; elezestisecenestptsneaninitezat isistotitatenetede tit Egieleners oa sa bede Test Fhsseoe Ter tent net td eicat eee hetia oe rit at hte Baieete Batata rset estes i t i Hatitss ait tae eae HS it pscruttt ‘ , ror ote ‘f ber Pore Cot ae oe ot eee) eo ener att é + ' ' : tier ptateystst tees oasyeh ete se tet ase sidriracdiaeisd eisyeperecereyerbieyeies sith TART STeneT ie a Sopsetesr toes poe rOO OT raedystequrdcassezesscsseseazceueceaeueeuegeuwarbtaraseraraeusapacttasciasteledeuttdiseteteattteaiauatusunsettemtetTararatorepetansTip Pest venescsth susrtaatatat Uyeyeyerers r : me tededrare eirdeerse syeTerejereyepep eres setrtet ety eyrieits ; eieat aretet aeiesese +e tas sas *% ole itahahay i te ib ai 2h Rohes *. “ wee , : eae aseae 7 sits is : : th iis he et ee, sabe ese eth etes ee ase yeretirtstitegtbrtre 3 eeesteasiey aeeresetteatesestecaetetes Watatarerarsrerersrer sutestesttierertra) Sse + oes ; fh ete digeee; eon , 13 ret see veiey sth + ey abe et ‘ . ¥ bests ” a3 ty q 1 : $351 ! + * Tet 2 7 aay afte i Sea aE at ; byes abe Phot ah arbyey sfererereres ; : ee Bree : pochebaben bebe oa tan estes phetabeesbateidt aaa aie hat : beseatbeseheae ) ' : nt r : w Sab seat eal ' peyestst at hese tet | a, z rt eee isiy babs 044 1. - } Lda be ee ad : ; : , ratchet it yee nad iH ‘ cer . rieehe seas . y * 4 ot ot ate pate ' : ot ‘tele tyeperey* este iy? ne Fite wre a rt hal . ee ere ee Pee ey ee ~~ ee ee eet ee ee witine th ,*,9.¢ eee sis @ ~4-* * ~ ee ere eee ewe Foy vee Tele Vis tehet J . 0 Ot Oe Se ee « « *. RETURN TO LIBRARY OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY WOODS HOLE, MASS. LOANED BY AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY , APAE, "ELS AR 71 ep tele’ Shep Ee : RELI SRI MS nae i SN ated | RiGee RF FAR OMe ins Se oes é eS 388, We a x ae we ey SS < ci s+ -- iS 4 te ee AY HRY RAR oat RING. seat be, Ne Fee ROTA RN Ho Mop Oar oo . we le OF ec RAG! " vs e a4 ns * Rl ee oY fc & N ? L SZ) ont at is : Se ah “ ) «? ato % Ns ee iy ‘v 3 Nee Te y Ty ) aon, aniitan ie g af, & 5 . ah. ; ve Fg BAT. a gt Rae ated tA ses Ont . ‘e 4 os ‘ ,\ TEAR yin, bs ik ‘ 7 = bg i : y 3% Soe Wie Aas Ae ; we Bee AK, ve RA RS ae OCs a" RSNA wel, Ui NCE ae Sa ge eA wea e « NE a bi aE G y sfo 03 ey » oP | a 7g 4D Oe NO fe y is eS ee aoe ke ate % se RR NE ON PE PRL I ; te ia rh oe eC wae Na BY : PeSAYTS CMe ieee Fo se Efe AS HN Pre Vi Taue 8 ia RR NSS y hae Ae RTE am Se xn $05 EARNS arade OW S025 None ask an NE Nec AGEN a RA GEN UDI LEG HEN ROMA TE EDIT LCBO ‘ d : 2 . LUE SSS > TESS CENTRAL he L & wera p “of be o> on Canadian Entomologist Ree EINES (2S GTS: EDO. EDITED BY Bee oapctnune: WiLA. DG Fe RUS: €. Professor of Entomology, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, (GUELPH. EDITING COMMITTEE : Dr. J. Fletcher, Ottawa ; H. H. Lyman, Montreal; J. D. Evans, Trenton ; Prof. Lochhead, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, PO} GRE. Fisher, Burtington’; and: J.B. Williams, Toronto, London, Cntario: The London Printing and Lithographing Company, Limited 1907. "EPOn ae aa ‘* f ¥ , Pane i be d i r { ; / iy - y L aie, } a v. Wy S : : ‘ A j /y LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO VOL. XXXIX. AAR ONG BU GEN BE) MUUIRIGAWORN, acc sic was cicue ge sare oes emlndesienes CHICAGO. FENTON ASAE We CER PR oo in SOI ORR DIE CCCI OCOD S CGE Oman SURO WASHINGTON, 1). C. SNE CE PS. 5 Ie totevale ois Vatcts/avalot ale lsfafeierayea/artie'+ 2 sae) stapes SANTIAGO DE Las VeGas, Cusa, SHARIN INA TD AUN aed toe Gc etats buotaista tes cpa, ala avers eyaerass aye sxesai aye East Farris Cuurcn, Va. BARNES, WILLIAM, M. D........ Sib HOBO R DEON TOA DCODpIIA aOR Decatur, IL. REDEUNE, REVE@aseoe(ibe Editor) or fe... tamree sey eereieeces GUELPH, ONTARIO, BE ODEN MUL Rey US PASIVI So le el ele G wehbe sede sevelmete's NEw York, BT RID OEE Ni RVR aee ae oon ckiomcds bike sition sy wocaewina ale Rve, N. Y. y BRADLEY, J. (CTEITERS TRIO 2 ete Caan tata ae nay ge Ve Da IrHaca, N. Y. SRE NINE Rb OME ine cero sich arelal claersltielersiscci ties ener sacs atees San FRAnNcisco, Catir. BROAD WiE eed EI oe See ecu vacua hyo ude aye 1 ue ahae Newark, N. J. ISU DIN KONI STs) IDIS: TAS ANOS 59s Be cboouee ecoRpecassoodcukce lads New York. CAESAR, LAWSON. ere eter at chensied avsecrelias asevare fel ifs] ofan Mey ... sacle. s evs... . . CtUOSUS; TD. Sp. 42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. The species described by Horn under the name granicol/is is not at hand at present, and therefore cannot be inserted at its proper place in the table ; it is distinctly isolated in sculpture and can be readily identified from the original description. Gracidis Horn, is also unique as far as known ; it may be distinguished from cawda/is and allies by its shining surface and punctured, not tuberculate, prosternum. f/egans may be provisionally attached to this genus, as before remarked. PHLCODES, Lec. Of the two described species of this genus, d@éado/icus, inhabiting the more northern regions of California, has dense pale vestiture on the apical declivity of the elytra, while pustulosus, Lec., from San Diego, has no pale incrustation, and is a much larger insect. The species or subspecies are rather numerous, and those in my cabinet may be described in outline as follows : 1. Elytra with more or less pale vestiture on the apical uy Mie eee EBlytra without paler vestiture iatwapex: ve fe Wotstre cm foe ee 2. Form stout, the prothorax as wide as long, very weal as wide as the elytra; velvety spot at the middle and base of each elytron small and very inconspicuous ; whitish vestiture forming a large solid patch at each side of the apical declivity. Length 16.0-19.5 mm.; width 6.4-7.5 mm. . California (Mt. Diablo) ............dtabolicus, Lec. orm Slender tenness 0s a: eae ee 3. Prothorax slightly longer He ide. Paahired meas as in dabolicus, the head with small tubercles throughout, and not sparsely tuber- culuse at the middle of the vertex as in that species; elytra oval, only very slightly wider than the prothorax, the pale vestiture more diffused between the rugosities of the apical declivity, the central velvety spot slightly arcuate and oblique, the basal short. Length 14.0-16.0 mm.; width 5.4-6.2 mm. California, Cab. Levette...... ovipennis, N. Sp. Prothorax distinctly elongate, the finer tubercles aggregated in two longitudinal sinuous median lines more obviously than in dabolicus, the head covered throughout with small tubercles which are close-set, and, as in ov/pennis, densely punctulate on their convex surfaces; elytra oblong-oval, with the pale vestiture confined to the apical parts of the declivity, the velvety spots large and distinct, the basal much elongated. Length 17.0 mm.; width 6.4 mm. California (Kern Co.) elong gatus, N. Sp. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43 4. Prothorax as wide as the elytra ( f) or nearly so (?); sculpture very rugose ; colour deep black throughout ; elytra oblong ; anterior femora tuberculose. Length 19.0-22.5 mm.; width 7.4-8.8 mm. California (San Diego).. RSE ee) ee PUStUlOStsSs Lee Prothorax much narrower tale thie ely trae eae. 3 ; sear 5. Pronotum rather strongly elevated aiong median disirdl: Body aie narrow, elongate; prothorax longer than wide, the slopes of the median elevation slightly concave and devoid of tubercles, the latter close along the sides of the elevation ; elytra evenly oval, about two-thirds longer than wide, rugose as usual. Length 19.5 mm.; width 7.2 mm. California (near San Diego), Dunn....scaber, n. sp. Pronotum but feebly elevated along the middle ..................6 6. Elytra oblong, about one-half longer than wide, deeply and roughly sculptured, with the velvety spots well developed : prothorax slightly longer than wide, strongly and rather closely though unevenly tuberculose over the entire surface. Length 20.0 mm.; width 7.8 mine Calitonma: Caby Wevettes i.e sta.) 0). cin uste ey «CLEPCUMTS. Ns SPs Elytra oval, much narrower and more elongate, nearly three-fourths longer than wide, scabrous as usual, the velvety spots indistinct ; prothorax narrower and still more elongate, very unevenly and more sparsely tuberculose, with large areas along the middle and lateral third devoid of tubercles ; body much more elongate and narrower in form. Length 19.5 mm.; width 7.2 mm. California, Cab. WEA re ct ve she aon phats ta eles tay d ahve ad Male moar e ps MAMOMSEUSS Ne SDs The forms above enumerated are mutually very similar in facies and sculpture and may prove to be subspecies of a single stock, but they are at Jeast recognizable. Noserus, Lec. The three species in my cabinet may be known by the following characters : 1. Prothorax evenly cordate, narrowed behind from near the apex .....2 Prothorax parallel and rounded at the sides, narrowed posteriorly only benmdgtie =mnta dle. .- 2.9, . ae 5 dow RSSY SES 2. Body broad in form, the AES fently, joneer fag wide scareeln at all convex, irregularly tuberculose and uneven, with two longi- tudinal ridges, angulate toward the median line, especially evident ; elytra slightly wider than the prothorax, oblong, flattened above, rapidly declivous at the sides, each with three large tumidities on 44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. the strongly declivous apex, one oblique just behind the middle and a short longitudinal median ridge basally, the ground surface finely, sparsely tuberculose. Length 15.5-16.0 mm.; width 6.3 mm, California (Monterey), Dunn. ys Shoes BaaeL le . plicatus, Lec. Body nearly similar but ate ol email aad palasiily narrower, the elongate prothorax with coarser tubercles toward the sides and finer and sparser elsewhere, the inequalities of the surface nearly as in plicatus, but with the elevations more pronounced; elytra not ( ¢) or but slightly (¢@) wider than the prothorax, with the principal elevations nearly as in p/icatus, but with the ground surface more coarsely pitted and still more minutely tuberculose. Length 14.0-15.5 mm.; width 4.7-5.7 mm. California, Cab. Levette...... torvus, N. Sp. 3. Form relatively broader and more parallel, the prothorax less narrowed at base, flat above, and not longer than wide, with many unevenly disposed tubercles, the elevations of the same general form as in the two preceding but very much feebler; elytra not wider than the prothorax, scarcely more than one-half longer than wide, sculptured nearly as in the preceding, the longitudinal basal ridge more acutely elevated. Length 16.0 mm.; width 6.2 mm. California, Cab. REVEUE s oes ctis\ cghes aoa ee Gls Sadocas pan ahee i esteeas, GOA aa eS The species described by G. H. Horn under the name emarginatus | have not seen; it occurs in Texas. JVoserus greatly resembles Wosoderma in facies, but differs in its slightly grooved tarsi, and in having a feeble antennal groove anteriorly. PHELLOPSIS, Lec. This genus resembles JVosoderma in having the tarsi not grooved and the antennal cavities wholly wanting, but differs greatly in facies and in having eleven free antennal joints. Dr. Horn surmises in the ‘“ Classifi- cation,” that porcata, af LeConte, may be only a variety of obcordata, Kirby, and it is so indicated in the Henshaw list, but the two forms are in reality well differentiated species. The four species in my cabinet may be readily known as follows : 1. Outer of the two discal ridges of each elytron obsolete at about a fourth of the total length of the elytra from the base ; sides of the elytra Paranlel re nase ces: SU ve Outer ridge obsolete ace nearer ne base, ¢his distance peas a sixth or seventh of the total length ; sides of the elytra feebly converging from the rounded humeri to the subapical tumidity ... .........4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45 2. Elytra much more than twice as long as wide, the general form more slender, with a relatively somewhat smaller prothorax, the sides of which are subparallel for more than half the length from the apex, then strongly converging to the base, the surface uneven, with an elevation at each side near the middle and a large elongate-oval median elevation in basal two-thirds, which is concave anteriorly and deeply foveate at base, the tubercles of the general surface moderate, not parted along the median line at the centre of the pronotum ; elytra each with two discal ridges and three strong subapical tumidities, coarsely foveato-punctate in series. Length 12.0-13.5 mm.; width 4.2-4.9 mm. Oregon........-forcata, Lec. Blyinatopetner twicejas longias|wideo*s.0). 220.0. 22.50% ae tek 3 3. Body nearly similar throughout to porcata but very much stouter, the elytral punctures more shallow and obscure, the pronotum with very coarse tubercles anteriorly, the basal pubescent fovea of farcata replaced by a short nude sulcus, the central part of the disk not sulcate, but more coarsely tuberculose than in porvcata ; elytra nearly similar, except that the outer of the three subapical tumors is very much smaller and less ante Length 14.5 mm.; width 5.5 mm. Idaho (Cceur d’Alene).. Zhan ates ae es me rohustule, n. sp. Body stouter than in orate fhe aan Sota a subprominent at the sides anteriorly, more strongly narrowed posteriorly from the middle or still more anteriorly ; elevations of the surface nearly as in porcata, but with the oval central inclosure much more open anteriorly and with very large tubercles ranged in series along a narrow nude longitudinal sulcus at the centre of the pronotal disk ; subapical tumors of the elytra large and conspicuous ; elytra nearly similar but with much deeper, more perforate and distinct serial fover. Length 10.8-14.0 mm.; width 3.9-5.1 mm. New Hamp- shire (White Mts.) and Pennsylvania ............0bcordata, Kirby 4. Body generally similar to the preceding but with the prothorax rounded at the sides anteriorly and moderately narrowed in basal two-fifths, the general surface flatter, with less prominent elevations, the median basal oval elevation much shorter, not extending before the middle, with a narrow sulciform fovea at the centre of the pronotal disk, and a larger and more rounded pit at the base ; tubercles throughout strong and distinct ; elytra with the inner of the longitudinal ridges less obliterated behind basal fourth, almost 46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. continuous, the punctiform serial foveee smaller, the lateral subapical tumors rather smaller and less prominent than in forcata and obcordata, but much more so than in vobustula. Length 12.0-14.5 mm.; width 4.5-5.4 mm. California (Placer Co. and Lake Tahoe). . montana, N. Sp. Other species of this genus probably exist in collections. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. The initial meeting of the Entomological Society of America was held in the American Museum of Natural History at New York City, Dec. 28, 1906. On the evening of December 28, Prof. Wm. M. Wheeler delivered before the Society an illustrated lecture on ‘‘The Polymorphism of Insects.” Immediately after the lecture the business meeting took place. Prof. J. H. Comstock, of Ithaca, N. Y., was elected chairman, and E. S. G. Titus, of Washington, D. C., secretary of the meeting. The new Society then adopted a constitution and by-laws, and eiected officers and the other members of the Executive Committee. The following are the officers: President, J. H. Comstock, Ithaca, N. Y.; 1st Vice-President, James Fletcher, Ottawa, Can.; 2nd Vice- President, Henry Skinner, Philadelphia, Pa.; Sec.-Treasurer, J. Chester Bradley, Berkeley, Cal. The Executive Committee consists of the officers and the following: Wm. M. Wheeler, New York, N. Y.; John B. Smith, New Brunswick, N. J.; Herbert Osborn, Columbus, O.; C. J. S. Bethune, Guelph, Can.; F. M. Webster, Washington, D. C.; and Chas. W. Johnson, Boston, Mass. Following the business meeting, there was a smoker at the Hotel Endicott, given by the Brooklyn, Newark and New York Entomological Societies to the Association of Economic Entomologists and the Entomo- logical Society of America. The Executive Committee, at a meeting held December 29, decided to call a meeting of the Society at Boston, Mass., in connection with the meetings of the International Congress of Zoology in August, 1907. Full announcement will be made later. All persons interested in entomology, and residing anywhere in the Americas, are invited to apply for membership. The dues are one dollar a year. The membership now exceeds 250. The American Association for the Advancement of Science granted affiliation to the new Society at their New York meeting. E. 5. G. Titus, S€cretary. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47 ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE MOSQUITOES. BY HARRISON G, DYAR AND FREDERICK KNAB. Now that Professor Williston has cleared the ground and destroyed the Theobaldian classification of Culicide, let us try a little constructive work. We regard it as essential that all the groups, both generic and higher, should be based only on characters found in both sexes of the adults; that these characters should be fundamental as generally recognized by systematists, and that they should be supported by sound larval char- acters. We have only one cause of difference with Prof. Williston’s remarks, namely, his implied statement that the palpal characters are of value in generic definition. They are not, in the case of the mosquitoes. The differences consist in varying length and the number of joints. They seem at first sight interesting, and we were much attracted to them on beginning our generic studies. But they prove to be entirely secondary sexual characters, not correspondingly represented in both sexes, and are, therefore, ruled out. Moreover, the small terminal joint or joints of the female palpi, on the presence or absence of which Neveu-Lemaire’s classification is based, is variable within the limits of a single species (Culex tarsalis, Coq.), and is gradually evanescent in another series of species (des, spp.), besides there being no modification in the male to correspond with it. The long palpi of the male have been developed independently in several groups (the short palpi being the generalized condition), and are therefore a parallel development without fundamental value. Therefore, the old classification, which Prof. Williston advises his readers to retain, is unsound, as it is based on these palpal characters. We may remark that the same condition appears to obtain in the Tipulide, since Loew says, speaking of the division of the family on the long and short palpi: ‘‘The division, indeed, is no natural one” (Dipt. No. Am., 10, 1862). All the subfamilies of the Culicide recognized by the Theobaldian school are untenable, including the Anopheline. We have found only two subfamilies, the Culicinee and Sabethine. We will not quarrel with Prof. Williston over the terminology, but hasten to call them tribes. The Culicini, then, have the metanotum devoid of sete; the larve furnished with a median ventral brush on the anal segment ; the Sabethini have a group of sete on the metanotum, and the larve without a ventral brush on the analsegment. These are primary and essentiai divisions, the two groups showing a general dissimilarity in their appearance and habits, both as adults and larve, beside the structural points noted. February, 1907 48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. In tabular form we recognize the following genera. We have employed one new character, the tibial comb or scraper, a microscopic structure situated at the end of the tibiz, and consisting of a row of fine spines. It apparently functions as a cleansing organ for the body parts or wings. CULICINI. i, ocutellum evenly roundedanotlobedavirr wee pes)... > atte eee Scutellum distinctly trilobed. A aa ho Oe OMEN FG na 2. First submarginal cell longer han its menoley Silbnss «ys :oc4e oA OP ELES: First submarginal cell less than half as long as its petiole. egarhinus. 3. Hind tibial scraper with a row of 7 to 12 closely set sete.........4. Hind tibial scraper with none to 5 sparsely set sete ............13. 4. Scutellum with central lobe ae collar-like, not tubercularly PrOMINENts-y ae peeeeree So coo se 5s Scutellum with central lobe: pete prominent ania itahereutar SimlOr 5. Terminal antennal joints slender, long ..................Wansonia. Terminal antennal joints short, broad............. .. .. edeomyta. 6. “Second jointiof antenne very long, ma Ke hele eet ie Deinocer ites. Second joimt:of antennee moderate,-less tham) ous ai. nae eee 7. First submarginal cell less than half as long as its matiles Uhandeen ie. First submarginal cell at least nearly as long as its petiole... ....8, 8. Head with a distinct neck, the occiput broad and exposed:s:. ic eee ; ye .. Psorophora. Head qithonte a distinct aa sidressedit to athe horas: oe: SES eee Os g. Cross veins tending to lie in line, the third separated from the sedond by less than its own lempthy 32. e-. herent . Culiseta. Cross veins normal, widely separated, ie chird Hisiaes from the second. by its Own) lengbhyiseer eater acini ege ke enti 10. 10. 2 with the last segment of the abdomen not extensile, large, squarely ended ; ¢ genitalia with the harpes slender, columnar with bent SMEG sb. ss} ceees vie kee 2 eee . Tentorhynchus. ? with the last segment of ae Seunien eetenele slendepieid genitalia with harpes broad, concavely curved ............ ..1T. MUMOMPese DATE 6.0 .4'. 5 RPE oi S55 Na ROTORS OE 2 hole Clypeus with dense aporeesed seule UhanMeh els id ielekets ote.6 6 OLERUMEV ECL DZ. -Prothotacic, lobes ‘approximate. ..'. 2.14 eee eae flemagogus. Prothoraci¢ lobes well separated. .....4. 2 h.see eee een eee 3, Meet withilarge empodia . ... sg...) cste eee ener tee ee tere take Feet. with:small empodia.. .)....... . .5. ¢ aatalse ip Reem eet nemer ate Lena THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49 N ioe) 6. SABETHINI. Clypeus without hairs. ARE aa eae PON go Ca RR ROR RISE NEIL Sk 2c Clypeus hairy on the Sales! es CRAM sth: Jeblonios Prothoracic lobes contiguous, ve densely spate 8 ty cane Sabethes. Prothoracicn@besswell-separatedy. 027.) ../aestam sede eche isle serene oe stale s Se . Eyes separated by a narrow wedge; proboscis rather short, swollen at tip teres Nene: Eyes contiguous on vertex . “ie Sys laels act he . Claws of hind tarsi two, normal .... .. Wyeomyia. Hind tarsi with but a single claw.. . Limatus. . No erect forked scales on occiput ; proboscis joie than ihe body . hay .. Phoniomyia. With a row oe erect forked! eales on seat proboscis not longer than body.. ee Wane 206s Front of head normal, san ote .... Lesticocampa. Front with a conical process above the a peus . .. Runchomyta. List of American genera, with cae synonyms. Anopheles, Meigen. Myzomyia, Blanch. Cycloleppteron, Theob. Nototricha, Coq. Cellia, Theob. Arribalzagia, Vheob. Celodiazesis, D. & K. Megarhinus, R.-D. Mansonia, Blanch. Pneumaculex, Dyar. AE deomyia, Theob. Deinocerites, Theob. Uranotzenia, Arrib. Psorophora, R.-D. Culiseta, Felt. Conchyliastes, Coq. Grabhamtia, Theob. flowardina, Vheob. Culiselsa, Felt. Culicada, Felt. Ecculex, Felt. Protoculex, Felt. Pseudoculex, Dyar. Gymnometopa, Coq. Lepidoplatys, Coq. feltidia, Dyar. Ceratocystia, D. & K Hemagogus, Will. Cacomyta, Coq. Stegoconops, Lutz. Theobaldinella, Blanch. Teeniorhynchus, Arrib. Coguillettidia, Dyar. Stegomyia, Theob. Lutzia, Theob. Culex, Linn. ANdes, Meig. Ochlerotatus, Arrib. Fleteronycha, Arrib. Janthinosoma, Arrib. LVeoculex, Dyar. Culicella, Felt. Melanoconion, Theob. Tinolestes, Coq. 50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Micraedes, Coq, Limatus, Theob. Tsostomyta, Coq. Simondella, Laveran. Mochlostyrax, D. & K. Phoniomyia, Theob, Sabethes, R.-D. Lesticocampa, D. & K. Sabethoides, Theob. Runchomyia, Theob. Wyeomyia, Theob. Joblotia, Blanchard, Dendromyia, Vheob. Trichoprosopon, Theob. A NEW SPECIES OF MEGARHINUS. BY FREDERICK KNAB, WASHINGTON, D. C. A small lot of mosquitoes which were recently received from Dr, W. ¥, Thornton, of Bluefields, Nicaragua, contains a single specimen of a Megarhinus, which represents a new species. It is related to the forms with white-ringed tarsi, recently dealt with in a paper by Dr. Dyar and myself (Smithonian Miscellaneous Collections, Quarterly Issue, xlviii, 241-258, 1906), but differs from all the known species in that the white on the hind tarsi does not encircle them, but is upon the outer side only. Microscopic preparations show that the so-called second and third segments of the male palpus are really one, being only apparently divided by a false joint, a slight constriction accentuated by a difference in the coloration of the scales. The male palpus is, therefore, only four-jointed, consisting of a very short basal joint, a very long second joint (apparently homologous with the third joint of the males of the Culicine and Anopheline forms), a third shorter joint, and a fourth long and sabre-like. In the female there is a fifth very minute terminal joint, hidden beneath a dense vestiture of scales. What has been called the first abdominal segment in previous descriptions is in reality the post-scutellum, which overlaps the basal portion of the abdomen. In the following description, for the sake of uniformity, the palpi are treated as in previous descriptions, Megarhinus hypoptes, new species.—Male: Head behind the eyes velvety-black, the eyes broadly bordered with light metallic-blue, beneath and at the sides silvery. Antenne densely plumose : the toruli with silvery lustre ; second segment long and stout, longer than the three succeeding ones, somewhat compressed iaterally, the heavy scaling of the crest condensed to a prominent iridescent blue patch on the anterior portion. Palpi metallic-blue and purple, segments 2 to 4 pale lilac at the tip, second and fourth segments nearly equal, the third longer, fifth twice as long as the fourth. Prothoracic lobes deep metallic-blue. _Mesothorax greenish- black on the disk, with a few coppery scales intermixed ; the anterior and February, 1907 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. St posterior margins, an ill-defined median line and patches at the middle of the sides metallic-blue. Scutellum and post-scutellum bright metallic-blue. Pleura and cox silvery. Abdomen above deep blue, passing from greenish to a violaceous-tinge towards the tip, segments 6, 7 and 8 marked with gold at the hind angles, the seventh with a fine golden hind margin. Claspers violet-scaled. Sixth and seventh segments laterally expanded, reaching their greatest width at the tip of the seventh. No caudal tufts. Lateral abdominal cilia pale on all the segments but the last, dark on the eighth and the genitalia. Abdomen beneath yellowish- silvery, with a median blue stripe. The stripe is widest on the third and fourth segments, and narrows to a fine line on the sixth and seventh. Eighth segment violaceous beneath, tipped with gold. Legs deep violet and blue, the hind tarsi only white-marked. Under surface of the femora bright brassy. On the hind legs the fourth and fifth tarsal joints are silvery-white on the outer side, black on the inner. Length, 9.5 mm. (exclusive of appendages). Type.—Cat. No. 10, 146, U. S. Nat. Mus. Locality.—Bluefields, Nicaragua. (W. F. Thornton.) TWO NEW BEES OF THE GENUS TRIEPEOLUS. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLO. Triepeolus grindelie, n. sp.—Q. Length ro—1r mm.; black, the legs red, with black spurs ; pubescence pale cinereous, with a slight yellow tint. Wings nearly clear ; tegule orange ferruginous ; mesothorax with two short longitudinal bands of pubescence ; antenne black except the third joint and extreme base of fourth, which are dull red; clypeus with very dense minute punctures, and scattered larger ones ; labrum black ; mandibles largely red ; lower part of pleura bare, densely punc- tured ; scutellum rather prominent, bilobed ; lateral teeth black, short but rather sharp ; broad apical bands on abdominal segments 1 to 4 entire ; transverse black area on first segment as in helianthi, occidentalis, etc ; oblique patches at sides of second segment pointed, and making an angle of about 45° with apical band ; apical segment reddened ; pygidial area large and circular; last ventral segrment curved downwards at apex. By the shape of the last ventral segment, and the comparatively small size, it is allied only to the Californian 7° cal/opus, Cklil., from which it differs by the larger size, grayer pubescence, circular (instead of oval) pygidial area, black labrum, more strongly bilobed scutellum, etc. February, 1907 52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Hab.— Boulder, Colorado, three at flowers of Grindelia, Aug. 7, 1906 (W. P. Cockerell). Triepeolus Eldredi, nv. sp.— 3. Length, 42 mm.; black, including the legs, but the small joints of the tarsi are dark reddish, and there is a bright ferruginous patch on the flagellum in front near the base, occupying parts of the third and fourth antennal segments ; pubescence of thorax and abdomen above dull creamy, but of face, pleura and legs silvery-white ; mandibles with a reddish median spot ; labrum black ; face and nearly all of clypeus covered with shining silvery hair ; pleura entirely covered with hair ; mesothorax dull and rough, deeply longitudinally sulcate, with a reniform black area, which is joined to the margin by a black band anteriorly ; anterior part of mesothorax with a transverse band of light hair, but there is a narrow black area between this and the prothorax ; tegule black, punctured; third submarginal cell very broad above ; scutellum bigibbous, the lateral teeth very small ; abdomen 6-banded, the last one whiter than the others ; black area on first segment a transverse band ; bands on first and second segments quite entire ; band on second segment with a lobular projection at each extreme side, but this projection is not so high as the width of the band, and is not at all directed inwards. Very close to Z. Wyomingensis, Ckll., but differs from that species by the broad, clean-cut transverse black band on first abdominal segment, the third s. m. wider above, the broader and flatter scutellum, the duller mesothorax and tegulze, the pleura covered with hair, and the red spot on the antenne. Hab.—N. Yakima, Washington State, Aug. 7, 1903 (Eldred Jenne). ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. MONTREAL BRANCH. Three meetings have been held since the summer recess, one during each month. At these the members exhibited their summer catches, and discussed them with each other. A certain genus was set aside at each meeting for comparison, and we have had discussions on Xylina, Acronycta and Datana, the members exhibiting any specimens that they had obtained ; Mr. Lyman gave his experience with each genus, and helped to clear up some of the difficulties. Mr. Chagnon read papers on Coleoptera, particularly one on the genus Chrysobothris, and exhibited all of the known Canadian species. Mr. Denny read a paper on ‘Collecting Catocalas in the daytime,” and exhibited a number of specimens that he had taken. Mr. Moore reported on Hemiptera taken at Como, P. Q, during the past summer, and exhibited specimens. Gro. A. Moore. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 53 NEW MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. BY W. D. KEARFOTT, MONTCLAIR, N, J. (Continued from page 9g.) Eucosma fuscana, sp. nov.i—Expanse, 23 to 30 mm. Head, palpi, thorax and fore wings, brownish-fuscous, finely irrorated with whitish scales; basal area darker, in middle extends two-fifths length of wing. Head rough, tuft on second joint of palpi flatly triangular, extending below beyond third joint, latter only exposed from above. Head, palpi and thorax grayish-brown or brownish-fuscous, finely and closely irrorated with whitish scales, the tip or outer end of each scale is whitish. Abdo- men whitish-cinereous, anal tuft cinereous, speckled with white. Legs cinereous, speckled with fuscous, fronts of femora and tibiz of anterior pair brownish-fuscous. Fore wing brownish-fuscous, finely and closely irrorated with whitish. The white irrorations are not evenly spread over the entire surface, their absence or partial absence in some places forms darker area ; the most prominent of the dark shade is the basal area, which on the dorsum reaches beyond inner third, thence obliquely and somewhat concave to middle of wing at two-fifths from base, above the middle from base to apex the upper half is evenly irrorated, hence the basal dark area is only sharply defined on the dorsal half of wing. At outer third is a more or less obsolete darker angulated fascia ; from dorsal margin in the form of a narrow bar pointing toward middle of termen, but in length less than one- third the width of wing, directly above it a similar bar reaches to upper edge of cell; between this outer fascia and dark basal area the white irrorations are thickest, giving the appearance of a paler fascia between these darker shades. Paralleling the termen the white irrorations are arranged in irregular and broken lines. Male costal fold narrow, about one-third length of wing, appressed and darker brown. Cilia same as outer end of wing. Hind wing above and beneath, and cilia uniformly pale fuscous. Under side fore wing, same shade of brownish-fuscous as above, but without the paler irrorations. Four specimens: Rounthwaite, Manitoba, July, Marmont ; Iowa, Ac. Cat., No. 182, C. P. Gillette; Chicago, Illinois, C. H. Fernald, and one specimen from Prof. Fernald, bearing label “10733, Aug. 31,” but no, locality. Co-types in U. S. Nat. Mus., Prof. Fernald’s and in my collection. In the four specimens before me quite a little variation is observable, February, 1907 54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. caused by the more or less density of the white irrorations, in one speci- men the basal dark area can hardly be defined. Lucosma bilineana, sp. nov.—Expanse, ¢, 24 to 30 mm.; ?, 32mm. Fore wing pale clayish-ochre, with two horizontal black lines, one from base to middle, and one above it from middle to apex, the latter divided and more or less diffused on its outer half. Head rough, dull brown in front, shading into ochreish-brown on top. Palpi flattened, ovate, scales neither compressed nor loosely laid, apical joint exposed above, but hidden below by projecting tuft from second joint ; colour pale ochreish, darker on outer sides and below, apex brown. Antenne ochreish, lightly ciliated in both ¢ and 2. Thorax whitish- ochreous, shading into dark brownish-ochreous anteriorly. Abdomen and legs cinereous, tarsi and tibiz marked and dotted with dark brown. Fore wing pale, terra-cotta or clayish-ochre ; palest along dorsal margin, and overlaid with a deeper ochreous shade along costa and outer third. A narrow black line through middle of wing from just beyond base, nearly to end of cell, where it diminishes to a hair streak and follows vein li nearly to angle. Above the outer end of the thickened part of this line, at two-thirds length of cell, another wide line begins, and continues to end of cell, where a narrow spur from its up edge continues in termen just below apex ; the inner end of this line is somewhat clavate, beyond its outer end, below the apical spur, is a cloud of whitish, dark brown and ochreous scales, between veins v and vii, and over the latter line is a second spur of black scales, but much broken. The costal fold is nearly half the length of wing, closely appressed at base, but rolled over at its outer end; colour, ground colour, but of a more sombre hue; costa beyond fold pale ochreous, with five evenly-spaced black dots, below these are five or six other black dots, not evenly spaced. On the dorsal margin are about the same number of black dots, closer together about the middle. A row of similar dots along the termen, and a few others scattered over the wing, several in the ocellic space, one below outer end of second horizontal line, and a faint line below and paralleling the inner half of the inner line. Cilia grayish-fuscous, paler basally and mottled with darker fuscous scales. Hind wing above and below smoky-ochreous, cilia paler. Under side fore wing smoky-fuscous, paler along costa, where the dark costal dots are repeated. Cilia paler. The above description 1s from an average ¢, in other specimens the intensity of the dark lines and dots are less or greater. In one ¢ specimen the dark markings are nearly obsolete, leaving only a faint basal and faint outer line, no dots at all, while THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 55 in another the dark marks are intensified and the whole outer upper half of wing is clouded with dark scales; the outer end of the outer line divides into three distinct lines or spurs. I have but one 9, which differs considerably from the ¢. All of the head, palpi and thorax colouring is much darker. The fore wing is a dull brown, overlaid on lower half below cell with whitish-gray scales, a line of these same scales are above and join the internal black line, and above this is a parallel line of gray-white scales, all the veins beyond the cell are overlaid with the same, and the intervening spaces rather closely speckled with them. The outer black line with its spurs is obsolete, but three or four black dots remain on’ outer half of costa, and a cluster of black dots on the ocellic space, of which four are in a vertical row along termen and three or four before them. Seven ¢ and one @ specimens. West Manitoba, July, Hanham ; Illinois, Prof. Fernald ; Iowa, U.S. Nat. Mus. Ac. Cat. No. 383. Co-types in U.S. Nat. Mus., Prof. Fernald’s and my collections. Eucosma madderana, sp. nov.—Expanse, 13 to 14 mm. Fore wing grayish-white. A large rounded brown-madder spot on outer end of wing, interior of wing washed with fainter shades of this same colour, especially over the basal area, and an oblique semi-fascia from costa beyond middle. Head rough, rose-madder, palpi same, but a shade darker above and outwardly, tuft compressed, flattened, ovate ; outer joint not hidden, brown. Antenne cinereous, annulated with a darker shade. Thorax smooth, light brown-madder, posteriorly and tips of patagia paler. Abdomen pale fuscous, anal tuft cinereous. Legs steely-fuscous, tibiz and tarsi streaked and spotted with brown-madder. Fore wing grayish-white, this ground colour is only distinct before the ovate terminal spot and on dorsal margin before ocellic space, on the latter space it is overjaid with darker scales. Basal area, which extends to inner third at middle and inner fourth on costal and dorsal margins, is a light pink-madder. From the costa just at and beyond middle, an oblique flattened ovate spot on fascia of brown-madder crosses wing towards anal angle, but terminates in a pointed end at vein iil. Between this spot and basal area the colour is a rosy-madder over the gray-white ground. A large, ovate brown-madder spot, its outer margin involving the termen from anal angle to apex, its inner margin curving easily inward from angle to end of cell, then outward to costa before apex; veins iv to vill where they cross this patch are overlaid with fuscous-brown, and where 56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. each terminates on margin are a few yellowish scales, between these is a dark line on the termen, before the cilia. Costal fold narrow, not closely appressed, about one-third length of wing, colour brown-madder. Costa beyond fold same colours as fascia and patches that touch it. Before the ovate terminal spot the ground colour is the whitest of any part of the wing, and offers a sharp contrast to the dark outer spot ; it is divided by a line of madder scales. Cilia grayish-white, tipped with fuscous. Hing wing pale smoky-fuscous, slightly darker at apex, where a few darker scales form a dot; cilia paler, preceded by a darker, then a paler line. Under side same, but darker. Under side fore wing dark smoky-fuscous, dark scales more intense at apex, shading narrowly into madder on costa before and at apex ; cilia gray, preceded by a darker and paler line, an additional faint narrow dark line precedes these ciliate lines on the termen. Four specimens. Rounthwaite, July, Marmont ; West Manitoba, Hanham ; Ottawa, Quebec, vi, 26; Regina, Assiniboia, Willing. Type in my collection. Lucosma Heathiana, sp. nov.—Expanse, 17 to 18 mm. _ Fore wing cream-white, with a dark fuscous dorsal blotch below fold, not touching base and ending before ocellic spot. Head, frontal tuft pure white, tuft between eyes tinged with very pale brown in some specimens, in others pure white. Palpi pure white, second joint loosely clothed below and above. Scales _ below longer than above, and the ends almost concealing tip at outer joint, which is obtuse and cream-white. Antenne white, annulated with light fuscous. Thorax smooth, white, posteriorly stained with fuscous, this darker shade concentrated in form of a dark dot on each side of dorsal line. Abdomen and legs cream-white, tarsi annulated with fuscous. Fore wing cream-white, a conspicuous dark fuscous blotch occupies all the space between fold and dorsal margin, except at extreme base and ocellic spot. In the most strongly-marked specimens the dark shade is sharply defined by the line of the fold as far as end of cell, beyond it slightly swells upward, terminating in a rounded spot before the ocellic space. In less strongly-marked specimens the white ground colour more or less overlaps the fold, reducing the width of the dark blotch. This fuscous blotch is more cr less overlaid with black scales ; the latter are more frequent in the rounded process at the outer end. Costa from ¢ fold to apex dotted with about ten brownish to black short dashes, nearly THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 57 evenly spaced; from each alternate dash a dark-cream or pale-brown line runs obliquely towards termen, the first merging into second before reaching termen, the three outer ones merging and reaching termen just below apex ; the lines are nearly obsolete in some specimens. Between these lines, along costa, the white ground colour has a shining iridescent appearance. The ocellic spot is of the same shining white, enclosing a cream or very pale-brown centre, and contains three short, horizontal black dashes, vertical to each other, with two similar black dashes before the ocellus. These black dashes are easily removed, in some slightly rubbed specimens. Some or all are entirely missing. Cilia cream-white, thickly powdered with dark-gray atoms. Hind wing. above and beneath, very pale fuscous, cilia white, with a faint fuscous line beyond base. Under side fore wing shining brassy-fuscous, costa narrowly white, cilla cream-white. Eleven specimens, 7 and 9. Cartwright, Manitoba, E. Firmstone Heath ; Washington Co., Arkansas, July and August, A. J. Brown. I take much pleasure in dedicating this species to the Dean of our Canadian entomologists. The species is one of the strongly protected kind, and doubtless when at rest on a leaf, with wings folded, it as closely resembles a bird-dropping as the well-known Stenoma Schlegeri, Zell., which it superficially resembles. Co-types : Mr. Heath’s and my collection. Thiodia ochrotermenana, sp. nov.—Expanse, 11 to 15.5 mm. ‘Fore wing, inner three-quarters mottled black, ocellic spot and termen, including apex, dull ochreous. Head rough, brownish-ochreous. _Palpi flattened, compressed, third joint not exposed, brownish-ochreous, stained with darker brown in front and below, and streaks of same colour on outer sides towards base. Antenne, basal joints light brown, outer joints dentatein ¢,simple in 9, dark fuscous. Thorax ochreous-brown anteriorly, patagia same, a dark brown streak on posterior half of thorax. Abdomen cinereous, anal tuft clearer yellow. Legs cinereous, tibiz and tarsi annulated and streaked with blackish- brown. Fore wing, inner two-thirds to three-quarters dull black, flecked with a few brown scales, and with darker-black lines, like watered silk. A few brown scales at extreme base, a few about middle of wing on lower half, and two paler spots on costa beyond middle, each enclosing a darker dot. The ocellic space and above it to apex, including the cilia, is dull ochreous, 58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. This ochreous shade begins on costa about one-sixth before apex, as a light ochreous spot with black centre, the division line continues obliquely inward nearly to end of cell, thence to dorsal margin, which it reaches at outer three-quarters ; the internal boundary on the lower half is dark brown, the ocellic space beyond is defined by a large U-shaped mark of shining ochreous scales, a narrow horizontal bar and a few black specks of black cross this space, above it, to costa, the ochreous colour is paler than the colour of extreme termen and cilia, but is more or less mottled with shining as well as darker scales. The extreme edge of costa, when viewed from the front, is ochreous its entire length, but interrupted by numerous black scales. The basal area is not defined. Hind wing smoky cinereous, darker towards apex and termen, cilia paler, preceded by a darker, then by a paler line; beneath cinereous. Fore wing beneath smoky black, with four geminated ochreous spots on outer half, and afew single spots of same colour on inner half of costa. Gray below the fold. Cilia ochreous, and a few ochreous scales are scattered along the termen. Thirty-five specimens, ¢ and 2. Rounthwaite, Manitoba, July, Marmont; Montreal, viii, 15, A. F. Winn; Chicago, Ills., September, J. H. Reading ; Winchenden, Mass., ix, 1, and New Brighton, Pa., viii, 6 to to, F. A, Merrick ; Nicholson, Pa., viii, 5, A. E. Lister ; Plummer’s Isl., Md., viii, 10, A. Busck ; Montclair and Essex Co., N. J., viii, 20 to 26, Kearfott. Co-types: U.S. Nat. Mus., and in collections of Merrick, Lister and Kearfott. Proteopteryx Criddleana, sp. nov.—Expanse, 13 to 17 mm. Fore wing whitish-gray, with a bold blackish-gray basal area, sharply angulated outwardly, and a shade of dark colour from end of cell to apex. Head gray, speckled with fuscous above, face white, palpi, tuft on second joint flattened, rounded above and below, outer half of third joint exposed ; whitish-gray, speckled with fuscous above and on outer sides, a strong streak of blackish through middle of tuft from base on the outer side. Antenne grayish, annulated with fuscous. Thorax smooth, gray, heavily overlaid with black scales in some specimens, patagia same. Abdomen gray, anal tuft cinereous. Legs whitish, fore and middle pairs annulated and streaked with black. Fore wing: ¢ costal fold narrow, over one-third length of wing, not closely appressed, in several specimens the tuft is expanded fan-like in front of the costa, and fold bent under the costa. Colour whitish-gray, with wave-like shades of cinereous-gray on the outer two-thirds, nearly THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 59 paralleling the outer margin of basal area. The latter is large, and is the only distinctly-defined marking on the wing; it consists of black scales heavily overlaying the ground colour, and on costa extends to inner fourth, angulated sharply outward to middle of cell, where it reaches inner third of wing, thence obliquely inward to dorsal margin; it is indented once above and twice below middle. The costal fold is ground colour, with four or five black spots. Costa beyond fold ground colour, with faint streaks of cinereous ; towards and at apex and before termen these streaks are more distinct and of an olivaceous cinereous shade. A more or less illy-defined shade of blackish scales begins in the extreme apex and runs obliquely to end of cell; in darkest specimens, usually females, the dark scales forming this shade are roughly grouped in two irregular spots, one involving the apex and nearly to end of cell, the other over end of cell and nearly reaching apex of basal area. Ocellic spot not clearly defined. An irregular vertical bar of lustrous-whitish scales before, and another shorter horizontal bar above the space, a few scales of the same below apex. On the darkest specimens the dorsal margin is dotted with black, in paler specimens these dots are cinereons. Cilia grayish-fuscous, preceded on upper half by a narrow black marginal line, twice interrupted, darker below middle. Hind wing, above and below, smoky-cinereous, darker towards apex, cilia a shade lighter, preceded by a darker, then a paler line. Under side fore wing smoky-fuscous, grayish-white along costa; cilia grayish-fuscous. Seventeen specimens, male and female, sixteen from Norman Criddle, Aweme, Manitoba. vii, 24, to vill, 13, and one from L. E. Marmont, Rounthwaite, Manitoba, July. I take great pleasure in giving Mr. Criddle’s name to this species, as a slight appreciation of his thorough and systematic work in these minute specimens. Co-types : Marmont’s, Criddle’s and Heath’s and in my collection. Ffysterosia Merrickana, sp. nov.—Exyanse, ¢ 19to 25 mm., 2 22 to 26 mm. = Light-brownish-fuscous, outer fourth of fore wing dark brown, an oblique streak of the darker colour arising from dorsum a fifth beyond base, and absorbed in ground colour between middle and upper edge of cell. Head cinereous, a dot of blackish above eye, beneath base of antenne. Palpi long, once and a half the length of head, slender, second joint rather closely clothed, above and beneath, tuft longer below, outer joint less than half length of second, exposed ; cinereous, dotted with 60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. brown on outside. Antenne, basal joint large, black, outer joint pectinate in ¢, simple in 9, fuscous. Thorax smooth, cinereous, patagia brown. Abdomen and anal tuft cinereous ; legs same, thickly dotted and streaked with dark brown. Fore wing: costa moderately arched, apex rounded, termen straight. Colour in some specimens cinereous-brown to cinereous-gray, in others reticulated all over the surface with fine darker lines. A prominent dark-brown or blackish-brown patch involves the outer fourth, its inner edge begins on costa at three-quarters and proceeds obliquely to anal angle, the division line is slightly concave inwardly. ¢ costal fold less than one-third length of wing, narrow, compressed dark brown. Costa between fold and dark outer patch with seven or eight obscure blackish dots. Sometimes two or three about the middle of costa form a darker shade. From dorsum at inner fourth a streak of brown goes obliquely towards costa, and merges in this middle costal shade ; this streak is sharply defined inwardly, but outwardly it is gradually lost in the ground colour ; width differs in different specimens, in some it is a narrow band, in others it is distinctly defined for a space equal to a sixth the length of wing. Female specimens are generally several shades darker in all par- ticulars. Ocellic spot not defined, before the ocellic space a quadrate spot of a darker shade than the ground colour, and above it a similar smaller spot. Dorsal margin dotted with black. Two small black dots at end of cell, oblique to each other. The outer dark patch contains three darker dots on costa, and one below costa, a darker reticulation before its inner margin. The basal area is paler than any other portion of the wing. Cilia fuscous. Hind wing pale fuscous, closely reticulated with darker fuscous, cilia fuscous, preceded by a paler line, hind wing beneath the same, but reticulations more distinct, cilia cinereous. Fore wing beneath dark smoky-fuscous, costa dotted with cinereous, cilia latter colour. Eight males, five females. Cartwright, Manitoba, vill, 3, Heath ; Cincinnati, Ohio, vili, 30, Miss Braun ; Algonquin, Illinois, viti, 4-5, W. A. Nason, M. D.; Mt. Desert, Me., Fernald ; New Brighton, Penna., vii, 22, to viii, 31, Frank A. Merrick, whose name I take pleasure in honouring. Co-types: Collections of Fernald, Braun, Merrick, and Kearfott. This species is of the same general appearance as HZ. imopiana, Haw. The latter, however, lacks the conspicuous terminal patch. (To be continued. ) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 61 ON RHAGOVELIA OBESA, UHLER. BY J. R. DE LA TORRE BUENO, NEW YORK. Rhagovelia, Mayr,* is well characterized by the long spindle-shaped deeply-cleft intermediate tarsi, a peculiarity noted by most of the authors who have referred to the genus. This genus is found in Asia, Africa and the three Americas, but the larger part of the known species is native to the Western Hemisphere, no less than fifteen (including undescribed forms in my collection) being Central American. Ali the species are fluviatile, save two, which are marine. The marine forms are found in estuaries or along the coasts, and by some authors are held to form a different genus, known as Zrochopus. The one species to be found commonly in the Eastern United States is Ubler’s Rhagovelia obesa,t which can be found in almost any swift streamlet in little congregations, weaving zigzags where the current is most rapid, swimming against it, or else sheltered in the eddy behind some projecting rock, where, in the latitude of New York, the rare winged form is most likely to be found. My collection contains specimens from the following regions: New York, New Jersey, Washington, D. C., and North Carolina. The various local lists we have mention it as occurring in Tennessee, North and South Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, Pennsyl- vania, Massachusetts, Ohio, New Jersey, and Ontario, Canada. Prof, Uhler states that it is found in the Atlantic States. In their generic characterization, Mayr, Stal (under the generic name Baecula)+ and Uhler note the deeply-cleft intermediate tarsi, but it fell to Champion§ to refer to the tuft of hairs in the cleft in the following terms (which Distant quotes in “Fauna of British India, Rhynchota, Vol. IL, p- 171”): ‘Rhagovelia is well characterized by the 3-jointed tarsi, and the long, deeply-fissured terminal joint of the intermediate tarsi. In this fissure there is a series of long ciliated hairs arising from a common stem, which are probably extended fan-like when the insect moves about on the surface of the water ; these hairs are sometimes partly extended in dried specimens, but they are usually hidden within the fissure.” Champion’s remarks on the hairs are substantially correct, as can be *Verh. Zool., bot. Ges. Wien., XV., 445, 1865. Reise der Novara, Hem., 181. TLo7t. |. broe: Bost. sec. Ne i, SIN; 107. +1865. Hemiptera Africana, Vol. III., p. 167. $1901. Biologia Centrali Americana, Heteroptera, Vol. LI., p. 131. February, 1907. 62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. seen from the accompanying figures (3, 4 and 5), but his surmise as to the manner of their employment is ambiguous in form, because under it Fic. 3.—Rhagovelia-obesa, Uhler. Third joint of inter- mediate tarsus, showing cleft and swimming hairs, x 1o. (Original.) Fi&. 4.—Rhagovelia obesa, Uhler. Tarsus of intermediate, showing ciliated swimming hairs spread, Side view. x 10. (Original.) Fic. 5.—Rhagovelia obesa, Uhler. Ciliated hair from intermediate tarsus. x 82. (Original,) one may conclude that they are spread out upon the surface to support the bug, or else that they are employed in propelling the insect when moving about on the surface. At any rate, he merely states an hypothesis in vague terms, based on the appearance of the structures and in the absence of direct observations. The abundance of RAagovelia obesa about New York has made it possible to study the living Hemip- teron on a number of individuals I secured for that purpose. I had over twenty living specimens in an aquarium this past summer (1906), under close observation, and the following notes are taken from my field-book, in which I noted the behaviour of the living bugs as I watched them, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 63) The manner of using the tarsal hair tuft, it should be noticed, is very difficult to observe satisfactorily, as the active bug moves its legs very swiftly when swimming. At times, however, either through exhaustion from long-continued rowing, or through weakness in partly drowned individuals, they move the legs more slowly, so it is possible to see the use of the hairs plainly, of whieh, when swimming fast, it is possible to get only the merest glimpse. The ciliated hairs (figs. 3, 4 and 5), are extended fan-wise (fig. 4), as may sometimes be seen in dried specimens. The tarsus is in contact with the water along its entire length, with the slit vertical to’ the surface. When in this position the spread tuft of hairs projects beneath zvto the water, and is a powerful auxiliary in swimming. When swimming under water the hair tuft is also expanded, and is of great assistance. The necessity for an aid in swimming at the surface is explained by the fact that RAagovelia is to be found in the swiftest part of streams, where it may be-seen zigzagging against the current in little schools, ‘which in June and July are made up principally of the sexes in copulo. The very young nymphs betake themselves to sheltered and still nooks along the banks. In cop. the ¢ is above, as is usual with insects. When the ¢ first seizes the 2 she endeavours to -throw him off, and flings herself on her back with the g under her. After a moment’s struggle they right them- selves. During this the ¢ sets the hind femora at right angles to his, body, bending the tibiz under, and, by means of them, holding the 9s second and third pair of legs straight and close to her body. Once he is firmly on her, he releases this hold, but maintains: his position by the anterior legs, which clasp the ¢ over the prothorax. He is not connected with the 2 continuously while on her back. ‘To complete. the act, he seizes her as at first, by means of the hind legs. At other times he merely lies on her back quiescent, with his second and third pairs of legs extended, but not touching the surface. As long as the ¢ is on her the @ does all. the swimming. : It is known that eae guete swims freely “under water, and, to my disgust the individuals I had persisted in diving. They were taken in the afternoon, and being put in an aquarium, when night came, they took, to diving. By 11 p.m. they were all actively swimming under water. To penetrate the surface film they put the head down at the surface, and, by means of a few vigorous swimming-strokes with the intermediates, they force themselves under. When under water they swim about freely and rapidly by means of the intermediates, the tarsal swimming-tuft being fully 64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. expanded. In order to come out they swim strongly upwards, and the head breaking through the surface film, the body is forced out by vigorous strokes. When the entire body has emerged it is still held by the surface film, but the dorsum is dry, the velvety pile which clothes the insect shedding the water. Now, by main strength, the legs are lifted free from the prisoning film, and, when this is accomplished, a few strong heaves and jerks liberate the body, and the bug once more glides over the water. Under water Rhagovelia appears to be made of silver, owing to the large quantity of air carried down by it enmeshed in its pile, Rhagovelia is predaceous in common with all the Gerrids, and feeds on such insects as fall into the water, or on its own kind when there is no other food. The winged form is very rare in this latitude, although it is quite common in species from the tropics, The majority of the species of this genus have incrassate hind tarsi in the male, in some cases out of all proportion to the size of the bug. NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. BY WM. BARNES, S. B., N. D., DECATUR, ILLINOIS, (Continued from page 15.) Tricholita artega, n. sp.—Expanse, 40 mm. Fore wing reddish-brown, slightly hoary from a thin admixture of whitish scales. Markings distinct though not contrasting, except white scales on outer side of reniform and the pale orbicular. Basal half line present, dentate, double, pale filled. T. a. almost transverse, scalloped, double, pale filled. Median shade present though not prominent, rather darker brownish-red than rest of wing, as are the other lines. T. p. evenly excerted beyond cell, thence in rather a straight line to inner margin, scalloped between veins, the outer accompanying line barely indicated. The pale filling between the lines is specially indicated on costa and inner margin. Two or three pale points on costa beyond t. p, line, S. t. pale, irregular, rather diffuse. preceded by a slightly darker shading. Veins, especially through terminal and subterminal space, slightly darker. Fringe yellowish-white at base, darkened outwardly. The wing is somewhat lighter along costa and inferior portion of median space, from the increase in number of white cells in these portions. Orbicular a somewhat round yellowish spot, pale contrasting with ground colour. Reniform long, slender, upright, with faint black ring, especially marked on outer side, filled through outer half and lower end with white scales, the remaining portion being of the ordinary ground colour. February, 1907 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65 Hind wing rather even dark fuscous, with very faint trace of discal bar. Fringe with pale line at base, followed by dusky shade, whitish terminally. Beneath a well marked mesial band on both wings. Fore wings dusky centrally, yellowish-brown outwardly, along costa and inner margin. Head and collar concolorous with fore wing. Quadrate tuft at base of abdomen, with whitish scales at tip. Abdomen fuscous, terminal segment with long pale yellowish-white hair, separated by sharp line from the fuscous tint of remainder. Male similar to female except the antennz, which are broadly pectinated, while simple in the female, and the terminal abdominal tufting, which is here yellowish-brown instead of white. Type, 3 and 9, Santa Catalina Mts., Ariz., August. Xanthia cordova, n. sp.—Expanse, 25 mm. Resembles A/candra, Druce Biol. Centr. Amer., Plate 44, fig. 12. Fore wing yellow, with purplish-brown markings. T. a. line somewhat outwardly oblique, dentate. T. p. line scalloped, moderately exserted over cell, then with a gentle inward curve to inner margin. A row of intra- venular patches of purplish-brown scales represent the s. t. line. Broad purplish shade between reniform and t. p. line, another between ordinary spots, the two joining below reniform into a single band, which is cut squarely off before reaching inner margin. Purplish patch in cell to inner side of orbicular. None of these shades quite reach costa. Three or four purplish spots on costa before apex. Fringe concolorous, with slightly darker line at base. Hind wings semi-translucent, pale-yellowish, slightly darker outwardly. Fringe concolorous, with slightly darker line at base. Head and thorax somewhat more brownish than fore wings. Abdomen somewhat paler shade of the same colour. Beneath, fore wings even pale-yellowish. The ordinary spots and surrounding darker area of upper surface transmitted through wing. Mesial band from costa to middle of wing yellowish-brown, angled below costa, some dark scales along costal edge, and shade of same from apex to angle of mesial band. Fringe concolorous with darker line at base, slightly checkered by some orange hairs between the veins. Hind wing with yellowish-brown mesial band from costa to middle of wing. A slight scattering of brownish scales along costa. Fringe concolorous with darker line at base, Types Chiricahua Mts., Ariz. 66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Xanthodes amorata, n. sp.—Expanse, 28 mm. Fore wings pale straw colour, with yellowish-brown markings. Blackish spot on costa, about two millimetres from base. Wing between that and base brownish. . Wing crossed by three narrow brown lines, the first slightly before middle of wing, outwardly oblique to cell, transverse across cell, thence inwardly oblique to inner margin; the second strongly outwardly oblique from costa to beyond cell, thence making an acute angle inwardly oblique, with slight inward curve to inner margin. This line in upper portion somewhat heavier than the others. Third line parallel to second, and about midway between it and outer margin. From end of cell to outer margin there are two parallel brown dashes about a millimetre apart, the upper one passing through apex of angle of outer line. Submarginal row of small black dots. The wing, especially in the mesial portion, is thinly dusted with brownish scales ; these are somewhat more thickly grouped between the parallel dashes. Fringe brownish, with a darker line at base. Hind wing pale yellowish-white, fringe concolorous. Head, collar and thorax slightly darker than ground colour. Abdomen ground colour, slightly ringed with brownish. Beneath, fore wing yellowish-white, somewhat more yellow along costa and at apex. Fringe brownish-black. The second line above quite well marked below, and traces of the third can be made out. Hind wing pale yellowish-white, slightly more yellow along costal half. Mesal band partially crossing wing from costa. - Fore legs with tarsi heavily coated with long yellowish-brown hair. Type, ¢ and 9, Babaquivera Mts., Ariz., August. Lythrodes arivaca, 0. sp.— @. Expanse, 32 mm. Fore wings creamy-white, with faint yellowish tinge. Ordinary spots, a double band across middle of wing, and veins ochraceous-brown. Orbicular and reniform close together at end of cell, the former pale, centered with well-marked ring; the reniform, which almost touches it, is lunate, with well-marked outer ring and dark centre. The inner of the two bands crossing wing is somewhat heavier than the outer. Beginning with rather a diffuse patch on costa, it passes, with a gentle curve, between the ordinary spots, then with a rather sharp angle downward and outward to inner margin. The outer line is separated from the first about a millimetre, and is parallel to it below the ordinary spots; in the upper portion of the wing it diverges somewhat, passing around the reniform ; the space between the lines is filled with a paler shade of the same colour. There is a faint flush of the same shade beyond the reniform, and to a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67 lesser extent beyond the median band in the lower half of the wing. A faint ochraceous curved band leaves costa, above orbicular, passing down- ward and inward to base, almost at inner margin, dividing this portion of wing in about two equal parts, the lower half being somewhat more tinged with ochraceous than the upper. Fringe white, with ochraceous blotches between veins. Hind wings yellowish-white, more or less tinged with fuscous, especially outwardly. Fringe white. Beneath, fore wing blackish centrally, paler along costa and outer margin. Hind wings pale yellowish-white. Collar, patagia and thorax creamy-white, with ochraceous shading. Thorax with posterior tuftings. Abdomen fuscous-yellow. Type, one ?, Southern New Mexico, from Mr. Poling. Chamaclea gladiola, n. sp.—Expanse, 28 mm. Fore wing, at base, beyond s. t. line and a iarge oval patch in the centre below costa, creamy-white. Remainder of wing dark olivaceous- brown, with an admixture of violet and paler olivaceous and yellow scales. Ordinary lines not distinctly marked. Basal portion of wing is creamy- white except along costa, where it is of the same shade as the median portion of wing. The reniform is present at outer edge of oval white patch, though not very plainly marked. It is pale-ringed, with dark centre, narrow and upright. Indications of a row of terminal black intravenular dots. Fringe white. Hind wings blackish-brown, with faint indications of mesial band and discal dot, Fringe white. mrey: Beneath, fore wings blackish, with central yellowish patch, yellowish along costa. Hind wings yellowish-white, with dusky mesial band. Collar yellowish at base, remainder of collar, patagia and thorax white. Thorax posteriorly with some olivaceons and violet scales. Types, ¢ and 9, Santa Catalina Mts., Ariz. _ This species should stand next to Anthecia scira, Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer. Het., Pl. 28, fig. 5. The type of maculation and colours are about the same, but the Mexican species entirely lacks the large white patch in centre of wing. Oxycnemis acuna, n. sp.—Expanse, 15 mm. Ground colour gray, more or less covered with brownish scales, markings black. Ornamentation similar to other species of the genus. Claviform long linear, gray, narrowly outlined in black, brownish centered. Orbicular similar in form and size to claviform, gray, narrowly outlined in black, brown centered, lying parallel to and extending a little beyond claviform. Reniform gray, with brown centre, surrounded by a few black 68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. scales, especially on outer and inner sides. A whitish shade extends from reniform superiorly to just before apex. S. t. line pale, irregular, broken, preceded by blackish markings, more pronounced at apex and towards inner angle, the remainder being broken into wedge-shaped markings. A neat, well-marked even terminal black line. Fringe concolorous, obscurely checkered, with paler basal and mesial line. Hind wings soiled whitish, with faint discal dot. Fringe a trifle paler, with well-marked line at base. Head and thorax concolorous with fore wing. Abdomen yellowish- fuscous. Beneath, fore wing pale fuscous, somewhat paler along costa. Hind wing whitish, somewhat yellow along costa. Yellowish-brown terminal line at base of fringe. Types San Antonia, Texas. Grotella calora, n. sp.—Expanse, 17 mm. Fore wing white. Black spot on costa at base, one at inner fourth, one on inner margin opposite to it, one in centre of wing between and a trifle inside of these, one on costa in middle of wing. An outer row of four spots: one on costa at outer fourth, one at end of cell, one on inner margin, with another somewhat above and to outer side of it. Fringe white. Hind wing uniform dark fuscous, fringe white. (To be Continued.) SOUTHERN BUTTERFLIES IN MASSACHUSETTS. I should like to know whether any New England readers have noted the presence of Laertias philenor and Achlarus lycidas north of their usual haunts during the past season. Both of these butterflies were extremely common this year at Melrose, Mass. (seven miles north of Boston). Laertias philenor larve were everywhere noticeable on Aristolochia sipho: the first brood in June and a second in August and September. The butterfly itself was frequent in the gardens throughout the summer. Achlarus lycidas was easily captured during the early part of July in certain localities where its food-plant (Desmodium) was abundant. The females were readily detected laying their eggs singly upon the Trefoil or busily engaged feeding upon the wayside clover. I am interested to know whether these species are generally moving northward into New England, or is Melrose one of a very few favoured spots ? RoLanp W. Harris, Boston, Mass. Mailed February 14th, 4907. CAN. ENT., VOL. XXXIX. PLATE 2. SOMATOCHLORA WILLIAMSONI (NEW SPECIES). The @ anadtiay Bntomologist . VoL. XX XIX. LONDON, MARCH, 1907. No 3. A NEW SOMATOCHLORA, WITH A NOTE ON THE SPECIES KNOWN FROM ONTARIO. BY E. M. WALKER, B. A., M. B., TORONTO. In my “First List of Ontario Odonata” (Can. Ent., XXXVIITI; 1906, p. 151), I recorded Somatochlora elongata (Scudd.) from Toronto, De Grassi Point (Lake Simcoe) and Algonquin Park, and remarked upon the fact that the superior appendages of the male were more incurved in the examples from Toronto and Lake Simcoe than in those from Algonquin Park. A further study of these specimens revealed other marks of distinc- tion, and led me to the conclusion that the two forms were specifically distinct, those from Algonquin Park belonging to true e/ongata, while the others represented a closely allied but apparently undescribed species. Mr. E. B. Williamson, to whom I sent sketches of the abdominal appendages of both forms, wrote that he had also taken them both, and was likewise of the opinion that the species in question was new. Dr. Calvert, to whom I sent a specimen, expressed the same opinion, and added that he had a pair of the same form from Sherbrooke, Que., taken by L’Abbé Begin. Since then I have examined these specimens myself. I also learned through Mr. Williamson that the description of the nymph of e/ongatayas given by Prof. Needham (Aquatic Insects in the Adirondacks, Bull. 47, N. Y. State Mus., rgot, 499), probably belongs to the same new species. I have one of Needham’s specimens from the same locality before me, and it is certainly identical with my other specimens. Needham’s figures of the appendages are from specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., and are those of true elongata. . Somatochlora Williamsoni, sp. nov. 1901. Somatochiora elongata, Needham, Aq. Ins. in the Ad., Bull. 47, N. Y. State Mus., 499. 1906. Somatochlora elongata, Walker, Can. Ent, XXXVIII, 151. Closely related to S. eongata (Scudd.), with which it agrees in size and proportions, but differs in the form of the superior abdominal appendages of the ¢ and in certain details of colour pattern. 70) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Vertex very dark metallic green, evenly punctate. Frons above and in front dark metallic greenish-blue, bordered below and at the sides by a brownish-yellow band. The dark area, except a narrow median smooth space at the bottom of the depression above, is rather coarsely and irregularly pitted and covered by dark brown pile, while in the lighter yellowish parts the pits are much finer and the pile, as elsewhere in the face, paler. Anteclypeus and labrum pale yellow; postclypeus reddish- or yellowish-brown, generally much darker in its middle part, but not forming as distinct a dark band between the lighter parts above and below it as it does in e/ongata, in which the middle portion and sometimes the entire postclypeus forms a strong dark brown or black band between the paler parts of the frons and anteclypeus. Labrum black. Occiput shining reddish-brown, well rounded behind, bearing dense dark brown hairs above, pale brownish ones behind. Posterior surface of head shining black, with a submarginal dense row of long pale brownish hairs in line with those of the occiput. Prothorax black, anterior lobe broadly margined with very pale yel- low, posterior lobe dull metallic bronze-green, with pale brownish hairs, convex behind. Meso- and metathorax dull metallic green, with blue or violet-blue reflections, especially upon the epimera, covered with long pale yellowish-brown hairs, except upon the antealar sinus, where the hairs are dark brown, very short and denser than elsewhere. A few black hairs also about the bases of both pairs of wings. A dull yellow mesepimeral band usually 4-6 times as long as broad, and an elongate-oval metepimeral spot of the same colour. These markings may be very inconspicuous in old examples. Under parts of thorax pale yellowish brown. Legs black with ' the following parts yellowish-brown: the coxe, or greater part of them, first and upper surface of second trochanters, first femora, except near the knees and sometimes the under surface, upper surface of second femora except distally. Abdomen slightly more than 2% times as long as head and thorax, tumid at base, narrowest before middle of 3, thence expanding to apex of 5, where width about equals base of 2, sides of 6 parallel, remaining segments very gradually narrowing. Colour dull dark bronzy-green, covered with fine short pale brownish hairs ; sides of 2 and base of 3 shining dark brown with conspicuous pale brownish hairs, genital lobe black. A brownish yellow band on lateral surface of 2 in its lower half, passing just above genital lobe, where it is.generally constricted and often THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 71 divided into two spots and continued posteriorly as a ventro-lateral trian- gular spot on basé of 3. Dorsum of 2 with a yellowish spot on each side distally, followed on dorsum of 3 by a smaller and sometimes obsolete basal spot which is often connected below with the ventro-lateral spot of the same segment. Superior appendages black, about as long as 9+10, separated at their origin by a space about equal in width to base of one of the ap- pendages ; the latter broadest at base, becoming narrower and somewhat incurved in proximal fourth, where both margins as seen from above are gently concave ; middle third gradually approaching middle line, some- what tumid and rounded, with sides parallel; distal third very slightly tapering, bent inwards, forming an angle of about 40° with its fellow of the opposite side. Viewed from the side they appear distinctly but not strongly arched, with the apices strongly upturned and ending in a re- curved point. The outer margin is bent downwards and bears a large but obtuse basal tooth, usually followed before the middle by another very in- conspicuous one, after which it fades into the rounded lateral surface. Both teeth are usually visible from above. Ventral surface concave at base, beyond rounded and somewhat tumid. A slight ridge passes from the concavity obliquely backwards and inwards, forming a prominence which appears as a very obtuse and rounded angle when viewed from the side, thence continued as the slightly angular inner margin. The hairs on distal half above are long and dense, being much longer than depth of appendage. Inferior appendage about half as long as superiors, triangular, about 2% as broad at base as long, sides slightly convex, apex rounded, lateral surfaces sulcate ; in profile view it forms a shallow -curve with the con- cavity upwards, the upper and lower margins nearly parallel, apex sur- mounted by a short recurved tooth. ? differs from ¢ in markings as follows: ‘The ventro-lateral spot on 2 is unbroken, well-defined above, but fades below into the dull yel- lowish brown which covers most of the ventral surface of 2 and 3. Dorsum of 3 is broadly margined with brownish yellow, most conspicuous on proximal half, and continued as a less distinct elongate spot on basal third of 4. Indistinct spots of same colour occupy antero-lateral angles of 5, 6, 7 and 8. Abdomen broadest at middle of 2, where it is about’ twice as broad as at base of 9, tapering equally to middle of 9, whose sides diverge in distal half so that breadth at apex is about 14 ‘greater ~I bo THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. than at base. Apex of ro nearly equal to base of 9. Ventro-lateral mar- gins of 8, 9 and ro and ventral surfaces of g and to yellowish, vulvar lamina rather longer than depth of 8 at apex, spout-shaped, elongate tri- angular in profile, with ventral surface slightly concave, apex rounded. Appendages 1% longer than 9 + xo, black, evenly covered with short hairs, slender, subcylindrical, slightly bent inwards in proximal half, en- larging distally its proximal two-thirds, thence narrowing again very slightly, apex rounded. A slight carina runs along outer ventro-lateral margin in its proximal half. Wings (g 9) hyaline, yellow at base in 9, becoming somewhat suffused with brownish in old examples, venation black, pterostigma dark brown. Front-wings: Antecubitals 7-8, postcubitals s—o, usually 7 ; triangles 2-celled, internal triangles 3-celled, one submedian cross-vein on a level with the first antecubital ; 3 post-triangular cells, followed by 2 rows of cells to near the level of separation of the median and principal sectors, then 3 rows ; generally 4-5 cells at the margin ; membranula_ sooty-gray. Hind-wings: Antecubitals commonly 5, sometimes 6, postcubitals 6-10, generally 7-9 ; triangles 2-celled, internal triangles free, one other submedian cross-vein before the level of the first antecubital ; 3 post- triangular cells (1 ? has 2 on one side, 4 on the other) followed by 2 very short rows of cells, then 3 rows which divide and subdivide until at the margin there are 9-12 cells; anal triangle of ¢ 2-celled ; membranula sooty-gray, paler towards base, the pale area usually confined to a small spot at the immediate base, but sometimes diffused over the basal half. Dimensions: Abdomen {incl. apps.) $ 41-45, 2 45.5-46; sup. apps. ¢ 4, apps. 2 4.5-5.25; hind-wing ¢ 37-40, ? 39-40; ptero- stigma 2.6-3; hind femur ¢ 8.5-9, ¢ 8-8.5 mm. This species is most nearly related to .S. elongata (Scudd.), from which it differs chiefly in the superior appendages of the male. In elongata these appear, when viewed from above, slenderer, straighter and more regular in outline. The proximal half is slightly bent inwards, but in the distal half they are parallel, with the apices well separated. ‘The basal tooth is much smailer than in Wi//iamsonz,and invisible from above, while there is no second tooth before the middle. On the other hand the carina on the under surface is much better developed, beginning as a prominent tooth, where in Wid/iamsoni only a rounded eminence occurs, In profile THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. te % the appendage is less arched and the apices not so strongly recurved. The hairs on the upper surface are shorter and not so dense. The inferior appendage is a littie more than half as long as the superiors. E/ongata also differs in the much brighter and better defined yellow markings on the sides of the thorax and second abdominal segment, which, however, have much the same form and distribution. The brown of the legs is reduced to the coxe and a streak along the proximal half or more of the upper surface of the first femora. The dorsal view of the ¢ appendages is in some respects more like that of S. mznor, Calv., but the superiors in the latter are relatively shorter, more slender, and are more widely separated at base, the apices are not so much upcurved and the hairs are much shorter and more thinly and evenly distributed. The basal tooth is smaller and the inferior carina bears a prominent tooth as in elongata. Of European species Wil/iamsoni comes nearest to S. flavomaculata (Lind.), but differs from it quite obviously in both appendages and colour- pattern. . Described from 10 ¢ ¢, 3 2. Toronto, June, rtgo1, r g in house ; De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., June 29g—-Aug. 1,56 6, 3 9 9; Temagami, Ont., Aug. 15, 1906, 1¢ (P. Hahn.); Oden, Mich., Aug. 11, 1906, 2 ¢ ¢ (E. B. Williamson) ; Bone Pond, Saranac Inn, N. Y., July 26, tg00, 1g (J. G. Needham). The known range of this species, including the Sherbrooke record, is thus from Quebec and north-eastern New York to northern Ontario and Michigan. It belongs, apparently, to the Canadian and Transition Zones, being evidently rare at Toronto, which lies towards the southern boundary of the Transition Zone, but much more numerous northward. I take pleasure in naming this insect after Mr. E. B. Williamson, who has shown me many favours of late and given me a great deal of valuable advice and assistance in my studies of dragon-fly life. He writes me that his specimens were taken about 4 p. m. on Aug. rt, 1906, ‘at the mouth of the Minnehaha, a small stream flowing into Crooked Lake, Oden, Michigan. The Minnehaha, as it approaches Crooked Lake, pursues a circuitous course through a large prairie-like and marshy tract. The Somatochloras were observed feeding along the shore line among the rank cattail or Sparganium growth just at the water’s edge. They were leisurely in their movements, spending much time at a place, 74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. before rising slightly and moving to another location. Earlier in the day a Somatochiora (?) of similar size was seen over a clearing near the lake, flying at an average height of possibly 20 feet.” At De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, they are quite numerous during the latter part of June and July, and are occasionally met with in August. Here they frequent woodland roads and glades, where I have most often seen them late in the afternoon, hovering in the sunshine in the manner described by Mr. Williamson, sometimes in considerable numbers. They seldom descend within reach of the net, however, flying usually at a height of 20-30 ft., the height increasing as evening advances and the shadows creep up the trees. They disappear at sundown. I have also occasionally seen them flying comparatively low over an open marsh at the mouth of a broad, sluggish, weed-grown creek, in which the nymphs probably breed, as it is the only suitable-looking place in the vicinity. Since my list was published I have added another species of Som- atochlora, S. Walshii (Scudd.), to the Ontario fauna, and Mr. Williamson has taken a number of specimens of S. elongata (Scudd.) at Hayden’s, Algoma. So that the Ontario records for this genus now stand as follows :— S. elongata (Scudd.) Algonquin Park, Hayden’s, July 31, 1906. S. Willtamsoni, n. sp. Toronto, L. Simcoe, Temagami. S. Walshi (Scudd.) De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Aug. 7, 1906.; 1 @ flying leisurely over field near edge of wood. S. forcipata (Scudd.) Algonquin Park. S. tenebrosa (Say.) Hamilton (?) Several other species will be sure to appear in the north. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2. Fig. 1. Somatochlora Williamsoni, n. sp.—Lake Simcoe, Ont., dorsal view of ¢ abdominal appendages; 1a, lateral view of same ; 1b, dorsal view of @ appendages ; rc, lateral view of same. Fig. 2. S. elongata (Scudd.)—Algonquin Park, Ont., dorsal view ¢ appendages ; 2a, same, lateral view. Fig. 3. S. minor, Calv.—Type specimen, Franconia, N. H., dorsal view ¢ appendages ; 3a, same, lateral view. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 75 NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF DIPTERA. BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WASHINGTON, D. C. CONDIDEA, new genus of Syrphide. Near Helophilus, but the antennal arista is plumose, the eyes con- tiguous in the male, etc. General aspect of a species of Didea. Head in profile very similar to that of Sericomyia militaris (Williston’s Synopsis N. Am. Syrphide, Plate VII, fig. 36), except that the face is somewhat shorter ; antenne as in that figure except that the third joint is subquad- rate, with rounded angles ; body almost bare, abdomen noticeably wider than the thorax, subovate, greatly depressed ; legs unarmed, femora not thickened ; venation of wings as in Helophilus conostomus (Williston, |. c., Plate VIII, fig. 3a), Type, Condidea /ata, new species. This interesting form is practically a Serécomyca with a pediform first posterior cell ; it thus forms a connecting link between the tribes Sericom- yini and FEristalini. Condidea /ata, new species.—Black, the thorax tinged with bronze, the face and cheeks except a stripe extending from each eye to the oral margin, the lower edge of the front and of the occiput, a pair of spots on abdominal segments two, three and four, also the venter except apically, light yellow, apex of abdomen reddish; wings hyaline, stigma yellowish brown. The yellow spots on the abdomen do not teuch the lateral mar- gin ; the first pair is very large and nearly circular ; second pair less than half as large, the outer posterior angle of each spot almost cut off by the black ground colour ; the third pair is much the smallest, each spot reni- form and placed obliquely. Length, 15 mm. North Saugus, Mass. A male specimen collected by Mr. F. H, Mosher. Type No. rors6, U. S. National Museum. ACHZTOMUS, new genus of Helomyzide. Near fe/omyza; as restricted by Loew, but with only two pairs of dorsocentral bristles, propleural present, two pairs of fronto-orbitals, etc. Eyes circular, cheeks nearly as wide as the eye-height, third joint of antenne broader than long, arista dorsal, bare. Femora without bristles, tibie with apical and pre-apical bristles only. Venation as in Helomyza, spines of costa well-developed. Type: The following species : Achetomus pilosus, new species.—Reddish brown, the scutellum and legs yellow, bases of abdominal segments three to five dark brown, hairs and bristles black. Hairs of cheeks covering their lower half, no bristles near vibrissee. Pleura almost wholly covered with hairs except the portion March, 1907, 76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. posterior to the sternopleura, one sternopleural bristle, no other pleural bristles present ; scutellum without hairs, four scutellar bristles. Wings hyaline, unmarked except the extreme base and the stigma, which are yellowish. Length, 8 mm. North Saugus, Mass. A male specimen collected by Mr. H. M. Russell. Type No. 10157, U. S. National Museum. OMOMYTA, new genus of Phycodromide. Near Coe/ofa, but very hairy and having the scutellum greatly elongated, etc. Eyes ovate, longer than high, cheeks about as wide as the eye-height, no vibrissze, face straight, with a high median carina which is prolonged upward between the bases of the antennz: antenne nearly as long as the face, the first joint minute, the second as wide as long, the third ellipsoidal, nearly twice as long as wide, arista bare, thickened on the basal fourth, the first joint as long as wide, the second nearly twice as long, arista inserted near the base of the dorsal edge of the third antennal joint ; front sparsely covered with long hairs, from which the usual bristles, except the ocellars, are not distinctly differentiated ; occiput strongly con- vex. Thorax bearing one pair of dorsocentral bristles, two supra-alar, one notopleural, one mesopleural, one propleural, and one sternopleural bristle. Scutellum bare, nearly one-half as long as the mesonotum, its sides emarginate, its apex subtruncated, two pairs of long lateral bristles. Abdomen narrower than the thorax, elongate ovate, somewhat depressed. Legs rather short and robust, without bristles, except on the middle tibiz, which are fringed along the outer side besides bearing several at the apex, a stout bristle at apex of inner side of each hind tibia, under side of tarsi beset with short spines, first tarsal joint longer than any of the following joints. Venation complete, auxiliary vein present, contiguous with the first, except toward its apex, costa beset with short spines, sixth vein pro- longed to the wing-margin, last section of the fourth vein parallel with the third, first vein distinctly dilated before its apex. Type, the following species : Omomyia hirsuta, new species-—Yellow, a tridentate spot on upper half of occiput, prolonged-to include the ocelli, the thorax, except the lateral margins and several spots on the pleura, the base of scutellum and a crossband on each segment of the abdomen, black ; hind femora some- times partly. brown ; thorax opaque, gray pruinose, abdomen polished ; hairs mixed, black and yellow ; wings hyaline, a circular brown cloud just before apex of second vein. Length, 5 mm. Lancaster, California. Eight specimens collected in April, by Mr. A. Koebele. Type No. 10158, U.S. National Museum. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, (i NEW MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. BY W. D. KEARFOTT, MONTCLAIR, N. J. (Continued from page 60.) Evetria Siskiyouana, sp. nov. Head pale ochreous, a dash of dark brown behind antenna and a darker shade above eye ; palpi pale ochreous within, dark brown outside, changing to black at apex ; antenna smoky-black, whitish between joints, basal joint ochreous-brown ; abdomen brownish-fuscous ; legs ochreous- white, heavily shaded and banded with blackish-brown. Fore wing evenly spotted with grayish-ochreous; the margins of the spots are usually shining, and are frequently overlaid with ochreous and ochreous-brown, They are separated by irregular horizontal and vertical black lines. There are four to five irregular vertical rows of spots; where each touches the costa they usually do so as a geminate spot, enclosing a dot of dark brown. ‘Terminal line dark brown, preciliate line black, inwardly edged with whitish, cilia leaden-gray, cut by two dashes of whitish beneath apex. Hind wing smoky-brown, cilia dark gray ; under side dark brown, clouded with whitish, with dark brown spots. on costa before apex and terminal line of same colour below apex. Under side fore wing smoky-brown, with dark brown costal spots, separated by cream-white. The description is of the Siskiyou specimen ; the one from Oregon is darker, head and palpi dark gray and brown, the spots on fore wing are more overlaid with brown, especially on upper half ; but I do not believe they are other than local races of the same species. Expanse, 21-22 mm. Two ¢ specimens: Siskiyou Co., California; Oregon, Koebele ; both from U. S. Natl. Mus. collections. Co-type U.S. Natl. Mus. The larve of this species are probably borers in the twigs or cones of Conifera. Eucosma Denverana, sp. nov. Head and palpi cream-white, the latter a shade darker outwardly and below ; antenna cream-white ; thorax light brown, finely speckled with white ; abdomen and legs creamy-white, latter dusted with dark brown. Fore wing light brassy-brown, speckled evenly all over with white scales, a darker shade on costa at base, and a faintly darker shade on March, 1907. 78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. inner fourth of dorsum. Cilia very pale fuscous-brown, heavily dotted with whitish scales, with an indistinct darker line at base. Hind wing light smoky-brown,. long hairs at base yellowish, cilia whitish, with a darker basal shade; under side the same, but whiter below middle of wing. Under side fore wing brassy-gray, white below fold, cilia white. Expanse, 24-28 mm. . Five specimens, all Denver, Colo., four from Dr. Barnes’s collection, received from U. S. Natl. Mus., and collected by E. J. Oslar; one collected by Dyar and Caudell. Eucosma tomonana, sp. nov. Head, palpi, antenna and thorax hoary-gray; abdomen and legs light cinereous-gray, latter dusted with coppery-brown. Fore wing hoary-gray, with two blackish-brown dorsal spots. Even under a lens the ground colour is almost uniform, with but very faint strigulations. ‘The costa is streaked with long lines of grayish-brown; one from just beyond middle goes to anal angle, beyond this is a short dash, then a longer line that curves outwardly and ends in middle of termen, enclosing the rounded ocellic area ; between the latter line and apex are two shorter lines that join beneath costa, and continue as a single line to termen beneath apex. The gray ground separating these faint brown lines is slightly shining, and on the costa, in each of the gray interspaces, is a narrow darker dash. Below the middle the ocellic area is shining gray, in which are a few horizontal black dashes. The dorsal spots are very con- spicuous on the light ground colour; the inner is a flattened triangle with narrow base, on inner third of dorsum ; it curves obliquely outward, the upper end, as a fine line, reaching middle of wing; the outer spot is ovate, with its broadest and flat side between outer third of dorsum and anal angle ; it does not extend beyond lower fourth. Cilia speckled gray. Hind wing light smoky-gray, paler beneath costa, cilia whitish-gray ; under side the same, faintly reticulated at outer end. Under side fore wing smoky-fuscous, whitish beneath fold. Expanse, 12-15 mm. Eight specimens, Montclair and Essex Co., Park, N. J., Light Trap, Aug. 21 to Sept. 11 ; one specimen, Westmount, Quebec, Canada. Eucosma gomonana, sp. nov. Head and palpi whitish-gray, latter a shade darker outside ; thorax whitish-gray, mottled with darker gray, ends of patagia white; antenna « THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79 whitish-gray ; abdomen light cinereous, upper side of middle segment gray, anal tuft yellowish ; legs whitish, dusted with dark brown. Fore wing fuscous-brown, crossed by shining gray fascie, The dark basal area on dorsum extends to inner third, goes slightly outward to middle, then inward to inner fourth of costa ; it is somewhat mottled with lighter scales, which form an abbreviated fascia on the dorsal half. Beyond is a broad.shining gray fascia, divided vertically by a fine line of brown, and on upper half of wing each side is subdivided by a brown line from costa ; its outer edge is slightly convex between costa and fold, widening below fold to dorsum, which it reaches just before anal angle. Beyond is a narrow fascia of brown, beginning as a line from costa and ending at anal angle, where it is half the width of the preceding gray fascia, and of about equal width to a gray fascia which follows it; the latter begins as a geminate spot on outer third of costa, it is slightly constricted at upper third ; the ground colour on either side of its lower half contains a few black scales. Following is a broad brown spot on costa, diminishing to a line below middle and ending in lower third of termen. Before the apex is a broad gray costal spot, which curves into termen below apex, on its lower edge it connects with a gray spot in the ocellic area. The apical spot is brown, and a streak of the same colour runs before termen to anal angle. Cilia dark gray, with a darker basal line, which is followed by a thin whitish line. Hind wing light grayish-brown, cilia whitish, with a darker line near base ; under side the same. Under side fore wing smoky-black, gray below fold. Expanse, 8-11 mm. Twenty specimens: Essex Co. Park and Watchung Mountains, Essex and Passaic Counties, New Jersey, April 20 to May 15. Eucosma domonana, sp. nov. Head, palpi, thorax and antenna light cinereous-gray ; abdomen beneath and anal tuft samé colour, above leaden-gray ; legs ringed and dusted with bronzy-brown. Fore wing bronzy-brown, finely speckled with whitish-yellow ; the few spots and fascia are of the ground colour, with the whitish scales absent. There is a dark spot between fold and dorsum before middle; a narrow dark fascia from middle of costa to anal angle, three dark costal spots between the fascia and a dark spot in apex; between each two of the costal spots is a yellowish-white geminate dash. ‘The terminal line is & 80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. black, bordered by a broader brown streak below the middle; the terminal line is cut by two white dashes below apex ; there are two similar whitish dashes, one above and one below the anal angle, but they do not cut through the terminal line. Between the inner dark spot and the fascia, in the lower half of wing, the whitish specks are somewhat thickened, making a paler middle dorsal patch. Cilia dark gray, paler at base. Hind wing smoky-brown, cilia same, with a paler line at base; under side both wings the same, with whitish costal dashes repeated on upper wing. Expanse, 11-12 mm. Two specimens, Framingham, Mass., June ro, C. A. Frost. Lucosma zomonana, sp. nov. Head and palpi -cinereous-brown ; antenna grayish-white ; thorax cinereous-brown, whitish on posterior end and patagia ; abdomen grayish- brown, anal tuft yellowish; legs gray, thickly dusted and banded with brown. Fore wing shining gray, with an outwardly oblique dark brown fascia from inner third of dorsum to middle of wing, a long, outwardly convex brown fascia from between inner third and middle of costa to anal angle ; the lower half is much darker than the upper; a brown shade from end of cell into apex, flatly triangular, the points being at end of cell and apex and the flattened base uppermost ; the inner end sometimes connects with the dark spot of the dark fascia ; this shade and the dark spot define inwardly and above a shining whitish-gray ocellic spot, in the middle of which are two or. three horizontal dark brown lines. From outer third of costa are several shining whitish-gray oblique streaks; in the lightest specimens the streak before the apex cuts through the dark shade. ‘The termen is bordered by a whitish-gray fascia. Cilia paler, shining gray. Hind wing smoky-gray, cilia lighter, preceded by a darker basal line; under side the same ; under side fore wing darker. Expanse, 11-15 mm. Five specimens : New Brighton, Beaver Co., Penna., May 22 to June 6, and Aug. 23 to Sept. 14, F. A. Merrick. One of these specimens was identified at the U. S. National Museum, for Mr. Merrick, as £. abbreviatana, Wism., and one as &. solicitana, Walk., but they do not resemble either of these species. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 81 Epinotia Watchungana, sp. nov. Head blackish-brown on sides and face, whitish-gray on top ; palpi whitish-gray, streaked with blackish-brown outside above, and speckled with same colour below ; apical joint black outside, with a grayish bloom within ; antenna brownish-gray ; thorax mottled whitish-gray and blackish- brown ; the base of patagia is dark anda dark spot before the whitish end of posterior tuft, a fine dark median line ; thorax light brown, with over- lapping rings of whitish scales ; legs whitish, banded and dusted with bronzy-black. Fore wing mottled light fuscous gray and black, the latter partly of a brownish tinge. The most conspicuous mark is the ocellus, which is large; rounded, and occupies the lower two-thirds of the outer fourth; it is grayish-white, vertical side bars shining, and is crossed by four or five horizontal short black lines. Below the apex on costa is a V-shaped whitish mark that connects with a geminate whitish dash in termen and cilia below apex, below costa this mark is shining ; it encloses a rounded pale brown, overlaid with fine black lines, apical spot. The costa from base to apex is marked with black and whitish spots and dashes, usually geminate ; from a larger one beyond the middle a black line runs beneath the outer costal spots, turning down below apex and merging in a pale brown streak, overlaid with fine black lines, that lies between upper edge of ocellus and termen. On the middle of dorsum there is an oblique whitish patch reaching above fold, but not to middle ; it is streaked with darker lines. Before this is a strong black shade, which on inner side obscurely connects with a circle of black scales on lower half of wing close to base. The extreme dorsal edge is gray, dotted with black. A brownish streak runs from outer third of costa to anal angle. Cilia at apex whitish, below the geminate dashes gray finely speckled with black. Hind wing whitish except around apex and termen, dark gray, cilia white, with a darker line near base ; under side whitish, with a few dark specks along costa. Under side fore wing smoky-brown, with costal spots and ciliate dashes repeated. Expanse, 12-16 mm. Thirty-five specimens, nearly all from Watchung Hills, Essex Co., N. J., April 21 to May 8 ; Gloucester Co., N. J., April 30, F. Haimbach ; Grimsby, Ont., J. Pettit; New Brighton, Pa, Mar. 22-April 18, F. A. Merrick ; Cincinnati, Ohio, April 22, Miss Braun. Co-type in U. S. Natl. Mus, $2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ZTortrix Baboquavariana, sp. nov. Head, palpi, antenna and thorax shades of ochreous-brown and yellowish-ochreous; abdomen grayish-fuscous above, pale ochreous on side’ and anal tuft ; legs pale ochreous. Fore wing light yellowish ochreous, somewhat shining and with a slight pinkish tinge; marked with well-defined ochreous-brown spots and narrow fascize; these are usually edged with darker brown, and occur as follows: A crescentiform fascia from lower half of base to above middle of wing, extending outward to inner fourth. A narrow diminishing fascia from middle of costa obliquely outward towards lower side of termen, but at lower quarter turning downward and reaching dorsum before anal angle. On the middle of dorsum is a large rounded spot, reaching nearly to middle of wing ; in some specimens a spur from its upper end connects with the angle of the fascia. From costa before apex a fascia, slightly curving inward, ends at lower third of termen. The inner fourth of costa is shaded with dark brown, and a spot of same colour occurs in second quarter, also a dot of the same colour between the two fascia. There are a few dark scales before the apex. Cilia concolorous, dotted with brown. Hind wing olivaceous-fuscous, with a fine yellowish terminal] line, whitish above cell, cilia grayish-white; under side grayish-white; under side fore wing darker gray, with spots faintly repeated, cilia light ochreous. Expanse, 9-10 mm. ; Four specimens: Baboquavaria Mts., Pima Co., Arizona, July 15-30, 1903, collected by O. C. Poling. Lortrix lomonana, sp. nov. Head smoky-brown, antenna base black; palpi smoky-brown outside, cream colour inside, apical joint black ; antenna yellowish-white ; thorax black, transversely streaked with white; abdomen and legs light ochreous, latter banded with blackish-brown. Fore wing: Basal area and a large median costal spot dark fuscous, dotted with black, gray and whitish scales; an oblique middle fascia and large ovate terminal spot white. The outer edge of basal area starts at inner fourth of costa, proceeds obliquely outward to middle of wing, then nearly straight to dorsal margin between inner third and middle; the edge is very finely dentate. The outer dark spot is roughly triangular, on costa it extends from middle to outer seventh ; its inner edge is parallel with upper half of basal edge ; its lower point is about one-fifth above dorsum and nearly opposite anal angle; the outer edge curves inward at middle THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83 of wing, and the spot is crossed by a line of ochreous-yellow, over which are a few black scales. The upper half of the middle white fascia is rather heavily reticulated with fuscous and dirty white, the former colour starting as three streaks from costa. The outer white patch connects the fascia below the triangular dark spot ; it is marked with a few black dots on dorsum, anda streak of faint yellowish scales before the termen. There is a black terminal line, cut by two white dashes below apex, that ends above anal angle. Cilii white, outwardly tipped with fuscous. Hind wing whitish, reticulated with very light fuscous ; under side the same. Under side fore wing smoky-black, paler on costa and dotted with black. Expanse, 18-19 mm. Two specimens, Victoria, B. C., Oct. 2, Dr. Wm. Barnes s collection, received through U. S. Natl. Mus. One co-type returned to Natl. Mus. Phalonia romonana, sp. nov. Head bleached straw-yellow, faintly darker on sides; palpi same colour, shaded with light brown outside; antenna light gray-fuscous ; thorax a shade darker than head ; abdomen dark gray, anal tuft tipped with yellowish ; legs bleached straw, shaded with blackish-brown. Fore wing ; an inner and outer fascia of shining light pinkish-yellow ; a basal patch, central fascia and terminal fascia of dull olivaceous-ochreous. The basal patch extends to inner fifth on costa and dorsum, its edge is irregular but nearly straight, close to base it is overlaid with shining scales. The four fasciz beyond it are of nearly equal width and nearly parallel edges ; the divisional lines are oblique from costa inward, and curved outwardly below costa. There is a conspicuous patch of black scales from end of cell at middle, along outer edge of middle fascia to below fold, with a line of black across fascia, in fold. Beyond this black patch a streak of the dull colour crosses the outer shining fascia, obliquely to anal angle. The dorsal margin is dotted with black between inner fourth and outer fifth. The inner third of costal edge is black, also above the middle fascia, and with two black dots above the outer fascia ; there are one or two black dots before termen in middle of wing. The terminal dull fascia is outwardly streaked with shining lines. Cilia concolorous, shining. Hind wing purplish-gray, cilia whitish ; under side paler gray, lightly reticulated with darker lines below costa and before termen. Under side fore wing dark purplish-gray, spotted with dull ochreous on costa, cilia dull ochreous, divided by a broad purplish line. Expanse, 7.5-I1 mm. 84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Thirty specimens: Essex Co., Park, N. J., August 13 to Sept. 17, Light Trap ; Chicago, Ill., Sept., J. H. Reading ; Aweme, Manitoba, July 5, Norman Criddle ; Plummer’s Island, Md., August, A. Busck. Co-type in U. S. Natl. Mus. Phalonia nomonana, sp. nov. Head and palpi dirty white, latter brownish outside ; thorax gray and brownish-black ; antenna fuscous, basal joint blackish-brown ; abdomen and legs yellowish-white, latter heavily powdered with leaden-black. Fore wing shining brownish-gray. There is a broad central semi-fascia, with parallel edges from inner third of dorsum to upper edge of cell, out- wardly oblique, and indented on upper edge outside, colour blackish- brown. This is the only conspicuous mark on the wing. ‘The costa from base to outer third is a darker shade and closely dotted with black ; between outer fifth and apex are three or four darker dots. The dorsum is dotted with small blackish spots. There is an obscure streak of reddish- brown from beyond middle of cell to anal angle. There is a blackish narrow terminal line, with a few dark dots before it in the middle of wing. Cilia concolorous, divided by a darker middle line. Hind wing shining light gray, cilia same, with a darker line near base; under side the same, lightly reticulated before apex. Under side fore wing shining smoky-black. Expanse, 15 mm. One ¢ specimen, Carmel, California, April, A. H. Vachell. Hysterosta homonana, sp. nov. Head, palpi, thorax and antenna cream-white, outside of palpi, base and upper side of antenna brown. Abdomen and legs light cinereous, latter shaded with brown. Fore wing: Male costal fold brown ; balance of wing creamy-yellow, very sparsely dotted with light brown, and strigulated in outer third with shining white ; between these lines the ground colour is a shade darker than on inner half of wing. A purplish-black dot in middle of wing at end of cell. Cilia concolorous. In several specimens the light brown specks are entirely wanting, the wing is immaculate except the brown costal fold, the discal dot and the shining strigulation beyond cell. Hind wing very light yellowish white, lightly strigulated in some specimens ; under side the same. Under side fore wing smoky-brown, costal edge and cilia light ochreous. Expanse, 19-23 mm. Twenty-three specimens, Verdi, Nev., June, all collected by Arthur H. Vachell. (To be continued.) CHE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85 PRACTICAL AND POPULAR ENTOMOLOGY.—NO. 109. How INSECTS ARE DISTRIBUTED. BY L. CAESAR, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. We are all aware that there are many insects in our country to-day that were unknown here a few years ago. Even middle-aged men and women of our farming community can well remember the time when there were no Colorado beetles (potato bugs), no cabbage butterflies, no pea weevils, and no San José Scale to worry their minds. The fact is that the majority of our worst insect pests are not native, but have been intro- duced either from Europe or the United States, many of the latter coming originally from European or other foreign sources. The following very incomplete list of imported insects will make this point clear: Codling moth, cabbage butterfly, currant worm, Hessian fly, wheat midge, clover weevil, both kinds of asparagus beetles, Colorado beetle, horn fly, Buffalo carpet beetle, house cockroach, most of our plant lice or aphides, white fly, oyster-shell arfd San José scales, and most of our granary pests and meal worms, as they are commonly called. Of these injurious insects more than three-quarters have come to us from Europe through the United States, though one of the worst, the San José Scale, has been traced back to China. But even in the case of the European importations, it s probable that many of them had their original home in the still earlier civilized portion of the continents of Asia and Africa, whence they spread to Europe and now have come to us. How, then, has this world-wide distribution of insects been brought about? To answer this fully is impossible, but some of the chief means have been observed. ‘There is no doubt that trans-oceanic insects have been brought to us through the channel of commerce. On _ nursery stock, especially before the days of compulsory fumigation, were carried from country to country, scale insects, Aphides (both in’ the egg and in later stages), borers and other orchard insects or their eggs. On green- house plants were carried the particular insects that trouble the floricul- turist, such as the red spider, mealy bugs, different kinds of Aphides, thrips, etc. In grain and various kinds of seeds and nuts, and in flour or meal, came the various granary and meal pests. On cattle, swine and sheep were brought the different kinds of flies, lice and ticks that infest these animals. In packed fruit were brought the eggs, larvae, cocoons or adults of many of the fruit-destroying or other pests that frequent the March, 1g07. 86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. orchards where the fruit was packed. In trunks, clothing, etc., were brought house-infesting insects. In fact, whatever insect attacked any particular kind of commodity was almost certain, sooner or later, to be transported with that commodity. We should also remember that ships anchoyed in a harbour during the time of unloading and loading their carge form a natural alighting place for the numerous insects that fly around in the air, especially in the warm days and nights of spring and early sum- mer, when the mating season for many is at its height. It is natural to suppose, therefore, that not a few such insects would conceal themselves on board and be carried abroad. Having thus shown how commerce can convey insects across the ocean, from land to land, let us next consider how we are to account for their wide and rapid spread in any country to which they may chance to have been brought and to have gained a foothold. We shall first mention some ways in which this is done, independ- ently of man’s agency. The first way that would naturally suggest itself is by means of their own powers of locomotion ; that is, by flying or crawling from place to place. But in the case of scale insects, which only move about for a day or two in all, and in that time can only traverse a few feet, their spread would be very slow indeed, if they had to trust solely to their own legs to convey them from, place to place. Observa- tions have been made, however, which prove that they attach themselves to the bodies of other insects, such as beetles and black ants, and also to the feet and legs of birds, and by these are carried from one tree to another. ‘This would seem the natural explanation of finding, as some of us have, oyster-shell scale on such trees as the red osier dogwood haifa mile away from any other infested tree. A third method of distribution is by means of winds and storms. Gentle and constant winds ‘are of great assistance to insects in enabling them to scent their food at long distances, and, in corroboration of this, it has been observed that they come to their food, in most cases, against the wind. Likewise, a light breeze aids the male insect, by his wonderful sense of smell, to find the female, and thus render the increase of the species more certain. On the other hand, strong witds have often been known to convey such insects as butterflies and moths long distances. Examples of this are the encountering by ships of swarms of butterflies far out at sea, whither they had been driven by the violence ‘of the wind, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 87 and the discovery in Ontario, after three or four days of a strong, steady, southerly wind, of moths, such as the cotton moth, that breed only in the Southern States. Winds, too, often blow young scale insects from the topmost branches of one tree to those of another, or break off infested twigs and leaves and scatter them throughout the orchard. It is worth noting. in this connection, that the strongest and most frequent winds are from the south-west. This fact, to some extent, explains the direction of the spread of our worst insects. It has been observed that, if the San José Scale gets established in the south-west side of an orchard, it will spread over the whole orchard much more rapidly than if it has to begin at the north side and work south. Closely connected with the action of winds is that of rain storms. These wash many insects from wherever they may happen to be exposed to their fury, and sweep them along, either by themselves or on whatever floating material they may be able to attach themselves to, for long dis- tances in the overflowing rivers and streams, to be cast up at last, still alive in many cases, here and there along the shore. Some German entomologists, who have made observations on the subject, tell us that the calm, sultry period just before a thunderstorm has a peculiar effect upon insects, causing a strange, nervous sort of activity, and drawing forth from their: concealment both sexes. They say, more- over, that Aphides have been observed, during a violent thunderstorm, to crawl to the crown of a plant, and, at the proper moment, launch them- selves headlong into the vortex of the storm, to be whirled along possibly for miles. But, even though these different natural means will account for a gradual and continuous spread of insects, they are far from being the oniy or even the chief means of distribution. Just as we found that the intro- duction of transoceanic insects must be attributed to commerce, so also to commerce we must attribute the main part in the rapid spread of insects on land. Of all the kinds of commerce that have been responsible for the carrying of insect pests from place to place, that in nursery stock has been the chief in the past, before the Government passed a law requiring that such stock should be thoroughly fumigated and disinfected before dis- tribution. It is to nursery stock that we can trace most of the rapid 88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. spread of the oyster-shell, San José and other kinds of scale insects, also of many kinds of Aphides, some borers, and not a few of the other sorts of orchard-infesting insects. Greenhouses must be held largely responsible for the spread of many small pests, such as the red spider, mealy bug, and Aphides which attack house plants especially. ‘The greenhouse men get these insects on stock received from different sources, and then, by retailing their plants to their numerous patrons, they distribute these troublesome creatures to almost every home in the country. As examples of how easy it is to introduce such insects, and how difficult to get rid of them, may be mentioned the introduction of the chrysanthemum black Aphides, and of the white fly at the Agricultural College, Guelph. Up to three years ago there were no chrysanthemum black Aphides here, but, about that time, Prof. Hunt re- ceived some cuttings from one of the United States greenhouses» He ex. amined the cuttings for insects, but so carefully had they concealed them- selves, from some cause or other, that he saw none, and supposed the plants free from anything of this sort. A couple of days afterwards, how- ever, when he happened to look at the chrysanthemums he saw many of the black Aphides on them, and, in spite of all his efforts to get rid of the pests, he has hitherto failed to do so. In the case of the white fly, a man living at some distance from Guelph, when on a visit to the college, brought along some leaves of cucumbers to* find out what was injuring them. When the Professor had partly opened the parcel, he observed a few tiny insects fly out. He at once closed it tightly and sought to cap- ture the culprits, but in vain. These few escaped individuals have been the progenitors of the numerous white flies that infest many plants around the college greenhouse. Such are merely two examples of many similar ones that every floriculturist could give from his own experience. Another extensive means of distributing insects is by shipments of fruit. In these times of cold storage and rapid transit, fruit can be con- veyed across the continent in a very few days, and whatever insects are to be found in it will have a good chance to arrive at their destination unin- jured. Anyone who has ever packed apples knows how impossible it is to prevent at least a few of those infested by codling moth larve or other insects being sent in each shipment. The fact is that there is always a possibility of some individuals, of whatever species of insects infest the orchard, getting into the fruit boxes or barrels and escaping uninjured THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 89 when the shipments reach their journey’send. ‘This is doubtless the chief means of the distribution of the codling moth which has been so destruc- tive this sunimer. The larve of these, being inside the shipped apples or pears, work their way out from cocoons in the corners or crevices of the boxes or barrels, and, when the fruit has been distributed, these are over- looked and so have a chance to come to maturity, and to emerge in due time and establish themselves in the neighbouring orchards. Every farmer knows how easy it is to ship pea weevils in seed peas, and so will readily understand that all beetles or moths that infest grain of any sort, flour or meal could easily be distributed in a similar way. That this is the chief means of the wide spreading of such insects there is no doubt. In connection with commerce, we might also mention, in passing, that it is very probable that great international exhibitions, such as those held in Chicago and Paris, are important factors in the spread of insects, but that any very serious pest has been introduced in this way does not seem to have been proved. Provincial and other exhibitions or fairs also act as distributors, but on a much more limited scale. Sufficient has now been said to show how very important commerce is as a means of insect distribution. There still remain a few factors that require to be taken into consideration. If we think over the question we shall find it but natural that in a new couniry like Canada or the United States, where much land is being brought under cultivation for the first time each year, insect spread should be more noticeable than in older countries, where there are no virgin lands to break up. By this opening up of new districts the balance be- tween insect and plant life is broken. The plants that the insects lived upon are destroyed, and, consequently, the latter are forced to adapt themselves, wherever possible, to the new sources of food provided by the farmer’s crops, usually, of course, attacking plants of the same order as those which they had been accustomed to feed upon. Thus a once harm- less insect has gradually, or even suddenly in a few cases, changed into an injurious one. This is what happened in the case of the Colorado beetle. It has, moreover, been found that foreign insects brought into North America become, in most cases, more destructive, and increase more rapidly, than in their native land. There are probably several reasons for this. In the first place, the climate of much of this continent is very © favourable to insects. In the second place, our plants, when first attacked 90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. by imported insects, have not had time to acquire that degree of immunity which nature has enabled them gradually to acquire against older and familiar foes ; consequently they become an easier prey to these new enemies. In the last place, the parasites and other predaceous insects that kept these pests in control in their native land very often fail to be introduced along with their hosts. We shall pass on now to the last pirt of our subject, namely, the intentional introduction by man of beneficial insects to help him in_ his struggle against the injurious ones. The subject of parasitic insects is attracting a great deal of attention to-day, but is by no means a new sub- ject. We find that fora good many years efforts have been made by entomologists to discover what were the particular parasites that con- trolled destructive insects in their native countries, and to introduce such parasites to keep in check these same insects when imported. In this way ever year new species of parasites are brought from Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Asia and Africa, to the United States, and wce versa. Though most of these have disappointed the too sanguine expectations of their importers, yet several have proved of great service. Of these, two stand out pre-eminently, namely, Vedalia cardinalis and Scutellista cyanea. The former is a species of ladybird beetle introduced from Australia to combat the white scale that was destroying the orange trees of California, the latter is an insect from South Africa meant to combat the black scale. Both have worked wonders in controlling the ravages of these respective pests. We have, of course, in our own country, many native species of parasites or predaceous insects, such as several kinds of ladybird beetles, Ichneumon flies, Aphis lions, etc. These are distributed throughout the country, either along with their host insects, or in similar ways to those mentioned above. Though this subject of insect distribution is far from being exhausted by what has been said, it is yet hoped that the different points dwelt upon may awaken a new interest in insects and the insect world among those who, though not trained entomologists, are yet lovers of nature in her different phases. It may interest such to mention that with the marvellous increase of commerce between all countries of the globe, and the bring- ing of continent into close contact with continent, by the ever-increasing speed of ocean vessels, the time appears to be rapidly approaching when practically all insects will, so far as climate will permit, become cos- mopolitan. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9] A REVIEW OF OUR GEOMETRID CLASSIFICATION.—No. 3. RICHARD F. PEARSALL, BROOKLYN, N. Y. The endeavour to place our species under genera based upon structural characters, easily observed, yet possessing stability, has resolved itself into an extensive study and rearrangement of the species themselves, especially of the type forms, which in a number of cases are found to differ from the generic requirements, I need not rehearse here the opinions set forth by Mr. Meyrick, Dr. Hulst and others as to the pro- priety of using certain characters, whether sexual or not, in defining genera. I have simply, through my own investigations, sought to deter- mine upon the value of those which in our fauna I have tested and found to be reliable, and these I intend to use in future descriptive work, dividing them into daséc and auxiliary groups. Basic GROUP. In this group the characters do not vary as between individuals, except in rarely aberrant forms, which will be noted. The antenne. Vhey may be filiform, flattened (Q), compressed (7), unipectinate, bipectinate, serrate, lamellate, or dentate, and smocth, ciliate, fasciculate, or spinose. They generaily differ between sexes of the same species. The palpi vary in length of joints often between sexes of the same species, but not between individuals of the same sex. Their position is not given, since it is not always natural after death. The comparative terms used to describe them may be thus limited as nearly as is possible : Short, when looking downward vertically their tips are not, or are just visible beyond the front. Moderate, when they project beyond the front equal to the width of it between the orbits. Long, when they exceed that limit. The frontal tubercles and tufts. The tongue. The claws on fore tibia. : Veins 5 and 8 of hind wings, the former by its presence or absence, the latter by its connection with or separation from the discal cell, are important divisors of families, as well as genera. March, 1907. 92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. The frenulum. The tibial spurs. The hair pencil on hind tibize of male. Dr. Hulst used this asa reliable factor, and my experience fully warrants the value he placed upon it. AUXILIARY GROUP. The characters here classed are not to be wholly relied upon. Many of them will be used as useful aids, but will be omitted where found too unstable. The tufts of thorax, abdomen, and patagia, chiefly because of their liability to removal by abrasion. The same might seem applicable to the hair pencil, but in only one genus (Epimecis) have I had aty difficulty with it. Venation (except veins 5 and 8 of hind wings). The foveal gland beneath wings. In some Ennomine it is well developed, in others difficult of detection, or absent, and thus falls without the pale of fixed characters, but is useful in defining certain genera. The accessory cell. The extensive use which has been made of the accessory cell by Dr. Hulst in the separation of Geometrid genera, fol- lowing the assertion of Mr. Meyrick that it was an invariable structure, seems not to be warranted, at least so far as the American fauna is concerned. Selecting species in which I have considerable material, I give the result of an investigation, which it was not necessary to extend because here is enough evidence to effectually debar its future use. Of Cladara atroliturata, \Valk., which, according to Hulst, should have two ace’y cells, out of 58 examples tested, 56 were normal and fo had only one cell. Of Wyctobia fimitaria, Walk., 158 examples divided as follows: 28 had one cell, 21 had ove ceil in one wing and /¢wo in the other, while 109 were normal. Of TZephroclystia latipennis, Hulst, with one acc’y cell, 16 examples separated thus: g with ome cell, 7 with fwo cells. Here the anomaly is shown, viz.: 9 specimens with one cell would go into the genus Zephroclystia, while the other 7 of the same species would fall into Hucymatoge, an impossible situation, hence I have abandoned its use almost entrely, and by so doing it becomes imperative that there be a rearrangement of the genera and species of Hydriomenine. (To be continued. ) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93 NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. BY WM. BARNES, S.B.,_M.D., DECATUR, ILLINOIS. (Continued from page 68.) Grotella calora, 0. sp. Beneath, fore wing quite uniformly fuscous. A small obscure blotch on costa before apex. Hind wing smoky, paler inwardly, centre dark. Mesial band common to both wings. Pale discal mark on hind wing. Face brownish. Head and thorax white. Abdomen concolorous with hind wing. Types Redington, Ariz. This species is much smaller than septempunctata, with outer row of spots farther out. These together with the dark secondaries will easily serve to distinguish it. The black points in this species are usually quite small and show a tendency to disappear. Specimens from Argus Mts., which I take to be the same species, show in some specimens an almost entire disappearance of the spots. Grotella sampita, n. sp.—Expanse, ¢ 22 mm., 9 24 mm. Fore wing chalky white, with black spot on costa at base, with a second one just below it. Black spot on costa at junction of inner and middle third, another one on inner margin opposite to it, a third in middle of wing, internal to the other two. Second row of black spots across wing at end of cell, the row being slightly outcurved and composed of four spots, one on costa, the second slightly below it, one on inner margin, the second slightly above it. This band begins at about the junction of middle and outer thirds of costa. A well-marked row of intervenular terminal black points. Fringe white. Secondaries pale fuscous, almost white along inner margin. Faint discal bar. Fringe white, with well. marked row of black points at base. Face black. Head and thorax white, the latter slightly creamy. Beneath, fore wings evenly fuscous. Fringe white with fuscous spots at base. Hind wing white, with distinct discal dot, with rather broad fuscous band along costa. Terminal fuscous broken line at base of fringe. Types gf and 9, Colorado and Southern Arizona. Grotella binda, n. sp.—Expanse, 2 24 mm., ~ 20 mm. Ground colour white, with very faint. yellowish tinge. Black dot on shoulder and one on costa at base. T. a. line represented by a row of March, 1907. 94 THE CANADIAN ENTUMOLOGIST. black spots, irregular in size and shape, usually about four in number, the one on costa somewhat larger than the others, the third one club shaped. A spot on costa in middle of wing and one at end of cell. T. p. line represented by a row of spots, irregular in shape and size, outwardly curved beyond cell, thence somewhat inwardly curved to inner margin. The spot on costa is considerably larger than the others and close to it on outer side is another similar in shape and size, with some black scales below it. A well-defined black terminal band evenly and neatly cut by pale at end of veins. Fringe slightly darkened. Hind wing soiled whitish fuscous towards apex, narrowing out as it approaches inner margin. In the female the whole wing is slightly darkened with fuscous. Fringe white. Beneath, fore wing yellowish fuscous, white along inner margin, narrowly yellowish along costal edge. Yellowish patch at apex, followed by a rather narrow yellowish subterminal band. ‘Terminal black band as above, cut with yellow. Hind wing white, with broad even yellow band along costal edge. Face slightly yellowish. Head and thorax whitish. Type ¢ and 9, Santa Catalina and Chiricahua Mts., Ariz. Stibadium olvello, n. sp.— 9. Expanse 28 mm. Fore wing, light and dark shades of olive brown, the median portion of wing darker, the costal and beyond s. t. line paler. The usual preapical triangular patch of the same shade as the median portion of wing. ‘Three silvery white marks, as follows: first, a small spot at inner portion below costa, second, a large subquadrangular patch just beyond that in centre of wing, with a small sharp inward projection at the inner side. The patch occupies about one-half the width of the wing at the inner third. The third patch is external to and above the second at the end of cell, is crescentic in shape, with the concavity upwards. S. t. line rather paler than ground color, with rather sharp angular curve beyond cell, thence quite even to inner margin, following line of outer margin. Fringe concolorous with a slightly darker basal and somewhat lighter mesial band. Hind wing white, with a very faint yellowish tinge and slightly shaded with olivaceous along outer margin. Fringe concolorous with basal portion. A very slight trace of discal bar. Beneath, fore wing darker centrally, slightly paler along costal, external and inner margins. Fringe darker. The silvery spots from above are indicated as paler patches beneath. The hollow of the crescent being filied with darker scales than any other portion of the wing. Hind THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95 wing pale, slightly stained along inner and outer margins. Head, coliar and thorax concolorous with fore wing. Abdomen more yellowish. Type one 9, Southern New Mexico, September rst, from Mr. Poling. flustodonta amado, 1. sp.—Expanse 25 mm. Ground colour grayish brown, with a slight violaceous tinge, shadings from dark yellowish brown to brassy yellow. Krom Mexia, lex., 1-9, Sept. 20; 1905; bred from Lrachytarsus in heads of Sideranthus rubiginosus. Type number roogo, U.S. Nat. Mus. Urosigalphus anthonomi, ». sp.—§. Black, shiny ; legs red, thinly clothed with inconspicuous white hairs ; antennz and mandibles reddish, the antenne 14-jointed, reaching to base of abdomen ; antennal grooves very short ; between antenne the grooves distinctly carinated at edge, the outer edges not with distinct carine ; inter-ocellar area elevated to a truncate pyramid, the ocelli at the bases of the sides, face with strong close punctures, behind ocelli coarse ; median area of mesonotum rugose, not April, 1907 134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. so coarse anteriorly, lateral areas finely punctured ; scutellum elevated, rugose, posteriorly a narrow, smooth shining border ; truncation of meta- thorax rounded by a strong salient rim, elevated at centre dorsally, surface of truncature coarsely punctured ; base of metathorax with a few strong longitudinal rugeze and a median longitudinal carina joining the median elevation of salient rim; abdomen somewhat reddish toward base, rugose with coarse punctures, the intervening elevations forming longitudinal lines, especially in basal half ; apex of abdomen with two long sharp spines, ovipositor hardly as long as the abdomen. Length, 3% mm. Brownsville, Texas, Aug. 19, 1895, C. H. T. Townsend coll. ft .—Similar, the antennie longer, 14-jointed; no reddish on abdomen, carina of antennal grooves more distinct. Length, 34% mm. 1 O74 Brownsville, Texas, bred Sept. 20, 1906, W. D. Pierce. Type number too4r, U. S. Nat. Mus. Urosigalphus Schwarsi, n. sp.— ?. Black, shining, legs red, the - hind tibiz and tarsi reddish-fuscous, head and thorax covered with abundant short white pubescence ; face finely, rather closely punctured ; antennz dark, 14-jointed, obscurely reddish, reaching to base of metathorax; antennal grooves deep, reaching to posterior ocelli; a narrow shallow depression from centre of front to insertion of antennz, broadening upwardly, the edges of upper part subcarinate; above insertion of antenn these carine become the carinz of the inner edges of antennal grooves ; mesothorax except lateral areas coarsely rugoso-punctate; lateral areas medially smooth, very shiny, finely sparsely punctured, scutellum elevated, postscutellum with a small median V-shaped elevation, the point caudad ; truncation of metathorax coarsely punctured, the surrounding carine elevated at dorsal centre ; wings slightly dusky, costa and stigma very dark, rest of nervures brown ; radius obsolete beyond basal third of marginal cell; abdomen coarsely, closely punctured, basally the intervening surface forming distinct longitudinal ridges, apex of abdomen with two short blunt spines ; ovipositor about as long as abdomen. Length, 3 mm. ¢.—Similar to @ except in sexual characters ; antennz reaching one-third of distance to tip of abdomen, 14-jointed. Length, 3 mm. Five females, one male, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, E. A. Schwarz and H. S. Barber coll. Type number roo42, U.S. Nat. Mus. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 135 NEW ANTHIDIINE BEES FROM COLORADO. BY T. D, A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLO. Anthidium tenuiflora, n. sp. 2. Length about ro mm.; black, with pale pubescence, that on head and thorax above faintly yellowish; ventral scopa sepia-brown, except at the sides, where it is pale ; head with no pale markings, except a round cream-coloured spot above summit of each eye; mandibles 6-dentate, the third to fifth teeth smallest ; lower edge of clypeus crenu- late, with a tooth on each side, followed by a smaller one ; clypeus very densely punctured ; scape all dark ; thorax without light markings ; tegulze cream-coloured in front, and with a small light spot behind ; legs black, tibiz with a light spot at extreme base, and hind tibiae with more or less of a streak at apex; hair on inner side of hind tarsi coppery-red ; abdominal bands cream-colour, slightly interrupted in the middle, and broadly emarginate above laterally. g. About the same size; clypeus, lateral marks (extending a little above clypeus), and most of outer surface of mandibles, as well as a stripe on scape, cream-colour ; stripe on middle of anterior tibie and outer side of basal joint of all the tarsi cream-colour ; tubercles and scutellum wholly dark ; lateral apical lobes of abdomen broadly rounded, not curved inwards or pointed, their breadth about equal to the space between them and the central spine. Hab.— Boulder, Colo. (W. P. Cockerell); 1 3 June 12, 1905; 1 9 same date; 1 9 Aug. 8, 1906, at flowers of Psoralea tenuifora, Pursh. I had confused this with A. emarginatum, Say, to which it is very closely allied ; but it is easily distinguished by the colour of the scopa in the 9, and the dark tubercles and scutellum in the ¢. The general structure, venation, etc., agree with emarginatum. The real A. emargina- tum occurs at Ward, Colorado. Anthidium portere personulatum, n. sub-sp. 2. Clypeus entirely black; lateral face-marks small, oblong, not nearly filling space between clypeus and eye; lateral marks on meso- thorax rudimentary. 4. Ground colour of abdomen quite black ; apical lobes and spine entirely black ; yellow marks on scutellum smaller. ffab.—Boulder, Colo. (W. P. Cockerell); both sexes at flowers of Psoralea tenuiflora, Pursh., Aug. 8, 1906. The geniune 4. porter, Ckll., is common at Boulder, visiting Psoratea.tenuifiora and Grindelia. ‘The males mostly have the abdomen very red (var. amadi/e, Ckll.), but the females do not show this variation, April, 1907 136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Dianthidium Sayt, n. n. This is the Megachtle interrupta, Say, 1824; Anthidium interrup- tum (Say), Sm., but not 4. ‘aterruptum, Fabricius, of much earlier date.* It has been referred in recent years to 4. curvatum, Smith, but that is a species from Georgia, with the legs mainly yellow, whereas in Say they are red in both sexes. J. SayZ is not uncommon in Colorado, I have before me specimens from Trinidad, Colo., July 13, 1899 ( Zttus), and Boulder, the male, Aug. 7, 1906, at flowers of Grindelia ; the female Aug. 8, 1906, at flowers of Helianthus lenticularis (both coll. W. P. Cockerel/). In my original account of Dianthidium I cited D. curvatum as the type ; curvatum, Auctt. (not Smith) = Sayz, was intended. At Mesilla, New Mexico, Aug. 23, I took a female representing a new sub-species, D. Sayi xerophilum, in which the ferruginous colour has overspread practically all of the head and thorax, except the disc of mesothorax, and the abdomen above is bright yellow with narrow ferruginous bands, the basin of the first segment and most of the apical segment also ferruginous. There is a wedged-shaped black area below each antenna, and laterad of this a yellow suffusion. The legs are entirely red. A NOTE ON GENERIC TRANSFERS. In the December CANabIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, p. 415, Mr. Pearsall gives convincing reasons why the species of Za//egeda should be referred to Philopsia, but he does not provide the resulting names: PA7lopsia montanata (Packard) and Philopsia tabulata (Hulst). Similarly in the December Extomo/ogical News, p. 370, Stilpon Houghii is said to belong to Chersodromia, but the name Chersodromia Houghii (Mel.), is not written. Entomologists are so busy with other matters that it never occurs to them, in the majority of cases, to pay attention to little details of this sort; yet, when we have adopted more exact bibliographical methods, following the lead of the ornithologists and botanists, these omissions will be found to occasion a good deal of inconvenience. ‘Thus, the first citation of a particular binomial will often have to be from some incidental mention, instead of from the place where the reason for the transfer is given. I cannot doubt that entomologists generally will see the advantage of the precise methods advocated if they consider them a little. Of course, if the number of species involved is large, the transfer of a few of the best known will give the appropriate clue to the user of a bibliography. Incidentally, I may suggest that Dr. Williston (Can, Ent., Dec, p. 388) should have hesitated to print the names Stomoxiide, etc., even as awful examples, remembering Dr. Palmer’s solemn treatment of a similar venture of Rafinesque’s, in his recent index to the Genera of Mammals ! PLDSA.CocKERERL: ~~ *Nor Megachile interrupta, Spinola, 1806. ~I THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 15 NEW HISTORIES IN PAPAIPEMA (HYDROECIA). BY HENRY BIRD, RYE, N.Y. (Continued from Vol. XXXV, p. 94.) Just how far patient endeavours may go unrewarded without a complete despair attending, is often well brought out in entomological studies. The quest of such boring larve as the Noctuid genus Papaipema possess, gives us a good trial oftentimes, since their hidden whereabouts within some unexpected root or stem frequently leads one a merry chase indeed. Knowing, however, that a certain species has been apprehended in the moth state at a given locality, in the not too remote past, there is a reasonable assurance that somewhere here, in some unknown food-plant or underground root, there lurks the desired larva, no doubt in the goodly company of many others of its kind. To know this food-plant and to learn this habit are the questions which confront the seeker in Gortynid lore, and it is surprising how long we may look, and, for a fact, overlook such a species, the while a most critical search goes on for its apprehen- sion. Many years since an imago of Papaipema circumlucens was taken at Rye, and for the last decade an unremitting search has been made fora discovery of its larva. But fortune smiles at last, though the final meeting is so unexpected and commonplace withal, that it savours more of care- lessness than of success. A slight resume touching this species may now be admissible, since the literature has but few references toit. Prof. J. B. Smith, in a revision of the genus (1897), first accords to it specific rank. The few examples in collections at that time, together with several other species, stood in an aggregation under the rw/z/a label. His differentiation is based on well- detected grounds, and the larva, now that it has come to light, aids still further the individuality. A few other citations of catalogue or locality reference are all else that pertain to the species. The imago shows some slight colour variation, the one bred locally being that in which the tone is dull red-brown, the ordinary spots large and pure white ; a very noticeable white scale is situated at the base of the primary, this the more so as the basal area is concolorous and _ barely defined. In the other direction specimens become redder, or the lower median field of primaries may be strongly sprinkled with yellowish scales, giving a powdered effect. Its early history was unknown. In July, 1904, the few accessible Hop-vines in the locality were examined for the borings of Gortyna immanis, this well-known species April, 1907 138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. being desired in the larval state for comparisons both in the home and other collections. Investigations of the plant disclosed a fearful state of insect depredation, quite enough to discourage any attempt at rearing the Hop here on a large scale. The root was our objective point for camants, as by this date the young larve should have left the extremities of the vine and sought the more bulky root-stock for an abode. No larve are to be found, however, and attention turns to the other insect foes which are so sadly in evidence. Broods of coleopterous larvee, accompanied by their parents presumably, have the foliage half riddled, and later this work is complete. They were assisted by four different species of lepidopterous larve, and a tiny Micro soon takes up an abode at the blossoming end, feeding upon forming seed-vesicles. A long cylindrical gall on a main stalk, upon being opened, discloses a nest of wriggling, yellow maggots, the young of the true gall-fly doubtless, since the growth seems to have been so recently formed. Surely the local Hop has enough to contend against without zmmanis at hand to gnaw them off at the root, since this is one of its tricks, as chronicled by the economic writers, and there would be no chance for the vines at all if the latter occurred here plentifully. Not recalling that the Hop was listed as being given to any gall-maker, causes some attention to centre here. A number of the galls prove more tapering and of larger diameter than the one first opened, and one is seen to have the end gnawed out in a peculiarly suspicious manner. A_half- hearted search discloses a well-developed Gortynid larva, much discomfited at such reckless trespassing. And so this must be ¢mmanis, not working at the vine’s tip nor down by the root as we have been informed, but midway in a tidy gall, one which in no way interferes with the plant’s growth. Later on these larve are found to still cling to their comfortable galls, maturing there and producing no visible harm in the growth of the stalk. From which it would appear zmmanis has been. a much-maligned species at the hands of the economic writers. But this conclusion was hasty. Examples are secured for inflation, and a very few go on to pupz in the breeding cage. fs 35, P» 1622, 1866. reconditaria, “ States Ps E 123010: 790, LOOK, [P. alabastraria, a noctuid, drops from lists. | var. 5. relevata | fig. by Gn., Pl. 12, fig. 3, var. A], nov. var. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143 EUCHC:CA AGAIN. In my last paper listing these species, I contended that exiumata, Pears., being a valid species, the name should stand. Recently, in studying the types of Tephroclystia in the Hulst collection at New Bruns- wick, N. J., 1 made the unpleasant discovery that the type of txzornata, Hulst, isa worn specimen of Euchaca exhumata, Pears, My name must, therefore, give place to that of Eucheca inornata, Hulst, with exhumata, Pears., as its synonym. R. F. Pearsatt, Brooklyn, N. Y. GALL GNATS OR CECIDOMYIIDZ. The Gall Gnats or Cecidomyiide are best known on account of the ravages of certain species, such as the Hessian fly, wheat midge, pear midge, and others. ‘These relatively few species have inflicted enormous losses upon American agriculture in the last century. Representatives of this family present many interesting morphological variations, and possess marked differences in habits. There must be a very large number of species in America, as a recently-issued catalogue of Diptera lists over 750 European species referable to some 87 genera. We already have in our collections in the vicinity of 500 species of these small flies, and it would not be surprising were this number largely increased as a result of further collecting. The members of this family are all small, ranging in size from about .5 cm. to.5 mm, or even less. ‘These insects have but few veins 2s Ls lic. 6.—Typical Cecidomyiid Wings: 1, Campylomyza } 2, Lasioptera; 3, Mayetiola; 4, Porricondyla. (fig. G) ; the costal vein is continued along the posterior border of the wing, and is almost always narrower than the anterior border, while the April, 1907 144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. tibiz are unarmed. ‘The antenne have from six to twenty-eight segments. Members of this group have a characteristic appearance, which, once recognized, enables one to easily separate most of the species from allied forms. ‘The adults are usually yellowish or reddish, though some of the species are dark brown or even black. Representatives of this family may be found at almost all seasons of the year, and in nearly every conceivable place. Some breed in decaying wood or under bark, others subsist upon low plant forms, such ‘as fungi and lichens, some upon decaying vegetable matter, while a number of our better known species produce the familiar vegetable deformities so frequently associated with this family. Gathering the galls at the time when the insects are nearly ready to transform, often results in obtaining excellent specimens, though special collecting from various food-plants has proved far more prolific in species, but this latter method does not permit the definite association of the insect with its food-plant. Certain species appear to be closely limited to one plant, while others are capable of subsisting upon a variety. Some forms require an entire year to complete the life cycle, and others may produce several generations in a season. Field collecting is most successful in sheltered spots, or when there is comparatively little wind, and is apt to be more productive a day or two after a rain. We have found a window in an open shed a very satisfactory collecting place, provided it was kept free from cobwebs, and have succeeded in taking 10 species therefrom in as many minutes. We have undertaken a serious study of this interesting group, and it is desired to enlist the co-operation of all interested in the advancement of science, as we wish to secure specimens from different sections of the country, in order that our studies may more adequately represent the American fauna. Adults may be taken in a close net, and from this trans- ferred to a cyanide bottle, in the bottom of which there is a loose wad of absorbent cotton so that the insects will not shake around ; they should then be put into either pill boxes containing absorbent cotton or placed in small vials with 50 per cent. alcohol. The latter should be filled with fluid, or, better still, a small amount of cotton may be inserted so that the insects can not float about, and in this way lose the terminal segments of the appendages. E. P. FELT, State Entomologist, Albany, N. Y. Mailed April 5th, 1907. CANT ENip es VOL xXxOoO IG INCISALIA AUGUSTUS—CHRYSALIS. (DORSAL, LATERAL AND VENTRAL ASPECTS.) Whe wanadiay Entomologist VoL. XXXIX. LONDON, MAY, 1907. eNOS: STUDIES IN THE GENUS INCISALIA. BY JOHN H. COOK, ALBANY, N. Y. IncIsaL1a AuGustus (continued from Vol. XXXVIII, p. 217, July, 1906). An Error Corrected.—In 1878 Henry Edwards! described the mature larva and chrysalis of /wcisal/ta troides as follows: “ Fam. Lycenide. “* Thecla irtoides (sic). * Larva, full-grown: Carmine-red, covered with very short hair, each segment involute above, with deep double fovere. Length, 0.50 inch. “Chrysalis: Pitchy-brown, covered with very short bristly hair, swollen about the abdomen and much narrowed toward the head. Spiracles tuberculate. Wing-cases paler. Length, 0.40 inch.” The larve from which the above description was drawn were “ taken near Summit Station, Sierra Nevada, July 12, 1877.” Scudder, who recognized zvoides merely as a geographical variety of augustus,’ applied Edwards’s descriptions to the latter species.» No one hitherto appears to have questioned the propriety of this procedure, and the error has been repeated in all subsequent literature dealing with these butterflies. Comstock,* evidently relying upon Scudder’s opinion con- cerning the value of the two forms, very naturally copies the mistake, and suggests that “it is quite possible that the larvee of this species (augustus ) in the east may have a different colour.” Holland’ also gives these descriptions as applying to augustus, and does not mention zro/des. Wright’ recognizes zrozdes as specifically distinct, but makes no mention of 1. Pacific Coast Lep. No. 27, ‘‘ Transformations of Some Species not Hitherto Recorded.” Proceedings of the Calif. Acad. of Sciences, June 17th, 1878. Butterflies of the Eastern U. S. and Canada, p. 844. . Ibid, p. 844. . How to Know the Butterflies, p. 232. . The Butterfly Book, p. 247. . Butterflies of the West Coast, p. 210. nun fw N 146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, the larval or pupal stages observed by Edwards. Dyar (U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. No. 52), Skinner (Synon. Cat. of the No. Am. Rhopalocera), and Smith, J. B. (List of Lep. of Boreal Am.) list zrozdes as a good species, and presumably regard it as such. On a basis of the colours exhibited by the imago one might hesitate to separate zroides from augustus, so unreliable is the character of the ornamentation as a criterion for distinguishing between nearly related forms, especially when separated geographically. But where constant differences in size and coloration are correlated with other morphological differences, and where the larvee are quite unlike in some particular, we are hardly justified in trying to explain the facts by assuming that both caterpillar and butterfly are subject to geographical variation, and that, despite the correlation between larval and imaginal characters within a - given area, the forms are specifically identical. Even were the early stages entirely unknown, it would still be of greater advantage to regard the forms as distinct until they had been conclusively proven the same, than to regard them as the same until some one accidentally stumbled upon the disproof. Troides is undoubtedly a good species, and ¢he early stages described by Edwards do not apply to augustus. Previous Paper.—In 1904 I pubiished,’ in conjunction with Mr. H. Cook, a brief discussion of the larva and chrysalis of awgustus, based upon a single specimen found on Vaccintum. The description of the mature larva there given was drawn from hasty notes made after a superficial examination during the evening of the day on which it was found, The examination was made with an ordinary reading glass, by gas light, and the notes were not referred to until the butterfly emerged. The descrip- tion is faulty in two points. It was stated that the general colour was bright yellowish-green, the only markings being a faint, darker, dorsal stripe and a very minute coral-red spot in the middle of each segment just above the lateral fold. ‘The ‘‘ minute spots” spoken of are the spiracles, and of course are not present on all the segments. Moreover, they are not ‘‘coral-red,” although they doubtless appeared so by contrast with the intense green surrounding them. It is further stated that the head was of a uniform light brown. This is also an error. The mandibles and labrum are indeed brown, but the ocellar fields are black, and the remainder of 7. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Vol. XXXVI, p. 136 (May, 1904). ae THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147 the head is nearly transparent, any colour which it may appear to have being due to the internal organs behind it. Larva at Birth.—Pale yellow, with four series of long, recurved colourless hairs, two laterodorsal and two substigmatal; a series of short, straight, dusky, backward-directed bristles accompanying the laterodorsal series. Spiracles brownish. Head dusky-yellow above, labrum and mandibles rich brown, ocellar fields black. Length, 1.24 mm. Breadth head, .19 mm. During the first instar the general appearance of the caterpillar alters but little. Being usually distended with food, the body appears to be nearly cylindrical, the segments smooth and rounded except for the sub- stigmatal fold. As the first moult approaches the colour becomes tinged with green. Second Stage.—Body onisciform, at first greenish-yellow, with a dusky dorsal stripe from the second thoracic to the eighth abdominal segment (in reality the dorsal blood vessel showing through the transparent skin) threaded by a light mediodorsal line extending to the seventh abdominal segment ; a lighter cloud on the top of the laterodorsal ridge and a similar though less pronounced one on the side of the substigmatal fold, on each segment excepting the first thoracic and last two abdominal. Covered with short red-brown pile. Thoracic shield and spiracles brownish, the posterior edge of the former darker. Head (.54 mm. broad—from exuviz) much as before. During this stage the body becomes gradually greener until it is about the colour of young lettuce—a rather bright yellow-green quite unlike the watery pea-green of zrus larvee. The lighter parts of the laterodorsal ridge and the substigmatal fold do not stand out sharply, but blend with the ground colour, and form vague longitudinal stripes. Similarly coloured spots appear faintly on the sides just above the spiracle line. Ultimate Stage.—Not differing from preceding stage at first. Later the colour deepens and becomes a vivid, intense green, with the following markings of a green-yellow : the slender mediodorsal line, broader latero- dorsal and substigmatal lines—interrupted by the incisures—much as before. In addition, a series of short oblique lateral dashes, one to a segment except the first thoracic and last abdominal, fainter and usually much reduced on the second and third thoracic and on the seventh, eighth and ninth abdominal segments, elsewhere meeting the laterodorsal marks anteriorly, thus forming acute angles directed forwards ; a faint cloud 148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. around each spiracle, probably the vestige of a stigmatal stripe, as a similar spot, in line with the others, is to be found on the thoracic segments without spiracles. Spiracles yellowish-brown or buff; dorsal shield (thoracic) white or yellowish anteriorly, near the incisure livid or with a rosy tinge (possibly by contrast with the green), and studded with dark brown, slight elevations. Head above gray-green or brownish-yellow, labrum and mandibles rich brown, ocellar fields black. Pile red (?) brown—possibly also by contrast. The body markings are evanescent, and are conspicuous for a day or two only, when the larva has attained its full growth, or a little before; they fade rapidly as the time for pupation approaches. The mediodorsal line grows fainter, and as it does so the indications of the stigmatal line appear. Then all the markings gradually fade, the line on the substig- matal fold being the last to disappear. While this is taking place the caterpillar eats little or nothing at all, the body grows shorter, the segments fill out, obliterating the laterodorsal ridges and reducing the folds and fovee considerably. In one case the posterior half of the abdominal dorsum became tinged with dull russet-yellow, but as the chrysalis which was formed never disclosed an imago, this coloration was probably due to pathological conditions. The Change to Chrysalis—Having found the emergence of the pupa instructive in tracing the life-history of other species, I took precautions to witness it in the case of augustus. Slight peristaltic movement was noticed shortly after midnight (June roth, 1906) in one of the larvz fastened to its final mat. This was repeated at intervals for more than three hours, the peristalsis becoming more violent and the periods of rest less frequent, until at 3.23 a.m. the old skin split along the dorsimeson of the thorax. Three minutes later the exuvize had been pushed beyond the body, the cremastral hooklets were fastened, and the insect -was quiet. The Chrysalis.—The newly-formed chrysalis was bright green on the head, thorax and wing-covers, gray-green on the abdomen ventrally, yellowish-white dorsally ; the pulsating dorsal blood vessel (plainly visible on mesothorax, and second to seventh abdcminal segments) dark green ; incisures brownish-yellow ; spiracles nearly white. Six series of shallow pits on the abdomen represent the principal fovez of the larval skin; the lateral series largest, rounded; the infralateral smaller, elongate ; the others minute. (See Plate 3.) The position of each pit is usually marked by a spot of black pigment beneath. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149 Very gradually the pupal skin hardened and became opaque; a dusky appearance was first noted about 4.30 o'clock, and at 6 o’clock this had deepened to light brown, with scattered spots of darker brown showing here and there. The number of the latter increased rapidly until 7.15 o’clock, when the pupa may be said to have attained its final characters. In studying the chrysalis of this species I have had five specimens for comparison with twenty-two zrws chrysalids, and from the material at hand I have been unable to discover any constant characters by which the two could be differentiated. The outline and general proportions differ in both with the sex of the inclosed insect, the female pupa being a trifle the larger, and relatively broader across the thorax. Of the two female augustus pup before me, neither is as large as the majority of female zrms pup ; but one of the latter is quite as small as either of the former. Perhaps the most obvious character, coloration, would be thought to present dependable criteria. This is, however, too variable to be of use ; the chrysalis secured in tg03 was properly described as ‘‘ dull reddish- brown, profusely sprinkled with pitchy-brown spots and irregular blotches less numerous . . . . om the wing-cases than elsewhere.” I have represented in the plate a chrysalis which shows the maculation heavier on the wing-cases than elsewhere The colour of the spiracles is also of no value ; in some cases they are straw-yellow and conspicuous, in others brown like the ground colour, and in others black. The character and distribution of the hairs (not shown in the figures) is the same in both species, as is also the ‘raised reticulation” covering the whole surface. There is no ‘‘slender dorsal ridge ” on the thorax. THE PRESERVATION OF PAPERED SPECIMENS. The loss of antennz and other damage to papered specimens and the trouble of sorting out those desired when the papers are placed loose in a box, led me to devise ways and means of protecting them from damage. Thinking that some of our readers might be interested in a method of keeping specimens in good shape, I will describe how it may be done: Secure some shallow cigar boxes and cut pieces of card to fit loosely, over the card place a narrow strip of strong paper, about two inches from one end, and then other strips at about equal distances. . The paper 150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. strips should not be too tight ; under these strips the paper envelopes can be tucked. The advantages of this method are that the flap of the envelope always remains closed. ‘The name may be seen without the trouble of removing the envelope, and with a number of cards species can be filed away in their proper order. When packing specimens for shipment a thin layer of cotton placed between each sheet will prevent much damage in transit. ; The most convenient way to keep paper for envelopes is to get it cut into the shape desired and then put up in pads. These can be carried conveniently in the collector’s bag, and are always ready for use. Trusting that these hints may be of use to some of our collectors. ‘ J. Wo. Cock te, Kaslo, B. C. PRACTICAL AND POPULAR ENTOMOLOGY.—No. 20. A HOMEMADE AND EFFECTIVE INSECT TRapP. BY JOHN D. EVANS, TRENTON. For several seasons past the writer has used an insect trap of simple construction, and with such good results that he offers the idea to anyone who may wish to try the experiment the coming season. The light used is an incandescent lamp of 16-candle power, suspended from the cornice in front of the porch, the entrances thereto being at the sides. The trap consists of a funnel made of a half-sheet of double elephant drawing-paper (other paper of like colour, strength and stiffness will probably answer), with the light so placed that it is just below the top of the funnel. The paper being translucent, the funnel becomes a large luminous object, and seems to be most attractive for myriads of insects of nearly ‘all the orders. The lower part or small end of the funnel is inserted in the neck of a large wide-mouthed bottle or deep jar, into which it fits tightly and extends down about one-fourth of the depth of the bottle. In the bottle is placed a liberal supply of lump cyanide of potassium, sufficient, in fact, to cover the bottom, and then about one-third of the depth of the bottle is filled with cotton batting. Insects that once enter the bottle very rarely can escape again, and the strong fumes so quickly overpower them that fresh specimens are seldom, if ever, injured. May, 1907 INSECT owe Incandescen): fz mp Paper funnea/ SIDE VieW FRONT VieW Lae THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, The construction of the apparatus will readily be understood, and the application thereof, by the diagram and the following description: Take a strip of board four or five inches wide, or about as wide as the diameter of the jar, by one half inch or three-quarters inch thick, and long enough to reach up from the ground to the cornice, and when so placed it will be about five or six inches back from the suspended lamp. The funnel having been formed out of the sheet of paper, being about twelve or fourteen inches in diameter at the top and about one and one-quarter inches at the bottom and about fifteen to eighteen inches high, is secured to the strip of board with a thin narrow batten or lath nailed on the inside of the funnel and through to the board at such a height that when in place the light will be just below the top of the funnel. The bottle or jar is then put in place, with the mouth tightly fitting against the outside of the funnel, and is retained in its place by a narrow cleat nailed on the board and up against the bottom of the jar, and is kept rigid with an elastic rubber band passed around it from side to side, about half way up its height, and the band slipped over a nail driven into the edges of the board. ‘The jar can be removed instantly at any time by simply disengaging the rubber band from the nails. The board, with funnel attached, may be kept in some suitable-place when not in use. At the approach of dusk the bottle is slipped into its place and the board set up behind the lamp, if the board is of the proper length no other means is required to keep it in place except contact with the ground and cornice. The trap is left out all night to entice all winged inquisitive individuals, and is taken down in the morning, the jar removed and stopper put in. On the approach of the following evening the contents may be removed and the trap again set. The operator will have a full evening’s entertainment assorting the material of the previous night’s catch, taking care of the prized individuals and noting the common species. During some evenings insects may be much more numerous than upon others, but the writer has repeatedly noticed that no matter how unpropitious the early part of the evening may be, the morning may find some highly-prized object an inmate of the trap, and by keeping up the trap-setting nightly, from early until late in the season, one is enabled to capture not only the transient fliers, but also to note the dates of the coming and going of those species which are on the wing for a lengthened period. The details of installing the trap may of course be varied to suit-the requirements of the situation. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153 NEW MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. BY W. D. KEARFOTT, MONTCLAIR, N, J. (Continued from page 128.) Lucosma Hamptonana, sp. nov. Expanse, 12.5 to 14 mm. Head very pale fawn ; palpi white fawn, with a darker dusting on outside ; antenna dark fuscous, fawn-white between joints ; thorax darker fawn than head, posterior half streaked with blackish ; abdomen grayish- fuscous, anal tuft with an ochreous tinge ; legs whitish-gray, anterior pair dusted with fawn above, and tarsi ringed with black, Fore wing light tawny-fawn, with a large white dorsal spot, white dashes on costa, and strigulated with black on costal and dorsal margins. The basal area is limited on lower half of wing by white dorsal mark, on upper half it is not clearly defined ; on the fold are two black dots, and the male costal fold, which extends to middle of wing, is marked with black dashes, with a corresponding line of blackish dots below ; the dorsal margin is similarly marked with black dashes, and the inner edge of the white patch is outlined with black. The white dorsal patch is large, extending from middle of dorsum to tornus, beneath ocellic spot, with two or three dark dots on lower edge; the inner edge curves obliquely outward to above middle of wing, it then follows fold to tornus; outwardly it is somewhat overlaid with fawn and black scales. Between the white patch and costa is a gray shade; beyond this the costa is marked with four long geminate lines, white on costa and shining gray below. Each encloses a small black costal dot, and is separated by a larger black spot ; the line below apex curves outward in termen, ending in a white dot below apex. The ocellic area is large, the vertical bars purplish-gray-metallic, the inner is double the width and length of the outer, and above connects with the inner pair of costal lines, below it expands outward beneath the ocellus ; in the fawn-coloured ocellus are four or five short black lines and dots, and there is a patch of black on the inner side of the inner bar. -Terminal line black, cut with white below apex. Cilia shining leaden- gray. Hind wing smoky-gray, darker at apex. Cilia whitish, with a darker basal line. Under side yellowish-gray. Under side fore wing dark smoky-gray, blackish towards termen ; costal spots repeated. The description is from a ¢ specimen; the 2 differs in that the dorsal patch is gray instead of white; the ? is also darker, black and brown scales overlay the fawn. May, 1907 154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Five specimens: Hampton, New Hampshire, July 7 to Aug. 5, S. Albert Shaw. Enarmonia Shawiana, sp. nov. Expanse, 6, 11.5 to 12 mm.; 9, 9.5 to 14.5 mm. Head light olivaceous brown on top, darker on sides, white in front ; palpi, ¢ pure white; @ cream-white ; the outer end of tuft and apical joint smoky-brown; the 3 palpi are shorter than 9%; antenna fuscous ; thorax dark brown in middle, the patagia and an anterior band of grayish- brown, a few whitish specks on posterior end; abdomen dark velvety- brown above, anal tuft gray ; legs grayish-white, shaded in front with blackish-brown. Fore wing blackish-brown with a bronzy-tinge, a conspicuous white dorsal mark and four white costal dashes in outer half. The basal area extends to inner third, its outer edge is generally rounded with indentation at upper and lower fourths ; on this lower half is a small patch of white scales, above which a streak of bluish-metallic nearly touches costa. The white dorsal mark is in middle of wing, it is irregular in form, in some specimens with a slight spur from its outer upper corner, in others it is somewhat bifurcated at the upper end with a few dark scales on dorsum ; in all specimens it slightly angles outward, and rarely reaches above fold ; an inwardly inclined fascia of shining-blue continues from its upper edge to costa, ending on costa as a geminate white spot. Beyond this is a broad fascia of the ground colour, thickly dotted with dull black on costa, and more sparsely on upper half below costa, and lightly with olivaceous-brown on lower half. The outer half of costa is marked with four large white oblique costal streaks, the one before apex is the largest, and in some specimens it is geminate; the inner costal dash sends a curved leaden- blue-metallic line to anal angle, its lower half broadening and forming the inner vertical ocellic bar. Beyond this metallic line the ground colour is coppery-brown, horizontally streaked with blick, between the white costal dashes the costa is narrowly edged with black. From the second and third costal dashes a similar leaden-metallic line curves under the apex before the termen, and ends in termen as a white dash about a third above - tornus. The outer costal dash is edged below with leaden-metallic scales, opposite its lower end, but not joining it is a white dash below apex. The ocellic area between the two metallic bars is bright coppery-brown, crossed by four or five horizontal black lines, with an indistinct metallic line below. Terminal line black, cut with white dashes below apex at lower third and twice on tornus. Cilia white at apex, leaden-gray below, preceded by a whitish basal line. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. -. 155 Hind wing dark smoky brown, blackish-brown outwardly. Cilia whitish-gray, with a black basal line. Under side both wings grayish- brown, costal spots of fore wing repeated. Described from two ¢ and seven 2 specimens. Essex County Park, No J.s, July.x tocuyis Newark, “No J... June. 9, A. J. Weidt; Hampton, N. H., June ro, S. Albert Shaw. The New Hampshire specimens are all large, the ¢ 11.5 to r2 mm., and the 9 14 to 14.5 mm. One of the New Jersey specimens, from Newark, a ?, is 13 mm., and seems to be of the same race as those from New Hampshire ; the other four New Jersey specimens, all ?’s, are of a much smaller race, expanding 9.5 to 10.5 mm.; I was inclined to separate them, but most minute examination fails to show any specific difference. This species is closest to Z. bracteatana, Fern., and the larve are likely to be found in the cone scales of some of our eastern Conifera, as is the habit of Fernald’s species in California. Named in honour of Mr. S. Albert Shaw, of Hampton, New Hampshire, to whom I am indebted for a great many carefully-collected and exquisitely-mounted specimens. Proteopteryx Marmontana, sp. nov. Expanse, 12.5 to18 mm. Head brownish-gray ; palpi dark gray, paler within; thorax bronzy- black, posterior end and patagia streaked with white; antenna and abdomen dark fuscous; legs whitish, dusted and banded with bronzy-black. Fore wing: Inner half bronzy-brown, heavily overlaid with gray, the ground colour gradually becomes lighter outwardly, until in the apical third it is bright coppery-brown or ochreous. There is a large white dorsal spot between inner and outer third on lower half of wing, dotted with blackish-brown on dorsal edge, and in some specimens a few dark scales above ; the inner edge is outwardly oblique and indented below fold, a short spur follows fold on its outer edge, but excavated beneath. Above this spot a broad double geminate gray fascia continues to costa. -The basal area outlined by this fascia and dorsal spot is edged with black scales, in the middle of its lower halfis a grayish shade. Beyond the fascia and dorsal spot is a curved coppery-brown fascia, black on costal edge, dotted with black below fold and on dorsal edge, and a few black scales on its outer edge before the ocellus. Beyond this a pair of geminate costal spots send a double geminate band of shining- gray to ocellus, the latter pure white, shining on the sides and mixed with a few shining gray scales, the centre is tinged with ochreous and crossed by three horizontal black lines in the upper half’ There are two other 156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. geminate costal dashes between the above and apex, the inner sends a horizontal gray-metallic line to termen beneath apex, it nearly joins a shorter leaden line from the outer dash. The costal dashes are narrowly white on costal edge, each contains a small black costal dot, and between each two the costal edge is narrowly black. Cilia brown at apex, gray in middle of termen and whitish around tornus. Hind wing light smoky-gray, cilia whitish-gray, with a faint darker basal line ; under side the same. Under side fore wing dark gray, costal spots faintly repeated. The description is from a ¢ specimen from Rounthwaite, Manitoba. The New Hampshire specimens are smaller, and more of a dark browish- hue inwardly and ochreous outwardly. Without a lens the Manitoba specimens look almost black in the inner half. Twenty-one specimens: Rounthwaite, Manitoba, July 11 to 15, L. E. Marmont ; Aweme, Manitoba, July 12 to 24, Norman Criddle; Prince Albert, Alberta, July 19, T. N. Willing; Regina, Assiniboine, July 15, Dr. Jas. Fletcher; Hampton, New Hampshire, Aug. 5 to ro. This species is nearest P. momonana, Kearf., it can be separated by the ocellic spot, which in JZarmontana has a well defined dark dot in its upper half, also by the inner edge of the ocellus, which in AZarmontana is straight, while in somonana it sends a spur into the dark fascia before it. I take pleasure in naming this interesting and well-distributed species after Mr. L. E. Marmont, to whom I am indebted for a great many beautifully-prepared specimens of Micro-Lepidoptera. Epinotia Normanana, sp. nov. Expanse, 9 to 10.5 mm. Head and palpi whitish fawn, latter with blackish-brown shade on outside of second joint ; antenna grayish-white ; thorax light fawn, a faint dark shade in middle of posterior half; abdomen silvery-gray, anal tuft light cinereous, with a few dark scales at its base; legs whitish-fawn, dusted and banded with dark brown. Fore wing very light fawn, mixed with whitish scales, with large, well-defined black costal dashes, terminal line and dusting. The basal area is only defined on the lower two-thirds of wing, when it reaches to inner third the area is pale fawn, with three vertical black lines on its outer half, the inner only reaching costa, and one black vertical line in the middle of the inner half, with a black dot between latter and base and a slight dusting of black between these lines on the-dorsal half. The costa, from base to apex, is evenly marked with black dashes, the three before THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 157 apex being very large, triangular in shape and oblique ; they are separated by white costal spots, each containing a small black costal dot; the outer white spot sends a white line into termen below apex, through black terminal line into cilia, it encloses a blackish apical spot. The pearly- white, shining ocellic bars are joined together below, and enclose a narrow fawn space, dotted with black, above it isa larger black shade. On the outer third of dorsum is a shining pearly-white dot ; between it and the inner ocellic bar the ground colour is rather heavily powdered with black. There is a broad central fascia of ground colour, edged inwardly with white, and in middle near dorsum dotted with black, and a few blackish scales scattered through the centre. Terminal line black ; cilia leaden-metallic. Hind wing gray ; cilia paler gray, with a darker basal line. Under side the same. Under side fore wing darker gray, costal spots faintly repeated. Cilia leaden-metallic, with black basal and terminal lines. Fourteen specimens : Aweme, Manitoba, all collected june 27, 1905, by Mr. Norman Criddle, in whose honour the species is named. Epinotia Kennebecana, sp. nov. Expanse, 13 to 15 mm. Head light fuscous ; palpi cream white inside, light fuscous outside, apical joint dark fuscous ; thorax dark fuscous, tips of patagia light gray ; abdomen fuscous, anal tuft cinereous; legs cream-white, shaded with dark brown. e Fore wing: Basal area blackish-brown, a dark gray shade extends from basal area along costa to apex, and is continued as a narrow black terminal line to tornus. Enclosed in these dark and gray shades, the entire outer two-thirds of wing are white; the usual white dorsal spot and an abnormally large white ocellic spot joining together, but their relative positions indicated by a shade of scattered gray and black scales between them. The basal area on dorsum extends to inner third, its outer edge is slightly outwardly oblique to above middle of wing, then obliquely inward to costa ; the lower two-thirds is finely dentate. The gray costal shade is marked with four paler geminate spots on the outer half, and before the apex the gray and white is shaded with a yellowish-coppery tinge. The ocellic spot is defined on both sides by vertical shining white bars, each outlined with black scales. Cilia black, divided by a gray line on lower half. Hind wing light smoky-gray, cilia paler, with a gray basal line. Under side grayish-white, shaded with brown along costa. Under side fore wing smoky-black, costal spots faintly repeated, grayish-white below fold. 158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Three specimens: Kennebunkport, Maine, August, collected by G. H. Clapp. In collections of Carnegie Museum, Acc. Cat. No. 2351 and 286t. Co-type in Carnegie Museum. Acleris albilineana, sp. nov. Expanse, 21-23 mm. Head, palpi, antenna and thorax dark hoary-gray, with a purple reflection; posterior end of thorax and patagia ferruginous-purple; abdomen gray, anal tuft dull ochreous ; legs grayish-white, dusted and banded with dark brown and ochreous. Fore wing dark grayish-lavender, with a conspicuous pure white band from base to costa before apex, on the upper third of the wing. At the extreme base the band begins on the costa, but does not touch it again, except at the outer end ; the sides of the band are parallel, and it only diminishes in thickness just before the outer end. Above the white band is a costal band of ground colour of about the same width. Below the white band and outlining it the ground colour is darkened by deeper purple and black scales, and with four or five dots of black raised scales in the middle of cell, sometimes with a ferruginous shade. There are three black dots of raised scales in fold, the larger at inner third, another at outer third, and the smallest at outer end of fold. Cilia concolorous. Hind wing bright shining gray, with a yellowish hue, cilia the same ; under side the same, but speckled with dark brown. Under side fore wing shining cinereous-gray, paler along costa. Ten specimens, Ottawa, Canada, Sept. 23 and April 21, C. H. Young ; Hampton, N. H., Oct. 18 and 20 and Mar. 28 to May 2, S. Albert Shaw. This species is very much like Acleris divisana, Hbn. I have not seen the European species, but if Robinson’s figure 63, Pl. vii, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. II, 1869, is a good representation of it, albc/ineana can be separated by the fo!lowing differences: white band does not reach apex ; white band is straight on its lower edge, not angulated ; white band does not touch costa except at its two ends, Archips argyrospila, Walk., variety mortuana, var. nov. Expanse, 18 to 20 mm. Head dark bronzy-gray, collar shaded with pale ochreous ; palpi pale ochreous inside, brown outside, terminal joint blackish ; antenna gray ; thorax shining-gray ; abdomen slightly paler than thorax, tuft whitish-gray ; legs ochreous-white, heavily dusted in front with bronzy-black. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159 Fore wing: Shades of light and dark gray. There is an inner fascia of shining-gray, beginning on costa as a quadrate white spot between inner fourth and third, below costa it widens, and at dorsal margin it extends from inner fourth to beyond middle ; in male specimens the dark grayish- brown costal fold partly hides the white spot. There is a similar quadrate outwardly oblique white spot between costa and top of cell beyond middle, below cell it continues as a shining-gray fascia, and overspreads the outer third of wing. A smaller inwardly oblique white spot is on costa before apex ; these two white costal spots enclose a darker shade of gray, and in some specimens there is a paler shade connecting the two spots below the dark spot. Cilia pale, shining gray. Hind wings gray, cilia whitish; under side whitish. Under side fore wing smoky-gray, paler around margins, with costal spots repeated. Four specimens: Ottawa, Canada, July 3, C. H. Young; New Brighton, Pa., June 20, F. A. Merrick ; Wisconsin ; San Francisco, Cal. (Strecker collection). I have two other specimens, one from Algonquin, Ill., June 29, Dr. Nason, and one from So. Utah, July, Dr. Barnes, too badly rubbed to include in the type material. The maculation does not differ from argyrospi/a, but there is a total absence of red, brown or ochreous shades, these being entirely replaced by grays. The variety seems to be as widely distributed as the common form. Phalonia Hollandana, sp. nov. Expanse, 13 tor4 mm. @ Head, palpi and thorax cream-gray, dusted with light brown ; antenna gray ; abdomen dark gray, anal tuft dull ochreous ; legs cream white, dusted with brown in front. : Fore wing: Basal area cream-white, mottled in the middle with light olivaceous and edged on costa with pale purplish-pink, in which are a few brown dots; its outer margin is nearly straight and very oblique, extending from inner fourth of dorsum to beyond inner third of costa. Beyond it is a black fascia, narrowest on costa, overlaid in middle with purplish-brown, and on lower end with pinkish and cream-white scales ; its outer edge is concave, and encloses a large round spot filling the outer third of wing, edged with shining-purple and interior dull reddish-purple, shaded with black outwardly and above. The outer half of costa is purple, interrupted by a black spot before apex, which sends a narrow black fascia into the round spot. There is a black patch in apical cilia, and five others in the termen cilia ; between these black spots the cilia is ochreous- pink, and is preceded by a fine black line, before which is a whitish line. 160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. — — Hind wing blackish-gray ; cilia paler, with a broad darker line close to base ; under side dark gray, mottled outwardly with black in middle of wing ; cilia preceded by a fine ochreous line. Under side fore wing smoky-black, dotted with cream-white on outer half of costa. Three specimens: Oak Station, Allegheny Co, Penn., Sept. 1, Fred. Marloff; Pittsburg, Penna., Sept. 12 and 21, Carnegie Museum, Acc. No. 2960, through Dr. W. G. Holland, in whose honour the species is named, and to whom I am indebted for the privilege of studying and identifying a large number of most interesting specimens of Muicro- Lepidoptera. Commophila contrastana, sp. nov. Expanse, 6, 20mm.; 2, 21 mm. Head and palpi cream-white; antenna, basal joint white, shaded with brown ; outer joints light whitish-fuscous ; thorax and patagia purplish- black, with an iridescent blue and red reflection; abdomen and legs ochreous-cream, latter shaded in front with brown. Fore wing: Upper half and outer third cream-white; a sharply- defined band of bluish-black, with an iridescent reflection, as on the thorax, occupies the dorsal edge of the wing. This band begins on costa, cover- ing the inner sixth ; it covers the basal area, the outer edge, is outwardly oblique to lower third of wing, where it curves and continues parallel to dorsum ; the band is slightly wider at outer end, and terminates before the ocellic space. Paralleling the apex in the ositer fourth is a shade of light olivaceous-fuscous, with a cluster of leaden scales before apex, divided into four lines by shining-cream strigulee from the costa. Between middle and outer third there is a quadrate spot of same shade on costa. Cilia cream: white. Hind wing light brownish-fuscous, darker around margin; cilia whitish; under side ochreous-white. Under side fore wing light ochreous-brown ; shining gray-white below fold. One ¢, Oak Station, Allegheny Co., Penn., May 23, Fred. Marloff; one 9, New Haven, Conn., June 7, A. E. Britton. This species is very closely allied to C. fuscodorsana, K., and may prove to be the eastern form of this western species. The dorsal band in Suscodorsana sends a spur up to end of cell at its outer end; the strigula- tions in apex are much darker and limited to two well-defined broader lines. The shade of the dorsal band 1s fuscous-brown. Correction.— On pages 5 and 6 awte read, ‘‘ University of Kansas ” in the place of Kansas Academy of Science.” (To be continued.) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 161 LIST OF HEMIPTERA TAKEN AT COMO, QUEBEC. BY GEO. A. MOORE, MONTREAL. The following list enumerates the Hemiptera taken by me at Como, Quebec, which is about 30 miles west of Montreal, from the rst of July to the 3rd of September, 1906. All these insects passed through the hands of Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, who kindly named them for me. The dates given are the first day the insect was seen or taken: HETEROPTERA. Pentatomide. Corimelena unicolor, P. B.—Aug. 19. Common on Golden-rod. Corimelena pulicaria, Germ.—July 24. Common on Golden-rod. Eurygaster alternatus, Say.—July 26. Several. Sehirus cinctus, P. B.—July 24. One specimen. Euchistus fissilis, Uhl.—July 26.—Several. Euchistus tristigmus, Say.—July 2. Several. Pentatoma juniperina, Linn.—July 21.—One specimen. Mormidea lugens, Fab.—Aug. 1. Several. Coenus delius, Say.—Aug. 4. One specimen. Neottiglossa undata, Say.—July 26. Several. Cosmopepla carnifex, Fab.—July r. Common. Menecles insertus, Say.—July 26. One immature specimen. Banasa dimidiata, Say.— Aug. 12. One specimen. Podisus modestus, Dall.—Aug. 18. Elasmostethus atricornis, Van D.—Sept. 1. Common. Coreide. Alydus eurinus, Say.—July 20. Several sweeping. Alydus 5-spinosus, Say.—July 26. Three specimens taken sweeping. Protenor Belfragei, Hagl—Aug. 2. ‘Two specimens taken sweeping. Corizus noveboracensis, Sign.—July 27. Several sweeping. Corizus nigrosternum, Sign.—July 8 and Sept. 3. Several sweeping. Berytide. F falysus muticus, Say.—July 26. Common on Raspberry. Lygeide. Nysius angustatus, Uhl.—July 24. Common. Nysius lopgiceps, Stal.—July 25. Two specimens taken sweeping meadow. Cymus claviculus, Halm.—July 2. Common in swampy places, May, 1907 162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. (Edancala dorsalis, Say.—July 15. Common sweeping railroad track. Ligyrocoris diffusus, Uh].—July 14, Aug. rr. Common. Ligyrocoris contractus, Say.—July 26. Several. Perigenes constrictus, Say.— Aug. 3. Three specimens taken. Lygeeus Kalmi, Stal.—Sept. 3. Two specimens taken on milkweed. Phlegyas abbreviatus, Uhl.—July 26. Several sweeping railroad track. Scolopostethus Thomsoni, Reut.—July 2. One specimen. Tingitide. Corythuca juglandis, Fh.—July 24, Aug. 1. Common on Oak and Elm. Corythuca marmorata, Uhl.—July 26. Two specimens on Oak and E]m. Aradide. Aradus abbas, Prov.—July 1. One specimen. LPhymatide. Phymata erosa Pennsylvanica, Hand.—July 14. Common Golden-rod. Reduviide. Coriscus subcoleoptratus, Kirby.—July 1, Aug. 4. Several. Coriscus ferus, Linn.—July 2. Very common. Coriscus inscriptus, Kirby.—Aug. 14. One specimen Sinea diadema, Fabr.—July 26. Very common on Golden-rod. Diplodes luridus, Stal—July 21. Immature on Elm trees. Reduvius personatus, Linn.—July 29. Three came to light. Anthocoride. Anthocoris musculus, Say.—July 25. Common on shrubs. Triphleps tristicolor, B. White.—July 2. Capside. Plagiognathus obscurus, Uh].—July 2. Plagiognathus politus, Uhl,—July rs. Plagiognathus annulatus, Uhl.—July 2. Rhinocapsus Vanduzei, Uhl],—July 25. Diaphnidia pellucida, Uhl.—July 15. Orthotylus chlorionis, Say.—July 8. Hyaliodes vitripennis, Say.—July 20. Dicyphus agilis, Uhl.—July 8. Common. Dicyphus famelicus, Uhl.—Aug. 3. Common. on THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163 Suphrosoma stygica, Say.—July 1, Aug. 12, Common. Halticus bracteatus, Say.—July 18. Common. Pilophorus crassipes, Stal.—July 24. Two specimens, Pilophorus amcenus, Uhl.—Aug. 4. One specimen. Monolocoris filicis, L.—July 2. Very common. Resthenia insignis, Say.—Aug. 3. Lopidea media, Say.—July 26. One specimen. Phytocoris eximus, Reut.—July 15. Common. Phytocoris puella, Reut.—Aug. 2. Phytocoris pallidicornis, Reut.—July 14. Calacoris rapidus, Say.—July 1. Common. Melinna modesta, Uhl.—July 20, Aug. 1. Lygus pratensis, Linn.—July 1. Very common. Lygus invitus, Say.—July 14. Common. Lygus pabulinus, Linn.—Sept. 1. One specimen. Orthops scutellatus.—July 7. Pcecilocapsus lineatus, Fabr.—July 1. Common. Peecilocapsus goniphorus, Say.—July 8. Poecilocapsus marginatus, Reut.—July 8, Camptobrochis nebulosus, Uhl.—July ar. Neoborus saxeus, Dist.—July 21. Capsus ater, Linn.—July 8. Collaria Meuilleuri, Prov.—July 15. Common. Trigonotylus ruficornis, Fall.—July 2. Miris affinis, Reut.—July 2. Common. Leptoterna dolabrata, Linn.—July 1. Common. Fourteen species of Capsids not determined. Saldide. Salda pallipes, Fabr.—July 7. Common on shore. LNotonectide. Plea striola, Fieb.—July 31. Common. Gerride. Microvelia Americana, Uhl. ?—July 31. Immature ; common. Gerris marginatus, Say.—July 23. Common. Gerris sulcatus, Uhii—July 31. Common. . Limnoporus rufoscutellatus, Lati.—July 31. Common. Mesovelia bisignata, Uhl.—Aug. 1. Common. (To be continued.) 164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. THE ZLUPITHECIZ OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. BY GEO, W. TAYLOR, WELLINGTON, B. C. In the present paper an attempt is made to enumerate the species of Lupithecia occurring in the eastern parts of North America. The species of this genus, being very numerous and not very easy to distinguish the one from the other, have been neglected by most entomologists, and in the majority of collections they are present in short series only, and usually under incorrect names, The Monograph of Dr. Packard, which for so many years was our only guide, enumerated but 17 species from the whole of North America. Naturally it was impossible to identify one’s captures from that work. Then came Dr. Hulst with 40 or 50 new species, but 1 am compelled to say that his descriptions are in most instances altogether inadequate, and the fact that in no single case was a description accompanied by a figure, makes the identification of Hulst’s species a matter of considerable difficulty. But even Hulst left many forms undescribed. Species of Hupithecia will, I believe, be found to be quite as numerous in North America as in Europe. I have already over 100 species in my own cabinet, and I shall not be surprised if in the near future our list attains a total of 150 names. Coming from the district covered in the present paper I recognize about 40 apparently distinct species. I have endeavoured to separate first the species described by Guenée, Grote, Packard and Hulst, and have ventured then to characterize the rest as new to science. I have tried to make my descriptions as full as possible, and have taken into considera- tion the under as well as the upper sides. Hulst usually omitted reference to the under sides, but I find that the arrangement of the lines on the fore and hind wings beneath often furnishes reliable and easily-recognized specific characters. I have to confess that I have not yet attempted to break up the genus into sections. I have, indeed, neglected so far the study of generic characters, believing it to be of greater importance first to fix with certainty the specific status of the forms already described and to supply the undescribed ones with names. The generic nomenclature of our Geometride is in great confusion, and in danger of being made still worse if hasty revision is attempted. I believe that some of the characters (sexual ones) relied on by Dr. Hulst May, 1907 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165 for the separation of genera will be discarded altogether by future systematists, but I am far from competent myself to undertake or even suggest reforms in that direction. As to the name adopted for this genus, I use Hupithecia because I agree with those who claim that Curtis’s name antedates that of Hubner. There are some, I know, who hold the contrary opinion, and they will continue to call the genus Zephroc/ystia, but it is to be hoped that the error, into which nearly all our modern American writers have fallen, of writing Zephroclystis will not be perpetuated. I am not sufficiently acquainted with European literature to know who first made the mistake, but certainly Meyrick in his ‘“Hand-book” uses the wrong spelling, and I think that probably Hulst and others have erred by following him. With the species already described I shall deal in date order. The names proposed prior to 1896, the date of Hulst’s “Classification,” are 18 in number. In order of publication they are : 1759, absynthiata, Clerck. 1867, luteata, Packard. 1847, scriptaria, HerrichSchaeffer. 1873, geminata, Packard. 1857, coagulata, Guenée. 1873, palpata, Packard. 1860, gelidata, Moschler. - 1873, imterruptofasciata, Packard. 1861, hyperboreata, Staudinger. 1873, strattonata, Packard. 1862, anticaria, Walker. 1874, cretaceata, Packard. 1862, implicata, Walker. 1876, albicapitata, Packard. 1862, explanata, Walker. 1876, zygadeniata, Packard. 1863, miserulata, Grote. 1876, ravocostaliata, Packard. Eup. absynthiata, Clerck, Icones, VI, 9, 1759.—This species is dealt with here, not because it occurs in North America, but because the zame has appeard on all our lists from the time of Packard to the present day. We have, it is true, several close allies to this species, which will be mentioned later, but the true adsynthiata has not yet, I believe, been found in America. We have no form nearly so ved as the genuine absynthiata is, and, moreover, in all our forms, so far as I known them, the fringes are checkered, while in the European moth the fringe is plain. Careful breeding of our forms and investigations as to their food- plants will be necessary to make certain their specific distinctness and limits. The larva of the supposed adsynthiata has been found and 166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. described in North America (See Goodell in CanabpIaN ENTOMOLOGIST, Vol. IX, p. 62, food-plant, Cockscomb), but it is not possible now to say to which of our species this description will refer. The larva of the real absynthiata of Europe feeds on the flowers of species of Senecio, Eupatorium, Artemista, Achillea and Solidago. It is described by Packard (Monograph, p. 50), who quotes verbatim from Newman (British Moths, p. 136), but Newman is there quoting from Crewe (Entomologists’ Annual, 1861, p. 140) and has made some curious verbal alterations. The name aésynthiata must, I think, be struck off our lists. Eup. scriptaria, Herr. Sch., Schm. Eur., III, r21, 1847.—This is a mountain-loving species, said to have been found in Labrador, and for that reason is given a place on our list, Three species recently described by me, namely, Z. regina, £. modesta and £. obumbrata, are near allies of scriftaria, but I think quite distinct. I have a beautiful bred specimen from Switzerland in my cabinet, and should not have any difficulty in recognizing the species should it turn up in any of our northern localities. Lup. coagulata, Guenée, Spec, Gen., X, 339, 1857.—This species is stated by Packard to be the same as his Z&. geminata, and both are sunk in the Monograph as synonyms of adsynthiata. If I am correct in what 1 have said above as to absynthiata, it will follow, I think, that coagudata must stand for some American form very near to but distinct from that species. Guenée was familiar, of course, with the true absynthiata, and could see the differences existing in the American form, and he has pointed out some of them in his descriptions. It seems to me most probable that Guenée had before him a specimen of the smaller of the two forms which Packard confused under the name of geminata. ‘This is that figured in the Monograph on Plate viii, fig. 2. The only objection to this use of the name seems to be that this form lacks the reddish tinge which coagu/ata is said to possess. There is, however, in British Columbia a form which is quite red enough to satisfy the description, and though it is not likely that Guenée’s type, said to be from Pennsylvania, could have been a western specimen, it is probable that it was conspecific. Ihave used the name coagu/ata for the western form, and I now use it also for the eastern, though not absolutely sure that Iam correct. It is just possible that still another form may be found in THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167 Pennsylvania which will be better entitled to the name, and in that case the present species will want a new name. It has been suggested that the European &. assimi/ata and £. expallidata might occur here, but Iam familiar with these two species, and they are certainly distinct from the one under consideration. £. coagulata as here determined does not seem to be very abundant, though widely distributed. My eastern specimens are all dated June. I have one from the Catskill Mountains (June 3, 1899). It is species No. ro of a series, kindly sent me some time ago by Mr. R. F. Pearsall. I have it also from Montreal, Ottawa and a number of other localities. Eup. gelidata, Moschler, Wien. Ent. Monats., IV, 47, 1860.—This species is placed on our lists on account of its occurrence in Labrador. According to Staudinger and Rebel (No. 3634), it also occurs in Green- land and the Shetland Islands. I have not seen it. It is said by the Jast named authors to be a variety of Z. nanata, Hubner, a common European (and British) species feeding on Arzca and Calluna. EE. nanata is a Eupithecia, but Huist places ge/idata in Eucymatoge, relying on the supposed difference in number of accessory cells, or more likely making a mistake through not having had specimens for critical examination. The original description of Z. gedidata is copied in the Monograph on pages 64 and 65. Lup. hyperboreata, Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 400, 1861.—Another northern species that I have never seen. Apparently it is nearly allied to the last named. The localities given in Staudinger and Rebel’s Catalogue (No. 3635) are Norway, North Germany, Russia and Greenland. Eup. anticaria, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het., Br. Mus., XXIV, 1241, 1862.—If it should turn out that the number of the accessory cells is a constant character in this genus, then azticarza will have to be placed in Eucymatoge, for it certainly possesses the two cells. Walker described this species and ¢mp/icata and exf/anata all from Nova Scotia specimens, from the collection of Lieutenant Redman. It seems to me probable that the three constitute but one species. The description of an¢icarta comes first in Walker’s work, and it certainly applies to the common form which goes under that name in our collections, and which occurs almost everywhere, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Various attempts have been made by Hulst and others to identify implicata as something different to anticaria, but so far I have failed to find any form to fit the description better than does the ordinary anticarta. Eup. .miserulata, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., II, 32, 1863.—The type of this species 1s apparently lost. Packard, who had seen the type, placed his ¢nterruptofasciata as a synonym, but expresses some doubts as to the correctness of this course (see Monograph, p. 54), and I think that anyone reading the two descriptions carefully will agree that they refer to different insects. I believe I have correctly identified Grote’s species. In the Packard collection, so Mr. Swett informs me, there is a specimen from the State of Virginia, whence the type came, which agrees exactly with specimens that I had named mserudata after a careful study of the descriptions. There are, however, in the Hulst and some other collections specimens of a different species which were sent out by Grote himself as mzserudata. But it must be noted that Grote said that the only eastern Lupithecia known to him was this species. This being the case, it is clear that he could hardly be depended upon to accurately determine specimens in this genus, and I don’t think that we should attach much weight to specimens sent out by him—some of them many years after the original specimen had been described, and which do not agree with the description. : : Several different species are usually confused together under this name in collections, but the real thing is arare insect and seldom found correctly identified. The larva has been described more than once, but it is very doubtful whether any of the descriptions really apply to true méserulata. It will be better to ignore them all. My specimens of this species are from Mr. R. F. Pearsall (No. 2), Bronx, April, 1904, and from Mr. H. D. Merrick, New Brighton, Pa., also taken in April. It seems to be rare. The species may be easily reccgnized by the “wear black discal and the very straight hind margins to the fore wings. (See note in CAN. ENT., XXXVII, 262.) Von Gumppenberg described a variety Caldiforniata, but it is in the highest degree unlikely that any variety of mseru/ata should occur in California. (To be continued.) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169 NOLES ON CHRYSOPHANUSsEHYPOPHELACAS AND ITS ALLIES; WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES. BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD, MILLARVILLE, ALBERTA. Chrysophanus arethusa, n. sp.—Antenne black and white-ringed, clubs black above, white, black-tipped beneath. Palpi brown above, whitish at sides and beneath. Eyes ringed with white. Head and thorax dark brown. Abdomen dark brown above, whitish or cinereous beneath. 3 .—Primaries sharply acute at the apices, the outer margin almost straight. Dark smoky-brown, with a handsome bronze lustre, overlaying and sometimes almost completely obscuring a shining fulvous ground, which is most evident in the cell and outer central portion of the wing. In only one out of five specimens is there a well-defined brown outer marginal border. A large rectangular black discal spot on the cross vein at end of cell, a smaller one in the centre of cell, and sometimes a third, smaller and ill-defined, near the base. A transverse row of six interspaceal black spots beyond the cell, varying much in size and distinctness ; the upper three, the next two, and the sixth (geminate) in sets obliquely towards anal angle. Secondaries dull fuscous-brown, with a broad fulvous marginal band from anal angle to about two-thirds of the way to apex. A narrow black discal spot, and sometimes a black point in cell. An indistinct transverse row of small black spots just beyond the cell, another of larger spots on the inner edge of the fulvous band, and between these rows is sometimes a series of from two to five irregular metallic blue points. A marginal row of five black spots within the band. Fringes pale fuscous. Beneath, primaries pale yellowish-fulvous, apices and inner and outer margins cinereous. The spots of the upper side reproduced, but more clearly defined, and most of them pale-ringed, and a small sub-basal one in cell present in all the specimens. A transverse submarginal row of irregular blackish blotches in lower half of wing. Secondaries cinereous, with sometimes a faint line or discal mark, and sub-basal, intermedial and postmedial transverse rows of minute brown or blaekish points, rarely all distinct, and in most specimens partially obsolete. Sometimes some small paler dashes exterior to the outer row. A very faint orange-red, crenate submarginal line, narrow, sometimes edged anteriorly with ochreous. Fringes almost concolorous. ? .—Primaries with apices less acute, and outer margin more convex May, 1907 170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. than in the ¢, with much less of the brown suffusion, but a well-defined brown outer marginal band, and costal area somewhat broadly brown. Expanse: ¢ 30-35 mm:, 9 29-33 mm. Described from five males and eight females. One male from the foothills, ‘‘ Lineham’s lower log camp, south fork of Sheep Creek,” about thirty-five miles south-west of Calgary. Ail the rest from near the spruce woods about ten or fifteen miles nearer Calgary, July 5th—zoth, all but three of the males quite fresh, though one broken in the mail. Types, ¢ and @? in U.S. National Museum, the rest co-types. Of these a pair are in the collection of the Entomological Society of Ontario, another pair in that of Dr. Henry Skinner, and the rest in that of the author. Dr. Fletcher and Dr. Holland each have a few specimens. I know of no others. This may be looked upon as the Rocky Mountain representative of hypophleas, from which it shows some striking differences, particularly in the male sex. It is larger, has more acute apices, and straighter outer margin. The shining bronze of the dark smoky suffusion, which generally obliterates the margit al band, renders some of the males far more hand- some than any of the long series of its allies that I have from this continent, Europe or Asia. Beneath it differs in the strong tendency towards obsolescence of the spots and orange submarginal line on secondaries. In the absence of any widely-accepted definition of what a ‘“species” really is, from its well-marked form and apparently isolated position on the entomologically-explored portion of North America, it is at least as deserving of a specific name as a large number of well-known forms on our lists. It has, however, some much nearer allies in some of the so-called forms of phr/eas that I have from the Himalayas and from Syria under the names of e/ews and stygtanus, which, according to the Staudinger Catalogue, refer to the same form, and occur throughout the south palearctic region. And were I treating of the butterflies of the world, in which a tendency to lump would be scarcely avoidable, I should have left the Calgary form undescribed, and probably followed European authors in treating our common eastern species as a varietal form of phZeas. Hy pophieas was described by Boisduval in a French journal from North American specimens by comparison with pA/eas. A translation is: “ Very near pA/eas, but smaller, with the spots more distinct, the wings more rounded. The under side of secondaries of an ashy whiteness, with the fulvous marginal band well marked. North of California. It is found i i i THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17 in all the Northern United States.” I have been unable to procure speci- mens from further west than Ontario or Illinois. In the Staudinger Catalogue, Lapland, Northern Scandinavia, Sajan-Geibet (Siberia), Amur and North America are quoted as localities for “var. hyfoph/eas,” and some that I have bearing labels of some of those Old World localities would pass anywhere as North American specimens, amongst which there is also an occasional tendency to lose the spots, and so assimilate the typical European form. Besides having more pointed wings, the majority of my European and Asiatic specimens show a more decided tendency to develop tails in the secondaries than either the old or new forms of our continent ; and it is a fact well worthy of observation that in some, though not all, of those most closely resembling ours in other respects, this tendency is least. Hypophleas is recorded by Capt. Gamble Geddes as occurring in the region of the Crow’s Nest Pass, in Southern Alberta. Dr. Fletcher tells me that if any such specimens were preserved they should be in the Geddes collection at Ottawa, but that he is unable to find any. With one or two small females only to hand, if the spots were unusually well developed, arethusa might have been passed as hypoph/eas even by one well acquainted with that species without comment. The name I have chosen is purely fanciful. GEOMETRID NOTES—No. 2. BY RICHARD F. PEARSALL, BROOKLYN, N. Y. In 1873 Dr. Packard described a species (5th Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci., 1878) under the name of C/eora pellucidaria, having before him two males, one from Maine (Pack.) and the other Albany (Lintner). If my memory serves me correctly, | saw the Maine specimen when at Cam- bridge in going over his collection. Shortly afterward, through the kindness of Mr. D. H. Haight, I received a female of the same species, taken near his home at Copper Cliff, Ont., Sept. 9, ’04, and, in a recent visit to Albany, N. Y., found in the Lintner coll. the original co-type described by Dr. Packard, bearing a label in his handwriting. In the Monograph, page 453, he refers to this species, having a doubt at that time of its validity. The species is a good one, and differs from semi- clusaria, Walk., by its larger size, stouter build, its uniform soft gray colour, and by having the front a darker smoky hue, while in semdclusaria May, 1907 172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. the front is white or pale yellow, as also are the patagia at their bases. It belongs to the genus Nepytia, Hlst, and seems to be rare. Dr. Strecker (Lep. Rhop. Het. Suppl., 2, 1899) has described as Cleora Jumosaria a species which I take to be the same, although I have not seen his type, but Dr. Packard’s name has priority. That Dr. Packard had not always a correct eye for species, Mr. Taylor has recently pointed out (Can. Ent., Vol. 38, p. 403) where he separates from Cleora umbrosaria, Pack., a species generically distinct under the name of Znxypia Packardata, Taylor, and quite correctly, calling attention to the error in the plate (Mono. Plate xi, fig. 33) as to the pectinate antenne. I will go yet further. Referring to my notes and drawings taken when at Cambridge, I find that three specimens were placed under Cleora umbrosaria, the first one, a ¢, was without antenne, but my note reads: “the stubs surely indicate simple antennz”; this is Packardata, Taylor. The next one was a 6, fpellucidaria or large semiclusaria, in bad condition, without body or legs, and only ome pectinate antenna, also without label of any kind ; the third clearly a 9 of Enypia venata, Grote. It seems clear to me that, supposing them all to be the same, the plate of the first one was supplied with antenne to correspond with those of the second, hence the error. After my trip to Albany, I discovered it to have been Dr. Packard’s custom to return his types when described to their original owners, and since Cleora umbrosaria was described originally from a single ¢ taken in California by Hy. Edwards, I visited the Am. Mus. of Nat. History, N. Y., into whose possession his collection passed, in the hope of finding it. There I discovered a single ¢ specimen bearing an old No. 183, and labeled “‘ California,” and a new one, “No. 12963, Coll. of Hy. Edwards.” It answers in every particular to the excellent description of Dr. Packard, and there is not the slightest doubt in my mind that it is the type, but it proves to be a rather dark, well-covered ¢ of the species afterwards described by Packard (Mono., page 454) as Cvleora nigro- venarta, having the extra-discal line heavier and the black dashes on the veins less numerous, though they are present. Of course it has the ‘‘ heavily pectinate antennez ” he especially notes. The female (Mono. Plate xi., fig. 35), to which he refers on page 453 as unknown to him, is an excellent figure of Spodolepis substriataria, described some years later by Dr. Hulst. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 173 A NEW TREE CRICKET FROM STATEN ISLAND AND NEW JERSEY. BY WILLIAM T. DAVIS, NEW BRIGHTON, STATEN ISLAND, N. Y. In my collection of tree crickets there is a species collected on Staten Isiand and at Cranford, Manasquan and Farmingdale, in New Jersey, that appears to be undescribed. It resembles @canthus angustt- pennis, Fitch, more than any of the other native species, but may be easily ‘distinguished from it by its larger size, the marks on the first and second antennal joints, which taken together resemble an exclamation point, and by the absence of any clouded area on the top of the prothorax. My attention was first drawn to the species by collecting three examples together on Long Neck, Staten Island, and later I found that I had some others. It has not so far been found at Lakehurst, in the pine barrens of New Jersey, where @. angustipennis is common. Figure 7 shows the elevated black marks on the under side of the first and second antennal joints of angustipennis, wnile Fig. 8 represents the marks as they occur in the new species, ne which may be more particularly character- ized as follows: Cicanthus exclamationis, n. sp. — Pale greenish-white, including the upper surface of the prothorax, with the top of the head occasionally a little darker. Antenne each with two elevated black marks on the under side ; the one on the first joint shaped like the upper part of an ! point. The mark on the second joint is oblong. Average length from the head to the tip of wing-covers 17 mm.; body, 12 mm.; ovipositor, 5 mm.; width of male tegmina, 5 mm. Dr. Fitch, in 1856, mentions the black marks on the under side of the antennze of tree crickets, and in his description of @. niveus, De Geer, he notes six varieties, three of which he names. One of these is the species @. angustipennts, Fitch, as now considered by authors ; his var. ‘“‘a” seems to be the new species above mentioned ; ‘‘b” is probably Mr. Beutenmuller’s p77, or possibly an example of his own fasciatus, and ‘‘c” is no doubt @. guadripunctatus, Beut. The other two (‘“e,” dscoloratus, - May, 1907 Fic. 7. Fic. 8. 174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. and ‘“f,” fucipes) cannot be placed, but ‘‘f” is likely also a dark-coloured example of fasciatus. Another interesting tree cricket is a form kindly given me by Mr. Charles Scheffer, and collected by him at Brownsville, Texas, and in Southern Arizona. Itis of the same size as @. latipennis, Riley, and the head, as in that species, is also coloured pink, but in all but two examples examined there is a single narrow black line on each of the first two antennal joints. These two joints are light-coloured, and are generally’ pink ; the succeeding ten or twelve are black, and the remainder gradually shade off and are of a lighter hue. This insect appears to be @. varicornis, Walker, an addition to the fauna of the United States, as it was originally described from Mexico. Walker characterizes the insect as having the fore wings very broad and the antenne ‘“ black towards the base, testaceous at the base.” He further adds: ‘“‘The colour of the antennz and the broader fore wings distinguish this species from C@, niveus.” BOOK NOTICES. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY.—With vocabularies in Latin and English, and illustrations by L. F. Barker, M.D., Philadelphia: Blakiston’s Sons & Co. 8 -vo., pp. 102. (Price $1.00.) Teachers and students alike of anatomy feel that the existing status of scientific nomenclature leaves much to be desired. Terms are dis- similar in construction, and often unnecessarily long, so that it is a matter of extreme difficulty to acquire familiarity with them. Even more ofa grievance is the unfortunate multiplicity of terms applied to one and the same part. Each text-book must burden the reader with synonymous names for many parts, or leave its references uncertain to all who know those parts under other names than the ones used. That this very real hindrance under which science labours is not insurmountable was the conviction with which the German Anatomical Society, an association of international scope and high repute, undertook the enterprise which resulted in the publication in 1895, after six years of labour, of the B. N. A. (Basle Anatomicat Nomenclature). This Associa- a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175 tion appointed a commission of notable scientists from several countries to compile from the many thousands of terms in use, as applied to microscopical human anatomy, a list which should include only the term for each part which was decided to be most suitable. This commission set to work on the difficult and exacting task in hand, guided by certain principles to which they were able to adhere with but few digressions. The aims of the undertaking can be best made clear by quoting Prof. Barker’s own statement of these principles : “ (1) Each part shall have only one name. (2) Each term shall be in Latin, and shall be philologically correct. (3) Each term shall be as short and simple as possible. (4) The terms shall be merely memory signs, and need lay no claim to description or to speculative interpretation. (5) Related terms shall as far as possible be similar, e.g., Femur, Arteria femoralis, Vena femoralis, Nervus femoralis. (6) Adjectives in general shall be arranged as opposites, e.g., dexter and sinister ; major and minor; anterior and posterior ; superficialis and profundus.” The result of these labours was a systematized and selected list of Latin terms, which can be used in any country, either through a transla- tion or, better even, in the Latin form. It has been adopted as a basis of nomenclature in Europe to a large extent; and in Great Britain and America has been employed in various medical schools and treatises on anatomical subjects with apparently good success. The publication of Prof. Barker’s book from the press of P. Blakiston’s Sons & Co., in which both Latin and an Anglicized list are presented, should do much to further the general adoption of the B. N, A. The general introduction of this list into the educational work of American institutions would, it is hoped, greatly facilitate research and progress in anatomy, by removing the unnecessary part of a most unscientific collection of technical terms, as 5,coo accepted names would serve the purpose, for which there are now many times that number in use.—T. D. JaRVIs. 176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. TOWER’S EVOLUTION IN LEPTINOTARSA. BY FRANK E. LUTZ, COLD SPRING HARBOR, N. Y. One of the most important of the recent studies of evolution, and probably ¢4e most important of the purely entomological works on this subject, is Wm. D. Tower’s “Investigation of Evolution in the Chrysomelid Beetles of the Genus Leptinotarsa.”* ‘In this contribution have been brought together data concerning evolution in the genus Lefftinotarsa, Stal, as gathered from various sources [during 11 years], and in as far as it-applies to the origin of species. In general, the evidence herein pre- sented has been derived from three sources: (1) its natural history, including distribution and cecology, variations, habits and instincts; (2) development ; (3) experiment.” It is the large number and thoroughness of the experiments which makes the work so valuable, and such a refreshing change from the numerous discussions of pin-stuck data that encumber but do not greatly elucidate the problems of evolution. Chapter I is an interesting discussion of the geographical distribution ofthe genus. By the use of four of the criteria given by Adams (Biol. Bull., 1902), the centre of origin of the genus is found to be Southern Mexico. The other six criteria are rather severely criticised. If space permitted, these might be profitably discussed, as some of the criticisms do not seem to be fully justified. Valuable detailed data concerning the spread of the Colorado potato beetle are collected and given here. Chapter II is a study of variation. A number of laws for the genus are deduced. Variation is found to be determinate. ‘‘In the elements of the colour > attern there is a tendency for the spots to spread out or contract peripherally, and the stripes and bands to extend or contract at their ends. The spots, stripes and bands are most variable in the posterior or distal portions of the structures on which they occur, and least variable in the anterior and proximal portions thereof. Increase of pigmentation or modification of colour pattern moves caudalward or distalward, while decrease moves cephalward or medianward.” “ Large or extreme varia- tions are determinate, and always occur in directions corresponding to the maximum lines of fluctuating variations.” ‘“‘ All variations of colour and structural characters are strongly correlated, . . . . so that causes which produce a variation in one part bring about either directly or indirectly corresponding variations in other parts.” *Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 48, Papers of the Station for Experimental Evolution No. 4. May, 1907 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 177 A number of ‘‘extreme variates” are noted, which the author declines to call mutants, but in later discussions refers to as ‘‘ mutants.” It seems to me the quotation marks might well have been left off. The author maintains “‘ that ‘mutation’ is not a special kind of variability different from that of ‘ ordinary fluctuating variation,’ but it is a part of the normal variability, and the direct response of the germ plasm to stimuli.” If I understand the case correctly, these ‘“‘extreme variates” are quite extreme ; they are rare, occurring only once in 6,000 cases ; and dreed true, a thing which ordinary variates do not do. This is my idea of a mutant. The mere question of terms, however, is relatively unimportant. ‘The fact is, Tower has given us one of the strongest arguments for the importance of mutations that has ever been presented, although he seems to think otherwise. He says: ‘‘The breeding ‘mutants’ in our gardens and laboratories can not tell us how they would succeed in nature ; my experience with these beetles is that they fare badly, and, as far as I can discover, that they play a minor role in the evolution of species.” How- ever, he had already stated (p. 273 e¢ seg.) that not only did pal/ida, one of the “mutants,” breed absolutely true for six generations in the laboratory with ‘‘no tendency to revert to the parental species ” (decemlineata), but that from 14 males and 15 females allowed to shift for themselves in nature, 1,580 pallida offspring of the 6th generation were found, and he ‘felt that further experiment with this form unconfined in nature was-neither safe nor desirable, and exterminated the entire lot,” It is true that 29 padiida is more than he ever found in nature at one time and place, but he did find 6 at Clifton, Ohio, and he note” that occasion- ally, as at Cabin John Bridge, Md., in 1goo, sports are relatively very abundant. adda is only one of a number of similar cases that Tower found. If I had been so fortunate as to obtain his results I would have drawn quite the opposite conclusions, and would have supported the mutation theory most loyally, believing it to be the statement of one, at least, method of evolution. But the cream of Tower’s paper has not yet been noted. After discussing (Chap. III) the ontogeny, chemistry, etc., of coloration in Leptinotarsa, and showing that marked colour variations can be brought about by varying the environmental conditions during development, but that these variations are not inherited ; and after treating of habits, assortative mating, etc., in Chapter IV, he shows in Chapter V how ¢nxheritable variations can be brought about artificially. Selection alone is apparently 178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. impotent to create new races until an individual, no different externally from the others, is found whose offspring do not revert as do offspring in general. However, if, after a female, for instance, has attained her final form and coloration, she be subjected to extreme temperature and moisture conditions, the germ plasm of the eggs then maturing is so affected that the beetles developing from them are, for the most part, entirely different from the parent form, even though their entire ontogeny is passed under perfectly normal conditions, and they will breed true, under normal conditions, to their new characters. If this same original female had been returned to a normal environment the eggs which mature under these conditions develop into normal offspring as though their mother had never been forced to give birth to abnormal children. To quote part of a single experiment : “In May, 1901, I subjected four males and four females from the hibernating population of decemlineata to extremely hot (average 35°C.), dry (relative humidity, average 45 per cent.) conditions, accompanied by low atmospheric pressure (19-21 inches) during the growth and fertilization of the first three lots of eggs, which were placed as soon as laid in natural conditions and reared. The last two lots were laid and reared in normal conditions. The first I designated Lot A, the second Lot B. All were reared during their ontogeny from the earliest embryonic stage to adults in normal environment. From 506 larve which hatched from Lot A I obtained 96 adult beetles, of which 82 were of the form pallida, two of the form zmmaculo-thorax, and 14 unmodified. From Lot B, of 319 eggs I got 61 normal beetles.” In another experiment the action of abnormal conditions on the forming germ plasm brought about inheritable physiological modifications. They had five instead of two or three generations a year, being normal in every other respect. This was kept up through three cycles, when the experiment was stopped. ‘In the rise of a five-brooded race there was a pure, perfectly constant inheritable character arising as the response to stimuli applied to the germ plasm. Eleven years of study of this and related genera have shown that zz none of the family, or relations of the Jamily, are there traces of five-brooded races or species.” Unfortunately, further details of the data can not be given here. But an idea of the contents of the paper has perhaps been given. Not even all the conclusions can be quoted. The following, however, can not be passed over: ‘Variation is to be interpreted upon the basis of response to stimuli directed by the stage of development reached and the nature of the pre-existing stages. Variation is also epigenetic, and not a: pre- determined character in organisms” (p. 307). ‘‘ There is not at present THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179 evidence to show the origin of any heritable variations in the soma. Moreover, I have shown that in these beetles we can get new permanent variations by stimulating the germ cells, and in no other way” (p. 311). “Tam . . . . of the opinion that the evolution of the genus Leptinotarsa, and of animals in general, has been continuous and direct, developing new species in migrating races by direct response to the conditions of existence. In this evolution natural selection has acted to determine antecedent states and the persistence of new variations, but ‘in each race or species it acts as the conservator of the race, keeping down extreme variations through their elimination in hibernation, larval life and selective mating.” UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT APPROPRIATIONS FOR ENTOMOLOGICAL PURPOSES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1908. Bureau of Entomology, Washington.....................-$136,010 00 Emergency appropriations : Cotton-boll Weevil investigations ....... ifula lg ete es LOD}OOOr OO Prevention of spread of Gypsy and Brown- tail Moths.. 150,000 00 Bradication- Cattle Wicks oy. geacts sien ke Peat a: eek OSCE 100 $626, O10 OO There is also an appropriation of $250,080 for the National Arcana a portion of which will be applied to the Collections of Insects. ‘The expense of printing bulletins, etc., for the Scientific Bureaus is covered by a further appropriation of $824,450. In the statement of expenditures at the end of the Report of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion of Canada for the year ending June, 1905 (the last we have access to), there is to be found the following item : ‘* Entomological and Botanical Division, including salaries of officers in Ehameey er. Mees ayaa. e Mee ered Lam salad aes $4,265 28e This amount may possibly have been increased to $5,000 for the current year. Dr. Howard has a staff of more than seventy-five men, and consider- ably over half a million of dollars at his disposal. Dr. Fletcher has two assistants and five thousand dollars, with nearly as large a territory to cover, and is expected to include botany as well as entomology in his sphere of work. Is not this a disgrace to the Dominion ? 180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The Curator begs to acknowledge, with grateful thanks, the gift to the Entomological Society of Ontario of a large collection of Canadian and exotic Coleoptera, which are a welcome and valuable addition to the cabinets. The native specimens will be used to fill up blanks and replace imperfect examples in the collections, and will assist very materially in rendering more complete the Society’s representation of the insects, of the Dominion. Thanks are due. to Mr. Henry S. Saunders, of Toronto, for this generous gift. He also thankfully acknowledges the receipt of a pair of co-types of Chrysophanus arethusa, new species, frem Mr. Wolley Dod, of Muillar- ville, Alberta. This form is described on page 169 above. A NEW GEOMETRID. BY WM. H. BROADWELL, NEWARK, N. J. Cleora areataria, n. sp.—Type, 1 9. Antenne filiform. Body and wings whitish-gray. Fore wings with three conspicuous, sinuous lines, discal dot faint. T. a. line beginning one-third outward on costa, rounded outwardly and denticulate, inner edge bordered with dark gray ; a white patch at base. Middle of wings light gray, almost white, with a faint line running from lower margin to just below discal dot, then rounding outward to just below discal dot, and back to costa, where it ends in a conspicuous | black elongated mark. T. p. line black and bent outward at middle of wings, then inward to costa ; between that and outer edge a white denticulate line of same shape as t. p. line. A marginal row of black dots at ends of veins. Area from t. p. line to outer edge dark gray. Fringe checkered white and gray. Lower wings with a faint trace of the inner line. Beneath pale whitish-gray. T. p. line showing on both wings. Discal dot large, prominent and with a white centre. Discal dot on lower wings smaller, black and solid. Legs dark gray. Fore legs darker and banded, white and black. Length of body, tr mm.; of fore wings, [5 mm.; expanse, 30 mm. This species may be known by the broad light-coloured band in middle of wings, and white patch at base, equalling about one-half the area of fore wings. It is almost a replica of C. atrolinearia, Hulst, but smaller, and lacking the general brown cast bordering the lines of that species. Locality, Hemlock Falls, South Orange, N. J., April 22nd.° Norer.— Photo of C. areataria can be had by applying to me. Mailed May 4th, 1907. CAN. ENT., VOL. XXXIX. PLATE 4. LS The G anatiay Bentomalogist Vou. XXXIX. LONDON, JUNE, 1907. No. 6. STUDIES IN THE GENUS INCISALIA. BY JOHN H. COOK, ALBANY, N. Y. FLT. Previous Paper.—In the CanapIaAn Enrtomo.ocisr for June,- 1905 (Vol. XXXVII, No. 6, p. 216), I published an article in which I pointed out the more obvious differences which serve to distinguish this species INCISALIA HENRICI. from Z. érus, with which it has been confused. In addition to the _ characters supplied by the coloration of the wings, I mentioned that the male /enrict has no discal stigma,* a fact which seems to have been overlooked by other observers. I stated further that this furnished a reliable diagnostic character for the identification of the species, and, inasmuch as zvus males invariably have the stigma, the specific validity of Henrici should be recognized “at least until the test of breeding could be applied.” Being, at the time, unacquainted with the life-history of either species, and being unwilling to express hasty and possibly premature conclusions, I did not feel wholly warranted in holding that W. H. Edwards was right and Dr. Scudder wrong in their respective opinions concerning the butterfly bred by the former. Edwards described the early stages as those of Aenrici, but Scudder, not recognizing Henrict as a species, applied them (a// excepting the egg) to irus. took the ground that we were justified in withholding judgment in the matter until further facts were discovered. Since there did not appear to be any strong probability that another would supply me with the necessary facts, I set about getting them for myself. Having succeeded in breeding both species side by side, from egg to imago, both parents being known in each case, I can now state positively that Edwards bred Henrici (as he stated) and not zvus, and that his descriptions of the early stages are correct to the minutest detail. Moreover, Scudder was in error in quotirs the description’ of the larval and pupal instars under the caption zrus. The two species differ so *In his ‘‘ Bibliography of Canadian Entomology for the year 1905.’ ‘Dr. Car S. Bethune has credited me with having stated that ‘‘ some males . are without the characteristic stigma.’ A careful reading of the article will, I think, make it apparent that the statement was intended to cover a// the males, 182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. markedly as eggs, caterpillars and chrysalids, that a schoolboy collector could not fail to separate them properly. : The Type.—This species was first described by Grote and Robinson in 1867 (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., I, 174), and the type specimen is now in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. After a careful comparison with the butterflies in my own collection, I have no hesitation in affirming that ¢¢ 7s a ma/e,* although, the abdomen having been lost, positive determination is impossible. An Error Corrected.—In his Catalogue of Butterflies (1878) Strecker places Henrici as variety b of ivus, and adds: ‘‘Smaller. Inferiors tailless.” Since this characterization is altogether misleading, I have thought it worth while to direct attention to the error. It is true that averages made from a large number of specimens will show that Hemrici is a trifle the smaller, but many of the larger Henrict have a broader alar expanse than the majority of zrws, so the knowledge of averages is not of much assistance to the collector. As for the statement that the second- aries of Henrici are without tails, and the implication that tails are always to be found in /rws, I can only say that such is not the case. In this respect 77s is variable, occasional specimens (bred) appearing from chrysalis, with merely a slight projection at the end of the nervule as in niphon ; again, though more rarely, the tails are quite pronounced. Fig. 3 (Plate 4) represents the outline of irus wings usually met with ; fig. c is the male and fig. 2 the female of Afenric/, showing that well-developed tails are present in both sexes.¢ Of this species no individuals with tailless inferiors have come to my attention except where the tails have obviously been lost. Time of Flight.—Species single-brooded, the butterflies appearing with 7s; 7. ¢., at the very end of April. Never so abundant (here) as the latter, and to be sought with greatest success in sunny spots in the open pine woods, where Vaccinium vacillans is the dominant shrub of the undergrowth, and around the edges of swamps where V. corymbosum is to be found. Its season of greatest abundance and time of disappearance *My determination is based principally on the fact that the type is marked with red-brown-near the anal angle of the secondaries above, while the primaries are not suffused. In my series of nearly 200 butterflies this combination is found only in the males, the females showing more or less suffusion on all the wings, and when this is reduced on the primaries it is about equally reduced on the secondaries, never remaining, as in the males, a rather conspicuous patch near the angle. |+These figures, natural size, are from blue prints made directly from the insects’ wings. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 183 appear to be the same as the corresponding seasons of zrzs, the butterflies rarely enduring into June. From the observations of W. H. Edwards, it is evident that the species is flying in West Virginia nearly a month before it appears at Albany. Securing the Eggs.—Edwards was led to imprison a female over wild plum (Prunus Amertcana ?) by having once discovered an unknown Lycenid larva boring into the fruit of that plant. He secured eggs. Since there are no plums, wild or cultivated, on the uninviting and almost uninhabited pine-barrens where Afearic¢ is most abundant in this region, the local food-plant had to be determined. During the spring of 1905 every female captured was confined over plum and Lupinus perennis (the food-plant of zxus), but no eggs were iaid. About noon on the 28th of May a worn specimen was observed flying weakly among the low shrubbery, and in the hope that it might prove to be a fertile female I followed it. Several times during the afternoon the insect alighted on Vaccinium vacillans, curled its abdomen and pressed the tip against some part of the plant, usually a bud, but no eggs were extruded. This and another fresh-looking female taken on the. 24th were then confined over vact//ans. The next day both were dead. Dissection showed that the abdomen of the worn butterfly contained a single egg, while that of the other contained fourteen. The ova were very soft, and it was impossible to determine more than that they differed considerably from ¢rus eggs. Flenrici first appeared in 1g06, on the 28th of April, and on the 7th of May i had the good fortune to disturba pair 72 copu/o. The flight was short, and the insects alighted on one of a number of long straws lying among the dry persistent stems of a clump of Ceanothus in such a position that it was not advisable to risk an attempt to cover them with the net. The posture of the butterflies during co/tws merits attention, as it doubtless explains or is explained by the peculiar modification of the genitalia found in the Theclidi. I have witnessed the costus of all our local Chryso- phanidi and Lyceenidi, and in every instance the abdomens of the copulating insects were held approximately in the same line ; these butterflies held their abdomens high so that they formed an angle of about ninety degrees, as illustrated in the plate (fig. 4). The wings were closely appressed, the secondaries lifted away from the body, and the primaries dropped backward between them so that, except for the projecting apices, they were completely hidden. Whenever the female moved forward even 184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a little the male would immediately back up until the position described was regained, acting as though any other position was painful, or at least uncomfortable. ; I began cautiously to cut away the branches which would prevent my net rim from reaching the ground, intending to lower the bag over the pair so carefully that they would not take alarm and separate, and then to sit quietly by until copulation was finished, or, if necessary, to leave them undisturbed overnight. I had succeeded in clearing away the incon- venient branches without frightening the butterflies, and had just laid hold of the net when my plans were suddenly upset by the male, who released the body of the female and flew to a dead twig a few yards away. This happened at 10.40 a.m., exactly ten minutes after I first sighted the pair. It was then an easy matter to capture the insects. Not being confident of the sex of either, I brought both to the laboratory alive, and after noting such differences as appeared on the visible wing surfaces, I put them together in a cage over a growing plant of vaci//ans.* On the 13th one of the butterflies died ; it proved to be the male. About noon on the 15th I examined the plant with a lens without finding any eggs. Shortly before two o'clock I transferred the female to a cage containing twigs of plum (cultivated), Vi corymbosum, V. vacillans and V. pennsylvanicum, and on- looking over the plant from which she had been removed, I discovered an egg on the outside of one of the opening leaf-buds. __I straiShtway turned my attention to the imprisoned butterfly. Oviposition.—Observation began at 1.57 p.m., at which time she was resting quietly on the gauze. Four minutes later she began to walk about nervously, and at 2.05 dropped to a spray of vwact//ans, and almost immediately oviposited on the outer scale of an unopened bud. A few seconds afterward she returned to the gauze, but continued to move about actively as though seeking a way of escape. At 2.07 she again dropped to the plants, this time alighting on a plum leaf, from which she walked up the stem and over the flowers, jumped to an open flower of vaci//ans, and, with more deliberation than before, oviposited on the calyx (2.08), returning shortly to the gauze. Wishing to determine the minimum interval between the laying cf two eggs, I removed two of the four uprights which held the netting in position, and by bringing the butterfly close to the plants I was *The weather for the next few days may be of interest, as it possibly influences to some extent the length of time elapsing between coz/us and ovipositing. May 8th, 9th and 1oth cold, cloudy, with rain at intervals; rith fair but cold ; 12th hazy, with keen wind, rain in afternoon ; 13th cold, rain ; 14th fair and warm ; 15th fair and warm, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185 able to induce her to walk on to them every thirty seconds. Six times she returned to the gauze immediately ; at the seventh trial she oviposited (2.12) on V. corymbosum (calyx). The same course was followed again, and resulted in seven returns to the gauze, and an egg (2.16) on vact//ans (corolla) ; then seven returns and another egg on vacil//ans (calyx). The butterfly then refused twenty successive invitations to oviposit, and upon being left undisturbed took up a position on the netting, concealing the primary wings as far as possible between the secondaries, which also hid the abdomen. This appeared to signify that the performance was ended, and, as my duties called me away, t made note of the location of each of the five eggs, and brought my observation to a close. The growing plant oviposited upon between 11.40 a.m, and I.40 p.m. was searched (as was also the box and netting), with the result that seven eggs, besides the one first noticed, were found as follows : terminal leaf-bud of longer stem, 4 (2 at base of inner leaf, on lower surface ; 2 close together at apex of outer leaf, on upper surface); terminal flower-bud of shorter stem, 2 (at base of cluster, on scales) ; next lower flower-bud, same stem, 1 (same position). Two days later another confined female laid an unfertilized egg on the calyx of a vaci/lans flower, and this may be assumed to be the location usually selected when the buds are sufficiently open, otherwise the eggs are placed on the scales of flower-buds, and possibly also on those of leaf-buds. Number of Eggs.—"dwards obtained fifteen eggs; my female yielded thirteen, and the butterfly dissected in 1905 contained fourteen. The Ege.—I\n my discussion of /ucisalia trus I stated* that the “only published account of the early stages of that species, except Scudder’s description and figures of the egg” (and, I neglected to add, his description of the larva at birth, the figure of its head, and the co/oured illustration of the chrysalis), was to be found in the work of Boisduval and Leconte. As I have pointed out, Scudder borrowed Edwards’s descriptions of the other larval instars and of the pupa of /fenric/, and applied them to zrus under the impression that they were one and the same species. [Ze did not quote Edwards's description of the egg, but gave his own, based undoubtedly upon personal examination.f There would be nothing *CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 6 (June, 1906), p. 181. |Dr. Scudder says that he has “in two instances known eggs to be laid by females (‘rus ) shut up in chip boxes.” Presumably one or more of these furnished the basis of the description and figures, 186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. remarkable in this were it not for the fact that 7” one vital point Edwards's description does not correspond to Scudder’s. Aud yet the discrepancy 1s not mentioned, and was probably overlooked, though it was presumptive evidence of error. The solution is that Scudder described and figured the egg of irus, while Edwards described the egg of Henrici. Yo assist any who may be inclined to doubt the worth of my judgment in the matter, I have reproduced in the plate photomicrographs of the egg-shells of irus (fig. 6) and Henrici (fig. 5).* The shells are magnified equally. Edwards} described the egg of Henrici as follows : “Shaped like that of Lycena pseudargiolus ( Cyaniris ladon), and marked very much in the same manner ; the top flattened, and at the micropyle depressed ; about this last are three concentric rows of minute spaces, rhomboidal to irregu- larly pentagonal ; the remainder of the surface is covered with a frosted network, the meshes of which are triangular, and from each angle rises a ” low rounded knob; colour whitish-green. . . >) Comparison with Irus Egg.—The value of a description is greater in proportion to the emphasis placed upon comparative characters, and although the egg of //enrici has a greater general resemblance to that of niphon than to either augustus or trus, | have, for obvious reasons, chosen to contrast it with the egg of the last-named species. The most striking difference between them is that the primary ornamentation (consisting, in both, of bosses connected by slightly raised ridges), which in zrws is clear, unobscured and easily made out, is in Henrici covered and greatly obscured by a secondary ornamentation difficult to analyze, but rendering the shell nearly opaque, and giving the appearance described as “ frosted” by Edwards (and by Scudder in his description of wphonu). Under a moderate power the new-laid egg is green, flecked with minute white points where the irregular surface catches the light, and studded with large and prominent white bosses. New-laid ‘rus eggs are of about the same shade of green, the smooth surface not catching points of light, studded with small, more numerous bosses not at all prominent. As the embryo larva develops, the green colour is lost, but in ras the colour of the caterpillar (yellowish) is visible through the transparent shell, while in Heric¢ this is *Since the photomicrographs have unavoidably lost somewhat in being reproduced, | have made arrangements with the maker, Mr. Jas. A. Glenn, 65 North Pearl Street, Albany, N. Y., whereby any who may desire to do so can purchase prints from the negatives (slightly larger and showing detail more clearly) at ten cents each. | Papilio, I, 150. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . 187 not the case, the whole surface appearing white and as though dusted over with microscopic grains of quartz. The bosses may be studied by reflected light ; the primary reticulation is visible as dark but well-defined, clear-cut lines when viewed under a moderate power by transmitted light ; and the secondary ornamentation can be satisfactorily made out in prepared sections only. Fig. 8 is a composite drawing made by combining the results of all three methods. Other and more important differences are these: (1) Henrici eggs are smaller than ¢vws eggs in the proportion of 8 to 9 (equatorial diameter), and yet (2) the “ hexagons” (Scudder) formed by the roughly equilateral triangles of the reticulation are larger in //enrici in the proportion of 5 to 3, and (3) the bosses are in Aenrice broader in the proportion of 2 to r. These facts are brought out in fig. 9 (primary reticulation /fenric?), and fig. 10° (outline 77s, and part of reticulation*). Moreover (4), ‘the reticulation of Heurict is far more regular than that of ¢rws, which latter is often broken up by areas without or with greatly reduced bosses, and the “cells” (Scudder) not arranged in hexagons. Compare figs. 5 and 6. Again (5) the ‘‘cells” of Henrici are sunken so that the lines connecting the bosses are bowed inward, giving each boss the appearance of being raised on a rude pyramid. (6) In an crus egg the reticulation is continued (without bosses) over the bottom, while the bottom of the Henrie egg is nearly clear, transparent, and without reticulation. (7) The micropyle of trus is clear, and merges almost imperceptibly with the surrounding “cells.”> That of Henrici (fig. 7) contains occasional refractive corpuscles (nobis), and is strongly demarked from the surrounding area by the rather ragged edge of the secondary ornamentation. (To be continued. ) A FOSSIL CATERPILLAR. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLO. Among the materials obtained in the summer of 1rg06 in the Miocene shales of Florissant, Colorado, is a beautifully-preserved caterpillar. It was collected by my wife at Station 14 (of Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1907, p. 131). It appears to belong to a distinct genus, and may be character- ized as follows: *For a complete figure of 7rus egg see Scudder’s Butterflies of the Eastern U.S. and Canada. +Figured in Scudder’s Butterflies of the Eastern U. S. and Canada, Plate 68, and in the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Vol. XXXVIII, Plate 1 (May, 1906). June, 1907 188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Phylledestes vorax, n. g..n. sp. (Fig. 9.) Length, 27 mm.; with the general proportions of a Noctuid larva, the body fairly stout, cylindrical, with the usual legs and stigmata; head round- ed, ordinary, not very Cony fe , large, its vertical length ee We 334 mm.; body smooth, ee MAH ID as preserved rather light Sa Cuneo reddish-brown, without ee Pm spots or lines, but pallid’ ventrally ; first body seg- ment, in the anterior sub- dorsal region on each side, with a patch of six or seven minute round spots resembling ocelli, not bearing any hairs ; no sign of a prothoracic plate ; tubercles all absent (or not visible, though the skin is very well preserved, showing the spiracles, etc., clearly) except tubercle r (as I take it to be, since it is always directly above the spiracle), which is recognizable on body-segments 2 to ro because it emits very stout bristles, those on seg- ments 2 and ro smaller and in bundles, of three on the former, two on the latter ; the others large, stout and black, a single one on each side of each segment. ‘This armature may be expressed by a formula, 0, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, Fic. 9.—lossil Caterpillar. 1,1,2,0. The bristles, though very stout, and the longer ones about 314 mm. long, are distinctly bristles, capable of bending, not spines; and they do not show the least spinulation or branching. ‘The distance between the spiracles and the bases of the bristles is on the middle abdominal segments a little over 2 mm. In the figure I have represented the caterpillar as waiking on a twig, and have enlarged it, but have shown nothing that is not plainly visible in the fossil. Scudder described eight species of butterflies from the Florissant shales, finding them all to belong to extinct genera. J am totally unable to place the larva now described in any existing genus, and even the family remains in doubt. ‘There is an obvious superficial resemblance to some of the Nymphalids, but it appears to be only superficial. I should rather seek to place the insect somewhere in the neighbourhood of the Arctiid-Noctuid stem, but just where I do not know. May I ask for the advice and criticism of those who have a better knowledge of lepidopterous larvee ? THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189 LIST OF HEMIPTERA TAKEN AT COMO, QUEBEC, DURING THE SUMMER OF 1906, BY GEO. A. MOORE, MONTREAL. (Continued from page 163.) HOMOPTERA! Membracide. Entilia bactriana, Germ.—July 8. Common on Thistle. Ceresa bubalus, Fabr.—July 23. Common. Ceresa brevicornis, Fitch.—July 27. Several. Ceresa diceros, Say.—July 26. Common: Thelia univittata, Harr.—July 27. One specimen. Archasia galeata, Fab.—July 7. One specimen. Acutalis dorsalis, Fitch.—Aug. 4. Scarce. Cyrtolobus varius, Godg. ?—July 14. Oak, common. Ophiderma salamandra, Fairm.—Aug. 3. One specimen. Carynota marmorata, Say.—July 23. Several. Enchenopa binotata, Say.—July 25. Several. Campylenchia curvata, Fabr.—July rs. fulgorida. Bruchomorpha oculata, Newm.—July 25. Several. Lamenia vulgaris, Fh.—July 23. Common. Scolops sulcipes, Say.—July 24.—Common. Cixius stigmatus, Say.—Aug. 2. Three specimens. Cixius pini, Fh. ?—Aug. 2. One specimen. Otiarus 5-lineatus, Say.—July 26. One specimen. Pissonotus marginatus, V. ).—July 8. One specimen. Laccocera vittipennis, V. D.—July 25. One specimen. Phyllodinus nervatus, V. D.—July 14. One specimen. Liburnia pellucida, Fabr.—July 20. Several. Liburnia campestris, V. D.—July 6. Liburnia lutulenta, V. D.—July 20. Liburnia puella, V. D.—Sept. 2. Liburnia furcata, Prov. ?—July 20. Cercopide. Aphrophora 4-notata, Say.—July 15. Common. Philznus spumarius ustulatus, Fall.—July 8. Common. Philzenus lineatus, Linn.—July 2. Common. Clastoptera obtusa, Say.—July 15. Common, June, 1907 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Clastoptera proteus, Fh., var. flava, Ball.—July 24. Several. Clastoptera proteus, Fh., var. vittata, Ball.—July 25. Several. Clastoptera proteus, Fh., var. nigra, Ball.—July 25. Several. Bythoscopidea, Bythoscopus variabilis, Fitch.—July 14, Several on Oak. Bythoscopus nigrinasi, Fitch.—July 15. Pediopsis viridis, Fitch.—July 25. Several. Pediopsis insignis, V. D.—July 20. Idiocerus Provancheri, V. D.—July 28. Several. Idiocerus alternatus, Fh.—July 26. . Agallia 4-punctata, Prov.—July 15.- Tettigonide. Oncometopia costalis, Fabr.—July 27. Two specimens. Tettigonia bifida, Say.—July 25. Common. Tettigonia gothica, Sign.—Aug. 4. Common. Diedrocephala coccinea, Forst.—July 14. Common. Dreeculacephala noveboracensis, Fitch.—July 2. Common. Helochara communis, Fitch.—July 14. Common. Eucanthus acuminatus, Fabr.—July 8. ‘Two specimens. Gypona Quebecensis, Prov.—July 24. Common. Xestocephalus pulicarius, V. D —Sept. 2. One specimen. Jasside. Paramesus vitellinus, Fitch.—July 26. Several. Platymetopius acutus, Say.—July 20 and Aug. 4. Deltocephalus Sayi, Fitch.—July 8 and Sept. 3. Deltocephalus Minki, Fieb.—July 20. Deltocephalus inimicus, Say.—July 2. Scaphoideus auronitens, Prov.—July 30. One specimen. Scaphoideus immixtus, Say.—July 23. Common. Athysanus plutonius, Uhler.—July 2. Athysanus Curtisii, Fitch.—July 2. Common. Eutettix seminuda, Say.—July 8. One specimen. Phlepsius fulvidorsum, Fitch.—July 27. Thamnotettix clitellaria, Say.—July 2. Several. Chlorotettix unicolor, Fitch.—July 14. Several. Chlorotettix lusoria, Osb. and Ball.—July 25. Jassus olitorius, Say.—Aug. 12. Gnathodus punctatus, Thunb.—July 25. Gnathodus viridis, Osb.—July 2. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191 Typhlocybide. Dicraneura communis, Gill.—July 14. IXmpoasca atrolabes, Gill.— July 8. Empoasca mali, LeB.—July 23. Several. Emp asca unicolor, Gill.—July 8. Two specimens. Empoasca viridescens, Walsh.—July 31. Eupteryx flavoscuta, Gill., and var.—July 15. Several. Typhlocyba tricincta, Fitch.—July 2. Typhlocyba bifasciata, G. and B.—July 2t. Typhlocyba sp., near tenerrima, H. S.—Sept. 2. Typhlocyba comes, Say.—Sept. 2. Common on wild grape. Typhlocyba comes, Say, var. 8-notata, Walsh.—Sept. 1. Wild grape. Typhlocyba comes, Say, var. vitifex, Fh.—July 8. Typhlocyvba comes, Say, var. vitis, Harr.—July 31. Typhlocyba comes, Say, var. ziczac, Walsh.—July 30. Wild grape. Typhlocyba vulnerata, Fitch.—Jutly 31 and Sept. 1. Typhlocyba querci, Fh.—July 2. Oak. Typhlocyba sp., near querci, Fitch.—July 15. Typhlocyba rose, Linn,—July 7. Psyllide. Psylla carpini, Fh.—Aug. 2. PRACTICAL AND POPULAR ENTOMOLOGY.—No. 2t. THE SCOLYTIDZ OR ENGRAVER-BEETLES.* BY J. W. SWAINE, ITHACA, N. Y. Scolytidz have been described from almost every portion of this continent from Mexico to Alaska, and will probably be found wherever their food-plants occur. Many species are described from the West Indies, and a very large number from Central and South America, and from Europe. Many are known from Japan, Australia, Ceylon, South Africa and elsewhere. A few-species seem.almost world-wide in distribu- tion ; others are known only from small regions. A number of injurious species, e. g., Scolytus rugulosus. and Xyleborus dispar, have been introduced into America from Europe. Over 1,400 species of Scolytids are already described. The North American members of the family Scolytidse are usually somewhat elongate and cylindrical in form, and brown or black in colour. *Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Cornell University. June, 1y07 192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. They vary from one to a little over eight millimeters in length. Crypturgus pusillus is one of the smallest species, and Dendroctonus valens probably the largest. The legs are rather small and weak, as becomes their habits. The antenne are short and geniculate, with an extremely large club, which is usually annulated. The vast majority of Scolytids cut their breeding-tunnels in the bark or wood of trees or shrubs. The chief North American exceptions are referred to below. The burrows of the Scolytide are of great interest, and often of remarkable regularity and beauty. The burrows of many species are so characteristic that it is often easy to guess which species has been at work from an examination of the tunnels and galleries alone. (Figs. 10 and 11.) Tee ATT TTA Fic. 11.—Burrows of Scolytidze. About one-quarter of our North American species infest coniferous trees, the Pines and Spruces being especially subject to attack. Of THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193 deciduous trees, the Oak, Beech and Hickory suffer severely, and there is scarcely a northern tree but serves as food-plant for one or more species of this family. As a rule each species has a limited number of food-plants, but some few, like Pterocyclon madi, feed in many trees, both coniferous and deciduous. According to their habits, the North American Scolytids may be separated into four fairly well-marked groups: the Bark-beetles, the Timber- or Ambrosia-beetles, the Twig-beetles, and a fourth group containing a few species of varying habit. THE BARK-BEETLES.—The first of the above-named groups includes those forms which burrow in the bark, or between the bark and the wood. The adults enter through a hole in the bark, cut in many cases by the male, and drive a primary-tunnel, usually partly in the bark and partly in the wood, and generally either parallel with or at right angles to the wood- fibres. A few species burrow entirely in the bark, and a few species, included here in the Bark-beetles, cut their tunnels just below and parallel to the wood surface. The length of the tunnels varies in the different species from less than an inch to more than a foot. The female, at least _ in many species, does the greater part of the work, while the male guards the opening and removes the chips and refuse. These main-tunnels are always kept strictly clean. In sweeping the tunnels the beetles move backwards, scraping the refuse with the mandibles back to the fore legs, which pass it on to the middle, and these to the hind pair. When the opening of the tunnel is reached the tip of the abdomen is protruded and the refuse passed up to the hind pair of legs in the manner just indicated, and by the hind legs pushed away from the opening. During this opera- tion the beetle turns in the burrow, thus distributing the refuse evenly about the opening. In cutting the tunnels also, the beetles constantly revolve, thus obtaining such perfectly cylindrical burrows. When not at work one beetle is usually guarding the entrance. By backing into the entrance-hole the declivity of the elytra plugs the opening, and thus presents a complete protection from many enemies. ‘The truncate character of the elytra serves well for this purpose, forming a continuation of the surface of the wood. In niches along the sides of the primary-tunnel the whitish, almost transparent, eggs are laid, usually one, though sometimes several, in each niche. In some species, however, e. g., Dendroctonus terebrans, they are laid in clusters along the sides of the primary-tunnel. 194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. When egg-laying is completed the adults usually die, and their remains may frequently be found long after in the tunnel. Some species, however, cut a new tunnel and rear a second brood. With certain species, o > & S§ entrance-hole, and, dying in this position, helps to guard the larve from Chramesus icorle, one sex, usually the male, backs into the 3 such enemies as might wish to enter the burrow. In those species which lay the eggs in masses along the sides of the primary-tunnel, the larvee burrow in congress through the bark, forming irregular cavities extending laterally from the primary-tunnel. When the eggs are laid in niches the larvze burrow separately through the bark or between the bark and the wood, at right angles to the primary- tunnels ; these side tunnels, larval galleries or mines thus formed increase in size as the larve grow, and are left completely filled with wood or bark fragments which have passed through the body of the larvae. The latter feed entirely upon bark or wood. If the direction first assumed by the larvee is not parallel with the wood-fibres, the larval-mines are usually found to turn, tending to follow the direction of the fibres. The larve at and near the ends of the primary-tunnel swing around almost immediately, while those nearer the middle do so as rapidly as is possible without encroaching upon the mines of their neighbours. Usually the larvae keep carefully to their own pre- serves, only crossing a neighbour’s gallery when necessity compels them to do so. When the larval mines are entirely in the bark their direction has no definite relation to that of the wood-fibres. After the larval development has been passed, varying in length with the species, the ends of the larval mines are enlarged and sometimes ‘driven down into the wood to form the pupal chamber. In some species the pupal period iasts but a week or ten days, in others the winter is passed in this condition. After transformation is completed, the young adults cut their way out through the bark, forming the openings known as ‘* shot-holes.” While the primary-tunnel and also the egg-niches are usually deeply engraved in the wood, the larval-mines are often entirely in the bark, or only cut the wood at the pupil-chambers. On Ash trunks, where the bark is thick, the larval-mines of //ylesixus aculeatus but slightly engrave the wood surface, while on small branches, where the bark is thin, the mines often cut the wood as deeply as they do the bark. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195 Frequenily a number of primary-tunnels, not always cut by the same individual, radiate froma common “nuptial-chamber” situated just beneath the common entrance-hole. In such cases, at least with some species, the male cuts the entrance-hole, the nuptial-chamber and often the beginnings of three or four primary-tunnels. The male is then joined by one or more females, which finish the primary-tunnels and the egg-niches ; the work of the male after the entrance of the females consists mainly in removing the chips and refuse and guarding the entrance-hole. When the primary-tunnel is long, as is the case, e. g., with several species of Tomicus, there may be one or more ‘‘ventilation holes” through the bark. After the labours of egg-laying are over, the adults of some species of Bark-beetles cut irregular, winding ‘“ food-tunnels,” deeply engraving the sap-wood. Some species hibernate in their food-tunnels, and others in short burrows apparently cut for the purpose. A number of species hibernate as larvee, some as pup, others as adults, and with some species all three stages may be found in the burrows during the winter. The Bark-beetles include by far the largest number of our North American species. (To be continued. ) THE AMBROSIA BEETLE (XYLEBORUS XYLOGRAPHUS, SAY),-AS AN ORCHARD PEST. BY O. E, BREMNER, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA. During the early spring of 1904 my attention was called to the injury being done to Peach and Prune trees in the Dry Creek Valley, Sonoma County, California, by a minute beetle which proved to be one of the Ambrosia Beetles, Xy/eborus xylographus, Say. The most interesting fact. to me was the nature of the attack, for contrary to all former reports of the depredations of this beetle, i found it attacking perfectly healthy Peach trees, and also Prune trees in a perfectly healthy state, as well as those which seem to be suffering from an excess of moisture, heat or cold, as the case might be. In the case of the Peach trees there was a marked exudation of gum, but this did not seem to hinder the onward work of the borer, but did, however, prevent the mouth of the gallery from being kept open, which resulted in the healing June, 1907 196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. of the wound, and no damage could be seen the following year from the attack. With the Prunes it was different ; there was no gumming, and only the very small pin-hole, with its little trail of wood-dust to mark the spot where the little borer was industriously working within ; but six such holes were sufficient to cause the death of the tree. The food of these beetles is a fungus grown on the walls of the galleries and chambers made by the beetles, and develops only under certain conditions, namely, when the tree is in a diseased or dying con- dition, and in the case of these fruit trees this condition is brought about by the attack of the beetle itself. On each side of the hole for more than a quarter of an inch and extending up and down the body of the tree for from six inches to two feet, and continuing inward as far and as fast as the gallery progresses, the wood of the tree turns brown, and gives off an odour, exactly similar to those conditions arising from the so-called sour-sap disease, and under this condition the Ambrosia seems to develop even better than where the trees seemed to have been attacked, after having partially succumbed to some other cause. There seems to be no special time for attack, but from early spring until late fall I found trees being attacked, and galleries containing beetles in all the stages of development. As to remedies I found all those pre- scribed to be of no avail. Plugging, opening the galleries to the light, external and internal applications, seemed to have no effect. The only remedy, other than that of removing the affected trees and burning, would be a heavy fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas when the trees are dormant. ‘The beetles always enter the tree from the north and east sides, and rarely more than six feet from the ground. Another point of interest is: As soon as a gallery terminated in a chamber, an adult of the colony took up its station at the door of the gallery with the tip of the elytra just flush with the surface of the bark, where it suffered death rather than admit an intruder, for in every case that I inserted a wire I found that this beetle died rather than escape, which it could easily have done by running along the gallery to the chamber. This sentinel also seems to act as garbage man for the colony, removing all excess of wood-dust and excreta not needed in the propagation of the Ambrosia A description of this beetle can be found in Bulletin 7, New Series Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197 CECIDOMYIIDA:: A STATEMENT. BY E. P. FELT, ALBANY, N. Y. The Gall Midges, though extremely small in size and frequently of very uniform colouring, are, nevertheless, easily referable, for the most part, to family, genera and species, by characters found on the insects themselves. Inasmuch as two and sometimes three or four different species may inhabit the same gall or very similar galls on the same plants, it must be admitted that a system dependent largely upon plant deforma- tions is not entirely satisfactory. Moreover, a number of species, including in this category practically all the members of two important subfamilies, produce no vegetable deformations. Obviously these latter species, if identified at all, must be separated by characters presented by the insects themselves. The minute we allow this, there must be some method of distinguishing them from the host of other species with which they might be confused if taken in the field away from the galls in which many forms breed. Our correspondents may be interested to know that the preliminary descriptions issued from this office have, in every instance, been condensed from more detailed characterizations (not to mention numerous photomicrographs and other illustrations), all bearing the same number and easily associated with specimens similarly marked, consequently there can be no question later on as to the identity of the forms described. Furthermore, we are now engaged in a serious systematic and biologic study of this group, and have already well in hand a series of tables for the separation of not only subfamilies and genera, but also species, in such a manner that all may be recognized irrespective of the plant or material in which they breed. ‘This, it seems to us, is the only logical basis for a classification, and something that is imperatively needed, particularly when it is remembered that very few of the published descriptions are sufficient for the identification of adults, unless they are taken in connection with the galls. Obviously, progress must be seriously hindered if this condition is allowed to persist, since many of the earlier described species can be identified only by securing the galls and breeding the insects therefrom. We would not imply by the above that the biological study of this group should be neglected, far from it; this phase should be pushed with all possible vigour. We do urge the necessity ofa thorough study of the adults and the replacing of the present more or less insufficient descriptions by characterizations that will bring out the specific differences most clearly. The above statements are made at this time owing to the fact that June, 1907 198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. certain strictures* on our recent work have appeared. ‘The critic seems to have overlooked the fact that the descriptions referred to in particular are simply preliminary ; he was presumably unaware that they are based upon detailed descriptions, and appears to have ignored the fact that most species bear excellent generic and specific characters, and that a number, at least, can under no circumstances be associated with any vegetable deformation. There is no reason why adults of this group sbould not be studied independently of the earlier stages any more than in the Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and other orders. It is regrettable that there must inevitably be some confusion between a system which, sooner or later, will break down on account of its own limitations, and the intro- duction of one based upon well-accepted systematic principles. The earlier the change is made, the better for this branch of entomology, and we hope shortly to have the pleasure of demonstrating the wisdom of this course. THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE CULICIDA:. BY EVELYN GROESBEFCK MITCHELL, WASHINGTON, D. C. In Dr. Williston’s article under the above head (Can. Ent., Dec., 1906), he advocates uniting the Corethride and Dixide with the Culicide. Yet Schiner, praised by Dr. Williston as a model systematist, erected the family Dixide, while Brauer, whom Williston condemns, was in favour of its union with the Culicide. Why should the Corethridz, whose larve and pupe differ greatly in structure and habits from those of the Culicidz, be placed in the latter family ? Not only do the early stages differ, but the mouth-parts of the adults, admittedly of importance in the classification of the Diptera, are not fitted for biting, and are comparatively short, in contradistinction to the long Culicid proboscis, which is so constructed as to enable not only the females but also males of certain genera to obtain blood. ‘The palpi of Corethridz are slender, very flexible and strongly recurved, whereas in the Culicide the palpi are robust, almost straight, rigid and directed forward. Corethride are said to deposit their eggs in a mass of gelatin, a method of oviposition unknown among the Culicide, and their pupz float submerged or, in the case of Corethrella, on the surface, not being active like those of Culicids. Mr. M. T. Thompson, of Clark University, who has been making special comparative studies of the internal anatomy of the adults and larvee of many of the Diptera, the results of which he intends later to publish, has very kindly informed me of some of these results, giving permission to *1907.—Beutenmueller, Wm., new species of Gall-producing Cecidomyiide, Amer. Mus, of Nat. Hist. Bull., Vol. 23, Art. 18, p. 385-400. June, 1907 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199 quote them in this paper. The Diptera he has studied seem to fall into two groups, those where the antlia or pumping stomach is simple, and those in which it is divided by a semisphincter muscle into two parts, the latter being the case with the more primitive forms, while among the higher forms (Dolichopodide, Muscoidea, etc.), the posterior division is wanting. In Corethra, Simulium, the Tabanide, Bombylide, Therevide, Asilide, etc., the preneural and the postneural parts of the antlia are thus divided, no trace of the separating semisphincter muscle being found in Culex or Anopheles. There are in Corethra four anterodorsal dilator muscles instead of two as in Culex and Anopheles. It has, like these, three cesophageal diverticulz, but only four rectal papillze, where these possess five. Furthermore, Mr. Thompson finds that Corethra differs from Culex and Anopheles in having the hypopharynx connate with the labium in both sexes ; possessing four instead of five malpighian tubules; simple instead of tripartite salivary glands ; no clypeus, this being replaced by an oval sclerite ; and no “ proboscis canal.” He remarks that the internal characters would seem to indicate that Corethra is neither a Culicid nor a Simuliid, but a lateral branch low down on the Culicid stem; the larve, which lack flabellee and differ in rostrum, place of attachment of antenne, presence of air floats, form of body, division of foregut, etc., tend to confirm this. He at present regards the evidence, while pointing to a close relationship of Corethra to Anopheles and Culex, and showing notable relationship between Corethra and Simulium, as indicating that Corethra and Anopheles have the same common ancestor, the former and more primitive branching off at a lower point on the ascending scale, while Culex may be derived from Anopheles. Would there be any gain by merging such heterogeneous elements as Culex and Corethra in the same family ? Likewise, why should the Dixidze, whose wing-veins are bare of scales, and whose larvee and pupe differ so from those of the Culicide, be included with the latter? Among the Dixidze the antenne of the adults are almost bare, and are quite similar in the two sexes, whereas in the Corethride, and with but one known exception in the Culicide, they bear long hairs, which, except in a few Culicid cases, are longer and much more numerous in the antennze of the males than in those of the females. The subcosta of the Dixide is short, reaching only to a point opposite the first branching of the radius ; in the other two families it is prolonged nearly half its length beyond the first branching of the radius. Moreover, the larve of the Dixidz are distinguished by having the three thoracic segments always distinct and by two pairs of fleshy appendages, resembling prolegs, on the first and second abdominal segments, no trace of anything like prolegs being found in either of the other two families. The pup are inactive, floating quietly on the surface. 200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Had Dr, Williston personally investigated the early stages of these insects before writing his criticism, I feel certain that his view would differ widely from that which he now holds. Admittedly, more than in any other order of insects, the early stages in the Diptera assume unusual importance in separating the order into the higher groups. Thus the primary divisions, Orthorhapha and Cyclorhapha, are founded entirely on larval characters and manner of pupation. The adults possess not one character whereby they may be separated from those of the opposite group, yet no one doubts the validity of the two divisions. In judging, therefore, of the value of groups in this order, it should be borne in mind that although the adult characters may sometimes appear but slight, sull the group may be strongly marked as such by characters of the early stages. This important fact Dr. Williston ignores, and overlooks also the serious disadvantages under which Mr. Theobald was working, in being obliged to deal almost entirely with the adult forms, and in not being a trained dipterologist. Under these circumstances it must be admitted that Mr. Theobald acquitted himself very creditably. In criticising Mr. Coquillett’s classification, especially that portion of it dealing with the subfamilies Psorophorine and Culicine, Dr. Williston may be pardoned for not being aware of the fact that these two subfamilies were separated chiefly by characters of the early stages. These, or any other characters of early stages of Culicidee, however, Mr. Coquillett is forbidden to refer to or even to study further, in order that the field may be left clear for the nondipterologist, who claims it as ‘‘ pre-eminently his own,” and insists on its being reserved as such. Thus it happened that in Mr. Coquillett’s classification only the weakest characters, those derived from the adults, were given. In passing be it noted that it is the outstanding scales f/us the narrow wing scales which form the distinctive character of the adult of the Psorophorinz, as well as the arrangement of the outstanding scales, not the narrow scaling a/ove, as Dr. Williston seems to think was intended. Narrow or broad wing-scales alone would certainly not distinguish a subfamily. Also, I agree with Dr. Williston that natural genetic characters, such as palpal ones, should be used when present. But if they are difficult of detection, and their finding involves the possible destruction of the specimen, it seems as if some other more prominent, even though artificial, character should be found if possible, to be used as an accessory character for easy identification. In order that the standing of the two subfamilies, Psorophorinee and Culicinee, may be more clearly understood, their chief characters are here appended : THE CANADIAN CULICINA. LARV@ never insectivorous, their mouth-parts fitted for directing current of water into mouth, for sifting and brushing, __ MOUTH-BRUSHES of many spreading, slender hairs, some of which are, in some cases, lightly pectinate on about the distal sixth; the hairs project forward. M AXILL& conical, no hooked spines, but many long, movable hairs and short hairs. LATERAL comB of mandible of many movable, long, triangular plates, their base at an acute argle with top of mandible. MarGINAL CoB of mandible 15-20 immovabie spines. BITING part small. ANTENN#& near anterior margin of head, eyes near middle of sides of head. Pup# with anal flaps longer than broad. ApbuLts with femora devoid of out- standing scales the Aideomyia, they form a fringe along the upper and the lower side of the apices of the femora and the bases of the tibie. The wing-scales of this genus are broad, and its larval and pupal characters typically Culicid. except in genus where ENTOMOLOGIST. 201 PSOROPHORIN#. LARV# insectivorous, their mouth- parts fitted for seizing and tear- ing. MOouTH-PRUSHES a few appressed plates, heavily pectinate along the entire inner margin, and directed obliquely backward beneath head or held out at right angles to it. MaAXILL@ trapezoidal, with many curved spines, a few short hairs. LATERAL COMB of mandible a few heavy, immovable spines, their base almost at right angles with top of mandible. MARGINAL COMB of mandible ab- sent. BITING part very large. ANTENNZ near middle of sides of head, eyes near posterior margin. Pup# with anal flaps as broad as long. ADULTS with femora and tibie bearing many outstanding scales irregularly and thickly arranged around them, a fringe. Wing-scales narrow. never The eggs of Psorophora are distinctive, being symmetrically ovate and distinctly differing from the thirty-odd of the Culicid eggs which I have seen, but the difference is easier to see and illustrate than to describe. The others are not nearly so ovate, generally unsymmetrical, and their small diameters proportionately less as compared with the long diameter than in the Psorophora eggs. 202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. A NEW BUTTERFLY OF THE GENUS INCISALIA. BY JOHN H. COOK, ALBANY, N. Y., AND FRANK E. WATSON, NEW YORK CITY. INCISALIA POLIOS* (new species). * Type $: Abdomen and thorax brown above, the former ashen beneath ; antennz dark brown, ringed with white, the club tipped with rufous, the basal third white beneath; eyes narrowly edged with white. Upper surface of wings dark brown (as in the congeneric species), with a little red-brown near the anal angle; fringes white, the long scales tipped with brown, interrupted with brown at the end of each nervule ; next to the fringe two fine, parallel brown lines, between which is a lighter line interrupted by the nervules, and within which is @ continuous, distinct white dine. Secondaries somewhat produced at tips of nervules, but wot tailed. Stigma present. Under surface of primaries warmer brown, with an irregular extramesial white stripe from the costa to the first median nervule, edged inwardly with dark brown; about midway between this and the outer margin a series of, five small, distinct, dark brown, nearly circular spots, not more than one in any interspace ; outer half of area between these spots and the margin, hoary. Two obscure dark lines crossing the cell. Under surface of secondaries: Basal half nearly uniform pitch brown, limited exteriorly by a fine broken white line (next to and within which the colour is deepest), obscurely variegated with lighter shades ; outer half of wing with an arcuate series of eight rich chestnut-brown dots paralleling the outer margin, one to each interspace, except between the first and second median nervules, where there are two, the outer roughly crescentic, with tips toward the inner, which is smaller and round, the space between them lighter brown. Basal area with greatest projection between the second and third median nervules. Beyond the spots the wing is ashen-gray as far as the inner of the two fine marginal lines, which are much as on the upper surface, except that near the outer angle the gray is present only near the margin. ‘The same ashen colour fills the space between the dark basal area and the series of spots, from the third median nervule to the inner margin. At the end of each nervule this hoary border is indented by a small black triangle. Expanse, 29 mm. Type 2: Outer margins of all wings more strongly rounded than in ¢; white parts of margin and fringe above less distinct, especially on *7ro16s = hoary. June, 1907 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203 primaries. Beneath: Basal two-thirds of primaries darker than outer third, black lines in cell very faint; inner edge of hoary margin cleaner and in sharper contrast with the brown, Secondaries very much as in type g; white margin of basal area wanting, except for a dash near the costa ; hoariness between arcuate series of spots and basal area extending from inner margin to the free nervule ; basal area somewhat lighter near costa, and with a vague sprinkling of whitish scales. The browns of both wings brighter than in ¢. Expanse, 31 mm. Type 3 taken at Lakewood, N. J., on April 27, 1906; type 9 taken at Lakewood, N. J., April 21, 1907. These types were selected from a series of 84 (all from the same locality) with a view to avoiding extremes of coloration. Of the lot, 45 have been selected as paratypes, 32 males and 13 females. The following variations are found among them: The two fine, brown marginal lines are (rarely) merged into a single broad one (both sexes) ; the white line within these is (frequently) reduced, though never wholly absent ; some specimens have a bronze or olivaceous reflection in certain lights ; the rufous suffusion is often quite absent, and, on the other hand, is sometimes conspicuous, in one exceptionally brilliant 9 (paratype No. 25) it extends to the primaries ; basal area of secondaries sprinkled with yellow scales (paratype No. 15); variegation of this area (always slight) sometimes a little less, sometimes a little more, obscure than in types ; extramesial stripe of primaries beneath variable in intensity, and in extension from costa (in paratype No. 25 it extends to the submedian vein) ; relative values of the browns beneath somewhat variable ; submarginal spots on primaries occasionally rather faint, especially among the males, but always present ; spots of the arcuate series on secondaries sometimes obscured or absent between the subcostal nervules. During the winter of 1904-5 Mr. Wm. T. Davis presented the junior author with two males (April 30) and one female (April 26) of this species, taken at Lakehurst, N. J. The value of the form was not recognized by us until after two seasons of collecting, the constancy of the characteristic markings, coupled with the fact that cach year these butterflies appeared with augustus, and from a week to ten days earlier than either trus or Henrici (both of which are found, though not commonly, at Lakewood), convinced us that it was entitled to specific distinction, 204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. It is easily separated from Aenrici by the presence of the discal stigma in the male, the absence of “tails” on the secondaries, the hoary margin and the prominence of the submarginal dots on the primaries beneath. The latter are in Henricé missing (usual) or at most represented by blurred clouds slightly darker than the yellow-brown ground. From 7zrus it may be distinguished by the relatively uniform colour of the basal area of the secondaries beneath (in zruzs this is strikingly variegated), the absence of tails, the hoary margin of the primaries, and by the almost total obliteration of the black-pupiled eye-spot, which in irus is a Salient feature of the wing ornamentation, occupying the interspace between the first and second median nervules of the secondaries beneath. Folios most nearly resembles AZosse (Hy. Edwards), from which it differs in the presence of the hoary margin of the primaries, the broad hoary area of the secondaries (in the type J/Zossz these whitish scales are confined to a small space along the inner margin, and elsewhere replaced by large chestnut-brown spots, surmounted by black crescents), and in the colour of the fringe. Five specimens from other localities in the collection of the junior author are confidently referred to this species; they bear the following labels: ¢ and 9, Calgary, Alberta (no date); 9 9 9, Graham’s Park, on Rio de los Pinos, Cal., May r1th and t2th, 1899. ‘There are also specimens in the Museum of Natural History, New York City, and in the National Museum at Washington; labelled Colorado, which agree very closely with our specimens. Undoubtedly folios has been confused by collectors with rus, Flenrict or Afosst, and it is quite possible that the specimens mentioned by Scudder* as varietal forms of zruvs, having “the outer margin of the primaries. ...narrowly hoary,” should be referred to this species. The types have been deposited in the U. S. National Museum ; paratypes Nos. 1 and 2 have been sent to the Museum of the Entomo- logical Society of Ontario ; paratypes Nos. 3 and 4 were presented to Dr. Henry Skinner, of Philadelphia ; paratypes 5 and 6 are now in the New York State Museum at Albany, and the other paratypes remain for the present in the collections of the authors. “Butterflies of the Eastern U. S, and Canada, p. 837. . or THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 20 THE LIFE-HISTORY OF APANTELES GLOMERATUSs, L.* BY ROBERT MATHESON, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y. During the past summer, while doing some work on the larva of the cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapz), I was struck by the lack of information regarding the life-history of one of its most important parasites, Apanteles glomeratus, .. In none of the publications on Economic Entomology could I find any definite information, and the text-books were equally as unsatisfactory. Reaumur, in his Memoirs, Vol. 2, pp. 417-, states that the females of this parasite deposit their eggs, one at a time, laying in all about thirty eggs in each Jarva. He further adds that they select the intersegmental areas as the place of oviposition, particularly between the eighth and ninth and ninth and tenth segments. W. T. Bree, in the Mag. of Nat. Hist. for 1832, pp. 105-109, states that he observed several females in the act of oviposition, and his description corresponds closely with that given by Reaumur. Both writers emphasize the fact of the fearlessness of the parasite during oviposition, and that only one egg is deposited each time. Evidently what Reaumur and Bree observed was the oviposition not of the true Apanteles glomeratus, 1.., but of Preromalus puparum, L.T Seurat, ’99, in his ‘‘ Contributions a l’étude des Hyménoptéres Ento- mophages,” states that the females of Apanteles glomeratus oviposit in the young larvee, depositing a large number of eggs in each. In rearing a large number of these parasites I was able to observe the act of oviposition as well as to trace their life-history. The adults, on emerging, do not immediately fly away, but remain walking back and *Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University. }(1 had an excellent opportunity for observing the manner of oviposition of this latter parasite, and it corresponds exactly with that given by Reaumur and Bree for Apanteles glomeratus. 1 found Pteromalus puparum at work late one afternoon. It was not at all disturbed by my removing the larva to a small box. Taking them to the laboratory, I was able to observe the act of oviposition under the microscope, without in the least disturbing the insect. I watched it oviposit at intervals of about twenty minutes till nearly rr p.m., and next morning I found it still ovipositing. It ceased early in the forenoon, so that in all probability it had laid Bes thirty eggsinthe onelarva. The conclusion, that both Reaumur and Bree had observed the oviposition of this species rather than of Afanteles glomeratus, is strengthened by the fact that Reaumur states that the larve of these parasites are sometimes found in the chrysalidsof Pieris rape, but after the fourth day exhaust the food supply, and do not transform. This is the condition we would expect to find in the case of Pteromalus puparum during the latter part of August and the first of September, as it passes the winter in the larval state, and does not spin its cocoon till the following spring.) June, 1907 206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. forth over the cluster of cocoons, the males evidently waiting for the females and the females waiting to be fertilized. Mating takes place a short time after emergence, within 12-24 hours. Immediately after fertilization the females go in search of their host larvee. Any cabbage leaves placed in the breeding cages soon attracted their attention, and, if any unfortunate larvze were present, they soon fell victims to these parasites. Walking back and forth over the cabbage leaves, the females kept their antennz in constant motion. As soon as one found a larva, not too large, preferably in the first, second or third stages, she prepared to oviposit. Bending her abdomen almost at right angles to her body, the parasite rushed upon the /ver7s larva and drove her ovipositor through the skin, while her wings, in nearly all cases, were extended dorsally, closed above the thorax. I never observed them oviposit on the dorsum, always on the latero-ventral region, and it was not infrequent to observe two or three ovipositing ina single larva at the same time. The host usually objected most vigourously to such treatment, but the parasites remained unmoved, stroking the larva with their antenne or remaining motionless. Sometimes they endeavoured to oviposit in an older larva, but it succeeded in knocking them off, though undoubtedly some eggs were deposited. The time of oviposition varied from fifteen to twenty seconds. At each act of oviposition from fifteen to thirty-five eggs are deposited just beneath the epidermis, so that with the moulting of the host the eggs are net shed also. In one larva oviposited in three times I counted, when dissected, sixty-five eggs, and undoubtedly there were a few more which I did not succeed in finding. These eggs were found floating freely in the body cavity, and were not inclosed in packets. These facts stand in striking contrast with Reaumur’s and Bree’s observations. These eggs hatch in from three to four days. ‘The larvee feed upon the lymph and fatty tissue of their host, carefully avoiding the vital parts. They become mature during the latter part of the larval life of their host— that is, in about eight to twelve days—and emerge by cutting their way through the skin. The spinning of their cocoons occupies scarcely over three-quarters of an hour, often less. Reaumur, Vol. 2, p. 422, gives an excellent description of the manner of spinning the cocoons. The number of parasites reared from a single caterpillar varies greatly. The smallest number that I have reared was sixteen, and the largest was fifty-two. Bignell reports having reared one hundred and forty-two from THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207 a single larva. In view of the recent work on polyembryony in several Hymenopterous parasites, it is interesting to note that this does not occur in the development of Apanteles glomeratus. Seurat observed what he considered the moulting of these larve while still within their host, but Kulagin, 92 (Zoologischer Anzeiger, Vol. XV, pp. 85-87), who studied their embryological development, states that they do not moult till they emerge from their host. In none of the sections which I examined, did I find any indications which would go to show that they moulted while within the host. At time of emergence from the host the stigmatic trunks, with the exception of the second pair, open to the exterior. About two days later they moult inside the cocoons, changing to the pupal state. The pupal period lasts from five to ten days, varying in length according to weather conditions, being longer when the temperature is low. The adults emerge by cutting a circular lid at one end of the cocoon and pushing it off. They live, in all probability, only a short time. Those reared in confinement lived only a few days, in most cases all would be dead on the sixth day after emergence. This parasite is, undoubtedly, of great economic importance in destroying large numbers of the larvae of the cabbage butterfly. Chittenden records in Bull. 54 of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture a case of complete parasitization in a large number of /%erzs larvee examined. During the summer of 1906 I visited several small cabbage fields at various intervals from June till the last of October. During the early part of the season the number of caterpillars parasitized was very small, but later, in July and August, sometimes neatly 50 per cent. of those brought in would be parasitized. In September and October the majority of the larvee examined were parasitized, probably on the average between 60 and 75 per cent. at that season of the year. A NEW PHORID GENUS WITH HORNY OVIPOSITOR. BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WASHINGTON, D. C. Among the Dipterous family Phoridz is a small group, characterized by the females having a large, exserted, horny ovipositor. This group is represented on this continent by two described genera, Apocephalus from North America, and J/e/u/oncha from South America. To these is now June, 1907 208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. added a third genus, differing from the first by the simple third vein, from the second by the absence of the fringe of bristles along the outer side of the hind tibize, and from both by the greater number of frontal bristles, also in that the median pair in the lowest row is proclinate instead of reclinate. Some idea of the appearance and structure of this interesting form may be gleaned from the accompanying description and figures. PSEUDACTEON, new genus. Front slightly broader than long, bearing four transverse rows of four sete each, the latter reclinate except the median pair in the lowest row, which are proclinate (fig. 12). ‘Third antennal joint oval, about one-third longer than broad, the arista apical. Palpi well developed, clavate, bearing about four bristles at the apex, proboscis robust. Female with a horny ovipositor about half as long as the abdomen. Legs devoid of bristles except at the tips of the hind and middle tibiz. Venation normal, the third vein simple. ‘Type, the following species : Fic. 12.—Front of Pseudacteon. . Pseudacteon Crawford, new species.—(Fig. 13.) Black, the pleura dark brown, the mouth-parts, legs and halteres light yellow. Wings hyaline, veins brown, the four light ones notice- ably paler toward their bases. Length about 1 mm. Dallas, Texas. Three males and seven females collected, June 17, Ju'y 1g and October 22, 1906, by Messrs. J; CS Grawtord “and aw: 4D: Pierce- One of the females was observed to apparently deposit an egg in the head of an ant, Solenopsis geminata, and as the Phorids were found only in the company of ants of this species, it is altogether probable that they infest the heads of the latter after the manner of Apocephalus Pergandei, which is known to live within the heads of another kind of ant. Fic. 13.—Pseudacteon Crawfordii. Type No. 10294, U. S, National Museum. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209 GEOMETRID NOTES. BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C. In Can. Env. for April, 1907, Mr. Taylor has a note on Eucheca perlineata, Pack. It appears to me that he is clearly in the right in his conclusions, for in any case where published descriptions and figures con- tradict an alleged type, it is the evidence from the publication that must prevail. Types, even when labelled by the author himself, cannot take ~ precedence over a published description, except in cases where an error of observation can be demonstrated. I think it has not been put on record that Cosymbia albocostaliata, Pack., is a Noctuid. it will be probably best placed in Pleonectyptera, Grote, and, to follow Professor Cockerell’s recommendation (Can. Enrt., XXXIX, 136, 1907), I hereby provisionally nominate it Pleonectyptera albocostaliata. There is a specimen in the Neumeegen collection in the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute, and two in the U. S. National Museum, the latter collected by Mr. W. F. Fiske at Tryon, North Carolina. I have not seen the type, but the specimens agree perfectly with Packard’s figure. LAERTIAS (PAPILIO) PHILENOR (LINN.ZUS). BY A. A. GIRAULT, BLACKSBURG, VA. On June 2oth, 1903, at Blacksburg, Virginia, a colony of the larvee of this species was obtained from vines of the Dutchman’s Pipe (Aristolochia) growing over the ruins of an old stone building. The majority of them were nearly full-grown, and the whole colony was placed in a breeding cage and supplied with food I offer the following notes at the risk of repeating : The Larva.— Nothing especially important was noted concerning the caterpillar, excepting a variation in the number of spots in the dorso- lateral line. This line of orange spots or tubercle areas consists usually of a tubercle on the first abdominal segment just above the spiracle, and four tubercle areas, one on the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th abdominal segments respectively, and ‘all about the saine size, but varying somewhat in colour. In the case of one larva, an additional area was present on the 8th abdominal segment, but was faint; in another larva, after the first segment, the areas began on segment 3 instead of the 4th, continuing to the 7th (inclusive). Two larve were found with the spots running from the 3rd to the 8th abdominal segments, but those on the 3rd and 8th segments were faint. Apparently, when there are more than the usual number present the additional ones are faint. All of the larvee were in the last June, 1907 210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. instar. The line of areas in the dorsal region may be unsymmetrical, which is often the case in lepidopterous larve. ‘The osmateria secrete a bright yellow liquid of a sweetish, disagreeable odour, which is non- irritating to the hands. In this larva the antenne are very short as usual, but the long fleshy processes on the prothorax seem to function in their stead. When in locomotion they are held before the head, waving up and down, and the larva is guided by them. ‘The caterpillars occasionally leave a silken trail behind them. The larvee may become carnivorous when hungry. Some young larve, more than halfgrown, were placed in a breeding cage with chrysalids, and kept well supplied with food for several days until it gave out. After the growing larve had been without food for about 24 hours, they began to attack the chrysalids, generally eating away the entire upper half. In one case one whole side of the pupa from prothorax to abdomen was eaten, including most of the viscera, and two of the caterpillars, evidently concerned in this, were resting quietly beside the remains, plump as if surfeited. The chrysalids were eaten with apparent relish. This - habit can hardly be termed cannibalism, as it was appeasance of abnormal hunger, and the larve did not attack the chrysalids in the presence of an abundance of their natural food. Method of Girdling.—The larve began to prepare for pupation on Tune 23rd, along the wire gauze sides of the breeding cage. In preparing the girdle with which the pupa is suspended, the caterpillar first spins a loose web or mat of silk under its body. The girdle is then commenced by fastening a thread to this mat well under the side of the body, and then bringing it over across the venter of the thorax, inclosing the legs (the venter of thorax being arched), by bending the head backward, and then attaching the other end of the thread on the other side of the body about the same distance back and under, or just opposite the first attachment. ‘This forms a loop of silk over an arch or curve of one side of the body. These movements are repeated five or six times, a single thread being added each time to the girdle, and the larva in fastening them from side to side has to be very careful and agile in movement. The head is thrown back, the thoracic venter arched, while the rest of the body is straight and flat against the support; therefore, the movements are nearly all cephalic and thoracic. When the girdle is finished, consisting of five or six threads of closely-applied strands of silk, the larvee pushes or works its head under it, and by a forward and then a backward movement of its body, incloses the latter also within the loop or girdle. It is then gradually worked back to its usual position, passing THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 24 around the body in the incision between the second and third abdominal segments. After the girdle is in place, the caterpillar settles into a somewhat crouched position, and then finally arches its body as it awaits the time of ecdysis, several days afterwards. The placing of the girdle occupies about two minutes; if placed too far caudad it is liable to interfere seriously with ecdysis. Unfortunately, no observations were made during pupation, so that the method of placing the girdle by the chrysalis was not seen. Described from 13 specimens. Duration of Pupal Instars.—The duration of pupal life for fifteen individuals reared averaged 16 days, from June 28th to July r4th, and ranged from 14 to 21 days. The males issued before the females. NEW MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. BY W. D. KEARFOTT, MONTCLAIR, N. J. (Continued from page 160.) Cerostoma dorsimaculella, sp. nov.—Expanse, 18.5 to 19.5 mm. Head whitish-gray, in which are mixed a few dark gray scales ; palpi whitish-gray, tuft of second joint clouded with brownish-gray at the outside and at the ends, apical joint dark brown beneath and less so on the sides, whitish-gray above ; antenna white, annulated with brownish-gray ; thorax cinereous-zray, posterior tip whitish, inner edge and base of patagia dark brown ; abdomen whitish-gray, anal tuft with a cinereous tinge ; legs cream-white, heavily dusted with brownish-black in front. Fore wing very light gray, with a slight yellowish tinge, strigulated and marked with bronzy-black. The most conspicuous marks are on the dorsal margin, below the fold ; the inner is a narrow triangle, with base on dorsum at inner fourth, and apex touching fold at inner third ; the outer spot rests on dorsal margin between middle and outer fourth, its upper edge is slightly concave, causing an enlargement at the inner end and a linear extension at the outer end that rises, obliquely outward, above the fold. There are two curved transverse lines from costa, before middle of wing, not reaching fold, beyond them are five shorter costal streaks, before the outer fourth. Below these latter, at the end of cell, is an angulated line, with a few blackish scales above and below it. There are a few dark dots in the line of the middle of the wing, one at base, one a little beyond -base, and two near middle of cell. There is a large dark dash in apex, which extends into cilia, becoming paler at the tip. A few dark scales at end of cell, and another small cluster aboye tornus. Cilia concolorous, 212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Hind wing paler gray than fore wing, slightly darker around termen, cilia paler, with a faintly darker basal line. Under side the same, a black dot on costa before apex. Under side fore wing darker gray, with a few black dots on costa before apex. Four specimens, Rounthwaite, Man., July rr and 12, L. E. Marmont. Co-type in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 9870. I am indebted to Mr. Busck for correcting my generic determination of this species. Mompha Claudiella, sp. nov.—Expanse, 20 mm. Head and patagia white, with a faint rosy tinge; palpi white, with a few dark scales on outside of tuft of second joint ; antenna fuscous, with a whitish bloom ; thorax leaden-black in centre, narrowly edged in front with rosy-white ; on posterior half there is a patch of deep rosy-white, and the middle scales at their posterior end are of the same colour ; abdomen gray, anal tuft with an ochreous tinge; legs cream-white, heavily shaded with black in front. Fore wing white, with a faint rosy tinge, shaded with bluish-gray on inner fifth of costa, and a shade of the same colour through middle of wing from inner tuft to end of cell. A small shade of this colour on outer third of costa, and a similar one below it on dorsal margin. ‘The upper half of termen and apex are shaded with gray, in which are sprinkled whitish, black and brown scales ; there is a dark brown dot in cilia at apex, and two before apex in costal cilia, and one below apex in the long cilia ; the outer ends of the apical cilia are gray, otherwise the cilia is ochreous. ‘The tufts are very large and high; the three most prominent ones are white towards base and ferruginous at their’ outer ends. There are two close to base of wing, one in middle of wing, and one below it and obliquely outward from it close to dorsal margin ; before the latter, and in a streak following the former, are broad black scales; the third is between fold and dorsal margin in middle of wing ; it is also followed by a patch of broad black scales from its upper end. ‘There is a smaller but similar tuft at outer fourth of wing, on lower margin, anda small tuft above the third large one on upper half of middle of wing. Below costa, at inner third, is a small tuft of black scales. Hind wing dark gray, cilia ochreous, the same shade as cilia of fore wing. Under side both wings smoky black, with a whitish streak through middle of hind wing, and the apex of both wings whitish. Three specimens, Rounthwaite, Manitoba, July rr and 12, collected by Claud Marmont, whose name I am glad to give to this very beautiful species. Co-type in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. No. 9871. Mailed June 4th; 1907. a) 7+ ae tt i. iw Specht ee i CAN. ENT., VOL. XXXIX. PLATE 5. INCISALIA F EN RICI—CHRYSALIS. (Dorsal, lateral and ventral aspects.) INCISALIA POLIOS, Cook AND WATSON. he wanadliay Fentomologist VoL. XXXIX. LONDON, JULY, 1907. Now 7: DEE STRIDULATION, OF. THE, SNOWY TREE-CRICKE®? (CZCANTHUS NIVE US): BY A. FRANKLIN SHULL, ANN ARBOR, MICH. I, —INTRODUCTION.* Dolbear (1897), in writing of the chirping of a common cricket, which was probably the Snowy Tree-cricket (Gécanthus niveus), described the regularity of rate as “astonishing, for one may hear all the crickets in a field chirping synchronously, keeping time as if led by the wand of a conductor.” In an adjoining field, he said, the rate was the same, but the beat was different; that is, the notes did not occur at the same instant. He expressed the relation of the rate to the temperature by the formula T = 50 + i, where T is the temperature Fahrenheit, and N is the number of chirps per minute. For convenience, the formula may be reduced to T = 40 +X. Dolbear does not say that the cricket referred to is @canthus niveus, though he has generally been so interpreted. Folsom (1906) conjectures that he refers to a species of Gry//us, but I see no reason for this assumption, except Dolbear’s mention of daytime chirps, which are comparatively rare with Gicanthus niveus. It seems more probable, as Edes (1899) suggests, that the cricket found chirping in the daytime was another species which Dolbear confused with Cicanthus. Certainly his formula and statements agree more closely with Qcauthus niveus than with any species of Gry//us. Carl A. and Edward A. Bessey (1898) derived from observations made on @canthus niveus previous to the publication of Dolbear’s paper the formula T = 60 + *—*, which differs notably from Dolbear’s in making the increase of rate 4.7 instead of 4 per degree rise in temperature. They stated, moreover, that below 60° the rate was higher than would be expected from the formula, thus making it evident that the curve of temperature could not be represented by a linear equation. Edes (1899) found that while all the individuals of @canthus niveus performed in the same tempo, yet the chirps did not occur at the same instant. Using some observations of his own and those of Walter Faxon, he tested Dolbear’s formula, and found that the increase of 4 per degree in the rate was nearly correct, but the different sets of data disagreed in *Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Michigan, 214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. the constant term, one making the temperature two or three degrees lower than the other. Edes does not say that the temperatures were read from a standard tested thermometer, and the discrepancy noted was just such as might be expected from the use of incorrect thermometers. II.—STATEMENT OF PROBLEM AND METHOD. To test the formulas of Dolbear and Bessey, I counted the chirps of several crickets, and from them computed the temperatures. Finding that the computed temperatures were sometimes considerably in error, I undertook a series of observations to determine (1) whether the discrepancy was to be found in any very large proportion of the crickets, and if so, (2) to discover, if possible, the cause of the discrepancy. These observations were made on CQcanthus niveus in Ann Arbor, Mich., .in the level country near New Carlisle, Ohio, and on the hillsides of Ithaca, N. Y.,in the summers of 1905 and 1906. At first all observa- tions were made with the insect in view. Lantern in hand, I cautiously approached the point in the bushes from which the sound issued until the chirping insect was discovered and the chirps found to coincide with the motion of the wings. The crickets were not at all disconcerted by this procedure, and often permitted me to approach within two feet. After having observed some 75 specimens by means of a lantern, I found that chirping crickets were rarely closer together than three or four feet, and hence that an individual could easily be picked out by sound. ‘Thereafter I relied upon sound alone for the determination of rates. Of the observations made with a lantern, the only one recorded in the following pages is the one mentioned in the discussion as having chirped 2,228 times in succession. An ordinary watch was used in timing, and to minimize the error, each count was continued through several minutes. Temperature readings were taken within a few minutes of making the count, and all readings were made from the same thermometer. ‘This thermometer was afterward compared with a tested thermometer, by immersing them simultaneously in vessels of water at various temperatures, and was found to have a constant error of about half a degree within the range of temperatures recorded below. Corrections have accordingly been made in these readings before entering them in the tables. The thermometer read to degrees, and fractions of degrees were estimaied. The length of one degree on the scale was such that for an eye trained in estimating fractions of lengths the error should in any case have been less than one-tenth of a degree. I am indebted to Prof. Jacob Reighard for much assistance in discussing my data and in preparing this paper for publication, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 2915 III.—RaTE OF CHIRPING. In producing the sound the wings are raised nearly at a right angle with the body, and then scraped firmly across each other. The sound is either a single chirp, or much more commonly a succession of chirps, which follow one another at regular intervals, and vary in number, in the cases observed by me, from 5 or 6 to 2,640. Six hundred to a thousand is the more usual number. The term ‘‘chirp,” as used in the following pages, refers to a single element of such a series. If the rate of chirping is 120 per minute, the chirps occur at intervals of haifa second. I have estimated that one-third of this time, or one-sixth of a second, is occupied in producing the sound, while the remainder is the period of silence between chirps. If the rate is only 60 per minute, the time occupied by the sound is one-third of a second. The rate of sound vibration in this case is much slower, and the pitch is correspondingly lower. a.—Errecr OF TEMPERATURE ON RATE. From the hundreds of observations made, a representative group is shown in Table I. ‘The temperatures are those at an elevation of six feet, the average elevation of the insects. The temperature at two feet elevation was generally about half a degree lower, that at ten feet half a degree higher than that at six feet elevation. The temperatures computed from Dolbear’s and Bessey’s formulas are added for comparison. Table I.—Showing rates of chirping of various individuals of Gcanthus niveus at different temperatures and elevations : Number of | _ f Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. chirps per El evation eT | minute, in- | Of individ- ce AAO he ore Wate 8 Be ey a ompute Observed | Computed ; dividuals of Pe haeiat on Ol bat wcleva-. | fromt Bes (Ecanthus Set : bear's for- | tion of six | sey’s for- NEVEUS. : mula. feet. mula. AE 22. 144 — 76. o 75.8 71.06 AMS. 23. 156 6 Thee) 749 73, 62 Aug. 24. 174 6 33. 5 78.8 77-45 AUP: 27. . 93 6 2:25 60.4 60.21 Aug. 28.. 82 4 Gewss 61.5 57.87 (aos 2 Gzri6-*) (s6o;2m | 96 2 OANTON || | 60.85 Seyi 7 see HOO 3 G5 Or alt 20029 Ono PR or 8 cess, | lh: Greate le cnre 10 Gs | | 63.83 216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. It is seen that there is a general correspondence between rate and tem- perature, But that the rate does not follow any law based on temperature is apparent from the observations for Aug. 27 and Sept. 7 (first record), where the rates are the same with a difference of temperature of over nine degrees. Furthermore, comparison of Aug. 27 and Aug. 23 shows that of two records the higher rate may accompany the lower temperature. The five records for Sept. 7 were made within an area of two square rods in the same blackberry patch. The crickets were chirping simultaneously, and the observations were made within a period of 15 minutes; the temperature did not change perceptibly, yet the rate in different individuals is from 93 to 110. Other records made outside of this area on the same evening showed even greater extremes, the lowest rate being 84 per minute, the highest 126. These observations are of interest in the light of Dolbear’s observation of accurate synchronism. It will be noted that the crickets of Sept. 7 were at different eleva- tions, and that those at the greater height chirped the more rapidly. While there were numerous exceptions to this correlation of rate with elevation, the higher crickets chirped at rates which on the average were markedly higher than the average of individuals nearer the ground. Dolbear might have explained this difference of rate at different elevations by the fact that the greater elevations have the higher temperatures. Even if temperature is the cause of the variations at different altitudes, the synchronism existing among “all the crickets in a field” would be destroyed, for to produce such synchronism it would be necessary to have, not merely a level field, but ail the crickets in the same horizontal plane over the field. Granting for the moment that temperature alone is responsible for these differences in rate, Dolbear’s formula, which is not much in error in making the rate increase by 4 per degree rise in temperature, does not state the proper relation between the difference of temperature and the difference of rate. The observed difference of temperature between elevations of 2 ft. and 10 ft. was usually about 1° at the time of making these observations, 7.30 to $8 p.m. Hence, according to Dolbear’s formula, or any formula based on crickets at the same elevation, the difference in rate between elevations of 2 ft. and ro ft. should have been about 4, whereas it will be seen from the table that the difference was 17. Evidently individual rates are not closely correlated with temperature. If any accurate correlation exists, it ought to be apparent from average rates. A few averages, covering, with some additions, the same period THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Daly as in Table I, have been calculated, and are given, together with the temperatures computed from Dolbear’s and Bessey’s formulas, in Table II. Table I].—Showing averages of the rates of ten to fifteen individuals of Gicanthus niveus at different temperatures : Average num- Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. ber of chirps per minute of Observed, Date. ; ro to 15 in= | Com puted | taken at 6 ft. | Computed | dividuals of | from Dol- | elevation, in | from Bessey’s | Ecanthus | pear'sformula | middle of | formula. NtVEUS. series. Aug. 22...| 147.20 76.80 75.8 | Tia. Aug. 23 | 148.75 77.10 74.9 72.07 Aug. 24. 168.60 82.15 78.8 76.30 AUB. 29 2. 85 71 61.43 60.4 58.66 Aug. 28 84 20 61.05 61.5 58.34 Aug. 29 119.16 69.79 68.2 65.78 Seni I 104.40 66.10 67.0 62.64 septs 7. 2. 102.30 65 58 69 9 62.19 SIePtryo). 207 104.68 66.17 70.9 62.70 Here it appears again that, even when averages are taken, approxi- mately equal rates may accompany widely-differing temperatures (cf. Sept. 1 and Sept. 8), and that the higher rate may occur with the lower tem- perature (cf. Aug. 27 and 28), though in both cases the discrepancy is less marked than in Table I. It seems that while there is a general agreement between temperature and rate of chirping, yet it is not possible to express this agreement by any formula. Any temperature calculated from the rate by Dolbear’s formula may be over six degrees in error, and over nine degrees when Bessey’s formula is used. It follows also from these observations that there can be no accurate synchronism. b.—Errecr or WinNG LENGTH ON RarTE. In attempting to explain the discrepancies noted above, wing length suggested itself as a possible factor. The effect of wing length was determined as follows: The rates of a number of individuals, say ten or fifteen, were determined, usually within a period of 40 minutes, and the average was computed. One member of the series, whose rate was of course known, was captured, and its wings were measured. Measurement was made by laying the wing, after removal from the body, on a scale 218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. graduated to fifths of millimeters. By use of a lens these divisions could easily be divided to fourths, that is, to twentieths of a millimeter, so that the error in any case should have been within half this amount, or less than o.o25 mm. The captured specimen was taken from the middle of the series, in order to obviate any error due to a fall of temperature while the observations were being made. Sixteen such series were recorded, and consequently sixteen wing measurements were made. The results of these measurements are given in Table III. The quantities in the fifth column are found by dividing those in the third column by those in the fourth. Table 1I1I.—Showing the length of wing of individuals of @canthus niveus, the rates of chirping of these individuals, and the average rates of other individuals at the same time: Number of chirps per minute. Wempcestaliemoiteg | eee : Ratio of indi- No. right wing in | Of individual Av ap vidual rate to | millimeters. in middle of | Re occa “n- | average rate. series. ; = I 12.93 109 fa .982 2 Talo 136 135 1.007 3 13 25 III | 112 9g! 4 13-13 151 | 53 -987 5 13.10 ITI 111 I 000 6 13.02 67 63 985 a 13 84 140 139 1.007 8 12.28 137 138 993 9 13:¢5 114 Tit 1.02 10 nz 27 132 134 .985 VT 12.65 | 112 Vt 1.c Og 12 12.91 149 150 993 13 13.48 112 111 1.cO9g 14 1270 34 137 978 15 13.24 131 131 1,000 16 13.22 157 153 1.026 Average... . 13.08 If, now the wing-lengths and the ratios of the individual rates to the average rates be plotted as ordinates and abscissz, respectively, they should group themselves in some noticeable fashion about an oblique line, provided there is any correlation between wing-length and rate of stridulation. But no such grouping is apparent (fig. 14). Particularly TIT FGeL wos eyeq ‘snare snyjzuvrq) Jo syenprarput Ud9}XIS JOJ aJe4 VSvIBAV 0} 9}¥1 |BNPIAIpul Jo ones puL yY)Sud} SUIM a4} JO uoIejUasaidar peoyderg—'bi “B17 ‘aLVY FOVUFAY OL ALVY IVAGIAIGNE AO OlLvy Wing-length in millimetres, 220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. instructive should be Nos. 7 and 8, representing the extremes of wing- length. In neither case is the deviation from the average rate as marked as in some cases where the wing-length is more nearly the average, for example, Nos. 4 and 9. . c.—Errecr oF Humipiry ON RATE. As I was not properly equipped with apparatus, I have no conclusive evidence of the effect of humidity. But the results of two sets of observa- tions made on the same evening, under different conditions, point to a probable influence of humidity. The first observations were made under a clear sky, and with no perceptible air currents. Dew was forming near the ground, showing that the vapour was saturated there, while higher up the bushes were dry. The second set of observations was made nearly two hours later, when there were light winds and it was beginning to rain. At this time the vapour must have been saturated at all elevations. Hence the humidity had remained constant near the ground, but had risen noticeably at greater elevations. During the two hours the temperature at an elevation of 6 ft. had fallen 1°.6. The decrease at 12 ft. was probably about 2°.2. The crickets observed were in precisely the sane locations in both sets of observations, and were probably the same crickets. The rate of chirping of those near the ground had decreased’5 or 6 per minute, that at 12 ft. had decreased 20 per minute. Change in tempera- ture alone accounts, according to Dolbear’s formula, for a decrease of but ginrate. It is possible to explain the further decrease at the higher elevation by supposing that increase of humidity diminishes the rate of stridulation. ‘This supposition will also explain part of the difference in rate noted between crickets at elevations of 2 ft. and ro ft. on Sept. 7 (Table I), since the humidity is greater near the ground. d.—EFFEcT OF INDIVIDUALITY ON RATE. As I did not find external factors to explain satisfactorily all the observed facts, I was led to look for internal factors. Of these internal factors, individuality and physiological state suggested themselves. By individuality is meant that constitutional peculiarity which results in a constant difference between one cricket and its fellows. ‘The constant difference was frequently one of pitch. Certain crickets, while maintaining approximately the same rate, were found to chirp at a constantly lower pitch than other crickets in similar locations. Again, some crickets possessed a peculiar variety of chirp, one of which is later to be mentioned specifically, and this peculiarity was present in every chirp. If it should be found that each individual, while varying its rate with the temperature THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 221 cr other external conditions, at the same time shows individual peculiarity in rate, so that under the same conditions the rate is constantly higher or lower than that of other crickets, this constant peculiarity might be referred to as “rate individuality.” To determine whether individuality affects rate as I found it to affect pitch and quality of chirp, several crickets were confined in the house. But they rarely chirped, and then for but a short time. Outside in the yard and fields it was found that chirps issued from the same point in the bushes evening after evening. Sometimes these chirps possessed peculiarities of pitch or unsteadiness which were different from those of almost any other cricket. When these peculiarities occurred in the same place for several successive evenings, I assumed that they were produced by the same cricket. The data given in Table IV are from one such cricket, whose distinguishing peculiarity was an interrupted chirp, accentuated at the beginning and end as if the wings were then pressed more firmly together, so that the chirp sounded almost as if divided in the middle. Table IV.—Showing rates of chirping of same individual of (Ecanthus niveus over a period of thirteen days : ; Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Number of chirps per . minute of the same in- | nod dividual of ee Observed. | Baie a ee niveus on different days. nog Aur. 22....14 149 74.9 Vg fees PONE DA 55 3 167 7838, Sr.75 PUD 22... 80 59.9 60.00 PUSS 2B3.,.. S80 61.5 60 co Bue: 20',.:. 109 68.2 67.25 BEWE.. Diets vs: 105 670 66.25 BEE 628 ye is 149 76.0 vig ees BEpt: 4s... 5% 100 65.8 65.00 These data, together with data secured in like manner from two other crickets, are graphically represented in fig. 15. The straight solid line is the representation of Dolbear’s formula. The other solid lines, A and B, are from two crickets that were observed over nearly the same period of days, one cricket being that referred to in Table IV. The two crickets were at nearly the same elevation and in similar locations, so that external conditions were practically identical. The dotted line is the curve for a cricket observed over a different period of time. 229 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. e and rate of chirping of three individuals of @canthus cket referred to in Table IV, observed from RATE OF STRIDULATION. BiBew iE) C1 Be ee = CAC PEELE EAE BERBER EBREe Peer SS atest 2 AU ENE Eff Et Et ETT aE eee ee] RRS ewes NEN RARE Sea RE SRR iA CR eeReCe SRE RE SESE BEE CIP Pea RPS RNNE PERS ENE Seco RSMeans HARA Ee Wee Sse se ease ese Sees ponents Ea eee \ \ aie Bape alae Whey SEE BBR BN NES eee rsalslialaal elie Hp PE sects) Shee abe a] Pesiked scl cdeules| PAN aNe bade Teta sleal laa ad SE RSSeRee\ Sh eae eee SS SRR eN eee eRe BERBER SSRO Swe EPe eee Pte PAS | fe BRSE BARRE ANNES eee le ptt Tit SR Ske MBER i FESR RSE pap So USERS RS SRRBRe Was es Bees —— a Temperature—Fahrenheit, HERE, % S Te) eS $0 80 The curve A is that of the cri Aug. 23 to Sept. 4, 1906; B an individual observed from Aug. 22 to Sept. 4, and the dotted curve, one observed from Sept. 1 to 11, 1906. nN1veUS. Fig. 15.—Graphical representation of temperatur THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Za The table of the rate of chirping of the individual cricket shows that the rates of even an individual are not closely correlated with temperature. In fig. 15, the fact that one of the solid lines lies, throughout the greater part of its length, above the other shows that the rate of one cricket is almost constantly higher than that of the other. This can hardly be -explained except by individuality. The crossing and recrossing of the two lines must then be explained by another factor (physiological state) which I discuss in another place. IV.—SyYNCHRONISM. I found exact synchronism to be comparatively rare, and to exist only between neighbouring crickets. When accurate synchronism did occur, it affected usually only two individuals, sometimes three. One evening I discovered two crickets about five feet apart chirping in such accurate unison that I did not at once realize that there were two crickets. One soon stopped ; the second hesitated, its chirp became weak, and it even lost a beat. After an irregular solo of several minutes, the second cricket recommenced. At the first chirp the first cricket struck a note out of time, then lost a beat, as if startled. It next voiced a half-dozen weak, uncertain chirps, then the call gradually grew in intensity, until the two crickets were again chirping in exact unison. V.—SUMMARY. 1. While there is a general correspondence between temperature and rate of stridulation, there are numerous variations of rate that cannot be accounted for by differences of temperature. Dolbear’s formula cannot be applied to my observations without a possible error of 67.65. 2. Rate of stridulation is in no way correlated with wing-length. 3. Humidity seems to affect rate of chirping, but the evidence is not conclusive. 4. The rate of chirping of different crickets under the same external conditions depends on their individuality. 5. Synchronism is rare, and is observable in only two or three individuals near one another. VI.—Discussion, {t is clear that Dolbear’s and Bessey’s laws are only approximately accurate. Temperatures computed from them may be expected to vary from observed temperatures as much as 6°.65 with the first formula, and 9°.69 with the second. Any expression for the rate of chirping must be a function of several independent variabies, of which temperature is only 224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. one. Hence, its graphical representation is not a line, nor even a surface. Of the other possible factors in addition to temperature, it has been shown that wing-length is of no effect in determining the rate of chirping. The remaining two factors which have been studied, namely, humidity and individuality, are, with temperature, sufficient to explain most of the observed facts. However, in fig. 15 there remains still one point to be explained. That point is the crossing of the curves of the individual crickets. The external factors of temperature and humidity have been eliminated by having them practically the same for both crickets. Individuality has not served to keep the curves separate throughout their length. Here some other factor, either external or internal, must enter. The most plausible explanation seems to be that based on differences of physiological state, which, of course, could not be determined from my observations. It is quite possible that physiological condition (age, hunger, sexual condition, etc.), plays an important role. It may well so have affected “rate individuality” as to have caused the crossing of the two curves plotted in fig. 15. The synchronism found by Dolbear does not appear in my observa- tions. Asa rule, even neighbouring crickets chirp at rates that are very noticeably different. The instance of synchronism recounted above throws some light on the question, which by implication Edes (1899) raises, as to whether synchronism is due to the effect upon various individuals of equal temperatures or other conditions. It seems from my observation that synchronism may possibly be due rather to the effect of each cricket’s chirp upon the other cricket. Dolbear may have gained his impression of universal synchronism by observing a sporadic case of it or by actually listening to but one cricket and mistaking it for a full chorus. The intensity of sound diminishes so rapidly with increasing distance from the source, that with but one cricket chirping several feet away and the others at a greater distance an observer could easily overlook those at the greater distance. One cricket, if undisturbed, will usually perform six to eight hundred chirps without missing one, except on cool nights. Not infrequently it will perform 1,500 in succession ; while one “long-winded” individual which I observed continued through 2,640, another 2,425, a third 2,228. From these figures it will be seen that breaks in the series of chirps might escape observation, and that the continuous chirping of one performer might be mistaken for a chorus in which the single crickets were not missed when they dropped out. Jt would thus happen that a single cricket may have been mistaken for several in unison, each performing less continuously. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 995 LITERATURE CITED. Dolbear, A. E. 1897. ‘The Cricket as a Thermometer. American Natu- ralist, Vol. XXXI, pp. 970-971. Bessey, Carl A. and Edward A. 1898. Further Notes on Thermometer-Crickets, American Naturalist, Vol. XXXII, pp. 263-264. Edes, Robt. T. 1899. Relation of the Chirping of the Tree Cricket (Qcanthus niveus) to Temperature. American Naturalist, Vol. XX XIII, pp. 935-938. Folsom, J. W. 1906. Entomology with Reference to Its Biological and Economic Aspects. P. Blakiston’s Sons, Philadel- phia, pp. 1-485. (p. 106.) TWO UNDESCRIBED WATER BUGS FROM THE UNITED STATES. BY J. R. DE LA TORRE BUENO, NEW YORK. If one takes up any of the authoritative text-books of entomology, especially such as refer to the Eastern United States, one will find that in certain of the families of the so-called Cryptocerata the Eastern American species rarely exceed two or three in as many genera. Such, for instance, is the case with the Wes/de, for which only two species are given ; the Gelastocoride, which is stated to have but two or (counting Ochterus as in the family) three species in as many genera. A more pertinent example is the family aucoride, of which there is only one species known on this side of the continent ; to this I add another, Pe/ocor’s Carolinensis, mihi, described hereafter. The Votonectid@ have fared better, and the five thus far known are increased to six for the Eastern United States. Both these additions are due to the assiduous labours of Mr. C. S. Brimley, to whom I am grateful for many very interesting things noted elsewhere. Family Noronectrip&, Genus Noronecta, Linné. Notonecta Raleighi, nov. sp. = LV. variabilis, partim, Bueno. J. N. WE Nt, SOC. ill, p..155- Hlead. —Notocep.alic lateral margins nearly straight; vertex more than six times as wide as synthlipsis ; base of eyes over four times as wide as synthlipsis. ; Pronotum two-thirds broader than long; base and lateral margins nearly straight, humeral margin sinuate. Scutellum one-quarter broader July, 1907 226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. than long, sides pronouncedly sinuate, caudal angle long. Hemelytra little longer than the body, moderately clothed with a silvery pubescence on the clavus and corium ; membrane lobes unequal. Abdomen luteous, fringing cilize black, sparse. Pedes luteous; intermediate femoral spur concolorous, long, thin and sharp. Coloration.—Eyes dark reddish-brown. Cranium and_ prothorax whitish. Scutellum ranges from pure light yellowish to black, disk margined with smoky orange-yellow on the hemelytral margins. Hemelytra ranging from white with vague beginnings of the corial fascize and black humeri with white membrane, through all intergrades to a form with a blackish stripe along the anterior margin of the corium; black margins to the clavus along the scutellar edges ; a blackish streak along the corium near to and parallel to the claval suture ; black corial fascize merging into the black membrane, which shades off into smoky and then white at the apex. One of the types is the most pronouncedly melanic specimen of the species in a series of 60 or so specimens. In this the extreme of scutellar darkness with orange-red edges obtains. The external edges of the clavus are broadly black, shading into smoky to the corial suture; the dark band on the corium parallel to this suture is broad; the humerus has a black streak running into the corium, which is dark luteous, except for the black fascize which coalesce with the black mem- brane, which in turn lightens to smoky at the apex. ‘The structural characters are the same as in the others. Measurements.—Vertex, 1 mm.; synthlipsis, .15 mm. Pronotum, long., 1.5 mm, to 1.8 mm.; pronotum, lat. (at humeral angle), 2.5 mm, to 2.9 mm., (at base) 2 mm. Scutellum, long., 1.6 mm.; scutellum,: lat., 2 mm. Insect., long., 8 mm to 8.8 mm.; insect, lat. (at humeral angle of pronotum), 2.5 to 2.9 mm. Described from sixteen specimens from Raleigh, N. C. Types: Collections U. S. National Museum, American Museum of Natural History, C. S. Brimley, and mine. This species very much resembles a dwarf variadilis, but it is easily distinguishable by the cephalic structure. It comes in section 7 of my table for the separation of species,* which may be varied as follows to include it : 7. (1 and to) Small slender species. 8. (g) Vertex three times the synthlipsis, etc , etc. .. varsabi/is, Fieber. g. (8) Vertex more than three times the synthlipsis. *See' Journal N. Y. Ent. Soc:, xiii, p. 140- THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. pA roa. (11a) Vertex six times the synthlipsis ; width of pronotum one. and ‘two-thirds times the length; width of scutellum one and one- quarter times the length ; “Tength of insect, 8 to 8.8 mm. ty Honea Ree n. Sp. t1a. (10a) Vertex six to peeieieh times seems: is, ‘etc., etce Thiet, Kirkaldy. This species is locally abundant at Raleigh, N. C., and I also have it from Delair, N. J. (W. P. Seal) ; Chicago, Ills. (V. E. Shelford); Running Lake, Mississippi River Bottoms, Ills. (Prof. C. A. Hart); Bladensburg, Md., and Washington, D. C. (O. Heidemann). The Washington and Bladensburg specimens I had placed in J. variadz/is in’ my - revision of the genus cited above, taking them, as noted, for dwarf specimens of the latter species, but a larger series showed unmistakably that it was a different species. Family Naucorip#&, Genus PELOCcORIS, Stal. Pelocoris Carolinensis, n. Sp.. Head.—Broader, including eyes, than long; front more or less remotely punctuated and furrowed ; width at base and at widest part subequal ; eyes longer than wide, greatest width about one-third from the distal end ; sinuate in the inner margin, converging toward the distal end more than toward the proximal end. - Labrum broader at base than long ; triangular in shape, with rounded apex attaining the middle of the third segment of the rostrum. Rostrum short, stout. Pronotum about 213 times as broad at base as long along the median line ; broader at base than at distal margin; both basal and distal margins more or less sinuate ; edges curved regularly from the eyes to the humeral angles, which are rounded ; disk with indented lines behind the head, parallel to the anterior margin, the first line as long as the distance_between . the eyes, and diminishing in length posteriorly, giving an obtusely triangular shape to the lined area, the remainder of the disk coarsely punctuated, caudad of the pronotal suture it is shagreened in wavy lines. Scutellum about twice as broad as long along the medial liie; apex blunt ; sides sinuate, shagreened. Pimchire narrower than abdomen, but extending to end of same. Membrane distinct, but merging insensibly into the corium. Embolium flattened and broadened marginally, extending beyond the abdomen. The three last connexival segments have prominent posterior angles. Entire hemelytra, including the membrane, covered with very short, sparse golden hairs. Mesosternal keel slightly raised, grooved longitudinally with hairs arising on either side, and nearly covering the groove. Abdomen.—Genital segments prominent in male, flattened and cleft in female. These segments are somewhat complicated, and no adequate description can be made without a dissection, 228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Fedes.—First pair raptorial with incrassate femora, grooved for the reception of the tibia, which are curved and furnished with a one-jointed tarsus, destitute of claws. Second and third pair cursorial, with normal femora and tibiz, with two-jointed tarsi, armed with moderately long, slen- der claws. The tibie are furnished with moderately long spines in two rows. Coloration.—Head flavous, with a dark median line of varying width, sometimes reduced to a triangle at the vertex, and at others entirely absent or very faint. Prothorax also flavous, the punctuations of the disk brown, the flattened outer margin much lighter in colour ; the area caudad of the suture, more or less variegated with perpendicular black lines of varying widths. Scutellum brown, the apex sometimes lighter in colour, approaching to flavous ; some individuals have lighter vermiculations in the disk. Hemelytra also brown, with lighter vermiculations, the ground colour of varying shades ; the darker forms have two flavous spots on the corium at the edge next to the membrane, which disappear in the lighter forms. The embolium is testaceous, darkening caudad. ‘The connexival segments are black posteriorly. The abdomen varies from testaceous to dark brown. ‘The legs are concolorous except the spines, which are darker and black-tipped ; the anterior legs are flavous, except the apex of the tarsus, which is dark. Labrum flavous ; terminal segment of rostrum darker at the lip. Measurements.—Head, 4, long., 1.5 to 1.7 mm; lat., 2.6 to 2.9 mm. ¢?, long., 1.8 to 1.9 mm; lat.,.2.8 to3 mm. Pronotum.— ¢@, long., 1.7 to 2mm.; lat, 4to 4.6mm. 9, long., 1.9 to 2mm.; lat., 4.5 to 4.7 mm. Scutellum.— ¢, long. (measured from prothoracic groove), 1.3 to 1.4 mm.; lat, 2.3 to‘2.7 mm., 9, long., ‘1.4 to"1.5°mm-; lat, 2.740 2.9 mm: . Insect.— ¢, long., 8.2 to 9.3 mm; lat. 5 to 5.5mm. Q, long., 9.3 to 9.6 ; lat., 5 6 to 6.1 mm. Described from 8 males and 8 females taken by Mr. C. S. Brimley, at Lake Ellis, Havelock, N. C., and two carded specimens from Blanfort, S. C., in the American Museum of Natural History collections. Types in U. S. National Museum (¢ and 2), American Museum of Natural History (two carded specimens mentioned above), collection C. S, Brimley (g and 9), and my collection. This bug differs from the species recognized as Felocoris femoratus, Pal., Beauv., in its smaller size, more slender shape, the cleft female genital segment, the more densely punctate and stouter prothorax, and the more noticeably flattened prothoracic margins. Mr. Brimley says of this water-bug* : “ Among the Hemiptera the only form of note was a Naucorid, which fairly swarmed in the lake among the water-weeds.” The lake referred to is Lake Ellis. *Ent, News, xvii, No. 3, p. 85, March, 1906, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229 ON THE GENUS RULANDUS, DISTANT, (HEMIPTERA). BY G. W. KIRKALDY, HONOLULU, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Rulandus, Distant (1904, Faun. Ind. Rh., II, 391), is described as a Nabid, but it is most certainly not, as it has neither the facies nor the characters of that family. It is a Reduviid, and judging from the figure and description is probably a Reduviine proper (Acanthaspidine). STUDIES IN THE GENUS INCISALIA. BY JOHN H. COOK, ALBANY, N. Y. III].—INcIsALIA HENRICI. (Continued from page 187.) Lncubation.—Of the thirteen eggs secured from the female confined over Vaccinium, seven were left on the growing plant and in the open air to develop under natural conditions ; the other six were brought into the laboratory. When first laid the egg is pale green, showing under a low power of the microscope the large white bosses studding the surface except on the flattened top and bottom. As the larva develops within the shell the latter becomes glistening white, the caterpillar appearing but faintly through the nearly opaque pellicle. On May roth, between 7.30 p.m. and the next observation, the first egg (No. 1) hatched. When found at 10.30 p.m. the larva had deserted the empty shell and was feeding on a bud, the food showing through the dorsum as a dark green line. A small hole was visible at the edge of the circum-micropylar area of egg No. 3 (laid on V. corymbosum), and at 11.12 p.m. the caterpillar, having eaten away the whole top of the shell, emerged. Shortly afterward Nos. 2, 4 and 5 were punctured, and the larvee emerged almost simultaneously at midnight. No. 6 did not hatch until 9.30 the next morning. The eggs left out of doors did not develop so rapidly ; Nos. 7, 8, 9 and ro hatched during the early morning, and No. 11 about 5 p.m. on May 21st. The larve in Nos. 12 and 13 developed normally, but died within the shell. The period of incubation, therefore, varies from 4 days 7 hours to 6 days 4 hours. Edwards gives as the “ duration of this stage five or six days.” The Larval Stages.—Following are the tabulated records of the larvee which lived long enough to make the determined facts of any value. The July, 1907 230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. terms and the use of the asterisk are the same as I employed in outlining the life-history of 7. angustus (see Can. Env. for July, 1906). Ecc. No. 2. No. 3. | No. 5. No. 6. laid *2.05 p.m. May 15|*2.12 p.m. May 15|*2.16 p.m. May 15]12.40 p.m. May 15 hatch’d *12.01a.m. May 20|*11.12 p.m. May 19)*12.01 a.m.May 20|*9.30 a.m. May 21 First MouLtT— UP 7.30 p.m. May 22} 7 p.m. May 25 2 p.m. May 23 4 a.m. May 25 OFF *8.30 p.m. May 24| 4 a.m. May 26 *noon May 25 4 a.m. May 26 SECOND MouLtT— UP to a.m. May OFF 4a.m. May 1 p.m. May 29 | *8a.m. May 28 g p.m. May 29 9|*6.05 p.m. May 30] 4 a.m. May 31 | *11 p.m. May 31 ~ Nok THIRD MouLtT— UP 6p.m. June 1} 4a.m. June 2 not 75 .32.p sme: 3 OFF 5-30 p.m. June3; 9 p.m. June 4 observed Ir p.m. June 4 PUPATION— FINAL 8 a.m. June 10 killed 2 p.m. June 9g noon June 10 PUPA *9.34 p.m June II! for study *11,10p.m. June 10|*10.22 p.m.June 11 The larval stages of this species were worked out by William Henry Edwards with such careful accuracy that little remains for me to do beyond paying tribute to the character and quality of his work and verifying the facts published in Papilio (Vol. I, p. 150-152), a quarter of a century ago. However, since I have had the ‘exceptional good fortune of breeding the larve side by side with those of zrus, augustus and niphon, I venture to hope that my observations will be of added value by reason of the comparisons thus made possible. First Stage.—The caterpillar begins life in the generalized form described by Edwards thus: “Length, 4-100 inch; shape, oval ; broadest anteriorly, the base flattened ; dorsum high and sloping posteriorly ; the summit of dorsum flattened for a little space, and on either side there is a row of long recurved white hairs; along edge of base is another row of similar hairs bent down; colour brownish-yellow ; head obovoid and smooth.” I may add that the head is brownish-yellow, with rich brown mandibles and labrum, and the short dusky bristles associated with the laterodorsal series of hairs are present, Without careful examination with a microscope the new-born larvee are indistinguishable from those of irus OY augustus. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 931 The Succeeding Stages.—As Edwards has pointed out, the coloration has altered considerably by the time the first moult is passed. The general colour is light green, with markings distributed as in érus and augustus (when mature), these markings of a yellow-green, not the intense yellow- green of augustus, but of a tint that may properly be described as “‘flat,’? and lacking in brilliancy. On either side of the faint (and not always present) mediodorsal yellow-green stripe the dorsal blood-vessel shows dull red-brown. Moreover, all the body-green (z.e., all excepting the mediodorsal stripe, the summits of the Jaterodorsal ridge, the oblique lateral dashes—in H/enurici run in with the laterodorsal marks and not distinguishable from them—the spots which represent the vestige of a spiracular line, and the stripe on the substigmatal fold, all of which are markings due to modification of the tissues)—with the exception then of these markings the whole upper part of the larva may be a deep red-brown. There are all degrees of intergrading between the two extremes, but the dorsal stripe was red-brown in all of the larve carried through ta the second stage. As no such colour appeared in any of the hundred-odd trus or in any of the six augustus examined, it is probably a reliable diagnostic character for this stage, and as it persists throughout larval life, for the subsequent stages also.* The more elongate shape and the prominent ridge on each of the first eight abdominal segments differentiate the larva of Henrict from the con- generic caterpillars without reference to coloration, though the differences in the latter respect are more striking, zxws being pale pea-pod-green, with faint white or very light green markings, augustus vivid yellow-green, with (or without) dr7gh¢ yellow markings, and Henrici dark green or “fort-wine- red,” with broad, prominent markings of a du//, flat yellow-green. These points will be discussed and illustrated later. Larval Variation.—In the spring of 1881 Mr. Edwards found his first caterpillar of this species feeding on a wild plum. It was nearly full- grown, and eventually became a chrysalis which did not disclose the imago. It was described as having been ‘entirely green in shades, except Jor two subdorsal red-brown stripes.” The following year eggs were secured from an imprisoned butterfly, and one larva was bred to maturity on plum; when full-grown it differed from the other caterpillar in that the *The dorsum is red in /. folios during the second larval instar, but other characters make the separation Of Henrici and polios a simple matter. 232 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. darker green (the ground colour) was almost completely replaced by “port-wine-red,” leaving the lighter yellow-green in strong contrast. Because the larvee were of the same size and shape, fed upon the same plant and yielded similar pupe, Mr. Edwards was led to believe that they were varietal forms of the same species. His suggestion that “possibly, in raising a brood of these caterpillars at some future time, both red and green ones will be found among them,” is tantamount to a prediction. Such proved to be the case. Of the four larvee which were raised by me, one fitted the description of “‘the caterpillar of 1881” (green) to a nicety ; a second corresponded in every detail to the “‘port-wine-red” caterpillar (of 1882), and of the two others one was intermediate between these, and one became eventually even more completely red than the red one of Edwards. Feeding Habits ——The habits of the caterpillar when feeding on plum have been described ; they do not differ essentially when Vaccinium is the food. When young the larve will eat the floral organs, but by the time the second moult is reached these have disappeared and the green fruit is eaten. A tunnel just large enough to accommodate the head is made in the side of a berry, and as the mandibles work this deeper and deeper the “collar” is brought up flush with the surface of the fruit, much as a man’s sleeve would come against a fence if he attempted to force his arm through a small hole therein. This gives the caterpillar the appearance of being half-way into a berry not large enough to hold the half. The larvee will often remain motionless (apparently) for many hours at a time, and do not evince any great desire to wander from a fruit-cluster until all the edible pulp has disappeared. My “‘very red one” (No. 5), when nearly mature spun a little silk on a pedicel, and after firmly fixing his anal prolegs to the mat proceeded to clean out all the food within reach. It devoured the interiors of five berries in about eight hours without releasing its hold on the mat. In order to do this it was twice necessary to maintain an exceedingly awkard position. Having finished up these five it moved the fore part of its body in all directions, until it came in contact with the lowest fruit on a cluster above, and into this it promptly bored. As long as watched (about 25 minutes) it fed in this unusual position, stretched to its fuli length, with only the anal prolegs and the true legs touching the plant. When next observed it had released its hold on the lower cluster. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 233 Food-plants.—Though we have every reason to believe from the facts as given that Vaccinium vacillans is a natural food-plant, I am not satisfied that it is the only local food-plant. I have spent many hours, both of daylight and at night, in the search for augustus larve on the same plant, and have never yet founda caterpillar of Henrict. Mr. Edwards’s discovery of a full-grown larva on wild plum suggests that other species of Prunus may be the food, and this is borne out by the coloration of the insect, which renders it very conspicuous on a green surface, and the rosy tints here and there on vacé//ans are altogether too ill-defined to make it any the less so on that plant. Although wild plum is not found here- about, Prunus pennsylvanica and P. cuneata* are common, and are likely to prove the usual food-plant locally. I was unable to secure any wild plum, or I should have tried my larve with it; they would not touch cultivated varieties when Vaccinium was to be had, and I did not risk losing them by removing the latter from the breeding-glasses. Pupation.—When ready to pupate the caterpillar descends from the plant and turns to chrysalis among the twigs and dried leaves on the ground. When from their actions it became evident that my larve had finished eating, they were placed in a box with a plentiful supply of rubbish, among which there chanced to be an old alder leaf caked over and nearly black with dried “honey-dew.” This was found by all three caterpillars, and on the lower surface (as it lay) they took their stations preparatory to casting the last larval skin. The Change to Chrysalis.—I witnessed the ecdysis of the chrysalis of all of the three insects which pupated, though the greater part of the precursory peristalsis took place during my absence. The skin split first along the thoracic dorsimeson, and was more or less torn as the soft pupa worked its way out. The latter was dingy gray-green on the wing-cases and abdomen ventrally, dusky orange-brown on the dorsum. The series of pits (distributed as in augustus) were not as marked as would have been expected from the deep fovee of the larva, the pigment in them was dark brown instead of black, and appeared to be absent in some. By morning the chrysalids were brownish-yellow, sprinkled with pitchy spots, the pits scarcely noticeable, the straw-coloured spiracles standing out in sharp contrast. During the succeeding 24 hours the skin became steadily darker, the spiracles remaining light until the final coloration was attained. *Recently separated from P. pumila according to Britton and Brown, 234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. The Chrysadis.—Distinguished at once from the chrysalids of zrws, augustus and niphon by its squat, compressed appearance, the abdomen being relatively stouter. This may be readily seen by comparing the figures (1, 2 and 3) in plate 5 with the figures of zrws and augustus pupe given in Vol. XXXVIII, No. 6 (June, 1906) and plate 3 of the current volume (May). Ground colour warm orange-brown, marked with very dark brown, as follows: Each abdominal segment with a moderately large medio- dorsal blotch crowded toward the posterior incisure; a larger supra- lateral area from just above the spiracle to a point somewhat dorsad of the lateral pit, extending the entire width of the segment and including the lateral and infra-lateral pits, which are black; a rudely-triangular infra-stigmatal spot, largest near the posterior incisure, tapering forward ; on the ventral surface of those segments not covered by the wing-cases a few scattered, minute spots. The metathorax and sides of the mesothorax are of the same deep brown (in a strong light burnt-sienna), leaving the orange-brown as an irregular mediodorsal streak. Prothorax with an obscure dark transverse stripe near the posterior incisure, and a medio- dorsal slender line of the same colour. Face and wing-covers very dark from the many crowded small spots. Spiracles very noticeable, each bright yellow, set in an orange-brown area, except the thoracic. Prothorax with a delicate medial “ridge.” Described from three specimens showing scarcely any variation. Were it not for the fact that the darker colour covering most of the surface has been determined to be due to the presence of pigment I should have spoken of this as the ground colour, and the smaller orange-brown areas as markings. Such a description would have been, perhaps, easier to apply in identifying the pupz, but would not have been accurate in the use of terms. Possible Correlation between Larval Characters and Sex.—Unfor- tunately the numbers affixed to the leaf beside each chrysalis became detached, and the suggestion offered here is based upon my memory of where the three caterpillars spun their final mats and the position of the numbers as they lay after having fallen off. I regret that it did not occur to me to sketch the larve as they rested upon the leaf. To the best of my knowledge and belief the gveen caterpillar yielded a larger pupa containing a female ; the two ved larve yielding smaller pupz containing males, I shall endeavour to verify this with others now being bred. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 235 NOTE ON I. POLIOS. In the Jower part of the plate are represented paratypes No. 23 (3 under surface), No. 24 (¢ upper surface), No. 25 (? under surface), and No. 26 (? upper surface), of Z. polzos, described in the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST for June, p. 202. It may be ‘pertinent to state that the food-plant of fo/ios has been discovered, eggs secured, and the larve now being raised have already passed the first moult. The specific validity of the form is no longer open to question. NEW COLEOPTERA FROM THE SOUTHWEST?.—III. BY H. C. FALL, PASADENA, CALIF. Pteroloma caraboides, n. sp.—Blackish-brown, moderately shining, legs and antennze somewhat paler. Antennz as usual. Head sparsely finely punctate. Prothorax 2/5 (2) to 1/2 (?) wider than long, widest at or slightly in advance of the middle, base a little wider than the apex, sides moderately rounded, oblique and just perceptibly sinuate posteriorly, hind angles sharply defined, but slightly obtuse; disk evenly, rather feebly, convex, median line not at al] impressed, side margin acute and slightly reflexed, a feeble impression within the hind angles; surface finely, sparsely punctate, the punctures somewhat unequal in size, and becoming more numerous near the basal and lateral margins. Elytra elongate oval, a little wider at base than the prothorax, more than three times as long as the latter, and more than one-half longer than wide ; sides arcuate, feebly sinuate before the apex, which is narrowly rounded; striz strongly impressed, distinctly but not coarsely punctate ; intervals very finely and sparsely punctulate, the alternate ones with a series of distinct and feeble larger punctures. Body beneath distinctly alutaceous, but shining and very finely, sparsely punctate. Epipleura minutely and sparsely punctate. Length, 614-7 mm. Wenatchee, Washington, collected by Prof. H. F. Wickham; Mt. San Antonio, So. California, a single example taken at an altitude of about 9,000 ft. by Mr. C. A. Richmond. The male has the front tarsi quite strongly dilated, the first two joints of middle tarsi moderately so. This species has the general form of Forstreme, but differs—judging from the description—in the more finely punctate thorax, with median line unimpressed, the much less distinct serial punctures of the alternate elytral July, 1907 236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. intervals, the nearly impunctate epipleura, and the more widely dilated male tarsi. According to Horn’s description the sixth ventral segment is deeply longitudinally impressed in the female of Horstramet. There is no sign of such impression in the female of the present species, though in the male of both this and fenuzcornis the sixth ventral has a fine median impressed line. The resemblance of this species to Bembidium spectabile is quite striking. Chrysobothris carmelita, n.*sp.—Moderately elongate, feebly convex, piceous-bronzed ; front (¢) green; occiput, front margin of pronotum narrowly, the front angles broadly, brijliant eneo-cupreous ; elytral impressions more or less cupreous ; beneath blackish, with faint green- bronze lustre, hind thighs eeneo-cupreous in apical half. Front nearly flat, rather densely pubescent, uniformly densely punctate, occipital impressed line a little elevated anteriorly ; clypeus with deep oval emargination, arcuato-truncate each side. Antennz bronzed, greenish at base, narrowed externally, third joint barely as long as the two following. Prothorax one-half wider than long, widest close to front angles, sides thence convergent and straight except for a feeble median sinuation, nearly to base, becoming slightly inflexed at the hind angles ; disk faintly impressed along the median line, and with a slight impression each side of the middle posteriorly ; punctuation dense, with a tendency to form transverse strigz laterally, especially near the angles. Elytra 1% wider than the prothorax, and about 3% times as long, very nearly twice as long as wide, basal and intra-humeral impressions well marked, a shallow rounded fovea just before the middle, and two others at apical third ; inner costa distinct in apical half; second costa shorter, extending backward from the antemedian fovea; surface densely punctate throughout; side margin serrulate posteriorly, tips conjointly rounded with slight sectional sinuation. Prosternum lobed in front, densely punctate, and with rather long and dense white pubescence. Metasternum and ventral segments densely punctate at sides, less densely so at middle ; pubescence abundant, and in well-preserved examples made more conspicuous by the presence of a white efflorescence. Length, 74-814 mm. Arizona. ‘Two examples are before me, one without definite locality, the other from Hot Springs, collected by Barber and Schwarz. Both examples are males, having the anterior tibiz arcuate, and with a rather strong apical dilatation, above which the inner margin is distinctly notched THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 237 or impressed; middle tibize sinuate within and mucronate at tips, hind tibiee straight ; apical ventral segment broadly arcuately emarginate. One of the above examples has been in my ccllection many years, and was once submitted to Dr. Horn, who referred it doubtfully to dedz/is. It is, however, abundantly distinct from the latter by the dense punctuation of the entire upper surface, deeper clypeal emargination, brilliant colour of head and anterior margin of pronotum, form of prothorax, and other details. The front tibize of the ¢ in debz/is are not emarginate above the dilatation. Chrysobothris micromorpha, n. sp.—Elongate, not depressed, dark brown bronzed with traces of violaceous lustre on the anterior part of the pronotum and on parts of the elytra; front green (4), vertex and occiput bright coppery-red; beneath piceous, faintly bronzed, tips of middle thighs and apical half or more of hind thighs brilliant coppery-red. Antenne piceous, becoming bronzed at base, third joint much shorter than the next two united ; outer joints gradually narrower. Front moderately convex, with conspicuous though not very dense white pubescence ; punctuation moderately close and a little irregular, having a small smoother area each side of the median line, above which is a well-defined vertical chevron ; clypeus broadly arcuately emarginate, sides subtruncate, Prothorax slightly less than twice as wide as long, sides subangulate at 2/5 from base, before which they are nearly straight and parallel, posteriorly straight and strongly convergent to base, which is narrower than the apex, and about 3/5 as wide as the base of the elytra ; surface uniformly convex, without distinct impressions ; punctures uniformly distributed, distant by rather more than their own diameter, and without tendency toward strigosity except very feebly near the hind angles. Elytra 24 wider than the prothorax, sides parallel and straight to about apical third, apex serrulate, surface without distinct fovez except the basal] ones ; the inner costa feeble but evident toward the apex ; punctuation similar to that of the pronotum. Prosternum rather strongly lobed in front, closely punctate anteriorly, a little less so posteriorly. Abdomen moderately punctate and pubescent, without lateral callosities. Length, 414 mm. Arizona. As in the preceding species, two examples are at hand, one without definite locality, the other taken at Hot Springs by Barber and Schwarz. Both specimens are ¢’s, and have the front tibiz slightly arcuate and dilated within at apex, middle tibiz less arcuate, hind tibiz straight ; last 238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ventral truncate and broadly feebly emarginate, the outer angles of the emargination not dentiform. The side margins of the last ventral segment are evidently though feebly serrulate, and this, together with the absence of pronotal foveze or callosities, places this species in Horn’s Group I. It is most nearly allied to pzwta, Wick., which should evidently be referred to the same group instead of Group IV, as stated by its author, but is still smaller—in fact, the smallest species of the genus known to me—and lacks the elytral foveze, which are well defined in pzuta. In this latter the coloration of the upper surface is more brilliant, the sides of the prothorax less narrowed posteriorly, and scarcely at all angulate, the third antennal joint longer and relatively narrower. Chrysobothris pubescens, n. sp.—Moderately robust, dark bronze, shining, distinctly but sparsely pubescent throughout. Head coppery ( @), front green (¢). Antenne narrowed externally, bronzed in ?, greenish in ¢, third joint much shorter than the next two together. Front closely punctate, without or with but a small feeble callosity each side of the median line ; clypeus with broad triangular emargination, lateral lobes rounded. Prothorax one-half wider than long, sides rounded in front and behind, parallel and slightly sinuate at middle; disk nearly uniformly convex except for a shallow impression on the median line anteriorly, callosities wanting, punctuation moderately close. Elytra one-third wider than the prothorax, not quite twice as long as wide, basal fovez broad, not very deep ; discal foveze three in number, one before the middle, the other two at apical third, the outer one a little in advance of the inner, and sometimes connected with it, all the foveze more or less cupreous or rarely greenish ; costae somewhat variable, the inner one usually distinct from basal third to apex; the second feebler, scarcely elevated, interrupted by the foveze ; punctures rather fine and well separated, at least at the middle of the disk ; apices rounded and feebly serrulate. Prosternum lobed in front, closely and rather coarsely punctate, pubescent, scarcely differing in the sexes ; ventral segments brightly bronzed, rather sparsely punctured at middle, more closely so laterally, and with more or less evident callosities. Front thighs with moderate acute tooth, which is denticulate externally. Length, 744-9 mm. California. Not rare in the Southern Sierras at altitudes of 3,000 to 6,000 ft., occurring most commonly on scrub oak. In the male the tibial characters are the same as in the allied de/eta, and the last ventral is very similarly subsemicircularly emarginate. In the THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239 female of pubescens the last ventral has a much smaller emargination of nearly same shape as in the male, while in de/eta (§) the emargination is bisinuate. Pxbescens is evidently broader and a little less convex than deveta, and—so far as my experience goes—may always be distinguished from the allied de/eta, deserta and /ixa by the anterior discal impression of the pronotum, which though slight is very constant, but is entirely lacking in the others. De/eta has a transverse series of four small callosities on the pronotum, the outer two often ill-defined. In pubescens these callosities are lacking, while in deserta they are larger and all four distinct. Deserta and de/eta are very closely related ; in fact, one of the two examples of the former in the Horn collection is really de/efa. This specimen is from the vicinity of San Diego, in which region de/eta seems to occur more frequently than elsewhere, while the type of deserta—the specimen bearing the label—is from the Mojave Desert, In this latter the eyes are separated on the vertex by a distance subequal to half the length of the pronotum on the median line, and the third antennal joint Is fully twice as long as wide, while in de/eta the eyes are separated by a distance equal to two-thirds the length of the pronotum, and the third antenna) joint is less slender, never quite twice as long as wide. There is virtually no difference in the form of the anterior tibize of the male in these two species, notwithstanding Horn’s remark, nor do I believe the elytral coste can be depended on as a mark of distinction. There is a manifest inconsistency in the Horn tabulation of groups in this genus, in which it is stated that the species of Groups II-V have the “ disk of the thorax irregular, median line more or less sulcate.” This character completely fails in Group V, which includes the species we are now considering. A better character for the separation of this group would be the pubescence of the entire upper surface, which is always very obvious in even fairly well preserved specimens, and which does not exist elsewhere in our species. Chrysobothris smaragdula, 1. sp.—Moderately elongate, bright green above, dark green, with slight violaceous tint, below, surface moderately shining, glabrous. Antenne with first three joints green, outer joints piceous, feebly metallic, gradually decreasing in width, third joint nearly as long as the next three. Front feebly convex, strongly, closely punctate ; clypeus broadly trianguiarly emarginate, arcuate each side. Prothorax nearly twice as wide as long, sides straight and parallel 240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. almost throughout, disk feebly, evenly convex, punctuation moderately coarse and close, with slight tendency to transverse strigosity. Elytra a little wider than the prothorax, sides parallel for three-fifths their length, then arcuately narrowed to apex, the tips separately rounded and serrulate; surface somewhat uneven, but without coste or foveze except the basal impressions ; punctuation similar to that of the prothorax. Prosternum coarsely, densely punctate, the flanks more sparsely so; abdomen sparsely punctate and polished; ventral segments without callosities, the last segment with submarginal serrate ridge, the lateral margin interrupted but not serrulate. Prosternum lobed in front, anterior femora toothed as usual. Length, 6 mm. : Oak Creek Canon, Arizona (Prof. Snow). x Described from a single female (?) specimen. This species must be referred to Horn’s Group VIII, and is most nearly related to prasina, this latter, however, has the prothorax narrowed anteriorly, the punctuation sparser, the last ventral without submarginal ridge. Acmaodera robusta, var. rubrosuffusa, n. var.—In a series of specimens taken by Dr. Fenyes at Mojave, Cal., the basal portion of the disk of the elytra 1s broadly suffused with red. The prothorax is also brightly bronzed, and the abdomen violaceous-bronzed, instead of black as in the typical form. In this latter respect it approaches fu¢a, of which, indeed, it might be considered a variety with about equal propriety. Acmeodera Hepburnii, var. latiflava, n. var.—This name is proposed for aform of Aepburnii in which the elytra are entirely yellow except the tip of the humeral umbone, a narrow sutural stripe, and one or two small spots at apical third. It looks so different from the typical form that it would naturally be separated in a cabinet arrangement, and _ has, indeed, been mistaken by collectors for a distinct species. It is known to me from the Yosemite region and from various points in So. California. — Acmeodera Bishopiana, n. sp.—Moderately stout, black, shining, not at all bronzed, prothorax with or without a very small yellow spot at sides - near the base, elytra with numerous small irregular yellow spots, pubescence long, fine, erect, fuscous and cinereous, the latter colour predominating. Head densely punctate as usual, vertex finely carinate, clypeal emargination rather deep, nearly as in /abyrinthica. Prothorax not wider than the elytra, twice as wide as long, widest a little before the THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 241 base, surface coarsely, deeply punctate, the punctures well separated toward the middle, the interstices polished. Elytra with coarsely punctate striz ; intervals narrow, nearly flat on the disk. Beneath rather strongly, closely punctate ; apical ventral plate small and feeble, the free edge thin and evenly arcuato-truncate. Length, 6.5-8 mm. Bishop, Big Pine and Independence, Inyo Co., California. Collected by Dr. Fenyes, June 7-12. This species belongs to the ‘‘ Emarginate,” and is most nearly related to dabyrinthica, which is, however, on the average a larger species, always distinctly bronzed, the form slightly flatter, the prothorax more closely and relatively a little more finely punctate, the elytra with more numerous and intricate markings. Lzshopiana resembles quite closely a form which I hold to be a variety of do/orosa, taken by Dr. Fenyes in the same region ; this latter is somewhat flatter, more pointed behind, and with distinctly more broadly, less deeply emarginate clypeus. Acmeodera faceta, n. sp.—Parallel, subcylindrical, dorsum a little depressed. Head and thorax black, elytra dark blue, with a small orange-red marginal spot near the posterior fourth ; beneath blue-black. Head not densely punctate, front moderately impressed at middle. Prothorax slightly narrower than the elytra, gradually narrowed in front, sides subparallel in basal third or half, punctuation sparse at middle, closer at sides, surface polished, basal impressions feeble. Elytra parallel for two-thirds their length or more, post-humeral sinuation feeble ; striz moderate, intervals rather narrow, nearly flat on the disk, more convex laterally. Pubescence fine, sparse, whitish throughout. Front margin of prosternum with two distant obtuse but rather prominent lobe-like teeth. Ventral segments rather finely and densely punctate at sides, more sparsely at middle ; last ventral with feeble apical crest. Length, 534-7 mm. Santa Rosa, Lower California (Beyer). This species resembles s¢igmata and divulnera quite closely. The prosternal characters are nearly as in s¢igmata, which species is, however, a little more graduaily narrowed behind, lateral red spot more anterior in position, the prothorax green-bronzed rather than black, the abdomen more evenly punctate. In dvudnera the front of the prosternum is quite different in outline, having a rather strong sinuate lobe at middle. Acmeodera larree, n. sp.—Strongly convex, subcylindrical, head, prothorax and under surface distinctly eneous, elytra yellow, with four or 242 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. five irregular pale brown fasciz ; pubescence sparse, fine, short, suberect and entirely whitish in colour. Antenne very strongly serrate (¢) or moderately so (9), the serration beginning with the fourth joint, which is as wide as the fifth; joints 4-1o all much broader and long. Head densely punctate, very feebly impressed. Prothorax one-half wider than long, sides not very strongly rounded, apex four-fifths as wide as the base, surface densely, almost cribrately punctate, median impression feeble, lateral basal foveze moderately deep. Elytra barely as wide as the prothorax, sides feebly sinuate basally, gradually narrowed behind, strize impressed, closely, moderately punctate, intervals narrow and more or less convex. Beneath with sparse white recumbent pubescence, prosternum truncate in front; abdomen rather sparsely, not ccarsely, punctate, and polished ; last ventral without apical plate. Length, 714-9 mm. The type is one of three examples taken by Dr. Fenyes at Mojave, Cal., on Larrea. In one specimen the brown bands are darker and wider, and the elytra might more properly be described as brown, with irregular yellow fasciz. In this species the sexual differences in the antennz are remarkable. Joints 4-10 are not only very broad in the male, but they are very densely minutely punctulate and clothed with an exceedingly short, erect blackish pile. In the female the surface of the joints is moderately punctulate and shining, and clothed as usual. By the broad fourth joint of the antennz this species is related to cribricollis, gemina and zzsignis. By some mischance, cribricoldis is, in my Synopsis of this genus, erroneously tabulated with those species having the fifth antennal joint abruptly wider than the fourth. The species is really very close to the one here described, but differs in having the elytral markings black instead of brown (perhaps not constant), the punctuation of the ventral segments coarser, especially apically, the last ventral with evident thick marginal crest. Males of cribricod/is are as yet unknown, so it is not possible to say if a similar sexual disparity in the form of the antenne exists. Trirhabda labrata, n. sp.—Form and size of favolimbata. Elytra brilliant green, with narrow pale margin, pubescence unusually sparse and short, the surface quite strongly shining, punctuation dense and rather coarse. Prothorax about twice as wide as long, more or less strongly transversely impressed, and with the usual three spots, these being large, sometimes confluent, metallic-green ; surface highly polished and sparsely THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 243 punctured, the pubescence nearly wanting. Head testaceous in front, labrum blackish ; occiput entirely green, sparsely, finely punctured and shining. Antenne in great part piceous ; under side of body and legs testaceous, varied with dark green or piceous. In the male the last ventral is rather strongly and broadly emarginate at apex ; in the female there is a small subcircular emargination, the sides of which nearly meet behind. The inner division of the claws is as usual a little shorter and more divergent in the female. Length, 64%-7%4 mm. Monterey, California (Fenyes). The brilliant green colour, sparse pubescence, shining surface and dark labrum are the distinguishing characteristics of this species. The punctuation of the elytra is also evidently coarser than in flavolimbata, and much coarser than in /u¢eocincta, in both of which species the labrum is pale, or at most slightly dusky, the head more densely punctate and dull, the occipital plaga less extended, not as a rule involving the upper inner margin of the eye. Trirhabda eriodictyonis, n. sp.—Oblong, rather robust, not broader behind, testaceous throughout, antennz dusky except at base, head with a very small occipital plaga, which becomes linear in the female, and is rarely entirely wanting. Prothorax with the three spots small, black ; elytra with greenish elongate humeral spot, which may extend the entire length of the elytra, or may become almost obsolete. Head densely, rather coarsely punctate, feebly shining; prothorax sparsely, feebly punctate or nearly smooth, polished ; elytra densely, finely punctate. Male with broad but distinct apical ventral emargination ; female with much narrower but relatively deeper emargination. Length, 714-9 mm. This species occurs rather abundantly on a species of Eriodictyon (‘Yerba Santa ”) at Pasadena, San Bernardino and elsewhere in Southern California. It has been distributed quite generally as caduca, on the basis of an erroneons identification made years ago for the writer. The latter species is much smaller, very sparsely pubescent, more shining, less densely punctate, the dark markings without metallic lustre, the occipital spot much larger. It is known only from Owens Valley. Migrohumeraiis, Schf., is still closer to the present species, but in it the punctuation is somewhat coarser, and, like caduca, it is smaller and the dark markings are not at all metallic, 244 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ON SOME HAWAIIAN HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA. BY G. W. KIRKALDY. HONOLULU, HAWAI{AN ISLANDS. Fam. MyopocuIpD&. In the “‘Fauna Hawaiiensis—Hemiptera,” in dealing with White’s species of ‘ Cymus,” I had specimens before me of C. crimiger only; since then I have seen White’s C. ca/vus, and another species allied thereto, but with substylate eyes; these three form three genera, distinguished as follows : 1. Eyes substylate, prominent, extending laterally well beyond the pro- notum, which is distinctly longer than wide; tegmina scarcely PUMCLUTEE ee ascucme nate bids a nond merece. Nesomartis, gen. nov. ta. Eyes sessile, not prominent, not extending laterally so far as the transverse pronotum ; tegmina strongly punctured ............2. 2. Ocellias far from one another as from an eye. Pronotum with a distinct. transverse impression basal of the middle...... LVesocymus, gen. nov. 2a. Ocelli much nearer to the eyes than to one another. Pronotum not transversely Impressed — jos. settee ne st OCP NON, Mina eye The character of the nonpunctuation of the tegmina in JVesomartis would remove it from the Cyminez in the usual acceptation of the subfamily, but it is obviously closely related to (Vesocymus and Sephora. I cannot find any character to separate satisfactorily the Cymine from the Astacopinee (Lygzeinee of some authors), and the amalgamated subfamily should be known as Cyminz. Stal (Hem. Afr., ii, 120) relies on the tegmina being wider than the abdomen, and the exterior margin of the corium dilated, while his “‘Lygzida” have the tegmina not, or only partly, dilated and wider than the abdomen, but the latter is not the case in many forms. I think that /Vyszws is more closely allied to Cymus than it is to Stalagmostethus and its allies. Sephora, Kirkaldy. Sephora, Kirkaldy, 1902, Faun. Haw., iil, 16r. The rostrum barely reaches to the middle coxe, first segment sot extending quite so far as the base of the head. Collar feebly marked, pronotum scarcely constricted there, and not constricted again towards the base. Ocelli much nearer to the eye margins than to one ancther. 1. criniger (White). Cymus criniger, F. B. White, 1881, A. M.N. H. (5), vii, 57. Sephora criniger, Kirkaldy, 1902, Faun, Haw., iii, 161, Pl. v, f. 45. July, 1907 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 245 The specimens before me agree fairly well with White’s description, except as follows: the general colour of the head is paler ; the membrane is almost always faintly marked longitudinally with a fuscous stripe, and the rostruin just reaches to the middle coxz, instead of to the middle of the mesosternum, while the first segment does not reach as far as the base of the head, instead of to the middle of the prosternum. I feel sure White’s description is incorrect in this. Hab.—Lanai and Molokai, as detailed previously ; White records it from Maui at 5,000 feet, under stones, but Dr. Perkins informs me that the specimens collected by him were beaten from the branches of trees, where they probably live under moss or lichens. LVesocymus, gen, nov. Allied to the last, but the distances between the ocelli, and from an ocellus to the nearest eye margin, are subequal, The rostrum reaches to the middle of the mesosternum, the first segment reaching to the base of the head. Vertex more convex, and eyes larger. Pronotal collar more marked, the pronotum exteriorly rounded after this, and divided into two parts by a median transverse very narrow impressed line. 1. calvus (White). Cymus calvus, F. B. White, 1881, A. M. N. H. (5), vii, 56. Sephora calvus, Kirkaldy, 1902, Faun. Haw.,, iil, 162. Hab.—Oahu (as previously noted), at roots of herbage in the moun- tains, from 1,500-2,000-ft. Dr. Perkins has lately collected a series of forms agreeing with White’s description, except as follows: there is always a dark, broad, fuscous longitudinal stripe on the membrane (not noted by White), and his rostral proportions do not agree. LVesomartis, gen. nov.* Differs from the two preceding genera by the very transverse vertex and substylated eyes, which extend laterally much further than the pro- notum ; by the ocelli as close to one another as to the é¢ye margins, and being close to the anterior margin of the pronotum (they are somewhat distant in the other genera), by the elongate, collarless pronotum, whose lateral margins are straight and scarcely divergent. Tegmina scarcely punctured. Rostrum reaching middle coxe, mesosternum rather deeply sulcate posteriorly. LV. psammophila, sp. nov. Pale greenish, drying to testaceous, with sparse whitish-pubescence, a levigate elongate spot on each side of the pronotum anteriorly. *Nesos, island, martis, maiden. 246 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Scutellum with a percurrent fuscous longitudinal line extending to apex of clavus. Tegmina hyaline, each with a median longitudinal fuscous streak, which converge on the membrane when the tegmina overlap in repose. Fourth segment and apex of second segment of antenne fuscous. Metanotum and tergites dark fuscous, margined laterally with testaceous. First segment of antennz reaching just beyond head, second segment about 4% times as long as the first, and about as long as the incrassate fourth, which is a little longer than the third. Length, 434 mm. Hab: Oahu, on the coast on the ground amongst Szda and other plants (R.C. L. P.) ; Hawaii, Kona coast in similar situations (R. C. L. P.). The Hawaiian specimens have the second and fourth segments of the antennz each five times as long as the first, but do not otherwise differ appreciably from the typical Oahuan. 1. Orthea nigriceps (Dallas). (= Orthea nigriceps, Kirkaldy, olim.) F. B. White, on Blackburn’s authority, states that this species does not occur below about one thousand feet above sea level, but that was probably a mistake then, and certainly is so now, as it comes at night to light in houses from sea level upwards. It occurs also in Tahiti and the Philippine Isles. Mayr recorded it from New Zealand, but White, on the strength of an allied form (Doug/asi) from the latter country, considered Mayr’s record erroneous. Distant has now, however, considered Rhyparochromus inornatus, Walker, from New Zealand, to be a variety of O. nigriceps, and if Distant’s identification be correct, it is probable that Mayr’s New Zealand forms were actually O. nigriceps. 2. O. periplanios, sp. nov. This pretty little species is much smaller and less robust than the preceding ; it does not fit into either of Stal’s primary groups of ‘‘Pamera,” being removed from ‘“‘a” by the anterior lobe of the pronotum being very distinctly transverse, from “aa” by the said lobe being very slighly narrower than the head. It is probably allied to wimcta, Say, but has unicolorous, dark ochraceous fore femora. Black, with silvery-gray pubescence ; first three segments of antenne, the rostrum and legs ochraceous, fore femora darker ochraceous, last segment of rostrum dark. Tegmina yellowish-testaceous, strongly punctured with dark brown, costal margin paler, immaculate, except the apical margin ; apical margin of corium broadly but unevenly blackish- brown, sometimes extending a little way along the inner margin, a white spot at the inner posterior angle. Membrane pale, with several longitu- dinal pale smoky streaks. Head distinctly longer and slightly wider than THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 247 the anterior lobe of the pronotum ; first segment of antenne reaching beyond the head, fourth segment the longest, fusiform ; rostrum reaching to the fore coxe. The collar well marked, not as wide as the anterior lobe ; the latter nearly twice as wide as its length, laterally rounded, basally very slightly wider than in front ; posterior lobe finely but sparsely punctured, raised and rounded behind, scarcely shorter medially than the anterior lobe, very distinctly wider than the head, its lateral margins diverging at first obtuse-angularly, then turning sharply parallel with the long axis of the body; posterior margin very lightly emarginate. Scutellum medially carinate on the posterior two-thirds. Fore femora incrassate and spinose, tibize not toothed, but apically a little widened and subbifid. Length, ¢, 34% mm.; 2, 4 mm. Hab.: Hawaiian Archipelago (introduced), now spread over Kauai, Kekaha (F. W. T.); Oahu, from sea level to Mt. Tantalus, 1,500 feet (KR. -GlE. P5eW. MG, G. W. K.)5 Maui, Olowalu (O. H: 5.) comes frequently to light. In examples not fully matured the collar and posterior lobe of pronotum may be dark ferruginous, instead of black. The types (¢ 2) are in my collection,* Fam. REDUVIID&. Triatoma rubrofasciatus, DeGeer. Probably originally a native of Brazil, now widely distributed. It is found in these Islands near cottages of the poorer sort. Zelus peregrinus, Kirkaldy. Mr. O. Heidemann has (¢# /:#¢.) identified this as identical with Z. Renardii, Kolenati (1856, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, XXIX, 460, Pl. III, fig. 2), from California, but I am not disposed to admit it on present evidence. Kolenati’s figure is useless, and he states that the apex of the femora and base of the tibiz are intensely sanguineous, which I do not consider them to be, at least noticeably. The anterior lobe of the pronotum 1s also not very distinctly quadrituberculate, nor is the abdomen entirely lurid. Z. Renardii has not to my knowledge been redescribed since 1856. Milu, gen. nov. _ Differs from Reduviolus, W. Kirby, by the incrassate first segment of the antenne and the prominent blunt spine arising well in front of the antennal insertion from the side of the head, which I formerly overlooked, but which has been pointed out to me by Dr. Perkins. *Since writing this I have seen specimens from Australia and Viti. +Milu is the Hawaiian ruler of the dead. 248 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1. kerasphoron, nom. nov. = Reduviolus rubritinctus, Kirkaldy, nec Blackburn. The latter has the incrassate antennz, but as the head spines are not mentioned it cannot yet be included in Aftlu. MM. kerasphoron is very much like 2. sharpianus, Kirkaldy, in pattern. SUMMARY : Sephora criniger (White.) LNesocymus (n.g.) calvus (White). Nesomartis (n.g.) psammophila, n. sp. Orthea nigriceps (Dalias). O. periplanios, sp. nov. Triatoma rubrofasciatus (DeGeer). Zelus peregrinus (Kirkaldy). Milu (n.g.) kerasphoron, sp. n. NOTES ON CENTRAL AMERICAN HEMIPTEROUS FAUNA. BY G. W. KIRKALDY, HONOLULU, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. While preparing his account of the Homoptera of Central America (Biologia Centrali Americana, Rh. Hom. II), Mr. Distant must have neglected to refer to the third part of Stal’s ‘‘Analecta hemipterologica” (1869, Berlin Ent. Zeit., XIII, 225-42), as he has omitted mention of four species therein described ; these are as follows : Aphrodisias (=\| Compsoptera) cactca, Stal; Acmonia anceps, Stal ; Cyrpoptus nubeculosus, Stal, and C. ferruginosus, Stal, all from Mexico. In the Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), XVIII, 193 (1906), Mr. Distant twice quotes his genus “Amé/avaca” (as a syn. of Echetra); this was, however, originally written Amadivaca. In the same volume of the “Biologia” Dr. Fowler has redescribed Scolops, Germ., under the name of Oruithissus, incorrectly placing it in the Issidz. .S. Cockere//i seems to be a good species (p. 122). I have not seen specimens, but the descriptions and figures, as well as comparison with JZistharnophantia, Kirkaldy, lead me to believe that Hypancylus, Fowler (p. 114), is a Poekillopterine, not an Issine. Of the two Fulgoroids considered uncertain by Dr. Fowler, Rhotala is an Achiline, while Syztames is a Derbid, his delicatus, var. chiriguensis (p. 139), being a good species. In the Cicadide, Mr. Distant’s new name of Germari (p. 140) for Proarna || grisea (Germar) is unnecessary, as on his own showing there are other names available., The insect should probably be known as July, 1907 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 249 Proarna invaria (Walker), Mr. Distant has copied the mistake into his Catalogue of Cicadide. The second volume of the Homopterous part ends very abruptly at p. 316, in the middle of a sentence ; this was published in August, 1903 ! In the Heteroptera (Vol. II.) Mr. Champion has confused under one generic name, Zutevopsis, two distinct genera. Lutevopsis, type dongimanus, Champ., has a few large spines on the fore femora, and the hind femora extend much farther than the abdomen posteriorly, and are not pilose; the tegmina are not picturate. Panamia, gen. nov., type ormata (Champ.), is somewhat allied to Ploiariodes, White, but has no scutellar spines ; it has no large spines on the fore femora, the hind femora do not extend farther posteriorly than the abdomen, and are lightly pilose ; the tegmina are picturate. The head and pronotum are also very different in the two genera. Since the publication of Bulletin IV of the Div. Ent. H. S. P. A., I have received Melichar’s fine Monograph of the Issine, and have been able to confirm the two Issines noted by me from Arizona. (1) Bruchomorpha mormo, Kirk., is allied to B. pallidipes, Stal, but is concolorous except part of the legs (duly described). (2) Picumna ovatipennis (Walker) may be confirmed. 1. Plintherus mexicanus, Spinola, 1850, Mem. Soc. Ital. Modena, XXV (sep. p. 115). This genus is treated by Stal, in discussing the Ethiopian forms, as a homonym of /tye/us, Lep. and Serv. I cannot identify P. mexicanus with any of the Cercopide enumerated by Fowler. 2. The use of Zetzgonia in Hemiptera has been objected to by Jacobi (in his current works) as being preoccupied by TZé¢tigonéa in Orthoptera. I cannot agree, especially as Geoffroy does not refer to Linneus’s genus ; even then, however, Jacobi’s new name, Tettigoniella, would fall before Cicadella, Latreille, 1817 (Cuv. Régne An., III, ’06), of which the Tettigonia of Olivier and Germar is the typical subgenns, as stated by Latreille himself. 3. Microcentrus, Stal, 1869, = Phaulocentrus, Fowler, 1896. Stal gives cary@ (Fitch) as the type of his Membracid genus, Fowler rarely cites types for his genera, but as cary is the first mentioned, it may be taken as the type. 4. In the B. C. A. Hom., II, Fowler refers to the Achilius bicinctus, Spinola, redescribes and figures what he supposes to refer to it. I do not believe that Spinola’s species really refers to Co/gorma (=||Rudia) ; Stal was uncertain. Fowler’s dicinctus can scarcely be the 250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, same as Spinola’s, as the venation is toc discordant. Spinola’s figures are mostly excellent, and there is no reason to force his South American form to fit an at least superficially different Central American. I therefore propose Colgorma F#owlertana, n. n., for Rudia bicincta, Fowler, not = Achtlius bicinctus, Fowler. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE CONOPIDA OF NEBRASKA. BY PAUL R. JONES, UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, LINCOLN, NEBRASKA. 1. Conops, Linné. 1. Conops brachyrhynchus, Macquart.—Specimens from West Point, Lincoln and Meadow, Nebraska, which agree with the description, except that the cheeks and facial grooves are slightly darkened in some of the specimens. ‘There is also a variation in size, the specimens being from 8 to 12 mm. in length. 2. Conops fronto, Williston.—Numerous specimens from Glen, Sioux County, Lincoln, Nebraska City, Haigler, McCook and Pine Ridge, Nebraska. Common in northwestern Nebraska in the fall. 3. Conops xanthopareus, Williston.—Numerous specimens from Lincoln, West Point and Glen, Sioux County, Nebraska. (Common in the eastern and in the north-western part of the State in August and Sep- tember. This is the first record of its being taken this far west. 2. PHYSOCEPHALA, Schiner. 1. Physocephala affinis, Williston.—Specimens from West. Point and Glen, Sioux County, Nebraska, which show considerable variation in the frontal stripes, markings of cheeks and wings, and length of the ultimate segment of the fourth vein. The cheeks in two specimens are entirely brown 2. Physocephala marginata, Say.—Two specimens from Lincoln, one from Weeping Water, and one from West Point, Nebraska, which answer to the description, except that the specimens from Lincoln and Weeping Water are about 15 mm. in length. The specimen from West Point is smaller, and slightly lighter in colour. Formerly recorded from Pennsyl- vania and New Hampshire. 3. ZODION, Latreille. 1. Zodion fulvifrons, Say.— Numerous specimens from Lincoln, West Point, Halsey, Cedar Bluffs and Glen, Sioux County, Nebraska, which show great variation in size and coloration. Very common over the entire State. July, 907 THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 251 2. Zodion obliquefasciatum, Macquart.— Six specimens from Dundy Co. and Lincoln, Nebraska. 3. Zodion parvum, Adams.—Seven males and four females from Glen, Sioux County, Nebraska, August, 1906, on Helianthus and Solidago (P. R. Jones). As this species has hitherto been known from but a single male from Arizona, I give a description of the female: ?.—Length, 3.5 mm. Black species. Face and cheeks yellow, the latter with a silvery refiection, front fulvous, with a narrow black line on each side, vertex black. Antenne red, first joint and upper part of third blackish, arista black. Proboscis black, 2.4 mm. in length, labella in length equal to the height of the eye. Palpi short. Mesonotum and scutellum black, subfulgent, pollen gray, more evident on the sides. Legs black, except the base of tibiz, metatarsi and pulvilli, which are yellow. Coxee and outer part of tibiz with a silvery sheen. Wings nearly hyaline, very slightly tinged with brown; first posterior cell closed and petiolate, petiole nearly as long as the posterior cross-vein. Pile everywhere black. 4. Zodion scapulare, Adams.—Ten males and ten females, and two pairs taken in copula ; Lincoln, Nebraska, July and September, and Glen, Sioux County, Nebraska, August (P. R. Jones). Formerly known from a single male from Arizona. The female agrees with the description of the male, except that the abdomen is entirely black, subfulgent with gray pollen, which is more prominent on the sides. The whole series varies from 5 to 6.5 mm. in length. The proboscis is about 4 mm. in length, with the labella nearly as long as the height of the eye. The petiole of the first posterior cell is only slightly longer than the small cross-vein. 5. Zodion pygmaeum, Williston.—Numerous specimens from Lincoln, West Point and Glen, Sioux County, Nebraska, on So/idago (P. R. Jones). Rather common in the State from June to August. Formerly recorded from California, Colorado and Mexico. 4. STYLOGASTER, Macquart. 1. Stylogaster neglecta, Williston.—One female from West Point, Nebraska, June 22, 1905 (H.S. Smith), which agrees in every way with the description. 5. Datmannia, Robineau-Desvoidy. 1. Dalmannia nigriceps, Loew.—Two males from Lincoln, Nebraska, and two females from Sioux County, Nebraska, which agree with the description, except that the posterior femora of the males are black, with the base and apex yellow, and the anterior femora in the females are black, except at the apex, which is yellow, 252 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 6. OncomyiA, Robineau-Desvoidy. 1. Oncomyia abbreviata, Loew.—One male from Sioux County, Nebraska, May, on Oxytropis. ‘The legs are black, except the base and apex of hind femora, base of all the tibize and metatarsi, which are yellow. 2. Oncomyia Baroni, Williston.—Specimens from West Point, Lincoln and Glen, Sioux County, Nebraska, which show considerable variation in the coloration of the antenne and legs. 3. Oncomyia loraria, Loew.—Two males from Lincoln, Nebraska, which on account of their small size I believe should be placed here. They agree with Loew’s description, except that the lines of the thorax are indistinct, and the second joint of the proboscis is not longer than the first, but is about equal to it. Length, 3.5 mm. 4. Oncomyia propingua, \dams.—A male on C/eome and a female on Petalostemon, both from Glen, Sioux County, Nebraska, August, 1906 (H. S. Smith). This species is evidently very close to O. Baron, if not a variety of it. It can be separated, however, by its more slender form, longer and more delicate proboscis, and more black colour in general. The legs are entirely black, except the extreme base of the tibiae, which is yellow. 4 1. Myopa, Fabricus, 1. Myopa clausa, Loew.—Numerous specimens from Lincoln and Sioux County, Nebraska, April and May. The specimens vary from 5.5 to 9.5 mm. in length, and show some colour variation also. PRACTICAL AND POPULAR ENTOMOLOGY.—No. 21. THE SCOLYTIDE OR ENGRAVER-BEETLES. BY J. W. SWAINE, ITHACA, N. Y. (Continued from page 195.) THE AMBROSIA- OR TIMBER-BEETLES.—The Ambrosia- or Timber- beetles breed entirely within the wood, the eggs of some species being laid well within the heart-wood. There may be several secondary egg-tunnels cut by two or more females, branching from a primary tunnel, which leads from the common entrance hole. Rarely the tunnels of closely-allied species branch from a common entrance hole. The number of males in this group is small, in some species there being seldom more than one or two males in a brood of fifteen or twenty. In many species the males are apterous, and the females are fertilized before leaving the tunnels in the spring. Among the Bark-beetles the males are apparently quite as numerous as the females. July, 1907 THK CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 2505 In two genera, Platypus and Xyleborus, the eggs are deposited free in the tunnels. The larve of Platypus live free in the tunnels until nearly ready to pupate, when pupal cells (cradles) are cut from the sides of the tunnels deep within the wood. The larvee of Xyleborus live and pupate within the parent tunnels without cutting pupal cradles. In Corthylus, Trypodendron, Pterocyclon and Gnathotrichus the eggs are laid in shallow niches cut by the female along the sides of the tunnel, and usually well within the wood ; the larvee extend these niches away from the tunnel, forming larval cradles, in which they remain until mature. The length of the completed cradles is slightly greater than that of the adult beetle. The adults of the Ambrosia-beetles bestow great care upon the young larve, supplying them with the food-fungus, referred to below, and removing the excrement from the cradles. In some species even older larve assist in caring for the eggs and younger larve. The habits of many species are almost as remarkable in this respect as are those of the social Hymenoptera. The chief and probably the entire food of these beetles is a fungus known as Ambrosia, which they propagate within their tunnels. From this habit comes the name ‘“ Ambrosia-beetles.” The tunnels are kept entirely free from chips and refuse, and the walls are covered by the fungus growth. So far as known, except in the cases of a few closely-allied forms, each species of beetle uses a characteristic species of fungus. The mycelium of the fungus pervades the tissue about the tunnels for one or two millimetres, colouring the wood dark brown or black, so that the tunnels have the appearance “ of having been bored with a red-hot wire.” By this means the tunnels of Ambrosia-beetles are easily distinguished from those of all other wood borers. When new tunnels are cut, the fungus is carried there by the beetles, and started upon the tunnel wails, in some cases upon specially-prepared beds of chips and excrement. When working in large trees some species enlarge the same set of tunnels through several generations; but usually each generation excavates a new abode. An excellent discussion of the habits of the Ambrosia-beetles, by Mr. H. G. Hubbard, is published in Bulletin No. 7 of the U. S. Division of Entomology. THE TwiG-BEETLES.—The Twig-beetles include a few species belonging mainly to the genera Hypothenemus, Pityophthorus and Micracis. They bore into the bark and wood of terminal twigs of trees and shrubs both for food and for breeding purposes. They feed upon the 254 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. bark and wood, and in some cases apparently upon buds and young shoots. Some engrave the wood surface as do the Bark-beetles; some have in addition deep chambers within the wood; and with others the primary tunnel is cut through the pith itself With some species the eggs are laid free in the primary tunnels, and the larve either feed upon the tunnel walls or cut longer or shorter mines through the wood. Several species of this group have a very close relation to a fungus always found in their tunnels. A summary of the burrowing habits of these first three groups brings out some interesting relations. Among the Bark-beetles the eggs are usually laid in niches along the sides of the primary tunnels, and the larval mines are usually weli-developed. A few species cut their tunnels and mines entirely in the bark; many cut them between the bark and the wood, the pupal-chambers being merely an enlargement of the ends of the larval-mines ; others form the pupal-chamber by driving the ends of the larval-mines a half inch or less vertically into the wood, some even cutting the distal half of the larval-mines just below the wood surface ; and lastly, a very few small species cut almost the entire system of tunnels and mines slightly below and parallel to the surface of the wood. The Twig-beetles cut both tunnels and mines, when the latter are present, through the wood and pith of twigs. Among the Ambrosia-beetles the tunnels are in all species entirely within the wood, but the depth to which they enter varies considerably with the species. In the genera Corthylus, Pterocyclon, Trypodendron and Gnathotnicus the eggs are laid in niches along the sides of the tunnels, and the larvee cut very short mines, known as cradles. The species of Platypus lay the eggs free in the tunnels, but the larvee when nearly ready to pupate cut short cradles in which they pupate and remain until mature. In the genus Xyleborus the eggs are laid free within the tunnels, but the larvee cut no cradles, pupating in the primary tunnels. There is thus a fairly well-marked gradation both as to the depth of the tunnels and mines below the surface and as to the degree of development of the larval mines. é The fourth group contains those species not included among the Bark-beetles, Ambrosia-beetles and Twig-beetles. The American species are few in number. Coccotrypes dactyliperda, an imported form, burrows in date seeds ; Crypha/us jalappe is found in jalap root ; Hypothenemus eruditus burrows in nuts, book-bindings, and other dry substances, as well as in dead twigs of grape and orange, and the young leaves of sugar-cane ; Pityophthorus coniperda occurs in pine cones ; Xyleborus sacchari attacks bo an Or THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISL, the sugar-cane ; Hy/astinus obscurus bores in the roots of clover ; and Cactopinus Hubbard: in the pith of the giant cactus. Enemies of the Scolytide.—The Scolytids have many natural enemies. They are preyed upon by many predaceous and parasitic insects, by birds, and are frequently attacked by fungous diseases. Adults and larve belonging to the families Cleridze, Staphylinidee, Colydiidz, Histeridze and others enter the burrows and feed upon the eggs, larvee, pupeze and adults of the Scolytids. The predaceous larve often burrow through the larval-mines after the Scolytid larvz, which they finally overtake and devour. Various dipterous larvee feed upon the eggs and younger stages. Many hymenopterous parasites, Braconids, Chalcids and Proctotrypids, prey upon the larve and pup, and have even been bred by Dr. Hopkins from the adults, the parasite emerging through a hole cut inthe elytra. Larvee of large wood-boring beetles, such as Monohammus, destroy the Scolytid tunnels and prove serious enemies to the beetles. Woodpeckers destroy large numbers of the Bark-beetles, but apparently do little to check their ravages. The tunnels, especially of the Timber-beetles, are frequently overrun with various species of mites. The eggs of these mites hatch before the young beetles are ready for their flight, and in this way young and adult mites are carried by the beetles to the new tunnels. At certain times the declivity of the elytra of various species of Ips (Tomicus) wil] be found covered with minute mites, and Pterocyclon mali and P. fasciatum are frequently almost completely covered with them upon emerging from their tunnels in the spring. Fungous diseases are sometimes very injurious. All stages of the insects are frequently found, more particularly in wet weather, filled and covered with the white mycelium of the fungus. In a felled pine log I noticed that hundreds of adult Zps pzuz had died from this cause in less than two weeks. friends of the Scolytide.—As these beetles feed mainly upon dying and dead branches and trunks of trees, any cause which tends to weaken or destroy the trees aids the Scolytids in supplying the proper food-plant. Heavy storms, forest fires, other insects, and the destructive work of man, are perhaps the chief of these. Economic Importance.—Owing to the destructive habits of many of its members, the family Scolytide is of considerable economic importance. The injury done by these beetles may take two forms: living trees may be weakened and killed, and standing and felled ttmber and sawn lumber may be rendered useless for many purposes by the tunnels of the beetles. But few Scolytids attack living, healthy trees, although there are a few species which apparently choose only trees in this condition. The 256 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. majority of species attack only dying or dead trees.* Stumps, diseased or dead branches, brush piles and recently-felled logs are their favourite breeding places. Most species will not, as a rule, molest living trees at all if rapidiy-dying and recently-felled food-plants are available, but if trees in this condition are not to be had in sufficient quantity, many of these species will attack perfectly healthy trees and prove very destructive. Between 1882 and 1889 Polygraphus rufipennis, which does not ordinarily feed upon living trees, destroyed, according to Dr. Hopkins, approximately 10% of the 500,000 acres of growing spruce in West Virginia. The injury done by the species which attack healthy and diseased trees is, in certain regions andat recurring intervals, very considerable. The work of Dendroctonus fronta/is in the spruce and pine of West Virginia and the adjoining States, of D. pzceaperda in the spruce of the Northeast, and of D. ponderosa in the spruce and pine of the Black Hills of South Dakota, may be cited in illustration. D. frontalis and D. ponderosa attack the living, healthy spruce and pine, and in spite of the resin are able success- fully to rear their young within the bark. The tunnels and mines thus formed interfere seriously with the flow of sap, and either kill the tree outright or induce an unhealthy condition favourable to the attacks of other borers and fungous diseases. It seems very probable that many destructive forest fires have been fed by trees dying or dead from the attacks of Scolytids. In 1903 Dr. Hopkins estimated that the destruction, in the previous three or four years, of 10% of the white pine and 75% of all other species of pine, throughout an area of over 10,000 square miles in the States of Virginia and West Virginia, was to be attributed to the ravages of D. frontalis. In 1904 the same writer pointed out that D. ponderosa had been the primary cause of the destruction of 1,000,000,000 feet of Bull Pine in the Black Hills of South Dakota and the Rocky Mountain region. The Timber-beetles, by driving their tunnels through the wood in many directions, often render timber unfit for use. F[ylastinus obscurus breeds in the roots of clover in many parts of the Northeastern States and in Canada, and in some localities proves a serious pest. : = Corthylus punctatissimus occasionally does considerable damage in young sugar-maple plantations. Scolytus rugulosus, the fruit bark-beetle, attacks unhealthy fruit trees of all sorts, and occasionally bores in apparently perfectly healthy trees. Phleotribus liminaris frequently attacks diseased peach and cherry. Xyleborus dispar sometimes occurs in diseased apple trees. *(A few breed in dead wood only.) Mailed July 8th, 1907. Can. ENT., VOL. XXXIX, PLATE 6 INCISALIA NIPHON.——LARVAE AND EGGS. The anatiay mutomolagist. Vii ene XS LONDON, AUGUST, 1907. No. 8. SUuUMDEES INS EEE GENUS INCISALTIA BY JOHN H. COOK, ALBANY, N. Y. I1V.—INCISALIA NIPHON. (Continued from page 235.) The life-history of zzphon has been known in part for many years. The egg, newborn larva, mature larva and chrysalis have been studied _ and described with minute exactness, but the literature contains no mention of the transitional larval stages, and I have been unable to find any record of the species having been successfully carried through from egg to imago. I first bred this insect in 1903 from caterpillars taken at Albany, and during that and the two succeeding years worked out the entire life-history ; but before the text was ready for publication all my notes, drawings and preserved material (including exuvize, egg-shells, etc.) were destroyed by fire. In 1906 other work prevented my devoting to the species as much time and attention as was desirable, and the material secured for study consisted of a single egg and a larva in the penultimate stage. This season eggs were obtained from a female taken at Lakewood, N. J., and confined over pitch pine; some of the larve from these have already pupated, and ence again the record is complete. The above statements are made because what follows, while drawn mostly from notes and sketches, is, in part, based upon my memory of observations made some years ago. Time of Flight.—Species single-brooded, the butterflies appearing about a week later than zvwvs and Hfenrict (at Albany not before the roth of May). They become abundant in a few days, and practically disappear before the end of the first week in June, though I have the record of a female which had not yet disposed of her eggs captured at Albany as late as the 24th of June. Two males were taken at Lakewood as early as the 4th of May (1907), and on the 18th the females were observed ovipositing. All other exact data on this point were lost. 298 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Oviposition,— Eggs are laid from the middle of May to early June and perhaps (exceptionally) later. They are placed singly on the new growth of the food-plant, Pzzus rigida (pitch pine), either on the upper surface of the scale leaves or tucked deeply among the still sheathed bundles of needle leaves. All the eggs found in nature were in the former position near the base of the new shoot, where the first elongation of the stem occurs, never toward the apex (Plate 6, fig. 1). The female selects young trees from two to six feet in height, and apparently never oviposits on those of larger growth. She lays from 25 to 4o eggs. I have found several eggs by searching the young shoots with a pocket lens, and twice have been fortunate enough to witness a female in the act of ovipositing. One of these placed an egg only fourteen inches above the ground on a pine just beginning its third year of growth. I have never found an egg or a caterpillar on P. strobus (which has been considered the favourite food-plant), nor have I observed the butter- fly in the neighbourhood of that tree except where rvigida was also abundant. The Egg.—Considerably larger than the egg of any of the congeneric species ; echinoid, top flattened, at micropyle depressed, pale green. The primary ornamentation of the shell consists (as in ¢rus, Henrici and augustus) of a raised reticulation, the meshes of which form fairly regular equilateral triangles, and at each angle, except on the top and bottom, a low rounded boss or knob. There is also a secondary ornamentation difficult to describe, but giving the egg a frosted appearance and.a super- _ ficial similarity to the egg of Henrici. This ornamentation is in the two eggs of much the same character, but in #/fon is not so pronounced, does not render the shell so opaque, and presents other differences easier illustrated than described. Figures 5 and 6 give the side and top views of the egg of zzphon. ‘The illustrations are from photomicrographs of an empty shell, from which the larva very conveniently made its exit near the bottom on the side, which appears to be somewhat flattened in fig. 6. The magnification is the same as was used in representing the shells of wrus and Henrict (CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Vol. XX XIX, Plate 4, June, 1907). Period of Incubation —Of thirty-three eggs laid by a confined female on May 1gth, 1907, between 9.30 a.m. and 1.30 p.m., the first hatched at 10.20 p.m on May 28th, the last at 2 p.m on June ist. The period, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISE, 239 therefore, varies from g days 12 hours to 13 days 2 hours, though the average (10 days 8 hours) is represented by the minimum more nearly than by the maximum. Larval Life.—The newly-hatched larva does not make a meal of the deserted egg-sheil, though in eating its way out it may devour the entire top. More frequently, however, it is satisfied to make a hole only large enough to crawl through, usually in the top, thus destroying a part of the micropyle. The little caterpillars are stronger and more vigorous than those of the related species, and crawl about at a speed that argues well for their future good health. Making their way among the tough hairs (?) which bind together the sheaths containing the needle clusters, they fasten upon the side of a sheath and bore through it a minute hole, enabling them to reach the tender tissue of the needles upon which they feed (fig. 2). Into this hole the head is thrust, and the larva excavates as much of the interior as it can reach without getting its body inside.* It makes a new puncture whenever necessary, and by these the presence of the caterpillar may often be detected. The excrement is usually in the form of pellets, which occasionally lodge among the scale leaves, and so serve to indicate that a larva is at work. Sometimes the excrement is in strings, and if these lodge on the shoots one may find the caterpillar without difficulty. When first born the caterpillar is yellowish-green or gray-green, but soon becomes brown, marked with a creamy white !ine on the latero-dorsal 1idge. ‘This is an excellent protection at this time while the larva is feeding on the brown needle bundles, and the same colour marks it with very little change until after the second moult. When the needles begin to thrust their tips beyond the sheath the caterpillar ascends to the lowest visible green tissue, and bores into it in a manner which causes the tip to drop away. This wastefulness possibly protects the insect from enemies. other than the entomologist, but for him is a good guide in the search for cater- pillars. (Fig. 3.) Soon after the second moult the larva becomes green, with pro- nounced white stripes, and at the same time alters its method of feeding. Ascending to the tip of a young needle, it begins to devour this, and *With the first larvae raised in the laboratory I experienced some difficulty. Several of them insisted on boring into the exposed stem, and were promptly drowned in the sap which flowed from the wound. Dr. Jas. Fletcher writes me that he has lost young caterpillars from the same cause. This can hardly be regarded as a natural point of attack, as it is invariably fatal. 260 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. gradually works downward until it encounters the brown sheath. It then begins on a new needle. In the laboratory the caternillars frequently ate all the needles of a cluster, and showed no disposition to wander from the first shoot supplied to them, frequently cleaning up the very last bit of food before they sought another shoot. In nature I have never found more than three or four neighbouring bundles which showed signs of attack, and when the needles had grown to a length ofan inch or more and had begun to diverge, seldom more than one of them in any bundle had been eaten. This would argue that the larva move about so that their depredations, by not being too marked in any one place, may be the less easily noticed. My records show some discrepancy in the number of moults. The larvee brought from Lakewood moulted four times before pupating, and yet I am certain that I had a memorandum of only three moults passed by the Albany larvee raised some years ago. The loss of my material makes it impossible to compare the size of the heads of the two sets of caterpillars, but I shall endeavour to verify this observation at some future time. In the last two stages the feeding habit is quite unique, and has resulted in a structural modification. The caterpillar clings to the side of a needle and bends its head and first segment at right angles to its body, as illustrated in fig. 4. The structure of the first thoracic segment of most of the Lycenide is rather peculiar, the anterior edge being greatly swollen, the posterior half partially concealed by the segment behind. Just in front of the thoracic shield the segment is deeply creased. In xiphon this crease is almost obliterated, and the white shield is drawn out from the protecting second segment so as to be entirely visible. (To be continued.) NOTICE OF NEW NAME. Ceratina Cockerelli, new name for C. dunata, H. S. Smith (xox Friese), Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XX XIII, p. 119, April, rg07. The name Junata 1s preoccupied by Friese for an African species, in Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, XXIV, 1905, p. 10. Harry S. SmitH, Lincoln, Neb. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 261 PRACTICAL / AND POPULAR EN TOMOLOGY.=Noi: 22: THE WALKING-STICK INSECT (DIAPHEROMERA FEMORATA). BY J. B. WILLIAMS, F. Z. S.. TORONTO. We are all familiar with examples of protective colouring among the Lepidoptera. Moths on the upper side and butterflies on the under side of the wings frequently show a close resemblance to the bark and leaves of the trees and shrubs on which they settle. In two familtes of the Orthoptera this principle is carried to a remarkable extent, and many of the Mantidz or ‘‘Praying Insects,” and of the Phasmide or ‘“‘Stick Insects,” are strikingly modified, both in form and colour, so as to resemble the natural objects with which they are surrounded. The Mantide are carnivorous insects, and their leaf-like appearance assists them in the work of destroying other insects. The large front legs, armed along their edges with rows of terribly destructive spines, are generally held up in front as if in an attitude of supplication or prayer. The Phasmide, on the other hand, live altogether on vegetable food, and their resemblance to vegetable forms serves only for protection against their enemies, and not for destruction. Their eggs are laid each separately in or on the ground, while those of the Mantide are laid in clusters attached by an adhesive gum to the stalk of a plant. Some of the tropical Stick Insects are nearly a foot in length, and almost as thick as one’s little finger, but our Canadian species ( Diaphero- mera femorata) is a little over three inches long and about the thickness of a small twig. My acquaintance with this ‘‘Walking-stick Insect” began nearly twenty years ago, when a friend near Toronto sent me about a dozen live specimens. I kept them during the summer in a glass-sided case with a woven-wire top, and they laid a number of eggs, some of which I sent to the Zoological Society of London. These were hatched and successfully reared in the insect-house at the Regenv’s Park Gardens. From a short account published in the Society’s Proceedings for 18go, it appears that the first specimen emerged on the rth of June, and others from time to time during the summer. They were fed upon hazel-leaves, and changed their skins four times before reaching maturity. August, Igo7 262 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Since then I have kept and reared a number of them at different times, and though they feed on a variety of leaves, hazel-nut bushes seem to be their favourite resort, at any rate, in Canada. The young ones at first just nibble off the green upper surface, but after a few days are strong enough to eat along the edge of the leaf. They are of a pale green colour when first hatched, and do not altogether lose this tint until the last change of skin, when they alter a good deal in appéarance and gain considerably in size. Some of the females retain the green colour through life, but most of them take some shade of brown when they reach maturity. They are rather “thirsty souls,” and always seem glad to bend their heads down and drink if water is sprinkled on the leaves where they are feeding. Their feet are furnished with hooks and pads, so that they can walk along rough or smooth surfaces in any position, and they hold on very tenaciously, so that a sudden jerk or pull will often break off a limb ; but such a loss does not seem to trouble them, and if this occurs before the final moult, a new limb will come at the next change of skin, though the new one is rather smaller than its predecessor. When resting, the front legs are generally stretched out on either side of their long autennee, and the legs and antenne together greatly resemble a tuft of spicules fallen from the fir trees, that often grow over the bushes where they feed. They take about six weeks to arrive at the adult state, and lead very harmless and inoffensive lives. “The males have a well-developed spur on their centre and rear legs, but I never saw them make any use of it. They sometimes wave their front legs at each other when they meet face to face, but whether this is an angry or peaceful salutation I do not know. Females sometimes emit a drop of fluid from the mouth, or rather from glands behind the mouth, when suddenly taken hold of ; and when alarmed they frequently feign death—dropping to the ground and lying on their backs, with their legs standing out stiffly at all sorts of angles—and they will sometimes lie in this way for a quarter of an hour, or twenty minutes. Their eggs look very like hemp seeds, and the females make no effort to deposit them in any particular spot, just letting them drop on the ground beneath where they are feeding. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 263 The often feed during the night, but take meals in the daytime as well. In fact, they are enormous eaters, though they make but a poor show for it all, and hardly look as if they had any stomach to put food into. All of them die off about the end of October, so that one generation never sees anything of its successors, and the males begin to go first. I have seen females late in the fall, when egg-laying was over, with the abdomen split open like a dried-up seed-pod. ‘Thus their preparation for death, their appearance in life, and the eggs from which they are produced, all bear ‘some odd resemblance to the vegetable kingdom. They are not generally very plentiful in Ontario ; about a dozen are as many as one can usually find in an afternoon’s search around Toronto, and sometimes that number is not seen during a whole summer. In 1904 they were unusually numerous, and at Niagara Glen they became quite a plague. I was at the Glen on Sept. 23rd, and could have taken them in hundreds. At the north end, where they were most plentiful, many of the bushes were quite stript of foliage, and even some large trees had been altogether denuded of their leaves. On one lofty tree, whose top still retained a little foliage, a mass of them, almost covering one side of the trunk, reached from the ground as far up as the eye could see. Some constantly ran across the paths, so that it was difficult to avoid treading upon them, and a continual dropping could be heard as they, or their eggs, fell from trees and bushes. They were nearly as numerous in 1906, and again did a great deal of damage to the trees and shrubs, A female that I kept at Montreal from Sept. 3, 1894, to Oct. 8, when she died, laid in that short time 112 eggs. Some eggs that i obtained in 1904 came to nothing in the following summer, though I watched them till the middle of August. I then pnt them away in a box, and only on looking at them again, about a year after, did I discover that they had hatched the second year, for the box was full of the remains of infant Stick Insects, that had, of course, all perished for lack of food. I had quite forgetten the occasional occurrence of this delay in hatching, but it was vividly impressed upon my mind by the untimely end of these poor little creatures. The illustration, I think, hardly needs further explanation; the specimens were all taken at Niagara Glen. Unfortunately, the photograph makes the pale green female look darker than the brown ones, instead of lighter, as in the actual specimens. 264 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ~ INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGISTS. A number of eminent Entomologists in various countries have agreed upon the issue of an invitation to Entomologists in Europe and America to attend an International Congress of Entomologists to meet in 1908. The purpose of the Congress is to promote the interests of entomological research and of Biology in general, by furthering cordial co-operation between the Entomologists of different countries; stimulating research and directing it into channels where it may be most fruitful, or where special research is most needed. Questions of Applied Entomology will likewise be dealt with in the discussions and lectures, the large experience of pure Entomology being applicable with profit to Economic and Hygienic Entomology. All interested are cordially invited to advise and assist in the organization of the Congress. Communications should be addressed to Dr. K. Jordan, Zoological Museum, Tring (Herts), England. The following Entomologists have already signified their support of this move- ment, and are desirous that the officers and members of the Entomological Society of Ontario should co-operate in the work : Chr. Aurivillius, E. L. Bouvier, L. Bedel, Th. Becker, I. Bolivar, M. Bezzi, S. Bengtasen, C. T. Bingham, J. C. Bradley, W. Beutenmuller, C. jes) Bethune; (©. Carpenter, Gx. Champion, T. A. Chapman, T. D. A. Cockerell, Ph. P. Calvert, K.. Dantelja':: A.“ Dixey, EC) Van Syke. Eid. Everts, A. Forel, J. Fletcher, H.-C. Fall, €. G, Gahan, A. GiardyeR: Gostro, L. Ganglbauer, F. Ducane Godman, W. Horn, A. Handlirsch, H. Druce,..W.. L, Distant, K. M. Heller; Sir F. G. Hampson, (G. von Horvath, F. Klapalek, P. Mabille, J. C. U. de Mejere, A. L. Montandon, P. Magretti, P. Merrifield, L. W. Mengel, Ch. Oberthtir, R. Oberthiir, H. Osborn, P. Pavesi, H. Rebel, F. Ris, R. B. Poulton, W. Rothschild, H. Schoutenden, F. Silvestri, M. Standfuss, G. Severin, Y. Sjostedt, A. von Schulthess-Rechberg, J. B. Smith, H. Skinner, J. W. Tutt, G. H. Verrall, E. Wassmann, Chas. O. Waterhouse. ErraAtTUM.— Page 228, line 13 from the bottom, for ‘‘Blanfort, S. C.,” read “ Beaufori NaC CAN. ENT., VOL. XXXIX. PLATE 7. Mace ano Femace AT REST. THE FRONT LEGS STRETCHED our AT SIDES OF ANTENNZ Moucteo Sin. x Avvit Femare, RETAINING THE GREEN COLOUR OF YOUTH. MOULT OF SKIN, AFTER \T HAD BEEN LOST. 9 4 A, HAZELNUT HAWTHORN. | Scace.or |Incues ON WHICH THEY FEED. " 'y BW. Tomornrs 1907. THE WALKING-STICK INSECT, Diapheromera femorata. CAN. ENT., VOL. XXXIX. PLATE 8. PERSIMMON BORER, Sannina urocertformtis. Work of the larva: a, cross-section of the stem above; 38, cross-section of stem; c¢c, cocoon, 24 inches long; d, portion of stem showing burrow. (Photo. by author, reduced one-third.) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 265 NOTES ON SANNINA UROCERIFORMIS. BY GLENN W. HERRICK, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MISS. During the spring of 1906 one of my correspondents sent me two battered and broken female moths of the family Ses¢éde from Ocean Springs, Miss. Supposing them to be from the Peach tree, and from their battered condition not being able to make out their markings distinctly, I called them S. exztéosa. Having occasion to visit the fruit farm of this correspondent this spring, I was surprised to find that the moths in ques- tion were collected from pup on wild Persimmon trees. It was therefore with a good deal of interest that I began a careful examination of the few wild Persimmon trees on his place, and other trees of the same kind in the vicinity. This was on May 4. We were much disappointed at first in our search, because we found only empty pupa-cases, from which the adults had already and very lately flown. We found over twenty empty cases on about a dozen trees, from one inch to two inches in diameter. We were finally rewarded, however, by finding three or four fresh pupee in some trees which had their bases heaped about with dead straw. From these we went to adjoining fields, where there were a great many small Persimmons, from one-half an inch to an inch and a half in diameter, that had been allowed to grow up in abandoned waste fields. Here among the deep grass around the bases of the trees we found twenty-odd living pupe. The larvee of this moth bore into the solid wood of the taproot and stem of the Persimmon. I was unable to trace their burrows farther than eight or ten inches below the surface, but this was probably due to the small size of the trees, for Dr, Riley says they bore from 16 to 18 inches below the ground. In most of the trees examined, one borer only was present, and in this case it usually bored directly up the centre of the tree (Plate 8, a and d). In larger trees two or more borers might be present, depending upon the size of the trees. In such instances they divide the space between them (Plate 8, b). : When ready to pupate, the larva extends its burrow two to four inches above the ground, turns it outward, cutting through the bark, and con- structs a large cocoon on the side of the tree, usually at an angle of about 45 to the stem (Plate 8,c), The cocoons are dark in colour, and vary all the way from one inch to two and a halfinches in length. The cocoon at cis two and one-half inches long. August, 1907 266 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. The pupz possess the power of movement to an astonishing degree, and when disturbed back quickly downward into their burrows. This is so characteristic of them that we were obliged to approach a tree rather carefully, and quietly tear away the grass and debris around the base with- out disturbing the cocoon if we wanted to be sure of our specimen. I lost some entirely, and cut others in two just as they were backing from their cocoon into the burrow in the tree. Again, so many pupz backed out of their cocoons after the latter were removed that they dried out and failed to transform. The records of the appearance of the moths are as follows : Many empty pupa-cases found May 4. One male May 8. One female May 8. One male May 9. One female May ro. One female May 11. One male May 13. Some are yet to transform (May 18). These borers must injure the native Persimmon much more thana Peach-tree borer does a Peach tree, although I found no borers in large trees. They seemed to be confied to the young and small trees. It is also an interesting fact that we were unable to find a single borer in the cultivated Japanese Persimmon trees standing in close proximity to the wild infested trees. MOSQUITO NOTES.—No. 5.—ConrTINUED. BY C. S. LUDLOW, M. SC. Laboratory of the Office of the Surgeon-General, U.S. Army, Washington, D. C. Among the mosquitoes sent in during the collecting period of 1906 in the U. S., was an Anophelina which has caused me some perplexity. The general colouring at once suggested one of the sézenszs group, and it occurred to me that some joke had been perpetrated, so I wrote the collector, asking if it were possible that any Philippine mosquitoes had gotten in with these. He, however, said it was quite impossible, as he had no P. [. mosquitoes with him when this collection was made. No speci- mens resembling this had previously been received from the U. S., so that I was somewhat reluctant at first to accept it, but as closer study shows it August, 1907 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 267 to be an Anopheles (as restricted by Theobald), and none of that genus has been received from the P. I., I have decided to publish it. Anopheles perplexens, n. sp.—(Female.)—Head dark, with dark brown and white fork scales, the latter nearer the vertex, and a heavy tuft of slender, long curved white scales projecting cephalad between the eyes ; antenne dark brown, verticels and pubescence dark, basal joint brown; palpi dark, covered with dark brown scales, a small tuft of white hairs at the very tip; proboscis dark with dark brown scales, tip testaceous ; clypeus dark, eyes brown. Thorax: prothoracic lobes testaceous, with dark hairs ; mesonotum with broad, light median stripe, covered with white ‘frost,’ and white hairs arranged so as to suggest a ‘‘part,” a dark median line extending half way. to the scutellum, and two dark lateral bordering lines ; more or less of a tuft of these hairs at the nape; laterad the dorsum is dark brown, with dark brown hairs ; pleura brown; scutellum testaceous, “frosty,” with brown bristles ; metanotum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, with light hairs (no scales). Legs: coxz and trochanters light, mostly light scaled; femora ventrally light scaled, and extreme tips of femora and tibize ochraceous, remainder of legs dark brown ; ungues simple. Wings clear, and rather heavily clothed with dark brown scales, except a few small ochraceous spots—one on the costa, just interior to a line drawn through the junction of the branches of the fork cells, a second tiny spot at the junction of the first long vein with the costa, extending a tiny bit on the Jong vein, and two very small faint light spots on the forks of the fourth long vein, also a tiny fringe spot at the distal end of the third long vein ; halteres with light stems and fuscous knobs. Length, 2:5-3 mm. Habitat, Camp Roosevelt, Mt. Gretna, Pa. Taken August 25, 1906. This interesting species was sent by Capt. E. B. Whittemore, Asst. Surg. U. S. Army, and, as will be seen from the description, bears a closer resemblance to tropical Anophelina than to those so far reported from the U. S., but as the group it most closely resembles has abdominal scales and rather broader wing-scales it cannot be referred to it. It seems wise to call attention to some variations occurring in Philippine mosquitoes. Among the Myzomyia Ludlowii, Theob., from the Province of Batan, Luzon, and in some collections sent from the southern islands, come specimens showing much more extended speckling 268 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. of the legs than in those I took in Batan in 1go1, or in those taken in Abra, and which were sent to Mr. Theobald for identification. In these earlier specimens the yellow spots on the legs are practically confined to the femora, tibiz and metatarsi, and this is the case in many specimens still sent in, but in the collections referred to the spots extend well on to the tarsal joints, so that the last two are often the only ones lacking them. The femoral spots are in some specimens nearly white, and all of the legs are marked, the fore legs as prominently as the others. This difference is so noticeable as to be misleading, but there can hardly be doubt that, as the insect in other respects corresponds closely to Zud/owii, it must be regarded as merely an individual variation, not even worthy of place as a “variety.” Some of the specimens of “deomyia sqguammipenna, Arribalzaga, coming from the P. I., show marked variation from the type, and yet, as these differences vary, can only be counted as individual differences ; the palpi in some specimens have ochraceous instead of white scales near the base ; the wing markings vary much as to size, and, incidentally, a little in position ; the white leg-bands are often broader, and the distal tarsal joint on the hind leg is frequently pure white. Of course, if these differences ran true, they would suggest a new species, but as they do not, are only of general interest. Some time since my attention was called to a general resemblance between Zentorhynchus argenteus, mihi, and Culex gelidus, Theobald. 1 have therefore compared the two carefully and find the following differences: As to proboscis, C. gelidus yellow, with a brown band near the apex ; Z: argenteus brown, with broad white band. As to thorax, C. gelidus has a heavy white marking extending about two-thirds the length of the dorsum, the caudad third being of the yellowish-brown of the scutellum. TZ: argenteus has the white marking extending over the whole mesonotum and scutellum, with the exception of two oblong spots near the caudad end of the mesonotum. These seem to differentiate the insects, and there are besides these some scale differences which seem to throw it into Zentorhynchus instead of Culex. Megarhinus LeWa/ldii, mihi, to conform to the binomial nomenclature, must be written AZ. Lewaldit. Long study and acquaintance with AZyzomyia Rossii, var. indefinita, mihi, has convinced me that it should never have been referred to Rosszz, and that it must stand as a distict species—indefinita, Ludlow. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 269 NEW HISTORIES AND SPECIES IN PAPAIPEMA (HYDR(C:CIA). BY HENRY BIRD, RYE, N. Y. (Continued from Vol. XXXIX, p. 141.) The quest of unknown larval histories in Papaipema caused a trip to extend over the Alleghanies in 1905, as that elusive Noctuid, P. furcata, Smith, had been reported in several mature examples from the Pittsburg district, and- we found a subtle enticement in the direction of possible clues. An offer of hospitalities by the genial F. A. Merrick in order to explore the New Brighton section, from whence so much that is good and rare obtains, met with a hearty acceptance. So, one happy July day, we were introduced to the beautiful woodland glades of Western Pennsylvania that are favourite haunts of our host. The rich soil of the valleys supports a luxuriant flora, and the new varieties of plant-life gave a welcome opportunity for examining unfamiliar forms suitable for the boring of Papatpema larve. A very few minutes afield sufficed to disclose an unknown desideratum, and its abundant occurrence in a plant never before examined soon made it apparent that another preferred food-plant can be added to the already extensive list. Of course, it was hoped that the newly-found larva might prove to be the desired furcata, though there was no surprise ultimately when this did not occur, nor was there disap- pointment that we never met with it in this or the succeeding year’s search. To go out and pick up in five minutes the desired larva of a species, whose life-history is unknown, in no way accords with previous experience, and there was only an added zest upon each failure, as to whether we will meet it in five years or teu. This new food-plant which has furnished an unknown larva is Podophyllum peltatum, commonly known as May-apple or Mandrake. It is widely common in rich woods in the east, but through a proximity to the seaboard it had never been noticed at Rye. The absence of the plant here is the excuse for over- looking what appears to be a very prevalent Papatfema species. The plant is of a noxious character, shunned by cattle, and sends up from a running rootstock large five- to seven-fingered leaves, borne singly upon fleshy stems. Its foliage seems very free from any insect ravages, being, in fact, poisonous ; the root has drastic medicinal properties, while an anomaly is shown in the edible fruit. One other good thing to its credit is the sheltering of a Papaipema species. About forty half-grown larvee were transported to the home colony, from which four imagoes appeared. The following year the larve seemed less numerous, yet Mr. Merrick secured a number of the moths. August, 1907 270 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. It was fancied at first that some relationship could be established with Flarristi or rutila, but this failed in a careful study of details, and it therefore becomes necessary to advance a distinguishing name. Papaipema Merriccata, n. sp.—Form and habitus normal; ground colour sordid chrome-yellow, or tawny. Head, thorax and primaries heavily powdered with purplish-brown scales. Abdomen and secondaries much lighter and devoid of the pronounced yellow tint. Head and collar of the same shade of purplish-brown, the latter edged above with yellow. Anterior tuft and patagia heavily scaled in the same colours. Primaries not contrastingly marked, a white scale at base; basal area tawny-yellow, never white ; t. a. line of the usual irregular course, enclosing a dull purplish area; t. p. line plainly geminate, always broadly out-curved over the cell. The median field shows the yellow ground colour most strongly ; the median shade line is brown, most distinct in lighter specimens, and is traceable to the lower end of reniform. S. t. line as usual, irregularly dentate, the subterminal space entirely purplish, though tempered from much contrast by the general powdering of brown scales. Outwardly this line is illumined by yellow scales defining the terminal space, which is lighter than the subterminal, excepting the usual light yellowish patch at the apex. Reniform moderate, broken by the veins and white, except the upper outward portion and the central lunulate mark, which are of the ground colour. Orbicular rounded and white; claviform separate, double, the lower half about the size of the orbicular. ‘The veins are discernible on the secondaries, being outlined by darker scales ; occasion- ally a median line may be traced, followed by a faint clouded band. The male structures, while typical, offer some points of individuality ; the clasper is not prominently toothed outward, as with vw¢7/a and others, and the lower lobe of the harpes is bare of the usual spinules. Expanse, 34-43 mm.; 1.34-1.75 in. ‘Thirteen examples, embracing both sexes, are at hand. Co-types will be placed in the British, the U.S. National and the Merrick Museums. The species approaches rutz/a closest superficially, and might easily be considered a variation of the imago at first glance. It is presumed, of course, that we have the ru¢7/a of Guenée properly identified in the form occurring commonly in the Montreal section, and which has been repeatedly confirmed by comparisons with the type. Had Guenée only known and have given the name of its food-plant, how little else would be needed! In any event, A/erriccata is distinct from that species, being relatively larger, less brightly coloured, structurally different in the male THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 271 aud separable in the larva. The natural food-plant of zw¢z/a has not been determined, but it flourishes in burdock and thistle, and did the New Brighton species subsist in such commodious plant-stems we should certainly meet with moths having a greater expanse. As it is, Mandrake roots are so small, larvee have been seen stalled and unable to survive, so tightly were they wedged in their galleries. Vhe young larve evidently emerge about the second week of June, and mature from ten days to two weeks later than rutz/a and Harrisiz. Entrance is easily made at any part of the juicy stem, and work soon gets down to the root proper. The original aperture is preserved and enlarged, being used long after a lengthy tunnel has been made in the root. The larve belong to that major section wherein the dorsal line is alone continuous and unbroken. The following is descriptive of the three final stages, which are the more important ones : Stage V.—Form cylindrical, characteristics typical. Head 1.8 mm. wide, a faint dark line extends from ocelli to edges of thoracic plate, and is there dimly continued. Body colour pink; dorsal, subdorsal and substigmatal lines pale yellowish, the last two broken at the first four abdominal segments. Tubercles normal, the accessory tubercle 1Va@ occurs on joint ten, above the line of the spiracles. On joint twelve the large anal plate is preceded by an elongate plate, tne merging of I and II from both sides. The tubercles are brownish, the spiracles black. Stage VI.—Similar, the colour a little faded. Head, 2.5 mm. wide, side marking lost. Tubercles I and II are concolorous, and definable only by their sete to joint eleven, where they appear in the usual quadrate setting. On joint ten, IVa, as before. This stage is reached about July 23, when such early species as purifascia, circumlucens and nelita have left their plants for pupation. Stage VII.—Little change, except that the colour fades to a flesh- tint and the lines are lost. Head, 2.7 mm. in width. Tubercle 1Va@ on joint ten the same as before ; does not bear a seta. Length from 38 to 43 mm. These larvee became mature about Aug. ro, and left their burrows in order to change to pupz. ‘The latter offer no individual features. Dates for emergence range from Sept. 8 to 30. In the season of 1906 Papaipema studies received a local impetus through the discovery on the home preserves of an unknown, distinctive, and never-before-seen species, that savoured of interest the moment its larva was observed. Of course there are plenty of species whose larve 272 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. are unknown, and it might be any of these, but its peculiar workings and choice of food-plant at once suggested the unusual, which was finally borne out at emergence. In choosing Col/insonia Canadensis, the larva takes up with a common and generally accessible plant, and why the moth has not been observed before is one of the mysteries. How an insect of its size and appearance, with larve actually at work within the confines of New York City, and whose range must extend widely over the Eastern United States, could have escaped notice until this late day is most remarkable, for it does not appear in collections standing erroneously under some other label, as do the other species here brought forth. It simply does not occur at all. Some recent discussion over what is a rare butterfly, etc., recalls that inaccessibility or remoteness of habitat are often the main features of so-called rarity. In this case we certainly cannot make any excuse for inaccessibility, and while there is no claim made for its rarity in nature, we do say it has proved our most elusive Noctuid. Collinsonia sends up a modest stem to the height of a couple of feet, from avery peculiar rootstock. It has very aptly received the common name Stone Root, for the roots are almost ‘“‘as hard as a stone,” being quite comparable to a piece of well-seasoned hardwood. ‘That the larvee forsake the fairly commodious stem and endeavour to make an impression on the root, was what drew particular interest to it. By maturity these endeavours have borne some result, and a little cell large enough to crowd in has been formed. In looking for something easier the epidermis is pierced repeatedly, so that the cell is often incomplete by reason of these broken tissues. But there is some flavour in Stone Root particularly enticing, for the larvee of two other species are found to work in it in a very similar manner. One of these has a larva so close it is not at first recognized as different, and the other, the ubiquitous cataphracta, is always intruding itself into better company. Indeed, it is a “sly” borer, as it would make nitela and cataphracta its scapegoats, maturing early, forsaking the plant for pupation, and leaving these two later-appearing species that pupate in their burrows to take the brunt for the damage which is ultimately blazoned in the dying stem. Lucky were we to secure one inflated specimen and to carry through one other to imago. Even with the limited material and but one year’s data, there is sufficient to warrant the following description : Papaipema astuta, n. sp.—Form and habitus fully congeneric ; ground colour chrome yellow, a little brighter than AZerriccata, and the powdering of brown scales not so heavy. Head and collar purplish- brown, no white scales at the base of the antenne nor at the base of the THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. rag les primaries. The prominent thoracic tuft and vesiture heavily scaled in purple-brown and yellow. Abdomen the same silken shade of pale fawn as the secondaries. Basal area of primaries small and of the ground colour, the outlying area to the t. a. line dull purple ; median space entirely of the yellow ground colour, and contrasting at the t. p. line, as the remainder of the wing is quite dark. The median shade is a fine brown line extending from the middle of the inner margin to the lower end of reniform, whence it angles and crosses the cell to the costa in an unusually irregular course, The t. p. line is nearly straight, geminate, the inner a fine brown thread, the outer blended and lost in the deep purple of the subterminal space. This area is glistening, violet-purple, and adds greatly to the attractiveness of the insect. The very irregular s. t. line borders a rather wide terminal space of the dull purple that holds inside the median field. The ordinary spots are small; the orbicular and claviform are three, almost equal, superimposed spots, the furmer a pure white round dot, the latter double, the upper yellowish and the lower a pure white oval dot. Reniform broken, the commingling spots yellow, except the lower inner one, which is white. There exists the customary dash of the ground colour at the apex. Fringes deep purple and glistening. The secondaries scarcely show any terminal clouding, and have concolorous fringes. Expanse, 31 mm.; 1.25 in. The type is a female. Superficially it approaches cataphracta somewhat, though the straighter t. p. line, the small white- marked spots and the lighter secondaries easily separate it. Numerous cataphracta examples bred in Co/dinsonia show no change from the typical form, and appear nearly a month later. Astuta larve were first observed July roth, being then about half grown, and having emerged from the hibernated ova presumably about the first of June. The stems are entered three or four inches above, and the burrow is made downward to the root, which has been reached by this date. An inflate made July 2oth shows a larva in the penultimate stage. Head, 2.2 mm. wide ; normal, shining-yellow, without side line or shade ; ocelli and mandibles blackened. ‘Thoracic shield as large as head, black at sides. The longitudinal lines are barely seen, none of which cross the darkened area shown on the first four abdominal joints. The tubercles, though small, are black and easily definable. On joint ten, IV is low down, with no accessory, and is bare of sete. On joints eleven and twelve the plates are normal. Length, 39 mm. Pupation occurs in the ground, and the date of the single emergence is Sept. r2th. The pupa is light brown and active, and offers no feature of individuality. 274 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. The perusal of life-histories in this genus naturally brings out some features of distribution, which might not otherwise be obtained, one being that certain localities are favoured haunts of particular species, due of course to the prevalence of the natural food-plant, that may in an adjoin- ing territory meet with restriction. So we have come to consider necopina and duovata as special Rye forms, never happening to observe them elsewhere. But the food-plant of zecopzna, Grote, is Heltanthus giganteus, and is not confined to the seaboard, while closely-allied species of the plant occur commonly at all points. Being plants entirely suitable for Papaipema boring, all varieties have been examined repeatedly to discover if zecopina ever changed its diet to any other, and this has been going on since the discovery of its larva in «895. Never once in all this period have we been able to offer the slightest reflection upon its epicurean taste, so, when in 1906 Helianthus divaricatus was found bored at its base, with the familiar gall-like swelling there, it was presumed that the Grote species had at last been driven to the wall. These larve are still small, and have a continuous dorsal stripe which they should not possess, yet we are very willing to stretch a point, being eager, in fact, to encounter larval variation. We knew that the moment a pupa appeared we could settle the question, for zecopina has a little frontal projection that is all its own. So when a very small chrysalis appeared undistinguished by any frontal develop- ment, it was known beyond question that we were not dealing with this species. The final emergence, however, produced a moth so like the Grote species that it was evident the common progenitor had not been very remotely removed down the line of evolution. What may have caused the new larva to have gained a dorsal stripe or to lose a frontal development in the pupa, should this be considered the branching species (in which the author hardly concurs), opens a field far too wide for discussion here. A descripticn of the form, however, becomes absolutely necessary, Papaipema imperturbata, n. sp.—Form fully congeneric. Ground colour very dark, almost black, with a brown or olivaceous reflection. The vestiture of head and thorax is of the one tone of ground colour, though grayer than the median field of primaries. The anterior tuft is of the usual prominence, though less adze-shaped than in many. The ally has an elongate, conical tuft, quite individual. Primaries almost uniform in colour, copiously powdered with blue-gray scales, the lines and mark- ings obsolete. The subterminal space is obscurely evident, its blue tone THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Oke thoroughly tempered by the sprinkling of gray scales. Secondaries whitish, though clouded with dark gray at the margin. Beneath, this same light tone, overlaid by heavy powderings. No median shade observable in the series. Expanse, 28-32 mm.; 1.15-1.28 in. Six specimens, embracing both sexes, are at hand. Co-types will be placed in the U. S. National and the British Museums. The species may be superficially separated from ecofina in the moth state by its smaller size, lighter secondaries and bluer reflection of primaries. The male structures offer little of comparative value, being typical merely. The main characters will be found. in the earlier stages, as already noted. Larve were found to be in the fifth stage at the middle of July. They belong to the most prevalent, the z¢te/a-ruti/a series, having the conspicu- ous dorsal stripe continuous. Its ally has this line broken in all stages. In the penultimate, which is the most important for comparisons, we find, for this section of the genus, a very representative larva. The colour is pale sienna, more livid than Merriccata. Longitudinal lines wide, straw colour. Head, 2.3 mm. in width; shining russet, no side line, mouth- parts and ocelli black. Thoracic plate as wide as head, shining, lighter in colour, edged with black laterally. True legs and spiracles black. Tubercles I and II show as the merest dots on all joints but eleven and twelve, where they are normal. Lateral tubercles small, though all are definable ; IV on joint ten is low down, and has no accessory. Anal plate is small, rougher than thoracic. The dorsal line is very plainly shown for the stage, unbroken in its entirety. The other lines break from joints three to seven. Length, 40 mm:; date, July 20. Pupation occurs Aug. 10-15; emergence, Sept. 9-20. The pupal change takes place in the gallery, which extends down to all parts of the root that are available, for the species is a gourmand, and it is hard to make one plant furnish enough substance. ‘The amount of food consumed by different species is very striking. Some eat very little, others, most notably cataphracta, can be identified without ever being seen. Jmfer- turbata enters but slightly above the root, and the plant, which is growing very fast at that time, makes an effort to counterbalance the boring by an elongate enlargement, that in the end furnishes considerable additional substance. The gallery goes upward also until the stem is eaten off and falls. An irregular opening is made for the moth’s escape, which the epidermis is left to cover. This larva is not, however, so neat an artisan as mecopina in making a doorway. ‘The pupa differs upon comparison 276 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. from any of the four closely-allied species. It is normal, front smooth, the shape is most like ze/cta, though the latter is darker and less shining. The difference between expatorii, necopina and nite/a is obvious. Colour light chestnut, shiny. The two divergent, hooked anal spurs are relatively larger than its allies. Length, 17-18 mm. A very nice little Sesza is a co-labourer in the He/zanthus root, and emerges just a few days ahead of its companion. An accident befell the one example carried through, so it is not known what species was represented. (To be continued.) THE ZEUPITHECIA OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. BY GEO. W. TAYLOR, WELLINGTON, B. C. (Continued from page 168.) We have now to consider nine names proposed by Dr. Packard between 1867 and 1876, the date of his admirable Monograph. The first in order of time is: Eup. luieata,, Packard, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XI, 46, 1867. Described from Labrador in the first place, but redescribed as Eup. palpata six years later from specimens collected in Maine and New York. When Dr. Packard wrote the Monograph he placed fa/pata as a synonym of /zteata, and I suppose the better plan is to follow him in this course. The descriptiou of /uteata, however, seems to point to at least a distinct variety. The description given under the name /ufeata in the Monograph, it should be noted, is almost word for word a copy of the original description of pa/pata, and not that of /wteata, as one might have expected. Dr. Hulst many years later described Aupithecia ornata from Colorado. ‘This species is superficially somewhat like pa/pata, and Dr. Hulst named for various collections specimens of padpata as ornata. I have several specimens so misnamed by him in my own collection, and misled by these specimens I am afraid I have given this name (ornata) to many of my correspondents. Recently Mr. Swett has compared speci- mens for me with Packard’s types, and he assures me that there can be no doubt that I have now fadpata, that is, /uteata, correctly identified. The species seems to be common all through the eastern States from the middle of April to the end of May. Eup. geminata, Packard, 5th Report Beabody Acad. Sci. 58, 1873. Packard described the species from two specimens apparently not conspecific. The one, a male (figured in the Monograph at Plate viii, fig. August, 1907 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. DATETE 2), was probabiy a specimen of what in this paper I have called coagulata, Guenée, and the other, a female (Plate viii, fig. 3), would, therefore, become the type and take the name of geminata, but that the name is preoccupied by the Lupithecia geminata of Grote and Robinson. Under these circumstances, I propose the new name Packardata for geminata, Packard, part, and as Packard’s description will not apply in its entirety, I have redescribed the form below. Eup. Packardata, new name. E. geminata, Pack, not Grote and Robinson. absynthiata, Pack., Monograph, not Clerck. Expanse, 27-30 mm. Males rather smaller. Palpi rather large and coarse, very dark gray. Head paler than thorax, which is gray, with a brown shade, darker in front. Abdomen with a very distinct black transverse band on second segment. Fore wings colour of thorax, costal spots not as heavy as in coagu/ata, the most distinct being the basal, intra-discal and extra-discal. This last is the largest, and is preceded by two smaller ones. Each of these spots marks the commencement of a fine line appearing only as dots on the veins, but in very perfect specimens the lines can be traced right across I the wings. The basal line is much curved, and reaches almost to the base on the inner margin. The intra-discal is almost straight, meeting the inner margin at right angles. Sometimes two other lines are visible between the basal and intra-discal lines. The three extra-discal lines are parallel, curving out from the costa to pass the large elongated discal spot. The submarginal space is a little darker than the rest of the wing, and is sometimes bounded inwardly by a fine line parallel to the extra-discal. The submarginal white line is not so evident, and the twin spots are not so large and conspicuous as in coagudata. A dusky marginal line, scarcely interrupted at the ends of the veins ; fringe long, obscurely spotted. Hind wings well rounded, a little lighter in colour than fore wings, discal spots very smail. The wings are crossed by numerous dark wavy lines, about nine of these lines being sometimes visible; submarginal white line very faint, marginal line and fringe as on fore wings. Under side of fore wing quite clear from base to extra-discal line, except for a single dark extra-basal spot on the costa, which does not correspond with either the basal or intra-discal costal spots of the upper side, but has a position between them. ‘The discal spots, the extra-discal, submarginal and marginal markings are as above, but fainter. Hind wings, 278 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. discal spots more evident than above ; and there are about eight cross lines traceable from margin to margin. The dates of my specimens run from roth June to 12th September. The species is very closely allied to #. cas/oata, Dyar, from British Columbia, and to up. fumata and £. indistincta, which will be described in the present paper. It is also near to E&. fumosa, Hulst, as I under- stand that species, I have little doubt that my specimens are conspecific with the type of geminata, Packard, figured in Plate viii, fig. 3 in the Monograph, but to guard against mistakes I have placed a type label on a very perfect speci- men of Packardata taken at Ottawa (7, vill, 06) by Mr. C. H, Young. Eup. palpata, Packard, 5th Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., 58, 1873. This species, as stated above, was abandoned by Packard himself as being the same as Z. Zuteata. Eup. interruptofasciata, Packard, 5th Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., 59, 1873. Monograph, 52, Pl. viii, fig. 5, 1876. This species was very fully and carefully described by Packard, and I think there cannot be any doubt as to the form he had before him when drawing up his description. It must be borne in mind, however, that he only distinguished 12 out of our 40 or more eastern species, and that his series under each name would, therefore, almost certainly be mixed. No weight, therefore, can attach to specimens distributed by Packard as typical, any more than to so-called authentic specimens of msurelata, sent out by Grote. When writing the Monograph, Packard sunk his ¢vterruptofasciata as asynonym of méseru/ata, but in my opinion the two are abundantly distinct. I understand that the original types of Packard’s species are not now in the collection at Cambridge. Jnterruptofasciata, as I have identified it, is not a very common insect. My best specimens were bred by Dr. Fletcher from larve found on Juniper at Hull (Province of Quebec) in May, 1904 (see description of larvee by Dr. Fletcher and note by me in Can. Ent., XXXVII, 262). This species is an autumn flier. Dr. Fletcher bred specimens emerging in September. It is very closely allied to my uf. zmpedita, to be described in the present paper. Eup. Strattonata, Packard, 5th Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., 60, 1873. Monograph, 58, Plate viii, fig. 8, 1876. This species was described from one female taken by Stratton at Natick, Mass., on July 17th. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 279 It is well described in the Peabody Report, but the description is shortened a little in the Monograph, and the figure therein is not very characteristic. The insect is apparently rare, and I have only a single specimen (which I owe to the kindness of Mr. Swett), taken at Winchen- don, Mass., June 2oth. Strattonata cannot be mistaken for any other of our eastern species, the unusual colour (brownish-ochreous, Packard calls it), the heavily- marked costa, and the sma!l but very distinct discal spots, readily separating it from its allies. Why this species should ever have been placed on a synonym of Lucymatoge anticaria | cannot imagine. It bears very little resemblance to that species, and has the single accessory cell of AS Aik oie not the double one of Aucymatoge Lup. fenestrata, Milliere, Rev. & Mag. Zool., 1874, p. 243, and Icon., iii, 431, (53, 14, 15, 1874. = Larentia cretaceata, Packard, 6th Rept. Peab. Acad. Sci., 40, 1874, and Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, Pl. i, fig. 3, 1874. = Eup. cretaceata, Packard, Monograph, 63, Pl. viii, fg. 15, 1876, =Glaucopteryx cretaceata, Packard, Monograph, 562, 1876. There is a difficulty in recognizing this species, which, though described from Sierra Nevada, is equally common on the Pacific Coast and in the Atlantic States. There is no doubt, I think, that the crefaceata of Packard is at best only a variety of the European £2. fenestrata, and in Staudinger and Rebel’s Catalogue (No. 3589) the two are placed together. I do not understand why Packard should have printed his description twice over in the Monograph (see pages 63 and 562). Last autumn, in company with Dr. Dyar, we discovered the larve of this species feeding in great numbers on the flowers and seeds, and later on the leaves of Veratrum viride (the False Hellebore). The larvz were about one inch in length, of a yellowish-green colour, with eight interrupted black lines, one dorsal, two lateral and one subspiracular on each side, and one ventral. The head and legs shining black. These larve were full fed at the end of August, and the moths are now (4th of June) emerging. Eup, albicapitata, Packard, Monograph 48, Pl. viii, fig. 1, 1876. This is one of the most distinct species we have in the genus, and the description of Packard is very good, though the figure is hardly so satis- factory. ‘The moth is not very common or well known, and it is quite usual to find some very different species under this name in collections. Albicapitata flies in June, and it occurs on both the Atlantic and the 280 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Pacific coasts. I have not, however, received any specimens from the Prairie Provinces. Mr. T. Bryant took a number of specimens near the British Columbian and Alaskan boundary in 1905, and it also occurs at Kaslo, in British Columbia. A specimen from the latter locality was inadvertently recorded by Dr. Dyar (Proc. N. S. Nat. Mus, xxvil, 889) as faguearia, Herr-Sch., a species not entitled to a place on our American list. I have not seen many specimens from the eastern States, and Mr. Swett tells me that the species is not common, but is subject to consider- able variation. 5 Lup. zygadeniata, Packard, Monograph, 51, Pl. ix, fig. 7, 1876. This species was admirably described and equally well figured in the Monograph. The types were from Texas, and I have not seen specimens from any other State. Once seen, it cannot afterwards be mistaken for any other species. Nevertheless, it has usually been mis- named in collections. Dr. Hulst does not appear to have recognized it, for I have seen several specimens of other species (none of them really zygadeniata) sent out by him with this name on the label. As a result of these misidentifications the name, zygadeniata, has appeared on several local lists, but I shouid mistrust any record from localities other than Texas. My own specimens (all dated May, 1902) are from the type locality, and agree exactly with the original diagnosis. Judging from the description and locality, I should say that the ‘‘ ZepAroclystis tenebrescens’ of Hulst (Can. Ent., XXXII, 102) is a synonym of this species. The spelling of the name seems to be a stumbling-block to the list- makers. It is spelt incorrectly in Hulst’s “‘ Classification” and in Dyar’s and Smith’s latest lists, and in each of these instances we are favoured with a different variation. Lup. ravocostaliata, Packard, Monograph 60, Pl. vii, fig. 9. Described from the Pacific Coast, and so well known and easily recognized from description and figure that a mistake with regard to it would be almost impossible. The species is not, I think, quite as common in the east as in the west, but it is found in more or less abundance in every locality from which I have seen collections. Of Packard’s nine species noted above, six will continue to bear his names. One (fa/pata) is sunk in deference to Packard’s own opinion ; one (geminata), which had been placed in synonymy by Packard, is restored under a new name ( Puckardata),; and one (cretaceata) is dropped as being but a slight variety of a previously-described European species. (To be continued.) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 281 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. A summer meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario Agricul- tural College, Guelph, on Thursday and Friday, July 4 and 5. Through the kindness of President Creelman, the members from a distance were hospitably entertained in the College residence during their visit, the ladies of the party being provided for in the Macdonald Hall. The number in attendance was smaller than was anticipated, many who had been looking forward to taking part in the meeting being prevented from coming by a variety of causes. A very satisfactory audience, however, was inade up by the Summer School of Ontario teachers from the Mac- donald Institute, and several students and members of the College staff. The sessions began on Thursday afternoon in the lecture-room of the Biological Department, the President of the Society, Dr. Fletcher, of Ottawa, being in the chair. Mr. H. H. Lyman, of Montreal, read a paper on the distinctions between Zhecla calanus and Edwardsii. Dr. Brodie, of Toronto, described the life-history of a colony of the Tent Caterpillar, and related his experience in breeding a large number during a series of years in order to observe the effects of parasites upon them. Dr. Fletcher gave an account of a visit he had recently paid to Massachusetts, and described what was being done to control the Brewn- tail and Gypsy moths by the importation of parasites from Europe and by practical field operations. Mr. C. W. Nash, of Toronto, spoke on ‘ Balance in Nature,” in which he described in a very interesting manner some of the numerous checks and counter checks which are provided in order to prevent the undue preponderance or the extermination of any particular species, and showed how this balance had been upset by man’s disturbing agency, and the difficult problems that had arisen in consequence. A discussion followed, which was participated in by the chairman, Dr. Brodie, Prof. Bethune, Mr. Jarvis, Mr. Caesar, and others. In the evening the session was held in the Nature-study lecture-room of the Macdonald Institute, and was attended by the Summer School and a number of others from the town and College, as well as by the members of the Society. Dr. Henry Skinner, of Philadelphia, gave a highly inter- esting lecture on ‘“‘ Insects as Carriers of Disease.” Mr. C. W. Nash followed with a lively address on ‘“ Instinct vs. Education,” and Dr. Fletcher spoke in his usual attractive manner on “ Nature Study asa 282 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Means of Education.” The evening was thoroughly enjoyed by all present, and no doubt the school teachers carried away with them much information and many impressions that will be of value to them in the future. The next day, July 5th, was given up to an excursion to Puslinch Lake, a picturesque sheet of water about nine miles from the College. The Summer School joined in the picnic, making up a party of more than sixty in all. The day was spent in collecting botanical and entomological specimens and other objects of interest. At the close short addresses were given by members of the College staff and others on various specimens that had been brought in, including fresh-water shells, insects and plants. The meeting on the whole was so delightful and successful an experiment that it will no doubt be repeated in future years, and become annually more attractive and well attended. At a meeting of the Council, Mr. L. Caesar, O. A. College, was elected Secretary of the Society for the remainder of the year in place of Mr. E. J. Zavitz, who has found it necessary to resign, as his various duties in the department of Forestry leave him no time to devote to the business of the Society. THE GEOMETRID GENERA ALSOPHILA, HUB. AND PALEACRITA, RILEY. BY RICHARD F. PEARSALL, BROOKLYN, N. Y. It would be supposed that the last word had been written about the canker-worms, the literature of which has been so confused, as well as the two species. Had attention been given but slightly to their structural characters, there had been no need of this. Fometaria, Har., is correctly placed, in my judgment, by Dr. Hulst in A/sophila, with escularia, Schiff, as its type. He says (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 23, p. 258), “I cannot agree with Mr. Meyrick in his reference of this genus to the Monocteniire. The most characteristic venation is the merging of vein 8 of hind wings with the cell. If this is to be ignored, the lack of the accessory cell would be no more reason why it should be placed with the Monocteniine than with the Ennominz.” He might have gone further, for besides the merging of vein 8 with cell, vein 5 is present, and this effectually keeps it out of the Ennominz, besides, it has an accessory cell, as has also the type. Hence the reasons disappear why it should not stand just where it does. With Padeacrita the strange part of the present. arrangement comes in. Here the type vernata, Peck., has the true venation of the Ennomine, August, 1907 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 283 with accessory cell rarely present in the fore wings, and it has vein 8 of hind wings running parallel with cell for half of cell’s length, xot united with it, while vein 5 is a fold only, sometimes faintly evident at wing margin, but disappearing before it reaches cell, or entirely absent. The antennee, as Dr. Riley pointed out three years after he described his genus FPaleacrita (8th Mo. Report, p. 15 and 17), are nearly in agreement with those of’ Erranis (Hybernia), but the spinose armature of the abdomen prevents the entrance of the species under that genus and their antennal structure from the genus Prigalia. Paleacrita, with the species under it, will properly, I think, find its place among this group of the Ennomine, which also includes the genus Conozdes, Hulst, with its wingless female, the type plumigeraria, having in both sexes the spinose armature of abdomen, a feature apparently overlooked by Dr. Hulst. In my opinion, fPaleacrita should be placed at the beginning of the Ennomine, followed by others of this group, in the same manner that A/sophiva opens the series of Hydriomenine, for, it will be observed, the species under this genus show, in individual cases, a tendency toward the recurrance of vein 5. Itisinteresting to note that a common point is thus established, from which spring the two great divisions of the Geometrine, thus pometaria, purely Hydriomenid in venation of hind wings, sometimes loses the accessory cell in fore wings, while verzata, as purely Ennomenid in vena- tion of fore wings and in the separation from cell of vein 8 in hind wings, does, in the latter, as I have stated, show an occasional vestige of vein 5. What Dr. Hulst says, following my quotation above, as to the noctuiform position of vein 5 under Pa/eacrita applies to pometaria, an observation even more strongly accentuated in the type species escudaria, of which through the kindness of Mr. L. B. Prout, I have an example. Under Paleacrita there should be listed four species, viz., vernata, Peck.; Merricata, Dyar; /ongici/iata, Hulst, and speciosa, Hulst. The 2 9? are unknown, except in the case of vernata, where both sexes have the abdomen spinose, but they are undoubtedly wingless in all. Inthe ¢ ¢ the antenne vary in each, but may be generally defined as follows: Stalk long and slender, nodose on each side, with fascicles of long curved ciliz from each nodule. In vernata, two on either side of each joint, ove in each of the other species, hence the separation of A/erricata as a variety ot vernata and its establishment as a distinct species. In recent corre- spondence with Mr. Meyrick, he stoutly maintains this as his opinion also, and hopes to give its life-history in confirmation of it. 284 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, NUMBER OF MOULTS OF THE FEMALE OF DACTYLOPIUS Ciel Rey. BY ROBERT MATHESON, ITHACA, N. Y. The life-history of the male of Dactylopius citri has been worked out by Reed in 18go at Corneli University. His results are embodied in an unpublished thesis. Berlese, ’93, in ‘Le Cocciniglie Italiane Viventi Sugl Agrumi,” pp. 23-33, has given a more detailed account of the male’s life cycle. It may be well to give here a brief summary of their work before describing the transformations of the female: The young nymphs moult for the first time in from to to 22 days after hatching. During the first stage it is impossible to separate the males from the females by their external characters, and only just previous to this moult can they be distinguished. Berlese has shown that the future mouth-parts of the female which is about to shed its skin, are coiled spirally just beneath the transparent cuticle. In the males no developing mouth-parts can be observed, and those which they possess disappear at the time of the first moult. These facts can be observed just before the moult. The cast skins usually remain attached to the caudal extremity of the male nymphs. In the second stage the male nymphs are sluggish in their movements. They usually seek out some secluded spot and, in about ten days, begin spinning their cocoons. The spinning of the cocoon occupies about two days, and, shortly after its completion, the second moult occurs. This cast skin is, in a day or two, pushed out at the caudal end of the cocoon. It is during the second stage that the beginning of the wings and halteres may be noted. They appear as small papillze on the mesothoracic and metathoracic segments. The third mouit occurs five days after the second, and a week later they moult for the last time. The perfect winged insects emerge from the cocoon in from three to four days after the fourth moult. The life-history of the female is in marked contrast to that of the male. Neither Reed nor Berlese, nor any previous worker, succeeded «in determining the number of moults in the female. Reed supposed there were three, whereas Berlese, reasoning from analogy with the male, considered there must be at least four. iy *Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Cornell University. August, 1907 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 285 As is generally known, each female lays from 150 to 200 eggs. These eggs are enclosed in a waxy secretion, produced by hypodermal glands. These glands are situated on the ventral surface of the abdominal segments. The first nymphs appear in from to to 18 days after the commencement of the egg-sac. Only a small number of those hatched from a single egg-sac are males. The young nymphs on hatching remain a short time within the egg-sac, and, on leaving it, spread rapidly over the leaf, settling in large numbers along the mid-rib and at the joints of the stems. As previously pointed out, it is impossible to separate the males from the females during this stage. ' First NYMPHAL STAGE. At time of hatching, the young nymphs are about .4 mm. long, and from .18 mm. to .21 mm. wide, bright yellow to orange in colour, oval in outline, slightly narrowed at the caudal end and rounded at the cephalic end. ‘The appendages look large and clumsy in comparison with the size of the body. The abdomen is distinctly divided into eight segments, the transverse sutures being distinct on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. The divisions of the thorax are not so distinct. The transverse sutures cannot be distinguished on the venter, and only with difficulty on the dorsum. The suture separating the head from the thorax can be seen only on the dorsal surface. The antenne are about .16 mm. long, situated on the ventral surface of the anterior end of the body. The bases of the antenne are not contiguous, and small hairs are scattered over their entire surface. They are divided into seven segments. The basal one is triangular in outline and quite short. The seventh segment is the longest, longer than the three preceding segments taken together, oval in shape, and ends in an apical tubercle, upon which is inserted a stiff hair, almost as long as the segment itself. The cornea of the eyes projects from the sides of the head. The black pigment is well developed, showing prominently on the ventral surface. The legs are well developed and strong, especially when compared with their condition in the adult. SECOND NYMPHAL STAGE. The first moult occurs from ro to 22 days after hatching. It is just before this moult that Berlese could distinguish the males from the females by the absence of developing mouth-parts. 286 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. After the first moult the females are about .625 mm. in length, .3 mm. in width ; bright orange in colour, somewhat rounded at the anterior and posterior ends. The antennz are .tg mm. long, and have sevensegments. ‘The basal segment is quadrangular in outline and quite short. The seventh is the longest, being nearly as long as the three preceding taken together. It is difficult, if not impossible, to separate the first and second nymphal stages, except by rearing them and noting the time of moulting. The characters of length and size of the antennz are of doubtful value, and not to be depended upon. The antennz of a nymph, near the latter part of the first stage, measured over .1g mm. This is the length usually found in the nymphs at the beginning of the second stage. THIRD NYMPHAL STAGE. The second moult occurs, on the average, about 15 days after the first. “The antenn now consist of eight segments, and are .264 mm. in length. The basal segment is quadrangular in outline, and the eighth is nearly as long as the three preceding taken together. The character and the number of the antennal segments readily distinguish this stage from the preceding ones, but are absolutely of no value in separating it from the mature or last stage. In other characters they do not differ materially from those of the preceding stages. As all previous workers have considered the antenne in the first nymphal stage as consisting of only six segments, I would like to draw attention to the-fact that in all specimens which I have examined there were seven clearly-defined segments in the first and second nymphal stages and eight in the third, as well as in the adult female. ADULT.— FEMALE. | The third and last moult takes place, on an average, about 13 days after the second. I found it very difficult to secure many observations on the exact time of this moult on account ofthe roving habits of the nymphs under observation. After this moult the females do not usually move about, but remain practically motionless. Egg-laying commences in from 15 to 20 days later, and continues for from 1o to 14 days. An interesting observa- tion worth recording is that the females are usually not of uniform size at the time when they commence egg-laying. This has been pointed out by Reed in his thesis, and I had many opportunities of verifying his THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 287 observations. Often what I, judging from size only, considered were nymphs in the third stage would prove to be mature females and com- mence egg-laying. The formation of the egg-sac, the number of eggs laid, and the external characters of the adult female, have been so well described by previous workers as not to need repetition here. BOOK NOTICE. Kirpy’s CATALOGUE OF ORTHOPTERA.—VoOIl. II. By A. N. Caudell, U. S. Nat. Museum, Washington, D. C. Volume two of this most excellent general catalogue of Orthoptera* comprises a well-bound volume of over five hundred and fifty“well-printed pages. In it 154 genera of crickets (Achetide) and 689 genera of katydids and allies (Phasgonuride) are listed, together with their species. The Achetide as here used corresponds with the more commonly used name Gryllidz, while the name Phasgonuride is used instead of the more familiar name Locustide. The reason for the change of Gryllide to Achetidz is not clear tome. As in the first volume, the types of all genera containing more than one species are indicated. As of interest to North American students of this order, the following facts bearing on United States genera and species may be noted : Locustib& (Phasgonuride). Microcentrum, Scudd.—This genus is used for the insects hitherto usually placed in the genus S¢i/pnoch/ora, which is here sunk in synonymy under M/icrocentrum. Kirby specifies his number 2, thoracicum, Serv., as the type, but erroneously so, as neither this species nor any of its synonyms are among the originally included species. Personally I should favour taking the first species, vef7nervis, as type, thus preserving the commonly- accepted nomenclature. By elimination the type is marginellum, Serv., which Kirby records only from S. and Cent. America and the West Indies. North America should be included, as AVicrocentrum thoracicum, Scudd., one of its synonyms, was described from the United States, and I have two specimens from Florida that agree with ones from Cuba. I also have eggs from Florida, showing the species to be a permanent resident there. *A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. By W. F. Kirby, Vol. II, Orthop- tera Saltatoria, part I (Achetidz et Phasgonuridz). London, 1906. August, 1907 288 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Orophus Sauss.—Under this generic name appears the aggregation of species usually listed under AZicrocentrum. Our common insect usually known as Microcentrum laurifolium is now Orophus rhombifolium, the true Zaurifolium being a species from Caymans, and belonging to the genus MMvicrocentrum as here used. Our well-known J/icrocentrum retinervis now becomes Orvophus retinervis, a change unnecessary were the first species rule a law. Amblycorypha, Stal.— A. Saussurez, Bruner, I do not find in the Catalogue. It was very poorly described in Bull. Washb. Coll., i, p. 195 (1886), from specimens which the describer has recently written me were taken near Washington, D. C. The name should be entered in the synonymy under A. oblongifolia. Cyrtophyllus, Burm.—This genus is replaced by Prerophyl/a, Kirby, described in Kirby and Spence’s Introd. Entomol., ed. v, vol. li, p. 218 (1828). Camellifolia, Fabr., is designated as the type. This species replaces perspicil/atus of the same author. The Gryllus perspicillatus of Linnzus, wrongly quoted by Scudder as the same insect as the perspicillatus of Fabricius, is not, so far as I can find, mentioned in the Catalogue. Conocephalus, Thunberg.—This genus is placed in the synonymy under Anisoptera, Latr., andthe species so long associated with it are placed in the genus Conocephaloides of Perkins. The publication containing the original reference to Conocepha/us is at present unavailable, and I am thus unable to determine if I agree in the suppression of the name or not. Hees, Scudd., is listed as a distinct species, but is not marked as being present in the collection of the British Museum. As Scudder himself places this species in the synonymy under w/e¢z, that is very likely its proper place. Orchelimum, Serv.— Vu/gare, Harris, usually listed as a synonym of agilis, DeG., is listed as a distinct species, and, I believe, properly so. O. gracile, Harr., is removed from the synonymy under Xzphidion fasciatum, where it is usually placed, and listed as a distinct species of Orchelimum. This I believe an incorrect step. No specimens of the species were before Mr. Kirby, nor is any insect known in the eastern United States that agrees with Harris’s figure. The description given by Harris agrees very well with X. fasciatum, but does not agree with his figure, which represents the ovipositor as being decidedly falcate. The THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 289 figure is evidently inaccurate, and the species is very surely X. fasciatum with dorsal infuscation, a common variation. O. conctnnum, Scudd., is catalogued as a distinct species. In view of the fact that Mr. Kirby seems to have possessed neither this species nor herbaceum, of which Scudder considers comcinnum a synonym, I prefer to leave the former in synonymy under the latter. Vigrifes, Scudd., is replaced by the earlier name vadidum of Walker. Bruneri, Blatchley, is listed as distinct, though the describer has pronounced it a synonym of volantum, McNeill, after direct comparison of types of both species.f Sphaguorum, Walk., described as a Decticus, and since omitted from American lists, is recorded. It will very certainly preoccupy some one of our later described species. Xiphidion, Serv.—This well-known generic name, like Conscephalus, Thunberg, is in the synonymy under Axnisopfera, Latr. The species placed here are those usually classed under Xuphidion. Cinereus, Thunb., is removed from the synonymy under /asciatum, though no specimens of it seem to have been before the cataloguer. There may, however, be good reasons for this action. As stated above, gvacé/e, Harr., is listed as distinct. Phaneroptera coloradensis, Glover, Ill. N. A. Ent., Orth., pl. xi, fig. 12 (1872), is omitted from the Catalogue. It is a synonym of fasciatum. Engoniaspis, Scudd.—This genus, as shown in my revision of the Decticinej{, p. 320, is a synonym of A/lantieus. I accredit it to Scudder, as I maintain that a generic name can not stand without a species being cited under it. The first species mentioned under the generic name Engoniaspis is testacea, Scudd., which is a synonym of Aslanticus pachymerus, Burm. Ailanticus, Scudd.—The Decticus derogatus of Walker is quoted asa synonym of A. dorsa/is instead of A. pachymerus, as is usually the case. The description of Walker gives no aid in the matter, but the locality, Massachusetts, would indicate its being pachymerus. Kirby had speci- mens of dorsalis, but none of pachymerus, and when he has specimens of the latter for examination his views on this point of synonymy may change. tThe Orth. of Ind., p. 390, 391 (1903). Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, xxxii, pp. 285-410 (1907). 290 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIsT., Anabrus, Hald.—Simz/is, Scudd., which is here listéd as distinct, is a synonym of A. simplex. Cyphoderris, Uhl.—This genus is wrongly located in the Decticine. It is a genus in the Stenopelmatine. Cacopteris, Scudd.—As shown in my revision of the, Decticinz, this is a synonym of Zdvostatus, Pict. Tropizaspis, Scudd.—This genus falls, as it is the same as Walker’s earlier described Veduba, and the type, steindachneri, equals Meduba carinata. Chelidoptera, Wesm.— This is preoccupied in birds, as stated on p. 403 of my recent paper on Decticine. Idionotus, Scudd.—This genus is wrongly referred to the synonym under eduba, Walk. Camptonotus, Uhl.—For our United States species of this genus Mr. Kirby uses the specific name Scudderz, Uhler, 1864, instead of carolinensis, Gerst, 1860. As these names are admittedly synonymous, it is not clear why the one first established is not used. Stencpelmatus, Burm.—S. ocudatus, Scudd., and hydrocephalus, Brunn., are placed in synonymy under cepha/otes, Walk., a species hitherto not found in our catalogues. These three species will very likely eventually fall through preoccupation by fwseus, Hald., which was described in 1852. Diestrammena, Brunn.—Mr. Kirby has recorded no species of this genus as occurring in the New World. One species, however, D. marmorata, has occurred for several years in injurious numbers in Minnesota greenhouses, and another species, D. wnicolor, has been recorded from Illinois, where it was introduced, probably, with plants. Spilacris, Rehn.—This is a synonym of Scudderia, the type, S. maculatus, being an immature specimen of a species of that genus. Hadencecus, Scudd.—I do not find M puteanus. Scudd., in the Catalogue. Udeopsylla, Scudd.— Grgantea, Brunn., belongs to this genus, not to Daihinia. ACHETID (Gryllide). Gryllotalpa, Latr.—This fainiliar name is in part replaced by Cur?zd/a, Oken, and in part by the new name, /Veocurti//a, the latter covering those species having the posterior tibiae unarmed on the upper border, typified THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ‘ogee te} — by G. hexadactyla, Perty, a species very near, if not the same as, our common northern mole-cricket, G. dorea/is. I cannot agree to’ the replacement of Gry/lotalpa by Curtil/a, a genus erected thirteen years later. Gryllota/pa was described by Latreille in 1802, the description being fulland the Gryl/us gryllota/pa of Linneus cited asexample. Thus I see no reason for discarding the name. Mr. Kirby lists the macropterous form of borealis, the G. colubia of Scudder, as a distinct species, with G. longipennis, Scudd., a synonym. G. ponderosa, Bruner, is also listed as distinct. Itis very surely the same as major, Sauss. Kirby dces not appear to possess specimens of either of these species. Scapteriscus, Scudd.—The catalogue gives no records of any species of this genus from the United States, though they have been known from our fauna for some years. Both S. d@dactylus and abbreviatus are not at all rare in our southern States, especially the former. Tridactylus, Oliv.—/?sszges and zncertus have been shown synonymous with terminalis, [/linoiensis, tibialis and mixtus with apicadis, and histrio with szzutus, but Mr. Kirby has listed them all as distinct species, placing the last two and minuta, also the South American denticudatus, in the genus £///pes, Scudd. Myrmecophila, Latr.— WVebrascensis should be accredited to Lugger, as he was the first one to give the name validity. Bruner gave no description of it, nor did Lugger, but the latter gave figures of it. Scudder was the first to give a description of it, but Lugger’s figures established the name. Liphoplus, Sauss.—This is sunk in synonymy under Ornedbius, Guer, and the name is not found in the index. It occurs on page 57. Nemobius, Serv.—Varieties amplus and brevis of canus, Scudd., which were described with the species, are not mentioned in the Catalogue. A number of other authors’? have treated it as a species of the old genus e/ostoma, Auctt. (now Amorgius, Stal). But the question nevertheless arises, “ Is this the true generic name, or have we another valid appellation for the genus?” In consulting a number of works and papers for material for these notes on the affinities of ffydrocyrius, Laporte de Castelnau’s‘ definition of the genus Diplonychus attracted my attention. It reads thus: ‘ Antenne breves, sub oculos in excavatione insertz, articulis 4; ultimis 3 subpectinatis. Rostrum breve, arcuatum, acuminatum. ‘Tarsi articulis 2; ungulis 2. “Facies des Bélostomes; |’abdomen des femelles est terminé par deux longs filets. “Ter Sous-genre. Dzplonychus, Mihi. “Corpus elongatum; tarsorum anticorum unguiculis elongatis. Lelostoma rustica, FAr., 106, 3. “ Et plusieurs autres especes exotiques. ‘‘TIme Sous-genre. Spherodema. Mihi, etc.” Further on in the same work (p. 83) he states: “ C’est par erreur que jai indique (page 18) le Gedostoma rustica de Fabricius, comme type du genre Diplonichus (!). Cet insecté est un Spherodema.” Now, according to my understanding of Kirkaidy’s views on the historical method of type fixation,” this leaves the subgenus without a type species. The fact that subsequent authors have raised the sub- genus to full generic standing, and that under it they have grouped Belostomatids with two shor¢ claws, in no way invalidates the original description, which specifically indicates that in the typical subgenus Diplonychus the claws oi the anterior tarsi are e/omgate. Moreover, the 1. 1850, Mem. Mat. Soc. Modena, xxv, 146. 2. 1856, Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh, p. 358. 3. Dufour, Belostoma algeriense ; Lucas, B. grande; Guérin, B. capitatum; Coinde, B. cosmopolitanum. 4. 1832, Essai d’une Class. Hém. p. 18 (of separate). 5. 1905, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. XII, pp. 27 to 28, October, 1907 oo THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. body is stated to be elongate. Now, no species of the genus or genera variously known as Afomya, Spinola; Appasus, Amyot and Serville ; Cyclodema, Dufour; Mervinops, Dufour; Spherodema, Auctt., and Diplonychus, Amyot and Serville, of those that I have seen (and my collection contains nearly all the known species which at one time or another have been ranged in these genera), is e/ongate. All are more or less ovate. This view was enunciated by Leon Dufour in his “ Essai ”® who then said under Aydrocyrius, Monographique sur les Bélostomides, Spin. (p. 385): “On a peut étre mal interprete le genre Diplonychus fondé en 1832, par M. de Laporte. Cet auteur dit positivement que les Diplonychus ont le facies des Lelostoma; que leur corps est elongatum, que les tarses antérieurs se terminent par deux ongles elongati. Je le demande aux esprits sérieux, ces traits sont-ils applicables aux Déplony- chus des auteurs de ’epcque? Quant a moi qui ai etudié a fond cette question, j’ai l’intime conviction que le Diplonychus de M. de Laporte a du étre primitivement, fondé sur un grand Lélostome, analogue a mon Algeriense.”” Prof. Montandon has discussed the synonymy of this genus in one of his able essays on Water-bugs,* and his conclusion is that Déplonychus, Lap., being unidentifiable, it is better dropped for the defined Spherodema, Lap., although he suggests that Laporte may have had before him a nymphal Belostomatid (which is two-clawed) or a species of Hydrocyrius. In his discussion, however, it is evident that he is unfamiliar with Laporte’s later note cited above, in which he removes Se/ostoma rustica, Fab., from the subgenus, and states that it is a Spzerodema. While it is true and proven that nymphal Le/ostomatids are two-clawed, none of those known to me have the so-called “filets abdominaux” or “caudal sete.” These are characteristic of the adult only, and are zo¢ sexual characters, but rather pertain to the respiratory apparatus, and are paris of the highly specialized and modified sixth abdominal segment. I am familiar with all but one of the described Belostomatid genera, and know about fifiy species, but of these the only ones that have the “ facies des Belostomes,” and are at the same time two-clawed, are the two species of ydrocyrius I possess. 6. 1863, Ann. Soc. Ent., Fr. (4), III. 7. =columbiz, Spin. (Hydrocyrius). 8. 1900. Notes s. qqs. genres de la Fam. Belostomidae—Bull. Soc. Sci, Buc, An. IX, No, 2 and 3, pp. 1 to 8 (of separate). ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 335 My friend Kirkaldy, in his recently-published list of genera,” rejects Montandon’s work and adopts D/p/onychus, Lap., as the true generic appellation of the Spherodema-Appasus-Nervinops- Cyclodema-Atomya series, but in consideration of the.facts I have here set forth, the correct synonymy, which may be intercalated in Kirkaldy’s generic list, p. 151, is as follows : Genus 5.—Spherodema, Laporte, 1832, Essai Hem., 18 (type fig. in Fieber, etc.). The rest of the synonymy as in Retikailelvayl uae caeeas oo, hee Type annulata, Fabr. Genus 7.—Dzplonychus, Laporte, 1832, Essai, p. 18. = ffydrocyrius, Spinola, 1850, etc. (The remainder of the synonymy as in Kirkaldy, l. c., p. 152.) ke What is the true systematic position of Diflonychus, Lap. (= Aydro- cyrius, Spinola)? Kirkaldy in his work cited places Aydrocyrtus, Spin. (recte Diplonychus, Lap.), between Limnogeton, Mayr, and Vectocorts, Mayr, this genus being placed last in the family. Going further back, Mayr™ places it between Genacus, Stal. and Limnogeton, Mayr, and so does Stai." Dufour,” however, seems to have been the only one of the older entomologists to have had the true conception of the affinities of Diplonychus, Laporte (= Aydrocyrius, Spinola). He places it between Belostoma, Auctt., nec Latr. (= Amorgius, Stal), and Zaitha, Am. & S. (=Belostoma, Latreille). Agreeing with Dufour, I believe the linear relationship of the Belostomatid genera is more nearly expressed by the following order : 1. Benacus, Stal. Amorgius, Stal. Diploxychus (Laporte), Bueno. Belostoma, Latreille. Abedus, Mayr. . Limnogeton, Mayr. LVectocoris, Mayr. Spherodema, Laporte. Ny DIANE Y g. 1906, List of the Genera of the Pagiopodous Hemiptera, etc., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., XXXII, No. 2, pp. 117 to 156 and 56a. 10. 1871, Die Belostomiden, Verh. Zool. bot. Geo. Wien., XXI. Ui. 1605, Hem. Afr.; IDI. 12, 1863, Ess. Mon. s. 1. Belost., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (A.) III. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Oo oo (or) These genera may be separated by the following table : is 4(2) ‘Anterior femora not sulcates<).-) ea: otdie us Lp Benacus) Stal, (1) Anterior femora sulcate. (10) Anterior tarsi with two claws, (9) Claws of anterior tarsi of equal length, minute. . (8) Anterior femora more or less incrassate, much larger than tibie. (7) Species with two sulci between the eyes . VII, WVectocoris, Mayr. (6) - Without Such sil Gioime n>. dete cee VIII, Spherodema, Lap. (5) Anterior tarsi scarcely incrassate, but little larger than tibize . Bee pee .VI, Limnogeton, Mayr. 9. (4) Claws of anterior tarsi ae er or anpanel length, elongate \. 220. sane ssa Lll, Diplonyengs suape( Biteno). to. (3) Anterior tarsi with one claw. rt. (14) Head conically produced, rostrum long, thin. CPi ND Paso 5 12. (13) Membrane of hemelytra large.......... .1V, Belostoma, Latr. 13. (12) Membrane of bemelytra much reduced........V, Abedus, Stal. 14. (11) Head not conically produced, rostrum short, BLOW. auc Bee oe teste tong BON @ eer comes hdl dated Onesie otal A brief study of the three genera, Amorgius, Stal; Diplonychus, Laporte (Bueno), and Se/ostoma, Latreille, is necessary in order to elucidate my position. The difference between the adults of the three genera will appear from the following comparisons : The Head.—In Amorgius we have the front truncate, projecting but little beyond the eyes, which are in general longer than broad. The vertex also is not wider than one eye, and is more or less conical in shape, as is Lelostoma. But in Diplonychus the vertex is not wider than the eye, while in Le/ostoma it is. In both the eyes are wider than long. The rostrum in Amorgius is quite short and stout, and in Lelostoma very long and slender, whilst in Dp/onychus it is moderately long, and as stout as in the first-named genus. The prothorax is trapezoidal in all three genera, but is much less narrowed anteriorly in DéA/onychus than in the other two, which gives it a massive aspect. The scutellum also is apparently large, due to the more stout general build of this bug. ‘The hemelytra are much the same in the three except for slight variations, which are no greater than those occurring in the different species of any one genus. Dzplony- chus agrees with Amorgius in the general outline, the sides being more or less parallel, whilst in Be/ostoma the body is morxe or less pointed oval posteriorly. We now come to the under side of the body and the legs. The =I THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 3a genital plate in Diplonychus, as in Belostoma, is entire, while in Amorgius itis deeply fissured medianly. In shape it is much the same throughout the family, although much shorter in Se/os¢oma than inthe other two genera. The tibize of the third pair of legs in Amorgius is flattened, more or less broad, heavily fringed with long hairs, and terminates in two long claws. Belostoma and Diplonychus, on the other hand, have prismatic posterior tibiz, and the hairs are shorter. The form of the intermediate tibiz is the same in each genus as the posteriors. It is in the anterior pedes that the most interesting features occur. The femora are incrassate in all three, but while in Bedostoma they are only moderately so, in Diplonychus and Amorgius they are greatly so. All three genera have them deeply sulcate for the reception of the tibia, which are of similar shape in all. The tarsal joints are moderately long and equal in Selostoma. In _Amorgius and Diplonychus they are small ard unequal. The profound yet most significant character is contained in the anterioz tarsal claws. These are single, long in Amorgius, and small in Be/ostoma. In Diplony- chus they are double and Zong, though the outer is but half the length of the other in the two species known to me, while in one described by Mayr they are of equal length. The importance of this structural feature can be appreciated only from the study of the nymphs taken in conjunction with the changes that occur in the claws during development. As various authors® have from time to time pointed out, Belostomatid nymphs of the several genera are all two-clawed in the anterior tarsi throughout all, or in some of the earlier, instars. In general, the nymphs of Amorgius possess two elongate equal claws up to the last moult, one of which they lose at that ecdysis, and the adult has only one more or less long tarsal claw. In the several nymphs of Be/ostoma, as I have elsewhere noted,"* some lose the one claw early, others by slow stages,” at some one of which the length of one claw bears the same relation to the other as the adult in Diplonychus known to me. In this last-named genus, however, the nymph in the last instar has the two lang claws of equal length," as in Amorgius. At the last moult in two species one of these claws is reduced to half the length of the other, while in the third, known to me only by description, the two equally long claws are preserved. 13. 1863, Dufour, op. c.; 1871, Mayr, op. c.; 1901, Howard, Ins. Bk., p. 279 ; 1906, Bueno, Can. ENT., XXXVIII, p. 197; and others. TAs OPencs 15. Cf. B. fluminea, op. c. 16. Duf., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (A.)III, p. 386, description of nymph in last instar of Hydrocyrius algeriensis. 338 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS?. The egg-laying habits of Dip/onychus are as in Belostoma,™ in which genus (as well as in several others of the family) the female fastens the eggs on the back of the male. Amorgius, however, deposits its ova under a convenient log or plank in a damp spot at the water’s edge, glued to it, which also appears to be the habit with Benxacus.* To recapitulate : Diplonychus, Lap. (Bueno), approaches Le/ostoma, Latreille, in the shape of the eyes, the genital plate, the posterior and the intermediate tibiz, and in the manner of oviposition. It is close to Amorgius, Stal, in the form of front and vertex, general shape, anterior femora, tibiz and tarsal joints, and in the ciaws in the nymph. It is intermediate in the rostrum, which tends to the Amorgius side. It resembles both genera in the shape of the scutellum, in the membrane, of the hemelytra, and in most of the other features not dwelt upon. The differences are the general shape of the head, which is very broad, the shape of the prothorax, and, above all, in the possession of two long claws in the adult, of equal length in one known species, and unequal in the other two. From this last character, taken in conjunction with the nymphal structure of these appendages in the two allied genera, as well as in the others of the family, we may in fairness conclude: ist. That Dzp/onychus is an intermediate form in the chain of development linking the Amorgioid forms to the Belostomoids ; and 2nd. That it is in all likelihood the most primitive form of the Belostomatid series, from which arise the genera Amorgius, Stal, and Benacus, Stal, on the one hand, and Ledlostoma, Latr.; Abedus, Mayr ; Limnogetom, Mayr; Spherodema, Lap., and WVectocoris, Mayr, on the other. To sum up, it would appear that Dzp/onychus, Laporte (Bueno), is nearly allied to both Aelostoma, Latr., and Amorgius, Sial, with closer leanings to the latter, and that its systematic position is as given in the linear arrangement between these two genera. III. The species and distribution of Diplonychus, Lap. (Bueno), are moot questions. A great deal of confusion has arisen from the description and rediscription of what is said to be one species from several widely-separated localities. I recognize three species, but it is more than likely that some of those reduced to synonymy may be later revived as our knowledge of 17. 1906, Bueno, op. c. p.; 1900, Horvath in Lit., quoted by Mont. Bull. Soc. Sci. Buc. An. IX, No. 2 and 3, p. 8. 18. 1889, C. M. Weed, Studies in Pond Life, Bull. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., Tech. ser., I, No. 1; 1907, Needham, Ent. News, XVIII, pp. 113 to 116. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 339 the genus and the group at large increases, They are Déplonychus columbie, Spinola; D. punctatus, Stal, and D. rectus, Mayr, the two first of which I am acquainted with in nature, and the latter by description. They may be separated as follows: KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Diflonychus, Laporte. 1. (2) Anterior tarsi furnished with two claws of eguaZ length. Bien seem. ae ITI, rectus, Mayr. 2. (1) Anterior tarsi Pfornished itt two se ahitws of pie Bl length. (4) Disk of prothorax punctate, with two pronounced round fovee, hemelytra more or less punctate....... ... IL, punctatus, Stal. 4. (3) Disk of prothorax slightly punctate, with two shallow fovez and two sulci converging aria toward the transverse sulcus, hemelytra impunctate. Nee eA es 1, columbia, Spinola. L Spa ak De ten: Spin. Hydrocyrius columbie. 1850.—Spin., Mem. Nat. Soc. Modena, XXV, 146. 1863.—Duf., Ess. Mon. Bel., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4), III, 385. 1864.—Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., IV., 228. —Signoret, op. c., 224. 1865.—Mayr, Reise der Novara, Hem., p. 183. 1871.—Ibid, Die Belostomiden, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XXI, 429, part. 1886.—Uhler, Ch. List, p. 28. 1895.—Schmidt (Schwedt), S. B. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin, p. 38. t1g00.—Montandon, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Buc. An. IX, No. 2 and 3, p. 4 tgo1.—Champion, Biol. Cent. Am., Het., II, 362. Belostoma grande. 1849. —Lucas, Hist. Nat. An. Art. Alg., III, 43. 1862.—Ibid, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., II, 404. 1864.— Ibid, op. G Were 27: Llyotrephes herculeus. 1853.—Stal, Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh., V, 264. fydrocyrius herculeus. 1866,—=otal, Fem. Afr., III, 181. Belostoma algeriense. 1855.— Duf., Mem. Soc. Ac. Sci. Liege, X, 187, pl. I, f. 1. 1862.—Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. [, 404. 340 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Belostoma capitatum. 1856.— Guérin, in Sagra’s Hist. Cuba, An. Art., VII, 420. 1865.—Mayr, Reise der Novara, Hem., p. 183. Belostoma cosmopolitanum. 1863.—Coindé, Rev. Mag. Zool., 33. 1864.-—Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., IV, 227. Ever since this species was first described, it has been recorded from time to time from the most widely-separated places. The distribution, as given by Dufour and Mayr, is as follows : America.—Mexico and Cuba. Africa.—Algeria, Khartoum, Guinea, Caffraria and Madagascar. This distribution, however, seems to me too scattered to be real. Mexico is given following Spinola, while under the supposition that Belostoma capitatum, Guér., is the same insect, the Cuban record comes into existence. Madagascar is given by Mayr, on the ground that punctatus, Stal, described from the Island, is merely a synonym of columbie, Spinola. ‘This is not the case, however, as the former is readily distinguishable from the latter, as may be seen by the analytical table. The homogeneity, so to say, of the other localities, added to the fact that in Algeria at least the Hemipteron seems to have been fairly common, would appear to establish them as real beyond reasonable doubt. In addition, 1 have a specimen from German East Africa. It may, therefore, be safely stated that the bug is African, and that it is spread over the greater part of the continent. Its existence in America is problematical, to say the least, and although Champion refers to it in Biologia Centrali Americana, he does not list it, but states as his opinion that ‘In addition to the species enumerated here, two others have been recorded from Mexico, but further evidence is required before they can be included in our list; these are Hydrocyrius columbia, Spinola,” etc. In confirmation of this, my personal endeavours to secure the bug, either from Cuba or Mexico, have thus far proven fruitless. It seems best, therefore, to ignore the American records, at least till they ar@ absolutely confirmed or disproved. Il.—Diplonychus punctatus, Stal. Hydrocyrius punctatus. 1865.—Sial, Hem. Afr., I1I, 182. FT. columbia, partim. 1871.—Mayr, Die Belostomiden, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges, Wien, XXI, pp. 429, 430. a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 341 This bug was reduced by Mayr to synonymy, and evidently he did not consider it more than a local variety. In fact, he says so in so many words (op. c., p. 430). The species, however, is well marked. Stal recorded it from Madagascar originally, and it does not appear to have been mentioned since. I possess a specimen from that Island. Itis apparently restricted to that territory. I1I.—Diplonychus rectus, Mayr. Hydrocyrius rectus. 1863.—Mayr, Verh Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, p. 359. 1864.—Signoret, An. Soc. Ent., Fr. (4), IV, 224. 1871.—Mayr, Die Belostomiden Verh Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XXI, 430. No other records are to be had of this well-defined species than that of the author, who gives Sierra Leone (West Africa) as its habitat. It is to mm. shorter than punctatus, Stal, from which the character given in the table at once separates it. In conclusion, I wish to express my thanks to Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy, whose independent investigation when I called his attention to the generic emendation proposed, confirmed the conclusion I had already reached. He added in his letter other important synonymical matter, which it is to be hoped he will make public ere long. PRACTICAL AND POPULAR ENTOMOLOGY.—No. 23. FUMIGATION WITH Hyprocyanic Acip GAs FOR BEDBUGS. BY GLENN W. HERRICK, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MISS. Fumigation of a Large Lutlding. For the past two years we have used hydrocyanic acid gas on an extensive scale with considerable success, and thinking that the experience gained might be of benefit to other workers who may be confronted with the same problem it seemed worth while to give an account of the work and method of procedure. Our dormitory building, in which the work has been done, is a large - 4-story structure in the form of an E, and contains, all told, 253 rooms of different sizes on the different floors. We use approximately the formula recommended by Dr. L. O. Howard in Circular 46, s.s., the only change October, 1907 342 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. being that we consider 30 cc. as the equivalent of a fluidounce. It takes about 340 pounds of cyanide (98% pure) and the same quantity of sulphuric acid to give the building a single treatment, not including the halls, which are thoroughly scrubbed with lye and water. _ Our first work was to measure the rooms and compute the cubic contents of each. With the exception of a few corner rooms, they are as follows : Froor. | Cu. Fr. CYANIDE. WATER. ACID. Aas: 1960 1¥% lbs. 1200 CC. 600 Cc. Su art 2352 1% lbs. 1440 CC, W2ORE: D Mbeya Kate Pe 2352 1% lbs. 1440 CC. 720. CC: Txt 2744 134 lbs. 1680 cc. 840 cc. In computing the amounts of cyanide, water and acid to be used, we always raise the cubic feet in any given room to the next even hundred. For example, the capacity of each room on the fourth floor, which is 1960 cubic feet, was considered to be 2000 cubic feet. In the fumigation we attempted to treat one-fifth of the building each successive day. Itis to be noted that there are three wings and a long front, twice as long as each wing. ‘This affords a natural division of the building into five parts, each division containing an average of about 50 rooms. We begin on one wing by setting six men to caulking the windows and transoms with strips of newspaper about four inches wide and thoroughly soaked in water, The paper is first torn into strips and then placed in pans of water, where it is allowed to remain until thoroughly soaked. These wet strips are then quickly and effectually applied to the top, bottom and sides of each window and transom or other cracks that may be found in the room. At the same time two men are placing ordinary china wash-bowls in each room with the proper amount of water and acid in each. Beside each bowl is also placed the proper amount of cyanide on a piece of newspaper spread flat on the floor. We usually try to begin at such a time in the day that the rooms in one wing will be ready for fumigation at about 6 p.m, It takes the force THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 343 enumerated above about four or five hours to do this, so that we should begin about 1 p.m. As a matter of fact, the time varied considerably owing to unforeseen additional labour. When everything is ready two men go to the top floor, and beginning at one end of the hall, pass into opposite rooms, one man on each side of the hall, gather the edges of the newspaper in the fingers and pour the cyanide direct/y into the acid and water and walk quickly out of the room, closing the door after them. There is not the slightest danger, apparently, in pouring the cyanide directly into the acid and water if one does it coolly and quickly and holds the breath for a few seconds until the door is reached. Of course, the chemical reaction is very rapid and begins immediately, but by reaching the hand out over the bowl and turning the head a little away and holding the breath a few seconds we have never in all of our work—and we have always done it that way—experienced the slightest annoyance from the gas. By passing rapidly down the hall from room to room and floor to floor two men will set the whole 50 rooms off in ten or fifteen minutes. Our success last year was very gratifying indeed, although we had some complaints of bedbugs in a few rooms late in the session. This, in most instances, could be traced to some old wooden bedsteads that had not been fumigated, and which I supposed were to be thrown out and destroyed, but which were used afterwards by students who, coming late in the session and finding these old bedsteads, utilized them instead of buying new ones. Ina few cases I believe it was due to the large cracks around the doors, through which the gas dissipated itself into the halls. To obviate this difficulty, we tried a plan this year that seemed to work very well, and, I believe, will prove more effective. Instead of caulking all the rooms in a division we simply caulked the rooms on the top floor .of that division first and then fumigated them at once. As the fumigator would close the door of a room two men, who stood ready with water-soaked strips of paper, would quickly seal the cracks around the edges of the door and the keyhole. These two men would caulk a door in less than two minutes, and the rooms must have been made as tight as is possible under average conditions. All of the rooms on that floor were treated in this way, after which the force passed to the floors below in succession, treating each in the same manner. 344 } THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Although it took about one hour to treat each floor, not the slightest inconvenience or annoyance was experienced by the men from the gas on the floor or floors above. There is also another advantage in this method : Where the sun shines in windows the strips of paper, although we use three thicknesses and soak them thoroughly, are apt to dry and curl away from the cracks if left too long. By treating a floor as soon as ready we obviate this difficulty and get the full effect of the gas. Some Results of the Use of This Gas Against Pedbugs Under Varying Conditions. Desiring to know the effect of hydrocyanic acid gas on bugs hidden away in mattresses, blankets, comfortables, etc., we tried the following experiments : 1. Three bugs were placed in a perforated pill box and then wrapped in excelsior, three inches all around, and this in turn in some domestic to imitate ticking. 2. Three bugs (one adult, one one-third grown and one very young) were placed in a similar box and then carefully wrapped in two folds of a thick comfortable. 3. Three bugs (two adults and one one-third grown) were placed in a similar box and carefully wrapped in cotton-batting to the depth of two inches. 4. Two bugs (one adult and one two-thirds grown) were placed in a similar box and wrapped in two folds of a thick woollen blanket. 5. Six bugs were put in a vial 3% inches deep and one inch in diameter, and the latter stopped with an inch cork which had been punched twice with a pair of dissecting-forceps with curved points. The holes thus made had apparently closed up owing to the spongy nature of the cork, but I found afterwards that I could readily force air through them by placing the cork between my lips. 6. To serve as checks several bugs in perforated boxes were placed about the room at different heights from the floor. In every box of bugs wrapped in different materials several new-laid eggs were placed to determine the effect of the gas upon the hatching of the same. The room in which the fumigation was done measured 14 x 8 x 8, and contained 896 cubic feet. We used ro ozs. of cyanide, 300 cc. of acid ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 345 and 600 cc. of water, allowing the room to remain closed 14 hours. We made a slight mistake in our computation, and used 1 oz. more of cyanide than our formula called for. The results were surprising and very gratifying. Every bedbug in every case was killed. The fumigation was done June 1, and as I write, June 12, none of the eggs have shown any signs of hatching. It is impossible for me to say whether they are fertile or not, but it is reasonable to suppose that they are. We obtained them by confining a dozen or more adult bugs in a large vial, and on the second day we found eggs in abundance. The eggs must have been formed in the females under natural conditions in the bedsteads from which they were taken, and very likely the bugs were fertilized there before we collected the females. Acknowledgments are due to Mr. R. W. Harned for his aid in the execution of the fumigation done this season. SOME NEW SPECIES OF WESTERN GEOMETRID:. BY JOHN A. GROSSBECK, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. Gymnocelis remorata, new species.—Expanse, 16-17 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen pale creamy-white, the abdomen somewhat the darkest. Wings whitish, variegated with shades of small pale brown patches, which show up the ground colour in a series of transverse white lines. On the primaries the first of these white lines is near the base, inwardly edged with brown and outwardly fused with the ground colour. Intradiscal line geminate, begins at costa and extends outward to cell, then inwardly, dentate to inner margin. Median line geminate, originates at centre of costa and extends outwardly, the inner line bordering the discal spot outwardly, then runs obliquely dentate to centre of inner margin. Extradiscal line dentate, geminate, subparallel with median line. All these lines show up most prominently on the costal area of the wing ; less so on the remainder of the wing, yet readily to be followed. Sub- terminal line single, finely dentate throughout its course. Terminal line brown, sometimes interrupted by white at the venules. The brown patches appear most plainly on the costa, especially between the intra- discal and median lines, immediately outward of the median line and between the extradiscal and submarginal lines. A rather prominent October, 1907 346 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. biotch is near the outer margin between Mr and M3, and another less distinct is at the anal angle; through the centre of these blotches the subterminal line runs. Cu. is usually lined with dark brown scales on the basal half or centre, and the veins of the media are also slightly marked with a similar colour inwardly of the extradiscal line: Discal spot dark brown, longer than broad, very distinct. Fringe whitish, silky, pale brown at the veins. Secondaries with about four white lines on basal half of wing, beginning at inner edge and disappearing toward centre. A geminate sinuous white line crosses at outer two-thirds and corresponds to the extradiscal line of fore wings. Subterminal line white, wavy. Terminal line brown, sometimes interrupted, distinctly wavy at inner angle. Discal spot dark brown, elongate, distinct. Beneath silky, cream coloured, the delineations of upper side faintly showing on costa. Discal spots faint and rather small. Described from a number of specimens, representing both sexes, in the Rutgers College collection. Habitat: Yuma County, Arizona, April 11-20. Sciagraphia Yavapat, new species.— Expanse, 26 mm. General colour leaden-gray, with a reddish-umber hue and with black atoms sparsely scattered over the body and wings. Costa of primaries flesh coloured, marked with small but distinct black flecks on basal third and larger ones on the centre. Intradiscal line ochre-brown, narrow, begins one-fourth out on costa, and is slightly outcurved to inner margin. Extradiscal line concolorous with the first, begins on costa over two-thirds out from base, extends outwardly to Mr, then with a faint in-and-out curve to Cu. 1, and with a sharp inward semicircle to inner margin, ending two-thirds out from base. ‘This line is marked on the costa by a distinct, rather large black spot, on the inner margin by a smaller one and by five dots on the veins from Mr to Cu. 2 inclusive. Terminal line a series of small intervenular spots. The basal and median areas are uniform in colouring, the outer area slightly darker and with a dark shade-spot in the centre bordering the extradiscal line. Discal spot an irregular elliptical ring with several ochre-brown scales at each end, indicating a median transverse line. Secondaries with numerous inconspicuous transverse dashes, giving the wing a finely-mottled appearance. A transverse ochre- THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 347 brown line extends from middle of wing to inner margin. Discal spot round, dusky. Beneath whitisn-gray, the outer portion darker and all veins lined with ochreous; both wings profusely marked with minute transverse dashes that show up sharply on the light background. Discal spots distinct, rather large. Type: One female in the collection of the writer. Habitat: Yavapai County, Arizona, Aug. 20 (Hutson). Gonodontis ocellaria, new species.— Expanse, 44-47 mm. at greatest width. Front, palpi and thorax bright buff, the abdomen pale buff. Primaries with apex acute, outer margin scalloped between the veins, extending outward from apex to M3, then inward to rounded anal angle. Colour uniformly bright buff, washed with a faint grayish shade, most perceptible toward outer margin ; costa with a number of slate-coloured specks, the largest at the beginning of the extradiscal line. Intradiscal line not strongly marked, whitish, bordered externally by a pale gray shade, beginning one-third out from base on costa, regularly outcurved to inner margin, where it almost disappears. Extradiscal line well defined, whitish, with a grayish border, internally originates on costa less than one-fourth in from apex, extends with an outward curve to Cu. 2, thence with a faint inward curve to inner margin. Distance between the two lines on costa double that on inner margin. Discal spot a clear white dot edged with brown. Marginal line deep orange; fringe pale yellow, marked with brown at the apices of the scallops. Secondaries brighter than primaries, more of a salmon colour, paler at base ; outer margin evenly rounded and scalloped between the veins. A brown line crosses the centre, is broadest in the central portion, obsolete at the costa and faint at the inner margin. Beneath both wings pale buff, except at inner margins, where they are flesh-coloured. Costa of primaries and costal and basal areas of second- aries sparsely marked with brown specks. ‘The transverse lines of upper surface, save intradiscal line of primaries, faintly reappear, and are marked with venular brown spots, which tend to join in the centre of the hind wing. Discal spots brown, small, present on all wings. Types: Three males in Rutgers College and in the’ collection of the writer. Habitat: Minnehaha, Arizona, Oct. 2 and 3 (Hutson). 348 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. This is the first American species that has scalloped wings like the type of the genus, G. dsdentata, Clerck, of Europe. There is no other species in the genus with which it can be confused. Metanema brunneilinearia, new species.—Expanse, 33 mm. at greatest width. Head, thorax and abdomen pale yellowish-white, sprinkled with gray scales, thickest on the abdomen. Apical border of abdominal segments destitute of gray scales, and appearing as pale rings to a grayish abdomen. Ground colour of both wings pale yellowish-white, rather profusely sprinkled with gray scales. Primaries with costa produced on basal third, apex acute, thence scarcely sinuous to prominent, acute angle at M3, thence even to rounded anal angle. Intradiscal line pale brunne- ous, rather narrow, begins on costa more than one-third out from base, extends outwardly to vein R, then turns at right angles and runs, gently sinuous, to inner margin, ending one-third out from base. Extradiscal line sinuous, concolorous with first, but slightly broader, originates on costa one-fourth in from apex, and runs almost parallel with intradiscal iine to inner margin. Basal area profusely sprinkled with gray scales, fewer on the costa toward intradiscal line. Median area with a sparse scattering of gray scales ; discal spot large, round, dark brown. Outer area heavily overlaid with gray scales, except at outer margin from apex to M3, and thickest in patches between the veins from Mz to anal vein bordering the extradiscal line. On the outer margin between R5 and Mr, and Mr and Ma, are two dark brunneous crescents with gray and flesh- coloured scales in the concavities. Fringe pale brunneous, checkered with brown at the veins. Secondaries with a single, almost straight pale brunneous line crossing the centre, both areas profusely overlaid with gray scales, less so centrally; discal spot in basal space large, brown, rather faint. Fringe pale brunneous, scarcely checkered with brown. Beneath, ground colour as above, the gray scales distributed as on upper surface, central space of both wings, the apex and veins bright ochreous. Type: One female in Rutgers College collection. Habitat: Verdi, Nevada. Readily distinguished from its congeners by its rough-scaled appear- ance, suggesting “uftrape/a rather than the smooth and evenly-clothed species of Metanema. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 349 CULICID CHARACTERS. BY FREDERICK KNAB, WASHINGTON, D. C. In the June number of the Canapian ENnrToMOoLocIstT Miss Mitchell takes Professor Williston to task for including the Corethrids in the family Culicide. In her article there are so many erroneous state- ments made that, in the interest of truth, they call for correction. Be it clearly understood that I do not accuse Miss Mitchell of falsification. Her’ errors are in Jarge part due to fragmentary and insufficient knowledge, obtained in part at second hand. At the very start it must be stated that the idea of separating the Corethrids from the other Culicide is by no means a new one. Twice within recent years the family Corethride has been proposed by independent workers—Dr. Dyar! in this country and Dr. Eysell? in Germany—both of them, by the way, ‘‘ nondipterologists.” Dr. Eysell has given a very comprehensive presentation of the case, and more than two years ago brought out, not only all the data offered by Miss Mitchell, but a great many others. Indeed, he outstrips Miss Mitchell in classifi- catory enterprise, and also elevates the Anophelines to family rank. This paper by Dr Eysell, which I expect to deal with in another place, contains a great deal that is interesting and suggestive. Unfortunately, not all the data given are correct. Both Dr. Eysell and Miss Mitchell develop their ideas from a few familiar forms. Of the great mass of species, some of which contradict their generalizations, they know nothing. In the following I will only deal with the statements of Miss Mitchell, without, however, attempting to take up every detail. The reader should therefore take note that the statements which remain unchallenged are not necessarily correct in every case. Miss Mitchell ciaims that the pupe of the Corethrids are not active like those of Culicids. The pupa of Sayomyéa lives submerged, that of the Culicine forms floats at the surface; both become active when alarmed or disturbed, and for activity upon such occasions, the pupa of Sayomyza far surpasses anything in the Culicine group. This difference in the two pupe is largely one of specific gravity. Most Culicine pupe are so buoyant that they cannot go below the surface without a vigorous 1. H. G. Dyar: Our present knowledge of North American Corethrid larvee. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., VII, 13, 1905. 2. A. Eysell: Sind die ‘‘ Culiciden”’ eine Familie? Sbhandl in Bericht, XLIX, Ver. Naturkunde Cassel, 16-24, 1905. October, 1907 350 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. effort, and when this ceases are immediately carried tothe top. Dr. Dyar has pointed out to me that the pupe of Aédes atropalpus and Stegomyia calopus can remain below the surface at any depth without effort, and therefore, their specific gravity must be the same as that of the water. In the case of Stegomyia calopus this is obviously of great advantage, and even essential, to the preservation of the species. As is well known, this species breeds almost wholly in water in artificial receptacles, in the tropics primarily in the jars of drinking water kept in every house. When water is poured from the jar the pupe go to the bottom, and remain there until the danger is over. ‘The pupee of other mosquitoes could not remain below, and would be poured out with the water. With reference to any classification by pupal characters, it must be further stated that the pup of Corethra and Eucorethra are unlike those of Sayomyia, and practically like those of Culicines, both in appearance and behaviour. Pupz essentially similar occur also in the Chironomide, and the pupa of at least one species of Dixa that I have bred is in every respect like that of a Culicine. In the family Psychodida the pup are for the most part active. The pupa of an unidentified species of this group, sent to us from Florida, is free swimming and active,.and greatly resembles that of a Culicine. In the Psychodid genus J7aruina, on the contrary, the pupa is inactive, and attached to rocks in moist situations. As to the eggs of the Corethrids, so far we know only the eggs of Sayomyia, and these are suspended in a mass of gelatinous substance. It is quite likely that those of the other genera of Corethrids are not deposited in this way. ucorethrva occurs so sparingly that the eggs must be laid singly. The indications are that Corethra hibernates in the egg, and if in a gelatinous mass the eggs would hardly be in a suitable condition to withstand freezing. A Culicine which Mr. August Busck has recently discovered on the Isthmus of Panama deposits its eggs in a gelatinous mass. According to Miss Mitchell's classification this mosquito would become a Corethrid! Turning to the Chironomide, we find that although many of the aquatic species deposit their eggs in a gelatinous secretion, there are others that do not, Should these latter be put in a separate family ? Mr. Coquillett’s unsatisfactory application, as a primary division, of the mode of egg-laying of the Culicide,® illustrates with what caution 3. D. W. Coquillett : On the breaking-up of the old genus Culex. Science, N. S., XXIII, 312-314, 1906. a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 351 such characters should be used. Such habits are purely adaptive, and may occur. in widely-separated groups. Surely no one would think of associating the Sabethine Jod/otia nivipes with Culex and Culiseta simply because it lays its eggs in a raft. It would be unfair to criticize Mr. Thompson, whom Miss Mitchell quotes, before»he has himself presented his facts and conclusions. Furthermore, it is impossible to discover from Miss Mitchell’s wording just how much is to be credited to Mr. ‘Thompson and how much to his spokesman. This much may be said, however: No safe conclusions as to relationships can be drawn from the examination of a few detached forms. Before formulating any theory of relationships some of the more aberrant Culicine forms, such as Alansonia, AZdeomyia and Hemagogus, and at least one member of the Sabethine series, should be studied. Perhaps the Sabethines, like the Corethrids, will be found to have four instead of five malpighian tubes. JI fancy that the’ Sabethines will be found to stand nearer the common ancestor than either the Culicines or the Corethrids, but I await further data. In a consideration of the relationships of the Culicide with the other families of Nemocera, the Psychodide, which seems to have been omitted by Mr. Thompson, should properly play an important part. ‘That Anopheles is close to the other Culicine forms, closer than most students are willing to admit, has been the writer’s belief for a long time. Miss Mitchell says ‘‘ Culex may be derived from Anopheles.” Never! The reverse might be true, for Anopheles is by far the more specialized form. The statement is made that the Corethrid larve differ from those of the Culicids by the “ place of attachment of antenne” and “ presence of air floats.” Neither of these characters holds good for the group, as Miss Mitchell could have ascertained very easily, if material was unavailable, by reference to published descriptions and figures. In Sayomyza and Corethred/a the antenne are inserted close together at the front of the head ; in Corethra and Eucorethra, however, the antenne are inserted at the anterior angles of the head, just as in the Culicids. By ‘‘air floats” we understand Miss Mitchell to mean the dilations of the tracheal tubes. These reach their greatest development in the larva of Sayomyza, where they represent the respiratory system as four large detached air vesicles. In Corethra these air vesicles are likewise present, but only form parts of the main tracheal trunks. In the larvee of Aucorethra and Corethrella these tracheal dilations are wholly absent ; they would be superfluous in aon THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. these larvee which live mostly at the water-surface. Air vesicles of this character occur in various degrees of development in Culicine larva. In the larvee of ansonia signifer and M. fascipes they represent a condition very similar to that in Corethra. Miss Mitchell objects to the placing of Dixa with the Culicide, and one of her reasons is that ‘‘ the antenne of the adults are almost bare, and are quite similar in the two sexes.” In another place I have already shown that Miss Mitchell’s startlingly simple classification of the Culicide according to antennal characters* resulted from her ignorance of the facts.° It may be further pointed out that in the Chironomidz the same condi- tions are found. In most of the genera the male antenne are plumose, but in a few they are similar to those of the female. It does not appear that these conditions have anything to do with the grouping of the genera. The larval characters of Dixa enumerated by Miss Mitchell as of family value, cannot be conceded such importance. The segmentation of the thorax is fairly distinct in the Culicid larve. As to the prolegs, although I have no material at hand, I am strongly under the impression that their number differs in the different species, if, indeed, they may not be absent altogether. ‘Miss Mitchell indicates them on the. first and second abdominal segments. Meinert’s figure of the larva of Dixa shows them on the fifth, sixth and seventh segments as well.° The characteristic proleg on the first thoracic segment of most Chironomide is familiar to all students. It is present in most genera of Chironomide, but there are some in which it is wholly absent. Are these to be excluded from the family ? Moreover, a series of prolegs, similar to those of Déxa, occurs in the larva of the Chironomid Psamathiomyia. Miss Mitchell describes the pupa Diva as the implica- tion being that they differ markedly from the Culicidee. In a species which the writer bred the pupz were just as ‘‘inactive” as those of Culicids, and, like them, when disturbed made rapidly for the bottom. In another species which the writer bred the larva leaves the water to pupate, and the a3 ” inactive, floating quietly on the surface, pupa remains attached to a blade of grass and motionless, some distance above the water surface. 4. E. G. Mitchell : Validity of the Culicid subfamily Deinoceritinze. Psyche, XIV, 11-13, 1907. 5. F. Knab: Deinocerites again. ‘Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XV, 121-123, 1907. 6. Fr, Meinert: De encephale Myggelarver, pl. IV, 1886. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 353 In defence of her subfamily Psorophorine, Miss Mitchell states that it is based chiefly on characters of the early stages. Herewith I quote her characterization of the subfamily, adding after each item the genera or species that show the same characters. It may be stated that only a few promising forms have been drawn upon for comparison. ‘* PSOROPHORIN.” 1. “ LARV& insectivorous, their mouth-parts fitted for seizing and tearing.” —Psorophora, Anopheles Barberi, Megaxhinus (including Anky- lorhynchus and Toxorhynchites), Lutzia, Sabethes, Lesticocampa. * 2. “ MOUTH-BRUSHES a few appressed plates, heavily pectinate along the entire inner margin, and directed obliquely backward beneath head or held out at right angles to it.”—The units of the mouth-brushes of Psorophora can hardly be termed ‘‘a few”—there are fifty or more of them in each brush. In Megarhinus, which Miss Mitchell perhaps confused with Psorophora, there are from g-12 units ; Zutzia holds an intermediate position in this respect. All intergrades occur in the matter of pectination. . 3. MAXILL@ trapezoidal, with many curved spines, a few short hairs.” —Psorophora, Lutzia, Limatus. 4. ‘“ LATERAL COMB of mandible a few heavy, immovable spines, their base almost at right angles with top of mandible.’ —Psorophora, Lutzia. ; 5. ‘© MARGINAL COMB of mandible absent.”—Psorophora (in part !), Anopheles Barberi, Lutzta, Megarhinus, Lesticocampa, Joblotia. 6. “ BrrinG part very large.” —Psorophora, Anopheles Barberi and other species, Alegarhinus, Lutzia, Joblotia, Limatus. 7. ‘““ANTENNH near middle of sides of head, eyes near posterior margin.’”—These characters are present in a more or less pronounced degree in many mosquito larvze. 8. **Pupa with anal flaps as broad as long.”—This is incorrect. Measurement of a number of specimens shows them to be about one-third longer than broad. g. ‘“‘ ADULTs with femora and tibize bearing many outstanding scales irregularly and thickly arranged around them, never a fringe. Wing-scales narrow.”—The outstanding scales of the legs are evanescent or absent in certain species of Psorophora. Enough has already been said on the subject of wing-scales. Or vs THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. A NEW BEE OF THE GENUS ANTHOPHORA. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLO. Professor R. H. Forbes, of the University of Arizona, writes me under the date of Feb. 15, 1907: ‘' While waiting for the train at Maricopa (Arizona) I became interested in a bee which was _ busy depositing honey in cells in the ground, leaving an egg in each cell. The workings of this bee were as deep as seven inches, often branched into two to five separate tunnels, and each branch had from one to three or four cells of honey, one above the other. When a set of cells was finished the bee would kick the loose dirt into the tunnel until full, then seal it with mud. Iam sending you specimens of bees, grubs and honey cells containing eggs. What is the name of this most entertaining bee ?” Upon examination, it proves to be a new species of Anthophora. Anthophora Forbesi, n. sp. ?.—Length about 15 mm., width of abdomen a little over 6%, length of anterior wing 11. Black, with dull white or creamy-white hair ; hair of front white, with a few black hairs intermixed, of vertex black, of occiput white, of cheeks white, of thorax above white with many black hairs intermixed ; hair on inner side of anterior tarsi a sort of dull sepia ; on inner side of middle and hind tibiz and basitarsi black, contrasting with the creamy-white on the outer side ; abdomen broad, not at all metallic ; the hind margins of the segments rather broadly whitish, hyaline—not chalky, covered by quite dense white hair-bands ; hair of surface between the bands erect, only conspicuous in side view, wholly white except a very little short black hair at basal middle of third ; tufts of black hair above and on each side of the long narrow apical plate. Superficially, the insect looks just like 4. Washingtoni, Ckll., except that it is more robust. ‘The third antennal joint is only a little longer than the following four together, being less long and slender than that of Washingtont. The eyes are perfectly black, in Washingtoni they are green. A. Washingtoni also has conspicuous black hair on abdominal segments 3 to 5, wanting in Forbes?. The clypeus of Forbesi has a broad smooth shining median band, wanting in Washingtont. The earthen cells are 21 mm. long, and about 14% broad, formed as usual in the genus. The drawing of the burrow, sent by Prof. Forbes, shows that it is vertical. There is no indication of the usual chimney-like structure. October, tgo7 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ooo NOTES ON THE PREDACEOUS HABIT OF POL/ISTES RUBIGINOSUS, ST. FARGEAU. BY A. A. GIRAULT, PARIS, TEXAS. At 2.30 p.m., June 20, 1904, the day clear and warm, I was in a small cornfield near the outskirts of Paris, Texas, searching the ears fur full-grown larve of the cotton boll-worm, /e/iothis obsoleta, Fabricius. The infested ears were stripped back or husked, and the full-grown worms taken out, leaving the younger Jarve in their places. While passing along one of the rows previously examined, a female rubiginosus was frightened and flew up from near the ground, from one of the husked ears attached to a prostrate corn-plant; she dropped a boll-worm in instar 1V. Upon my remaining motionless she returned to the ground near the corn ear, and began to hunt for the larva which had been dropped ; it was in full sight near the ear of corn, but the wasp did not succeed in finding it in the time allowed. In the meantime I had taken one of the full-grown larve from the box in my hand and placed it on the ear, which it began to attack, working its way down in between the rows of grain. The Polistes crawled over this larva several times in the course of its search for the first one, but without discovering it. Another full-grown Jarva was then placed on the corn-ear, and crawling up the side of the ear happened to meet the wasp coming from the other direction. The two met on the top of the ear of corn, both moving rapidly, and without the slightest apparent hesitation the wasp literally pounced upon the larva’s back, and both rolled to the ground several inches below. The boll-worm wriggled and squirmed its body violently, and bit at the wasp fiercely with its jaws, but the latter was more powerful and bit the larva more effectively, making several bad wounds in the ventum of the abdomen, through which a mass of viscera oozed. When thus injured the larva was practically defeated, but the wasp continued to inflict wounds with its jaws at various points on its body, until it had apparently succumbed. The actions of the Polistes thus far indicated nothing more than that it was very hungry and had captured food, and its rapidly-working jaws heightened this effect, However, grasping the limp body of the boll- worm with its jaws and fore legs, and keeping the remaining pairs of legs well spread out for support, the wasp began to girdle the body of the larva by eating or biting (apparently the former) around one of the mid-body October, 1907 356 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. segments. It was nervous the whole time and appeared to be very much excited, but as the two halves of the body were nearly severed it seemed to get almost frantic, biting and tugging desperately at the joining shreds of viscera until they parted. The cephalic half of the larva’s body was then grasped and worked with the jaws until it became round, and the wasp then made an attempt to carry it off, but without success. It was then reduced in size, by severing with the jaws into halves again, the insect showing the same frantic movements as before. The morsel reduced to a convenient size, the mother wasp climbed and reclimbed a nearby corn-plant, until it finally reached a point from which it could safely launch itself into the air. It arose heavily, flew in about eight concentric circles, with the morsel of meat grasped in its legs, then arose obliquely about twenty-five feet, and flew away in a straight south-westerly direction until lost from view. When first attacking the caterpillar the sting was held in a threaten- ing attitude, but was not used as far as could be seen. The younger larva dropped by the wasp bore a large wound in the second thoracic segment ; it was not dead, but limp and helpless. The predaceous habits of this species are well known, and they have often been recorded as active enemies of many of our injurious insects. Their nests are especially abundant in the corn and cotton fields of Texas, and they doubtless destroy many larvee which feed exposed on the foliage, and any others which, though internal feeders, may become exposed during their lifetime, through chance or otherwise. Other females of this species of Polistes have been observed to catch boll-worm larve exposed as in the foregoing, and strip the integument from their bodies and then chew the whole into a roundish mass of meat and carry them off to their nests. ‘These larve, however, were younger. THE ANNUAL MEETING of the Entomological Society of Ontario will be held in the Biological building at the Ont. Agricultural College, Guelph, on Thursday, Oct. 31, and Friday, Nov. 1. The sessions will begin on the afternoon of the former day, and be continued during the day following. The Wellington Field Naturalists’ Club will hold its annual meeting on Saturday, Nov. 2, and hopes that all in attendance will remain over that day. Popular addresses under the auspices of both Societies will be given on the Thursday and Friday evenings. Members intending to be present will please notify the Secretary at their earliest convenience, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLUGIST. 357 THE BOSTON MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. Taking advantage of a time and place when many entomologists and other zoologists would be gathered together to attend the Seventh Inter- national Zoological Congress, and to supplement for those interested in entomology, the very interesting session of that Congress, a meeting of the Entomological Society of America was held in Boston during the week commencing August rgth. On Tuesday afternoon, August 20, about 50 members of the Society, as guests of Mr. A. H. Kirkland, were taken in special cars to Saugus,. where they were shown the details of the campaign against the Gypsy and Brown-tail moths. The operations directed towards the control of these pests by means of the importation of parasites were of especial! interest. On the evening of the 22nd a meeting was held in the room of the Boston Society of Natural History, at which the following 53 persons. were in attendance : Members: Prof. John Barlow, Kingston, R. I.; Rev. Prof. C. J. S. Bethune, Guelph, Ont.; Mr. William Beutenmuller, N. Y. City ; Mr. C. V. Blackburn, Stoneham, Mass.; Mr. J. C. Bradley, Ithaca, N. Y.; Mr. A. F. Burgess, Boston; Mr. Erich Daecke, Philadelphia, Pa.; Mr. N. S. Easton, Fall River, Mass.; Mr. J. H. Emerton, Boston; Mr. G. P. Englehardt, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Prof. C. H. Fernald and Prof. H. T. Fernald, Amherst, Mass.; Mr. W. L. W. Fielde, Boston ; Mr. C. A. Frost, South Framingham, Mass.; Mr. F. Haimbach, Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. J. Headlee, Durham, N. H.; Mr. E. F. Hitchings, Waterville, Me.; Dr. W. J. Holland, Pittsburg, Pa.; Mr. C:. W. Johnson, Boston; Prof. V. T. Kellogg, Palo Alto, Cal.; Prof. Trevor Kincaid, Seattle, Wash.; Mr. F. E. Lutz, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.; Mr. H. H. Lyman, Montreal; Mr. B. P. Mann and Mr. C. T. Marlatt, Washington, D. C.; Prof. A. P. Morse, Wellesley, Mass.; Mr. H. H. Newcomb, Boston ; Prof. Herbert Osborn, Columbus, O.: Prof. R. C. Osburn, New York; Miss Edith M. Patch, Orono, Me.; Dr. H. M. Russell, Winchendon, Mass.; Prof. E. D. Sanderson, Durham, N. H.; Dr. Henry Skinner, Philadelphia, Pa ; Prof. J. B. Smith, New Brunswick, N. J.. Mr. F. M. Webster, Washington ; Dr. Wm. M. Wheeler, New York. Visitors: Dr. G. Horvath, Buda-Pesth ; Prof. N. J. Kusnezov, St. Petersburg, Russia; Prof. G. A. Severin, Bruxelles; Dr. H. Heymons, October, 1907 358 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Berlin ; Mr. F. Bates; Prof. and Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell, Boulder, Colo.; Mr. E. C. Cotton, Knoxville, Tenn.; Mr, W. F. Fiske, Washington ; Mr. J. Arthur Harris, St. Louis, Mo.; Mr. G. V. Pinder, New York; Mr. L. R. Reynolds, Boston ; Mr. A. C. Sampson, Sharon, Mass.; Mr. L. W. Swett, Bedford, Mass.; Mr. A. G. Weeks, Boston ; Mr. R. K. Wolcott, Lincoln, Neb.; Mr. Chas. Zeleny, Bloomington, Ind. The following were in Boston during the meetings: Dr. R. Blanchard, Paris, France, Mr. R. H. Johnson, Cheney, Wash.; Dr..H. G. Dyar, Washington, D. C.; Mr. J. Martin, New York State ; Dr. L. O. Howard, Washington, D. C-; Mr. J. E. Bates, Whitman, Mass.; Mr. E. H. Forbush, Malden, Mass.; Mr. H. C. Weeks, Gilman, N. Y.; Prof. A. F. Conradi, College Station, Texas; Mr. A. H. Kirkland, Boston ; Mr. S. Henshaw, Cambridge, Mass.; E. A. Goeldi, Para, Brazil; Mr. W. Wirtner, Penn. Station, Pa. In the absence of Prof. Comstock, the President, and Dr. Fletcher, the First Vice-President, Dr. Skinner, the Second Vice-President, took the chair. In opening the session, he welcomed, on behalf of the Society, the foreign and other visitors who were present. Like all new movements, he said, the new Society had at first met with some opposition on the part of those who failed to see the advantages to be derived from it. But only by trying can we hope to ascertain its possibilities for good. He believed the Society was an expression of the steadily increasing interest in entomology, and felt that the number who had enrolled as members, now over 400, and the eagerness with which membership had been sought, was a very convincing proof of the demand for the organization He believed firmly in its utility, and wished it great success and long continuance. The Secretary announced that the following persons had been elected Honorary Fellows of the Society: Ezra Townsend Cresson, Philadel- phia ; Samuel Hubbard Scudder, Cambridge ; William. Harris Ashmead, Washington; William Henry Edwards, Coalburg, W. Va.; Philip Reese Uhler, Baltimore; Henry Christopher McCook and Henry. Ulke, Philadelphia. The Secretary further announced that the following had been elected Fellows of the Entomological Society of America: John Merton Aidrich, Moscow, idaho; Wm. Beutenmuller, New York ; Philip Powell Calvert, Philadelphia; Daniel William Coquillett and MHarrison Gray Dyar, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 359 Washington; Jas. H. Emerton, Boston; Charles Henry Fernald, Amherst, Mass.: Stephen Alfred Forbes, Urbana, IIl.; Samuel Henshaw, ‘Cambridge, Mass.; Andrew Delmar Hopkins and Leland Ossian Howard, Washington ; Vernon Lyman Kellogg, Palo Alto, Cal.; Henry H. Lyman, Montreal; James George Needham, Ithaca; William Saunders, Ottawa, and Eugene A. Schwarz, Washington. The original Fellows, elected at the first meeting, which was held in New York in December last, are: John Henry Comstock, Ithaca ; James Fletcher, Ottawa; Henry Skinner, Philadelphia ; Charles J. S. Bethune, ‘Guelph ; Charles Willison Johnson, Boston ; Herbert Osborn, Columbus, ‘Ohio ; John B. Smith, New Brunswick, N. J.; Francis Marion Webster, Washington ; William Morton Wheeler, New York. The whole number of Fellows is thus 25, which is the limit laid down by the Executive Committee. Prof. Osborn, on behalf of the Publication ‘Committee, announced that it did not seem desirable to take over any existing journal, to publish anything that would occupy the field of any existing journal, or to make any of the current periodicals the official organ of the Society. It might, however, prove desirable to undertake sooner or later a dignified series of publications in the form of “Annals” or “Memoirs,” which would be distinctly creditable to American entomology. The President invited the foreign entomologists who were present to address the meeting, calling upon Dr. Horvath, of Buda-Pesth ; Prof. Kusnezov, St. Petersburg; Prof. Heymons, Berlin, and Prof. Severin, Bruxelles, each of whom responded with a few words of kindly greeting to ‘the new Society. Dr. Holland, who had been asked to bear the greetings of the Society to Dr. Scudder, gave an account of his interview with the venerated invalid, and told of the pleasure which his message of love and respect had afforded. Dr. Scudder desired him to “‘thank the Society from the fulness of his heart for having remembered an old man, now almost a shadow of his former self.” Dr. Bethune expressed the thanks of the Society to their entertainers in Boston, and especially the Cambridge Entomological Club. Dr. J. B. Smith proposed that the thanks of the meeting should be given to Mr. Kirkland for the delightful opportunity he had afforded them for observing the experiments now being carried on at Saugus. The motion was very heartily concurred in. 360 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Dr. J. B. Smith read a paper entitled ‘‘SSome Unrecognized Sexual Characters of Noctuide.” The males of many Noctuids have character- istic hair-tufts and hair pencils on the legs, and these reach their extreme development in the Deltoid series. Many other Noctuids have pencils, brushes and scale-tufts concealed in abdominal cavities, and of these little or nothing has heretofore been known. A few of the principal forms were shown on slides. Mr. J. Chester Bradley read ‘‘A case of gregarious sleeping habits. among Aculeate Hymenoptera.” In the San Joaquin Valley in California a large number of sleeping Hymenoptera were observed gathered into clusters. But each cluster contained only a single species, and there were nine species represented in all. Prof. F. M. Webster spoke on ‘‘Parasitism of Toxoptera.” Draw- ings were exhibited, showing the movements of the larva when parasitizing, which caused the body of the host to assume a characteristic globose shape. Mr. Bradley read ‘‘The Evolution of the Wings of Evantide.” The wings of this family portray in a remarkable manner the progress of evolution. From a relatively complex venation we find gradual steps through various degrees of atrophy, resulting in the almost com- plete Joss of venation. The paper was discussed by Dr. Holland and Prof. Kellogg. The meeting then adjourned to a very enjoyable smoker in the. Grundman Studios, at which the Society and its visitors were the guests of the Cambridge Entomological Club.—J. CHESTER BRADLEY, Secretary- Treasurer. JAMAICAN HemiIpTERA.—In the Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences (Vol. viii, No. 5, 1907, pp. 1-77), Mr. E. P. Van Duzee gives a report on a collection of Hemiptera that he made in Jamaica during a short visit in March and April, 1906. Though climatic and other difficulties were great, heavy rains and tropical heat alternating in rendering out-door work at times impossible, he was able to procure speci- mens of 236 species, of which 85 are new to science, and among them are representatives of no less than ten new genera; a large proportion of these forms are described in this paper. The Capsidz collected were submitted to Dr. O. M. Reuter, of Helsingfors, who has described as new seven genera, 29 species and two varieties from the material submitted to him. Students of the order will welcome this valuable contribution to its literature, in which are to be found many critical notes on species already known, as well as the descriptions of new forms. The paper is rendered all the more interesting and acceptable by the excellent portrait of the author which forms its frontispiece. Mailed October 5th, 1907. CAN. ENT., VOL. XXXIX. 10. A FOSSIL BUTTERFLY—CHLORIPPE WILMATTAE, CKLL. ' he = wanadiay Fontomalagist VoL. XXXIX. LONDON, NOVEMBER, 1907. Noli, ASEBOSSIL BU LTEERELY OF THE GENUS CHLORIPPE: BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO. Among the interesting specimens found in the miocene shales of Florissant, Colorado, is a well-preserved butterfly, collected by my wife. It shows the head and thorax, one antenna, and the anterior wings, all well preserved. The study of it has raised some questions as to the evoiution of the markings and wing-form in ChZorippe and its allies, and I venture to hope that a statement of these may produce some fruitful discussion. Chlorippe Wilmatte, n. sp. Expanse, 64 mm.; length of anterior wing, 30 mm.; antenne about ™3 mm., gradually broadening apically, the club not at all abrupt ; about 4 mm. may be considered to be club, but it is hard to say where it begins. Palpi well developed, apparently as in Ch/orippe. Thorax robust, dark. Wings with the outline about as in C. adicia, ¢, but the apical point between the radials is sharper and longer, being quite suggestive of that part in Vanessa, and exactly agreeing with the same structure in the South American Chlorippe sultana 6g; wing as preserved . pale sepia brown, with whitish spots, these latter corresponding to those in Chlorippe, in a general way, but differing in the arrangement. In the apical field the spots are small and round ; the three outer ones, instead of forming the corners of a triangle, are arranged ina line, which is slightly curved outwards, and parallel with the outer margin. On the other hand, the three inner ones, which in Ch/orippe form a curved or oblique line or band, are so arranged that the two lower are close together, one above the other, while-the third or upper is far basad, the interval between the upper and middle one being about the same as that between the middle inner and corresponding outer. The four large spots in the median interspaces are all very distinct, 2 mm. or over in diameter ; none of them are ocelli. In modern Ch/orippe the upper inner one is usually quite small, but in the fossil it is large like the lower, and is so placed that a line drawn through the two inner ones points almost accurately to the apex of the wing. Of the spots between the median and submedian yeins, both are somewhat diffused, though distinct, and the outer is 362 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. placed directly beneath the lower outer one of the median interspaces, instead of basad of it as in modern Chlorippe. The inner is also shifted more apicad, forming a large patch beneath the inner lower one of the median interspaces. There is no pale marginal line or band. The venation agrees with that of Ch/orippe, with the same open cell. The cell is about 16 mm. long, thus reaching beyond the middle of the wing. Florissant, Station 21 (hil! south of the sawmill), July, 1907 (W. P. Cockerell). With regard to the wing-form, it is noteworthy that it resembles more that of Vanessa than that of the modern North American Chlorippe, but it agrees well with the South American C. sutana, Foetterle. The markings, however, are much nearer to those of the North American species. Modern Ch/oripfe shows a noteworthy sexual difference in wing-form, the males possibly approximating to the older type, if we are justified in regarding the fossil as a representative of such. Since the North and South American species of Ch/orifpe differ very strongly, we are naturally led to ask which is on the whole the older, and where did the genus originate? ‘The fossil certainly is not decisive upon this point, and I do not pretend to offer a definite opinion. Assuming, however, that such a species as C. sz/fana represents an early type of Chlorippe, certain things follow in an interesting manner. Taking such a species as Vanessa 7-album, we find that the markings of the anterior wings take the form of three oblique, parallel, more or less broken bands. These bands may be traced in many Nymphalide ; thus, in /unonia cenia the middle one is especially prominent. Now, in Chlorippe sultana, or rather in the variety or allied species, favorita, Foetterle, we find these bands all very distinctly represented by rows of white spots, the first and third by two each, the middle one by five. If this is a primitive condition, what has happened in the evolution of the North American species ? The first or apical band remains unaltered, except that the lower spot is often an ocellus. ‘The second is broken by the shifting of the three upper spots to form somewhat of a crescent, while the two lower spots are no longer obiique, but one above the other. Moreover, a new spot has appeared, just above the first of the two lower, and the three form a straight line parallel with the margin. The lowermost is usually an ocellus. ‘The inner band is modified by the intrusion of the fulvous base of the wing, and has some additional spots. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 363 In the fossil we find : (1) The first band is parallel with the margin, not oblique, thus differing from the living forms. (2) The second band has the uppermost spot shifted even more out of place than inthe N. American species ; but the third spot is nearly over the fourth, so that the continuity of the band is fairly evident. The whole band, however, is not nearly so oblique as in C. su/tana. (3) The inner band consists of three spots, the middle large one being quite absent in C. sw/tana, but present in the N. American species. (4) In the recent N. American species the small spot in the middle of the wing looks like part of the innermost band; it is wholly absent in C. sultana. In C. Wilmatte, however, it is very large, and entirely out of the line of the inner band ; appearing, on any theory of the derivation of the spots from three bands, as an extra and unexplained character. When, however, we turn to such a speciesas uasilarchia Lorguini, we find this spot coming in quite naturally as part of the great white transverse band ; and the breaking of this band to form the median oblique band is seen in Heterochroa Californica. Among the fossil butterflies known from Florissant, Ch/lorippe Wilmatte is most like Lithopsyche styx, Scudder. I compared it carefully with the type of the latter, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and they are evidently not closely allied. The markings cf the Lithopsyche differ in many details. THE COLLETIDZ OF SOUTHERN MAINE. BY JOHN H. LOVELL, WALDOBORO, MAINE. Colletes compactus, Cr. 1868—Colletes compacta, Cr. ¢ $, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 12:166. 1879—Colletes compacta, Patton. 2 ¢, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 20:1 42. Female specimens taken on Solidago Sept. 7 to 18, and on Aster puniceus, Sept. 12. This species and C. armatus and C. americanus have been collected only late in August or in September. November, 1907 . 364 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Colletes inaequalis, Say. 1837—Colletes inaequalis, Say. @ ¢, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist, 1:391. 1859—Colletes inaequalis, Leconte, ed. of Say’s Writ., 2:770. 1868—Colletes propinqua, Cr. @? ¢, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., TeoC Oc! 1879—Colletes inaequaiis, Patton. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 20:1 42. One female specimen on Salix, May 7, 1905. Colletes armatus, Patton. 1868—Colletes' inaequalis, Cr. (not Say). @, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H., 12:166. 1879—-Coiletes armata, Patton. @ ¢, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 20:143. 1891—Colletes spinosa, Robt. @ ¢, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 18:60. Female taken on Solidago, Aug. 25 to Sept. 3; male on Solidago, Aug. 20 to 28. Colletes americanus, Cr. 1868—Colletes americana, Cr. @ ¢, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., eNO 1879—Colletes americana, Patton. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 20:1 42. Female on Aster puniceus, Sept. 12; male on Solidago, Aug. 13, to 28, and Eupatorium perfoliatum, Aug. 24. A widely-distributed species. Reported also from Illinois and New Mexico. Mr. Myron H. Swenk has kindly examined specimens of the species enumerated in this paper and furnished the following description : Colletes mesocopus, Swenk, n. sp.—@. Length, 8-9'% mm. Clypeus convex, shining, coarsely and irregularly striato-punctate. Front dull, crowded with coarse shallow punctures and thinly-clothed with short gray hair. Vertex closely double punctured, bare on sides, medially and the occiput with erect, grayish hair. Cheeks with sparse, coarse, but weak, punctures and thin ochreous-gray hair, except on extreme sides above, where it is thin and black. Malar space about one-fourth as long as broad. Antenne short, wholly black, joint 3 decidedly exceeding 4, almost = 4+ 5. Prothoracic spine short, sharp and distinct. Meso- thorax with small, sparse, rather weak punctures, coarser on posterior margin, the disk with a large polished impunctate area. Scutellum i a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 365 coarsely closely punctured posteriorly, anteriorly sparsely so. Postscutel- lum finely roughened. Superior face of metathorax well defined, divided into subquadrate, shining, regular pits, the enclosure funnel-shaped, polished, the areas surrounding it opaque and weakly, irregularly rugose. Mesopleura punctured similarly to, but coarser than the dorsal surface, the tubercles impunctate and polished. Pubescence of thorax thin, erect, dull gray, strongly tinged with ochreous on dorsum. Wings darkened, the nervures and stigma black. Tegule black. Legs rather stout, black, entirely clothed with stiff yellowish-white hair, very dense on inner surface of legs, the tarsal tufts reddish. Claws rufous, medially toothed. Tibial spurs very short, dark, quite simple. Anterior coxz with no indication of a spine. Abdomen short, oval, polished, the basal segment subim- punctate, following ones very finely, indistinctly punctured. Apical margins of segments 1-4 feebly depressed, of 1-5 with broad, loose, white fasciz. Basal segment with sparse, long, white hair, the disks of 2-6 with erect black bristles, very long and abundant on 3-5. Ventral segments rand 2 with a dense, erect, polleniferous scopa, concolorous with that of posterior legs, 3 and 4 with similar dense apical fringes, 5 and 6 with black bristles. f. lLength,8 mm. Clypeus covered with long, dense ochreous- gray hair, contrasting with the pure gray hair on rest of face, no black hair on cheeks ; antenne long, joint 3 = 4, following joints one-third longer than wide ; pubescence of thorax long and abundant, pure dull gray ; basal abdominal segment sparsely, weakly punctured ; segment 2 with long white hair, like on 1; 3-6 with black bristles, no ventral scopa ; claws subapically cleft; mo definite prothoracic spine. Otherwise essentially like the ?. Types.—Waldoboro, Maine, July 9, 1905, No. 3721, 9; July 11, 1907, on Kalmia angustifolia, No. 4235, 6. J. H. Lovell, collector. Paratypes.—Waldoboro, Maine, July 9, 1905, No. 3724; July 5 on hose humiliss¢Now1ro31, 9 ; July, 1904, No. 2607, 9. This species is very distinct. Its nearest ally is C. hyalinus, Provancher, but it differs from that species in the punctuation of the mesothorax and other details. Mr. Lovell informs me that this bee is a frequent visitor of Kalmia angustifolia, but only rarely visits the rose. 366 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. NEW COCCIDA FROM CALIFORNIA. BY O. E, BREMNER, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Aspidiotus densifiore, n. sp.—(Fig. 20.) Puparium of female snow- white in colour, varying in form from round to sub-oval, according to position on the’leaf, and slightly convex. Exuvie situated a little to one side of the centre. First larval skin light yellow, second nearly white. Length, 1% to 2 mm. Male puparium much smaller than the female (r mm.), snow-white in colour and oval in form. Length of scale on slide, 1.3 mm. Two pair of well-developed lobes notched on the outer margin, both are similar in form, the median being half larger than the second pair. Median lobes thickened on in- ner edges with a chiti- nous extension to and surrounding the anal orifice. Plates promi- nent, extending to the end of lobes. A pair of trifurcate plates be- tween median lobes. A pair cf four-toothed furcate plates between median and lateral lobes. In the depression after the lateral lobes are three pairs of large plates with a number of teeth, the third is largest, and usually has six teeth. Very few spines; one at the base of each lobe, another shortly after the last plate, and one quite distant along the margin. Dorsal pores prominent. Five groups of cir- cumgenital gland orifices; median one sometimes lacking ; anterior laterals, 5 to 6; posterior laterals, 3 to 5. Anal orifice rather large and remote from the margin. Larve pale yellow. Antennee 5-jointed ; sth segment longer than all the.others com- F'6- 21—Antenna of larva of Asp. bined, ringed with a stout median bristle and three more at the tip ; joint 2 equal to 3+4, 3 and four equal. Formula November, 1907 Fic. 20.—Aspidiotus densiflore. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 367. 5, 2, 1 (3, 4). (Fig. 21.) A pair of well-developed lobes notched on the outer side ; two very long hairs and two short spines between the lobes. Collected by the author on the under side of leaves of Quercus densiflora in Mendocino County, California. Aspidiotus yulupe, n. sp.—(Fig. 22.) Puparium of female round and quite convex. Black in colour, but often appearing gray when partly, or in some cases completely, covered by the epidermal tissues. Exuvie are in the centre of the scale, and are pink in colour, with a grayish central spot. Length of largest specimens, 1 mm. The males are not distinguishable from the females, having the same colour and form. Length of scate on slide, .64 mm.; width, .46 mm. One pair of Fic. 22.—Aspidiotus yulupe. well-developed lobes, with a deep notch on the outer side; second and third pairs of lobes rudimental, and showing no indications of chitin after boiling in K. O. H.; ‘second with a groove on the outer side, and third with a groove in centre. Very few plates, a short curved one and a large one with four teeth between the first and second lobes ; a long plate with branched end and a stout one with three teeth between the second and third lobes. Marginal spines quite prominent. One at the outer base of first lobe ; one at the centre and one at the base, just below the notch of second lobe ; one at centre, and just below the groove of the third lobe ; one pair of spines near the middle of the segment, and one pair near the cephalic margin. Dorsal pores prominent, but not numerous. There are no groups of circumgenital gland orifices ; anal orifice small and remote from the margin. 368 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Collected by the author on Quercus dobata, Yulupa Valley, Sonoma County, California. Odonaspis graminis, n. sp.—(Fig. 23.) This coccid is found on the roots of grass, and is very easily detached from the host plant. It has much the appearance of a clam, ranging in form from mytiliform to round, and is dirty-white in colour, and 1 to 1% mm. in size. The exuvia is at one side, and at the anterior extremity is glossy straw-coloured. The Fic. 23.—Odonaspis graminis. ventral scale is nearly as well developed as the dorsal, and has what appears to be the ventral half of the exuvia at the anterior end. The scales may be pried apart much the same as you would open a clam. The adult female is oval in form and yellow incolour. The segments are distinct and chitinized at the margins with groups of dorsal pores. There is a group of glands around each of the openings of the anterior spiracles. The pygidium is broad and strongly chitinized. ‘The lobes are obsolete, and are represented by points in the centre of the suppressed segments. The rudimentary median lobe is more pronounced than the others, with a groove in the centre. ‘There are two spines at each side of the median segment and one on each of the second and third suppressed segments. ‘I'here are no groups of circumgenital gland orifices. The dorsal pores are numerous and regularly placed,a double line at the margin and a single line on each side of the segments. The anal aperture is situated at some distance from the extremity. Habitat—This species was collected by E. M. Ehrhorn on the roots of grass from the Presidio Hills, San Francisco, California, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 369 NOTES ON THE BREPHIDA.. BY JOHN B. SMITH, SC. D., NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. The family 2rephide as it stands in our lists contains only five species in two genera, Brephos, Ochs., and Leucobrephos, Grt., the latter described by Mr. Grote in the Can. Enr., XV, p. 55, 1883, although first used, without description, in the Buff. Bull., II, 53, nine years previously: Of the species referred to Lrephos, only one, énfans, Moeschl., is known in collections; the two species, me/ants and californicus, described by Boisduval in his Lepidoptera of California in the Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., X11, 1869, have remained unknown up to this time. Mr. Grote (1. c.) suggests that they are really Arctians, and I am inclined to agree with him. 1 have tried to identify the species with specimens of Zepfarctia, but my series is not sufficient to quite make it. In the hope that some of the readers of the Can. ENT. may be better off in that genus, I present the following copies of the original descriptions, freely translated : BREPHOS CALIFORNICUS, Bdv. Primaries fusco-cinerous, with three obsolete white macule ; secondaries fulvous, with two black bands. This has the appearance of wotha and fuella, but is smaller. The primaries above are of a grayish-black, with three little white spots, of which one is on the costa ; another, much less pronounced, is toward the apex, and the third forms a small lunule above the internal angle. The secondaries are yellow, a little fulvous, crossed toward the middle by a black band which is constricted and interrupted; and outwardly the border is larger, black, with the fringe yellow. Beneath all the wings are yellow, with two common black bands, The female does not differ from the male except that the antenne are more slender. Found in the spring in the clearings in woods. BREPHOS MELANIS, Bdv. Primaries grayish-fuscous, with two obsolete white marks; secondaries _ black, immaculate. Size and form of the preceding. ‘The primaries are of a grayish- black, with two spots of dirty white, of which one is on the costa and the other, a little smaller, toward the internal angle. The secondaries and the fringe are completely black. Beneath, the primaries are traversed by a broad yellow band. We have seen only males, Lives in the woods. November, 1907 370 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. The particular reason which induced me to look up this matter is that I found among specimens sent me for determination by my good friend and the prince of good fellows, Dr. James Fletcher, a specimen of what appeared to be an Annaphila, which fitted nowhere, and was sufficiently odd in appearance to induce me to examine it more closely. To my surprise I found it a Brephid, utterly unlike any other of our species, and because there is only one, and I know no other like it, I call it BREPHOS FLETCHER], N. sp. Head and body totally black. Primaries sooty-black, with a vague trace of pale marginal and submarginal bands. The fringe is gray, with a black interline. Secondaries yellow, with a rather narrow black border, the inner margin of which is irregular, and a basal black area which extends from one-third the costal margin diagonally to the inner margin just above the anal angle, and does not quite join the outer black border. Beneath yellow ; primaries with blackish marginal borders and an oblique black median fascia ; secondaries with a minute black discai mark, a subbasal narrow blackish band and a narrow biackish terminal band much like that of upper side. Legs black, tarsi white-ringed at the joints ; hair of under side grayish. Expands: 1 inch = 25 mm. Habitat : Coldstream, British Columbia, March 23; taken by Mr. E. M. Anderson. Numbered 1 and 13. The interesting notes on the distribution of Leucobrephos Middendorfi by Dr. Fletcher in the Ottawa Naturalist, induced me to inquire why brephoides, W\k., was no longer found, though both Zeller and Grote had obtained (and redescribed) the species. Dr. Fletcher’s reference to the species was based on my determination, and my determination was based on Moeschler’s work and his record in the Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1883, 117. I was in correspondence with Mr. Moeschler at that time, and he was good enough to send me an example of the Labrador material for study. Before I returned it I secured an excellent photograph, which for many years was the only representative of the species in my collection. ‘Through Dr. Fletcher I finally secured an example of Mr. Criddle’s capture from Aweme, and that might easily have been the original of the photograph made from Moeschler’s example. It was Middendorfi, Moeschler, without doubt; but was it Aliddendorf,, Menetries? Moeschler in his work speaks positively enough: “ Of this a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 370 interesting and in collections yet very rare species I received a clean 9 from southern Labrador.” But he makes no comparisons and no reference to Zeller’s species described 20 years before in the same journal and figured. I determined to make the comparison myself, and did so in the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, where they have a copy of ‘“Schrenk’s Reise.” Sure enough, as I had begun to fear, Middendorf,, Men., was not Moeschler’s species, but a closely-allied representative; and on going further it became equally certain that all these references to Middendorfi really belonged to brephoides, Wik., whichis the only species thus far known to inhabit North America. I am sorry, not because I made a blunder, for it is not the first one I have made, but because I have misled Dr. Fletcher and made him write A/iddendorfi instead of brephotides. OUR SPECIES OF NYCTOBIA, HULST. BY RICHARD F. PEARSALL, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Much confusion exists as to the status of the species, as now they are listed under this genus. In an endeavour to ascertain their true relation- ship, I have been gathering for some years a series which might be truly representative. The past year (1906) I captured a great number of forms in the Catskill Mts. from May 4 to 16, and have before me of both sexes, about evenly divided, 156 good examples. Beside these I have a small series taken by myself in Bronx Paik, N. Y. Co., and another series of 16 from Lackawanna Co., Penn., through the kindness of Mr. Rothke, and one specimen taken on Long Island by Mr. Geo. Englehart, of the Children’s Museum, Bedford Park, in this city. The group from the Cats- kills and those from Bronx Park all constitute one species, though their variations are endless, and come under the name /mitaria, Walk. The other series from Pennsylvania and the single specimen from Long Island, are unquestionably the avgut/ineata, Grote, and are markedly different in arrangement of colour lines, presenting a bluish-black cast, not the brown and pale gray of /7mztarta and its varieties, and the texture of the wings is heavier, with apices more produced. They vary somewhat among them- selves, but preserve their distinctive pattern, so that once known they are easily picked out among any number of the other species. The vertex and front are generally a chalky-white, with a black line crossing below November, 1907 Bo THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. antennz, as mentioned by Grote, and this prevails in all but one of my specimens, not dusky or dark brown, mixed with white, as in Zm/taria. When fresh they are washed and streaked with green, but not in the fantastic fashion of Z7mitarta. From this latter a number of extreme forms may be selected, but they grade into one another ina large series. In his description of Z. vernata (Mono., page 183), Dr. Packard speaks of the snow-white front with black hair-line below antenne, clearly indicating by this and other similarities that he was describing a specimen of anguilineata. Yet he figures (Plate 8, fig. 13) a form of /¢mitaria. Under his reference to angut/ineata (page 184), which is very brief, he says ‘specimens may yet be found connecting Z. vernata with this.” To my mind there is no doubt they are the same, the older name of Grote taking precedence. The type of angut/ineata came, I think, from Pennsylvania, and while single examples have been taken elsewhere, like the Massachusetts specimen, and my own from Long Island, its home centre seems to lie in the mountains of Pennsylvania. In the spring of 1906 I forwarded to Mr. Prout for comparison with Walker’s types in the British Museum, a small lot of //mitavza. He writes of them thus: “ Lobophorata, Walk.; fusifasciata, Walk., and dongipennis, Walk, (all in coll. of Brit. Mus.), are clearly forms of the variable species you call Uimitaria, Walk., and I shall accept your synonymy.” I find also that Prof. Grote, writing in Can. Ent., Vol. 8, p. 152, long ago reached the same conclusion, but at that time overlooked the older name of /zmifaréa. With abundant material before me, I therefore conclude that the species of Vyctobia should be listed as follows : limitaria, Walk. =lobophorata, Walk. = fusifasciata, Walk. =longipennis, Walk. = Cystiopteryx viridata, Grote (Hulst in error). anguilineata, Grote. = vernata, Pack, nigroangulata, Strecker. viridata, Packard. = Agra eborata, Hulst (in error). A word as to viridata, Pack. ‘This is the species upon which Dr. Hulst founded his genus 4g¢a, making it his type. He says in closing : “Very close to JVyctobia, differing mostly in the presence of the THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. si) frenulum.” Since the frenulum is also present in Vycfobéa, there remains no difference whatever, except inits longer palpi, and this does not, in my opinion, warrant generic separation. Ina recent List of Brit. Col. Lepidoptera (Dept. of Agric., B. C., 1906), Rev. G. W. Taylor places this species in the genus Trichopteryx, Hiib., but this is an error. The type of Trichopteryx is carpinata, Bork. (lobudata, Hiib.), in which vein 8 of hind wings is widely separate from cell, but joined to it by a cross bar at end.* In our species vein $ anastomoses with cell its entire length. A NEW PLATA‘A, HER.-SCH. BY RICHARD F. PEARSALL, BBOOKLYN, N. Y. A recent paper on this genus by Rev. Geo. W. Taylor, defines correctly the status of our species, as I believe, and renders unnecessary the publication of a paper I had partially prepared, except as to the addition of the species described herein. Platea lessaria, . sp. Expanse, 22 mm. Head, palpi, antennz, thorax and fore wings a clear pale lavender, the latter with black scales, basally clustered, elsewhere scattering, strigate with brown along costa. The central band is composed of dark brown, nearly black, scales along outline, fading centrally to the ground colour, which surrounds the linear dark brown discal spot. Its inner margin starts from costa one-fourth out, runs outward across cell beyond the base of vein 2, then turns sharply backward and downward to a point half way between vein 1 and cell. Outer margin leaves costa two-thirds out, makes a short curve inward across it, then forms a short broad angle by an outward turn to vein 6, and with a long inward curve reaches a point half way between veins 1 and 2, opposite but a little lower than the inner line; bottom truncate. Around this irregular figure the ground colour is clearer, almost white, gradually darkening submarginally into a broad pale brown line, its outer margin darkest and sharply defined, commencing about one mm. from apex, reaching the anal angle in two broad inward curves, the ‘upper shortest, its course parallel with the outer margin of central figure. Narrow sub- marginal space darkest toward margin. Marginal line rather broad, dark brown. A white line at base of fringe, which is outwardly checkered *See Meyrick, Brit. Lep., page 180, 1895. 374 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. brown and white. Hind wings paler, with a yellowish cast, and a few scattered brown scales. Discal dots small, faint. No other markings. Marginal line faint brown; fringe as ground colour, not checkered. Beneath soiled white, with numerous brown scales, the fore wings some. what yellowish, and having lavender scales distributed apically. Discal dots distinct on all wings. ‘Phe central figure faintly reproduced, as is also the subterminal line, which is extended across hind wings in much the same pattern. Abdomen and legs slender, soiled white. Type, one ¢ taken at San Diego, Calif., July 20, 1906, through my friend, Mr. H. W. Marsden. The smallest of our species, and with the central figure well defined, while preserving the general outline of those of its congeners. THE ARANEINA OF SANTA CLARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. BY KARL R. COOLIDGE, PALO ALTO, CALIF. The fact that so few local lists of Araneina have been published, and their distribution is so little known, except by those who have access to large collections and libraries, has induced the writer to publish the following list. That it is very incomplete, I fully realize, as I have many undetermined species in my collection, and many more will be found by careful collecting. [To make the list as complete as possible, I have included a number of species which I have not taken myself, but which have been recorded by Banks* or are in the Stanford University collec- tion. As the Santa Clara Valley Entomological Society is undertaking a study of the fauna of the salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, I have marked with a dagger those species which have been found there. An asterisk indicates type locality. THERAPHOSID&. Actinoxia versicolor, Simon. Black Mt. Rather common.+ Atypoides Riversi, Cambridge. Rare. “ Californica, Banks, Black Mt. October.* Eurypelma Californica, Banks. DRASSID&. Poecilochroa pacifica, Banks.* CLUBIONID&. Givenna Californica. May. Anyphena sp. (immature) ; may be gracilis, Hentz. 79 *Banks, Proc. Col. Acad. Sou, Vol. 13, 1904. November, 1907 ~I Or (Se) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. AGALENID&. Agalena pacifica, Banks. Black Mt. July.* us Californica, Banks. Black Mt. October.* Tegenaria Derhanii, Scopoli. - Californica, Banks.* DICTYNID&. Dictyna sublata, Hentz. Common in July.t *_-volucripes, Keys. Also common.t Dictyolathys Californica, Banks.* Amaurobius severus, Simon. Rare. THERIDIID&.’ Theridium placens, Keys. July. pf differens, Emerton. Rather common. . fordum, Keys. Linyphia diana, Keys. Rare. i phrygiana, Koch. Common. se communis, Hentz. Not rare. + Latrodectus mactans, Koch. Bathyphantes sp. (pallidula ? Banks). MIMETID&. Mimetus interfector, Hentz. EPEIRIDA. Epeira gemma, McCook. . Abundant. "an paciica, MeCook. ‘© trifolium, Hentz. ‘‘ labyrinthea, Hentz. Fairly common. + ‘*« displicata, Hentz. Plentiful in July.t oacensis, Keys. ‘« aculeata, Emerton. Not rare. ‘* strix, Hentz.. Very common.t “* vulgaris, Hentz. Rather rare. SS pegnia: Zilla Californica, Banks. October and November.* Cyclosa conica, Pallas. Rare. Crytophora Californiensis, Keys, Rather common.} Argiope argentata, Fabr. Rare. ““ transversa, Emerson (trifasciata, Fors.). Gasteracantha hexacantha, Fabr. 376 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. the moth I have hitherto sent to friends as Catoca/a preclara, G. and R., is not that species, but C. f¢7tania, Dodge. As in a long series I am unable to detect any variation, and I do not find the silky lustre on the fore wings which is characteristic of C. preclara, I conclude that this species does not occur here.—E. Firmsrone Heatru, The Hermitage, Cartwright, Manitoba. TETRAGNATHIDA. Tetragnatha extensa, Linn. se laboriosa, Hentz. Rare. Hyptiotes cavatus, Hentz. Scarce. THOMISID. Xysticus Californicus, Keys. May. Uncommon. Coriarachne versicolor, Keys. Misumena vatia, Clerk. a importuna, Keys. very. Ee pictilis, Banks.* Tibellus Duttonu, Hentz. July. oblongus, Walk. Fairly common in September.t Philodromus rufus, Walck. Rather common.+ ge moestus, Banks.* a Californicus, Keys. Rare. LYCOSID&. Lycosa brunneiventris, Banks. Pardosa Californica, Keys. July. “ stemalis? Thor. Common.t OXYOPID. Oxyopes salticus, Hentz. es rufipes, Banks. ATTID&. Phiddipus Johnsoni, Packham. Rather abundant.f opifex, McCook. Dendryphantes octavus, Hentz. Frequent.f seneolus, Curtis. Several specimens. Epiblemum palpilis, Banks.* CaTocaLa TITANIA, Dodge.—Mr. W. Beutenmuller informs me that THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Ob GEOMETRID NOTES, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. BY L. W. SWETT, BEDFORD, MASS. Lupithecita Taylorata, nov. sp.—Expands 22-23 mm. __Discal spots on all wings black and distinct. Palpi rather long with black .scales, antenne ringed minutely with black. Fore wings asli-gray with darker shadings, five dark gray costal patches somewhat diffuse, from which as many wavy lines run across the wing to inner margin; lines are white towards outer margin, shaded heavily with black scales towards body, the first and second basally run in waves to inner margin, the third almost touches black costal spot, broader than the other two, and runs irregularly to inner margin; extra-discal line is heaviest, and is strongly angled beneath costa, where it bends back and runs irregularly to inner margin, beyond this the fifth and last band is bordered on outside by a white zigzag line further in from outer margin than usual in the Hupithecias. The margin of wing is pale ash, fringe pale ash, with dark patches at veins, and shorter than interruptofasciata, its nearest ally. Hind wings have five pale ash bands with darker shadings, extra-discal is most prominent. Beneath: fore wings have three prominent bands, the basal shaded with fuscous to body, extra-discal strongly angled below costa, less waved than above and fainter, runs to inner margin, the marginal band corre- sponds to white zigzag line on upper side, but white shows only faintly beneath, and is not zigzag, rounded to inner margin. Hind wings have four wavy lines—two intra-discal, two extra-discal, heaviest on inner margin, very wavy between veins, dark patch at end of veins in fringe. This resembles superficially interruptofasciata, but is very distinct in its five whitish lines with black shadings and white zig-zag line well in from outer margin. I name this species in honour of my friend, the Rev. G. W. Taylor, who has done so much work in this difficult genus. Type.— g, May 29, 1go1, Sherborn, Mass.; 2, June 20, 1906, Mon- mouth, Me. Eupithecia Frostiata, nov. sp.—Expands 15-18 mm. _ Discal spets black and distinct. Palpi moderate brown-scaled, wings of a reddish- brown cast. Four prominent costal patches, from which as many lines run to inner margin: first line, basal, rounded to inner margin; second parallel to it; third costal patch has white patch bordering it towards outer margin of wing, angled strongly below costa, then continuing in November, 1907 378 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. broken minute dots on veins to inner margin ; then a pale reddish-brown band, outer edge of which is shaded heavily to outer margin of wing, a pale white line runs near outer margin zigzag, but hardly discernible. Fringe rather long and cinereous, with patches at end of veins. Hind wings Jighter basally, with four or five lines broken into dots on veins, rounded across wings, discal spot much smaller and fainter than on fore wings, where it is large and rounded, fringe checkered as on fore wings. Beneath : fore wings paler brown than above, extra-discal bands most noticeable, bent in curves and not dotted on veins as above. Hind wings have three dotted lines, one basal, the other two extra-discal, the marginal one being faintest. This species may be known by its long narrow wings, reddish-brown cast on costa and patches, with large, round discal spot on fore wings. I name this species in honour of Mr. C. A. Frost, who has done much in collecting material from Maine for my New England faunai list of Geometridz, which I hope to publish shortly. Type.— ¢, New Windsor, N. Y. Coll. cf G. W. Taylor. 9, New Windsor, N. Y., April 25, 1895. Co-types.—July 3, Newark, N. Y., W. H. Broadwell; May 18, 1896, New Windsor, N. Y., Miss Morton. I find, in examining the types of Packard’s collection, that Hucyma- toge Strattonata is not anticaria at all, but is a distinct species and is a Eupithecia, so it will stand as Lup. Strattonata in our lists. Aliserulata was evidently unknown to Packard, as he has many species so listed under that name. In studying his collection, I advise all to read over the original descriptions, as many of his labels have been changed, and in some cases the specimens are missing. Eupithecia Grossbeckiata, sp. nov.—Expands 16 to 18 mm.; palpi about 1 mm., extending well beyond head; rough scaled, antenne strongly ciliated beneath. Colour of fore wings light fawn gray. A basal line very faint, but showing plainly by spot on costa, then intra-discal line very plain on costa, fading as it approaches inner margin on vein 2, separated as if broken off, then runs to inner margin. Discal spots prominent, somewhat linear and black. Extra-discal line represented by large spot on costa, then elbows out towards outer margin at vein g. and bends back in gradual curve to vein 2, marked strongly on the veins as dashes ; from vein 2 it runs in two scallops to inner margin. Beyond THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. aH, extra-discal line is a pale broad luteous band, strongly elbowed outwards below costa, running straight to inner margin. This band is bordered on outside by a darker gray band, which has a white finely-scalloped line in middle, Fringe short, gray, with intervenular dots. Hind wings same colour as fore wings, prominent black discal spot, beneath this is a broad confused black line, forming a deep sinus as it runs towards outer margin, the basal line is hardly visible ; the outer margin of wing is dusky-gray. Beneath lighter than above ; three prom- inent costal spots the beginnings of lines, the extra-discal line being very black and confused, outside this the pale yellow band shows very promi- nently. Discal spots on all wings plain as above. Markings on hind wings same as above. This species may be known from all others by its strongly-ciliated antennee, pale yellowish extra-discal band, black, broad discal band and dark brown band on middle of abdomen, also white geminate spots on outer margin. Types.—Two 6’s, July 11 and 14, 1906, Framingham, Mass., Mr. C. Frost, I take pleasure in naming this distinct and easily-recognized species after Mr, J. W. Grossbeck, who has done so much to help us in regard to the Hulst types. Chlorochlamys inveterascaria, nov. sp.—Expands 20mm. Antenne bipectinate, but much shorter and stouter than in ch/oroleucaria; palpi moderate, a little longer and stouter than usual, rose-tipped; hind tibia one spur, hair-pencil. Fore wings long, rather pointed, somewhat resembling Vemoria pistaciata. Hind wings rounded. Colour olive- green, basal line on fore wings runs from costa to inner margin, same as chloroleucaria, extra-discal line whitish, irregular, deep indentation at vein 2, bent back at an angle on.costa. Hind wings same colour as fore wings ; a whitish band extends across middle of wing, rather more rounded than in chloroleucaria. Beneath pale ochraceous-white, no markings discernible, discal dots wanting. Fringe not so long as in chloroleucarta. This species seems to be nearest vo/antaria, Pearsall, but differs in antennal structure, and the extra-discal line is not rounded outwardly, but is bent at an angle at costa ; also, it is not waved, but irregular. It may be told at a glance by the short stout pectinations on the antenne and the extra-discal line. ffab.—Tucson, Arizona, May 11, 1905. Type, one male, 380 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. LEMONIAS QUINO (BEHR), SCUDDER: ITS SYNONYMY AND; ACTUAL STATUS: BY FORDYCE GRINNELL, JR., PASADENA, CALIF. Lemonias Quino (Behr), Scudder, was described in the Proceedings of the California Academy of Science, Vol. III, p. go-91, 1863. Since that time it has been interpreted in every possible way but the correct one. By some curious process of reasoning, the locality was changed to Mendocino county, evidently on the authority of Henry Edwards, and subsequent authors have adopted this conclusion, and tried to identify this species from that locality. Henry Edwards, in describing AZe/itea Baroni and rubicunda, compares the latter with Quzzo, and thinks it might be only a variety of that species ; but W. H. Edwards, in the “ Butterflies of North America,” 3rd series, 1897, says of this, as follows: “ Rudicunda was originally described by Mr. Henry Edwards as possibly but a variety or form of AZ. Quino, Behr. Curiously enough, no one, not even Dr. Behr himself, knows what Quzno is, or was intended to be. The types were lost, and the published description tits no known species or variety. Lt certainly was not what Mr, Edwards understood it to be* when he- compared both Baroni and rubicunda with it. He says of the latter that ‘red is the prevailing tint, and the submarginai bands of secondaries are simply bands of red.’ ” It seems strange that anyone could get the idea that Quznzo was distinguished by its black or dark coloration. Mr. W. G. Wright adopts this in his book, when by a cursory reading of the original description this is zof the case, but the very opposite, it is even not as dark as chatcedon. I have had slight suspicions in regard to Quino, but last spring when speaking with Mrs. Katherine Brandegee, of Berkeley, who has studied quite fully what she took to be Lemonias augusta, Edwards, in the vicinity of San Diego, on the authority of some eastern men, the question of the proper name of the San Diego form came up—whether it was augusta or Quino ; I then resolved to look into this matter fully, and try, if possible, to set students on the right track. Mrs. Brandegee, being occupied with botanical questions, has no time to look into entomological work, but expressed herself as much interested in the true answer to the question. *Italics are mine.-—F. G. November, 1907 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 381 Having had some correspondence with Mr. Wm. S. Wright, of San Diego, I obtained a good, lengthy series of Lemonias augusta, or what he seemed to be pretty well convinced was such a species, evidently on the same authority as that of Mrs. Brandegee. __ As I said before, a cursory reading of the original description cannot possibly make ont Quo, as understood by Hy. Edwards or Wright; and as I do not think that Behr’s description can be improved on, and it has been neglected so long, I will quote it entirely. ‘a, Ae Ouino, Belir, 0: sp: “ VM. chalcedonti similis sed antennz clava discolor, fusca nec concolor antenne reliquz aurantiace. “ Ales supra ut in MZ. chalcedonte sed series macularum submar- ginalium in anticis rubra et marginalium in posticis flava rubro tincta. Series quarta in anticis bifida, fere tota rubra, tertia in posticis omnino rubra. ‘* Ale inferiores subtus ut in JZ. chalcedonte sed fascia flava prope radicem in macule sex dissecta maculaque flava discalis puncto ejusdem coloris extus aucta. “ MWelitea Quino may at once be distinguished by the entirely different and much gayer coloration of the upper side, which much more resembles that of WZ. anicta than J. chalcedon. To the latter species it comes the nearest in the peculiar shape of the wings, so characteristically different in the two sexes. In JZ. anicia this difference exists, but not to the same degree. The yellow part of the under side of the hind wings ts much paler than in M. chalcedon and M.anicia. The yellow radical band is dissolved into six distinct but nearly connected macule. In JZ. chalcedon the band is not interrupted, and only the sixth macula is separated, making part of the yellow coloration of the anal side of the wing. /vom MW. anicia it differs besides in the under side of the fore wings being nearly all of a reddish-brown colour, with scarcely any indication of the markings of the upper side, closely resembling M.chalcedon. From both spectes M. Quino differs in the coloration of the club of the antenne.* “This species I received from Dr. Cooper, formerly of the State Geological Survey, who collected several specimens near San Diego. I have called it Quizo in remembrance of the Californian pioneer, Padre Quino, the first European that ever succeeded in erecting a permanent *Italics in the above description are mine,—F. G, 382 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. settlement in California, and at the same time contributed very consider- ably by his learned writings to a more exact knowledge of these then scarcely discovered regions.” I have a large series of specimens of Zemonias Quino, about twenty- five specimens, received from Mr. W.S Wright, of San Diego, taken near that place. These all agree exactly with the above description, and I have very little to add to Dr. Behr’s excellent diagnosis of Quino, beyond emphasizing the italicized parts. Mr. H. C. Fail has specimens taken on Mt. Roubidoux, near Riverside ; while Mr. Wright figures his augusta from specimens taken near San Bernardino. ‘The types described by Edwards were taken in the foothills near San Bernardino. Augusta 1s a synonym of Quino. My specimens were collected mostly on March 16 of this year (1907). Dr. Behr’s specimens were probably collected along with Synchloe Cooperi, which is a spring species, at San Diego, so his description refers to the spring form. 1 have not seen specimens of later generations, which Mr. Wright refers to as different. Dr. J. G. Cooper, Zoologist of the State Geological Survey of California, under J. D. Whitney, from 1860-1864, explored different parts of California, and was at San Diego 1861-1862, making most of his observations and collections during March and April, 1862. Grinnell & Grinnell, in the Journal of the New York Entomological Society, March, 1907, p. 42, list Zemonzas augusta from the San Bernardino Mountains ; that is an error, the species is Lemonzas anicia (Doubl. & Hewits.), or a very close form thereto. The specimens seem to be typical anicia, and agree exactly with Dr. Behr’s comparisons in the above description ; it is interesting with Cupido Afi/da and Lncisalia eryphon in showing the close faunal relations of the high San Bernardino mountains and the high central Sierras. It is very peculiar that W. G. Wright does not figure or describe azcia from California, as it occurs within a couple of days’ trip from his home, instead of giving a figure of a Colorado form which is not quite typical ; he even goes so far as to say that he does not know it from the ‘“‘ West Coast Territory,” when California is the type locality ! Lemonias Quino is intermediate between anicia and chalcedon, as can be inferred from Dr. Behr’s description. It is related to anzcia by the prevailing red colour, while both cha/cedon and anicia have the entire autenne yellow, including the club; while in Quo the club is mostly THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISE, 389 black, and remainder of the antenne red-brown. W. H. Edwards, in his description of augusta, says, as follows: * belongs to chalcedon group, but is as conspicuously red as the species of chal/cedon is black.” Dr. Behr says practically the same thing of his Qucno; a comparative description like that of Dr. Behr is, to me, of much more use than one that attempts to describe all the complicated markings of these insects. The synonymy, etc., stands thus : Lemonias Quino (Behr), Scudder. Proc. Cal. Acad. of Sci., ITI, p. 90, 1863. Melitea augusta (Edwards), Can. Ent., XXII, 21, 1890. Metlitea augusta (Wright), Butt. of the West Coast, p. 153, pl. XIX, 1905. Melitea augustina (Wright), loc. cit., p. 154. (This is only an individual variation.) Melttea augusta (Holland). Butterfly Book, p. 141, pl. XVI, 1899 (a very lightly marked specimen). Type locality : San Diego, California. Distribution: Lower Sonoran Zone of the San Diegan Faunal District. Food plant: Plantago patagonica (Mrs. Brandegee). Lemonias Quino is, so far as known, limited to the southern half of the San Diegan Faunal District, and extends into Upper Sonoran. Lemontias anicia is an Upper Transition species, while Lemonias chalcedon extends from Lower Sonoran to Lower ‘l'ransition. ACKNOWLEDGMENT.—The Curator, on behalf of the Entomological Society of Ontario, desires to offer its very grateful thanks to Mr. F. H. Wo .Ley Dob, of Millarville, Alberta, for his handsome gift of over two hundred specimens of Lepidoptera. These are for the most part North- western species that were unrepresented in the Society’s collection, and are therefore very welcome and useful accessions. Also to Mr. Cuarves R. Exy, of Washington, D. C., fora generous gift of fifty specimens of Lepidoptera from Connecticut, which are of much value in filling gaps in the Society’s cabinets, 384 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 4 DESCRIPTION’ OF AU?PITAHECIA PLE TCHERATA,Y A GEO: METRID MOTH FROM OTTAWA, NEW TO SCIENCE. BY GEO. W. TAYLOR, WELLINGTON, B. C.* This is one of the broad-winged, medium-sized species of Aupithecia, in wing shape much line Aupithecia latipennis, Hulst (which is quite common in Ottawa in the month of June), but is a triflesmaller. Expanse, 21.mm. Palpi of moderate length, rather bushy, very dark (nearly black), with the extreme tips white. Front dark gray, with a fine black transverse line in front of the base of the antenne. Thorax gray, darker in front; a small white posterior tuft. Abdomen dark smoky-gray; last segment darker, but in the male witha tuft of snow-white hairs seen only when the last segment is exserted ; dorsal tufts black ; a black iateral line. Beneath the pectus is white; the abdomen pale except the last segment, which is dark gray ; the legs are pale except the tibie and tarsi of the first pair, which are dark, with pale rings. Fore wings rather dark gray, with blackish cross-lines enlarged on the costal margin. The basal and intra-discal lines, with at least two intervening lines, are parallel to each other ; they leave the costa at a sharp angle, turning at right angles when they reach the cell, and running in an almost straight line to the inner margin ; they are all farther from the base at the inner margin than at the costa. The median line, which is double, takes much the same direction, including in its angle the distinct, oval, black, discal spot, and continuing in a wavy line to the inner margin. The extra-discal line appears as a large blotch on the costa; it then runs in a regular curve to vein 3, then parallel to the median line to the inner margin ; this line is emphasized by a series of eight black dashes on the veins. Between the extra-discal and the submarginal lines are three dark lines, showing only as spots on the costa. The submarginal line is faint, white, showing most plainly in a white dot between veins 3 and 4, and another between 1 and 2. Marginal line faint, black, broken at the veins. Fringe, basal half darker ; dusky spots at the ends of the veins. *Reprinted by request from The Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. XX, No. 10, A p ) q ’ ) pp 200-202, January, 1907. Fl THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 385 Hind wings dark gray; the lines indistinct, but apparently- all the lines of the fore wings are continuous, the most evident being the extra- discal and the submarginal ; the first-named consists of black dashes on the veins (as on the fore wing), and so appears broader than the other lines. Discal dot black, distinct. Fringe as on the fore wings. Beneath, fore wings bright gray. Costa with black marks showing the commence- ments of basal, median and extra-discal lines, and with another dark blotch in advance of the faint white submarginal line. The extra-discal line and a dark gray shade beyond it are traceable across the wing to the inner margin, but the other lines can only be followed for a very short distance from the costa. Marginal line distinct ; base of fringe pale, otherwise as above. Hind wings pale, with three intra-discal lines marked on the costa and again on the inner margin. There are also two extra-discal lines composed of distinct dots on the veins. The outermost of these is parallel to the outer margin; the other runs in a straight line from the inner margin, in the direction of the discal dot, to vein 3, then in a regular curve to the costa. These two lines are, therefore, not parallel, being rather close together on the costa and farthest apart on vein 3. This is a peculiarity that I have not noticed in any other eastern Eupithecia. Three or four dots on the veins indicate another line between the two just mentioned. Discal dots distinct on all wings. Described from two specimens collected by Mr. C. H. Young, and labelled respectively Ottawa, 3, viii, 06, and 10, ix, ’06, and named in honour of Dr. James Fletcher, of Ottawa. One of these specimens is in my cabinet, thanks to the generosity of Mr. Young ; the other is retained in his own collection. PRACTICAL AND POPULAR ENTOMOLOGY.—No. 24. SUGARING FOR MOTHS IN THE AUTUMN. BY JOHN A. MORDEN, HYDE PARK CORNERS, ONT. It may be interesting to Lepidopterists to know what success I had during the late autunin of last year in sugaring for moths, especially those of the genus Scopelosoma. Having read the highly-interesting article by Mr. Henry Engel, of Pittsburg, Pa., on collecting moths in autumn and winter (CaN. Enr., November, 1907 386 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XXXVII, page 102), I determined to follow his example during the autumn of 1905. After many weary visits to baited trees, and finding nothing more desirable than Orthosia ferruginoides, Agrotis ypsilon, Peridroma saucia, Xylina antennata, and flathypena scabra, 1 abandoned the undertaking early in October, with the conclusion that there were no Scopelosomas in this locality, and certainly no such variety of moths as Mr. Engel met with. This proved to be a mistake as far as Scopelosomas were concerned, for during the following maple-sugar season I took over one hundred specimens that were feeding upon sap which oozed from wounds in the maple-trees caused by the common Sapsucker —the yellow-bellied Woodpecker (Sphyrapicus varius). In the sugar woods where the trees were tapped for syrup, many had become drowned in the sap-pails. I found that submerged specimens were spoiled, but those floating and not saturated were fit for mounting. _ Subsequently I read Mr. Engel’s article again, and noticed that he did not mention any captures of Scopelosoma before October 21st. I had received the impression when first reading it that he had taken specimens of this genus much earlier, ana others, perhaps, have made the same mistake. Accordingly, last autumn (1906) I baited a number of trees, and continued to visit them early in the evenings without meeting any particularly desirable specimens until October 26th, when one Scopelosoma was captured. On the next evening, which was rainy, I took seventeen specimens, on Nov. 3rd twenty-two, Nov. roth fifteen, Nov. 17th seventy-one, Nov. 26th thirty-two, and there were other dates when I took from four to six examples. These moths do not come to feed at the bait to any extent upon evenings which follow warm, sunny days ; they prefer to feed just before. or during, a shower of rain and when there is a thaw after frost. On Nov. 3rd there was enough snow in the woods to give the ground a speckled appearance, and yet I took over a score of these moths. Favourable weather seemed to occur every seventh day till Nov. 17th. The following are the species taken: Scopelosoma Morrisoni, Grafiana, Watlkeri, sidus, and some others yet to be determined. After rejecting imperfect specimens, I pinned no less than one hundred and fifty-two examples of this genus. I may add that during September of this year—from the 12th to the 23rd—lI have taken 104 specimens of Catocala, forty being concumbens, 22 unijuga, 8 habilis, 6 each of cara and innubens, and lesser numbers of parta, briseis, amatrix, bianca, neogama and piatrix. 9 THE CANADIAN ENTUMOLOGIST. 307 BOOK, NOATECES: FarM WEEDS OF CanaDa, by George H. Clark, B. S. A., and James Pletcher, LL.D: F. R.S.C., F..L. S., with aHustrations: by, Norman Criddle. Published by direction of the Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, 1906, 4to, pp. 103. | It is seldom indeed in this country that so beautiful and useful a book as this is published by a Government Department, and we may therefore all the more heartily congratulate Dr. Fletcher on being enabled to produce this admirable volume. The name of Mr. Clark appears upon the title-page as copied above, but his share in the authorship seems to be limited to a single introductory page. To Dr. Fletcher is evidently due the entire credit for the literary and scientific part of the work, and to Mr. Criddie for the exquisite coloured plates, 52 of weeds and 4 of seeds. At the outset of the volume an account is given of the losses to farmers caused by weeds, and full and clear instructions for their extermination are provided ; weeds are defined and classified, and a clear explanation is given of the botanical terms necessarily employed in the work. The rest of the volume is taken up with descriptions of all the important weeds that trouble the farmers, especially in the newer Provinces of the West; the common English as well as the scientific names are first given in each case, then follow a list of the Provinces it infests, a description of the plant, time of flowering, method of propaga- tion, situations in which it occurs, the injury it causes, and the best remedy to be adopted for its eradication. In the great majority of cases clean farming and a short rotation of crops are the remedies recom- mended, but where carelessness has allowed the land to be seriously infested special methods have to be resorted to. With this work to refer to, no intelligent farmer should have any difficulty in identifying the weeds with which he has to contend, nor should he be at a loss to know in what manner he can successfully wage war upon them. With the plates alone, so beautifully true to nature are they and so artistic as well, any ordinary. weed can be identified, and reference may then be made to the description that accompanies them. Whether the work is for sale to the public, or is to be obtained only by application to the Ottawa Department of Agriculture, is not stated. No doubt every one who farms many acres wil] wish for and should have a copy. Weeds allowed to go to seed are not only an injury to the man in whose fields they occur, but are a menace to his neighbours in all ¢ 388 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. directions. Their eradication is consequently a public necessity, and all farmers should know what to do and be compelled to do it. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO VEGETABLES, by F. H. Chittenden, Sc. D., U. S. Department of Agriculture. New York: Orange Judd Company, 439-441 Lafayette Street; 262 pages, 163 illustrations. (Price $1.50 } The author of this excellent manual is so well known as a thoroughly skilled economic Entomologist from the numerous Bulletins that he has written, that it is hardly necessary to say a word regarding the accuracy, clearness and practical character of the book. All the insects that any vegetable grower is likely to meet with are described and figured, and plain, simple methods of control are given. The first four chapters give a brief account of the various orders of insects, the natural elements that control them, prevention by farming and mechanical methods, and the most approved insecticides, with directions for making and using them. The remaining chapters give full information respecting a great number of insects arranged under the vegetables that they attack. A list of publica- tions on Economic Entomology and a copious index complete the work. Everyone who possesses a garden and tries to grow vegetables, should have this volume at hand for speedy reference when any insect foe attacks his crops; all the information needed for identifying the enemy and waging successful warfare against him can at once be found, and with little difficulty be put in practice. Students in Agricultural Colleges and teachers of Nature Study will also find much assistance in their work from the perusal of this volume, and will continue to regard it as a mine of useful information. ONTARIO BULLETINS. The Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, has recently issued the following useful Bulletins on Economic Entomology. They can be pro- cured on application to the Ontario Department of Agriculture, Toronto, by whom they are published : INSECTICIDES AND Funcicipes (Bulletin 154), by Professor R. Harcourt and H. L. Fulmer, of the Chemical Department; 32 pages. REMEDIES FOR THE SAN JOSE ScaLE and the San Jose Scale Act (Bulletin 157); 12 pages. INSECTS AFFECTING FRuIt TREES (Bulletin 158), by Professor C. J. S. Bethune ; 36 pages, 50 illustrations. Mailed November 5th, 1907. PLATE Il. XXXIX, VOL. CAN. ENT., NEW SPECIES OF COLORADO APHIDIDAE. lhe € anadtiay Fontomalogist VoL. XX XIX. LONDON, DECEMBER, 1907. No. 12. NEM SPHCIBS2OF TCOLORADO APHIDIDA,: WITH: NOTES UPON THEIR LIFE-HABITS. BY ¢. P. GILLETTE, FORT COLLINS, COLORADO. In our study of Colorado Aphididze during the past two or three years, we have endeavoured to trace each species throughout the entire year, In doing this work it has been necessary to make careful descrip- tions of the lice in all their stages of development. Ona account of inadequate descriptions of some of the described species, it is impossible in some cases to decide whether a louse under examination is a described species or not, and in other cases there seems to be very little doubt but that the species being studied is new to science. Some of the apparently new species I am describing below. If in any case an old species should be redescribed, I hope I shal! give the description and the life-habits full enough in each case so that other workers may be able to tell upon what species I was working. Even this in some cases may not be an easy matter. Unless otherwise stated, the descriptions are made in each case from fresh living specimens, and the colours given as they appear under a hand lens. Aphis torticauda, Nn. sp. A large red louse on native thistles, Carduus sp. Light to dark red in general colour, with antenne and cornicles black. Apterous Viviparous Female (Plate 11, figs. 1 and 4). Described from specimens taken at Fort Collins, Colo., July 22, 1907. Length, 3.5 to 3.75 mm; width, 2 to 2.20 mm.; antenna, 3 mm, yomia-2tit 16;-1V 26,0 WV .5.°VL sta; V1Il- 6 mms - Joints with about 30 and joint 4 with 12 or more small circular sensoria. Joints 1 to 6 with a few short stout hairs on each. The antenne are upon slight tubercles, and there is a small blunt tubercle on either lateral margin of the prothorax and each abdominal segment. The entire dorsum, including head, unicolorous-red ; eyes, distal ends of femora, tibiz, and all of tarsi, cornicles and antennee black or blackish. Cornicles about .75 mm. long, 390 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, cylindrica], enlarging little or none toward base, and with distinct flange at apex. The cauda is very peculiar in form, is directed up.and back, and is moderately broad at the base, but soon becomes small, tapering and crooked, appearing as if it had been twisted off. (Fig. 4.) Beneath the cauda the anal plate is protruded into a blunt point projecting back and ventrally, and appearing, often, more like the ordinary blunt conical cauda than does the real cauda. I have not seen a similar cauda in any other species. Beak long, much surpassing hind coxe, the third joint long and slender. Winged Viviparous Female. Specimens taken by LL. C. Bragg at Longmont on June 14, ’o7, Differs little from the apterous form; the cauda is somewhat straighter and more symmetrical, wings rather stout, 4 mm. long, with subcostal nervure and stigma rusty-brown. Length of body about 3.4 mm., antenna much shorter, about 2.10 mm. Joints: III .61, IV .43, V .31, VI .14, VII .49 mm.; cornicles, .50 mm. Winged Male. Same date and place as the preceding females. Colours as in the winged females. Length of body, 2.70 mm.; antenna, 2.40 mm.; cornicles,.54 mm. Antenna joints: III .65, IV .42, V .40, VI.13, VII .50 mm. Joints 3 and. 4 strongly tubderculate, the former with about 4o, and the latter with a single row of about ten small circular sensoria. Cornicles cylindrical, black. Cauda as in the alate female. Slight antennal tubercles. Apterous Oviparous Female. From specimens taken at Fort Collins, Oct. 27, ’o7. Colour as in viviparous apterous form, except that the anal plates are conspicuously black. Length, 2.5 mm. long by 1.35 mm. broad. Antenna, 1.8 mm. Joints: TNL- sso; TVs-.36, Vi i3er8 Vi 213, Vil ao, Oe piniany are a small number, about 15 to 25, circular, slightly tuberculate sensoria. The cauda is small, pointed, black, upturned, and does not show the peculiar twisted appearance as well as in the viviparous females. Beak reaches considerably beyond hind cox. Cornicies, .40 mm. Several specimens taken in copula. They are much smaller than the viviparous females. _Oviparous females and males quite numerous, but I find no eggs yet. There are many ant attendants. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 391 In nearly every colony I find a few very dark green oviparous females with reddish head and prothorax. I take them to be a colour variation only. Apterous Male (Plate 11, fig. 7). From specimens taken Oct. 26, ’07. General colour sordid yellowish-brown or greenish-rufous, with a pronounced tinge of rufous upon head and thorax, but without the bright red of the females. Antenne, eyes, distal halves of femora and tibiz, tarsi, cornicles, beak and anal plates black or blackish. | Length of body, -1.75 mm.; length of antenna, 1.60 mm. Joints of antenna about as inlows “a bWueso. LV 40. Vi1.26, Viti, -VIE-40: ‘nin --Cornicles cylindrical, .17 mm. in length. Cauda very short, blunt and black. Third joint of antenna with about 20 small circular sensoria ; joint 4 with about six, and joint 5 with about four. Joints with a few short stout sete on each. Beak long, easily attaining hind coxe. This is the only plant louse that I have found having two sets of mal-s. Those appearing in July did not continue long, and, being winged, had the semblance of very small females. No eggs were seen until after the appearance of the wingless fa'l brood of males during the latter part of September and October. This louse is always well attended by ants, and I have been unable to find eggs upon the food-plints in the ficld, but when the lice are brought into the laboratory and kept for a few days upon thistle, eggs are laid in considerable numbers. They are light green in colour at first, but become polished black ina few days. I cannot help wondering if the ants carry away the eggs. Ou May 18 I found what seemed to be stem mothers of this species upon Carduus sp. at Akron, Colorado, and about each parent insect were a few light red young of different ages, and the thistles have been continually infested with the lice to the present writing, Oct. 20. We have not found this species infesting any other plant. Aphis carbocolor, n. sp. A black louse from stems and leaves of yellow dock, Rumex, sp. Alate Viviparous Female, from Fort Collins, June 26, ’o7. Black throughout, except for the greater part of the tibiz and anterior femora, the proximal ends of the middle and posterior femora, and the long basal segment of the beak. The dorsal portion of the body is polished. 392 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Body 1.9, wing 3, antenne.1.3, cornicles .18 mm. Joints of antenna: III .34, 1V.21, V .20, VI.11, VII.28 mm. Cornicles cylindrical, without marked thickening towards base, and without flange at distalend. Antenne black, wing-veins black, with 2nd fork of cubital vein rather short, stigma rather short and, along with subcostal vein, a little greenish in colour. Hind tibiz 1.1 mm. long. Prothoracic tubercles rather stout and prominent, and usually the abdominal segments show well-developed lateral tubercles. Cauda short, black and upturned ; 3rd joint of antenna with about eight moderately tuberculate sensoria. Apterous Viviparous Female (Plate 11, Fig. 3), taken along with the alate form. Deep, dull, sooty-black throughout, never polished ; tibie, except distal ends, most of anterior femora, bases of middle and hind femora, third joint of antenne and basal joint of beak, pale yellow or slightly dusky in colour. Body short and broad, almost globular, about 2.5 mm. long by 1.6 mm. broad. Length of antenna 1.3 mm., and the joints measure about as follows’: IIL .40, IV .24, V.22, VI .11, and: VI .24>mm. respectively: Cornicles .26 mm. long, without flange at tip, and somewhat broadened towards the base; cauda short and upturned. ‘Tubercles of prothorax and abdomen as in the winged form. There is considerable variation in measurements of antennal joints, but joint 3 is longest, and joints 4 and 5 are about equal. A pterous Viviparous Female. ‘Vaken Sept. 23, 07, at Ft. Collins, Colo. Varies little from early summer form, but is a trifle smaller. Meas- urements vary little from: length, 2.10 mm.; width, 1.10 mm.; antenna 1.16 mm:.; jomts: of antenna: Il]. 26; LV ,20; Vo. 19)'V ior, V 23 mame Cornicles, .21 mm. | Apterous Male (Plate 11, fig. 5), taken at Ft. Collins, Colo., Oct. 6. 1907. In colour like the females or a litile lighter, the abdomen being a dark olive green when put into alcohol. Length of body, 1.30 mm.; antenna, «g4-mm.; joints "Ile EV 16, V_ Vig Vile Viliesermmn. Joint 3 with 8 to 10 oval sensoria of varying size, and joint 4 with about half as many. Joints distinctly crenulate, especially those beyond the 3rd. Cornicles, .11 mm. Apterous Oviparous Femadle, taken along with the males above. Very similar to viviparous form, but a little smaller, about 1.9 mm. long; antenna barely 1 mm. Depositing yellowish-brown eggs about bases of dock stems. ‘The eggs soon become polished black. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 393 A very common species, and nearly all adults are getting wings now. The pupz have very dark brown abdomens, and the thorax is dark green. The shorter cornicles dull black colour, and shorter 6th and longer 7th joints of the antenna are characters separating this species from Aphis medicaginis, with its shining black apterous females, and which infests a large variety of plants. This was a very abundant louse upon the stems and leaves of Rumex during the month of June and the early part of July, 1907. By the last of July the enemies of this louse had so reduced its numbers that Mr. L. C. Bragg, who was making constant field observations for me, was able with difficulty to find specimens through the month of August, and then they were found close to the ground. By the first of October they had become quite abundant, but to the casual observer would be unnoticed, as they remained close to, or even somewhat beneath the surface of the ground. At this writing, Oct. 20, the males and oviparous females are very abundant, as are their eggs, upon the bases of the leaves and dead seed stalks. Winged females were abundant during June and July, but have been entirely absent since about the last of September. So far as Mr. Bragg or I have been able to observe, this louse confines its attacks to the genus Aumex. Drepanosiphum Braggit, 0X. sp. I take pleasure in dedicating this interesting new species to Mr. L. C. Bragg, who is a most careful and enthusiastic student of nature, and who first discovered this species upon box elder at Fort Collins, in the summer of 1906. Alate Viviparous Femate. Described from specimens taken at Fort Collins, Oct. 18, ’07, General colour of head, prothorax and abdomen pale greenish- yellow ; of mesothorax pale yellowish-brown ; eyes bright red, cornicles concolorous with the abdomen at base, rusty-brown in distal half, and may be black at extreme tips ; antenna pale yeilowish-brown, with distal ends of joints 3, 4, 5 and all of joint 6 black ; tibiz entirely dusky, tarsi blackish, femora all concolorous with abdomen. Antenna very long, filiform, a little more than twice the length of the body, 7th joint, if whole, the longest. Length of body 3, wing 4.6, antenna 6.3 mm. Joints of antenna aAboutastollows Uh 15, 1V 14, V2, Vi.22,V 11 1:38.mms «Third joint with a single row of about 7 to ro sensoria on the under side of the 394 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, basal half. The sensoria are rather small, transverse and not much tuberculate, and the sixth joint tapers gradually into the seventh. Frontal tubercles for antenne large, vertex hardly convex, prothorax rather long and rectangular in form, and witnout lateral tubercles ; cornicles .66 mm. long, cylindrical and somewhat constricted near distal end. ‘Terminal joints of abdomen prolonged into a sort of short ovipositor (for depositir g young). Cauda _ short, conical, upturned; beak barely attaining 3rd cox: length of hind tibiz 2.6 mm. These winged females are fairly common yet among oviparous females and young upon the under side of leaves of box elder on college campus. A very active louse with long legs, and it often jumps from the leaves when disturbed. There seems to be no apterous viviparous form in this species. Apterous Oviparous Female (Plate 11, fig. 6). Described from specimens taken at Fort Collins, Oct. 18, ’07, from the box elder. In general colour varying from very light greenish-yellow to a sordid or even dusky yellow, becoming darker with age. Antenna very pale yellow, annulated with black as in winged form; colour of legs and cornicles and eyes as in winged form. The body of this egg-laying female is very peculiar in having an extremely elongated ovipositor-like end to the abdomen. The distance from the cornicles to the tip of the abdomen is nearly one and one-half mm., or more than one-third the entire length of the body. Length of body, 3.8 mm.; !ength of antenna 5.55 mm ; joints: ta-2, 1Vo1-14; Vora, Viezo, Vill-177 7 mm.oLengthof hind tibie ree mm. Cornicles cylindrical, gently curved, enlarged slightly towards the base, and.6.5 mm. in length. Prothorax without tubercles ; body set with scattering hairs ; joints of antenna with a few minute hairs upon’ each segment. The cauda is small, broad and upturned, and quite incon- spicuous. ‘These females have fully-developed ova at this time, and are present in considerable numbers on the under side of the leaves of box- elder trees upon the college campus. I find them most common upon small twigs near the trunk and upon small shoots thrown out about the trunks. Winged Male (Plate 11, fig. 8). Specimens taken along with above described females. General colour very light green or greenish-yellow, with or without a tinge of brown on head and thorax, and a deeper brown on more or less of cornicles. Upon the dorsum of the abdomen are two to four black or THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 39 blotches in the region of the cornicles, and the antenne are black to near the base of joint 3. Other dark paris as in alate female. Length of body, 2 mm.; antenna, 5.2 mm. Joints of antenna as follows, withesmall variations » Ill 1, TV 1; V. 1, VI .17, VIL-1.95 mm; Fully two and one-half times the length of the body. I think this is the longest antenna for length of body I have ever seen among the Aphidide. Vertex barely convex between the frontal tubercles. Joint 3 with a very large number (probably as many as ico) small transverse sensoria occurring upon all sides, joint 4 with about half as many, and joint 5 with 20 or more, all upon one side. The young lice have capitate hairs. Except for the long cornicles, this species seems a close relative of Drepanosiphum acertfolti, and it has the same general habits. The males are specially given to jumping when disturbed, and the strange-appearing oviparous females use their Jong drawn-out abdomen, which is suggestive of an elephant’s proboscis, with which to feel around in the crevices of the bark of the trunk and large limbs for suitable places in which to deposit their pale yellow eggs, which are placed singly or in small clusters. The stem mothers in the spring also acquire wings as in case of acertfolzi. Egg laying begins about the first of October. The box elder seems to be the only food-plant for this species, and it continues upon this food-plant throughout the season. Callipterus robinta, n. sp. From leaves of black locust, Robinia pseudacacia. Winged Viviparous Female. Described from specimens taken in Denver, Colorado, Sept. 3, 1907. A pale lemon-yellow or greenish-yellow louse, with red eyes. Distal ends of joints 3 to 7 of the antenna, tarsi, extreme apex of short beak and a spot near distal end of hind femora black, and a dusky spot in stigma of wing. No other dark markings. Length of body 1.6 to 1.8 mm. Length of antenna 1.6 mm., or barely attaining tip of abdomen, and without hairs. Joints: III .60, IV .38, V .34, VI .14, VIL .o7 mm. Sensoria rather large, transversely oval, closely placed, and about ten in number on basal one-half of joint 3. One large sensorium near the end of joints 5 and 6. Abdomen smooth except for a lateral row of small tubercles on either side. Subcostal vein of fore wing moderately bent forward at base of stigma, second transverse nerve moderately sinuate, nervures dusky-brown, costal nerve of hind wing sharply bent downward to meet second transverse nerve, the transverse nerves nearly straight ; cornicles tuberculate, swollen at base, prominent ; cauda knobbed. Head and prothorax broad, the latter without tubercles, middle ocellus prominent, 396 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. A white line beginning at base of each antenna extends over the dorsum of the head and thorax, and is continued over al! segments of the abdomen as a powdery white spot upon each segment. There is also a broken line along either lateral margin, beginning back of each compound eye, and appearing as white spots on the abdominal segments to and including the sth. Oviparous Female. Specimens taken at Denver, Colo., Oct. 12, ’07. General colour pale green, the dorsal surface of thorax and abdomen covered with numerous dusky spots and transverse dashes, each of the dusky spots giving rise to a capitate hair. Length of body, 1.9 mm.; length of antenna, .95 mm. Antenna jommts 7111. .36,°V 202 V 145 Vila VLE ob mm: Antennas dusky= brown to blackish in colour, with joints 1, 2 and 3 lighter. Legs dusky- brown ; cornicles short, tuberculate, not longer than broad ; cauda very small and upturned. Segments 6, 7 and 8 of abdomen much prolonged. No sensoria on any of the segments. Eyes red, or gray with red centres. Winged Mave. Taken from black locust at Denver, Colo., Oct 12, ’07. General colour light green, with head, middle of pronotum, lobes of mesothorax, scutellum, transverse dash on the hind margin of metathorax, abdominal segments 1 to 6 inclusive, and transverse bands on segments 7 and 8 black. In some examples these black dashes do not show on all of the segments. The tip of the abdomen, the antenne, distal portions of the femora, tarsi, pleura of mesothorax, and the mesosternum are also black or dusky in colour. Eyes light red at centre, but gray about the margins. Length of body, 1.50 mm.; length of antenna 1.11 mm. to 1.6 mm.; length of wing 2 to 2.40 mm. The veins of the wing slightly dusky. Cornicles very short, tuberculate, not longer than broad. Joints of antenna: III .60, IV .34, V .30, VI.16, VII .og mm., with considerable variation in different specimens. Joint 3 has a single row of about 15 to 20 transverse sonsoria upon the under side. Joint 4 about six, and joint 5 about five, and joint 6 with three similar sensoria. Abdominal segments 1 to 5 are tuberculate upon lateral margins. The white lines and spots described for the viviparous female are also traceable to a greater or less extent upon the male, and are usually quite distinct upon head and thorax. The black dashes on segments 3 to 6 of the abdomen may be indistinct, missing, or in spots only. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 397 FURTHER NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF HEPIALUS THULE, SERECKER, AT MONTREAL.* (BY H. H. LYMAN, M.A., MONTREAL. In 1893 I read a paper on the occurrence of Hepialus Thule, Strecker, at Montreal, before the Entomological Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Madison, Wis., which was afterwards published in the December number of the CaNnapIAN ENTO- MOLOGIST of that year. That paper embraced everything that was known of this species up to that date, but since then various facts of interest in connection with it have come to light. ‘ From the above date, I hunted for it in its then only known locality every year when at home in its season, but absolutely without success up to July, 1901, when, on the 11th of that month, after a hard bicycle ride out on the upper Lachine road, I arrived at the spot on the brow of the old sea terrace where others had seen it, in time to see one swinging back and forth in its peculiar oscillating flight. Hurriedly mounting my net I made a stroke at it, but the tall growth of grass and weeds masked the edge of the bank, and I missed my footing and came down sprawling, the coveted prize, as usual, dropping into the grass. I was up again at once, and when the moth again rose in flight, but this time straight away to escape, I made a more accurate stroke and secured it, but that ended the sport, and no other was seen either on that evening or subsequently. In 1902 it occurred to me that there was no reason why the species should not be found at Montreal Junction, situated on the brow of the same old sea terrace, a few miles further to the south-west, at a point where it began to trend to the north-west, and as it was much easier to go out the ten minutes’ run by railway than to ride out to the other point on a bicycle, I suggested to Mr. Winn our making a trip ont there on the evening of July 16th. We reached that point a few minutes before 8 o’clock, and agreed to separate, as we could thereby cover more ground. Mr. Winn went to the south-east, while I went more to the north-west toa pasture on the brow of the terrace just beyond the house of a cousin. There was a steep gully, probably caused by a landslide many years ago, running down to the lower level covered by bushes and scrub of various kinds, and in this gully several large trees had grown up. _I had only just got to the place when I saw a number, apparently half-a-dozen or more, swinging back and forth in the air, as though participating in a dance, . *Read before the Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario, Nov. 1st, 1907. December, 1907 398 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. above the further edge of the gully and quite out of reach of my net. Gradually one swung lower and lower, till by making an upward spring I was able to secure it. It was a male in perfect condition. After that the others mounted over the tops of the trees in the gully, where it would have needed a fifty-foot pole to reach them, and I could only stand and watch them till, as the dusk deepened, they gradually disappeared, but where I could not see. I could only see that gradually there were fewer in the group, till at last all had vanished. Mr. Winn saw none where he went. I went out again a_night or two afterwards with a long bamboo fishing-pole, to the end of which I could attach a net, but, though the evening appeared favourable, not a single moth appeared. My cousin having kindly offered to look for these moths for me, I left the net and killing-bottle with him, and he went out every fine evening as long as there was any chance of finding them, but none were seen. The next year, 1903, I again went out on the 13th of July, and my cousin again hunted for me, but none were seen. In this year Mr. Charles Stevenson’s family spent some time at Montreal South, between Longueuil and St. Lambert, and Mrs. Stevenson discovered a locality for Zhu~Ze not far from the house where she was staying, and ten specimens were taken. Learning the whereabouts of the locality, I went over on the evening of July 18th, in company with Mr. Winn, but none were flying. In r904, I believe, I. again tried to find them, but again without success, but this year my cousin’s perseverance was rewarded by securing one specimen. In 1905 they were very plenti- ful at Montreal South, and many were taken on different evenings by the members of the Montreal Branch, the evenings on which’ I took them being the 8th, 12th and the 15th, on which latter date they were becoming ragged. The locality is a tract of land used as a pasture, but a large part of it is covered by a young growth of various trees and bushes, among which willow scrub is prominent. From the fact that many of the moths were taken among or near the willows, it seemed probable that the larve bored in the roots of that tree, but the credit for the actual discovery belongs jointly to Mr, Charles Stevenson and Mr. A. E. Norris, who went over by an early boat on a Saturday afternoon and searched carefully among the willows, and were each rewarded by finding a cast pupa-skin on the ground among the willow roots. The same year Mr. Arthur Gibson discovered the species at Ottawa, as he has interestingly told in the Ottawa Naturalist (Vol. XIX, 117), THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 399 attention being drawn to the fact that the moths in life are of a much brighter yellow than in the cabinet, the colour changing soon after death. Mr. Denny has informed me that in r905 Mrs. Denny discovered another locality for it at Amherst Park, on the northern outskirts of Montreal, and that a number were taken by his family and by Mr. Stevenson, and the latter has informed me that he also found it in a different locality. In 1906 I was absent in England, but am informed by Mr. Winn that he visited the locality at Montreal South three times, and took twelve specimens in all, and Mr. Denny also took it at Amherst Park. This year I again visited the locality at Montreal South, but with very poor results. The first time was the evening of the 13th of July, but, though conditions seemed favourable, none were flying. I supposed that owing to the lateness of the season I was too early. I intended going over a week later, viz., Saturday, the zoth, but the weather was rainy. On the 24th I went again, and while hurrying along the railway track on my way to the locality I sighted a single specimen indulging in the usual gambol back and forth, but this time not more than five feet above the ground. I hastened to mount my net, but while doing so had to back away from the moth, which in its oscillating flight was gradually approaching me, as though attracted by the white waistcoat which I was wearing; as soon as possible I made a stroke with my net and thought I had secured it, but on careful examination found my net was empty and the moth had disappeared. While waiting to see if it would again appear it rose from the grass into which it had dropped, and, as usual, started off in a straight line of flight, but a second stroke netted it, and it proved to be a male in perfect condition, while in 1905 many specimens were ragged by the rsth. I hastened on to the old locality, expecting to find them flying there in numbers, but no more were seen. I went again on the 26th, though the evening was unfavourable, as it seemed to be the last likely opportunity, but none were seen. In contradistinction to my lack of success at Montreal South, Mr, E. Denny and his son Arthur had great success in collecting the species at the Amherst Park locality, taking about seventy-five specimens, and also made the independent discovery of cast pupa-cases among the young willows. Mr. D. S. Kellicott was led from his observations to believe that fTepialus Argenteomaculatus which he found boring in Alnus Incana required three years to complete its transformations (Ent. Amer. I, 173, IV, 153, Insect Life I, 250). If these observations were correct, it would seem to be probable that Zzu/e may also take three years to complete its 400 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. cycle, in which case another large flight of the species might not be due at the locality in Montreal South until r9g08. As mentioned in a paper on specimens in the British Museum (Can. Ent., XXXVII, 31), I found a specimen of Zu/e which had been in that collection since 1844, and which had been taken in the Hudson’s Bay territory by George Barnston, proving that the species has a much wider distribution than had formerly been supposed. . Mr. Denny was led to seek the species this year by finding a speci- men attracted to light, and there are a number of similar instances. The original type specimen must have been so attracted, as it was found, as mentioned in my former paper, in Phillips Square, the centre of the up- town retail business district, and several miles from its nearest possible breeding locality. The specimen secured by Mr. Bowles had also, evidently, been attracted to light, and Mr. Brainerd obtained one similarly attracted to Sherbrooke Street, in the fashionable residential district, and Mr. Gibson’s specimen had also come to light, and I believe that attraction to light is the only thing which will cause them to fly after their usual time. Very few specimens, however, seem to be so attracted, as the above instances are all of which I have learned, and the places to look for the moth are where there is a good growth of willow scrub, and between 8 and 8.30 p.m. during the second and third weeks of July. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. The forty-fourth annual meeting of the Society was held in the Biological Building of the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Thursday, October 31st, and Friday, November 1st. The chair was taken by the President, Dr. James Fletcher, Entomologist and Botanist of the Dominion Experimental Farms. Among those present were Rev. Dr. Fyles, Levis, P. Q.; Mr. Henry H. Lyman, Montreal; Mr. Arthur Gibson, Central Experimental Farm, and Mr. C. H. Young, Ottawa ; Dr. Brodie, Dr. E. M. Walker, Mr. J. B. Williams and Mr. C. W. Nash, Toronto; Mr. J. F. Calvert, Orangeville; Professors Hutt, McCready and Bethune, Messrs, Jarvis, Eastham, Howitt, Zavitz, Crow, Klinck, and a number of students of the Ontario Agricultural College; Mr. Howse, Principal of the Consolidated School, Mr. Graesser and others, Guelph. The proceedings began on Thursday afternoon with a conference on Fruit-tree Insects. Mr. L. Caesar gave an account of the Bark-beetle (Scolytus rugulosus) attacking cherry-trees in the Niagara district ; the THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 401 subject was discussed by Dr. Fletcher and Mr. Jarvis. The work of the Codling-worm and its ravages this year, the Oyster-shell scale, the Woolly Aphis, Flea-beetles and other insects were taken up and discussed by Dr. Fletcher, Dr. Brodie, Professors Hutt and Bethune, Messrs. Jarvis, Nash, Caesar, Crow, Frier and Thompson. The remainder of the afternoon was occupied with the reading of the reports of the Directors on the insects of the year in their respective districts. In the evening Mr. A. H. KirKLAND, of Boston, who is in charge of the efforts now being made in Massachusetts to suppress the Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths, gave a highly-interesting account of the work and the results that have so far been accomplished. His address was illustrated with a series of lantern pictures, which graphically showed how the opera- tions are carried on. He described also the importation of parasites and some predaceous beetles from Europe, and the amount of success which had so far attended their efforts to breed them. Dr. Fy Les followed with one of his charming papers, “The Voices of the Night.” Much regret was expressed that the attendance was small owing to the attractions of the holiday.+ During the second day, Friday, November tst. meetings were held both morning and afternoon in the Entomological Lecture-room, and were well attended by the members and students. The reports of the Council, Officers and Branches of the Society were presented and read, and the following papers: ‘The Two-winged Flies of the Province of Quebec,” by Dr. Fyles ; ‘‘ Further Notes on Hepialus thule at Montreal,” by Mr. Lyman, and notes on the same insect by Mr. E. Denny, of Montreal ; ‘‘ Scale Insects of Ontario,” illustrated by a large number of specimens, by Mr. Jarvis ; “ An Unusual Outbreak of Halisidota Cater- pillars,” by Mr. Gibson: ‘“ A Remarkable Outbreak of the Variegated Cutworm,” by Prof. Bethune and Mr. Caesar; ‘The Entomological Record for 1907,” by Dr. Fletcher. Papers by Dr. Fletcher and Prof. Bethune on the Insects of the Season, 1907, were not presented, owing to want of time. Dr. Fletcher closed the afternoon’s proceedings with his Presidential address on “ The Entomological Outlook in Canada.” In the evening a public meeting was held in Massey Hall, when an interesting address was given by Dr. E. M. Wa ker, of Toronto, on Collecting and Rearing Dragon-flies at the Georgian Bay Biological Station. A large number of beautiful lantern views were given in illus- tration of the lecture. 402 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIBT. The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as follows : President—James Fletcher, LL.D., F. R. C.S., F. L, S., Entomologist and Botanist of the Experimental Farms, Ottawa. Vice-Prestdent—Tennyson D. Jarvis, B.S. A., Lecturer in Entomology and Zoology, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Secretary—L. Caesar, B. A., O. A. College, Guelph. Treasurer—S. B. McCready, B. A., Professor of Botany and Nature Study, O. A. College and Macdonald Institute, Guelph. Librarian—Rev. C. J. S/ Bethune, M. A, D. C. L., F. R. S.C, Professor of Entomology and Zoology, O. A. College, Guelph. Curator—J. Eaton Howitt, B. S. A., Lecturer in Botany, O. A. Coilege, Guelph. . Directors : Division No. 1—C. H. Young, Ottawa. Division No. 2—C. E. Grant, Orillia. Division No. 3—J. B. Williams, Toronto. Division No. 4—C. W. Nash, Toronto. Division No. 5—George E. Fisher, Burlington. Division No. 6—J. A. Balkwill, London. Auditors—B. Barlow, B. S., and J. Crow, B. S. A., Ontario Agri- cultural College, Guelph. Editor of the “Canadian Entomologist”—Rev. Prof. Bethune, Guelph. Editing Committee—Dr. Fletcher, Ottawa; H. H. Lyman, Montreal; J. D. Evans, Trenton; Prof. Lochhead, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P. Q.; G. E. Fisher, Burlington ; J. B. Williams and C. W. Nash, Toronto. Delegate to the Royal Society-—Arthur Gibson, Ottawa. NOTES ON THE COLLECTING OF STHENOPIS (HEPIALUS) THULE.* BY E.. DENNY, MONTREAL. Very little appears to have been written by entomologists on the above subject, and no doubt the cause is due to the conditions that surround the life habits of these mysterious moths. In the first place, there is a good deal of uncertainty as to the time of their flight or appearance. Secondly, the distance to be travelled to reach their haunts often means the loss of much valuable time to the collector ; and thirdly, the exceedingly short *Read at the Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario, Guelph, Nov. 1, 1907. December, 1907 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 403 period of flight. These are the chief obstacles that present themselves to the collector whose ambition is to try and improve his knowledge by putting forth whatever energy he possesses. For the past two or three years I have been very anxious to find out something concerning the habits of this particularly interesting moth, which occurs for a period of a few days only, and with few exceptions for only a few minutes at a time at twilight. These moths are termed ‘‘ Ghost Moths,” and no doubt derived that name from their peculiar habit of flight, for just as it is getting dark they seem to appear of a sudden from no particular place, make a few erratic evolutions in the air, and disappear as suddenly as they appeared. It was on the evening of the 16th of July, 1906, that my son Arthur had the good fortune to catch Sthenopis thude at light on Park Ave., Montreal. He had been collecting at the electric lights, and was about to return home when his attention was attracted by the peculiar flight of a moth, which in a few seconds settled in the road, and proved to be Sthenopis thule. We at once turned our attention to this particular moth, abandoning all other species for the time being. Previous to this we had discovered a new locality where fAu/e could be found. Although personally I had never visited what is known as the old original hunting grounds known as Montreal West and South, but from information gained I was able to form a good idea of what the conditions were. I at once came to the conclusion that the locality referred to above, known as Amherst Park, was the right spot, being much nearer the city, and disposing of the uncertainty of catching the ferry boats, and it was to this locality that our efforts were directed. From the 16th to the 23rd of July this spot was visited regularly, the result being that 12 specimens in all were taken. This was not thought very encouraging considering the time and expense incurred in collecting them. The following year we visited this spot each night regularly from the gth, but strange to say no thule was seen until July 16th, exactly the same date as our first capture the year before, but on this occasion three specimens were taken. The following night an expedition was arranged and we proceeded to invade the haunts of this mysterious moth. On this occasion the moths were very lively, and appeared to fly longer than usual. However, darkness soon put an end to the sport, and when the material was gone over it was found that 32 specimens had been captured. This I consider a good catch, The greatest number of these were males, and I attribute the 404 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. length of flight on this occasion to the absence of females, for it would appear they only fly long enough to find and select a partner, and mating takes place immediately. The next night an early start was made to search the bush before dark, our object being to try and find them before it Was time for them to fly. This was successful also, for both imagoes and pupe shells were secured, the former on the stems of the Willow, and the fresh pupze shells on top of the ground. On this occasion, as on the following night, the flight was very short, and females were plentiful ; 10 specimens were taken on the r8th, and on the roth 18 specimens of thude and a fine specimen of Sthenopis guadriguttatus were added. A careful search of the bushes after dark gave us four pairs in copulation. This was something new to us also, and was taken advantage of the following night with good results, moths being secured before it was time for them to fly. July roth and 21st were unfavourable for collecting, owing to wet weather. July zoth, however, eight specimens were taken, and on the 22nd four more were added, and this proved to be the last, for although the search was kept up, none were seen after that date. On that evening a number of Sphingide were seen at the Willow, and three or four specimens were taken. We were about to give up the pursuit on account of darkness, when we saw something hovering about the top of the bush, gradually working its way to the other side. By a quick turn and swing of the net my son managed to land it, and to our surprise it was a female ¢hu/e. We had never seen one fly like this before. The dates of flight herein mentioned are somewhat late, but I attribute this to the unusually late spring and cool summer, and would be inclined to say that under anything like normal conditions their appearance would be from about July 8th to the 2oth. The time of flight each night is on an average about fifteen minutes, and none were seen on the wing before 8 p.m., and not later than 8.30 p.m., with the exception of the specimen we have referred to taken at light. Our efforts were well rewarded, for in all 75 specimens were taken, and a little information gained as to the habits of Sthenopis thutle. Note.—It was the unanimous opinion of those present at the meeting when this paper was read that such wholesale captures of this rare moth were most strongly to be deprecated. Collectors should be satisfied with a few specimens annually, and not run the risk of exterminating a most interesting species, which is only known to frequent a few very limited localities. —Ep, C. E, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 405 STUDIES IN THE GENUS INCISALIA. BY JOHN, H. COOK,” ALBANY.) Ni) Y. When I began the investigation of these butterflies some years ago, four species referable to the genus /c?sa/ia were known to occur in the eastern half of the continent, 77s, Henrici, augustus and niphon. It was my aim to breed each from egg to imago, and by a careful comparative study to furnish the biological data which would enable anyone taking an active interest in the group to repeat the observations, verify and supplement the facts, and to correct any errors which I may have made. I hoped also by outlining the life-histories of these four species to furnish a basis for the proper study of the western representatives of the genus, a work which is reserved for that lepidopterist of the trans- Mississippi region who will one day arise to tell us something of the early stages of those species known to most of us in the east as dead and dried “ specimens ” only. The fact that the species mentioned were the only members of the group which had been recognized in Eastern North America,* lent to the prospective success of the undertaking the added value of a comprehensive study of all the species found over a comparatively wide area. Recently, however, a fifth species has been unearthed. It was described in the CANADIAN EnTomoLocisr for June, 1907 (p. 202), as Zuctsadia poltos. The discovery of this butterfly within the territory which I had expected to cover made it necessary to work out its life-history or to forego that degree of completeness which I had planned for my review of the genus. The memory of many days of failure preceding final success in other cases did not lend encouragement to the hope of securing the desired information and material during the brief stay which would be possible at the end of a two-hundred-mile journey, but as nothing can be accomplished without an effort, I determined to make the attempt. Accordingly, arrangements were made to visit the type locality (Lakewood, N. J.) early in May, 1907, in company with Mr. Frank E, Watson, to whose work the recognition of this species was largely due, and Mr. Chas. H. Sunderland, of Rutherford, N. J., an ardent collector of lepidoptera. “Unless the arsace of Boisduval and Leconte should prove to be entitled to specific distinction. December, 1907 406 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. As it was possible for me to go to Lakewood before the others, Mr. Watson very kindly provided me with a detailed map of the region, showing the exact points where in previous years he had taken the species. I arrived about noon on the 3rd, and went immediately to the collecting ground. It had rained during the morning, and as clouds obscured the sun during the rest of the day, the vegetation remained wet; but despite the unfavourable weather I took three males and one female of the new species, and confined the last in a gauze bag over Vaccinium corymbosum. During the evening it began to rain again, and the downpour continued until 10.30 the next morning. The storm area then passed off to the east and the sun shone brightly, though a high wind marred the prospect of finding many butterflies about. The map enabled me to locate all points readily, and from what I knew of the congeners of podvos, I felt confident that the insects would again be found frequenting the same sunny spots and flitting back and forth over the same restricted stretches of sandy road. Such proved to be the case, and before one o’clock I had captured a dozen or more. Of these one was a female, and I confined her over Kalmia angustifolia. I had just taken another female when I was hailed by Mr. Watson and Mr. Sunderland, and in the excitement of pleasant greetings the butterfly was left a little too long in the stupefying bottle,* and did not recover. Our combined efforts for the rest of the afternoon resulted in the capture of several males and two females. Of the latter, one was confined over cranberry and the other over sand-myrtle, Dendrium ( Letophyllum ) buxifolium. The following day appeared to be ideal for butterfly collecting, but . for some unexplained reason very few were on the wing. The female tied up on corymbosum had died during the night, and none of the survivors gave indications of a desire to oviposit. A hasty survey of the surrounding flora induced us to alter our plan, and each female was supplied with a variety of plants. Until the lengthening shadows put an *In endeavouring to secure living females of species where the sex is not readily discoverable, I have found it of advantage to use a very weak cyanide bottle, from which the insect should be taken as soon as it loses the power of flight. If then, upon examination it proves to be of the desired sex, a few minutes in the air will usually suffice to restore it completely. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 407 end to butterfly activities, we patrolled the roads, explored the underbrush or watched the imprisoned females, in an endeavour to gain some hint of the secret we had come to discover. Before evening we had managed to add four living females to our catch, but had observed nothing which narrowed the circle of probable food-plants, and thus the time to leave Lakewood found us no wiser than before. On a purely theoretical basis it seemed likely that the food-plant would prove to be one of the Zricacee (the dominant family in that region of sand and bog), and, if so, probably some ericaceous species not found at Albany, since the butterfly does not occur here. Accepting this tenuous hypothesis for lack of a better guide, I brought home cranberry, sand-myrtle, laurel (Ka/mia Jatifolia) and Andromeda sp. Mr. Watson took one female to New York, and kept her shut up with Pyxidanthera barbulata until she died, but secured no egg. Five of the other six reached Albany alive, and were put in a large “cage” with the plants brought from New Jersey, and a number of possibilities from the local flora. The record for the next few days is mournful reading ; it all belongs to the obituary column. The last of my females died on the 15th without having yielded ova, and I immediately wrote to Mr. Watson to meet me in Lakewood on the Saturday following. Meanwhile I dissected one of the butterflies, and was greatly pleased to discover that the eggs were very different from those of the congeneric species, and could be identified without difficulty. I reached the Lakewood locality early in the afternoon of the 17th. The day was cold and cloudy, and not a butterfly was seen. I examined as much of the pyxie and sand-myrtle as was possible before nightfall, but my only reward was an aching back. Saturday dawned clear, warin and delightful, and before 8.30 I was in the field awaiting the butterflies. Brizo, troilus, philodice, comyntas, Juvenalts and /adon added to the pleasure of a typical May morning ; augustus was abundant, and several zzphon and one crus were taken, but folios had apparently disappeared for the season. I did capture one, but as it proved to be a male I released it. The prospect was discouraging, and there was nothing to be done but to continue the uncomfortable search for eggs. This I did religiously but without much heart all the afternoon. 408 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Mr. Watson came down on the evening train, and I reported my lack of success. We held a council of war, and decided that, in view of the scarcity of fodzos in the local field, it would be wise to move our base of operations to Lakehurst, a few miles further south, where also the species was known to occur. We boarded the 9.05 train the next morning, and reached Lakehurst at 9.20. Crossing the dam of the cranberry bog just north of the station, we started for the highway running back to Lakewood. A rod or two along the north edge of the bog we found two podzos playing beside the path, and I sat down to watch them. Mr. Watson elected to go ahead. Isoon concluded from the actions of the butterflies that they were unmated males, so turned my attention from them to the surrounding vegetation. There was no sand-myrtle to be seen, and I noticed only one small patch of pyxie. The butterflies were resting on leaves of bearberry ( Arctosta- phylos uva-urst), to which they returned after short flights induced by touching them with a grass blade. Although this plant had not been observed at Lakewood nearer than a quarter of a mile from the road where the butterflies were taken, the fact that it was an ericaceous species suggested the advisability of looking it over. Oh, happy inspiration! On the pedicel of the very first flower examined there was an egg, echinoid and undoubtedly Lyczenid. Witha lens the sculpture could be made out, and I recognized it immediately as the egg of fo/ios. Concealing my elation, I proceeded along the path in the direction taken by Mr. Watson, intending to give him a surprise. I was given one instead. He arose from a bed of Arctostaphylos with a shout of triumph, and handed me another fodzos egg which he had found at the base of the leaf-bud. ‘This double discovery was made at 9.35, fifteen minutes after leaving the train, Past disappointments were forgotten. We began a systematic search for the ova, and within an hour had collected ten more and an empty shell. On the return journey another bearberry patch attracted attention, and we halted long enough to secure five more eggs. A female taken near-by was confined in a can under gauze with some young shoots, and generously added four eggs, bringing the total up to nineteen. Arrived at the Lakewood locality, we put aside our collecting outfits and carefully went over the ground, looking for the food-plant. It was not to be found. We then examined the bearberry nearer the village, in the vicinity of THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 409 which no fodzos were found this year (1907), though Mr. Watson had taken one or two the preceding spring. Not an egg was discovered,* and it would seem that—unless we overlooked a plant not at all difficult to find . —the species has a second food-plant at present unknown. Mr. Watson took a few of the ova, and succeeded in bringing one of the larve through all its changes. I brought the rest to Albany, and they all hatched between May 23rd and 28th. On the 24th sixteen eggs which had been collected at Lakehurst by Mr. William P. Comstock, were sent to me by Mr. Watson. In spite of the difficulty of obtaining fresh food (the nearest locality for bearberry known to me is some sixteen miles from here), and the consequent mortality among the caterpillars, a few lived to pupate, and the life-history is practically complete. Not altogether satisfied with a laboratory knowledge of the larvex, a third trip to New Jersey was made for the purpose of studying them in the field. June 29th found us at Lakewood once more, but a driving rain effectually prevented our doing anything during the morning. This had simmered down to a mere drizzle by lunch time, so, donning raincoats, we started to walk to Lakehurst. Comprehending our plan, the wily storm swung around and came tearing back with greater fury than before. As there was no shelter to be had along the railroad track, we were thoroughly drenched before reaching our destination. Purchasing some dry underclothing, we sought the bearberry locality, and after an hour’s search discovered a full-grown caterpillar. The next day was spent in the same region, and between showers we collected three more larvee, all of which had passed the final moult. All of the four taken in the field appeared to be healthy, and pupated within a few days. If any were parasitized it will not be evident until next spring. The above account is given principally to indicate the rather limited opportunities which the author has had for studying this species. The generalizations concerning feeding habits of the larve, etc., which will appear in a succeeding paper, are based upon the meagre data obtained during these three visits to New Jersey, and are subject to correction in the light of broader experience. The life-history of po/ios will be given in detail as soon as possible. *Eggs were subsequently found in this patch by Mr. William P. Comstock, of New York City, the larvae from which were bred to maturity by him. 410 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES ON HEMIPTERA. BY G. W. KIRKALDY, HONOLULU, HAWAI{AN ISLANDS. Fam. Geocoride. 1. Stalagmostethus pandurus (Scop) [= Lygeus militaris, Auct]. —India, Kangra Valley, 4,500 ft., July (Dudgeon). 2. S. albomaculatus (Goeze).—Hungary, Budapest (Burr). 3. Arocatus enescens, Stal, 1874 = Scopiastes Bergrothi, Kirkaldy, 1903! 4. Graptostethus servus (Fabr.).—Queensland, Brisbane ; 19. 5. Cenocoris Dudgeont, Kirkaldy.—Distant declares this to be the same as C. marginatus (Thunb.), but I doubt it. What I suppose to be the nymph is blood-red. Eyes, antenne, meso- and metanotum, femora, tibiz and tarsi, the odoriferous flaps, last stemite, etc, blackish. Fore femora unarmed. Pronotum deeply impressed ovally down the middle. Tarsi all a little widened apically, and furnished with a pad. 6. Pyrrhobaphus.— Distant (1903, Faun. Ind., II, 14) says that the first segment of the antennz nearly extends to the fore coxe, but his figure 8 does not confirm this. In his ‘‘Synopsis of genera” (p. 3) delete ‘* Orifices red or pale coloured” from dr. Fam. Reduviide. 7. Ptilocnemidia femur (Westw.)— Queensland, Brisbane. Fam. Miridee. . 8. Monalonion Peruvianum, sp. nov.-—Polished and shining. Head black, a curved line from near the insertion of one antenna to that of the other, via the base of the head, the under side of the head (except the clypeus), etc, reddish-yellow. Antenne black, not pale at their insertions, 4th segment reddish. Rostrum yellow, more or less infuscate. Pronotum yellow, collar and the hind margin (widening medially) blackish. Scutellum and tegmina immaculate blackish, membrane and wings very dark smoky, veins concolorous, not polished. Sterna, coxee and abdomen immaculate orange ; rest of legs black, middle femora with a ferruginous ring near the base, hind femora with basal two-thirds pale (though the extreme base is blackish). Head nearly three times as wide as long, a trifle more than one-half of the width of the hind margin of the pronotum. Second, third and fourth segments of the antennz shortly pilose, second more than five times as long as the first, about one-third longer than the third, and six times as long as the fourth (unless the latter is shrivelled). December, 1907 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 411 Rostrum not reaching to the middle coxe. Pronotum truncate behind. Tegmina with the lateral margins comparatively subparallel. Hind tibiz straight, not pilose. Length, 8 mill.; width, 2 mill. Hab.: Peru, Callanga. 9. Lrimoncopeltus simulans = Lygdus simulans.—Distant, 1883, B. Ca Aw let le 240. Pie oat ais, TOS Hab.: Peru, Marnacalla. Distant’s figure and description are both poor. The sulcation of the head is of the feeblest kind ; the pronotal callosities are well marked and contiguous, almost forming a second collar. The cuneal notch is not profound. There is no hamus in the wing-cell. The membrane is unicolorous, var. a¢rior noy. Tegmina black, except a long-triangular spot near the apex of the clavus interiorly, lateral margins of corium, basal two-thirds of cuneus, etc., whitish-yellow. Size and locality of the type- form as above. Fam. Issidze. 10. Hurybrachys tomentosa (Fabr.).—Malabar Coast, Mahe. The hind femora and tibiz are concolorous, sanguineous. Rit I DENTEEY OF BREPHOS CALIFORNICUS: AND B: MELANIS. BY HARRISON G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C. Professor Smith attempts to identify these species with forms of Leptarctia, and states that his series is not sufficient to enable him to exactly match Boisduval’s descriptions. The descriptions can be fairly well matched in specimens before me in the collection of the National Museum, cadifornicus corresponding to a form that we have under typical california, Walker ; me/anis to darker specimens of dimidiata, Stretch. As no two of the eighty specimens before me are alike, it seems scarcely necessary to insist on exactly matching the descriptions. In short, I see no objection to this identification, except the rather serious one that Boisduval, in the same publication in which he described the species of Brephos, also described the Leptarctia, three forms, as Lithosta decia, L. Zena and L. adnata. Is it to be supposed that so good a Lepidopterist as Boisduval would describe the same species thrice as a Lithosian and twice as a Brephos in the same paper? Possibly so; but this seems doubtful, and it may be better to hold the Brephos names on our lists for a while, much as we should like to dispose of them in the way suggested by Professor Smith. 412 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. SYNELIS ENUCLEATA, GUEN.: A CORRECTION. BY LOUIS B. PROUT, LONDON, ENGLAND. My attention has been called to Mr. Swett’s interesting article on this variable species (CAN. ENT., XXXIX, p. 141). With most of his conclu- sions I am in entire agreement ; indeed, it was I who first called Mr. Taylors attention to the fact that the name a/abastraria (not ‘“‘ alabastaria”), Hiibner, did not belong here at all. There has, unfortunately, been a misidentification of Guenée’s type form, which necessitates a further revision. I cannot quite understand what gave Mr. Swett the impression that that author’s description referred to the form with dark blotches on both wings, and as to the supposed “type” in M. Oberthur’s collection, I may point out that Guenée described from ‘ Six exempl. Coll. Mus. et Gn.,” and was acquainted with all the three principal forms. But he describes as typical the form with the transverse /nes only (‘‘bordées de points noirs un peu oblongs” of course refers to the marginal spots), and distinctly includes in var. A. both the others— ‘“tantot deux taches a langle interne des supérieures seulement, tantot une double scrie d’ombres séparées par une subterminale claire, mais ne montant jamais au-dessus de la 1’aux supérieures.” As Mr. Swett says, he figures the intermediate form (var. re/evata, Swett). The extreme form, therefore (a/abastaria, Hulst, not Hubner, exucleata forma typica, Pack., et Swett, non Guen.), has never received a name, and as it seems to be considered worthy of having one, I propose to call it var. adornata, nov. I may add that the form mensurata, Walk., is not strictly typical, being of a purer white ground colour than the type ; and those who wish to name every phase of aberration may add this to the list of separable ones. Summarized, the synonymical results are : Synelis enucteata, Guen., = restrictata, Walk., et Swett, = vrecondt- taria, Walk. (fide Grote) = continuarta, Walk. (dirty yellowish-white, no blotches). A. var. (“ ab” in European nomenclature) mensurata, Walk. (purer white, no blotches). B. var. (ab.) relevata, Swett, =var. A. Guen., favs = Guen., pl. xii, fig. 3 (blotches on fore wings only). C. var. (ab.) adornata mihi, var. nov. = var. A. Guen., pars =. alabastaria, Hulst non Hiibner (blotches on all the wings). THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 413 MOSQUITO NOTES.—No. 5. (CoNcLUDED.) BY C. S. LUDLOW, WASHINGTON, D. C. Laboratory of the Office of the Surgeon-General, U.S. Army, Washington, D. C. This insect was described some months since, but by some error the MS. was not published as I expected, so I now use it as a conclusion to ‘* Mosquito Notes, No. 5.” Ludlowia minima, n. sp.—Head light brown, covered with flat light yellow or yellowish-white scales, two brown bristles projecting forward between the eyes, a few brown fork scales in the nape ; antenne brown, verticels and pubescence brown, and normal; basal joint testaceous, with a few short brown hairs ; second and third joints have a few flat brown scales ; palpi brown, apical joints missing, those remaining heavily brown- scaled ; proboscis brown, tip light; eyes brown; clypeus brown, with “frosty” tomentum. Thorax: prothoracic lobes testaceous, with a few brown bristles ; mesonotum dark brown, partly denuded, but the remaining scales on each insect are dark brown slender éurved scales (not hairs) and a few dark brown bristles over the scutellum and wing joint ; scutellum with dark, brown slender curved scales and brown bristles ; pleura light, with a couple of brown spots and a few white scales ; metanotum dark brown. Abdomen light, with dark brown scales and narrow ochraceous basal bands extending laterally as small basal light spots ; venter mostly light- scaled. Legs as a whole brown, but the colour changing with the direction of the light to a light brownish-gray ; coxz and trochanters light; femora dark dorsally, ventrally almost white, tiny apical light spots on femora and tibize, distally dark, the rest of the joints missing except on hind legs, where the ungues are simple and equal. Wings clear, densely covered with brown scales, lateral scales broadly lanceolate, median broadly truncate, showing very little if any symmetry ; spine-like scales on the costa. Cells not so markedly short as in Chamber/ainit. First submarginal about 1/7 long, and nearly the same width as second posterior, both very narrow; stem of former not half as long as cell, and about a fourth shorter than that of second posterior ; mid-cross-vein meets supernumerary, and is slightly longer; posterior cross-vein slightly shorter than mid, and about twice its own length distant. Length, 2.5 mm. December, 1907 414 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Male.—Is very like female; fork scales on nape more numerous ; antenne missing ; palpi longer than proboscis and clubbed ; ungues on fore and mid legs unequal, the larger uniserrate. the smaller simple and comparatively straight ; hind legs missing. Wing-cells shorter in propor- tion, and the stems longer. Length, 3 mm. Habitat, Carandaugan, Mindanas, Philippine Islands. ‘Taken January 19, 1906. Neither specimen is perfect, and the male especially is in bad shape, but there can be no reasonable doubt as to the genus, or that the species is new. Described from one male and one female sent by Lieut. W. H. Duncan, Assistant Surgeon U. S. Army, with specimens of Chamber/ainii; it is an extremely small mosquito, quite as small as S. ménuta, Theob., or S. Amesii, Ludlow. NOTES ON RECURVARIA GIBSONELLA, KEARF. BY ARTHUR GIBSON, OTTAWA. Early in May, 1905, I collected at Hill, Que., which is just across the Ottawa River from Ottawa, some very small larvee, each one of which was enclosed within several leaves tied together at the tips of the branches of the common Juniper, /wziperus communis, L. From this material I reared three moths, which were submitted to Mr. W. D. Kearfott for examination. Deciding that they were new to science, he honoured me by describing them in the January, 1907, number of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST under the name of Recurvaria Gibsonella. During the past season some further observations were made on the species. On April 27 I again visited the original locality, and found larve very abundant in their characteristic winter quarters. At that time of the year each larva was found in a small tube-like enclosure at the tips of the main branches and side twigs. As many as nine or ten leaves were drawn together and fastened strongly with silk, in the centre of which the nearly full-grown larva passed the winter. As these leaves are dead, or partly so, and discoloured, the hibernaculum is easily found after having once been seen. In early May a number of localities at and adjacent to Ottawa, where the cemmcn Juniper is abundant, were visited, and in every instance larvee were found in considerable numbers. The species is evidently a common one, and will doubtless be found in many places where the above plant is plentiful. December. 1907. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 415 Many of the winter homes of the larvee were examined, and in all the larva was found with the head towards the plant. On May 18th, which was the third warm spring day at Ottawa since about the middle of April, when we had two such days, I noticed that some of the larve had revived, eaten their way down through the bottom of their winter case, and were feeding on the nearest green leaves. The whole inside surface of a leaf was eaten, after which the larva attacked other leaves in the same way. During this period a considerable quantity of white silk was spun just , beneath but touching the winter hore. A few of the leaves were gathered together by the silk. On June 19 some larve were still found by Mr. Kearfott and the writer, and one living pupa in the winter case. At this time it was difficult to see the work of the larve on account of the new growth of the plants. Larve collected at the end of April all pupated in their winter quarters, and no fresh food was put in the jar. Moths began to emerge about the middle of June, and continued to issue for a few days. From other material collected later, the moths appeared on June 29 and July 6. The mature larva is 5.5 mm. long at rest. The head is honey- yellow, shining, slightly bilobed, rather flattened in front; clypeus reaching two-thirds to vertex ; mouth-parts and margins of clypeus tinged with lake-red ; ocelli black ; antennz short and pale, hairs on face pale. Thoracic shield concolorous with head, shining, wider than head. Body without markings, cylindrical, segments rather deeply divided, colour pale orange, venter paler than dorsum. Tubercles shining, !arge for size of larva, but inconspicuous, only slightly darker than body. Sete slender, pale, one hair from each tubercle, anal shield honey-yellow, shining, all the feet whitish ; thoracic feet bearing black plates. The species is single-brooded. HYLOTOMA SPICULATA.—A CoRRECTION.—In the description of this species on page 308 of this magazine, the locality is given as Oak Creek Canon, New Mexico. I am indebted to Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell for pointing out that this should have read Oak Creek Canon, Arizona. 2 ALEX. D. MAcGILLIVRAY. 416 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. A FOSSIE TORTRICID: MOTE. BY T. D. A.. COCKERELL, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO. Practically nothing is known of fossil Tortricide, or indeed of any group.of Microlepidoptera in Tertiary times. No extinct Tortricid has been named, although Gravenhorst (1835) referred to the existence of one in Baltic amber, and Menge (1856) reported four larve, two pupz and a moth, supposed to be Tortricids, from the same substance. In the Florissant shales moths are exceedingly rare, and usually not fit to describe ; but a fairly good Zortrix (sens. lat.) found in the summer of 1907 deserves to be reported. Lortrix Florissantana, n. sp. ? .—Length of head and body, 14 mm; head, 1 3/5 mm. wide, palpi robust, probably directed upwards, almost 2 mm. long; antenne with minute dark dots at intervals ; thorax 324 mm. long, about 3 broad ; wings probably striped along the veins, but the scaling appears to have been nearly all lost, except at the apex of hind wings, which are here much darkened ; primaries 14 mm. long, the costa very strongly arched, so that the centre of the arch is about 2 mm. distant from the straight line between base and apex of wing ; outer margin about 5 mm. long, with a gentle double curve, the concave part uppermost ; apex obtuse ; inner angle very obtuse, and close to tip of abdomen when the wings are folded backwards ; lower margin about ro mm. long. Hind wing about 101% mm. long, the apex considerably less than a right angle: frenulum distinct, of two strong bristles; a part of the venation of tne hind wing is visible ; what appears to be the fork between the media and cubitus is about 4 mm from tip of wing; the second cubitus and first anal are also seen, normally placed. Florissant, Colorado, in the miocene’ shales, Station 14 (W. P. Cockerell), The insect as preserved is paie yellowish-red ; the wings are directed backwards, as in repose. The arched costa and gently curved outer margin, without any suggestion of a projecting point, indicate Tortricid rather than Pyralid affinities, and I think the family reference is reasonably safe. The generic term is of course used only in the old broad sense. Mailed December 7th, 1907. OR OC VORU ME XA LX AARON, E. M., article by, 104. Achetomus, n. gen. of Helomyzide, 75. re pilosus, n. Sp., 75+ Achlarus lycidas, 68, 104. Acknowledgments by Curator, 180, 383. Acleris albilineana, n. sp., 158. Acmeodera Bishopiana, n. sp., ie facela, n. sp., 241. Acmzeodera Hepburnii, var. /afzflava, | n. var., 240, Acmeodera larree, i. sp., 241. Acmzodera robusta, var. rubrosuffusa, n. Var., 240. -Edeomyia squammipenna, 208. Edes uncatus, 1. sp., 25. AINSLIE, C. N., article by, 26. Alsophila pometaria, 282. Ambrosia beetle an orchard pest, 195. “ or Timber beetles, 252. Amydria crescentella, n. sp. 9. Anatomical Terminology: Barker, 174. Anopheles perplexens, n. sp., 267. Anthidium portere personulatum, sub. sp., 135- Anthidium tenutflore, n. sp. 135: Anthonomus grandis, parasites of, 133. | Anthophora Forbesi, n. sp., 354- Apanteles glomeratus, life-history, 205. Aphidz, new species from Colorado, 389. Aphidz, the Cornicles of the, 99. Aphis carbocolor, n. sp., 391. ‘* tortricauda, n. Sp., 389. Araneina of S. Clara Co., Calif., 374. Archips argyrospila, var. mortiwana, n. var., 158. Arsapnia grandis, n. sp., 329. Asphondylia Betheli, n. sp., 324. solidaginis, 0. SPp., 305. Aspidiotus densiflore, n. sp., 366. es yulupe, 1. Sp., 367- 240. n. BAKER, C. F, article by, 11 BANKs, INGs article by, 325. Bark-beetles, 193. BARNES, W., articles by, 10, 64, Bedunia taprobanes, i. sp.) 331- Bees, new species, 51, 135, 354) 304. Bees, preoccupied names of, 21. Belostomatid genera and Diplonychus, 333: Belostomatid genera, table of, 336. BETHUNE, C. J. S., articles by, 281, 360, 387, 388, 400. I4. 93° 1795 BEUTENMULLER, W.., article by, 305. BIRD, H., articles by, 137, 269, 309. Ble nnocampa Gillettet, N. Sp., 304. Book notices, 174, 176, 287, 360, 387. BRADLEY, J. C., article by, 357- BREMNER, O. E., articles by, 195, 366. Brephidz, notes on the, 369. Brephos Californicus, 369, 411. . Fletcheri, n. sp., 370- sf melanis, 369, 411. BROADWELL, W. H., article by, 180. BUENO, J. R. de la T., articles by, 61, 99) 225) 333- Butterflies, Southern in Massachusetts, 68. CAESAR, L., article by, 85. Calliplerus robinia, n. ‘sp. » 395: Carposina Ottawana, 1. sp., 124. Casry, Ls article by, 20: Catocala przeclara, 376. a titania, 37 CAUDELL, A. N., article by, 287. Cecidomyia lysimachia, n. sp., 305. os Myrice, N. Sp., 306. we metbomitfolic, n. sp., 306. fs verbene, nl. Sp., 306. Cecidomytidz or Gall-gnats, 143, 197. Centris Costaricensis, n. nom. tor C. Friesei, 21. é Ceratina Cockerelli, n. nom. for C. lunata, 260. Cerma canoa, n. sp., 11. Se GUEZUA, NaS, 6 LO. S ESIZCDLOn al aeSPssmiglle Cerostoma dorsimaculella, n. sp., 211. Chalcolepidius abdominalis, n. sp. 32: acumtnatus, n. Sp., 32. “e amictus, N. Sp., 33. as Apacheanus, 32. = Arizonicus, 0. SP., 31. os Aztecus, 1. Sp., 33- oy Behrensi, 35. os debilis, 0. sp., 34. oS ‘idoneus, N. SPp., 31. OG nobilis, 1. Sp., a ostentus, 1. SP.5 34+ of parallelus, 33. & rectus, N. Sp.) 34+ es rubripennis, 33. $s simulans, 1. SP., 32. ot smaragdinus, 34. us Sn0w2, 0. Sp., 31. 418 INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIX. Chalcolepidius sodalis, n. sp., 33: S tartarus, 33. viridipilis, 34. ss Webbi, 30. Chamaclea gladiola, n. sp. 67. Chlorochlamys inveterascaria, 1. sp., 379: Chionea valga in Minnesota, 103. Chlorippe, Fossil Butterfly of genus, 361. ae Wilmatte, n. sp., 361 (plate). Chrysobothris carmelita, n. sp., 230. i micromorpha, n. Sp., 237. pubescens, n. Sp., 238. smaragdula, 1. Sp., 239: Chrysophanus arethusa, 0. sp., 169. a hypophlzeas, 170. Cicindela duodecim-guttata, rio. OSs habits of Manitoba, 105. se “ ce ae hirticollis, 112. Gi Lecontei, 112. - lepida, 114. ge limbalis, rio. os limbata, 109, us Manitoba, 108. ae Montana, 112. ce punctulata, 113. pusilla, 113. a repanda, 111. sf tranquebarica, 112. venusta, 109. Cirrophanus papago, n. sp., 95- Cleora areataria, n. sp., 180. ‘¢ -fumosaria, 172. ‘¢ nigrovenaria, 172. ‘¢ pellucidaria, 171. ‘¢ semiclusaria, 171. “¢ —umbrosaria, 172. Coccidz, new Californian species, 366. COCKERELL, T. D. A., articles by, 51, 135) 136, 187, 324, 354) 361, 416. COCKLE, J. W., article by, 149. Ceenocoris Dudgeoni, 410. : Coleoptera, new South-western, 235. Colletes mesocopus, 1. Sp., 364. Colletidze of southern Maine, 363. Commophilu contrastana, n. sp., 160. Condidea, n. gen. of Syrphide, 75. ut lata, n. Sp., 75. Conopida of Nebraska, 250. Conops brachyrhynchus, 250. “* fronto, 250. xanthopareus, 250. Cook, J. H., articles by, 145, 181, 202, 229, 257, 293, 405. COOLIDGE, K. R., article by, 374. Copidosoma Lymant, n. sp., 102. CoguliL_eEtTT, D. W., articles by, 75, 207. ee Cosymbia albocostaliata, 209. Cotton Boll-worm attacked by Polistes, 355: Crane-fly, swarming of a species, 26. CRAWFORD, J. C., articles by, 21, 133. CRIDDLE, N., article by, 105. Culex abfitchii, 119. oF cantator, 119. “« gelidus, 268. ‘* salinarius, 119. Culicid characters, 349. Culicidae, Classification cf, 195, 349. Culicini, table of genera, 48. Cyrtolobus Vanduzei, 114. Dactylopius citri, moults of female, 254. Dalmannia nigriceps, 251. Darnoides flavescens, n. sp., 117. “s semicrema, N. Sp., 117. Davis, W. T., articles by, 16, 173. Denny, E., article by, 402. Dianthidium Sayi, n. sp., 136. Diapheromera femorata, 261 (plate). Dieuches femoralis, 331. Diplonychus and its relation to other Belostomatid genera, 333. Diplonychus columbiz, 339. og key to the species, 339. punctatus, 340. rectus, 341. Diptera from Lake Temagami, 98. Diptera, new genera and species, 75, 305. Dop, F. H. WOLLEY, article by, 169. Dorota albastrigulella, n. sp., 8. “ inorratellay.7. =) lineatary 7. “¢ medioliniella, n. sp., 7. table of species, 7. Drepanosiphum Braggti, n. sp., 393. Dyar, H. G., articles by, 47, 209, 411. Dyptervgia minorata, n. sp., 13. oe oe ce EHRMANN, G. A., article by, 317. Emphytus Coloradensis, 0. sp., 304+ Enarmonia Fletcherana, n. sp., 127. os prosperana, n. sp., 128. Shawiana, 0. sp., 154. Youngana, n. sp., 1. Entomological appropriations by U. S. Government, 179. Entomological Society of America, 46, oe ee Entomological Society of Ontario, An- nual Meeting, 400, INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIX,. 419 Entomological Society of Ontario, Brit- ish Columbia Branch, 104. Entomological Society of Ontario, Montreal Branch, Entomological Society of Ontario, Sum- mer Meeting, 281. Entomologists, International Congress of, 264. Epagoge lycopodiana, n. sp., 2. 52. Epinotia fortunana, n. sp., 126 ‘© Kennebecana, n. sp., 157. ee Normanana, n. sp, 156. 8 Watchungana, n. sp., 81. Evrastria ondo, n. sp., 90. Errata, 28, 160, 264, 415. Euchceca comptaria, 22. BD ae ce condensata, as 12-lineata, 22. ss exhumata, 23, 132, 143. oS inornata, 143. ee lucata, 22. es Pearsalli, 24. as perlineata, 22, 132, 200. fe salienta, 24. Eucosma bilineana, n. sp., 54. ss Denverana, n. Sp., 77: ss dontonana, Nn. Sp., 79- CE /USCAITA, AN. SDs, 53. sf gomonana, N. Sp., 79. a Hamptonana, n. sp., 153. a Heathiana, n. sp., 56. oe madderana, . sp., 55: of tomonana, n. Sp., 73. ce zomonana, ni. Sp., 80. Eudela helveta, n. sp., 98. Eumesia Potomont, n. sp., 323. Eupitheciz of Eastern N. America, 164. Eupithecia absynthiata, 165. albicapitata, 279. anticaria, 167. coagulata, 166. , S cretaceata, 279. co explanata, 167. sf fenestrata, 279. es Fletcherata, 384. e Frostiata, n. Sp., 377. ue gelidata, 167. oe geminata, 276. BS Grossbeckiata, n. sp., 378. ue hyperboreata, 167. 3 implicata, 167. Se interruptofasciata, 278. ue luteata, 276. se miserulata, 168. oi Packardata, n. nom., 277. oo palpata, 276, 278. ee ravocostaliata, 280. Eupithecia scriptaria, 166. bs Strattonata, 278. Taylorata, n. sp., < zygadeniata, 280. Ikurybrachys tomentosa, 411. Euura S. nodus, n. sp., 300. Sue OCL7EuTb Sass 2 OO. EVANS, J. D., article by, 150. Evans, J. D., portrait of, 1. Evetria Siskiyouana, n. sp., 77- Evolution in Leptinotarsa : Tower, 176. ve ims Fai, H. C., article by, 235. Farm Weeds of Canada: Fletcher, 387. Bite. es particles by. 135) 1G 7 FLETCHER, J., article by, 120. Fossil Butterfly, 361 (plate). ‘* Caterpillar, 187 (fig.) “* Tortricid Moth, 416. Frost, C. A., article by, 104. Fumigation of a large building, 341. Gall-Gnat of Prickly-pear Cactus, 324. Gall-Gnats or Cecidomyiidz, 143. Generic transfers, note on, 136. Geocoridz, Oriental, 331. Geometrid Classification, review of, 91. Geometrid Notes, 22, 101, 132, 141, 143, [7p USOs ZOO e292 503 7S G sk STiie Geometridz, some new Western, 345. Gerridius abbrevialus, n. Sp., 114. G1BsoN, A., article by, 414. GILLETTE, C. P., article by, 380. GIRAULT, A. A., articles by, 209, 355. Goniurus Cleopatra, n. Sp., 323- cf Triptolemus, 1. Sp., 322. Gonodonttis ocellaria, n. Sp., 347- Gortyna immanis, 138. GRABHAM, M., article by, 25. Grabhamia grisea, n. Sp., 130. as medtolineata, n. Sp., 129. GRINNELL, F., article by, 380. GROSSBECK, if A., articles by, 307, 345. Grotella binda, n. sp., 93: ‘« calora, n. sp., 68, 93. “¢ sampita, n. Sp., 93. Gymnocelts remorata, n. Sp., 345. Halictus glabriventris, n. nom. for H. Vachali, 21. Harris, R. W., article by, 68. Harvey, G. W., article by, HEaTH, E. F, article by, 376 Hemiptera- Heteroptera, Hawaiian, 244, eye 420 INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIXx. Hemiptera, notes on, 410. : of Jamaica: Van Duzee, 360. os Oriental Geocoridz, 331. Hemiptera, taken at Como, P. Q., 161, 189. Hemipterous Fauna of Central America, 248. Hepialus thule at Montreal, 397, 402. HERRICK, G. W., aes DiyeeObuieele Hesperidze, new Tropical, 317. Hibernation of Tiger- Betis 105. Hine, J. S., article by, 98. Histerosia Carlwrightana, n. sp., 123. ag homana, n. sp., 84. os Komonana, n. sp., 121. oc Merrickana, n. sp., 121 e Pecosana, n. sp., 124. ee riscanda, N. Sp., 122. fiscana, n. Sp., 123. Waracana, Nn. Sp.) 122. Flolcocera Arizoniella, n. sp., 8 Holomelina calera, 0. sp., 10. HoOwaAkrpD, L. O., article by, 10 Howardina inequalis, 0. sp., 2: How insects are distributed, Ss. Hylotoma spiculata, n. sp., 308, 415. Hysterosta Moreh, n. Sp., 59- on ty Incisalia Augustus, 145 (plate). ae Henrici, 181 (plate), iroides, 145. irus, 181. niphon, 257 (plate), 2¢ Incisalia polios, n. sp., 202, 2 405. Incisalia, Studies in the genus, 145, 181, 229, 405. Incurviria Taylorella, n. sp., 8. Insect trap, Home-made effective, 150 (fig.). Insects as the food of Squirrels, 16 Insects injurious to Vegetables : Chit- tenden, 388. Ischnocentrus niger, 114. Tsogona acuna, n. Sp.) 97: ie Segura, N. Sp., 97+ KH \O Jamaican Hemiptera : Van Duzee, 360. Jarvis, T. D., article by, 174. JONEs, P. R., article by, 250. KEARFOTT. W. D if Ay, MER articles by, 1, 2IT. 53) KIRKALDY, G. W., articles by, 229, _ 244, 248, 331, 410. Knap, F., articles by, 47, 349. Kodiosoma olero, n. Sp., 10. Laertias philenor, 68, 104, 209. Lemonias Quino, its synonymy and status, 380. Lepidoptera, new N. 93: Leptinotarsa, Evolution in: Tower, 176. Leucobrephos brephoides, 370. ss middendorfi, 370, Leucochitenea Euphemic, n. sp. 318. eS Janice, n. sp., 318. » Re Jason, n. Sp., 317. Leuclra augustus, nN. Sp.. 330. ‘* occidentalis, n. sp., 229. VOVELL,) |p ble, anticlesby.6303. LupLow, C. S., articles by, 129, 413 Ludlowia minima, 0. Sp., 413. EurzZpke E., article by, 176. Lygdus simulans, 411. Lyman, H. H., article by, 397. Lythrodes arivaca, n. sp., 66. America, 10, 64, 266 MacGILLivray, A. D., articles by, 308, 415. Macropes stnhalanus. n. sp., 332: Mamestra Antonito, n. sp., 14. gs Palmillo, n. sp., 15. Mansonia Waverley, n. sp., 25. MaTHESON, R., articles by, 205, 284. Megarhinus hypoptes, Me SP-5) 50: Lewaldii, 268. Megazopherus, n. gen., 36. Chiliensis, 36. Membractdz, descriptions of, 114. Metanema brunnetlinearia, n. sp., 348. Micro-Lepidoptera, 1, 53, 77, 121, 153, 211. Micrutalis, species of, 116. Milu, n. gen., 247. ‘© kerasphoron, n. nom., 248. MITCHELL, E. G., article by, 198. Mompha Claudiella, n. sp., 212. Monalonton Peruvianum, n. sp., 410. Moore, G. A., articles by, 52, 161, 189. MORDEN, J. A., article by, 385. Mosquito Notes for 1906, 118. Mosquito Notes, No. 5, 129, 266, 413. Mosquitoes, Classification of, 47. Mosquitoes, new species from Jamaica, 25; INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIX. 421 Mosquitoes, new from N. America, 50. Myodochida, table of Myopa clausa, 252. Myzomyia indefinita, 268. "g Ludlowii, 267. ae Rossii, 268. species genera, 244. WNesocymus, oe n. gen, 244. calvus, 245. Nesomartis, n. gen., 244. 2h psammophila, n. sp., 245. Newark Entomological Society, loss by fire; 407, Noctuids, to collectors of, 120. Nomenia and Euchececa finale, 22. ne duodecim-lineata, 22. uC secunda, 24. . unipecta, 24. Noserus collaris, n. sp. 44. ‘« plicatus, 44. SS) WOrUUsy Me SP. 4]. Notonecta Raleighi, n. sp. = ’ Nyctobia, the species of, 37 Odonaspis graminis, 1. Sp., 368. CEcanthus angustipennis, 173. sf exclamationis, 1. Sp., 1 KS niveus, Stridulation of, Ogdoconta moreno, n. sp., 96. Oligia ensina, n. sp., 12. Omomyia, n. gen. in Diptera, 76. 73: Pas 1 hirsuta, n. sp., 76. Oncomyia abbreviata, 252. a Baroni, 252. ; ue loraria, 252 “s propinqua, 252. Ontario Bulletins, 388. Orthza nigriceps, 246. ‘ periplanios, n. sp., 246. Orthoptera, Kirby’s Catalogue of, 287. Oxycnemis acuna, n. sp., 67. Paleacrita vernata, 282. Pamphila Aaroni, 104. bt Antenora, n. sp., 318. < Elenora, n. Sp., 319. o Theodora, n. sp., 319. she tea persicius, 1. Sp., 308. eee astuta, nN. Sp., 272. circumlucens, 138. oe eupatorii, 312. as frigida, 314. nt furcata, 269. Pp aiperia eae Nespas jae Merriccata, n. sp., 270. oe nelita, 313. Papaipema, new Ilistories in, 137, 260, 300. Papaiepiia peralta, n 5 Syobiq: 10l- Plerisi2, Ni. Sp. 310. PEARSALL, R. F., articles Diya 22,00in TrefS 5) Me ley 22 alle Pedinocoris macrony x, Pelocoris Carolinensis, 2 Peltoperla brevis, n. sp., Perlidze from B. C. and Mibee: 325- ie eye LOMUne rg eneramaes: Persimmon Borer, 265 (plate). Phalonia Hollandana, n. sp., 159. ee NOMLONANA, N. SP. S4. oF romonana, N. sp., 53. Phellopsis Montana, n. sp., 46. obcordata, 45. SS porcata, 45. BC robustula, n. Sp., 45. Phlaodes angustus, n. Sp., 43. *§ diabolicus, 42 BG elongatus, N. Sp., 42. ee latipe nNtS, 1. S])., 43- “ ovipennis, 1. Sp., 42. es pustulosus, 43. “S Scaber, 1. SD., 43. Phorid, new genus with horny ovi- positor, 207. Phylledestes vorax, n. g., 0. sp., 188 (fig.). Pieris rapze, Parasite of, 205. Platzea Californiaria and its allies, 1o1. Sale CivaeehOos «« dulcearia, 102. ee LESSA7:CO IN eS Pe iaia= ‘¢ _ personaria, 102. “* tcilinearia; Tro2: ‘¢ _uncanaria, 102. Pleonectyptera albocostaliata, 209. Plusiodonta amado, n. sp., 95. Plutella yamaella, n. sp., 6. Pecilosoma punctulata, n. sp., 304. Polistes rubiginosus, predaceous habits, 355: Practical and Popular Entomology, 85, 150; TOL, 252, 200, 340, 3 385: Preservation of papered specimens, 149. Prickly-pear Cactus, Gall-gnat of, 324. V2 ionapte ryx baboquivariella, n. Bee Be Proteopte ryx Criddleana, n. sp., marmontana, n. hae 155: Es momonanada, N. Sp., 125. Prout, L. B., article by, 412. Pseudacteon, n. gen., 208, 422 INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIX. Pseudacteon (figs.). Pteroloma caraboitdes, n. sp., 235: Pteromalus puparum, 205. Pteronarcys princeps, 1. Sp., 327- Crawfordii, n. Recurvaria coniferella, n. sp. 3. oy Gibsonella, n. Sp., 4, 414. we obscurella, 1. NOM., 4. Rhagovelia obesa, 61. Rulandus, on the genus, 22 Sabethini, table of genera, 49. Sannina uroceriformis, 265 (plate). Sciagraphia yavapat, n. sp., 346. Scolytidze or Engraver Beetles, 195) 252- Sephora criniger, 244. SHULL, A. F., article by, 213. SmiTH, H. S., article by, 260. SMITH, J. B., articles by, 118, 369. 19l, Snowy Tree-Cricket, Stridulation of, Die Somatochlora Williamsoni, n. sp., 69 (plate). Somatochlora, list of Ontario species, 74 ‘ Sthenopis thule at Montreal, 397, 402. Stibadium olvella, n. sp., 94. Stylogaster neglecta, 251. Sugaring for moths in autumn, 385. SWAINE, J. W., articles by, 191, 252. SwENK, M. H., article by, 364, Swett, L. W., articles by, 141, 377. Symphysa simplicialis, n. sp., 4. Synelys adornata, n. var., 412. ‘« alabastraria, 141,412. ‘© . enucleata, 141, 412. ‘¢ = relevata, N. var., 142, 412. “© ~ restrictata, 142, 412. Tzeniorhyncus argenteus, 268. TayLor, G. W., articles by, 10 164, 276, 384. Telamonanthe Rileyi, 115. Tenthredinidz, new species, 305, 308, 324. Tenthredinidz of Colorado, 295. Terias delia, 104. Thiodia ochrotermenana, n. sp., 57: Thymele Borja, n. sp., 322. ‘© Guatemalaina, n. sp., ‘* terracina, n. Sp., 320. Thiemet, n. sp., 321. T, 132, 321. «e Thymele viterboana, n. sp., 321. Tiger-beetles, habits of Manitoba, 105. Titus, E. S. G., article by, 46. Tortricid moth, a Fossil, 416. Tortrix Baboquavariana, n. sp., 82. ‘© Florissantana, n. sp., 416. “¢ lomonana, n. sp., 82. Torymus anthonomtz, n. sp., 133- Trap, Home-made insect, 150 (fig.) Tree-cricket, new species from Staten Island and New Jersey, 173 Triatoma rubrofasciatus, 247. Trichocera bimacula, swarming of, 26. Tricholita artega,n. sp., 64. Triepeolus Eldredt, n. sp., 52. “ grindeli@, n. sp., 51. Trimoncopeltus simulans, 411. Trirhabda ertodictyonts, n. sp., 243- ‘< labrata, n. sp., 242. Twig-beetles, 253. Urosigalphus anthonomi, n. sp., 133 ‘© Schwarzt, n. Sp., 134. Chit- Vegetables, Insects injurious to: tenden, 388. WALKER, E. M., article by, 69. Walking-stick Insect, 261 (plate). WASHBURN, F. L., article by, 103. Water-bug, a ferocious, 17. ee -bugs, two undescribed from U. 9 22D. Ween F. E., article by, 202. WELDON, G. P., article by, 295. WILLIAMS, J. B., article by, 261. Xanthia cordova, n. sp., 65. Xanthodes amorata, n. sp., 66. Xyela negundinis, n. Sp, 324- Xyleborus zylographus, 195. Zelus peregrinus, 247. Zodion fulvifrons, 250. ‘© oblique fasciatum, 251. ‘« parvum, 251. “ pygmzum, 251. ‘© scapulare, 251. Zopherini, table of genera, 36. Zopherinus, Me SON 9sOs Sze laevicollis, 37. UG limbatus, nN. Sp., 37: INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIX. 423 Zopherodes, n. gen., 36, 38. Zopherodes opacus, 40. Ps equalis, n. sp., 38. v otiosus, N. Sp., 39. ob caudalis, n. sp., 41. Pruddeni, n. sp., 41. “ concolor, 38. us pudens, n. sp., 40. as gracilis, 42. ue tristis, 35. BC guttulatus, 30. eh Uteanus, 1. Sp., 40. ss induratus, 39. es ventriosus, N. SP., 39. oe Juctuosus, N. Sp., 41. Zopherus elegans, 36, 42. es lugubris, n. sp., 41. a marniratus, 1. Sp., 30. : Mormon, n. sp., 40. in + . ' - ; ‘ mys : iS Bee IR A SING Ale amen Sea OUT NAD phe ~~ GM—~—S — “CellC ee See Na es ECV tg ENR a at 2h 4B 55 a8 Kb ONE. te i WARS SES 3 itae ws BONG NES ccs acy sO RO NSE Ga eave atk oer tae OEE NL Se SECON Pree eae cenaiate TS yy se wat ee iby Mek BELO S RO Sf Ne “Se Sp ROTINE Sone Ee a ae BU CEN Na CES Na PRES TD NOL AE 3 TaN Wa AOE OR: AS Fe va : is ano? 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