these expe-
ditions is a bag slung over the shoulders and a stick with a hook on one
end and a spike on the other ; the bag acts as a large pocket, and saves
the inconvenience of unbottoning your coat, when, perhaps, the thermom-
eter is below zero. The hook on the stick is useful for pulling down
boughs or pulling yourself out of a hole ; the spike for prying off pieces
of bark or digging into old stumps.

Objects of great interest, some of which can be better collected, and
from which the insects can be more successfully bred when collected in
the winter time, are the various kinds of plant galls. These require little
trouble, all that is necessary is to put them away in glass jars and keep
them closed. After a time the occupants begin to emerge, and to the
surprise of the uninitiated, although each kind is made by only one kind
of insect, from the galls will be produced perhaps half a dozen distinct
species. ‘These are most of them parasites upon the gall-maker, or what
are known as inquilines or guest flies. ‘he gall-maker produces the gall
upon the plants. In this gail some of these guest flies deposit their eggs,
and the young grubs feed upon the substance of the gall, or others again
live as parasites, either upon the grubs of the gall-makers or their guests.
Watching these as they emerge and making notes upon them, will be
found most entertaining at a time of the year when there is little active
life out of doors. A further zest is added to this department of study
from the fact that so little has been done in this line, that many of the
flies so bred will be new to science.

Other places which may be visited in the winter, are groves of ever-
greens where much will be found to repay the collector. Amongst the
leaves of the pines are cases of larvz, and in the leaves themselves are the
burrows of the caterpillar of a tiny moth, Beneath the bark are numer-
ous scolytid bark-borers, and from the solid wood beneath may be ex-

-THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. LT

tracted the large grubs of the timber borers ; to obtain these last,
however, an axe will be found necessary. In the garden the horticulturist
will find plenty of work with which to occupy himself profitably. The
egg masses of the tent caterpillars should now be collected and destroyed
as well as those of the Tussock moths.. Clusters of dead leaves should
be removed from apple trees and their stems cleared of the scales of the
oyster-shell bark louse and other small insects which winter in rough
places on the bark or amongst the buds.

In addition to the above work out of doors, much is to be done
during the winter to prepare for the work of the coming season. Appara-
tus and storing boxes for specimens should be prepared well beforehand,
or, perhaps, when the time comes to use them, opportunities will be lost.
Some simple elementary book should be procurred and read at leisure.
In our library at London, we have for the use of our members, many
books of this nature which can be borrowed by applying to the librarian.
We should recommend to beginners Kirby & Spence’s Entomology,
Packard’s Entomology for Beginners, and Comstock’s Introduction to
Entomology.

PHILIP HENRY GOSSE.

On Thursday the 23d of August, Philip Henry Gosse, departed this
life at St. Marychurch, near Torquay, Devonshire. He was born at
Worcester, on the 6th of April, 1810, and early displayed a taste for
natural history. In 1827, he was engaged as clerk in the extensive
mercantile house of Messrs. Slade, Elson, Harrison & Co., of Carbonear,
Newfoundland. In June, 1835, he removed with his friend, Mr. G. E.
Jacques, (now living at Cowansville, P. Q.,) to Lower Canada. He bought
a farm one mile east from Waterville, on the River Coaticook. During
the summer he cultivated his land, and in the winter he taught the Compton
village school. At this time he collected the materials for his first work,
the Canqgdian Naturalist. The rough life of a Canadian farmer, in a
comparatively new settlement, was ill-suited to this young man of refined
tastes ; and the ‘‘noisy politics” and “martial alarms” of the times
must have jarred on his ear, attuned as it was to the music of nature.
Then, too, the people of the neighborhood were not of a class to appreciate
his studies. They were wont to speak of him as “ that crazy Englishman

18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

who goes about picking up bugs.” It was well for him that as a naturalist,
to use his own words, he could find “ gratification in any scene and at
any season,” and that in Mr. Jacques, in whose house he boarded, he had
a congenial friend. In Chapter viii. of his work, he draws a gloomy picture
of an Eastern Township farmer’s life; but in the preface (which breathes
the modesty and piety which characterized him through life), he says :—
“‘ During a residence of some years in the Lower Province, the author has
felt it to be no common privilege to be able to solace himself by these
simple but enchanting studies * * * and even now the recollection
of those pleasant scenes sheds forth a lustre which gilds‘the edge of many
a dark cloud.”

In March, 1838, Mr. Gosse left Compton, and settled in Alabama for
about six months. His observations at this period afforded the subject
matter of his Letters from Alabama, chiefly relating to Natural History.
He returned to England in the spring of 1839, and published the Canadian
Naturalist during the summer. On the roth of August, 1844, he sailed
for Jamaica, to study the natural history of thatisland. After a residence
there of two years, he went back to England, and published the result of
his investigations, under the title of Zze Birds of Jamaica, A Naturadlist’s
Sojourn in Jamaica, and An Atlas of Lllustrations.

From January, 1852, to the time of his death, Mr. Gosse’s residence
was at St. Marychurch, where he had a delightful residence which he
named “Sandhurst.” Attached to this were extensive conservatories,
including a vinery, fernery, orchid houses, etc.

For some years, he was engaged in preparing works for the S. P. C. K.
After that he devoted himself to the microscopic study of the British
Rotifera. In 1856, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He
was an indefatigable worker, usually in his study by four o’clock in the
morning in the summer, and by six o’clock in the winter, and producing
on the average two works in the year. His books must number about
forty ; and among the scientific papers of the Royal Society upwards of
fifty are from the pen of Mr. Gosse.

Among his works are :— TZenby, A Sea-side Holiday ; The Aquarium ;
Actinologia Britannica; A History of the British Sea Anemones and
Corals; The Wonders of the Great Deep; The Romance of Natural
History ; Life in its Lower, Intermediate, and Higher Forms; Land and
Sea, and A Vear at the Shore.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19

Always of a religious turn of mind, he delighted in sacred history
and Biblical studies ; and a number of words of a sacred and historical
character proceeded from his pen. The last of these, published in 1884,
was entitled, Zze Mysteries of God, a Series of Expositions of Holy
Scripture.

One cannot often point to a life more pleasantly and usefully spent

than that of Philip Henry Gosse.
THomas W. FYLEs.

CORRESPONDENCE.

—

DANAIS ARCHIPPUS.

Dear Sir; Isend you my season’s observations on the movements
of D. archippus in this locality. The spring of ’88 was an unusually
backward one here, cool, dry weather prevailing, which will, of course,
affect all the dates more or less. I commenced by watching for the ap-
pearence of milk-weed Asclepias cornutus in two places where it grows in
abundance ; one, a flat to the west of the city, protected on the east and
north by a high bank ; the other to the east along the foot of the Niagara
escarpment, a very warm spot when the wind is not north-east. On the
4th of June, I could not see a sign of its coming through the ground ; on
the 5th, I went to the country, about 26 miles north of this; they had
more rain there, and A. cornutus was from three to six inches high ; on
the 7th, I saw my first D. archippus of the season, but they did not appear
in any great numbers whilst I remained. On my return, I visited the
west end on the 26th, there were a few flying about the weed,
which was then from ten to fourteen inches in height with blossom
clusters not yet expanded. I captured three—two males and a female,
and saw a larva about one inch long and as thick as a wheat straw. In
the same locality, on 3rd of July, I counted seven on the wing at one
time, flying vigorously, and took two males, and felt sure from their
movements the others were the same. On the 5th went east, milk-weed
in full bloom, archippus abundant ; captured two males, and suspected
all the others to be the same ; could find no larvz ; took fresh hatched
Milberti and saw plenty ot fresh Atalanta. Went west on the
7th, not many on the wing, and could find very few larve.
Was at Guelph for ten days on the 16th, and visited the Agricultural
‘College. Prof. Panton showed me chrysalids reared in confinement.

‘20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

On the 21st, at the west end, captured a freshly hatched male; found
no larve; leaves of weed showing little signs of being eaten. 25th,
same place ; butterflies plentiful ; freshly hatched mingling with old broken
ones ; took a fresh female. East on the 27th; butterflies not plentiful ;
saw a few larve nearly full fed. 28th, west; not so plentiful as on the
25th. From the 2nd to the 18th of August, I was in the vicinity of
Brantford—z5 miles west from Hamilton ; there were few D. archippus
to be seen, but all were fresh; yet there was an abundance ot asclepias.
On the zoth, was at the west end; larve scarce ; saw one not half an inch
long ; took one full fed, which suspended that night, and pupated the fol-
lowing night ; there were very few archippus about the milk-weeds, which
were now four and a-half and five feet high. From the 1st to the 17th of
September I was 16 miles south of here ; there I saw several fresh archip-
pus, but not a single stalk of asclepias. On the 21st was at the west end ;
archippus had completely deserted the milk-weed ; I saw some feeding
in a garden some distance away. My impression has been for a good
while that the butterflies care but little for the milk-weed to feed at ; that
they are there for breeding purposes principally ; that they are but light
feeders, with a great fondness for loitering in open woods, where there is
apparently nothing for them to feed on. My last observation was made
on the 15th of October ; the milk-weeds were still green at top, but the
lower leaves were all decayed. I have seen no butterflies since the 21st
of September. J. Atston Morrat, Hamilton.

SOME COLEOPTERA NEW TO COLORADO,

Dear Sir: Dr. John Hamilton has been good enough recently to
examine some Coleoptera which I collected in Custer County, Col., and
among them he finds five specimens new to the State List. One, Ditylus
obscurus, was obtained in the eastern portion of the county, the other
four are from near Swift Creek, at 8,000 to 8,500 feet altitude, and are as
follows: Aphodius brevicollis—which Dr. Hamilton says was previously
known only by a single specimen found in Nebraska ; Aster Harrisiz,
Kirby; A subopacus, Lec.—three specimens obtained; and Leda
vivida, Bates. Among my beetles from Eastern Custer Co. was also
an example of Pityophagus verticalis, which Dr. Hamilton says was
previously known by a single specimen only.

Sept. 7th, 1888. T. D. A. CocKERELL, West Cliff, Colorado

Mailed January 4th.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. XXI. LONDON, FEBRUARY, 1889. No. 2.

THE LEPIDOPTEROUS FAUNZ OF EUROPE AND
NORTH AMERICA.

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

The study of representative species of butterflies and moths shows
us that very different grades of resemblance exist between allied forms
inhabiting Europe and North America. I have shown that the modifica-
tion shows itself sometimes mainly in the larval state ; again the perfect
insects depart more or less strongly. I have also ventured to decide
that these representative species are entitled to specific rank in our
nomenclature. They fulfil the condition of species, since they do not
intergrade, and they can be distinguished quite surely by competent
specialists. The study of these representative species leads to the
question of their relation, and we have seen that they may be regarded
as survivals of a former northern, circumpolar fauna, which was broken
up and driven southwards by the Ice Period of geologists. I have
originally tried to show, in Silliman’s Journal, that we have in our
Lepidopterous fauna different elements. The representative species
belong to this ancient circumpolar fauna. And here belong in part the
identical species like Vanessa antiopa or atlanta. ‘The identical species
have remained unaltered, but certain species have been introduced by
commerce, as the White Cabbage Butterfly and perbaps the Currant
Borer, Sesia tipuliformis. ‘The certain separation of these two sources
of North American species belonging to the circumpolar element requires
historical data which will hardly be forthcoming. The second element
is that which comes to us from the south, a return wave of the migration
southwards, which set in on the advent of the Glacial Age. This
southern element is divisible into such forms as have already firm foot-
hold, and such as the physical phenomena of the Gulf Stream, the
prevailing air currents during the summer, land as wind-visitors upon our
shores. Erebus, Aletia, Euthisanotia, among the moths, are more or less

22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

partial breeders in our territory. How far north the permanent residence
of the Cotton Moth obtains is not yet known. I am the first to point out
that it is winter-killed over much of the territory which its summer migra-
tions cover as a moth. I have seen how the migration takes place. The
moths crawled out in numbers on my plantation during one or two days,
and I anticipated a third and more destructive brood of caterpillars.
The next morning not one perfect moth was to be seen. On the ground
crawled a few cripples with unexpanded wings, to be killed by the sun
and the ants. There was no third brood; the moths had migrated,
been swept by the winds to the north during the night. I have alluded
to the influence of the winds upon the time of arrival of the Cotton Moth
on the Atlantic coast.

The “original” part of my work on the Cotton Worm was my dis-
covery that it hibernated in the moth state ; that it was winter-killed over
a part of the territory it occupied both as larva and moth during the
summer; that in the south it had no other food plant than cotton. I
accounted for the moths in Canada in the fall by considering them wind-
migrants. No alternative food plant is known in the north. In the
south, as I originally stated, the worms migrate from eaten-out cotton
fields, leaving the weeds and vines untouched, in search of fresh cotton.
I identified the insect with the South American A/etia argillacea of
Hiibner, and stated my theory which I arrived at from a study of the
habits of the moth and from a knowledge of the cotton plant itself, which
like its parasite is not indigenous with us. Both have changed their
normal condition. Man brought the cotton plant, which under culture
and in our climate has become an annual, itself winter-killed in part, but
so more productive of cotton; the winds brought the moth and the
cultivated cotton fields supplied abundant food. I pointed out the
yearly seasonal spread of the moth from south to north.

But to leave the special subject of the Cotton Worm, which is inter-
esting by itself as illustrating one of the sources of the southern element
in our Lepidopterous fauna, and to proceed with our analysis. The third
element in our fauna is that which is North American ger se, that is,
which is descended from a pre-Glacial North American fauna, or which
has become so modified from its original source as to be classed as North
American. Here is a very difficult study in a consideration of the
characters of our Lepidoptera. I have taken Cressonia juglandis as a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23

type of a North American moth descended from a pre-Glacial North
Amierican ancestor. I .have taken Dafana as an example of a North
American moth which has become so modified from its original source
as a member of the ancient circumpolar fauna, the first element in our
present North American fauna, as to be now classed as North American.
In the same group I take Afpate/odes as an example of a North American
moth which has become so modified from its original source as a member
of the tropical, or South American fauna, as to be now classed as North
American. The Ceratocampine, the genus Hyperchiria, I regard as
-ultimately of Southern origin. The genus CatocaZa belongs to the first
element in our fauna; it is a development from a former circumpolar
fauna.

But not to go further for the moment in this direction, let us compare
the American and European butterflies and moths in a more general way,
so as to arrive at some conclusion with regard to the departure from a
common type in the members of the circumpolar fauna. The first thing
which strikes us is the comparatively greater tendency to variation, to
splitting into species which characterizes the North American butterflies
and moths. ‘Take the genus Co/ias, which belongs to the first element in
our fauna; how it wanders into distinct forms, sometimes still connected,
again no longer now members of the same reproductive cycle. | Without
Mr. W. H. Edwards’s observations on the larva, we should be quite at sea.

But now, compare our protean Co//as species with the two set Euro-
pean forms! What is true of Codéas is true in other genera. Take the
genus Datana among the moths; this is an American out-growth of the
European Phalera. Now in Europe there are two closely allied forms of
LPhalera, bucephala and bucephaloides, but they are to be at once
picked out by a slight but constant difference. In America we have
six or seven species of Datana, and, if we take out Angusii and perspicua,
as being distinguishable by general colour, all very near and difficult to dis-
tinguish as moths. In the genus C7iséocampa, the same phenomena are
repeated. See how variable the underwings are and how much difference
of opinion exists among writers! I am of opinion that Catocala residua
is a good species, but Mr. Hulst is not with me here. At the best we can
say, that Mr. Hulst, in regard to other species and varieties (e. g. preclara,
herodias, giseda), has corrected himself and adopted my views, and that he
will also probably come in time to agree with me in regard to d/abame,

24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Whitneyt and residua. We have seen, that the more correct determina-
tion of the moths alone is a matter of scientific experience, inborn feeling,
in short of tact which comes alike from long work and genius for the study.
The check to all such determinations of the perfect insects is breeding
from the egg.

In the North American fauna, we also have the European genus
Scopelosoma ; in Europe with one constant form, in North America with
several closely allied. How thankful I am, that Mr. Thaxter has bred our
closely allied species, so that no opinion formed from the imagines alone
is now worth having or recording.

As the result of our comparison, we see the fact that species tend more
to vary, to wander off into new forms in North America ; whereas, in
Europe, they have a greater setness, or fixity in their appearance, It
would seem as if the faunal changes in America had been greater, influ-
enced by physical causes, the chain of longitudinal mountains, the land
connection of the tropics, the course of the winds of the gulf stream, all
the phenomena of climate and temperature. The probability is, that the
European species are nearer the old circumpolar pre-glacial forms ;
that in most cases the North American forms have made the variation, the
step in a new direction.

Species by species, genus by genus, must these comparisons be made,
so that we may unroll the probable past of our butterflies and moths. The
life-histories must be known and compared. Work like that done by Mr.
W. H. Edwards, Mr. Thaxter, Prof. French, Mr. Beutenmiiller and others
must be encouraged. Some papers by Mr. Moffat, on the question of
species and variety naming, recommended themselves to me greatly. At
the risk of repeating myself, I maintain that, as an entomologist, we are
here to discriminate, not to lump ; our work is to talk about and illustrate
the differences we find in insects.

An intelligent resolving of the study into its different phases is much
needed. While with patience, the fine work of discriminating the forms
is being carried on, the labour of comparisons, for the purpose of aiding the
solution of wider questions, should not be neglected. There is enough to
do, and I am glad to see, as the years go by and fresh workers come into
our field, that there will be enough to doit. It is the pursuit of truth that
is always new and interesting.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25

A NEW SPECIES OF NEONYMPHA.

BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

Neonympha Mitchellii n. sp.
Expanse of wings, male, 1.20 to 1.30 inches ; female inches.

Male.—Upper surface grayish wood-brown, rather dark, without spots
or marks, except that the spots on the underside of the hind wings and
the dark lines bordering the terminal dark yellow line on the same wings
show through a little. Fringes concolorous, in certain lights a little smoky
tinged. Under surface slightly paler than the upper, a little more of the
mouse order of color, sprinkled with buff scales. Both wings are crossed
by four transverse brownish-yellow stripes, so dark on the fore wings as
to be yellow-brown, occupying the same position as the same lines in its
ally, VV. Areo/atus, the first and second uniting by a rounded end about a
tenth of an inch from the inner margin of hind wings, the two outer—one
terminal and the other sub-terminal—also uniting before reaching anal
angle. In Avreolatus these lines do not unite. Each of these lines has a
dark brown (more or less distinct) fine bordering line on each side of it.
The first line crosses the fore wings a little more than two-thirds the dis-
tance from the base of wing to end of cell, the hind wings about two-
thirds. The second line crosses fore wing a little beyond the end of celi,
the hind wings across the end of cell. The second and third are approxi-
mate anteriorily as in Areo/atus. Fore wings with a row of four small
ocelli between second and third lines, black, circled with pale Naples
yellow or buff, the first varying from a dot, the size of an ordinary period,
to about twice that diameter ; in four examples circular, in two a little
oval, in two a silvery metallic centre, the second a little more than twice
the diameter of the first ; in three examples circular, the other three
slightly ovate, each with from one to three metallic points, when three pre-
sent in the form of a triangle ; the third averaging the size of the second,
circular, with from one to two metallic points, when one central, when two
in line with the row of spots ; the fourth about one-fourth larger than the
first, circular, all but one, which has the buff circle almost complete on

the outside, but also a few buff scales outside the circle, a single metallic
point to each of these.

Hind wings with six ocelli to each wing, circled with buff as those on

26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

the fore wings. The first varying from a few buff scales, in one example,
without the black centre, to twice or thrice the diameter of an ordinary
period, circular, the largest with, in one example, a silvery metallic point;
the second about .o4 of an inch in diameter (the black portion), circular
in four examples, in two a slight bulging in outer anal part, from one to
five metallic scales, aggregated or scattered ; the third from .o6 to .07 of
an inch in diameter, all nearly or quite circular, two silvery metallic points,
in line with the ocelli; the fourth size of the third and the same shape.
In each of these one example has a few black scales projecting into the
buff annulus externally on one wing, points as in the third, except that
in one the metallic scales are scattered on one wing ; fifth of the size of
the third, circular, in one example a few buff scales invade the black ex-
ternally on one wing, in two other examples they are a little irregular in
shape externally on both wings, two metallic points to each, with a few
scattering scales in two examples ; sixth about constant in size, as large as
the largest of the first, one metallic point in all but one, ocellus, where
the scales scatter a little, circular.

Body concolorous ; antennz above on basal two-thirds colour of wings,
terminal orange shading into basal colour ; beneath whitish, outer third
orange ; sides of basal two-thirds brown and whitish.

Female.—Differs from the male in being paler both above and below,
and slightly in the arrangement of the transverse lines on the under side.
In two of the four before me, the second and third lines distinctly unite
with each other near the anal angle, while the lines by which the first and
second, and the third and fourth unite are to be seen but are obscure. In
one of the others there is no union between the second and third, while
there is plain union between first and second, and third and fourth. The
fourth has a distinct union between the first and second, and third and
fourth, but the rounded ends of these unions touch. Both wings of the
same example alike in this character. Ocelli as in the males, with about
the same amount of variation. ;

This species differs from A. Areodatus in the following points:—In
Arcolatus the fore wing may have three ocelli and vary from that to
many, while the hind wings have five. In Actche/dii four are always
found on the under side of the fore wings, and six on hind wings in both
sexes. In Areolatus the ocelli are elongate, the long part the long way
of the wing. In détcheldic they are all circular with only a litte variation.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 27

In Areolatus the metallic points in the ocelli are pale blue, and are
arranged more or less in rows in the ocelli lengthwise of the wing. In
Mitchellit they are, if in rows at all, across the wing. In Areolatus the
transverse lines on the under side are ferruginous, and the second and
third always unite near anal angle of hind wings. In A/7tchel/ii they are
more of a brownish-yellow ; in the males the second and third lines never
unite, but the first and second, and the third and fourth always unite
leaving a little space between their rounded ends ; in the females only
one out of four had the second and third distinctly united. In Areolatus
the metallic points are pale blue. In A@?tchel/ii they are lighter, being
more of a silvery colour, giving none of the real blue reflection, unless
seen at a very oblique light, and then very pale.

Described from six males and four females taken by my friend, Pro-
fessor J. N. Mitchell, in Cass County, Michigan, to whom I dedi
cate the species. They were found in upland dry meadows, about ten
miles from the Indiana line. Professor Mitchell is of the opinion that the
species has been found as far north as Kent County, Michigan.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF TINEIDZ FROM THE ALEUTIAN
ISLANDS.

BY WM. BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK.

Cerostoma Aleutianella, n. sp.

Head and palpi olive gray ; legs olive gray, tibie annulated with
fuscous ; body fuscous. Primaries olive gray, becoming paler toward
the outer margin; above the fold is a broken fuscous basal streak,
running to a little beyond the middle of the wing ; at the end of the cell
a small fuscous spot, limited beneath by a white patch. Cilia olive gray.
Secondaries grayish fuscous. Underside of wings grayish fuscous. Cilia
of the primaries tipped with greenish gray.

Expanse 20mm. 1 f. Coll., Hy. Edw.

Cerostoma Dubiosella, un. sp.

Head, thorax and palpi fuscous. Primaries grayish fuscous, thickly
covered with deep fuscous scales ; before the outer margin a few white
and black scales. Secondaries grayish fuscous, as are also the underside
of the wings.

Expanse 18 mm. One example. Coll. Hy. Edw.

28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTES ON BOMBYCID-.
BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK.

The habits of insects present an attractive and fruitful field of dis-
covery, illustrating in many remarkable ways their peculiar instincts
governed by heredity, and more or less conditioned by environment. The
power which we call instinct, controlling the habits of insects, has a regu-
larity of action governed by ordinary conditions, but there are frequent
manifestations of adaptation to circumstance, as conspicuous in the several
orders of insects as in the various races of mankind. The extraordinary
condition can only be regarded as an obstruction to the usual law that
governs instinct, and compels the creature to conform to the changed
surroundings. The larve of Bombyx mori if crowded for space at the
time of pupation will associate to the number of three or four in spinning
the one cocoon which covers them. The larvee of Samia cynthia under
like environment present a similar variation of habit by spinning interior
sections one above the other in the silk-lined leaf constituting the one
envelope, so that outwardly it has the appearance of a long, single cocoon.
The marked feature of this dual cocoon is, that while ordinarily the place
of escape for the imago is at the upper end of the cocoon, the inhabitant
of the lower section emerges at the lower end of the cocoon, from the lower
end of its section. The Cyxthza worms occasionally, from like necessity,
will, to the number of two, spin a cocoon in common and undergo trans-
formation in the one interior section. Ihave collected the past season
very diminutive cocoons of P. cecropia and 5S. cynthia, the former measur-
ing one and one-half inches long by one-half inch in diameter ; the in-
terior section three-quarters of an inch long by three-eighths of an inch in
diameter; the latter was spun on a leaf one and one-half inches long, the
cocoon rather less by three-eighths of an inch in diameter. The cocoons
contained the larva dead and in a dried condition.

From a cocoon of ~. cecropia I have obtained a very small male,
measuring scarcely four inches in expanse of wing. The kidney-shaped
spots on secondaries are reversed from their usual position, the pointed
end being directed towards the abdominal or inner margin, instead of as
commonly to the exterior margin. The wavy white line, bordered with
black, on the exterior margin of the primaries, which is usually more
or less pointed into the adjoining lilac, is in this specimen a line corres-
ponding in form with that of the margin of the wing.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29

NOTES ON COLEOPTERA.—No. 5.
BY JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENY, PA.

Cicindela. A glance over the catalogue shows many names marked
as varieties of others, and a glance into the boxes of any fair collection
shows these same to have a diversity of appearance, that in many
instances requires an educated experience to reconcile with their being
specifically identical ; as for example, a green C. sex-guttata and a black
consentanea, OY an immaculate green wnicolor and a black modesta. With
systematists, size, color and markings have no primary weight in specific
identity ; that is, when the species are not made. It is not here purposed
to enter on the relation of races, the determining causes of which are
beyond reasonable conjecture and must have been indefinitely remote,
since hereditary reversion to a common ancestral type is obsolete, and
many varieties breed true to themselves without producing any of the
others ; but, to protest against the practice some collectors have of
ignoring varieties in making exchanges, as sending vudturina or prasina
instead of odso/eta; and to advise that they be treated as species. Indeed
it is quite possible when their internal anatomy is better known and
structures like the sexual organs studied and used in systematic work, as
has been done by Dr. Horn in Corfhyra, some of these varieties may
turn out to be species. I take var. consentanea and var. modesta
abundantly in the pine woods of New Jersey near the coast, basking in
the sunshine on the white sand, but neither sex-guttata, nor scutellaris,
nor any intervening varieties are found near there, and I doubt greatly
whether the opposite sexes would recognize relationship or produce
fertile offspring. C.repanda and var. 12-guttata are found in great plenty
here and do not appear to mingle, each race confining itself to its own
territory—the former to the river shore and benches, the latter to the
rocky creeks and adjacent plateaus—and are not known to hybridize or
in any way acknowledge kinship. The above recommendation is intended
to apply to the other families of Coleoptera as well as to Cicindela, and it
is believed every race that is distinct should have a name for the con-
venience of collectors, if for no other purpose.

Dyschirius. he following, with the other named beetles, were taken
Aug. 27th, on Brigantine Island, N. J., in a salt marsh on a sandy spct
about three feet by two and elevated some six inches above the level of

30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the ordinary tides: D. sphericollis, 7 sp.; D. pallipennis, 2 sp.; D. fili-
formis, 1sp.; D. pumilus, 10 sp.; Clivina striatopunctata, 5 sp.; Bledius
politus, 16 sp.; B. basalts, 20 sp.; Trogophleus? sp., 12 spec.; Rhysse-
matus scaber, 18 sp.; many Bledius maxillosus around the base were not
collected. The Dyschirius, Clivina and Bledius burrow only deep
enough in the moist sand to fairly cover themselves, and their presence
is known by the little mounds at the entrance of their excavations. In
life the elytra of Sledius basalis are pearly white, with the basal declivity
black ; those of &. politus are reddish-yellow and shining, and the thorax
is ferruginous, and it may be known from all others of its size by the deep
thoracic channel and the sparse coarse punctuation of the thorax and
elytra ; the head of the male is large, and tuberculate between the ocular
ridges; both species extend southward along the coast to Florida.
Rhyssematus scaber does not burrow, but lives beneath a thin layer of a
confervoid growth that forms on the marshes and about the roots of grass.
This little beetle feigns death so persistently that I never saw one move
in the least, and the only other Aphodide I know of that has this habit is
Dialytes striatulus.

Lebia vivida Bates. A specimen of this beautiful little beetle,
described from Mexico and introduced into our catalogue on the strength
of two specimens taken in Arizona, is in my collection through the kind-
ness of Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, taken by him in Custer Co., Col., at an
elevation of some 8,000 feet, thus showing that it belongs to the fauna of
the Rocky Mountains.

Cychrus Lecontet Dej. Most of the Carabide have a regular time of
appearance, but this does not seem to be the case with Leconte, bright
new specimens of which may be found from April to December. I have
found them paired in November, in April, and at various times during
the summer. It hibernates, as is well known, in logs and under moss
and stones.

Chlenius Pennsylvanicus Say is subject to considerable variation in
color, size and sculpture, but nothing is seemingly stable enough to form
a race or true variety. One of these variations I was once disposed to
regard as a species till set right by Dr. Horn. It has pale epipleura, and
the side margins of the ventral segments rufous, like Circumcinctus; the
outer three intervals of the elytra are dark green, contrasting with the
the dark disk. It occurs here in summer on the river beach, and I have

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3d

not seen it inland. I have specimens of it from Missouri, New York and
Canada labelled in error, ¢rzcolor.

Harpalus vulpeculus Say appears late in the season, and then the
thorax is rufous, but becomes black in some individuals after hibernating.
This tendency to meZanism has not been observed in H dichrous, which
occurs with it, and has likewise a rufous thorax. Stenolophus conjunctus
appears in summer and autumn, and then its thorax is rufous ; in the fall
it becomes gregarious, and winters under rails and stones in grassy
places, after which the thorax is entirely black.

Tachycellus Kirbyi Horn is not met with every day, as it lives in
grassy places in boggy swamps in their natural state, mostly inaccessible
except in the dry part of the season. It is usually found about the roots
of tufts of grass. A good way to take swamp beetles is to spread an
armful of cut grass over some wet, bare place in the swamp, and on turn-
ing it over every three or four days some otherwise rare insects may be
taken, as Pterostichus patruelis, which here inhabits swamps. Along
with it is found plentifully a common species of Stenolophus, yet unde-
scribed, that goes in with ochropezus or plebetus, as the collector fancies.

Pocadius helvolus Er. Whoever desires this beetle may take it
during August in a growing Lécoperdon, which when ripe is commonly
known as puff-ball. A dozen or more are often taken in a single one,
and are of all colors from ferruginous to nearly black ; but young puff
balls are not always plentyful, and when found not more than one in twenty
contains beetles, which need not be greatly regretted by the collector if
he is anything of an epicure.

Pityophagus verticalis Horn was described from a single specimen
from Colorado, the absence in which of the small spinules on the external
edge of the tibize seen in the other species was attributed to probable
abrasion. From Mr, T. D. A. Cockerell I have received from Custer
County, in the same State, an apparently perfect specimen in which there
is no trace of these spinules. This character, when more specimens of
this and rwfipennis occur, may, apart from color, have chiefly to be depended
on to separate the species, as from the specimens before me it is doubtful
whether the cephalic characters will do it in all cases. In this specimen
of verticalis the vertical fovea is rather an elongate impression with a fine
line extending on the occiput. In three specimens of rufipennis from
California the fine occipital line is absent in two and only discernible

O2
bo

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

in the third, but well marked in one from Oregon ; while in one specimen
there is a very obvious frontal impression, much like that in this ver¢7-
calis. In both species the head is transversely impressed posteriorly,
and the pygidium concave with a much raised hind border.

Aphodius marginatus Lec. ‘This fine species was described from a
unique, and by Dr. Horn in his monograph, from the type and another
specimen, both from eastern Nevada, and supposed to be females.
Through the favor of Mr. Cockerell, who collects in Custer County,
Col., at elevations of from 6,000 to 8,000 feet and upward, I have a speci-
men that appears to bea male. It differs from the type by having the
front distinctly tri-tuberculate, and a fine basal thoracic marginal line
evident at the middle, but obsolete near the sides ; the punctulation of
the thorax and elytral intervals is exceedingly fine, and cannot be seen
by the unaided eye; there are large coarse punctures disposed in clusters
along the sides and base of the thorax, but absent from a large triangular
space on the disk with its apex posterior ; also a depression or concavity
at the front as well as the hind angles.

Ligyrus relictus Say. Waiking on the river beach in August, I turned
over a shingle on a small sandy place about which some grass was grow-
ing, under it were seven Harfalus caliginosus, and the elytra and other
remains of several Z. redictus which they had devoured. Noticing the
sand to have been much disturbed I dug down and soon turned out
twenty-seven of the beetles named, which were buried from two to four
inches deep over an area of about ten by sixteen inches, and of both
sexes, Other similar spots were investigated without results. Now is
this a known and common habit? What is its purpose in the economy
of the insect? Did the Harpadus kill those they feasted upon? JZ.
relictus, also Chalepus trachypygus and an occasional Polymechus
brevipes come to the electric lights in the -city, but veZictws flies also by
day in the warmest sunshine, especially along the river.

Leptura haematites Newm., nana Newm., exigua Newm., saucia
Lec., subargentata Kirby, similis Kirby, rujiceps Lec., and rhodopus Lec.
These names have long been a source of perplexity to collectors and of
no little confusion. Dr. Horn (Entomol. American i., 8) recognizes only
three species, Aaematites, exigna and subargentata, placing five others
in synonymy—vzaza and saucia with exigna, and rhodopus, ruficeps and
similis with subargentata. ‘This leaves a very common species here and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 393

northward through Canada without aname. JZ. /aematites, with its red
thorax, is well known, occurring abundantly on Crategus and other
blossoms in the spring. Its sexual differences consist in the thorax of
the male being much longer than that of the female, and anteriorly
narrowed The unnamed species is similar in size (.18 to .22 inch in
length), and has the same sexual characters, but the thorax and elytra
are concolorous, being black, or brownish black, with cinereous pubes-
cence. These two species are frequently taken together, and were the
thorax of the same color could not be separated by any character yet
discovered. I have the unnamed species from New York, Canada and
elsewhere labelled subargentata, or similis, according to the color of the
feet. L. subargentata is, however, a very different insect, though having
the same sexual characters. It is much larger (.26 to .30 inch in length),
blacker, more coarsely punctured and sparsely pubescent, occurring more
commonly in northern Canada and the Rocky Mountain region to
Mexico. In all these species the legs vary from black to rufous, and the
colour is of no value. JZ. exigwa does not belong to this group, having
different sexual characters ; the male has the last ventral segment convex
at middle and impressed at tip, and in front of the impression a mucro-
nate tubercle projected backwards; this, and the black spot on the
thorax surrounded by golden pubescence, easily separate it (L. .24 inch).
The unnamed species is probably in most collections by some name:

Leptura Zebra Oliv. July 6th. Several females taken ovipositiug on
a white oak stump made the preceding spring.

Agaspherops nigra Horn. Among a number of Rhyncophora from
Vancouver Island, B. C., from Rev. Geo. W. Taylor, there was a speci-
men of this singular insect, so like Otiorhynchus sulcatus that I passed it
by as such till the unknown forms were examined. The genus and species
were founded on two specimens taken at Mendocino, Cal. This specimen
differs a little from the types being a little larger (.34 inch) ; the tubercles
on the thorax are not very close, each being about the size of a No. 2 to
3 Kleger pin head, flattened on the top, and bearing a deep puncture ;
the elytral intervals are composed of single rows of tubercles equally as
large and similarly punctured. On the thorax and elytra there is a pattern
of white and golden scales similar to that seen in Hormorus undulatus,
but they are sparser and less conspicuous ; these scales are easily rubbed
off, which may have been the case with the types before they were seen,

34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

otherwise this might be regarded as a second species. The beak is sul-
cate like Otiorhynchus sulcatus, but twice the length, and the scape of the
antennze scarcely reaches the eye. The elytral ornamentation of sz/catus
is less noticeable and more pubescent like, and none of the tubercles of
the thorax and elytra, which are much smaller, are perforate, those of the
intervals being arranged in irregular clusters.

Conotrachelus naso Lec. I am not aware of a record of this species
occurring in the Northern States. Last year and also the present I bred
it from the fruit of crategus—haws—as well as C. posticatus. ‘The species
are very close and are best separated by the two yellowish white spots on
the thorax of zaso. C. crategi is, however, the great haw worm next to
the larve of the Lepidopterous Grapholitha prunivora Mels., which
developes with, but a couple of weeks later, than the beetles.

DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF DATANA MAJORG. & R.

BY HARRISON G. DYAR, RHINEBECK, N. Y.

Young larva.—Body dark reddish, inclining to black ; otherwise as
in the following stage.

Before last moult.—Body black or reddish black, with eight longitu-
dinal clear white stripes, as broad as the intervening spaces or broader,
with the exception of the dorsal space. Beneath are three partly obsolete
white lines, two of them interrupted by the legs. The head and cervical
shield all dark mahogany red, as are also the abdominal feet, the bases
of the thoracic feet and two spots on segments 4, 5, 10 and 11. Thoracic
feet black. The anal plates are black or dark mahogany red ; sparsely
distributed white hairs. Length about 30 m.m.

Mature larva.— Body black ; stripes broken into a series of irregular-
ly square or rectangular white spots. In the three upper rows on each
side these spots occur two on each segment situated near the edges of
the segment. The lower row consists of a spot before the spiracle,
alternating with an elongated one overlapping on two segments, so that
these spots nearly alternate with those of the upper rows. Head, cervical
shield, anal plates, all feet (except thoracic) with their bases and two spots
on segments 4, 5, 10 and 11, dark mahogany red. Below are a few white
dots representing the usual stripes. Scattered whitish hairs. Length
about 60 m.m.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 35

There is a variety in which the stripes, and later the spots, are bright
lemon yellow instead of white. The colour seems to be constant for an
individual. The larve live together in rather small swarms, not exceed-
ing fifty, till after the last moult, when they separate, often leaving the
food-plant to ascend another in the vicinity. They then feed singly to
maturity.

Food-plant, Andromeda ligustrina.

NOTES ON SOME CALIFORNIA MOTHS.

BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

Arctia Shastaensis Behrens, MS., nov. var. or nov. sp.

This new form was found by my friend, Mr. James Behrens, of San Fran-
cisco, at Upper Soda Springs, Siskiyou County, near Mount Shasta. The
hind wings and abdomen are wanting, but the fore wings are present and
in a very fair state of preservation. They are black, without light mark-
ings on the veins, but marked with yellow as follows:—A very broad
transverse stripe, the basal of the usual three found in 4. Achaia and A.
Behrii, as wide as the female of Behrz, but more regular along its edges
and curved more as this stripe is in Achaza, and not extending out on the
costa as does this stripe in Behriz; the second of the three usual stripes
is absent, save a few yellow scales on the sub-costal vein ; the third is
present, but narrow, arcuate, does not quite reach the costa, and only
comes a little below the streak along median vein to posterior angle, a little
attenuated at both ends ; the usual longitudinal stripe below median vein,
not reaching the base as this stripe does in both Achaia and Behrii, but
beginning just inside the broad stripe, where it almost connects with an
outward curved half line inside the broad stripe, that is broad on costa,
but narrow below, outside the broad stripe the stripe is narrow, and on
one wing broken before reaching posterior angle ; the M-mark present
much as in Sehriz, beginning on costa midway between stripe three and
apex, the first bar of the M curved inward, the other two outward and
joined together and to the third stripe, the fourth bar absent as the spur
that is usually sent out from the sub-median stripe is here absent. Fringes
black ; head, thorax and patagia black. Beneath as above, only paler.
Legs black, except inside of anterior femora, which are yellowish.

36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The basal half line and fringes being black with the broad basal stripe
would point to this insect being a variety of 4. Behrii, as also the black
body parts, but the downward curving of the sub-median stripe before
reaching posterior angle ally it to Achaéa; unlike either of these, it has no
yellow aiong the posterior margin.

Apatela Felina Grote.

Mr. Grote describes this insect in vol. 5, No. 2, page 208, of the
Government Survey Bulletins, comparing it with its ally, 4. Lepusculina.
Having several bred specimens, I make here a few additions to Mr.
Grote’s description.

The fore wings are distinctly blueish-gray, and the marks are more
obliterate than in the usual Zepuscudina. The female has scarcely a trace
of the sub-terminal line, even in whitish shading ; but one male has the
sub-terminal line nearly as distinct as in Lepuscudina, like that interspace
ally arcuate, but bending inward only about half as far on the second
median interspace, and consequently the line is not so far from the outer
margin, below this vein as in Lepuscudina. The psi mark is less distinct.
Reniform obsolete, except a curved mark, part of the inner or basal
portion of the annulus. One male has on one wing almost a perfect
orbicular but faint. It is elliptical, the long diameter parallel with costa
and much narrower thar the same in Zepuscudina. Hind wings of male
white, soiled terminally and along the veins ; of female so much soiled as
to be gray. The fringes of both wings concolorous, checkered with black.

CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.

The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario has decided
upon rearranging the Society’s collection of Coleoptera according to
Henshaw’s List. This will necessitate the entire reprinting of the “ List
of Canadian Coleoptera,” and as it is desirable that the new list should
be as full and as correct as possible, our friends will confer a great favour
by forwarding to the Secretary a list of all new names of Canadian beetles
that they may have obtained by correct identification. As it is necessary
that the list should be placed in the hands of the printers with as little
delay as possible, our readers are desired to reply to this request at once.
Henshaw’s numbers will be printed on the new list, which will be for sale
in sets when completed.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. au

MR. SMITH ON CERATHOSIA.
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN.

In reply to Mr. Smith’s paper, somewhat inappropriately styled
‘“Arctiide vs. Noctuide,’ 1 would state that my original paper in Entom.
Amer. on Cerathosia had for its main object the pointing out of the
errors contained in Mr. Smith’s original description of the genus in the
feuration. When these errors are corrected according to my statements
(which latter in the main seem to be acknowledged by Mr. Smith as
correct), the probability that the moth is an Arctzan next to Utetheisa
is weakened, and, as I have shown it is not a Lithosian, the chances are
we must look for its position elsewhere. The secondary object of my
paper was to suggest that we might find a better place for Cerathosia
next to Acopa, etc., in the Noctuidz. Now, in reply to Mr. Moeschler,
and Mr. Smith, I have to say, that I did not discuss vein 8 of Cerathosia.
I have also to complain that Mr. Smith is an unfair writer, who indulges
in large expressions of condemnation upon small grounds (as for instance
the fact that some Lithosians have an accessory cell, while I give no acces-
sory cell as a character of the sub-family), and above all a writer who mis-
represents the party he desires to criticize. Mr. Smith alludes to a
paper on Cerathosia “not yet reached.” I advise him when that paper
is reached, to have any statement it may contain as to the neuration of
Cerathosia corrected according to my original corrections. I have no
objections to my writings being ‘handled without gloves,” as Prof.
Fernald says Mr. Smith does, when the criticism is fair and reasonable.

A FINAL WORD ABOUT THE GENUS RILEYA.
BY WM. H. ASHMEAD.

In the last issue of the Can. Ent. Mr. Howard, with a commendable
solicitude for my entomological reputation, and under a heavy discharge
of deadly parallel columns, seeks to evade the question at issue between
us, 2. €., who has priority in the use of the generic term Rileya; and not-
withstanding the opportunity was afforded him to rechristen his interesting
genus, he seems loath to do so, and again, by a misrepresentation, makes
a claim of priority in publication.

Had Mr. Howard written read instead of ‘‘published,” he would have
been nearer the truth. . However, this may have been another /apsus

38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

penne. fis published description first appeared in the October number
of the Can. Enr., nearly five months after the publication of ‘“‘ my synop-
tic tables,” as previously pointed out by me, and the points claimed by
him are without value.

In order to close a controversy that has already assumed an incon-
sistent warmth, I now propose for Mr. Howard’s genus the name CArysv-
platycerus, and the species may in future be known as Chrysoplatycerus
splendens Howard.

CORRESPONDENCE.

A FLOCK OF BUTTERFLIES.

Dear Sir: While in the interior of New Guinea, in Aug., 1883, I
observed what might properly be called a flock of butterflies. ‘They were
apparently of one species* (of a dark brown color, with a blue reflection
on the fore wings in a certain light), and in such great numbers as to
actually blacken the. green bushes on which they lit. I first came across
them one day, while out after birds, in a thick and shaded part of the
tall forest, in low land adjoining the Laloki river. Being so numerous, I
supposed it would be an easy matter to catch all I desired without the
aid of a net, but after several unsuccessful attempts, in which case they
would rise in a cloud and settle again in a few moments on the bushes
close at hand, I was obliged to give it up. They did not seem to be very
much disturbed at my approach, but would not, however, allow me to get
very near without taking flight. As soon as I remained still, they would
immediately settle on bushes and foliage close by, but always out of
reach. ‘The flock was, perhaps, two acres in extent, but the butterflies
were not equally numerous over this entire area. In some places every
bush, branch, twig and leaf seemed to be covered with them, while in others
there were comparatively few. What their object was, or how long they
remained in that locality, Iam unable to say, except that in visiting the
place several days afterwards, they were still there in apparently undi-
minished numbers. I might add none were seen feeding, and, so far as I
observed, there were no flowers in bloom anywhere in the vicinity.

3 S. W. Denton, Wellesley, Mass.

*The name is unknown to me, but I have a specimen of this butterfly which,
if. returned, I will send to any person who is capable and. willing to determine it. °

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39

ARZAMA OBLIQUATA.

Dear Sir; The recent communications of Mr. Brehme and Mr.
Moffat (Can. ENr. xx.-119, 130, 180, 238), have revived my interest in
the habits of Arzama Obliquata, G. and R. At the Minneapolis meet-
ing Entomological Club A. A. A. S. (1883), the habits of the insect were
discussed at some length, principally by Dr. Riley and myself. So much of
the discussion as the Secretary considered worth printing, may be found
in Vol. xv. of the Can. ENT., pp. 171 and 174. The only difference
worth noticing between us was in regard to whether there are two broods
annually or one. It was finally agreed that both were correct—quite un-
usual in matters of this kind! In all probability, about Washington there
are two, whilst in Western New York there is but one ; if this be so, some
of the apparent discrepancies of your correspondents may be cleared up.
Mr. Brehme describes the egg, and Dr. Riley the masses of eggs (xv.-171).
It would be of interest if Mr. Brehme would communicate the manner of
occurrence of the eggs. I have not been so fortunate as to find these
bodies, but have followed the quite young larve to maturity. I feel sure
that it is single brooded in New York and Canada, and that the mature
larva in the fall swims to land if necessary (see xv.-174), and crawls into
loose earth, or preferably into old wood, or under rubbish where it remains
until spring, transforming in May. I have ransacked Zy//a stalks at all
seasons for borers, ancl do not remember to have found this larva, nor
have I any notes stating that it was ever found as larva Jate in autumn or
in spring within the stalks, or that it was found to transform in the same.
Whatever the habits may be in New Jersey, or at Washington, I have evi-
dence which confirms the correctness of Mr. Moffat’s impressions of the
habits of the species in his latitude.

Dee. 17, 1888. D. S. Ke.tiicotr, Columbus, Ohio.

FIERIS ILAIRE,, GODT.

Dear Sir: 1 wish to record in your valuable journal the capture of
Pieris ilaire Godt. at Lancaster, N. Y. The accidental occurrence of
such southern forms at this northern locality has a certain interest which,
I think, will warrant this notice. The present specimen was taken flutter-
ing around a corn field on the 22nd of September, 1880. For about a

40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

week previously warm southerly winds had prevailed with little or no
rain, followed by a light frost on the morning of the 21st. At first sight
of the butterfly I recognized it as a stranger to our neighbourhood, and
with care succeeded in capturing it without further injury, if indeed such
were possible, as it was already a woeful looking object, the wings were
torn and badly denuded, and the poor creature hardly had the strength
to support itself the few yards it attempted to fly. For eight years I have
kept this sorry looking treasure hoping some day to learn its name and
history, and in this I have at last been successful. Poey gives a good
figure of the female in his Centurie des Lepidopteres de llle de Cuba,
and it is well described by Boisduval in his Species gen. des
Lepidopteres, vol. 1, p. 491. The present example is a large female
with the black border of the wings unusually broad, which variation is
mentioned by Boisduval. The most northern habitat that I can find is
given in French’s Butterflies of the Eastern United States, as ‘“ Indian
River, Florida, Texas and Arizona,” but I have had little opportunity for
investigating the subject, and it may be a more common visitor in the
north than I imagine. Prof. Grote, in his charming paper on the Geo-
graphical Distribution of the N. A. Lepidoptera, published in the eigh-
teenth volume of this journal, has given us a very serviceable classifica-
tion of the origin of the N. A. fauna. Probably /. c/aire pertains to the
fourth table of his third category (p. 236), at least two of the species there
enumerated appear to have been taken here, viz., Zhysanta zenobia and
Brotis vulneraria. Tf, however, it breeds continuously in the Southern
States, its association with Hredus odora in Grote’s second table (p. 235)
would seem more natural, and would render its occurrence here less
surprising. E. P. Van Duzer, Buffalo, N. Y.

The second paper on “ Popular and Economic Entomology,” which
was promised for this number, has been prepared by Mr. Fletcher, but
owing to the cuts required for its illustration being in the hands of the
printers of the Annual Report at Toronto, it has been found necessary at
the last moment to defer it till next month.

Mailed February 9th.

Che Canadian Entomalogist.

VOL XxX. LONDON, MARCH, 1889. Nios:

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF
COLIAS MEADII, Epwarps.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Ecc.—Fusiform, thick in the middle, tapering to a small rounded
summit, the base* small, flat ; ribbed longitudinally after the manner of
the genus; colour yellow-green. Duration of this stage four to five days.

YounGc Larva.—Length, at 24 hours from egg, .o6 inch; cylindrical,
even ; colour brown-green ; thickly covered with black points, from each
of which a short fine hair; head rounded, blackish-brown. Duration of
this stage five days.

After First Moult.—Length at r2 hours .11 inch; colour dull brown-
green ; the ridges thickly set with black points, each with short grey hair ;
head brown-yellow. ‘To next moult six days.

After Second Moult.—Length at 12 hours .16 inch; colour dark green,
covered with yellow points so thickly as to give a yellow hue to the
whole surface, each point with hair ; a mid-dorsal dark stripe; a faint
indication of a yellow sub-dorsal line ; so also of a basal stripe; head
green-brown with many fine tubercles and hairs. To next moult about
six days.

After Third Moult.—Length at 12 hours, .22 inch ; along the under-
side of the indistinct sub-dorsal yellow line is an ill-defined row of black
spots, one to each segment from 3 to 11; the basal ridge yellowish, but
not yet showing a clear band. Later in the stage the black spots show
clearly, those on 3 and 4 largest, the rest diminishing regularly to a very
small one on 11; head as before. ‘To next moult five to seven days

After Fourth Moult.—Length at 6 hours .46 inch; at 24 hours
.52 inch.

Mature Larva.—Length .7 inch; cylindrical ; nearly even ; on the
flattened ridges are many points, each giving a short black hair ; colour

42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

dark yellow-green, the effect of the black hairs being to make the body
darker than in most species of the genus; a pale yellow narrow sub-
dorsal stripe, under which from 2 or 3 to 12 is a black spot on each
segment, the anterior ones largest, the others gradually lessening in size
to the last; along base a narrow white stripe; under side, feet and
pro-legs green ; head rounded, a little depressed at top; colour green,
lighter than body, much covered with black tubercles with black hairs.
From fourth moult to pupation five days.

CurysaLis.—Length .66 inch; breadth across mesonotum .16 inch,
across abdomen .18 inch ; greatest depth .22 inch; shape of the genus ;
compressed laterally, the thorax on ventral side prominent ; head case
pointed, beak-like, the projection less prolonged than in some or most
species observed ; mesonotum rounded, carinated, the sides sloping, a
little convex; followed by a shallow depression ; abdomen conical ;
colour green-yellow, all the ventral side being brighter than the dorsal,
and the projection at head quite yellow ; a mid-dorsal darker line, and
a faint sub-dorsal line; all the dorsal side and the ventral of abdomen
dotted and mottled whitish, the wing cases and ventral side to head
finely granulated., Duration of this stage, in the only case where the
butterfly appeared the same season in which the egg was laid, six days.

This alpine species is found in the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado,
and probable throughout the range to British America. Certainly it is if
Elis, Strecker, is synonymous with it, as I believe to be the case. Mr.
Mead first took this Colias on top of the “divide” between the Platte
and Arkansas valleys, about 12,000 feet elevation, and says he took none
lower than at 10,000 feet. Mr. Bruce says the proper habitat is from
11,000 to 12,000 feet, though, when the butterflies get into the narrow
canons, they will follow the track down to 9,000 feet at least, and
mentions (CAN. Ent., xix., 228) having taken several at Webster,
at 9,000.

_ I received a number of young larve, 23rd July, 1888, from Mr. W. S.
Foster, at Salida, Col., which had hatched en route. The female was
taken on Marsha!l Peak, 11,000 feet, 15th July, and confined over
Astragalus. One of these larve passed first moult 27th July, the third
moult gth August (the second not observed), the fourth moult 14th
August, pupated on 19th, anda female imago came forth 25th August.
But the other larvae, by 28th August, were in lethargy, and soon after

’

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43

were sent to Clifton Springs, New York, to go in the refrigerating house,
and there they are at this writing.

I had previously had eggs of the species from Mr. David Bruce, 25th
July, 1886, laid on 21st and 22nd July, and which hatched 26th. On
3ist July several of the larve passed first moult; on 6th August began
to pass second ; on rsth, the third. None of these went to pupe, but
all were asleep early in September, and were sent to New York, but
were dead when I received them the following March.

The egg and pupa are like the same stages of Phz/odice in shape ;
the larva is darker than any Colias I know of, and there is no red in the
basal stripe. The sub-dorsal line is not very distinct, but its place is
indicated by the row of black spots next it on lower side.

I had no difficulty in rearing these larvee on white clover, but at same
time, in 1888, could not induce larve of C. Scudderii to eat clover or
any other plant, and all died. The same was the case with C. interior.
Mr. Fletcher and Mr. Scudder both also found it impossible to get larve
of zuterior to eat of any plant, though they offered everything any Colias
is known to eat that was procurable. These two larve are the only
Colias known to me that will not freely eat white clover or else Amorpha.

COELAS CAISONDA, SToxt.
BY JEROME M’NEILL, MOLINE, ILL.

Somewhat to my surprise I found this species not uncommon here
during the collecting season of 1887. Although my entomological interest
lies in another direction, and I have, consequently, made no special effort
to obtain Lepidoptera, I find I have ten specimens of this striking Co/ias
in my collection, all of which I have taken during the summer and fall of
1887. On looking over the collection I discover that these specimens were
taken at three different times. One—a very much worn specimen, with
one hind wing gone—was captured the sixth of June, on Rock Island ; six
specimens were taken on the twenty-third of July in an upland clover
field, two miles south-west of Moline. They are all fresh and bright, and
were found in company with C. philodice, Papilio chresphontes, P. turnus
and Danais archipfpus. The last three were taken September the six-
teenth, in a low-lying field, on the banks of the Mississippi, three miles

44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

east of Moline. These specimens are, if possible, fresher than those taken
July twenty-third. This species would, therefore, seem to be three
brooded in this latitude. There are also certain marked differences in
coloration, which may or may not be distinguishing characteristics of
seasonal varieties. The spring form, as it is represented by the single
specimen referred to, is distinguished by the absence of any indication of
the sub-marginal row of spots or points on the underside of the wings or
any trace of orange, except the two spots on the upper surface of the hind
wings ; the rose pink ray extending outwards from the body on the hind
wings is present. The summer form, as it is represented by the six in-
dividuals in my collection, is marked as follows:—The sub-marginal row
of spots on the under surface of the wings are none of them pink ; those
in the interspaces of the first and second, and second and third ediman
veinlets, being black, the others brown ; the pink stripe on the under side
of the hind wings is entirely wanting, and there is on the upper surface of
the hind wings a sub-marginal area of orange, bright or faint, which some-
‘imes extends from the marginal black band nearly to the orange discal
spot. There is also in all of these specimens a clearly defined oblong
raised patch of scales of peculiar form extending along the upper side of
the sub-costal vein of the hind wing, from the costal vein to the branching
of the first sub-costal veinlet. These scales seem to stand on end, and
although I have not satisfied myself of the fact, I think it is probably that
these scale-like bodies, are excrescences on the true scales. This patch
of scales seems to be confined to the males. It varies in colour from
yellow to reddish-orange. | When it is yellow it is concolorous with the
adjacent surface, and not conspicuous, although the raised margin of the
outer edge is always very distinct on a closer examination. In the single
specimen of mine in which this area is reddish-orange, it is scarcely less
conspicuous than the “ dog’s head” when the anterior wings are pulled
forward far enough to expose it. Since it is present in all the males and
absent in all the females I have collected, I take for granted it is a sexual
mark. If this character has been described before, I have no knowledge of
the description, though it seems strange that it should have been overlooked.
Its presence would support Mr. Strecker and others in removing the species
from Colias. In the fall form, as represented by the three speci-
mens taken September sixteenth, the brown spots on-the under sides of
the wings are replaced by pink ; the two black spots between the first and
second, and second and third median veinlets, remaining unchanged ; the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45

pink stripe on the under side of the hind wings is prominent, and both
pairs of wings are margined with a narrow stripe, in some places a mere
line of pink extending on the primaries from near the base along the costal
and outer margins to the anal angle, and on the secondaries along the
anterior and outer margins to the anal angle. On the upper side of the
hind wings the distribution of orange is very similar to that in the summer
form, but the marginal band of black, which in the latter is comparatively
broad and dentated within in the fall form, is narrow and interrupted by
the veinlets, so that it is really composed ofa series of spots, sub-triangular
in shape, with the apex acute and sometimes prolonged into a narrow
line which extends into the orange as much as three-sixteenths of an inch.
The coloration of the female of this series is so remarkable that it seems
to deserve a name, as apparently a dimorphic or at least an aberrant form,
and I propose that it be called vosa, if it should be found to be a constant
variation. The upper surface of the primaries does not differ essentially
- from the type. The whole upper surface of the secondaries is powdered
with brownish-black and orange scales, The black scales are more
thickly clustered between the discal orange spot, which is partially
obscured by them, and the outer margin. This very much broadened
band only partially and unequally obscures the yellow ground colour so
that it includes within it a sub-marginal row of large, round, yellow spots,
about four in number. The under side of the primaries have the “ bright
yellow” of the apical portion replaced by bright, deep-rose pink. The
under sides of the secondaries are completely suffused with pink, the
greenish-yellow scales of the ground colour being partially exposed only
along the veins and veinlets. The silvered “ pupils” are all that remain
of the discal spot and its accompanying spot without the cell. The pink
of the under surface is so prevalent that when the butterfly is at rest no
other colour is visible, and it looks like a pink blossom. My attention
was first called to it by seeing a large Co/zas a few yards in front of me
disappear just when I expected to see it at rest on a clover head, as it
would fly up at intervals I followed hoping to catch it resting but always
puzzled to see it apparently dive head first into the clover. At. last,
growing impatient, I attempted to “force the fighting,” and although I
missed my game I so disturbed its flight that I caught a glimpse for the
first time of the pink under surface. I was now thoroughly interested
and I employed all my arts in vain to decoy or force the wary butterfly
into my net. Ina few minutes after I had given up the pursuit I caught

46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

in the same field the same butterfly, or more probably, considering the
ease with which the capture was made, another similarly coloured, As
soon as I had assured myself that the specimen was as pink as I had
supposed, I promised myself three or four, remembering that I had seen
two within half an hour, but although there were hundreds of pAz/odice I
saw no more césonia that day, and more pressing business prevented me
from returning to the locality as I had hoped.

ON THE CITATION OF LOCALITIES.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, WEST CLIFF, CUSTER CO., COL.

It is the custom nowadays to look down with great contempt on those
old authorities, who considered ‘‘ North America,” or even ‘‘ America,” a
sufficiently accurate locality to give when describing a species ; but, per-
haps, we of the present age are not quite blameless of similar and (with
our means of obtaining information) less excusable carelessness in, that
we often think it enough to give the name of the state or region only.
Of late, I have been going carefully through as much of the literature of
North American Entomology as I could get a sight of out here in the
wilderness, in order to catalogue the recorded Colorado insects for the
Colorado Biological Association, and I have been astonished at the number
of new species described with the localities given indefinitely, “ Colorado,”
“Texas,” and so on. ‘Taking eighty-four species of moths at random,
mostly new, and recorded from Colorado of late years, I find only twenty-
six have the locality indicated nearer than ‘‘ Colorado ”—and I think this
is a very fair sample of the whole. Now, do these describers of species
ever stop to consider what “ Colorado” may mean? That it may refer
to any altitude from below 4,000 to over 14,000 feet, and to anywhere in an
area of no less than 103,948 square miles? That ‘ Colorado” may mean
snowy peaks, mountain forests or valleys, or level treeless plains, each
presenting a distinct fauna of its own? Perhaps they do not stop to con.
sider these points, possibiy they do not care, so long as the species has
been properly classified and named, and is henceforth recognizable in the
cabinet. Well, we cannot all be systematic entomologists, students of
geographical distribution, biologists and the rest, but, surely we may be
precise in touching on departments not our own, and, if we are giving
localities, there is no reason why they should not be sufficiently accurate

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47

and detailed to be useful. It may, perhaps, be answered that most of the
species are not collected by the writers themselves, and the collectors sent
no exact localities. Probably not, but were they asked for them? Col-
lectors will supply proper localities, and often very interesting details if
they are given to understand that these are wanted—as is plainly evident
from the fact, that some few careful authors always manage to know where
their species come from, and a good deal about them besides.

My own idea in the matter is, that every description of new species
ought, if possible, to have the collector’s own notes appended thereto, so
that we might have some idea of what the vzng insect was like, and not
only have an account of its dried remains impaled on a pin. Fancy, if
someone undertook to write an account of the human race, founded en-
tirely upon information obtained in the post-mortem room and anatomical
museums! But, if we cannot have biological notes, let us at least have
localities—they can be got when they are wanted, and indeed, I have
known some instances in which names of localities have been duly sent
in, but never mentioned by the describing author.

Sometimes authors take it for granted that because they write from a
certain place, it will be understood that the species were captured there,
but I could easily demonstrate that such an assumption, in all cases in
which the locality is not given, would lead us into quite ridiculous errors,
and this being so, how are we to discriminate? One usually precise
author, who has described a very large number of new species of late
years, has given for most of them only the name of the state in which he
resides, and for many no locality at all. . Now, according to Packard, this
state embraces two distinct Zo6-geographical regions, so it becomes of
especial importance to know exactly where the insects in question came
from. So I wrote to this author, expostulating with him on this point,

-and he replied that he quite agreed with me that localities should be
properly defined, and all the species I alluded to were to be understood
to come from the vicinity of the town in which he resided. Now, this is
excellent, provided that the lacking or indefinite localities ave so under-
stood ; but on the face of it, until I had this information from the author,
this fact was not always evident. Perhaps it has been stated somewhere
in his writings; but this hardly betters matters for the student, who
naturally takes one paper at a time, and considers it on its own merits,
unless referred back to previous remarks bearing upon it.

Fortunately, there are some systematists who do appreciate the value

48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of precision in localities, and I was pleasantly surprised a short time ago
at receiving the following from a well-known naturalist, to whom I had
sent a list of mammalia, with their distribution given by counties :—‘ I
hope you keep the exact localities as well as the couuties. Most of the
counties in Colorado are so large that they include great variations in
altitude and physiographic conditions, and hence embrace widely different
faunai characteristics.” With this quotation I close the subject, com-
mending it to all describers of Colorado and other insects, and drawing
their attention to the fact, that after all it expresses the views of all really
competent Vertebrate Zoologists, Conchologists, and Botanists, and hoping
that in the future they also will give proper attention to the citation of
localities.

One other matter may deserve a passing notice—that of giving credit
to collectors. I have nothing té complain of under this head myself, and
so can speak more freely. It seems to me, that a systematist who receives
specimens from a collector, who, we may assume, has gone to consider-
able trouble to collect them,. and fails to credit him with the captures
when describing, does about as discourteous a thing as is possible in
Entomological literature. It would be very easy to show that from a
scientific point of view, it is always useful to know who collected the
specimens in question, and at the risk of being called egotistical, I do not
mind saying that I desire and expect that new species I may have collected
shall be duly credited to me in publication, and I am sure all other col-
lectors must feel the same. I do not wish to be personal, but very many
quite recent cases, in which no collector’s name has been given, will occur
to everyone*—lI need not enumerate them. Some authors seem to think
that if they have obtained specimens from professional collectors, they are
then, at anyrate, at liberty to omit the collector’s name. It seems to me
that they are, if anything, under increased obligation to give it. Fancy
what an author would say if the editor of a magazine refused to publish
his name to an article because he had paid for it! This matter of crediting
collectors} is, I think, a serious one, but collectors can easily put it right
if they will make a point of only sending specimens to those who will give
them credit.

* In some of these cases, however, the authors are probably blameless. It is not
always possible to ascertain who was the collector.

+ One kind of ‘‘ crediting,” however, I do think unwise. If Tompkinson discovers
a new insect, I cannot myself see that that is any reason why the poor creature should
ever after be burdened with the name ‘‘ Zomfhinsont” |!

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49

LENGTH OF LIFE IN BUTTERFLIES.
BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Aurelians are frequently asked how long butterflies live. By this is
generally meant what is the length of life of the mature insect. As is
generally known, each species passes through one cycle of its existence
once a year, though it very frequently happens that two, three, or even
more generations succeed one another during a single season, and it has
been supposed (though never proven) to be the case with some that two
or more years are required for this cycle ; as is known to be true of some
other insects. But with regard to the length of life of the butterfly itself,
there is not alittle variety ; when the disappearance of a given butterfly
is in consequence of the approaching cold season it may well be and often
is the case that the butterfly has merely gone into winter quarters to ap-
pear again on the wing the ensuing spring. In cases like these, the
duration of life of a butterfly may be as long as eight or nine months or
even more, for there are hibernating butterflies which emerge from the
chrysalis by the beginning of August or even in July, but which do not go
into winter quarters until September, October or even November, then
appear again the next season as soon as advancing spring has begun to
make itself felt, and continue upon the wing sometimes through June,
sometimes even into July. It is impossible to say certainly whether or
not the individuals flying latest in the spring number among them any
which were earliest to escape from the chrysalis in the preceding season.
But setting aside the chances of capture by their enemies, there is no
‘reason to believe it impossible, and that they may spend and probably in
many instances do spend fully ten months of the year in the winged con-
dition.

This conclusion may be reached also in another way. We may add
together the ordinary life period of the egg, the time it takes the caterpil-
lar to reach maturity, and the period of the chrysalis, and in these hiber-
nating butterflies we shall rarely find that these stages together occupy on
the average more than two months. The remaining ten months must
therefore be the average time spent upon the wing, ‘That many may live
eleven months or even twelve seems probable, for a butterfly may continue
to fly for some time after the first eggs are laid, especially in the case of
those which lay but one at a time, where the eggs do not develop in the

50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

ovaries at once, but slowly and by degrees, and so are deposited in suc-
cession over a considerable period of time.

In an article in the Can. EnT. (xiil., 205-214) on this subject, Mr. W.
H. Edwards has laboured to show that eggs are almost invariably laid by
butterflies fresh from the chrysalis, and that the butterfly dies soon after
the laying of the eggs. ‘This proves quite too much, for if it were so, a
butterfly would hardly fly more than a week. ‘That eggs are often laid by
butterflies soon after eclosion from the chrysalis is doubtless true, but
there are quite as many cases where egg laying is delayed for a consider-
able length of time,—-two, three or four weeks; an examination of the
ovaries of butterflies will show that it is rarely the case that all the eggs
are laid even within two or three days of each other, but that they mature
by degrees too slowly for such rapid oviposition. There are of course
some, in which the eggs are laid in masses, when a greater number are
laid in a single day, but the cases are far more numerous when egg laying
is continued over many days, and sometimes probably over several
weeks.

It is possible that the duration of the life of butterflies is greater in the
north than in the south. As one approaches the tropics, insectivorous
birds and other creatures are far more destructive of butterfly life than
with us, and the chance of long life upon the wing must be greatly less-
ened with the numerous lhabilities to disaster which overtake the poor but-
terfly in the warmer regions. There may even be a difference in this
respect between districts so near each other as West Virginia and New
England. For certainly my own experience of the overlapping of broods
of different butterflies as seen by me in New England is very different
from that reported by Mr. Edwards in West Virginia, and inasmuch as
these broods follow each other with greater rapidity in Virginia than with
us, the difference is thereby exaggerated.

To judge from the statistics that I have collected from observations
made in the field both by myself and numerous correspondents, I am in-
clined to think that, in the case of those butterflies which are born and
die the same season, the average length of life of the mass of them, that
is, Omitting mention of those which, cut off early, come to an untimely -
end, to be not far from four or five weeks, varying in different species
from three to six or seven. Of course it is impossible to arrive at any
very accurate determination regarding this, since in the case of any par-
ticular species we are obliged to base our conclusions on observations of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Syl

the times when the earliest butterflies were seen, when they became most
abundant, when the numbers perceptibly diminished, or specimens became
old and worn, and when the last were seen. It is particularly difficult to
decide upon the average age of individuals, when, as is not infrequently
the case, a brood of butterflies is augmented by gradual accretions for a
long period of time, three, four or five weeks. It is again difficult in the
case of those butterflies, and there are not a few of them, like some of our
Argynnidi, which appear upon the wing in mid-summer, receive a sudden
accession to their numbers a month or two after the advent of the earliest
and then only begin to lay their eggs. I, for one, can hardly believe
that all these earliest individuals perish before the season for egg laying,
and I even think from the condition of specimens, worse and worse as
the season progresses, that some of the earliest live to the last and are
upon the wing sometimes for two and three months of the year.

ON SPECIFIC NAMES.
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

Dr. Williston, in his painstaking work on the Syrphid@, says:
‘«‘ There are no generic and specific limitations in nature,” and illustrates
the statement by the present knowledge of the family with which his
synopsis deals. And what Dr. Williston brings forward is.a mere quota
of the mass of evidence brought out by naturalists generally, and by ento-
mologists dealing with the different orders of insects. But while, theo-
retically, the essential unity of living forms or of nature as a whole may
be granted, the practical question of what names we shall bestow upon
our specimens and upon what basis these names shall repose, must be
solved. Our systems of nomenclature must be brought into consonance
with the facts observed. And it is well that our nomenclature be not too
rigorous, so that I have expressed the opinion in these pages that we shall
have to use in certain cases a trinomial title. With regard to the test for
genera in the moths, I have to refer for my conclusions to a paper in
Papilio, 3, 35, where I say that the amount and extent of the peculiarity
gives the criterion, not the vd. Every well-marked variation and modi-
fication of structure, which can be clearly made out by the microscope or
otherwise, is of generic value. The moment this rule is departed from,
we are thrown upon individual “opinions.” All the characters which,
when well-marked, are of generic importance, are liable to slighter modi-

52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

fications, which are only specific. It is the &ind, constancy or amount of
_ these modifications which must decide the class in our artificial divisions
of these natural objects. And here the tact of the specialist, of which
Dr. Williston also speaks, comes into play. With regard to the criterion
for species, I have expressed myself already clearly in these pages, so far
as the Lepidoptera are concerned. For the student of butterflies and
moths, the criterion for species must lie in a knowledge of the whole life
of the insect. If it breeds true to type, nowhere encroaching upon the
cycle of its neighbour, we must bestow a specific title. The insect is to-
day a species, whatever its ancestry, whatever its probable future develop-
ment. ‘The fact, from our experience, may be assumed without a know-
ledge of the larva and: natural history, but wafz7 this knowledge is also
added to our observations on the perfect insect, the specific title is not
firmly or conclusively founded. This is what I meant to say with regard
to the forms of Ca//imorpha. Now in separating the forms of Datana,
we had alcoholic specimens of the larva and the personal observa-
tions of Mr. Angus to fall back upon, for most of the species. And the
fact with these moths that in the earliest stages the species are not dis-
tinguishable on sight, has been shown by Mr. Wm. H. Edwards to be
true with nearly related butterflies, as for instance species of Colias.
While breeding has revealed to us a number of questions, such as
dimorphism, which we must take into consideration, I must still renew
my protest against /wmping upon grounds drawn from the perfect insect
alone and upon insufficient evidence. ‘The new facts lead us insensibly
to criticize species, to conceive a prejudice against them, and then to lump
without sufficient evidence. And I repeat, that as Entomologists we are
here to discriminate, to separate, not to confound. Butterflies were by
the ancient Hebrews classed among “‘flying things.” From this primitive
conception of their place in animated nature, we have gradually come
to-day into nearer definitions of their relationship.

In the discussion of all these questions ‘there can be no progress
without reasonableness. ‘Temper and even position will not ultimately
decide these questions, although the melancholy conclusion of Spinoza
is here not without its truth: ‘‘ unusquisque tantum juris habet, quantum
potentia valet.” The appeal to time need not always have to be made.
A great deal of what is wrong and one-sided need not afflict us, as
Entomologists, if we would only take matters coolly, or only grow warm
over the beauties ef our treasures.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

on
(S)

DR. CHRISTIAN ZIMMERMANN.

BY H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

There exists no biography nor necrology of this excellent entomologist,
as far as known to me, though he lived for thirty-nine years in the United
States. I am much indebted to Dr. Geo. C. Horn for Zimmermann’s note-
book, which, with his library, came into the hands of the late Dr. J. L.
Leconte.

Only a very short abstract of the contents, which are written wholly in
German, can be given. The entries begin with Zimmermann’s earliest
boyhood and end in 1843, followed by a few pages for 1865. The narrow
pages contain only the substances of events in short phrases, often very
cutting, both for Europe and for America. If the whole could be pub-
lished, it would give a very interesting picture of the life of an excellent
naturalist, alvays kept down and hindered by want and ill-luck, but always
ready to ‘“‘ begin again.” It is sad that such a life, akin to the remarkable
histories of former ages published by the masterhand of G. Freytag, should
have been possible in the 19th century—a continuous struggle of a noble
soul with continuous misfortune.

Christian Zimmermann was born in Quedlinburg, Prussia, September
6, 1800. His father and three generations before him were carpenters, as
the name indicates ; all were born and died in Quedlinburg. Christian
entered the gymnasium in 1811, and graduated in 1821. The note-book,
May 26, 1814, says: ‘I am to-day 5000 days old.” (He always counts
his life, both in Europe and here, by the 1000 days.) The collection of
beetles begins, and the study of music. His talent for music must have
been obvious, as one year later he played the organ for the church-service,
and studied thorough bass. When he graduated he writes: “Up to this
time my money was made by keeping score for target-shooting, teaching
children, giving music-lessons, organ-playing, copying music, furnishing
music at funerals, stuffing birds.”

His parents, who were poor, proposed that he should choose a pro-
fession ; but determined to study, he went to Halle, where he stayed as
Student from 1821 to 1825. He passed his examination after having
attended the lectures in theology, philology and philosophy, but his ento-
mological studies were never neglected. .

In 1827 he published his first music, a Polonaise. When he left Halle
in 1828, he was already acquainted with a large number of eminent

54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

zoologists. He went to Berlin, and writes: ‘Great expectations, small
success, a load of cares, experience of the world.” He worked with Prof.
Klug in the Museum, and gave Latin lessons to barbers’ apprentices.
March, 1829, working up the genus Amara, of which some sheets were
printed. 1830, very bad times begin; wantof money. 1831, monograph
of the genus Zabrus finished ; printed in June.

During this time he had become acquainted with many prominent ento-
mologists and with a large number of students, who later became famous,
but the constant want of means was so depressing that he decided to try
his fortune as a collector in Mexico. He sold his collection of 2,400
species of beetles and his books. To enable him to fulfil his intentions,
twenty-four naturalists of prominence from Germany, England and Russia
subscribed six hundred dollars, and a number of friends six hundred and
eighty dollars to pay his debts. This was all repaid with interest by
Zimmermann, as soon as he had made money here, as a page in his note-
book states. He left Hamburg, Aug. 5, 1832, as steerage passenger for
Philadelphia. He began directly to collect, and to study the English
language. His collection grew rapidly, but in a few months he saw
that it was impossible to work in expensive America for cheap Europe
without running in debt. So he decided to leave Philadelphia and to try
his luck as a teacher in South Carolina. He made the trip, according to
the custom of German students, on foot, a knapsack on his shoulders and
a few dollars in his pocket. This journey of 713 miles, in the midst of a
severe winter, and attended with much hardship, which proves his excel-
lent health and strength, was made in fifty days, with twenty-seven dollars
in cash, six dollars credit, three maps, one book and a pocket-knife. The
visit to Dr. Melsheimer on this trip has been published before by me.
The detailed report of excursion given by Zimmermann to Prof. Burmeis-
ter is very interesting, but has never been printed. Zimmermann had no
idea that he was here considered simply a tramp, which explains easily
and rightly most of his complaints.

In Georgetown, S. C., he tuned pianos and gave music-lessons till he
was engaged in the South Carolina Female Institute, at Berhamville, to
teach music and drawing. This happy change in his circumstances
allowed him to pay directly the debts made in Europe, with five per cent.
interest. He collected largely ; sometimes quoting the number collected
at the end of the month or the year, as: ‘‘ 11,508 specimens have been

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 55

collected,” besides mentioning any remarkable forms. He made many
excursions, visited Cambridge (where he saw Harris), Niagara, Albany,
the Catskills, New York and its surroundings. He made the acquaintance
of every naturalist of eminence. He sent to Europe many insects and
received many from there, together with the newest publications. His cor-
respondence was apparently a large one.

After a few years his situation in the school where he was engaged was
given up; it had become unpleasant sometime before. He possessed now
an excellent collection, very comfortable furniture and three thousand
dollars, and decided to buy a little farm to be used as a nursery and for
raising silk-worms. In 1839 he made, as he states, fourteen “farm reisen ”
in Philadelphia, Maryland and other states, partly with Ziegler and Morris.
His project proved to be a failure, and he decided to return to Europe
and to send his property to New York. After 2 short visit to Harris, he
went to New York to find that the vessel with all his property was lost in
a fearful storm. His note-book says: “Sept. 10, I am notified of the
loss of my collection and property.” ‘‘ Sept. 16,/beginning of a new collec-
tion; the voyage is given up.” “Sept. 25, invitation of Harris to come
to Cambridge,” where he stayed until November 12. On Novy. 7th new
insect-boxes were bought of the box-maker, Newell, in Cambridge. He
made many excursions with Harris, whose family very well remember
the German naturalist.

The next year he lived in Baltimore, occupied with entomological
ys §
systems and excursions with Mr. Morris, and decided to return to South
Carolina. Feb. 27, records a “ letter to Hannah, with an offer of marriage.”
, , S
March 21, ‘ Hannah answers ‘yes.’” April 3, “I find Horia sanguini-
pennis.” April 14, ‘‘ I find Trichius maculosus.”

He had made the acquaintance of Mrs. Hannah Green, aftewards his

wife, seven years ago in Georgetown, S.C. We find in his note-book

y, g g ,

“ Evening with Hannah ; drawings on the wall ; Sweet Home and picture ;

uarrels plenty.” Monday, June 21, ‘“‘Arrivalat Rockingham, N.C.” June
q p y y,J 8 ,

22, “TI reach the town in the morning, visit Hannah at noon, and am
married in the evening.”

“Hannah begins her school, July 16, with sixteen pupils, and seven
pupils of mine in music and drawing.”

“Sept. 7, dispute took place with Hannah about American culture,

56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and the fight that lately happened in Washington among the members of
Congress.”

It very soon became apparent that it was impossible to make a com-
fortable living in North Carolina, and they decided to return to Columbia,
S. C. Here they built a school-house, forty feet by sixteen, which was
inaugurated December 18, 1843. The expense was, for the building, $417 ;
for Loring’s globes, $33. Income during the year, $1,521; expenses, $1,277.

This is the last entry in the diary, and I know nothing more of his life
except what is told in some letters to Thaddeus W. Harris. Some
extracts follow: ‘1865, January 1, I possess $570 in Confederate money ;
$209 in Confederate bonds ; $900 in certificates ; $200 in provision store
shares ; $13 in bank notes ; $114 in silver. Feb. 10, the Yankees are in
Barnwell Co. To-day’s prices—A load of oak wood, $140 ; a barrel of
flour, $550; a pound of brown sugar, $12; a bushel of corn, $35. Feb.
17, the Yankees are here, 75,0o00strong. ‘Thisis the last day of Columbia.
They at once entered the houses, got drunk and set fire to everything. I
began to move everything that could be moved into the garden ; but they
broke open the trunks and boxes with their swords, and followed this up
with a regular and general plunder. Feb. 22, the Army has left. All
quiet. My collection and books brought back in the house. Expenses
for this day—1 bushel meal, $40 ; 13 lbs. beef, $22 ; molasses, $6. July
1, we still possess $1,100 Confederate State bonds, worth nothing ; $915
Confederate treasury notes, worth nothing ; $13 South Carolina bank bills,
worth — (?); $3 South Carolina state bills, worth —(?) ; silver money,
$74; gold, $2.50 ; copper, 5c. We must begin again at the beginning.”

This is the closing sentence. These few, simple words, without any moan
over the loss of his all, are not a little touching, all the more so, because
the pathos is unintentional—the pathos of facts, not of words. They call
to mind his former record of the loss of everything by shipwreck on the
roth September, 1839, followed by the entry on Sept. 16th, ‘‘ Beginning of
a new collection.”

Zimmermann died in December, 1867. He left no children.

His interest in science was always kept up. Nearly every month the
number of insects collected is reported, sometimes amounting to 3,725,
and during the year to 11,500. In November, 1842, he sent fifty dollars
to T. W. Harris, to buy three Goliaths. He constantly bought books
both in Europe and America, and his library was valuable. It was bought

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. BY

by the Museum of Harvard College, in Cambridge, excepting some vol-
umes which were retained for his own use by Dr. J. L. Leconte, at whose
instance the purchase was made.

His collection is also in the Museum, having been bought first by Dr.
Lewis, of Philadephia, and from him by the late R. Crotch, who sold it
to the Museum. A great part is in Leconte’s collection, and can be recog-
nized at once by the numbers on the pins in Zimmermann’s hand-wniting,

He was an unwearying worker. In 1842, he wrote to Harris that he
was occupied with a systematic arrangement of the Lamellicorns, and
wanted Echiurus and Goliath for study. In April, 1844, he writes again
to Harris: ‘I have almost finished my chapter on Lamellicorns.”

(To be Continued.)

NOTES FOR COLLECTORS VISITING THE PRAIRIES AND
ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

BY GAMBLE GEDDES, TORONTO.

Now that the winter is well advanced and before many weeks are
over spring will be upon us, it reminds me of many enquiries made
during the last few years about the localities and dates of diurnals cap-
tured by me in the North-west in 1883 and 1884. These particulars are
nearly all to be found at the National Museum of the Geological Museum
at Ottawa, but for the benefit of those who may be visiting the North-
west with a view to collecting diurnals, I propose to give such informa-
tion about the rarest species as my notes supply, and as my limited time
will permit.

Beginning with June 1oth, 1853, at Brandon, N. W. T., I find
Phyciodes carlota Reak. was taken, and Lyceua afra W. H. Ed.

June 12th, Fort Elhs.—£7rebia epipsodea Butl. was in beautiful con-
dition.

June 15th, Medicine Hat.—Codias Scudderii 2 and Colias christina
$, Cenonympha inornata.

June 29th.—C. christina } plentiful, C. Astrea 2 (2) one specimen
or two.

June goth, Calgary.— Chionobas varuna, Satyrus var. boopis, Lycena
afra, L.anna, L. amyntula, L. rustica, L. sepiolus, C. ochracea and
inornata; of Colias four varieties, viz.: C. Hdwardsii, C. Scudderii,

58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

C. alexandra and C. christina; Anthocharis olympia, . A. ausonides,
about the swamps ; Argynuis nevadensis, A. artonis, A. Edwardsii, A:
bellona; Phyciodes carlota, P. tharos; Chrysophanus epixanthe, Ge
helloides, Pamphila Manitoba, Zabulon, Cernes, Manataagua. Not a
bad day’s work for the last day of June.

July 8th, Edmonton.—Arg. @ais and cybele, Lim. arthemis, L.
disippus, Lyc. anna. No Colias or Pieris seen to-day.

July 23rd, Fort Macleod.—Arg. deto 2 and Curys. sirius.

July 25th to 3oth, Pincher Gicck: —Arg. clio and eurynome ak
Arg. artonis ; Pieris occidentalis.

July 30th.—First specimens of Parnassius smiutheus, Chrysophanus
Florus, Cot. Scudderii 9 pale green. Several taken.

Aug. 1st.—Zhecla mopsus, T? titus.

Aug. 2nd, Garnett Ranche, mouth of Crow Nest Pass.—Colias Hageniz.

Aug. 3rd.—FPar. smiutheus. Very common, both sexes.

Aug. 5th.— Satyrus charon, and Sat. sylvestris, and Arg. Leto.

Aug. 6th.— Arg. boisduvallii, Limenitis lorquinii, Chrys. mariposa,
Mel. paltas, Mel. nubigena.

Aug. 8th.—Arg. monticola, Pieris oleracea.

Aug. 15th, Belly River.—Co/. Hagenit ; dwarfed in size, and every
shade from albino to orange.

In 1884 I started much later, leaving ‘oronto 26th June.

June zoth.—Saw one 2 Colias christina, first day out west from
Winnipeg.

July rst, Swift Current.—Chysophanus dione, Arg. Edwardsii, A
Nevadensis, Euptoieta claudia.

July 3rd to 7th, Calgary.—Co/. christina, A. lais, A. Nevadensis, A.
artonis, Thymelicus hylax.

July roth, Morley (now Canmore) station, C. P. R.—Zycena shasta,
Arg. monticola.

Aug. 1st, Laggan.—Anthocharis hyantis and ausonides, Chrys.
mariposa, Chion chryxus, Colias elis. ‘This was a grand point for col-
lecting. Emeraid Lake, about 4 miles from here, is‘a lovely spot, and
the vegetation plentiful and varied, with large numbers of insects.

I have curtailed this as much as possible, but I shall be glad to ‘cor-
respond with anyone going to collect this ‘season, with a certain’ feeling
that, if the eggs of Co/ias e/’s can be: obtained, we shall have the pemes
cleared up about the # of this beautiful fly. ay

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 59

AGAIN PRILEY A.
BY L. O. HOWARD, WASHINGTON, D. C,

If all controversial writings were as happy as Mr. Ashmead’s last,
readers of the CANADIAN ENromoLocisr would. not regret the space
occupied, and I am glad that one side of the controversy is interesting
reading. 1 hope I may be allowed space to say that Mr. Ashmead
admits in conversation that he has erred in his statement that my first
publication of the description of Rileya was in the Canap1an ENroMoLo-
GisT for Oct., 1888, as I have shown him the last page of Entomologica
Americana for July, 1888. May I also state dates once more? Mr.
Ashmead’s first mention of Rileya was published in his synoptic table in
Lntom. Am. for June, 1888. My full description was then in the hands
of Mr. Smith, and was published in Eutom. Am. for July, 1888. . Mr.
Ashmead’s full description appeared in the Kansas Agric. Exper. Station
Bull., in July, nine days later than mine. Entomologists following Mr. Ash-
mead’s views are perfectly at liberty to use the excellent generic name he
has proposed for my Rileya, while for the use of those who adopt my
views, (and I am happy to say that several well-known entomologists have
expressed themselves in my favour), I venture to propose for the
Eurytomid genus which was called Rileya, the appropriate generic name
Ashmeadia, as indicating my appreciation of Mr. Ashmead’s unflagging
industry as an entomological worker,

CORRESPONDENCE.

COLIAS CHIONE, CURTIS.

Dear Sir: \t may be of interest to some-of our readers, who are in-
terested in the genus Colias, to know that Mr. F. Fitz Payne, (who. ac-
companied Lieut. Gordon’s expedition on the “Alert” to the Arctic
regions), brought back amongst his collection a single specimen of a
most peculiar green coloured female Colias. It was sent to Mr. W. H.
Edwards first, who examined it, but did not pronounce decidedly upon
itsname. A few weeks ago Mr. Henry Edwards was spending an after-
noon with me, not long after his visit to the British Museum, and he
assures me I have got the 2 of Co/ias Chione, Curtis. The only other
specimen known being in the British Museum. I observe that Mr.

60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Kirby has placed this in his catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera as variety
“A” of C. Boothti Curtis, and both Boothiz and Chione were taken in
Ross’s 2nd voyage, and both the species and variety were described by
Curtis, in 1835. It would be a curious coincidence if, after an interval of
over half a century this turned out to be a good species. I have written
to a friend, who constantly visits the British Museum, for full particulars
and description of the specimen in the collection there, and will state his
views through the medium of the Canapian ENTOMOLOGIST in a future
number. GAMBLE GEDDES, Toronto.

ARCTIA PHYLLIRA, DRURY.

Dear Sir: When I was in London a year ago, working on the
Society’s collection, I found amongst the Arctians one that clearly did not
belong to any of the forms represented therein; it had the label of A. P.
Saunders attached, bearing date July 6th, 1886. Being unknown to me
I labelled it ‘‘undetermined,” and Jaid it aside ; recently, however, when
turning over some of the books in the splendid library of the Society, I
found the unnamed Arctian unmistakably represented on plate Ixiv,
vol. 2 of Smith & Abbot, and named Phalena phyllira,; also in West-
wood’s Drury, vol. 1, plate vii, fig. 2. It is quite an attractive form,
and new to the Canadian list. Mr. H. S. Saunders also has a specimen,
taken at electric light, Sep. 6th, 1887. J. Auston. MorFrFar.

NOTE.

Later on there will certainly be more to be said respecting certain
points touched upon by me in the Can. Env. for 1888, but there are four
things it will be useful to refer to now. Since writing on JVathalis tole
(p. 156) I have found that there exists a form of the f in which the
“orange spot ” is yellow during life. With regard to the forms of Co/zas
eurytheme in this locality (p. 201), I now find there is a short flight of
genuine erviphyle here in September, but the specimens are not so extreme
in their divergence from awtumnalis as one Mr. W. H. Edwards sent me
(locality not stated). I shall have more to say about all these forms of
enrytheme later on. The yellow spider on pink flowers (p. 176) and the
Asilid fly attacking C. eurytheme (p. 202) have been kindly examined by
Dr. C. V. Riley and pronounced to be species of A/isumena and
Stenopogon. TAD. A. 'CocKERELL, West Cliff, Col:

Mailed March 7th.

ee

Che Canadwan Entomologist.

VOL. XXI. LONDON, APRIL, 1889. No. 4.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF ARGE
GALATHEA, Linn., WITH NOTES ON CERTAIN SATYRIN:.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Ecc. — Sub-ovoid, broadest on lower third, the base flattened ;
covered with a very slight rhomboidal network over the upper third, with
iow knobs at the angles ; on the middle the network is still more slight,
but the knobs are distinct, and on the lower third the knobs are minute
and unconnected by lines ; summit flattened, concave ; the micropyle in
centre of very fine network without knobs ; colour bone-white. Duration
of this stage about 20 days.

YounGc Larva.—Length, at 12 hours from the egg, .r inch; thickest
anteriorly, tapering to 13, which ends in two short sub-conical tails ; colour
yellow, with a tint of red; the tubercles arranged as in Erebia, forming
three longitudinal rows on either side ; these are small, conical, each with
a long curved whitish hair ; feet, legs and under side same colour as upper
surface ; head sub-globose, broader than 2, granulated, with a few whitish
points and long hairs ; colour brownish-yellow. The larve hibernated
from the egg.

After First Moult.—Length at 12 hours, .18 inch; colour yellow-buff ;
a narrow pinkish mid-dorsal stripe, a sub-dorsal same width,.then as much
of buff on side, and a broad pinkish stripe to the basal ridge, which is
yellowish ; under side, feet and legs, yellow-brown ; body covered with a
downy coat of yellowish hairs from fine points, and among them on each
segment are black hairs from larger and darker tubercles ; head sub-
globose, yellow-brown, with yellow and black hairs like those of body.
Duration of this stage 11 days.

After Second Moult.—Length .3 inch; stout; yellow-buff; a darker
mid-dorsal stripe, and a similar broad lateral band ; the basal ridge paler
than the ground; under side greenish-buff; thickly covered with buff
hairs ; head green-buff. Duration of this stage ro days.

62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

*

After Third Moult.—Length .65 inch. At nine days from this meult
was full grown.

Mature Larva.—Length 1.1 inch ; stout; thickest at 4 and 5, taper-
ing rapidly to 13, and ending in two short sub conical tails ; colour buff
the dorsal area of a yellow tint, the sides reddish ; the under side a green
tint up to the red-buff; feet and legs same ; a brown mid-dorsal stripe ; on
side the band a shade darker than the ground; the basal ridge lighter,
or yellowish ; body thickly covered with rather stiff, long hairs ; head
small, sub-globose, a littie depressed at top ; colour greenish-buff, with
many buff tubercles and hairs both long and short. (Fig. 1.)

Soon after, the colours became paler, the bands faded, and the larva
was lethargic, eating nothing, but lying at the top of the sod curved like a
figure 6. At 18 days from third moult pupated in the grass, unattached.

CurysALis.— Length .54 inch ; breadth at mesonotum .18 inch, across
abdomen .24 inch ; abdomen remarkably stout (one-third broader than
the anterior segments), conical, but irregularly so, the ventral side and the
whole body up to thoracic segments being greatly swollen, while on
dorsum the curve is slight, and rises no higher than does the mesonotum ;
this last is very low, rounded both ways ; the head case short, rounded at
end, rounded transversely and at the corners ; at each shoulder, over the
thoracic spiracle, a black-brown, corrugated shell-like process standing
out obliquely and quite prominent, in the middle sometimes a little separ-
ated from the surface of the body ; cremaster short, bluntly pointed, on
dorsal side having same curve with abdomen, on ventral side excavated,
with the edges thickened, horse-shoe shaped, and having at the end a
brush of short, stiff bristles, straight, not the least hooked. (Figs. 3, 4, 5
to 8.) Duration of this stage 14 days.

This pupa is very like that of Eudamus Zityrus and Lycidas; the
same dorsal and ventral outlines, same slope from mesonotum to top of
head, same form of head case ; and the thoracic spiracle protector (Fig. 8),
as Mr. Scudder calls it, is similar in both ; in Ga/athea this process is more
curved and shell-like, and a little more projected from the surface, but
they are essentially of same character.

GaLATHEA flies in Europe and Algeria, according to Kirby. It is
prettily checkered in black and white, has a slender body, and large wings
in proportion, as in most of the family. It has no near ally in North

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. : 63

America. Kirby places its genus, which he calls Melanargia, next to
what he calls Gneis, Hiibner, but which should read Chionobas, Boisduval.*

The imago and two varieties of the larve are figured in Humphrey
and Westwood’s Brit. But., and what purports to be the pupa, suspended
by the tail from a leaf of grass. There is no resemblance at all between
the pupa so figured and the true pupa. The description of the larva is
limited to one line, ‘‘ yellow-green, with a dark line down the back and
on each side.”

In Buckler’s “ Larvee of British Butterflies and Moths,” 1886, (a book
which every working Lepidopterist ought to own, and published at a very
low price, to wit: ten dollars for the two volumes so far issued, the first one
covering the Rhopalocera) ; on plate ii. is figured the adult larva of
Galathea and the pupa. I have had this larva copied on my plate, Fig. 1,
The text, which is by Rev. J. Hellins, represents the pupa as found on
the sod, and unattached by the tail. This figure suggests an affinity to
certain moths, noctuids especially,t and led me to wish to breed the species
from the egg. M. Paul Chrétien, of Paris, kindly obtained eggs and sent
them in a quill, in letter. They reached me 3rd Aug., 1886, thirteen
days out, and hatched the next day. ‘The larva, when about to come
forth, cut the top in a circle, but not completely around, and raising this
trap door made its way out, the door immediately falling back. The
egg looked almost uninjured. The larva did not eat the egg shell. I
mention this, because Mr. Hellins says the young larva “ eats up its egg
shell almost entirely,” and he adds, ‘‘ and thenceforward feeds on grasses,”
also, ‘“‘it hybernates when very small.” My larve hybernated at once
from the egg, just as the larva of Satyrus Alopfe does. I put the little
animals in the cellar, and later sent them to Clifton Springs, N. Y., to go
in the refrigerating house there. They came back 21st March, 1887, in
good condition. On 12th April, one passed the first moult. This larva

* There is no such genus properly as CZneis, Hiibner. There is a coitus of that
name in Hiibner’s Verzeichniss, made up of mixed Chionobas and Hipparchia, and
another one also made of the same two genera. By calling a coitus a genus, which it is
not and was not intended to be, eliminating the Hipparchias from both these coitus, dove-
tailing together what remains, and calling the manufacture Céneis, with a label Hiibner,
1816, we get what is called the genus. The makers of lists and catalogues about 1870 hit
on this contrivance, and many European authors have come to adopt the name Céneis.
In this country it has not met so favourableareception. Perhaps the first definition of the
genus (Eneis (and a definition is indispensable to recognition) was given by Mr. Scudder,
in Syst. Rev., 1872 ; but Chionobas, Boisduval, 1832, has the priority.

+ This figure resembles the larva of Agrotis, all but the terminal segment, which is
Bombycid,

64 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

passed the second moult 23rd April, the third 4th May, and pupated
22nd May. I succeeded in getting but the one larva to pupation, and
having accidentally injured the surface of the pupa, 1 put it in alcohol.
The next year, M. Chrétien sent more eggs in same way. ‘They hatched,
and the larve went at once into lethargy, as before. They came back
from New York, 6th April, 1888. I recorded that one was about to pass
its first moult on 20th Apri!, that two were at same time about to pass
second, and two had already passed second on 5th June ; that the appear-
ance and attitudes of these larva are very much like noctuid larve. They
are obese, sluggish, and spend most of the time lying on their backs or
sides on the surface of the sod, the head and next segments bent in; or
else they lie in a complete ring, the tail and head meeting. If resting on
a stem of grass, the body is supported by the pro-legs only, the anterior
segments arched, the feet not touching the stem. Now and then I found
one feeding, but they did this mostly at night. On 13th June. one larva
was evidently near pupation, by the pale hue of the skin and the disap-
pearance of the lines. I record that it lies on its side and back between
two stems, wedged in, its feet in the air. Next day it had got away from
the stems and was lying on its back, much doubled up (Fig. 2). The follow-
ing day it had pupated just where I had last seen it, unattached by the tail.

By 17th, I noticed that a second larva had fixed itself as I had recently
seen one of Erebia Zpzpsodea do when about to pupate. It was nearly
an inch clear of and above the sod, had drawn a few leaves of grass to-
gether by a few threads and rested among them upright, holding to the
edge of a leat by the prolegs, the dorsum much bent and turned to
the left. An hour later the larva had loosed its hold and slid down, and
was sticking upright in the sod, but had reversed its position, the dorsum
now facing to the right. There it pupated, upright.

On 18th, another larva was Jying on its back, like the first one
mentioned. I had had a long search for it, and feared it had escaped,
but by clipping the grass stem by stem, it was found low down in the sod,
and there it pupated, 2zoth. The fourth also pupated, but among the
roots, and was found only by pulling the sod in pieces. The fifth pupated
in the night of 4th and 5th July, It had fallen off the bag which covered
the plant, and was lying motionless on the earth. I laid it on its side
among the leaves, and there it pupated, spinning no thread. From these
pupe I got five butterflies, the first one on 28th June, the last in middle
of July.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65

Buckler figures what is called the third moult, and again the fourth
joult. But, as I have said, my larve, in both years, passed three moults
only. From the size of the figures I should say that both represented the
same stage, one just after third moult, the other at maturity. Nothing is
said of moults in the text. The young larva is described, then at length of
2.5 mm., and the mature larva at 30 mm. Mr. Hellins agrees with West-
wood that the colour is variable, being buff, but sometimes green. All
my larve were buff. It is stated that the larva “becomes full fed in
June, and changes to pupa without suspending itself in any way, or
making a cocoon,” and the author adds, ‘I think it” (in natural state)
‘would hide itself, as my example did. I found they had got among the
thick moss with which | had furnished the bottom of their cage, and
apparently made little hollows for themselves by turning round.” ‘The
pupa is described at length, but the curious “ thoracic spiracle protector ”
is passed over so slightly that one would not suspect the nature or form

of it, merely saying, “ the pair of spiracles at the shoulders large and dark
brown.” *

The pupa which | had in 1887 was sent to Mr. Scudder, with no inti-
mation of the species or its history, and he was asked what he thought it
might be. His reply was: ‘“‘ The pupa you send seems very like one of
the larger skippers, but I do not see any enlargement of the antennal tips,
and think it must be amoth. The ‘ear-lke’ projections are the thoracic
spiracle protectors, which are entirely like this in Zztyraus.” As before
said, Eudamus Zycidas pupa has the same sort of process.

I bred Erebia Zfzpsodea to imago in 1888, and found that here also
the pupa was unattached. The end of the cremaster has a few short,
straight bristles, both fewer and shorter than those of Ga/athea. Mr.
Fyles bred C. jutta, and it pupated down in the moss, unattached. Mr.
Scudder has described the mode of pupating of C. semédea, also down in
the moss or among rocks, unattached, and neither of these have any
bristles at all on the cremaster. This species is also described as curling
up in a ring. C. chryxus, which I bred to pupa last year, is without
bristles. It behaved like Ga/athea, pupating in the sod. Buckler figures

__ ~ The accompanying plate shows the larva of Ga/athea, Fig. 1, copied from Buckler;
Fig. 2 shows the attitude on the sod when near pupation ; 3 and 4, the pupa; 5 and 6,
the last segment and cremaster, dorsal and side view, with the group of terminal bristles ;
7, the single bristle ; 8, the thoracic spiracle protector,

66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Erebia Blandina as pupating upright in the sod, also unattached ; and
I have copied this pupa on the plate, 9g.

More remarkable still is Buckler’s figure of Hipparchia Seme/e pupa
(iv). It looks like Z7tyrus also, but is stouter, and the ventral side pro-
trudes as in that species and Ga/athea (Fig. to). Mr. Buckler’s own
account accompanies the plate. He dug the larva out of the sandy ground
near the sea shore. ‘“ The captured larva, on being placed under a glass
on a pot with its native food, immediately burrowed in the sandy earth,
and the few times it was seen on the grass were always at night. On the
23rd June I searched for the pupa and found it in a hollow space a quarter
of an inch below the surface, the particles of sand and earth slightly
cohering together, and close to the roots of the grass, yet free from them.
The pupa was obtuse, rounded, turned and smooth, and wholly of a deep
mahogany colour.” That is a strange recital! An Arctic Chionobas
may be compelled by the severity of the climate to live within the moss
and pupate there, but. here is a species in the temperate regions, at the
level of the sea, burrowing in the sand like a cut-worm, coming out at
night to feed and returning to ground cut-worm fashion, and pupating
under the surface in a manner common to many families of the Hetero-
cera, even certain genera of Sphingidz.* Probably many other species
and genera of Satyrinz have larval habits such as I have related. Of the
vast number of species but few are known in the early stages. Mr.
Scudder says, p. 119: ‘‘ We know of at least eight European species
(besides Ga/athea ), mostly referred to Satyrus, but some to Epinephele and
Pararge as well, the chrysaiids of which are not suspended.”

We have in America a butterfly, Azdingsiz, provisionally placed in the
genus Hipparchia, but which is not congeneric with Seme/e, the larva and
pupa of which may have the form and habits of Ga/athea or even of
Semele. I have its larve now hibernating.

The Satyrinez are a very numerous family, with many natural genera,
and most of these have numerous species. Kirby, in 1871, made 80
genera, and as many species have been described since, and of making of
genera, natural and artificial, there is no end, I dare say there are 150
genera of some sort in the books today. ‘The butterflies are all or nearly

* «« AGRoTIS C. N1iGRUM feeds by night on the tops of red clover, hides in the
ground by day, pupates in a loose cocoon on top of the ground beneath rubbish, or even
without any cocoon ; but most Agrotids pupate in the ground. All the larvz of the
genus have the habit of curling up.”—/7ench. I sent Prof. French one of these plates.
He writes :—‘‘ No. 10 is precisely as I have seen the Agrotis pupate,”

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67

all feeble-bodied, feeble-winged, of weak and intermittent flight, and frequent
woods and grassy spaces, loving the shade. ‘ Distinguished by their
peculiar flight, which is of a feeble, wavering, dancing character, and not
long sustained ; neither do the insects rise far above the ground. Wallace,
in writing of the species found on the Amazons, says he does not ‘remem-
ber to have ever seen any species rise four feet from the earth, while the
greater part of them do not exceed as many inches.’ Some genera of the
allied Morphine are said by Wallace to be ‘truly crepuscular, never flying
by day except when disturbed. * * * They remain hid during the
day in the gloomiest shades of the forest.’””—Scudder.

As before set forth, here are four genera, Arge, Hipparchia, Chionobas
and Erebia, in which the preparatory stages of species resemble in habits
and form the Hesperidz and certain moths. The last two are Arctic or
boreal. The American Erebias, 2pzpsodea and Magda/ena—this last re-
presented on the shore of the Arctic Sea by Fasciata, (see But. N. A,
vol. ii, pt. vil for this,) the two evidently being forms of one species—
fly at the extreme north, or on the summits of the loftiest peaks of the
Rocky Mountains. Chionobas Semédea a'so flies within the Arctic circle,
as far north as Cumberland Island, and in Labrador, but there are isolated
colonies at two other points, namely, the summit of the White Mountains
of New Hampshire, and the high peaks of the Rocky Mountains. C.
jutta is boreal, being found in Labrador ; but it reaches farther to the
south than any other of its genus—to Quebec, Ottawa, and Bangor,
Maine, where it flies at low elevations. Arge and Hipparchia are found
inhabiting the temperate parts of Europe, and the first of these even
crosses into Northern Africa. Erebia Magdalena and Chionobas Semidea
live under the severest conditions. Mr. David Bruce says of Mag-
dalena and its habitat: “It is found in the most uninviting looking
spots it is possible for a naturalist to explore—black, barren, detached
rocks, that look as if an immense peak had fallen and split into fragments ;
hardly a blade of grass or a patch of lichen to relieve the utter desolation.
I have never found this species but among such broken rocks, varying
from 12,000 to 14,000 feet elevation. The sun gleams out, and awakened
into activity by its beams, comes A/agda/ena, flitting leisurely, then sud-
denly taking an upward flight, it soars around. Another of same species
springs up from the rocks, the usual skirmishing chase ensues for a few
minutes, the sun is again obscured, and the insects disappear as if by

68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

magic, and will not be seen until it is bright again. I have met with it
from June 28th to July 18th.” As Mr. Bruce searched for two seasons
for this particular and exceedingly rare butterfly. this period of 20 days in
in which he found it, may be taken for the duration of the species in its
imago stage. It is not probable that the life of one of the individual
butterflies lasts one week. All butterflies die speedily after copulation
(2) and laying of eggs (2), even in temperate regions. Many species
in the same regions come from pupa with eggs mature, and copulation
takes place almost at once, often befure the wings of the female are dry,
and in one well-known case, 4. Charitonia, often before the imago is out
of the pupa shell. We may be sure that nature would allow of no loss of
time at 13,000 elevation. ‘The existence of the species must depend on
getting the eggs laid and protected. Mr. Bruce is of the opinion that
there is an annual brood of the imago. I myself had thought there could
be but one every two years, from my experience with allied larvee, which
are excessively slow in growth My imagos of Ga/athea, as stated,
showed 17 days between the emerging of the first and the last from pupa,
and yet they were all hatched on same day. ‘The 20 days spoken of by
Mr. Bruce, as said above, represents the time in which the species was_
alive in the imago, not the life of one individual by any means. Spend-
ing therefore 51 weeks out of 52 in, or on, or under the ground as egg,
larva, or pupa, one week in the imago, hiding among the rocks whenever
the sun is obscured, and it is often obscured, or when fierce winds blow,
and there must be very little time when a stiff breeze or a tempest is not
blowing, the temperature every night, as Mr. Bruce tells us, as low as 30°
Far., at the least, ice forming wherever there is a bit of water—is it
possible to conceive an existence more unsuited for a creature dependent
on sunshine than tnis Magdalena lives, imprisoned on those summits ?
Yet, the species must have lived so through untold ages.

For the history of Semidea, in New Hampshire, I will quote from Mr.
Scudder, in his grand work, the Butt. N. E., pages 589 et seq: “These
two butterflies (Argynnis dZontinws and Chionobas Semdea) may be
looked.upon as the oldest inhabitants of New England, which followed
the retreating ice sheet in its progress northward. ‘They were the first of
their tribe to fly over the barren fields of New England, where the earliest
verdure began to foliow the withdrawing ice, and moving with it, step by
step, were at last, some of them, beguiled by the local glaciers in the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69

White Mountain region, long after the main glacial sheet had left these
mountains far in its rear, and until connection with the main body was
finally cut off.” And quoting Mr. Grote on this species and its ancient
history: ‘They advanced behind the deceiving local glaciers, step by
step, up the mountain side, pushed up from below by the warm climate,
which to them was uncongenial, until they reached the mountain peak.
Here, blown sidewise by the winds, they patiently cling to the rocks ; or
in clear weather, on weak and careful wing, they fly from stemless
mountain-pink to blue-berry. Drawn into the currents of air that sweep
down the mountain-side, they are forced downwards to be parched in the
hot valleys below.” Mr. Scudder continues: ‘It will be asked how it is
possible that such delicate organisms as butterflies can maintain them-
selves in such a bleak and inhospitable region as the summit of the White
Mountains, where a Greenlander would find it impossible to live in com-
fort, inasmuch as he would be exposed not merely to the cold, to which
he is no stranger, but to the fiercest and most biting winds, with an
amount vf humidity accompanying them which would seem to be almost
Satal to existence.” The author then speaks of the long larval period,
during which the species is protected among the rocks and snow. Then
continuing with the imago, it ‘‘ invariably closes its wings back to back,
and settles upon one side as if reclining, the point of the wings away
trom the wind, where it clings to the roughnesses of the rocks, and is
seldom blown from its foot-hold. * * * In the imago state, ¢¢ cannot
bear transportation so much as 3,000 feet vertically to the base of the
steeper slopes, at least if this transportation is effected in a rapid manner.
Indeed their efforts at flight under such circumstances are so pitiable that
it would seem very doubtful if the butterfly hurled deep down into the
ravines by the fierce blasts which may at times catch it unawares could
possibly remount the steep slopes. That such cases of destruction may
occur with so feebled-winged a butterfly seems by no means impossible,”
etc.—the author relating how he had seen these insects swept over the
cliff, etc. On page 145, we read also: ‘‘ They can offer no resistance to
the winds, and whenever they ascend more than their accustomed two or
three feet above the surface of the ground * * * they are whirled
headlong to immense distances,” etc. He then relates how this butterfly
escapes capture, “‘ by edging its way afoot to the brink of a crevice,” and
dropping into same. And that he took three healthy females down the
mountain on the railway train, and before half the descent was made they

70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

were visibly affected, and by the time the tree line was reached—elevation
4,500 feet—they were gasping for air. At 2,8co feet, where he was stay-
ing, he thought them dead, and finally killed them, as they “ gained no
strength at the end of twelve hours:” Doubtless similar careful observa-
tions and experiments with Magdalena would reveal a similar history.
Mr. Scudder, p. 144, thinks it probable that the larval stages cover two
winters. If so, the imago is biennial, as C. Gore of Europe, is said to be:
‘“* Bore hibernates twice as caterpillar and changes to chrysalis in May, in
the winter quarters of the larva, free, in sand, between roots of grass
under the surface of the ground.”—But. N. E., p. 126. That is, another
species: of this genus has the larval habits of a noctuid moth.*

The existence of AZagda/ena seemed as bad as bad could be, but these
accounts of Semzdea indicate a worse climate and therefore severer trials.
These are two of the feeblest butterflies in the N. Am. fauna, and this sort
of existence has endured at least since the glaciers retreated, and no one
can guess how many years longer.t When we read that butterflies have
come down from the Tertiary period unchanged, we may allow for
Semidea a vast antiquity.

Members of the Semzdea species dwell to-day within the Arctic circle,
in Labrador, in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and in the Rocky
Mountains in Colorado, separated by vast distances. Mr. Scudder shows
that the mountain colonies cannot exist in the low grounds, cannot even

* The history of Semdzdea, as related by Mr. Scudder, mostly from his personal
observations, is worth the price of the whole work; and I recommend every person
interested in butterflies to make it a part of their library without delay. I differ with
Mr. Scudder radically about many things, the restriction of genera, the resurrection
of obsolete names, the use of Hiibner’s Coitus and Tentamen names for genera and
families, but in other important and essential points this work of his is and will forever
remain unapproachable, The wealth of illustration is amazing, not only of the butterflies
themselves, but of every part and organ of them, and what has never been attempted
before except on a limited scale, the eggs and young larve are shown in greatly
magnified and admirably executed figures. In any future system the eggs and young larvee
will form an important part. The time is coming when classification based on features
of the imago alone will be thrown over, and the new arrangement will take consideration
of all three of the preparatory stages. For these matters andthe anatomical details,
worked out with wonderful ability, and the life histories and distribution worked out
with exceeding care, the Butterflies of New England will be a standard work, and no
student can possibly get along without it. The edition is limited and the plates cannot
be reproduced ; therefore, I say to my friends, subscribe without delay.

+ Mr. Geikie, in the Great Ice Age, p. 135, is of the belief that the last glacial
period terminated 80,000 years ago, and began about 240,000 years ago.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 71

descend the peaks ; therefore there cannot have been communication
between these branches since the retreating ice stranded the two southern
colonies. Yet they are not distinguishable fromm one another. Examples
from Labrador, even also from Ungava Bay, lat. 59°, are precisely like
examples from the White Mountains and Colorado, and in fact these three
branches of the species are not known to differ by a scale or a hair.

(To be continued. )

-

DR. CHRISTIAN ZIMMERMANN.
BY H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. ®
(Continued from page 57.)

The following is a list of the entomological works of Dr. C. Zim-
mermann :—

1. Monographie der Carabiden, Erstes Stueck, Berlin and Halle,
1831, 8vo., pp. 8 and 76, contains the family Zabroides, five genera, with
twenty-six species ; review in Oken Isis, 1832, vol v., p. 539, vol. x, p.
1117; extracted in Silbermann Revue, 1833, T. L, p. 45-47. The author’s
copy belongs to the library of the museum.

2. Monographia Amaroidum.—The work was interrupted by the
author’s voyage to America. The library of the museum possesses out
of Zimmermann’s own library a few sheets, printed in Europe in 1831, in
two parts (proof sheets). The work is written in Latin. First part, p.
1-48 (three sheets), the general description of the family Amaroides:—
I. de capitis partibus, p. 5 (os, instrumenta masticandi) ; IJ. de trunci
structura, p. 16 (collum, pectus, pedes, alae) ; III. de abdomenis segmentis,
p. 31 (dorsum, venter, appendices) ; general division of the Adephaga
and Carabide, p. 36, in 12 stirpes ; de corporis partibus externis, p. 40,
the plate (table 1) is not present, probably never printed, then follows
the general description, p. 44, which gives the characteres sexuales (not
finished), p. 48.

The second part (also not finished), Monographia Amaroidum, quotes
the first part as:—Dispositio methodica nova Coleopterorum Adepha-

72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

gorum. The characters of the family (p. 1) are followed by the systema
of the family in twelve genera (p. 11).

1. Leirus Megerle, p. 12, twelve species, four new.

2. Lioscelis, Zimm., p. 31, nine species, two new (not yet finished).
The third sheet is by error marked the fourth, and the pagination, p.
49-60, is wrong, instead of p. 33-48.

I have given purposely a detailed account of the two papers, only
known by proof sheets, out of Zimmermann’s library, as they contain,
indeed, the most elaborate account of the general characters of the family.
The description of the genera and of the species, as far as contained in
the papers, is very detailed.

The paper on Amara is quoted in my Bibliotheca II., p. 304, No. 2.
It is in some way different from the Latin paper just described. It is
published in German and translated in French, also the papers Nos. 3, 4
and 5. Besides those papers, after his death Dr. J. L. LeConte has pub-
lished the two well known in the Tr. Ent. Soc., Phila., 1868, on Scoly-
tide, and in 1869, synonymical notes on Coleoptera. Dr. J. L. LeConte’s
Scolytidz, p. 149, says :—‘‘ Among the MSS. of my deceased friend,
Zimmermann, I find several partially completed memoirs, which contain
not only systematic ideas of much value, but descriptions of many new
species belonging to our fauna.” Nevertheless he has published nothing
more of them, and I am informed by Dr. J. H. Horn that nothing more
of Zimmermann’s papers was found after Dr. J. L. LeConte’s death.

The following report is given in a letter from Zimmermann to Th. W.
Harris, July 4, 1853 (in the library of Boston N. His. Soc.), it must not
be forgotten that the letter was written before Chapnis and Candeze
appeared :—

What I have observed about the beetles, grubs and their use for a

methodical synopsis I will subscribe here with a few words only, for the
thermometer rises again about 100°.

COLEOP.ERA.

A. Larve of 13 segments, full of folds, never with eyes.

1. Petalocera (= Lamellicornia), forming three sub-divisions, (a) con-
taining Oryctes, Melolontha, Copris; (6) containing Zrox, etc. ; (c)
containing Zucanus, etc,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. tea

2. Rhynchophora, (a) containing AMylurgus; (6) containing
Curculio; (c) containing Brenthus.

B. Larve of 13 to 14 segments (head and prolegs included, each for
one segment), without folds, with or without eyes.

3. Tetramera, (a) containing Capricornia; (6) containing Bruchide ;
(c) containing Phytophaga.

4. Pentamera, (a) containing Sternoxa, (a) Buprestide, (b) Elateride,
(c) Cebrionide; (b) containing Cleride ; (c) containing Lycide.

5- Heteromera.

C. Larve of 13 to 14 segments (mostly 14), above scaly, swift footed,
always with eyes.

6. Adephaga.
7. Rhypophaga.
8. Brachelytra.

I have directed all my powers upon the investigation of the larve,
Up to this day, however, I did not discover any more or better distinctive
characters than those given above, and which appear to contain all the
external characters worthy to be trusted, for you know already that
numbers of them change their dress and form with each moulting. I
may remind you here of the curious transformations of the larvee of JZe/oe,
as investigated in the Linnean Transactions, vol. xx. These little
creatures appear as frequently delineated, at first with long legs for swift
running, which is necessary for them in order to reach their final abode ;
having accomplished that they become by degrees fatter and more
sluggish, whereby, curiously enough, the length of their legs decreases.
The apparent difference between the larvee of Buprestis and Elater may
be explained upon similar necessities, for the body of the larve of
Buprestis is soft and necessarily so, living as it does in hard and unyield-
ing substances, whereas the body of the larve of Z/ater, which lives in
more damp, soft and cold substances, will find its stiff and hard dress
more comfortable than it would a softer one. The larve of Buprestis, as
well as that of E/ater, are of a structure sufficiently similar to be placed
in the same great division (B), and more similarity was not necessary, for

the structure of the beetles themselves had to decide their systematic
station.

74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.—No. 2.

THE APPLE TREE TENT CATERPILLAR— THE AMERICAN LACKEY MOTH
(Clistocampa Americana HAR.) .

BY JAMES FLETCHER, OTTAWA.

There are two kinds of caterpillars which every year commit serious
depredations in our Canadian apple orchards, although they by no means
confine their attentions to that tree. These are the larvee of the American

(Ges on.

and Forest Lackey Moths, two species of brown moths which frequently
fly into houses at night during July, and draw attention by their head-
long, reckless flight, dashing themselves against the ceiling and the walls,
and very often finishing up by getting into the lamp chimney. Speaking
generally, there is a great resemblance between these two insects in
appearance and habits, and the same remedies are applicable for both ; when
examined carefully, however, they differ considerably in all their stages,
and may be easily recognized. They belong to the Bombycide or

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15

Spinners, a family which contains the silkworm moths and several other
thick-bodied, hairy moths, with large wings but small heads, bearing
comb-like antenne and having the mouth parts imperfect, or as in those
now under consideration not developed at all. The caterpillars of the
Bombycide are usually hairy or tufted, and when full grown spin a cocoon
for the protection of the short, thick chrysalids.

At Fig. 1 the different stages of the American Lackey Moth are given.
This species appears in the perfect state in the beginning of July, about a
week earlier than the other species referred to above, which is known by
the name of the Forest Tent Caterpillar C. désstria Hub. (C. sylvatica
Har.)

The American Lackey Moth is a pretty species of a dull but rich reddish-
brown colour, having the upper wings crossed obliquely by two clear,
whitish, parallel lines. In rare instances these show faintly on the lower
wings also. ‘The fringes of the wings are chiefly of the same colour as the
oblique lines. ‘The space enclosed between the light lines is paler than
the rest of the wings in the males, but of the same colour or rather darker
in the females. On the under side, all four wings are crossed by a well-
defined, irregular, whitish bar. The perfect insects having their mouth
parts undeveloped partake of no food, but devote the whole period of their
short lives to the perpetuation of their kind As soon as they have paired
and the females have laid their eggs they die. The eggs are deposited in
rings upon the smaller twigs of various trees, usually within a short dis-
tance of the tips. Each egg-cluster contains from 200 to 30¢ eggs, which,
when laid, are covered with a liquid glutinous substance which soon dries
and cements them firmly together, and protects them from the weather.

A surprising point in the life history of these insects is that about a
month after the eggs are laid, the young caterpillar is fully formed inside
the egg and it remains in this condition all through the winter, only eating
its way out from the egg in the following spring when the leaves expand.
Immediately upon hatching the young caterpillars consume the glutinous
covering of the eggs, and then lose no time in attacking the foliage. They
at onge begin the construction of their tent, which is a web of fine silk, spun
in the nearest fork of the twig upon which they were hatched. This tent
is increased in size as the caterpillars grow, and if left undisturbed is some-
times nearly a foot in diameter. ‘The caterpillars are very regular in their
habits, marching out in regular procession, each following close behind the

76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

one in front of it. From the habit of the larvee of this genus of marching
out to feed in bodies they are known in Europe as “ Processionary
Caterpillars.” When their appetites are satisfied they return again to
their tents to rest. They do not feed at night nor in stormy weather.
They usually do not leave their tent until after nine in the morning, and
have all returned before sundown. They are generally inactive in the
middle of the day.

When full grown the caterpillars are two inches in length, and beauti-
fully marked with black, white, blue, yellow and brown in the pattern
shown in Fig. 1., B. The continuous stripe down
the back is white, and serves as a distinctive mark
by which this species can be known at once from the
Forest Tent Caterpillar—Fig. 2—which has this
dorsal stripe broken up into spots. This latter also
differs in not constructing a tent, but merely spins a
mat of silk on the side of a tree, or upon one of the
large branches, on and near which it lives, more or
less, in community ; but it has not the same social
habits as its relative. Just before they spin their
cocoons, the caterpillars wander about very much,

Sead) e seeking for a suitable place. ‘The cocoon, Fig. 1.,

C., is greenish yellow, and contains a powdery material

like finely ground sulphur. The moths emerge in about eighteen or
twenty days after the cocoon is made.

Remedies.—The most successful remedies with these insects all come
under hand-picking. During the winter or early spring the egg-clusters can
be easily collected and destroyed ; they are always laid upon the small twigs
and near the tips, so that if a dull day be chosen they can be easily detected
against the sky, and can then be cut off and burnt, when, of course, the
trees are exempt from attack, until eggs are laid again next year. If this
precaution is neglected, the nests, which are conspicuous objects before
the foliage is fully expanded in spring, must be cut off and destroyed. An
invasion from neighbouring trees can be prevented by tying a grip of
cotton-batting round the trunk, which the caterpillars have difficulty in
climbing over. 5

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 77

THE LARVA OF LIMACODES INORNATA, G. & R.
BY HARRISON G. DYAR, RHINEBECK, N. Y.

Larva.—Elliptical and much flattened, the sides rising slightly to two
dorsal ridges, only a little elevated, these ridges diverging somewhat
towards the anterior and posterior portions of the body. Around the out-
line of the body is a series of flattened pointed projections for the last
eight segments, furnished on their sides with fine, short hair. ‘These pro-
jections occur on each segment after the fifth, the two on the last segment
somewhat longer than the others, and directed nearly straight backwards.
Colour green, a reddish line on the angulated outline of the anterior seg-
ments; the dorsal ridges marked with a narrow yellow line, which is
interrupted between two dorsal yellow spots with red centres. These
spots are conspicuous though small.

food Plants.—Maple, wild cherry, hickory, etc. Like most of the

«Cochliinee a very general feeder.

A good figure of this insect is to be found in Harris’s Entomological
Correspondence,* and in the text Dr. Harris says: § [The larva is] “in
form somewhat like an Oziscus, being oval and flattened, with lateral
tooth-like appendages fringed with hairs. General colour green, with
Jateral rows of minute, ocellated spots, each pupillated with a black dot ;
a dorsal row of dark spots, with two of a rich scarlet colour * * *
This insect does nor sting.”

The difference between this larva and that of Zzmacodes scapha
Harris} is very marked. While Z. scapha is a thick larva, resembling a
lump of some substance adhering to the leaf; the present species, as
above stated, is much flattened, and furnished with its remarkable tooth-
like projections. In fact, before the imagines of Z. zwornata were
developed, I had no idea that the insect could be congeneric with Z.
scapha.

Two males, raised from these larvee, differ somewhat from the original
description by Grote and Robinson,{ so that, to them, the name of
“inornata” hardly applies. In this form the secondaries are somewhat

2 Entomological Correspondence of T. W. Harris, edited by S. H. Scudder, 1869.
Plate II., Fig. 7, and Plate III., Fig. 6, § zé¢d, page 176.

+ Figured, zbzd, Plate III., Fig. 8.

+ Lepidopterological Contributions page 22, from Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist., of
New York, 1886.

78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

darker above than in the typical insect, while the primaries are variegated
by a ferruginous brown basal shading, continued narrowly along the
internal margin and connecting with a similarly coloured band, extending,
on its inner side, parallel with the external margin, but its outer edge
starts from the outer margin above the internal angle and runs obliquely
inward, so that the band ends in a point before reaching the costa. . The
upper part of this band, as well as the outer part‘of the basal shading,
has a purplish tint. Fringe dark brown.

I should judge this to be the ordinary 2 of L. inornata, in New
York. A single 2, also raised from these larvee, fits the description
above referred to.

CORRESPONDENCE.

ARZAMA OBLIQUATA.

Dear Sir: In reply to Mr. Moffat and Mr. Kellicott, I wish to say
that both of these gentlemen are mistaken in saying that the larvee of
Arzama obliquata go to the shore in the fall of the year to stay over the
winter. On the 25th of November last my friend, Chas. P. Mackisney,
of Arlington, N. J., and I took a walk through the meadows at Arlington,
which cover from fifteen to twenty square miles. We did not find any
signs of Arzama except in one place about two hundred feet square, and
there in every reed we cut we found a larva, but we had to cut below the
surface of the water to get them. I went out to the meadows again to-day
(the 22nd of February) in order to get some larve to send to Mr. Moffat
and Mr. Kellicott, and I found some about four hundred feet from the
shore, where I had to cut the ice to get to the bottom of the reeds. I got
four larve and shall send them to these gentlemen in order that they may
see for themselves that I was right in my statements (C. E., xx., 119). I
also wish to state that if they require further evidence I should like them
_ to come to New Jersey, and I will take them to a place where they can
get a car load of cat-tail reeds with larvae in them throughout the whole
winter. I do not think that Dr. Riley is correct in saying that the female
lays her eggsin masses. I have always found them deposited singly, and
I do not think it likely that they would be laid otherwise, because it
would be impossible for a number of larvee to live in one reed.

H. H. Breume, Newark, New Jersey.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. fe)

ARZAMA OBLIQUATA.

Dear Sir: On reading Mr. Kellicott’s communication in Can. Env.
for February, 1889, I learn that his observations concerning the habits of
Arzama obliquata G. & R. larve, do not agree with mine. Up to the
26th of January of the present year I held the same opinion as he does,
and I was not a little bit surprised on hearing of its being a winter feeder.
Requiring some lining for a few packing boxes which I was preparing to
send by mail, I had occasion to go to the marsh for some stalks (commonly
known as rushes, but by botanists, I suppose, as Zyfha), which make a
convenient substitute for cork. The very first stalk that I cut showed
that larve had been at work. This at once brought to my mind the
recent communications of which Mr. Kellicctt writes, so I began an in-
vestigation and was much surprised at the result. Besides a number of
empty pupz and a mature larva (which I always find in the form of a
loop, with one end shorter than the other) at rest for the winter, down in
the thick part of the stalk, I found three immature larve at full length
up in the small part and surrounded by evidence of recent feeding.
During my nine or ten years of collecting, I have raised both Arzama
obliguata and diffusa from mature larve found on shore in old wood and
other rubbish, mostly every year. Some I have found as early as Novem-
ber 3rd, and others in every month until May. Having always found
them pretty plentiful on shore, I was of the opinion that it was their
habit always to come there to transform, but my observations on the
‘above date convince me that those I had hitherto found were only
wanderers, while the main body remain at home to undergo their transfor-
mation. As for their being single brooded here I agree with him. I have
found two or three moths late in July, but those I should say came from
larvee which passed the winter in the immature state, rather than from
eggs laid that season.

March gth, 1889. JAMEs Jounsron, Hamilton, Ont.

NOTES.

We are glad to learn that Mr. John B. Smith, of the National Museum,
Washington, has been appointed State Entomologist of New Jersey. He
will enter upon his new duties on the first of April, and will reside at New
Brunswick, N. J. While we congratulate the State upon securing the

80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

services of so eminently capable an entomologist, we trust that Mr. Smith
will find his new work congenial and satisfactory, and its accessories
lucrative and comfortable.

The following amendment has been made to the Agriculture and Arts
Act during the recent session of the Ontario Legislature :—‘“‘ Section 67
of the said Act is amended by adding thereto, after sub-section (2), the
following : ‘ Provided, however, that the Entomological Society of Ontario
shall, at its annual meeting, group into five divisions the agricultural
divisions enumerated in Schedule A. to this Act, and shall elect one person
from each of such five divisions (who shall be a resident of the division
he represents) as directors of the said Society.’ ”

The New York Academy of Sciences is making an effort to erect a
suitable monument in Trinity Church-yard in memory of the great
ornithologist, John James Audubon. About $900 has been collected, but
the plans accepted call for from $6,000 to $10,000. It is earnestly hoped
that each scientific society in America will contribute an average amount
of $100 through its members, and thus enable the enterprise to be at once
completed. Each subscriber of a dollar or more will receive a copy of a
print from Cruickshank’s celebrated portrait of the great naturalist suitable
for framing. Remittances from our members may be sent to Mr. W. E.
Saunders, 240 Central Ave., London ; or to Dr. N. L. Britton, Columbia
College, New York.

The following is the list of the officers of the Kent Scientific Institute,
of Grand Rapids, Mich., for 1889, which is incorporated for the promo-
tion of scientific education and the establishment and maintenance of a
natural history museum :—President, E. S. Holmes ; Vice-President, W.
A. Gruson; Recording Secretary, C. W. Carman ; Corresponding Secre-
tary, E. S. Holmes; Treasurer, C. A. Whittimore ; Director of the
Museum, W. A. Gruson; Curator, C. W. Carman; Librarian, E. L.
Morely. Board of Directors:—Wright L. Coffinberry, W. A. Gruson,
Samuel L. Fuller, E. S. Holmes, j. W. Jones, C. A. Whittimore.
Officers of the Board:—Chairman, W. A. Gruson; Secretary, E. S.
Holmes; Treasurer, C. A. Whittimore.

Mailed April 8th.

Che Canadwan Entomologist.

VOL. XXI. LONDON, MAY, 1889. INO. Si.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF ARGE
GALATHEA, Linn., WITH NOTES ON CERTAIN SATYRINZ.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.
(Continued from page 71.)

How then can Mr. Scudder claim that this feeble relic of the tertiaries,
stranded, as he tells us, on the loftiest peaks at east and west at the close
of the glacial period, unchanged in all respects since that, its imago show-
ing itself but once in two years, the individual living at most but a few
days, always in tribulation and peril, saved only from extinction by its
acquired habits of dropping into a crevice, or of clinging to the rocks by
the feet, its wings of scarcely any use whatever, but a constant source of
danger—that this miserable creature stands at the head of its genus, its
sub-family, its family, of the American fauna, and in fact of the world,
the ideal butterfly !*

The mere statement of the proposition that such a tribe, creepers
along the ground, avoiding sun-light, allied to the moths at every stage,
often with habit of moths rather than butterflies, have high rank in the
order, and that the weakest member of the tribe—the one which has
suffered most by isolation and privation—is the highest of all, carries its
own refutation.

When a process of reasoning leads to an absurd conclusion, there is
a flaw somewhere. ‘The facts may be mistaken, or wrongly presented,
and, in either case, the inferences attempted to be drawn from them may
be without justification.

Mr. Scudder is compelled to allow, that in three stages out of four, the
Satyrinze are nearer the Hesperidz and the moths than to other butter-

L}

* We have the expression “‘ the highest butterflies,” meaning the Satyrinze, repeat-
ed endlessly, sometimes twice on one page, when ‘‘Satyrinze” would answer every
purpose. It seems to me the author of the work, appealing to the reason of his readers,
makes a mistake in thrusting his opinions before them so persistently. If the arguments
fail to convince, what he calls by one name, will be thought to deserve quite another.

82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

flies, namely: in the egg, larva and pupa. “In certain features, the
Satyrinee show some curious resemblances to those of the Hesperide.
* * * The eggs of the ribbed species’ closely resemble those of the
Hesperidze in general appearence. The caterpillar, at birth, has a
similarly large and striking head, and occasionally the terminal segments
of the body are armed with much longer cuticular appendages than else-
where—a common feature among the Pamphilas; the mature caterpillar
is sluggish, with a somewhat flattened belly and short pro-legs, giving
a limaciform body, which is clothed with pile only ; the chrysalis zs ua-
usually rounded, and occasionally is not suspended,” &c.—But. N. E., p.
120. In his “ Butterflies,” N. Y., 1881, he says :—‘“‘ It is one of the
most curious features in the structure of butterflies tat its highest,” and
here he means the Satyrine, “and zts lowest should resemble each other
in so many minor points. For instance, the fone and colouring on the
wings of many Satyrinz, as well as the position and general nature of
the sexual marks on the front pair (of wings) of some males, find a close
counterpart on the wings of some Skippers (Hesperidz). So also the
chrysalids of the Satyrine are among fhe s¢mplest, most rounded and com-
pact in the whole family, approaching in this respect the lowest butter-
flies.” That is, not only are there “curious resemblances” in the three
stages, but very important ones in the fourth stage. Speaking of the
same things in But., N. E., p. 120 :—‘‘That these peculiarities have some
phyletic meaning it is impossible to doubt ;” but what it is, the author
does not venture to conjecture. To me the meaning is plain enough.
They indicate the close affinity of the Satyrinz with the ‘lowest ” butter-
flies. ‘‘ Nevertheless,” we are told, ‘in all the prime features of their
organization, the Satyrs outrank all others.” They must be extraordinary
features to outweigh all these “curious resemblances,” these “ peculiari-
ties,” with their “ phyletic meaning,” and to raise the nearest relatives of
the Moths to the head of their order. As is natural, the author of these
volumes is inclined to make the most of every point that can be con-
strued to tell in favor of his hobby, and to make little of whatever tells
the other way. If.nothing else can be said, we shall hear that any given
case which presents itself obstructively “is entirely explainable as an
instance of reversion.” In this way are got rid of, or slurred over, some
very important facts ; thus, ‘‘ the only case among the higher butterflies ”
(higher this time means above the Hesperidz), “ where a cocoon, properly

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83

speaking, is made, is in the sub-families most closely allied to the
Hesperidz, among the groups of Parnasinze and Anthocharine.” (I very
much doubt any cocoon in an Anthocharis, myself); quite ignoring the
cocoon of Seme/e, as figured on our plate. ‘“‘ And, again in exceedingly
feeble instances, where the necessities appear to be overwhelmingly great,
among the higher Nymphalidz, which have lost even the last remnant of
the cocoon of moths, viz., in some of the Satyrinz, which lack cremastral
hooks and undergo their transformations ordinarily in the rudest form of
a cell, which they can construct above or at the surface of the ground by
the mere movements of the body and the spinning of one or two threads
of silk.” The “ necessities” may have been overwhelmingly great in the
case of Semidea ; but what of Jutta, a species of the same genus, living
in Maine, and of Semele and Gadathea, at the level of the sea, in temper-
ate Europe! Among the great sub-family Satyrinz, with its multitude of
genera, of nearly all of which the habits at pupation are unknown, it is
probable enough that the heterocerous style of pupation is common. ‘To
refer such cases, in a group claiming to be farthest removed from the
moths, to atavism from the moths, will not do. There are too many of
them. And the same sort of ancestral traits crop out in the color and sexual
markings of the imago, in the egg and larva, as well as in the pupating habit.

In the ‘ Butterflies” three “prime features,” as they are called,
are given, viz: The pupating habit, with the flat ventral surface of the
pupa among the Nymphalide, the papillae on tongue, and the atrophy of
the fore legs. Jn the But. N. E., so far as I see, the papillae prime is
dropped, as well it might be. We are told in the former work, p. 255,
that this feature consists in the complication of the structure of the
papillae of the tongue. In the Papilios and Skippers “these are merely
minute tubercles, * * * seldomrising much above the surface. In
the Lyczenidz they are longer and more frequent, while in the Satyrinz
they are often half the breadth of the tongue in length, closely crowded
together, and often trifid at their tips.” (Of course this feature can only
be made out by a powerful microscope.) How one of these conditions is
an advance on the other is not explained, and I will venture to say is not
explainable. Each species of animal, mammal, butterfly, or what not,
has a tongue suited to its habits. A cow or a sheep has that organ
adapted to grass feeding, a giraffe has one that is half a yard long, and
prehensile at that, and feeds off the tree tops ; but whoever heard that the

84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

giraffe was exalted because of its tongue, or of the sensitive papillae! If
a Lycenid butterfly, expanding half an inch, has papillae on his tongue
twice as long in proportion as his great neighbour Papilio, he probably
has need of them, and it is pleasant to think he has got them, and is
comfortable, and his gastronomic enjoyment big for his size. Surely that
‘‘ prime feature” does not outweigh the ‘curious resemblances ” spoken
of as running through the whole life history.

The resemblance between the pupating habit of the Papilionide and
the Hesperide must be a very obscure and distant one, if, as is stated
in B. N. E., 72, it has been observed by no author save Mr. Scudder.
The facts have been known from the day of Linnzeus to every systematist ;
but no one has thought of any particular resemblance between the styles
of pupating. And now that Mr. Scudder expatiates eloquently upon it,
I, for one, fail to see the point. There are attachments of the pupe that
are clear, but they are very different. But allowing all that the author
claims, inasmuch as he denies that he has ever said that the Papilionidz
were evolved from the Hesperide, one of these modes of attachment
cannot have grown out of the other; one is no advance on the other. It
is held that both families were evolved out of a ‘common stock,” but
what feature that stock had no man can tell.* It may not have been a
moth ; but the moths and butterflies may both have arisen independently
from something else and now unknown. Any resemblance, therefore,
whether distant or near, must be charged to the conditions and environ-
ment when the types of these families first appeared, and of that we can
and shall know nothing. ‘“ The necessities” may as well have been
“ overwhelmingly great” in this case as in the one cited by Mr. Scudder,
and being the same for both types, there may have resulted a form of
attachment suited to each, and bearing some resemblance. But this
involves no relationship. In other words, resemblance is not identity,
nor does it imply identity.

As the argument runs, the moths pupate inside a cocoon, with no

*T am informed by Prof. J. A. Lintner that suspension of pupa is very rare among
the moths, but that casés occur in which certain members of a family are suspended by
the tail alone, and others of same family by both tail and girdle. ‘‘ 1n the Geometride,
the pupa of the Ephyride is suspended by the tail, and in some of the species there is
also a transverse girdle as in the Papilionide.” That is a queer state of things if one
mode of suspension is more advanced than the other, or than none at all. Among the
moths what are called the higher families are not suspended. Some pupate naked, some
in cocoons, and neither mode implies rank.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85

attachment, or with no cocoon, in or on the ground ; the Hesperidz in a
folded leaf, or in two or three leaves brought together, having the tail of
the pupa attached to the end of the case by a Y-shaped thread, and the
body held by another Y-shaped thread (But. 256). The Papilionidee and
Lyceenidze weave “a carpet of silk” by which the hooks of the tail are
held fast, and spin a real girdle of many threads, into which they thrust
head and anterior segments. But, in the Nymphalidez, there is no girdle,
and the pupa hangs by the tail from the carpet of silk. Finally, as we
have seen, many of the Satyrinze weave no carpet, indeed have no hooks
by which the pupa could hang, and so pupate naked in or on the ground,
or in some cases, as in Semele, in acocoon Others that do not make a
cocoon, spin threads by which leaves are girded about them, a style which
Mr. Scudder calls a cocoon ‘‘ by courtesy,” as Erebia &pzpsodea and some
examples of Ga/athea. A\ll these last, therefore, behave in the manner
of the moths.

Oddly enough, Mr. Scudder has got himself in a state of mind to claim
that these unattached pupz have reached the greatest advance of all.
“We see, therefore, a regular progression from the lower to the higher
butterflies, in the loss, first, of the cocoon, next, of the girt ; and, as if
this were not enough, some of the highest butterflies have even lost the
last remnant of silk and fallen to the ground.” ‘That is to say, a rever-
sion to the habits of the moths is an advance in grade. Continuing :
‘As if to show that the suspension by the tail alone is a stage beyond
that of hanging by tail and girdle, we have a clear proof that all the
Suspensi have passed through the stage of the Succincti, since she
straight ventral surface of the abdomen, assumed perforce by the Suc-

-cincti when they left the cocoon stage, and became attached to hard
surfaces, stz// remains in the chrysalids of the Nymphalide” (these italics
are Mr. Scudder’s), ‘“‘ where it no longer serves any purpose—as clear
and striking an indication that the Suspensi outrank the Succincti, as that
the pupa is higher than the larva.” — But., 258.

I deny the fact alleged, that the pupze of the Papilionide, which being
the first to leave the cocoon stage, and ‘“ perforce assumed” a flat ventral
surface, have that sort of a surface. I never saw such a thing in one of
the Papilioninz ; they are all rounded, as in Zurnus, or rounded and
bent back in the middle, as in Asterias, Troilus and Philenor. In many,
as the whole of Zurnus group, the dorsal side is straighter and flatter

86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

than the ventral. Among the Pierina, the pupz of some of Pieris, as
Rape and the Vapi group, have a tolerably flat ventral surface, others
of the same genus do not. And Neophasia, Anthocharis, Callidryas,
Terias, Colias, Nathalis, all which I know well, have anything but a flat
ventral surface. Among the Nymphalinz, many of the genera have no
such surface, as Argynnis, all the Vanessine, Limenitis, etc., etc. The
Heliconinz do not. And, admittedly, the Satyrine have pupe “ among
the most rounded in the whole family.” Moreover, among many of the
Satyrinz the dorsal side is as much flattened as the ventral. The su-
premacy of the Satyrine, and with them the Nymphalide, cannot be
proved from the shape and conditions of the pupa any more than from
the papillae.

The third prime feature consists in the extreme degree of atrophy of
the fore legs of the imago. The Hesperide have six walking, useful legs ;
the Papilionidz the same number. The Nymphalidz, however, have in
both sexes but four walking legs, the first pair being deformed, atrophied,
useless for walking, and, so far as is known, for any purpose whatever.
It is exactly the sort of phenomenon not very infrequently seen in the
genus Honw, but here a crippled or atrophied limb has never become a
hereditary character. It certainly would not be regarded as a mark of
elevation. How atrophy of the legs originated in the butterflies no one
can tell, but perhaps by accident in a single member of the type form,
and became perpetuated in a family. In the Lycaenidz, we are told,
But., 254:—‘‘ All the legs of the female are alike, but the front legs of
the male are variously aborted.” In the But., N. E, 203 :—‘“ As soon as
we approach the Lycaenidz, we notice signs of an approaching abortion
of the fore legs, but only in the male;” described as slight; but is
greater in the Lemoniine. _It affects both sexes in the Nymphalide, but
not in one of the sub-families, the Libytheinze. These have six good
legs in both sexes. And, in the Satyrinz, the deformity is the most
extreme of all. Indeed, unless the front pair of legs should drop off, it is
not easy to see what more could be done in that direction. A disfigure-
ment is not generally regarded as a sign of beauty, though tastes do
differ. In certain valleys in Switzerland, he who can show the most
enormous goitre is the pride of tke district. | Atrophy of limb, if it pre-
vails throughout a family, may properly be held to be a mark of degra-
dation. It is a phenomenon not confined to any particular order of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 87

insects. There are moths with atrophied wings and legs, carried to a
surprising degree ; and plenty of instances among the Coleoptera, but
few persons would call the loss of essential organs a mark of “ aristo-
cratic distinction,” as Mr. Scudder does on p. 74, But. N. E. One great
family of butterflies is neither fish nor flesh. One sex of a Lycaenid
(including the Erycinids) has six useful legs, and is, therefore and thereby
a degraded creature, almost, or quite as “low” as a Papilio; but, its
mate has its fore-legs always deformed, often utterly crippled, and, there-
fore and thereby, it is separated from its female, fit company for the
“aristocratic” Satyrs! The argument on legs is not tenable. In tact
it seems remarkably like nonsense. Deformity can have no ranking
value, unless to mark degrees of degradation, and no argument based on
the legs of the imago, no matter what their condition, can outweigh that
based on every one of the four stages of the insect.

I put the question to a great authority on biology, one whose praises
are sounded in both hemispheres, who, moreover, is thoroughly acquainted
with Mr. Scudder’s argument: ‘Is atrophy of legs a mark of develop-
ment?” and the answer came: “ Atrophy is not a mark of development.”
On that rock I stand.

Mr. Scudder’s hypothesis of the evolution of these families is obscure,
because the language used in different places conveys very different
meanings, and, anyway, the hypothesis is peculiar. In But., 244, we
read: ‘‘ Doubtless the Skippers first separated from the common stock ;
the other families appear to have diverged simultaneously from each other
soon after their common separation from the Skippers ;” and a diagram
presented on page 246 is explained thus: “The position of the main
branches and their divisions is supposed to indicate the relative time at
which the groups diverged from each other, or from the main stem, and
the height which each branch attains the relative perfection of the highest
members of that group.” In accordance with the author’s prepossessions,
the stem which is terminated by the Sa¢yrine@ is highest of all, in fact six
and a-half inches long, evidently limited only by the length of the printed
page, and goes straight up from the base (that is, from the “ common
stock,” while the Skippers diverge from the stem at half an inch from the
base, and the Papilionide and Lycenide at another half inch simultane-
ously, one on one side of the stem, the other on other side. (That is, as
if from a setting of hens’ eggs were to issue humming birds and eagles.)

88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The Nymphalidze begin to branch at an inch and a-quarter above the
Papilio, first coming the Libytheine ; then at another inch the Nympha-
line, and above them the Satyrine, at two and a-half inches. This two
and a-half inches “ indicates the relative perfection” of the Satyrinee over
the rest of the Nymphalide. The “perfection” of the Satyrinz to
the Papilionide is as 6.5 is to 1. Truly a parlous elevation for the giddy
Semidea and its peers! Anyone can draw a diagram, and if I were to
use the one made by Mr. Scudder, I should put the Satyrine at the first
branch above the Skippers, and the Papilionine at the top, and the pro-
portion of perfection would be for the latter as 6.5 to 1 of the other.
Mr. Scudder assures us that all the Suspensi have been Succincti, and
that the evidence ‘is clear and striking,” but his only witness to the fact
is discredited. As the moths, in general, have no attachment at all,
if the moths are indicated by ‘ the-common stock,” it is not clear why
the Papilionidz were “ perforce ” obliged to assume the girdle and button
on leaving the mainstem. The next stage to no attachment would seem
likely to be the single attachment, but whether that was perforce assumed
we have no means of knowing. It would also seem that the double
attachment is the widest departure from the condition of no attachment
at all, to be reached after the longest period of time, instead of the
shortest. That from no attachment a sudden leap should be made to a
double one and then come back to a single one, to culminate in none at
all, as it began, is an unreasonable proposition. To me it seems clear
that the condition of no attachment found in so many Satyrine is closest
to the habits of the moths ; the single attachment or button comes next,
and the double attachment is the final outcome, “showing the perfection
of the highest members of the group,” namely, the Papilionide. Mr..
Scudder tells us, and this time we concede the reasonableness of the pro-
position, that ‘it is unphilosophical to accord high rank to any group
for a single characteristic, especially when, in nearly all its other pecu-
liarities, it evinces its low origin.”—But., 250. On this ground the
scheme of elevating the Satyrine very properly fails. .

But, while the diagram cited and the language sometimes used, would
give the impression that the author did not intend to make one family
evolve from another, other language certainly implies that this did take
place, that what are called the higher families all passed through the
stages of the lower, and in evolving sloughed off the lower class of habits

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89

more or less completely, till an ‘‘ aristocratic” perfection was reached
in the Satyringz. ‘‘ The Hesperidze have epiphyses ; the Papilionine the
same ; in the closely allied sub-family, Pierine, the epiphyses disappear.”
—But. N. E., 73. ‘* Chere ts the series, leading from the Hesperide in a
direct and unbroken course through the Papilionine, Pierine, Lyceeninz,
Lemoniine ¢o the Vymphalide, and culminating in the Satyrine” p. 74.
That can mean nothing else than a sort of fishing-pole style of evolution,
in which every joint proceeds from and was inclosed in a preceding one.
That involves greater difficulty, even than the other plan. The big
Papilio is to come out of the little Hesperian, the tiny Lyczena from the big
Papilio, the robust and often great Nymphalid from the tiny Lyceenid, and
the series is to culminate in a weakling Satyrid, aristocratic, if at all, only
in the sense of being effete, exhausted, “ petered out.”

Mr. Scudder insists strongly on the two evident series—one, of the
style of pupating ; the other, of the condition of the legs. But, what if
these series are imaginary? The pupation begins and ends with the
moths, and is ina circle, as I have shown, and, therefore, is not in a
series. Let us see about legs; first, six good legs; next, slight atrophy
in the fore-legs of one sex; then a little farther atrophy ; next, six good
legs in the Libytheine ; then complete atrophy in both sexes, and at last
extreme atrophy. Using the diagram before referred to, in which “the
height which each branch attains, indicates the relative perfection” of
the several groups, the whole length of the stem being 6.5 inches ; we
find the Papilionide at 2 inches, the Lycenide at 3, the Erycinide at
3.25; the Libytheine, having six legs, must be rated at 2; the
Nymphaline 4.25 ; the Satyrine 6.5. This will then run 2, 3, 3.25, 2,
4.25, 6.5. The mathematical name for this sort of series I do not find,
but I think it is what is called the illusive—such stuff as dreams are made
of. Not substantial enough to base an argument on !

Another thing one would like to have an explanation of. If there ever
did arise a tendency towards deformity, and the deformity was a develop-
ment, why, in the Lyczenide, it halted at a slight degree, and left all the
species of this great family, divided into hundreds of genera, in exactly
the same condition? Why it advanced a bit farther in the Erycinide
and halted, and why both these families have halted for these
myriads of years? Why they are not as perfect, in all respects, as
the Nymphalidz, with but four good legs in both sexes—four legs being

90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the test of perfection? Why, in the Libytheine, part of the Nymphalide,
there are six good legs in both sexes, though they evolved from the
tainted Lycenide ? These little difficulties will thrust themselves into
notice when surveying Mr. Scudder’s great scheme. It is very odd that
the disease we are talking of should have burst out with virulence one step
beyond the healthy Libytheine, and have swept all before it to the
Satyrine, who yet have managed somehow to live through the 800,000
years.

There is no trace of butterfly life back of the tertiaries. The forma-
tion, next below that, is the cretaceous, adverse to butterfly beginnings.
Now, the beginning of the tertiaries is estimated by geologists as some-
where about 800,000 years ago. All of a sudden the shales are full of
insects, and we learn by Mr. Scudder’s “ Fossil Butterflies,” 1875, and
by his later papers, that the very earliest butterflies, whose remains are
found, were closely like what we see to-day, the same families and sub-
families, so far as the examples go, which are recognized now. In the
Fossil Butterflies, nine species are treated of from the Eocene and Miocene.
Of these nine, two belong to the Pierine, one to the Parnassine, four to
the Nymphalidz, and two to the Hesperide. Of the four Nymphalidz
two belong to the Satyrinze, and one of them is stated to be very close to
Debis (Enodia) /ort/andia of the United States. The other to be nearly
allied to an existing Bornean species. We read, page 83 :—‘‘ Our present
knowledge places the apparition of butterflies towards the end of the lower
tertiaries.” It appears then, that on the earliest horizon the “ highest ”
butterflies, as Mr. Scudder esteems them, were living side by side with the
“lowest.” In the next horizon we find a Hesperid, a Pierid of a genus used
in the Butt, N. E., viz., Pontia, and a Nymphalid, also belonging to one
of Mr. Scudder’s genera, Eugonia, which he created for Grapta /. album.
Since 1875, the American tertiaries have yielded seven other butterflies,
of as many species. One is a Pieris nearly allied to P. Rape ; five are
Nymphaline, and one is a Libythea ; this last is so well preserved that its
legs are clearly to be seen, and Mr. Scudder says that ‘the fore leg is of
the same structure as in the genus to-day.” —B.N.E., 759. That is, it has six
walking legs, though all the rest of the Nymphalidz have but four. Evi-
dently on the leg classification it is a black sheep, and should be hustled out
of the Nymphalide. Further, we are told that in one of the Nymphaline
the legs show that ‘‘the atrophy of the fore legs had reached the same

a PMs sce

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 91

stage which it now possesses.”* It appears, then, that while some genera
are extinct, others are represented by modern genera very near them,
and two belong to genera in use to-day. But the families and sub-families,
even to the aberrant Libythea, were as sharply defined as they are to-day.
Every family recognized by Mr. Scudder is represented, except the
Lycenide, but their absence is accounted for by reason of “ their ex-
ceedingly delicate structure and small size ;” and it is added, “ but there
are intimations of the presence of some of their caterpillars in amber,”
which is a product of the tertiaries. And there is not a species about
which there is a doubt as to what family and sub-family it belongs. The
neuration of wings, the legs, palpi and antenne were just as now. It is
proved, therefore, so far as there is any evidence at all, that since the
Eocene, the families and sub-families of butterflies have not changed an
iota. Mr. Scudder is happy in the poetical quotations prefixed to his
chapters, and he might have put over the one on fossil butterflies, ‘‘ Such
as creation’s dawn beheld, we see thee now.” . New species have been
evolved and new genera, but no new families. Of sub-families we
miss that of the Papilionine, whose absence, considering their size and
stout texture of wing, and especially if they were among the first to evolve
from the “common stock,” and, therefore, were always present when any
butterfly at all was flying, is remarkable. If they were really the latest to
develop, we can understand their absence.

From the beginning of the tertiaries there was a steady advance in
the grade of mammals and birds. The supposed ancestors of existing
species in these classes are found there, new types manifesting themselves
as the period progressed. The families are not those of to-day, but one
has developed into many. This very week there is going the rounds of
the papers a description of the mammal Phenacodus-primevus, an animal
both herbivorous and carnivorous, from the Eocene of Dacotah, which
Dr. Cope considers the ancestor of the elephant and giraffe, the plan-
tigrades, the carnivora and hoofed animals of to-day. But, in the butter-
flies, there is no evidence of any change whatever.

The hypothesis, advanced by Mr. Scudder, calls for a duration of time
which is inadmissable. It isa problem in the Rule of Three ; if butter-

_ _* Tf, as I have supposed, the atrophy of legs originated suddenly and to full extent
in the type, and was perpetuated by descent, we can understand why it appears on the
‘earliest horizon ; otherwise, not. But if it was a malformation from the first, no degree
of perpetuation would change its character.

Q2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

flies, in the family and sub-family characters, have not changed in 800,000
years, how long time would be required to bring them out of the “common
stock” to the grade they had reached in the Eocene? Perhaps the
advocates of leg classification can solve it.

Mr. Darwin, in his fourth chapter, gives a diagram explaining his
views as to how varieties appeared, and how, from simple variation, genera
and families might come to be formed. Starting with several species of a
widely distributed genus, which resemble each other in unequal degrees,
he represents their offspring by divergent lines—the divergency in each
case showing the variation in the descendants of the original species.
Many variations appear in one or more of the groups, some of which go
but a little way ; others flourish, and in their turn give permanent varieties.
Some of the original species die out, and, at length, after many thousands
of generations, the surviving descendants of the original species are separ-
ated into distinct groups of unequal value, and which may be regarded as
families and sub-families. |The branches, that is, the descendants of the
original species, do not evolve one from the other, but are all advancing in
their own way, unequally. That kind of evolution is intelligible, at least.
One group of butterflies, starting from the ‘‘ common stock,” whatever
that may have been, would come to have one manner of pupating, or its
bodily organs of a particular pattern; another group a different manner
and pattern. The groups are not departing in every respect, or at all
equally from the parent form. No matter how far removed in time from
the parent, one feature or other may be retained through all the history.
Evidently, no such duration of time is required to bring the order of
butterflies to their present condition, as is called for by the other scheme
treated of. Whether, of the several groups existing at any given period,
one were higher in the scale of existence than another, would depend, not
on the deformity of a pair of legs, nor the style of pupating, or the
papille on the tongue, or the presence of a *‘ tibial ephiphysis,” but, in
the harmonious development of the whole organization. There can be
no ascending scale, because one family did not develop out of another,
but each separately, and according to the surrounding.* If there is a
highest family among the butterflies, as among mammals, the quadrumana,

* There is no evidence whatever that a butterfly sprang from a moth, and it isa
fair proposition that all families of the Lepidoptera, diurnal, crepuscular, nocturnal, came
from a common parent, and were developing at same time, each in its own way. This
calls for vastly less time than the fishing-pole style of evolution.

ee ee ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ite)
(Sh)

birds, the thrushes, it is the Papilionidee, and the Satyrine must go to the
bottom, carrying the Nymphaline with them.

This matter of relative rank was discussed by Mr. Alfred Russell
Wallace, a man who “sees clear and thinks straight,” in 1864, with a
treatment worthy his high standing as a naturalist, and the argument then
advanced has proved unanswerable. It is based on general principles,
_ and no special pleading from diseased legs, or papillee, or pup will touch
it. Indeed, the conclusion reached by Mr. Wallace is so manifestly
proper that the test of any other theory on the matter must be whether or
no it arrives at the same conclusion. I am glad to be able to quote the
argument, as probably it is new to many of the readers of this magazine :
‘* Butterflies and moths are broadly characterised by their diurnal and
nocturnal habits respectively, and the Papilionide, with their close allies,
the Pieride, are the most pre-eminently diurnal of butterflies, most of
them lovers of sunshine, and not presenting a single crepuscular species.
The great group of the Nymphalide, on the other hand, contains an
entire sub-family (Brassolide), and a number of genera, such as Zhau-
mantis, Xeuxidia, Pavonia, etc., of crepuscular habits, while a large
proportion of the Satyride and many of the Danaide are shade-loving
butterflies.” He then speaks of certain special characters in tne Papi-
honide, the most noticeable of which is the tentacle for self defence, in
second segment, which every one of the Papilionide is provided with:
“ Such a structural addition to the organization of the family, subserving
an important function, seems to me alone sufficient to warrant us in con-
sidering the Papilionide as the most highly developed of the whole
order.” He speaks of the ‘tibial epiphysis,’ common to the Papi-
lionidee and some Hesperide, which was supposed by some authors to
show a direct affinity between the two groups.* These examples, I
think, demonstrate that we cannot settle the rank of a group by a con-
sideration of the degree in which certain characters resemble or differ
from those in what is admitted to be a lower group ; and they also show
that the highest group of a class may be more closely connected to one
of the lowest than some other groups which have developed laterally, and
diverged farthest from the parent type, but which yet, owing to want of
balance, or too great specialization in their structure, have never reached

* Here is another character which could not have passed into the Papilionide from
the Hesperidee. Whether the ‘‘common stock ” had it no man can tell.

94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

a high grade of organization. ‘The Quadrumana affords a very valuable
illustration, because, owing to their undoubted affinity with man, we feel
certain that they are really higher than any other order of Mammalia,
while at the same time they are more distinctly allied to the lowest groups
than many others. The case of the Papilionide seems to me so exactly
parallel to this, that, while I admit all the proofs of affinity with the un-
doubtedly lower groups of Hesperide and moths, I yet maintain that
owing to the complete and even development of every part of their
organization, these insects best represent the highest perfection to which
the butterfly type has attained, and deserve to be placed at the head in
any system of classification.”—Nat. Selection, 139 et. seg. It is useless
to attempt to disparage the value of the characters cited by Mr. Wallace,
as Mr. Scudder does in But. N. E., 74 ; calling them ‘utterly insufficient,”
or to say that they indicate low rank, or have no token of high character
about them. To those who also can “see clear and think straight” the
argument will be satisfactory.

It accords with reason, that if there is to be, in the future, any
advance in the development of the butterflies, it will take place among
the sun-loving, many-brooded species of the sub-tropical and tropical
regions, where the imagos of the collective broods live fully half a year,
rather than among the shade-seeking species, which, according to Mr.
Scudder, are mostly one brooded, and numbers of which, as we have seen,
live but a few days, with adverse surroundings. It is among the
Papilionide that variation, and modification and polymorphism run riot, :
as both Mr. Wallace and. Mr. Bates have related. Even in our own
limited fauna, we have two species which are dimorphic and polymorphic.
But in the eastern Archipelago, every island has a modified form of certain
widely distributed species, and several of these species have from two to
four different sorts of female. In particular islands the individuals have
changed in shape of wing, in neuration and in color. — It is out of this
family we may expect that species and genera will be evolved.

I, myself, do not consider the Pieride as part of the Papilionidee,
having been led to that conclusion by study of eggs, larve and pupx of
many species of each family. In these stages the differences are as great
as can well be. On page 120, But. N. E., Mr. Scudder says of a paper
of mine which appeared in this magazine: “ The facts brought forward
show that the arrangement of the genera commonly adopted in Europe is

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95

altogether unnatural, as one would expect to find it, founded solely upon
a few characters drawn from the neuration of the wings,” adding, ‘an
excellent opportunity for inaugurating a new and more substantial classi-
fication is now open to the general student.” Instead of genera, say
genera and families. In my view, the Pieridz torm a natural family, the
Parnasside another. After these come the Erycinide and Lycenide,
then the Nymphalid, with Satyrine next the Hesperide. With this
arrangement, the ‘‘ curious resemblances ” noticed by Mr. Scudder in all
the four stages of the Satyrine to the Hesperide puzzle no longer ; the
“phyletic meaning?’ is intelligible, and we can admire the fitness of
things in general.

ERRATUM.—The word ‘‘ turned,” on page 66, line 13 from top, should read
ted poo tps
tumid. :

NEW SPECIES OF CANADIAN TENTHREDINID.
BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA.

1. NEMATUS OCREATUS.— 2. Testaceous or honey-yellow ; length,
0.35 inch.

Head polished, sutures behind ocelli well defined; ocelli in a
slightly curved line with the lower one on the rim of a large shallow
basin; face below antennz whitish, especially a triangular spot at their
base ; mandibles reddish ; a dark impressed point above each antenna,
another between them, and one on edge of occiput ; antennz slender,
two-thirds as: long as body, black with basal joints paler ; joints three and
four subequal ; five shorter.

Thorax with sides of prothorax paler; the meso-thorax darker with a
black line on the lateral lobes, and a dark spot within at the base of this
line ; metathorax with tip of scutellum and post-scutellum and the sutures
narrowly black; wings large, hyaline, irridescent ; nervures blackish ;
stigma and anterior border pale ; legs unicolorous with body ; the extreme
tip of posterior tibize and their tarsi in part, brown or blackish.

Abdomen stout, slightly longer than head and thorax, uniformly honey-
yellow, paler below laterally ; basal plates margined with black, and with
a dusky spot at side; ovipositor sheaths polished, transparent, plainly
showing the large ovipositor ; cerci long, black at tips. One specimen
‘captured near Hull, Q., on 16th May, 1886.

96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

2. HARPIPHORUS VARIPICTUS.— $. Length 0.35 inch; expanse wings
0.80.

Head and thorax black with white markings ; antenne with terminal
joints white ; abdomen and legs rufo-testaceous. Head black, with shal-
low punctures ; distinct sutures from base of antenne to vertex ; clypeus
truncate ; labrum rounded ; clypeus, mandibles, palpi, entire orbits and
posterior angle, triangular spot at base of antenne, the tips of two basal
joints, sixth in part and seven to nine entirely white.

Thorax polished, black ; borders of prothorax, tegulz, a large spot on
flanks, a smaller one over middle coxz, the scutellum, two short lines
on lobes of meso-thorax, the cenchri, the coxz in larger part, and the
trochanters, ivory white ; wings hyaline, with a slight yellowish tinge ;
nervures brown, stigma and costa testaceous; lanceolate cell with
straight crossline ; hinder wings with one middle cell. Legs, except;
cox and trochanters, rufous ; tips of posterior femora, and a dot on tip
of tibia behind, blackish ; inner spur of anterior tibia strongly bifid ; all
the claws bifid, rufous.

Abdomen rufo-testaceous above, paler beneath. Captured by Mr.
Fletcher, while collecting with me near Hull, roth June.

This handsome insect is near varianus Nort., and versicolor Nort.,
and has also a strong superficial resemblance in size and coloration to
Strongylogaster pallidicornis Nort. The venation of the anterior wings
is peculiar ; the lanceolate cell in each has two short straight cross-lines,
which form a small cell near its middle.

3. PHYMATOCERA NIGRA.— 2%. Robust, shining black ; length 0.20
inch ; breadth of wings 0.45 inch.

Head broad, but not so wide as thorax ; a brief groove above each
antenna and each posterior ocellus ; clypeus truncate, labrum edged with
white, tips of mandibles rufous ; antennz as long as head and thorax,
slender, gradually tapering to tip; joints 3 and 4 sub-equal, 5 slightly
shorter, remainder of nearly equal length.

Thorax polished ; beneath with very fine short pubescence ; wing-
scales white ; median lobe of meso-thorax short, sutures faint, scutellum
sparsely punctate ; flat, polished, with two shallow pits at base ; wings hya-
line ; nervures brownish, first recurrent received in middle of second sub-
marginal cell, second recurrent about one-third from base of third sub-
marginal cell, nervure dividing marginals straight ; legs whitish, base of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97

the anterior and intermediate and most of posterior femora black, tips of
tarsi, especially the posterior ones, piceous or blackish.

Abdomen short and stout, with very fine yellowish pubescence, more
abundant on terminal segments ; ovipositor conspicuous, sheathes black,
shining.

Described from five specimens, all ¢, collected in this vicinity. In
general appearance it much resembles Monophadnus medius Nort., and
might be readily mistaken for that species, except for the antenne. It
even more closely resembles a Blenocampa, which I take to be BL. paupera
Prov.

4. MACROPHYA PROPINQUA.— ?. Black, length 0.5 inch; expanse of
wings 1.0 inch.

Head broader than thorax; clypeus emarginate, labrum truncate,
both white, line on mandibles white, palpi whitish ; antenne slightly
swollen in middle, joint 3 nearly as long as 4 and 5 ; two indistinct white
dots on edge of occiput.

Thorax with slender white line on edge of collar and of wing-scales ;
meso-thorax. polished, moderately punctured and slightly pubescent,
median lobe sulcate ; scutellum convex, more coarsely punctured and
pubescent ; a line on anterior and middle coxze and most of their tro-
chanters, a large spot on posterior cox, with trochanters entirely, white ;
a white line on anterior tibiz before, extending nearly half way on
femora ; tarsi with all the joints white, tipped with black, except first joint
of posterior, which is black, with a small white dot at extremity without ;
edge of basai plates white ; apical half of wings pale fuliginous ; abdomen
stout, polished.

Described from two @ collected in July. This species is closely
allied to AZ. t2bcator Nort., but differs in having the posterior tibiz
entirely black.

Var. a, §.—Two specimens, also collected near Ottawa, differ in
having only the sutures of trochanters white, and in having more black on
the tarsi and anterior legs, with a dusky spot on clypeus and labrum.

5. TAXONUS RUFIPES.— £. Black, legs rufous ;\ length 0.35 inch ;
expanse of wings 0.65 inch.

Head finely punctured, with a fine pubescence, more marked upon
the face and basal joints of antenne ; ocelli in a triangle, the lower one
at the summit of a bell-shaped shallow depression, the channels at sides

98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of ocelli terminating behind in a deep puncture ; clypeus short, scarcely
emarginate ; palpi piceous ; antennz long, stout; joints 3 to 9 sub-equal,
terminal joiut blunt at apex.

Thorax polished ; tegule, with a large angulated spot before on pro-
thorax, pale rufous ; legs rufous, except base of coxe and tips of some
of the joints of tarsi, which are more or less blackish ; wings hyaline,
irridescent ; nervures and stigma black, a spot in centre of second sub-
marginal cell, lanceolate cell without crossline, two middle cells in posterior
wings.

Abdomen long, flattened, sides parallel ; segments 2 to 5 of tergum
with the apical margin narrowly pale rufous.

Described from two specimens captured in May.

6. TENTHREDO SEMICORNIS.— ~. Black, abdomen and legs partly
rufous ; length 0.40 inch ; expanse of wings 0.85 inch.

Head wider than thorax, excavated in front, with a strong ridge above
each antenna ; clypeus, labrum and base of mandibles white ; antennze
moderately stout and about as long as the abdomen ; five basal joints
black (the third with a narrow rufous ring at base), four terminal joints
white, except the extreme apex of last which is black.

Thorax black, except a white spot on flanks, a larger one above the
posterior cox, and another on lateral margins of the basal plates ; wings
hyaline, stigma and nervures blackish; tegule and base of costa rufous ;
legs ferrugineous, anterior pair paler ; coxee and trochanters partly white
with base black ; a line on femora above, a spot at apex of tibiz within,
and posterior tarsi, except last joint and base of first, black.

Abdomen black at base and apex; segments 3 to 6 rufous, margined
with black ; ventre rufous except two apical segments.

Described from a single specimen captured in the city on gth June,
1886, by Mr. J. A. Guignard. This species has the appearance of rufo-
pediba Nort., with the antenne of grandis Nort., by which it may be
easily recognized.

7. TENTHREDOPSIS Evansi.—Q. Yellow, with black and green
markings ; length 0.45 inch ; breadth of wings 0.90 inch.

Head yellow, except an oval black spot surrounding the ocelli, within
this black patch are two short yellow lines, one on each side of lower
ocellus ; clypeus squarely emarginate, pubescent, as also labrum which is
margined with green; mandible yellow at base, centre green and tip

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 99

black, shading to ferrugineous ; palpi greenish ; antennez black, greenish
below ; eyes bronze.

Thorax yellow, paler below ; dorsal surface black ; scutellum and post-
scutellum, with four short lines before, yellow ; wings hyaline, lightly
obscured in apical half; nervures almost black, stigma and costa green ;
legs variegated ; coxe, trochanters and femora yellow, the latter with a
small black dot at tip within ; tibize and tarsi green, with the tip of former
and of each joint of latter black ; claws red.

Abdomen yellow, with a broad black dorsal band, uniform in width
to terminal segment, when it is rounded and does not quite attain tip ;
ventre inclining to ferrugineous, especially the terminal segments.

Described from a specimen collected at Sudbury, Ont., by Mr. John
D. Evans.

I have much pleasure in naming this beautiful insect after its captor,
who has made large collections at Sudbury, and added much to our
knowledge of the fauna of that part of Ontario.

CORRESPONDENCE.

ARZAMA OBLIQUATA.

Dear Sir: Upon my return from London on the 29th March, there
was.awaiting me, through the kindness of Mr, Brehme, a parcel contain-
Ing a piece of Typha stalk nine inches long, full of longitudinal burrows,
indicative of larval work. In one of these I found asmall sized chrysalid
and a larval skin. I put the pupa in my hatching box, and the stalk out
of the way for the time. On the morning of the 8th of April, sitting in
my room looking vacantly at the window, my attention was aroused by
observing the outline of a moth at rest on the upright centre sash. Upon
close inspection it proved to be a large sized Arzama obliquata, in per-
fect condition. Had Mr. Brehme’s chrysalid hatched and the moth
escaped from the box? But it seemed quite too large to have come from
it. I then looked in the box, and there, resting at the top, was a small
‘sized moth, and the empty pupa case lying on the bottom. 1 then got
the stalk and began a careful investigation, and in the very centre I found
a large cavity with a quantity of fine cuttings at the bottom, the empty
pupa case of my large moth, and the cast off larval skin. A natural pair
at the same time.

Hamilton, April roth, 1889. J. Avston Morrat.

100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

BOOK NOTICE.

Insects InjuR1ious to Fruits, by William Saunders. Second editon.
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company. 1 vol., 8 vo., pp. 436.

It is with great pleasure that we announce the publication of the
second edition of this valuable and important work. ‘That a new issue
should be called for is a most satisfactory proof of the excellence and
permanent usefulness of the book, and establishes the fact that Prof.
Saunders has provided the fruit growers of North America with a standard
manual upon the insect enemies they have to contend with. Six years
have gone by since the issue of the first edition, and, during that time,
great and steadily increasing attention has been given to the study of
economic entomology, with the result that many new methods have been
discovered for successfully combatting the ravages of noxious insects.
The most important and useful of these the author has now embodied in
his book, and has done so with very little change in the text of the work.
A superficial reader would hardly notice the alterations, but we find that
many have been made, and that they bring down the information given
to the knowledge of the present day. As an example, we may mention
the insertion among the remedies for the codling worm, of the apple and
the plum curculio, the recently discovered method of spraying with a
mixture of Paris green and water, which has proved so eminently success-
ful. For the information of those of our readers who are not already
familiar with the work, we may mention that the insects treated of are

grouped under the name of the particular fruit that they attack, and are
arranged in order according as they affect the root, trunk, branches,
leaves and fruit. An illustrated life history is given of each, followed by
an account of the most useful remedies that may be employed, and of any
parasitic insects that assist in keeping the pest in check. Twenty of the
most important fruits are dealt with, and two hundred and sixty-six
noxious insects and a large number of beneficial ones are more or less
fully described. The book is beautifully printed on fine paper, and illus-
trated with four hundred and forty admirable wood cuts. While this
work is simply indispensable to the intelligent horticulturist, it is also. of
great value to the practical entomologist, and a most useful book to place
in the hands of beginners. The young coilector will find in its pages
figures and descriptions of most of the insects that he meets with, and the
more advanced student cannot fail to learn from it much that would
otherwise escape his observation.

Mailed May 7th.

Che Canadwn Entomologist.

VOL. XXI. LONDON, JUNE, 1889. No. 6.

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO PREVIOUS PAPERS.

BY JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENY, PA.

The lapse of time and further observation on some of the things
treated of in papers previously published in the ENromotocist, render it
desirable to make some corrections and additions.

Lrogoderma ornata, Vol. XV., 91, and XVI., 37.—The treatment of
this pest there detailed so completely annihilated it that it has not been
seen since,

Dermestes Frischii, Vol. XVI., 37.—Seems to be successfully natural-
ized, since it still occurs abundantly on Brigantine Beach, and last Sep-
tember was found at Atlantic City. Mr. Ulke has also taken it at Wash-
ington, D. C. (Ulke MS.).

D. murinus, /. c.—This species, if ever imported, is not known to
have established itself. There is a form of D. 2udi/us Say, with black or
partly black antennez, and a minimum of fulvous mottling on the thorax ;
specimens of this kind were probably before Dr. Leconte when he de-
scribed his murinus, Pr, Acad. Nat. Sci. VII, 108 ; and before Dr. Jayne
when writing his “ Revision of the Dermestide.”

Blaps.—The Virginia species of Blaps, found very abundantly at
Alexandria, is s¢midis Latr., as stated by Professor Riley. Another species
found in Maryland by Mr. O. Lugger, is mucronata Latr. The com-
parisons and determinations were made by Dr. Horn on his recent trip to
Europe.

Ceratocampa regalis, Vol. XVI., 15, 47 and 132.—I have had several
favourable opportunities to observe the mode of pupation of the gigantic
larvee of this regal moth. Where it can find ground soft enough to pene-
trate, it always pupates under the earth, and if at a proper depth the pupa
remains there in a clay cell formed around it by its own motions till it dis-
closes in May ; but if the larva does not get deep enough the pupa works
to the surface and probably does not survive. Should the larva, as is

102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

frequently the case, find no ground soft enough to bore into, it pupates
wherever it may be when the change can no longer be deferred, and this
occurs mostly under some leaves. Some of these exposed pupz when
collected in April will produce moths, notwithstanding the low tempera-
ture to which they must have been subjected.

Fterostichus, Vol. XVI., 73.—I there enumerated sixteen species taken
in this vicinity ; four others have since been discovered, and three have
been transferred from Lvarthrus, making a total of twenty-three.

P. vinctus Lec. —This species is semi-mountainous, inhabiting under
stones on the sides of steep hills where the soil is moist and friable.
Though not gregarious, when found several individuals may be taken in
the same vicinity. Near the city, it must soon become extinct.

P. unicolor Say.—Of this rare insect I have only taken one specimen,
and Mr. W. Klages took another. It must be sought for in mountainous
places.

P. lachrymosus Newm.—Occurs with adoxus, and in about equal
numbers ; without care, from their great resemblance, they may easily be
confused. Their future must be the same.

P. coracinus Newm.—On the south side of the Ohio, on the rugged
sides of the hills yet in a primitive state, this species occurs abundantly.
Certain individuals may readily be confused, some with stygécus and
others with rve/ictus, according to the greater or less development of cer-
tain characters at the base of the thorax. It is not likely to soon become
extinct.

P. tartaricus Say, for form strenuus Lec.—Specimens were taken in
the city, in June and July, at electric lights, but it did not occur to me
elsewhere.

P. patruelis Dej.—This little species inhabits a small swamp, in-
accessible, except for a short time during the dry season. It is found
about the roots of bunches of grass. When this swamp shall have been
drained, this species will probably be extinct here, since no other primi-
tive swamp remains in this vicinity.

LP. femoralis Kirby.—Three specimens of this small species were
taken once, but the habitat was not observed, though probably it is the
swamp mentioned above.

P. Hamiltoni is much more widely distributed than was at first known.
It occurs at a distance from the city on the sides of many of the hills in

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 103

their primitive state, and I have seen specimens from Maryland, West
Virginia and Eastern Ohio.

Atenius, Vol. XVI., 189.—The species mentioned as undescribed has
since been described by Dr. Horn under the name Wenzedi.

Lipitragus arundinis, 1b., 190, is found abundantly in August and
September, feeding on the pollen of the beech grass growing on the sandy
dunes, the underground stems of which probably sustain the larvee.

Lixus concavus, Vol. XVIL., 38.—It is quite possible the bottle of
cyanide of potassium, in which this beetle was placed for several days,
may have contained no free hydro-cyanic acid, as the cork was airtight ;
therefore this proof of the longevity of the beetle is invalid.

Lps fasciatus, ib., 46.—Lately the melanotic forms have occurred
here in midsummer about as frequently as the fasciated. The difference
in color does not appear to be either seasonal or racial. If a locality
exists where either form is alone found itis unknown to me. If melanism
depends on cold, a latitude or altitude should be reached where there
would be only dark forms, and wice versa. The color of such of the
European forms of 7s as I have seen appears to be more constant than
in ours. The markings on /. 4-guttatus Linn., which appears to be the
same as our fasciatus, only with a perceptibly finer punctation, are very
uniform in the numerous specimens I have seen, consisting of a humeral

spot, trilobate in form, and two roundish ones behind the middle of the
elytra, either separate or united like dumb-bells, yellowish or reddish.
The suggestion of Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, of Colorado, that humidity
may be a potent factor in determining the color in variable species, seems
deserving of consideration.

Macrobasis unicolor, ib., 48.—A nursery of young locusts (Robinia
pseud-acacie), growing on a stony knoll surrounded by meadows, was
almost defoliated last July by swarms of this beetle. This knoll had pro-
bably been used the previous season by the grasshoppers (Locustide) of
the meadows as the grand depository for their eggs, which were un-
doubtedly the food of the larve of these beetles ; and which, after dis-
closure, promptly, in their voracity, attacked the nearest Leguwmznosa.
This species is usually classed in economic entomology as zoxéous,
because it occasionally eats a few beans, etc. ; but it is certainly entitled to
rank among the first on the list of deneficia/, as without its friendly aid it
is greatly to be feared the grasshopper would quickly become so numer-
ous as to seriously affect agriculture.

104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Piazorhinus pictus, ib., 105.—This variable species is fairly abundant
here, and is beaten from various bushes, especially oak. In Florida it
seems common.

Cicindela, ib., 201.—On Brigantine Beach, N. J., C. /epida is some-
times found with C. Azrticol/is. When at rest it is not readily seen on the
white sand—its own colour—and rarely moves till in danger of being
trampled on, seemingly aware of the protective colour of the sand. A
collector has stated to me that where it occurs on dark ground it is ex-
ceedingly wary and difficult to capture. With the species of the main
land mentioned, occur in abundance, C. consentanea, purpurea and
punctulata.

Danais archippus, ib., 204—Very few individuals were seen on
Brigantine in 1887 and 1888, and no larve of Auth. polyphemus, nor of
HZ. io were found, though quite abundant other years.

Cleotus aphodioides, Vol. X1X., 64.—This species has beer the sub-
ject of renewed observation, and the former statement of its mode of
hibernation must be re-affrmed. Mr. O. Lugger (Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash-
ington, V. I., 84) sheds light on its early stages, stating that he has fre-
quently bred these beetles from their eggs, and has found them in all
stages, 7m situ, viz., under the bark of dead trees, where they found food
in the decaying material: adding, that very likely the specimens found by
myself did not enter the holes to hibernate, but rather had made them to
leave the place of their birth. The statement of Mr. Lugger is very inter-
esting as to the habits of the larvae, and it is to be hoped he may make
known in greater detail the form of the eggs, larvze and pupe, as it is, so
far as I know, the only species of the Scarab. Laparosticti that is recorded
as being lignivorous in the larval state. With decaying wood as the
breeding place of the larva, any discrepancy of observation about hiberna-
tion may be readily reconciled. Mr. Lugger’s timber, under the bark,
was probably rotten, and there the larve fed, pupated, disclosed, and the
beetles hibernated. My timber, under the bark, was sound, and the bark
inseparable from the wood, and there was no rotten wood for the larve to
feed on; but the base of the tree and the subterranean roots would supply
this material amply. ‘The beetles, however, could not hibernate there,
and so crawled up the tree and into any available hole ; this also accounts
for the mud on the elytra of many.

Saperda Fayi, Vol. XX., 6.—I have further to state that some of the

1. aan

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105

larva do not return in the spring of the second year to feed on the dead
wood at the entrance of their burrows, but bore on directly up or down
the centre of the limb, attaining a distance of from sixteen to twenty-four
inches before pupating, in which case the beetle escapes by a round hole,

S. concolor, Vol. XX., 8.—Some of the larvee of this species, like in S.
fayt, bore in the centre of the limb some distance, the beetle escaping by
a round hole, which, I think, is cut by itself, as one from which a beetle
was crawling appeared to have been newly made.

Dicerca prolongata, Vol. XX., 65.—The statement that this species
breeds in conifers, while probably correct, requires more confirmation. It
has, however, been ascertained that it breeds in some species of the Sa/z-
cacee. Mr. Blanchard records its occurrence in Massachusetts, in June,
on the trunks of young poplars and on poplar logs ( Populus tremuloides ).
Mr. F. Bowditch took it on the same tree in the Rocky Mountains, and
also on a species of willow (.Sa/ix) ; while in the mountains of Colorado,
Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell took the beetle and probably its larvee from this
same poplar, when splitting it for firewood (Ent. Month. Mag., XXIV.,
232).

Myrmophilous Coleoptera, Vol. XX., 161.—The following species must
be added to the list :—

_ Brtus formicarius (Casey, Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci., I1., 8)—Occurred
at Los Angeles, California. ‘‘ This interesting species lives in the nests
of a small, pale brown ant.”—-Casey. Aivtus is a new genus in Cren-
ISTIDES. A figure of the insect accompanies the description.

Ptenidium evanescens Marsh.—This species, according to Matthews,
is common in America, Europe, the Canary Islands and Madeira. F. W.
Maeklin in his CoLzopr. MyrMECOPHILA Fennica (No. 102), states that
it is often taken, both mature and immature, in the nests of Formica rufa,
as well as in other situations.

Limulodes paradoxus Matth.—This curious insect is described and
figured in Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., VIII, 409. It was first taken by
Dr. Brendell in Florida, and subsequently by Mr. Ulke in New York and
the District of Columbia, frequently in the nests of a yellow ant, which
Dr. Leconte thought identical with the species with which Ceophilus
monilis lives. My specimens are from Massachusetts.—Blanchard. Pro-
bably not rare. Trichopterygia (Matthews), 157.

Trichopteryx fascicularis Hbst.—Inhabits Europe and North Ameri-

106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ca, occurring sometimes with ants, but usually in the rejectamenta of
stables, and seldom or never in rotten leaves, 7. c., 134. This species is
a doubtful myrmophile.

Emphylus Americanus Lec. (Bul. U.S. Geol. Surv, Vol. V., No. 3,
513).—Mr. Schwarz took the type of the species in an ant’s nest at Veta
Pass, Col., at the altitude of 11,500 feet.

Soronia (Amphotis) Ulket Lec.—Mr. Ulke says of this species :—‘“ I
have found it every year, early in spring, in the nests of a small black ant
( Cremastogaster lineolata Say), and this year I collected them in numbers
among Formica rufa. The only species in Europe—Amphotis marginata
Fab., is said to be found on flowers. Erichson found them, however,
abundantly in the nests of /ormica fuliginosa.” —Entoml. Amer., IIL., 78.

Lypocoprus formicetorum Mots. (Bull. Mose., 1840).—This species,
described from the Kirghis Steppes in Asia,-was taken by Mr. Schwarz
at Fort Garland, Colorado, in an ant’s nest.—J/. cit., 503; Class. of the
Coleop. of N. Amer., 140. °

Myrmechixenis latridioides Crotch. Occurs from Washington
southwards, having been introduced with green-house plants. —Class., 140,
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IV., 363. The habits of this species have not been
recorded ; but, as the European species live in ants’ nests and about green-
houses, it is introduced here to direct attention to it as a probable
myrmophile.

Euparia castanea Serv. Occurs in Florida, Alabama and Louisiana,
in the nests of a small ant (Horn).—Tr., XIV., 87. To be commonly
met with in the Southern States in the nests of Solenopis Xylinit McC.,
the stinging ant of the cotton fields.—Amer. Nat., XVI., 784.

Euphoria hirtipes Horn.—This species is stated to have been found
in Nebraska by Mr. Lawrence Bruner in the hills of the common red ant.
It occurred quite commonly, and the larve were found as well as the
beetles.—Amer. Nat., XVI., 748. The discovery of the larve of this
beetle is a matter of so great interest, that the absence of all further
account of them is disappointing. Maeklin states that the larve of
Cetonia aurata, a near ally, are so abundant in the nests of Hormica rufa
on sandy shores, that fishermen use them commonly to bait their hooks.

Cremastochilus Knochii Lec.—This species was taken in the spring
in ants’ nests in Colorado by T. D. A. Cockerell, Custer County (in
letter).

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107

Hymenorus rufipes Lec.—The larvee of this beetle were found abund-
antly in the nests of Formica fusca by Messrs. Pergande and Schwarz
near Washington, D. C., and the beetles bred therefrom.—Am. Nat,
XVI., 748, and XVII, 1176.

Hi. obscurus Say.—The larve of this beetle were likewise found at the
same place in the nests of a large yellow ant, and, from the great care
bestowed on them by the ants, it was inferred they were not there by
accident.—/6., XVI., 748.

Mr. F, W. Maeklin published in 1846 his COLEOPTERA MyRMECOPHILA
FENNICA, enumerating 136 species. He included such as were known
to live with ants habitually ; such as were found with them occasionally,
but usually elsewhere, and even such as occurred in the vicinity of their
nests, if of unknown habits. But the scope of the present catalogue is
more limited, as stated in the introduction, and would exclude a large
number of those on his list, and among them probably all of the following
European-American species:—

Bembidium 4-maculatum Linn.—Dr. Sahlberg took at Ylene a single
individual with / rufa. ‘This species requires no further notice.

Tachyporus brunneus Fab —Occurred once at Urpala in the society
of F. fuliginosa. ‘This species is exceedingly abundant here in early
spring under stones and chips ; sometimes an ant’s nest is found under the
same stone with the beetle, but I never discovered any connection
between them, except the stone.

T. scitulus EKr.—Taken not ‘rarely in the nests of /. rufa. I only
know this species at secondhand, having obtained it from Mr. Dury, of
Cincinnati. Its habits in this country have not been noted.

Tachinus pallipes Grav.— Occurred once at Urpala among / fulz-
ginosa. Fallipes is very common here, and is simply a scavenger beetle.

Conosoma pubescens Payk.—Found occasionally in the nests of / rufa.
This species is abundant here under the bark about the base of dead trees
and stumps ; as ants also frequently make their nests in the same place,
their being often found together is to be expected, but this does not make
the species a myrmophile.

Ptenidium evanescens Marsh.—This species I include in my list doubt-
fully,

Meligethes eneus Fab. (Brassice Scop.).—Found rarely at Kavan-
tholm in the nests of # 7zfa by Mannerheim, In our country this species

108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

occurs on the Pacific slope and in the Rocky Mountains, and I am un-
willing to admit it in my list without further proof.

Cyphon padi Linn.—Taken rarely in the nests of # rufa at Kavan-
tholm, Kirjola and Urpala. It is not known asa myrmophile in this
country.

Otiorhynchus maurus Gyil.—Maeklin occasionally took this species
in the nests of / rufa at Kirjola. In America this species is known to
occur only in Greenland, and its habits are entirely unknown.

Leptura, Vol. XXI., 32.—While this article was in press, Dr. Geo. H.
Horn published in the Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. a new arrangement of the
Leptura therein named, based on an examination and study of the types
in the British Museum. ‘The form I mentioned as being undescribed
turned out to be really waza, and now hematites is regarded as its varietal
synonym. ‘The typical zava is thus described :—‘ Antenne always
piceous ; anterior femora and base of middle yellowish, many specimens,
however, occur with brown legs, and others with parts of the hind legs
yellowish.” Except these two the other forms remain as before.

Erratum— Page 33, line 18, read female, instead of male.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA,
BY ALVA H. KILMAN, RIDGEWAY, ONT.

By frequent trips to the woods and marshes in spring, to gather and
sift the moss for hibernating coleoptera, by minutely examining the debris
on the shore of Lake Erie, and by the use of umbrella and sweeping
net later in the season, I have added to my collection of beetles, since
1886, several hundred good species. The following list contains those of
my captures that do not appear in the lists of Canadian Coleoptera.

The species marked with an * are recorded by W. Hague Harrington
in his additions to Canadian Coleoptera, published in Vol. XVL, page 44
of this journal. Those distinguished by two ** are named in Prof. J. T.
Bell’s list of Staphylinidz, taken at Belleville, vide Vol. XVIL, page 49 of
this Journal. All the others, as far as I can learn, are quite new to
Canada. For convenience of reference, I attach the numbers found in
Henshaw’s List of North American Coleoptera,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109

To Mr. Henry Ulke, of Washington, I am indebted for correct deter-
minations. Dr. John Hamilton, of Allegheny, also kindly assisted me.

Upon such authority, it will be safe to credit the insect fauna of
Canada as follows :
155—Llaphrus fuliginosus Say.. Rare, with Elaphrus Clairville: Kirby,
hibernating under moss in low woods. March to May.
269—* Clivina Americana Dej. On lake shore.
285 —Schizogenius ferrugineus Putz. Very rare; one specimen in_the
sand on lake shore. :
300—LVomius pygmaeus De}. Muskoka. August.
372—Bembidium arcuatum Lec. Rare in moss.
580—Pterostichus Pennsylvanicus Lec. Found hibernating in the clay
of moss-covered banks in low woods; not rare, April,
741—Badister reflexus Lec. Not common in moss.
784—FPlatynus pusillus Lec. Rare ; found two specimens on a decayed
log. May.
792—*Platynus propinguus G. & H, Rare; hibernates in decayed
wood,
1150—Acupalpus carus Lec.
1165—TZachycellus Kirbyt Horn. Common in moss,
1186—Anisodactylus interpunctatus Kirby.
1262—Desmopachria convexa Aubé. Not common.
1434—Agabus subfuscatus Sharp. Rare in clear water.
1818—Scydmenus marie Lec.
1920—SLryaxis dentata Say.
2096—** Heterothops fumigatus Lec.
2102—Quedius peregrinus Grav.
2199—Philonthus eqgualis Horn. Common.
2221—Philonthus nigritulus. Quite common.
2236—Actobinus nanus Horn.
2237—Actobius inutilis Horn.
2243—Actobius sobrinus Er.
These species of Actobius are found in moss on the ground in wet
places of the low woods. April and May.
2337—Stenus indigens Casey.
2364—Stenus pusio Casey.
2377—Stenus mammops Casey.

110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

2384—Stenus egenus Er.
2391—Stenus canaliculatus Gyll
2398—Stenus paralle/us Casey.
2463—Stenus punctatus Ex.

The Sfenz are to be found in sphagnum and other mosses at any
time of the year, but especially in early spring. The same
may be said of nearly all the Staphylinidee here named.

2527—** Lathrobium tenue Lec.

2530—**Lathrobium debile Lec.

2548— Scopeus dentiger Lec.

2562—** Lithocharis obsoleta Nordm.

2675—** Mycetoporus flavicollis Lec.

2724—BLledius nitidicollis Lec.

2757—Oxytelus nitidulus Grav.

2948— Trichopteryx sericans Heer.

2978—Leocera concolor Fab.

2983—Scaphisoma suturale Lec.

3017—Sacium lunatum Lec. Found on dead twigs of apple. June.
3234—Tritoma festiva Lac. ‘Three specimens on decaying beech tree.

June. rf

3235—Tritoma macra Lec. Rare; beaten from decaying tree trunk.
3244—Syuchita laticoliis Lec. One specimen from dead wood.
3320—*Lemophieus convexulus Lec. Two on dead apple twigs.

(To be continued. )

CATCHING BUTTERFLIES BY MEANS OF DECOYS.
BY SHELLEY W. DENTON, WELLESLEY, MASS.

It has long been a matter of fact to me, and one which has served a
good purpose, and doubtless to other readers of the Can. ENT., that many
butterflies, especially the larger kinds, are attracted by decoys resembling
themselves in size and colour. .

So many incidents of this nature have crowded themselves upon my
notice, that I trust it will not be considered presuming on my part to
enumerate a few of them, and at the same time state the benefits to the
butterfly hunter which may arise from this.source.. _

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 111

My attention was first called to this fact some fifteen years ago, while
collecting in the neighborhood of Boston. I caught one day an example
of Papilio turnus. After taking the insect from my net, and while holding
it in my fingers, preparatory to placing in my collecting box, another
butterfly of the same kind darted down at the one I held and fluttered
above it for a moment, as if to entice it away. I was so surprised that no
attempt was made to capture the visitor until he had risen beyond reach.
Expanding and placing on a bush close by, the almost lifeless butterfly
which I had held in my fingers, and partially concealing myself, I awaited
the insect’s return ; nor was I disappointed or obliged to wait long. I
could catch an occasional glimpse through the bushes of my intended
victim ; nearer it came, till hovering for a moment above my decoy, was
easily secured. This plan was followed during the rest of that day, and
more or less since that time, with gratifying results ; having caught as
many as thirty-seven Pafpé/io turnus in a day, and that, too, in a place
like Eastern Massachusetts, where they are, so far as my experience
goes, not very common.

While in Nevada, in the summer of 1887, this method was followed
with good success in the capture of Papilio rutulus, eurymedon, and
daunus ; Argynnis leto, nevadensis, and coronis ; Limenitis lorguint,
and others. I found a piece of bright yellow paper, cut out to resemble
P. rutulus, proved almost as attractive as a butterfly of that species, and
even a yellow leaf, which I picked up and placed in a conspicuous spot,
answered the purpose very well once, to enable me to secure a decoy.

I find the best place to expose a decoy is in some sunny nook, where
an occasional specimen of the species of which you are in search is seen,
allowing the full rays of the sun (provided your decoy is a butterfly) to
strike on the expanded wings. It is usually my custom to cut down the
green bushes, except, perhaps, one in the centre of the opening, and
stripping the leaves from the tallest sprig or branch, place my decoy on
the point. The decoy may be a badly damaged specimen—one not fit to
preserve.

This method applies best to the larger and stronger flying species of
butterflies, and these are the ones the hunter has the greatest difficulty
in procuring, especially if the country is rough and broken, so he is
testricted in his movements by deep gullies, cliffs, or large, loose rocks.
Occasionally the hunter will have an enemy in the shape of a large dragon

112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

fly, which will pounce on the coming prize just as you are about to “ scoop ”
it in; then away the two will go. The butterfly soaring and flapping
often till almost out of sight, in the vain endeavour to rid itself of the
enemy which has taken such a death-like grip upon it, but this shark of
the air is in the end generally victorious.

In some countries, such as Australia and New Guinea--and I speak
of these because of personal knowledge--there are large and showy butter-
flies of very powerful flight, which are almost impossible to catch on the
wing, not only being shy, but high-fliers ; and I know of no way in which
they can be taken so readily as by the method above described. I refer:
particularly just now to that large and magnificent blue butterfly (Papz/io
Joésa) which in Northern Queensland may be seen alighting.on or
floating above the tops of the forest trees, occasionally flashing in the
sunlight like a star of unusual brilliancy. It is a magnificent sight to a
butterfly hunter, and one that will fill him with enthusiasm, but one likely
to be of great disappointment should he wait for it to come within reach
or settle near the ground, where it could be taken with his net ; for nine
times out of ten, when it takes flight, it will sail around and away over
the tops of the trees till lost from view, unless you have something to
catch its eye and cause it to descend from its elevated position. Now,
procure one of the same species and place it in a conspicuous place in the
sunlight ; conceal yourself near by, but be ready to strike at a moment’s
notice, and await the result. Your decoy will most likely soon be seen (for
it is wonderful how quickly a butterfly will discern one of its own kind),
and down will come the longed-for prize, to your delight and satisfaction ;
but you must sweep with your net at just the right time, or the oppor-
tunity is lost. But perhaps you ask how is the first specimen or decoy to
be obtained? This is often a matter of considerable difficulty. I was
accustomed when rambling ii the forests of that country to carry a gun,
and although when obtained by shooting they were generally in a rather
dilapidated condition, yet they served the purpose of a decoy very well.

One thing which has always surprised me, is the remarkable sight and,
perhaps, sense of smell which some insects seem to possess. Often while
having a decoy exposed, I have been startled by the sudden appearance
of a butterfly when none were apparently in the neighborhood. The
causes which lead to the attractiveness of decoys no doubt are various.
Possibly the passing butterfly on seeing the decoy, supposes the latter

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ES

has found an abundance of suitable food. But my opinion is, that in the
majority of cases it is a matter of sexual importance, and but for this
powerful influence which causes them to seek each other, and thereby
propagate their species, these most beautiful objects of nature would
eventually die out.

NOTES ON THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF CARTERO-
CEPHALUS. MANDAN.

BY JAMES FLETCHER, OTTAWA.

Amongst some fertile eggs of butterflies obtained during the past
summer by gently pressing the abdomen of ripe females, was one of
the above species, the larva of which was carried through four moults up
to hibernation. The information gathered is incomplete ; but as there is
nothing published concerning the preparatory stages of C. Mandan, it
seems worth recording, if only to assist others who may be fortunate
enough to secure eggs of this rare butterfly. Although widely distributed
over North America, I know of no locality where it is abundant. Females
taken at Nepigon in the Lake Superior district laid eggs in confinement
upon common lawn grass (oa pratensis ).

. The following description is drawn from one specimen only for the
last two stages, but from three for the first three stages :—

_ gg.—Pale greenish white, hemispherical, broader than high, appar-
ently smooth, but when magnified found to be very faintly and vertically
grooved or wrinkled, and densely and uniformly pitted with deep pores
which are wide at the mouth and taper to a fine point. Eggs laid 13th
July, hatched 23rd.

Larva.—At birth. Length 2.5 mm. Breadth of head, .45 mm. ; of
body, .35 mm. Length of bristles,.o5 mm: Yellowish white, with head
and thoracic shield black. Head large and smooth. Body slender,
equal. Thoracic, shield narrow and bearing a few slender hairs. Body
bearing on each side four series of trumpet-shaped bristles. Duration of
first stage five days.

From the very first these larvee were great wanderers, frequently leav-
ing their food plant and crawling all over the glass lamp chimney which
was used as a cage. In these wanderings they spun silken paths wherever
they went, and to prevent their escape a plug of cotton wadding was,

114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

kept in the top of the chimney. This habit of wandering was kept up
through all the stages, and the inside of the glass was covered with their
silken paths. At no time, however, did they construct a tent by catching
several leaves together in the manner of the larvae of P. AZystic, P. Cernes
and P. Manitoba. Directly after they hatched, the young larve. climbed
up to the tops of the blades of grass and made a sort of tent by catching
the opposite edges together with two or three cords of silk, about half-an-
inch below the tip. They then attacked the edges of the leaf, eating
down each side and leaving the midrib. When at rest, during the first
three stages, they retired beneath their tents and lay extended along the
midrib. After the third moult they would sometimes roll the leaf. of a
wide species of grass, as Panicum crus-galli, into a tube similar to those
made by P. Hobomok. After the fourth moult no tent was made, the
larvee lying exposed on the upper surface of the leaves when at rest.

After First Moult.—Length, 3.5 mm. Head white and furrowed at
apex. Thoracic shield black, much smaller than in first stage. Body
pale green with two narrew white lines on each side—one sub-dorsal, the
other supra-lateral. Spiracles yellowish. Whole body covered with a
minute pubescence. Duration of this stage five days.

After Second Moult.—Length, 6.5mm. Head rather higher than
broad, slightly broadest at the base, rounded at apex, and bilobed by
reason of a deep frontal groove ; mandibles and two clouds on the cheeks,
fuscous. ‘Thoracic shield, transparent and hardly discernible.. Body
pale green and translucent, the dorsal vessel and the ramifications of the
trachezee showing plainly through the transparent skin. There are, on
each side, a pale sub-dorsal band with irregular edges, a distinct clear
white supra-lateral stripe, and a very faint supra-stigmatal line. The sub-
dorsal bands unite on the anterior fold in the anal segment. The supra-
lateral stripes at the end of the anal flap. Duration of stage seven days.

After Third Moult.—Length, half an inch. Head lighter in colour,
without the fuscous marks on the cheeks. Of the same size as the
cylindrical body. Colour more glaucous green than in previous stages.
Duration fifteen days.

After Fourth Moult.—Length six-eighths of an inch. Head greenish,
tinged with yellow, a little larger than second and last segments, but
smaller than the rest of the body. Head squared at the base, rounded at
the apex, and deeply grooved down the front. Width at the base and the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115

height about equal. Surface minutely roughened. Ocelli black, arranged
in a semi-circle following the contour of the face, four in front and two
on lower side. The third and fourth are twice the size of the others.
Mandibles white with black tips. Thoracic shield not distinguishable,
Body glaucous green with a pale sub-dorsal band, clearly defined with
white above, much paler below, leaving a distinct .green dorsal stripe.
Supra-lateral stripe conspicuous, creamy white and clearly defined ; not so
wide as the pale sub-dorsal band. Below this, and half way to the
spiracles, is a very pale thread-like supra-stigmatal line. Spiracles white,
very inconspicuous on a thread-like line, or perhaps this may only be the
trachezee showing through the skin. On segments three and four
(counting the head as No. 1) there appear to be beneath the transparent
skin, instead of spiracles, knots of tracheze. Whole body, including the
head, minutely shagreened and covered with small piliferous papille,
which, on segments two, three and four, are black at the base of the hairs,
The segmental folds of the body of the mature larva are as follows :—
Segment two, transversely grooved ; segment 3, three equal folds ; seg-
ment 4, four small folds ; segments 5 to 11 consist of five folds, the anterior
twice the width of the second, which, again, is twice the width of each of
the other three ; segment 12, three equal folds; segment 13, two small
folds and the anal flap.

Some interesting epidermal organs, first observed upon this species,
but since found on the larvee of other Pamphilidze, as well as on the pupa
of P. Cernes, (the only pupa I have examined) are some small round
chitinous disks, which appear to be trichomes or modified hairs. I form
this conclusion from finding that, in one species, there occurred in two
instances, instead of these disks, piliferous tubercles; they are rather
‘small and difficult to examine. In the larva of C. 1/andan, they appear to
he saucer-shaped, having a raised edge. In the larva of a species of
Pamphila, near to A/anitoba, they are, in some instances, simple annuli ;
but, in P. Cernes and P. Mystic, seem to be rather cone-shaped.

Upon the larva of C. AZandan, they are arranged in three lateral series,
two of which are complete and occur on all the segments except the
head, and the other ventral and incomplete, occurring only on segments
five, six and eleven.

The first series is placed above, and anterior to the spiracles, and the
disks are sometimes double upon the abdominal segments ; but they are
not always uniform on the opposite sides of the body. _In the specimen

116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

most carefully examined, they were double on segments eight, nine, ten
and twelve upon one side, but only on eight and nine on the other, and
on segment five there was no disk of this series on one side, but it was
present on the other. On segments two, three and four, they are on
supra-stigmatal line. On segments five to twelve, below supra-stigmatal
line. On segment thirteen on supra-lateral stripe, larger than the others.

The second series is single throughout, posterior to the spiracles,
except on segments two, three and four, where they are slightly anterior
on the fold above the thoracic feet. The third, ventral, series occurs only
on segments five, six and eleven, just beneath the stigmatal fold.

The shape of the larva when mature was different from that of the
first stages, the body being largest in the middle and tapering off to each
end. ‘The full-grown larva measured one inch and one-eighth on Septem-
ber 12 (twelve days after the last moult). After this, it fed sparingly for
about two weeks, and then spun a mat of silk on the face of a blade of
grass and drew two other blades over it with single strands of silk. The
furrow down the face deepened and appeared to open a little, and I felt
sure pupation was going to take place. ‘This, however, was not the case,
and two days later the larva left the grass and spun another mat on the
sloping side of the lamp chimney. It now ceased to eat, and the colour
changed gradually, all the green fading out, and in ten days the body was
ef a yellowish cream colour with white stripes. This again darkened
until the ground colour was a very pale brown or dove colour. The
moisture which condensed on the side of the glass kept the lower part of
the larva’s body constantly wet; but I did not like to risk removing it,
as’ 1 looked for pupation at any day. After remaining still, and evidently,
in hibernation for about five weeks, I found it had fallen from its mat to
the ground on 29th October. After about a fortnight discoloured spots
began to appear, and I found it was dead. It was at once put into
alcohol for preservation and examination.

These larve fed freely on all grasses offered to them, but seemed to
prefer wide-leaved species ; this, however, may have been an instinctive
preference for protection, both from the shape of their bodies and the
coloration; added to a habit of lying extended down the midnb withthe
body closely appressed, the lower part of the head protruded, and the
apex drawn back, these larvee are well hidden from observation, The
favourite grasses were Panicum crusgalli, P. sanguinale and Triticum

repens.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, LE

POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY—No. 3.

CUT-WORMS.

BY JAMES FLETCHER, OTTAWA.

Of all the injuries committed year after year upon field and garden
crops, none are more annoying than those due to the ravages of the
various caterpillars known as Cut-worms. These are the larve of dull
coloured, active moths, belonging for the most part to the three genera,
Agrotis, Hadena,and Mamestra, and in North America alone constitute
an army of no less than 340 different described species, many of
which are, at times, very abundant. They may be described, in a
general way, as smocth, almost naked, greasy-looking caterpillars,
of some dull shade of colour similar to the ground in which they
hide during the day. The head is smooth and shining, and sometimes of
a different colour from the rest of the body. On the segment next to the
head is a smooth plate, known as the thoracic shield, and there are three
or four series of bristle-bearing tubercles along the sides. Their habits
are nocturnal, that is, they feed at night and lie hid during the day-time.
The habits of most cut-worms are as follows:—The eggs are laid in
spring, summer, or autumn, and the insects pass the winter either in the
perfect moth state, as a half-grown caterpillar, or as a chrysalis. Those
which hibernate as moths, lay eggs in the spring and moths are produced
in the autumn. The eggs which are laid in summer and autumn hatch
soon after, and the caterpillars either become full fed the same season and
pass the winter underground in the chrysalis state, or, after feeding for a
short time, become torpid, and so pass the winter beneath stones, heaps
of dead vegetation, or in cells beneath the surface of the ground. The
injury done by the young caterpillars in the summer and autumn is seldom
noticed at those seasons, on account of the abundant vegetation ; but, in
the spring, not only are the caterpillars larger and capable of more mischief,
but the land is cleared of all vegetation other than the crop which is to be
grown. They are then particularly troublesome in gardens, cutting off
young cabbages, tomatoes, and other plants as soon as they are pricked
out. When full fed, these caterpillars burrow into the ground to a depth
of some inches and turn to brown chrysalids inside a smooth cell or a light

118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

cocoon, Fig. 3. From these, after a few weeks, the perfect moths emerge.
They are very active at night, and, when disturbed, have a habit of drop-
ping to the ground and remaining perfectly still
_ as if dead, where, from their dull colours, they
ay are difficult to detect. When at rest, their
* wings lie horizontally over their backs, and the
upper ones entirely cover the lower pair The
upper wings are generally crossed with one
or more waved lines, and always bear two
characteristic marks—-one about half way down the wing, orbicular in
shape ; the other nearer the tip,
reniform or kidney shaped. Fig.
4 shows ‘The Gothic Dart
Moth” (<Agrotis subgothica,
Haw.,) with wings closed and
expanded ; this is a very com-
mon and injurious species, the
caterpillar of which is too well
known as the ‘ Dingy Cut-
syorm.”

Cut-worms may be divided into three classes, according to their habits,
and remedies must be applied in a slightly different manner for each.
These classes are :—

1. Climbing Cut-worms, or those which climb trees and destroy the
buds.

2. Surface Cut-worms, or those which live on the surface of the ground
and cut off herbaceous plants just beneath the surface of the soil.

3. Those which combine both of these habits.

Of the first class, a good representa-
tive is the Climbing Cut-worm (Agrotts
scandens, Riley). The Dingy Cut-worm,
the caterpillar of the Gothic Dart Moth
(Fig. 4), belongs to the second class,
and the ‘Variegated. Cut-worm”
(Agrotis saucia Treit.), and the ‘‘ Yel-
low-headed Cut-worm,” which turns to
the ‘‘ Amputating Brocade Moth”
¢ Hadena arctica Bois.) (Fig. 5) are good representations of the third class.

Fic. 3—Cocoon.

Fic. 4—Goruic Darr Morn.

_ ‘Fic. 5s—AmpuTATING BrocaDE Morn.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1419

Remedies.—There are several remedies which may be-used for cut-
worms. For the climbing kinds, the best remedy is to place round the
stem of the tree or bush to be protected, a strip of tin four inches wide,
the lower edge can be pressed into the ground, and the tubular shape is
easily preserved by securing it above with a-piece of twine. This will
effectually keep all cut-worms from the tree, for these heavy-bodied cater-
pillars are unable to crawl over the smooth surface. A similar expedient
is to tie a band of cotton batting around the stem, as the caterpillars can-
not crawl over this yielding material.

For surface cut-worms the most efficient remedies are the following:—

1. Keeping down all weeds in late summer and autumn, so as to
deprive those species which hatch in the autumn of their food supply and
winter shelter.

2. Burning off all the stubble and rubbish as late as possible in spring,
when many caterpillars and the eggs of some species will be destroyed.

3. Placing some substance with an obnoxious
odour around young plants when first set out, as fresh
gas-lime, or sand or sawdust saturated with coal oil
or carbolic acid.

4. Wrapping. Young plants may be protected
‘in a large measure by simply wrapping a piece of
paper around the stems at the time of planting.

5. Tomato cans with the tops and bottoms cut out,
placed over the young plants, or strips of tin as sug-
gested for Climbing Cut-worms, will be found to well
repay the trouble and expense of procuring them. BAGO eS ARGUS

6. Kerosene emulsions. Where these caterpillars
-occur in very large numbers, spraying infested beds with a kerosene
emulsion at night has been found very beneficial.

7. Traps. Placing bundles of leaves or grass, poisoned with Paris
green, between the rows of infested beds has been found a useful means
-of destroying large numbers of these pests.

8. Hand picking. When a plant is seen to have been eaten off, of
course the cut-worm should always be looked for and destroyed. ‘They

will generally be found close to the root and about an inch beneath the
- surface.

In addition to the above artificial remedies, nature has provided the

120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

farmer with many useful and active assistants in the shape of various pre-
daceous insects. Conspicuous amongst these are the Ground Beetles,
which should be known by sight by every one, so that they may be pro-
tected, and not, as is too often the case, destroyed because they are insects.
At Fig. 6 is shown the “ Fiery Ground Beetle” (Calosoma calidum Fab.),.
a common and very useful species. Its colour is deep black with red
(or sometimes green) glowing spots. The grub has been styled the
“Cut-worm Lion,” on account of its useful habit of destroying these pests.

CORRESPONDENCE.

AN EARLY BUTTERFLY.

Dear Sir: While driving in a cutter on 12th March, my attention
was attracted to a butterfly fluttering around a farmer’s house, Seeing it
alight, I attempted to capture it, but although I got near enough to make
sure it belonged to the genus Graffa, it rapidly flew across a wide field
of deep snow and easily eluded pursuit. The weather was mild, and as
far as my experience goes, this species is the earliest butterfly to appear
in our vicinity ; but I consider this particular record as somewhat remark-
able even for Grapta.

Plover Mills, Ont. ROBERT ELLIOTT.

CAPTURES AT MONTREAL.

Dear Sir: During the past summer a few butterflies have been taken
here which are perhaps worth noting. I took a Pieris napi oleracea ow
May 21, and half a dozen Pyrameis huntera and two P. cardui one
afternoon in September. O/eracea is very local and has almost dis-
appeared. AHuntera is very rare, one or two specimens perhaps being
observed each year, and cardui has been scarce since 1884, when the
species appeared in great abundance. A specimen of Feniseca Targquinius
was taken in June and two in July of the previous year (1887). These:
are the only instances of its occurrence here.

E. C. TRENHOLME, Montreal.

Mailed June 5th.

a

Che Cuadwun Entomologist.

NOT XX LONDON, JULY, 188o. No. 7.

THE NOCTUIDA OF NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE.

(first Paper.)

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

We have seen in several of my previous papers that the Owlet Moths,
or WVoctuide of temperate North America, the United States and Canada,
resemble most strongly those of Europe. The divergence lies chiefly in
the greater number of species belonging to the Woctuide fasciate, or
Catocaline ; and this is a tropical feature, such forms becoming more
plentiful as we go southward, although Catoca/a, the typical genus of the
group, does not seem to cross the equator, to which latter fact I have
already called attention. Forms allied to Pheocyma (Homoptera) and
belonging to this group, intrude into the European fauna, on the coasts
of the Mediterranean. From the fact that the Southern States reach into
the sub-tropics, the mountain chains forming no cross barriers, there is no
impediment to the range of southern moths, and a greater number of
species and genera of these extend into Canada and the north. The
resemblance between the Voctuine, or Noctua nonfasciate of Europe
and North America, can be traced in that the leading European genera
are represented with us, and the species are even more numerous. Such
leading genera, about which genera of less importance cluster, are Apatela
(Acronycta), Agrotis, Hadena, Mamestra, Heliothis, Eustrotia (Erastria,
Tr. non Hiibn). The genus Catoca/a has in North America its metro-
polis, where the number of forms, species and varieties reaches its maxi_
mum. ‘The fact that the forms run very close seems to illustrate the
observation that in the North-American fauna there exists an evident
tendency to the differentiation, or throwing off of species. Instances of
this may be cited in the Lepidoptera, in the genera Argynnis, Colias,
Papilio, Hemaris, Callimorpha, Datana, Clisiocampa, Scopelosoma,
among many others. As compared with the North-American species of

122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Catoca/a, the European are fewer in number and comparatively better
marked and distinct, standing farther apart from each other. The harden-
ing process by which each species becomes more isolated in time, seems
to have reached a more final stage with the European species of Cafoca/a,
etc. I have orginally compared the European C. fraxini, with the
North-American C. re/icta. I found differences in size and color between
the two “representative” species, on the whole so slight as to warrant
the belief that the two were derived from a common ancestral stock. We
must seek for this ancestral stock in the tertiary, when its range probably
extended over Northern or British America, and Siberia. A character
which is distinctive of the present European species, is the dull blue
median band of the secondaries. Now, I found, and first recorded the
fact, that, in certain examples of the American form which has the band
white, a faint blue edging to the band was found. This was a reversion
to the original color in all probability. The tendency of color to become
brighter and lighter in America, owing probably to atmospheric or
climatic conditions, is thereby exemplified. The specimens of C. redicta,
which have the forewings dusky, are also probably instances of this
reversion. A form belonging to this group of the genus has been also de-
scribed from California. It is doubtful, as yet, whether this can be con-
sidered a distinct species. The variation of the North-American forms
has led to the publication of a number of names which, in some instances
at least, are not properly founded. ‘This ‘ hardening into species ” seems
to be a natural process by which we may conceive the forms to become
gradually more peculiar, different from their surrounding allies. At length
the time may arrive when they disappear by extirpation, having given rise
themselves to other species, through variation, their species-offspring
surviving them.

From a classificatory point of view, the genus Cafoca/a can hardly be

held as “typical” of the Woctue fasciate, the more geometriform group
of the family. Rather is Pheocyma (Homoptera) to be thus considered ;

the wings are unicolorous, and the darker rivulous markings extend over |

both pairs, while the secondaries are more or less exposed in repose. In
Catoca/a they are hidden, and Lederer sees no necessity for any sub-family
division. Probably the terms are to be used strictly for the convenience
of students. The tibiz are often spinose in these wide-winged genera,
and this character, not unusual in the family, the Cafoca/ine have in com-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 123

mon with the typical group of the JVoctuzde, where we see it in Agrotis,
and a number of separated genera of smaller extent. This spinosity of
the tibia is not frequent in the Bombycide, or in the Geometride ; it is
not so far apparent in the lowest group of the Owlet Moths, the Ded-
toidine. Inthe Catocaline, however, the body tends to become untufted
and concolorous, the abdomen tapers to the tip, and the resemblance to
the Geometride is further heightened by the looping larve.

Either from actual structural characters, or from the peculiar form,
or as a matter finally of pure convenience for the student, I have divided
the Noctuidz into five sub-families: the Zhyatirine, the /Voctuide, the
Catocaline, the Deltoidine, the Brephine. All these grounds for sub-
division are recognized by modern systematists. The divisional terms
help, as I have elsewhere said, to light up the group to enable us to com-
pare the representation of the family in different quarters of the globe,
and to arrive at conclusions relative to distribution and origin. For, on
common sense grounds, I object to a classification absolutely technical
and rigid ; so rigid as to take no note of the plasticity of the forms, and
so ignorant of the process by which a spine or a tuft is formed, as to be
unable to determine categorically what characters are rnost difficult, or
take more time to be produced in nature. ‘The value of characters for
systematic purposes may, therefore, stand in opposition to their biological
value. A reasonable entomologist will therefore take note of a// the facts
presented, and will make his categories correspond, so far as possible,
with the total qualities of the creatures he proposes to classify. The bare
record of structure, and the erection of an artificial nomenclature is the
smallest part of a naturalist’s work. The thinking mind will discover
the bearing of facts upon each other, and educe therefrom the action of
natural law.

1.—Sub-family Zhyatirine.

With the exception of Pseudothyatira and Leftina the generic repre-
sentation of this group, which differs by the position of vein seven of the
secondaries, is the same in Europe and North America. The former we
may regard as a modification of Haérosyne, while the latter seems more
removed from the different European generic groups allied to Bombycta
(Cymatophora of Authors non Hiibn), North America has one; Europe
another, and Japan a third species of Habrosyne, so closely allied that
they may be considered as geographical or representative species. These

124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

species run much closer together than the species of Zhyatira ; in the
size, the characteristic wavy markings, they are nearly alike. Although,
the European species of Zhyatira is sufficiently distinct from Bombycia
(Cymatophora), so that the ground for these genera being placed to-
gether is not obvious until we compare the neuration of the secondaries,
the American western representatives approach each other more nearly
in external characters. Of the two genera, it is Habrosyne ( Gonophora)
which is most aberrant, most like the typical Noctuae, most like the genus
flusia. And I would here record a most singular fact: older Euro-
pean writers, as Meigen, etc., place Zhyatira near Plusia. Probably the
cut of the wing in derasa, and the tufts, together with the bright tints of
both dqtzs and derasa, influenced their decision. But there are no
special resemblances between the species of /lusta and Thyatira in the
European fauna. Now, in North America, we have two species of Plusia,
which actually mimic species of Zeftina and Thyatira. The first of these
is Plusia formosa Gr., which so closely resembles a Zeptina that, at the
commencement of my studies, I described the type under this genus. I
had my doubts, owing to the long //uséa-like labial palpi, to which I
especially alluded. It so happened, that 1 at once returned the type to
Mr. Treat, while I never afterwards saw a specimen, owing in part to the
undoubted rarity of the species. I could not myself then subsequently
make the correction, which was supplied by the late Mr. Morrison, (who
was largely indebted to me for generic and specific determinations in the
Noctuide,) in the Annals of the N. Y. Lyceum of Natural History. The
second instance, as itsname implies, is the P/usia thyatiroides of Guente,
which, in its rosy patches on primaries, reminds one of 7: pudens. Had
these two forms occurred in Europe, they might have strengthened, or
of themselves suggested the opinion that Ziyatira and Plusia were allied.
As it is, the case is one of the most singular which I have met with in the
moths. It is to Hubner that we owe the more correct classification of this
group. How much we do owe to this author! This fact alone, and that
he has correctly limited the genera, should oblige us to retain Hiibner’s
nomenclature in this sub-family. Writers, who themselves make mistakes

in describing structure, should be more modest in their criticisms of
Hubner.

The various genera into which the typical European forms are divided
by Hiibner, are probably valid: Bombycia, Asphalia, etc. As against

Ay

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 125

the two European species of Bombycia, or and ocularis, we have two
from the west coast, zmprovisa Hy. Ed., and semicircularis Gr. But
the other European structural types seem to be wanting with us ; Leptina
seems to be quite distinct from these, and an American outgrowth. The
species described by Walker from the east, under Cymatophora, I have
partly examined, and have corrected his generic determination, so that it
seems unlikely that we have any eastern representative of the European
genera. It would seem to be a proof that the west coast fauna more
nearly coincides structurally with the European, that the typical European
genus of this sub-family, Bombycia (Cymatophora), occurs there, and not
in the east of North America. There seems to be, finally, some doubt as
to what the west coast species of adrosyne really is ; whether our eastern
scripta, which is rather unlikely, or a form identical with the European, ©
which Mr. Hy. Edwards has suggested. While the species of Pseudo-
thyatira seems to extend nearly, if not quite, across the Continent, our
eastern Z’ pudens Guen. appears to be replaced on the west coast by 7.
forata Grote. But I have seen no record of this species from California.

We may believe that the peculiar resemblance of the Californian and
west coast fauna to that of Europe, has arisen partly in the fact that the
preglacial fauna forced downwards during the Ice Age, has been on the
west confined to a comparatively narrow strip between the Rocky
Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, and that it has been exposed to lesser
variation from migration. ‘The temperature and food-plants necessary to
many species are contained in narrower belts, with probably more abrupt
confines, precluding the range of the species. Thus the original form may
have been longer preserved.

I may conclude that this sub-family must be regarded as belonging to
the Northern Hemisphere, and its representation in the New and Old
World, as derived from a former circumpolar fauna. While certain generic
forms found in Europe (at least two in number: the hairy-eyed Asphadia,
and the naked-eyed genus of which d//aris is the type), do not apparently
occur in America, we have, as an offset, the species of Zeptina. We
have also, in the more aberrant group of the sub-family, the peculiar genus
Pseudothyatira, with its one species appearing in two forms, cymato-
phoroides and expultrix. On the whole, then, the representation of the
Thyatirine, though probably without coincident species, is quite nearly
equal in the New and Old World. For, if we have a representative

126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

species of Ziyatzra in the east and another in the west, so Europe has
one peculiar species, and, beyond the Ural Mountains, in Siberia, there
is found a fourth. All these species differ in size and markings, so that
they are readily to be distinguished; while the pattern of ornamentation, pale
or pink blotches on the brown primaries, is preserved throughout, perhaps
most strongly contrasting in the European Zhyatira batis, which English
collectors call by the pretty name of ‘“‘ Peach Blossom.” Our eastern
species of Habrosyne, H. scripta, surpasses, I think, the European 7.
derasa in beauty ; it was first described from Canadian specimens by the
eminent naturalist, the late Mr. Gosse, after whom I have given it the
English name of ‘‘ Gosse’s Arches.”

A LIST OF THE BUTTEREEIES OF PHILADELPHIA, PA:
BY HENRY SKINNER, M.D., AND E. M. AARON.

Appreciating the value to students in geographical distribution of
faunal lists of a given region, with notes thereon, and the interest that
such lists have for beginners in the same field in after years, we have con-
cluded to publish here a list of the DiurNaL LEPIDOPTERA known to us
to have been taken in the vicinity of Philadelphia. A circle drawn around
the new City Hall, with a radius of ten miles, is the line of limit to the
“vicinity ” here treated of.

We wish to disclaim any intention to enter into the question of
synonymy in this paper, and have, therefore, implicitly followed the cata-
logue of Mr. W. H. Edwards, edition of 1884, as being the most com-
plete and at the same time the most accessible to students. The collec-
tions of the Academy of Natural Sciences. of Philadelphia, of the Ameri-
can Entomological Society, and of Messrs. Peale*, Ridings*, Wilt*,
Blake, Laurent, Johnson, Keen, Bartholomew, e¢ a/, have been looked
through by one or both of us, or their owners have been consulted as to
their captures in this locality. Very few of the species here enumerated
are unknown to us personally as natives of this region.

To this we have added a brief list of species heretofore accredited to
this region on what seem to us to be doubtful or insufficient grounds.

* Now in the possession of the American Entomol. Soc.

el a a en

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 127

A few hitherto undescribed varieties have been given names, as we
believe that any form sufficiently distinct to merit a characterization is
worthy a distinguishing name. Such action, in our opinion, is in the
interests of the science. A variety unnamed, or only indicated by a
number or a letter of the alphabet, is much more likely to be ignored and
subsequently redescribed than if it is at once elevated to the dignity of a
recognizable name. /fapilio asterias, var. alunata, is more likely to be
respected than P. asterias, var. A.

Papilio ajax.—This species is said to have been found here in some
numbers in past years. In a collecting experience of twelve years we
have seen but three specimens. Pawpaw, its food plant, is scarce in this
region. Nearly thirty years ago Mr. Newman reported rearing it in some
numbers from the chrysalis.

Papilio philenor.—Occasionally common, but as a rule very few
specimens are to be taken. During the season of 1888 a colony of larvze
was found here on the moon-vine (/fomwa bonei-nox ), a cultivated plant
which is grown to a considerable extent in West Philadelphia. Most of
these were infested by parasites, which, at this writing, have not emerged
from their chrysalids. A feature of the unusually warm weather of the
past winter was the finding of a perfect 2 /PAzlenor flying in Logan
Square, opposite the Academy of Natural Sciences, on February 26th.

Papilio asterias——Common and very variable. One very interesting
variation we think worthy of description,

P. asterias, var. 2, alunata, nov. var.—Type, American Entomologi-
cal Society. Expands four inches ; emarginations faint and nearly white ;
primaries apically produced, with but four sub-marginal spots, each one
growing fainter as the, last one in the lower disco-cellular nervule is
reached ; the spot between 1st and 2nd sub-costal nervures is faint ; in
the marginal row the spots are smaller and rounder. Secondaries : mar-
ginal lunules indicated very faintly, the blue between the nervures bright
and well marked ; no yellow spots internal to the blue, except the one at
the apex, which is much smaller than the normal. Beneath: primaries
as above, the orange spots usual in lower half of the sub-marginal row
wanting. Secondaries with the sub-marginal row of orange spots very
much smaller than in the typical form. No spot in the cell. In the
collection of Dr. Skinner there is a striking specimen which differs from

128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the type of a/unata in that the lunate spots on the secondaries are normal
except in colour, which is the same as those in &. ¢roz/us. The sub-
marginal row of spots on the primaries is wanting, the first one very
faintly indicated. In other respects it does not differ from a/unata.
Although the type specimen of a/uzata has no locality label on it, we have
good reason to believe it to be from this region. The specimen in Dr.
Skinner’s collection was taken in Fairmount Park.

Fapilio trotlus. —Common.

Papilio turnus.—Common. Philadelphia seems to be about the
latitude where the yellow and black (g/aucus) females are found in equal
numbers, and consequently, as is to be expected, interesting gradational
forms have been taken here. A number of specimens of ochraceous
females have been taken. One remarkable specimen was captured by
Dr. W. L. Abbott at Chestnut Hill, and is now in the collection of Dr.
Herman Strecker, of Reading. Perhaps the best way to convey a correct
impression of its appearance is to say that were a black @ to be pasted
over a yellow 2 and the black then torn off in irregular shreds leaving
the yellow to show from below, the specimen so treated would closely
resemble this very striking form. The lines where the black and yellow
join, while irregular, are abrupt. There is no flaking or commingling of the
two colours. Another specimen, which, like the above, is believed to be
unique, instead of being bi-laterally divided like those figured on plate 5,
of Vol. IL, of “ Butterflies of North America,” by Mr. W. H. Edwards, is
divided antero-posteriorly. The primaries were gZaucus, and the second-
aries normal furnus. This specimen is also in the collection of Dr.
Strecker.

Papilio cresphontes.—Occasionally taken. A fine pair have been seen
in Fairmount Park, and several have been taken near Angora.

Pieris protodice.—FPieris rape seems to have pretty well supplanted
the indigenous species frotodice, the latter having been much more com-
mon some years ago. At the present time it may be said to be one of
the rarer species. At Gloucester its food plant has been observed to be
the common pepper-grass (Lepidium Virginicum ).

Pieris rape.—Painfully common. A number of specimens of a marked
varietal form have been taken. ‘They may be known as foilows :—

Pieris rape, var. immaculata, nov. var.—Same size and form as the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129

parent form, from which it differs in that it has no spots on the upper or
under side of the primaries. Described from five specimens in the col-
lections of Am. Ent. Soc., Dr. Skinner and E. M. Aaron.

Anthocharis genutia.—Rare. While this species has been taken at
Westville, N. J., five miles below Camden, by Messrs. Newman, Wilt and
Johnson at three or four different times in the past twenty years, we
have searched for it unsuccessfully for a number of seasons past, in April
and May, and have not succeeded until this season (May 6th) in captur-
ing it—two female specimens. These we found flying over banks on
which the white-flowered Cerastium arvense grew thickly. The food
plant, Sisymbrium thalianum, though usually not common, is found
there in considerable quantities. The locality is directly on the red clay
banks of the Delaware, just west of Westville, at the point where the
large shad nets are hauled in.

Callidryas eubule.-—Exceedingly rare. Two or three specimens only
are known to have been taken. It is, however, common in the pine
barrens of South Jersey.

Colias eurytheme.—Very rare. The form Keewaydin has been taken
in a few instances.

Colias philodice.—Common.

Terias nicippe.—Rare at Philadelphia, more plentiful below Camden,
N. J. The food plants, species of Casséa, are not common in this
locality.

Terias lisaa—Moderately common, but very local. Feeds on false
sensitive plant ( Cassza nictitans ).

Danias archippus—Common. The caterpillar is usually infested
with a dipterous larva, perhaps M/ascicera archippivora. In some cases
not one of a large number of caterpillars reaches the imago state.

Agraulis vanille.—Exceedingly rare, Probably only an occasional
visitant. It is possible that it has been brought here in one of its early
stages on its commonest southern food plant, Passiflora incarnata.

Argynnis idalia,—Plentiful some years ; usually rare. On page 543
of his “ Butterflies of the Eastern United States,” Mr. Scudderstates that
“the female generally flies a little faster than one can walk hurriedly.
The ample wings are flapped with great vigor, but do not seem adapted

130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

to swift flight.” Dr. Skinner, in CanapIaAn Enromotocist, Vol. XIV.,
page 20, has already pointed out, that in this region the flight of the
female “is exceedingly rapid, and generally in a straight line for about
one hundred feet ; then they do not alight on a flower ora bush, or flutter
about like the male, but suddenly drop like lead in the long grass. It
would be almost impossible to tell the exact spot where they alight, as
they drop so suddenly, but on approach near it they are off like a shot
again.” Our observation, and that of a number of competent observers,
consulted by us, substantiate the accuracy of the latter description of the
habits of the female. It is more especially true of fresh females, which
are being sought by the males.

Argynius cybele—Common. Mr. Scudder, on page 560, says :—
“« The eggs are laid upon the leaves and stalks of the food plant, and not,
as stated by H. Skinner, dropped from a distance upon the herbage.”
Dr. Skinner did not say or infer that this is the invariable habit of the
insect, but simply recorded a single observation with the following com-
ment :—“ It remains to be seen whether this species always drops its eggs
from a height, or only behaves in the peculiar manner occasionally while
ovipositing.” On page 562, Mr. Scudder asks:—‘‘ Is it possible that the
female ever deposits by hovering in the air as Mr. Skinner reports? ”
Affirmative testimony, such as Dr. Skinner has given, is certainly, in a
case of this kind, of greater value than any amount of negative testimony,
and it should be added that Mr. G. H. Parker, now Instructor in Zoology
in Harvard College, was present and also observed the actions of the
female cybede, described by Dr. Skinner. Messrs. E. M. and S. F. Aaron
have both also observed the same thing.*

Argynnis aphrodite.—Very rare.

Argyunis myrina.—Common in restricted localities. | In the Proceed-
ings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, 1887, page 5, Dr. Skinner has described an interesting
variation of both sexes of this species, found in Fairmount Park. These
specimens are in the collection of Dr. Strecker.

* Since the above was written the authors have been favored with an opportunity
at Westville, N. J., of observing Argyzn2s myrina following this same strange course in
ovipositing. During this season also Mr. Aaron has detected A. dellona in the same
habit, and he is strongly of the opinion that strange motions frequently observed in 4.
diana in Tennesse are to be accounted for in the same way, though at the times of
observation they seemed quite unaccountable.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. HEB

Argynnis bellona.—Never very common.
Euptoteta claudia.— Rare.

Melitea pheton.—Rare ; very local.

Phyciodes nycteis.—Very rare.

Phyciodes tharos.—Common in its various forms.

Phyciodes Batesit.—Reported to have been not rare in this locality
twenty years ago. ‘Tryon Reakirt described it from types found at
Gloucester, N. J. We are not aware of its capture of late years, except
in two examples.

Grapta interrogationis.—Moderately common.
Grapta comma.—Not common.
Vanessa Antiopa.—Common.

Vanessa Milberti.—Exceedingly rare. | Only two or three specimens
known to have been taken here.

' Pyrameis atalanta.—Very common. In this locality Ata/anta gener-
ally feeds on false nettle, Boehmeria cylindrica.

Pyramets Huntera.—Very common. Mr. E. M. Aaron has observed

a female laying her eggs on the Canada Thistle (Cirstum Arvense), in

Fairmount Park.
(To be continued.)

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE A.A. A.S.

The annual meeting of the Club will be held at Toronto in the room
of Section F., University of Toronto Building, beginning at 9 a.m. on
Wednesday, August 28th. Members of the Club are requested to register
at once upon arrival and obtain the Club badge. Those who intend to
contribute papers are requested to send the titles to the President, Mr.
James Fletcher, Government Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, or to

- the Secretary, Dr. D. S. Kellicott, Buffalo, N. Y. It is expected that
there will be a large attendance and an especially interesting series of
meetings.

. The annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario will be
held at London during the following week. It is to be hoped that many
of our visiting entomologists and associates will be present.

152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

DROVES OF LYCAINID CATERPILLARS HERDED BY ANTS.
BY MRS. WYLLY, OF INDIA.*

The larvee of Zarucus theophrastus Fabricus are cultivated and pro-
tected by the large, common black ants of Indian gardens and houses.
The caterpillar, which varies in colour from light pure green to a dark
reddish tint [this is a common variation in Lyczenid larvee], is about three-
quarters of an inch long, louse-like in shape, and slow in movement, and
it feeds on the Zizyphus jujuba, a small, thorny bush of the jungles with
an edible, astringent, yellowish fruit, the “ Byr-coolie”’ of the natives.
Some Lyczenidz larvee have the power of protruding and retracting at
will twe small, fleshy tentacles or horns, each tufted with a brush of fine
hairs, from the upper surface of the tail segments. Between [on the next
segment anteriorly | these tentacles is a small slit, from which they exude
a small drop of a juice of some sort eagerly sought by the ants, and which
they can generally procure by stroking the larve gently with their
antenne. The ants set up what appears to be merely a temporary nest
at the foot of the tree, the better to carry on their operations. Just before
the rains set in, about the middle of June, great activity among the inhabi-
tants of a Zizyphus tree may be observed. ‘The ants are busy all day long
running along the branches and leaves in search of the larvee, and with-
out fail an ant will come to one full-grown, and meditating on the choice
of a snug retreat [in which to turn to a pupa}. A friend or two turning
up, the ants set to work to guide and drive their caterpillar in the direc-
tion they wish him to go, z.¢, down the stem of the tree towards their
nest. This is not always an easy business if the prisoner is refractory
and would prefer going somewhere else ; but as a rule they are docile and
easily led. Having kept guard over him until they get him safely into
his proper berth in the row, and he has accepted their ultimatum as final,
he drops off into a preliminary doze and undergoes his transformation
into a pupa. If you gently scrape away the loose earth piled up at the
base of the tree you will see some hundreds of larve and pup in all
stages of development arranged in a broad even band all round the trunk
and lightly covered with earth. The ants object to their being uncovered,
and will immediately set to work to re-cover them, and if you persist,

* Reprinted from an article entitled Butterflies and Ants, by Lionel de Niceville,
F.E.S., in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. III., p. 164 (1888).

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1338

they will remove all the chrysalids and bury them lower down. When
the butterfly is ready to emerge, which is in about six or seven days, it is
tenderly assisted to disengage itself from its shell, and should it be strong
and healthy, it is left undisturbed to spread and strengthen its wings and
fly away. But if, by any mischance, it emerges deformed and _ too
crippled to use its wings, a catastrophe occurs. In one case, a butterfly
had fallen to the ground before its opening wings had dried, and one of
the soldier-ants tried to rescue it. He carried it back to the tree with
the utmost care, and made several attempts to assist the butterfly to hold
on again. Finding his efforts unavailing, he left the cripple for a short
time to recover itself. On his return, seeing no improvement, he
appeared to lose patience, and, rushing in, bit off both the deformed wings
at the base, and carried off the wingless body into the nest below, whether
as food for the community or for what other purpose I was unable to
ascertain. That was the only occasion on which I ever saw any high-
handedness on the part of the ants, though their usual ill-temper requires
no very close observation to detect.

It is a curious sight to watch the fragile and delicate newborn butter-
flies wandering about, all feeble and helpless, amongst the busy crowd of
coarse, black ants, and rubbing shoulders in perfect safety with the ordi-
nary fierce big-headed soldiers ; as odd a contrast as the fresh creamy
whiteness of the opening wing, the flash of purple and blue, and the
sparkle of green and silver eyes is to the darkness and dinginess of their
queer home. For some time after the butterflies have gained strength to
fly away, they remain hovering over the nest. A larva of a species of
Catopsilia [one of the Pierine, or “ Whites,”] I threw down as an exper-
ment, was immediately set upon and torn to pieces in a second by the ants.

Itooka Z. theophrastus larva from a tree, and introduced it on the
pathway of another company of the same species of ants who lived in our
verandah, but kept no “farm,” and it was odd to see the ants come
tumbling out headlong to fight the intruder, and the sudden way they
cooled down on investigation of the foe ; none attempted to harm him, and
he was politely escorted across their boundary, the ants running alongside,
and feeling him all over with their antenne. This must have been in-
stinct, as they could have no former knowledge of him as a “ milk-giver.”
The dead chrysalids in an ants’ nest are carefully removed and thrown
away outside ; the ants also distinguish between the dead and living.

134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.

BY ALVA H. KILMAN, RIDGEWAY, ONT.
(Continued from page rro.)
3443— Lrogoderma tarsale Melsh. Not rare.
3683—Carpophilus antiquus Melsh. Rare ; under bark of dead maple
and beech.
3686— Colastus maculatus Er. Rare ; took three or*four from the stump
of a maple tree, cut while the sap was running.
3712—Eupurea peltoides Horn.
3753—Cryptarcha strigata Fab.
3823—Corticaria pumila Lec.
3871—Bactridium striolatum Reit.

By placing chips on the top of fresh-cut stumps of maple, oak and
other trees, and turning them from time to time, these last-
named species are found. Attracted by the flowing sap, they
hide under the chips and may be taken along with the more
common species of Witidulide, Trogositide, etc., in consider-
able numbers.

3987—Ltilodactyla angustata Horn. Swept from weeds. June. Not
common.

3992—Lucinetus morio Lec. Swept from bushes. Muskoka. August.

4015—*Cyphon collaris Guér. Rare ; beaten from wild gooseberry.

4031—Dromeolus basalis Lec.

4038—Dromeolus striatus Lec.

These species, a few specimens of each, were got by beating. I

have no record of the plant.
4097—Cardiophorus convexus Say. Not common on conifers.
4217—Elater pedalis Germ. Several taken in sweeping net.
4228—Hlater socer Lec. Rare ; found two under bark.
4229—EL/ater rubricollis Hbst. One by beating in July.
—Elater ? macilentus Rand. One taken on beech. June.
4290—* Avriotes oblongicollis Melsh. °
4305—Melanotus longulus Lec.
4335—Melanotus tenax Say. ‘Taken occasionally by beating shrubbery.

June and July.

4439— Corymbites fulvipes Bland. Rare on beech and maple. June.
4475—*Corymbites fallax Say. Occasionally on thorn.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 135

4494— Corymbites aratus Lec. ‘Two specimens on lake shore.

4542—Drapetes geminatus Say. I find these pretty little beetles in a
certain locality each year on elder blossoms.

4666—Actenodes acornis Say. Rare; one specimen on oak.

4767-—Rhyncheros sanguinipennis Say. Found one flying in a pine
grove. Mr. Jas. White also got one on pine.

4820—Pyropyga decipiens Harr. Not rare ; on beech and other foliage,
June.

4911 —Podabrus corneus Lec. One specimen ; no record.

5177 —Clerus nigriventris Lec. Quite abundant on pine brush. July
and August.

5229—Laricobius Erichsont Rosen. ‘Takén on pine in May; quite
common. This is the Z. rwvbédus of the Toronto list and of Cana-
dian collections.

5243—Ptinus bimaculatus Melsh. ‘Three years ago I found one speci-
men crawling around in a cork-lined box used for duplicates. As
I could not discover that my duplicates were infested, I did not
overhaul the box. The following summer, June, 1887, I found
two or three specimens of this interesting beetle in the same box.
Since then I have kept it as a breeding place for this species, and
in May, 1888, found several more specimens therein. I have no
recollection of having ever placed in the box anything but Cana-
dian beetles, and thus introduced it from abroad. ‘The beetles
submitted as food for the larvae bear evidences of having been
used as designed. Packard says that the commoner species,
Ptinus fur Linn., is known to attack collections of insects.

5251—Lruobius granulatus Lec.

5254—Lrnobius lutetpennis Lec. Both rare on pine. June.

5289— Vrilletta convexa Lec. One specimen taken while beating. Mr.
Ulke says :—‘* This is a California species ; never before saw it
east.”

5339—Sinoxylon basilare Say. Rare.

5404—Linnearthron thoracicorne Zeigl.

5408—Odontosphindus denticollis Lec. Rare ; swept from shrubbery.

5459a—Onthophagus Orpheus Panz. One specimen flying. August.

6o11--* Callidium ereum Newm. ‘Two taken at Ridgeway on pine, one
at Edmonton by Mr. White, and one at Hamilton by Mr. John-
ston. .

136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

6090—Phyton pallidum Say. I took a pair of these handsome little
Longicorns on wilted leaves of red oak ( Quercus rubra) July 12,
1887. It is rare indeed.

6183a—Xylotrechus lunulatus Kirby. Not common on hickory.

6209—* Microclytus gazellula Hald. Several taken by Mr. Moffat at
Hamilton. Three were taken here on hickory.

6609—Bassareus detritus Oliv. Several swept from foliage.

6671— Pachybrachys trinotatus Melsh. Not common ; taken by sweep-
ing with net, but I cannot say upon what plant.

69456—Ocdionychis limbalis Melsh. Beaten from leaves of ash and linden.

7003—Systena blanda Melsh. Rarely found in moss. March.

7534—LHypophlaus tenuis Lec. Not rare under bark of stumps.

7693—Canifa pusilla Hald. Quite common in fungi.

7698—othus varians Lec. Not common in crevices of bark on dead
trees.

7840—Mordellistena convicta Lec. Found occasionally on thorn
blossoms.

7900—Xyplophilus nebulosus Lec. ‘Taken while sweeping ; rare.

7967—Anthicus spretus Lec. Not rare; by sweeping in wet places.

8364—Apion erythrocerum Smith.

8371—Apion impunctistriatum Smith.
These were found in moss in spring.

8427—Lhytonomus punctatus Fab. Common on lake shore and in
meadows. June to September.

8429—Phytonomus setigerus Lec. A pair taken by Mr. Jas. White, of
Edmonton, Ont., on the sand near some stream or pond.

8440—Listronotus sordidus Gyll. Rare ; on lake shore.

8567—Onychylis nigrirostris Boh. Occasionally found on the shore.

8575—Lndalus ovalis Lec. Swept in numbers from the grass growing

; on the margin of a pond in the woods. August.

$582—Lissorhoptrus simplex Say. Common on the petals of the yellow

pond-lily.
8607—* Otidocephalus Chevrolatii Horn. Not rare on leaves of elm, etc.
8611—Magdalis perforata Horn. ‘

8690—TZhysanocnemis helvolus Lec. One specimen from foliage of
hickory, July 26 ; this is a rare species.

8753—Acamptus rigidus Lec. Not common on lake shore,

8786—Cryptorhynchus parochus Ubst.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Low

8788—Cryptorhynchus pumilus Boh.
8795—Cryptorhynchus fallax Lec.

These kinds I find occasionally on the bark of dead linden, etc.
8820—* Acoptus suturalis Lec. Quite common on hickory. June and July.
8834—Caliodes flavicaudis Boh. Rare; swept from smart weed (P.

perstwcaria ).
$893—Pseudobarts t-signum Boh.
9071—Pityophthorus cariniceps Lec.
9223—Brachytarsus alternatus Say.

These three species J have taken rarely while sweeping.

PREPARATORY STAGES OF EUPLEXIA LUCIPARA, Linn.
BY HARRISON G. DYAR, RHINEBECK, N. Y.

Ecc.—Nearly spherical, flattened at the base, marked with about
twenty-five longitudinal ribs and numerous transverse ridges, the former
somewhat irregular and running to a depression on the summit; color
whitish, with a circle around the middle and a spot on top of purplish-
brown ; these marks more or less confluent. Length about .5 m.m.

NEWLY-HATCHED LARva,—Walks in the manner of a geometer, not
using the central abdominal legs. It is of a whitish colour, with many
black dots, from each of which arises a hair. Head, thoracic legs, and
cervical spot, black. Duration of this stage about four days. | When not
feeding, the insect remains stretched out at full length on the back of a
leaf.

AFTER First Moutt.—-Semi-transparent, whitish, with fine black
dots as in the previous stage, a transverse row to each segment. Head
whitish, mouth-parts black. Duration of this stage four days.

AFTER SeconD Moutt.—Differs from the preceding only in size.
Duration, five days.

AFTER THIRD Moutt.—Whitish, a blackish lateral band with traces
of dorsal and sub dorsal lines on first three segments. Black piliferous
dots. Duration, six days.

AFTER FourtH Moutt.—Much the same. The twelfth segment is
somewhat thicker than the rest of the body. Semi-transparent, with the
markings indistinct. Lateral line white, shaded with blackish above, the

138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

black dots encircled with white. Duration of this stage about seven days.
At this period, the larva was observed to use all its legs in walking ; but the
exact period when this power was acquired was not uoted.

AFTER FirrH Moutt.-—The body now appears green. <A row of
white spots, one on each segment, above the interrupted sub-dorsal line.
Duration about seven days.

AFTER S1xtH Mou.t.—Head rounded and smooth, slightly depressed
at the vertex, partly withdrawn beneath the skin of joint 2. Pale-whitish,
mouth-parts darker. Body semi-transparent whitish-green ; a lateral white
line edged with blackish above. On each segment to the twelfth, an
oblique blackish shade, running back from the base upward, and termin-
ating in a white point on the next segment, these points forming a sub-
dorsal row. The two points on joint 12 are nearer together and larger
than the others. Joint 12 is thickened and larger than the other segments.
There is an interrupted dorsal blackish shade with white points. Body
furnished with thin, fine, short, whitish hairs, Duration of this stage
seven days.

AFTER SEVENTH Moutt.—Mature larva. Similar to the preceding.
Head slightly shaded with blackish above. The dorsal line appears as
traces of a white dorsal stripe, edged with blackish on both sides, occur-
ing in the fold between the segments. The color of the body is a darker,
more velvety green, less transparent, but whitish beneath. There is a
row of small whitish dots, one on each joint, above the spiracles, and
another similar row between the dorsal and sub-dorsal lines. Each dot
of both rows furnishes a short whitish hair. The two spots on joint 12
are quite conspicuous. Spiracles black. The larva rests with its body
bent near the middle, forming a loop, the head touching the last segment.
It feeds mostly at night. Length about 23 m.m. Duration of this stage
about eleven days.

Pupation occurs in a very slight cocoon beneath the surface of the
ground. There appear to be two broods annually, the winter being
passed in the pupa state. This insect is common to America and Europe,
according to Dr. Speyer.* Humphreys and Westwood give a figure of
the mature larva,t and the same stage has been described by Edwards
and Elliot.t

* Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin, Vol. XXXVI., page 153.

+ British Moths, Vol. I., plate 35, figure 5.
} Papilio, Vol. III., page 133.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 139

NOTE ON THE GENERA: GORTYNA AND OCHRIA.
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

I have lately had an opportunity of examining bred specimens of the
European Ochiria ochracea (fiavago). The clypeal tubercle may be felt
with a fine pin or seen under the glass when the frontal scales are partly
removed. We have two North American species agreeing with Ochria,
viz., Sanzalitae, from California, and Buffaloensis, from the east. With
the former, the European species has a nearer resemblance externally ;
our eastern species differing much in colour. The type of Gortyna Hib.,
is Micacea, and the type of ydrecia Guen., as indicated by an asterisk
in the Species General, is this same species. Consequently Aydrecia
falls. The genus Ochrza is used by Hubner for the sole species favago,
consequently this must obtain for the genus, which differs from Hydrecia
of European authors mainly in the presence of the clypeal tubercle. While
Jiavago resembles in colour several North American species of Gortyna,
I may have overestimated its resemblance to our eastern cataphracta,
although a resemblance certainly exists. The type of Afamea is now
difficult to ascertain, but if, as I assume, it is really wéctitams, it may give
way to the earlier Gortyna, as the species do not seem to be generi-
‘cally separable. In Can. Ent., XIV., 17, I gave a list of the North
American species, which may be amended as follows :—

Gen. Gortyna Hiibn.
(= Hydrecia Guen.)

purpuripennis Gr. cataphracta Gr.

Juventilis Gr.
erepta Gr.
tmmanis Guen.
obligua Harv.
stramentosa Guen.
nictitans Esp.

var. erythrostigma Haw.

var. Zucens Tr.
inguesita G. & R.
cerina Gr.
rigida Gr.
impecuntiosa Gr.

purpurifascia G.& R.
rutila Guen.
ffarrisii Gr.
spectosissima G, & R.
cerrussata Gr.
marginidens Guen.
limpida Guen.
appassionata Harvey.
necopina Gr.
nitela Guen.

var. zebris Guen.
serrata Gr.

140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Gen. Ocur1a Hibn.
(= Gortyna Led.)
sanzalite Gr. Buffaloensis Gr.

The genus Gortyna, as above defined, contains species of Noctuidae,.
having the f antenne of various structure, fringed with hair, brush-like, in
serrata pectinated. The front is smooth, thickly, somewhat woolly haired.
Labial palpi short, with small terminal article. The thorax has an ele-
vated scale ridge behind the collar, and a tuft behind, while the abdomen
is stout and usually untufted. The eyes are naked, the tibiz unarmed.
The larvee, so far as known, are internal feeders in roots and bulbs. They
are livid or yellowish, with dark warts, and prothoracic shield ; pupating
in the ground.

CORRESPONDENCE.

PHALANGODES ROBUSTA (Pack.)

Dear Sir: Packard, in 1877, described this species from specimens
taken in Colorado by Mr. E. Ingersoll in 1874, but the precise locality and
habitat were entirely forgotten. In his recently published memoir on the
Cave Fauna of North America (Proc. Nat. Ac. Sci., Vol. IV.), he re-
describes the species, which is of extreme interest as being an out-of-door
species of a usually cave-inhabiting genus, and suggests that it will prob-
ably be found under stones, though its precise manner of life, etc., remain
as little known as in 1877. I am therefore pleased to be able to record
that I have found a Phalangodes, agreeing quite well with P. robusta, in
very considerable abundance by Swift Creek, Custer Co., Colorado, in
damp places in a grove of Populus tremuloides, always under logs, and
never, to my knowledge, under stones. This is about 8,200 feet altitude.
I met with the same species under logs near Clearwater Creek, on the
Grand Mesa, Mesa Co., at about 9,800 feet altitude.

May 31, 1889. T. D. A. CocKERELL, West Cliff, Colorado.

A NEW MYRMOPHILE.

Dear Sir: On pp. 165-166, Vol. xx., Dr. Hamilton gives a list of

eight species of Cremastochilus known to be Myrmophilous. I can add
one other, namely, C. Kvnochizi Lec., which I found in an ants’ nest on
March 3oth, last year, near Swift Creek, Custer Co., Colorado, at about
8,100 feet alt. This was under a stone on the open prairie.

T. D. A. COCKERELL, West Cliff, Colorado.

Mailed July 2nd.

Che Canadiwn Entomologist.

VOL. XXI. LONDON, AUGUST, 1889. No 8:

IBALIA MACULIPENNIS, HALDEMAN.
BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA.

The genus to which this very interesting species belongs differs so
widely from the rest of the Cynipide that it has been separated from them
as a sub-family, under the title /da//ine. Its members can be readily
recognized by the cultriform abdomen and more strongly veined wings,
as well as by their greater size. The cultriform—z. e., knife-shaped—
abdomen is in itself remarkable enough to attract the attention of all who
may chance to see the insects.

From Canada two species are recorded: ensiger Nort., 2, and
maculipennis Hald., 2. The former I have not yet been able to find
here, but Provancher (Faune Ent. Can., I]., 554) records it as frequently
seen. Both species were described from the United States (Pa.), with
four others : anceps Say. (Ark.), AZontana Cress. (Col., 2), rufipes Cress.
(Nev., 2), and scapellator Westw. (Ga., f). The last is the only species
of which the appears to be known. The present species was described
by Haldeman (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil, III], 127) as follows :—
“ Tbalia maculipennis 2 .—Yellow ; meso and meta-thorax black, except
the scutel and two longitudinal bands above, and a spot beneath the
wings ; eyes, apex of antennz, base of cox and middle of femora (the
greater part of the posterior ones) black ; posterior tibiz blackish toward
the apex ; wings yellow, apex and a central spot fuliginous. Seven lines
long, eleven expanse. South-eastern Pennsylvania, in May and June.”

A more detailed description of the 2 is given by Provancher (Faune
Ent. Can. Add., 165), and it is figured in the report of the U.S. Ento-
mologist for 1877, but so far as I know there has been published no —
description of the ~. It differs from the 9, however, but slightly in
general appearance, except in being darker in colour, especially the
thorax. ‘The abdomen is nearly straight above, instead of being curved
as in the 2, and the terminal segments are slightly swollen, so that,

142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

viewed from above, the apical third of the abdomen appears thicker than
the middle segments.

The antennz have 14 joints, those of the 2 having only 13. The
third joint is longer and considerable stouter than’ the succeeding ones,
and is deeply and obliquely excavated on the outer side, a little beyond
the middle. Can this groove be of any use for holding the antenne of the
2? The object of the present note is to call attention to the habits of
the species, and to indicate where it may be looked for ; points upon
which little, if anything, is known, I believe. Mr. Ashmead, to whom [
sent a pair of these insects, wrote to me in regard to them :—“ I know
nothing of the habits of the /ba/:ne, excepting what Giraud wrote, ‘ Il
est tres vraisemblable que sa larve vit parasite de quelque grande
Coléoptere lignivore.’ ”

The fact that an entomologist so well acquainted with the Cynipide,
and the literature treating of them, had to make this admission, induces
me to think that the few observations I have been fortunate enough to
make (incomplete as they are) will be welcome to students of these
insects, and may, perhaps, furnish a clue to enable otner entomologists to
work out the full life histories of the members cf this anomalous and
interesting sub-family.

My first acquaintance with /ba/ia maculipennis was made in 1883, as
I find by the following memo. in a note-book:—‘“June 28th. ‘Two
Hymenoptera, apparently ovipositing in maple.” The note is illustrated
by a rough sketch of the insect, sufficient to identify it. At this time
my attention was given chiefly to Coleoptera, and other orders were only
incidentally collected, so that no special value was attached to the obser-
vation. ‘The following summer a specimen was taken on 26th June, but
its label does not give any particulars, and no record of its capture is
found in my note-book.

In 1886 I was fortunate enough to capture six specimens, of which
three were f and three 2. My friend, Mr. Guignard, had taken a 2 ©
upon an old maple on 16th June, but it was five days later that I found
my first two 2 2. They were ovipositing upon an old, badly decayed
maple ; and in one instance the ovipositor was deeply inserted. Upon.
the same tree I captured another female, also ovipositing, on the 23rd
June ; and upon the same day secured my first male upon another old

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISY. eS

maple about 100 yards away. ‘The other two males were taken on 25th
June.

None of the insects were seen in 1887, although carefully looked for
in that locality, but during the past season they were again observed upon
a different kind of tree and ina different locality. On roth June, Mr.
Fletcher captured two females ovipositing in a beech, and on the 24th
June, while with him we each took a female upon beech trees in the same
grove. That taken by myself was dead, having met with an accident
while ovipositing.

Having thus recorded the dates of capture of the specimens coming
uncer my observation, a few remarks may be made upon the manner of
oviposition. When the ovipositor is not in use it forms a complete coil
within the abdomen, which is really but a flat sheath to contain it, and
so transparent that it is perfectly visible. The triangular ventral scale,
which is the full length of the abdomen, closes into it like a knife-blade
into its handle, and the ovipositor is completely protected. When the
ventral scale is deflexed the abdomen has much the outline of a_ lobster’s
claw, and the ovipositor when protruded is seen to be fully an inch in
length, or longer than the insect itself.

During the act of oviposition, the insect, by means of its long legs,
keeps its body far enough from the surface of the tree to enable it to deflex
the ventral scale at a right angle to the body, with the tip touching the
bark. A perfect support is thus formed for the ovipositor, which is
gradually worked into the tree in much the same manner as that of
Thatlessa.

All the insects observed ovipositing have been on the trunks of large
trees, at an average distance of about two feet from the ground, ‘The six
individuals seen in 1883 and 1886 were all upon old maples, near Hull,
on the Quebec side of the Ottawa river. The trees were old and rapidly
decaying (in two instances already dead), having a diameter of nearly
two feet, and with the bark proportionately thick, so that the ovipositor was
none too long to reach the wood, unless the insect availed itself of crevices
in the bark. ‘The insects taken last June were all ovipositing upon large
beeches in a grove within the city limits, and within a few minutes’ walk
of my own house. Mr. Fletcher informs me that each of those captured
by him had the ovipositor deeply inserted, and that he had much difficulty
in pulling it out—breaking it, indeed, in one instance. My own specimen,

144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

as before stated, had died at its post, where it was held by the inserted
ovipositor.

Here, unfortunately, our observations end, and we can only form con-
jectures as to the life of the larve. Provancher remarks of the genus
that, ‘‘ Their larvee live as parasites in the body of other larve 3’ and with
reference to evszger, he says: ‘‘ We have frequently met this insect in com-
pany of Braconids, upon trunks of dead fir-trees, searching without
doubt to deposit its eggs in the body of lignivorous larve.” His authority
for the first statement is not given, but probably he has accepted the con-
jecture of some European Entomologist.

Prof. Riley has demonstrated, in the case of Thalessa, how unsafe it
is to accept conjecture as fact, however probable it may seem. Still, in
the absence of a complete knowledge of an insect’s life, one must often
fill in by conjecture the missing links, and wait for further investigations
to prove their value. As regards /ba/ia maculipennis, there are two ways
in which the larve may live, viz., either directly upon the dead, or decay-
ing woody tissues of the tree, or in or upon the bodies of larvee which do
so subsist.

The former course seems less probable, and I am inclined to think
with those who belie’re that it is parasitic upon lignivorous larve. What
species, then, is it likely to be parasitic upon? The maple trees upon
which it occurs are badly infested by TZyremex columba, Xiphydria
albicornis and Dicerca divaricata, and in a less degree by other insects.
The beech trees are also infested by the Tremex and Dicerca, and like
the maples are much frequented by Thalessa. Is Ibalia parasitic upon
its Hymenopterous (closely connected) relatives, or upon the Coleoptera ?

Now that its time and place of occurrence are known, I hope that its
history may soon be worked out in full. Its season of appearance is
apparently brief, as all the specimens from this locality have been taken
in June—the earliest upon the roth, and the latest on the 28th. The
insect might thus readily escape notice, even when not rare, as they are
by no means conspicuous, either when ovipositing or crawling upon the
rough trunks they frequent. But, if systematically searched for during
the month of June upon old trees, they would probably be found by
many of our entomologists.

While not abundant, these insects cannot be classed as especially rare,
for besides the specimens mentioned in this note, I have seen several which

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1A

were in the collection left by the late Mr. Billings, of this city, and which
were probably captured in this vicinity. I have alsofounda f among
some Hymenoptera sent to me for examination by Mr. Evans, of Trenton,
Ont., and:have been informed by Provancher that a specimen (without
abdomen) was shown to him some years ago at St. Hyacinthe, Que.

One female taken in 1883 had the cavity of the abdomen swarming with
small mites, which also covered the ventral scale, and were thickly scat-
tered along the protruded ovipositor. They appear to belong to species
distinct from any yet noticed, although I have found many insects which
infest decaying wood to be subject to the attacks of such parasites.

ohts! OF hata RU DRREELES QE PHILADELPHIA, PA
BY HENRY SKINNER, M.D., AND E. M. AARON.
(Continued from page 131. )

Pyramets Cardut.— Usually common ; some years quite rare.

Junonia cenia,—Quite local ; never very common. Mr. Scudder, on
page 501, speaks of its “ rapid, strong and enduring flight.” This would
seem to indicate that the habits of this insect in the New England States
differ materially from those in this locality or further south. It is rare
that this butterfly is here observed over a foot from the ground, and then
its flight is most erratic, and usually consists of a few fluttering strokes of
the wing followed by an idle sail. This is also the manner of flight from
Virginia to Florida, according to the observations of E. M. Aaron.

Limenitis ursula.—Rare.

Limenitis disippus.—Common.

Leonympha canthus.—Rare. A few specimens have been taken
near Gloucester, N. J.

Neonympha eurytris.—Common in restricted localities.

Satyrus pegala.—Exceedingly rare ; taken at Mount Holly, N. J., by
KE. M. Aaron in 1884. It is recorded as from Gloucester, N. by the
collectors of twenty years ago.

* The Authors wish to state here that as they belong to the two opposing schools in
the matter of the capitalizing of specific names, they have left that matter to the judg-
ment of the Editor. [The Editor sent the MS, unchanged to the printer. ]

146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Satyrus alope.—Rare ; but few specimens known to have been taken
nearer than Westville ; also at Mt. Holly, N. J., where it is quite common
at times.

Libythea Bachmanni.—Exceedingly rare. Two specimens taken in

West Fairmount Park.

Thecla halesus.—Very rare. Two or three were taken some years
ago near Westville, N. J.

Thecla M-album.—Mr. Edwards, in his catalogue of 1884, records
this species from Pennsylvania ; but, though taken on the New Jersey
coast, we are not aware of its having been taken in this portion of our
State.

Thecla humuli.m—Not common.

Thecla calanus.—Not common.

Thecla smilacis —Exceedingly rare.

Thecla Augustus.—Rare. Westville, N. J.

Thecla irus.—Rare. Only reported from Westville, N. J.

Thecla Henrici.—Rare. Westville, N. J.

Thecla niphon.—Rare. Fairmount Park and Westville, N. J.

Thecla Titus.—¥Exceedingly rare. Cobb’s Creek.

Feniseca Targuinius.—Very local; never common. As a sample of
its extremely local distribution, it may be stated that at Chamounix, in
West Fairmount Park, this species is found flying around one tree, where,
perhaps, go per cent. of all known to us to have been taken in this vicinity
have been captured. ‘There are several large beech trees there on which
considerable numbers of afAzd@ are nearly always to be seen.

Chrysophanus hypophleas—Common. An albino form of this
species was taken in Fairmount Park several years ago.

Lycena pseudargiolus.—This species and its varieties are moderately
common.

Lycena comyntas.—Very common. Mr. Scudder quotes rather
doubtfully the statement made by E. M. Aaron, in Vol. IX. of this
journal, that this species was observed depositing its eggs on ragweed
(Ambrosia sp.). Such, however, was the case.

Ancyloxypha numitor.—Common.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147

Pamphila massasoit.—Local ; never very common. Swamps west of
George’s Hill and Westville, N. J.

Pamphila zabulon.—Very local; not common. The form hobomok
is not so rare ; occasionally it is found in considerable numbers along
Cobb’s Creek. ochahontas is a much rarer form.

Pamphila sassacus.—Very rare. West Park.
Pamphila Huron.—"Exceedingly rare. Cobb’s Creek.

Pamphila phyleus.—Rare. West Park and Cobb’s Creek.

Lamphila otho.—The typical form is only known to have been taken
in one example near the Bartram Garden. The form egeremet is not
common, though occasionally taken in some numbers near George’s Hill
reservoir.

Famphila Peckius.—Exceedingly common. An odd form of this
usually very constant species was taken near Benedict Arnold’s house, in
East Park. It is characterized by a marked suffusion of the black ground
colour above, leading to a nearly complete obliteration of the markings
on the secondaries, and the greatly restricted area of the light coloured
markings, beneath which stand out separate spots rather than suffused
areas, as 1S usual.

Pamphila mystic.—Though this species is not known to have been
taken in the immediate vicinity of Philadelphia, we have thought it well
to record it as having been captured in several examples at Penn’s Manor,
above Bristol, Penn.

Pamphita cernes.—Very common.

Lamphila manataagua.—Not common,

Pamphila verna.—Moderately common. The form /ottawattomie
has occasionally been taken here.

Pamphila metacomet.—Not common.

Pamphila accius.—Very rare. Cobb’s Creek.

Lamphila panoguin.—Very rare. Cobb’s Creek and George’s Hill.

Pamphila ocola.—Very rare. Cobb’s Creek and Eastwick’s.

Pamphila Pontiac.—Very rare. West of George’s Hill.

Pamphila Delaware.—In his orginal description, Mr. W. H. Edwards
states that his types were taken in Philadelphia by Mr. Newman. This
is the only authority that we have for attributing this species to our fauna.*

* Since the above was written, a single faded female specimen was taken, June 21st,
by Master Joseph M. Aaron, at George’s Hill Reservoir.

148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Pamphila fuscaa—Not common, but has been taken in limited
numbers in West Park and at Cobb’s Creek. Mr. Edwards gives only
‘“* Gulf States” as the locality.

Amblyscirtes vialis.—Rare. Very local.

Pyrgus tessellata.—Common. The form communis has been taken in
some quantity at Cobb’s Creek and Fairmount Park.

NVisoniades brizo.—Rare. Westville, N. J..

LVisoniades icelus.—Very rare. Three or four examples have been
taken near West Laurel Hill.

LVisoniades ausonius.—Not common.

Lisoniades martialis.—Very rare. George’s Hill reservoir.
Nisoniades juvenalis.—Common.

Pholisora catullus.—Common.

Eudamus pylades.—Not common,

Eudamus Nevada.—Rare, Several specimens of this species have
been taken in Fairmount Park. One of these is in the collection of E.
M. Aaron, and, besides agreeing entirely with Mr. Scudder’s description,
has been determined as /Vevada by Mr. W. H. Edwards.

Eudamus bathyllus.—Common.

There seems to be good reason to doubt the specific worth of these
last three forms. It is quite likely that careful rearing will prove them to
be forms of one widely spread species.

ELudamus lycidas.—Rare. Very local. Cobb’s Creek and west of
George’s Hill.

Eudamus tityrus.—Very common.

Eudamus proteus.—Extremely rare. One specimen from East Park
and two at Cobb’s Creek.

In addition to the above list of eighty-six species the following are
added here as accredited to this region, but are rejected by us on account
of insufficient testimony :

Vanessa J-album.—In his latest work Mr. Scudder credits this species
to our fauna as “ ‘rare,’ (Blake).” Mr. Blake informs us that he has

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149

only taken this species in one specimen in Venango County, this State,
and is not aware whence Mr. Scudder derives his information.

Thecla acadica.—This species is also referred to this locality by Mr.
Scudder, and Messrs. Blake and Edwards are quoted as authorities. We
fail to find anyone who has taken it or knows of its capture in this
vicinity.

Chrysophanus thoe.—This species is attributed to this region by Mr.
Scudder as “ ‘rare,’ (Blake).” As in the case of /-a/bum, Mr. Blake is
sure that he has never seen the species in this locality.

Chrysophanus epixanthe.—In this case Mr. Blake is quoted by Mr.
Scudder as stating that this species is ‘‘neither common or rare.” Mr.
Blake is not aware that it has ever been taken hereabouts, but he has
taken it at DaCosta, N. J., thirty miles from Philadelphia, on the Camden
& Atlantic R. R.

Hesperia unna.—This species, not yet incorporated in any of our
catalogues, is described as a new species from “ Philadelphia,” by Carl
Plotz, in his “ Die Hesperiinen-Gattung Hesperia Aut. und ihre Arten.”
—Stettin Entomologische Zeitung, Vol. XLIV., p. 204, 1883. This species
is not compared with any of its congeners, and the description is vague
and meagre. It is placed between drettus and phyleus in Herr Plotz’s
arrangement of this genus. We are in doubt as to which of our known
species it can be, but do not think it possible that it can be new.

While we feel, certainly with justice, that this list of eighty-seven species
is a remarkable one for so restricted a locality, we do not suppose that it
is entirely complete. If any of our entomologists can add to it or throw
further light on the localities or numbers captured, we shall be glad to
receive such information.

In closing, we desire to bear testimony to the great value of the work
on our Eastern Butterflies, now being published by Mr. Scudder, a work
that should be in the library of every student of the Lepidoptera. Our
few critical allusions to this work above are made necessary, simply
because the extreme care taken by Mr. Scudder to avoid error make
those that have crept in the more observable, and, consequently, the
more deserving of the pointing out.

Philadelphia, May 16, 1880.

150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY—No. 4.

BY JAMES FLETCHER, OTTAWA.

THE IMPORTED CURRANT SAW-FLY—(NEMATUS RIBESII, SCOP).

FIG. 7. Fic. 8.

Amongst insects which every year make their presence noticeably
apparent by their injuries, and thts win the distinction of being “ First-
class Pests” to the fruit-grower, not one, perhaps, is better known, nor,
when not checked in its operations, more annoying, than the currant
worm, the larval state of the imported currant saw-fly, Vematus Ribesiz,
Scop. (=N. ventricosus, Klug).

This is a European insect, which, although it has only been noticed
in America for thirty years, has already spread over a large proportion of
the settled parts. Early in the spring when the buds are bursting upon
the currant and gooseberry bushes, active yellowish four-winged flies will
be seen flying around the bushes or crawling over the unfolding leaves,
These are the parents of the currant worms. ‘The two sexes differ a good
deal in appearance. At Fig. 7, they are both represented enlarged. The
hairlines at the sides show their natural sizes.- The male is shown at a.
It is slightly the smaller, and is much darker in color. The head and
thorax are almost black, with some dull yellow spots. The abdomen is
dark above but yellow beneath and at the tip. The wings are glossy

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Lot

with dark veins. The males are equally abundant with the females, but
are not so often observed, from the fact that they are seldom found on the
bushes, but fly near the ground and beneath the bushes as if to welcome
the females when they emerge from the soil, beneath which they have
passed the winter in their snug cocoons. The females are larger than the
males, and of a bright honey-yellow color.

The greenish-white glossy eggs which are about ,) of an inch in length,
are laid along the main ribs, beneath the leaves of gooseberries and cur-
rants, as shown at Fig. 8 (1). As soonas the young larve hatch, they at
once attack the leaves upon which the eggs were laid, and eat small holes,
as shown at Fig. 8 (2 and 3). They are very voracious, and their growth
is very rapid indeed, little more than a week sufficing for them to pass
through all their stages. These characteristics added to the large number
of eggs laid by each female, make constant vigilance on the part of the
fruit-grower a necessity, or he will find his gooseberry and currant bushes
stripped of every leaf in a few days.

When the young larve come out of the eggs, they are about one-
twelfth of an inch in length, with large heads and a semi-translucent body.
At first they all remain on the same leaf, but as they grow large they
separate and spread in all directions over the bush. ‘They are green at
first, then dark blueish green, covered with small black dots, each one of
which bears a bristle, and lastly, after the last moult, pale green with
yellow extremities.

When full grown they spin smooth oval brown cocoons, which, how-
ever, are sometimes of a greenish white colour. Those of the summer
brood are generally on or near the surface of the ground, but at a consider-
able depth beneath it in the brood which passes the winter inside co-
coons. The chrysalis state is assumed at once in the summer brood, and
the perfect flies appear in about a fortnight. The autumn brood, how-
ever, passes the winter in the larval state inside the cocoons, and the
larvee only change to chrysalises a short time before the flies appear in
the spring.

Notwithstanding that this insect is attacked by a host of parasitic
enemies, it is generally necessary for the fruit-grower to apply active
remedies. Of these, ‘‘ White Hellebore ” is the best. One or two ounces
of this powder mixed in a little hot water at the bottom of a pail, and then

152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

filled up with cold water, will give a sufficient quantity of the mixture to
sprinkle a large number of bushes, This is most conveniently done with
an ordinary clothes whisk. ‘The powder may also be used dry ; when
mixed with four times its bulk of common flour, it should be puffed over
the bushes after rain, when the dew is on them, or after they have been
sprinkled with water. This is most conveniently done by means of the
small hand-bellows, now obtainable at all chemists. . With regard to the
danger of using this material, I will quote from an excellent and very com-
plete article upon this subject by Prof. W. Saunders, which appeared in
our Ent. Soc’y, of Ont. Rep. for 1871-2, p. 32.

“Tt has been urged against hellebore that it is poisonous, and great
outcries have been made against it on this account. It is quite true that
hellebore is poisonous when taken internally in quantities, but if used
in the manner we have indicated, no fear need be entertained of the
slightest injury resulting from it. Examined immediately after a thorough
sprinkling with the hellebore mixture, the quantity on any bunch of fruit
will be found to be infinitesimal, and the first shower of rain would remove
it all. If it be found necessary at any time to apply the mixture to bushes
where the fruit is ripe and just ready to be picked, it might then be
washed in water before using, which would readily remove every trace of
the powder. During the past ten years many thousands of pounds of
hellebore have been used in Europe and America for the purpose of des-
troying this worm, and we know of no case on record where injury has
resulted from its use.”

Another insect of the same family, and with very similar habits to the
above, is the Larch Saw-fly, Vematus Erichsonii, the larve of which are
now spreading rapidly over the Eastern United States and Canada. I
have received enquiries concerning it from several of our members in
different provinces of the Dominion, particularly from Nova Scotia and
Quebec. The eggs of this species are embedded in the soft wood of the
young shoots of the tamarac when growth first begins in June. The
growth is stopped on the side where the eggs are deposited, and the twig
becomes distorted and is eventually destroyed. This injury, however, is
slight compared with the destruction of the foliage. There are.at the
present moment in Canada, from the Atlantic coast as far west as Ottawa,
thousands of acres of tamaracs entirely stripped of their leaves. Ina
later number a fuller account of this injurious insect will be given.

(
¥
i
y

' THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153

ADDITIONS TO THE CANADIAN LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA.
BY J. ALSTON MOFFAT, HAMILTON, ONT.

These names I have obtained from various sources :—
Glea inulta Grote.
Nonagria fodiens Guen.
flusia Ni. Hub.
Acidalia insulsaria Guen.
Cymatophora humaria Guen.
Glaucopteryx cesiata Borkh.
Botis adipaloides G. & R.
Eurycreon sticticalis Linn.

For the following I am indebted to the kindness of Prof. Fernald :—

Conchylis floccosana Walk.

Licopsis olinaceana Fern.

Steganoptica fasciolana Clem.

Gelechia alasella Clem.

Gelechia bilobella Zell.

Gelechia vagella Walk.

Carposina cressentella W\|sm.

Blabaphanes dorsistrigella var.

fiavivittellus Fitch.
The collecting season of 1888 was, in this locality, somewhat peculiar,

It opened up about the roth of May with great promise—early moths ap-
pearing in considerable numbers. This was soon reversed—cool, dry
weather setting in; and not until the second week of June did the weather
become warm enough to produce a marked development of insect life.
About that time I obtained some fine moths new to me: several of them
being but single specimens of a kind are yet undetermined. Fall hunting
was quite productive of some kinds of good moths. I spent the first two
weeks of September sixteen miles south of the city. I could find nothing
of any value by hunting in daytime ; plenty would come to light when the
evenings were warm ; but these were mostly so cool that it was necessary to
keep the doors closed for comfort, thereby reducing my chances. It was at
this time that I secured a pair of fine, fresh Glea inu/ta, a large and hand-
some moth, and the first of the genus reported to have been taken in Canada.
I got the name of it from Mr. Hulst, by sending to him a specimen that
had been given to me by Mr. Hanham, which he had captured in Missouri.

154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

THE NOCTUIDZ OF NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE.

(Sccond Paper.)

BY A, R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

2.—Sub-family Voctuine.
Tribe Bombycoidi.

The sub-family /Voctuine embraces the typical (Voctuide, and we may
take the genera Agrotis or Hladena as normal forms, from which we have
a mass of more or less divergent structural groups. | The characters
which are made the basis of generic sub-division, according to a natural
system which I find most plainly indicated in the writings of Stephens
and Lederer, need not delay us here, for the reason that I have exposed
them in previous writings. It remains for me to briefly point out that [
have changed the basis for a classification of our North American genera
from that of Guenee to that of Lederer, commencing in my first syn-
onymical list, Buffalo, 1874, to bring them together in a preliminary shape.
When, nearly thirty years ago, I commenced my study of these forms,
there were not a dozen species named in any collection, public or private,
in America. In my last (MS.) list are over 1,500 names, and three-fourths
of this number are taken from my descriptions or identifications. This
represents continuous work; for large collections were not at first in
existence, and the new forms came in singly, or in small parcels, and had
to be classified ; so that, from this fact, the generic determinations were
often tentative. Added to this, the difficulty of determining the species
described by Guenée and Walker, and the absence of illustrations, pro-
duced a state of affairs in our knowledge of the MVoctuide, which the
student of to-day is largely exempted from. And /a verita é la pin
mgrata delle dulcinee.

The main mass of the /Voctucde falls into three divisions, or sub-
family groups, only separable by their comparative form. These are: the
typical Voctuide (Noctuine), the Woctue nonfasciatae of Borkhausen ;
the geometriform /Voctuide (Catocaline), the Noctue fasciatae of Bork-
hausen ; and the pyralidiform Voctuide (Deltoidine). The fact that the
latter are not separable from the /Voctuide, and are not Pyralide, was
first shown by Herrick Scheeffer.

In oze North American genus, I have shown that vein 5 is midway

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 115) 5)

between 4 and 6 on the primaries. This is contrary to. Lederer’s defini-
tion, and, so far, is a single instance ; vein 5 being, in all others examined
by me and as laid down by Lederer, nearer 4 than 6 on both wings, while
on the secondaries it is often weaker than the rest, or wanting. I do not
feel sure that the neuration should absolutely guide us ; it does not seem
certain that, in the species not yet examined, it will precisely agree. The
absence of an accessory cell is, in the /Voctuzde, exceptional, and as yet
it cannot here, or in other families, be used as a character, except in
a general way. In the Sarothripine and Chloephorine, for instance, sub-
families of the Bombycide, it seems to be wanting, as also in some
Lithosiine, i. e., Nudaria ; but, as a general character, it may be said to
be either usually wanting or usually prevalent, until every species has been
examined and the neuration compared, which is far from the case. In
my papers I used it as a general character, not describing particular
forms ; hence, while the statement may be modified from a larger know-
ledge of the neuration of all the genera and species, it does not imply a
distinct error, such as was committed in the original description of the
neuration of the genus Cerathosia, where vein 5, on hind wings, was stated
to be absent, whereas it is present, and where the configuration of the
accessory cell and emanating veins on fore wings were inaccurately given.
The neurational distinctions given by Lederer, will not, then, positively
distinguish the Ziyatirine, which, in other respects, seem true Woctuide.

The sub-family WVoctuine, or typical LVoctuide is, then, founded on
comparative form, the hind wings being usually unbanded and the body
hairy or tufted. I have divided it into various tribes, founded on com-
parative characters, grouping about some representative genus. The first
of these is the Lombycoidea of Authors, in which the larve are hairy or
bombyciform, and are often singular in appearance or habit. The moths
often present some resemblances to the genus Bombycia, and again to the
Dasychinine. In this tribe the head is usually sunken, the labial palpi
short, often hanging (and this character marks bombyciform moths); the
thorax has a posterior tuft, while the legs are unarmed. This latter
character will warrant my reference of Copablepharon to the Agrotini.
The caterpillars make cocoons, and are 16-footed. The European genera
Ditoba, Eogena and Clidia, with single or few species, do not seem to
occur in North America. If we have a true species of Demas (Mr.
Morrison’s Demas is a Hadenoid form), then this European genus has a

156 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

representative, but I only know it froma description. The European
genus Zrichosea (for Jludifica = Diphthera, incorrectly credited to
Ochsenheimer, see Check List, 1876, p. 36) seems allied to the forms I
have separated under Charadra, Walk. Raphia, Hubn, is represented
by our two species, f/rater and abrupta—one with white, the other with
fuscous or gray secondaries. Instead of Panthea, we have the American
genus Platycerura of Packard, which has strong resemblances to the
Dasychirine. In Arsilonche, we have either a representative or identical
species. So far as this tribe is concerned, the resemblance between the
faunze may be considered nearly as great as in the Zhyatirina.
Tribe Apatelini.

It seems difficult to separate the following genera from the preceding
tribe. The labial palpi seem less dependent ; there is still a posterior
thoracic tuft, and the larve are still hairy or peculiar; some bore into wood
or pith to pupate ; a cocoon is generally made. But the form is smoother,
approaching the typical MVoctuine. Diphthera Hubn. (= Moma Auct.,
not Hibn.) has a representative species in our well-known D. fallax.
Apatela Hiibn, the typical genus, is resolvable into a number of groups,
based chiefly on the larval form. I do not think that Butler is warranted
in considering the species generically separable. He would refer the
moths on this account to actually different families. But the moths are
very similar in color and structure ; and I consider the larve have under-
gone independent modification. The leading European groups are repre-
sented, and such species as the American 4. occidentalis, A. funeralis,
A. vulpina, described by myself, may be considered as a strictly ‘‘ repre-
sentative ” species. The character of the genus is changed, and its limits
perhaps reach with the Californian groups JZero/onche, and the Eastern
group Ludonche, not found in Europe. Our American forms outnumber
the European three to one, and this preponderance will be found in most of
the leading genera of the WVoctuide, such as Apatela, Hadena, Mamestra,
Agrotis, Catocala. Whether we can separate the Sryophilini as a dis-
tinct tribe, is doubtful. The passage seems to be formed by the Ameri-
can genera Harrisimemna, Cerma, Polygrammate, Microcoelia. These
forms seem peculiar, as also the genus C/ytonix, which follows Bryophila,
although, I am not certain of this. Guente has apparently described the
type as a species of Afamea, and thus related to Hadena. The thoracic ~
vestiture is, however, more like that of Lvyophi/a, a lichen-feeding genus of ;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 157

which we have one Eastern species, the Bryophila lepidula Gr. On the
whole, the resemblance of the two faunz is here, again, quite close.
Genera with single species, peculiar to each fauna, occur, but the parent-
age is obvious, and but small modifications seem to be offered. These first
tribes of the /Voctuine seem to belong to the circumpolar element in our
moth fauna, with the Ziyatcrine. The position formerly given by me to
the American Dzcopini seems susceptible of a change. If we place the
Agrotini where Lederer puts them, these Dicopid genera, with a claw on
the front tibize, seem to fall in better between the Agrotini with spinose,
and the Hadenini with unarmed tibiw. They have, especially Décopis, a
decided resemblance to the Hadenini ; but the larve are apparently un-
known, and may assist our classification by offering determinative char-
acters.

The following table will assist in giving an approximate idea of the
correspondence between the two faune. Allowance must be made that
the North American fauna is less exhaustively known :—

EUROPE. NORTH AMERICA.

Diloba 1 sp.
Sumyra 3 sp.

Arstlonche 1 s}). Arsilonche 1 sp.

Logena t sp.

Clidia 2 sp.

Raphia i sp. Raphia 2 sp.

Demas 1 sp. ‘ Demas 1 sp.
flatycerura 1 sp.

Lrichosea i sp. Audela i sp.
Charadra 5 sp.

Lanthea t sp. Momaphana t sp.

Diphthera i sp. Diphthera i sp. .

Apatela 15 sp. Apatela 54 sp.

Harrisimemna 1 sp.
Cerma t sp.
_ Microcoelia 2 sp.
Lryophilag sp. LBryophila 3 sp.

158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

OBSERVATIONS ON SOME NORTHERN DERBID.
BY E. P. VAN DUZEE, BUFFALO, N. Y.

The small group of Homopterous insects included by Fabricius in
his genus Derbe, but now separated as a sub-family from the other Ful-
goride under the name of Derboides Spinola or Derbida, Stal, have
always been objects of interest to students of this order, partly on account
of their delicate form and peculiar structure, but their almost universal
rarity has doubtless added much to their attractiveness. A series of these
frail North American forms, differing in several respects from their tropi-
cal allies, were first made known in 1819 by Mr. Kirby, who arranged
them under two genera—O¢iocerus and Anotia, describing under the
former eight, and under the latter one species ; to Ofzocerus three species
from the United States were added by Dr. Fitch in 1851 and 1856, and
one by Dr. Stal from Cuba, in 1859; to Amotza Dr. Fitch added three
species in 1856. Thus, as the genera now stands, Ofiocerus has twelve
North American species, and Anotia four, but future study will probably
result in placing two or three of these as mere varieties. As has been
stated, Otzocerus was established by Kirby in a paper read before the
Linnean Society of London, in 1819. This paper appeared in Vol. XIII.
of the Transactions, published as a whole in 1822, but probably some-
what earlier as a separate. In 1821, Germar, in the fourth volume of his
Magazin der Entomologie, characterized his genus Codax for a specimen
of Kirby’s O. Stod/iz, which he had received from Bahia, describing the
species as C. Winthemi. Notwithstanding the fact that he claims the
presence of ocelli for his genus, it seems to be equivalent to Kirby’s
Otiocerus, in which they are apparently absent, and is consequently
placed as asynonym. In 1832, Burmeister, in his Handbuch der Ento-
mologie, redescribed O. Degeerit as Hynnis rosea, differentiating his genus
from Otiocerus by the extension of the elytra at their inner apical angles ;
but this character is now considered as of but subgeneric value at most,
Genus Anotia was founded by Kirby on a single female example of Bon-
netz, and judging from a male in my collection, would seem to need
modifying to include both sexes.

I propose in the present paper, after recording brief observations on a
few species of Otzocerus, to describe a pretty little form occurring here,
for which I find it necessary to establish a new genus, intermediate in
character between .4zotia and Mysidia.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159

Otiocerus Degeerit, Kirby. This, our largest species, is not uncom-
mon here through July, August, and September. In color it varies from
pale reddish to brownish purple, but always shows the white line on the
suture before the appendix, and at the tip of the elytra. The antenne,
which are comparatively small, have but one appendage in both sexes.

The males are a little smaller than the females, and are less frequently
met with.*

Otiocerus Stolliz, Kirby. One specimen, a male, beaten from an oak
near this city, August 18, 1888. This small species is of the same dark
color we find in the preceding. A pale rosaceous vitta occupies the
vertex, the middle of the thorax, and the elytral suture, as far as the tip
of the clavus, beyond which is a pale line at the base of the appendix, as
in Degeerit. The two carina, which are closely approximated on the
point, diverge slightly just before the apex ; on the vertex they are a little
arched above the eye, and their edge is finely crenated. The antenne
are larger than in Degeeriz. This insect must have a wide distribution,
as it was described from Georgia by Kirby, and from Bahia, Brazil, by
Germar. It is quite distinct from the QO. Stol/ii of Spinola (Ann. Soc.
Ent., Fr. VIII., p. 385), and of Amyot & Serville (Hemip., p. 514), which
Dr. Fitch considers equivalent to his Amyotz7.

Ottocerus Coquerbertiz, Kirby. This, our most beautiful, as it is our
most abundant species, occurs here with O. Degeerii from July to Sept.
on various trees and bushes, especially on the beech, maple, oak, and
hickory. Its two appendages exceed the antenne in length. In size it
approaches Degeerzz, but represents another facies of the genus ; dis-
tinguished by a pale ground color, relieved by a broad vitta of red or
fuscous, extending from the tip of the head across the eye and thorax, and
along the elytra near the suture to the tip of the clavus, where it forks,
one branch bordering the internal apical margin, the other deflected to
the apex of the costa. Their wings are clear or white, immaculate, and
the frontal keels are approximate on the lower part of the face. Here
belong Stgnoreti, Fitch ; Reaumurii, Kirby ; Wolfii, Kirby ; and Amyotiz,
Fitch.

(TO BE CONTINUED.)

* Since writing the above, M. Provancher has (Petite Faune Ent. du Canada, Vol.
Ill. Hemzp., p. 217, May, 1889) described an insect as Amphixepa (!) Coguebertid,
referring it to Kirby’s species with hesitation. From his description it cannot be the
Coguebertiz, but it agrees in every particular with pale examples of Degeeri? that not

infrequently occur here, and probably should not be considered as deserving evena
varietal name.

160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ON EARLY STAGES OF SOME LEPIDOPTERA.
BY WM. BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK.

Chionobas Macounii, Edw.

Ecc.—White, subglobose, slightly flattened above and below, with
about seventeen longitudinal ridges, which are connected by numerous
fine transverse ridges. Length, about 1.2 m.m. Width, about 1 m.
Laid July 11. Emerged July 27.

Younc Larva.—Head whitish, globose, rather large, finely punctured,
mouth parts black. Body above bright pink, with a series of four whitish
longitudinal stripes on each side; those on the dorsal region are very
broad, with the intervening spaces very narrow. ‘The lateral stripe very
fine, and the one below the spiracles very broad. The spaces between
these stripes rather broad. Spiracles black. At the posterior extremity
of the body is a short, fork-like process. Underside of body pinkish,
without markings. Length, about 2 m.m. Food-plant—Grass (/oa
pratensis). I very much regret not to have been able to raise the larvee
to maturity, but hope that Mr. James Fletcher, from whom I received the
eggs, may have further notes upon this interesting: species,

Ancyloxypha numitor, Fabr.

Ecc.—Semi-spherical, yellow, rounded at the side and top, base
flattened. After two days the egg became dirty-whitish, speckled with
bright red. Length, about 1.5 m.m. Width, about.75 mm. Laid on
Grass (Setaria op.), Sept. 8.

Arzama Obliquata, G. & R.

Mature Larva.—Head, subcaudate ; rugose, chestnut brown, some-
times jet black; shining. Cervical shield, rugose, chestnut brown, some-
times black. Body above, shining olive brown,with numerous very fine trans-
verse wrinkles, which are hardly visible to the naked eye ; posterior segment
much depressed. Spiracles black. Body beneath, dirty brownish white,
including the abdominal legs, which have a chestnut brown or jet black
patch on the outer side of each, and the extremities black. Thoracic
feet chestnut brown or jet black. Length, about 55 m.m. Found several
full grown specimens under decaying stumps, Sept., 1888.

Mailed August Ist.

No. 9.

SOME TEXAS, ARIZONA AND CALIFORNIA MOTHS.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

Ameria Texana, nov. sp.

Expanse .80 inch. Of the size and shape of A. Unicolor ; the hind
wings more rounded at anal angle, in that respect more like Luphanessa
Mendica; body slender, antennz pectinate; palpi slender, short, pro-
jecting beyond the front less than in A. Unicolor. Color uniform gray
drab, the wings diaphanous, antennze concolorous except the inside of
_pectinations at base where they are black, sides of head, back of eyes and
a little at base of fore wings and abdomen slightly ochraceous.

Described from a single specimen from Hockley, Texas, from my
friend Leopold Hartmann ; his number 187.

Plusia Arizona, nov. sp.

Expanse 1.50 inches. Fore wingsrich, shining, metallic golden,much like
greater part of the wing of P. Howard. It is marked with rich purple brown
in three patches; the first basal triangular, small, reaching from the costa at
the base to the posterior margin about one-fourth the distance from body to
posterior angle ; the second costal, quadrate, extending to median vein,
one-fourth from base ; the third costal, subquadrate, at the end of cell,
partly within and partly beyond, spreading out towards apex; all three
connected by a narrow costal margin of the purple brown. Fringe purple
brown, cut with paler. Hind wings whitish, fringe the same, a dark hair
line at base of fringe. Thorax pale as though purple brown washed with
ochraceous, the ends of tufts darker; the outer patch on fore wings
washed with ochraceous in its outer part.

Described from one # from Arizona. This and another specimen
were collected by H. K. Morrison in Arizona a number of years ago, and
have been in my cabinet ever since. ‘The other specimen may have been
destroyed, as I do not find itnow. This differs from Howard? chiefly in
having one more purple brown spot. The basal spot or patch is broadest
posteriorly, coming to a point on the costa.

Plusia Lenzti, Behrens, MS.

Expanse 1.60 inches. This species is related to P. Scapularis Hy,

162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Edwards, in the position and somewhat the shape of the markings, but
differs in color. General color fawn, with a purplish brown tint at the
base above the cell and the basal portion of posterior margin. From the
apex to the posterior angle extends a band about one-tenth of an inch
wide of dark metallic golden, something of a golden sheen over the space
from this band to end of wing ; from the cell to posterior margin, between
the t. a. and t. p. lines, in a patch that is brownish yellow, more distinctly
yellow below the silver spot, this shade extending a little over the golden
band at anal angle, the patch shaded with purplish brown at posterior
margin near t. a. line ; the most of the wing with a slight golden sheen.
Silver spot short blunt boat-shaped, from median vein to fourth median
veinlet. Posterior wings smoky, most prominent in terminal third.

Head and thorax fawn gray, hairs of second joint of palpi slightly
rosy tipped, tufts of thorax with a brownish yellow tinge, the tips of scales
of thoracic tufts and patagia lilac in side light.

Described from a single 9 from Siskyon, Shasta county, California,
taken by my friend James Behrens and by him dedicated to our our mu-
tual friend, Dr. Henry Lenz, of Lubec, Germany.

Arctia Shastaensis, Behrens.

Since publishing the imperfect description of this form in the February
number of the current volume
of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLO-
GIST, page 35, Mr. Behrens has
sent me a fine colored drawing
of the specimen made before it
was mutilated by travel, and from
which the accompanying wood

Avctin Shastabasin, Belirenss Remele-onatyralaaes engraving was made. From the
drawing I am inclined to think that it is entitled to rank as a species, as
the species of Arctia go. It is certainly widely separated from Achaia
by its shape and markings, and from Behriz by its size as well as mark-
ings. The light parts of fore wings are yellow, with a slight indication of
orange ; the hind wings cherry red or near a crimson with black as indi-
cated in the illustration. The abdomen is black on the sides and centre
of dorsum with a subdorsal line of red. As shown by the antenne and
abdomen the specimen is a female.

Arctia Genura, Strecker.

Among some other specimens sent me by Mr. Behrens from Soda
Springs, near Mount Shasta, California, are two other Arctzas that I am

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163

inclined to refer to the above species. But two examples of Arctia Gen-
ura have, so far as I know, been taken before, one male now in Mr.
Strecker’s cabinet, taken by myself in Gilpin county, Colorado, at about
8,500 feet elevation, and another female in my cabinet taken at the same
place by Miss Lillie Lake. If these be the same it shows a wide range
for the species in the high altitudes. Both specimens have three transverse
bands on the fore wings, arcuate, the first and second reaching the hind
margin, but the third at a point below the longitudinal stripe. Neither
has the basal half line, but one has a few pale scales on the costa the same
as the female from Colorado. The light marks on the fore wings of one
are yellow with a slight orange tint, the hind wings red with two rows of
small black spots and a narrow terminal border; the other has the light
part of fore wings yellow, less orange tinted than the other, and the hind
wings yellow, but with the black the same as on the other. The abdomens
are wanting, but from their appearance I take them both to be males. It
is with some doubt that I refer these specimens to Genura, as there is no
indication of a fourth or basal half transverse line except the few pale
scales on the costa of the lighter one, and the spots on the hind wings of
these are smaller than in the f of Genura, as figured by Mr. Strecker; but
the species of Arctia are generally so variable, and these come so near
the typical Genura, that I prefer to refer them to this species provisionally
to creating a new species.

Aegeria Pinorum, Behrens MS.

Mr. Behrens sends me a colored drawing and a description of an in-
sect to which he gives the above name. It comes from Monterey, in Pinus
Lnsignis, from which larvee have been obtained. From these larve he
bred one specimen from which the drawing was made. He says the larva
lives under the bark of the tree, feeding on the inner bark and perhaps
outer wood. From the wound made by the larva, there is quite a flow of
resin, the pupa being formed in the inner flakes of this resin. By detach-
ing such flakes of resin, five or six inches long, about as wide and more
than an inch in thickness, pupz and larve have been discovered nicely
ensconced in rounded holes next to the bark.

The wings are vitreous with golden scales scattered over the surface,
the veins dark ; legs dark and golden; body steel blue with six golden
bands, the last the terminal tuft.

Mr. Behrens did not state whether the specimen was a male ora
female, but I think from the drawing it was a male. +

164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

EARLY STAGES OF-GRAPTA J-ALBUM.
BY SHELBY W. DENTON, WELLESLEY, MASS.

Since the food plant and early stages of Grapta 7-A/bum appear to be
unknown, perhaps the following notes (incomplete as they are owing to
my ignorance of the species larve I was rearing) may still be of some
value and shed a little light on the early stages of this fine butterfly.

On May 17th of the present year, while passing a clump of white
birches I noticed a leaf, on the upper surface and at the extreme end of
which clustered a number of small caterpillars. They were dark brown,
almost black, in color, covered with black spines and not much, if any,
longer than a grain of wheat. Not knowing at the time what species of
Lepidoptera they would eventually make, I simply plucked the leaf and
took no further trouble to look for others, or the empty egg shells of these
which must have been near at hand, as they were apparently out but a.
short time.

There were fifteen in all, and these were easily reared by keeping in a
jelly glass, feeding with leaves of white birch until they grew too large for
the glass, when they were transferred to an ordinary rearing cage. During
the earlier stages they moved about very little, feeding side by side, but
remaining quite motionless in the middle of the day.

Previous to moulting the last time, they became quite dormant, each
one selected a leaf, covering the upper surface more or less with silk, thus
partly curling the leaf, thereby hiding themselves within, and with head
downward, remained in this position till the desired change took place.

In this stage, and in fact all along, no two were alike in color, although
there was a general similarity between them. Perhaps they can best be
described as greenish underneath, while the whole upper surface was
brownish or almost black, with the exception of two yellowish or whitish
lines along the back. Between the segments they were pinkish in color,

with the spines along the upper surface still black and branching, those

along the side having changed to yellowish green. Length at this stage,
about 1% inches and not quite as large around as a lead pencil.

In the last stage, and before pupating, the caterpillar became a trans-
lucent green, the white streaks on the back faded or disappeared, the base
of the branching spines became light colored and the dark upper surface
became less in extent and much paler, not so decided.

“On June 7th the first one spun a button and attached itself, and by
June r2th all were in a chrysalis state.

ee a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165

The pupa, after hardening, when held at arms length, appeared flesh
colored, but on closer examination this tint was confined to the more ex-
posed parts, and it was then seen to be of a beautiful clear green; yet they
were not all alike in color, some being darker, some lighter than others,
while several had a sort of bloom on them, as if dusted with flour, which
gave them a whitish appearance, but all united in having six golden spots
on their upper surface. Fully forty-eight hours before giving imago the
colors of the future butterfly could be distinctly seen through the thin
shell.

On June 2oth, at 7 a. m., the first chrysalis gave a male imago, half an
hour later another male followed, and by 7 p. m. nine had emerged, but of
these only one proved to bea female. It was not till the butterfly appeared
that I obtained positive knowledge of the species of insect I had been so
fortunate as to rear, and then regretted the opportunity I had lost in tak-
ing full notes. I immediately sent one to Mr. W. H. Edwards in hopes
it might reach him in the chrysalis state, and selected for this purpose the

one last formed, but a postal from that gentleman a few days later in-
formed me the imago had emerged while ex route.

The following morning, June 21, two more had made their appearance,
both females, and by 8 p. m. the remaining three, one of these proving a
female, so that out of the fifteen I began with all were carried to the im-
ago state without the loss of a specimen, except, perhaps, the one sent
Mr. Edwards, which would doubtless have been perfect had it reached
him in time.

I wish to call attention to the few females in comparison with the
number of males (as I do not know the sex of the one sent Mr. Edwards
that can be left out of the calculation), thus we have ten males and four
females. That this proportion would hold good in a large number re-
mains to be proven, but the uncommonness of the butterfly, as a rule,
and the fact that none of mine were attacked by parasites, has led me to
believe that it does, and possibly this may account for the scarcity of this
fine insect. Also note that the males were the first to emerge.

The females can be distinguished at a glance, having the dark portion
on the underside much lighter than in the male.

In conclusion :—It seems safe to say that the eggs are laid in small
clusters in the latter half of April or first of May, and that search should
be made for them at this time on the outermost leaves of the white birch,
which is one, if not its only, food plant ; that the larval state continues for
at least three weeks, while that of the chrysalis about ten days.

166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS.

In pursuance of the call published in the CanapiaNn ENTOMOLOGIST,
in Lntomologica Americana, and distributed by James Fletcher, President
of the Entomological Club of the A. A. A. S., the following persons met
in Toronto on August 28th, at 4 p.m.:—James Fletcher, Clarence M.
Weed, A. J. Cook, L. O. Howard, John B. Smith, C. J. S. Bethune, H.
Garman, W. Saunders, C. W. Hargitt, and others. Organization was
effected by the election, upon motion of Prof. J. B. Smith, of Mr. James
Fletcher as‘Chairman, and Clarence M. Weedas Secretary. Mr. Fletcher,
in taking the chair, set out the advantages of organization, and urged the
formation at the present time of an association that might be specially
devoted to entomology in its economic aspect. Remarks to the same
purpose were made by Prof. Cook, Prof. Smith, Mr. Weed, Mr. Howard,
Dr. Bethune and Mr. Garman. After full discussion, Prof. Cook moved,
seconded by Prof. Smith, that we do now decide to organize an ‘ Associa-
tion of Official Economic Entomologists.” Carried unanimously.

Mr. Fletcher submitted a draft of a constitution drawn by Mr. Howard
and himself, after consultation with others.

The proposed constitution was discussed clause by clause, amended
and corrected, and finally adopted as a whole in the following shape :—

CONSTITUTION.

1. This Association shall be known as the Association of Official
Economic Entomologists.

2. Its objects shall be: (1) To discuss new discoveries, to exchange
experiences, and to carefully consider the best methods of work ; also
(2) to give opportunity to individual workers of announcing proposed
investigations, so as to bring out suggestions and prevent unnecessary
duplication of work ; (3) to assign, when possible, certain lines of investi-
gation upon subjects of general interest ; (4) to promote the study and
advance the science of entomology.

3. The membership shall be confined to workers in economic ento-
mology. All economic entomologists employed by the general or State
Governments, or by the State Experimental Stations, or by any agricul-
tural or horticultural association, and all teachers of economic entomology
in educational institutions, may become members of the Association by
transmitting proper credentials to the Secretary, and by authorizing him
to sign their names to this constitution. Other persons engaged in
practical work in economic entomology may be elected by a two-thirds

a

Ce Og en ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167

vote of the members present at a regular meeting of the Association, and
shall be termed associate members. Members residing outside of the
United States or Canada shall be designated foreign members. Associate
or foreign members shall not be entitled to hold office or to vote.

4. The officers shall consist of a President, two Vice-Presidents and a
Secretary, to be elected annually, who shall perform the duties custom-
arily incumbent upon their respective offices. The President shall not
hold office for two consecutive terms.

5. The annual meeting shall be held at such place and time as may be
decided upon by the Association. Special meetings may be called by a
" majority of the officers, and shall be called on the written request of not
less than five members. Eight members shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business.

6. The mode of publication of the proceedings of the Association
shall be decided upon by open vote at each annual meeting.

All proposed alterations or amendments to this constitution shall be
referred to a select committee of three at any regular meeting, and, after
a report from such committee, may be adopted by a two-thirds vote of
the members present, provided that a written notice of the proposed
amendment has been sent to every voting member of the Association at
least one month prior to date of action,

(Signed) JAMES FLETCHER, CLARENCE M. WEED,
A. J. Cook, EK. Baynes REED,
Joun B. Snir, H. Garman,
CHARLES J. S. BETHUNE, C. W. Hareitt.

L. O. Howarp,

The hour being late, Mr. Howard moved an adjournment to the 29th,
after the meeting of the Biological Section of the A. A. A. S. — Carried.

The Association met, pursuant to adjournment, at the call of the
Chairman pro tem, at Scarborough Heights, near Toronto, at 4 p.m., Aug.
29th ; the Chairman, Mr. Fletcher, taking the chair. On motion of Prof.
J. B. Smith, seconded by Mr. L. O. Howard, the reading of the minutes
of the meeting of the Committee organizing the Association was dispensed
with, and resolved that the members present do sign the constitution as
read and approved at the last meeting, and that by their action the Asso-
ciation of Official Economic Entomologists be, and is hereby duly organ-
ized. The following members then signed the Constitution in the order
named :—James Fletcher, Chairman ; A J. Cook; John B. Smith ; Chas.

168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

J. S. Bethune ; L. O. Howard ; Clarence M. Weed; E. een Reed ;
H. Garman ; C. W. Hargitt. The Secretary was auiliotiaed to transfer
the signatures to the minute book of the Association, and to add the sig-
natures of those who had expressed a desire to join in the work of the
Association. .

Letters were then read from Dr. F. Goding, Illinois, and Dr. J. A.
Lintner, New York, expressing sympathy with and approval of the objects
of the Association, and asking to be enrolled as members.

On motion of Prof. Smith, seconded by Mr. Weed, the election of.

officers was then proceeded with.

Prof, Smith nominated Prof. C. V. Riley as first President of the Asso-

ciation, stating that his recognized pre-eminent position as an economic
entomologist, and his active interest in the work of establishing this
Association, entitled him to the honor and recognition of the Association
by election to that office. The nomination was seconded by Dr. Bethune
and Mr. Weed, each stating the high claims of Dr. Riley to the position.
On motion of Prof. Cook, seconded by Prof. Smith, Dr. Riley was elected
by acclamation,

Prof. Smith nominated Prof. S. A. Forbes as rst Vice-President of the
Association. The nomination was seconded by Mr. Howard, and Prof.
Forbes was elected by acclamation.

Mr. Weed nominated Prof. A. J. Cook as znd Vice-President of the
Association. The nomination was seconded by Dr. Bethune, and Prof.
Cook was elected by acclamation.

Prof. Cook then took the chair and the meeting was carried on Hess:
his presidency.

Mr. Howard nominated Prof. J. B, Smith as Secretary of the Associa-
tion. The nomination was seconded by Prof. Hargitt, and Prof. Smith
was elected by acclamation.

On motion of Prof. Smith, the President was authorized to appoint a
committee of two to prepare such by-laws as may be deemed expedient,
to be submitted for aproval by the Association at its next meeting. -

Prof. Cook appointed the Secretary and Mr. Howard as such com- |

mittee.
On motion of Mr. Howard, it was resolved that the next annual
meeting of the Association be held at the time and place where the Asso-
ciation of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations next meets.

On motion of Prof. Smith, the Society then adjourned.
Joun B. Smith, Secretary.

b
a
n
i
=

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 169
PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE ' OF THE ARCTIIDA OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES,

BY JOHN B, SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.

The following paper is presented in order to get into shape the notes
made by me at odd times for the five years last past. It includes, in the
first place, all the references that I found to the species during that time,
and such notes of synonymic interest as I have culled from the publi-
cations examined. It has also been my practice, as specimens came into
my hands, to use such as were unfit for the cabinet, for purposes of study,
and I have thus accumulated a great many notes, which I see no oppor-
tunity of using for some time to come, inasmuch as my studies on the
Noctuide will probably fill very completely all the time I have for
systematic work. ‘To present these notes for the benefit of those having
more time to follow these lines of study, and to rid myself of the accumu-
lated slips and memoranda, I have put them into this form. As some of
the species are not known to me in nature, and as the sequence in
Mr. Grote’s list is based on no natural characters that I have been able to
discover, I have arranged them in alphabetical order for convenience of
reference.

Family ArcTruD#.

The essential characters of the family are: Ocelli present, vein 8 of
secondaries arising from the sub-costal at some distance from base. The
former peculiarity separates them from the Zzthosizde, the latter from the
Noctuide. Usually, there is an accessory cell, but there are numerous
exceptions to this. ‘Typically, the venation of primaries is Noctuidous,
save that the internal vein is not furcate basally. This, however, is a
weak character. ‘The secondaries are also very much as in the /Voctuzds,
save for the origin of vein 8, which in the Arctizds, arises from the sub-
costal instead of from the base. A somewhat well marked and charac-
teristic feature is: found in the loop of primaries receiving the frenulum of
the male secondaries. It is very distinct and definite, arising from the
space between the costal and sub-costal veins, and generally in the form
of a heavy rope or band, reaching to the median space, where it is coiled
to form a distinct ring into which the frenulum is inserted. In the female
the frenulum consists of a bunch of three or more fine bristles, which are
received into a loop formed of crossed scales in the median space of
primaries.

170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The front is flat, except in the Cydosiine, and the head is usually
small. The tongue is variable, and quite often aborted or very weak.
Thorax and abdomen are very variably developed. The antennee furnish
good characters for generic separation and sub-family groupings. They
are sometimes very short, sometimes excessively long, and again moderate
in length. In addition to what has been said of the venation it may be
added, that two definite series are recognizable, based on the origin of vein
to of primaries. In some genera it arises from the sub-costal before the
end of the cell, in the others it is from the series at the end of the sub-
costal. The legs afford good characters. The spurs of the middle and
hind tibize are sometimes wholly or partly wanting, and sometimes the
fore tibize are armed with spines or claws.

The genitalia will furnish excellent characters when studied. I have
examined a number of species and find strong peculiarities. As the
notes are too fragmentary and the characters need illustration as well as
description, no reference is made to them.

Finally, it may be as well to disclaim completeness, either of references
or description, though so far as the bibliography is concerned it is much
more complete than anything heretofore presented.

Sub-family Cypostne&.

The characters of this sub-family have been given by me in the Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, pp. 185-190. The produced tuberculate or
roughened front constitute the isolating character. Vein 1o of primaries
is from the sub-costal. 5

Genus Cyposia, Westw.

1841—Westw. in Jardine Nat. Lib., XX XVII, 193.
1854—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., IL, 523.
1885—Moeschl., Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXXXVILI., 206.
1888—Smith, Proc. U. S. N. Mus. XI., 187.

C. nobilitella, Cram.

1782—Cramer, Pap. Ex., III, pl. 264, f. G., Zinea.
1816—Hubner, Verz., p. 168, Crameria.
1841—Westw. in Nat. Libr. 37, p. 193, Cydosia.
1854—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., II., 523, Cydosza.
1866—H.-Sch., Corr. Blatt., XX., 119, is an Agaristid.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. (ayjil

1869—Grt. and Rob. Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., IT., 186, Cydosia.
1872—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 162, pl. 7, f£ 8, Cydosia.
1882—Smith, Proc. U.S. N. Mus.,-XI., 188, Cydosia.

emitella, Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 163, et. 242, pl. 7, f. 8, Cydosia.
1873—Grt., Bull. Buff. Soc. N. Sc., I., 36, Aurcvitta ?
1888—Smith, Proc. U. S. N. Mus. XI., 188, pr. Syn.

var. aurivitta, Grt. & Rob.
1869-—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., II., 186, pl. 3, f. 68, Cydoséa.
1872—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 163, pl. 7, f. 9, Cydosia.
1888—Smith, Proc. U. S. N. Mus., XI., 188, an var. pr.

The relation of these forms to each other is fully discussed in my
paper in Proc. U. S. N. Mus., above cited.

The species from Texas.

Genus CERATHOSIA, Smith.

1887— Smith, Entom. Amer., III., 79.
1888—Smith, Proc. U. S. N. Mus., XL, 189.

C. tricolor, Smith. .

1887—Smith, Ent. Amer. III., 79.
1888—Smith, Proc. U. S. N. Mus., XI., 190.

The recent discussion on the location of this genus is not referred to.
Vein 5 of secondaries is very faint, but yet distinctly present. In my
original description, made from a fresh slide, the thin balsam had ob-
literated the vein. The ease with which such errors are made in the
venation is illustrated by the fact that ever since Herrich-Schaeffer first
used venation as a basis for family characters, /vo has been credited with
three internal veins, by even the best European students. I was the first
. to demonstrate by bleaching the wings and mounting in balsam, that one
of these veins was a mere fold ; on the other hand, this method has the
disadvantage of obscuring the recognition of weak veins, and I was caught
Napping in this genus. My figures of venation in the Proc. U.S. N.
Mus., are from camera drawings, and vein 5 was not apparent there.
The presence or absence of the vein, is, however, immaterial so far as
any influence over the family reference is concerned. |

The species is from Texas,

172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. .

Sub-family ARCTIINA.

This term as here used embraces all the other Arctitde. I wish to
say definitely, however, that I believe we have here at least three good
sub-families, and the term is used here simply to separate off the Cydoszne,
which have been properly limited.

Mr. Hy. Edwards uses the term Pericopide for the genera Gnuophela
and Melanchroia, in Ent. Amer., III., 227, placing them between the
families Lithosiide and Arctiide. Mr. Grote, in his ‘‘ New List,” placed
Gnophela between Ctenucha and Harrisina; genera, with which it has
not even a habital, much less a structural resemblance, MWelanchroia he
omits altogether. I do not adopt Mr. Edwards’s suggestion because I
have not studied J/e/anchroia, and cannot find any satisfactory limit from
Gnophela alone. The group is rather tropical thantemperate, Gnophela
being from the southwest and west, and JZe/anchroia still more typically
southern—Key West, Mexico, Texas, Arizona. I place the two genera
at the head of the series, on account of their Zithoszéd tendencies.

Genus GNOPH&LA, WIlk.

1854—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., II., 331.

1872—Stretch., Zyg. & Bomb., 35.
Omoiala, Grote.

1863—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IT., 334.
Lamprosina, Grote.

1863——Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., II., pl. 6, f. 1.
Callalucia, Grote.

1866—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IV., 315.

The ocelli are present, the eyes small, round and prominent, and the
head as a whole, small. Tongue rather long and strong, palpi slender,
drooping, with loose thin vestiture. Antennz elongate, in the male
heavily and lengthily bipectinated. Legs, subequal, smoothly scaled, the
usual spurs small. Primaries with 11 veins, one of the series from the
end of the sub-costal wanting, 3, 4 and 5 are from the median at the end
of the cell, 5 rather close to 4, cell closed by a curved vein: 6 from the
end of the subcostal on.a very short stalk with 9, which runs to the apex
and gives off one vein about half way to tip. Vein 1o is from the sub-
costal before the end of the cell. Secondaries with 3 and 4 on a stalk
from the end of the cell ; 5 from a short spur cross vein, not far from the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Ore

stalk originating 3 and 4; a curved continuation of the cross vein closes
the cell ; 6 and 7 on a long stalk out of the end of the subcostal, the stalk
forking about half way to the margin ; 8 out of the subcostal about one-
third from base.

The above notes are from a male, G. hopffer?. The exact relation of
the very variable forms of the species is not at all settled, and there may
be more or fewer species than are now recognized.

G. hopfferi, Grt. & Rob.

1867—G. & R., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., I., 332, Guophela.
1872—Stretch,* Zyg. & Bomb., 38, 236. pl. 2, f. 2, Guophela.
1881—Butler, Papilio, I., 129, Guophela.
1882—Stretch,* Papilio, II., 82, Guophela.

var. adiscreta, Stretch.
1876—Stretch, Lep. Wheelers Exp., V., 802, Guophela.

arizoné, French.

1884—French, Papilio, IV., 2c, Guophela.
1884—Frencn, Papilio, 1V., 112, =dscreta.

Stretch gives the food plant as AZyosotis. The insect has been taken
in California, Arizona and Oregon (May 7 to June 1).

G. latipennis, Bdv.

fo527— bow lep:.Cal, Ann.soc. “int, Mr., 2nd’ serv. XX... 320:
Glaucopis.

1862—Morris, Synopsis Lep., 136, Glaucopis.

1872—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb , 38, = hopfferi.

1882—Grote, New List 14, on sp. dist.

Habitat—California.

It is highly probable that Mr. Stretch is correct in referring hopfferi to
this species ; but as Mr. Grote still lists them as distinct, and I have not
studied the forms myself, I follow Mr. Grote for the present.

G. vermiculata, Grote.

Foo2—-Git.,, Prog, Mnt. soc¢.,"Phil., Il 334, pl..6,.£/1, Omozada.
1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IV., 316, Calalucia.
1867—G. & R., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., I., 332, Guophela.

*This sign, whenever used with a reference, as above, indicatés that the early
Stages were referred to.

i74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1872—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 36, pl. 2, f. 1, Guophela.
1881—Butler, Papilio, I., 130, Gnophela.
1888—Bruce,* Ent. Amer., IV., 24, Guophela.

var. continua Hy. Edw.
r881—Edw., Papilo, I., 80, Guophe/a.
Habitat, Colorado.

Mr. Bruce gives the food plant as Mertensia virginica, and the date
in the Upper Platte Canon as July. The probabilities are that the species
is double brooded, the first brood appearing in May, the larva of the
second in July, imago late in July and early August.

Genus MeLancuroia, Hubner.
1816—Hibner, Verzeichniss, 173.
1854—Walker, C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., II., 386.
1862—Clemens in App. to Morris Syn., 297.

This genus I have made no study of, although there is considerable
material in the National Museum available for that purpose. Mr. Grote
never included the genus in his lists and apparently considered it extra
territorial. It is only within quite recent years that it has been placed by
Mr. Edwards among the genera of our fauna, though Mr. Stretch recorded
it in 1876 as found in Arizona. It is really a stranger to the rest of our
fauna—an intruder from Central America—but it seems necessary to
include it.

The bibliographical references to the older authors are all at second-
hand, as, at the time I was studying their works and making notes, the
species were not recognized as belonging with us. This is, perhaps, a
good place to mention that, except where otherwise stated, all the refer-
ences have been verified, and, barring errors in transcription and type,
are correct.

M. cephise, Cramer.
1782—Cram., Pap. Ex., IV., 182, pl. 381, f. E., Phalena.
1816 (?)—Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schm., II., Sphing, 17, ff. 1-4.
1816—Hibner, Verzeichniss, 173, AZe/anchroia.
1854—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., II., 387, AZelanchroza.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 298, AZelanchroia.
1886—Edw., Ent. Amer., IL., 9, JZe/anchroza.
Habitat—Texas, Arizona, Mexico, West Indies.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175

M. geometroides, Walker.
1854—Walk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., Il., 357, Aelanchroia.
1886—Edw., Ent. Amer., II., 9, Ale/anchroza.
Habitat—Key West, Fla., West Indies.

There are quite a number of specimens of what I .take to be this
species, in the National Museum, from the Morrison collection, but they
have not been as yet incorporated into the systematic series.

M inconstans, Geyer.

1837—Hiub., Zutrege, No. 431, ff. 861-862, Melanchrota.

1854—WIlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., IL, 389, (?) Aledanchroia.

1860—Clem., App. to Morris. Syn., 298, MWelanchroia.

1876—Stretch., Rept. Lep. Wheeler Exp., V., 802, MWelanchroia.
secreta, W\k., Cat. Lep. B. M., 222, supp., Ardonia.

1876—Stretch, Rept. Lep. Wheeler Exp., V., 802, pr. syn.

Habitat— Mexico, Arizona.

The synonomy is from Stretch, as are the bibliographical references
to Walker.

Genus Daritis, Walker.

This is also a recent addition to our fauna, made by Mr. Edwards.
The Mexican form is not uncommon in its home, but the variety de-
scribed by Mr. Edwards seems rare ; at all events there have been very
few specimens brought in. I have made no notes on this genus.

D. thetis, Klug.
1836—Klug., Neue. Schmett., IV., f. 1 and 2, Huprepia.
1886—Edw., Ent. Amer., II., 165, Daritis.
var. howardi, Edw.
1886—Edw., Ent. Amer., IL., 165, Daritis.
Habitat—New Mexico, southward.

I have given none of the bibliography for the original species, as Mr.
Edwards’s description covers both species and variety.

From this point the order observed in Mr. Grote’s list of 1882 is
followed, not from any conviction that it is the best arrangement, but
because it is easiest, and because for the present purpose any order will
answer equally well.

(To be continued.)

176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

OBSERVATIONS ON SOME NORTHERN DERBID.
BY E. P, VAN DUZEE, BUFFALO, N. Y.
(Continued from page 159.)

Otiocerus Wolfii, Kirby. A pale specimen of this frail little form was
beaten by me from a beech tree September 3, 1888, at Lancaster, N. Y.,
and Mr. Uhler has kindly sent me a fully colored individual, presumably
from Md., taken on the 6th of August. The antenne in this species are
very short, with a single appendage.

Otiocerus Signoreti, Fitch. I am indebted to Mr. W. J. Palmer, jr.,
for an example of this species, captured at Lancaster, September 14, 1888.
It agrees with Wo/fi in having but one appendage to the rather small
antenne. The white wings are faintly tinted with red and beautifully
veined with the same color.

Amalopota, new genus.*

Form very slight. Head rather short, horizontal above, almost verti-
cal before, with superior and frontal keels about as in Awotia,; apex
obtuse. Eyes of medium size, emarginate below, Ocelli two, distinct,
placed below and very near the inferior angles of the eyes. Antenne
about as long as the head, situated at the base of the clypeus in a socket
formed by a sharp, slightly elevated ring ; basal joint very short and
annular ; second joint diverse in the two sexes; in the male, much flat-
tened, with the sides almost parallel ; in the female, shorter and slightly
flattened ; in both sexes papillated, with a subterminal emargination, from
which springs a bristle. Clypeus triangularly ovate, convex, Rostrum
long, reaching to about the middle of the venter; terminal joint very
short. Prothorax linear above, produced in an acute angle between the
eyes ; on the sides, suddenly expanded to a broad, thin scale. Humeral
scales large and prominent. Legs slender, unarmed, of medium length ;
the posterior femora somewhat thickened ; posterior tarsi three jointed ;
basal joint longer than the second and third united. Elytra long and
narrow, widest at the inner apical angle; apex broadly rounded, a little
retreating posteriorly ; the costal area expanded near the base. into a
broadly rounded, slightly recurved lobe ; a slight constriction of the costa
just before the apex, with a thickening of the veins there, produces the
appearance of an imperfect stigma. Venation simple,f almost as in

* From:—¢#ados feeble, and mo77 flight.
+ For convenience of comparison I have used Mr. Westwood’s nomenclature of the

venation.
:

—

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 1G

Anotia ; costa) area rather broad ; mediastinal vein forked at the basal
third ; costal branch sending about two veinlets to the costa in the stig-
matal region, and united by a cross vein to the outer fork of the inner
branch, which is straight and twice forked just before the apex. Post-
costal vein joining the mediastinal near the base and running straight
to the apex of the elytra, parallel to the inner branch of the mediastinal
vein; the long, straight cell thus formed is crossed by two veinlets, one at
the apical third, the other near the apex. A cross vein joins the post-
costal with the median vein near the middle of the elytra, beyond which
the former sends five branches to the inner apical margin, the basal two
of which are themselves forked near their apex, and united by a zigzag
submarginal vein that reaches the claval suture ; at this submarginal vein
terminate the anal and the two branches of the median vein. The apical
forks of the post-costal vein are united by slender cross veins, which with
this submarginal vein form a series of about twelve apical and marginal
areoles from the semi-stigma to the clavus. Wing :—Mediastinal vein
simple, near the costa, which it touches at about the middle ; post-costal
vein bifid before the apex, and united by a cross vein to the mediastinal
and median veins, the latter of which is also bifid. Abdomen short and
broad, with a dorsal carina; showing five segments above and four
beneath.

The vertex and front are so compressed into the superior and frontal
keels that they might not improperly be described as wanting. These
keels, as in Azofza, are united on the front and divergent posteriorly on
the vertex, the included space being cut out to receive the pronotum.
The mesonotum is convex and lozenge-shaped, the length scarcely greater
than the width, which greatly exceeds that of the head ; with three dorsal
-carine. Four anterior coxz long and slender, placed obliquely ; pos-
terior short and thick. Base of the femorz approximate. The genital
pieces scarcely differ from those of Otzocerus.

This genus differs from Azotza, to which it is perhaps most nearly
related, by the presence of ocelli, the greater length of the rostrum, the
-smallernumber of veins in the stigmatal region, etc. ; from FPatara by the
presence of ocelli, the greater length of the rostrum, the shape of the
head and thorax, and the venation ; from JZysidia and Derbe (Westw.),
it differs in the single frontal carina, in the shape and venation of the
wings and the form of the eyes, but agrees with the latter genus in the

178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

presence of the costal constriction (although less pronounced), and the
length of the rostrum. The only genus described by Stal to which it
need be compared is Aw/cita, from which it is sufficiently differentiated
by the presence of ocelli, the form of the vertex, antenne, etc.

Amalapota Uhleri n. sp. Pale sanguineous. Elytra transparent, with
the basal third and a broad band before the apex fuscous, the latter
marked with sanguineous toward the costa. Whole insect, when fresh,
covered with a white bloom, most conspicuous on the face and abdomen.
Length—To tip of abdomen 3 m.m., to tip of elytra 8 m.m.; expanse of
wing 15 mm. Head—Keels of the front and vertex, viewed from the
side, gently and regularly arcquated ; vertex narrow, almost entirely cut
out between the keels to receive the pronotum, which extends forward
nearly to the middle of the eyes ; extension of the frontal keels before the
eye a little less than the width of the eye in the female, about half the
width of the eye in the male. Rostrum extending to the third ventral
segment, the last joint scarcely longer than wide. Antenne of the female
reaching to the tip of the head; second joint somewhat compressed, a
little widened at the apex, which is obliquely and concavely truncated for
the reception of the seta; in the male this second joint is a little longer
and wider than in the female, and is much compressed, with the margins
slightly thickened and the surface more distinctly papillated ; a minute
notch, almost at the end, bears a bristle a little longer than the width of
the joint. In fresh examples, the Oce//z are liable to be obscured by the
white bloom on the cheeks.

Thorax—Prothorax widened to an almost quadrangular scale behind.

the eye ; central carina of the mesonotum inconspicuous ; lateral carine
almost obsolete. Elytra, when closed, extending about two-thirds of their
length beyond the abdomen; basal lobe-like tooth minutely denticulate
on its edge.

General color sanguineous. Head, thorax and antennz fulvous, the
latter suffused with pale sanguineous within the margin in the male ; this
color also invades the frontal keel, especially in the female. Keels of

the vertex crested with white. Eyes dark brown. Clypeus pale fulvous,

Rostrum white, tip black. Legs clear whitish, the posterior femorz more
or less invaded with sanguineous. Coxe fading and white toward their
tips. Abdomen in the male sanguineous, the basal ventral segments
paler; in the female deep sanguineous, or even brownish-purple, darker

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179

along the crest ; posterior edge of the ventral segments and genital pieces.
pale, the valves above fulvous.

Elytra transparent; basal third smoky-brown, omitting the humerus
and costal region ; a broad brown band occupies the apical third of the
costa, and narrows to about one-half this width at the internal apical angle ;
this band includes a clear spot on its costal base, and omits about six of
the apical areoles. In the female, this costal, clear spot is much larger
than in the male, and coalesces with the clear, apical areoles. The veins
are sanguineous within the limits of the brown, apical band, and in the
stigmatal region are broadly bordered with the same color ; this color also
appears in the veins of the basal brown patch in deeply colored examples.
Wings clear, with a smoky tip, and a larger, slightly suffused, area at the
base.

Described from five individuals—a pair taken zx coztu Sept. 3rd, 1888,
two females taken the same day, and another female taken by W. J.
Palmer, Jr, of this city, a. week later, allat Lancaster, N.Y... Three of
these were beaten from maples, and two from uncertain trees—probably
maple or beech.

I take pleasure in dedicating this beautiful little species to our leading
American Hemipterist, Mr. P. R. Uhler, whose disinterested and unfail-
ing kindness has been an inspijration and help to me in my studies of
these insects.

CORRESPONDENCE.

GRAPTA J-ALBUM.

Dear Sir: Waving heard that the larve and food-plant of Grapta
j-album were unknown, I thought that I should do well in informing you,
since you could best make known my little discovery, that I have bred the
butterfly from young larvee, which fed on silver birch (Betula papyrifera).
Not knowing what they were, I neglected to make a long or careful descrip-
tion of them ; nevertheless, I hope the following observations may be of
some value :—The larve were black, with two dorsal, two sub-dorsal and
two super-stigmatal rows of white spots and smudges, three or four on each
segment,* with one dorsal and two sub-dorsal rows of shining black, branch-

ing spines; two super-stigmatal rows tipped with red, and two sub-
a ET eR ced ee, Re oe
“There were also other smaller white spots scattered over the body.

180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

stigmatal rows pale red. Underneath yellowish-green, and in some places
reddish, speckled with white ; 12th segment reddish, both above and
below ; head black, and covered with many hard, white, conical tubercles,
or short spines; somewhat cordate, with two thick, black, branching
spines at the upper corners like horns. The chrysalids were about one
inch long, pale green or light brown, sometimes with a reddish tinge, with
two sub-dorsal rows of tubercles, eight in each row, the first six of these
being bright, shining silver (in some lights gold) in colour. Like the
other Grapta chrysalids, they were suspended by a button of silk at the
tail. Before the imagos appeared, the colour and venation of the wings
could be seen through the transparent outer covering. I found them on
the 26th of May, 1889, when they were about eight inches long. On the
gth of June, they were two inches long. They moulted three times, and
their appearance remained almost unaltered. They hung themselves up
on the 13th of June, being then about 2.25 inches long, and on the rath
transformed. The imagos appeared on the 29th and 3othof June. I had
altogether eight of these larvee. ‘The following is a description of a variety
of the same larve taken at a later date :—On the 16th of June, I found
the larva feeding, like the former batch, on the silver birch. Length
about one inch. On the 17th it moulted, after which it was 1.5 inches long ;
colour purplish white and amber, with a dorsal band of white clouds, and
some on the sides ; white underneath ; one dorsal, two sub-dorsal, two
super and two sub-stigmatal rows of branching spines on segments 4 to 11,
2 to 11, 2 to 12 and 2 to 11 respectively. ‘These spines were supported
by tubercles, and the dorsal, sub-dorsal and super-stigmatal were black,
except the last two super-stigmatal; the ‘rest were yellow and white.
Head somewhat cordate and pale white, with two black branching spines
at the upper corners like horns, and covered with small conical tubercles ;
upper corners black, and a dark mark like an inverted V over the jaws.
On the 23rd it moulted again, after which it was light green, with two
dorsal bands, more or less distinctly separated, of white clouds, and some
white lateral markings ; spines black, except the super-stigmatal, which
were brown and amber, and the sub-stigmatal, which were pale green and
white ; the spine tubercles were orange yellow ; head white, and covered
with small, white, conical spines ; spiracles black. It was largest at the
7th segment, segment 1 being very small ; length about 1.75 inch. The
chrysalis (June 29th) was green, with a rosy tinge and rosy markings, and
with two dorsal rows of tubercles, 16 in number, the first six being shining
silver in colour ; about one inch long, with a large dorsal lump and two
smaller lateral ones, and two at the head ; black markings on last segment.
On the gth of July the imago appeared. Note that in this, and in the
former a an the head is zo¢ counted as the first segment.
Percy M. Dawson, Montreal.

Mailed September 6th.

Che Caadun Entomolonist.

VOL. XXI. LONDON, OCTOBER, 1880. No. Io.

THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.

The Annual Meeting of the Society was held in the lecture room of
the new Biological Building of the University of Toronto, on Tues-
day, September 3rd, 1889. The President, Mr. James Fletcher, of
Ottawa, took the chair at 11 o’clock a.m. The following members were
present :—Mr. E. Baynes Reed and Mr. J. M. Denton, London; Mr. J.
Alston Moffat, Hamilton ; Dr. Brodie, Dr. White, Masters O. and W.
White, Mr. Gamble Geddes, Mr. A. Blue (Department of Agriculture),
Toronto ; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Port Hope; Mr. W. H. Harrington
and Mr. R. Bell, Ottawa; Mr. H. H. Lyman, Montreal; Rev. T. W.
Fyles, Quebec; Rev. W. A. Burman, Winnipeg; Mr. L. O. Howard,
Assistant Entomologist, Department of Agriculture, Washington.

The minutes of the previous meeting having been printed and circu-
lated among the members, reading of them was dispensed with, and they
were duly confirmed.

The President then delivered his annual address, in which he referred
especially to the chief insect attacks of the year. It will be printed in
full in the Annual Report of the Society. A cordial vote of thanks for his
able and interesting address was unanimously voted to the President on
motion of Dr. Bethune, seconded by Mr. Reed.

In the discussion which followed Dr. Brodie stated that he had found
several cereals injured by Thrips; he discovered what were probably the
larve of Thrips feeding under the sheath on cuims of grass, but when
kept over night no specimens would be found in the morning. He
and Professor Wright had examined the insects and came to the con-
clusion that they were Thrips. he larve were exceedingly difficult to
mount for the microscope ; if preserved in balsam they soon faded out
and became useless, but better results followed the use of glycerine. He
was satisfied that there are two broods in the year, the first being early in
the.season. This year, owing to dry weather, they were very abundant

_-

182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

in waste places, and he found about one-half of the timothy destroyed by
them ; after the rain set in the injury was very much reduced.

Mr. Geddes spoke of some variations in size that he had observed in
the common yellow butterfly, Coléas philodice, and expressed his opinion
that the large specimens fed on clover and the small on lucerne.

Mr. Howard (of Washington) gave an account of the success which
has attended the efforts of Dr. Riley and himself to introduce parasites of
the Fluted-Scale insect (Jcerya purchasi Maskell), a very destructive
creature in California. This noxious insect had appeared very suddenly
in the State, from where no one knew. Experiments were made upon it,
and remedies proposed, but the cultivators did not seem to care to make
use of them on their plantations. They then set to work to learn its life-
history, and soon found that it came from Australia. They corresponded
with Mr. Percy Crawford regarding it; he found the insect in Australia,
but it was not at all abundant ; they concluded, therefore, that it was kept
in check by parasites. A dipterous parasite was found by Mr. Crawford.
Their next proceeding was to send Mr. Koebele to Australia. He found
the insect everywhere, and observed that it was very commonly para-
sitized. He then sent over about 15,000 living specimens of parasites ;
these were liberated at Los Angeles. He also found a “ Lady-bird ”
(Cocinella) feeding on the scale-insect, and sent several thousand of
them. The result has not been satisfactory with the dipterous parasite,
as it breeds too slowly, but one of the species of Lady-birds breeds most
rapidly, and will no doubt keep the pest within due bounds. As an
instance of this he mentioned that 4oo Lady-birds were sent to one
planter, Colonel Rebins, in May last ; he thought from their satisfactory
work that his orchard would be free from the pest by the close of the
summer, but he afterwards wrote to say that on the 15th of August there
was not one living scale-insect left. The experiment had been entirely
successful. Mr. Howard also referred to the importation of the parasites
in 1883 of the cabbage-butterfly, Preris rape.

|
;

Dr. Bethune gave an account of hfs attempt to import from England
many years ago the parasites of the wheat midge, and of the failure of the
effort.

Dr. Brodie was strongly of opinion that noxious insects should be

« fought by means of parasites; that this was the true scientific method,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183

and that the use of poisons was a grave mistake. He was very much
gratified with the account of the methods adopted at Washington, and
hoped that they would be developed to the utmost.

Mr. Fletcher, in reply, said that we could not possibly ignore the great
value of poisons as remedies against noxious insects ; that it was abso-
lutely necessary to use them until we can depend upon the parasites ;
and that even if we had the parasites at work upon our destructive
insects they might at any time be swept away through a mildew or blight,
and we should be left at the mercy of the enemy. He had been in corres-
pondence with Mr. Whitehead in England in order to procure the parasite
of Diplosis, but unfortunately this gentleman was ill and unable to carry
out the project. He had found nearly all the specimens of scale-insects
(Aspidiotus) sent to him from British Columbia were parasitized, but had
never found one affected in this way in Ontario.

Dr. Brodie thought that the farming community could never be
brought to adopt scientific methods for the protection of their crops till
they had suffered from a sweeping destruction. He referred, as an
example, to the ravages of the wheat midge some years ago. In the
County of York it wrought so much havoc that the wheat fields were
deserted and left to the cattle ; a day’s threshing would produce two
bushels of midges and no grain. When their crops were all destroyed
then they were willing to resort to remedies, chief among which were
the employment of the “ midge-proof wheat” for seed, a judicious rota-
tion of crops, and planting too early or too late to suit the habits of the
midge. The introduction of new varieties of wheat was the principal
means of getting rid of the pest. He wished that the farmers might lose
all their potatoes in order that they might be led by this severe lesson to
give up the use of Paris green and adopt scientific means of saving their
crops.

After some further discussion, in the course of which the value of
various poisons, such as arsenical preparations, hellebore, kerosene, etc.,
in checking insect ravages was insisted upon, the subject dropped.

Dr. White exhibited to the meeting some cheap wood cuts in outline
of botanical subjects that were used in illustration of popular articles in
‘School Work and Play,” and recommended that something similar
should be done in order to popularise entomology. He said that speci-
mens were first photographed upon zinc plates instead of glass, and, in

184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

this way, by a special process, blocks were prepared for the printer at a
very trifling expense. The project was heartly approved of, and it was
agreed on all sides that much valuable instruction might be disseminated
in this way.

Mr. Burman related his experience of injury to cattle and dogs by
flies in the Northwest, and asked whether fish-oil would be a remedy.
In reply, Mr. Fletcher and Mr. Howard stated that fish and other oils and
grease were effective, both in keeping off the flies and in healing the
affected parts.

The meeting then adjourned till the afternoon.
AFTERNOON SESSION.

The report of the council, the audited financial statement of the
Secretary-Treasurer, and the report of the Librarian were presented and
read to the meeting, and, on motion, were duly discussed and adopted.
Mr. Moffat spoke of the large amount of work and the great care which
Mr. Reed had bestowed upon the library during many years past, and
of the excellent position into which it was now brought. He moved that
“The thanks of the Society be given to Mr. Reed for his services in the
library, and that the Executive Committee be hereby recommended to
consider the possibility of shewing, in some pecuniary way, their recogni-
. tion of his labors.” Mr. Geddes, in seconding the resolution, which was
duly carried, referred in warm terms to Mr. Reed’s efficiency and kindness
in connection with the library. It was suggested, in the discussion that
followed, that a catalogue of the books should be prepared, and that by-
laws should be framed for the proper regulation of the library and the
issue of books to members of the Society. Mr. Denton said that there
were now about eleven hundred volumes in the library, many of them
being very rare works on entomology and other departments of science ;
he thought it most desirable that members out of London should be
enabled to know what books there were, and under what conditions they
might borrow them. Dr. Brodie spoke of the great importance of having
a complete catalogue made of all the libraries in Ontario, and said that
he considered it a work that might very well be undertaken by the Pro-
vincial Government. Mr. Reed thought that we were still in too crude
a state to publish a catalogue of the Society’s Library, but we might

bei 5

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185

make a beginning by issuing lists of the books in its different depart-
ments. It was finally agreed to leave the matter in the hands of the
Librarian.

Mr. Lyman read his report as delegate to the Royal Society of
Canada. Mr. Reed, in reply to an enquiry, gave an account of what had
been done during the past year with regard to the Society’s rooms and
collections ; he stated that they had frequently been opened to the public,
and that many very pleasant evenings had been spent among the micro-
scopes, books and cabinets.

Mr. Reed drew the attention of the meeting to the changes in ‘‘ The
Agricultural and Arts Act,” affecting the Society, made during the last
session of the Ontario Legislature, and moved, seconded by Dr. Bethune,
“That in accordance with the provisions of section 67 of the Agricultural
and Arts Act, as amended in 1889, the agricultural divisions in Schedule
A of the said Act be grouped into the following five divisions, for the pur-
pose of electing one person from each of said five divisions (who shall be
a resident of the district he represents) as directors of the Entomological
Society of Ontario :—

Division 1, to comprise Agricultural Divisions 1, 2, 3.

6s De ee ce ce 4, 5> ge
ee ae ; (a9 a4 oe 6, Lo.

< 4, e zi cs 75,95 9:

re Es “s ee ne I ys

And that this grouping of the Divisions be in force until otherwise altered
or re-arranged at any annual meeting of the Society.”— Carried.

The following gentlemen were elected officers for the ensuing year :—

President—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., D. C. L., Port Hope.
Vice-President—E. Baynes Reed, London.
Secretary-Treasurer— W. E. Saunders, London.
Librarian—E. Baynes Reed, London.
Curator—Rowland Hill, London.
Directors— Division 1—W. H. Harrington, Ottawa.

‘6 2—J. D. Evans, Sudbury.

SS 3—Gamble Geddes, Toronto.

He 4—J. Alston Moffat, Hamilton.

= 5—J. M. Denton, London.

186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Editor of the Canapian ENToOMOLoGIstT—Rev. Dr. Bethune, Port
Hope.

Editing Committee—James Fletcher, Ottawa; J. M. Denton, Lon-
don; Rev. T. W. Fyles, Quebec ; Dr. Brodie, Toronto.

Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada.—H. H. Lyman, Montreal.
Auditors—J. M. Denton and E. B. Reed.

Mr. Moffat, who had been engaged for some time past in re-arranging
the Society’s collections, spoke of the desirability of printing a new list of
Lepidoptera for labelling purposes. Dr. Bethune said that he did not
think it advisable to do so just now, as the nomenclature of the order
must be considered to be in a somewhat transition state ; he thought that
after Mr. Scudder’s magnificient work on the butterflies was completed,
and students had time to master its contents, there would be a very
general adoption of many, at any rate, of his generic titles, and that this
would alter very much our current nomenclature. He also referred to
Prof. J. B. Smith’s contemplated monograph of the Noctuidze, the frequent
descriptions of new species by Mr. Hulst and others, and the work of
Prof. Fernald among the Micros, as rendering the publication of a list
premature at present. He said that he had in his possession a new
check-list of the Noctuide by Mr. Grote, but its publication was deemed
unwise owing to the foregoing considerations. - He thought that Mr.
Moffat’s object could be met by printing a few sheets to supplement the
lists published a few years ago by Dr. Brodie and Dr. White.

Papers were then read by (r) Dr. Brodie, on ‘ Gall Insects ;” (2) the
Rev. T. W. Fyles, “Some notes on the Effects of Heat on Insect Life ;” (3)
Dr. Goding, ‘“‘ In Memoriam: George John Bowles.” These papers will
be published in full in the Annual Report.

The Rev. W. A. Burman, of Winnipeg, was elected a member.

After spending some time in the examination and discussion of various

specimens brought by members, the meeting adjourned to meet in Lon-’

don next year.

Erratum.—In the description of the larva of Grapta j-album, by
Mr. P. M. Dawson, in the September number, there occurs the obvious
mistake (page 180, line 12) of ‘ eight inches long” instead of “.8 inch.”

a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 187

A NEW CLOTHES BEETLE.

BY PROF. A. J. COOK, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN.

One of the most interesting studies of the scientific entomologist—
more interesting because of its economic importance—relates to variation
of habits of insects, consequent upon variation in their environment.
The carpet beetle, Anthrenus scrophularie Linn., feeds on flowers in its
native Europe. In the new atmosphere of America, it feeds and thrives
upon carpets, shawls and other woollen goods. The apple maggot,
Trypeta pomonella, feeds upon our wild haw and other wild fruits.
Civilization exterminates its old-time aliment ; and it betakes itself to our
apples, cherries and plums. ‘The curculio, apple-tree borers, bark lice,
etc., are other illustrations of the same truth.

In the past season I have discovered another illustration in the Laszoder-
ma serricorne Fab. This insect belongs to the family P¢inzzd@, a small
family of very small insects. Very few of the insects of this family are
noxious ; the two best known of which are, the apple-tree twig borer,
Amphicerus bicaudatus Say., which bores in the mature state in the twigs
of the apple, and Zinoxylon basilare Say, which attacks the hickory and
grape. ‘The insect in question, Laszoderma serricorne Fab., has been found
to attack plush furniture. The larvee, in this case, do the mischief; they
perforate the plush, making it like a sieve. I know of several pieces of
upholstered furniture utterly ruined by these minute larvee.

The beetle is light-brown in color. There is little variation in the
color, except that the eyes and tips of the elytra are black. The wing-
covers appear a little lighter, because of a covering of light hairs, which
are more dense on the elytra than on the thorax and head. ‘The thorax
bends down, so that, as we look from above, we can not see the head.
The serrate antennz, which give its name to the beetle, are also bent under
the head, so as to rarely show. The beetle is very small, hardly more
than 2 m.m. long. The elytra are non-striated. The first two joints of
the antenne are small, They then increase to the sixth, and then de-
crease to the end. The tenth, or last joint, is rounded. The grubs are
short, curled and hairy. They are two m.m. long and one thick. The
color is white, and the hairs nearly white. These latter have a slightly
yellowish tinge. ‘The six thoracic legs are tipped with black. The upper
part of the head shows four yellowish-brown lines. The upper ones are

188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

narrowest, while the lateral ones are abbreviated behind. The front of
the head is brown, while the jaws and other mouth parts are nearly black.

Like all insects, these beetles, both as larve and imago, are very sus-
ceptible to gasoline or bi-sulphide of carbon. Both of these, used in large
quantities, were quickly fatal to the insects. Like the carpet beetle, they
infest upholstered furniture between the folds, especially where the back
joins the seat. It is easy to drench such parts of a sofa or chair with
gasoline and destroy the larvee of either moth or beetle.

Nearly every year brings examples of such’change of habits as de-
scribed above. Such incursions, present and prospective, emphasize the
importance of thoroughly-trained entomologists in every state of our
country.

THE NOCTUIDA OF EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA.

(Third Paper.)

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY,
Tribe Agrotinz.

The tibize are usually all spinose, the eyes naked, the body untufted,
the form normal, the male antenne of various structure, pectinated, brush-
like, simple. The European species are referred by Lederer all to one
genus, Agrotis of Hiibner. Nevertheless, I think the yellow-winged
forms may well be separated under Avza and Zryphena. Of these
yellow-winged forms, with flattened abdomen, we have only one Z:
Chardinyi, from Anticosti and Maine, considered identicai with the
Siberian species of the same name, described originally by Boisduval under
Anarta. For the structure of Agrotzs, I refer the student to a paper of
mine on the genus, Can. Ent., XV., 51. This genus seems of general
distribution, although, perhaps, most numerously represented by species
in North America. ‘To this tribe, I would refer certain American genera,
with few species, which seem peculiar. These are: Carneades, which
differs by a frontal tubercle; Azchtia, which resembles Ammoconia in
having a thoracic rigid tuft, but has simple antenne ; Ata, with a claw
on front tibie ; Agrotiphila, with narrowed eyes ; Anytus, with lashes ;
the peculiar genus U/eus, and, finally, Copadblepharon, which has some

ii

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189

resemblances to the He/iothians, and superficially recalls Ars/onche. The
position of some of these genera is debatable, and the immature stages
almost entirely unknown. We may briefly compare the European and
American representatives of Agrotis. In Europe, about 120 species are
known ; we have a preliminary list of over 200. __ Divisions of the genus
into groups have been proposed on peculiarities of the genitalia, which
seem convenient, but are probably of less importance than the armature ;
hence, I would prefer to divide the genus, primarily, into two groups, the
species with unarmed fore-tibiz, and those with all the tibia armed.
When all the species are compared, there will probably be found peculi-
arities in the armature of the front tibize to warrant further divisions.
The relationship of the American species to the European is evidenced
by the identical forms, 7.¢, baja, ypsilon, plecta, sancia, etc., then by
the representative forms, 7. e. haruspica, phyllophora, etc. The species
from the west coast have largely a European facies ; the Labrador species
are found, with other Arctic forms, on the summit of Mount Washirgton.
We may regard this genus as of very general, pre-glacial distribution ; but
evidently a greater number of species feed, in the larval condition, upon
plants now found in temperate latitudes. Setting the question of the
allied genera with mostly few species aside, the affinity of the two faunz
is quite evident. It is a little singular that the yellow-winged forms are
so feebly represented in North America. Their presence gives a some-
what peculiar aspect to the European fauna. The occurrence of yellow-
winged species is not unusual in the Woctucde. We find them in Oxco-
cnemis, Hadena and Anarta among usually fuscous species.

Tribe Hadeninz.

Leaving the Dicopid genera, which seem peculiar, we now come to a
group of typical Owlet moths, which differ from the Agrotinz mainly in
their usually unarmed tibiz and tufted, rougher, body covering. In the
first genera, the eyes are hairy; in /isféa, the tibiz are spinose ; in
Copimamestra, the front tibie have a claw. This latter genus is founded
for the European érassice and its American representative occidenta.
Mamestra is a typical Hadenoid genus with hairy eyes, and Dianthecia
merely differs by the external ovipositor. These two genera, or generic
groups in our fauna, show a similar relation to the European fauna as
with Agrotis. Whether our ¢rifolii (albifusa) is identical with the Euro-
pean, may not be certain, but the genus has several representative species

190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

such as nimbosa, atlantica, subjuncta, etc. In Dianthecia, we have
D. bella, which represents the European D. Magnolii. America has the
usual preponderance of species, over seventy, while Europe has fifty-
eight of the two together. In my lists I have not separated the forms of
Dianthecia, partly because the character was not easy to verify, or I had
only males, while the pupa, which presents some peculiarities as studied
in Europe, is quite unknown. Peculiar American Hadenoid genera, with
hairy eyes, seem to be WVephelodes, Admetovis, Tricholita, Trichoclea,
Trichopolia and Eupsephopeactes.

I would here draw attention to the fact, that the generic characters in
the Woctwide and the moths generally are of such a nature that a differ-
ence of opinion may legitimately arise. | Undoubtedly, an ultimate and
better opinion may be obtained, but criticism is to be only indulged in
with that moderation which the nature of the subject demands. Far dif-
ferent is it with matters concerning positive or actual structure, where the
empiric has before him a certain specimen under the microscope. In
such cases, as with the genus Cerathosia, where the describer erroneously
describes the neuration or other actual features, a positive error is com-
mitted and the author earns that measure of opprobrium which belongs
to defective work in Natural History.

‘The European Hadenoid genera, with naked and lashed eyes, Zpzsema.
Thecophora and Dichonia seem to be absent from our fauna. Polia,
which has the antenne tufted at base and usually pectinate or serrated in
the males, has eleven European species ; in the Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv,
VIL. 266, I have given the list of ten American forms referred here,
whether they are all strictly correct, 1 am uncertain. The European
genera, with few species, AZetopoceras, Cladocera,’ Heliophobus, Ulochlena,
Oxytrypia, are yet without described American species. Guenet’s
Chariptera festa seems to be the Cerma cora of Hubner, and not to be
congeneric with the European viridana. Mr. Morrison’s Valeria Grotet
has a claw on the fore tibiae ; consequently is not congeneric with the
European jaspidea, but seems to be allied to Décopzs.

The genus Oncocnemis is a smooth, almost Agrotid form, considered
by Herrich-Schaeffer as allied to Hediothis with a claw on the front tibiae,
represented by two Russian species, of which confusa has a representa-
tive form in the Californian Behrensi. I have described the large number
of nineteen American species (three having yellow secondaries, Hayes?,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191

Dayi and mirificalis), while other authors have added four ; our most
beautiful Eastern form being the afrifasctata of Mr. Morrison, which I
refer to this genus, it being related apparently to the grey forms, such as
Chandler, riparia, etc., the median space filled with black. I refer two
Western species to the European genus Vaderéa, opina and conserta, and
one Eastern species, st¢gmata, to the European genus Dryodota. Peculiar
American Hadenoid genera, with. naked eyes, seem to be 4rthrochlora,
fiillia, Homohadena, Pachypolia and Hadenella. The typical genus,
Hadena itself,seems to have a parallel representation in North America with
the other leading genera Apatela, Agrotis and Mamestra, from which latter
genus the species differ in having naked eyes. It offers both identical and
representative species with the European forms, and again an excess in
number, over sixty to over forty. The related genus Hypfa with its one
European species has a representative American form xyZinoides. I have
identified the European Dipterygia pinastri as occurring in North Am-
erica ; whether this is a survival, or a more recent importation, is doubtful,
perhaps the latter. Of the European genus Actinotia, we have two
species ; of Cal/opistria, one. A strong analogy of the two faunx is
offered by the genera clustering about Zwf/ex/a, the single species of which
latter, /zcipara, is found from the East to California, and is apparently an
unchanged survival and identical with the European; [ have found the
Jarve on a number of plants, among them the common /ychsia. ‘These
genera are Z7igonophora, and Lrotolomia, each with representative Am-
erican forms, while the European genus Hadryntis is perhaps not found
in America, nor, conversely, the American genus Conservula in Europe.
Prodenia, which has one European, has at least four North American
species. This genus is a Southern form, intruding into the European
fauna from the Mediterranean and Asia Minor ; in America, more plenti-
ful in the Southern States, where an allied form, the Laphygma frugiperda
of Abbot and Smith, is destructive to corn. We have nothing like the
wide-winged European J/ania maura, so far as my knowledge goes. The
determination of what species is the real type of the earlier genera of
Ochsenheimer and other authors is a matter of some difficulty, owing to
the fact that the species were loosely associated, and the characters we to-
day consider of importance neglected. Not a single species included by
Boisduval in 1829 under Zuperina is placed under Luperina by Lederer.
The true type of Zuperina may, I think, be considered to be the Euro-

192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

pean festacea, which Lederer includes under Afamea Tr. Probably the
true type of Afamea may be found in xéctitans, one of the original species.

Of neither Zuperina Boisd. ( = Apamea Led.), or Ledereria m.
(= Zuperina Led. non Boisd.), do I know American species. Apamea
nictitans occurs with us however, from California to the East probably as
an unchanged survival, not only in the typical, but also in the varietal
European forms. Whether zctctans and certain allied species are distinct
from Gortyna, I, however, doubt, and it is probable that we have but one
genus which European authors call Hydracta Guen. Now the type of
Hydrecia 1s micacea, as cited in the Species General. But the type of
Gortyna is already designated by Hiibner as mzcacea, consequently
Hlydrecia must fall. For Gortyna Led., with its one species flavago,
which differs from Hydrecia by its mucronate clypeus, the term Ochriza
must be used, as I have pointed out. The objectors to Hubner must be
told that Ochsenheimer cites him as authority, himself giving no diagnoses
to the Noctuid genera ; that the older Noctuid generic names are all in-
completely founded, that there is no standard for exact generic definition,
and finally, that Hubner has given us more information and a better
classification for the /Voctucde than any author before his time. Hubner
separates the Zhyatirine correctly for the first time; he is the author of
the leading generic divisions and names, Afpatela, Agrotis, Heliothis,
etc., names which have been wrongly credited to his successors. The
North American species of Gortyna (including those separated by me
with zzctitans ) are much more numerous than the European. The finest
species is our beautiful Gortynua speciosissima. We have two species
with mucronate clypeus; one from the East, duffa/oensis, and another
from the West. In ornamentation these species resemble the other
Gortyne, but we must refer them to Ocrza, together with the European
flavago. Our North American species which most nearly resembles the
European /favago, is, however, my Cataphracta, but here the front is
smooth. The question then arises as to the value of the frontal tubercle ;
whether it may not be developed as easily as modifications in the color or
pattern of ornamentation. Such questions are beyond our present ability
to answer. We must use what characters we find upon which to found
our genera, but the difficulties which the subject presents should preclude
all notion that our present opinions are infallible, or that we have any
reasonable pretext to arrogate to ourselves a superiority in our classi-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193

fication which allows us to speak unduly and depreciatingly of those who
studied these matters long ago.

As with former groups, the North American Hadenini show a pre-
vailing affinity with the European fauna. The amount of divergence can
hardly be shown until all the species are carefully compared, but we can
be sure it will not outweigh the resemblance.

PRELIMINARY, CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIIDA OF TEM
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH-NOTES.

BY JOHN B, SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 175.)
Sub-Family ARCTUN.

In the previous paper [ explained the sense in which this term is
used, and nothing further in the way of definition need be said on that

head.
Genus Crocota Hbn.

1816— Verseichniss ; Samml., Eur. Schm., III., 254.

This genus is in a sad state. Itis almost impossible to identify species
satisfactorily, and yet new species are constantly described. The matter
has been further confused by Mr. Grote’s persistent refusal to refer to Mr.
Reakirt’s species, for without referring them positively as synonyms to
any species, he says he cannot believe that they refer to species different
from those recognized by him, and therefore he ignores them altogether.
This has had the effect of causing others to lose track of the descriptions
which, poor as they may be, yet are necessary to be referred to. We
know nothing at all as yet as to the range of variation in the genus, and
species are based upon the most indefinite comparative features of colour

and appearance.
Using C. ferruginosa as subject : The head is free, rather small ; eyes

large, somewhat prominent; ocelli distinct ; vestiture scaly, smooth ;
antennz of male with the joints marked, scarcely serrate, with fine lateral
cilia, palpi moderate in length, straight or slightly drooping. Thoracic
vestiture scaly. Legs closely scaled, posterior longest, the spurs normal
—i. e., middle with one, posterior with two pairs. The tongue is rather
short, but corneous and spiral. Wings proportionately wide and short,

194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

rather frail and thinly scaled, usually some shade of reddish or yellowish,
more rarely tending to black. On the primaries, veins 7 to ro inclusive
are on a stalk out of the end of the cell, 10 thus not arising out of the
subcostal, 3, 4 and 5 are almost equidistant from the end of the median.
On the secondaries, 3 and 4 are from the end of the cell, 5 is wanting, 6
and 7 from a stalk out of the end of the subcostal, 8 from subcostal, about
one-third from base. There may be some variation in the origin of 2, 6
and 7 of secondaries, and 5 may be present in some species ; these are
variable points in this family.

From what I have seen, I believe that almost any good local collec-
tion would show most of the species ; in other words, I believe individual
characters have been largely used for specific distinction.

C. aurantiaca Hbn.

1825—Hubner, Zutr., p. 9, ff. 411, 412, Aubaphe.

1855—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., Il., 523, Aubaphe.

1862—Morris, Synopsis, 253, Hubaphe.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 103, Crocota.

Habitat—“ Georgia.” Eastern and Middle States.

Packard apparently did not recognize this species. I am not sure

that I have it correctly, but what I take to be the species seems to occur
east of the Mississippi and north of the Carolinas.

C. belfraget Stretch.
1885—Stretch, Ent. Amer., I., 103, Crocota.
Habitat—Texas.

C. brevicornis Wk.
1855—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep, Het., Il., 536, Crocota.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sei, Phil., XII, 542, Crocota.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 255, Cvocota.
1862—Clem. in App. to Morris’ Syn., 308, Crocota.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 104 Crocota.
1877—Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond., 367, Zubaphe.
Habitat—Can., Maine, N. Y., Mass., Ohio, Ills., Colo.

Apparently quite widely distributed. Butler says Walker had several

specimens of this species among his rudbicundarza.

C. costata Stretch.
1885—Str., Ent. Amer., I., 103, Cvocota.
Habitat—Texas.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195

Apparently a very distinct species, which I have identified in the
National Museum collection.

C. diminutiva Graef.

1887—Graef, Ent. Amer., III., 42, Crocota.

Habitat—Texas.
C. ferruginosa Walker.

Pegg Walke oC. b. Mus. ep. Het lites 3s, Crocota:

1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil,, XII., 542, Crocota.

1862—Morris, Synopsis, 255, Crocota.

1862—Clem., in Morris Syn., App., 308, Crocota.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 103, Crocota.

1867—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., VI., 313, Crocota.

1868—Bethune, Can. Ent., I., 18, Crocota.

1877—Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc, Lond., 367, Aubaphe.

aurantiaca { Harris.
1850—Harris in Ag. Lake Super., 393, Eubaphe.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 103, pr. syn.
rubicundaria { Walker.

1855—WIlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het, IL, 536, Crocota.

1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., II., 71, pr. syn.

Habitat—Canada to N. Y., west to the Mississippi, Lake Superior,

H. B. Terr., Maine.
The distribution is probably wider. It is quite uncertain what this

species really is, and authors are not agreed. Butler says one specimen
of Walker’s rubicundaria is referable here.

C. fragilis Strk.
1879—Rept. Engin., 1878-79, V., p. 1859, Crocota.
Habitat—“ Pagosa Springs,” July 21.

This is almost certainly Ameria unicolor, if Mr. Strecker’s description
is good for anything.
C. zmmaculata Reak.
1864—Reak., Proc, Ent. Soc., Phil., II., 372, Crocota.
Habitat— Philadelphia, Pa.

*This sign, whenever used with a reference, as above, indicates that the early
stages were referred to.

a

196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

So far as I know this species has not been positively identified with
any other.

C. intermedia Grae.
1887—Graef, Ent. Amer., III., 42, Crocota.
Habitat---Texas.

C. leta Bdv.

1829—Bdyv. in Guer. Icon. Ins., pl. 88, f. 6, p. 519, Lzthosza.

1855—Walker, C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., II., 537, Crocota.

1860——Clem:, Proc. Ac. N. Sem Phil., X11; 537,°Crocora:
1862—Clem. in App. to Morris, Syn., 309, Crocota.

7864-—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soemmehil.,. Il, nos, — tresecoagen

1877—Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond., 367, Aubaphe.

treatiz Grote.

1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IV., 322.

1882—Grt., New List 15, ? =¢reatzz.

Habitat—Mass., N. Y., N. J., D. C.

I have in some way mislaid my notes on the figure in Griffith’s
Cuvier ; that in Guerin I have never seen. My recollection is that the
figure is on the same plate with that of Cal/imorpha Lecontei (pl. 32),
and is the lower figure on the plate. I never had any doubt of its being
the species afterward called ¢reatiz? by Mr. Grote. Dr. Packard had
evidently not seen this species when he hazarded the suggestion that this
might be the same as Walker's drevicornis.

C. nigricans Reakirt.
1864—Reak., Proc. Ent. SoepePhil.,.L., 241, Cracore’
Habitat—Philadelphia, Pa.
Unknown to me.

C. obscura Stretch.
1885—Stretch, Ent. Amer., I., 103, Crocota.
Habitat—N. H., Pa.

C. opella Grote.
1863—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., I., 345, Crocota.
1863—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., II., 30, pl. 2, f. x.
1867—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil., VI., 313, Crocota.
1877—Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond., 367, Zubaphe.
Habitat—Pa., N. Y., Can.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197

Butler says Walker included specimens of this species with his
rubicundaria.
C. opelloides Graef.
1887—Graef, Ent., Amer., III., 42, Crocota.
Habitat—Texas.
C. ostenta Hy. Edwards.
1881—Edw., Papilio, I., 12, Crocota.
Habitat—Arizona.

C. guinaria Grote.

T863-—Grta Proc.-Ent soc. Phil.,Wite30, pl. 2, & 2, 2, Crocota.

1864—-Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IIl., 105, Crocota.

1867—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., VI., 313, Crocota.
choriona Reakirt.

1864—Reak., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, II., 371, Crocota.

reo4——Packwrroc, Ent..soe:, Phil. bil., 1055. ‘pr. Syn.

1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., V., 234, pr. syn.
bimacudata Saunders.

1869—Saund., Can. Enr., IL, 51, Avrctea.

1882—Grt., New List, pr. syn.

Habitat— Mass., Can., Pa., Colo. ‘‘ 8,000 ft.”

C. rubicundaria Hubner.
1825—Hbn., Zutr., p. 28, 256, ff. 511, 512, Crocota.
1855—Walk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., II., 536, Crocota.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., XII., 541, Crocota.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 256, Crocota.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 307, = Phrag. rubicosa.
1866—H.-Schaeff, Corr. Blatt, XX., 118, ?, = aurantzaca.
1867—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., VI., 313, Crocota.
1868—Bethune, Can. Enr., I., 18, Crocota.
1877—Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond., 367, Eubaphe.
Habitat—Can., Mass., N. Y., Ga., Iils.
According to Butler, the rudbicundaria of Walker is not Hubner’s
species, but seems a mixture of at least three other species.

Genus Emypia Boisd.

1829—Boisd., Ind., Meth.
This genus I know only in the European species, and from descrip-

198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

tions by European authors. In appearance it is Lithosii-form, with rather
narrow primaries and broad secondaries ; the vestiture is close, smooth ;
vein 5 of secondaries is said to be wanting ; fore-tibia unarmed ; the spurs
of middle and hind tibia normal. Ido not remember the venation of
primaries, and made no note as to the origin of vein ro.

£, ampla Grote.

1878—Grt., Can. Ent., X., 232, Emydia.
Habitat—Colorado.

Genus UTETHEISA Hubner.

1816—Hiubn., Verzeichniss, 168.

A well marked genus containing very handsome and extremely
variable species, since it has been determined that all our forms are but
varieties of one species. The head is distinct, free, eyes rather large, not
prominent, ocelli distinct. The palpi are slender, ascending, reaching the
middle of front, the terminal joint rather long, closely scaled. Antennze
moderately long, slender, simple in the @, in the & the joints marked
with single lateral bristles. Legs closely scaled, quite considerably longer
posteriorly, all the spurs complete and moderate in length. Body closely
scaled. Primaries with vein 10 out of the subcostal, a short cross vein
connecting it with the stalk bearing 7, 8 and g, and thus forming an
accessory cell; 6 is from the end of the sub-costal ; 4 and 5 are close
together out of the end of the median ; 3 somewhat remote from 4, but
much nearer than to 6. Secondaries with 3, 4 and 5 very close together
from the end of the median; 6 and 7 together from the end of the sub-
costal ; 8 as usual about one-third from base out of the subcostal. Both
Crocota and Hmydia lack vein 5 of secondaries, which is a decided
Lithosiid tendency ; Utetheisa has 5 well marked, and has a distinct
accessory cell, the relation to Cad/imorpha being obvious in the entire
scheme of venation.

As the species are attractive as well as variable, the literature is
voluminous, and yet I have given none of the “ popular” or economic
references.

LV. betla Linne.

1758—Luinn., Syst. Nat. Ed., X., 534, Zinea.
1767—Linn., Syst. Nat. Ed:, XII., 885, Zinea.

baie

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 199

1764—Linn., Mus. L. U., 399, Zinea.
17.7 O—— WGULY,« EKOt. los te) le. X.XOBV shies Lazen.
1775—Fabr., Syst. Ent., 585, Bombyx.
1781—Fabr., Sp. Int., I1., 203, Bombyx.
1787—Fabr., Mant. Ins., II., 131, Bombyx.
1791—Oliv., Encycl. Meth., V., 99, pl. 72, f. 10, Bombyx.
1793—Fabr., Ent. Syst., III,, p. 479, Bombyx.
1793—Gmel., Ed. Linn. Syst. Nat., 2447, Bombyx.
1816—Hiubner, Verzeichniss, 168, U¢etheisa. ;
1837—Westwood, Ed. Drury, I., 46, Dezopeia.
1841—Harris, Rept. Ins., Mass., Dezopeia.
1841—Duncean, Nat. Libr., XXXIL., ror, pl. 24, f. 1, Deiopeta.
1855—WIlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., IIL, 568, Deiopeia.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, Supplt., 251, 313, Dezopeia.
1862—Harris, Inj. Ins. Flint Ed., 342, pl. VL., f, 2, Deiopeia.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IIL, tos, Ufetheisa.
1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., V., 234, Utetheisa.
1866—H.-Schaeff, Corr. Blatt, XX., 119, Callimorpha.
1869—Bethune, Can. Enr., I., 18, Utetheisa.
1873—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 56, 236, pl. 2, f. 15, Utetheisa.
1875—Saund., Can. Ent., VIL, 85, f. 1, Desopeza.
1877— Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond, 361, Dezopeia.
1879—Hulst., Bull. BkIn. Ent. Soc., L, 83, Dezopeia.
1883—Edw.* Papilio, IIL. 128, Utetheisa.
1886—Moeschl., Ent. Amer., I1., 75, Utetheisa.
1887—Gundlach, Cont. Ent. Cuba, 257, Utethezsa.

var hybrida Butler (between de//a and ornatrix).
1877-—Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 361, Deopeza.

var. ornatrix Linn.

1758—Linn., Syst. Nat. Ed., X., 511, Voctua.
1767—Linn., Syst. Nat. Ed., XII., 839, Woctua.
1764—Linn., Mus. L. U., 384, (Voctua.
1770—Drury, Exot., I., 51, pl. 24, f. 2, Moctua.
1775—Fabr., Syst. Ent., 586, Bombyx.
i779 otam. bap. xot,, tl, 107, tos; ple 16x.) f ©, D, Fy Prolaena.
1781—Fabr., Sp. Ins., IL, 203, Bombyx. ~
1787—Fabr., Mant. Ins., II., 131, Bombyx.

200

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1791—Oliv., Enc. Meth., V., 100, Bombyx.

1793—Fabr., Ent. Syst., III., 1, 479, Bombyx.

1816—Hbn., Verzeichniss, 168; Utetheisa.

1820—Hbn., Samml. Ex. Schmett., II., pl. 394. Ufetheisa.

1837—Westw., Ed. Dru., I., 46, pl. 24, f. 2, Dezopeza.

1855;—Walker, C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 567, Dezopeza.
1856—Lucas in Sagra’s Cuba, 301, Dezopeia.

1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, V., 234, pr. var.

1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 58, pl. 2, f. 18, Utetheisa.

1877—Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 361, Decopeca.

1886—Moeschl., Ent. Amer., II., 75, Utethezsa.
var intermedia Butler (between de//a and speciosa).
1877—Butl, Tr. Ent, Soc., Lond., 361, Decopeia.
var speciosa Walk. :

1855—WIlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., IIL, 568, Decopeca.

1862—Morris, Synopsis Supplt., 314, Dezopeia.

1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., V., 234, pr. var.

1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., II., 71, pr. var.

1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 57, pl. 2, f. 16, U*ethezsa.

1877—Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond., Dezopeza.

1886--Moeschl., Ent. Amer., II., 75, Utetheisa.

bella { Cram.

1779—Cram., Pap. Ex., III., 20, pl. 109, ff. C and D, Pralaena.

1886-—Moeschl., Ent. Amer., Il., 75, = speciosa.

Habitat—Can. to D. C., Ga., west to Miss., Ia,, Mo., for bella
varying to ormatrix in Tex., Mex., Fla., West Indies, where
also speciosa occurs.

Recorded food plants are Crotelaria, Lupin, Prunus, Lepedeza,
Ulmus.

Few species have greater bibliography, and, as already hinted, it is far

from complete.

to have been lost sight of. Mr. Grote does not quote his varieties in his
‘“* New List,” nor does Mr. Hy. Edwards, in his additions, Ento. Amer.,
March, 1888, refer to them.

Mr. Butler’s paper in the Trans. Ent. Soc., London, for 1877, seems

(To be continued. )

Mailed October 4th.

ei

VOL. XXI.

POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY—No. 5.

THE TIGER-SWALLOW-TAIL (fapilio Turnus, L.)

BY JAMES FLETCHER, OTTAWA.

Just about the time the lilac bushes open their fragrant blossoms the
grand insect shown at figure 9 may be seen either hovering over gardens
and sipping the nectar of flowers, or sailing majestically down some
woodland glade. It generally appears at Ottawa about the first of June,

Figure 9.

and may be seen for a month or more. Farther to the north it comes later,
not appearing at Nepigon, north of Lake Superior, until the end of June.
This insect has many characters which make it of interést to the collector.
Its size and beauty make it a striking object in the spring landscape.
Although it varies in abundance in different years, it is generally one of
the first treasures of the young collector, and is prized accordingly. The
variations it presents in different latitudes and the habits of its remark-

202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

able caterpillar are of great interest to the student. In the north, includ-
ing the whole of Canada, the males and females are like our figure,
having the ground colour of a pale lemon yellow, with rich black mark-
ings. The broad margin is more or less powdered with blue scales,
particularly on the hind wings, which are further ornamented with a
conspicuous orange-red spot, bordered with black and blue, near the
hind angle, and in the females there is another large spot of the same
colour at the upper angle. In the Southern States the specimens of both
sexes are larger and more highly coloured, and besides a black
dimorphic form of the female also occurs. No specimen of a black male
has ever been taken. The oniy approach to this melanic form is the
beautiful suffused variety which is figured below. The range of the
Tiger-Swallow-tail is very extended. I have some specimens from the
arctic circle and others from the tropics, while from east to west it
occurs from Newfoundland to Alaska. The eggs are laid by the
females singly on the upper side of the leaves of its food plants. They
are about one-twentieth of an inch in diameter, sub-globular and smooth,
at first of a pale transparent green, much yellower at the base by reason
of a more or less abundant waxy substance which fastened them to the
leaf ; after a few days they turn reddish, and just before the young larvee
hatch they are almost black. The time of hatching varies with the
weather from ten to twenty days. The caterpillars are very different
in appearance during their various stages. In the first stage the general
appearance is black, with white spots and tubercles, and a conspicuous
-white saddle-shaped mark on the back. This mark also appears after the
first and second moults, but is then of a pinkish cream colour. After the
second moult the ground colour of the body usually changes to greenish
brown. After the third moult the green colour is much more decided,
and the caterpillar assumes more of the shape and markings of the full-
fed larva. ‘The thoracic segments are now enlarged and the saddle-
shaped mark is almost obliterated. There is a yellowish band in front of
segment 2, and another on the hinder edges of segments 5 and 12 ; that on
5 is followed closely by a black line on the front edge of segment 6.
This black line does not show when the caterpillar is at rest. The head
is pink brown. On each side of segment 4 now appears a pear-shaped
yellow eye-like spot, the larger end outwards. This spot is edged by a
fine black line ; inside there is a heavy black line enclosing a violet spot.

ya

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 2038

Towards the smaller end of this yellow spot is a short black bar. The
sides of the body are also ornamented with rows of violet spots, two
upon segment 4, and four upon 5, 8, 9, 10 and 11, and two upon 12.
On segments 6 to rr there is one smail spot below each spiracle. These
spots are more distinct upon some specimens than upon others.

After the fourth or last moult the colour is invariably velvety green,
paler beneath, the saddle-shaped mark has disappeared and the yellow
marks are all more conspicuous. ‘The full-grown caterpillar is shown at
figure 10, and is a formidable looking creature. For two days before it
suspends itself to change to the chrysalis, it gradually assumes a purplish
brown tint, and the violet spots become more distinct than they were
before. The full-grown larva is about one inch and a-half in length when
walking. When at rest it is
shorter and thicker, the head is
drawn in out of sight and the
body assumes a wedge shape,
large in front, tapering rapidly
to the last segment. When in
this position the yellow spots
on segment 4 have the appearance of two large open eyes. This appearance
may possibly act as a protection from some of its enemies. When ready
to turn to a chrysalis, it leaves its food-plant and seeks some place to
pupate. It suspends itself to a silken mat and supports its body by
means of a silken girdle around the middle. It changes to a chrysalis
the second day after suspension. ‘The newly formed chrysalis is very
beautiful, being mottled with green, dove colour, black, and white, the
two eye-like spots on segment 4 being very distinct. After a few hours,
however, the green nearly all fades out and the chrysalis darkens to the
tint of dead wood. In all parts of Canada there is only one brood of this
butterfly. The eggs are laid in June and July and the caterpillars pupate
late in the summer and go through the winter in the chrysalis state. The
habits of the caterpillar are sluggish. From the first they spin a mat of
silk to rest upon when not eating and sally out to feed. When very
young they eat into the edge of the leaf upon which they hatch ; but as
they grow larger they crawl away to other leaves near at hand, and
return again to rest upon the same leaf, all the time there is food at a
convenient distance ; when this is all consumed they move off to a fresh

Figure ro.

204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

branch and start another centre of operations. This mat is so spun as to
curl the leaf up somewhat and form a platform, so that in case of rain the
caterpillar is raised above the wet leaf. When disturbed they have-a
special means of defence, in the shape of an orange forked scent-organ,
which they can protude at will from an orifice in the second segment. At
the same time a strong pungent odour is emitted. The caterpillars pos-
sess this organ in all their stages, but seldom use it except in the last stage.
The food-plant of this insect is very varied. In this district it is most
frequently found upon apple, cherry, ash, birch and aspen trees.

Figure 11 represents a very beautiful suffused melanic male, which

Figure 11.

was taken in July, 1888, by Mr. Robert Mackenzie, at Collins Inlet, upon
the Georgian Bay, eighteen miles east of Killarney, Ont. As this is the
only approach to a black male which has so far been discovered, it has
been thought well to have it photographed and engraved. The specimen
is in very fine condition, the black and yellow clear and unfaded. The
red eye-spot at the anal angle is distinct, and there is another between
the extremities of the second and third median veinlets of the hind wing.
A few scales of blue shadow the spot at anal angle. There is a conspicu-
ous cloud of the same colour between the second and third median
veinlets and a smaller one between the first and second. At the apex of
hind wing there is a light cloud of red scales, and a slight tinge of red
between the extremities of costal and first subcostal veins.

:
f
3
33
n
x0

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205

THE CLASSIFICATION OF OUR BUTTERFLIES.
BY A, R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

At different times, in making notes for a general list of our Lepidop-
tera, I have taken up the arrangement of our butterflies, and, although
such a list must now be undertaken by some one else, I think it worth
while to set down the conclusions to which I had come.

For myself, I have preferred to consider all the true butterflies as more
nearly related to each other than to the Hesperide and Paleohesperide.
In other words, the latter seem the equivalent, structurally speaking, of the
other butterflies. The characters by which modern “families” are recog-
nized are unequal, and perhaps these groups are really of no more than
sub-family value. But, granting these groups to be as they are now held,
families, the sequence, with the Papc/zontde at the head, seems less
reasonable than that which commences with the Wymphalide, or the so-
called “four-footed” butterflies. And this on general grounds. For it
is a clear departure from the usually six-footed type, that the anterior pair
should be shortened and rendered more or less useless for walking pur-
poses. It is probably not to be assumed that the families evolved from
each other, but evolution was simultaneous and unequal. The character
of the shortening of the fore-feet appears in a less degree in other families
of butterflies, and probably exists as a tendency latent in the whole group.
The fore-feet become gradually disused in walking, and this disuse is
followed by a modification of structure. We are tied to a linear series in
our catalogues and classifications, and the real descent and sequence in
time of our butterflies can never be made out and never displayed in our
artificial arrangements. We are conditioned by our own physical struc-
ture. Our appreciation of what surrounds us is limited by the imperfec-
tion of our senses. We cannot see evolution, and the actual progression
of growth escapes us. Only by reasoning do we recognize the doctrine
of descent. It is easier for us to construct a genealogical tree than to
prove its correctness beyond reasonable doubt.

Undoubtedly such drawings assist our comprehension of the possible
modus operandi, but the artist must be exceedingly well up before he thus
gives the reins to his imagination. In the best case they -are not facts,
and must not be accepted as such; they are, it may be, ladders for the
mind, which we may climb if we will, to find at the top perhaps as imaginary

206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

a result as Jack attained from his bean-stalk. To draw sucha tree may be
pardonable, but to believe in it afterwards, as representing real succession,
is an infirmity of the scholar’s mind. Who can tell the real succession in
time and place? ‘There may be assumed a certain progression in the
development of form, but beyond this there is nothing to justify our pre-
‘tence that we are classifying our Lepidoptera according to real descent.
Nature or natural selection deals with individuals ; if the type persists, it
is represented by species.

It may be that certain species of tropical Pafz/io are more recent
evolutions, newer species, than many Vymphalide,; but the four-footed
butterfly must have come, one would think, from a six-footed ancestor.
Hence, in a linear series, we may commence reasonably with the Vym-
phalide. Again, the habits of the larvee of these latter are very complex,
and seem to have been slowly modified and acquired. Mr. Edwards has
told us much about them. The larve themselves are most curious
objects, leaving the usual range of larval forms. In certain genera from
South America are curious horns attached to the head, reaching back-
wards and reminding us of the flower spurs of Aguzlegia. The larve of
the Papilionide, as I have elsewhere said, are not without resemblances
to the Hawk moths. As to pupation, it may be assumed that cocoon-
making, or spinning, is older than its disuse. Almost all the “higher”
groups, that is, groups which may have issued from a former complex, —
show some modification of this habit in the direction of its disuse. Thus
the Hawk moths, which may have come from a common ancestry with
the Ceratocampine, probably first passing through a type analogous to
existing Smerinthing, have very generally discarded cocoon-making. In
discussing all these matters, we must be careful not to put the cart before
the horse, as the Chippeways did, who held the pretty notion that the
butterfly made the south wind, and not the south wind the butterfly...

The Papilionide, in the consistency and form of the body, in its
hairiness, in the dark and bright contrasting colors, in the tailing and
structure of the secondaries, show certain approximations to the Hesperide,
so that our placing them at the end of the true butterflies does not do
violence to their structure. And as they are six-legged butterflies, we
should naturally finish with them. The departure, which probably exists
as a tendency in the group, is here not expressed, and they are like the
Hesperide in this respect. But we must not look upon the Papclionide

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207

3

as a connecting link ( Uebergang) to the Hesperide. They are, in most
respects, as far from the skippers as any other true butterfly. | The coin-
cidences at best indicate that, in certain characters, the Papi/ionide stand
nearer to the common ancestor than the Vymphalide. But whether our
surmises are right or wrong—and that they are right or wrong cannot be
proved, and is a matter of mere reasonable probability—we stand in need
of a linear series for our catalogues and collections. This is a practical
want, and we must meet it by the most philosophical means possible.
We are offered a certain character in the true butterflies, the different
modifications of the front pair of feet, and this character it is clearly philo-
sophic and practical to use. We must not be influenced by slighter
characters to overturn our conclusions, or by vague general considerations
which are wide of the result we are aiming at, which is a reasonable
sequence for our species, genera and families of butterflies.

I find that Mr. Wallace says that the Dazazde, no less than the
Lapilionide, have developed complicated adaptations to the surrounding
organic and inorganic universe. Adaptation, mimicry and dimorphism,
depend evidently on climate and surroundings, and are not any proof of
higher structural value in themselves. They are phenomena called forth
by circumstance, with the plastic butterfly as the wax for the seal. Perhaps
this very plasticity is a proof of a certain weakness of type, just as weak-
ness of character in us is displayed by our attending to every wind that
blows. ‘Inthe extensive family of Wymphalide,” says Mr. Wallace, “‘we
find that several of the larger species, of feebler structure, have their
wings modified ; while the powerful species, which have all an exces-
sively rapid flight, have exactly the same form of wing in Celebes as in the
other islands.” Size or relative beauty are no guide for a structural
arrangement.

I should commence, then, the linear series of our butterflies with the
four-footed butterflies: First the Vymphalide, following these with the
Satyride, which differ by the blistering of the veins of the fore-wings, and
are considered by writers generally as a distinct ‘“ family.” There have
to be general considerations guiding our arrangement of the genera; and
the knowledge requisite to form these is hardly gathered yet. A mere
technical description of form and structure is not of itself sufficient. Com-
parisons are needed of all the stages. Again, in the stringing together of
the mass of detail, the general principles which should guide us in estab-

208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ishing the higher divisions are lost sight of. The Satyrid@ are evidently
“lower” than the Vymphadide, perhaps retaining in habits and markings
traces of a former physical condition of the globe. I have written briefly,
originally, on the habits and conditions of Oecneis semidea, and I regard
this genus as a low, perhaps the lowest type of Satyrid. We now come
to a series of “families ” of butterflies in which the shortening of the fore-
feet is confined to the male sex. These are the Zzdytheide, as I have
thought, a very old form of butterfly (Can. Ent. XVIII., 163), the Zry-
cinide, to which I would refer my genus Feniseca, and the Lyceinde, in
which the male fore tibiz end in a hooklet. We now come to the six-
footed butterflies, which we may divide into three ‘ families,” the Preride,
the Parnasside and the Papilionide. The Hesperide, which differ by
the proportions of the body and position of the wings, fall into two
groups, as the fore tibiz are with or without epiphysis, and may then
follow. The series of butterflies may be closed by my Padeohesperide,
with spinose tibie,—moth-like butterflies preparing us for the Castzzade,
and apparently relics of a stage between moth and butterfly surviving in
the North American fauna.

There is, I think, nothing to be gained by cataloguing our Lepidoptera
upside down, as seems to be proposed by Packard, commencing with the
supposed “lowest” moths. ‘Theoretically we may conceive that the
moths are “lower” than the butterflies, and that in some unknown way
the latter have come from moth-like ancestors. Paleontological proof is
now wanting, but there is some circumstantial evidence to be gathered
that such has been the case. If there has been evolution, then butterfly-
like forms cannot have produced moths, but the reverse. At a later
epoch in the history of creation than the origin of butterflies, changes of
climate have evidently taken place. The winter now finds the butterflies
in all stages. The lethargy of the half-grown caterpillar seems to have
survived from a time when the winters were longer, came more suddenly, °
than at present. It was no longer time for the butterfly to grow, or the
food plant formerly then perished. Now there is time and food, but the
butterfly will not yet believe it, needing the evidence of centuries, and —
prepares to winter. In the moths I only have observed that certain
species remain as caterpillars within the cocoon until spring.

For practical purposes, as well as for the work of comparing the
faunze of North America and Europe; and arriving at some conclusions as

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209

to geographical distribution and origin of the different forms, in which I
am much interested, we may arrange the butterflies as here suggested.
But whether we assume eight “ families” of the true butterflies, or only
four, or only one, the sequence and the principle remain unaltered.
The characters by which modern “families” are defined, chiefly by
German authors umd solche die es werden wollen, are of unequal morpho-
logical value, therefore unnatural and, it seems to me, unphilosophical.

NOTE ON THE LARVA OF THYATIRA PUDENS, Guen.
BY HARRISON G. DYAR, RHINEBECK, N. Y.

As far as I am aware no description of the larva of this insect has
been published, and hence I present the following :—

T. pudens.—Mature larva. Head white, with four black spots, two
covering the eyes and the others near the summit of the head. A few
short, whitish hairs. Body semitransparent, whitish, flecked with opaque
white spots on the dorsum and more thinly on the venter. Stigmatal
space covered by a blackish shading, more distinct anteriorly ; a darker
dorsal line. Spiracles pale brown. Cervical spot whitish, concolorous
with body. A few short pale hairs.

The larve feed singly on dogwood (Cornus florida), each forming a
place of concealment by spinning one or more leaves together by the edges.
They mature by the middle of June and pupate in a slight cocoon on the
ground, the winter being passed in the pupa state. The pupa has its
greatest diameter through the wing cases, the abdominal segments taper-
ing. It is dark brown, approaching black, the brown color showing more
distinctly between the segments. Body punctured. Thorax, wing and
leg cases finely wrinkled. Cremaster, thick, 1 mm. long, furnished with
stiff, spiny hooks.

This larva well deserves its name of Audens, on account of its modest
habits, remaining concealed in its leafy house, and appearing much dis-
turbed if exposed. Its actions recall those of the larva of Audamus
tityrus.

The insect has only one brood annually.

Larve from Duchess County, N. Y.

21:0: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PREPARATORY STAGES OF ‘LEPTARCTIA CALIFORNIA
WaLkER, WITH NOTES ON THE GENUS.
rn BY G.. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

. Egc.—Diameter .o3 inch. Globular, smooth. Color whitish, with a
pearly lustre. Duration of this period here four days, in the mountains
of California six days.

Younc Larva.—Length .o7 inch. Cylindrical, six rows of tubercles
from which spring hairs as long as the body. Color pale gray, head
black, hairs gray. Duration of this period four days.

After 1st Moult.—Length .15 inch. Cylindrical, eight rows of tuber-
cles, from which spring tufts of hair. Color dull pale horn yellow, a
whitish dorsal line ; tubercles black, the hairs gray ; head with the top
and sides black, clypeus whitish ; legs whitish. Before the close of the
preceding stage the body was slightly reddish purple. Duration of this
period three days. rng

After 2nd Moult.—Length .25 inch.--Head slightly bilobed ; color
smoky greenish black ; tubercles black, the hairs gray ; a dorsal creamy,
slightly orange tinted line, and a line of lateral spots of the same color
situated between the second and third rows of tubercles, counting from
the dorsal line ; head pale horn yellow, the upper part black, a small
black spot on each side, and a small smoky spot in the centre of the front ;
feet concolorous with the body. Duration of this period:seven days.

After 3rd Moult.—Length .50 inch; shape as before. Color smoky
gray, rather dark ; dorsal stripe orange, an orange spot each side of the
second tubercle on each joint, counting from the dorsal line ; tubercles
black, each supporting a cluster of spreading brown hairs, those on joints
6 to 11 mostly about the length of the diameter of the body, those on the
other joints containing a few that are much longer, the anterior and a few
on joint 12 yellow, a long pencil of brown hairs on 13 ; head dark amber,
two blackish patches in front. Duration of this period six days.

After 4th Moult.—Length .60 inch. Color gray, made so by a fine
mottling of black and sordid white ; the cluster of hairs from each tubercle
thick and spreading, the central hairs black, the outer hairs of the cluster
gray ; the dorsal line, lateral spots and head unchanged.

Mature Larva.—Length .7o inch. There was scarcely any change

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Dein

after the first of this period, As before, the body is cylindrical, with eight
rows of tubercles, supporting tufts of spreading hairs, the most of these
black with a few gray hairs round the outside of each cluster ; the length
of the hairs on the middle of body about the diameter of the body, those
on the posterior part of the body about twice as long, the pencil from
joint 13 about four times as long as those on the back of the middle
joints ; tubercles still black ; head amber, with a prominent blackish spot
in the centre of the anterior part of each cheek. Duration of this period
57 days.

CurysaLis.—Length .45 inch; length of wing and tongue cases .25
inch, extending almost to posterior part of joint 5; depth of joint 1.14
inch; of joint 2 .15 inch; of joint 3 .16 inch; from this it tapers
slightly to joint 7, from this more abruptly to the end ; no hooks at anal
extremity ; cylindrical, anterior end rounded, the head sloping to the
antenne cases at a little less than go degrees ; wing and antenn& cases
slightly roughened, abdomen slightly punctured. Color, chestnut brown,
antennee cases and outer edges of wing cases a little paler. Duration of
this period from 205 to 234 days.

There is but one brood in a season, and unlike most of our insects, it
has two periods of what might be called suspended activity. One of
these, the pupal period, is common to all insects undergoing complete
transformations ; the other, just before pupation, an unusual one, unless
with a species that hibernates in the larval state. By looking over the
different periods, we find them as follows :—

Egg period.... 6 days.

ee

¥st larval > is a

2nd 66 6 F 3 oe
3rd 6“ &c ‘ 7 “
getah a Menai at ft
5th oe 6c fe o57 6

After the fourth moult the larvee grew to their full size in a few days,
and then remained in a quiescent state, unless disturbed, during the
remainder of the period. They passed the last moult July 25th, but did
not pupate till September 20th. I could not see that they ate anything
during this time of about 50 days, the period of our dry, hot weather,
though fresh food was furnished them every day. At first I thought this

212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

eee ee ee — nn ——

might be due to their translation from their home in the Sierras to our
warmer Climate, and that succeeding broods would behave differently ; but
the second brood raised followed the same course as their ancestors.

When preparing to pupate, they constructed loose cocoons of gray silk
mingled with hairs from their own bodies, either in folded leaves or next
to the dirt in the corners of their breeding box. In this they resemble
our Arctians generally.

The eggs from which the larve furnishing these notes were obtained
were sent me by my friend, Hon. C. F. McGlashan, of Truckee, California.
They were: received by me July 5, 1885, just hatched, after having been
on the road six days. Those I bred the next year hatched in four days.
The food plant given me was Pentstemon, but I fed them on A7bes Aur-
eum, or Missouri Currant, which they ate readily ; and I am of the
opinion, that like other Arctians, they are rather general feeders.

The only species, besides this, that has a period of summer hiberna-
tion in the Bombycide, so far as I have noticed, is the larva of Arachunis
Picta, Pack., described by Mr. Stretch in his Illustrations of Zygaenidz
and Bombycide, page 84. This larva was found May 8th and did not
pupate till the middle of August, making at least 98 days without food.
The Lepftarctia larve remained quiet under the food given them on the
earth of the breeding box, unless disturbed, when they would run rapidly,
like the species of Arct7a. I believe Mr. Stretch says the Arachnis larvee
emitted a fluid just previous to pupation, similar to that emitted by a moth
when coming out of chrysalis. I did not notice whether these did the
same or not.

The genus Leptarctia was founded by Mr. R. H. Stretch in his book,
already referred to, in the time of its publication from 1871 to 1873. At
the time of writing the description of the genus he does not seem to have
known of Walker’s description of Ca/ifornie, as he says nothing about it
till the close of the work in an addenda. He gives three species, Zena
and Decia by Boisduval, and Démidiata named by himself. Waiker
described Californie in 1855 in British Mus. Cat. Lep. Het. Vol. 3,
placing it in the genus Vemeophila. In 1868 Boisduval described the
same form as Adnata, together with the two already mentioned, Zeza and
Decia, placing them in the genus Zthosia, but stating that in his opinion

they did not belong in that genus, but in one near Wemeophila. Dr,

0 ee oe a

7

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 21

©

Packard, in his “‘ Synopsis of the Bombycidz of the United States, 1864”,
does not mention any of the forms of Zeptarctia, hence we may presume
that he had not seen any of them. In the note already referred to, at the
close of the volume, Stretch restores Cadifornig, and gives Lena as a
synonym. Grote, in his “New Check List of North American Moths,
1882”, gives three names as species, Decia, Lena and Dimidiata, giving
Californie as a synonym of Zena. The Brooklyn List, 1881, gives the
same three names without Ca/ifornie.

This is, *as far as I have observed, a synopsis of the history of the
forms that have been placed under the genus Leffarctia as species.
Stretch figured several forms, but grouped them as varieties under the
three species he gave. While, for lack of a large series, or the knowledge
that could come from breeding, these writers have treated of these forms
as species, yet there has been something of a feeling among Lepidopterists
for several years that there was really only one species, and all the differ-
ent forms but varieties, and that such would ultimately be proven.

(To be continued. )

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIIDA OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.
BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 200.)

As the descriptions are short and so generally unknown, I will repro-
duce them here:-—

“Var. hybrida: Primaries of D. de//a, but the yellow belts indistinct,
secondaries of typical D. ornatrix, but with the ground colour red as in
D. bella, and with a white edged, interrupted black belt across the dis-
coidal cell.

“ Hab.—United States.

“Var. intermedia: Primaries with the yellow belts very pale, so that
the white borders of the black spots show faintly ; secondaries exactly
like speciosa.

“ Hab.—United States,”

214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Genus CALLIMORPHA Latr.

This genus has been so thoroughly discussed by Mr. Lyman and myself
in Can. Ent., XIX , 181-191 and 235-239, that it is scarcely necessary to
say anything more here.

The synonymy to the date of my monographic revision in the Proc.
U. S. Natl. Mus., 1887, pp. 338-353, is there given with the complete
bibliography. Nothing worthy of record has been published since that
time, and I therefore add a list of the species for completeness only. As
this genus has been monographically treated, I adopt my $wn order of

species :—

C. clymene Brown. C. contigua Wk.
interruptomarginata Deb. reversa Stretch, in part.
comma Wik, C. suffusa Smith.

C. colona Hbn. lecontet ¢ Stretch et auct.
clymene \| Esp. reversa Stretch, in part.
carolina Harr. C. confusa Lyman.

C. dactata Smith. lecontet } Smith et auct.
f conscita Wik., in part. reversa Stretch, in part.

C. lecontei Bdv. C. fulvicosta Clem.
var. miditaris Harr. & conscita Wik., var. 3b.
confinis Wik. C. vestalis Pack.

2 conscita Wik.

_ Genus EpicaLtuia Hbn.
1816—Hiubner, Verzeichniss, 182.

Head small, retracted ; palpi short ; tongue short and weak, about
half the length of thorax ; ocelli small ; antennz short, simple in the ¢.
Legs rather well developed, the middle and hind tibiz fully spurred ;
spurs small, those of posterior tibia close together. Claws of tarsi simple.

Primaries with but rr veins, 8 being wanting ; 2, 3 and 4 are from a
short stalk out of the end of the median; 5 from the cross vein rather
close to the stalk, 6 and the stalk bearing 7, 9 and 1o from the end of the
subcostal ; 10 therefore of from the subcostal. Secondaries with 3, 4
and 5 close together from the end of the median ; 6 and 7 together from
the end of the subcostal; 8 as usual from the subcostal. De

The above description is based upon 4. wirginalis. Mr. Butler
thinks the American entomologists have mistaken the type of ZAzcad/ia.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 215

He says, Ann.. Mag:, N..H.,.1881, ser. 5, v. VIII:, p. 310:—“‘ Why Dr.
Packard and others have placed this species in Apicaldia, of which Z.
villica is type, it would indeed be hard to say.. Setting aside other differ-
ences, the utter dissimilarity of the male antennz should have been
sufficient to keep them widely separated. The pattern and colour of the
wings, the less woolly and smaller thorax, and the barred abdomen are
all characteristic of Hypercompa; in fact, with the exception of the rather
shorter costal margin of primaries, which may, perhaps, be regarded as a
generic character, I can see nothing to distinguish it from that genus.”
Mr. Butler claims dominuda and allies as Hypercompa ( Callimorpha
Stgr.), and says our species of Hypercompa (Callimorpha) differ generic-
ally from the European species, and should be referred to Hap/oa Hiib.
Villica, according to Butler the type of Zpzca//ia, is placed in Arectia by
Staudinger.

Without expressing any opinion on the subject, I refer the matter to
some one having the material for study.
E. virginalis Bdv.

1852—Bdv., Lep. Calif. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.), 49, Chelonia.

1855—WIk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., IIL, 611, Aretia.

1860—Clem., Proc. Ac, N. Sci., Phil., XII., 529, Arctza.

1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 337, Arctia.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IIL, 108, Epzcadvia.

1867—Grt,& Rob,, Tr. “Am, Ent Soc., 1 ¥.333;. pl. 6; fi gays +t,
LE picallia. ;

1873—Stretch,* Zyg. & Bomb., 70, 238, pl. 3, ff. 2, 3, 4, and pl. 10,
f. 1 (larva) Lpicallia.

1874—Pack.,* Rept. Geol. Surv., 1874, p. 559, Zpicallia.

1875—Edw.,* Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 186, Zpicallia,

1876 —Stretch, Rept. Surv. West. too Mer, V., 802, Epicallia.

1881—Butler, Ann. Mag., N. H., Ser. 5, VIIL, 310, Aypercompa.
var. ochracea Butler.

188r1—Butl., Ann. Mag., N. H., Ser. 5, VIII., 310, Aypercompa
Cites Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., p. 71, pl. 3, f. 2, as type.
var. guttata Bdv.

1852—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.), 48, Agarista.

1853 —H.-Sch., Lep. Eixot., 72, f. 464, Pleretes.

1862—Morris, Synopsis, 132, AZyp/a.

216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., tog, pr. var.

1867—G. & R., Traus. Am. Ent. Soc., I., 334, an sp. dist.

1869— Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg. XII), 74, Cal/imorpha.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 70, pr. var.

1875—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 186, pr. var.

Habitat—Vanc., Calif., Or., Colo., Ariz.

Genus PiLatarctia Packard.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., rog.

I have no notes of this genus, never having had a specimen that
belonged to me absolutely.

P. borealis Moeschler.
1860—Moeschl., Wien. Ent. Monatsch., IV., 360, pl. 9, f. 3, Avctia.
1864—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IIL, 74, =parthenos.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 111, Platarctia.
1867—Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc., N. H., XI., 35, Platarctia.
1869—Beth., Can. Env., I., 45, Platarctia.
1873—Strk., Lep. Rhop. et. Het, 24, =farthenos.
1882—Grt., New List, 15, Platarctia.
Habitat—Can., Labr.
Mr. Grote lists this as a distinct species without comment, and I fol-
low his lead. It is the opinion of those with both species, I believe, that
parthenos and borealis refer to varieties of the same form.

P. hyperborea Curtis.
1831—Curt., App. to Ross. Narr., 2nd Voy., LXXL, p. 17, Lyprepia.
1855—WIlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III, 611, Arctia.
1857—WIk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het, VII, 1692, Arctia.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 529, Arctia.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, Supplt., 340, Arctza.
1868—Grt. & Rob. Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., IL, 71, P/atarctia.
Habitat—Arctic America.

P. parthenos Harris.
1850—Harr. in Ag. Lake Sup., 390, pl. VIL., f. 4, Arctza.
18ss—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 608, Arctza.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII, 529, Arctza.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, Supplt., 337, Arectza. .

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 2ET.

1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 4, Arctza.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., UIl.,-110, Platarctza.
1868—Saund.,* Can. Ent., L, 5, Platarctia.
1869—Bethune, Can. Env., L, 45, Platarctia.
1871—Saund,,* Can. Ent., III., 225, Platarctia.
1872—Lint.,* Ento. Contr., Il., 132, Platarctza.

americana < Wk.
1855—WIlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 607, drctza.
Roos—Grt ce Rob: lm, Am Ent. Socez bl..71,.prsyn.
Habitat—Can., Lake Sup., White Mts., Vt., N. Y. *

P. yarrowi Stretch.
1873—Str., Zyg. and Bomb., 221, pl. IX.,f. 7, ¢, Arctia.
1876—Str., Rept. Geog. Surv. West, 100 Mer., V., 800, pl. 4o, ff 1
and 2, Arctia.
1882—Grt., New List, 15, //atarctia.
1883—Moeschl., Stett. Ent. Zeit., 44, 116, Arctza.
Habitat—Labr., Arizona.

Genus EUPREPIA Ochs.

1810o—Ochs., Schmett., III., 298.

Von Heineman’s characterization gives for this genus:—Antenne
and ciliated, joints with two stouter bristles; anterior tibia with claw
at tip. Primaries with accessory cell present. Based upon an examina-
tion of Z. caja, the reference of that species to this genus is an error, since
caja has the male antenne pectinated, the fore tibia with but a small
spine at tip, primaries without accessory cell. In ca/a the tongue is
obsolete, palpi short, head retracted. All. the tibiz shorter than femora ;
spurs normal, but minute. Claws simple. Primaries with 3, 4 and 5
nearly equidistant from the cross vein or end of median; 6 from cross
vein, very little below end of subcostal ; 7, 8 and 9 on a long stalk out of
end of subcostal ; 10 from subcostal before the end of the cell ; second-
aries with 3, 4 and 5 nearly equidistant from end of median; 6 and 7
together from end of subcostal.

Pudica is said to be the type of the genus !

£. caja Linn.
1758—Linn., Syst. Nat. Ed., X., 500, Bombyx.
1767—Linn., Syst. Nat. Ed., XIL., 819, Bombyx.

318 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1781—Fabr., Sp. Ins., II., 198, Bombyx.
1787—-Fabr., Mant. Ins., II., 128, Bombyx.
1816—Hiubn., Verzeichniss, 181, Zoove.
1852—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Fr.), 49, Avctia.
1855—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., IIL, 601, Arctza.
1860— Moeschl., Wien. Ent. Monatschr., IV., 360, Arctia.
1864—Grt., Pr. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 74, an. sp. Amer. (?).
1867—Pack.,* Proc. Bost. Soc., N. H., XI, 33, Auprepia.
americana Harris.
e1341—Harris, Rept. Ins., Mass., 246, Arctza.
1850—-Harris in Ag., Lake Sup., 391, pl. 7, f. 5, Arctia.
1855—Wlk., C. B. M., Lep. Het., III., 607, Arciza.
1869—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci, Phil. XII., 529, Arctza.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 336, Avctza.
1863—Saund.,* Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil. Il., 28, Avctza.
1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 3, Arctia.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil. IIL, 114, Auprepia.
1869—Grt., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., III., 537, an sp. dist., caja.
1872—Lintner,* Ent. Cont., Il, 134, Euprepia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. 95, pl. 4, f. 4, 2, ib., p. 239 (larva)
—=caja.
1873—Strecker, Lep. Rhop. et. Het., 24, caza.
1875—Edw., Proc. Cal. Soc. Sci., V., 187, Luprepia.
1875—Bunker,* Can. Ent., VII., 149, Arctza (life list).
1876—Lyman,* Can. Ent., VIII., 20, Arctza.
1878—Strk., Proc. Dav. Ac. Sci., II., 273, pr. syn.
1882—Grt., New List, 15, =caja.
var. utahensis Edw.
1886—Edw., Ent. Amer., II., 166, Huprepia.

.Habitat—Northern U.S., N. Y., Can., Labr., Alaska, Vanc., Calif.,
Utah. :
I have made no attempt to give the bibliography of the European
species. It would have made the references too voluminous, and the

European literature is rather easily kept track of.
£. opulenta Hy. Edw.
1881—Edw., Papilio, I., 30, Auprepia.
Habitat— Yukon River, Alaska.

’

Secretary.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219

Genus CALLARCTIA Pack.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, III., 114.

This genus is unknown to me in nature, unless Mr. Stretch’s reference,
hereinafter cited, is correct. In that case it needs no special character-
ization.

C. ornata Pack.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 115, Cad/arctia.
1882—Stretch, Papilio, II., 147, =Arctia achaia !
Habitat—San Mateo, Calif.

Mr. Stretch’s note, giving the above synonymical reference, seems to
have been carefully made, and the description shows nothing to the con-
trary. The reference bears all the more weight since Mr. Stretch is not
a lumper, and has shown in the past great deference to Dr. Packard’s
dicta in this family. Grote & Robinson’s species must, therefore, drop as
a synonym, while Dr. Packard’s genus must fall. I leave the positive
reference to others.

THE ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ECONOMIC
ENTOMOLOGISTS

will hold its first annual meeting in the City of Washington, D. C., on
November 12th, 1889, at 11 6’clock, a. m., in the Entomological rooms
at the U. S. National Museum.

According to the resolution of the Association at the Toronto meet-
ing, the annual meeting was to be held on the date and at the place
where the Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations
should next meet. The date and place for the latter meeting having
been fixed, the above notice is hereby given to all members of the Asso-

ciation of Economic Entomologists. All titles of communications to be

read should be sent to the Secretary as soon as possible, and those
desiring enrolment as members will also please communicate with the

Joun B. Smitu, Rutger’s College, New Brunswick, N. J.

220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

CORRESPONDENCE.

THE FARMER’S OWN INSECTICIDE.

Dear Sir: ‘Take plants of Pokeweed, (Phytolacca decandra), roots,
stems and leaves ; cut them into manageable lengths ; make a decoction
a sap-kettle will be useful for the purpose. Let the‘ liquor cool, and
then apply with a sprinkler. This will exterminate the currant-worm,
rose-slug and other pests of the garden.

THomas W. FYLEs.

GNOPHZLA VERMICULATA, Grote.

Dear Sir: ast year Mr. Bruce published a description of the larva
of this insect, giving the food-plant as JJertensia virginica (L.) As
Prof. J. B. Smith has repeated this record in Can. Ent. XXI., p. 174, it
becomes especially necessary to point out that it is probably erroneous,
In the first place, JZ. virginica is not known to occur in Colorado, and
the species known from the Platte basin, in that State, are JZ. szbirica,
Don., MZ. alpina, Don., and JZ. paniculata, Don.,—the last a new
record, being reported from Denver by Miss A. Eastwood. Secondly,
the larva of G. vermicudata is common in Custer County from 8,000 to
10,000 feet alt., and is found on Mertensia sibirica, although I have
rarely found it also on Lchinospermum floribundum, Lehm. I think,
therefore, we may regard JZ. sibirica and £. floribundum as the known
food-plants of G. vermiculata, and throw over JV. virginica as erroneous,
unless Mr. Bruce has anything to say to the contrary. I have elsewhere
described the larva and pupa of this insect, and as I have since found
the egg, this will be a convenient time to offer a description :—G.
vermiculata : egg, diam. one mill; spherical, flattened at base ; pale
yellow, smooth, rather shiny. Laid in clusters on leaves of JZ. sebircca.
Micawber Mine, Brush Creek, Custer Co., Colo., about 10,000 féet alt.,
or over. August, 1889. G. vermicudata occurs very abundantly in the
higher regions of the Arkansas Basin in Colorado, but I have not heard of
it on the Pacific slope. It flies lazily by day, visiting especially the flowers.
of Senecta and Gymnolomia.

West Cliff, Custer Co., Colo. i. D.. AvGockrrmiaa

Mailed November 5th.

Che Canadtwn Entomologist.

VOL. XXI. LONDON, DECEMBER, 188o. No. 12.

PREPARATORY SEAGES OF LEPTARCTIA CALIFORNEA
WaLkER, WITH NOTES ON THE GENUS.

BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.
Continued from page 213.

The first to express this belief and put it in a tangible shape before
the public was Mr. A. G. Butler, who published a paper in the Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., based upon a collection of moths made by Lord Walsingham
in Oregon. He states he does not hesitate to say that he believes that
the different forms do not represent several distinct species, but different
forms or varieties of one extremely variable species. The four names
that had been used he retains as names of the four forms they were
originally intended to represent, and gives in addition four new names.
According to Mr. Butler’s idea they would stand as follows :

LEPTARCTIA CALIFORNI#,

Var. 1, Stretchii, Butler.
** 2, Boisduvalii, Butler.
*¢ 3, Dimidiata, Stretch.
‘‘ 4, Latifasciata, Butler.
‘** 5, Fulvofasciata, Butler.
‘“¢ 6, Californize, Walker (type).
“« 4, Decia, Boisduval.
“ 8, Lena, Boisduval.
He does not describe these in full, but bases his description on the
work of Stretch, Ills., Zyg. and Bomb., using the figures on plate s.
I have before me representations of all but one of Mr. Butler’s varieties
in my own collection, and those ioaned me by my friend, Mr. W. G.
Wright, of San Bernardino, California, and three forms that are not refer-
able to any of his. The second variety, Bozsduvaliz, | have not seen: but
it is figured by Stretch. From the series I have, I deduce the following
brief descriptions, and from them have had made the wood engravings
illustrating the different varieties,

222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

LEPTARCTIA CALIFORNIZ,

Var. 1, Stretchii, Butler (Fig. 12). In this the fore-wings are black,
with the zig-zag transverse line pinkish white, a
spot of same near the posterior angle and a basal
dash. Hind wings black, with a few crimson
scales in a transverse row beyond the middle.
Under side, fore-wings crimson ; a black terminal
border, broadest at apex ; whitish along the costa.
Hind wings black, a little red in the outer part of cell.

Two {’s from Southern California.

Var. 2, Gotsduvalit, Butler (Fig. 13). This
has the fore-wings black with the transverse band
pinkish white, arcuate but not zig-zag, a brief basal
dash. Hind wings black with the transverse
band, as described by Mr. Stretch, “ bright orange
red.” Described by him from Oregon.

Var. 3, Dimidiata, Stretch (Fig. 14). Fore-wings black, two whitish
spots on the costa and one near posterior angle.
In bright examples of this genus three more or
less distinct transverse bands may be recognized,
usually gray and black with more or less of white
blotches in them. The first costal spot here is in
band 2 and the other two are in band 3. Hind
wings black in my example. Mr. Butler says it
may have ea slightly curved series of small ochreous or crimson spots
just beyond the middle.” Under side, fore-wings black, a broad whitish
band from above the cell to posterior angle, and the costal white spot of
band 3 repeated. Hind wings slightly flecked with light near the anal
angle.

One f from Colorado.

Var. 4, A/bifascia, French (Fig. 15). This has both wings black
with a broad white band across the fore-wings.
It is the same as Botsduvaliz, excepting the
crimson band on the hind wings. There is no
basal dash or other mark on the fore-wings.
Under side, fore-wings black to a little beyond
the first third, terminal portion black, attenuated

Fic. 13.

PEt 5

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ¥ 223

to a point at posterior angle ; the rest of wing ochreous white. Hind
wings black. Body black, a white line from antenne back over patagia;
sides of anterior and middle femora and sides of anterior tibize red, as in
the other varieties.

One ¢ from California.

Var. 5, Occtdentalis, French (Fig. 16). Fore-wings black, a whitish
basal dash and three blurred whitish spots in
bands 2 and 3. Hind wings black, marked
with orange as shown in the figure. Under
side, fore-wings orange, a narrow terminal
black border, black along the posterior margin,
veins narrowly black. Hind wings black with
an orange terminal and subterminal band, both united by a broad ray
that passes through the cell to outer margin. Stripe on side of abdomen
orange.

One 2 from Northern California.

Var. 6, Latifasciata, Butler. (Fig. 17, hind wings with the band
crimson). Fore-wings black, with three small
white spots on bands 2 and 3. Hind wings
black, with the median band crimson. My
specimen has this -band a little more irregular
than the figure. Under side, fore-wings with
extreme base and terminal third black, the rest
crimson, whitish along the edge of the red. Hind wings with the red of
the upper surface repeated.

One 2 from Southern California.

Var. 7, Fulvofasciata, Butler. (Fig. 17, hind
wings with the band ye//ow ). This is the counter-
part of Var. 6, except that the band of the hind
wings is pale yellow instead of crimson. My
examples show a tendency to a fine pale ray or

Baia two from the base of the hind wings towards the
yellow bands, while Mr. Wright’s specimen does not show this tendency.

Three f’s, two from Truckee, Cal., the other from California, but

part of State not indicated. |
Var. 8, Californie, Walker (Typical). (Fig. 18, the light parts of

924 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

hind wings yed/ow. Fig. 19 shows the under side). Fore
wings black, sprinkled with gray scales so as to give a
gray cast to the wing ; the three transverse-bands distinct ;
black, with numerous whitish spots ; a basal whitish dash.
Hind wings, with the light parts pale yellow. In some
the central black band is broken, and in others wanting,
only the two black rays and terminal border being present.
Under side as in the figure, the yellow pale, and streaked a little at base
with red.

Ten 7’s from Truckee, one ¢ from Southern California,

Var. 9, Wrighti, French. (Fig. 18, the light parts of hind wings-
crimson. Fig. 19 shows under side). This is
like Var. 8, except that the light parts of hind
wings are crimson instead of yellow, and the fore
wings are less gray tinted. ‘The fore-wings have,
instead of numerous white spots in the bands, one
at posterior angle and two on costa, with the
basal dash. The under surface is shown at fig. 19, and is crimson instead
of yellow.

One ~¢ from Southern California.

Var. 10, Decia, Boisduval. (Fig. 20, hind wings crimson ; under mide
shown in fig. 21). Fore-wings black, the bands more or
less marked by whitish spots ; basal dash present. Hind
wings crimson, a terminal black border, more or less
broken. Under side crimson with terminal black border
as in fig. 21, or a few intergrades between this and Var. 9,
with a transverse band, as shown in fig. ro.

Fic. 21.

Nine ~’s and one 2 with three g intergrades with Wrightii, and
three ¢ intergrades with Zatzfasciata, all from California.

Var. 11, Lena, Boisduval. (Fig. 20, the hind wings yellow, the
under side shown in fig. 21. » Fig. 22 shows an
extremely light form). Fore-wings black, tinged
with gray ; the three transverse bands more or less
distinct, both by the clear black without gray, and
by the whitish spots. In three specimens from
Colorado the bands are almost continuous white,

Pes

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225

as shown in fig. 22. Hind wings yellow, with a terminal black border ;
sometimes much broken, as in fig. 22. Under side in fig. 21, the light
part yellow, more or less red stained at base.

One f from Southern California, three {’s from Colorado, two ?’s
from Truckee, Cal., and five 2’s from other parts of California. Besides
this there are two 2 intergrades with Deca from Colorado, four $ inter-
grades with Deca from Truckee, Cal., and two {’s and one @ intergrade
with Decéa from Southern California. |

One of the principal variations in these forms is found in the amount
of black on the hind wings, ranging from wholly black to a few black
spots as a terminal border. ‘The first breaking up of the solid black is
found in a single light point near anal angle, then a few pale scales across
the wing, next a band of light, in the succeeding stage the basal part
invaded by pale rays, and finally all the black obliterate except the ter-
minal border. In the specimens having only the terminal border of
black, there is a fine penciling of black along the veins, and in the inter-
grades between Wrightii and Decta a gradual fading out of both the
transverse band and says may be found till there is nothing but the
obliterate penciling of the veins left. Variety 5, Occidentalis, seems to
be an irregular form that only partially falls within the line of the regular
variation. The fore-wings are black in the red forms, with but little if any
gray tint ; in the yellow forms, slightly gray tinted, with three more or less
distinct transverse bands, which in the gray wings lack the gray tint, and
contain in nearly all of them a few white or whitish spots. When only a
few spots are present, these are costal in second and third band, and one
at posterior angle in third band. Varieties 1, 2 and 4 seem to come from
an unusal development of the second band.

The varieties are largely local. The prevailing color of Southern
California examples, as seen by the localities under the several varieties,
is crimson ; the Sierra Nevada and Colorado forms are mostly yellow,
and the Oregon and North California forms are orange. These are the
prevailing colors. In the Truckee specimens all my males were yellow
and females varying from almost a distinctive orange to yellow, with
traces of the red tinge along the veins (of hind wings, of course). In
Lord Walsingham’s collection from Oregon the prevailing color was
orange, and we find that color extending into California. But in each of

226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

these localities there is enough intergrading in color to show the affinity
of the different forms.

Note.—Varieties 4, 5 and g are in the cabinet of Mr. W. G. Wright,
of San Bernardino, Cal. I think 4 and 5 were obtained by him from Mr.
James Behrens, of San Francisco, and probably both were from Northern
California.

THE NOCTUID OF NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE
COMPARED.

(Fourth Paper.)

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.
Tribe Arzaminz.

| The pale or yellow coloured species of Gortyna, the caterpillars being
internal feeders, pupating, however, in the ground, prepare us for the
Nonagriini. We have, however, in North America, a peculiar tribe which
I have called Avzamini, and which I here interpolate. The caterpillar
was first discovered by Prof. Comstock, in Florida Lakes, in the leaf-stalks
of the pond lily. This was the larva of A. vulnifica var. melanopyga,
and subsequently in the lake at Ithaca, the larva of the typical wulnifica
was observed by the same distinguished entomologist. The larva is
furnished with nine pairs of spiracles, and passes freely on the water from
one leaf to another. Subsequently, the larva of Sphida obliguata was
described by Prof. Kellicott. The moths of this tribe are related to the
Nonagrians, but differ by the bluntly terminating abdomen of the female,
recalling certain Zachneine in appearance. ‘There are two genera:
Arzama, with three distinct species (of which I owed specimens of A.
diffusa to my excellent friend Mr. Moffat) in which the front is smooth,
and Shida, with the single species od/iguata, in which the front is
tuberculate, This appears not to be a variable or sexual character in the
moths, as it may be in certain Scarabeide, but is in Lederer’s opinion,
with which I agree, of generic value. If we are not so to consider the
tibial armature, or the conformation of the clypeus in the JVoctucde, there
remain few characters which we may use as generic. I am disposed to
consider, then, Copimamestra, which differs from dJ/amestra by the tibial

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207

claw and Sshida, which differs from Arzsama by the clypeal tubercle, as
independent genera on the strength of these single characters. The tribe
Arzamini is not represented in Europe, and, beyond the Décopinz, is so
far the first distinct structural departure in North America from the
European types. While Décofzs and allies resemble the Bombycordi or
certain Hadenini 1 appearance, the Arzaminz have a distinct and
singular form, and, while their affinities evidently lie with the Nonagrians,
their peculiar larval structure and habit clearly warrants our considering
them as constituting a distinct group or tribe of the WVoctuzde. The re-
semblance in the female abdomen of the Avzamzni 1o the Bombycid genus
Lriogaster, and the unusual larval condition, lends interest to this tribe.
May we not consider the Avzaminz as an American survival of a very
ancient form of the Woctuide ?

Tribe Wonagriinz.

This tribe differs from the adenini in the absence of body tuftings, and
in the finer, smoother vestiture ; only in a few genera is there a median
thoracic ridge. In these characters Gortyna agrees with the Hadenini ;
the habit of the larva probably associates Zuthisanotia, a tropical genus
with foot-hold in Florida, with Gortyna. ‘The present tribe is one of the
most interesting of the family. The moths are pale or straw-coloured,
some with a warmer, a little red or ochre tint, and the larve feed in reeds
or grass. Vonagria has a stout, clypeal projection, and naked eyes ; the
larva lives in the stems of Zypha and Phragmites, pupating in its burrow.
We have eight North American species described ; probably many more
remain to be discovered, as the moths must be bred, and are not often
captured. In Europe, seven are known. So far as known to me, our
species are not like the European, or representative. We have an immense
species, with the proportions of a small SpAinx, from Florida, my JV.
permagna. Our most usual species, perhaps, in the east, of moderate
size, is my swbflava. No species are known to me from California, but
we must expect that they await discovery. ‘These /Voctuzde, with boring
larvee, inhabiting swamps, must be an old form of the family, once, at least,
of very general distribution. The European genus Coenodia, with one
species, I have not found in North America, but I discovered a Western
American genus /ofta, with two small species, which, from its clypeal

228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

structure and other characters, seems to belong here. I have described
one American species of Sev¢a, figured in the Buffalo Bulletin (1874); the
figures on this plate are in some copies coloured. Of the European genus
Tapinostola, two North American species are described, one only have I
seen. The European genera JZe/iana and Ca/amia, with single species,
are apparently wanting in North America ; but we have a peculiar genus
in Ommatostola, with lashed eyes. Heliophila Hub. (= Leucania Ochs.)
is, perhaps, the leading genus of the group ; and, like Apatela, Agrotis,
Hadena and Mamestra, contains identical and representative species.
The eyes are hairy, the thorax smooth, the male antennze impectinate,
the body rather stout, the legs in some species thickly haired. Probably
a resemblance of ornamentation between Pseudolimacodes niveicostatus
and the European Heliophila conigera, led Guenee, although the eyes in
the former are naked (but Guenee does not study this character), to
describe our species, which I am disposed to refer even to a different
sub-family, as belonging to Zeucania. We have probably one identical
species of Heliophila with Europe: . pallens. Our A. pseudargyria seems
to be allied to /thargyria, while we have a number of species resembling
the European obsoleta, straminea. comma, littoralis, etc. No species
have yet been found in North America at all resembling the European
evidens, conigera, vitellina, turca. The well-known ‘“ Army Worm”
Heliophila unipuncta, has been taken in England, and in the Madeira
Islands, probably introduced from North America. Although single
species may have now a wider range, I think we must conclude that the
genus /Zeliophila, in North America, belongs to the European element,
and is descended from a former common circumpolar fauna. ‘These
insects must be collected at light in the neighborhood of swamps and
waters by which reeds and flags grow. In the stems of these we may
find, in June and July, the grown caterpillars or pupz of Vonagria. The
European genera Mycteroplus, Argyrospila, Mythimna, with single or
few species, are undescribed in our fauna. It seems probable that our
Nonagrians are quite incompletely known, and that in North America,
from which twenty-seven species of He/éophila are described, while Europe
numbers thirty-two, many interesting discoveries await the entomologist in
the present group. Ihave referred here the Californian genus Zosteropoda,
from the shape of the wings and the tufted legs ; and, as in other tribes,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229

North America is already credited with peculiar genera, with few species,
clustering about the two principal genera, which are here : Vonagria and
fleliophila.

Tribe Scolecampint.

The body is slender, smoothly haired ; the legs unarmed, thinly scaled,
rather long ; the wings vary from rather broad to quite narrow ; the colors
are mainly of the preceding group, and the caterpillar of Scolecocampa is
said to burrow in wood. This tribe, with the Arvzaminz, is exclusively
American, and may be considered, equally with that, to be an outgrowth
of the Nonagrians. I refer here (see Can. ENT. XV., 131) the genera
Scolecocampa, LEucalyptera, Amolita, Cilla, Doryodes, Phiprosopus.
Geyer’s figure of S. /zburna has the primaries shaded with red, a feature
‘I have noticed in fresh Southern examples of the moth. Mr. Morrison
seems to have had no notion of the affinities of his Zucalyptera bipuncta ;
I referred the moth to Scolecocampa, the differences seeming only com-
parative, or of specific value. Since then I found a second Western form,
and, although the differences are not very decided, I adopt the genus. In
this tribe the ornamentation seems a modification of the usual Heliophilid
type. The longitudinal medium stripe, the pale oblique shade to the still
pointed primaries, the dots and dotted stigmata, varying in expression in
the different genera, are Heliophilid features ; while the oblique and longer
palpi, often smoky on the sides, the slender feet and linean body dis-
tinguish the tribe. Doryodes is described as a Geometrid by Guenée,
and Phiprosopus (printed Phyprosopus, originaliy in error) is described,
under characteristics which do not belong to the genus and were accidental
in the type, equally as a Geometrid by Zeller, who subsequently acknow-
ledged my prior and more correct reference of P. cadlitrichoides to the
Noctuide. The chiloform appearance of most of the genera becomes
almost lost in Phzprosopus, notwithstanding the narrow wings, while the
labial palpi depart from the usual form; these latter, and the peculiar
color, remind one of certain exotic genera allied to Ca/se, where I was
at first disposed to locate the genus. When the immature stages are
known, our present views may be modified. Always must our classifica-
tions be judged by their reasonableness in reference to the existing
knowledge of the whole history of the insects.

230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Tribe Caradrini.

In this tribe, in which the body is still smoothly scaled, or with very
slight tufts, the eyes naked, the tibize unarmed, the two principal European
genera are represented in North America. In Caradrina, twenty-eight
European species are described, while but eleven have so far been dis-
covered in North America. Of these, J/7rvanda seems to be exceedingly
near the rare and local European /epzgone, while others have the European
facies. The species of Pyrophila (=Amphipyra) are interesting as
affording one identical species, ¢ragopogonis, and one representative,
pyramidoides. Whether the former is a survival or an importation is
uncertain, I have been inclined to believe the latter is the case. The
species of Pyrophila are large and so exceedingly like the flat species
of Agrotzs, that (when in the south away from my microscope) I mistook
tragopogonis, communicated to me by Prof. Saunders as injurious to grape,
for an Agrotis. The unarmed legs separate the present genus ; but the
habit is similar, as I have observed pyramidoides beneath the bark of
decaying trees in the woods. Upon the loose bark being removed the
moths endeavored to escape by running. Like cockroaches, the smooth
greasy-looking vestiture, and the flat shape, evidently facilitate their
movements in such places of concealment ; I have observed species of
Agrotis saucia, etc., in their company. The question of whether we
should not bring in the Agrotinz, between the Caradrini and the
Orthosint, is yet, perhaps, an open one. No reasons are given by Lederer
for not following the arrangement of older authors ; but it is better to
conform in such cases to Lederer’s example, as it is followed in Europe,
and since my main object has been always to bring the two faunz under
the same artificial system, so that they can be compared, the differences
and resemblances taken note of. In the present tribe the derivation of
one part of our fauna is very clear. The European pyramided, and our
pyramidoides, are descended from one stock. We have apparently failed
to take over the other large and showy species of Pyrophila found in
Europe, as I have seen nothing like them in any North American collec-
tion. In the west is found my Fofel/a notalis, a moth apparently allied
to Acosmetia ; this latter, with the other European Caradrinid genera,
I have not recognized in North America. I am uncertain as to whether
Adipsophanes and Crambodes should not be included in this tribe ; the
former genus includes my mzsce//us and terminedlus, the latter Guente’s
talidiformis.

a tn al

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 250

THE NORTH AMERICAN CALLIMORPHAS.

A REPLY TO CRITICS.

BY H. H. LYMAN, MONTREAL.

Since my article on the North American Cad/imorphas appeared in
the Canapran ENTOMOLOGIST for October, 1887, a number of papers
upon the same subject, and containing certain criticisms of my views,
appeared in subsequent numbers of this magazine, and in Entomologica
Americana ; and, in addition, I received certain letters upon the same
subject from entomologists to whom I had sent copies of my article.
To these critics I now propose to make a perhaps rather tardy reply :—

Mr. J. B. Smith had spoken before the Entomological Club of the A.
A. A. S. upon this subject, and the discussion had been reported in En-
tomologica Americana, but, as Mr. Smith surmised, I had not seen the
report till after my paper was in the hands of the printer ; and, although
Mr. Smith’s paper in the Proceedings of the National Museum appeared
before mine, I did not hear of its issue till after the publication of my own.
In the CanaDIAN ENTomoLocist for December, 1887, appeared Mr.
Smith’s review of my paper, in which he admitted the correctness of my
determination of the true Zecontec of Boisduval, and of many of my con-
tentions, though expressing his dissent from others, especially in the matter
ofnomenclature. There was, however, one typographical error of some im-
portance in that paper, on page 236, line 27, where the figures 6 and 8
should have been 4 and 6. In that paper, Mr. Smith arranged the species
of this genus in a slightly different order from that adopted by me, by chang-
ing the order of the two forms Confusa and Suffusa.

This is a small matter, and one about which I am not disposed to
quarrel, especially as it seems to me that no linear arrangement of species
can ever be quite satisfactory, as to correctly express the full relationship
of species, we should require to group them in all three dimensions of
space. But the chief issues between us were whether VestaZis should be
regarded as a distinct species, or only a synonym of Fu/uicosta, and as to
the correct application of the names Comscita, Lactata, Confusa, Suffusa
and Reversa.

In regard to the first point, Mr. Smith conjectured that I had never
seen a true Vesta/is, and he very kindly sent me a specimen 4s typical of
that form. This specimen is certainly very remarkable, as it is much

bo
Oo
bo

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

smaller than any specimen of /w/vicosta that I ever saw, measuring only
3834 mm. in expanse, and is, as Mr. Smith says, “ whiter and more frail
and Luchetes like,” though it has none of the semi-diaphanous appear-
ance of #. Col/aris. It is, of course, impossible to form a safe judgment
upon a single specimen, and I can only say, that if a full series should
show constant differences from //vicosta, and no connecting links be
found, I should be inclined to concede the distinctness of this form.

This is one of those cases where it is much easier to see a difference
than to describe it. Dr. Packard, however, who described Vestad7s, wrote
to me that he now considered his types to be only small specimens of
Lulvicosta.

Mr. Smith advanced the opinion that this was the form given by
Walker as Conscita ? instead of /udvicosta as generally supposed ; but
as I regarded this as extremely improbable, I took a life-size photograph
of my specimen and sent it to Mr. A. G. Butler, who wrote: ‘‘ The small
form is unknown to me, though I have seen an example of Euchetes
collaris, under the name of vesta/is.” Mr. Smith also disagreed with me
in regard to my citing his name ZLactata as a synonym of Conscita Walk.,
and argued that Conscita § =Lactata Smith, Conscita $ var. b. =
Fulvicosta Clem. and Conscita 2 = Vestalis, and argued that such
confusion should militate against Walker’s name being retained.

Mr. Walker’s errors were no doubt great, especially his placing Con-
scita in a wrong genus ; but from what Mr. Butler wrote in reference to
the small Vesta/is, I do not believe that Walker had that form before him
at all. His only mistake, after the generic one, was in taking F/vicosta,
which had already been described by Clemens, to be the 2 of Comscita, and
this, apart from the creation of a partial synonym, was not so very dreadful,
seeing that such a relationship would only imply a sexual variation similar to
that between the J and 2 of Leucarctia Acrea. I, therefore, maintain my
position as to the validity of Walker’s name for this form, whether it be a
species or only a variety, and in this I am supported by Mr. Butler, who
wrote to me as follows: ‘‘ There can be no question that if comscita is a
good species (which I do not believe it to be), the first and larger part of
Walker’s description applies to it, and the mere fact of his referring the
wrong female to it will not invalidate that description any more than if
Walker had described the male only. Smith’s name has not a leg to
stand on.” Mr. Smith further urged that I was not consistent, and that
if his name Lactata fell before Conscita Walk., my name Confusa would

ar

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 233

have to give way to Reversa Stretch, and added, “I scarcely expect Mr.
Lyman’s adhesion to this theory.” Probably not, but certainly not from
the idea which he would seem to imply, as I trust I am not so petty as to
allow any desire to have my own name stand, to warp my judgment as to
what would be right in the premises.

Mr. Smith claimed that Mr. Stretch’s name Reversa included Confusa
as well as Suffusa and Contigua. I doubt this very much, but let it be
assumed that it did, what follows? This is Mr. Smith’s reasoning ;
Contigua had priority for one part of Stretch’s description, ‘‘ I separated
suffusa, and the name stands for the remaining part, viz., confusa
Lyman, which would remain only as a synonym of reversa.” This I
consider, and I trust Mr. Smith will forgive me for saying it, absolute non-
sense, though unlike Mr. Smith’s friend at the New York meeting, without
auy profane adjective.

What Mr. Smith did subsequently to Mr. Stretch’s description could
hardly affect the application of that name unless he had pointed out that
the name Reversa covered several distinct species, and proposed that it
should be limited to one of them, and then proceeded to give a new name
to any other undescribed form.

Mr. Smith did not do this, and naturally so, as he thought, the name
Reversa included Contigua, Leconte:, and the form which he undertook to
describe as Suffusa. He thus proceeded to give a new name to what he
considered the only previously undescribed species included by Mr.
Stretch in his description. Certainly the greater part of the description of
Reversa applies to Suffusa; Mr. Stretch, especially, saying that the mark-
ings ‘‘are exactly as in CZymene,” and Mr. Smith, himself, acknowledged
this to me. I, therefore, think that if the name feversa is to stand, it
must be for Suffusa, and not for the form which may possibly have been
referred to in the following bracketed eight words of a sixteen line de-
scription: “ The basal patch is triangular, (sometimes divided by a nar-
row, basal brown brand).”

I think, however, that as the first half of the description was evidently
intended to cover Contigua, which Mr. Stretch appears to have considered
the stem form, the name should be ignored, except as a synonym, and Mr.
Butler wrote that he agreed with me on this point. Mr. Grote, on the
contrary, wrote that Reversa should stand with Suffusa as a synonym.

Mr. Butler found fault with both Mr. Smith and me for using the

234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

name Callimorpha for these moths, writing as follows:—‘ I have strongly
objected to the use of this generic name for this group on the following
grounds, viz.:—1. The type of Caddimorpha is C. jacobee, a European
Lithosiid. 2. There is already a generic name—//ap/oa Hiibn.—for the
North American representatives of Hypercompa. Ihave pointed out to
Smith that there are structural differences between Hyfercompa and
Haploa, and although these characters are slight in themselves, I am of
the opinion that, taken in conjunction with the utterly different aspect and
style of coloration of the species, they should be regarded as sufficient.”

Mr. Smith, it will be remembered, in his paper in the Proc. Nat.
Museum, 87, 23, held that these ‘‘structural differences” were too slight
to warrant such a separation, and affirmed, besides, that they were not
constant, and for myself I may say, as I wrote to Mr. Butler, that I am
not in a position to decide the question satisfactorily, even to myself, and
so prefer to leave it to the authorities.

Mr. Grote, in two short communications to the CANADIAN ENTOMOLO-
cist, while complimenting me on my plate and on my sorting out of the
moths, insisted that my work was not original, and that these forms could
not be regarded as distinct until they have been proved so by breeding
from the egg.

I am not greatly concerned as to whether my humble work in this
department is “ original” or not. I contend that it is at least useful, but
if the description of a form as a new species is not original, what is to
be said of Mr. Grote’s own work in the same direction? As to the argu-
ment about breeding from the egg, which has also been urged in letters by
others, I repudiate it as unscientific and impracticable. If no one was
to be permitted to describe a species as new until he had proved it to be
such by breeding from the egg, there would long ago have been a complete
block in the study of North American entomology, and there would not
have been so many specific designations followed by the honoured name
of Mr. Grote. Besides, it is not such a long time since a very dis-
tinguished entomologist described as a new species a form which he ‘had
‘‘ established ona sure foundation by breeding from the egg,” and which
shortly afterwards turned out, upon further breeding, to be only a pre-
viously named form of a well known polymorphic species. It is, there-
fore, difficult to say how much breeding would have to be done before
these doubting Thomases could be convinced. I may say, however, that

iy we

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 235

I held back my paper for several years in the hope of being able to breed
the two forms, Zecontei and Confusa, side by side, but the appearance of
such a muddle as the description of Reversa Stretch decided me to publish
the results of my studies, so far as they had gone, with as little delay as
possible.

Dr. Packard wrote that he could not believe in the distinctness of these
species, and that Mr. Otto Seifert had bred a good many forms and con-
sidered them varieties of Zeconte?z. I immediately wrote to Mr. Seifert to
ask for particulars of this most important information, and received an
answer in which he said :—‘“ Dr. Packard must have misunderstood me
in saying I reared those Ca//imorphas. Showing the doctor quite a
number of this insect in great variety I told him they had been caught
(by Mr. Putnam Cramer) near Troy, N. Y., in July, all at the same spot.”
Finally, Dr. Lintner wrote very guardedly that C. contigwa at least seemed
distinct.

It would thus seem that these unfortunate moths, having got the repu-
tation of all belonging to one species, it is impossible to get people to
accept the idea that they may really be distinct species, although they are
quite ready to accept as such any apparently new form of such difficult
genera as Colias, Argynnis or Catocala, even when the difference is so
slight as to be hardly perceptible.

I consider the Ca//imorphas far more distinct and more easily separated
than the species of very many genera of butterflies and moths which could
be named in addition to those referred to above. I have seen in all at
least two hundred specimens, and until very recently and since the publi-
cation of my paper, I hacl never seen one that I could not unhesitatingly
place at sight. The exception was in the case of a few specimens in the
collection of Dr. Bethune, which seemed to indicate a possible linking of
the two forms, Confusa and Suffusa, and I am prepared to admit that
possibly these two forms may turn out to be northern and southern
varieties of one species, though Mr. Smith disagrees with me strongly on
this point.

I hold, however, very strongly with Mr. W. H. Edwards that whenever
a form is distinctly and easily separable from previously named species, it
is entitled to be treated as a good species, and to be given a specific
name until it is proved to be only a variety by breeding, and that in such
a case the name should be retained as a varietal name ; but with regard
to this breeding from the egg, I would point out that the making of these

236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

experiments is just as incumbent upon those who deny as upon those who
assert the validity of these specific distinctions.

For myself, I care very little whether entomologists acknowledge that
these moths belong to distinct species or not, if they will only regard them
as distinct forms or varieties. No good can possibly come from lumping
such forms as Lecontet, Contigua, Confusa, Suffusa and Fulvicosta under
one name. Let these names be used if only as varietal names, in order
that we may know what writers on the subject refer to, and learn some-
thing of the distribution of these interesting forms. If this is done, and
those who have the opportunity and time will breed them and publish the
results of their experiments, I shall be quite content, and shall have no
fear of the correctness of my views being disproved, but even if the results
should controvert my belief, I shall be quite satisfied so long as the truth
is established.

NOTE ON THE PREDATORY HABITS OF CHA:TOPSIS
ZENEA (WieEp).

REV. THOMAS W. FYLES, SOUTH QUEBEC.

In the beginning of July last I discovered in a bed of Zypha Zatifolia,
in the neighborhood of Montreal, a large number of the larve of Arzama
obliguata. I have visited the spot repeatedly, and have had the larvee
under daily observation. One remarkable circumstance concerning them
is that they are liable to attacks from the maggots of a fly belonging to the
Ortalidae, viz.:—The Chetopsis enea of Wiedeman, the Orta/is trifasciata
of Say. I found that larve, in the proportion of about one in every six,
had been overcome by these maggots. Some of the victims were quite
dead ; some were still writhing. As many as twenty maggots were feed-
ing on one caterpillar, draining away its juices. They were of the usual
form, pointed at one end and truncated at the other. When mature,
their length was about seven-sixteenths of an inch. I raised a great
number of them, feeding them upon injured od/iqguata larve. The
pupal stage lasted about ten days; and all through August the flies
continued to make their appearance. They are very beautiful. The
head is white ; the eyes are dark brown ; the body is green and glossy ;
and the legs, antenne and mouth-organs are brownish yellow. The
wings are whitish and hyaline ; they have black tips and two transverse

black bars, the hinder of which touches the black tips at the costal edge, __

I am indebted to Dr. Hagen for the identification of the species.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 237

PREPARATORY STAGES OF PYRAMEIS CARYE, Hupner.
BY HARRISON G, DYAR.

The eggs are deposited by the butterflies, singly, on the upper surface
of the leaves of the food-plant, the Malva. They are nearly cylindrical,
but thicker in the middle, the base and top quite flat, and rather abruptly
rounded, The longitudinal ribs project beyond the summit ; color green,
of a slightly bluer tint that the leaves. Length 7 mm,

First LarvaL Stacre.—Head, cervical spot, anal plates, and alter-
nating row of eight black dots per segment and short hairs, all black.
Body dark yellowish. Head without processes, smooth and shiny. The
caterpillar spins a web on the surface of the leaf, beneath which it lives
and eats the upper portions of the leaf. Length about 2 mm.

SEcoNnD Larva StaGe.—Head black and hairy. Body pale purplish
black ; short spines bearing black hairs, arranged as in the mature larva,
black, but the dorsal and sub-dorsal on joints six, eight and ten, yellow.
Length 4 mm.

TuHirD LarvaL Stacre.—As in the preceding stage, but the sides
faintly mottled with yellow, and a geminate yellow dorsal stripe. Length
§ mm.

FourtH Larva SracE.—Head slightly cordate, bronzy black, with
minute, yellow speckles and black hairs. Body purplish black, with
small yellow spots, a geminate dorsal yellow line, irregular and inter-
rupted, and a series of irregular supra-stigmatal and sub-stigmated spots.
Spines black. Length about 15 mm.

FirtH Larva StacE.—Mature larva. Quite variable in appearance,
but the markings are essentially the same. Head black, covered with
many white hairs, and on the vertex about six orange elevated spots
bearing black hairs. Body dull greenish and black mottled, varying in
intensity of shade from black, through gray, to a dull dirty white, but
usually light colored, thus distinguished from its ally, Pyramets cardut,
On the body are many orange or yellow spots, appearing to be irregularly
placed, but they may be arranged as follows :—A row in sub-dorsal space,
three contiguous lateral rows (in one example in which the spots were
yellow, the central lateral row was orange), and a supra-stigmatal and
sub-stigmatal row, all irregular. Spines black or white, or, in some, the
anterior ones black, branched, and each tipped by a black hair. The
spines are seven per segment on joints five to twelve (7. ¢., dorsal, sub-
dorsal, lateral and sub-stigmatal), none on joint two, four on joints three

238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and four, and two on joint thirteen. The body is covered by many small
elevated spots producing short white hairs. Venter greenish, mottled
with black or brown, Length about 30 mm.

CHRYSALIS suspended by the cremaster, depressed behind the thorax,
the thoracic process short and pointed, tapering anteriorly in a ridge, wing
cases prominent, abdominal segments small and quickly rounded, cre-
master flattened and hooked to the button of white silk, a pointed eleva-
tion at each eye, and at the base of the wing cases. Three rows of dorsal
pointed elevations on the abdominal segments with two points: on the
thorax, touched with white, and two large and two small white spots in
the depression behind the thorax. Color of chrysalis wood brown,
minutely mottled with whitish or darker to black. The caterpillar forms
itself a hollow in which it lives, by spinning up one or more leaves of the
food-plant. The length of each stage is about four days, and the pupa
state lasts about two weeks. In its early stages the insect cannot be
distinguished from Pyrameis cardut.

Larve from Los Angeles Co., California.

BUTTERFLIES AT QU’APPELLE,. ASSA:
BY HENRY SKINNER, M. D., PHILADELPHIA.

The following is a list of butterflies caught near Fort Qu’Appelle, North-
west Terr., by Mrs. Cora E. Rose and her two little sons. Mrs. Rose
describes the locality as follows :—‘‘ Those sent were all caught within a
radius of about half a mile, in the territory of Assiniboia, thirty miles
north of an old Hudson Bay Post called Fort Qu’Appelle, and distant
west from Winnipeg some three hundred and twenty-five miles ; the only
foliage is willow and poplar.” ;

Papilo rutulus, Bal.

Pieris protodice, Bdl.

Colias christina, Edws. A number of males and one female, the
orange form. :

Colias philodice, Godt.

Colias Scudderii, Reak. .

Colias eurytheme, Bdl. A number of fine males and one female.

Lycena Scudderii, Edws. Male and female.

Chrysophanus helloides, Bdl. Male and female.

aye ena eS

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 239

Chrysophanus florus, Edws. Male and female.

Danais plexippus, Linn, One very peculiar looking male expanding
only three and one-half inches and having the primaries produced apically
in a remarkable manner.

Luptoteta clandia, Cram. This has previously been reported from
N. W. Terr. by Geddes ; all the books give it a much more southern
range, Strecker giving it from Pennsylvania southward and Edwards’s
northernmost points being Quebec and California.

Argynnis lais, Edws.

Argynntis bellona, Fabr.

Melitea carlota, Reak.

Grapta progne, Cram.

Vanessa milberti, Godt.

Vanessa antiopa, Linn. The expanse is considerably less than in
those found here (Phila. )

Pyrameis cardut, Linn.

Pyramets huntera, Fabr.

Limenitis arthemis, Drury.

Erebia discoidalis, Kirby.

Erebia sine-ocellata, Nov. var.

This is a var. of efzpsodea, Butler, which, I think, deserves character-
ization. It has the bright fulvous patch on the superior wings divided
into four sections by the sub-costal and discoidal nervules. Above the
third median nervure is a small fulvous patch separated from the rest.
There are but two black dots on the fulvous, and the white dots, which
in epipsodea make them ocelli, are wanting. The underside of the
superior wings is practically the same as the upper. Described from two
specimens, one from Fort Qu’Appelle and the other in the Coll. Am. Ent.
Soc., locality unknown. The Fort Qu’Appelle specimen is very much
darker than epipsodea usually is. Hpipsodea is quite a variable species,
individuals differing in the size, colour and number of the ocelli, also in
the extent and number of the fulvous patches. One marked specimen
having four white pupilled ocelli.

Chionobas varuna, Edws.

Satyrus, var. boopis, Behr.

Satyrus, form olympus, Edws. Three specimens. They do not
agree entirely with o/ympus, but I did not think they deserved a new

name.

240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Cenonympha typhon, Rott. If this is not a variety of the European
form it is most likely a new species. ‘Two examples only.

Pamphila Manitoba, Scud.

Pamphila cernes, Bdl.-Lec. °

Thymelicus garita, Reak.

Nisoniades icelus, Lint.

CORRESPONDENCE.

A RARE MOTH.

Dear Sir: Allow me to record the capture, in Canada, of the rare
moth Zhysania (Erebus) Zenobia, Cramer.

On the evening of Aug. 2oth, 1888, while sugaring for Catocala in the
woods near this village, [ came upon the strange visitor. He was sitting,
with wings spread, sipping my bait, and was evidently more at ease than
I. The sensation which a hunter is said to experience on sighting his
first deer came upon me, for I was unprepared for such an encounter.
However, the monster was taken.

By a careful comparison of my specimen with the descriptions and
with Drury’s figure of T. Zenobia, and by submitting it to three different
Entomologists of eminence, all of whom concur in my opinion, I have
placed its identity beyond a doubt.

The only reference, as far as I can find, heretofore published of its
occurrence in North America is in the following foot-note in Prof. Grote’s
Check List of Noctuidz North of Mexico, P. II., page 43 (1876), viz.:—
‘* Professor Riley informs me that this species occurred at Davenport.”

In Vol. XVIII, page 236, of this Journal, Prof. Grote mentions
Thysania Zenobia as one of the ‘‘species which are probably summer
birds of passage from the West Indies and South America, following the
Gulf Stream, or aided by prevailing winds.”

Drury gives Jamaica as its habitat.

It is hard to believe that so frail a creature as an insect, though strong
in flight, could have flown two thousand miles, but the ragged condition
of the margins of the primaries in my insect, while all the other parts are
apparently quite fresh, is evidence of its having fanned many miles of
atmosphere. A. H, Kitman, Ridgeway, Ont.

Mailed December 7th.

INDEX TO VOLUME XXII.

Aaron, E. M., articles by, 126, 145.

Aleutian Islands, new species of Tineidce
from, 27.

American Lackey Moth, 74.

Annual Meeting Entomological Club A.
PXe NG Sap UGH

Annual Meeting Entomological Society of
Ontario, 181.

Ants herding caterpillars, 132.

Apple tree tent caterpillar, 74.

Arctiadze of temperate North America, pre-
liminary catalogue of, 169, 193, 213.

Arge Galathea, preparatory stages of, 61,
81.

Ashmead, W. H., article by, 37.

Association ee Official Economic Ento-
mologists, 166, 219.

Audubon, monument to, 80.

Agaspherops nigra, 33.
Agrotis saucia, 118.

1 scandens, I18,

1 subgothica, 118.

Aletia argillacea, 22.
Amalopota, n. gen., 176.

" Uhleri, n. sp., 178.
Ameria Texana, 161.
Amphipyra pyramidoides, 230.

" tragopogonis, 230.
Amphotis Ulkei, 106.
Ancyloxypha numitor, 160.
Anthocharis genutia, 1209.
Apatela felina, 36.

n lepusculina, 36.
Aphodius marginatus, 32.
Arctia achaia, 35.

" Behrii, 35-

" geneura, 162.

1 phylira, 60.

pimorum, 163.

1 Shastaensis, n. sp.,
Argynnis Cybele, 130.

" Idalia, 129.

" Myrina, 130.
Peeainn obliquata, 39, 78, 79, 99, 160,

226, 236-

" puleifica, 226.

Ataenius Wenzeli, 103.

162.

Bethune, C. J. S., articles by, 100, 181.

1

Beutenmuller, W., articles by, 27, 160.
Bombycidze, notes on, 28.
Book notice, 100.
Brehme, H. H., article by, 78.
Butterflies at Qu’Appelle, 238.
" captured at Montreal, 120,
" catching, by means of decoys,
110.
" classification of, 205.
1 flock of, 38.
" length of life in, 49.
" of Philadelphia, 126, 145.
" of Prairies and Rocky Moun-
tains, 57.
Butterfly, an early, 120.

Bembidium 4-maculatum,
Biotus formicarius, 105.
Blaps similis, 101.
Bledius basalis, 30.

1 politus, 30.
Bruchomorpha oculata, 7.

107.

California moths, notes on, 35.

" some moths from, I61,
Callimorphas, the North American, 231.
Carterocephalus | mandan, preparatory

stages of, 113.
Cerathosia, Mr. Smith on, 37.
Cheetopsis aenea, predatory habits of, 236.
Chionobas jutta, further notes on, 12, 67.
Cicindela, notes on, 29, 104.
Citation of localities, 46.
Clarkson F., article by, 28.
Clivina, notes on, 30.
Clothes beetle, a new, 187.
Cockerell, T. D. A., articles by,
60, 140, 220.
Coleoptera, additions to list of Canadian,
108, 134.
Coleoptera, new to Colorado, 20.
" notes on, 29, IO!.
Colias Meadii, preparatory stages of, 41.
Cook, A. J., article by, 187.
Corrections and additions
papers, Hamilton, ror.
Currant saw-fly, the imported,
Cut-worms, I17.
Calosoma calidum, 119.
Catocala relicta, 122,

20, 46,

to previous

150.

242 INDEX TO VOLUME XXI1.

Ceratocampa regalis, IOI.
Cerostoma Aleutianella, n. sp., 27.

" dubiosella, nN. Sp., 27.
Chionobas, 12, 63, 67.

" Macounii, 160.

" semidea, 67.
Chlenius Pennsylvanicus, 30.
Cicindela lepida, 104.
Clisiocampa Americana, 74
Cloeotus aphodioides, 104.
Colias Boothii, 60.

n -ceesonia, 43.

" " n. var. 70Sa, 45.

1 chione, 59.

» eurytheme, 60, 238.
Conosoma pubescens, 107.
Conotrachelus naso, 34.
Cremastochilus Knochii, 106, 140.
Cychrus Lecontei, 30.

Cyphon padi, 108.

Datana major, larva of, 34.

Dawson, P. M.., article by, 179.

Denton, S. W., articles by, 38, 110, 164.
Derbidz, observations on some northern,

156, 176.

Droves of Lyczenid caterpillars herded by

ants, 132.
Dyar, H. G., articles by, 34, 77, 137, 209,
237.

Dyschirius, notes on, 29.

Danais archippus, 19.

1 plexippus, 239.
Dermestes Frischii, 101. >
" murinus, IOI.
Dicerca prolongata, 105.

Edwards, W. H., articles by, 41, 61, 81.

Elliott, R., article by, 120.

Entomological Club A. A. A. S., meeting
of, 131.

Entomological Society of Ontario, meeting
of, 181.

Euplexia lucipara, preparatory stages of,

137.

Emphylus Americanus, 106,
Epitragus arundinis, 103.
Erebia epipsodea, 64, 239.

" " n. var.,

239.

» magdalena, 67.
Erebus Zenobia, 240.
Euparia castanea, 106.
Euphoria hirtipes, 106.
Euptoieta Claudia, 239.

sene-ocellata,

Farmers’ own insecticide, 220.

Fletcher, J., articles . MSs Asus ys
150, 201.

French, G. H., articles by, 25, 35, 161,
210, 221.

Fyles, T, W., articles by, 12, 17, 220, 236.

Geddes, G., articles by, 57, 59.

Gortyna, notes on genus, 139. ;

Gosse, P. H., death of, 17.

Grote, A. R., articles by, 21, 37, 51, 121,
139, 154, 188, 205, 226.

Gleea inulta, 153. :
) Gnophaela vermiculata, 174, 220. I
Grapta j-album, 148, 164, 179.
Hagen, H. A.., articles by, 53, 71. 2
Hamilton, J., articles by, 29, 101. ;
Harrington, W. H., articles by, 95, 141. 2

~

Hemiptera from Muskoka Lake District, 1.
Howard, L. O., articles by, 13, 59.

Hadena arctica, 118.
Harpalus dichrous, 31.

" vulpeculus, 31.
Harpiphorus varipictus, n. sp., 96.
Hesperia unna, 149.

Hymenorus obscurus, 107.
" rufipes 107.
Hypocoprus formicetorum, 106.

eee (Ae ee, Oe eee

ctely a

Insecticide, Farmer’s own, 220.
Insects injurious to fruits, Saunders, 100.

Ibalia maculipennis, 141.
Icerya Purchasi, 182.
Ips fasciatus, 103.

Johnson, J., article by, 79.
Junonia cenia, 145.

Kellicott, D. S., article by, 39.
Kent Scientific Institute, 80.
Kilman, A. H., articles by, 108, 134, 240.

Larve, descriptions of, 34, 41, 61, 77, 113,
137; 160, 164, 179, 209, 210, 237.

Lepidoptera, additions to list of Canadian,
153,

Lepidopterous Faunz of Europe and
North America, 21.

Leptarctia Californize, preparatory stages
of, 210, 221.

Leptura, notes on, 32, 108.

Lyman, H. H., article by, 231.

INDEX TO VOLUME XNXI. 24

Lasioderma serricorne, 187.
Lebia vivida, 30.
Leptarctia Californiz, 210, 221,
n.var. Albifascta, 222.
var. Boisduvallii, 222.
var. Decia, 224.
var, Dimidiata, 222.
var. Fulvofasciata,223
var. Latifasciata, 223.
" " var. Lena, 224.
n. var. Occtdentales, 223.
" " var. Stretchii, 222.
" un N.var. Wrightiz, 224,
Leptura exigua, 33.
" heematites, 32, 108.
" nana, 108.
" subargentata, 33.
" zebra, 33.
Ligyrus relictus, 32.
Limacodes inornata, 77.
Limulodes paradoxus, 105.
Lixus concavus, 103.

" "W

McNeill, J., article by, 43.

Moffat, J. A., articles by, 19, 60, 99, 153

Moth, a rare, 240.

Moths from Texas, Arizona and Cali-
fornia, 161.

Muskoka Lake District; Hemiptera from, 1

Myrmophile, a new, 140.

Myrmophilous Coleoptera, 105, 140.

Macrobasis unicolor, 103.
Macrophya propingua, n. sp. 97.
Meligethes aeneus, 107.
Myrmechixenis latridioides, 106.

Noctuidze of N. America and Europe, 121,
154, 188, 226.
Notes, 79.

Nathalis Iole, 60.
Nematus Erichsonii, 152.
" ocreatus, N. Sp. 95.
" ribesii, 150.
Neonympha areolatus, 25.
" Mitchelliz, n. sp., 25.

Ochria, note on genus, 139.

Cineis, 63.

Ortalis trifasciata, 236.
Otiocerus Coquerbertii, 159.
1" Degeerii, 159.

" Signoreti, 176.
" Stollii, 159.
" Wolfii, 176.

Ow

Popular and Economic Entomology, 15.
FAN UL] ps5 O 200s

Prairiés, collecting in the, 57.

Pyrameis Carye, preparatory stages of, 237.

Pamphila Peckius, 147.
Papilio Asterias, n. var. alénata, 127.

n Glaucus, 128.

te ehilenom) 127.

n Rutulus, 111, 238.

(ee UCOUS wine 25se20KR
Phalangodes robusta, 140.
Phymatocera nigra, n. sp., 96.
Piazorhinus pictus, 104.

Pieris Ilaire, 39.
"Yap, n. var., zwzmaculata, 128.
Pityophagus rufipennis, 31.

" verticalis, 31.
Platysamia Cecropia, 28.
Plusia Arizonze, 161.

1 formosa, 124.

" Lenzil, 161.

1 thyatiroides, 124.
Pocadius helvolus, 31.
Ptenidium evanescens, 105.
Pterostichus adoxus, 102.

" coracinus, 102,

" femoralis, 102.

" Hamiltoni, 102.

" lachrymosus, 102,

" patruelis, 102,

" tartaricus, 102.

" unicolor, 102.

" vinctus, 102.
Ptinus bimaculatus, 135.

Rhyssematus scaber, habits of, 30.
Rileya, final word about, 37.
1 one word more about, 13, 59.

Satyrinz, notes on certain, 61, 81.
Saunders, insects injurious to fruits, 100.
Scudder, S. H., article by, 49.

Skinner, H., articles by, 126, 145, 238.
Smith, J. B., articles by, 169, 193, 213.
Specific names, 51.

State Entomologist of New Jersey, 79.

Samia Cynthia, 28.
Saperda concolor, 105,

nn Fayi, 104.
Soronia Ulkei, 106.
Stenolophus conjunctus, 31.

Tenthredinidz, n. sp. of Canadian, 95.
Thyatira pudens, larva of, 209.
Tiger Swallow-tail Butterfly, 201,

244

INDEX TO VOLUME XNXI.

——<—$—$—$———$——$—$<———————————— ee

Tineide from the Aleutian Islands, new Thysania Zenobia, 40, 240.

species of, 27. Trichopteryx fascicularis, 105.
Trenholme, E. C., article by, 120. Trogoderma ornata, 101.
Tachinus pallipes, 107. Van Duzee, E. P., articles by, 1, 39, 158,
Tachycellus Kirbyi, 31. 176.
Tachyporus brunneus, 107. |

" scitulus, 107. | Winter collecting, I5.
Tarucus theophrastus, 132. Wylly, Mrs., article by, 132.
Taxonus rufipes, 0. SP-5 97-
Tenthredo semicornts, nN. Sp., 98. | Zimmermann, Dr. Christian, memoir of,
Tenthredopsis Evansit, 0. Sp., 98. 5) Jie

Thammnotettix eburata, n. Sp., 10.

ERRATA.—Page 159, line 4 from bottom, for “Amphixepa” read “‘Ampiscepa.”

16r, line 21 from bottom, for ** Arizona” read ‘‘ Arizonee.”

162, 1 7 from top, for ‘‘ in” read ‘‘ is.”

162, EL. 0 6 boat-shaped ” read *‘ boot-shaped.”

162 and 163, for ‘“‘ Genura” read “ Geneura” wherever it occurs,

178, line 3 from top, for “* Hucita” read ‘‘ Helctta.”

182, line 14 from top, for ** Mr. Percy Crawford” read ‘ Mr. Frazer
S. Crawford.” as

182, line 26 from top, for ‘‘ Colonel Robins” read ‘‘ Colonel Dobbins.”

209, line 4 from bottom, for .‘‘ Endamus” read ‘‘ Eudamus.”

220, line 3 from top, for “Phytolacca decandra » read ‘‘ Veratrum
viride.”

a

“A

*

Entomolomst. <)?

Via se ST.

*
:
}

EDITED BY

REV. C. J. S. RETHUNE Re

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

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Shell News, and the following handsome premiums: A neat box of choice Land Shells,
Fresh-Water Shells, or Marine Shells, or Berlin H. Wright’s New Check Lisi of North
American Fresh Water Bivalves, or D. D. Baldwin’s Land Shells of Hawaii. WDon’t
wait, but send 50c. now to WM. D. AVERELL, Publisher,

Chestnut Hili, Phila., Pa.

REV. W. J. HOLLAND, Ph. D., Pittsburgh, Pa., offers for sale or exchange a
limited quantity of JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA of his own
collecting. Has also cn hand a large mass of West African and Asiatic Lepidoptera,
for sale or exchange. Has been authorized to receive subscriptions in the United States
and Canada for Mr. H. Pryer’s magnificent work upon the Rhopalocera of Japan, to be
issued in three parts, 4to., profusely illustrated with colored plates, at $4 a part. Tart I
is now ready to deliver to subscribers. , 3-12

NOW, READY.

A new and revised Zzst of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico, by Samuel
Henshaw, assisted by Dr. George H. Horn, Published by the American Entomological
Society. Edition limited. Price, $1.25. Price List of Entomological papers for
sale, mailed on application.

E. T. CRESSON, TREASURER,
P. O. Box 1577, Philadelphia, Pa.

EXCHANGE.

Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of this column. ' Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened tf necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

OrtHopTeRA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects
from all parts. North American and West Indian material preferred. Persons

having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me, LAWRENCE d

Bruner, West Point, Cuming Co., Nebraska, U. S. A,
WANTED TO. PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian

Diurnal Lepidoptera, omnes from west and north. H. J. ELWER, Preston, Ciren- _

cester, Eng.

r
4

ENTOMOLOGY for BEGINNERS

For the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers, Farmers, and Gardeners. By A. S.
PACKARD, M. D., Ph. D., 12 mo,, $1.75.

“It is the best thing of the kind in English, or any other language. There is no
work that I would recommend to the young student so heartily.” S. W. WILLISTON,

Professor in Yale University, New Haven, Conn. U.S. Henry Hott & Cor;
Publishers, New York.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST |

Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
_ Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
_ tive youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.
Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.
The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
_ editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of éditorial ability.
* Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
- ment of Microscopic technique.
; Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
ikec

y

hnology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.

Prof, C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.
The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
» tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities.
Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,
- sustains both pure and economic Entomology.

_ Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
' best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
_ World that is published on this Continent.

a Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
_ ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master. rc

It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
* which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.

P It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
_ biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
_ before the general public in a more or less popular form. /¢ 7s the only magazine in the
world to-day which keeps tts readers en rapport with the work of Americans in the field
@ the Natural Sciences. The NatTurRA.isT publishes 96 large oétavo pages per month,
_ with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; 4oc. PER NUMBER.

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA,

v

E NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera (exclusive of
the Genera of the Nematocera and Muscide sens. lat.), with Bibliography and New
‘Species, 1878-88. By S. W. WiLLIsTon ; 82 pages; price, $1.00.

Address the publisher,

JAMES T. HATHAWAY, New Haven, Conn.

. PAMPHILA and CATOCALA.

The undersigned will pay good price, either in cash or exchange, for perfect:
specimens of Pamphila and Catocala, ;

PHILIP LAURENT, 621 Marshall St., Philadelphia, Penn.

f

‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

Published by the pe gstk poets erage ie Ontama. .

rt

General Editor—REY. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing ‘Committee —WM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, cutout
CAPT. GAMBLE GEDDES and DR. BRODIE, Toronto.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

Hor: Ordinary) Members i200 (a a os a eo etc er AO aes aS $1 oo
For Associate Members) in, the, Uated States ici. a a) oo rtcsteere tone ae I 00
For! Associate: Members, tn\/ Bima leaae sai 07 20 OF ee oe poe mee 4s. sterling
For’ Associate: Members ‘elsewhere gay... sc <1 «cee eel eae dae aver ees $1 25,

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Oe TR

Ste

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but.
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society, W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave,
London, Ontario. Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

TS ees ais

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 19 can be supplied at “
$1 each and cos of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and

sea Tae

United States). “
Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers i
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States. 8

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

Foreach ‘insertion. per, inchy\ isis oeeeteee o oe cei cle a maketoe RI eee eee $e. 50
One pinch periyean yes Sei eect PRR arise a ela: Say te aa ae 4 00
Fla by parece i) yysl yap Ne deypy ee seyaicaty) Sheen UAMMMMeL eo 2tf 8 A ay aa een Biel Dean ri 10 00
Whole 1 COUGAR rece ANSE Re CAND CUNO MMNR RN a eel | Sie oaks seek 15 00
Exchange notices of 2/lines; ‘cachinsertion. .//. Seats terete sinus © iekers 25
Additional matter in exchange notices, per ay ee BE pie ee ESOS Fae

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.

j ENTOMOLOGICAL. PINS.—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of "500 0 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 pet 1000. Postage, 6 cts. per 1000, and every |
fraction of 1000, to Canada and United. States.

GORK-3 WA ‘inch, 30. cts. per square-foot ; postage 6 cts; % inch, 18 cfs.” per
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20, inches, anid every ft fraction of. 20 inches, to
Canada and United. States. ws abe eeu, per 1 functlive ds :

Ege at terete cet i} be Je} hith g hire Last Wi ‘ roan i

st OF ‘CANADIAN COLEOPTERA. —Price: #5 ols . dsreaaneeal |
nee ae tee j 432 Bengray apd 123 trspecies (for: > absiing cabinets).
crit cakclsgle mt eres teens in sheets, I ta 2000, for labelling cabinets.

Price 10 cts. each set. Postage extra.

ee

46

Canadian Entomologist.

WS OM See

EDITED BY

REV Ot 5) BE THUNE:

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

FEBRUARY, - 1889.

LONDON:
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO., RICIMMOND ST,
1889.

THE MICROSCOPE,

The representative of what is best, most instructive and progressive in
American microscopy. Leading contributors for beginners and experts.
Send postal card for FREE sample copy and announcement for 1889.

THE MICROSCOPE PUBLISHING CO.,

25 Washington Avenue, Detroit, Mich.

FOR 50 CENTS WE WILL SEND YOU FOR ONE YEAR

THE CONCHOLOGISTS’ EXCHANGE

The only shell paper in America ; 16 pages monthly, and full of the latest and best. ~
Shell News, and the following handsome premiums: A neat box of choice Land Shells,
Fresh- Water Shells, or Marine Shells, or Berlin H. Wright’s New Check List of North —
American Fresh Water Bivalves, or D. D. Baldwin’s Land Shells of Hawaii, Don’t —
wait, but send 50c. now to WM. D. AVERELL, Publisher, .
Chestnut Hill, Phila., Pa.

REV. W. J. HOLLAND, Ph. D., Pittsburgh, Pa., offers for sale or exchange a
limited quantity of JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA of his own ~
collecting. Has also cn hand a large mass of West African and Asiatic Lepidoptera, —
for sale or exchange. Has been authorized to receive subscriptions in the United States —
and Canada for Mr. H. Pryer’s magnificent work upon the Rhopalocera of Japan, to be ~
issued in three parts, 4to., profusely illustrated with colored plates, at $4 a part. Part I
is now ready to deliver to subscribers. 3-12

NOW READY.

A new and revised List of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico, by Samue! ©
Henshaw, assisted by Dr. George H. Horn. Published by the American Entomological! |
Society. Edition limited. Price, $1.25. Price List of Entomological papers for
sale, mailed on application. KE. T. CRESSON, TREASURER, an

P. O. Box 1577, Philadelphia, Pa.

EXCHANGE.

Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened tf necessary. All insertions free to subscribers. . an

OrtTHoPTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects
from all parts. North American and West Indian material preferred. Persons
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE
Bruner, West Point, Cuming Co., Nebraska, U. S. A. :

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian
Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELWes, Preston, Ci n-
cester, Eng. : ‘ia

HEMIPTERA WANTED. —Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in H omoptel a,
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN Duzer, Grosvenor
Library, Buffalo, N. Y. Lis

To exchange for perfect specimens of Lepidoptera not in my collection, exam:
of Melitza MceGlashani and Coenonympha ochracea from Nevada. S. W. DENT
Wellesley, Mass.

ENTOMOLOGY for BEGINNERS

For the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers, Farmers, and Gardeners. By A. 5.
PACKARD, M.'D., Ph. D:, 12 mo., $1.75:

** Tt is the best thing of the kind in English, or any other language. There is no
work that I would recommend to the young student so heartily.” S. W. WILLISTON,
Professor in Yale University, NEw Haven, Conn. U.S. HENRY Hott & Co.,
Publishers,: New York.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
Agassiz, at Cambridge. © While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
tive youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.
Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.
The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.
, Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ment of Microscopic technique.
Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.
Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.
E The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities.
j Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,.
P sustains both pure and economic Entomology.
;
:

Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
World that is published on this Continent.

Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Emhiy-
ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master.

It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.

It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
before the general public in a more or less popular form. /¢ zs the only magazine in the
world to-day which keeps tts readers en rapport with the work of Americans in the field
of the Natural Sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,
with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; 4oc. PER NUMBER.

: 1 LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA.

_ NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera (exclusive of
_ the Genera of the Nematocera and Muscide sens. lat.), with roland and New
_ Species, 1878-88. By S. W. Writiston ; 82 pages; price, $1.00.
ye Address the publisher,

JAMES T. HATHAWAY, New Haven, Conn.

PAMPHILA and CATOCALA.

q 4 The undersigned will pay good price, either in cash or exchange, for perfect.
specimens of Pamphila and Catocala.

PHILIP LAURENT, 621 Marshall St., Philadelphia, Penn.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. —

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. 8. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont. i
Editing Committee —WM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London; ’
CAPT. GAMBLE GEDDES and DR. BRODIE, Toronte. 3
a AE :

a

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP. | ;

Kor Oxdima tyme mbes’ 206 2/2) 35 3/cw SMEROISIe NG evel A esa LESSOA | cu na Re a ena $1 00 i
Hor ‘Associates Members ‘inthe United States... /2.)ace separ os ate eens I 00 3
Hor :Associate (Members) in’ -Englandeme meme stays ona nicks ler eieietats 4s, sterling ”
Hor. Associate Members “elsewhere: apmeny aes case ae ot oes aeeeeere $1 25 ;
The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and ‘*
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications i
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario 4
Government. ¢
Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note, ?
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but FE
cheques on local banks will not be received. a
aah

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to e.

wh

the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society, F
W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London, Ontario. ;
Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 20 can be supplied at a

$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States). 4

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

Foriveach/imsertion,, per. imehys)7.) ois aise ore estas eon to eis ashen Rateles sneer $ 50
QOneninch Per yVearscisiss 6 Ae aie lso e+ ore Ab dud suas eiaemed ee epee Eyes) sie eat ba eTo}
Lala ARES! vt ws Ainieileters A cite CARRERE Cy BNI here Srar ieebeS Br 10 OO
Whole 1; TU ON esi aAR Gare Fd: ot ete S'n)\a-SPRMMERN Corie vo Se, af elke iat aleateweWell aanlatiale fete Mellehe kena) alt 15 co

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos, 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos, 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000, Postage 6 cts. per 1000, and every
fraction of 1000, to Canada and United States,

CORK.— inch, 30 cts. per square foot ; postage 6 cts; 1% inch, 18 cts. per
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every fraction of 20 inches, to

Canada and United States, ) 4

LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cts. each, embracing 55 |f

families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets). ;

Printed Numbers, in sheets, I to 2000, for labelling cabinets.
Price 10 cts. each set. Postage extfa.

Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Laat
(SSR ELS HC LE ESE ST Boa OR DZ

=

———

VOLUME ST

EDITED BY

REV. Ge BETIBNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

RSE

MARCH, - 1889.

LONDON:
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO., RICILMOND ST,

1889.

THE MICROSCOPE,

;
:!

:

The representative of what is best, most instructive and progressive in
American microscopy. Leading contributors for beginners and expel 3
Send postal card for FREE sample copy and announcement for 1889.

THE MICROSCOPE PUBLISHING CO.,
25 Washington Avenue, Detroit, Mich.

7 io = aes AKHUREST. ~2
TAXIDERMIST anp DEALER 1n ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES. i

Fine Carlsbader Insect ’ |
Pins a specialty.: Price List —
sent on application. R
: 78 Ashland Place, —
IMPROVED ENTOMOLOGICAL FORCEPS. ‘BROOKLYN, N. Y. a

PAMPHILA and CATOCALA.

The undersigned will pay good price, either in cash or exchange, for perfect i
specimens of Pamphila and Catocala.

PHILIP LAURENT, 621 Marshall St., Philadelphia, Penn. ¥

NOW, READY.

A new and revised Zzst of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico, by Samuel
Henshaw, assisted by Dr. George H. Horn. Published by the American Entomological —
Society. Edition limited. Price, $1.25. Price List of Entomological papers form
sale, mailed on application. E. T. CRESSON, TREASURER,

jee ® Box 1577, Philadelphia, Pa. M

EXCHANGE. . q
Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened tf necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

OrTHoPTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects -
from all parts. North American and West Indian material preferred. Persons
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE,
Bruner, Nebraska University, Lincoln, Neb.

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian
Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELWeEs, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng.

HEMIPTERA WANTED. -—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera.
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN DuzEE, Grosvenor
Library, Buffalo, N. Y- A

To exchange for perfect specimens of Lepidoptera not in my collection, examples 4
of Melitea McGlashani and Coenonympha ochracea from Nevada. S. W. Denton

Wellesley, Mass.

CANADIAN ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am preparing a Manual on this order, and
wish to include all Canadian forms. Should like, therefore, to exchange with any
collector. JEROME MCNEILL, Moline, Illinois, — 4

ENTOMOLOGY for BEGINNERS

For the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers, Farmers, and Gardeners. By A. S,
PacKaARD, M.D., Ph. D., 12 mo., $1.75.

** Tt is the best thing of the kind in English, or any other language. There is no
work that I would recommend to the young student so heartily.” S. W. WILLISTON,
Professor in Yale University, NEw HAveNn, Conn. U.S. Henry Hot & Co.,
Publishers, New York.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
tive youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.

Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.

The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.

Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ment of Microscopic technique.

Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.

Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.

The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities,

| Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University;
sustains both pure and economic Entomology.
; Prof. *W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
_ World that is published on this Continent.

Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
4 ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master.
d

F It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
__ which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.

It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
before the general public in a more or less popular form. J/¢ zs the only magazine tn the
_ world to-day which keeps tts readers en rapport. with the work of Americans in the field
_ of the Natural Sciences. The NarurAatisv publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,
- with numerous illustrations. . TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; 4oc. PER NUMBER.

’ LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA.

NORTE! AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Barcus « of che Families and Genera of North American Diptera estlucive of
_ the Genera of the Nematocera and Muscide sens. lat.), with Bibliography and New
9 seni 1878-88. By S. W. WruistTon ; 82 pages; price, $1.00.

BY / Address the publisher,

JAMES T. HATHAWAY, New Haven, Conn
BUTTERELIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

; Part 6, Vol. iii, issued Ist Jan. ., 1889. Contents: Papilio Nitra ; Anthocharis.
‘ eae 5 A. Genutia, and early stages ; Neonympha Areolatus, and stages. _ Price,
Mh2)25 3 three plates. Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. ii., $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CAMBRIDGE, Mass.

> a sy —
= snare saga

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

‘General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—WM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London ;
H. H. LYMAN, Montreal, and DR. BRODIE, Toronto.

ANNUAL FHES OF MEMBERSHIP.

Hor; @rdinany; Wembers,.:). 2), 2 3:25 ee a is oe eet Ne ooh Lea ae $1 00
For Associate Members inthe United) States)... 5229. 2220226 Re pews
For Associate; Members, ‘in “Englampeien. acu cues dayenie atic aeie lve jade 4s. sterling
For ‘Associate (Members ‘elsewhere ngeien's ve soe we eicle ole eee el ohius wait

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,

Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or ‘draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society,
W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London, Ontario.
Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 20 can be supplied at
$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. posiage to Canada and United States.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

For\each insertion) per inch. 4{//eaeeeae sts vase aaa cheval soe ae ania $
“Qe TCR per | YRAT 02 oo ‘ni. sheen Olds ene Rt aah ae Reeth chk eds pi Teta
Ns EV i 0): \ 24 OAR, 2 MN CREME DIC Sl OR I
Whole 1 (Pl te jn tele te «1s 6:0, 5 yee eels veneenniele Meo! leiium is ates tttalye elie elle steep lp ole: pasiey als»

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000, Postage 6 cts. per 1000, and every
fraction of 1000, to Canada and United States,

CORK.—¥ inch, 30 cts. per square foot ; postage 6 cts; % inch, 18 cts. per
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, artd every fasion of 20 inches, to
Canada and United States.

LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cts. each, embracing 55

families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets).
Printed Numbers, in sheets, 1 to 2000, for labelling cabinets.
Price ro cts. each set. Postage extra, —

EDITED BY

REV Obs, BETHUNE.

PORT: HOPE, ONTARIO.

S22 OFS

APRIL, - 1889

——F
TB QS

LONDON:
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO., RICHMOND ST.

THE MICROSCOPE,

The representative of what is best, most instructive and progressive in ©
American microscopy. Leading contributors for beginners and experts. 7
Send postal card for FREE sample copy and announcement for 1889.

THE MICROSCOPE PUBLISHING CO.,
25 Washington Avenue, Detroit, Mich.

JOM N ARE URS
TAXIDERMIST anp DEALER in ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES. 7

Fine Carlsbader Insect ©
Pins a specialty. Price List ~
sent on application.

78 Ashland Place,
IMPROVED ENTOMOLOGICAL FORCEPS. BROOKLYN, N.Y. &

PAMPHILA and CATOCALA.

The undersigned will pay good price, either in cash or exchange, for perfect x
specimens of Pamphila and Catocala. a

PHILIP LAURENT, 621 Marshall St., Philadelphia, Penn. y

DR. 0. STANDINGER & A. BANG HAAS
BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN, GERMANY.

In our price list No. xxxii., we offer more than 9,500 Species of wed/-named
LEPIDOPTERA from all parts of the world ; 750 kinds of prepared larve ; numerous ©
Exotic and European COLEOPTERA. List No. vii., (for example 290 species of Carvabus) —
and fine SHELLS, List ii. Price lists on application.

EXCHANGE.
Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are™
liable to be shortened tf necessary. All insertions free to subscribers. ‘

OrTHorTrEra WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera, —
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects —
from all parts. North American and West Indian material preferred. Persons
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE
BRUNER, Nebraska University, Lincoln, Neb. 7

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadi
Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. Ewes, Preston, Ciren-—
cester, Eng.

HEMIPTERA WANTED.-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera, -

. either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN DUZEE, Sean |
Library, Buffalo, N. Y. F

To exchange for perfect specimens of Lepidoptera not in my collection, examples
of Melitea McGlashani and Coenonympha ochracea from Nevada. S. W. DENTaN, |
Wellesley, Mass. Y

CANADIAN ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am preparing a Manual on this order, and
wish to include all Canadian forms. Should like, therefore, to SaCBRES with any
collector. JEROME MCNEILL, Moline, Illinois. 3

A limited number of Meonympha Mitchelliz French, n. sp., for r exchange, oe vd
lists to IRVING N. MITCHELL, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Y

ENTOMOLOGY for BEGINNERS

For the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers, Farmers, and Gardeners, By A. S.
PACKARD, M. D., Ph. D., 12 mo., $1.75.

“Tt is the best thing of the kind in English, or any other language. There is no
work that I.would recommend to the young student so heartily.” . S. W. WILLISTON,

Professor in Yale University, NEw Haven, Conn. U.S. Henry Hott & Co.,
Publishers, New York.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
tive youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.
Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.
The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.
Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ment of Microscopic technique.
Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.
Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.
The ee of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities.
Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell ieee
sustains both pure and economic Entomology.
Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.
Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
a best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
World that is published on this Continent.
Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master.
\ It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
: which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.
3 It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
before the general public in a more or less popular form. /¢ zs the only magazine in the
world to-day which keeps its readers en rapport with the work of Americans in the field
of the Natural Sctences.. The NATURALIST publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,
with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; 4oc. PER NUMBER.

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,
’ 501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA.

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera (exclusive of
the Genera of the Nematocera and Muscide sens. lat.), with Bibliography and New
Species, 1578-88. By S. W. WILLISTON ; 82 pages; price, $1.00.

Address the publisher,

JAMES T. HATHAWAY, New Haven, Conn.
BUTTERELIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 6, Vol. iii, issued Ist Jan., 1889. Contents: Papilio Nitra ; Anthocharis
Lanceolata ; A. Genutia, and early stages ; Neonympha Areolatus, and stages. Price,
92. 25; three plates, Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. ii., $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CAMBRIDGE, Mass.

E

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. —

Published by the Entomological Suciety of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committe—WM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London ;
H. H. LYMAN, Montreal, and DR. BRODIE, Toronto.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

For Ordinary Membersiiiiicis sic | ci enema alte ees cele Seabee rrerere Racists $1 oo
HorAssociate Membersiianuthe > U nitediiistatesa:.....\0 \ ai eis eae tore wee inenine I 00
For) Associate/(Members\am) Ping land eeperaidcls.'- <.-Vs) 4 wa) .tetey ayatone falls 4s. sterling
For Associate Members ‘elsewhere.......c.0.ececeeecececececeaceees $1 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,

Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London, Ontario.
Send all manyscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 20 can be supplied at
$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers

__ can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

~

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

For each insertion, per ite RR? CR ae M3 Ts Wek Bh $ 50
One cinch pers year a diee sbi ss laMDMlane ter of y's 5 '0/re ode alia Se atnevee et aca tethe -- 400
Half page, 10 UA We pyle MRelaaiiato eikeue ietives Sj eh seam Wo ei's,'s! 6) eine fu lh/ atal aha) aeeneiar ats catehe le Kalla ie Io 00
Whole Lisl hile to ranedat s Ua reacted ol alsohe MOMOMEMM ata 1a) 3) a'se lv...\ s!e/tataleha teat etal en oa eta Meteeniels 15 00

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to § inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 6 cts. per 1000, and every
fraction of 1000, to Canada and United States,

CORK.—¥ inch, 30 cts. per square foot; postage 6 cts; % inch, 18 cts. per

square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every fraction of 20 inches, to
Canada and United States.

LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cts. each, embracing 55
families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets).
Printed Numbers, in sheets, 1 to 2000, for labelling cabinets.
Price 10 cts. each set. Postage extra,

(ee EE SS (A EE ES

wi ‘a

WOW Me <ocTr

EDITED BY

REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

LONDON:
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO,, RICILMOND ST,

THE MICROSCOPE,

The representative of what is best, most instructive and progressive in ©
American microscopy. Leading contributors for beginners and experts.
Send postal card for FREE sample copy and ER EE for 1889.
THE MICROSCOPE PUBLISHING CO., 4
25 Washington Avenue, Detroit, Mich.
UAE ENE SANE OL NSN eee Ee in,

JON ABREU RSS ae
TAXIDERMIST anp DEALER in ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES.

Fine Carlsbader Insect. —
Pins a specialty. Price List
sent on application. i

78 Ashland Place, )
IMPROVED ENTOMOLOGICAL FORCEPS. ; BROOKLYN, N.Y.

PAMPHILA and CATOCALA.

The undersigned will pay good price, either in.cash or exchange, for perfect
4 col s pErce, g :
specimens of Pamphila and Catocala.

PHILIP LAURENT, 621 Marshall St., Philadelphia, Penn.

DR. 0. STANDINGER & A. BANG HAAS,
BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN, GERMANY.

In our price list No. xxxii., we offer more than 9,500 Species of we/l-named *
LEPIDOPTERA from all parts of the world ; 750 kinds of prepared larve ; numerous
Exotic and European COLEOPTERA. List No. vil., (for example 290 species of Carabus)
and fine SHELLS, List i. Price lists on application,

EXCHANGE. if

Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three’ dines are
liable to be shortened tf necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

i’,

ex

OrrHorTrra WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera, —
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects- _
from all parts. North American and West Indian material - ‘preferred. Persons
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE
Bruner, Nebraska University, Lincoln, Neb.

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian i
Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELWEs, Preston, Ciren- |
cester, Eng.

4

F,|

HEMIPTERA WANTED.-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Heulopton 4
either named or unnamed. Correspondence ‘solicited, ' E. P. Van DUZEE, Grosvenor ,
Library, Buffalo, N. Y. ‘

To exchange for perfect specimens of Lepidoptera not in my collection, examples -
of Melitea McGlashant, and Conc ae ochracea. from Nevada. De W. DENTON, —
Wellesley, Mass. a

CANADIAN ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am preparing a | Manual on | dhl order, aiid |
wish to include all Canadian forms. Should like, therefore, to exchange with any “
collector. JEROME McNEILL, Moline, Illinois.

A limited number of Meonympha Mitchelli? French, n. sp., for exchange. Send fs
lists to InviNG N. MitcHe.t, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.

MEMBRACIDA WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens Lota eM pre-
ferred) of Membracids not in ae collection ; also, any works on the family that I do.
not possess. F. W. Goprine, M. D., Rutland, Vt.

ENTOMOLOGY for BEGINNERS

For the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers, Farmers, and Gardeners. By A. 5.
ACKARD, M. D., Ph. D., 12 mo., $1.75.
‘Tt is the best thing of the kind in English, or any other language. _ There is no
york that I would recommend to the young student so heartily.” S. W. WILLISTON,
rofessor in Yale University, NEw Haven, Conn. U.S. HENRY Horr & Co.,
ublishers, New York.

| THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

Uy Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
' Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
Htive youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
|) geologists of North America.
. Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.
| The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
‘editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability:
~ Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ent of Microscopic technique.
Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
‘Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.
Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.
_ The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos, Wilson, whose connec-
tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities.
Prof.'J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,
sustains both pure and economic Entomology.
Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.
Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
World that is published on this Continent.

Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master.
It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.
It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
before the general public in a more or less popular form. L# 7s the only magazine tn the
world to-day which keeps tts readers en rapport with the work of Americans in the field
of the Natural Sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,
with numerous illustrations. “ TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; 4oc. PER NUMBER.

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA,

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera (exclusive of
Genera of the Nematocera and Muscide sens. lat.), with Bibliography and New
pecies, 1878-88. By S. W Wiuisron ; 82 pages; price, $1.00.
; Address the publisher, Ae
JAMES T. HATHAWAY, New Haven, Conn.

BUTTERELIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 6, Vol. iii, issued Ist Jan., 1889. Contents: Papilio Nitra ; Anthocharis
neeolata ; A. Genutia, and early stages ; Neonympha Areolatus, and stages. _ Price,
.25; three plates. Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. ii, $40. _

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CAMBRIDGE, Mass.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ta)

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committe—WM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London;
H. H. LYMAN, Montreal, and DR. BRODIE, Toronte.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

Hor Ordinary Members) 2". . 2 sate neerernaly cis ctsre. o/ wiaccral ies ua llets aaa aaa $1 oo
For Associate Members in the United States ).2 yh’. -ceusse acral I 00
¥dr ‘Associate Members, in ' Bapbetmgeh nos cc sis ais/e clos biciaeie amen 4s. sterling
For:,Associate’ Members elsewhetelae si. cis. «<a 'c,c:s.sisis 04 ois $1 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,

Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but |
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London, Ontario.
Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 20 can be supplied at

$1 each and cos. of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

Korpeach insertion; pert ‘inch \\Seveiwyaieis «cco « «0 cee eae ee atete teitioee $ 50 If
Arie ANN PEL “VEE. 6 x sisis, hve eR a Z0\2 »,o pbreeee ane nis ete ae oe OS:

J tel By os tayhs i Lee PA RS fe cele Sem lbefe Mts Gahed tae aclen de Rak 10 0O
Whole " beeen eens Ot OR MEL RO Cin ieee PORN Lethe EoD. pckie » I§ 00

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;

Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 6 cts. per 1000, and every
fraction of 1000, to Canada and United States,

CORK.—¥ inch, 30 cts. per square foot ; postage 6 cts; % inch, 18 cts. per |
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every fuente of 20 mee to b)
Canada and United States.

LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cts. each, embracing 55 4
families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets).
Printed Numbers, in sheets, I to 2000, for labelling cabinets.

Price 10 cts. each set. Postage extra, als:
ee

4. Canadian Entomologist.”

EDITED BY

REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

JUNE, - 1889

FSS Fg Sy
syed

&
LET
=

LONDON;
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO, RICHMOND ST,
1889.

THE MICROSCOPE,

The representative of what is best, most instructive and progressive in
American microscopy. J.eading contributors for beginners and experts.
Send postal card for FREE sample copy and announcement for 188o.

THE MICROSCOPE PUBLISHING CO.,
25 Washington Avenue, Detroit, Mich.

GO ©, EE IN | AGS Er Oo ee Se
TAXIDERMIST anp DEALER in ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES.

Fine Carlsbader Insect s
Pins a specialty. Price List ~
sent on application.

78 Ashland Place,
IMPROVED ENTOMOLOGICAL FORCEPS. BROOKLYN, N.Y-

PAMPHILA and CATOCALA.

The undersigned will pay good price, either in cash or exchange, for -perfect
specimens of Pamphila and Catocala.

PHILIP LAURENT, 621 Marshall St., Philadelphia, Penn. a

DR. QO. STANDINGER & A. BANG HAAS,
BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN, GERMANY. c

In our price list No. xxxii., we offer more than 9,500 Species of well-named —
LEPIDOPTERA from all parts of the world; 750 kinds of prepared larve ; numerous ~
Exotic and European COLEOPTERA, List No. vii., (for example 290 species of Carabus) —
and fine SHELLS, List ii. Price lists on application.

on EX CHANGE.

Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened tf necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

OrTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera, ;
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects
from all parts. North American and’ West Indian material preferred. Persons —
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE |
BRUNER, Nebraska University, Lincoln, Neb. a

% a

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian

Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELWes, Preston, Ciren 5
cester, Eng. e

HEMIPTERA WANTED.-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homopteral
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN DUZER, Grosveno -
Library, Buffalo, N. Y. ir

To exchange for perfect specimens of peanio pus not in my collection, example
of Melitea McGlashani and Coenonympha ochracea from Nevada. S. W. DENTON,
Wellesley, Mass. ;

CANADIAN ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am preparing a Manual on this order, ai d
wish to include all Canadian forms. Should like, therefore, to exchange bors
collector. JEROME MCNEILL, Moline, Illinois.

A limited number of Meonympha Mitchellét French, n. sp., for exchange.
lists to IRVING N. MITCHELL, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.

MEMBRACIDA WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted p =:

ferred) of Membracids not in ey collection ; also, any works on the family that 2
not possess. F. W. Gopinc, M. D., Rutland, Vt.

ENTOMOLOGY for BEGINNERS

For the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers, Farmers, and Gardeners. By A. S.
PACKARD, M. D., Ph. D., 12 mo., $1.75.

“*It is the best thing of the kind in English, or any other language. There is no
work that I would recommend to the young student so heartily.” S. W. WILLISTON,
Professor in Yale University, New Haven, Conn. U.S. Henry Hott & Co.,
Publishers, New York.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
tive youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.

Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country,

The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.

Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
~ ment of Microscopic technique.

Prof. W.. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.

Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments,

The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities.

Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,
sustains both pure and economic Entomology.

Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
World that is published on this Continent.

Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
_ ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master.

: It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
» which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities,

It appears to-be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
_ before the general public in a more or less popular form. J¢ zs the only magazine in the
| world to-day which keeps its readers en rapport with the work of Americans in the field
| & the Natural Sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,
| with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; 4oc. PER NUMBER.

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

- 501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA,

| NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

oh Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera (exclusive of
| ‘the Genera of the Nematocera and Muscide sens. lat.), with Bibliography and New
Species, 1878-88. By S. W. Wiu.isron ; 82 pages; price, $1.00.

Address the publisher,

JAMES T. HATHAWAY, New Haven, Conn
BUTTERELIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 6, Vol. ili, issued Ist Jan., 1889. Contents: Papilio Nitra ; Anthocharis.
_ Lanceolata ; A. Genutia, and early stages ; Neonympha Areolatus, and stages. . Price,
$2.25; three plates. Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. ii., $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CamBRIDGE, Mass.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. .

Published by the Entomological Svciety of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committe—WM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London ;
H. H. LYMAN, Montreal, and DR. BRODIE, Toronto.

ANNUAL FHES OF MEMBERSHIP.

Hor, Ordinary (Members. .2'.:....s eee eos Oc teenione Pe NC $1 oo
For Associate; Members in the UniteditStatese 22.5). . cere sym amie ee I 00
HoriAssociate Members in} Huglandiae nie un o Aarne ua satel hiatal 4s. sterling
For Associate Members elsewhereseaw siovv wv. siesia via aa Sire ae ee $1 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,

Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London, Ontario.
Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 20 can be supplied at

$1 each and cos. of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

Ponveachvinsertion, per) inch |. Sears as eileen area aera Beananege, So $ 50
Onermebypersyear Ses) 2). casa aaa ne ec VAP dd Lea at iui aeraonn ca fata resentation 4 00
SIE Gis ef: “Sry I (anne PAYA eR 3.08 ANNA vote Bias hoo ate ets Mamet eT Rr ae 10 00
Whole u FU ileal dial os, 6 5-0 sa RRNRa ES) O56 Cah eal ARRRIe OREN MVCN ae I5 00

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per tooo. Postage 6 cts. per 1000, and every |
fraction of 1000, to Canada and United States. ;

CORK.—¥ inch, 30 cts. per square foot; postage 6 cts; % inch, 18 cts. per
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every fraction of 20 inches, to
Canada and United States.

LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cts. each, embracing 55

families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets).
Printed Numbers, in sheets, I to 2000, for labelling cabinets.
Price 10 cts. each set. Postage extra.

RS RTE SE NRE NS STEED)

=

Camadian Cntomologist.”

z)

afl
B iil

Vie WE By Se

EDITED BY

REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

JULY, - 1889.

oa ity a a <y
w

NN

é
LONDON:
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO., RICHMOND ST.
1889.

EXCHANGE.

Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened tf necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects
from all parts. “North American and West Indian material preferred. Persons
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE
Bruner, Nebraska University, Lincoln, Neb.

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian

Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELwes, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng,

HEMIPTERA WANTED.-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera,
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN DUZEE, Grosvenor
Library, Buffalo, N. Y.

To exchange for perfect specimens of Lepidoptera not in my collection, examples
of Melitea McGlashani and Coenonympha ochracea from Nevada. S. W. DENTON,
Wellesley, Mass.

CANADIAN ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am preparing a Manual on this order, and
wish to include all Canadian forms. Should like, therefore, to exchange with any
collector. JEROME MCNEILL, Moline, Illinois.

A limited number of Meonympha Mitchelliz French, n. sp., for exchange. Send
lists to IRVING’N. MITCHELL, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.

MEMBRACIDA WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted pre-
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the family that I do
not possess. F. W. Gopinc, M. D., Rutland, Ill.

BOMBYCID4.—I am anxious to get the eggs, cocoons or young larve of this
family of moths. Shall be glad to exchange with any collector. JOSEPH BRIDGHAM,
Zoological Artist, East Providence Centre, Rhode Island. ;

WANTED.—Skins of Prairie, Worm-eating Warblers, Acadian Flycatcher and others. —

Can offer Blue and Golden-wing Warblers, Crossbills, Pine Grosbeaks, ete. W. E. ~
SAUNDERS, London, Ont. a
i

COLLECTING BOTTLES WITHOUT A NECK, —

Our 1889 supply of these bottles, which pleased so many entomologists last year,
has been delayed ev route for two months, but is expected about July 15th. Send orders
now and they will be filled promptly on arrival. Set of five, 40c.; same with cyanide, -
60c. Postage or express, extra ; sample, post free, Ioc.

W. E. SAUNDERS & CO., London, Ont.

JOERLN Awa oO here
TAXIDERMIST anp DEALER in ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES.

Fine Carlsbader Insect
Pins a specialty. Price List ©
sent on application. i

_ 78 Ashland Place,
IMPROVED ENTOMOLOGICAL FORCEPS. BrRookiyn, N.Y. ~

”

ENTOMOLOGY for BEGINNERS

For the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers, Farmers, and Gardeners. By A. Ss
PACKARD, M. D., Ph. D., 12 mo., $1.75.

“Tt is the best thing of the kind in English, or any other language. There is no-
work that I would recommend to the young student so heartily.” S. W. WILLISTON,
Professor in Yale University, NEw Haven, Conn. U.S. Henry Hott & Cox.
Publishers, New York.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
live youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.

Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.

The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.

Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ment of Microscopic technique.

Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.

Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.
: The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities.

Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,.
sustains both pure and economic Entomology.

Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
_ best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
_ World that is published on this Continent.

Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master.

It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.

It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
f _ before the general public in a more or less popular form. /¢ zs the only magazine in the

| world to-day which keeps its readers en rapport with the work of Americans in the Jfiela
fof the Natural Sciences. The NaTuRALIsT publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,
_ with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; 4oc. PER NUMBER.

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA.

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

| Ve Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera (exclusive of
_ the Genera of the Nematocera and Muscide sens. lat.), with Bibliography and New
_ Species, 1-78-88. By S. W Wuixuisron ; 82 pages; price, $1.00.

Be Address the publisher,

JAMES T. HATHAWAY, New Haven, Conn
BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

4 Part 6, Vol. iii, issued Ist Jan., 1889. Contents: Papilio Nitra; Anthocharis
~ Lanceolata; A. Genutia, and early stages ; Neonympha Areolatus, and stages. Price,
$2.25; three plates. Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. ii., $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CamBripGE Mass.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J..S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—WM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London ;
H. H. LYMAN, Montreal, and DR. BRODIE, Toronto.

ANNUAL FHES OF MEMBERSHIP.

ForyOrdinary,: Members «3206/5 5s Cpe are aie aie eRe iC PT ap ee ae $1 oo
For; Associate’ Members’ in’ the /UnitediiStates 105 suite ate isiee alee annae I 00
For Associate, Members ‘in’ Engle iimy a8) os se alert ind 4s. sterling
Hor :Associate: Members’ ‘elsewhereayin tants ucts neice sic oatsio ne eee $1 25

The Fees are payable in’advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London, Ontario.
Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 20 can be supplied at
$1 each and cos. of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States,

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

For,each insextion, per inch {3a eve i aeessie en aie eee Reape mints sc)
Qnei finch per year baie .sies/-\ 5 Sea eam intel oda he Re ne Bene apa ae aia 2a ROO
PPLE Pace, i ea cso ‘aie, oc! ea eA NR RRRIIRY 44a) pO I RENE ee 10 00
Whole 1 DUA ALd ote fatadet piiescg i # lel aM Heh Munts se laali's. euesaer a emier siete Aart Sittalte adele leita - 15 00

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.
ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS,—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. The Society is out of Nos. 2, 3 and

4, but they are expected about July 15. Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Canada

and United States,

CORK.—¥ inch, 20 cts. per square foot; postage 6 cts; % inch, Io cts. per

square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every fraction of 20 inches, to
Canada and United States.

LIST OF CANADIAN. COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cts. each, embracing 55 - |

families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets).
Printed Numbers, in sheets, I to 2000, for labelling cabinets.
Price 1o cts, each set. Postage extra,

—_ ‘ | a6

wei

ARE
+ A
2a Pal
Mi
‘N\ a
dee
1
li

fy

Canavan Entomologet.

vaVOLUME Xx ST

HSER

EDITED BY

REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

TSS +

AUGUST - 1889

Se

Do a
eg

Ws

LONDON:
FREE PRESS PRINTING 00,, RICHMOND ST,

1889,

Ki &
pm

EXCHANGE.

Subscribers are tnvited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened tf necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

OrTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects
from all parts. North American and West Indian. material preferred. Persons
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE
BRUNE, Nebraska University, Lincoln, Neb.

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh” specimens of Canadian
Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELwes, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng.

HEMIPTERA WANTED,-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera,
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN DUZEE, Grosvenor °
Library, Buffalo, N. Y.

* To exchange for perfect specimens of Lepidoptera not in my collection, examples
of Melitea McGlashani and Coenonympha ochracea from Nevada. S: W. DENTON,
Wellesley, Mass.

CANADIAN ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am preparing a Manual on this order, and
wish to include all Canadian forms. Should like, therefore, to exchange with ay,
collector. JEROME MCNEILL, ‘Moline, [lhinois.

A limited number of Meonympha Mitchellii French, n. sp., for exchange. Send
lists to IRvinc N. MircHELL, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.

MEMBRACIDA WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted pre~
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the family that I do
not possess. F. W. Gopinc, M. D., Rutland, Ill.

BomBycip#.—I am anxious to get the eggs, cocoons or young larve of this
family of moths. Shall be glad to exchange with any collector. JOSEPH BRIDGHAM,
Zoological Artist, East Providence Centre, “Rhode Island. .

WanrTeED.—Skins of Prairie, Worm-eating Warblers, Aaa Flycatcher and others.
Can offer Blue and Golden-wing Warblers, Crossbills, Pine Grosbeaks, ete. W. E.
SAUNDERS, London, Ont.

CoLEOPTERA.—I have a good sieely of Canadian Coleoptera, especially Carat y
cidze, which I wish to exchange for species not in my collection, either American or
Exotic. A. H. Kitman, Ridgeway, Ont,

COLLECTING BOTTLES WITHOUT ‘A NECK. |

‘4

Our 1889’ supply of these bottles, which pleased so many entomologists last year, ;
has been delayed ex route for two months, but isexpected about July 15tl® Send orders.
now and they will be filled promptly on arrival. Set of five, 40c.; same with cyanide, —
60c. Postage or express, extra; sample, post free, 10c. }

W. E. SAUNDERS & CO., London, Ont

J © EC IN Ae ee UO RSs |
TAXIDERMIST ann DEALER in ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES.

Fine Carlsbader _ Insect

sent on application:
; 78 Ashland Place,
IMPROVED ENTOMOLOGICAL FORCEPS, BRookiyn, N.Y

ENTOMOLOGY for BEGINNERS

——

v4 For the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers, Farmers, and Gardeners. By sACSs
me PACKARD, M. D., Ph. D., 12 mo., $1.75.

ae “Tt is the best thing of the kind in English, or any other language. There is no
» work that I would recommend to the young student so heartily.” S. W. WILLISTON,

| Professor in Yale University, NEw Haven, Conn. U.S. Henry Horr & Co.,
| Publishers, New York.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

» Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
» Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
_ tive youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America. f

Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.
The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
» editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability,
q Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
~ ment of Microscopic technique.

Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
» Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.

: Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.
The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr, Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
_ tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities,
8 Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,
| sustains both pure and economic Entomology.

Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr.-W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the

| best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
» World that is published on this Continent. .

/ Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-

ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master. 5
by It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
7 which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editerial responsibilities.

| _ It appears to be the most favored: medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
before the general public in a more or less popular form. /¢ zs the only magazine in the
world to-day which keeps its readers en rapport with the work of Americans in the fiela

of the Natural Sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,
with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; aoc. PER NUMBER:

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA.

. ai

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera (exclusive of
the Genera of the Nematocera and Muscide sens. lat.), with Bibliography and New
Species, 1878-88, By 8S. W. WILLISTON ; 82 pages; price, $1.00,

Address the publisher,

JAMES T. HATHAWAY, New Haven, Conn.
BUTTERFLIES OF NORTE AMERICA.

a

Part 6, Vol. iii, issued Ist Jan., 1889. Contents: Papilio Nitra ; Anthocharis
Lanceolata ; A. Genutia, and early stages ; Neonympha Areolatus, and stages. Price,
2.25 ; three plates. Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. ii., $40.

. Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CamBripGE Mass.

2 —

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committe—WM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London ;
H. H. LYMAN, Montreal, and DR. BRODIE, Toronto.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

Por Ordinary, Members 0...) '5, dc daeyes sage a\ets alietolotaile vase ule’<\eh es) aia gh eka $1 00
For Associate Members in the United States..../..........-.52200+: I
For Associate Members in England........... 222.500 epee eecees 4s, sterling

For Associate Members elsewhere........... ihchecpaPnalelal oat ciemlers aiadeRe ne $1 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London, Ontario.
Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 20 can be supplied at |f
$1 each and cos. of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and |f-
United States).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts, postage to Canada and United States.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

Hor each’ insertion, ‘per: Inch lavas cen ce senile ees ernstettiatatentle Y 5 ae
One inch per year..... oi. & 0: aerate ata aradhtd Jaieeaeatiel onan Renata 15 0 4 0G
Rae page ty il usiese' soho /a)d tan maReemalin ial) eft sit taeda eet aaah strate isa bee oy KONO

Whole Ti) vc slg Uatl pal at in: ni fe URE PRMPCMaG vee siecle ct tena Ne NOES Bihan inal at eat oem 15 00.

SUPPLIES FOR SALE. a

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos, 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each; |
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000, The Society is out of Nos. 2, 3 an

4, but they are expected about July 15. Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Cana

and United States. is
-CORK.—¥ inch, 20 cts. per square foot ; postage 6 cts; % inch, 10 cts. per |
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every fraction of 20 inches, to —
Canada and United States. f

LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cts. each, embracing |
families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets). ik

% Printed Numbers, in sheets, I to 2000, for labelling cabinets. — a

Price 10 cts. each set. Postage extra. Ds

ee ES Sf

ty) i
Wr Pi

f : as ; : 5 ak

VOLUME ST

EDITED BY

REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, ~

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

Se

SEPTEMBER - 1889.

amen oe

LONDON: .
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO, RICHMOND st,

EXCHANGE.

Subscribers are txvited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened tf necessary. All insertions free to subscribers. 4

ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects
from all parts. North American and West Indian material preferred. Persons
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE, —
Bruner, Nebraska University, Lincoln, Neb.

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian
Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELwes, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng.

HEMIPTERA WANTED.-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera,
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN DuZzEE, Grosvenor ~
Library, Buffalo, N. Y.

To exchange for perfect specimens of Lepidoptera not in my collection, examples.
of Welit2a McGlashant and Coenonympha ochracea from Nevada. S. W. DENTON,
Wellesley, Mass.

CANADIAN ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am preparing a Manual on this order, and —
wish to include all Canadian forms. Should like, therefore, to exchange with any
collector. JEROME MCNEILL, Moline, Illinois.

A limited number of Veonympha Mitchellit French, n. sp., for exchange. Send
lists to IRvING N. MITCHELL, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. ’

MEMBRACIDA WANTED.—I wish to’ purchase perfect specimens (unmounted pre- —
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the family that I do-
not possess. F. W. Gopinc, M. D., Rutland, Ill.

BomBYcIp&.<-I am anxious to get the eggs, cocoons or young larve of this
family of moths. Shall be glad to exchange with any collector. JOSEPH BRIDGHAM,
Zoological Artist, East Providence Centre, Rhode Island. ;

~

WANTED.—Skins of Prairie, Worm-eating Warblers, Acadian Flycatcher and others. —
Can offer Blue and Golden-wing Warblers, Crossbills, Pine Grosbeaks, etc. W. E. —
SAUNDERS, London, Ont. ‘f

CoLEOPTERA.—f have a good supply of Canadian Coleoptera, especially Ceramby- |
cide, which I wish to exchange for species not in my collection, either American or ~
Exotic. A. H. KILMAN, Ridgeway, Ont. ;

WANTED.—For specimens of Chinese Lepidoptera (diurnal ahd nocturnal), Coleop- —
tera and Hymenoptera, American standard works on any or all of the three orders
1amed. JOHN WALLY, Wuhu, China.

SPHINGID#, Erc.—Would like to obtain eggs, iarvae or pupze of Sphingidze, also-

of Cetrocumpa regalis and Dryocampa tmperialis in exchange. HERMANN AICH, 96°
Spring St., New York.

JOHN AKHUSBRST.
TAXIDERMIST ann DEALER In ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES.

Fine Carlsbader — Insec
Pins a specialty. Price List
sent on application.

78 Ashland Place,

IMPROVED ENTOMOLOGICAL FORCEPS. BROOKLYN, N.Y

a

{

ENTOMOLOGY for BEGINNERS

For the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers, Farmers, and Gardeners. Byi A. Ss
PACKARD, M. D., Ph. D., 12 mo., $1.75.

“It is the best thing of the kind in English, or any other language. There is no
work that I would recommend to the young student so heartily.” S. W. WILLISTON,
Professor in Yale University, NEw Haven, Conn. U.S. Henry Hout & Cox
Publishers, New York.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
live youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.

Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.

The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.

Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ment of Microscopic technique.

Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.

Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.

The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities.

Prof.'J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,
sustains both pure and economic Entomology.

Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
World that is published on this Continent.

Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master,

It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities. ”

It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
before the general public in a more or less popular form. /¢ 2s the only magazine in the
world to-day which keeps its readers en rapport with the work of Americans in the Jiela
of the Natural Scéences. The NATURALIST publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,
with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; 4oc. PER NUMBER.

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA.

———____

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera (exclusive of

_ the Genera of the Nematocera and Muscide sens. lat.), with Bibliography and New
_ Species, 1878-88. By S. W. WILLISTON ; 82 pages ; price, $1.00.

Address the publisher,
JAMES T. HATHAWAY, New Haven, Conn

BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 8, Vol. iii, issued 1st June., 1889. Contents: Papilio Pilumnus ; Argynnis

_ Cybele, var. Carpenterii, and early stages of Cybele; Graptas Interrogationis and

oy Comma ; stages, and changes produced by cold applied to the Chrysalids Three plates ;
' price, $2.25. Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. ii., $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CAMBRIDGE, Mass.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—WNM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London ;
H. H. LYMAN, Montreal, and DR. BRODIE, Toronto.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

‘Bor, Ordinary, Members \ic.< 1. 22; .| SSRIS Bieg vosth ach eeeys wre aaee ie pe Da ee ee $1 00
For Associate Members in the United States..........2:0.0eeeeeeees I 00
Hox Associates Memibers,,in ¢Englamdaaggay. cee’ ste hier tee oar eee aera 4s, sterling
Hor. Associate): Members), elsewhere samimaiey » sie wvetalicis ses ater ie ete ental cereale $1 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received. F

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society,
W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London, Ontario.
Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 20 can be supplied at
$1 each and cos. of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

Poryeach ‘insertion; per) inch’. </).grdemei sees seers ip ai elatel nfelest/ ceive $ 50
QOuesinch per years seed He SUM aR «ekg unnha ante ale voaaee Ue Mi eae eas 4 00
FA Ale pages ri Oa ce clare, klape ae P AUER Ea ioe yaeealy sane neat pelea eNotes 10 00
Whole ST Wao atiavte Voyet' sh alichre pees eer niente a bciel-htovahadsttelh Becomes se \Mtane Balenere eee aint » 15 00

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to § inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. The Society is out of Nos. 2, 3 and
4, but they are expected‘about July 15. Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Canada
and United States.

CORK.—¥ inch, 20 cts. per square foot; postage 6 cts; % inch, 10 cts. per
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every fraction of 20 inches, to
Canada and United States.

families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets).
Printed Numbers, in sheets, I to 2000, for labelling cabinets.
Price ro cts. each set... Postage extra.

TS Sa a a aE ea ete) | ~

LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA.—Price 15 cts. each, embracing 55 |f

EDITED BY

REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE.

C PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

OCTOBER - 1889

LONDON:
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO, RICHMOND ST.

EXCHANGE.

Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of thts column. Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened tf necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

OrTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects
from all parts. North American and West Indian material preferred. Persons
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE
Bruner, Nebraska University, Lincoln, Neb.

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian

Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELwes, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng.

HEMIPTERA WANTED.-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera,
either named or unnamed. ‘Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN Duzer, Grosvenor
Library, Buffalo, N. Y.

To exchange for perfect specimens of Lepidoptera not in my collection, examples
, of Melitea McGlashani and Coenonympha ochracea from Nevada. S. W. DENTON,
Wellesley, Mass.

CANADIAN ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am preparing a Manual on this order, and
wish to. include all Canadian forms. Should like, therefore, to exchange with any
collector. JEROME MCNEILL, Moline, Illinois.

A limited number of Meonympha Mitchellii French, n. sp., for exchange. Send
lists to IRvING N. MITCHELL, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.

MEMBRACIDA WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted pre-
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the family that I do
not possess. F. W. Gopinec, M. D., Rutland, Ill.

BoMBYCID&.—I am anxious to get the eggs, cocoons or young larvze of this
family of moths. Shall be glad to exchange with any collector. ‘' JOSEPH BRIDGHAM,
Zoological Artist, East Providence Centre, Rhode Island.

WANTED.—Skins of Prairie, Worm-eating Warblers, Acadian Flycatcher and others.
Can offer Blue and Golden-wing Warblers, Crossbills, Pine Grosbeaks, etc. W. E.
SAUNDERS, London, Ont.

CoLEOPTERA.—I have a good supply of Canadian Coleoptera, ecpenielly Ceramby-
cidz, which I wish to exchange for species not in my collection, either American or
Exotic. A. H. Kitman, Ridgeway, Ont.

WANTED.—For specimens of Chinese Lepidoptera (diurnal and nocturnal), Coleop-
tera and Hymenoptera, American standard works on any or all of the three orders
1amed. JOHN WALLY, Wuhu, China.

SPHINGID#, Etc.—Would like to obtain eggs, iarvee or pupee of Sphingidz, also
of Cetrocampa regalis and Dryocampa imperialis in exchange. “HERMANN SAMs 96
Spring St., New York.

Goctons of hybrids female S. Ceanoth? male Cecropia, also S. Gloveré ee male
Cecropia. Lists of other specimens exchanged. For perfect specimens liberal exchanges
will be given. No postal cards replied to. Miss Emity L. Morton, Newburgh, N..
Y. (New Windsor delivery). ,

Ee

Now READY.

In three volumes, half Levant, gilt top, $75.
The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada, with especial feference, to
New England, by Samuel H. Scudder.
Imp. 8°. 2002 pages, 96 plates, of which 41 are colored.
Address SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, oe Mass.
Table of contents sent on application.

ENTOMOLOGY for BEGINNERS

For the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers, Farmers, and Gardeners. By A. S,
PACKARD, M. D., Ph. D., 12 mo., $1.75.

“It is the best thing of the kind in English, or any other language. There is no
work that I would recommend to the young student so heartily.” S. W. WILLISTON,
Professor in Yale University, NEw HAVEN, Conn. U.S. Henry Hout & Cow
Publishers, New York.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
live youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.

Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.

The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.

Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ment of Microscopic technique.

Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.

Prof, C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.

The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities.

Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,
sustains both pure and economic Entomology.

Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
World that is published on this Continent.

Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master.

It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.

It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
before the general public in a more or less popular form. /¢ zs the only magazine in the
world to-day which keeps its readers en rapport wth the work of Americans in the fiela
of the Natural Sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,
with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; 4oc. PER NUMBER.

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA.

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera (exclusive of
_ the Genera of the Nematocera and Muscide sens, lat, ), with Bibliography and New
_ Species, 1878-88. By S. W Win.isron ; 82 pages ; price, $1.00.

wal Address the publisher,

JAMES T. HATHAWAY, New Haven, Conn
BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 8, Vol. iii, issued 1st June., 1889. Contents : Papilio Pilumnus ; Argynnis
_ Cybele, var. Carpenterii, and early stages of Cybele; Graptas Interrogationis and
| Comma ; stages, and changes produced by cold applied to the Chrysalids Three plates ;
i : price, $2.25. Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. ii., $40.

ia Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Camsripcr, Mass.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope,: Ont.
Editing Committee—WM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London ;
H. H. LYMAN, Montreal, and DR. BRODIE, Toronto.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

Hor, Ordinary..Vembers ce: 22 s'</5</Seineteeneietey atone ainsir laa eletaletalnela tale teNe alesis $1 oo
For Associate Members in the United’ States. 2... 22s) oe oe fie sels I 00
For Associate Members in England. .22... 62.02... dese env wecen 4s. sterling
For Associate Members elsewhere...... CSAP IE SOP Pe es Mk Te $1 25

The Fees are payable m advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London, Ontario.
Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 20 can be supplied at
$1 each and cos. of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

ADVERTISING RATES.

Payable Strictly in Advance. e
For'each insettion, per inch’... .2vksee ous... hu (tin Naan Sie 5e
Onewinch)per year: sees uh SRM Us toate ss ane enranrete nene: RPP he, bs
| FN toh of: Fo aio ha (eS ne I ERO So a eet nan RD ame ee hata aie 10 00
Whole 1 GE ee ee eee ase! 61 saat Yel s\n, ble ella Mee Teelll ts aialleke alah seiia Sala tetas 15 00

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. oo'to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each; |—
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Canada LS
and United States.

CORK.—¥ inch, 20 cts. per square foot; postage 6 cts; 7 inch, 10 ets. per Ae
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every fraction of 20 inches, to lp
Canada and United States,

LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA. —Price 15 cts. each, embracing $5
families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets).

Printed Numbers, in sheets, 1 to 2000, for labelling cabinets.
Price 1octs. each set. Postage extra.

/ 4,
WEG)

Canadian Entomolog

MV CORE Br Oe OST

'

ras

EDITED BY

REV. C. J.S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

SSS

NOVEMBER ~- 1889

LONDON:
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO., RICHMOND ST.
1889.

EXCHANGE.

Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of thts column. Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened if necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

ORrTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects
from all parts. North American and West Indian material preferred. Persons
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE
Bruner, Nebraska University, Lincoln, Neb.

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR ExCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian
Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELwes, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng.

HEMIPTERA WANTED.-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera,
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN DUZEE, Grosvenor
Library, Buffalo, N. Y.

To exchange for perfect specimens of Lepidoptera not in my collection, examples
of Melitea McGlashani and Coenonympha ochracea from Nevada. S, W. DENTON,
Wellesley, Mass. ;

CANADIAN ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am preparing a Manual on this order, and
wish to include all Canadian forms. Should like, therefore, to exchange with any
collector. JEROME MCNEILL, Moline, Illinois.

A limited number of Meonympha Mitchellit French, n. sp., for exchange. Send
lists to IRVING N. MircHeELL, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. ‘

MEMBRACIDA WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted pre-
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the family that I do
not possess. F. W. Gopinc, M. D., Rutland, IIl.

BomBycip#.—I am anxious to get the eggs; cocoons or young larve of this
family of moths. Shall be glad to exchange with any collector, JOSEPH BRIDGHAM,
Zoological Artist, East Providence Centre, Rhode Island.

WANTED.—Skins of Prairie, Worm-eating Warblers, Acadian Flycatcher and others,
Can offer Blue and Golden-wing Warblers, Crossbills, Pine Grosbeaks, etc. W. E.
SAUNDERS, London, Ont.

CoLEOPTERA.—I have a good supply of Canadian Coleoptera, especially Ceramby-
cide, which I wish to exchange for species not in my collection, either American or
Exotic. A. H. Kitman, Ridgeway, Ont.

WANTED.—For specimens of Chinese Lepidoptera (diurnal and nocturnal), Coleop~
tera and Hymenoptera, American standard works on any or all of the three orders
iamed, JOHN WALLY, Wuhu, China. :

SPHINGIDA, Erc.—Would like to obtain eggs, iarvae or pupz of Sphingide, also
of Cetrocampa regalis and Dryocampa imperialis in exchange. HERMANN AICH, 96)
Spring St., New York. a

Cocoons of hybrids female S. Ceanotht male Cecropia, also S. Glovert and male
Cecropia. Lists of other specimens exchanged. For perfect specimens liberal exchanges
will be given. No postal cards replied to. Miss Emity L. Morton; Newburgh, N.
Y. (New Windsor delivery). 4

CANADIAN HyMENOPTERA WANTED—Named or unnamed, for examination or im
exchange. Correspondence desired with collectors in the Eastern and Western Provinces.
W. Hacue HARRINGTON, Post Office Department, Ottawa, Y

return duplicate species. NATHAN BANKS, 40 Henstis-St., Ithaca, N. Y.
j

ENTOMOLOGY tor BEGINNERS

For the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers, Farmers, and Gardeners. By Wan Ks
PACKARD, M. D., Ph. D., 12 mo., $1.75.

“It is the best thing of the kind in English, or any other language. There is no
work that I would recommend to the young student so heartily.” S. W. WILLISTON,
Professor in Yale University, NEw Haven,’ Conn. U.S. Henry Hort & Co.,
Publishers, New York.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST _

Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
live youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.

Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.

The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.

_ Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ment of Microscopic technique.

Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.

Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.

The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities.

Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,
sustains both pure and economic Entomology.

‘ Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
World that is published on this Continent.

Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master.

It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.

It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
before the general public in a more or less popular form. /¢ zs the only magazine in the
‘world to-day which keeps tts readers en rapport with the work of Americans in the fiela
of the Natural Sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,

with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; 4oc. PER NUMBER.

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA.

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera (exclusive of
the Genera of the Nematocera and Muscide sens. lat.), with Bibliography and New
Species, 1878-88. By S. W. WiLuiston ; 82 pages ; price, $1.00.

Address the publisher,

JAMES T. HATHAWAY, New Haven, Conn
._BUTTERELIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 8, Vol. iii, issued 1st June., 1889. Contents: Papilio Pilumnus ; Argynnis
Cybele, var. Carpenterii, and early stages of Cybele; Graptas Interrogationis and
Comma ; stages, and changes produced by cold applied to the Chrysalids Three plates ;
price, $2.25. Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. ii., $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CamprincE, Mass.

EXCHANGE.

Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened tf necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera, —
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects ~
from all parts. North American and West Indian material preferred. Persons —
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE
Bruner, Nebraska University, Lincoln Neb. :

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR ExCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian”
Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELWEs, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng. ¥

HEMIPTERA WANTED.-~Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera,
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN DUZEE, Grosvenor”
Library, Buffalo, N. Y.

To exchange for perfect specimens of Lepidoptera not in my collection, example
of Melitea McGlashani and Coenonympha ochracea from Nevada. S. W. DENTON, ~
Wellesley, Mass.

Ae ee ee ee eee

wish to include all Canadian forms. Should like, therefore, to exchange with any
collector. JEROME MCNEILL, Moline, [linois.

A limited number of Meonympha Mitchellii French, n. sp., for exchange. Send
lists to IRVING N. MircHeE.t, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. f a

MEMBRACIDA WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted pre- d
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the family that I do
not possess. F. W. Gopinc, M. D., Rutland, Ill.

BoMBycIp.—I am anxious to get the eggs; cocoons or young larve of thi is
family of moths. Shall be glad to exchange with any collector. JOSEPH BRIDGH:
Zoological Artist, East Providence Centre, Rhode Island.

Can offer Blue and Golden-wing Warblers, Crossbills, Pine Grosbeaks, etc.
SAUNDERS, London, Ont.

COLEOPTERA. —I have a good supply of Canadian Coleoptera, especially Coane -
cidze, which I wish to exchange for species not in my collection, either anedea
Exotic. A. H. KILMAN, Ride ee Ont.

tera and ae CRRA American standard works on any or all of the three ord
iamed, JOHN WALLY, Wuhu, China. %

_ SPHINGID#, Erc.—Would like to obtain eggs, iarvz or pupee of Sphingidse,
of Cetrocampa regalis and Dryocampa tmperial’s in exchange. HERMANN Aig
Spring St., New York.

Cocoons of hybrids female S. Ceanothi male Cecropia, also S. Gloveri and 1
Cecropia. Lists of other specimens exchanged. For perfect specimens liberal exch
will be given. No postal cards replied to. Miss Emity L. Morton; Newburg’
Y. (New Windsor delivery). }

CANADIAN HYMENOPTERA WANTED—Named or unnamed, for examinatio:
exchange. Correspondence desired with collectors in the Eastern and Western Proyin
W. HAGuE HARRINGTON, Post Office Department, Ottawa.

SpipeRs.—I wish to obtain American Spiders, and will exchange or on
return duplicate species. NATHAN BANKS, 40 Henstis-St., Ithaca, N. Y.

AEE LETS

mire

sR

Srey

a
%
ss
t
ity

ENTOMOLOGY for BEGINNERS

For the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers, Farmers, and Gardeners. By A. S.
PacKARD, M. D., Ph. D., 12 mo., $1.75.

“It is the best thing of the kind in English, or any other language. There is no
work that I would recommend to the young student so heartily.” S. W. WILLISTON,

Professor in Yale University, NEw Haven,’ Conn. U.S. Henry Hotr & Con
Publishers, New York.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
live youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.

Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.

The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.

Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ment of Microscopic technique.

Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.

Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.

The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities.

Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,
sustains both pure and economic Entomology.

‘ Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
World that is published on this Continent.

Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master.

It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.

It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
before the general public in a more or less popular form. ¢ zs the only magazine in the
world to-day which keeps its readers en rapport with the work of Americans in the fiela
of the Natural Sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,

with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; 4oc. PER NUMBER.

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA.

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera (exclusive of
the Genera of the Nematocera and Muscide sens, lat. ), with Bibliography and New
Species, 1878-88. By S. W. Winurston ; 82 pages ; price, $1.00.

Address the publisher,

JAMES T. HATHAWAY, New Haven, Conn
._BUTTERFELIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 8, Vol. iii, issued 1st June., 1889. Contents : Papilio Pilumnus ; Argynnis
Cybele, var. Carpenterii, and early stages of Cybele; Graptas Interrogationis and
Comma ; stages, and changes produced by cold applied to the Chrysalids Three plates ;
price, $2.25. Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. ii., $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CAMBRIDGE, Mass.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ©

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV.-C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—WM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London ;
H. H. LYMAN, Montreal, and DR. BRODIE, Toronto. :

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

Hor O¥dinary: Members: ..'. . |... Se Seine anmalela'e~ ac sry ty oe elses $1 oo

For Associate Members in the United States..........--+0-e--eeeers I 00 z
For Associate Members in England. ...............00+-- eee eeene 4s, sterling 2
For Associate Members elsewhere.... 22.22.0220 ssecce cere te cesenn $1 25 si

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government. ;

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received. K

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London, Ontario.
Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 20 can be supplied at
$1 each and cos< of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

\ ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.
For each insertion, per inch, ....0ccpeecese ve - on ee ese eens sae Meee $ 50
One. inch, per yearn... ao) ss's 6 Gems oie oles eis gale ie Shaun nena aie stints PA Oo
Plalf pages se iniyity ise! Pecledaed os! o/s epMnnmieney shel af ghar'etob at site ete banelata atte tad nye ee 10 00
Whole u Wir Wie ole Lobrye dey o oka ate bats: fb eMNTMEE Le ite 00) ofa, wiveys eta Tela aaatmliet wie Tal, aitales fod OER - I5 co

SUPPLIES FOR SALE. ;

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;

Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Canada
and United States.

CORK.—¥ inch, 20 cts. per square foot ; postage 6 cts; 4% inch, 10 cts. per |
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every fraction of 20 inches, to |
Canada and United States.

LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA,—Price 15 cts. each, embracing 55
families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets).
Printed Numbers, in sheets, I to 2000, for labelling cabinets.
Price.10 cts. each set. Postage extra.

”~

od

EDITED BY

REV. C.J. S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

S256 SS

DECEMBER - 1889,

<= en ra acy

LONDON:
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO., RICHMOND st,

1889.

Subscribers will greatly oblige by sending in their re- R
rf

newals to the Treasurer before January ist, or notify him ¥
to discontinue if the 1890 issue is not desired. |

EXCHANGE.

Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are ©
liable to be shortened if necessary. All insertions free to subscrabers.

OrTHoPTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera, ‘
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects ~
from all parts. North American and West Indian ‘material preferred. Persons ~
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE
BRUNER, Nebraska University, Lincoln, Neb. e

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR ExCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian |
Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELwes, Preston, Ciren- ~
cester, Eng.

HEMIPTERA WANTED.—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired: especially in Homoptera,
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN DUZEE, Grosvente a
Library, Buffalo, N. Y.

To exchange for perfect specimens of Lepidoptera not in my collection, examples _
of Mehtea McGlashani and Coenonympha ochracea from Nevada. S. W. DENTON, —
Wellesley, Mass.

CANADIAN ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am preparing a Manual on this order, a08g |
wish to include all Canadian forms. Should like, therefore, to exchange with any 3
collector. JEROME MCNEILL, Moline, Illinois.

A limited number of Meonympha Mitchellit French, n. sp., for exchange. ee a
lists to IRviING N. MITCHELL, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.

MEMBRACIDA WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted naa
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the family that I doy
not possess. F. W. Gopinc, M. D., Rutland, Tl.

BomByYcID&.—I am anxious to get the eggs, cocoons or young larve of this
family of moths. Shall be glad to exchange with any collector. JOSEPH BRIDcH Aas ;
Zoological Artist, East Providence Centre, Rhode Island,

WanTED.—Skins of Prairie, Worm-eating Warblers, Acadian Flycatcher and others.
Can offer Blue and Golden-wing Warblers, Crossbills, Pine Grosbeaks, etc, W. =a
SAUNDERS, London, Ont.

CoLEOPTERA.—I have a good supply of Canadian Coleoptera, especially Ceramby-
cide, which I wish to exchange for species not in my collection, eithes American or
Exotic. A. H. Kitman, Ridgeway, Ont.

WANTED.—For specimens of Chinese Lepidoptera (diurnal and nocturnal), Coteapet
tera and Hymenoptera, American standard works on any or all of the three order
1amed. JOHN WALLY, Wuhu, China.

SPHINGID&, Erc.—Would like to obtain eggs, iarvee or pup of Sphingidze,
of Cetrocampa regalis and Dryocampa impertal’s in exchange. HERMANN AICH,
Spring St., New York.

Cocoons of hybrids female S. Ceanothi male Cecropia, also S. Gloverd and m
Cecropia. Lists of other specimens exchanged. For perfect specimens liberal exchan
will he given. No postal cards replied to. Miss Emity L. Morton, Newhouse
Y. (New Windsor delivery),

CANADIAN HYMENOPTERA Wannene Need or unnamed, for examination or i a
exchange. Correspondence desired with collectors in the Eastern and Western Provin 5
W. HacuE HARRINGTON, Post Office Department, Ottawa.

Spipers.—I wish to obtain American Spiders, and will exchange or nam
return duplicate species. NATHAN BANKS, 40 Henstis-St., Ithaca, N. Y.

ENTOMOLOGY for BEGINNERS

For the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers, Farmers, and Gardeners. By A. S.
PackarD, M.D., Ph. D., 12 mo., $1.75.

“It is the best thing of the kind in English, or any other language. There is no
work that I would recommend to the young student so heartily.” S. W. WILLISTON,
Professor in Yale University, NEw Haven, Conn. U.S. Henry Hort & Co.,
Publishers, New York.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
tive youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.
Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.
The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.

Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ment of Microscopic technique.

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Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.
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The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
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Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
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. It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
__ which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.
5 It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
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__ before the general public in a more or less popular form. /¢ zs the only magazine in the
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with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR: 4oc. PER NUMBER.

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA,

NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

Ta Sea

A

a ¥, Se “ - a 5 ina 47- =
PT tie a sae inny g BBL Ale, ee ee aie ge
3 Fo Se ‘. = es ="

s

3 Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera (exclusive of
_ the Genera of the Nematocera and Muscide sens. lat.), with Bibliography and New
_ Species, 1878-88. By S. W. Wrxuisron ; 82 pages ; price, $1.00.
Address the publisher,

JAMES T. HATHAWAY, New Haven, Conn,
BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Ss RC TED PS
Cp age

Rests

Part 8, Vol. iii, issued Ist June., 1889. Contents : Papilio Pilumnus ; Argynnis.
_ Cybele, var. Carpenterii, and early stages of Cybele ; Graptas Interrogationis and
__ Comma ; stages, and changes produced by cold applied to the Chrysalids Three plates ;

price, $2.25. Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. ii., $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CamsripcE, Mass,

ROT

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—WM. SAUNDERS, Ottawa; J. Ma. DENTON, London ;
H. H. LYMAN, Montreal, and DR. BRODIE, Toronte.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos, 00 to § inclusive, in packages of 500 each;

Nos, 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000, Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Canada
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|
| y

|
|
|

CORK.—¥} inch, 20 cts. per square foot; postage 6 cts; % inch, 10 cts. per
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every feacite of 20 inches, to”
Canada and United States.

LIST*OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA, —Price 15 cts. each, “embracing 55
families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets).

Printed Numbers, in sheets, 1 to 2000, for labelling cabinets.
Price 1o cts. each set. Postage extra.

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