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of the
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by

Department of Fisheries
Province of Ontaria

University of

co http://www.archive.org/details/canadianfish

( Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association >

THE)
ANA DIAN

# vow. vi

GARDENVALE, P.Q., JANUARY, 1921 - Déc. (9 21

biz (741)

EE ie

Best Pure

Rope.

| “IMPERIAL
BRAND”

Prices on
Application.

By special arrange-
Ԥ ment with our prin-
‘= cipals, we are able
to offer exception-
ally low prices on
‘Lobster Rope for
“} the coming Season.

Herring and Mackerel Nets, Smelt As ane F.

i Manila Lobster v

(OF SCOTL AND)
MONTR BAL, mal) eee

Manufacturers of

Also
Best Pure Manila Lobster Rope. : )
iz, 7 Best Pure
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“MARINE
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(Same quality as
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Prices on
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As the Cotton Yarns
from which our Nets
are made, are spun

in our own Mills, we
are ina position to
supply Netting of a
quality which can-
not be surpassed,
and rarely equalled.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 4

"RELIABILITY -

The word that spells success for the Commercial Fishermen.

~ Back of the complete stock of Fishermen’s Supplies w HALF
CENTURY of e Becca and knowledge ae phisae ister: calings bass
‘the Commercial Fish ermen of two Continents.

Et

}

C3 KNOX’S © |
Y= “SALMON TICKET? a
LINEN GILL NETTING

We stand behind every yard of Netting — :
you use that has this trade mark |} _
through the meshes.

Also carried in stock:

Oilclothing, Oil Aprons,
Ice Tools, Horse and
Waggon Covers,
Boat Hardware,
Nautical Instruments,
Lamps of all types,
Life Boat Equipment to
Board of Trade Regulations,
Life Jackets, Ring Buoys,
Blocks of all Kinds,
Wire and Manilla Rope,
Anchors, Oars, Pumps.

Write for a catalogue.

John Leckie Limiteam

77 Wellington St. W., . . TORONTO |
THE HOUSE OF QUALITY AND SERVICE. 7

CANADIAN

FISHERMAN

ll

.
‘

}

NATIONAL FISH DAY, FEBRUARY NINTH.

The fourth Canadian National Fish Day will be
celebrated on the opening day of the Lenten Season,
Wednesday, February Ninth, and from what we hear,
it is destined to be the best ever.

Members of the Canadian Fisheries Association from

- east to coast are lining up their districts and custom-

ers in an effort to put the day across with a swing,
and the C. F. A. Publicity Committee have been busy
for weeks past on plans of campaign. — :

The Department of Marine and Fisheries are co-
operating with the Association to splendid effect. Min-
ister, Hon. C. C. Ballantyne, has already issued a state-
ment urging the more general use of fish as a food
and the universal recognition of National Fish Day,
and the Post Office Department are permitting the use
of a post-mark bearing the legend—‘National Fish
Day, February 9th’’—to be used in cancelling stamps
in fifteen of the largest cities in the Dominion. Spe-
¢ial articles with illustrations and reading matter re-
garding the Fish Day are being supplied the press
throughout the country.

National Fish Day will be featured specially in the
menus of railroad dining cars, restaurants and hotels
everywhere and private hotels and eafes have been
cireularized to co-operate. Fishery officers have been
bulletined to stimulate interest in the event in their
respective districts. 3

The trade themselves are advertising in the press
and cireularizing their customers. We have already
seen letters and envelopes from fish companies im-
printed with a rubber stamp — ‘National Fish Day,
February Ninth. Eat Fish and Boost!’’ Vancouver
promises a big effort and Montreal will feature a
window dressing competition and a Fish Dinner on
the evening of February Ninth.

The Association had hoped that the United States
fish trade would have been able to co-operate, but the
time was too short for them to line up their cam-

NEWS AND VIEWS

ON FISH AND FISHERIES

Frederick William Wallace -

Editor-in-Chief

paign. They propose to hold a National Fish Day on
March 9th, and will join Canada in the celebration of
a North American National Fish Day in the Spring of
1922, 4

The Canadian Fisheries Association and the Indus-
try have good reason to congratulate themselves upon
this aggressive piece of publicity. Three successful
National Fish Days have been celebrated thus far and
with good results in drawing the attention of Can-
adians to our fishery resources. To promote a pub-
licity feature which will awaken the interest of a
whole country is something to be proud of and Mr. J.
A. Paulhus, originator of the idea, may well rest his
claim to fame upon the promotion of this now univer-
sally accepted piece of fisheries propaganda,

AMERICANS URGING IMPOSITION OF DUTY ON
IMPORTED FISH.

American fishing interests throughout the United
States are advocating a duty upon imported fish. Upon
the Pacific Coast, there is a demand that duties be
imposed against Japanese codfish, Japanese canned
fish and Canadian herring and halibut. Atlantie in-
terests have held meetings on the subject and President
Gardner Poole of the United States Fisheries Associa-
tion has been delegated to appear before a Congress-
ional Committee on behalf of Boston fishing interests
to urge an adequate duty on imported fish. Gloucester
fish men appear to favor a duty on both fresh and salt
fish but desire a graduated tariff rather than a general
rate.

Higher tariffs against canned fish of all kinds
from Canada and Europe is advocated as it is claimed
the rate of exchange existing favors importation. Some
U. S. dealers favor duty-free fresh fish and winter
caught frozen varieties, but the demand for a protective
tariff is pretty well unanimous from all branches of
the U. 8. fishing industry,

This demand for protection against Canadian fish is

4 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

a matter which will vitally affect Canadian producers
and it is time that we started to map out a new policy
of fisheries development in other directions. More
attention must be given to our home markets and a
scheme of marketing our fish products: under prefer-
ential treatment within the Empire should be promot-
ed immediately.

FISHERIES DEPARTMENT WANTED.

WANTED by the Canadian Fishing Industry, a
Department of Fisheries distinct from Marine,
Naval or other affiliations. Also a Deputy Min-
inster in charge who will have direct access to
the Minister.

The Canadian Fishing Industry from east to west
have been able in the past five or six years to sit down
and overhaul their machinery. They have been looking
for the sand in the gear; for the monkey-wrench in
the works.

We all know what wonderful fishery resources we
have and what a smart and capable bunch of men we
have engaged therein. Our fishermen are the best of
‘heir kind—intelligent, aggressive and capable; our
business men in the trade have more than ordinary
obstacles to overcome, and ‘carry on their business un-
deterred by them. But in spite of the tremendous pos-
sibilities of our fisheries, our machinery for develop-
ment is still running at slow speed.

Some years ago, the brightest minds in the Industry
got together and formed the Canadian Fisheries Asso-
ciation, Then they started overhauling the engine.
They have succeeded in remedying many defects, but
the main defect—the one which is responsible for the
loss of power, the lack of progression—is the non-
existence of distinctive Government Fisheries Admin-
istration vested with sufficient funds and authority.

This is no reflection upon those officials at present
administering the so-called Fisheries Department at
Ottawa. They are doing all they can, and their indivi-
dual capabilities and training place them on a par with
the best anywhere. We have no hesitation in admitting
that. But they are muzzled, hand-cuffed and abso-
lutely swathed in the red-tape of Departmental tradi-
tions and political expediency.

Canada’s trump cards in playing the game with the
rest of the world consists of Agriculture, Forests,
Mining and Fisheries, and we hold a hand which can’t
be beaten. But the hand is played by a Government
whose experience in card games seems to have consisted
of playing ‘‘Snap’’ with Sunday School texts. The
only card which they gamble on is that of Agriculture.
The others — especially Fisheries — are liable to be
thrown into the discard for some of lesser value.

For many, many years the Governments at Ottawa
have invariably regarded the basic induStries of the
Dominion with eyes improperly focussed. In their res-
tricted outlook, the Fisheries have been out of sight.
They have been hull-down below the horizon so long
that we are tired of it.

The administration of our tremendous fish resources
has always been a side-line of some Government depart-
ment. First it was bracketed with Marine; then it was
kicked across to Naval Service. The Fisheries Associa-
tion in turn kicked at this crude lack of appreciation,
and as a sop to the Industry, it was thrown back to the
Marine again. At the present time the administration
is now ‘‘DEPARTMENT OF MARINE AND fisheries.’

(The small type is intentional and deseribes our status

January, 1921.

in the eyes of the Government). And we are depart-
mentally regulated by the Minister of Marine, Fisheries
and Naval Service through a Deputy Minister of
Marine. :

Two years ago, the Canadian Fisheries Association
asked that the Fisheries be given a decent departmental

administration. They didn’t ask for too much—merely — ar
that the Fisheries Department be established as a dis-

tinct organization under the supervision of a Deputy
Minister of Fisheries. As a palliative, the Superin-

tendent of Fisheries was elevated to the doubtful status — ;

of Assistant Deputy Minister of Fisheries under the
Deputy Minister of Marine. The change consisted of
an empty title and nothing more. oe

The situation at present is this. The Fisheries
Department is a side-line to Marine and the Deputy

Minister of Marine is the controlling officer. He is a

Marine man, pure and simple, and knows little or

nothing about the Fisheries. The Chief of the Fisheries —

Department cannot see the Minister in charge without
laying his story before the Deputy Minister of Marine.

That gentleman may not approve of the Minister being”

approached on the subject laid before him, and the

Fisheries official has to retire to his office and think ;

up something more favorable. Thus it is with every-

thing. All plans for the betterment of the Industry;

all our ideas and suggestions, cannot be placed before

the Minister unless the Deputy Minister of Marine ap-

proves.

The Marine Deputy cannot be blamed for this state

of affairs. It is not his fault. He has two important
departments to keep going and he has to be careful. He

is not ‘‘au fait’? with Fisheries matters and naturally

exercises considerable caution when Fisheries affairs
are placed before'him. Civil Service training inclines
to cautiousness in everything. A Deputy Minister must
watch his step or he’ll get in wrong. The Departmental

motto is invariably ‘‘It is safer to refuse than approve’’ —

and any scheme that is likely to be controversial or to
corral some of the Department funds must be knocked
on the head instantly. Keep out of trouble and spend
no money is good logie for Deputy Ministers.

Then again we are cursed with Ministerial inactivity
on our behalf. A good man is appointed to the eabinet
portfolio of Minister of Marine, Naval Service and
Fisheries. Full of zeal, he dives into the scope of his
administration for something to build his name and
future reputation upon. He studies the Marine; he
stays up nights thinking about the Naval Service and
delves into the Fisheries. The Marine appeals to him;
there is a fascination about the Navy, but the Fisheries
—this is a complicated and tough proposition, diffieult
to acquire, and far from the lime-light. He gives the
Fisheries up as something beyond -him and devotes his
time and energies to Marine and Naval Service. All
the Ministers are the same. They all balk at Fisheries.
And our Industry suffers accordingly.

Neither Minister or Marine Deputy can be blamed for
their attitude. It is the fault of the arrangement, and
the real blame for the existence of such an arrangement
lies at the door of the Premier, the Cabinet and Parlia-
ment,

The three mentioned have never in the History of
Canada properly appreciated the value of the Canadian
Fisheries. They ‘have never shown much interest in
fishery affairs. Political expediency demands that
attention and care be given to those industries which
employ the largest crowd of voters. That is why Agri-
culture is jollied along so nicely. Please the farmers

and you have a satisfied proportion of the population
se votes are numerous enough to break up a Gov-
yvernment should they get ‘‘sore’’ on its actions. The
hermen’s votes do not amount to a great many—so
hy waste time and money on them? .
The Fishing Industry of Canada knows what it wants
and the ““WANT ADVERTISEMENT” at the head
of this article expresses it briefly and succinctly. It
will remain in print until the want is filled. The de-
nd is reasonable and when acceded to will be pro-
ductive of much good to the Industry. All our lack
progression; all our slowness in getting ahead and
into our rightful place can be ascribed to the lack of a
_ Department of Fisheries and a responsible officer ad-
ministering it.
To bring this about it is up to every individual en-
gaged in the Canadian fisheries to do his part. The
Government does nothing voluntarily. The Canadian
Fisheries Association has already placed a resolution
before the Government asking for the establishment
of a distinct Fisheries Department with a Deputy Min-
ister in charge. It has already placed the matter before
_ Premier Meighen and the Hon. C. C. Ballantyne, Min-
ister of Marine and Fisheries. This must now be backed
up by the Industry individually.
__ Every person who is interested in the development
of the Fisheries should write the Premier and the
Minister of Marine and Fisheries urging them to aid
in the establishment of a Fisheries Department with a
Deputy Minister of Fisheries in charge. And at the
same time, the local Member of Parliament should be
made acquainted with the situation and requested to
use his influence in the House to the same effect. Local
_ Fishery Associations and Boards of Trade should have
the matter brought before them and resolution framed
and sent to the Ministers mentioned. Such a whole-
earted demand cannot be ignored and the Industry
will have recorded their ideas in no uncertain manner.
Until we get a distinct Fisheries Department, a
_ Deputy Minister with direct control of fisheries admi-
nistration and direct access to the presiding Minister,
we'll never get anywhere.

“SHOULD HAVE DEPARTMENT WITH DEPUTY

An Opinion from an Authority.

In his valedictory address at a Vancouver banquet,
Col. F. H. Cunningham, recently retired Chief
Inspector for B. C. Fisheries, and an official with 37
years service in the Federal Fisheries Department,
stated :—‘‘The Fisheries...... should be given her own
general manager in the person of a Deputy Minister
f Fisheries who should take the full responsibility and
be absolutely responsible under the Minister for the
future progress and development of this vast estate
(the Fisheries).”’

=4 CANADIAN FISH IMPORTS IN ENGLAND.

During 1919, Great Britain imported fresh fish to the
amount of 32,605 ewts valued at £147,705 from Canada.
Canadian canned sardines 5,658 ewts, valued at £45,-
750; canned lobsters 31,564 ewts valued at $601,177;
fish cured or salted 11,856 cwts valued at £56,164.
Canadian canned salmon amounting to 487,402 ewts and
valued at $3,457,516 were also imported while from
the United States they imported 475,865 ewts valued at
£3,047,524. In the latter item Imperial preference is
eonspicnous by its absence!

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 5

NOVA SCOTIA SALT FISH FOR 1920.

The Lunenburg catch amounted to 285,800 quintals’
—7,200 quintals short of the record catch of 1919. The
early Spring trip sold at $12.50. A break in prices
occured during the summer and export prices at pre-
sent are quoted around $7.50.

Canadians did some good business in the West
Indies and Brazil last Spring through the Government
control of fish in Newfoundland, but the Cuban market
fell away owing to supplies of Norwegian fish. The
outlook for consignment business is not good at pre-
sent, and large stocks on hand will have some diffi-
culty to find a market.

Cost of production is too high to meet the low prices
quoted and re-adjustment is absolutely necessary for
the season of 1921. The period of high prices is past.

Pickled codfish also dropped in price, but producers
got clear at better profits than if the product were
manufactured for export. Herring, Mackeral and
Alewives produced a small catch, but stocks were
cleaned up and demand was good.

In general, it is hoped that salt fish stocks will be
cleaned up at a small profit, but the outlook for next
year is uncertain.

LOBSTER PACK FOR 1920.

The total lobster. pack of the Maritime Provinces
amounted to 160,000 cases for 1920—an inerease of
30,000 cases over 1919. The value of the 1920 pack
was $5,500,000-—an inerease of $1,000,000 over the
previous year,

The export of live lobsters to the United States was
20 per cent over 1919, but conditions in marketing
the canned product were not favorable. Exports were
made to England, and the Seandinavian countries
principally. Belgium took a very much reduced por-
tion of her usual import, while France, usually a good
customer, took practically none. High prices and the
rate of exchange are blamed for the poor market, The
United States and Canadian markets for canned lobs-
ters showed distinct improvement over other years,
but there is still much stock unsold according to last
reports. The packers claim that in spite of the big
pack they have made no money, and Prince Edward
Island, New Brunswick and Quebee packers expect to
face a loss. Prices will probably reach pre-war levels.

AN INTERNATIONAL FISH DAY IN 1922.

The U. S. Fisheries Association have tentatively
agreed to co-operate with the Canadian Fisheries Asso-
ciation in the celebration of National Fish Day on both
sides of the line in 1922. The date will probably be the
first day in Lent. Both Associations will get together
at an early date to review plans and exchange ideas,

THAT AMERICAN-CANADIAN FISH MERGER.

The rumored American-Canadian merger of fishing.
concerns doing business on the Atlantie ecasts of the
two countries appears to be off. Sinee the huge stock
promotion of the East Coast Fisheries went under, we
spn that all talk of fish mergers will be quiet for
a while.

MAINE SARDINE PACK SHORT,

The Maine sardine pack will fall short of the aver-
age of 2,000,000 cases this year. Overstocked markets,
stocks undisposed of, and adverse conditions have re-
sulted in a reduced output for 1920.

6 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

SOUTH AFRICAN MARKET FOR CANADIAN
CANNED FISH.

According to advice recently received from South
Africa there is an opportunity to put other brands of
canned Canadian fish on the market there. At the
present time salmon and sardines are the only varieties
in demand.

Our Trade Commissioner in South Africa believes
that if samples of other canned fish, along with labels,
were forwarded, a market could be built up. He feels
the opportunity is particularly favorable for develop-
ing a big a big market for canned codfish and canned
haddock, and he suggests that the flati tins be used in
preference to the tall.

Among the natives (seven millions) there is a con-
siderable demand for sardines put up in cotton seed
oil. In pre-war days the natives bought these for six
cents a tin, but they could be sold today from 12 to 25
cents, which, it is estimated would mean from 6 to 12
cents, F.0.B. Canadian port. As to the better brand
of sardines there is a chance for a market among the
three millions of Europeans, but this is clearly a matter
of North Sea competition.

Canadians should make an effort to get into the
South African market.

PISCATORIAL PARAGRAPHS,
Develop Markets for Canadian Fish Within the Empire.

British Columbia frozen salmon destined for ship-
ment to Great Britain must be decorated with three
seals, wired or corded threugh different parts of the
fish. This is to denote that the fish is not the product
of British waters during the close seasons. If British
fishery inspectors can’t tell the difference between
“‘onecorhynchus’’ and ‘‘salmo_ salar’’—then their
“‘eddication’” has been neglected and Canadian fish-
ermen are paying the penality.

All who know Frank Cunningham, former Chief
Inspector of Fisheries for British Columbia, will regret
that he has retired. The Colonel was a great favorite
with all who knew him and his knowledge of the Can-
adian Fishing Industry is profound. Though we regret
his leaving official life, yet we tender him our heartiest
wishes for a happy and peaceful period of retirement
and trust that he will keep in touch with the Industry
as long as he ean.

The Lake Erie Fishermen’s Association will hold

their Annual Convention at St. Thomas, Ont., on Feb-
ruary Ist, 2nd and 3rd. <A splendid program has been
drawn up and the proceedings will be fully reported
in the next issue of the ‘‘Canadian Fisherman.’’

An Englishman was in a French restaurant looking
over the fish section of the menu. ‘‘What have you
in fish?’’ he asked the waiter.

“Ve have sole vit lemon sauce; sole vit parsley
sauce; sole vit anchovy sauce; sole vit mayonnaise;
sole vit Dutch sauce; sole vit oyster sauce; sole vit...’

“Hold on!’’ eried the other. ‘‘It seems to me that
you French have only one kind of fish but a thousand
sauces.’’

““Oni!’’ replied the waiter, ‘‘And you Kenglish—you
haf a t’ousand kinds of fish but only vun sauce—
Lea and Perrins!’’

January, 1921.

CANADA BARRELS & KEGS, LIMITED.
The well known firm of The Charles Mueller Com-
pany, Ltd., manufacturers of fish barrels and kegs of

every description, and located at Waterloo, Ont., have

reorganized and taken the name of the Canada Barrels _

& Kegs, Limited. :

Mr: Leo Henhoeffer remains with the new company _

as Managing Director and Secretary-Treasurer and

the entire staff are being retained. Canada Barrels &
Kegs. Ltd., will maintain the quality of product and

first-class service established by the Chas. Mueller Com-
try for so many years.

FUNDY FISHERIES, LTD.
The above firm with headquarters at St. George

+

?

Charlotte Co., N.B., has recently been incorporated at

$100,000 capitalization to carry on a general fishing
business. Senator I. R. Todd of Milltown, John C.
Belyea, John C. Earle, St. John, Geo. E. Frayley and
James H. F. Fray, of St. George, are the incorporators.

CALENDARS RECEIVED.

Connors Bros., Black’s Harbor, N.B., produeed a very

fine calendar this year—being a colored reproduction

of a famous painting portraying the Peace Conference
in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles. ie

Louis Cote, Reg’d, Dealer in Fish Oils and Salt Fish,

Quebes, have produced a large calendar displaying a
photo of their wharf at Quebec. a yeec

a

R. S. Hamilton Co., Fish Dealers, Fish Pier, Boston,

Mass., have an unusual calendar showing a photo of
Boston harbor partly frozen over and the fishin

schooner ‘‘Rex’’ in the ice. Three members of her crew

are seen walking ashore to the pier.

CHINOOK SALMON IN ONTARIO WATERS. —
The U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries recently received two
specimens of chinook salmon caught in the Ni
River. They are the product of fry placed in the lake.

SLIME AND ICE ALLOWANCE REFUSED, _
Ottawa, Jan., 13.—The complaint of the Canadian
Fisheries Association re the charges by Canadian Ex-

press Company on net weight of fish (carloads) exelud- ;
ing allowance of 21% per cent for slime and ice adher-

ing to the fish when weighed, which it was claimed,
was by custom allowed to the fisherman, is refused in
a judgment written by Hon. F. B. Carvell, chairman of
the Railway Board, and issued yesterday.

NEW ONTARIO GAME AND FISHERY OVERSEER.

With headquarters at Bridgeburg, W. H. Read,

of Fort Erie, has been appointed to the office of
District Game and Fishery Overseer for the counties
of Lineoln, Welland and Haldimand. The ap
ment is made under the new arrangement by which

int-_

positions will be centralized and many smaller ap-

pointments done away with. Instead of having a
number of men on part time, under the new -ar-
rangement, there will be one district official on full
time.
Fishery Officer. at Bridgeburg for a number of years,
will be relieved of his duties. Inspector Read was
recommended by Capt. James Huner, of the Game

and Fishery Department and his duties have already
commenced,

or
pany and which has won the favor of the fishing indus-

x!
v

€

George H. Briggs, who has been Game and— 5

1921. CANADIAN
on

OBITUARY, a
Captain William C. Smith.
t is with great regret that we have to record the

ing away of Captain William Charles Smith at his
» in Lunenburg, N.S., on December 28rd. Captain
h was the managing owner of the schooner ‘‘Dela-
‘wWana’’ and it was while he was attending the Inter-
jational Fisherman’s Race at Halifax, that he was

ricken with the illness which eventually resulted in

death.

- William C. Smith was born in Lunenburg in 1858
and edueated in the schools of his native town. In
his early years he followed the sea as a fisherman, and
iter of fishing and coasting craft. In 1899, he estab-
d the business of W. C. Smith & Co. Ltd., Fish
s, Outfitters and Vessel Owners, and built up a
e and successful organization through good judg-
t, expert knowledge and careful management. He
and owned many of Lunenburg’s finest salt bank
ishing craft as well as larger freighting schooners,
d was the owner of the schooner’ ‘‘ Delawana.’’
publie life, Captain Smith was a member of the
sunenburg Town Council for 14 years and served as
antic member of the Dominion Fisheries Advisory
‘d. He was a strong Conservative in polities and
° ye the Episcopal Church as well as to the A.
Tn the fishing industry, Captain Smith was an out-
tanding figure and one of the leading: men in the
ade. He was very kindly and approachable and his
ng will be universally regretted. Pte.

_ YARMOUTH FISHING FLEET GROWING.

The fresh fishing fleet of Yarmouth, N.S. is growing
and this port seems to have captured the former
glories of the up-the-Bay port of Digby. With the
launch of the schooner ‘‘Patrick and Michael’” of 140
overall and 192 tons gross, Yarmouth will boast of
largest fresh fisherman in the Canadian fleet. A
ightly smaller vessel will be launched in the Spring
f 1921 for the same business.
The local fleet had a successful season during 1920
landing and shipping fish to the U. S. market. A. grow-
_ ing business is being done with inland Canada. The
ed of an up-to-date cold storage is badly needed for
the development of the industry.
2 rosa ie,
NO MYSTERY FOR HER: SAYS CREDIT WAS
t is pard to tell sometimes whether the humor of a
lid is intentional or accidenital. The following is
extract from an essay on ‘‘Why Canadians Should
ti More Fish’’ from a little materialist-in-embryc
“Another reason why we should eat more fish is
that we should all follow the example of Jesus which
found in Matthew, 14th chapter, which tells how
fed the multitude of five thousand men, besides
women and children, with five loaves and two fishes.
don’t say what kind of fishes they were, but fish
must certainly be very filling.’’

% The Gloucester fishing schooner ‘‘Esperanto’? —

_ winner of the International Fishermen’s Cup—is for

i é along with other sailing schoonero of the Gorton-
eet.

FISHERMAN 7
SHACK AND SCROD.

The enthusiastic angler was telling some friends
about a proposed fishing trip to a lake in Colorado
which he had in contemplation.

*‘Are there any trout there?’’ asked one friend.

‘*Thousands of ’em,’’ replied the angler.

““Will they bite easily?’’ asked another friend.

“Will they? Why, they’re absolutely vicious. <A
man has to hide behind a tree to bait a hook.’’

A Terrible Threat.
If the U. §. insist on barring their markets for our
products, we shall retaliate by prohibiting the holding

of American Conventions in Quebee and British Colum-
bia.

: How to Predict the Winter Weather.

Split open a safe. If caught, prepare for a long,
hard, lonely winter.

Split open a lip. The kind of winter you will get will
depend entirely on whose lip you split open.

Split open a pair of kings to draw for a straight.
If you fail to fill it, prepare for a tough spell. If you
fill it, who gives a whoop about the winter outlook?

Split open a goose. If the wishbone is thin and
transparent, it means a light winter for you. A tough
winter for the goose is assured in any event.

Split open a Ford. If the driveshaft looks fairly
well preserved you are in for a hard winter. If it ap-
pears to be a total wreck you are in for a hard winter.
No matter how it looks you are in for a hard ride.

Split a bottle of near-beer. Tough winter, tough
spring, tough summer and tough fall.

Other Reliable Tests.

Are your neighbors putting away an extra supply
of coal? If, so, somebody’s been lying. It’ll be a hard
winter before you believe further stories that coal
dealers are on the level.

Ts the hair on the cat unusually long? If so, this may
indicate a severe winter. If the hair is unusually thin
may indicate a light winter or the mange.

Ts the hair on the old fur coat very thin? This is a
certain sign of coming hardships from cold and frost.

How is the hair on the chin of the average citizen?
If thick, prepare for a hard winter for barbers.

Never Failing Test. y

Is your last year’s overcoat out at the elbows? Is
your wardrobe made up of two light summer suits?
Are you living in a furnished room? Are you hoping
you may get through the reason without suffering ?
‘Prepare for the worst winter since the blizzard of
eighty-eight.’’

If you want to get ahead—keep your head.

“How are you, Mrs. Flynn? How’s your husband
to-day?”’

‘“Worse, Mrs. O’Brien. He’s got the gangrene.’’
“Well, thank God for the color, anyway.”’

_None but the Arabs of the desert affect to despise
fish.—They can’t get it. i

Sunday school teacher.—‘ Johnny, I’m surprised at
you. Why do you disbelieve the story of Jonah and the
Whale?’’

Johnny.—‘‘ ’Cause ma told pa she bet it was j

7 ma ; Jest an
excuse Jonah gave his wife fur not comin’ home,”’

8 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

January, 1921.

cOL. F. H. CUNNINGHAM RETIRES AFTER
THIRTY-SEVEN YEARS SERVICE IN THE
DEPARTMENT OF MARINE AND
FISHERIES.

On August 15th, 1883, F. H. Cunningham became ac-
countant in the Dominion Fisheries Department. During
the following years up to the year 1911 he became suc-
cessively assistant accountant in the marine and
fisheries department, inspector of fisheries for Onta-
rio, inspector of fish hatcheries for Canada, and super-
intendent of fish culture for Canada. In 1911 he was
appointed Chief Inspector of Dominion Fisheries for
British Columbia and up to December 31, 1920 held
that position. Colonel Cunningham asked to be per-
mitted to retire at the end of 1920 and with great
regret Hon. ©. C. Ballantyne, Minister of Marine and
Fisheries finally acceded to the request and the Chief
Inspector was granted superanuation.

During his holding of the office of inspector of hat-
cheries and of fish culture Col. Cunningham earried
out many valuable and interesting investigations with
the most practical results. The writer has had the
pleasure of listening to the story of some of these in-
vestigations and great eredit is given by Col. Cun-
ningham to members of the hatchery and fish culture
staff of the Dominion Fisheries department all over
Canada, for their faithful work in connection with
the department. Much exploration work is carried out
by both sections referred to and the Colonel has taken
personal part in much of this work. Perhaps the most
hazardous of all his exploration experiences occurred
some years ago when a canoe and boat journey was
made down the Nelson River to Hudson Bay to in-
vestigate the sturgeon and white fisheries. Although
of the most arduous nature the journey was success-
fully made and the objects of the expedition sustained.
During his term as superintendent of fish culture the
number of hatcheries in Canada increased from 22
to 41.

The appointment of Col. Cunningham to the office
of resident chief inspector of Dominion fisheries for
British Columbia was somewhat in the nature of an
experiment as previously inspectors made their trips
from Ottawa. The results have been so satisfactory
that now each province in the Dominion has its Chief
Inspector of Fisheries.

Colonel Cunningham's association with both those
engaged in the industry and with the department at
Ottawa has been of the most friendly nature at all
times. His decisions have been rendered with the in-
terest of the industry as a whole at heart, and, in the
long run, have met with general approval from fisher-
men and employers alike.

The Colonel attributes a great deal of his suecess
in the office of Chief Inspector of fisheries to the ef
ficiency and loyalty of the staff of officers associated
with him

Colonel Cunningham’s military career extends back
to 1880 when he enlisted in the 2nd Norfolk Rifle
Volunteers—a regiment reeruited from his native
county in England. He holds a medal with two clasps
for the part he took in the North-west rebellion of
which he isa veteran. In 1885 he set out from Ottawa as
band of sixty

member: of a composing the Ottawa

sharpshooters. These were made up of the best marks-
men. from the several regiments then stationed at Ot-
tawa. Twenty of these, among them young Cunning-
ham, took part in the Cut Knife Hill engagement of
May 2nd. Two were killed and two wounded in this
engagement. After his arrival in British Columbia,
the Colonel held a commission in the 104th regiment
Westminster Fusiliers, and during 1917, 1918 and 1919
was in command. Col. Leckie, then G.O.C. of the
military district commented most favorably on the
performance of this regiment.

sons saw _ service
over-seas. One with the 47th Battalion, one with the
Machine Gun Corps and the third with the engineers.
Francis served with the latter and was killed in the
fighting in France during 1916. A younger son, not
being able to serve overseas, carried on militia duty
in Canada. .

Three of Colonel Cunningham's

After establishing a record of service extending over
thirty-seven years in one government department,
Colonel Cunningham retires with the best wishes of
all who have been his friends and associates during
his long term of service. That the future years may
bring a great measure of prosperity, good luck and
happiness to the former Chief Inspeetor of Dominion
Fisheries for British Columbia is the sineere wish of
all who know him

CANADLAN

FISHERMAN 9

ANE
ill
way
“tN

| Report on a Visit to Fish Cunng
Establishment in Aberdeen.

By Professor J. J. R. MACLEOD, M.B., Ch.B., of the

University of Toronto.

At the request of the Biological Committee of the
Honorary Advisory Council of Scientifie & Industrial
Research, I collected some information regarding the
methods for the curing of ‘‘Finnan Haddies’’ and
other similarly cured fish, while on a visit to Aber-
deen, Scotland. I visited (1) the fish market of Aber-
deen, (2) the fish curing establishment of George
Angus & Co., and (3) the Biological Station of the
Fishery Board of Scotland at Nigg, near Aberdeen.
____‘The information which I succeeded in collecting from
___ these three sources probably contains nothing that is
new to those familiar with the fish curing industry,
‘ but it maf nevertheless be of value to report it briefly,
___ since one or two details in the method of preparation
of the fish appear to be different in Aberdeen from
those in Canada. It will save space if I piece together
the information received from the three sources, so as
to form a continuous statement of the processes
through’ which the fish are put, from the time they
are caught until boxed up in the euring works for the
_ various markets.

Species of Fish Used and Method of Catching.

a _ The fish are caught by trawl in the various fishing
grounds of the North Sea extending into the Atlantic
as far as the Faroe Islands. The boats are therefore
sometimes a week or more at sea during the fishing

trip. The fish are sorted when the trawl is brought

on board and they are immediately gutted and placed
in boxes with broken ice between the fish. These boxes
are then stored in the hold, where they may lie for
several days, with the fish at a temperature a little

- above freezing point. On arrival at the market wharf

in Aberdeen the boxes of fish are put up to auction.

- he fish-curers buy mainly haddock (Gadus Aeglefi-
~ nus). It is this fish alone that is used for making the
mous ‘‘Finnan Haddie’’. Sometimes the sea bream

(Pegelus Centerodontus) is used, but not as rule. The

Norway haddock (Sebastes Marinus) is sometimes

bought for curing purposes, but it is filleted before

- euring. Codlings (Gadus Morrhua) are also bought
in various sizes, the smallest fish to be smoked closed,

‘the larger ones to be filleted.

‘Certain of the fish arriving at the fish market from
the boats have not been gutted at sea. These are
usually the fish in the last trawl, and those caught by
line. Before being placed in the market all fish are
inspected by the Government officials, and any fish
’ that are at all doubtful are not allowed to be sold for
euring purposes. The condemned fish are sent to the
fish manure factory. The chief criteria of freshness
_are the absence of decided discoloration and the adour
of the fish. It may be mentioned here that Mr, Angus
' stated that so far as he knows, fish are never pur-
_ ehased for curing purposes after they have been for
sale by the retail fish mongers.

The curing works are all near to the harbour, and
immediately the fish are delivered they are distributed
among the cleaners, who work in well-built long sheds.
The first batch of fish arrive at the sheds about 10
a.m. Until recent years they arrived earlier, because
the fish auctions used to be held in the early morning
instead of in the forenoon as is now the case. I saw
many boxes of fish after delivery in the sheds. They
still contained pieces of broken ice and the fish looked
fresh, and those I handled were stiff. The foreman
distributes the fish on shelves next the cleaning
troughs, on which they are prepared for soaking in
brine. -

Preparation of Fish.

The haddocks of average size are slit open and thor-
oughly cleaned by girls who are very expert at this
work. The remains of the lining membrane and the
so-called blood-bone (kidneys and blood vessel) are
eut out and the opened fish seraped in a running
stream of water by a rotating cireular brush made of
stout bristles. A slit is also made through the back
muscles at the side of the back bone.

The fish are then put in the brine solution which is
of such a strength that they just almost float in it. A
crude hydrometer in the shape of a weighted bottle
with a mark on it, is used to test the strength of the
brine. Fresh salt is added from time to time, to main-
tain the brine of proper strength. Averaged sized
haddocks are brined for thirty minutes, the time for
removal of each batch being indicated by a wooden
clock dial.

After removal from the brine, the fish are hooked
by the “‘lugs’’ or ‘‘shoulders’’ on wooden pegs ar-
ranged on narrow boards. These are placed on racks
so that the brine may drain from the fish, after which
they are transferred to the kiln.

The above description is for average sized haddocks.
The process is different for small haddocks or eod-
lings and for large cod or other fish. The small had-
docks and the codlings are not slit open completely,
but they are scraped inside. They are soaked in brine
for about twice as long as the ordinary finnan, and then
hung on special metal hooks.

The large cod are filleted, a long strip of the back
muscles being very deftly cut away from the under-
lying bones and immediately placed in brine for thirty
minutes. The pickled fillets are then dipped in an-
natto stain to give them a yellowish brown color.

Smoking.

The smoking is done in small sheds with specially
built hearths for the fires, and gradually tapering
lums. The boards with the fish are hung over the
dense smoke, being held at one end by brackets in the
brick wall, and at the other by brackets coming down

10 CANADIAN

from the front of the lum. The boards with the fish
ean be easily moved from place to place. There is one
girl to attend to each shed, and these I saw contained
about ten fires each. Each fire is made of a circle of
peats smouldering on the inside of the circle. One duty
of the girl is to see that the fires do not burst into
flame, by sprinkling sawdust on them whenever this
threatens. The sawdust is of soft wood or of oak, ac-
cording to the eure desired. Another duty of the girl
is to change the position of the racks, so that the edges
of the fish do not become dry. This requires some ex-
perience to do properly. The time of smoking varies
according to the market to which the fish is to be sent.
For the Glasgow market (and local consumption) the
pale smoke is desired, and for the Edinburgh market
the dark smoke. In the former case the fish are left in
the kiln only two or three hours, oak chips and saw-
dust being used; in the latter case they are left six to
eight hours, and soft wood sawdust is used. After
smoking the fish are allowed to become cool and are
then immediately packed carefully in neat boxes.
Sometimes two fish are tied together by the lugs before
packing.

The ‘Smokies’ are cured in an entirely differen

FISHERMAN

January, 1921.

way. They are exposed in a confined space in spe-
cially built kilns to a much higher temperature, so that
the flesh is actually cooked. The kilns consist of
square ‘‘pots’’ built of wood or brick and sunk some-
what below the ground level. The sides of each pot
measure about four feet. In the wooden pots a fire
of billet wood is first lighted, and when it is ‘clear’
i.e. thorouhly ignited, and the dense smoking over
with, the racks of fish are hung on ledges on the walls
of the pot, and the top covered by a lid or by sack-
cloth. In the brick pots white wood chips are ignited
(below the ground level) and are kept smouldering by
moderate ventilation through two or three holes at
the bottom. The fish are then put in, and the pot
covered. The fish are fired from for three quarters
of an hour to one hour.

The fillets prepared from large cod are really not
smoked at all. They are merely dried by hanging in
the haddock kilns for half an hour. .

Packing.

After the fish removed from the kilns or smoke pots
have cooled, they are immediately packed in neatly |
made boxes, and practically always shipped on the
same day.

Government Endorses National

MINISTER APPEALS TO THE CANADIAN PUBLIC TO

>

Fish Day.

RECOGNIZE FISH DAY.

———————

Ottawa, Jan. 13—Canada’s Fisherman’s Day or Nat-
ional Fish Day, February 9, which has the endorse-
ment of the Fisheries Branch, Department of Marine
and Fisheries, and which is the subject of a special
appeal issued today over the signature of Hon. ©. C.
Ballantyne, Minister of Marine and Fisheries, may
yet be an international event. Officials at Washington,
and Gardiner Poole, Boston, president of the United
States Fisheries Association, have become enthused over
the suggested internationalizing of the occasion. On
behalf of the commercial fishing interests, Mr. Poole
has advised the Canadian Fisheries Association that the
suggestion will be carried into effect next year and
there seems. little doubt that Washington will come
forward with official recognition.

The Post Office Department, Ottawa, has arranged
for special cancellation postmarks to be used in the
post offices of the chief centres throughout Canada,
hearing the legend — ‘‘National Fish Day, February
9.”’ These will be in use very soon,

The following statement was today issued by Hon.
Mr. Ballantyne :—

““Every Canadian should be interested in the
development of our natural resources. Of these
our fisheries are among the greatest. Each and
every Canadian has a share in this great national
property and indirectly draws his dividends, His
interest in seeing the markets for our fish develop
should be just as intense as it would be were he

an actual subscriber of capital and drawing pro-
fits in actual cash.

“Of all the markets offered for Canadian fish
the home market is the best. That puts each one
of us in a position to assist in the expansion of
this outlet.

‘“‘Rebruary 9 is Fisherman’s Day — National —
Fish Day, designed to commemorate the thousands
of brave fishermen who daily risk their lives to
furnish us with food, and also to develop greater
respect for the nutritive and economic value of
fish as an item in one’s diet.

“Let everyone, whether in the habit of eating
fish or not, give it the premier place in the Nat-
ional Fish Day meals. If we are to develop a
broader local market, each citizen — each share-
holder in the industry,—must assist in the project.

““C. C. BALLANTYNE.”’

The attitude of the fisheries administration says
Mr. W. A. Found, assistant deputy minister of fisheries,
is to bring the industry to an advanced stage of devel-
opment. To achieve this much is to be desired. The
potentiality of our fishing areas presents the possibility
of securing for Canada the foremost position among
fish-producing countries. Whether this advantage
will be developed depends upon the energy with which
the commercial interests prosecute their elaims in
foreign markets, and equally as much upon the support
of the Canadian people at home.

CANADIAN

cf recent bulletin issued by the Fisheries department
states that the per capita consumption of fish in Canada
is about nineteen pounds per annum, while in England
it is approximately fifty-eight pounds. Countries bor-
ring on the North sea average around forty pounds.
Reports from all quarters quite obviously point to
pressed conditions in foreign fish trade, due to the
overty of foreign markets and the unsatisfactory
xchange situation. Mr. Found, discussing this phase
f the situation, stated that now was the opportunity
or our Canadian people to take full advantage of fish
a food. Fish is in a different class from other food
resources, he pointed out. While other sources are
trying to recuperate from the exhausting strain of the
war period, the sources of our fish supplies produce
‘ar in excess of the demand. Instead of intensified pro-
duetion, which is necessary in other lines, a stimulated
demand is needed in the fish business. Our fish sup-
plies would solve the problem of shortage in other com-
_modities if people would turn to sea foods and let the
depleted stock recover.

It is Sapa to note that the marketed value of
our Canadian fish in 1920 was in excess of $56,000,000.
“Two-thirds of the total quantity landed, which was
_ approximately 825,000,000 pounds, went into foreign
12 markets. Our home market has not yet developed to

a state where satisfactory distribution can be secured.
x - Naional Fish Day this year comes on the first day of
Lent, and each year in future it will also fall on Ash
| Wednesday.

4 _ JAPANESE DEMAND FOR FISH SCALES FOR
4. EXTRACTION OF FISH ESSENCE.
Trade Commissioner A. E. BRYAN,

_ Yokohama, November 11, 1920.—Inquiries have
been received at this office as to whether fish scales
Bs ‘suitable for the extraction of the shiny silver mate-
rial known as fish essence can be obtained in
a Canada.

It is said that the fish giving the best scales for
_ this purpose is the ‘‘Ablet,’’ also known as the
‘Ablen,”’ “Bleak’’ or ‘‘Blay.’’ This is a small
river fish about 3 inches long, and is usually found
in most cool and temperate countries. The lower part
of the body of this fish is covered with many small
silvery shining scales. The sides of the fish are alse
productive of shiny scales. These are what is de-
manded. The scales of any other part of the fish are
of no use.

It is said that owing to its small size the Ablet
must be caught with nets of very small mesh. In
countries these fish are caught when they are
milting in thick banks along the river sides. The
seales are the richest in this shiny material some
2 or three weeks before milting, but during the
‘milting the seales are of no use. After milting the
seales regain some of their former richness, but are
not as good as if caught before milting takes place.
Method of Preparation.

When the fish are caught’ they must be taken
ashore while living and tthe silver scales scraped off.
is very important that these fish should be quite
ean before seraping. They should be allowed to

he scraping should be done with a dull knife in
to get the seales off without staining them
ith the blood of the fish. After the scales have

‘Seraped into a clean receptacle they are mixed

FISHERMAN 11
with common marine salt and packed in air-tight
tins. It is also important to let all the water drip
from the seales in order that they may be packed
as dry as possible. Too much dampness within the
tin retards the long preservation of the seales in
proper condition for use. The tops of ithe tins are
then soldered and the tins are packed in wooden
boxes.

If any one in Canada is able to supply these fish
scales he is asked to communicate with the Canadian
Trade Commissioner at Yokohama, Japan.

Note.—Mr. W. A. Found, of ithe Fisheries Branch,
Department of Marine and Fisheries, was asked for
an explanation of the use made of the extract re-
ferred to. He replied as follows: ‘‘Up to the
moment such use of fish scales is not being made
in Canada, though it is understood that a concern
recently began operations at Eastport or Lubec, in
the State of Maine, by using the scales of sardines
or young herring that’ were being canned at ‘tne sar-
dine canneries there. Very little informacion is
available regarding these operations, but it is under-
stood that ithe seales were treated with a solvent
which extracted from them the bright colour matter,
and that a pearly liquid was produced, whieh, it was
stated, is used in the manufacture of artificial
pearls,”’

SCALLOP FISHING REGULATED.

A license is now required for scallop fishing in N.B.,
N.S. and P.E.I. Close season extends from June Ist.,
to Oct. 15th. In Mahone Bay, N.S., season is open only
from Dee. 15th to Jan. 20th. Seallops less than four
inches across widest part of shell must be returned to
water. Floating and soaking scallop meat is prohibited.
—Order in Council, Dee. 9th, 1920.

Team Work.

““T say, Gadsby,’’ said Mr. Smith, as he entered a
fishmonger’s with a lot of tackle in his hand, ‘‘I want
you to give me some fish to take home with me. Put
them up to look as if they’d been caught to-day, will
you?’’

‘Certainly, sir. How many?”’

“Oh, you’d better give me three or four—mackerel.
Make it look decent in quantity without appearing to
exaggerate, you know.’’

**Yes, sir. You’d better take salmon, tho.’’

“Why? What makes you think so?’’

“Oh, nothing, except that your wife was here early
this morning and said if you dropt in with your fish-
ing-tackle I was to persuade you to take salmon, if
possible, as she liked that kind better than any other.’’
—Los Angeles Times.

Lady.—‘‘Do you want employment?’’

Tramp.—‘‘ Lady, ver means well, but yer can’t make
work sound any more invitin’ by using a word of three
syllables.’’

**Yes,’’ said the specialist as he stood at the bedside
of the sick buyer. ‘‘I ean eure you,’’

““What will it cost?’’ asked the sick man faintly.

“*Ninety-five dollars.’’

“You'll have to shade your price a little,’’ replied
the purchasing agent. ‘‘I have got a better bid than
that from the undertaker.”’

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

January, 1921.

Good Management in the Salmon
Canning Industry. |

By HENRY DOYLE.

An Instructive Article by a Pioneer Salmon Canner
and Student of Fishery Science.

Generally any man is considered a good business
man when his efforts are crowned with financial suc-
cess, and the longer his success continues, and the
farther his sphere of influence extends, the more his
accomplishments are lauded ; the louder his praises are
sung. But should adversity dog his footsteps, should
competitors secure his trade, or should a shortage of
raw materials curtail his output, then the commercial
world takes an unfavourable view of his business
ability. His past successes are weighed in the balance
against his present misfortunes, and are found want-
ing. His misfortunes are put down to poor judgment.
The inroads of competitors seem evidence of his
slackened energy. Shortage of raw material is ascribed
to lack of foresight. If in business on his own account
he may carry on until the tide turns and success once
more become his hand maid. If he is managing a busi-
ness for others it is more than likely a change will be
demanded and his services dispensed with before he
can profit sufficiently from adversity to re-establish
himself in the confidence of his associates.

But whether acting for himself or others it often
happens that a true realization of existing conditions
is no tfully grasped by a business man until it is too
late to rectify the situation. It is not enough to be
able to see the road to success: to travel it we must
possess a means of conveyance. And until we employ
the means of conveyance on the very road we have to
travel it is a useless implement for our purposes.

In the salmon canning industry today the operators
are facing this very situation. For many years past
the business has been a profitable one, and due to the
combination of good packs and a ready market, most
of those who followed this branch of commercial life
have been successful. Their success has convinced
themselves, their shareholders, and the general public
that they were astute business men, fit to be intrusted
with the management of large affairs. From the stand-
point of past performance this confidence may appear
fully justifiable, but if past successes were obtained
at the cost of future operations, can we truthfully con-
sider their management has been businesslike?

The pack of Red Alaska in 1919 was but 1,204,343
eases, and that of 1920 is probably no larger. Not
since 1899 has the output been as small. The packs for
the five years 1914 to 1918 inclusive averaged 2,269,350
cases, or nearly 100 per cent. more than either 1919
or 1920 produced. Pink salmon are two years old when
they are caught on their return as mature fish to their
spawning streams, and the depletion in Alaska in this
species ig even more marked. In 1917 the pack was

2,298,466 cases; the corresponding year of 1919 but
1,657,434 cases were produced. In 1918, 2,418,212 cases
were packed, while from the progeny of that run only
about 1,300,000 cases were put up this year.

But more serious still is the fact that from the spawn-
ing steams of Alaska comes warning that in 1921 and
1922 more pronounced decreases may be expected. With
fewer fish to catch, fishing operations have become
more extensive and more intense. The results have
been that hardly any humpbacks arrived at the spawn-
ing beds, and in many areas there were practically no
eggs deposited. To such localities it is out of the ques-
tion to expect good runs in the two next seasons, or in
any future seasons, unless these sections have their
runs restored by artificial propagation. ;

A like condition prevails in the Fraser river fishery.
The sockeye runs of to-day are but shadows of their
former size. The ‘‘upper’’ Fraser watershed has been
without any runs to speak of in three out of every four
years since 1899, while the rock slides in the Fraser
canyon in 1913 placed the fourth year; the ‘‘big”’

year; in the same category. The decrease in this sock-.

eye fishery is notorious. It is so noted indeed that in
contemplating it we overlook the fact that the hump-
back fishery is following the same downward path, and
soon this species too will be as scarce as sockeyes are
to-day. The pack of 1919 was far smaller than that of
1917, and that of 1921 bids fair to show a still greater
falling off.

Good management would make some provision to
prevent the extermination of the sockeye and hump-
back fisheries of both Alaska and Fraser river, but
what steps are the cannery interests taking in either
district to ward off disaster? I think we can truthfully

say: Absolutely none. Each operator still devotes all his_

time and energy to secure as large a portion as possible

from the remnants of the runs that are left, knowing

full well that if he does not do so his competitor will;
that staying his own hand will not result in his neigh-
bour doing likewise. All squabble and fight to elim-
inate the other fellow’s form of fishing appliance;
each pretends to believe—although in his heart he
knows otherwise—that if only his method of fishing
was permitted no depletion would occur. They all
waste money in political wire pulling to achieve their
individual objects, while no attempt is made to bury
their separate grievances and by working harmoniously
and in concert, to build up the fisheries so that all
forms of gear could be employed with impunity, and
fish in plenty would be available for all.

In the early days of the Columbia river fishery every

ee a ee e’

ful, yet rivalry was keen, and the last thing a canner
‘dreamt of was co-operating with a competitor. But
by and by the industry fell upon evil days; fish be-
came searce; and packers became alarmed. Still they
made no concerted attempt to prevent extermination ;
they left this to the government to do for them. The
government tried, and by their efforts produced suffi-
cient salmon by artificial propagation to maintain the
run at some semblance of its former greatness. But
they did not bring it back to anything like its prime.
Tt was only when new management ; new ideas; and new
methods were applied that such success was secured
as promises to make the Columbia fishery exceed the
_.» best records of its past. And to the credit of the
Columbia river operators, they laid aside their squab-
bles over traps, seines, gill nets, and fish wheels, and
financially and otherwise, co-operated to supplement
the government’s action in producing through artificial
propagation sufficient salmon for all their appliances,
and still provide an ample run of fish to the natural
spawning beds and for hatchery requirements.
What Columbia river canners have done and are
doing, should spur operators in other localities to take
like concerted action. Never mind the government; let
the government do what it can, in its own way, to
maintain the supply; but let the canners supplement
- government action by co-operating themselves in pro-

--pagation work in districts where the government is

- not operating, and with methods which promise greater
e success than is expected from the methods which the

government employs. Take the money which to-day

is being squandered in fighting each other, and apply
_ it to fish cultural purposes, and there would be ample
funds available for operating a dozen hatcheries on the

- rearing pond system.

: If a farmer owned a farm of 66 acres and made $100
per acre profit each year, he would be doing well. He
-_-would receive a net return of $6,600 per annum. If he
possessed such a farm and made no effort to plant
__ erops and cultivate them so he could reap the profitable
harvest, we would rightly say he was a poor manager
and deserved to have his farm taken away from him.
If he was not the owner, but managed the property
for someone else, there would not doubt be a speedy
change in management.

The case of the salmon canner is very similar. Rear-
ing ponds of 66 acre area are of sufficient size to ac-
commodate 132,000,000 young sockeyes or humpbacks
until they attain the fingerling size. From 50,000
adult salmon, equal to about 4,000 cases of canned fish,
the necessary eggs could be obtained. At Bonnieville
hatchery young sockeyes have been successfully re-
:. tained until they were 5 or 6 inches long; were marked
before released; and matured fish, possessing such
markings, returned in due course to the river waters.
The Oregon authorities estimate that fully 10 per cent.
of the marked fish were accounted for, and that with
_ their present day knowledge of how to feed and take
_ eare of the fish while in the rearing ponds, a return of
4 ad per cent. to 50 per cent, Can confidently be looked
= + for.
F But even on a 10 per cent basis the 132 million fish
_ a 66 acre propagation farm took care of, would produce
sufficient mature sockeyes to fill ‘‘One Million Cases.’’
Bonnieville hatchery officials estimate the cost per
,000 at about 50c, and at this rate it would take $60,-
000 to $70,000 to pay production ‘costs. If a million
eases were secured the market value at to-day’s prices

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

13

would be $12,500,000, for Alaska Red, or $20,000,000
for Fraser sockeye. Surely a satisfactory return for
foregoing the packing of 4,000 cases, and on an initial
expenditure of $70,000 for seed, planting and cultiva-
tion. :

And if the farmer-manager would be deemed censur-
able for neglecting his obvious opportunities, why
should we look any differently on the cannery operator
who, with still greater prospects of profit, yet makes
no effort to obtain it. It is all very well to decry past
artificial propagation accomplishments, but if initial .
failures in medical, engineering, or other scientific re-
search work, had deterred men from continuing their
efforts, where would mankind be to-day? All signs of
our present civilization would be lacking, and in mode
of living, and in understanding, we would be as are the
beasts of the field.

It is not to be expected that at the start off anything
like rearing ponds for 132 million fish would be install-
ed. But if operators in various sections would examine
streams adjacent to their canning establishments they
doubtless would find localities where rearing ponds
of an acre, or half an acre, could be installed; where
cannery employees could do the work of earing for
the young fish; and where food for their use could be
processed right at hand. In this way the work could
be accomplished with the minimum of expense, and
the resultant matured fish returning to their native
stream would give the cannery operator the best chance
of reaping his reward. Should no returns be secured
he could at least claim judgment and foresight for
attempting to provide for the future, while if he built
up the fishery the resultant profit would shrink the
cost to insignificant proportions, and would establish
him forever as a successful business man.

Through many years of effort, and vast expenditure
of money, we have built up brands, selling connections,
and an established trade for canned salmon. Is it
good business management to jeopardize, perhaps lose
all this, by exterminating the natural supply while
waiting for the government to provide us with artifici-
ally propagated raw material? The farmer does not
expect the government to furnish the seed, plow and
cultivate the soil, and permit him to reap the harvest
free of all production expenditure. Why should those
engaged in the fishing industry be less self reliant?
The returns they can look for from their 66 acre fish
farming are a thousand times greater than a land
farmer could possibly secure from his efforts, and yet
we are facing the extermination of the industry with-
out even an attempt on our part to prevent it. ‘‘God
‘helps those who help themselves’’ apparently is not
part of the creed of Pacific Coast salmon operators.

Years ago Columbia river salmon under Columbia
river brands, supplied the trade of Great Britain. As
time passed and this fish was not available for that
market, Sockeyes and Red Alaska supplanted it. But
the John West brand, the various Hume brands, and
other well established Columbia river labels are still
leaders in the English markets, although to-day they are
used on Sockeye and Red Alaska salmon. If Puget
Sound, British Columbia and Alaska fail to furnish
salmon in sufficient quantities to keep well known
brands before the public, what will be the conse-
quences? The canners of Siberia and Japan, with their
practically unimpaired fisheries will step into the
breach; the well-known brands will be used on their
produets; and should our fisheries eventually become
restored we will have to break a fresh lance against a

14 CANADIAN

competitor armed with cheap cost of production, and
possessed of all the advantages we enjoy to-day.

The rearing pond system of Oregon may not be per-
fect; it may perhaps fall far short of what the author-
ities claim for it. But at least it has proven better than
the methods employed elsewhere, and if these other
methods continue to be used by the government in
their propagation work, why should the canners sit
supinely by, and let Oregon alone demonstrate the
workings of its system. Surely the canners of Alaska,
Puget Sound and British Columbia have enough at
stake to warrant their spending money to demonstrate
the effectiveness of any and all systems that give
promise of maintaining their supply of raw materials.
They spend thousands yearly for fire insurance pro-

FISHERMAN

January, 1921.

tection and consider it money well spent. What is
artificial propagation but an insurance of raw material
supplies? If one is beneficial, why not the other?
To-day the packers are getting together through amal-
gamations, through voluntary agreements for pack
curtailments, and through other means to preserve their
selling markets and eliminate destructive competition
in securing fish supplies. Why not use the same means”

anl same organizations in an effort to restore the —
fisheries to their old time strength? Sueces may not
come at once, but come, it eventually will. Woe betide—

us if we await that attainment until our brands have _ |

disappeared, and our trade has passed into the hands
of Asiatic competitors.

6 7c ai :

A Voice From

Nova Seotia >". age

By MARGARET McLAREN,

With all of the necessities of life at. their present
high cost, and fish at its present low price, who but a
capitalist can assume to become a fishrerman?

Somewhere about a year ago, the storms, raging with
incessant fury along this coast, stripped the fishermen
of their gear; nets, ropes and grapplings being carried
away by the raging seas. Since that time, it has taken
their most industrious efforts to recuperate their
losses.

This season brought little or no mackerel, and the
numerous dogfish played havoe with the nets during
herring time. All this, of course, is most discouraging.

On the west Halifax coast, boats are being hauled
up and the fishermen are going from home to engage in
more lucrative employment.

Any person who feels an interest in the fishermen,
will readily see that the situation is indeed precarious.
Winter is here and hard times seem just ahead. Altho’
the fisherman eatches fish, he can’t catch groceries and
clothing and a little toward emergencies in his family,
(figuratively speaking) unless a fair price is given
him for that which, he has daily, even hourly, drawn
from the sea, at the risk of his life.

Beginning at the beginning, the prices of twine and
rope are almost prohibitive. That is why the fisher-
men are engaging in other oceupations. As a people
we should assert our right to have things arranged so
as our fishermen might be enabled to get their gear at
a reasonable figure. We ought also to consume more
fish per capita and if we did, we would be affording
a larger home market for the fisherman’s ecateh and
economizing in our living costs.

And, to-day, on aceount of the apathy of both people
and Government, fishermen cannot make both ends
meet.

The writer goes to Church on Sunday. The econ-
gregation of that Chureh are mostly fishermen and
their families. A few seasons agone, my neighbors
were prosperous, and well dressed, comfortable and
satisfied. To-day there is that strained air of expect-
ancy, that sign of a brave front among them, that cau-

ses the writer who takes perhaps a little more notice
of the barely perceptible, to wonder why things have —
come to such a pass. Mountainous prices for every-
thing, and next to nothing for fish.

What is the remedy?

Many are suggested, but a good start may be made
in the establishment of a stronger and better fisheries
administration at Ottawa. At present, Fisheries are
overshadowed by Agriculture, Mining and Forestry
and these resources have been carefully nursed along
by a paternal Government. The Fisheries are govern-
ed, as a sort of side-line, by the Department of Marine,
The Marine administration is paramount. It should _
be secondary to Fisheries.

There is no manner of doubt but what the cabinet
at Ottawa have failed to realize the potentialities and
value of Canada’s fishery resources. But little money
is voted for their development and parliamentarians
are unsympathetie and uninterested when fishery af-
fairs come up in the House. Fishery estimates are
ruthlessly cut to sums which are totally inadequate.

An energetie and capable Fisheries Department with
money and power to accomplish things could do mueh
to bring the industry to a prosperous plane. It could
devise ways and means for making the fisherman’s
labor worth while; it could develop both the home and
export markets by aggressive publicity and secure for
the fishermen a larger outlet for their fish.

A futile administration reflects itself in an industry.
When hard times come along, the trade, lacking the
backing of a strong Government Department, have to
fight adverse conditions themselves without assistance
and it is always the primary producers who feel the
pinch. Hard times in the Fishing Industry always
goes back along the line to the fisherman and he suf-
fers most because he is least able to stand the squeeze
financially,

Let us hope that this fact will be realized and that
the Fisheries will be called to their rightful place
among the natural resources of the Dominion and

given the sympathetic consideration and development
which they deserve,

January, 1921. CANADIAN FISHERMAN 15

:
4
;

| Dressing Fish by Machinery.

The ‘‘Iron Chink’’ Adapted for Cod and Haddock.

Messrs. Job Bros., & Co., Ltd., of St. Johns, N. F.,
have furnished us with photographs and a description
of a machine, similar to the famous ‘‘Tron Chink”’ of
the Pacific salmon fisheries, which is designed for use
in dressing and cleaning cod and haddock. The photo-
graphs reproduced herewith are those of an experi-
mental machine only. The finished commercial mach-
ine will be a trifle smaller and of much neater appear-
ance. These cuts are shown to give a general idea
of the machine and how the men stand to work it.

Messrs Job Bros., who are the Atlantic agents, furn-
ish the following information regarding the apparatus.

“Those engaged in the Codfish and Haddock’ in-
dustry will be interested to hear of a machine which has
recently been designed and will shortly be on the
market.

This machine heads, spilts and guts
the fish, removes the backbone from
any point desired, cleans and washes
the interior of the fish and removes the
black film or membrane from the napes,
in fact it takes the round fish and per-
forms all operations necessary to make
it ready for salting or smoking.

The makers of this machine are the
Smith Cannery Machines Co, Inc. of
Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. This com-
pany, a number of years ago, evolved
a machine for use in connection with
the Salmon canning industry of the
Pacifie Coast of America.

We mention it merely because its
success goes some way towards guar-
anteeing the suecess of the Cod and
Haddock machine designed by the same
Company.

The operation in connection with
splitting codfish and haddock is, as
you know, somewhat different; the
removal of the tails and fins is not re-

quired, and it is necessary for the fish to be laid
open and the back bone removed from the head
to a certain point near the tail.

At our suggestion, the Smith Cannery
chines Company undertook to modify
Salmon machine to enable it to perform this
slightly different series of operations. The
only machine as yet in existence is an exper-
imental machine which is now in our posses-
sion here. From the demonstration we have
seen with this, we are satisfied that the com-
mercial machines which the Smith Cannery
Machines Company is engaged in constructing
will perform the operations required in an
entirely satisfactory manner. In view of pre-
sent-day labour conditions and the experience
of the Salmon industry, we think it possible
that the present machine will in time become
indispensable to the codfish and haddock in-
dustry; indeed we have given evidence of our
own confidence in its prospects by ourselves
contracting for the first two Commercial
machines turned out, to be used at our establishments
here and in Labrador respectively. These are now
under construction atid it is expected that they will
be ready in time for the opening of our fishery next
Spring.

Ma-
‘the

In a general way we may say that the machine stands
7 ft. high and weights something over a ton. It is
driven by any convenient motive power of about 6 to
8 H.P., and also, of course, requires a water supply.
It is fed by two men, one of whom passes the fish into
the heading apparatus, while the other places them in
the main part of the machine which splits them, removes
the bone from a point which ean be adjusted at will,
cleans and washes the fish and drops them into a
wheelbarrow or any other convenient receptacle, or
into a conveyor as may be convenient.

16 CANADIAN FISHERMAYSN

January, 1921.

7
SS GE a
Sa
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suettseeg

fi

Pacific Coast |
Section ia

A\BC3

“The Canadian Fisherman,” Pacific Coast Branch, will be glad to have inquiries from any one who wishes
information in any way connected with the fishing industry. We would also appreciate items of fishing news

suitable for publication.

Address communications to F. E. Payson, Pacific Coast Representative, Industrial & Educational Pross, Led.

528 Winch Building, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

ARE WE GOING TO GET A DEPARTMENT AND A
DEPUTY MINISTER OF FISHERIES?

Two years ago the Canadian Fisheries Associa-
tion asked the Minister of Marine and Fisheries. to
appoint a Deputy Minister of Fisheries and to es-
tablish a separate Fisheries Department. The mat-
ter has been the subject of much discussion and
debate by the Industry on the Pacific Coast and the
opinion has been unanimous in endorsing the C.F.
A’s. idea.

Organizations such as the B. C, Salmon Canners’
Association and the Vancouver Board of Trade are
now asking the Premier to separate the Fisheries De-
partment from the Marine and to appoint a Deputy
Minister of Fisheries. They have requested that the
man appointed be one who is fully qualified to carry
on the duties of the office with a thorough under-
standing of the requirements and scope of the
Industry.

The request is coming from those who have their
money invested in the fisheries and who have felt
the lack of a sympathetic and aggressive adminis
tration. They have suffered under the present sys-
tem and desire the appointment of a Deputy Min-
ister of Fisheries who will be in a position to advise
and place before the Minister all matters requiring
his sanction without the futility and injustice of
leaving things to the ‘‘say-so’’ of a Deputy
Minister of Marine.

NATIONAL FISH DAY IN VANCOUVER.

President ‘‘Al’’ Hager of the Canadian Fisheries
Association, whose home town is Vancouver, has
passed the word along to get busy on NATIONAL
FISH DAY, FEBRUARY NINTH, He says: ‘This

such

is going to be the biggest National Fish. Day . ever
put over in Vancouver!'’ Now, when ‘‘Al’’ makes

a statement like that, it means something doing, and

the rest of Canada’s Fishing fraternity will have

to do some hustling for the ‘“‘high dory’’ record.
The public of Vancouver, and every other British
Columbia city and town, will have their pick of
every variety of fish on that day whether they want
it fresh, cured or canned. British Columbia always
made a good celebration of National Fish Day, but
plans for the coming event are designed to beat all
previous records.

LECTURE TOUR BY COL, CUNNINGHAM TO
ASSIST IN THE MARKETING OF CANNED
PINK SALMON IN UNITED KINGDOM
AND ON THE CONTINENT.

If the plans under way ultimately mature for the
proposed lecture tour of Col. Cunningham im the
United Kingdom and on the Continent it is to be
hoped that the greatest good may result from it.

To obtain the best and most lasting results; definite
plans for the right kind of publicity before, during
and after the tour should be carefully arranged far
enough ahead to assure the broadest kind of distribu-
tion of news in connection with the campaign.

Assured co-operation of distributers of canned sal-
mon in the United Kingdom and on the Continent must
be definitely arranged before anything else is done.
The publie should be given plenty of notice of, the
lectures. The firms handling canned salmon should
carry on an advertising campaign of sufficient scope
to insure good returns.

Unless the plan of campaign is broad, comprehensive
and of sufficient duration the expense of such a leeture
tour will be time and money thrown away.

Properly planned and executed this lecture tour will
surely be worth while. Colonel Cunningham is with-
out doubt the best man available to make such a tour.

If he has the proper backing in the United Kingdom
and on the Continent the best of results are bound to
be obtained.

January, 1921. CANAD PAN

riSHERMAN

NOAM

Lt]
NY

WM y Z

Banquet To Col. Frank Cunningham

Appreciation by Pacific Industry to Popular Fisheries
Officer on Retirement.

IMPORTANT ADDRESS BY RETIRING OFFICER.

On January 12th at the Citizen’s Club, Vancou-
ver, the members of the British Columbia Salmon

Canners Association tendered a banquet to Col. F. H
Cunningham, who retired as Chief Inspector of
Dominion Fisheries for British Columbia on Decem-
ber 31st, 1920. Col. Cunningham has served in the
Dominion Fisheries Department for 37 years and
has held this last office for over ten years.

Frank Burke, a prominent official in the Canadian
Fisheries and Salmon Canners Associations, acted as
Chairman of the gathering and among the speakers
who paid deserving tribute to the retiring official
were Messrs H. B. Bell-Irving, W. H. Barker, A. H.
Whitmore and W. B. Powell, all well-known canners.

Col. Cunningham’s valedictory speech was as fol-

lows :—
Tt is difficult for me to realize my position here
tonight, especially so as on previous occasions when
we have met together it has been for the purpose of
discussing official business, but now I am _ your
guest, and I appreciate the honor you have conferred
upon me in tendering this banquet, at the termina-
tion of my service as a Dominion Government em-
ployee.

I have experienced thirty-seven years and four
months of continuous service in connection with the
Fisheries of Canada, and if I stated I severed my
connection with the Service without any regrets |
would be false to myself, false to the Department,
false to you and false to the industry. I have many
regrets, and in looking back I realize mistakes must

have been made but they fave been errors in judg-
ment rather than of intent. ‘
As you are aware, and it has been stated many

times, the position of Chief Inspector of Fisheries
has not been a bed of roses, and during the past
three or four years the horizon has been black with
clouds, but the gathering here tonight conveys to
me that the clouds were not: ag black as I pictured
them and that I had more friends and sympathizers
than I anticipated. A word of encouragement and
sympathy would have, on many occasions, beer
gratefully received, and I am reminded of this by
a letter I received frém one of the Fishery officers
' in which he stated: ‘‘It. is too bad that a man is

- allowed to leave a Service before he is told how much

his efforts have been appreciated, and that we heap
wreaths on a man’s grave after he is dead when a
word of encouragement might have kept him alive.’’

I wish to make it very clear that my superannua-
tion and retirement from the Service has been grant-

ed at my own request, and that the existing rela-
tionship between the Hon. C. C. Ballantyne and the
officials of the Department is of the most cordial
and pleasant nature, and I shall be glad at any time
to render them any assistance which my long ex-
perience might warrant.

I would like to say a few words on the question of
administration, About 1883 a child was born and
she was christened under the name of the Depart-
ment of Fisheries and was given a father by the
then Honourable A. W. McLellan, in the person of a
Deputy Minister. The child grew and developed
until 1890, when its estate was worth $17,714,902.
The expenditure in managing this estate amounted to
$226,000.

In 1890 this poor little child became an orphan, as its
father died, officially, and she was transferred to
the Department of Marine and came under the ten-
der mercies of a step-father. Notwithstanding this,
the child still developed and later on in life was
given a new step-father in the person of the Deputy
Minister of the Naval Service, but unfortunately for
the child, the tail wagged the dog and she even lost
her identity.

After being under the guidance of a second step-
father for a few years she again had to look for new
relationship, and went. back to her first love, the
Deputy Minister of Marine, now known as the De-
puty Minister of Marine and Fisheries.

Notwithstanding all these vicissitudes, the child
continued to develop, and today her estate is worth,
to the Dominion of Canada, Fifty-six Million Dol-
lars and she spends over One Million Dollars an-
nually in the administration of the same.

Surely, with such a long probation, showing such
successful results, she is now competent to manage
her own affairs, and the time has been reached when
she should be given her own General Manager, in
the person of a Deputy Minister of Fisheries, who
should take the full responsibility and be absolutely
responsible under the Minister for the future pro
gress and development of this vast estate.

I will now say a few words. on the value of the
salmon fisheries to the commercial life of this Pro.
vince, This is a question which does not appear to
be fully appreciated by the general public, and the

large investments in the industry generally are not
given eredit for the important part they play in

keeping the Province of British Columbia one of the
foremost in progressiveness and commercial value.
Nhe figures I will give are most conservative and

18 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

are based on the salmon pack of the past year,
which was 200,000 cases less than the previous year.
To start with, there is a capital investment of nearly
Sixteen Millions of Dollars and the sum of $3,892,000
was paid to those who produced the raw material—
that is, those who earned their livelihood by fishing.

Over Two Millions of Dollars were paid in wages
to Cannery employees and the number of persons
employed in the fishing industry was over 17,000.
To be added to the above, over $300,000 was paid for
supplies—such as groceries and produce, and the
cans used in putting up this pack cost over Two
Millions of Dollars.

The majority of the expenditure for supplies and
cans was in the City of Vancouver, where labor is
employed in preparing and manufacturing: all these
requirements.

The lumber business also benefits by the manu-
facture of boxes, and the shipping companies re-
ceive their share of the expenditure for freight pur-
poses.

It will thus be seen that the canning industry of
British Columbia is one of the greatest supporters of
the commercial life of the Province, and when this
work is all done and these immense sums of money
paid out within a period of about four months, it is
a stupendous undertaking, and those who are willing
to gamble in the fishing business deserve the sup-
port and sympathetic consideration of the Govern-
ment and the public.

Fishing is a pure gamble, and the man who puts
his money into a Cannery accepts 75 per cent of
that gamble, as his Cannery must be placed in re-
pair, supplies must be on hand, and, in fact, his
money is all expended before he gets One Dollar in
return, and his loss is very great if the run of fish
should not materialize, or if the run is less than
what he thad prepared for.

I am of the opinion that the general public should
be better informed of the value of the Fishing in-
dustry to the life of the Province, and I shall be
pleased to know that action is taken in this direction.

It might not be out of place to say a few words on
market conditions as they stand at the moment. I
respectfully submit, Mr. Chairman, that a conimer-
cial investment of Sixteen Millions of Dollars is
worthy of the sympathy and consideration of the
general public and of the Government. Considering
the crisis through which all commercial industries
are passing, and the canned salmon business in par-
veular, it is absolutely necessary that every con
sideration should be given to assist the industry as a
whole, keeping in mind that the canners are seized
with the necessity for conservation and for produc-
ing a high quality of goods, and that they are doing
their best to build up Canada’s trade by the efforts
in their special line just aS much as those engaged
in other industries.

I understand today there are approximately 350,-
000 cases of fall fish in stock, and for which there is
little demand. If the public of Canada could be
brought to an appreciation of the food value of the
various species of salmon indigenous .to the Pacific
Coast, there is no reason why this whole output
should not find a home market. The public, how-
ever, appear to have very little knowledge of the

January, 1921.

attributes of the various species of salmon, and are
of the opinion that unless a salmon has red flesh it
is of poor quality.

Each of the different species of salmon is distinct

and separate, seeking different conditions for spawn-

ing purposes. The dog:salmon has a higher value
as a food commodity.than any of the other species,

and pink canned salmon carries a percentage of

19.75 of body-building material as against 16.45 for
a sirloin steak—the steak costing 42 cents per pound
and a pound of canned pink salmon can be pur- |

chased for 25 cents.
Hence, if the publie could be brought to appre-
ciate that color carries with it no food value and is
only of value for appearance, the consumption of the
fall varieties of salmon would increase very rapidly.
There is one word I would be very pleased to see
obliterated absolutely from the salmon business, and
that: is referring to pink salmon and chum as ‘‘cheap”’
fish. In what way are these fish cheap? They cost
just as much to pack as red fish and should be
packed just as carefully. The only difference that
can be referred to is that the raw product does not
bring such a high price as it is caught by a cheaper
method and in greater quantities, and thus reaches
the consumer at less cost—consequently, cut out al-
together the word ‘‘cheap’’ when referring to canned
salmon of any variety. sets
You have heard it stated that I may have the
honor of representing the canning industry of British
Columbia in the capacity of Publicity Agent, and it
is my intention if arrangements are completed, to
leave for England at the end of next month in the
interests of the trade.
great difficulties to overcome, but I am going forth
feeling that the progressive experiment which the
eanners have undertaken will be a success, and it is

my intention to use every endeavour to get in touch —

with the consuming public and make them as fam-
iliar with the different species of salmon as the can-
ners are themselves.

It is absolutely necessary that only fish of the
highest quality should be canned, and as much care
should be taken in processing as is done with the
sockeye. If you put up a class of goods of the
highest quality I am perfectly satisfied that the ex-
periment of appointing a special agent to advertise
your goods will be a huge success.

I do not suppose for one moment that immediate

success will be met with; it will take time, bub 1

hope that before the season of 1921 expires you will

I fully appreciate I will have —

benefit from the progressive action you have taken. a

My aim is that the name of Canada, printed on the —
lid of a salmon can, shall be a passport to any table —

in the world, and this can be accomplished if your

part is done on the fishing grounds and in the Can-
neries,

I cannot close, Gentlemen, without saying a word

to you about my suecessor in office, Major Mother-
well, You will find in him*a man of high prin-
ciple, a man of business, a man who is willing to
receive you and discuss official business in an intel-

ligent manner at any and all times, and I bespeak —

for him the same sympathy, the same kindness, and
the same consideration that you have always shown
me,

WHY THE FISHERIES DEPARTMENT DECIDED
__-—«s AGAINST GAS BOATS IN No. 2 DISTRICT
Sti BRITISH COLUMBIA.
The following results of a questionnaire sent out by
he Department of Fisheries to secure an expression of
opinion as to whether gas boats were desired for
operation. +
No. 2 district shows a decided result against their use.
Replies received from Fisherman in District No. 2
with regard to the use of Gas Boats in that District :—

: Whites Indians
_ Gill-Netters Yes No Yes No
Rivers Inlet District . ... 52 55 a 24
Smiths Inlet District. . . . 14 2 ne
Skeena River District. . . 20 35 2 22
Bella Coola District .... 28 26 5 21
' Naas River District... .. . 1 y 23 7
- cNamu District... ..... + re 6 2
» Wmnelassified........ 15 34 : 24
i 127, 152 36 =100
_‘Trollers.
District No. 2, whole district 46 1 ag |
ae Licenses Issued, Season 1920.
‘a Gill-Netters Licensed. Whites Indians
SS ee neers | 321
MeeMeee init... ee ee | 98 44
IMIR REEWOD oo obs os oe nee ns we LOO 321
Mima Coola... ........-:s. ++ 0. St 48
EE ae eee ee 126
pe i of. ss a tice a oe ae OO 19
REI, 0 sion e sng vig ie midis. gs ween etd 26
lg SS aera ace aaa 10
e 876 915
Replies received from Gill-Netters .. .. 279 136
oe: Trollers Licensed.
District No.2... .. Ve ante ake 159

_ Replies received from Trollers... .... 47 1

The Department felt as a result of the above showing
that it was justified in deciding against the use of gas
boats in this district.

VANCOUVER WHOLESALE FISH MARKET.
Halibut—Plentiful and prices are ranging from 12 to
- 16e per Ib.

-— Cod—This variety of fresh fish

is highest ever
5 known in the local market bringing 15e to 16ce. The
. dealers attribute the raise in price to the fact that a
- __ elosed season goes into effect on January 15th and
after that date for two months no fresh cod may be
___ sold in Vancouver that are brought in locally. The
reason being that the area right around Vancouver is
to be closed until March 15th.

_ _Herring—In good supply and selling at 5e to 6e per Ib.
— $melt—Small and scarce.

__.«~Carp—From the Columbia River are being sold by
the London Fish Co. at 12¢ per lb.

Rock cod—In plentiful supply, selling at 6e per lb.
Grey cod—Quite plentiful and bringing 5e per |b.

: Soles—aArriving in good quantities and large in size.
_ Selling at 8e to 10c¢ per Ib.

Sable Fish (black cod)—Arriving in good quantities
and selling at 10c per lb.

‘ lling at 9c per lb.

Kippered pilchards—Selling at 12¢ per lb. —
‘Smoked halibut fillets—Selling at 16¢ per lb.

No cod fillets at present being sold locally in Van-
-eouver, on account of the high price of cod.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 19

CANNED SALMON MARKET.

Prices on all grades that are being held are firm
although there is no movement of stock to speak of.
Sales are being made now and then but in small lots.
Stocks are dwindling in the retail stores and these must
be replenished. The packers that are holding any large
quantities at all are just as firm in their prices as
those who have smaller lots. Just as soon as there is
any favorable change in the exchange situation with
the different countries there will be a decided move-
ment in foreign shipments. Every vessel sailing for
the U. K. and Europe take a good sized shipment of
canned salmon. Ships sailing for South America are

.. - getting some tonnage in this commodity also.

RATES FOR DRY SALT HERRING HAVE BEEN
ADJUSTED ON THE PACIFIC COAST.

As reported in the ‘‘Canadian Fisherman’’ for De-
cember there was a considerable difference in shipping
dry salt herring from Barelay Sound on the West
Coast of Vancouver Island to the Orient and from
Vancouver to the Orient as the herring had to be
brought to Vancouver and rehandled. Shippers from
the East Coast of Vancouver Island had a much lower
rate than those on Barelay Sound which worked
against the Barclay Sound shippers. This has all been
changed since a meeting of the Pacifie Westbound
Freight Conference in Seattle during the latter part
of December. The rate from Barclay Sound is now
$15.50 to the Orient although the herring are shipped
via Vancouver. The rate on herring delivered to Van-
couver for shipment is $10.00 to the Orient. This ar-
rangement appears to be agreeable to all concerned.

DRY SALT HERRING MARKET.

Why is it that the white man packing dry salt her-
ring cannot get together on some general footing and
control the dry salt herring market?

The Japanese packer has never attempted to put up
this commodity in anything like a standardized pack
and have never carried on the business in a business-
like manner. This year it looked as though there
would be a change and that the white packers would
have a chance to make a good thing, but before the
season got fairly started there was a break and the
result has been that several firms have lost heavily
from their experience. Had the white packers stuck
together and had one selling agent to handle the entire
pack instead of bringing in some outsiders who knew
nothing about the dry salt herring market there
would have been a different story to tell. Let us all
hope that next season will see the Japanese eliminated
as a factor in the dry salt herring market and that
the white packers will get together and have a real
selling agency to handle the entire pack instead of
having the fish hawked all over the coast by men who
are only out for the easy money for the time being.
This is a great big branch of the fishing industry and
may be made big or spoiled for all time. It is up to
the white man to get together,

Halibut Low and High During December.
Halibut prices went to extremes during December.
The price has ranged from around 13¢ (low) to about
19¢ (high) per pound during the month of December,

The catches variable on account of the weather.

Many men think they are hard-headed when really
they are just pig-headed.

20 CANADIAN FISHERMAN ~*~

CANADIAN CANNED SALMON IN THE UNITED
KINGDOM.

It is interesting to note the attention given to Can-
adian Products in the United Kingdom. A good illus-
tration is an article published in ‘‘Production and
Export’’; a monthly published in London which is
“The Journal of the British Empire Producers Organ-
ization’’. The author of the article is Mr. A. B. Revel-
ton. The article in question was brought to the atten-
tion of the British Columbia Salmon Canners Associa-
tion and the Vancouver Board of Trade by the Agent
General for British Columbia in London, Mr. F. C.
Wades

Canned Salmon.

Mr. Jesson, on the 2nd November, asked the Minister
of Food whether he had received representations from
or on behalf of the Canadian salmon eanners protest-
ing against the continuation of control of salmon in
this country; and whether he is aware that certain
grades of salmon of a high food value are placed at a
disadvantage in competition with other canned prod-
ucts which are uncontrolled, and that considerable
resentment is being felt, particularly in British Colum-
bia, against what is considered an injurious restriction
upon the Canadian salmon trade in this country?

Mr. McCurdy: Representations have been received
in connection with the continuance of control of canned
salmon. I do not agree that the revised Canned Salmon
Prices Order places canned salmon at a disadvantage
in competition with other canned produets, With regard
to the last part of the question I can only say that I
regret any exaggeration of Canadian feeling on a
measure taken for the protection of the consumer.

Misleading Government Grading of Salmon.

The above question was asked recently in the House of
Commons in, regard to the Canadian Salmon question,
and the reply would have lead one to suppose that an in-
crease in the control price had reconciled the canning
industry to Control itself. This is not the case, and
quite properly so, for the present control is most un-
fair to the industry in British Columbia, and though it
may be arguable whether the control of canned salmon
during the war period was necessary or not, in any
ease, there can be no doubt that it did harm to the
trade in this country.
by the Government’s policy of grading salmon, In-
stead of allowing canned salmon to be sold by its usual
name of Sockeye, Cohoes, Pinks, ete., it was necessitat-
ed that all tins should be labelled as Grade 1, Grade 2,
Grade 3, ete. The result of this was that the public,
while they often bought pink salmon, as such in the
past, would not buy it when it was offered to them as
a Grade 3 article, as they thought it was merely an
inferior class of goods, and not as it really was—a good
article of its kind.

Owing to the depletion in the supply of Sockeye
which has been decreasing for some time past, success-
ful efforts had been made before the war after great
difficulty to introduce pink salmon on the market. The
Government’s action practically killed this trade. The
Government who held large stocks of pink salmon have
only just realised these stocks now at ruinous prices,
and stocks in private hands have been proportionately
depreciated. Now, when all the damage has been done
and the demand for pink salmon praetically killed,
the Government has abolished the grading of salmon,
and merely proposes to fix a maximum retail selling
price which, of course, will apply to the higher grades

The greatest damage was done

January, 1921.

of salmon, such as Sockeye and Red Alaska only.

while control is in foree and distributors’ profits are
limited to lose interest in pushing the goods. While
their profits are limited on Red Salmon they are not
likely to take any trouble to re-introduce pink salmon —
into favour with the consuming public. In our opinion, |
owing to the depletion in the supply of red salmon in
British Columbia, the hope of the continued prosperity —
of the industry largely depends on the popularising of
pink salmon which is still in good supply and it is in

every respect an excellent article of food. Any action —

which militates against this is certainly contrary —

_ the best interests of British Columbia, and the polie

of the Government in proposing to maintain cae
under present conditions certainly answers that des-
eription. Ap
Unfair Discrimination in Control.

It may be mentioned that tinned milk and canned
meat have been de-controlled. Both these articles are

imported into the United Kingdom in far larger quan- _

tities than canned salmon and are in no sense less essen-
tial foodstuffs.
salmon is, therefore, unfair to that industry.
no argument which can be adduced for controlling

canned salmon which could not be brought forward —

with equal force for importing many other articles
of food. The industry willingly accepted eon-
trol during the war although its exercise, particularly -
in grading of salmon, did untold harm to the market-—
ing of cheaper varieties of salmon in this market. | Te
may, therefore, now fairly claim to be left to conduct
its own business, free of restriction in the second 7
of peace. ae
A Comparison of Prices.

A note of some uncontrolled canned goods, and those

fixed by the Food Controller for salmon is informative :
Retail Prices of Uncontrolled Canned Goods.

South African Crayfish, 1s. 6d. per Yolb. tin Bs, :

per lb.

United States Lunch Tongue, 1s. 9d. per 6 oz. tin
5s. 38d. per Ib.

United States Brisket Beef, 2s. 3d. per 12 oz. tin
3s. 414d. per lb.

The Food Controller's Schedule of Salmon Prices :—

1 lb. Talls, 96s. per case (48 tins), 2s. 214d.

1 lb. Flats, 96s. per case (48 tins), 2s. rea

1 lb. Ovals, 102s. per case (48 tins), 2s. 4d

1%-lb. Flats, 130s. per case (96 tins), 1s. 6d. ; ‘6s. or
equivalent, 1s. 4d.

The Chairman of the B.E.P.0. and the Food
Controller.

These figures speak for themselves, and came aptly
as a particular example of the general principles laid —
down by the Chairman of the British Empire Prod-—
ueers’ Organisation at its annual meeting, He said
that, ‘Acting under D.O.R.A., the Ministry of Food is
restricting the free importation of foodstuffs of every —

deseriptior. at a time when Danish bacon, Argentine —

beef, and mutton, and multitudinons questionable —
American produets, are being given preference in
storage accommodation, and in facilities of distribution
in our markets.
dured. The Dominions simply won’t stand it.

The

very best authorities positively assert that a free
market not only in such foodstuffs as T have referred —

to, but in sugar and other products, would make for
more regular supplies and would certainly lower prices
to the consumer. It is indeed grotesque that we should

The discrimination against canned —
There is

This position cannot be further en-—

oa

place in times of peace the brains and experiences of
business communities of the Empire by those of
ifted amateurs who constitute our Ministry of Food.

d anything be more suicidal to this country than
present policy of buying huge consignments of
dstuffs in the American markets at a time when we
are refusing free entry of the same class of Australian,

ew Zealand, and Canadian products? Not content
with shutting the doors in the face of the Dominions,
the Ministry of Food are guilty of a great disservice,
New Zealand in particular, by keeping too long in
cold storage mutton and other products, while allow-
3 ing a free market to Argentine and other foreign ¢om-
- petitive products. The Ministry is not only obstruet-
g business and deliberately enhancing prices to the
consumer with a view to making a fictitious depart-
mental profit, but by its stupidity it is destroying the
eless goodwill of Dominion products. The Ministry
had a war-time purpose; it has no sound reason for
existence to-day.”

It may be added that the present attitude of the
Food Control administration seems to bang the door
in the face of Canadian producers, and is a curious
return for Canada’s self-sacrifice and general imp-
‘erial patriotism in offering preferential trade arrange-
ments to the different members of the Britannic Com-
monwealth.
If the sole object of the Government were to dis-
rupt the Empire the task could not be undertaken
‘more effectually. © ;
{Taking all circumstances into consideration every-
thing points to this as the psychological time for the
placing of the lower priced canned salmon before
Phe British Public. ]

CANADA'S SOUTH AFRICAN TRADE COMMIS-
- §IONER MAKES INTERESTING REPORT.
— When Trade Commissioner W. J. Egan was in Van-
couver a little over a year ago the writer was struck
by many remarks he made in connection with his ex-
periences in assisting to build up Canada’s trade with
South Afriea. Mr. Egan showed keen insight into the
tradesman’s ways and also that he had studied the con-
sumer’s viewpoint. There is no doubt that Mr. Egan
*has been a most successful salesman himself and when
‘all is said and done is not this one of the greatest
assets of a successful trade commissioner? In the
“Weekly Bulletin’’, on page 1630, of the Department
f Trade and Commerce dated December 6, 1920, Mr.
Egan gives good and sufficient reasons why British
Columbia canners have not been able to reach the
South African market direct during the past season.
He also gives out strong hopes that future efforts to
reach this market direct from British Columbia will
surely bear fruit.
Eastern Canada will also be interested in the report
question.

ere is only one thing to do in connection with the
foreign business and that is for Canadian business
houses to keep everlastingly at and push their goods
as ‘‘Made in Canada.”’

BRITISH COLUMBIA CANNERS ASSOCIATION

~~ «-‘ MOVES INTO NEW QUARTERS.

The British Columbia Packers Association have

moved from their old quarters at 517 Granville St.,
which they had occupied for many years, to new and

iS commodious quarters in the New Union Bank

ng, at 410 Seymour St.

’
je

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 21

PACIFIC MOTORSHIP COMPANY TO HAVE
MONTHLY SAILINGS.

Mr. E. Cunningham, agent in Vancouver for the
Pacifie Motorship Company states that beginning witl
a January sailing his company will operate a monthly
service out of Vancouver for points on the West coast
of Central and South America. This will be of great
assistance to those who wish to build up their connee-
tions with points that this service will reach.

CANNED SALMON OF QUESTIONABLE QUALITY
SHIPPED TO VANCOUVER FROM SEATUILE.

On December 16th local eannerymen in Vancouver
were tipped off that one or two secow loads of canned
salmon which had been held up in Seattle on account of
their questionable quality were on their way to Canada.
Customs authorities were immediately notified, and as
a result there are now stored in Vancouver, (in Bond),

_ several thousand cases of canned salmon which, rumor

has it, the authorities in Seattle were all ready to
condemn and send to the incinerator. The salmon are
supposed to be the property of the Kenei Packing Co.,
but as no application has been made for entry into
Canada no names are given, although the above named
firm were responsible for the fish while they were im
Seattle:

Before this lot of canned salmon can be imported
into Canada now they will be passed upon by the
Dominion Food Inspector, and if they are at all in the
condition they are reputed to be in there is no likeli-
hood of their passing the customs. On the other hand
these same fish may be shipped right across Canada to
Montreal ‘‘In Bond’’ and no one can stop them, but
before they could be imported they would have to be
inspeeted by the Dominion Food Inspector, as he has
the power to reject.them. It is safe to say; that the
customs officials are watching these canned fish very
closely, and there is little chance of their getting by
for Canadian consumption.

TROLLING SEASON STARTS A MONTH EARLIER.
ON THE WEST COAST OF VANCOUVER
ISLAND.

The first week in January saw about 12,000 Ibs. of
red spring salmon on the Vancouver market caught
by the trollers near Barclay Sound on the West Coast
of Vancouver Island. The second week about the same
amount arrived. The weather has been against the
fishermen getting the best results but it looks as though
this would be a good season for this variety of fish
on the West Coast if the weather permits.

NANAIMO HAS A FINE RUN OF HERRING.

For the first time in many years Nanaimo has ex-
perienced a run of fine large herring. There are more
gill net fishermen working their nets in and around
Nanaimo than ever before. It has always been the
seiners that got most of the fish in this loeality but
this year the gill netter has had his innings. The fish
are large and fat and are a joy to the smoke house
operators for kippering.

Barclay Sound is quiet just now although one oper-
ator is freezing some herring for bait.

The Privy Council have decided against the Quebee
Government in the dispute over tidal waters juris-
dietion—the Federal rights having been upheld.

INSPECTION OF CANNED FISH.

There is a strong feeling among the salmon canners
of British Columbia that the inspection under the meat
and Canned Food Act as applied to canned salmon
does not go far enough. To get the full benefit of a
government inspection it is felt that the canned salmon
should be inspected: ‘‘after the fish have been canned’
as well as before, and the department at Ottawa is now
being approached with the request that the inspection
act be enforced as regards the finished product. | By
having such an inspection the government certificate
will go a long way in guaranteeing a first elass pack
of salmon of any variety.

FRASER RIVER INDIANS PROTEST.

Protesting against certain regulations passed in
1919 a large number of Fraser Riyer Indians and
White Settlers have signed a petition addressed to the
Dominion Government at Ottawa. The regulations
were put into force to assist in the preservation of the
salmon which head for the spawning grounds and the
regulations applied to parts of the river above West-
minster.

It is cited in the petition that the Indians will ‘‘not
use the old method of stampeding or going on the war-
path, nor use unlawful means but will pursue the more
civilized and right way.’’

The Indians feel that they should have their original
rights restored and have signed this petition for this
purpose. The petition will be presented to’ the Min-
ister of Marine and Fisheries personally by represent-
atives of League of Indians of Canada.

.

LOW PRICE CANNED SALMON ARE NOT
REACHING THE PUBLIC AT RIGHT PRICES.

There is no doubt that if an investigation were made
of retail prices in the different cities throughout Can-
ada it would be found that Pink and Chum salmon are
now retailing at from 5 to 10e per tin higher than
necessary and in some cases 15¢ higher.

There is no doubt in the writer’s mind that if these
fine low priced economical canned fish were placed
before the public at right prices the demand would
increase immediately.

There is too much spread between the producer and
the consumer on these particular grades of salmon.
Why is it that the retailer will not inerease his turn-
over by selling in larger. quantities at lower prices
and thereby increase his profit?

To the writer’s mind the problem is a question of
publicity not only to get the consumer to buy, but to
get the sellers*to push these varieties. Every argu-
ment is in favor of these low priced canned goods but
they have not been marketed properly to see if the
publie will buy. It has been proven time and again
that by right marketing methods any good food may
be sold in large quantities.

The Canadian Market for low priced canned salmon
is large and it is only a question of getting it before

the public at right prices and in the proper manner,
With every one practicing economy at the present time
and with Lent coming on now is the time to give the
publie what they will buy and at prices that will move

the goods.

99 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

January; 1921.

MUCH INTEREST SHOWN IN POSSIBILITIES OF
THE RE-HABILITATION OF THE FRASER

So much interest has been shown by the public in
the possibilities of the re-habilitation of the salmon
fisheries in the Fraser River that the daily papers of
the Pacific Coast are giving much space to reports of
what have been accomplished at the Bonneville hat-
chery in Oregon.

This has especially been the case since plans have

matured for the bringing of Mr. R. E. Clanton, fish
commissioner of Oregon, to British Columbia to make

a survey of the upper reaches of the Fraser River to

report on the feasibility of carrying out a plan for

building of a hatchery and rearing ponds similar to

those at Bonneville.

The ‘‘Daily Province’’ of Vancouver on January
10th printed-a long and very complete article in this
connection from the report of one of its correspon-
dents who visited the Bonneville hatchery. Such pub-
licity will go a long way toward accomplishing results
that will be of benefit to thousands in the province and
will again revive a great industry. ¢

CLOSED SEASON IN UNITED KINGDOM ON
SALMON.
According to instructions received from the Dom-

‘inion Fisheries Department at Ottawa all frozen sal-
mon shipped from Canada must be sealed in at least —

three different places. One seal must be placed on the
head, one attached to the dorsal fin and one attached

to the adipose fin. The seals shall bear a crown on one

side and the word Canada on the other side. From

inquiries this is the first intimation that shippers of —

frozen salmon to the United Kingdom have had of
any closed season in that locality and shipments have
been going forward regularly. The department sug-
gests that by having the seals attached at the point of
original shipment it will save the fish being taken from

the package at the receiving port and sealed, then

replaced in the original package. All salmon from
Canada or any other country into the United Kingdom
must be sealed before they reach the retailer’s hands

LARGE SOCKEYE EGG COLLECTION.

Ottawa, December 29.—A most successful sockeye
egg collecting season has come to a close at Kennedy
Lake, Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island. A total
of 9,577,500 sockeye eggs were collected for hatchery
purposes between October 23rd and November 13th,
and in addition thereto the natural spawning grounds
were well-seeded.

This condition is particularly eneouraging when

taken into account with the increased pack of the
cannery which in 1916 was 1,600 cases of sockeye and
in 1920 a little over 4,500 cases. :

SS. ‘‘NEW ENGLAND’’ DOWN FOR ANNUAL
SURVEY.

The New England Fish Company’s steamer *‘New
England”’ arrived in Vaneouver on January 6th with
75,000 Ibs. of fresh halibut. She came down for her
annual survey and overhaul. The ‘‘New England”’
has been sailing out of Ketchikan, Alaska, where she
has been delivering her eatehes to the plant of the
company at that port. Capt. Seott who brought the
steamer down has been in charge since last Mareh

and has made regular trips from Ketchikan sinee that
time.

oe A

Brussels, November 27th, 1920.—Strange to say,
Belgium, although a maritime country all parts of
which are relatively close to the sea, is not self-
“gufficient in the matter of her fish supply and de-
on France, England, Holland and even the
United States and Canada to meet her requirements.
oh Oysters have been imported from France, England
and Holland to the amount of 664,153 kilogrammes,
for nine months of this year, and other shell fish
reach the very considerable figure of 18,000,000 kg.,
3 most of which comes from France and Holland.
a Conserved fish is also a big item in the food con-
sumption of Belgium. During the first nine months
of this year there were imported 4.4 million kg. of
a preserved fish to a value of 20.5 million frances.
a Portugal is the most aggressive supplier of this ar-
iticla, shipping to the value of 8.5 million franes,
5.1, the United States, France and Holland
~ following in order with 1.8, 1.5, and 1.2 million

a francs respectively. Several other countries ship
- iderable quantities, among which Canada _sup-
plied to the value of 462,018 franes. Most of the

q fish is canned salmon, crayfish, lobster, ‘herring and
a sardines. The French pack are noticeable as having
a distinctive mark in the form of a fish stamped on
the cans.

Chum Salmon Prices High.

To give an idea of the retail prices here—which
of course vary considerably over different periods—
the following prices taken at random in Brussels
shops are given :—

Pink salmon, Canadian, 2.45 franes per pound

7 Pink salmon, United States, 2.25 per pound tin.
9 White salmon, American Chums, 2.45 _ per
pound tin.

3 ai It may seemstrange that chums were selling at higher

prices than pinks, but the fact remains that this was
the case in stores not one hundred-yards apart. This
was not due to a preference for chums but probably
- to ignorance on the part of the buyers. Many indi-
_ yiduals when buying salmon ask for ‘‘saumon’’ with-
+ out paying any attention to the colour or grade.
Nova Scotia lobster was being shown in the win-
dows of Brussels at 6.50 the tin of two-thirds pound
and 4.25 for one-third pound. Other lobster not
Canadian, and claimed to be inferior, was selling at
425 for a tin of roughly two-thirds pound. The
Canadian article was very highly spoken of. It
was labelled in very attractive fashion. Crayfish
(langouste) was shown at. 4.50 francs for a tin weigh-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

The Fish Trade in Belgiumy

(Canadian Trade Commissioner,
BLEAKNEY,.)

SOME USEFUL INFORMATION FOR CANADIAN EXPORTERS.

23

578

oy

A. STUART

Se

ing slightly under a pound.

Portuguese sardines in olive oil in tins weighing
two-thirds pound are to be seen at 1.75 franes. This
is for the ordinary grade, A _ better grade from the
same country was much dearer at 2.25 for a tin
slightly over one-third pound. American sardines
in flat tins 4 inches by 2 inehes by 34 inch high in
olive oil were marked 1.60. French sardines were
also in evidence at about the same price.

Conditions in the Canned Fish Trade.

A large and representative importer dealing in
this line and having chair stores throughout Bel-
gium, when approached in regard to conditions in
the import trade, stated that formerly their pur-
chases were made in tie actual fishing season, Ow-
ing, however, to considerable fluctuations being ex-
perienced in the countries concerned, much prudence
is now evidenced by buyers. In consequence of the
violent fluctuations in exchange and in the price of
the merchandise itself, all future purchases are
tisky and uncertain.

As regards packing, there is no fault to be found
with present metihods. As to salmon, the flat tin is
always preferred, the fish in this case being packed
by hand, according to this firm. Fish packed in
glass is also unknown. Canned salmon is usually
sold under its own label, although some importers
are selling under a fancy label. In regard to quality,
red salmon is the most sought after, but its preva-
lent high price forees the pink salmon to the fore.
As to lobster, this firm states that it is the opinion
of buyers that the Nova Scotia product keeps longer
and is better preserved than that of another pro-
vince mentioned. Lobster enjoys a better sale since
crab has risen so in price but its preservation is not
up to the mark. In regard to Canadian ‘‘sardines’’
(young herring), the firm elaims that there is no
hope of being able to place these on European mar-
kets as Europe has sardines of superior quality. In
this connection it should be noted that considerable
American sardines (young jerring) were being
shown in the stores in competition with European
brands at competitive prices

Fresh and Smoked Fish.

In regard to fresh or smoked fish, herring is ap-
parently the big item, the import for the first nine
months of this year amounting to 161 million kilo-
grammes valued at 19.5 million frances, As is to be
expected, Holland is the most important supplier
of these with 8.3 million kg. valued at 9.9 million
franes for the period mentioned. The United King-

(Prices Quoted are in Franes.)

24 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

dom comes a good second with 5.8 million kg. valued
at 7.4 million franes. Norway shipped 1.4 million
kg. valued at 1.3 million franes. United States only
supplied to the value of 40,000 franes. Canada does
not appear as a source of supply.

Belgium also imported other fish and shell fish to
the extent of 9.7 million kg. valued at 16.7 million
franes, principally from Holland. It should also
be noted that in Holland the Belgian importer finds
an exchange situation almost as acute as that on the
other side of the Atlantic.

Fresh Fish Markets.

Fresh fish is a popular article of diet in Belgium.
The high price of meat has stimulated the sale of fish
considerably. While fish has risen in price from
100 in 1914 to 460 at the present time, meat laas
risen in proportion with the result that people with
small means are forced to substitute fish for meat
to a greater extent than formerly. This situation
has been ameliorated through the sale of frozen
meat by the Ministry of Ravitaillement. It should
also be noted that the religion of the country has a
bearing on the sale of fish on Fridays. The num-
ber of large open fish markets is very noticeable in
Belgium. As is also the remarkable difference in
prices between the stores themselves, the store and
contiguous markets, and between different markets
in the same city, which seems to point to a lack of
keen buying. <A reason that suggests itself is the
probability that the domestics in many establis)-
ments do the buying rather than the householders
themselves, the domestic of course lacking the same
incentive to economy,

Prices on the Brussels Fish Market.
Prices on the Brussels fish market were taken on
October 29th, and were as follows :—

Crayfish. . .18 frances per kilo.
(Langouste).
Lobster. . dite to eR.
Sole.. .. . 8 to 10 franes per kilo.
Turbot. . si .. 8 franes per kilo.
Fresh codfish. . .. 6 to 9 franes per kilo,
Whiting. . . 1.25 to 2.00 per kilo.
Stockfish.. ... . 2 franes per kilo. ,
Fresh herring. . 1.25 per kilo.

New herrings..
Smoked herrings.. ..
Skate or rayfish..
Dorado. .

Plaice. .

White salmon.

30 tio 40 per piece.
30 to 40 per piece.
"£2.50 per kilo.
. 2,00 per kilo.
.4.75 per kilo.
. .3.00 per kilo.

The prices on this date were rather low, and 1
would judge from experience that the average prices
are somewhat higher.

Consumption of Fish in Belgium.

It is difficult to establish the annual consumption
of fish in Belgium. Possibly a figure equal to twice
the imports would not be very far. out. The Brus-
sels fish market last year registered sales to the
value of 7,000,000 franes. The Belgian fisheries could

be much more fully exploited by the use of steam traw- |

lers. In Bruges, during the month of August, there was
reported from Ostend sales of fish to the value of
franes 1,488,207, of which only 528,068 were derived
from steam fishing boats, 108,210 from English,

January, 1921,

French and Duteh steam boats, and the balance from
ah dea sailing boats.

Belgian Tariff on Fish. eae

Fish of all kinds, including such conserved fish as
is not imported in boxes, jars, light wooden packing
(crouts) or other covering of this kind and which is —
prepared by means of substances exempt from cus-
toms and excise duty, is free. Fae

Preserved fish in boxes, jars, light wooden -pack-
ing or other packing of this kind is shares dut
at the rate of 30 frances the 100 kg. with the ex
tion of caviar, which is charged 45 franes per 100.

Preserved fish not in jars, boxes, light wood
packing or other packing of this sort and prey
with substances subject to duty, is apr: Bit -
franes per 100 kg.

CAN THIS FACT BE APPLIED TO MACKEREL, :
MIGRATIONS?

Why mackerel should swim in a tank from ‘eft to.
right, and never otherwise, is a problem which the
united intelligence of all members of the Sussex’ Sea
Fisheries Committee has failed to solve.

It is known as the great mackerel mystery. Po
more than thirty years the Brighton Aquarium has
kept mackerel. When first introduced to their lass
tank, they persisted in trying to swim through AG
glass, to their grievous bodily harm. Presentl; an
island was set up in the middle of their lake. Acc
dents at once ceased, and for more than twenty. year:
the mackerel have been swimming steadily roun | that
island, by day and by night, in season and out of
season, and never once have they been pbaevenes }
swim from ra to left.—Tit Bits. b Diy 3

CANADIAN FISH CATCH FOR NOVEMBER, —

Million Dollar Decrease in Value Against Former Year,

The total catch of sea fish on both coasts for the
month of November was 382 ,208 ewts, with a value at
the boat’s side of $1,155, 153 against 441,650 ewts

valued at $2,138,513 for the same month last

There was a decrease of over 30,000 ewts in the ag-
gregate catch of cod, haddock, hake and pollock i: ame
ths Atlantic coast. The eatch of salmon on the Pacific |
coast was 167,000 ewts less, while that of herring was —
146,000 cwts greater. Halibut were taken in greater
quantities by both Canadian and American vessels.
The increase was 12,000 ewts, but of the total peacoat
British Coltiimbia more than two thirds were bro
in by American vessels. All the small halibut boats ot
Prince Rupert are now laid up for the winter.

Lobster fishing commenced in Charlotte and St.
John counties, New Brunswick on the 15th of the #
month and the catch amounted to 3,610 ewts againat / x

,133 ewts for the same period last year.

Three men were lost by drowning in northern New
Brunswick during this month.

BANFIELD CANNERY DESTROYED.

The salmon cannery owned by the Banfield Fisher.
ies, Limited, situated at Grappler Creek, Barelay |
Sound, British Columbia, was totally destroyed by fire
on November 13th, together with 106 tons of salted
herring in vats and boxes.

Tanuary, 1921.

The reader will remember that some few months
ago mention was made in these colums of the new
* Acadia’ 4-Cycle Engines, manufactured by Canada’s
manufacturers of Marine Engines, Acadia Gas
Engines, Limited, Bridgewater, N.S.

During the last 13 years this Company has worked
p an enormous business among the fishermen on the
Atlantic Coast, as there are ‘‘Acadia’’ Engines in
every fishing cove and harbor from the Maine border
line to the Northern Labrador, and they assure’ the
public that as in their two-cycle engines, these 4-cycle

engines are all that they represent them to be. |

On page 100 will be found their announcement stat-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 95

Acadia’s New Four-Cycle Engine For
The Scher

A Detailed Description of the New Engine,

turning Propeller are distinctive of the ‘‘Acadia’’
Heavy Duty Power Plant. Durability, Accessibility
and Efficiency are the features which satisfy the
most exacting customer, as a glance must prove.
Accessibility is a special feature of all ‘‘Acadia’’
4eyele Engines. They have removable Valves in
Cages, removable Cylinder Heads, giving quick ac-
cess to the Cylinders and Pistons for the removal of
Carbon deposits. Through the combination of the

removable Head and easy access to the Crank -Case,
the Connecting Rods and Pistons are readily re-
moved through the top of the Cylinder without dis-
turbing the

Cylinder Block. A removable Cam

a ing they are now in a position to fill orders for 4-
' eyele Engines in High Speed, Medium Duty and
_ Heavy Duty types in 1, 2 and 4 cylinders ranging
from 10 to 60 H.P. As may be seen by the cut in

_ their advertisement. the High Speed 40-60 H.P. 4-eycle
_ engine is very compact and simple in construction.
It is a very high class Engine of the most up to date
Valve-in-Head design. It is equipped with two igni-
_ tion systems, Bosch High Tension Magneto and Av-
_ water Kent, has an electric starting and lighting equip-
ment and all modern motor conveniences.

_ Their Heavy Duty Engines have been designed,
- constructed and tested to meet the requirements of
the. fishing trade, where the utmost reliability, con-
sistency of performance, ease of handling, freedom
' from break-down, economy and general efficiency
' are positively demanded. The very best tried and
roven engineering principles have been closely fol-
lowed and the large bore and stroke, with a rela-
ively low rotative speed, and the large, slow

Shaft through the side of the Base is a special fea-
ture, in fact, every provision has been made for con-
venient inspection and adjustment. Large doors on
the Crank Case and Reverse Gear Housing afford
easy access to the Bearings and immediate adjust-
ment to the Reverse Gear. Passovers are provided
for leading the water from the Cylinder to the Head,
thereby preventing water from entering the Cylin-
ders.
They supply a complete Electrical, Water, Ex-
lhaust, Fuel and Propeller Equipment; everything
necessary for installing and any of our readers who
are considering the purchasing of either a High
Speed, Medium or Heavy Duty Engine, will do well
to consult the Acadia Gas Engines, Limited, Bridge-

water, N.S., before purehasing elsewhere.
i B. C. WHALING.
During the recent whaling season the catch on the
British Columbia coast reached nearly 1,000, including

all varieties.

26 (86) CANADIAN FISHERMAN January, 1921.
W. Irving Atwood, W. Elmer Atwood, Irving M. Atwood,
President. Vice-President. Treasurer.

= ALL
blasts VARIETIES
FINNAN HADD acne
31 Boston Fish Pier Boston, Mass.

4,668

EQUIPPED WITH WATERPROOF IGNITERS
Absolutely Dependable

OUTBOARD MOTORS in 6 Models

Catalogues on request

PERFECTION MOTOR co.

CAILLE PERFECTION MOTORS
380 St. James Street

SINGLE CYLINDER

Papeeeae No Battery or Coil Troubles

Canadian Distributors

MONTREAL

TELLS FISHERMEN AND SCIENTISTS TO COME
MUCH CLOSER.

Closer harmony between the scientist and the prac-
tical man in fisheries work was strongly advocated
by Professor Raymond ©. Osburn, of Ohio State
University, of the recent annual meeting of the
American Fisheries Society in Ottawa. To employ
a poetic phrase they are ‘‘useless each without the
other.”’

——

Professor Osburn accused our scientists of re-
maining aloof from tthe practical problems ta be
solved and from the practical fish man who knows
what the industry wants. On the other hand he also
criticized the practical man for his lack of sympathy
for the scientist.

‘*Seience,’”’ he says, ‘‘is a radieal by nature, and
practice inclines to stand pat. Such a team is a most
difficult one to make pull together. It would be well if
practice would advance a little faster on the heels
of science, that we might make practical use of ad-
vances in knowledge as soon as they become avail-
able.’’

Professor Osburn pointed to the progress in agri-

culture as an illustration Of the co-operation he
would like. As to publicity, oecasional reports and

bulletins on fishery matters are issued from Gov-
ernment and state sources, while in agricultural
work there are floods of such bulletins touching every

phase of practical work and setting forth every new
idea and every result of modern research. Through

the agricultural extension service they touch every
part of the country.

In closing his remarks Professor Osburn made a
very earnest appeal: Let us scientifie investigators
and practical fish men get better acquainted for the
good of both of us, that we may make common issue
against the difficulties which stand in the way of
greater production and utilization.

GREAT PROGRESS IN CANADIAN FISH CANNING
INDUSTRY.

Canning as a means of preserving food was first
invented as the result of a prize offered by Napoleon
for some method of preserving food for his troops,

In 1864 canning of fish was started on the Pacifie
Coast, a salmon cannery being opened up at New
Westminster. Year by year new canneries were
established,’ and were successful in finding a market
for their output. At the present time there are
approximately 950 canneries in operation in Canada.
Besides salmon, many other sea foods are eanned
such as sardines, herring, pilehards, mackerel, clams
haddock and lobsters. The value of ithe output of
these canneries in 1918 amounted to more than $28,.
000,000, the capital invested in sueh establishments
being approximately $30,000,000,

NO DECISION REGARDING EXPRESS RATE

INCREASES YET,

No decision has yet been handed down by the Board
of Railway Commissioners regarding the proposed in-
crease in Express rates. Jannary 20, 1921,

Pisin

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

aN
“NS

VOL. VIII GARDENVALE, P.Q., ropeenky, ‘ent

“QUMPTTY”’

FOR teh SS nis SEA

MADE IN CANADA NEARLY A_ CENTURY

CONSUMERS CORDAGE CO., LIMITED

ESTABLISHED 1825

Mills at Dartmouth, N.S., and Montreal Branches at Toronto and St. John, N.B

Tees & Persse, Limited, Winnipeg, Regina, Moose Jaw, Saskatoon, Calgary, Edmonton and
Fort William, Ont.
James Bisset & Co., Quebec, P.QO., Macgowan & Co., Vancouver, B.C,

When ordering please specify whether rail or water carrier is desired

Ser ricleNcy’

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ST
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CANADIAN FISHERMAN

RELIABILITY |

The word that spells success for the Commercial Fishermen,

Back of the complete stock of Fishermen’s Supplies we carry, is a HALF a
CENTURY of experience and knowledge and continuous dealings with ||
the Commercial Fishermen of two Continents. :

KNOX’S

“SALMON TICKET”
LINEN GILL NETTING —

We stand behind every yard of Netting
you use that has this trade mark
through the meshes.

Also carried in stock:

Oilclothing, Oil Aprons,
Ice Tools, Horse and
Waggon Covers,
Boat Hardware,
Nautical Instruments,
Lamps of all types,
Life Boat Equipment to
Board of Trade Regulations,
Life Jackets, Ring Buoys,
Blocks of all Kinds,
Wire and Manilla Rope,
Anchors, Oars, Pumps.

Write for a catalogue.

John Leckie Limite

77 Wellington St. W., . : TORONTO |
THE HOUSE OF QUALITY AND SERVICE. :

CANADIAN FISHERMAN : 2

THE FISHERMAN’S PRAYER.

WANTED by the Canadian Fishing Industry, a
_ Department of Fisheries distinct from Marine,
Naval or other affiliations, Also a Deputy Min-
ister in charge who will have direct access to the
Minister.

‘i One would think in a growing country like Canada
vhich looks for its future greatness to the development
f its natural resources that those Departments which
ter natural resources would receive the encour-
nt of the Government and the personal attention

a Cabinet Minister.

= Bt such is not the case as far as the Fishery re-
“ces are concerned for we find that this tremendous
sset with its enormous possibilities i is administered as
appendage to a really minor Department, i.e. that
‘Marine. Intelligent comprehension of our Fishery
esources is still further lacking when we find that
their administration is under the aegis of a Cabinet
r who has been saddled with two other Depart-

ents, viz: Marine and Naval Service.

Soe ‘The Cabinet must have been in a jocular mood when
“the disposition of the various Governmental adminis-
was made. They took all the Departments
which had a nautical flavor, clubbed them together
shoved the lot across, to a Minister who was fond
yachting. The result is that we have Fisheries,
and Naval Service being looked after by one

te binet representative.
“2 In the old days of patronage, the most popular De-
tments were the ‘‘spending’’ Departments. They
the ones which gave the Minister prestige, for
eat is a certain nobility in holding the treasure chest.
Ministers who have held the nautical trident soon
ind out that Marine and Naval Service opened up
re ‘‘spending’’ possibilities than any others in the
iumvirate. These two Departments live on spending
mey. They bring nothing in—a fact which appar-
to the ruling gods at Ottawa. The only
of the three which brings a revenue to the

_ with such vulgarities as ‘

NEWS AND VIEWS

ON FISH AND FISHERIES

Frederick William Wallace -

Editor-in-Chief

country is the Fisheries, but because it is a revenue
producer, it is the Cinderella of the trio and therefore
of no aecount. :

Three Departments are a tough proposition for one
Minister to Shite: He can’t do it properly alone, so
they give him a Deputy familiar with the Department
who can advise and confer with him. They gave the
Minister bossing the nautical trinity a Deputy for
Marine and a Deputy for Naval Service, but they
didn’t think the Canadian Fisheries were worth the
appointment of such an officer. Instead, they took
the Fisheries Cinderella and placed it in the care of the
Marine—thus saving the salary of another Deputy
Minister.

Poor little Miss Fish (it ought to be ‘‘Miss Fit’’)

- must therefore recite her prayers and longings and

aspirations at the knees of the Marine Deputy. If the
latter is in a kindly mood and not too busy throwing
“‘largesse’’ to the clamoring multitude of ship-build-
ers and plate-millers who surround him, he may take
her prayer up to the Great God who rules the Sweet
Trinity. ‘‘Miss Fish tells me there is money to be
made in dried codfish if your Majesty will—’’
begins the Marine Deputy.

The Great One looks up from considering a sugges-
tion to spend a few millions in building a fleet of
dirigibles to carry ‘‘two per cent’’ to the benighted
Eskimo up in Baffin’s icy mountains, and he frow? ns at
being interrupted. When one’s thoughts are of ‘‘a great
and joyous spend’’ it is not pleasant to be disturbed
‘eodfish.’’

“Ah, yes, Miss Fit’s codfish. Tell her that Papa will
look into it when he’s not so busy.’’ The Great One
waves his hand in dismissal and the Marine Deputy
salaams himself out through the green baize door.

**Nothin’ doin’, kid’’, he says to the anxious Cin-
derella.

‘But there’s money in it,’’ she pleads.
it will bring to the country!
will employ! Think—’’ —

**Look what
Think of the people it

28 . CANADIAN

The Marine Deputy pats her on the head. ‘‘My child.
I’m not paid to think of making money. I’m paid to
concoct schemes for spending it—’’

“But my people are getting anxious.
‘clamoring for it. It won’t cost much.”’

“‘How much will it cost?’’ The Marine Deputy asks
the question in a bored manner.

‘About fifty thousand dollars—”’

The M. D. chokes and sits up in his chair. ‘‘Fifty
thousand dollars?’’ he ejaculates. ‘‘Fifty thou—Here,
child, here’s a nickel, Go and spend it on advertising
fish. I’m busy—run away!’’ And he turns to O. K.
his approval on a suggested expenditure of five mil-
lion for building a dry-dock on Lake Winnepegosis.

The records of both the Marine and Naval Depart-
ments are records of one ‘‘prodigious spend’’. With-
in the last few years and when the country should be
hauling in its horns, the Marine and Naval Depart-
ments have saddled the Dominion with a huge Mer-
chant Marine and established a new Navy as a starter
on a new spending orgy. On the Fisheries—the ‘‘one
best bet’’ of the three—practically nothing has been
spent on development work and the appropriation for
Fisheries has been cut to the root.

Marine and Naval Service are non-produetive De-
partments. The country’s money pours out from them
as from a cornucopia and practically nothing goes
back, One would think that the Minister in charge of
Marine, Naval Service and Fisheries would sit down in
communion with himself and realize that there ought
to be a balance—something coming in to offset the
money going out. His ‘‘one best bet’’ to raise a
revenue to balance expenditure is in developing the
Fisheries. Whether it is his fault or that of the
Cabinet of which he is a member does not matter. The
fact remains that nothing is being done to develop our
Fishery resources and no move is being made in the
way of a start.

And it is not for want of advice. The Fishing In-
dustry have pointed the way many times, and their
demands are not unreasonable or excessive. A distinct
Department of Fisheries with a Deputy Minister in
charge and a more generous appropriation for greater
administrative and development work sums up the
desire of the Industry. Until this request is acceded
to, the development of our fisheries will never begin
under the grotesque arrangement of administration
which obtains at present.

They are

NATIONAL FISH DAY A SUCCESS.

From all quarters there comes word that the fish
sales on National Fish Day exceeded by far those of
the last national event in 1919. Furthermore, there are
strong indications that the Lenten demand will be well
beyond that of previous years. Retail fish prices have
fallen considerably in recent weeks and this, along with
the fact that there is an abundant supply in stock,
should stimulate local demand.

The National Fish Day next year promises to be of
greater importance than ever before because of the
fact that it will not be.a national event alone, but an
international one. This year the United States in-
terests were unable to make arrangements on sweh
short notice and were obliged to push the date ahead
a month — to March 9. But next year, and in sue-
ceeding years, there is assurance of international eco-
operation,

During the last

year there seems to have taken

+A o i 2) 7 > v ee ee
. f . =e ey ey

: eee pes ah ,
, ‘ (heh jae ev

FISHERMAN

place’ a general awakening in the fishing industry : at
only in Canada, but on the other side of the border. ~
This appears to have been brought about by the dis- —
location of foreign and domestic trade due to the ex-_
change situation. Fish producers and distributo ors
like those engaged in other lines of business, fou

uncertainty as individuals inclined them ‘toward G
operative action. :
In Canada, and in the United States, as well, ¢ an ef. a
fort is being made to stimulate local demand for : 4
and in order to supply interior markets impre
transportation is being sought. Across the border re-
frigeration experts are at work to ascertain the be
method of handling fish for shipment far inland. =~
At Montreal recently, leaders in the industry in a
eastern Canada, together with an official of the ‘is] :
eries Branch, Department of Marine and
met with officials of the Canadian National Railways
and the Grand Trunk for the purpose of securing im- :
proved fast freight service from points in the maritime ee
provinces to Montreal and Toronto. The point em- —
phasised was that) while it is not BE es -that de- —
livery of fish to Montreal and Toronto be speedy, it
is absolutely necessary that fish should arrive regularly. 4
The conference resulted very catiatec nee ;

INCREASE IN EXPRESS RATES, ac.

The determined opposition of the Caines ‘Fish.
eries Association to a general increase of 35 per cent
on the commodity rates, in which fish are included, —
asked for by the Allied Express Companies at ‘the af
recent hearings before the Board of Railway Commis- |
sioners, has resulted in the decision being given that —
the commodity rates are to be increased 20 per cent —
only.

The Association knew that some increase would be F
given the Express Companies but they felt that 35 per M
cent was too much, and in the interest of the consumer,
the C. F. A. executive decided to enter a strong oppo-
sition to the demands of the Express Companies. Mr.
D’Arey Scott, a former Railway Commissioner, and a _
well-known Ottawa barrister familiar with railway a.
traffie problems, was retained by the Association to.
right the rate increases and he was assisted by the —
Executive and members of the Association all over —
Canada. The Board of Railway Commissioners held _
hearings at various centers in the Dominion and the —
©. F. A. Executive saw to it that its members were —
furnished with valuable evidence to present before the
Commissioners in the various cities at whieh sessions
were held.

The Decision of the Commissioners was handed down E
on February 2nd,. 1921 and became effective on —
February 9th. Their judgment was that the Express :
Companies be permitted to increase their rates as fol
lows: On first class’ goods, except food-stuffs, 35 per
cent; on food-stuffs classified as second class, 25 per —
cent; on commodities, fresh fish, fruit, cream, ete., 200
per cent,

Commenting on the judgment, Mr. D’Arey Scott
reports to the Association: Et

“Tt is to be regretted that the commodity rates - %
were increased because it means quite a lot to the
shippers but very little to the Express Companies, _ A
as the percentage of the articles taking com- —
modity rates to the volume of all the

:

express

CANADIAN
ess is only 7 per cent. This is ascertained
rom an analysis of the Dominion Express Com-
-pany’s business handled on ‘one day, November
12th, 1919. The total number of shipments were
31,901. Of this number, those taking commodity
tes were only 988 which is 7 per cent of the
whole. The percentage of the weight of the com-
‘modity shipments to the total weight of all ship-
‘ments carried on that day would be rather larger.
"The total weight was 2,134,355 lbs. and the weight
of the commodities shipped that day was 127,009
Ibs.

I, of course, look upon the increases as merely
temporary, and I hope that when the cost of
operation of the Express Companies is reduced
that a reduction in commodity rates will be
brought about. The main reason why express
-rates were increased was because the wages of
the Express employees had to be so much increased
during the War and after it.”’

_ Had no attempt been made by the Canadian Fish-
ries Association, on behalf of the fishing industry,
combat the proposed increases, the rates on fish
d have been increased still higher. The expenses

‘in connection with the opposition were borne by the
ouver and Prince Rupert Branches, and the Tor-
onto and Montreal Directors of the Canadian Fish-
_ Association.

LISH AND AMERICANS DEMANDING FISH-
ERY DEPARTMENTS WITH MORE LIFE.

United States wrote us the other day regarding
campaign to secure a distinct and aggressive Fish-
s Administration. He says: ‘‘ We are endeavouring

to make same of maximum benefit to the commercial
| Tt seems to me that this is a matter of the
most vital importance to the fishing industries of both
- An illuminating letter appears in the British Fish
‘Trades Gazette under the signature of Baron Heneage.
On the subject of a distinct Fisheries Department, the
writer says :—
“No Department ever gets proper attention
from the Cabinet without it is directly. represented
therein, and this is more especially the case with
the great fishing trade, because there is rarely any
Minister who takes any interest or has any know-
ledge of its requirements, whilst, unfortunately,
- the members of the fishing constituencies in Eng-
~ land do not show to much advantage in the House
of Commons when any fishing questions are under
diseussion—unlike the Scotch members.’’ (The
latter have the Seottish Fishery Board administer-
ing the Scotch fisheries.)
- One can almost quote the British peer’s words with
respect to Canadian conditions.

THE SALMON FISHERIES OF KAMCHATKA.

By arrangement with the ‘‘Fish Trades Gazette’’ of
London, Eng., the CANADIAN FISHERMAN has se-
_ eured the Canadian copywright of an informative
_ article on the ‘‘Salmon Fisheries of Kamchatka’’ by
Harry Somerset-Lister, F.R.G.S—the article having
n written up from the author’s personal observa-
_ We believe this will prove specially interesting
Pacific Coast readers as well as being of gen-

interest to all

FISHERMAN 29

QUEBEC FISHERY REGULATIONS CHANGED
THROUGH PRIVY COUNCIL DECISION.

An Order-in-Council dated January 26th, 1921, res-
cinds Section 9 of the Quebec Fishery Regulations and
substitutes the following in order to bring the Quebee
regulations in line with the law as laid down in the
Privy Council decision of November 30th, 1920,

Section 9—Leases and Licenses.

Fishing by means of nets, weirs, engines or other
apparatus, or contrivances of any kind, whether fixed
to the soil or not, is prohibited except under license
or permit from the Minister of Marine and Fisheries :—

(a) in the tidal waters of the Province of Que-
bee and ;

(b) in the non-tidal rivers and streams of the
Provinee of Quebee which are navigable
and accessible by way of navigation from
the sea.

PINK SALMON AND INSPECTION.

As an instance of how badly a system of inspection
is required for various kinds of fish products, the
following extract from a letter received from a large
retail distributor in Canada is worth considering :—

“‘The writer is quite in accord with you, that there
is room for considerable education throughout this
country in regard to the food quality of pink salmon
in comparison with Sockeye. We have very recently
opened Pink Salmon which in flavor and richness were
practically as good as Sockeye salmon, but there is a
very strong tendency by the consumer towards Red
Salmon, and it is hard to convince the publie that
light colored salmons are at all comparable with Red.
In our opinion salmon is sometimes, in fact quite often,
labelled Pink when it should not be, and undoubtedly,
this is a tendeney to hurt the sale of good quality
Pinks. We do not say that these Pinks so labelled are
not species of fish which are entitled to be called
Pinks, but they are either caught in different waters
from the better quality, or at a season of the year
when the fish are not at their best, or some other
season; and as before stated it would be a great deal
better if this quality of fish were not sold under the
name of Pink Salmon. We think that there should be
a very high standard of quality for Pinks, and noth-
ing under that standard to be labelled as such.’’

CANADIAN FISHERIES FOR DECEMBER 1920,

The total catch of sea fish landed on both coasts
during the month of December was 478,666 ewts.
with a value in first hands of $964,181, against 433,939
ewts. valued at $1,282,203 for the same month last
year.

Of the total catch for December this year, 349,639
ewts. consisted of herring landed in British Columbia.
This is 101,302 ewts. greater than the herring catch of
that province in the preceding December. The value,
however, is $104,504 less, owing to the state of the
Oriental herring market to which the bulk of the
eatch is sent.

The eatch of haddock on the Atlantic coast was
10,000 ewts. greater than that for December, 1919.

Smelt fishing results in 15,649 ewts. being taken
against 28,741 ewts, last year. The decrease is due
to mild weather and the lack of ice on the rivers and
bays. :

Lobster fishing in Charlotte and St. John counties,
N.B. since the season opened on November 15th gave

~30 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

a total catch of 6,336 ewts. against 4,528 ewts. for the
same period in the year before. ge

There were 9,060 ewts. of halibut landed in British
Columbia against 14,044 during the preceding Decem.
ber. It is worthy of note that of the total landing of
halibut at Prince Rupert in December last, 7,987 ewts
were brought in by American vessels and 808 ewts. by
our own vessels.

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL FOR
FISHERY RESEARCH.

The International Council for combined fishery re-
search work by Canada, the U. 8S. and Newfoundland,
which has been so strongly advocated by the Can:
adian Fisheries Association, is now ready to begin co-
operative work as far as Canada is concerned.

Following a meeting held in Ottawa last September
at which representative scientists and fishery officials
from Candda, the U. S. and Newfoundland were pre-
sent to discuss the formation of such a council, the
Canadian Government has now taken action and a
recent Order passed has appointed the following gen-
tlemen as Canadian representatives on the Interna-
tional Committee: Mr. W. A. Found, Ass’t. Deputy
Minister of Fisheries, Loring C. Christie, LL.B., legal
adviser, Dept. of External Affairs, and Dr. A. G.
Huntsman of the Biological Board of Canada and
Scientific Division, Canadian Fisheries Association.

This committee, together with similar committees
from Newfoundland and the United States will de-
termine what measure of co-operation is desirable for
the scientific investigations of the deep sea fisheries
adjacent to both coasts of this continent; and what
general investigations should be undertaken. The
body will consider problems that may be awaiting
study and submit recommendations to the respective
Governments.

STEEL VERSUS WOOD IN FISHING SCHOONER
CONSTRUCTION.

The Shipbuilding Department of the Nova Scotia
Steel and Coal Company, New Glasgow, N.S., have been
investigating the possibilities of constructing fishing
schooners, of the standard Lunenburg type, of steel
instead of wood.

It is pointed out that the life of a steel vessel would
be considerably longer than that of a wooden eraft;
lower insurance rates could be secured and the low
rate would last as long as the vessel maintained her
class which would be 25 to 30 years at least; owing to
thinner plates and beams they would carry more cargo
than a wooden vessel of the same size and they would
stand the strain of sail-earrying much better than a
wooden schooner which often has to be hauled out and
re-caulked from this cause. Also by fitting with water-
ballast tanks, the expensive (and unpleasant) job of
loading and dumping stone ballast would be done away
with.

The cost would naturally be higher, but in the long
run with the low insurance premiums, the longer life
of the vessel, and freedom from caulking, it would
possibly be the cheaper vessel in the end.

As far as a steel vessel’s adaptability to bank fishing
is concerned, we can see nothing against it. Steel
schooners in freighting and steel schooner-yachts are
common enough so that there is no argument against
them on the score of either cargo carrying or sailing

American papers condemn the Bill as being a measure

_lieve, and the consumers in this country will not have

ae we ei ae AVM ee ae, o> ave

>, aay Po ee 4 cg a

5 ar ; ie: x tata
A= ms ; » es

February, 1921
abilities. As to any action of fish slime or salt on a
steel hull, the steel steam trawlers so numerous today
would dispose of any argument of deterioration to
catch or vessel itself. gt eee wa
Lunenburg vessel owners have already expressed
themselves as being favorably impressed with the sug-
gestion and the cost seems to be the only thing that
prevents the immediate construction of such a craft
for Lunenburg owners. But experiments are now bein
made as to the possibilities of building by means o'
electric welding and this may reduce the cost sol
what. hee

The question seems to narrow down to the proble
“Is it better business to build a wooden schooner which,
though much cheaper in initial cost, carries more repair
bills and a higher insurance rate and will not last as”
long; or to build a steel schooner at a much higher cost —
which will last longer and cost less in insurance and
up-keep?”’ Bee cee

There is a little point about repairs which oceurs to_
us. The wooden schooner can be repaired by a ear 3
penter in almost any Nova Scotia fishing port, but
should a steel schooner receive damages she should have
to be taken to a steel ship repair yard and the cost of
repairs would be much higher and the loss of time must
also be reckoned. It is easier to replace a plank than
a plate, but, however, this is only a minor point.

THE U.S. TARIFF BILL,

It would appear that the demand on the part a
American fish producers for a protective tariff against
Canadian and other foreign fish is not the unanimous
desire of the whole American fish trade or of the
American public. meee iy

The Fordney Bill thas passed the Senate loaded
down with amendments, and it is said that the Con
gress will hesitate to accept it as it now stands. Many

designed to aid the American Western farmer and
state that Eastern American business is being penal- *—
ized to help the Western farmer make up his losses.

As far as fish is concerned, a vast number of the
American fish dealers are for free fish and news-
papers catering to the consuming classes are against
duties of any kind on food-stuffs. The — loucester_
‘“Times’’ in an editorial on the subject of the Fordney
Bill concludes with the following Steen

‘““The Fordney Bill will never become law, we be-—

—_—

to pay more for sugar, flour, wheat and beef. But
its legislative history is redolent with subterfuge and—
deception.’’ Wes age

takes hold.

PRINCE RUPERT FISH SHIPMENTS TO UNITED
STATES.

Official figures prepared by the U. S. Consulate ai
Prince Rupert show hat the following quantities of
salmon and halibut were shipped to the U.S. from the-
port during 1919-20. : ies

1919 ;
vy ce RI 662,800
ale SE BT a 00

brat
bce et

Salmon .. ..
Halibut...

4

n to be known as the ‘‘Master Mariners’ peed

t ‘ “The objects of the organization are to im-
ove methods, and to economize, in the catching,
: and selling of fish. _ We think this is a step

Pte ‘‘Mayflower’’ — Boston candidate for

ee of the Fisherman’s ‘Gus — has made form-
ation for entry to the races. Gloucester fish-
it is reported, contend that the ‘‘Mayflower’’
a bona-fide fisherman in the strictest sense of
but an imitation fishing schooner built for
and fimanced by men not actually engaged in
Evidently, however, the ‘‘Mayflower’’
to live up to the conditions set as she will
eg trip to the Banks in the Spring and engage
t the summer. The Marconi try-
é pith which she was equipped is to be dis-
for the regulation Banksman’s canvas and

ustry.

‘speaker at the Prince Rupert Fish Day luncheon
that fish had become such an obsession with
mnians that even the little children embodied
in their nightly prayers when they said, ‘‘Our
ather which art in heaven, halibut be thy name.”’

Fish Day will be celebrated in the United
n March 9th. The U. S. Fisheries Association

swing. Next year, the two countries hope to
e in celebrating one International Fish Day.

THE FISHY MUSE.

. Millett, State Inspector of Fish for
and well known to the Industry in Can-
e U.S. has broken forth into a paean of

ner it ba bie to print herewith.

Boost Fish !
The time is coming—it’s at hand—
1en folks all over this broad land,
‘Who love a wholesome, “<‘price—less”? dish,
Will turn their thoughts and tastes to fish,
Some eat it now and know it’s good

d cheap and healthful; it’s the food
That makes more brains and also muscle
so will aid you in life’s tussle.

Its easy on the pocketbook
And easy too for wife to cook.
All kinds of meat are getting less.
ell, I should worry, I confess,
-as fishes swim the sea
s plenty food for you and me,
+ kind of food we all should eat,—
. bad this eating too much meat.

It slows one down, you lose your pep,
But fish ? Why fish will make you step.
e> You'll feel | like hustling every day
1 your tasks will seem but play.
t fish 1 Don’t be a fish abstainer—
health and purse will be the gainer.

FISHERMAN 31
THE FISHING INDUSTRY OF PRINCE EDWARD
ISLAND.
By PAUL.

Although, last season, the Fishing Industry has been
practically demoralized by the low prices, lobster
packers are now busily engaged in preparing for the
season’s pack. The price to fishermen, will be much
lower this spring than last, but after all, the net re-
turns will be better than last year, as all material and
food stuff are lower in prices, so that the industry will
be carried on, this year, on a gain basis; even the
fishermen, with lower prices per hundred for their
lobsters, will be ahead of last year.

Inspector Gallant of this Province, has just pub-
lished a tabulated statement of the fishing industry
of Prince Edward Island, the first report of the kind
ever made public.

Following is the report for the calendar year of
1920:

40,562 cases lobsters, packers’ values. .
Cod, Haddock, Hake, — at boatside

$1,398,450.00
66,773.00

Herring and Mackerel . 70,111.00
Smelts and Trout .. .. ad 87,768.00
Eels, Tom Cod and 1 Quahaugs 1 hace 2,414.00
Oysters .. 6. . 22,423.00

- $1,645,939.00

The capital invested in the fishing industry during
the year 1920 was, for Vessels, Boats, Nets, Trawls,
Hand Lines, Lobster Traps, Piers and Wharfs, Freez-
ers and Ice Houses, $912,350. People employed: Men,
3,801, Females 890.

It will be seen by the above report that the Fishing
Industry of Prince Edward Island is of considerable
importance, and there is no doubt, that if careful
manipulation of the business was carried on, the
yearly result would be most gratifying.

Along the North coast of the province, where Lob-
sters seem to abound in the early spring, many fish-
ermen realized, last season, as high as $1,800 per boat
of two men. This was an abnormal sum of money to
be made in less than six weeks, but lobster men were
being paid as high as $10.00 per hundred pounds. This
coming season, the price will be much lower, but as I
state above, the result will even be better, for both
fisherman and packer.

Many lobster factories are exchanging hands this
spring, some packers going out of the business and
new ones coming in. It is pleasing to note with what
stoicism some of the old packers are preparing for the
new year’s work.

Smelts are not as plentiful in our rivers as cris
years. The exporters, however, are getting big prices
for the delicions little fish, but considerable losses have
been sustained by certain ones, due to the carelessness
of the transportation companies. In one ease, a ship-
ment of boxed smelts from Tignish to New York, was
eight days in transit, reaching the market in poor con-
dition, thereby making a total loss to the shipper. But
the worst feature is that the Express Company does
not wish to assume the blame.

A petrified fish about fifty feet long has been dis-
covered in Utah. This is said to be the largest sardine
and the smallest whale America has ever produced.
—~ Puneh (London). -

32 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

National Fish Day, 1921

Montreal Held the Most Successful Day of All.

Montreal fish trade celebrated National Fish Day in
most enthusiastic fashion and it was estimated that
one million pounds of fish was consumed on the Day
in Montreal and district. The wholesale distributors
advertised freely in the local press, also the retailers.
Posters were distributed by some firms and wagons
were decorated with painted signs. One concern had a
special moving picture film made of their premises and
cold storage showing the packing and distribution of
fish. This film was run at all the principal Picture
Theatres in Montreal for ten days prior to the Fish
Day. On the evening of National Fish Day, the Mont-
real members of the Canadian Fisheries Association
and the local fish trade to the number of forty sat
down to an informal dinner where fish was the prin-
cipal item on the menu.

Fisheries Department and Deputy Minister Wanted.

Mr. A. Hi. Brittain and Mr. D. J. Byrne, both past

Presidents of the Canadian Fisheries Association, in
their addresses to the guests at the Montreal Fish Day
dinner, both emphasized the necessity for a distinct
Fisheries Department with Deputy Minister in charge
if the Industry was to be developed as it should be
developed.
- “In the sense that there is a Minister of Agriculture
to direct the administration of the food resources which
lie in the land why should there not be a Minister of
Fisheries to direct the administration of the food re-
sources which lie in the sea?’’

This was suggested in the discussion of the fish
dinner at St. Lawrence Hall, on February. 9th, held in
celebration of the Fourth National Fish Day of Canada,
under the auspices of the Canadian Fisheries Associa-
tion and Fish Traders in Montreal.

That the Montreal association was not alone in the
spirit of the fish day celebration and in the feeling that
the sea harvests and harvesters are worthy of more
emphatic attention than has hitherto been paid to them
in this country, was evidenced by a sprightly telegram
addressed to the Montreal gathering bp the president
of the Association resident in Vancouver, saying:

“Vancouver meat packers put out of business this
week by fishing fraternity. Every man, woman and
child in Vancouver eating fish today. Window dis-
plays magnificent. Drink health to the Fisheries Asso-
ciation.’’ :

This message was received with applause by the com-
pany when read by Mr. J. A. Paulhus, the vice-president,

Should Have Deputy Minister,

The suggestion as to ministerial recognition of the
fishing industry was voiced by Mr. A. H. Brittain, past
president of the association, who referred to the fishery
resources as one of Canada’s greatest assets capable
of indeterminable development. He saw no reason why
the 60 million dollars it represented should not-be in-
ereased to 160 millions, providing the industry received
the attention which was its due, and expressed the
opinion that a better administration of it would be had
were the department placed under exelusive ministerial

supervision instead of being coupled with that of the —

Marine as at the present time. He thought they should
at least have a deputy minister to whom the industry
could look as the responsible head of the department
and whose attention would be given to fishery matters
alone.
international schooner race was a Canadian-born, one

of thousands who would have remained in Canada had

the development of the industry corresponded at all
with the country’s ability to man it. aches

Mr. D. J. Byrne, also a past president of the associa-
tion, expressed concurrence in Mr. Brittain’s suggestion

believing that the industry would derive inealeulable

benefit and prestige from ministerial recognition com-
mensurate with its importance, and this idea was also

expressed by Mr. Paulhus, the vice-president of the — ;

association. ;
Dr. F. C. Harrison, of the Macdonald College, in

proposing the toast to “‘The Canadian Fisheries,’’? made
happy reference to the delightful repast which the

ocean and the cooks had provided for their delectation, —
and adverted to the work in which he has been engaged —

in connection with the Dominion Biological Board to
determine the cause of certain defects, such as. dis-
coloration of canned lobster and salted codfish, which

had militated disadvantageously against Canadian ex-
port trade, intimating that there was reason to believe
that their researches had been successful and that these

defects would be remedied in consequence. The fault

in the cured cod, he said, had been traced to certain —
kinds of tropical salts used in curing, the remedy being
found in the use of salts drawn from Canadian sources.

_ Short addresses were also heard from J. H. Conlon,
director of the publicity department of the Marine and
Fisheries department, and Mr. 8. A. Mason, president
of the Retail Fish Dealers Association, as also from Mr,

J. T. O’Connor, director of the Canadian Fisheries f

Association.

The dinner proved to be a most enjoyable affair

throughout. The menu, consisting of oysters cooked
and on the shell, salmon, smelts and other fish, was
tastefully served and left nothing to be desired in satis-
fying the inner man.

The following were among those in attendance: J. A. —

Paulhus (chairman), Dr. F. C. Harrison, J. H, Conlon,
J. J. Harpell, S. A. Mason, F. W. Wallace, secretary

Canadian Fisheries Association; A. H. Brittain, J. T. _ : 2
O’Connor, F. T, James, Toronto; D. J. Byrne, 8. Mason

R. D. Hodge, John Green, H. G. Connor, F. A.
Bellavance, H. Rayment, Henry Wolman, Geo. Wool-
mer, W. A. Coker, H. Mitchell, H. Gilbert, Geo. Birse,

W. F. Rayment, H. Marshall, F. Reynolds, J. Leach, &

Albert Cawthorne, M. Stanford, H. Welham.

INDEX FOR 1920 CANADIAN FISHERMAN.

Subscribers who wish to bind their copies of the
CANADIAN FISHERMAN will be supplied with |
an Index Page upon application to the publishers,
Gardenvale, Que., Canada.

He recalled that the sailor who had won the —

CANADIAN

FISHERMAN 33

Pia
IIB

STRANGLING———
AN

INDUSTRY !

| HOW THE FISHING INDUSTRY OF THE NORTH PACIFIC IS BEING BLUFFED AND
a HUMBUGGED BY THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS.

For the establishment of a distinct and enlarged
eries Administration at Ottawa, with power and
lity to prevent the industry being imposed upon, no

er argument can be advanced than to give here-
ith some idea of how the fishing industry of Prince
per, B.C., has been stifled and held back from its
itimate development by the Canadian National Rail-

Tn all our experience of the many drawbacks which
militate against the proper development of our Can-
adian fisheries, we have never seen anything to equal
the nonchalant manner in which the officials of the
Canadian Government Railway Systems have treated
the urgent needs of a great industry, and the whole
story is one of ‘‘passing the buck’’, unfulfilled prom-
ises, humbug and absolute indifference.
‘For some years now, Prince Rupert has suffered
rom a shortage of refrigerator cars for transporting
‘the immense quantities of fresh and frozen halibut and
_ other fish which are landed, or which could be landed,
- at that port by Canadian and American fishing vessels
ploiting the fishing’ banks west and north of Prince
Rupert.
he shortage of Express refrigerator cars has long
heen a serious matter with the fish shippers of Prince
pert and the management of the only railroad which
iters the port was made acquainted with the fact
when the situation developed. But the War was on
then and the citizens of Prince Rupert, including the
h trade there, did not press their demands unduly
as they were cognizant of the fact that the needs of
War demanded the country’s labor and money. The
_ situation, however, was presented to the Railroad Ad-
ministration for action as soon as hostilities ceased.
- he Fishing Industry is one of Prince Rupert’s
greatest assets. Every citizen of the place derives
some benefit, directly or indirectly, from the fisheries
Were it not for fish, the Grand Trunk Pacifie Railway
would have but little exeuse for making Prince Rupert
aterminal. It is one of the biggest eastward hauls the
rons has. Take away the fish and there is little
_ One would imagine that the officials in charge of
the Grand Trunk Pacifie or Canadian Government
Railways, and the Canadian Express Company which
lied with it, would do everything in their power
oster the fishing industry at their terminal port:
hat the Minister in charge of the Government Railway
stem would be only too glad to develop a remuner-
e business in an effort to show a profit rather
the depressing annual deficit which is a feature

of the system. But such is evidently not the case. It
would appear that neither Minister or the officials
under him eare two pins whether the railroad prospers
or not. Here’s the story. You can judge for yourself.

When hostilities ceased, the fish trade of Prince
Rupert and the Board of Trade made representations
to the Minister of Railways and Express Company of-
ficials asking that additional Express refrigerator cars
be built and placed in commission as soon as possible
to take care of the increasing fish shipments of the
port. One hundred cars were suggested as being ne-
cessary to take care of the business offering and same
was confirmed by an affidavit from the General Man-
ager of the Grand Trunk Pacifie Railway.

Early in 1920, a considerable time after the initial
request was made, the railway announced that
THIRTY EXPRESS REFRIGERATOR CARS WOULD
BE BUILT AND PLACED IN COMMISSION AS
SOON AS POSSIBLE.

At the Convention of the Canadian Fisheries Asso-
ciation held in Vancouver in June 1920, Prince Rupert
delegates brought the matter of their car requirements
before the Convention and the following resolution
was passed:

WHEREAS the matter of providing adequate
refrigerator car facilities is of the greatest import-
ance to the Fishing Industry, particularly at all
points of production furthest removed from the
markets,

AND WHEREAS a shortage of such facilities
has for some time seriously interfered with the
proper marketing of Canadian fish, especially at
the port of Prince Rupert,

BE IT THEREFORE RESOLVED that the Can-
adian Fisheries Association in Convention assem-
bled requests its Executive to communicate with
the Hon, Minister of Railways setting forth these
facts and respectfully urging that he take imme-
diate steps to provide additional refrigerator car
space sufficient to take care of the needs of the
port of Prince Rupert and other shipping points
on the Government Railways.

On July 8th, 1920, the Prince Rupert Branch of the
Canadian Fisheries Association passed the following
resolution :—

WHEREAS at the Annual Convention of the
Canadian Fisheries Association at Vancouver a
unanimous resolution was passed urging upon the
Executive, to press the matter of providing an
adequate supply of Express refrigerator ears for
the Fish business,

34 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

AND WHEREAS the General Manager of the
Grand Trunk Pacific in an affidavit has stated
that one hundred additional cars are required to
take care of this service, -

AND WHEREAS announcement has been made
that an order has been placed for an additional
thirty cars for this service,

BE IT THEREFORE RESOLVED that we urge
upon the Executive to press this matter before the
proper authorities with a view to relieving the
present very inadequate facilities at an early date.

Both these resolutions were placed before the Hon.
J. D. Reid, Minister of Railways, and the National
-Seeretary of the Canadian Fisheries Association in a
long communication to the Minster dated July 28th,
1920, elaborated upon the handicap the Prince Rupert
fish trade was laboring under through lack of proper
transportation equipment, and he furnished statistics

-showing the amount of tonnage which was diverted
from the Port of Prince Rupert through lack of cars.

The Minister was travelling through the West when
the letter was sent, but the Asst. Deputy Minister ack-
nowledged same and stated that he was forwarding
the communication to the President of the Canadian
National Railways System for his information.

The Prince Rupert Branch of the Canadian Fish-
eries Association, through their Seeretary, Mr. J. L.
Lee, kept the matter prominently before President D.
B. Hanna of the Railway System, and also enlisted the
aid of the Transportation Division of the Department
of Marine and Fisheries. This latter Department,
through Mr. J. H. Conlon, made representations to re-
lieve the car shortage as soon as possible, but this
matter is one that calls for the personal attention of
the Minister of Marine and Fisheries himself and not
that of an official who is saddled with too many varied
tasks and whose standing is not likely to impress the
Railway Moguls. However, Mr. Conlon did what he
could from the Departmental side.

Secretary Lee of the Prince Rupert C. F. A. kept a
record of the car shortages at Prince Rupert and same
were mailed monthly to Chairman Carvell of the Board
of Railway Commissioners, President D. B. Hanna of
the National Railways, Department of Marine and
Fisheries, and the National Secretary of the C. F, A.
These records told ofa serious state of affairs —
serious enough to have commanded the earnest consi-
deration of any business man but evidently not serious
enough for a Government official. Men who ean sleep
easy administering an organization with a deficit of
many millions do not lose any slumber over the de-
mands of a bunch of fish men for more ears, or chances
for securing big business.

Owing to the uncertainty of the supply of cars, fish-
ing vessels are avoiding the port of Prince Rupert and
are carrying their catches to Alaskan ports and to
Vancouver and Seattle. Vessels are daily coming in to
Prince Rupert with large trips of fish and finding no
cars available, they clear again for another port. One
small vessel with a catch of 80,000 lbs of halibut
means $2,400 in tolls to the Express Company. Such
business is being turned away from Prince Rupert
daily and millions of dollars in revenue is thereby
lost to the Government Railways.

Let us see now what has been done about the extra
refrigerator cars promised so long ago. The thirty new
cars were promised for delivery in August, 1920.
August came and no ears. The delivery would be

and no ears in sight. December came and the year

February, 1921.

made sure in November, 1920, November came around

closed with nothing doing. The Rupertonians were
beginning to feel that they were being humbugged.
Fishing boats were coming in, and finding no cars
available, they went off to other ports with their
skippers and crews indignant at the waste of time and
money incurred by calling in at Prince Rupert.
The whole city of Prince Rupert took an interest
in the matter in January, 1921, and mass meetings -
the citizens were held, and the wires kept hot deman
ing to know from the railroad officials when the ¢
were really fortheoming. A letter received from
dent D. B. Hanna of the Government Railways, and a
dated December 27th, 1920, stated that the delay was
unavoidable, but the thirty cars would be delivered
by the end of March. This date’ is too late for the
early spring traffie in fish which is very heavy, and
further enquiries were made of the railway officials
to find out if some of the ears could not be delivered
earlier. : 7 eee aa
Wires received from Hon, J. D. Reid, President D. ~
B. Hanna, and President Pullen of the Canadian Ex- ~
press Company all read the same old chant—‘‘Under-
stand new cars will be delivered by end of March”.
A. E. Warren, General Manager of the Western Lines
of the Grand Trunk Pacifie wired at end of January
— ‘Understand first ear will be delivered Maréh 15th
and balance by March 31st.’’ All of which, after the
unredeemed promises of the past, were most unsa-
tisfactory. aS TSS
President A. L. Hager of the Canadian Fisheries
Association was then appealed to and asked to secure
definite information. He wired to Secretary Wallace
at Gardenvale, Que., to interview President Pullen
of the Express Company in’ Montreal and get a de- —
finite answer as to the car deliveries. The Secretary
secured only the usual reply, viz: ‘‘That latest —
advice from manufacturers is: that delivery may be
expected in March.’’ One item of information was _
adduced when the name of the manufacturers was_
ene namely, the National Car Company at Hamil-
ton, Ont. Aaeeehen ss
A representative of the CANADIAN FISHERMAN ~
was then sent to interview the National Car Company __
at Hamilton to find out what progress had been made __
with the construction of the long promised ears. He
went there on February 9th, and interviewed one of
the Lo ase officials of the car company, and his report —
is that— ; . a
The car company has been, and it at present,
closed down. It is expected to resume operations —
in a week or so. No start has been made on the
construction of the promised ¢ and the only |
information adduced is that the Car Company —
expect to start work on an order of 1,000 freight
cars for the Government and that it was hoped _
that the thirty refrigerator cars would be put
through at the same time. <n a
To sum it all up; THERE IS CERTAINLY NO —
CHANCE OF THESE THIRTY EXPRESS re
GERATOR CARS BEING DELIVERED IN MA :
AND THE PROMISES OF THE RAILWAY OFFI-
CIALS AMOUNT TO NOTHING BUT BLUFF AND —
HUMBUG. bes iat,
The whole matter reflects the spinelessness of the —
present Governmental administration. There seems to»
be no back-bone to it and no definite policy appears

Of ers

See oy See

ve been worked out to pull the country up from
e it has sunk in through the ravages of war. A
e debt hangs overhead but no effort is made to
it and instead of confining expenditure to the
opment of remunerative natural resources, the
ernment in power has incurred still greater obliga-
us by the purchase of duplicating railroad systems
d the building of steamships which could have been
nstructed elsewhere at lower cost. One would have
ought that an opportunity to control the haulage of
huge fishery would have been seized upon by the
vernment in an effort to make their railroad system
y. But that common axiom of plain business has
ignored by the present Government who are
y to blame for the state of affairs existing in their
railroad system.

is no use blaming the minor officials for negli-

ruary, 1921, CANADIAN FISHERMAN 35

gence in the Prince Rupert affair. The. blame lies on
the men higher up and we do not hesitate to name the .
Minister of Railways, Hon. Dr. Reid, for his indiffer-
ence to the request for more equipment, and the Min-
ister of Marine and Fisheries, Hon. ©. C. Ballantyne,
for his lack of interest in the development of a great
fishing port. If the latter had given more time and
thought to fishery matters, his influence in the Cabinet
could easily have secured action in the matter of sup-
plying Prince Rupert with more refrigerator ears.

The whole fishing industry of Canada will suffer
from this species of humbug until we get a Department
of Fisheries with a responsible official at the head of

it and a Minister who will give ear and action to the
plain suggestions of the Industry along the lines of
sane development.

Privy

Council Decision in: Quebec
Fisheries Reference

- The decision in the Quebee Fisheries Reference was
submitted on the 30th of November last and copies of
have now been received. It more than vindicates

position taken by the Federal- Government. The
decision finds in substance that there is a public right
of fishery, over which the Federal authorities have
: elusive jurisdiction, not only in the navigable tidal
ters but in the non-tidal portions of the streams
that are navigable from the sea as well; thus including
ns ate salmon or other river fisheries.

_ The history of this question is concisely as follows:
At the time of confederation, it was understood that
the provisions of the British North America Act,
the complete jurisdiction of the fisheries in the dif-
ferent Provinces was transferred to the Federal Gov-
rnment. A few years afterwards question arose ag
to whether this was the case. In 1882 a decision of
the Supreme Court of Canada was obtained in the
ease known as ‘‘Queen vs. Robertson’’, which de-
termined that the ownership of the fisheries in the
‘non-tidal waters still remained vested in the Provinces
‘or in the riparian owners. This did not apply to what

now the Prairie Provinces and the Territories
north thereof, as the Crown Lands therein were owned
by the Federal Government. Following this decision
the Provinces continued to press the claim to greater

- jurisdiction, and a reference in the premises was fin-

y submitted to the Privy Council, the decision of
- whieh was given in 1898. This decision was in sub-
stance, except in those waters which at the Union

sed to the Dominion under the third schedule of
the B. N. A. Act, 1867, that whatever proprietary
rights in the fisheries, were vested in the Provinces at
_ the time of Confederation, remained their property
subsequent thereto, but the exclusive power to reg-
ate the fisheries, wherever they might be situated,
vested in the Federal Government. Immediately
ing this decision the different sea-washed Pro-
claimed jurisdiction over the tidal fisheries, not

~ } .

»

only in the rivers and estuaries, but in the bays and
territorial waters along the sea coast as well. The
Federal Government, on the other hand, maintained
that there is a public right of fishery in tidal waters,
and that, as such, it came within the exclusive pur-
view of the Federal Government.

For years negotiations went on with the differenc
Provinces to settle the matter amicably, but this was -
not found to be possible, and finally in 1913 a refer-
ence to the courts was decided upon with British
Columbia, in which the other Provinces interested be-
came intervenants. The decision in that case main-
tained the contention of the Federal authorities,

This settled the question in all sea washed Provin-
ces, with the exception of Quebec, which contended
that as the decision was largely based on Magna
Charta, and that, as Magna Charta did not apply to
the Province of Quebec, the decision did not affect
the situation in that Province.

In order speedily to settle the matter, it was fin-
ally agreed that a reference should be submitted to the
Court of King’s Bench in Quebec, under authority of
a Provincial Statute which was obtained for that pur-
pose. The decision in that Court was adverse to the
Federal contention, and the conditions brought about
by the war delayed consideration of the appeal before
the Privy Council until last year.

It is understood that the Federal fishery regulations
are being immediately amended to place them in line
with the law, as laid down by the Privy Council deei-
sion, and that during the approaching fishing season,
the fisheries in the navigable tidal waters, as well as
in the non-tidal portion of the streams that are in fact
navigable from the sea in Quebee will be administered
by the Department of Marine and Fisheries of Can-
ada; and no fishing in such waters will be allowed,
excepting under license from the Minister of that
Department.

36 CANADILAN FISHERMAN:

February, 1921.

Lake

Erie Fishermen’s
Convention

Most Successful Gathering and Important

Resolutions Passed

The Sixth Annual Convention of the Lake. Erie
Fishermen’s Association has come and gone, leaving
in its wake memories of the largest and most enthusi-
astic gatherings yet held by this enterprising organiza-
tion. It was a get-together and a big reunion of prac-
tieally all the men along the north shore of the lake
engaged in the fishing industry. Every port from
which the tugs steam sent its quota of delegates and
for three days, Feb. 1, 2 and 8, the city of St. Thomas
was given over to the hardy men of the gill and pound
nets who are banded together as business men in the
interest of their calling. Already, after six years of
existence, the organization has more than justified it-
self, for it has secured legislation and regulations from
both provincial and federal governments that has been
of great benefit to the industry. Further regulations
will be sought as the result of the business sessions
held this year, designed to conserve the fisheries of the
_ lake and to promote the interests of those in the indus-
try. For instance efforts will be made to facilitate
the collection of bad debts from American dealers: the
fisheries department will be asked to close the lake to
other than home port fishing; it will be recommended
that the present ten mile limit from the edge of the
pound nets be retained, while other regulations will be
sought in the interests of the tug owners and com-
panies.

Governments Not Represented.

It was a matter of deep regret that when the execu-
tive got together to plan the open sessions of the con-
vention they were unable to “secure speakers from
either the provincial or federal governments, although
these had been arranged for. Efforts had been made
to have Hon. Harry Mills address the gathering but the
minister wired his inability to be present and ap-
parently no one from the Ontario department could be
spared. The Dominion Government was also un-
represented. Some good ideas, however, were forth-
coming from A. W. MeLeod, superintendent of Hatch-
eries in a couple of addresses and another special
speaker was Rev. Dean Tucker, of London,

A Great Reunion.

As usual the Grand Central Hotel was the head-
quarters for the gathering. The executive committee
held their sessions there and the open sessions. took
place in the council chamber at the city hall. While
there was a distinct business tone throughout the con-
vention the social side was featured and the delegates
found time to fraternise in the bonds of a true brother
hood. The men from the ports at the head of the lake

met those from the lower fishing grounds and there
was much yarning and reminiscensing. Bluff, hearty
Arthur Brown, who, by the way was again elected

president, came over from Kingsville,and Capt. Robin- |
son, of Port Dover, was on hand early just to show —

that his interest is still with the fishermen although he
is now boss of three patrol boats in the Government
protective service. Other veterans from the fishing —
ports, such as H. Dromgole, of Rodney; W. Goodchild,
Amherstburg; J. E. Pastorius, of Kingsville ; Bert West-

cott, of Kingsville; H. Hales, of Dutton; George Van
Order, of Port Burwell; N. S. Cornell, of Port Stanley, SY

and many others prominent in the fishing industry were >

conspicuous in the -hand-shakes, discussions bccast busi- oe

ness which marked the gatihering.

Opening Session. ee ia,
Although a lot of work had been dons: ne the
executive committee, the first open session of the con-
vention did not take place until Wednesday afternoon
in the city hall where President Brown in a few well
chosen remarks welcomed his fellow members of the
Association to the annual meeting and expressing the —
hope that the proceedings would be characterized, as.
in the past, by harmony and good feeling between the
various interests in the industry. Mayor Brinkman, of
St. Thomas, who has always evinced a hearty interest_
in the activities of the Association, gave a brief speech —
of weleome in which he dwelt upon the atmosphere of |
the Railroad City as conducive to the enjoyment of —

? e's Pao .
Zi

such a body of men as composed the Lake Erie Fisher- -

men’s Association. He extended the freedom of the
city to the members and expressed the hope that they ~
would enjoy themselves socially as well as ina business —
way while guests of the corporation,

Fishers of Men.

In the absence of Rev. Canon Carlyle, Rev. ‘ents
Tucker, of London, consented at the last minute to
address the first session which he did with great vigor
and directness of speech. He pointed out that the
highest occupation man could be engaged in today was
that of fishers of men and declared that in order to
quell the disturbances that are prevailing in the indus-
trial world today it is necessary above all things that a
principle of brotherhood be inaugurated between em-
ployer and employee. Until the employer who represents.
capital, abandons the idea that he is in the world only
to make money and to become rich rather than to serve
his fellow being, this principle of good fellowship could
not succeed. He appealed to the fishermen, as represent-

ing capital and labor to assist in this great work by

ear eS ee ee

ee

i pe

ern Bae

or ages ‘ ;
RRS Ore gk

February, 1921.

adopting the principle of brotherhood, the foundation

of which was laid by the four fishermen who were

called by Christ to become fishers of men. Dean Tucker

enlarged on this theme, dealing also with the country’s

natural resources and picturing a bright future for

Canada if the ideals of Christianity were lived up to.
The Annual Banquet.

The annual banquet was held in the dining room of
the Grand Central Hotel on Wednesday evening and
proved a very enjoyable affair. Upwards of a hundred
delegates and several guests dined sumptuously and
afterwards listened to a number of brief speeches under
the chairmanship of President Brown. Mayor Brink-
juan again extended a welcome to the delegates and
he was ably seconded in his civie welcome by City
Solicitor Doherty, who proved to be an entertaining
story teller. No gathering of Lake Erie fishermen
would be complete without the presence of Mr. L. Pons-
ford, familiarly known as ‘‘Ab’’ Ponsford, for it is to
him, perhaps, rather than anyone else, is due the
credit for the pioneer work in connection with the

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 37

There are not the fish in the lake there were 10 years

ago, and this should be remedied. Ask the government

to appoint an impartial commission to go up and down

this lake and take evidence and go back to Toronto with

intelligent recommendations to the government,’’
Work of Hatcheries.

Superintendent McLeod of the Ontario Hatcheries,
voiced the provincial departments’ appreciation of the
work of the Lake Erie Fishermen’s Association as pro
tecting the interests of the fishermen. The department
is fully aware that this association expresses the will
and thought of the fishing people all along the north
shore of Lake Erie, he said. He then spoke about the
work of the hatcheries and the necessity for co opera-
tion between the government and fishermen if the hateh
eries were to be a success. He had always been under the
impression that the staple fish in Lake Erie was white
fish but last year’s figures showed that the white fish
business amounted to $124,000 whereas the herring busi
ness amounted to $645,000. The hatcheries on the Can
adian side have been devoting the majority of their

Sixth Convention of Lake Erie Fishermen's Association, St. Thomas, Ont.

present organization. Mr. Ponsford in a brief talk in-
dulged in some reminiscences, remarking that six years
ago such an organization as the present one was
thought impossible.

**T took it upon myself to try and get the Lake Erie
fishermen together. I had been working at Port Stan-
ley at the time the thought entered my mind. I used
to hear the grievances of the fishermen as they would
come in off the lake at night and it was then that I
thought of organizing this association.

**From my point of view, one of the big things that
is up to you today is to stick together,’’ he continued.
“The department at Toronto sent out a circular letter
asking questions of the different fishermen along the
lake. Perhaps no two of those answers will be alike.
But here is the place for you to answer that letter. Get
together, thrash out the different questions and lay
your solid opinion before the government. It is up to
you more today than before to get together and make
recommendations that certain conditions be improved.

time to the propagation of white fish, but since I have
seen that it is not the staple fish in Lake Brie I have
advocated a more extensive propagation of herring,’’ he
said.

Mr. McLeod explained that with careful handling
and fertilizing of the eggs it is possible to get from 65
to 70 per cent results. Any changes that may be made
are not to put restrictions upon the fishermen but to
conserve the industry for the men who have invested
their time and money in it. A present between 63 and
65 million white fish and 8 million herring eggs are in
the Normandale hatchery and just so the
fisherman prove that they can take care of the Nor-
mandale hatchery, the government will establish a new
station.

soon as

Sailed the Seven Seas.

One of the best speeches of the evening was that by
Capt. P. C. Robinson, of Port Dover, who for many
vears was associated with Mr. Barlow in the fish busi
ness at Port Dover and who now has charge of the lake

(os)

3

patrol service. The captain was introduced as a man
who had sailed the seven seas. He started his early
career has a locomotive engineer but, as he himself
says, he thought there was was less danger on the sea
than on the railroad so he went before the mast. In his
speech the captain urged for greater unity, for in unity
there was strength. They had a great asset at their
front door and it behooved every man to see that no
action be taken which would injure that asset. ‘* You all
know just what is wanted to change the conditions that
exist today and put them back to where they were in
1889. It has been told that you could stand on the hill
of Port Stanley all day long and see the smoke of tugs
and every night see them come into port with 10 or 15
tons of fish» Today the tugs have to go 40 or 50 miles
and then they do not get the fish they used to. There
is only only one plausible reason—the fish are getting
less. There is ability and energy enough among you
gentlemen to change that condition and put it under
judicious treatment, and Lake Erie will, under ju-
dicious treatment, come back.’’

Other brief speakers were Ex-Reeve N. 8. Cornell,
of Port Stanley; Ex-Mayor E. A. Horton, and A. A.
Ingram, of St. Thomas; Harry Dromgole, Rodney and
C. F. Hamlyn, of the Canadian Fisherman.

A Lively Business Session.

There was considerable discussion of a lively char-
acter at the closing session of the convention on Thurs-
day afternoon when the executive committee presented
its resolutions. Early in the proceedings Mr. Sullivan,
of the American Express Company, addressed the gath-
ering reviewing the difficulties under which the ex-
press companies had béen operating for some month
and assuring the fishermen that now that the American
Express Company had been empowered to operate as
a single company, increased facilities for handling the
Lake Erie fish would be at the disposal of the shippers.
The business was now getting back to normal in the
United States and the establishment of a chain of iced
refrigerator cars along the M. C. R. and north shore of
the lake was guaranteed. It was stated that during the
coming season the company would be able to offer an
express service that would meet the needs of the fisher-
men. Mr. Sullivan urged greater care by the shippers
in packing their shipments in the way of tagging both

ends of the boxes, showing the quantity and kind of:

fish, the supplying of consular invoices and the use
of good boxes, preferably wired.

A. W. MeLeod, superintendent of hatcheries again
spoke briefly urging co-operation of the fishermen in
the efforts being made to prevent the depletion of the
lakes. He declared that no body of water produced as
much white fish and herring as Lake Erie and more
money was invested in the fishing business in these
fish in Lake Brie than in any other lake. It was neces-
sary to have some place in the lake for fish to propagate
naturally and he asked the assistance of the men in the
industry on behalf of both provincial and federal Gov-
ernments in getting the lake back into the condition it
was in 1910.

Gill Net vs. Pound Net Men.

The old differences that have existed for some time
between the gill and the pound net fishers again devel-
oped over a resolution which was brought forward eall-
ing on the Goverment to adopt more stringent regula-
tions in the issuing of licenses to gill nets,

W. D. Bates, of Ridgetown, lead one faction and N. 8.
Cornell of Port Stanley, who has for years been the
champion of the gill net cause, the other. The diseus-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

sion started when the resolution was read cule on : . 4

the Association to ask the Government to make dif-
ferent regulations for gill net fishermen and that he be —
compelled to take his tugs out of the ten miles limit
before placing the nets and that all fish be brought
back to the home port instead of at other ports and re-—
turning home the following day as is being done at
present.

Mr. Cornell submitted an amendment in which he
requested the Government to allow the lake to remain
open as under present conditions. He held that if twenty —
tugs went out under the new regulations there would —
be absolutely no difference as far as the conservation —
of fish was concerned. It merely meant for money for —
the coal man as the fishermen would use a considerably
greater quantity of coal in going sixty miles to get the
same quantity of fish available at thirty miles or less.
He accused the pound netters of being out to benefit
themselves.

A. E. Pastorius, of Kingsville, who fathered the reso- obs,

lution, and who is himself a gill netter, but nevertheless, —
he said, he wanted to see the supply of fish in Lake~
Erie protected so that the fishermen should not lose
their means of earning a livelihood. Drastic steps had
to be taken and the resolution, he thought, would ae-

complish all that could be desired. During the mae :

he said, 30 or 40 tugs could be seen outside of any
fishing port and with the crowding of tugs the work was —
ath and a large amount of twine was always: des-
troye

Captain Robinson, who has charge of the Government
patrol beats on the lake, stated that he had seen many -
changes in his 12 years’ experiences on Lake Erie. The
fishermen were losing their only asset by not adopting
stringent regulations. He had seen tugs go out in 1918 —
from Port Stanley and come back in a short time with
from 12 to 15 tons of fish. This could not be done to-

day, and he attributed the change to the fact that the — a

fish of Lake Erie had been depleted. It had become
necessary for a sanctuary to be established somewhere, :
and the gill netters would have to go farther afield to
make their catch.

Captain Smale, of Port Bruce, disagreed — ie: the.
remarks of Captain Robinson. He declared that despite —
all statements to the contrary the fisherman is the most
prosperous man in the country to-day. He had heard —
the same story of prospective depletion and the great
need for conservation back in the early days when he
was a youth. He had, however, noticed that if any —
conservation were necessary, it was up to the gill netters
to do the conserving, the pound netters i am 6
could do no wrong.

N.S. Cornell declared that while the gill net men had?
refrained from coming to a disagreement on the ques-
tion in open convention they purposed going to Toronto —
with their grievances, and would as far as Port Sales
is coneerned fight the matter out there.

After the resolution had finally carried the gill neti
men offered a resolution asking that a fair distribu.
tion of gill net tugs be made in the various ports in
view of the action regarding gill netters. This was
lost but Mr. Cornell and Mr. Pastorius were delegated —

to represent the gill netters before Parliament when the —

matter is discussed, the other side will be repreeented: :
by Harry Dr umgole and W. Bates.

The convention indorsed the action of the executive:
and re-elected all of last year’s officers. N.S. Cornell’s
name was submitted for president, hut on a vote being
taken it was defeated.

oR:

CANADIAN

vas decided at the convention to hold another
ta at. Port Stanley probably on July Ist. Last
event was pulled off under the auspices of the
lation and was a huge success. The regatta com-
e will meet later and arrange the program.

f The Officers Elected.
election of officers developed only one contest,
or the presidency. The names of A. S. Brown, of
ville, president for the past two years, and ex
ye Cornell, were submitted. Mr. Brown securing
greatest number of votes. : ote
n. Harry Mills, the minister of mines and fisheries,
ected honorary president and A. E. Ponsford, of

homas, one of the men instrumental in getting the
ciation organized, was re-elected honorary vice-
t. Reeve Harry Dromgole was re-elected vice-
and H. A. Short, of Port Stanley, secretary-
er at a salary of $100 a year.
» executive committee was re-elected as follows:
Goodchild, Amherstburg; W. G. Bates, Ridgetown ;
3. Crewe, Merlin; J. E. Pastorius, Kings-
H. Goodison, Clear Creek; Ed. Koehler,
; R. Kolbe, Port Dover; B. West-

tt, Kingsville ; E. Hales, Dutton, A. B. Hoover, Nan-

ce; Capt. Robinson, Port Dover; J. Harris, Pelee
; A. Graham, Leamington; J. Grubb, Point Pelee;
Order, Port Burwell; W. H. McPherson, Port
y; H. Taylor, Port Stanley, Bert Clay, Tyreon-
-d . Bailey, Wheatley ; N. McAuley, Erieau; E. W.
Port Maitland; W. H. Wheeler, Selkirk; A.
er and George Garvel, Port Maitland ; C. W. Bar-
rt Burwell; A. Misener, Port Burwell; C. Ross,

G nce Committee: Essex, J. Harris and B. West-
t; Kent, W. E. Crewe and N. McAuley; Elgin, W.
icPherson and Ed. Koehler ; Norfolk, H. Van Order
W. Barwell; Haldimand, A. B. Hoover and E.

_ Resolutions Adopted. ;
following are the resolutions in full as adopted

ad by. Ed. Koehler, seconded by H. Hales—
Messrs. Pastorius and Dromgole be a Com-
to draw up resolution ‘‘re’’ dealings with
oreign corporations and that this Committee obtain
legal advice in the matter.
oved by C. Barwell, seconded by C. Ross—
Government be requested to allow the taking of
zeon, 42 inches in length and over, in Lake Erie.
oved by J. E. Pastorius, seconded by C. Barwell—
_ That the Government make different regulations for
ill net fishermen for the License Holder to fish out of
home port and return catch to his home port in his

t if the Government, considering the vote taken,
to close the Lake, in ae¢ordance with the pre-
resolution, that there be an equal distribution
tugs, as far as possible, to the several ports on
.—(Carried in Executive but ‘‘Lost’’ in open

by W. D. Bates, seconded by C. W. Moss—
hat the present 10 mile limit be maintained and
be no fishing of any kind allowed in the zone
etween the pound nets and the 10 mile limit, except
ernment Patrol boats for the purpose of taking
only; also that the Ontario Fisheries Dept. ask

7
.

4

FISHERMAN 39
the Federal Dept. to have the three present Patrol boats
and any other Patrol boats instructed to confiseate all
nets found set in the above zone at any season of the
year and for a second offence cancellation of License.

Moved by H. Dromgole, seconded by Geo. Van
Order— ?

That the present 5 mile limit, excepting the south
side of Long Point, be maintained and that no fishing
of any kind be allowed in the zone between the pound
nets and the 5 mile limit, excepting by Government
Patrol Boats for the purpose of taking Spawn only;
also that the Ontario Fisheries Dept. ask the Federal
Dept. to have the three present Patrol Boats and any
other Patrol Boats instructed to confiscate all nets
found set in the above zone at any season of the year
and for a second offence, concellation of License.

Moved by W. H. McPherson, seconded by H. Hales—

That the Government be requested to take the neces-
sary steps to rigidly enforce the regulations regarding
the taking, disposing of undersized herring or that the
penalty for first offence be confiscation of nets, and
for second offence, cancellation of License.

Moved by Geo. Van. Order, seconded by N. 8S. Cor-
nell—

That the 2nd Annual Regatta be held at Port Stanley
this year. :

Moved by J. E. Pastorius, secondedby N. 8S. Cornell—

That the Government be requested to limit the depth
of nets to 36 meshes to take effect the beginning of
year 1922.

Moved by N. 8. Cornell, seconded by B. G. West-
cott—

That an Advisory Committee to consist of H. Drom-.
gole, A. E. Crewe, A. B. Hoover, W. H. MePherson,
J. E. Pastorius and Geo. Van Order, be appointed to
assist the Governments in any matters, which they may
wish to refer to this Association, and that this Com-
mittee have full power to act.

Moved by H. Dromgole, seconded by B. G. Westeott—

That the Provincial Government be asked for the
usual annual grant of $500.

Moved by B. G. Westcott, seconded by E. Koehler—

That the Provincial Government be requested to
assist Dr. Clemens in his research work on Lake Erie.

Moved by N. S. Cornell, seconded by F. Small—

That the Federal Government be asked to make a
grant of $500 to this Association.

Moved by W. HH. MePherson, seconded by E. Moss—

That N. S. Cornell, J. EB. Pastorius, W. D. Bates and
H. Dromgole be Committee to Present Resolutions to
Government.

Moved by N. S. Cornell, seconded by J. Grubb—

That Dr. Jackson, Reeve of Port Stanley, A. C.
Brown, W. H. McPherson, Fred Morgan, H. Wollatt
be Committee in Charge of Regatta.

Moved by N. S. Cornell, second by J. E. Pastorius—

That this Association convey a hearty vote of thanks
of Dr, Clemens and Mr. MeLeod and the other speakers,

VETERAN LAKE MARINER DIES.

By the passing of Captain Alexander Lawson’ at the
age or seventy-seven years, Goderich loses a fine citizen.
Captain Lawson was one of the old-timers of the Great
Lakes. He was a master of sailing vessels and has owned
several. He retired about ten years ago. He was one
of the original stockholders in the Hutchinson Flour
Mills, now the Western Canada Flour Mills Company.
He leaves his widow and three daughters, two at home
and one in Detroit.

The Salmon Fisheries of Kamchatka

By HARRY SOMERSET-LISTER, F.R.GS.

An Interesting and Instructive Survey of a Corner
of Siberia and its Fisheries.

(All Rights Reserved.)

An Unknown Peninsula.
Fascinating through its inaccessibility, amazing in
its natural features, the Peninsula of Kamchatka, sit-
uated at the extreme south-eastern termination of the

Siberian Continent, and hitherto practically unknown
to the outside world, has sprung into prominence

through the fact of a concession having been granted
by the Soviet Government to an American syndicate.
Ten years ago the migration of salmon from the Pacific
to the great rivers of Kamchatka continued uninter-
ruptedly as it had done since the beginning of recorded
time. The sparse native population, which for the
most part clings to the territories bordering the banks
of the rivers, annually took its quota of the fish, so
infinitesimal, however, as to make the consideration
of it ridiculous. In the year 1910 a convict named
Beeritch, after his release from the criminal settlement
on the neighbouring island of Sarkhalinn, made his
way to the village of Oost-Kamchatsk, on the east
coast of the peninsula. Being of an enterprising nat-
ure, he soon succeeded in forming a fishing combine
out of the village community, as a result of which the
following spring sdw a small building erected on a
sandspit. running out into the ocean, and separating it
from the Kamchatka river There was raw material,
in the shape of salmon, in abundance, but skilled
labour was lacking. In the third year of the enter-
prise, however, things had improved to such an extent
that machinery and plant of an up-to-date pattern
began to supersede hand labour, and the first American
cannery mechanie made his appearance. Since then
canneries have sprung into existence around the entire
coastline, and to-day there are some thirty of them,
all, without exception, owned or controlled by Japanese
companies.
The Little Yellow Men.

Two big Japanese corporations, those of Mitsubishi
and Tsutsumi, practically monopolise the entire in-
dustry. The canneries visited on both the east and
west coasts were, if anything, superior in equipment
to those of British Columbia, Alaska, and Puget Sound,
to quote the words of an American engineer I met at
the largest of them on the east coast, who had work-
ed in all of the localities mentioned. To draw a com-
parison myself was out of the question, as it is twenty
years since | was in British Columbia, and the impro-
vements both in cannery erections and plant during
that period have been extraordinary. Invention sue-

ceeds invention, and the life of a new machine in a
Japanese cannery is not more than two years on an
average, not that they wear out, but through being
scrapped to make way for others of a much more
economical and labour-saving type. The Japanese are
reputed to be prodigal in their extravagance. Dumps
of machinery of all kinds may be seen in and around
any of the canneries fringing the coast of the peninsula,
which upon close examination appear to have nothing
whatever wrong with them. It is the same with cans.
The territory of a cannery is simply carpeted, from a
batch just thrown out and shining like silver, to others
in every stage of rust.

Japanese extravagance is evident also in the manner
in which this industry is administered. One of the
things that impresses one upon arrival at a cannery is
the excessive number of employés engaged. There were
about three times as many clerks on the office staffs
as were actually required, and the same sort of thing
was in evidence in the cannery itself and amongst the
crowd of fishermen. A good 10 per cent. could be
tacked on to the 50 or 60 per cent. profit that an
average cannety returns by the rigid curtailment of
staffs.

The actual process of canning is carried out under
excellent sanitary conditions. At one of the fishing
stations I made surprise visits at all hours, as there
are both day and night shifts, the blaze of electricity
illuminating the latter being but another phase of
Japanese squandering, but invariably found the same
condition of things prevailing as they had been at the
first ‘‘official’’ visit.

Superiority of Kamchatka Brand.

Holding no,brief whatever for any of the concerns
in question, I may say that the Kamchatka brands of
canned salmon beat any of the other kinds sampled, In-
quiries for them in this country, however, since my
return have not resulted in finding a single ean go
far. They are, of course, well known to the trade,
but not to the buying public. The ‘‘pack’’, as it is
termed, is exported from the peninstila in unlabelled
tins, some of which have a special mark stamped into
the metal, which may be known to the wholesalers, but
which is a Chinese hieroglyph not only to the buyer but
to the man behind the counter as well, ividently the
wholesale buyers in Europe, who make their purchases
through agents at Yokohama, do not fully sample the
contents, as otherwise they would not be so eager to

- up the eans with labels having no reference what-
to the place of origin. 4
Grossing the Bar.
y year the various kinds of salmon arrive at the
of the rivers with surprising regularity. The
of their advent extends from May to mid-Aug-
mt each has its special time of arrival which, to
: e from its constancy, is more or less independent
from seasonal influences. <A few fish apparently re-
in at or in the vicinity of the mouths of the rivers
x the summer and eventually return to the sea,
bul hese are so few as to scarcely be worthy of men-
on, During the passage of the fish from the ocean
ss the bar to the mouths of the large rivers, they
beset by enemies that take ample toll of them ere
they are allowed to proceed into fresh water. Schools
of seals, running into thousands, form a living barrier
ym shore to shore of the estuaries, and, blood-mad,
themselves among their prey, and butcher the
mon to such an extent that in some places the water
; colored red. One morning I stood alone for nearly
hours at the extreme edge of a sandspit watching
slaughter of the innocents. Seals with heads well
of the water and pointing straight up so as to
y full play to the jaws, were gorging themselves
the fish, what time seagulls were swimming in and
mongst them and actually picking dainty morsels
their teeth. Two tours of the world have revealed
» me most of its weird sights and sensations, but few,
f any, could have surpassed this, which it was my
od fortune to be spectator of, one of Nature’s great-
mysteries. Above this unique scene of carnage
fless myriads of gulls floated in the air, darting
and again to pick out the eyes of the fish, which
ion they mostly prefer. The indescribable volume
und set up by this multitude of birds resembled,
e’s imagination the shrieks of tortured children.
The vast majority of the fish that escape, practically
all in fact, ascend the rivers and streams to spawn,
and once having done so there begins a restless rush
E This uncontrollable panic incites the fish
to perform all manner of peculiar antics. During the
eadlong race up-stream, always on an empty stomach,
onee the sea is left behind the fish cease to feed,
ney bite each other fiercely, rubs themselves against
cks and boulders to alleviate the irritation set up
parasites, and occasionally whole shoals will make
a mad seamper for a sandbank or the shore, becoming
anded thereon, and forming a further feast for the

A

gul , clouds of which follow them for hundreds of miles

iver.
eee A Race to Death.
Always is the air alive with leaping fish. In the
ow reaches of the rivers approaching their source,
fish form a compact mass, the middle section fore-
ing those near the banks out of the water and on to

yland. These vast accumulations of dead and dying
non set up a stench that is perceptible for miles in-
and out to sea when they are washed down by the

in the spring. Not the least of the tolls taken
e fish is that by the bears. These animals, emerg-
r about the beginning of May from their long winter’s
p, gaunt and ecadaverous looking, soon put on flesh
r a few weeks’ course of salmon, which remains
staple food until the period of hibernation comes
und again when they retire to sleep, armour-clad
t to support them through the seven monthis of
It is quite an ordinary thing to see them either

ss CANADIAN FISHERMAN

41

sprawling over the edge of the bank or up to their
necks in the river, catching the fish with their paws
and heaving them out on the bank, where the she bear
and eubs are waiting for the feast. Many of the tracks
they make leading to the rivers and streams reminded
me of similar approaches made by buffalo to the rivers ©
threading the prairies of Canada, which I saw many
years ago, during my first journey through the Do-
minion. Almost without exception, all the wild den-
izens of the great forests and mountainous tracts of
the peninsula are very partial to salmon. Even the
sable, that very precious little animal, slightly larger
than a weasel and every inch as eute, whose fur is the
recognized gold currency of the peninsula, even he,
dainty feeder as he naturally is, is not averse to a
morsel of east-up fish. Practically every living thing
in Kamchatka supports life on salmon.

Apart from human beings, whose staple food it, forms,
the sledge-, bear-, and sable-dogs feed on nothing else.
Cows, drinking at the rivers’ brink, seize a passing
fish and consume it from the head downwards. Horses,
like the dogs, eat the fish in any state, sharing, how-
ever, with them a preference for it in the semi-liquid
condition which very advanced degree of decomposition
is brought about by the natives burying the surplus
eatch of the season in large pits and allowing it to
mature during the tropical heat of the brief Kamchat-
kan summer.

The Staple Food.

In the early part of last year during the ascent of
the Kamchatka river in a canoe we suddenly detected
a most pungent odour which revived memories of the
bog fields of Harrowgate. It soon became, however,
unpleasantly convineing that the comparison was but
of a fleeting nature. The stench increased in so over-
powering a degree that the order was given for the
canoe to be turned round; the guide however, interven-
ed With a smile on his good-humoured face, explaining
that the smell proceeded from an open fish-pit in the
village we were approaching and which just then show-
ed up round a bend in the river, There was nothing
to be done, as there were neither an alternative route
nor any other means of transport, and, as luck would
have it, the whole of the villagers were in the thick of
their preparations for the anticipated ‘‘run’’ of the
early salmon and could not spare a fresh lot of canoe-
men or guides that knew the region | was making
for. The distance to the next village was, roughly,

» equivalent to ninety-six miles, which turned out to be
just the longest stretch between any two villages along
the entire length of the river. In the end I remained
in this mferno, an expression the reader will not con-
sider too vivid when he has read what follows, for five
days and nights. The atmosphere of the place all the
time was such that you could have hung an axe up
anywhere. Explorers are accustomed to danger; one
could almost say they eagerly anticipate it, for, after
all, to have done with caution is exhilarating. But
here were live dangers of a kind one rarely has to
reckon with. I had not been in the place an hour before
learning that it had been swept with black pox barely
three weeks past, and that a good half_of the original
seventy-four villagers—men, women and children—
had been earried off, the majority after only a few
hours’ illness, The survivors, though buckling to work
again, were in a desperate state. Haggard, weary, and
worn ont, most of them seemed. Medical help was
quite unknown, and had been for years; ever since, in

42 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

fact, the last unqualified ‘‘doctor’’ of the Czarist
régime had made his yearly visit, before the war. Of
medicine there was not a trace, nor had there been for
a similar period. I found later that epidemics of var-
ious kinds are general throughout the salmon river
zones, the cause being directly traced to the uncover-
ing of these fish pits and to the open drying-sheds or
‘‘balagans’’, where the fish are hung in tiers to dry,
in the same way in which tobacco leaves are dried in
the Southern States of America. The long Kamchat-
kan winter, during whieh it is difficult to procure food
of any kind with the consequent necessity of fish as
a staple article of diet for almost every living creature
in the settlements, creates a need for a very large
number of these sheds, and the consequence is that,
to a fresh arrival, the villages have the appearance of
being very considerably larger than they are in reality.
At this village, as.an example, I heard that 30,000 fish
was no uncommon eatch for a single day. ‘Split in
half as far as the tail, cleaned and washed, the salmon
is hung across a pole in the company of fifty or sixty
others. These poles.are then placed a few inches apart,
with their ends resting upon other poles which extend
the width of the shed. The fish are thus freely ex-
posed to the air, but protected from the sun. They
are not hung lower than about eight feet from the
ground, on account of the dogs, who are occasionally
to be observed gazing at them with longing eyes and
watering mouths, experiencing the tortures of Tanta-
lus. Excepting for a sledge dog, however, I cannot
say that the sight is a tempting one. Swarming with
countless millions of maggots, which distil in a gentle
but unceasing rain upon the ground beneath, whiten-
ing it as with a shower of powdery snow, the fish seem
to be so rapidly disappearing that one wonders how
any remain till winter, another sense besides that of
sight causes the same reflection, but neither the dogs
nor their masters appear too particular in these little
matters. The former, by the way, represented at the
outset still another of the live dangers above referred
to. They are a semi-wild breed with a large strain of
the wolf in their blood.

The Howling of the Dogs.

In the village in question, I caleulated there could
not be less than eight hundred of these animals, all
chained or fastened up in open-air kennels during the
summer months to keep them from worrying the cows
and horses. Sometimes it happens that half a dozen
break loose, one after another, not a difficult matter
to judge from the fastenings, and these will, in foree,
pull down and partly devour a horse or cow. Poultry,
sheep, and pigs are unknown in the country, on that
account. The incessant barking is varied at stated in-
tervals by a howling concert of eight hundred per-
formers, each doing his level best to out-howl his neigh-
bour! The stated intervals mentioned could be almost
checked by a watch, so accurate are they. They in-
clude feeding time, once a day only (one fish to each
dog), in the early morning. Drinking time twice a
day, morning and late at night. These calls, however,
were very often ignored by the villagers, and more
than once I noticed a dead or dying animal amongst
the living. A good part of my five-days’ stay was
spent in feeding live salmon to the dogs and quenching
their terrific thirst. The savage animals at first re-
sented my approach, but soon got on friendly terms,
and just before leaving I could walk right in their
midst and caress them at leisure, much to the surprise

exposed, strange as it seemed, the part of the cemetery Bo

‘chamber of Purgatory. Only a strong-minded besa 8

_red. The flesh gets paler in colour and tasteless, and

-after spawning time, they, of course, become

February, “1921

of the natives, who sag warned me trequantiy against
them. Hydrophobia, however, is quite unknown in —
Kamehatka. Apart from the periodie howls men-—
tioned, the dogs, by this same method, invariably giv
the village warning of the approach of strangers som)
time before the latter actually make their appearance.

and by a peculiar variation in the volume of sound, —
indicate the direction whence they come. The howl at ~
midnight, however, and again just about four in the
morning, beggars any attempt at description, ee
ing in the headman’s hut, which commanded an excel

lent view of the burying ground planted in the centre
of the village, early one morning, at the first streak 0
light, I was awakened by the weirdest and longest
howl the dogs had given during my stay. I felt the
blood cooling in my veins. Outside, the mist rising from.
the river enveloped the village in a shroud, leaving

where, barely covered with earth, lay the newly dead.
This vision of delirium, backed up by the natives
stories of the black- -pox epidemic crowding back ‘into. s
my brain, produced the impression of being in an anti- eg

*

Ae See eT ee

could have stood it. ES

When, however, the day of departure arrived, the F;
dogs seemed to understand that they were losing their — .
new-found friend—perhaps the only one they had ever
known—because as the canoes pushed out into pane 4
stream they howled, as they always do at an Le
or departure, but this time there seemed to be an see te
deeper note of sadness. 2

It is quite impossible to convey any idea of ihe
enormous multitudes of salmon that annually ascend
the great waterways of the country. Some years since, —
in a library at Moscow, I came across a time-worn I
sian manuscript dealing with Kamchatka, written on
vellum, some hundred and sixty years ago, which ©
stated that ‘‘the fish come from the sea in such num-—
bers that they stop the course of the rivers and cause
them to overflow their banks, and at this time the
bears and dogs catch more fish with their paws than ae.
people do in other places with their nets.’’ This and
similar accounts of the really marvellous abundan 4
of salmon, which at the time seemed almost le 5 ae fe
able, proved to be, if anything, understated. In the
case of some species every fish appears to perish ; in
others, to which T shall refer, a few get back to the.
ocean. These salmon exhibit, though in a far more
intensified degree, the changes that are noticeable in
our own salmon after spawning. The jaws are— a
longed and hooked, and the teeth' much developed. The
back becomes somewhat humped ; in some plait 9.
so, and the skin of that region so hypertrophied and —
spongy as to conceal the scales. Simultaneously the
colour of the body surface changes, becoming livid or
dusky and blotched, with red patches or even entirely

the whole aspect of the fish denotes itS unfitness for
food. As they ascend the rivers the salmon keep close _
together in large shoals, each fish keeping to its own
shoal and not mingling with others. Later in the ea
ae

criminately mixed. During my wanderings throug!
the country at least six different kinds of salmon were
met with. The following deseription is limited to those
about which reliable information was obtained.

Varieties of Salmon. Mel
The Teharveetchar oceupies first place, both as to

flavour, and is the King Silver of commerce.

found in Kamchatkan waters, and forms a
acy fit for the table of a Bolshevik Commissar.
t arrival this fish is silvery, the back and upper
dark and marked with dark spots, which also
on’ to the dorsal fin and tail. A good speci-
n may have a length of four feet or more and weigh
eighty pounds. The average fish run to fifty
‘ty pounds. It frequents only the larger rivers,
does not exist north of the fifty-sixth parallel. It
es about the end of April on the east coast, the
» of May on the west, and early June in southern
rs. This is one of those that appear to wait for

them, which it does in shoals so large that a wave
water is driven up in front. The fish becomes.
ced with red on the sides, producing a streaked
rance, and the thick snout becomes hooked, es-
ly in the male. From the time of entering the
the Tcharveetchar ceases feeding, equally with
rest. According to the natives, a certain, though
‘small, proportion eventually manages to regain
sea. The flesh is of a rather pale red in colour,
is esteemed by the aborigines above that of any
her kind.
Krarsnaiyer or ‘‘red’’ fish, in shape and general
nee resembles our own salmon; on its first ap-
ee in the rivers it is silvery, the belly white, the
dark with a bluish shade and almost without
_ In length, it reaches three feet or more, and
examples scale over thirty pounds. It is found
th the Kamehatkan and Okhotsk seas, that is to
on both the east and west coasts of the peninsula,
seems to frequent large and small rivers alike,
ling them about the end of May or beginning of
later than the Teharveetchar, but before the
<o and Gorbooshar. In volume it forms the bulk
of the season’s catch. Towards the end of August
the Krarsnaiyer is completely of of condition. It
on a light red all over, like a goldfish, and both
get prolonged and hooked, while at the same time
teeth are wonderfully enlarged. None ever return
lt water after spawning, so the natives maintain;
being the most plentiful of all the salmon, the
- banks become covered with them.

The Hunchback.

e Haiko is not unlike the ‘‘red’’, but it differs in
greater bluntness of the snout and the pale colour
the flesh. It appears as a rule to run smaller, but
area of distribution is similar. It ascends the rivers
little time later than most of the others, its
nt coinciding more or less with that of the Gor-
har, or humpback, salmon. About mid-July it is
‘ht in great numbers. Later the appearance of the
ish undergoes much the same change as the Krars-
naiyer, the jaws becoming much hooked, but they never
re the deep and generally diffused red of the
r, that colour being usually confined to small
tehes on the belly and under surface. A kind of
ead is made by the natives from the flesh of the

Gorbooshar, or hunchback, arriving from the
is absolutely without any trace of the extra-
development of the back from which it takes
e. It is without spots, except on the tail, which
ly forked and is very silvery. It frequents the
of some of the Aleutian Islands, as well as those
tsk and Kamchatka. Roughly, its length is
hteen to twenty-four inches, and its weight

4

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

7 ays at the mouths of the rivers before ascend- .

43 ©

seldom above fifteen pounds. As a rule it is consider-
ably less. The Gorbooshar swims up the rivers in com-
pany with the Haiko. The hump begins to appear
eyen before the fish has spawned, and is generally
supposed by the natives to be the result of the efforts
made in ascending the stream. Both jaws become
hooked at the same time, and in consequence the mouth
does not nearly close. The vast majority perish in the
month of August, and though some last out till the
middle of September, the natives say that none ever
return to the sea.
Canine and Human Delicacies.

The flavour of the flesh is delicate on the first ar-
rival of the fish, but the Gorbooshar is looked upon
as the perquisite of the dogs, and is very little eaten by
the natives. In the drying sheds it invariably oecupies
the lowest tiers of all. The female is very much
smaller than the male and very much less numerous,
the hump not being so largely developed and the hooks
being absent or very slight. |

The last of the series is the Keyzhootch, which is
quite devoid of red coloration. The dark and greenish-
brown back is marked with rather large -black spots
and the snout is blunt, becoming afterwards developed
in a most peculiar manner. The largest weigh from
fifteen to twenty-five pounds and measure three feet.
This fish is the last of all the salmon to leave the sea
for fresh water, arriving not earlier than the middle
of August, and is, in consequence, in good condition
when almost all of the others are uneatable. In the
middle of September the majority of them are still clean,
and it is not until the month following that they begin
to acquire the blood-stained tinge of the under surface
and the extraordinary snout alluded to. The latter
presents a smoothly-rounded protrusion about as large
as a sixpence, overhanging the lower jaw and giving
the fish a most comical expression.

What may be styled a by-product of the industry,
the delicious red ‘‘eekrar’’, or ecaviare, which used to
be exported to Russia in hundreds of tons, has, since
the markets of the empire were closed, been thrown
away, as a ready sale for the red variety exists in no
other country. Dumps of these roes were met with
not only at the canneries, but at every village near the
rivers. Salmon heads and refuse from the canneries
are dried on matting in the open air, after being boiled
soft, and the mass obtained thereby is packed in bales
under pressure and shipped to Japan as a fertiliser for
the rice-fields.

In concluding this article I may add that I was suf-
ficiently long in Kamchatka to discover that there are
still bigger fish than salmon to fry, but of that some
other time.

You pick up nuggets of pure humor in a school-
room. <A teacher of a first grade room was explaining
the nuisance of the common house fly and incidentally
remarked that a single fly was capable of producing
four thousand offspring. A little girl filled with
wonder jumped up and said: ‘‘Teacher, for the
Lord’s sake, tell us now what the married ones can
produce.’’

William Beardmore & Co., Limited, whose steel
works are at Glasgow, and naval construction works
at Dalmuir, have opened a Canadian office at 285
Beaver Hall Hill, Montreal in charge of Mr. Breen
Kennedy. Their lines of special interest to the fish-
ing industry is sheets, ship and boiler plates and sec-
tions. Boilers, oil engines and pumps,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

The period of depression which is being experienced
in nearly all of the big industries to-day, affects the
fishing industry as much as any. None but the greatest
optimist would state that the immediate outlook is very
promising, but perhaps the pessimist has less chance
to gloom over the fishing industry than many others,
because although temporarily there seems to be not
much else to do than mark time, owing to certain
peculiar conditions, there is at least the knowledge that
this state of depression will not obtain for long, and
that the fishing industry, of all others, is the one that
offers the widest field for expansion and development
with the least outlay of capital and effort.

For those who would advance the argument that in
the Bank fishing fleet at least, there is vast outlay, and
that the fishing vessels of Nova Scotia cost huge sums,
I would offer in rebuttal, that the fishermen themselves
admit that the big cost of the schooners is due to a very
large extent, to the spirit of extravagance which seem-
ed to obsess all industries during the years from 1914 to
1919, when the percentages earned were so much
greater than in former years, and there seemed prac-
tieally no limit to the prices charged or secured for
anything.

It is not so many years since a good-looking sub-
stantial bank fishing vessel’s contract price was $4,000;
to-day the beautiful schooner yachts engaged in pro-
seeuting the industry, outfitted and ready for sea, run
up to about $50,000, a price out of all proportion to
the returns for the past year.

But, be it remembered, that homes were built, fam-
ilies were raised comfortably and communities prosper-
ed in the old days when fish brought approximately
$4.00 per quintal, and thrift and practical economy
built up the towns and villages dependent upon the
fisheries, and after all, every one knew that the day of
price inflation and extravagance had to pass: the fish-
ing industry had to get back to a normal basis as well
as all others. Once the fish makers or eurers received
25 cents per quintal, to-day they get $1.00, and so it
goes, through the whole gamut.

In Lunenberg the sensible, practical men are now

Fish Facts and Fancies from Nova Scotia _ eae ]

By AGNES G. MeGUIRE.

_ For the summer eatch of 1920 the prices are not 4
likely tobe high, but the majority of the Lunenburg —

fleet will show a good profit and many of them hand :

some margins on last season’s work. re :
For the prosecution of the fishing indielany there is — z

not the need of expensive machinery which the deve- —

-

lopment of manufacturing mining involves, nor the —

lines of railway sometimes necessary to be built in th

exploiting of such manufacturing, neither is it affected :

by fire which often blasts lumbering operations,

frost, nor drouth nor flood, whieh frequently at «

sweep destroys the efforts ‘of the agriculturist. The ;

waters teemed with fish since earliest history, they — ,

teem with fish to-day, and as one of the absolute essen-

tials of living at present is an abundance of food that .

is nutritious and reasonable in price, and as this. un- |
failing source of food exists in the sea without aid

from man in its propagation, except in a very few -

eases, no effort must be spared to advance this indus- —
try to the place it should hold in our national pro- =

duction.

There seems to be a singular lack of inclination
among Canadians to consume fish, and when its value —
as a muscle, fat and tissue builder is compared with —
meat, there is much to be said in its favor, in fact, most

doctors claim that entirely too much meat enters into ~

the diet of the average citizen, and, as a substitu
what better can be desired than one of the many ex-
cellent varieties of fish found in abundance in our —
waters, served in tempting form? Right here let me —
state that one half of the nonsense we hear about people
not liking fish is because they have little or no idea
concerning its preparation for the table. a
A point not to be lost sight of too, when considering
the excellence of fish as food, is the medicinal qualities
of many kinds of fish. In a large number: iodine is.
found in varying quantities, and iodine is the indispens-
able factor in the funetioning of the thyroid glan
that wonderful duetless gland which ministers to th
stability of the human race. Hence we should eat fis
to be healthy, normal beings, as well as because it is
the best sub&titute, if not really superior to meat as a

steady diet. Bo
The Canadian fisherman did much to support the
efforts of the Food Board during the war, and there
is little doubt that the home consumption of fish w
advanced very materially, but generally speaking, Car
adians do not eat one quarter enough fish, and th

.

getting together with the idea of retrenchment and
cutting out of extravagant ideas, and if that is done,
there is every reason to believe that the pendulum will
swing back to the same careful living of pre-war days
and then returns for the labor of the men will net them
a good profit.

us to too great an extent dependent upon our
trade. A Halifax fish merchant has advanced
that if the threads of the work of the food
were picked up and carried on in a practical
re would be an incalculable benefit rendered
ng industry. There would be some cost to such
ign, it is true, but that would be trifling when
antage was considered. Whether the family is
to develop a taste for fish or not, will largely
upon the way it is cooked. It is hard to spoil
piece of beef in preparing it for the table; if
broiled, baked, stewed or even fried, it is a poor
eed, who ean utterly spoil it, but fish is a dif-
matter. Personally, if fish were eliminated from
t, | would be very unhappy, but I have had some
most unholy concoctions placed before me dur-
2 of my travels, which left.me no room for won-
y the average person ‘‘does not like fish’’. One
saddest experiences was when a most plausible
eard announced ‘‘Salt cod a la Welsh rabbit’’.
ng to myself that I’d-try anything once, I order-
and at once vowed that a starving alley eat would
n it. It was good salt cod, mind you, covered
stringy cheese, milk and crackers, and I am sure
t if I had been a candidate for the India famine
I couldn’t have done any more than look at it,
‘is not the only time, by a very large majority,
have seen fish ruined by high-faluting chefs,
seemed to know how to do anything but cook.
are hundreds of delicious ways to prepare fish,
it will be one of the most desired foods, but, if
going to make a conscientious effort to advance
country’s interests by being a fish eater, ‘ware
“Welsh rabbit’’ preparation. I have noticed that
‘eases the recipes printed for the cookery of
n too high class, they don’t come under the like-
her-used-to-make variety. If such a campaign were
it. would be well to secure recipes from good,
olesome practical home cooks, and I have no doubt
‘that many who affect to despise fish, would be
ng its most enthusiastic converts.
the encouragement of the home market there is
ich to be done in the matter of rapid transportation
fish from the coast to the inland towns of-Canada,
all times, at a moderate rate, so that fish could
h the consumer in a perfectly fresh condition. In
va Scotia more attention should be given to the de-
velopment of the fresh and pickled fish markets. These
es should be as carefully nurtured and brought
zy as the export dried-fish trade, and while it may
the outlay of considerable capital, the benefits
h would acerue from it would justify such expend-

the fresh fishing industry is to be encouraged,
should first be an inquiry into the rumored fish-
agreement with the United States based on the re-
amendation of an international commission, which
me time ago, one of the terms of which would
the opening of the largest consuming centre in
mada to the United States, free of the duty of one
nt per pound, which is now paid. The removal of
s cent per pound would not affect the Canadian con-
but would mean a great deal to the Nova Scotia
an, for whom there is too great a disparity be-
e price received by the shippers and the price
‘the consumers. He receives three or four cents
and would have to lose this cent in competing
erican shippers. The commission referred to

CANADIAN FISHERMAN : 45

held no inquiry in Nova Scotia, but before the proposed
arrangement is earried into effect a full and complete
investigation should be held.

In the pickled fish trade, there seems to be also need
of careful attention, and no effort should be spared to
stimulate what is in every other country a highly
remunerative branch of the industry. With herring
selling from $8 to $14 a barrel, and mackerel running
as high as $40 a barrel, and with the comparatively
small increase-in the cost of salt, barrels and other con-
tainers, why is it that our pickled fish do not net the
fishermen the handsome profits that those same pro-
ducts of other countries secure for properly cured and
packed: fish? The quality of the catches of Atlantic
fish is equally as good as those caught in the waters of
any country, why then should our pickled herring and
mackerel bring a much lower price than a similar pro-
duet from other countries? For my reply, I am directly
quoting from an article written by the Inspector of the
Eastern Fisheries Division, which appeared in the
Halifax Herald of December 31, 1920. ‘‘The answer is
that our fish are too often badly cured and badly
packed, ungraded and in inferior packages, with the
result that the product could not demand the best
prices even when marketed under the most favorable
conditions. Indeed the conditions have been so bad
that many dealers will not buy pickled fish for export
in the original package, as the packing has often been
so inferior as to jeopardize the business reputation of
the dealers, as well as any possibility of profitable busi-
ness. It is fortunate that during the past several years
the demand for the better class trade has resulted in
the more reputable dealers insisting upon better
methods, and consequently those dealers have no diffi-
culty in disposing of large supplies at good prices’’.

In conversation with a gentleman who has built up
an excellent trade with Trinidad, in fish of every
variety, I gleaned some very interesting information.
This gentleman insists on the best in his export pro-
duct and declares that there is no limit to the business
which may be built up in the West Indies trade, if we.
adopt the methods which the Americans are using to
extend their operations in that direction.

As it may interest the Canadian Fisherman readers,
T will pass his ideas along, quoting verbatim: ‘‘An-
other point which presents itself to me is that for many
years we have been selling to the West Indies trade our
dry, smoked, pickled and canned fish. These markets
are the same now as they were twenty-five years ago.
There is little or no expansion. The Americans have
gone into this market with canned fish and practically
taken the cream of the trade. Very little is known in
the West Indies of Canadian canned fish, and we do
not get anywhere near our share of the trade. To help

‘build up our W. I. Trade, the idea of making an exhibit

of our fish goods has been in my mind for some time.’’
(This gentleman has resided in Trinidad for a number
of years and knows his‘subject from A to Z.) ‘‘The
Americans, in order to increase trade, make frequent
commercial raids on outside territory. They will charter
a palatial steamer, fit her out as a floating exhibition
and make a trip to the West Indies, sparing no pains
to interest buyers at every point. In this way and
other ways they have secured to themselves an increas-
ed trade with the British possessions in the West Indies.
Anyone aequainted with this trade knows this, it is no
secret, and one has only to visit, any of the islands to
see the proportion of Canadian and American goods in

4

46 CANADIAN
stock. Canada, and particularly Nova Scotia, could
have the bulk of the fish trade of the Leeward and
Windward Islands, if properly gone after. Little is
known there of dry fish cured in an ordinary way,
whether it contains 10, 15 or 20 p.c. less moisture, or
its value in proportion.’’ (That may be a surprise to
many fish merchants but I am assured that it is true
and there is great need of education along those lines.)

With reference to canned goods, he particularized
sardines, saying that cheap American sardines are used
in preference to the same quality packed in New Bruns-
wick, in fact a proportion of the Canadian pack is
sold to American packers, to be sold as American pack,
in the West Indies markets.

No particular effort is made on the part of Canadian
packers to protect their trade and it is the opinion of
this gentleman that an educational trip should be made
to the West Indies with a full exhibit of Canadian fish
products. The Canadian Government ought to assist
in the matter to the extent of transportation, as it can

be shown where it would greatly benefit them from a.

earrier’s standpoint. It would be a big advertisement
for Nova Scotia and would mean prosperity for every
section of Canada interested in the fishing industry,
clear to the canning plants on the Pacific coast..

In the case of dry salt fish, there can be very serious
trouble arise if these products are not handled prop-
erly from the very moment the fish is hauled over the
schooner’s side from the doroy. They are in perfect
condition when taken from the trawls, but, when they
pass into the hands of ‘‘header’’ and ‘‘throater’’ every
part of the work must be performed in a cleanly, care-
ful and sanitary manner, or the dried product can
never hope to compare with those of foreign markets,
where the greatest attention is given to the smallest
detail, at this stage of the process. The clot of blood
at the end of the back bone must be carefully cleaned
away, because, although the salt will keep that blemish-
ed spot from decomposing, it will not keep it from a
most unsightly discoloration. Again, the fish should
be carefully ‘‘white naped’’, which may be best done
with a small vegetable brush,—some use a small wire
brush, but it is claimed, this brush tears the fish.
Others, with a dexterous turn of the knife rip the
offending membrane off like a piece of paper. All
other clots should be carefully cut away and the fish
washed, and then all that can be done on deck has been
done. Now for the salting. Here is where there is go-
ing to be a very special departure from the usual mode
of procedure, if a desirable, unblemished product is to
be secured, and the first step is to be sure of your salt.
Tt is a singular thing that almost every captain of a
schooner will tell you that he knows there is something
wrong with the salt he is using. There are few fisher-
men who do not know it, and nearly all merchants
agree about it, yet the old method is pursued.

Here is an explanation offered which seems reason-
able, which any chemist can prove, and how many
thousands of dollars have been saved in every industry
by the knowledge of the chemist! The theory advanced
is this: Nearly all schooners going to Porto Rico with
dry fish go to Turk’s Island and earry a return cargo
of salt. Now, a salt pile which has endured the wet
season in. Turk’s Island is not going to be as valuable
as one which has only stood through a dry season. The
constant rain, in other words, washes away the
strength of the salt and the remaining bulk is largely
composed of lime, which is of no use as a preservative

FISHERMAN February, 1921.

of fish. This theory is borne out by the white deposit
seen on dry fish, which many fondly believe to be
caused by brine, but which in reality is a thin coat of

white wash, but it does not do what white wash often

-does,—cover up bad work. The fish deprived of the
keeping quality of a good strong salt, simply spoils
and is totally unfit for any market. One fish merchant
assured me he never used anything but Cadiz salt, anda

although its cost was much higher, it was cheaper in the
end, because there were no spoiled fish when the ship-

¥-

4

ph

¥
PS.
hee

ments of cured products arrived at their destination. —

‘Having the proper quality of salt, the fish must be —

kenched carefully, and the salt distributed evenly,
otherwise there will be hollows in which the pickle
wilt collect, and too much salt in other portions, which
makes a bad looking finished product. If the fish
have been handled in the most careful manner on board
schooner, and captain and crew feel assured they have
done everything in their power to ensure a high class
dried fish, they can still be ruined by a careless fish
maker. : :
Suppose this well dressed cargo is taken ashore and
piled in a store which is dirty and then is washed in
about one quarter enough water. Instead of drawing
off the water and adding a proper amount of good pure
water, a couple of buckets of clean is put in with the
already filthy lot in the container, the half-washed fish

:

{
.

is then put out in the sun to dry, and with the help of ;

the salt it does get cured in some sort of manner. As
long as the weather is cool, there is not much diffieulty

experienced, but ship them to the tropics, let the im- —

perfectly dried product start to sweat and what is the

result? A mass of decomposed food totally unfit for

human consumption and fit only to be pitched into the
dock. Ask anybody familiar with the fish trade if this
very thing has not happened. As one shipper express-
ed it, ‘‘My experience has been sad and serious. Sad
because we have not a standard pack under Govern-

ment Inspection, and serious because shipments can go
bad thousand of miles from home with no way of re- —

dress’’.

Think of a cargo such as has been described, going
into a market in competition with really perfectly
eured fish. The foreign markets think so highly of
the Porto Rican and other West Indian markets, that
the would not dream of offering any but the best stock
for sale. It is reasonable to suppose that the West
Indies is so enamoured of Canadian markets that they
will buy shipments of bad fish when they ean secure a
good product? Would it not be better to safeguard
the industry so that not one poorly cured consignment
could ever be attributed to a Canadian port? —

Now, while the trade reports state that there have —
been badly cured fish shipped to Porto Rieo and other —
West Indian ports, would it not seem very much more
to the point to get down to brass tacks and prevent —
such an occurrence, than to carp and eavil and argue —
about the matter without raising one effort to apply a —
preventive to the evil, no matter how small the propor- —
tion may be? We should be as jealous of our reputa-—
tion in this vast industry as the foreign fish»eurers. |
Suppose for one instant that such a contingency should —
arise that these markets should be lost to Canada. What —
What money would be —

consternation would reign! ;
spent in an effort to recover the lost ground!

Instead of this being a matter of argument, there —
should be education of a technical nature which will —
put this particular product above reproach. These —

CANADIAN

European countries. Their benefits have been
ch that it would be unwise and ignorant to minimise
» value. All any one has to do is to look at the
seted products of those countries, whether pickled
dry, to recognize that the meticulous care which is
riven to every stage of the process has been the result
_ of careful training in such schools. But it must be
remembered that the fishing industry of those coun-
tries were schools for fishermen have been established,
is conducted along different lines than in this pro-
vinee, consequently, many subjects taught in the
schools there, would be of no great practical value to
our fishermen, and of course there is no room in our
industry for any, save practical values.
A great part of the industry of the maritime provin-
ees is the ‘*‘Bank’’ fisheries, and the bulk of the export-
ed fish are cured dry fish. Steam trawlers are not
erated to the same extent they are in other countries,
trawling and hand lining being the methods used.
he vessels are sailing schooners, about 100 tons net,
for the fishermen who man. this particular fleet,
ere are certain definite educational needs which a
short course of a suitable nature would fill.
‘There are five branches in which instruction is badly
, Navigation, Motor Engines, Mechanics, Com-
- mercial courses, and last but by no means least, Improv-
ed methods of Curing, Packing and Handling fish foods.
There are possible one or two other subjects which
ht be taken up later, such as Ship Survey, Medicine
Hygiene, which would be of great value in minor
dents and sickness, but these could be added as the
ols enlarged. For a start, the first five are the

_ With regard to Navigation, qualified instructors
with proper equipment can be established at the various
x centres at such times as would be ‘of most adv-
antage to the fishermen who, at the close of the course,
go to the regular Navigation Schools, to secure
eertificates.
Many of the fishermen are expert coastal navigators;
ny even are qualified as far as practical navig-
on goes to steer a vessel to foreign ports. They
have picked up knowledge in the ‘‘school of hard
-knocks’’ and in a most arduous way. Much of this
could be obviated by the suggested course; they could
in information during an idle time and with their
rtificates their opportunities would be limitless.
There is little doubt many would gladly avail them-
ves of this chance, as the natural ability of the men
would soon enable them to qualify for this big chance,
were the education carried to their doorstep.
Motor Engine Mechanics would be of great advant-
» to those prosecuting the shore fisheries, although
bank fishing schooners are also equipped with
ciliary motor power. The smaller boats are practi-
y all motor boats and the operators of the motor
es are largely self-taught. It naturally follows
they have little or no knowledge of the principles

ngines. Boats of this sort will be used to the exelu-
n of any hand power. Should anything happen to
ine a man may have to lose several days getting-
s at some point, miles distant.
s course of instruction could be held in connection
‘the Navigation Course and would be of inestim-
enefit, enabling the men to obtain positions which
uld not fill without the necessary certificates.

FISHERMAN 47

In regard to the Commercial Course, many of the
fishermen have been unable to attend school in their
earlier days, and so find the ‘‘business’’ end of the fish-
ing trip a stumbling block.

A simple course dealing with marketing, stock, sett-
ling up trips and the necessary points in Arithmetie,
etc., could be given in connection with the two named
in the foregoing, all of which would benefit the fisher-
men very largely.

The last named course, Improved Methods of Curing,
packing and handling fish, offers a wider field and one
in which the need is greater than the others.

Technical Education in Belgium, Germany and Nor-
way has taught the fishermen that their product must
be of the highest quality. Government Inspection in
those countries demands that they keep to a high
standard.

We know much, not all there is to know, about eatch-
ing fish, we know in a hap-hazard manner, a certain
amount about curing them,

The foreign markets call for the best in cured fish,
some markets requiring a larger percentage of moist-
ure to be removed than others, some, heavier salting.
If our product does not compare, in quality, or appear-
ance,—and appearance is a big factor,—with those
fish put out by men who have been educated to cure
them properly, then education must be brought to our
fishermen. The farmers of Nova Scotia have made
tremendous strides during the last twenty years, by
means of exhibitions, lectures by experts, short courses,
regulations of marking or grading through’ regular ‘
inspectors, practical literature, application of scien-
tific methods and in endless other ways, and also can
the fisherman advance by imitating many of their
practices.

Take a trip through Lunenburg County and see the
farmers there who have attended the short courses put
out by the Agricultural Colleges; listen to them talk-
ing, but better still watch them putting into execution
their practical knowledge gained from these sessions.
See them reclaiming farms from the swamps and for-
ests, and treating ‘‘sick’’ soil, and decide whether edu-
cation has benefited them or not. It is an actual fact
that in the matter of potato raising alone, Lunenburg
County has set a world record. No such yield has ever
been known in countries where potato growing is the
chief industry, and it was accomplished by scientific
methods combined with hard work and common sense,

Harvesters of the sea must take a lesson from the
tillers of the soil, and must get together and bend their
united efforts to devise all the workable schemes that
may be applied to improve their products and their in-
dustry. The assistance of scientists, educators, busi-
ness men, advertisers, government officials and the
leaders among the fishermen themselves must be im-
pressed into service, so that nothing but the highest
class of fish will be offered, and every product of the
Canadian industry will be heralded far and wide as
the best that ean be secured in any market. Nothing
less than that is worthy of Canada.

Avoiding the Rush, — ‘‘Any trouble getting a drink
in your town?’’ asked the farmer. — ‘‘Not a bit,’’ re-
plied the city man. ‘“‘Why,. the bootleggers are so
thick that they have to wear badges to keep from sel-
ling booze to one another.’’ — Cincinnati Enquirer.

48 CANADIAN FISHERMAN February, 1921.

= ees .
MH f —— VAS

mi Pacific Coast [=
ie Section oe

‘*The Canadian Fisherman,’’ Pacific Coast Branch, will be glad to have inquiries from any one who wishes
information in any way connected with the fishing industry. We would also appreciate items of fishing news
suitable for publication.

Address communications to F. E. Payson, Pacific Coast Representative, Industrial & Educational Press, Ltd.
528 Winch Building, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. :

PRIZE WINNERS IN FISH DAY CONTEST FOR

FRESH FISH WINDOW DISPLAYS. ~
WINDOWS IN VANCOUVER. ;
Prizes donated by the Vancouver Branch Canadian
CANNED FISH WINDOW DISPLAY. Fisheries Association.
Prizes donated by B. C. Salmon Canners Assn. Ist prize $25.00—P. Burns & Co., Ltd., Granville
Ist prize $25.00—A. & C. Grocery, 520 Granville St. Market, 817 Granville St.
2nd prize $15.00—Merritt & Beeton, 2250 4th Ave., 2nd prize $15.00—Chris Johnson, Economy Market, 71
West. Hasting St., West.
3rd prize $10.00—J. W. Payne, 24th Ave. and Knight 3rd prize $10.00—P. Burns & Co., Ltd., Mainland

Road. Market, 16 Hastings St. West.

.

CANNED FISH DISPLAY

First Prize Window, A, & C, Grocery Vancouver,

‘i
a

FOR LIQUOR.

wis the moderation act coming into effect in Brit-
lumbia, it has been suggested to the British
imbia salmon canners that they trade their stock
-eanned salmon for wet goods. The salmon canners
with this idea in mind have approached Premier Oliver
» its buying power under the Moderation Act to
bring about sales of Provincial commodities especially
- eanned salmon. A plan has been suggested whereby
liquor shall be bought by the government unless
ment therefor is arranged and financed by a pur-
» of a corresponding value of British Columbia
al products.
The delegation of canners that waited upon Premier
liver on Jan. 24th were, Messrs. Peter Wallace and
E. tet of the Wallace Fisheries Ltd., J. Lamb and
M. MeMillan, Cassiar Packing Co., 'Ltd., Rey V:
- Wineh, of R. V. Winch & Co. Ltd., R. C. Gosse, of
Gosse-Millerd Packing Co. Ltd., E. A. Hamilton, of the
Western Packers, Ltd., J. §. Eckman, of the Canadian
Fishing Co., Ltd., and W. D. Burdis, Seey of the B. C.
‘Salmon Canners Association. It was submitted that

‘the canners, these consisting mostly of pinks and
chums. The canners state a market can be found in
nce and other countries from which purchases of
wines and liquors will have to be made under the
- Moderation Act. The suggestion is that as France has
large quantities of wines and liquors, arrangements
should be made for direct barter of products between
British Columbia canning industry and the wine-
owers of France. It was also suggested that the
Proposal also might be extended to Scotland where
whiskey i is believed to exist in large quantities and to
ica which exports rum. The Premier agreed to
Iay the proposals before the cabinet without delay.

SHARE OF CANNED PINKS BEFORE
THE NEXT CANNING SEASON.

‘+k of canned pink salmon, which they now have on
hands there is every chance of their be able to

a aalandn the lower grade that they cannot go out
talk optimistically about their own packs. As a
ter of fact they have at the present moment the
best possible argument in favor of this particular
of canned salmon. It is of high hs ” They

hey

keting plan and put it into effect. It will cost

mething to put over such a plan but the returns will
e than justify the expenditure. They already agree
one thing and that is they want to sell their goods.
right, it should be a very simple matter to map out
n to market them. The have many examples that
onstrate the feasibility of a plan. The fruit grow-
nut growers, the lumber men Of the Southern
and innumerable other associations all over the
who maye got together (and the members of

with the suggestion that the provincial government .

0,000 cases of canned salmon are still in the hands .

ove the larger part of this before the canning season |

meee AN FISHERMAN 49

these associations are competitors in the same line of
business) and put over marketing campaigns that were
successful beyond dreams of the most optimistic of the
members. Canada’s National Fish Day, right in Van-
couver; demonstrated what could be done by a proper
marketing plan, when over 1,000 cases of canned salmon
were sold in three days in a town that has the reputa-
tion of being a fresh fish town, and when fresh fish
was sold to the tune of 200,000 lbs. in the same three
days. Why sit around and worry about goods that are
ready to go on the shelves of the retailers and thence
to a waiting public who are anxious for a low econom-
ical, tasty food?

SALMON CANNERS NOT ALL AGREED UPON
SCHEME TO BARTER CANNED SALMON
FOR WET GOODS.

That all the salmon canners are not one in the idea
of bartering canned salmon for wines and liquors is
shown by the following letter from Mr. H. O. Bell-
Irving which was published in the Vancouver daily
papers on January 26th:

‘*The Hon, John Oliver,
Premier of British Columbia,
Victoria, B.C.

“‘Sir.—In the evening editions of Vancouver papers
I notice report of an interview of certain gentlemen
interested in the salmon canning industry, with you,
in whieh it is suggested that an exchange of unsold
stock of salmon in British Columbia, should be made
for wines and spirits with France and elsewhere. The
suggestion does not emanate from the the B. C. Can-
ners Association as a body, but from some of its mem-
bers only, and I wish to disassociate myself entirely
from the proposal, not only as one interested in the
fishing industry, but as chairman of the Moderation
League. Much ag reciprocity in trade is desired I do
not think the scheme a practical one which can be
seriously considered.

‘*T have the honor to remain, Sir,

‘Your obedient servant,
(Signed) ‘‘H. BELL-IRVING.”

It is understood that the B. C. Fishing & Packing Co.,
Ltd., are not favorable to suggestion. These are two
of the largest salmon packers in the province.

VANCOUVER WHOLESALE FRESH FISH
MARKET.

Halibut.—Plentiful during fish day week and at
right prices.

Salmon.—From the West Coast of Vancouver Island
in ‘fair quantities although the weather has not been
very good.

Herring.—Point Grey herring have been coming in
in fair quantities. During fish day week a large quan-
tity was brought in from Nanaimo, and a large quantity
of the smaller sizes were sold.

Soles.—Scarce.

Smelt.—Searce.

Shellfish.—Crabs and shrimp have been quite scarce
for some time now.

Oolichans.—-A few have been on the market but no
large quantities.

Cod.—Closed season for local caught ling cod. There
have been some fresh grey cod on the market.

50 CANADIAN

PRINCE RUPERT CELEBRATES NATIONAL FISH
DAY IN A ROYAL MANNER.

Local Association Right on the Job.

A good many Canadian towns can take a lesson from
Prince Rupert when it comes to boosting fish. Prince
Rupert is a mighty fish producing centre but its popu-
lation is small and therefore its status as a fish con-
sumer is not great. But when National Fish Day came
around, the event was celebrated by practically every
inhabitant of the Northern Pacific city.

The local branch of the Canadian Fisheries Associa-
tion got to work and imbued everybody in the place
with their own enthusiasm. Advertisements were car-
ried in the local papers; appropriate slides were shown
in the Moving Picture Theatres; dealers made good fish
displays in their windows, and delivery rigs carried
cloth banners to remind the housewives of the im-
portance of having lots of fish for February 9th.

A Fish Luncheon was held at noon of the Fish Day
with over two hundred persons sitting down to the
table! As-a lunch, a social event, and a tangible
recognition of an Industry, it was voted by all to be
the largest turn-out at a mid-day affair ever held in
Prince Rupert. An appropriate Menu Card was de-
signed and prominent speakers gave interesting and
informative addresses.

Ex-Mayor Speaks.

Mayor Rochester presided, and spoke on the origin
of Fish Day on the suggestion of Mr. Paulhus, of the
- Fisheries Association. He said the fisheries of the port
meant everything to the businessman. It was the staple
product. It meant the same to Prince Rupert as the
wheat crop did to the prairies. They ate, talked and
thought fish. eer

The luncheon opened with the singing of ‘‘O Canada’’
by a prominent fisherman, John Davie, everyone join-
ing in the chorus, and closed with the National Anthem.

Ex-Mayor McClymont, speaking at the National Fish
Day banquet, described the fishing industry as the life
blood of this community, around which everything else
rotated. If that industry were wiped out, a good many
would look to other fields,

““We might ask ourselves,’’ said Mr. McClymont, ‘‘if
we are developing this industry to its fullest pitch,
knowing the actualities and possibilities. Personally,
I. don’t think we are. Leaving out the salmon, and
dealing with the other species, I believe the halibut is
being well attended to and pushed to the limit. But
we have other species, not receiving our attention,
that have built up score of places almost as large as
Prince Rupert and some larger.

Herring Industry.

The herring species outnumber any other in the
oceans of the world, and in my country it is known as
the king of fish. There, whole communities depend on
it. Their fleets follow it around the British Isles, and
when the great Yarmouth run is on, as many as 2,000
men and women leave the north on special trains to
look after the curing and packing of the catch, an-
nually, the big markets being the Slavonic races and
Italian. I simply mention this to show what other
eountries do, and to enquire if we can do the same.”’

He had been told that the local herring were too
small and soft to stand curing. and he had also been
told that large herring could be caught practically all
the year round, off the Queen Charlotte Islands, by
using proper nets and going deeper. Te suggested
that the latter question be gone into. He believed all

FISHERMAN February, 1921.
that could be produced could be marketed among the
foreign population of the prairies, and in the Orient.
The herring industry also meant the development of a

large shore payroll, as well as actual fishing. The

cooperage industry alone was an important item.
Help Them Win.

The luncheon was held under the auspices of the
Prince Rupert branch of the Canadian Fisheries Asso-
ciation, and the fishery committee of the city council
and board of trade. :

The menu card was a réal work of art, bearing»
among other things, the following truthful lines:

‘““We’ve had miners and loggers and_shipbuilders

‘here. And at times we have figured they acted quite _
queer. But the fishermen stay with us through thick —
and thin. And it’s up to Prince Rupert to help them -

to win.’’
The committee of arrangements comprised Messrs. J.

N. Sinclair, Jas. L. Lee, Ald. Frizzell, Ald. Dybhawn,

and Messrs. W. E. Williams and Geo. W. Nickerson.

COL. CUNNINGHAM LEAVES FOR EUROPE.

Armed with letters of introduction and commenda-
tion, photos and films of fishing and canning opera-

tions, and the moral support of the Federal and British —

Columbia Governments, Col. Frank Cunningham left
Vancouver on Feb. 15th, for Europe where he will act

as a missionary to increase and extend the markets for —

B. C. Pink Salmon. ;

He has the assurance of the Hon. C. ©. Ballantyne
that the Government in Ottawa is in full aceord with
the objects of his mission, and*will render him its
prestige and assistance. He will wait upon the Min-
isters during his stay in Ottawa; and complete these
arrangements.

Col. Cunningham cannot, at the moment, outline his —

future programme which will be largely governed by
the advice of the Boards of Trade, Chamber of Com-
merce, and the Brokers, which he will obtain after his
arrival in England.

His intention is to represent the whole industry, and >

to that end will avail himself of every opportunity

afforded by illustrated lectures in schools, publie halls, —

department stores, press notices, hand bills, ete., to
educate the people, in all which he will keep in close
touch with the Boards and Brokers referred to, in order
to have supplies of Pinks on hand in towns where he
is going to campaign, and so get the goods in the homes
of consumers whilst the interest aroused is alive,

It was arranged that Col. Cunningham will report
weekly to the Secretary of the B. C. Salmon Canners
Association, his movements, programme, results, and
any other interesting particulars and which will be dis-
tributed to the Canners and Brokers here.

Time Was up. — ‘‘Moike was drowned last night.”
—‘I[s that true? Couldn't he swim?’’—‘‘Yes; but he’s
a man of the union; he swam eight fours and quit,”
— Good News,

TDhe-retired business man was dicoursing to the town
folk on how to be suecessful. ‘‘Yes,’’ he said, ‘‘if
there is one thing to which I owe my suecess in life,
it is to pluck, pluck, PLUCK!”’ — ‘‘All right,”’ called
a voice in the rear of the room. ‘‘where did you get
the people to pluck?’’ d

j
|
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]
7
:
j

CANADIAN

my

President A. L. Hager, of the Canadian Fisheries
Association, called a meeting of the executive of the
ancouver branch way back in January and a rough
plan was mapped out as to what was to be done in
- connection with National Fish Day. This was simply a

forerunner of several meetings of this same committee
until complete plans were formulated. At one of the
meetings Mr. R. R. Payne, production manager of the
Canadian Fishing Co., Ltd., was nominated Chairman
of the local committee to carry out plans and put over
the National Fish Day as far as British Columbia was
concerned. With Mr. Payne, Mr. Frank E. Payson,
secretary of the Vancouver branch, was to co-operate.

At the final meeting of the committee Mr. Payne re-
ported regarding the plans he had in view and he was
told to go ahead. Long before the 9th began to loom
up in the offing there wasn’t a soul in British Columbia
let alone Vancouver that could read or talk but what
knew that Fish Day was on the way. Every member
that used the mails received a large rubber stamp to
‘stamp all outgoing mail to remind their correspondents
Canada’s National Fish Day, and a notice to the
_ effect that they were appointed individual committees
_ to see that fish day news was spread abroad. Both
telegraph companies stamped all incoming messages
also. Every retailer of fish was notified when fish
day was to be and asked to help. Every hotel and
restaurants, and every railway and Steamship commis-
sary department was asked to see that fish was served
n National Fish Day. As far as your correspondent
ean find out every one of these public places served
fish on the 9th, and in many instances elaborate menus
were arranged for, especially in the clubs. Meantime
he newspapers were printing reading notices of all
kinds and descriptions, and on the Saturday previous
to fish day the first large advertisement appeared and
was followed by two more before the 9th all inserted
yy the Vancouver branch. Incidently there was an
advertising campaign carried on by Goss-Millerd Pack-
ing Co., and the Wallace Fisheries Ltd., in connection
with their canned fish. This all helped to create talk
_ about fish day. On Monday previous to fish day ban-
ners appeared on street cars saying ‘‘ Eat Fish,’’ ‘‘Can-
ada’s National Fish Day, Wednesday, February Ninth.’’
There were enough signs so that when cars stopped
n opposite corners the public could see the signs on
_ two ears at onee. Delivery trucks also were well
_ placarded and thousands of paper posters were dis-
- tributed all over the province and to the stores in Van-
eouver for window display.

On the Thursday previous to Fish Day Mr. F. E.
urke, chairman of the Vancouver branch of the C. F.
., delivered a talk to the Kiwanis club after which the
elub, by a standing vote, decided to have fish for their

NAAN
A

SOO
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FISHERMAN ES SDL

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==

\\t

National Fish Day in Vancouver

regular lunch on Thursday the 10th. At the Gyro club,
Mr. H. B. Bell-Irving, Director for British Columbia of
the C. F. A., gave a talk on fish the same day and this
club all agreed to eat fish on fish day. On the Tuesday
before National Fish Day, Mr. J. S. Eckman, vice-
chairman of the Vancouver branch, gave a talk before
the Rotary club, on what the National Fish Day meant,
and the elub, by a standing vote, agreed that each
member should eat at least one meal of fish on National
Fish Day (by the way, they had fish at this lunch too,
which was the day before Fish Day). President Hager
was to have delivered this talk but was called away
from the city unexpectedly. Mr. F. E. Payson, secretary
of the Vancouver branch, gave the first of these series
of talks at a dinner of the Made-In-B.C. campaign com-
mittee the week previous. During the same week that
Fish Day fell in, there was an advertising campaign
being carried on in connection with Made-in-B.C. goods
and that committee co-operated with the fisheries asso-
ciation in their advertising, which was to the advantage
of both. On the Tuesday previous to Fish Day the
judging was done on window displays of both fresh
and cured fish and canned fish. Three prizes were
donated by the Canadian Fisheries Association for the
three best fresh fish displays and three prizes for the
three best canned fish displays. This aroused more
interest than usual and there were more displays to be
judged which meant that the public were shown more
fish displays than had been shown in previous years.
An interesting feature in this connection was that out-
lying districts had displays that had never tried for a
prize in previous fish day contests. The story of the
displays appears in another item. These window dis-
play contests always work well from the marketing
standpoint as the clerks in the stores usually receive
the money from the prizes and their friends among
the customers are always interested in their stores
getting the prizes. This talk lasts for many days and
as all prize winners receive special display cards show-
ing which stores won the prizes it acts as an advertise-
ment for a long time. The prizes for the fresh fish were
donated by the Canadian Fisheries Association, Van-
couver branch, and those for the canned fish displays,
by the B. C. Salmon Canners Association. Results are
not known as yet as the quantity, but there was surely
a record made as to the amount of all varieties of fish
that have been sold for this year’s National Fish Day.
There was a ear of frozen salmon brought into Van-
ecouver from the Columbia Cold Storage Company and
disposed of at 25c per fish and this also caused a lot
of talk and advertising and everything that was fish
was good advertising for the great day. The Vancouver
branch are certain that they went over the top in good
shape this year on Canada’s National Fish Day.

52

PRINCE RUPERT LOOKING FOR A BIG FISH YEAR

IN 1921. WILL THE GOVERNMENT ASSIST?

‘“‘There is only one thing that can hold Prince Rupert
back from having the biggest year in its history as
regards the landing of fish at her docks, and that is
lack of refrigerator car facilities. This was the state-
ment of Mr. T. H. Johnson, Managing Director of the
Canadian Fish & Cold Storage Co., Ltd. recently.
Should this prove to be the fact. (and we all sincerely
hope every fish offered may be taken) the entire matter
as to ears is right up to the government. Prince Rupert,
as a city, is doing everything possible to draw the fish-
ing fleet to that port, and if for any reason anything
is done or not done that will prevent the fish being
handled there, it is not Prince Rupert’s fault. <A great
deal of telegraphing and correspondence has been ecar-
ried on between the British Columbia Officials of the
Canadian Fisheries Association and the Eastern offi-
cials in an endeavor to have the Government hurry to
completion thirty refrigerator cars which were ordered
a long time ago. President Hager of the C. F. A. has
been most energetic in this matter, working in conjune-
tion with Prince Rupert branch of the association, and
it is hoped that some definite action toward hastening
the completion of these cars will have been accomplish-
ed by the time this is read. Now these thirty cars will
not be enough to entirely clear the situation. More cars
than these are needed and the Government should real-
ize that not only is the National Railway losing a
chance for big earnings but good hard money is being
kept away from the country. If during a month 1,000,-
000 Ibs. of halibut is turned away from Prince Rupert
it means that out of $100,000.00 a large percentage is left
in Prince Rupert as payment for supplies and wages.

Prince Rupert is geographically located as the
Grimsby of the Pacific Coast and everything possible
should be done to help make it so. When the govern-
ment for any reason does not do its part then it is not
playing the game. It is not good business to turn away
products that are brought to your doors and for which
there is a market waiting. This is what is being done
when sufficient refrigerator cars are not on hand at
Prince Rupert to take of the fresh fish when offered.
It is directly up to the Government inasmuch as they
own the railroad which is responsible for the furnishing
of the refrigerator cars.

WE'LL SAY IT DID.

“THIS YEAR WILL EXCEED PREVIOUS
EFFORTS” was the gist of a wire that President A. L.
Hager of the Canadian Fisheries Association sent
National secretary F. W. Wallace regarding Canada’s
National Fish Day, and as the heading says WE’LL
SAY IT DID. There happened to be four conventions
in Vaneouver during the week that February 9th fell
in and the writer asked the Manager of Hotel Vancou-
ver if he would serve fish on National Fish day and he
said ‘‘Sure, I’m going to serve it every day this week.”’
Guess he did too. There were three convention lunch-
eons going on at the same time in the Hotel and they
all got fish, and they all enjoyed it. Everyone was
talking fish the entire week. The papers were full of
fish talk and fish stories and cartoons, The canning
firms helped out and the retail stores did their share.
Chairman R, R. Payne of the local committee certainly
thought up all the original stunts to put over that was
possible. He even got Nanaimo and Victoria to work-
ing along lines that made these two cities realize they

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

acs

had a fishing industry. ‘‘Bob’s’’ one idea for the past
few weeks has been that Vancouver had to have enough
fresh fish to go round as he had to back up his pro-

February, 1921. _

o

paganda. It finally came to where he had to go out

and round up a crew of fishermen and bring a boat-

load of herring which was put on the market through

the retail stores at 4 lbs. for 10c. where they had been
There was enough fresh

selling about 4 lbs. for 25e.

ae
3

BN

ie

“a

fish of all kinds to please the most exacting of the fish ae

consuming public. As to news, well anything with the

4

bes

word fish in it seemed to find its way into the papers _

and in some instances they even used the word fish

in headings on subjects that were entirely different.
We'll tell the world that Al. Hager knew whereof he
spake.

A FEW FISH DAY STATISTICS FROM
VANCOUVER.

During Monday, Tuesday, and half of Weditesday

(Wednesday is a half holiday in British Columbia)
there was a total sale of fresh, frozen and eured fish
amounting to 200,000 Ibs. in Vancouver alone.

Between 75,000 and 100,000 lbs. of canned fish were

‘also sold or approximately 1,250 cases or (if one Ib.

tall cans) 75,000 to 100,000 cans.

One firm sold a special package under their brand

which they advertised those three days. There were
6 cans in this package consisting of five.and one half
pounds of fish and the total sales amounted to 5,736
packages, (31,748 lbs.). i 3

The winner of the first prize for best fresh window
display, P. Burns & Co., Ltd., Granville Market, 817
Granville street, had an increase of 80 per cent in one

day's sale as compared with the best day of any previ--

ous week. That was in fresh fish alone and they sell
canned fish as well. Rc

ore

aE

ee ee

Economy Market, Chris. Johnson, 71 Hastings St.,

winner of 2nd prize, sold $500 lbs. of herring alone and
sales 150 per cent. larger.. Saae

P. Burns & Co., Mainland Market, 12 Hastings St.,
West, winner of 3rd prize, sold 1,500 lbs. of herrin
alone and sales more 100 per cent higher. ;

This of course does net show the inerease in other
stores where the ration of increased sales were just as
great.

IT IS NOW THE BRITISH COLUMBIA FISHING
AND PACKING CO., LTD. :

Announcement has been made that the BRITISH

COLUMBIA FISHING and PACKING CO., Ltd., has

taken over, from the first day in January, 1921, as an
operating company, and assumed all the liabilities and
assets of THE BRITISH COLUMBIA PACKERS
ASSOCIATION. The registered office of the British
Columbia and Packing Co., Ltd., is now situated at
Union Bank of Canada Building, 410 Seymour St., Van-
eouver, B.C. :

Mr. T. H. Johnson, Managing Direetor of the Can- —

adian Fish & Cold Storage Co., Ltd., of Prince Rupert
was in town during the first week in February on busi-
ness. Mr. Johnson also went to Seattle while he was
South. As representative of the Prinee Rupert Board

of Trade, Mr. Johnson placed a resolution before the —

Associated Boards of Trade of British Columbia re-
garding the Government hurrying to completion of
sufficient refrigerator cars to take eare of fresh hali-
but shipments from Prince Rupert.

CANADIAN

PINKS MAY BE SOLD RIGHT HERE
ATHOME. |
During the few days preceding National Fish Day
as amply demonstrated that canned pink salmon
d be sold right in Canada to our own people when
ain canned salmon firms did a little advertising to
it out. When a thing like this in Vancouver goes
, it surely will go over in other parts of Canada.
k salmon is a wonderfully economical food and if
ed before the public properly the response will be
great that it will be a case of greater production
ither than closing down part of the canneries, When
the canned salmon producer realize that it is time
them to go out and sell their goods rather than to
back in their offices and wait for the broker to
me them for prices and buy their goods from them
has been done for years past?
‘Selling any kind of goods is a great game and when
e realizes the amount of food stuffs that are being
today because the producers get out and sell goods
t have never been heard of before, one wonders
hat the canned salmon producer can be thinking of.
It isn’t necessary to get over a temporary difficulty
swapping canned pink salmon for liquor when a
e and permanent market is right here in Canada
for a large share of the pack of pinks if the producers
uld go after it. And by the way, it was an outsider
at put this proposition up to the canners, which was
simply another case of having the buyer come to them.
The public are waiting for a good economical food to
be placed before them and by getting the retailer to
sell the pinks at right prices and then tell the public
about them, the increased sales will be an eye opener.

UVER SHELL FISH FIRM DOES A GOOD
Ae YEAR’S BUSINESS.

Outside of the larger firms engaged in the distribut-
of fish in British Columbia are a considerable num-
of smaller firms. Included in the list of smaller firms

+

business. During the year 1920 from January 1st
to Dee. 31st this firm shipped the following: 15,558 doz.
bs, 43,212 Ibs. of shrimp, 25,000 Ibs. smelt, 9,000 Ibs.
ichans, 3,400 Ibs. shad, 1,700 lbs. carp and 1,000 Ibs.
whitefish. There was also sold some frog’s legs, and
a few lobsters were disposed of. It isn’t the size of
these figures that are interesting but the fact that
ithout a large center of population this firm is build-
“up a nice business in their particular line. The
fresh fish they are handling are from fishermen that
put their time in another kind of fish when they are
‘going after crabs or shrimp.
Many of these shellfish were shipped as far South
; San Francisco as the demand in British Columbia is
not large enough to absorb the entire catch.

PRINCE RUPERT CAR SHORTAGE COSTS MONEY
‘It has been figured out that a total of 103 cars of
ibut left Prince Rupert during 1920, and that there
rere not enough ears available. When a shortage of
cars occurs the news is flashed to different points
ng the coast and the halibut fleet with their catch
harge at some other port. Figured at 10¢ per Ib.
s would mean that $200,000 was lost to Prince
pert from the shortage of cars. This is a large
punt of money and there is every reason why Prince
tupert should complain of the delay in getting a suffi-
nt supply of refrigerator cars to handle the business

FISHERMAN 53
MR, A. L. HAGER, PRESIDENT OF THE CANADIAN |
FISHERIES ASSOCIATION IS ELECTED VICE-
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
FISHERIES ASSOCIATION.

President A. L. Hager of the Canadian Fisheries
Association has been honored by a unanimous election
to the office of Vice-President of the United States
Fisheries Association. In notifying Mr. Hager of his
election to the Vice-presidency of the United States
association, President Gardner Poole, of that associa-
tion stated that their association would be very much
pleased if he would accept the office. Mr. Hager
accepted the election and believes that by so doing he
would be helping to promote closer relations between
the two countries in connection with the great fishing
industry. These engaged in the industry on the Paci-
fie Coast feel that they have been honored by having
so representative a man as Mr. Hager chosen from
among them to represent them to the South of the line.
Without doubt the selection of Mr. Hager was made
with a full knowledge of the qualifications of the man.
There is no man engaged in the fishing industry that
understands better the conditions of the industry from
every point of view. This knowledge applies not only
to Canada but over the entire world where fish are
used. When questions of international import arise
there is an assurance that all matters will be considered
intelligently from every angle.

TWENTY-FIVE CENTS FOR A GOOD FROZEN
SALMON FOR FISH DAY.

Two men in Vancouver disposed of a carload of
salmon containing 3,000 fish in less than eight hours.
All sales were individual fish in most cases. One small
advertisement and some publicity in the ‘‘Buzzer,”’ a
publication issued by the tram company, was all the
publicity required to have the public walk two blocks
out of the way off the main street of Vancouver and
purchase these frozen qualla salmon all wrapped in
paper ready to take away. The fish came from the
Columbia Cold Storage plant and the car was set on the
B. ©. Electric tracks. The sale of these fish in such a
short time demonstrated that the public are out after
economical food and that a large turnover may be made
on any kind of product if the price is right. It is not
necessary to make prices so low that money may be
lost, but if the value is there and the public are told
about it, they will buy every time. If the retailer of
fish would realize that they could turn over more fish
at the right prices, they would make more money than
they have ever made. If lamb chops are 35e¢ per lb.
and halibut or salmon are selling at 35 to 40 cents per
Ib., it is dead certain that it will be only now and then
that the fish will be sold in quantities at all comparable
with meat. This not alone applies to fish but to other
foods, wearing apparel, ete. The public today are sus-
picious of the retailer and until quality comes up and
prices are down to the right basis, they will not buy in
quantities. The sale of this car of fish demonstrates
just how the public are feeling. It has always been
contended that Vaneouver was a fresh fish town, but it
would seem that they will eat frozen fish when they
get it at right prices. Mind you it is not contended
that this 25¢ price was a right price but a 50¢ price
would have sold the fish just as readily with the right
kind of publicity. The trouble is in the fish business
that the right kind of marketing methods have not
been inaugurated to get the best results. Large turn-
overs at similar profits per sale will net larger aggre-
gate profits in the end.

54 CANADIAN

FISHERMAN

February, 1921.

The Story of John Leckie, Limited

A Brief Sketch of the Well-known Fishermen’s Outfitters

Half a century ago, when comparatively little
thought was being given to Canadian fisheries as a
commercial proposition, John Leckie, who had pre-
viously come to Canada from Scotland, took a look
into the future and shrewdly saw that in years to
come there was to be a big demand for equipment
to enable the Canadian fishermen to prosecute their

calling and expand the industry. In those days
there was a certain amount of fishing in the Great
Lakes, but it was not carried on as a highly com-

mercialized proposition until later. In the develop-
ment tliat took place during the past fifty years
John Leckie has played a prominent part. Hig first
venture was in a comparatively small way in pre-
mises on Front Street, Toronto, under the name of
John Leckie, marine, hardware and fishing supplies,
and it was from this that John Leckie, Limited, the
present big marine hardware business at 77 Wel-
lington Street, sprung.

It is interesting to note, in connection with a
brief history of the business, that the founder, John
Leckie, started his first store on Colborne Street,
Toronto, where he handled dry goods. He shad ar-
rived in Toronto from his birthplace, Glasgow, on
May 21st, 1857, and obtained a position with the
wholesale dry goods firm of Shaw and Turnbull,
which, although well known in those days, has long
since passed out of existence. Five years later Mr.
Leckie started up business for himself in the dry
goods trade. As the years went on he began to
specialize in fishing nets and twine products, tili
finally his house was one of the largest wholesale
firms in that line of business in the Dominion.

The erection of the present fine building at 77
Wellington street in 1907 was the natural evolution
of a carefully managed and progressive business in-

Oiled Clothing and Fishing Equipment

Marine Hardware Department

stitution which has been an allied enterprise of the
Canadian. fishing industry for over half a century.
Naturally there have been some changes in the exeeu-
tive staff of the company, buti the fine traditions of
the founder and his associates have been followed
throughout the years, and now, as a half a century
ago, quality and service are the guiding principles.
The president and general manager of the company
is Mr. Samuel Barbour, who has the marine thard-
ware business at his fingers’ ends through his long
connection with the trade. Mr. Barbour, who re-
ceived valuable training and experience in the net-
ting mills of the Old Country and the United States,
took over the general management of John Leckie,
Limited, in 1914, and under his regime and that of
J. A. Macaulay, office and sales manager, the busi-
ness has made great strides. Mr. Macaulay, who is
a Southampton boy, has been with the firm for fif-
teen years, starting in as office boy and working up
through various executive positions to his present
responsible post.

On the three floors of their building the firm have ~

25,000 square feet. of floor space in use for the dis-
play, manufacture and handling of their goods, all
of which is.thoroughly systematic and indicative of
the modern methods of business the company fol-
lows. The sales office is one of the finest in Can-
ada and a feature of the establishment is the sail
loft where the firm has an up-to-date equipment for

manufacturing its own sails, tents, flags and other
canvas goods. The second floor is devoted to the
business office and marine hardware, cotton, duck,

ete., while the
ting, twines,
there are

basement has been given over to net-
rope, anchors, ete. In the sail loft
thirty-five sewing machines in operation

ond he lie

te eee ee ae ee

CANADIAN

f canvas goods handled by the firm.
Among the lines fandled by John Leckie, Limit-
are the famous Knox, , Best and Salmon ticket
lity, and Barbour, Lion and Crown quality
en gill netting, which are noted for their superior
urability, true number of threads, size of mesh, etc.,
nd are manufactured in tie extensive and modern
‘plants of W. and J. Knox, Ltd., at Kilbirnie, Scotland,
md Wm. Barbour & Sons, Ltd., Lisburn, Ireland.
e firm also handles the Gold Medal Cotton Seine
ine, which is when required, supplied in the
nous Gold Medal Seine and Pound netting. Mr.
bour reports a great revival of trade with the
ing fraternity since the close of the great con-
. During the war, due to Government work,
raw material and labor conditions, the firm

LECKTE LIMI

Toronto Head Office, Warehouse and Factory

‘ound it difficult to meet the demands made upon
their resources but conditions are rapidly changing
now and the company has about reached the point
where everything required by the fishermen can
readily be supplied. Their large stock includes linen
gilling nets, gilling twines, Sea island cotton gilling
ets, side line and seaming twine, pound nets, drag
seines, dip nets, minow scines, hoop nets, fishing
rope, Cedar floats, Lead, Boat jardware, nautical
instruments, lamps of all types, life boat equipment
to Board of Trade Regulations, Life jackets, ring
buoys, Blocks of all kinds, wire, manila rope, anchors,
; pumps, fishermen’s oiled clothing, etc.

FISHERMAN

cl
or

THE PUBLIC DO LIKE FROZEN FISH.

In the center of Vancouver, B. C. a fresh fish town
(so called) on February 7th, a ecarload (3,000 fish)
were sold right from the car at 25¢ each. The public
walked up and took their fish away as fast as they
could be handed out. A car of frozen qualla salmon
was spotted on the track of the B. C. Electrie Co. and
at 7.30 in the morning the people began to show up and
ask for their fish. From that time on until the last
fish was disposed of late in the afternoon there was a
steady stream of people coming with their twenty-five
cents and going away with their fish. The working
man, the office man, and women and children: some
taking two and three, and one boy staggered away
with all he could sling in a sack. There was no one
class represented but all classes took advantage of the
chance of getting good cheap food. Make the price
right and the public will buy and come back for more
if the quality is there. Vancouver has always had the
name of being a fresh fish town, but the writer knows
for a fact that, the buying public will buy frozen fish
if the quality and price is right. They realize that fish
are frozen when the run is on and the cost of produc-
tion is at its lowest and that if frozen when in good eon-
dition they will come out good later on. Another thing
influenced this buying and that is that the public is
still suspicious of the retailer. With lamb chops at
85e per lb. and halibut and salmon at the same price
which will they buy the most of? If the prices of fish
were reduced to a more reasonable figure to the public
there would be a larger turnover by the retailer as the
publie want to get all they can for their money. The
fish stores are not the only ones at fault in this respect
as all- kinds of necessities are still held at altogether
too high figures. Study market conditions and in-
crease the turnover thereby increasing your profit.
Remember that there is no such thing as a fresh fish
town. The public will buy frozen fish just as quickly
as they will fresh fish if the price and quality are right.
In any event the Vancouver people showed they would
celebrate National Fish Day by eating fish.

Every once in a while during preparations and the
observance of Canada’s National Fish Day in Vancou-
ver, some one would ask if there was another fisheries
convention under way. They haven’t forgotten the
last one.

COOPERAGE TO START AT PRINCE RUPERT.

Mr. W. E. Denning, Secy. of the Longshoreman’s
union and a returned soldier, and William Wilson, gov-
ernment inspector of the herring pack at Nanaimo, are
starting a cooperage plant at Prince Rupert with aid
from the Provincial industrial commission. A site has
been secured at Cow Bay. With the patronage prom-
ised from the large fishing companies in the Northern
district the new undertaking should meet with success.

CAPT. W. J. SELIG OF PRINCE RUPERT ACQUIRES
A NEW HALIBUT SCHOONER.

Capt. W. J, Selig is the new owner of the ‘‘Cedric,’’
which he brought over from Wrangel last month. Capt.
‘*Bill’’ will add the ‘‘Cedric’’ to the Prince Rupert
halibut fleet. The boat is fifty feet over all and has
first class power equipment, and will make a fine addi-
tion to the fleet.

56 CANADIAN

A NEW SHIP’S LOG.

Many endeavours have been made to produce an
automatic, practical, and reliable log. Several logs
have been constructed during late years based on the
Pitot tube, the principle being to obtain, by means of
measurement of the speed pressure, not only the rate
of speed of the vessel, but also the distance run. This
is accomplished by measuring the difference between
the water pressure produced by the speed of the vessel
and the hydrostatic pressure. This method is prob-
ably the only one on which an absolutely reliable log
can be based, as it obviates the sources of errors and
the disadvantages in other systems with movable
parts under water.

Logs based on the Pitot principle have, however,
hitherto either been very bulky and impractical, or
when they have been provided with air or liquid trans-
missions they have been troublesome to handle, and
sensitive to blows, vibrations, and variations of
temperature.

Fig, 1

The so called Navigator Log which is now being
placed on the market is constructed on the Pitot prin-
ciple, but is distinct from its predecessors, inasmuch
as it is entirely automatic, and independent of all
external conditions under which it acts.

This Log has been tried out very carefully in a
large number of vessels, some of them of large ton-
nage, and the unanimous opinion of the captains using
the Log seems to be that same is very sensitive, ac-
curate and reliable.

The log is said to begin to act as soon as the vessel
is set in motion, and to register at a very low speed
(1 to 1% knots). It is elaimed to be equally reliable
at low, high, or varying speed, and in heavy seas.

The Navigator Log consists of the following parts:
Bottom cock with Pitot tube (Fig. 1), central appar-
atus or speed recorder (Fig. 2), and distance recorder
(Fig. 3).

The bottom cock should as a rule be placed amid-
ships and so deep below the water line that the risk
of the tube coming out of the water when the vessel
pitches or rolls is eliminated. The bottom cock is
screwed fast to a belt plate of wrought iron, which must
be riveted to one of the plates of the ship when in
drydock. From the bottom coek the tube protrudes
about 5’’ vertically through an 144’’ hole in the bottom
of the vessel. The tube is provided with two passages
opening out in two holes of 5-16’’ diameter, one facing
the direction in which the ship is travelling, and the
other facing sideways. The hole facing towards the

FISHERMAN February, 1921.

ship’s bow registers the water pressure produced by
the speed of the vessel, while that on the side gauges

the hydrostatic pressure, or that resulting from the
draft of the ship. These pressures record themselves

automatically upon a membrane in the central appar-— a
atus of the engine room, which measures the difference —
between the speed and draft pressures of the vessel

Fig, 2

and thus determines her speed.
is transmitted by electric current to the distance
recorder on the bridge, or any other place or places
desired. The transmission being electrical makes it
entirely independent of dirty pipes, the vibration of
the vessel, or any changes in temperature. The current
is supplied by a storage battery, which can be re-
charged by the ship’s own current. A battery of 20
ampere hours is sufficient for about 18,000 nautical
miles without recharging.

One of the advantages in the construction of the
Navigator Log is that its Pitot tube does not contain
any movable parts, and, therefore, it cannot get out of
order. ‘The Pitot tube, which lies far beneath the sur-
face of the water, cannot be injured by ice or floating
objects, and there is no loss of efficiency should the
tube be partly filled with mud or weed, as long as
there exists an opening of 1-16’’. If necessary the tube
can be drawn in and cleaned in a few minutes. Should
the vessel happen to strike the bottom and the tube
thereby be bent to such an extent that it cannot be
taken in, it can be pushed out into the water and a
reserve tube slipped in, which operation is a very
simple one.

The distance travelled ~

eee SS a ee ee

a a ar ae

a

. a

——

wary, 1921,

Among recent installations of the Navigator Log
ight be mentioned the SS. ‘‘Eclipse’’ (9,000 tons),
d the SS. ‘‘Huron’’, both of the U, S. Shipping
ard, the M.S. “Afrika” (14,000 tons), of the East
siatie Company, Copenhagen, the SS. ‘‘Catalonia’’,
edish Lloyds, and a large number of other vessels.
The log described above is, as will readily be under-
od, suitable for vessels of larger tonnage.
_ Another type of the Navigator Log is made, suit-
e for motor boats and smaller craft generally. Same
sists of the Pitot tube with speed indicator, but no
stance recorder. This type is sold at a price that
will put it within the reach of every motor boat owner.
The Log is sold in Canada by Swedish Steel and
porting Co. Limited, Montreal.

‘THE WORLD TRADE OF THE CANADIAN
FISHING COMPANY.

that more-ish taste. To Postumize ‘‘There’s a rea-
.’ That reason is up-to-date, modern methods
eatching and thandling fresh fish. If there is one
concern in any line of business that has perfected
the operation of their particular business that is the
Co., Ltd., and the parent company
“New England Fish Co. From the time the fish
» taken from tthe hook or the nets every detail for
proper care of the catch is given particular at-
tention. The result is that today these two com-
panies are carrying on the largest fish business on
the American continent.

During a recent talk with Mr. A. L. Hager, Pre-
dent and General Mgr. of the Canadian Fishing
Ltd., and Director and Vice-President of the
New England Fish Co., the writer diseussed the mat-
ter of world trade as regards the fish business from
Vaneouver. Although having ideas as to possibilities
ahead for the exporting of fish from Vancouver your
correspondent had not realized until the interview with
Mr. Hager just how far the world trade in fish from
e American continent had progressed. e New
England Fish Co. in the United States and The
Yanadian Fishing Co., Ltd., in Canada, ‘have for a
good many vears past been shipping more or less
fish to the U. K., and during recent years the bnsi-
ess has grown until today, frozen, salted. smoked
nd canned fish of many varieties produced on the
Atlantic and Pacifie coasts are being shipred to all
a of the world, With headquarters at Boston,
c: . and Vaneouver. and all branches at Ketchikan,
‘Alaska. Prince Rupert and Barelay Sound in British
Columbia. Seattle. Wash., San Franeciseo. Calif. New
ork. Philadelphia. Gloucester, and Portland. Maine,
pments are being made to the U. K., Eurove.
h Africa. South America, Australia and New
and. Straits Settlements and China. Of course
bulk of the shipments go to the United Kingdom.
d the firm handling the fish there are the largest
the fish business with a distributing system that
ers England and Scotland and part of the Con-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Always ready for use and will not sour or
freeze. A necessity wherever you are

Canadian Milk Products Limited

10-12 St. Patrick St.,
TORONTO

St. John Montreal

The domestic business covers Canada and_ the
United States most thoroughly.

With steamer transportation today from Vancon-
ver to all parts of the world, and facilities constant-
ly improving, The Canadian Fishing Co., Ltd. is
continuously reaching out for new markets, and just
as soon as exchange conditions improve an enormous
business will develop.

CAPT. TONY MARTINSON BUYS THE
“LIVINGSTONE” AT PRINCE RUPERT.

One of the most successful skippers sailing out of
Prince Rupert is Capt. Tony Martinson, and with the
money earned from last season’s catch Capt. Martin-
son has purchased the halibut schooner ‘‘Livingstone’”’.
The ‘‘Livingstone’’ has a capacity of 100,000 Ibs. of
halibut. The boat went ashore last autumn'and the
local shipyards repaired her.

Last year, with the “‘Agnes B.,’’ Capt. Martinson was
high man for Prince Rupert and his crew pulled down
$5,500.00 each, which left a tidy sum for the Captain.
With his money and the returns from the ‘‘ Agnes B.’’
Capt. Martinson purchased the ‘‘Livingstone’’ and it
may be assumed that there will be some sizable catches
landed in ‘‘Rupert’’ by the 1920 high line crew.

HERRING RUN STARTS AT PRINCE RUPERT.

The season’s herring run started at Prince Rupert,
February 8th, and promises to be a very good run this
season.

90 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

The London & Petrolia OIL. ye

Barrel Co., Limited FISH Ww ASTE|

LONDON, Ontario

E
Hardwood Mackerel Barrels gherdeies se x Company’s

and Half Barrels NEW METHOD

Experience has proven that Fish packed in

LONDON BARRELS reach their destination — Eliminates pressing and drying
in perfect condition. yet retains full values .
BUY THE BEST. QUICK DELIVERIES. of products .
EASTERN AGENT : PROCESS ENGINEERS
LIMITED.
WELSFORD L. WATT ores
HALIFAX, N.S. Montreal - - Canada

ANNOUNCEMENT F_H.Fromm& Ge

The Name of
The IMPORTERS

and BROKERS
Charles Mueller Company, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Has Been Changed to

Canada Barrels & Kegs SAR F ISH

ae MACKEREL A SPECIALTY
Manufacturers of

a ne ke ee ae ee a ee ee

‘*We are in the market for New Dulse”’

Hardwood Fish Barrels And All Kinds REFERENCES :
of Tight Cooperage

Correspondence Dunn's & Bradstreet’s
WATERLOO, . ~- ONTARIO nd Agencies
The Corn Exchange
Eastern Representative: Nat. Bank, Phila.

B. C. Woodworth, - Halifax, N.S.

Si a a eee
ee ee ee ee

ie he eee

wy

pie en a Ot

Fisica

Official Organ of the’ Canadian Fisheries. St isa ae

VOL. VII

GARDENVALE, P.Q., MARCHY 1921 ? NO.

o

; yin

WHET

Meats Vegetables a Milk
Syrup Fish Paint Etc.

PACKERS’ CANS
Open Top Sanitary Cans

and

Standard Packer Cans

with Solder-Hemmed Caps

A.R. Whittall Can Company, Ltd.

Sales Office: Sales Office:
202 RoyalBank Bldg., M O N “ y R E A L 806 Lindsay Bldg.
TORONTO WINNIPEG
G. A. WILLIS, Sales Mgr. Established 1888 A. E. HANNA,
Phone Adel 3316 Representative

| STUMNNUU NUTT TTT RTT EO

HUNT OTTUTATTTTILTTTLUTTNTUIULMULN L LUDO LLAMA MULL LLL DLL

=iiil

CANADIAN

FISHERMAN

THE 4
House of Leckie

has been supplying the com- .

mercial Fishermen of two
Continents continuoulsy for —

Half A Conta

Nautical Instruments,
Lamps of all typcs,
Life Boat Equipment to
Board of Trade regulations,
Life Jackets, Ring Buoys,
Blocks of all kinds,
Wires and Manila Rope,
Anchors, Oars, Pumps,

Write for a Catalog

John Leckie Limited,

77 Wellington St. W.,

Linen Gilling Nets, Gilling Twines,

Sea Island Cotton Gilling Nets,
' Side Line and Seaming Twine,
Pound Nets, Drag Seines, Dip Nets,
Minnow Seines, Trammel Nets,
Hoop Nets, Fishing Rope,
Cedar Floats, Lead,
Boat Hardware.

TORONTO, Ont.

IN ORDERING PLEASE STATE WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SELVAGES
YOU WISH PUT ON YOUR NETTING ‘

SINGLE

DOUBLE
SELVAGE

SELVAGE

DOUBLE
MESH

WE ALWAYS USE STRETCHED

MEASUREMENT OF THE MESH

ALL FITTINGS. LINES, LEADS AND FLOATS, MENDING TWINES, ETC., IN STOCK

CANADIAN

FISHERMAN

59

PARTING WILL BRING NO PAIN.

WANTED» by the Canadian Fishing Industry, a
Department of Fisheries distinct from Marine,
Naval or other affiliations. Also a Deputy
Minister in charge who will have direct access
to the Minister.

The disorganized condition of our foreign markets ;

_ the threatened tariff barrier on the part of the Unit-

_ ment of our natural resources to pay the country’s
debts demands that a distinct Fisheries Department
‘under the jurisdiction of a distinct Deputy Minister
be at once inaugurated.
The Canadian Fisheries are of sufficient import-
ance to command the appointment of a distinct Cab-
inet portfolio with a Minister in charge. That is
what we want to see—a Ministry of Fisheries—but
_ we feel that asking for such an appointment is like
asking for the moon. But, while we have the notion
that such a proposition is not likely to be entertained,
et we are strong in our convictions that such a port-
folio is a necessity and will have to be established
within the near future. :
There does not seem to be much hope of having a
Ministry established by the present Government but
we ‘ave opes’’ that a future administration may
give ear to our desires and act upon them.
_ For the present, however, we see no earthly reason
_ why the Fisheries Department cannot be severed
_ from the Marine Department and a Deputy Minister
Fisheries appointed. The cost of so-doing wouldn’t
to a hill of beans. :
ever the fishing industry needed careful fostering
assistance from the Government, it is at the pre-
time.

PRINCE RUPERT REFRIGERATOR CAR
Zo SHORTAGE.

Action followed closely upon the heels of the ar-
e in the last issue of the CANADIAN FISHER-

States and the urgent necessity for the develop- -

NEWS AND VIEWS

ON FISH AND FISHERIES

Frederick William Wallace -

Editor-in-Chief

MAN on the above subject. A species of flurry oc-
curred in the Railway dove-cote, when the facts were
made publie and Hon. Mr. Lemieux and Mr, William
Duff quoted from the article in the House of Com-
mons. The aggressive member for Lunenburg, using
the facts published in the CANADIAN FISHERMAN,
supplemented by other information, made a strong
speech upon the subject and vigorously condemned
the aetion of the Government Railways.

Latest advices from the railway officials are that
sufficient refrigerator cars will be secured to fill the
needs of Prince Rupert and construction will be
rushed on the thirty cars ordered.

Just why the order for Express Refrigerator ears

was given to the National Steel Car Co., at Hamilton,
is something difficult to understand. This concern
is only equipped, we believe, for the building of
freight cars. They could only build the chassis of the
Express refrigerators. The rest of the car would have
to be finished elsewhere. Why was the order given
to them?

FORMER DEPUTY MINISTER RETURNS.

Alex, Johnston, former Deputy Minister of Marine &
Fisheries, who left the service some time ago to take a
position with the British Empire Steel Corporation, has
decided to return to his old position.

Mr. Johnson is an extremely capable and efficient
Deputy Minister and we are glad to see him back.
Though primarily Deputy Minister of Marine, yet Mr.
Johnson is the most sympathetic and best-versed Dep-
uty of Fisheries that we have so far had.in charge of
the Department.

While, personally, we are glad to see Mr, Johnston
back at his old post, yet we are not at all in aceord
with the dual offiee he holds. The Fishing Industry
of Canada demands a distinet Department of Fisheries
with a distinet Deputy Minister in charge.

60 : CANADIAN FISHERMAN

THE UNITED STATES TARIFF.
——— ;

Since our fish market in the United States is threat-
ened by a tariff barrier, some figures made publie by
Canada’s Finance Minister, Sir Henry Drayton, in a
recent speech, are of interest.

Canada imported $23,000,000 worth of fruit from the
U. 8. during the last nine months. Though Canada
prides herself on apple production, yet she imported
198,327 barrels of apples during that period.

Canada imported vegetables to the amount of $4,772,-
000 from the U. 8. during the nine month period quoted,
yet Canada is ranked as an agricultural country.

Textile importations to the tune of $87,000,000 came
from the United States. Candy to the amount of 1,686,-
900 pounds in weight came from outside of the country.
Both these commodities are manufactured in Canada.

In the few items herewith mentioned—articles which
Manada is well able to produce herself—our account
with the United States runs to the amount of $115,-
900,000. :

Coal to the value of over $100,000,000 is imported
from the United States annually. We have the largest
coal areas in America awaiting development.

The quotations above, which are but random selee-
tions, show that Canada is a pretty good customer of
the U.S. A. :

It is pretty certain that a tariff barrier enacted by

the United States against Canadian products will

result in retaliatory acticn by Canada.

FISH IMPORTS INTO CANADA.

With the threatened Custom’s barrier against the
export of Canadian fish into the United States, the
question of enlarging the home market for Canadian
fish comes to the fore.

During the Fiscal year ending March 31st, 1920,
fish to the value of $4,051,882 was imported into Can-
ada from outside sources. Some of the varieties im-

“ported are species not produced by Canadian fisher-
men to any great extent, but what is the sense of
_ importing the following :—

Value.
Dried cod, haddock and pellock .. .. .. .. $828,492
Fresh cod, haddock and pollock:- -- 108,914
PEADOUE Le Gite ee ee ate 205,789
Herrings, pickled or salted .........5 04 .-..4.0) %900,520
Lobsters, canned . 5 3 ie 99,401
Salmon, canned, fresh, ete. .. 463,804
Canned sardines, sprats, anehovies and
other fish packed in oil, ete-- -- ++ ++ +: 526,200

In this little list of fish products which we have
imported and which we produce and export ourselves
in large quantities, the Canadian market has support-
ed the foreign producer to the extent of $2,288,120.

CHART OF ATLANTIC COAST FISHING
GROUNDS.

The Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, are to be
highly commended for the splendid colored chart of
the Atlantic coast fishing grounds produced under

*

thelr auspices and now issued by the Department of

the luterior.

The map, which is a large one, depicts the off-shore
fishing banks and gives the distances between them
and the various Canadian and American ports. The
depth of water and the species of fish obtained
around our coasts and on

. colleges throughout Canada.

. yet designed.

January to April and it is hoped that the classes

the off-shore banks are -

March, 1921.
clearly marked. The various transportation lin
from the seaboard to inland points are also given. —
A glance at the map shows the advantageous 3
tion of Canadian ports to the various off-shore fi ng
banks. 4 fees
“A copy of this map is well worth securing b:
every Atlantic fish producer. It should also be
mounted on linen and distributed to the scho
Copies may -be
writing the Department of Fisheries, Ottawa. ~

CUP CHALLENGER READY FOR LAUNCHL

The Lunenburg fishing schooner ‘‘Bluenose’
ed and built as the Canadian challenger for
national Fisherman’s up will be latinched
yard of Smith & Rhuland, Lunenburg, on

The ‘‘Bluenose”’ will fulfil conditions by e:
in the salt bank fisheries this summer and ‘wi

the banks with the fleet during April.
Much interest. is being taken in the laun
vessel is said to be a clipper and the finest of

TECHNICAL EDUCATION FOR F

A start towards the technical educati
is being made in Nova Scotia under the au
N. 8. Technical College. Beginning next w
Technical College will inaugurate classes of inst:
in the operation and repair of marine oil and
engines, : 234 Sit :

It is proposed to hold the classes at the larger fish
ing centers in the Provinee during the off-period from —

aso

mae

be extended to include other subjects later on. She

FISHERIES STATISTICS FOR 1919.

The 1919 Fisheries Statistical Report has been Te-
cently issued by the Dominion Bureau of Sta z
A resume of this Report was published in the ‘‘
dian Fisherman’’ some time ago. eae

The total marketed valué of the Canadian fisheri
for the year 1919 amounted to $56,508479—wh
a decrease from the $60,250,544 value of the pre
year. a

ese s.

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR.

Re Alleged Embargo on Fish by France.
Sir,—With respect to an article which appe
couple of months ago in the ‘‘Canadian
and also appeared on various occasions

of the country, to the effect that Franée had pl
a prohibition on the exportation of fish, T wish to
form you that this article had no foundation in |
and the origin of the story seems to be a myst
The Department has received advice from
Hf. Barre, Canadian Trade Commissioner in.
that during the war a few prohibitions were d
by the French Government on the export of fi
they were only temporary measures. .No pro’
whatever has been enacted since the armist
none is anticipated. Lt.-Col, Barre has had t
confirmed by la Direction Generale des Douane
I am, Sir, ‘

Your obedient servant, =
' BE. HAWKEN,

Acting Deputy Minister of Meee
Fisheri

Marine and

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 61

“CARPE

DIEM!

The Pathetic Story of a Foreign Fishery Official’s Mission to
| Ottawa in Quest of Information

Bi (Secured and Recorded by Canadian Fisherman’s Dictograph Correspondent)

e Sultan of Slambak was reclining on a divan
partaking of a hearty meal of fricaseed carp
backsheesh. He puffed, every once in a while, at
amber mouthpiece of a narghile pipe and his
1 was full of a benevolent contentment. Slambak
; prosperious. It did not belong to the League of
ms and therefore required no army or navy to
@ peace on its neighbours; income tax was un-
n and everybody in Slambak had a ease or a jug
their cellars. Oh, happy, happy Slambak!

While the Sultan debated in his mind as to whether
‘spend a nickel or two in the purchase of a new
for his harem or a Ford for his personal con-
ee, a Cabinet Minister crawled into the private
ber on all fours and prostrated himself before
August One. ‘‘Spit it out!’’ snapped the Sultan

Oh, ol wonderful King! Most impressive poten-
The Earth trembles at the tread of thy
n the Grand Cabunk in the florid line of pre-
talk common to Oriental Statesmen and
nadian Cabinet Ministers.

The Sultan made an impatient gesture with the
ith-piece of his water-pipe. ‘‘Can the comedy!’’
interrupted harshly. ‘‘When you open up with
soft-soaping tosh I know that something’s wrong.
at’s up? Is it another cent a gallon on gasoline
o my several mothers-in-law plan to visit and stay
while? Get it off your chest and cut out the
dress of welcome!’’

The Grand Cabunk banged his head on the hard-
yood floor. ‘‘Alas, Most High, I am the bearer of
_tidings,’’ he ventured in a voice pregnant with
; “The Royal carp in the Royal Fish Ponds
Six more departed this life today——

«i of. anxious concern clouded the complacency
his swarthy face. His bejewelled hands strayed
yards his rotund epigastrium and a sense of hollow-
therein began to obsess his imagination. The
carp dying? It could not be! The calamity
be averted cost what it may! How could he
ain foreign diplomats and concession hunters
s he could feast them upon the dish that Slam-
k boasted as its chief claim to fame? Filleted carp
in cinnamon oil and garnished with cloves,
nkincense and myrrh—(the recipe is a Slambak
and is not to be found in the Fish Cook Book
: d by the Canadian Naval Service Department).

_ The Sultan, having the benefits of an occidental
education, was no slouch when action was demanded.
icked the Grand Cabunk to his feet in the or-

ox manner and ordered an immediate convocation -

of the Slambak Cabinet. The Ministers came scurry-
ing from their various bureau’, divans and ostermoors
and squatted at the foot of the Throne.

“‘The Royal carp are dying off,’’ explained the
Sultan brusquely, ‘‘and I will, myself, begin a remedy.
The Captain of the Royal Guard will see that the Min-
ister of the State Fisheries is decapitated at dawn.
To ensure that my Cabinet employs its thoughts
towards schemes for rehabilitating our fish ponds, I
will execute one member of the Cabinet for each fish
that dies. Beat it and get busy! The meeting is
adjourned !’’

There was much consternation in the Ministerial
sanctums of Slambak that night and the Cabinet seur-
ried around consulting astrologers and ouija-boards
for a solution of the problem. The Minister of Fish-
eries accepted his fate with true Mohammedan fatal-
ism. He was to lose his head at sun-up and though
he had but little occasion to use it in his Ministerial
capacity, yet it was a handy thing to have attached to,
one’s person. The more he thought about the ap-
proaching separation, the more anxious he became to
retain all that belonged to him and anxiety caused
him to effect some use of that hitherto unused por-
tion of his anatomical make-up.

It was the hour before dawn when a considerate
jailer brought him a small collation to refresh his
soul ere taking the Sunrise Limited for Paradise. As
he ate sparingly of-this backsheesh and canned Pink
a sudden thought struck him. He picked up the tin
in whieh the salmon had been incarcerated and re-
garded the vari-colored label with unusual interest.
Laboriously he spelt out certain words—‘‘ Canadian
Pink Salmon. Product of Canadian Fisheries. Finest
in the World!’’

‘Bismillah! Gazeeka!’’ he cried triumphantly in
the Slambakian tongue. ‘‘I’ll pay for a few more
hair-cuts yet! Allah is bon!’’ He elapped his hands
and the jailer appeared. ‘‘Get me an audience with
the most High. Tell him I have a plan. Be quick or
my face will curse thee from a basket!’’

The Sultan was awake, as a numerous progeny
were already howling for their morning meal, and he
granted the favor of an interview to the doomed Min-
ister. ‘*What dost thou erave, Boan Hed?’’ he
growled from under the quilt.

‘Most august King,’’ said the Minister Boan Hed
humbly, ‘‘there is a country across the sea where the
fisheries are so great that they transcend all other
resources. They send their fish to the uttermost cor-
ners of the earth and I have heard it said that their
skill in administration and fish culture is the wonder
of the world. Let me journey to this Canada that I
may seek knowledge of these things * The Grand

62 - ss GANADIAN FISHERMAN

Cabunk of Fisheries handed out a line of talk which
did his dome justice and the Sultan was impressed.
‘‘Journey thou to this Canada and bring back the
wisdom of the fishes,’’ quoth the potentate finally.
‘*Fail ‘‘He paused and favored Boan Hed with an
ominous glance, ‘‘——and you won’t need a new Bor-
salino at Haster.’’

And thus it came to pass that Ali By Boan Hed, the
Grand Cabunk of Fisheries of Slambak, arrived in
Ottawa with a numerous retinue of guards and
seribes and registered at the Russell House. After
breakfasting sumptuously at an arm-chair hash-mill
on Sparks Street, he and his staff headed for the
Hunter Building to wait upon the Honorable Mr.
Neptuno, Minister of Marine, Minister of the Naval
Service, and Minister of Fisheries of Canada. As he
sped up in the elevator, the Slambakian minister mar-
velled at the capacity for administration embodied in
the Canadian statesman. Three important depart-
ments controlled by one man meant some job and
some man!

In the course of the morning, the Hon. Mr. Nep-
tuno blew into his official sanctum with stately tread
and becoming dignity. A respectful and well-trained
secretary waited upon the great man with an air of
suppressed excitement and when his Chief had hung
his hat and coat on the peg, he burst forth with the
news: ‘‘Your Excellency! The Great Cabunk of
Fisheries of the Sultanate of Slambak with a numer-
ous retinue awaits in the outer office. They have
journeyed hence that they might learn of your famous
fisheries administration—your fame having travelled
far——”’

The Hon. Mr. Neptuno’s face blanched and he
dropped limply into his chair. ‘‘Good Heavens!’’
he groaned. ‘‘Fisheries? Are you sure he didn’t
come to learn about my Mercantile Marine or my
Navy ?’’

The Secretary made a negative gesture. ‘‘ Fisheries
is what he wants to see you about,’’ he observed.
‘“He’s the Minister of Fisheries down in Slambak and
the Sultan of the burg has sent him specially to see
you that he might absorb the sweetness of fishery
wisdom that drops from your lips—that’s the way he
put it.’’

‘Stall him off for a day or two,’’ said the Minister

weakly. ‘‘Tell him I’m sick, or busy, or engaged “in
a Council meeting—Oh, you know how to do it——’’

The Secretary looked sorrowful. ‘‘Your Highness,
I have already tried that line of guff,’’ he answered
dolefully, ‘‘but the whole gang have brought their
sleeping mats and their charcoal braziers with them
and are prepared to camp in the hall until you see
them. The Cabunk told me that having reached the
Piscatorial Mecca he was going to locate by the tent
of the Prophet (meaning you, sir) until you deigned
to receive him. The Cab said his head was at
stake——-’’

““*So’s mine!l’’ snapped Mr. Neptuno, Then more
hopefully, he asked, ‘‘Are there any of our newspaper
men along with them?’’

“None, Exeellenz!’’

‘Is Bill Duff, of Lunenburg or J. H. Sinelair, of
Guysboro’ in the building?’’

**No, Little Father!’’

The Minister gave vent to a sigh of relief and his
nerve returned. ‘‘Keep them busy for an hour or two
while I prepare for them,’’ he commanded briskly.
“Send that fish man to me—what’s his name, you

- March, 1921.
know—I so seldom see the chap that I can’t recall
his name or his face——’’ eet :
““You mean the Deputy Minister of Marine and
Fisheries, sir?’’ respectfully interposed the Secretary.
‘‘No, no!’’ snapped the other testily. ‘‘He doesn’t
know any more about the fisheries than I do. I mean
that fishery official that I gave a new title to wh
those fish merchants were bothering me a while
back.’’ ar gest
The Secretary had a wave of returning consciousness.
“‘Oh, yes, you mean the Assistant Deputy Minister
Fisheries—’’ ; ee
‘“That’s the man! Bring him here through the back
door and all the loose fish experts you can lay your
hand on. Get me statistics on our fisheriés and hang a
few pictures of fish on the walls. A plaster cast of a
‘smelt or a halibut would look good on my desk and see
that my fishery regalia is put out ready for me to re-
ceive these Eastern ambassadors—’’ After receiving his
instructions, the Secretary dissolved himself through the
green baize door. re Sel ee
While the Grand Cabunk was whiling away the ti
engrossed. in viewing the matrimonial trials of one
‘‘Jiggs’’ in the Ottawa newspapers, the Hon. Mr. Nep-—
tuno, with fishery experts to the right and the left-of
him and a Blue Book in front of him, was absorbing
knowledge of his fishery administration with th
sponge-like facility common to cabinet ministers. But
the Hon. Mr. Neptuno was finding it hard sledding.
What he didn’t know about his Fisheries Department
would fill the Parliamentary Library ; what he did know
could be written on a postage stamp, Mr. Neptuno
was an aggressive, hard-working and business-like Min-
ister but his forte was the more genteel administrations
of Marine and Naval Service. These two departments he
kept in the front parlor; the fisheries were up in the
attic or out in the wood-shed and far from Ministerial —
ken. ee ee
In the course of time, the Slambakian delegation
were ushered through the green baize door and into the
presence of The Presence after checking thir scimitar:
kresses and umbrellas with the Secretary. Mr, N
arrayed in his official robes as Minister of Fishe
suit of yellow oilskins and a pair of rubber boots) tai
his trident against the wall and motioned the prostrated
Slambakians to their feet. After the introductory ¢
remony, he handed the cigars around and the gathering
became delightfully informal. ‘‘Most High d Mighty
Administrator,’’ commenced the Slambak Ambassador.
“‘T have journeyed far for my August Master the Sultan
that I might learn from your Highness’ the seerets o
Fisheries Administration. Your fame had reached
far corners of the Earth, Noble Lord, and the fisher
resources of your country are said to be unexcelled,’’
The Hon. Mr, Neptune nodded. ‘Some resources,
Mister, if I do say it myself!’’ he observed pridefully
Then fearful that he might forget what he had so labor-
iously committed to memory, he opened up with P;
IV, Sessional Paper No. 17d, Il George V, A. 1921
—the permanent annual prefaee to the Canadian Fish-

eries Report. ‘‘You must know, my illustrious seeker
after knowledge,’’ he intoned sonorously, ‘‘that Can
possesses the most extensive fisheries in the world, are
the abundance, quality and variety of their products ar
unexcelled. The fertility of Canadian waters—’’Skil
fully he delivered the whole fory-four lines of the litt!
piece without a single mistake and when he wound up
with the kinds of gear used in the Lake fisheries, the
Slambakians were visibly impressed, Ben
‘*Marvellous!’’ commented the Cabunk,

tremendous wisdom !’’ chorussed an astrologer.
met is a piker compared with his Excellency !’’
ly murmured a janissary. c

H you got that all noted down?’’ asked the
Cabunk of a toiling scribe.

“T’m afraid not, August One,’’ faltered the pen-
r. ‘‘The Mighty One speaks too fast and too
ed for my correspondence school education—’’
That be d—d!’’ cried the Cabunk angrily. ‘‘ All
e pearls of wisdom lost because of thy inefficiency.

ary! Off with his head instantly !’’
Hon. Mr. Neptuno,rose in his chair with a bene-
smile. ‘‘Spare him and my carpet, your Excel-
* he said benignantly. ‘‘I will provide you with
y of my speech ere you leave our fair city.’’ Mr.
no felt that all was now plain sailing. He had
| the why and the wherefore of the Canadian Fisher-
ff his chest and he had confidence in his ability,
eabinet minister, to stand off, or worry through,
other inquiries.
Grand Cabunk of Fisheries of Slambak explain-
d to Mr. Neptune something of the fell disease which
1 stricken the carp of his country. ‘‘As the carp is
ational fish and our cooking of carp is a famous
ft attraction, His Highness the Sultan is greatly
ed over the fatilities in the carp ponds. I am
over here to find some remedy. Failing, I lose my

_ Neptune nodded sympathetically. ‘‘I quite un--
tand, your Excellency. We too run the same dan-
losing our heads, but why worry, sir? He who
least, lasts longest !’’
‘But, your Highness, I won’t last very long if I
to find a remedy for our dying carp. The carp is
sculiar fish, as you know, sir. As one of the genus
rpiodes and of the species—er—’’

Carpe diem’’, ventured the Canadian Minister

-seribe sniggered and brought ferocious glances in
direction. To cover his temerity, the luckless scri-
raised his voice in laudatory praise. ‘‘Oh hear
reat Lord of Wisdom! Mark well what he ‘says,
n! Carpe diem! Enjoy the present day! Is it
great and noble policy ?’’
Hon. Mr. Neptuno smiled calmly and handed the
around once more. At an impassé in the conver-
one can always peddle the smokes. He felt some-
flattered at the way his random phrase had made
t and getting away with it made him reckless with
box of Quebec Perfectos.
ing off the end of his Corona Cabbajo, the Slambak
ter lucifered up and continued. ‘‘It would ap-
ear that a parasitical nebulae has attacked the im-
ited maxillaries of our carpiodes and a lesion has
rred within the Pons Winnecke. As you know, sir,
3 lesion causes a deficient—’’
ficit? Ah, yes,’’ murmured the Hon. Mr. Nep-
flectively, ‘‘we know too well what that is in
. My friend in charge of Railways has had
along time. I too have it in the Marine, but I’m
it dark—very dark.’’ He looked cautiously
to make, sure that Bill Duff had not slipped in
the delegates.
Slambak official diseoursed at some length upon
ptoms of his carp’s ailments. He was a pain-
that Slambakian minister. He tan symptoms
| to the Nth dimension. Minister Neptuno found
oreigner’s voice exerting a soporifie influence over
he quietly slipped off his rubber boots and
; eyes. About an hour afterwards he awoke

PS ge CANADIAN FISHERMAN 63

and found the strangers all reverently waiting for him
to speak. -

The Hon. Mr, Neptuno cleared his throat and rose to
his feet. The scribes got their pencils ready to record
the words of the Fisheries Solon and the gathering
listened with bated breath.

‘*Gentlemen of Slambak,’’ said the Minister solemn-
ly. ‘‘On behalf of my Government and myself, I can
assure you it is a great honor for us to meet you.’’ He
covertly pressed a button marked ‘‘VALEDICTORY
ADDRESS No, FOUR” and a concealed phonograph
carried on the speech he had started. The Hon. Mr.
Neptuno merely gestured and went through the mo-
tions. Record Number Four, in his voice, did the work
and did it well. It was a great brain-saver was Record
Number Four.

‘*We, in Ottawa’’, droned the phonograph, ‘‘are al-
ways pleased to meet delegations of the brainy men of
industry. You are the leaders in your profession and
the expression of your desires and ambitions is what we
busy Government officials seek. I am not a politician,
gentlemen. I am a plain business-man. I made my
pile in the jam line and I am sympathetic with my fel-
low business-men. I know what they are up against.

" What with the Farmer’s Party and the Labor Unions, _

you have a hard row to hoe,
that, under my jurisdiction, the fish business is in-
creasing wonderfully. It is destined to become the
greatest of our natural resources.

In concluding, I wish to express my appreciation of
your visit and I hope you will come often. I think you
should come at least once a year—not oftener, What
you have told me has been of the greatest interest to
me and my department, and speaking as a plain busi-
ness-Inan, you can return to your homes with the as-
surance that your requests will receive my earnest con-
sideration. Doubtless nothing will be done this Ses-
sion, but you can always call again. Take the door to
the right on going out. I am glad to have had this
opportunity of meeting you.’’

When the record finished a bell rang and the Secret-
ary openéd another baize door and motioned the dele-
gation outside. The Grand Cabunk of Fisheries of
Slambak looked somewhat dazed and made no move to
follow his retinue. The Hon. Mr. Neptuno gave him a
sly wink and beckoned him over. ‘‘Let the rest of the
gang beat it,’’ he whispered. ‘‘You and I will have
lunch together at the Rideau Club, but I’m not blow-
ing the crowd to a free feed. Times are tough.’’

The depression of spirits which was seizing Ali By
Boan Hed lifted somewhat at the invitation. No doubt
the Great One desired to impart his wisdom over tlie
bread and salt and in the privacy of his tent. Ali By
looked forward to the luncheon.

In the words of the poet, it was ‘‘some gorge!’’ Nep-
tuno dispensed hospitality and food with a lavish hand
and Ali By toured through the menu from olives to
tooth-picks. Then over the coffee and cigars, they set-
tled down for a nice, comfy chat.

“You haven’t heard about my Merchant Marine Fleet
have you?’’ asked Mr. Neptuno. ‘‘No? Dear me! My
publicity man is not on to his job. We'll have to send
one of our ships to your country. I named them all my
own self with real Canadian. names, Every steamer has
‘‘Canadian’’ on its bows and stern. There’s the ‘‘Can-
adian Squatter’’, the ‘‘Canadian Wildcatter’’ the
‘Canadian Mushrat’’ and the ‘‘ Canadian Hatrack”’
That’s the bigger ships. We have also a tremendous
flotilla of smaller craft—the ‘‘Canadian Skunk’’, ‘‘Can-
adian Plunk’’ and ‘‘Canadian Bunk’’—(You will re-

But, I am glad to say

64 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

mark the euphony in the names. I sat up nights think-
ing ’em out). In my capacity as Minister of Fisheries
I did a lot for our fish trade when I named one of my
ships the ‘‘Canadian Fisher’’, Think what a great ad-
vertisement it is for them? ‘And still they kick! My
next ships will be named ‘‘ Canadian Kicker’’ and *‘Can-
adian Knocker’’ We have a few! Yes, I had ’em
all built here in ‘Canada. Wherever there was water,
I had a ship built. We built ’em up on the Lakes in
two halves and joined ’em together after we got the
sections past the canals. If the money had lasted I
would have had ships built on Lake Winnipeg and
hauled to salt-water over the snow in winter-time. We
have built over sixty ships and spent about seventy-five
million dollars on them.’’

The Slambakian-gasped. ‘‘Money’s no object with
you, sir,”’ he remarked admiringly. ‘‘And, I presume,
they are paying propositions and adding much gold to
your country’s treasury—’’

“You said a mouthful,’’ interrupted Mr. Neptuno.
“Not only adding but subtracting—with the accent on
the subtracting. T’ll need another seventy-five millions
to keep ’em running soon, but think of the publicity!
Just imagine strolling around the docks in Bangkok
and seeing the ‘‘Canadian Boozer’’ at the wharf! Think
of crossing the Pacific and sighting the ‘‘Canadian
Grafter’’ outward bound to China and rolling down the
Trade Winds with a lading of good Canadian mud bal-
last! Picture yourself on an island in the South Atlantic
and seeing the ‘‘Canadian Bootlegger’’ pass by in water
ballast on her way to pick up a cargo of nitrate in Chile;
or the ‘‘Teetotaler’’ running cased hootch from Glas-
gow to Buenos Aires! Keep ’em moving is my motto
whether they pay or not. It’s grand publicity. The
Canadian people have a long purse and a little parting
from their kale does ‘em good. Me and my friend in
the Railways know how to make ’em cough up.’’

“And, of course, your ship-building yards all over
the country got a splendid start. They are now pros-
perous?’’ ventured the other.

““Some of them are and most of them ain’t,’’ replied
Mr. Neptuno and a shadow crossed his genial features.
Adroitly, he changed the subject. ‘‘Of course, you’ve
heard of my Navy?’’

The Slambakian shook his head. ‘‘My ignorance is
profound—”’ he apologed.

The Canadian Minister favored him with a commiser-
ating glance. ‘‘Where have you been all your life?’’
he asked. ‘‘Never heard of my Navy? Canada’s Sea
Scourge? My Bulwark of the Deep? Nelson’s Nursery?
Lord, man, but your news service is out of date in Slap-
back. I just started it a few months ago. The Old
Country presented me with a light cruiser, two destroy-
ers and two submarines. Upon that fleet I intend build-
ing a Navy that will be an eye-opener unless me and
the United States President get together and limit ar-
maments.’’

‘€ And what is your Navy for, sir?’’

‘“What is my Navy for?’’ stuttered Neptuno some-
what at a loss for an answer. Nobody had ever asked
him that question before and it. was disconcerting.
‘« Well, I guess it’s primarily to defend Canada’s coasts.’’

‘Then if Guatemala or Paraguay—whom I understand
possess Navies—were to insult your nation, you would
sail down and wipe them out?’’

Neptune thought for a moment. He didn’t know off-
hand just how strong the Navies of these countries were

so he played safe. ‘‘My Navy is for the defense of
Canada’s coasts only.’’

March, 1921.

“‘But if these countries insulted you—would you take
no action with your Navy?”’ ee

‘“‘If they were bigger than mine? Not on your life!’
said the other decisively. ‘‘We’d pass that job on to lit i
tle Old England. She soon see that our honor was up-
hold. Now, how about taking a stroll over to the
House ?”’ :

The Slambakian looked at his watch appreheiinael
‘Alas! I must leave on the three-thirty for Montreal
and Slambak. My time is nearly up. Allow me a few
minutes more of your valuable day. ‘Tell me of your |
Fisheries Administration. That must be the most im-
portant of all.’ ee |

‘Yes, yes, very important,’’ said Neptuno vaguely, —
“but. rather intricate, don’t y’ know, and not very in- —
teresting. I have a Johnny in the office who looks after
the Fish end of my administration.’’

‘‘He is one of your Deputies, I presume? A partner
of your brains and wisdom and intelligence? One who
confers with you often and receives thoughtful direction
and wise advice?’’

‘Well, not exactly,’’ replied the Canadian cabineteer.
‘‘He is not a Deputy Minister. He’s an Assistant De- _
puty Minister and he reports to my Deputy of Marine.
I never see him.’

Ali By Boan Hed looked puzzled: ‘‘ Your Fisheries
Administrator reports to the Deputy who has charge ©
of this great Canadian Marine and your light-houses _
and such-like. Isn’t that rather odd?”’

‘‘Tt may appear so,’’ answered Neptuno gravely. “But
we Canadians are an odd people. We pattern our Goy-
ernment Administration upon that of the Chinese
whom, as you know, boast of an ancient civilization—’’

Ali By was still groping at half-speed through the
fog and Neptuno kindly illuminated the intellectual —
gloom, ‘‘You see, sir, we classify our administrations |
into their distinctive kingdoms. We have animal, veget-
able and mineral. Animal and vegetable are Peni ‘<
tstered by the Portfolio of Agriculture; mineral by the —
Department of the Interior and the Fuel Controller. 7
Mine is the water kingdom. I hold sway over everything —
that is on the sea and in the sea, also the seas and the -
waters within our Dominion jurisdiction. I Png
Navy, Marine and Fisheries. In the next shake-up ©
the Cabinet I shall probably corral Canals, Stock ee
motions and Liquor—all of which are heavily watered. 4
Now, do you understand ?’’

Boan Hed nodded. He didn t, but hated to admit the
fact. ‘‘Then you do not actively interest yourself in |
the Fisheries end of your Portfolio?’’ he observed.“‘You
leave that to your Deputy Minister of Marine?’’ _

‘*You’ve said it, Mister!’’ 2

‘But of all your Departments is not the seelogean
of your immense fishery resources a thing to be desired —
above all others?’’ ventured Ali By. ‘‘Is it not better 13
to accumulate revenue than to disburse it?’’ =

The Minister Neptuno regarded him with a commiser-
ating smile. ‘‘Ah, my friend, your economic education —
is all wrong,’’ he said gently. ‘‘You have absorbed the —
Jerusalem Theory—the iniquitous doetrine practised by |
business-men of fr eezing on to the mazuma. Our Govy- ‘
ernment have long since discarded that code. bee,
the people themselves develop the natural resources 0 ae
th country and we tax ‘em all the traffie will bear a
spend the money-—

“In developing the natural resources ?’? interrupted
Ali By.

‘‘Not by a long chalk, but by buying rail-roads that
are unprofitable, building ships at high prices and run- —

Big ek ae CANADIAN

when private concerns fail to do it with their
When there are no rail-roads to buy, we build ‘em
the Arctic and construct ports on Hudson’s Bay
Ss ke places. My Navy will soon absorb a
whack of the country’s revenue when I get it

?

ut don’t you take any interest in developing your
resources at all? I should think that a goodly

doubt, no doubt,’’ assented Nptuno, ‘‘but that
Id be a denial of the principles upon which our
m of Government is founded.”’

en you cannot tell me anything as to how we, in
ak, might improve our Fisheries Administration
we might cure this carp disease?’’ Ali By spoke

vel ;
“Minister of Marine, Navy and Fisheries loftily
the question; looked at his watch and rose to
“T’m due at a Council Meeting in five minutes
your train leaves in ten. I’ve had a most delightful
with you and I’m glad to have been able to help
t in this fish matter. We statesmen must stick
another irrespective of nationality. And, now,

FISHERMAN

I’ll bid you good-bye. Tell your Sultan that I’ll have
one of my ships over in Slambak within a month or
two—’’

‘We do but little business with the outside world,’’
murmured Boan Hed dazedly. ‘‘There is no cargo to be
got—’”’

**Cargo be d—d!”’ interrupted Neptuno jovially, ‘‘I’ll
send one of them anyway and let you see what they’re
like. Bye-bye, now, and don’t stop too long in Montreal
on your way home.’’ And the Slambakian ambassador
found himself out on the street headed for the Railway
Depot.

The retinue awaited him at the station. The Chief
Gazock salaamed and enquired humbly. ‘‘ Your Highness
has learned much wisdom. There is an expression of
gravity upon thy august countenance. The Honorable
Neptuno—’”’

“Has saved his face but I’ll lose mine’’, growled the
Slambakian Cabunk ecurtly. Then with an air of re-
signation he said, ‘‘Home, Hassan, home! The axe of
the executioner will save my poor head the trouble of
doping out the way they do things in this strange land.
Life’s too short! Carpe diem! Kismet !’’

65

—=

x

~The Lamprey

By JAMES P. KELLY.

= =

Reader: -

‘ would you like to go a fishing equipped with
pair of cotton gloves, and as many sacks as you
earry, and after fishing for three or four hours
of your catch and find that it ran upward
thousand fish weighing better than half a ton

AG

zh this may sound} like ‘‘too much fish’’, it is
theless a story of fact, the story of the Lamprey
and you can duplicate this at several locations on
tific Coast, where the Lamprey eel on his annual
> up stream encounters Falls, and being unable to
by otherwise climbs up over the rocks.
‘he, Lamprey, or Lamprey eel as it is commonly
wn, ig a most interesting fish. Being as it is, the
ound on the ladder of the Red-blooded vertebrate,
ig the. subjecti of closest study to the zoologist. Its
litarian history reaches back into the twilight of
ty;. taking a prominent place on the tables of
cures of ancient Rome, being entwined in medi-
stories of regal splendor and playing an important
the economic life of some of our own aboriginal
es of modern times, And should MeCauley’s New
der, in his research into ancient methods of paper
r, stop off from his biplane, at Oregon City,
month of May, to study the ruins of the old
Mills, I am quite satisfied, that the will still find
p making his weigh up the rocks on the
f the Williamette Falls, as their ancestors have
‘or thousands of generations.
Lamprey received its name from the fact that it
uently seen holding on to rocks. Lampere: to
or suck; Petra, a rock. The Lamprey is an eel-
h averaging about sixteen inches in length, it has
2 nostril opening in the center of the skull, and
consisting.of a series of seven openings running
om the head proper, along botf sides, for about
inches. Its mouth is.such a perfect mechanical
Jf

sucker that, if present against a smooth body, even
after the animal is dead, it will lift several pounds in
weight! It differs from all other vertebrate in that:
the gills in the adult do not connect. with the throat
but into a respiratory tube lying below it. Pliny, the
naturalist of ancient Rome, tells us, with that certitude
we find so frequently associated with the inexact know-
ledge of his day, that there are seventy-two varieties
of fish without shells. While this is not five per cent
of the now known varieties, he includes the Lamprey
among them, giving it a place among the delicacies
of the times.

The Lamprey is not used as an article of human
food, to any extent, by white men on the Pacifie Coast.
It nevertheless possesses an extremely high food value,
exceeding im this respect even the Chinook Salmon, the
King of food fish in the Pacific waters. The dry meat
has a protein content of over 84 per cent and tihe yield
of oil from the Lamprey equals the yield of oil from
the best Herring,—about 40 gallons per ton.

The Lamprey belongs to the Anadromous fish—com-
ing up the rivers to spawn. The annual run takes place
in the Columbia and Rogue Rivers with the early run
of the Chinook Salmon, April, May and June. In
the Yukon River, however, the run takes place in
the early winter. The natives take them in great
quantities for dog food; and they also use them at
times for food themselves. They, knowing about the
time the run is due, keep poles cut in the ice through
which a watcher occasionally dips a net. When the
first Lamprey is caught, the signal is given, then all
the men who have dip nets get busy and dip eels. (as
they are called there), placing them in great piles,
like sticks of wood, as they freeze as soon as they are
taken from the water. When the rear guard has passed
on, the natives move further up the river, and cutting
through the ice, renew their attack until they have all
they need. The run, in the Columbia river at least,

66 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

and I think also in the other rivers in Oregon and
Washington, does not come up in this compact way,
but stretches out like the Salmon run. I have noticed
in the Columbia River, that a few scattering specimens
arrive in February and Mareh, although the main run
takes place in April and May.

The quantity of the Lamprey in the rivers of the
Pacifie Coast is rather surprising, even to men familiar
with these waters. I approximate the annual run in
the Columbia River to be between 700 and 1,000 tons,
and there is reason to believe that the annual run in
other Pacific Coast streams is equal to, if not greater
than that in the Columbia, in ratio to the volume of
the waters. The only stream whose run has been actual-
ly determined is the Williamette River. In 1915 the
run at Oregon City, on the. Williamette River, was
approximately one hundred tons. The Northwest Fish
Produets Co., that year having taken sixty-five tons
for oil and a careful survey showing that 35 tons had
passed over or died in the vicinity of the Falls. The
Lamprey in jis migration follows the bottom of the
river and therefore is not liable to be noticed until he
arrives at a cascade or falls or comes to his shallow
spawning ground. The Lamprey does not possess the
speed and endurance of the Salmon and is therefore
unable to negotiate the extremely swift waters at: the
easeades or falls along the rivers. He therefore depends
upon lhis ability to climb by means of the sucker mouth
which he possesses. In extremely swift water the Lam-
prey travels in short runs, taking hold of whatever he
may find on the side or bottom, rests awhile and then
shoots forward again a few feet. Wen lhe comes to a
cascade or falls, being unable to leap it as salmon fre-
quently do, he proceeds to climb over in any place he
may find water trickling down the face of the rocks.
Holding on with his sucker mouth, he makes a jump
by giving his body a vigorous twitch, gaining several
inches, then resting for a few minutes. I fave seen the
Lamprey hanging thus on a perpendicular wall for days
at a time, sometimes climbing thirty to forty feet to
the top of the dam. An unusual sight is presented each
Spring at the Williamette Falls at Oregon. City, where
sometimes a ton or more Lamprey may be seen hanging
to the face of the dam or wiggling their way toward the
top. They appear to possess an extremely sensitive
sense of smell; a channel of swift runing water filled
with wriggling Lampreys which it had taken them lhours
or perhaps days to fight their way along, will be
cleared in a moment should an ounce of tobacco juice
or a piece of dead Lamprey be thrown in the water
above. In the early days of Oregon the native Indians
gathered annually during the Lamprey run to obtain
their supply of smoked Lamprey, and during the three
years that I was able to observe the Lamprey run, some
Indians always showed up for their toll of the run.
Their method of catching was very primitive. Some
of the natives used cotton gloves, others removed their
shoes and taking their socks for mittens proceeded to
pick the Lamprey of the rocks. By picking the lowest
one first the remaining ones were undisturbed and
waited their turn to be garnered.
been written as to the habitat of the adult Lamprey.
The only cue that I have ever received as to his adult
habitation came from occasionally finding a Lamprey
in the stomach of some deep sea fish. Of this we will
write further on, :

When the Lamprey arrive ati their spawning ground,

Little or nothing has ~

they begin in pairs or groups of pairs; to clear off a
section of a gravelly ground for a spawning bed, this
they do by fastening on to a stone or stick with their —
sucking mouth and swimming down the current with —
it. They will continue at this work for days until the
bed.is fixed just to their liking, when the eggs of the —
female and the milt of the male are deposited together
in the sand and the sand immediately on the upper side
of the bed is stirred up so as to cover up the eg;
It is assumed by most authorities that the Lamprey dies
when it spawns as do most anadromous fish. This is
matter which is extremely difficult to determine. The —
only anadromous fish which I know that. does a
times return to the ocean is the Steelhead. These | ve
been caught at times returning to the ocean in a a e
emaciated condition after spawning. I have this —
question a good deal of personal study and am 16: =
answer satisfactorily one of the objections by those who
maintain that the bulk of the Salmon and Lamprey do —
not die on spawning. The claim is made that ft. the
hundreds of thousands of Salmon that spawn in the
creeks die, why do we see so few floating down on
the surface of the waters? My answer is the Salmon i
and Lamprey of the Pacific Coast after spawning never g
float when dead. t

For several reasons I spent from April to Octating on
the Williamette River below Oregon City and examined
scores of Salmon found floating in the river | .
not a single case did I find a dead Salmon floating ;
which thad not been injured and in no case had it —
spawned. Whereas on the bottom, in shallow water, —
on the Clackamas River, and other streams hundreds of —
dead spawned Salmon could be found. On -
tation with Lamprey, I found that a Lamprey killed
before spawning, will sink to the bottom of the stream
where it remains from three to thirty or even
longer before it floats, depending on the depth and tem-
perature of the water. The same rule holds | true also
of Salmon injured that die before spawning, but :
fish that spawn naturally is so wasted that the specific
gravity of the body is greater than the water and sinks
to the bottom. Owing to its wasted condition also, it
does not generate gases that decrease the specific grav-
ity, and cause it to float as in the ease of those which
have not spawned. Instead the body gradually and very
slowly wastes away without coming to the surface of
the water. This is also the case when Salmon are
spawned artificially. ‘‘The body never rises but when
thrown into the stream drifts down slowly along the
bottom which in the case of late fall spawning, fish
wll not disintegrate for several months and become in
the wonderful economy of nature according to actual
observation the food for the young fry’? (O’Mally). In —
connection with this it is interesting to note that beluga :
whales have been kept for six weeks beneath the cold —
fresh water of Alaska streams, with so little deteriora- —
tion that the blubber on rendering show less than one
half of one per cent F. F. A. almost as fresh as when
first taken. (Magill, Beluga Whaler).

Alexander Meek, professor of Zoology in the Univer- —
sity of Durham, who has made a close study of the —
Lamprey, in his book ‘‘Migration of Fish’’ is inclined
to believe that the Pacifie Coast Lamprey is propery
classed with the river Lamprey, though he con
they go to the ocean. He does not think they go far —
from the mouth of the rivers, I have found Lam rey
in the stomach of fish caught when fishing on the Hali-
but banks at considerable distance off the coast, and

Ae eae)

een

EET eR eee eee ant

CANADIAN

believe they. cover a considerable area
their life wanderings. _
i dult Lamprey is never seen in the Pacific Coast
ms any more than Salmon except at the time of
but like Salmon there are some who arrive a
ahead of the annual run, and there are some
late stragglers. No immature Lamprey are found
annual spawning run. The size is singularly
form averaging three-fourths of a pounds the
‘specimen taken which I have observed in a three
s catch, being two pounds, and the smallest rare-
s than one-half pound. The Lamprey possess the
to live a long time out of the water if in a cool
ist place. I have frequently earried specimens
In a sack which when thrown into a stream
f and seemed no worse for their experience. If
us Lamprey be laid on a warm dry rock, how-
he dies within a few minutes, apparently in in-
pain. The Lamprey possesses in his pointed tail
‘ful marlinspike which he does not hesitate to
obtain his liberty in case of his being detafmed
t his will. If he ean find an opening in his prison
small into which he ean insert even the finest
liberty is pretty well assured. Fill a sack
n ‘Lamprey and in a few minutes the sack is decor-
d with tails sticking through and if the material is
(rong the Lamprey will break through to liberty.
el or box is filled with live Lampreys leaving
er of an inch slit into which a tail can be in-
as many Lampreys as can, will get their tails
ther and unless the box be well put together, the
d will be broken off. When canned for food the
prey of the Pacifie Coast is very similar in taste
eel of the Atlantic. When in 1914 Mr. Reimers
self began the first attempt to put up Lampreys
lly the samples sent out, were regarded by

m brand of eels were then called, as a very good
ate. ae
is a ready market for the oil of the Lamprey
Tanning industry, as the Tanners say that the oil
not spot the leather. This is doubtless owing to
h power of penetration. The Lamprey no doubt
; the same part in the economy of the deep, as the
gs, Sardine, Smelt, etc., forming an important
of food for the fish which man in turn uses as
- ‘The oil of the Lamprey possesses a high power of
ration and from the results obtained from several
ments this oil appears to possess the quality of
rishing the cellular structure when applied sub-
ously. In connection with this I know of several
old wounds that have refused to yield to other
ent to heal rapidly when kept soaked with
prey oil. Its high power of penetration makes it
valuable as a massageing oil, but its odor is of
unpleasant character, like most. fish oils, that
annot be used for this purpose until deodorized. It
in an attempt to deodorize this oil without hard-
it that Walter A. Schuck, an oil expert’ of Port-
discovered the process of Hydrogenating without

to the fact that the cousin of the Lamprey,
fish, is a parasite and a still nearer relative,
sh h water Lamprey, is also a very destructive
king the life of Salmon and other fish in great
nee Pacific Coast Lamprey is also accused
ng destructive of Salmon and other fish, and
y so. I Irave never seen a Lamprey stick to or
a Salmon or other fish; nor have I found an
Fo: sof any kind. ra

of the ‘‘Hamburg All’’, as the most commonly ~

FISHERMAN 67

If a Lamprey takes food of any kind after entering
the rivers, it is principally small crustacean found on
rocks, ete. There are many superstitions attached to
the Lampreys and eels which to minds of most people
are the same. Pliny tells us that eels rub themselves
against rocks seratching off particles off their bodies
which in the heat and light become young eels.

A comparison between the life history of the Lamp-
rey and the true eel shows some interesting and strik-
ing contrasts. The true eel is spawned in the ocean
hundreds of miles from shore, but as soon as the larvae
stage is fully passed, he strikes out for fresh water
where he spends his time till fully grown when he
returns to the ocean. If at maturity, when the migra-
tion time approaches the eel finds himself landlocked
he immediately proceeds toward the sea overland until
he strikes a stream and owing to the particular con-
struction of his gills can travel overland for many
miles. His travelling of this character is usually done
by night. In his life’s history he is the original
“‘Jykell-Hyde’’ and until recently he got away. with it
although it was known there was something suspicious
about his life history. The eel is spawned far out in
the ocean, the young larvae having been found one
thousand miles from shore. In its early stages it is known
as Leptocephali, a dark ribbon like creature coming
almost to a point at each end; and was regarded as a
distinct species. In the next stage he becomes rounded
and transparent, and was known as the glass eel, also
regarded as a separate species, then he begins to take
on the color and the same general appearance of the.
adult eel and is known as an elver or young eel. It
is at this time that he appears in the fresh water. We
owe much to Professor Grassi, a Sicilian naturalist,
who about thirty years ago sare the result of his
work, unravelling the mystery of the life of this decept-
ive fish.

The life history of the Lamprey shows the exact con-
trary. He is spawned in fresh water and lives his adult
life in the ocean—when he can get to it—coming to
fresh water only, to spawn. Like the eel he too passes
through a larvae stage in which he bears no resemblan-
ce to the adult Lamprey. This larvae was not: until re-
cently known as being a stage of the Lamprey but was
known as a distinct species. The true eel in the winter
buries himself in the mud at the mouth of rivers. It is
in this semi-dormant state that most of them are taken
for market. Whether or not the Lamprey do this I
have never been able to ascertain, The Lamprey,
though not so susceptible to injury as more highly *
organized fish, are nevertheless sometimes driven from
their natural spawning ground by the march of civiliz-
ation. In some of the rivers in England the Lamprey
run, as well as the run of the true eel, has entirely ceased,
though at one time it was the source of a large and
profitable business.

This story would not be complete to the mind of the
student of British history if it omitted mentioning the
fact that Henry 1st, King-of England, in the 12th
Century, lost his life from eating too heartily of Lamp-
rey, of which he was inordinately fond. Justly earning
the unenviable epitaph:

“Though monarch of a great Domain
And ruled it wise as monarch might
Yet wore he still the vassals chain
The bondman of his appetite.’’
Indebtedness acknowledged to the works of: Wade,
Hagner, Wood, Parker & Haswell-and Jordon.

6

ie]

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

March, 1921,

SS }| DEVELOPING

QUEBEC'S

BY

COLIN McKAY

Hon, Frank Carrel, through his paper, the Quebec
“‘Telegraph,’’ has done much to arouse interest in
the possibilities of the fisheries of the Province of
Quebec, and more particularly of the Gaspe coast.
Numerous articles in the ‘‘Telegraph’’ have pointed
out that Quebee is the only province in the Dom-
inion where the value of the catch of sea fish has not
shown an increase, even comparable with the increase
in prices; and the editor has canvassed the reasons
for this apparent lack of development at some length,
Chief among these reasons, it appears, are inadequate
transportation facilities, lack of cold storage, and
inefficient; marketing facilities generally.

One sees occasionally in the Quebee papers adver-
tisements calling attention to the fact that dealers
have on hand excellent stocks of fresh fish imported
from Portland, Me., or Boston, Mass. And, according
to the ‘‘Telegraph,’’ the consumers in Quebee City
pay good prices for fish. That journal reports that
during the last week in February when haddock was
retailing in Quebee for 12 to 15 cents, in Toronto the
stores were advertising haddock at 10 cents» <A
greater difference in price was shown for halibut,
though it is not specified whether the halibut came
from the Pacific or the Atlantic. In Quebec city hali-
but was retailing at 25 to 35 cents; on the same date
the quotation in Toronto was 18 cents. So far as
Atlantie caught fish are concerned, Quebee should be
able to quote lower prices than Toronto, for a big
factor in fixing prices in the cost of transportation.
And the figures quoted above are of little value for
comparative purposes; the quality of the fish must
also be compared. In later issues of the ‘‘Telegraph”’
Quebec fish dealers took the trouble to protest against
the imputation of profiteering. One dealer stated
that the people of Quebee city demanded fish of a
superior quality. Only a few days before he had laid
in a stock of ‘‘chicken’’ halibut, but had not been
able to sell it at 10 cents per pound.

At the same time the position by the Quebec ‘‘Tele-
graph’’ in regard to the fisheries problem in its lar-
ger aspects was justified by the explanations of the
high prices of fish prevailing in the ancient capital.
One dealer stated that most of the fish sold in Que-
bee city came from Boston and Portland, but when
asked why supplies could not be obtained from Can-
adian sources said he did not know. This dealer told
the ‘‘Telegraph’’ that he bought haddock in Mon-
treal for 8 cents, and that the express charges were
from 3 to 4 cents per lb. This is not the rate from

Montreal to Quebec, according to the Express Com-
pany’s schedules, but that is not the point.

The question is, as the ‘‘Telegraph’’ particularly
says, why Quebec should purchase fish from Boston
or Portland by way of Montreal, when it ought to
procure its sea-fish- supplies from Gaspe in summer
and the Maritime Provinces in winter.

The problem of the development of Quebee’s fish-
eries were recently brought ‘prominently to public
attention by a large delegation from the Gaspe Coast
which waited upon Premier Taschereau and some of
his ministers.in the ancient capital. The delegation
was accompanied by Hon, Dr. Lemieux, M.P., Hon.
Frank Carrel, Mayor Samson, of Quebee, J. T. Ross,
president of the Quebec Board of Trade, Mr. La-
france, manager of the Banque Nationale, and others.
The delegation asked for aid in the development of
the fisheries, and especially for improvement in trans-
portation facilities. Emphasis was laid on ‘the im-
portance of cold storage depots to assure a steady
supply of bait, and conserve the catches of fish.
Some members of the delegation thought there was

need of improvement in the type of boat used by the.

Gaspe fishermen; and it was suggested that the Pro-
vincial Government should assist in providing an ex-
perimental boat to demonstrate the advantages of
employing larger craft and more up-to-date equip-
ment. Such a boat, with equipment, would, it was
said, cost about $15,000.

Premier Taschereau expressed interest and sym-
pathy with the objects of the delegation, and pro-
mised serious consideration of the needs of the coast
fishermen. He announced that his government had
decided to vote a subsidy of about $25,000, in addi-
tion to the Federal subsidy, to improve the transpor-
tation service by water below the City of Quebee. He
intimated that ore of the objects of this subsidy
should be to assure that some of the lower river boats

would have cold storage facilities available for the

transport of fish and other perishable products.

Hon, Frank Carrel, who strongly supported the
requests of the delegation, declared that the fishing
industry might be made a very valuable asset of the
province. Both the Gaspe Coast and the North
Shore were bordered by fine fishing grounds, and
moreover they were within reach of the great fishing
areas of the Atlantic. But at present the fishermen of
(Wuebec were laboring under serious disabilities; they
needed proper transportation facilities and cold storage
in order to realize their opportunities.

FISHERIES

ia

r

HOW TO MANUFACTURE BONELESS COD.
A. ©. DAY, Fishery Officer, Musquodoboit, N.S.
After gutting and heading, the fish are put into
k-tub and covered with salt water until split.
not necessary to let them soak long as immersion
me tub is more for the purpose of washing the
but they may remain in the water over- night if
0 ootapeal to prepare the day received.
t fish are next taken from the tub and split then
ro) oped into a tub of clean water. After rinsing,
| black skin and blood is taken from the napes.
clean water once more and then the fish are
‘en out and salted in tight receptacles—-tanks, tubs,
sheons or barrels. Salt very heavily as this is
tt keeps the fish white. The fish should be com-
ely covered with salt and as the blood has been

The Hon. Wm. Sloan, as Commissioner of Fisheries
‘the Province of British Columbia has just released
r publication, a report made to him by Dr. C. H.
bert, of Stanford University, on the run of sockeye
4 salmon to the Fraser River in 1920, that will be of great
- interest to all engaged in that industry beeause of its
lation to the run that may be expected in that river

year.
M Dr. Gilbert, who has been retained by the Provincial
.D epartment since 1912 for the scientific study of the

runs of salmon to our waters, is the leading authority
on the life of Pacific salmon. From an annual study
' the scales of a large series of sockeye taken from
ie catch made in each of our principal salmon streams
since 1911, Dr. Gilbert has been enabled to segregate
the age groups of the runs to the various rivers and
determine the years in which they were hatched. While
the runs of sockeye to the Fraser have been shown to
onsist. predominatingly of four year old fish, it has
- also been shown that in the season immediately preced-
_ ing the year of ‘‘the big run’”’ to that river, the run was
_ always made conspicuous by the occurrence of large
_ numbers of individuals which were but three years old,
_ termed grilse, which constituted a class apart from the
“main body. of the run and which were rarely found
accompanying the runs to the Fraser in other years.
hese grilse were all males, undersized, pale in color
flesh and poor in oil, and were hatched from the
eggs deposited in the season which produced the big
_ run of the following year. Being of inferior grade to
the four year old fish, most canners, being jealous of
the quality of their pack, put up the grilse separately
and were thus in a position to compare their abundance
in the year of their occurrence with that of four, or
_ eight, or twelve years previous. From such observa-
- tion it came to be believed that whenever the number
' of grilse was relatively large, the big year which follow-
1 would be correspondingly increased in comparison
yith other big years. The direct relation between the
> runs has been made fully manifest by Dr. Gilbert’s

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Ww
SSX il Wi YY

69

thoroughly cleaned off, the pickle will be clear and
the fish white.

The fish should lay in salt at least two weeks, but,
if intended to be made up at once they do not require
so much salt though they require much more than
fish intended for hard-drying purposes. (N.B. The
small fish intended for drying in the ordinary way
should be eulled out and salted very lightly).

When the fish are removed for manufacturing, they
are washed in their own pickle, left in kench for a
day or two and then skinned and boned. Lastly, they
are dried for a day and a half if the weather is good,
or two full days if not right good drying weather.
They do not require to be as hard as ordinary dry
cod but should be sufficiently dry to prevent them
becoming slimy for four or five months.

NW

If yyy Z
YY
CELE

Salmon Fisheries in the Fraser

investigations. He demonstrated that whereas the
usual run of sockeye to the Fraser consisted of four
year old fish, the grilse were but three years old and
made their appearance in the run one year earlier than
the four year fish which resulted from the same spawn-
ing. Consequently, if the spawning of the previous
big year had been exceptionally productive, it would
result in an exceptionally large run of four year old
fish in the big run of the following year.

It has been shown that the catch of 1913, which pro-
dueed a pack of 2,400,000 cases of sockeye, was the
result of the abundant seeding of the up-river spawn-
ing beds in 1909. The catch of 1917, which came from
the depleted spawning in 1913, produced a pack of but
560,000 cases. Notwithstanding that the catch of 1917
was but 20 per cent of that of the previous big year
and that the spawning beds in 1917 were not as well
seeded as in 1913, some doubt has been expressed as to
the permanent effect of the blockade on the runs in
the big year. Some have even advanced the opinion
that the blockade of 1913 was effaced in 1917 and could
not affect future runs, and that the catch in 1921 would
approximately equal that of the big years 1905, 1909
and 1913, and they advanced that opinion notwith-
standing that the reports of the Provincial Department
showed that the spawning beds in 1917 were even less
abundantly seeded than in 1913, the year of the disast-
rous blockade. Dr. Gilbert, in his present report,
reviews the evidence in the case and adds very materi-
ally to the forecasts already issued by the Department.
He shows that the catch of 1912, the year before the
record run of 1913, contained 20 per cent of grilse;
that the catch in 1916 contained less than one-fourth
of that number; and that the catch in the following
year was but one-fifth of that of 1913.

In commenting on Dr. Gilbert’s report Mr. Sloan
said :—

“The relation, therefore, of the proportion of
grilse found in the catch of the year immediately
preceding the big year runs shown by Dr. Gilbert,

70

appears to have been a significant and reliable index
of the size of the run in that year. That being so,

the fact that in the catch of 1920 but three grilse

were found in the nineteen hundred and fifty speci-
mens examined by him, wholly agrees with the con-
clusion derived from the Department reports of the
conditions of the up-river spawning beds of the
Fraser in 1917. The reports of that year and Dr.
Gilbert’s present paper forces me to the conclusion
that the run of sockeye to the Fraser this year will,
as he concludes, range itself definitely with the lean

Will there be a Large Sockeye Run to the F raser
River in 1921 ?

By Dr. CHARLES H. GILBERT.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

2

March, 1921.

years on that river, and that the former big years of
the Fraser must now be regarded wholly a thing of
the past.’’ a
_ “Dr. Gilbert’s paper must, I think, impress the _
fishing interests of the State of Washington of the
necessity of prompt action, and that the methods
that must be adopted to re-establish the runs to the
Fraser, which in former big years were so profitable
to them and our own interests, will be equally success-
ful in restoring the rung of the lean years. ia sg
Dr Gilbert’s paper is of such value Boe: it is here
reproduced.

WER 10252
ee =e #34
Ht

Ominous Prediction by Noted Salmon Authority.

“The Big Year------ Wholly a Thing of the Past.’’

It may be assumed that any indication of the prob-
able size of the sockeye salmon run to the Fraser River
in 1921 will be received at this time with lively interest.
Fishermen and salmon packers; and all who are con-
cerned with the salmon situation, are aware that 1921
is a lineal descendant of those ‘‘big years’’ on the
Fraser which, prior to 1917, occurred without fail in
every fourth season, and brought such incredible hordes
of salmon to the fishing grounds and into the river.
Even after the depletion of the river had become pro-
nounced for the three ‘‘small years’’ of each eyele,
still the quadrennial big years remained unimpaired.
And they would probably have maintained themselves
until now, but for the accidental blockade of the Yale
Canyon in 1913, precisely in time to intereept the
spawning run of that big year.

The coincidence was most
blockade occurred a year earlier, or a year later, com-
paratively little damage would have resulted. There
would have been time to apprehend the seriousness of
the situation, and to remove the barrier—as was ‘sub-
sequently done—before a big year should come round.
But in 19138, the catastrophe had become irreparable
before adequate measures of relief could be taken. The
canyon was already full of struggling salmon, destined
for up-river spawning grounds, trying in vain to foree
the blockade. Myriads of them subsequently weaken-
ed and died, still retaining their spawn; and they form-
ed decaying masses on the bars and shores of the river
below Hell’s Gate. Thus the up-river spawning
grounds in 1913, for the first time in any big year, were
left relatively bare of fish.

These facts were fully set forth by Mr. J, P. Babeoek
in the Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries of Brit-

unfortunate. Had the

ish Columbia for 1913, and their bearing on vey un-
favorable prospects for 1917 was plainly stated. As
the season of 1917 approached, interest in this problem
became intense. The question was much debated
whether the immemorial big year on the Fraser would _

again repeat itself, or whether the warnings of the 4
Some of the |

experts would be justified in the event.
packers took counsel of their hopes rather than their
fears and made preparations for the usual pack of a
big year. The result is still painfully fresh in our
minds. By most strenuous exertions, and an intensity
of gleaning never before witnessed, a pack of 560,000
cases was produced; little more than one -fifth of the
pack of the big year of the previous eyele.
Two entirely independent lines of evidence had
pointed to a greatly decreased run in 1917. One of
these we have already mentioned, based on the insuffi-
cient seeding of the up-river spawning beds in 1913.
The other method forms an interesting side-line of
prophecy, which could not be developed in that eyele —
until 1916, the year before the season which so anxious- —
ly was being awaited. We shall proceed to diseuss the —
second more in detail, inasmuch as it is now equally —
applicable to the year 1921. i

It is known to all packers and fishermen that the a

year before the big run was always made conspicuous

by the occurrence of large numbers of greatly under- —
sized individuals, which evidently constituted a class
apart from the main body of the run, and in the small —
years of each cycle were rarely encountered. They

were not only undersized, but they were all male fish; 4

and their flesh was relatively pale in color and poor
in oil. Being thus of small value to the trade, they
were not very welcome visitors. The canners who were

Ty Beppe

CANADIAN

sat ae their pack put them up separ-
inferior grade, and were thus in position to
re their abundance in the year of their oceur-
‘ith that four or eight or twelve years previous-
observations made in this manner, it came to
currently believed that whenever the number of
fish was relatively large, then the big year which
would be correspondingly increased in com-
heer other big years. It was believed that some
forecasting the size of the big run was
*e d by the relative numbers of undersized sock-
it were included in the run of the previous year.
reason for such possible direct relation between
became apparent in the course of our investig-
the ages of salmon. It then became known
s the usual run of sockeyes to the Fraser
ng in the fourth year of their age, these
ed males—or as we call them—were
in their third year; and they would therefore
ypearance in the run one year earlier than
our-year fish which resulted from the same
Tf, then, the spawning of the last big year
n unusually suecessful one, this might be
to result in an exceptionally large run of
e years thereafter, and an equally exceptional
e four-year fish which would constitute the
"the following year, The number of three-
e in the year before the big year might well,
o a clue to the probable size of the big

estigations for the Provincial Fisheries Dep-
f the Fraser River sockeyes began in 1911,

run of grilse; in 1912, in 1916, and now during
season, 1920. In the first of these, 1912, the
ears were still undisturbed, for the grilse of ‘that
1 developed from eggs laid down in 1909, when
ck of sockeyes of the Fraser River had totalled
million and a half eases. The 1912 grilse came
a successful season, and the proportion which
formed of the 1912 run could be aceepted ag an
timate statement for the corresponding years of
is eyeles. Tests made throughout the season
that about one fish in five of the total run
se. This condition in 1912 was followed in
big year of the first magnitude, resulting in
well over two million cases,
s with these data in our possession concerning
lation of the grilse to big-year runs, that
pproached the season of 1916. The grilse that
d run that year would have developed from eggs
in the year of the blockade in the Yale
Should they show a decided reduction in
; compared with 1912, their condition would
» the argument. from the impoverished spawn-
f 1913, and a dismal outlook would be pres-
or 1917. It is a matter of record that the grilse
were only one-fourth as numerous as in 1912;
‘is equally a matter of record that the pack of
mpared | ‘ea that of 1913, suffered an equal re-

\e year 1921, the same two lines of evidence are
that derived from the eondition of the

grounds in 1917, and the independent evid-
» be derived from the numbers of grilse that made
earance in the run of 1920, As to the condi-
‘spawning grounds, we have again the testi-
Mr. Babcock, and from this, the prospect seems
indeed. Not only was no improvement found

permitted us but three opportunities to wit- |

FISHERMAN j 71

over the conditions which had produced the curtailed
run of 1917; the situation, on the contrary, had become
definitely worse. The spawners throughout the up-
river district seemed scarcely more numerous than in
many of the lean years of past cycles and could be ex-
pected to produce nothing better in their turn.
Material to establish the numbers of grilse to be
found in the run of 1920 was collected with great care,
under the supervision of Mr. Babeock. Collections of
seales for age-determination, accompanied by data con-
cerning the length and sex of the fish, were obtained
at frequent intervals throughout the season. When
the receipts of the cannery were small, the entire catch
was examined. At other times, liberal samples were
obtained, taken at random as the fish lay on the can-
nery floor. Secured in this manner, the nineteen hun-
dred and fifty individuals which we have examined
can be safely accepted as presenting a reliable cross-

section of the entire run.

We have now, by microscopic examination of the
seales, determined the ages represented in this com-
plete series.. In the early part of the investigation, as
first tens then hundreds of individuals passed under
our observation without a single three-year grilse
appearing, it seemed that this group must be entirely
absent from the run. But our 355th specimen, taken
June 28th, proved to be a three-year male; a second,
the 515th fish to be investigated, appeared in the catch
of July 5th; and a third, which had been taken August
16th, was the 1666th sockeye of our series. Thus, in
1950 sample sockeyes, taken throughout the fishing
season, but three grilse were included. In 1912, an
equal number of samples contained approximately 200
grilse; and in 1916, an equal number, collected in the
same manner, and ineluding the entire run, contained
63 grilse.

Insofar, then, as the number of grilse can be consid-
ered an index of the size of the run in the following
year, the evidence from the 1920 run wholly agrees
with that derived by Mr. Babeock from the condition
of the up-river spawning beds of the Fraser in 1917.
From both of these lines of evidence, the conelusion
is foreed upon us that 1921 will range itself definitely
with the lean years of the Fraser, which for the three
years of the previous cycle produced an average pack
for each year of 265,000 cases, and for the correspond-
ing three years of the present cycle, an average pack
each year of 90,000 cases.

The ‘‘big year’’ of the Fraser River, it seems, must
now be reckoned wholly a thing of the past. Any
methods which might be successful i in re-establishing it,
would be equally successful in raising the traditional
lean years of the Fraser from their present low estate
to an equality with the old-time ‘‘big years’’, when
untold millions of spawning sockeyes fought their way
through the rapids of the Yale Canyon and distributed
themselves over the unequalled spawning areas of the
upper river.

' McAVITY ISSUES PROPELLER BOOKLET.

An interesting eight page booklet has recently been
issued by the Marine Department of the T. MeAvity &
Sons, Ltd., St. John, N.B., on the subject of bronze
propellers. Much valuable information is given on the
action of the propeller, pitch, slip, and the methods for
finding the measurements and percentage of the two
letter factors. Hints on the selection of, and the install-
ation of propellers are also included.

The booklet will be mailed free to all enquirers.

72 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

£
—

os

March, 1921.

Salmon Propagation in British Columbia

By J. A. MOTHERWELL, Chief Inspector Fisheries
for B. C.

During the past few years experiments have been
carried on by a number of the Federal Government
hatcheries in British Columbia to the end that the most
efficacious method of propagating salmon might be
discovered. Particular attention, of course, has been
given to the sockeye variety.

While the efforts of the past few years have been
proved beyond a doubt to have been fruitful, at the
same time it has been recognized that the methods
employed left much to be desired. Considerable at-
tention has been given, with small quantities of sock-
eye salmon fry at several of the hatcheries, to the re-
taining in ponds and feeding until they attained such
a size as would allow of their being able to take
better care of themselves when released and so assure
a larger return when maturity was reached.

Owing to the fact that the proposed International
Treaty, at present before the American Senate for
ratification, provides for a permanent Commission
which would have the power to deal with the sockeye
question in the Fraser River District, including the
propagation of this species, it did not appear to be
desirable to launch out into any extensive new system
until the policy of the proposed Commission was
known.

Owing, however, to the delay in ratification, and
also to the fact that each season has shown more
emphatically the great necessity of some action being
taken immediately for the purpose of restoring the
sockeye run to the Fraser River, it has been decided
to immediately go ahead and adopt the system of
holding sockeye fry over the first summer at least,
and if possible, for twelve or fifteen months.

To this and several months ago the Fishery De-
partment took steps to see that as large a portion as
possible, with present facilities, of the hatch now in
the hatcheries might be so held.

In the Fraser River District several ideal locations
have been found and the Federal Department is ne-
gotiating for the purchase of these sites for the pur-
pose of installing extensive systems of ponds this sum-
mer, and in the meantime, permission has been ob-
tained from the respective owners for the use this sea-
son of the streams passing through their property, in
order that a portion of the present hateh can be ae-
commodated and which will obviate ‘the delay of a
year.

There are six sockeye salmon hatcheries on the
Fraser River system, and at every one of these there
will be a portion of the present hatch retained in
ponds and held as long as possible up to a year, At
all of these establishments plans-are being developed
which will ensure the installation of an extended sys-
tem at each point during the coming summer, in or-
der that a much larger portion of the fry resulting
from the take of eggs this fall can be retained.

This inethod is not to be confined to loeations in

the immediate vicinity of the hatcheries, but a survey
is being made as soon as the weather conditions per-
mit, with a view to finding suitable points along the
Fraser River system, both above and below Hell’s

Gate, where ponds can be constructed.

i * i > 4 " x
St Tae ee en ee Se et

Arrangements have already been made by the Fed-
eral Department for an inspection by its officers of
the streams in the upper reaches of the Fraser, above
Hell’s Gate, and convenient to the Pacific Great East- —
ern Railway, which will ensure good transportation —
facilities, and it is confidentially expected that a suf-
ficient number of suitable points will be found which
will make it possible to this summer commence in a
considerable way the efforts to restore the run of the —
sockeye species above Hell’s Gate, by means of the —
retaining pond system.

Operations similar to those arranged for the Fraser —
River District have not been confined to that District, —
but also cover the more important sockeye areas such —
as Rivers Inlet, Skeena River, Vancouver Island, and —
all other areas frequented by the sockeye salmon. —

At all the eleven salmon hatcheries in the Province, —
the retaining pond systems are being greatly extend- —
ed, and it is anticipated that although a considerable —
portion of the present hatch in the Province will be —
retained; next season this proportion will be very —
greatly increased, and at all points operations aong —
these lines will be pushed to the greatest extent facili- —
ties will allow. a ;

_ The Department has been experimenting also, dur-—
ing the last few years, with planting fry in lakes —
which are barren of fish life and which contain an~
abundance of natural food and an outlet by which the —
fry can reach the salt water. These experiments have _
been most successful, and fry in from seven to ten
weeks have attained a growth which under natural —
conditions would require the best part of a year. At —
hatcheries where it is difficult to instal retaining —
ponds, and where these barren lakes are available, —
they are being utilized to the fullest extent.

Another method, with which the Department has —
been experimenting during the past few seasons, and —
which gives promise of good results, is the planting —
of eyed eggs in gravel. This system can be used at —
points to which it is impossible to transport fry. Dur-—
ing the past six weeks the Officers of the Depart- —
ment have planted a quantity of sockeye eyed eggs —
in suitable streams, and lakes along the Coast, by
means of a specially prepared contrivance whieh per- —
mits of the planting of eggs under the water, and —
under natural conditions. ; ‘

We have every reason to believe that this system is —
one which will prove of very great value. ,Operations —
will be continued along these lines each season, and it
is expected that streams which have been depleted of —
sockeye salmon will be rapidly restored, and that the
supply of this desirable species will be greatly in-—

creased, . é

The writer is very optimistie and feels that the
sockeye salmon fishing of the British Columbia Coast —
can be restored to a large extent—although it cannot —
be expected that what was known as the big run on—
the Fraser River can be brought back, as it is realized —
that the operations will benefit one year as well as —
another. F

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 73

Window Piesloys with Canned Fish

ee PSS nh ene a

These two Photographs of Prize-winning Window displays featured by Vancouver Stores on National Fish
Day, show, in an Excellent manner, what can be done in the way of Artistic Exhibitions of Canned Fish.
Displays like these are ‘‘attention compellers’’ and help to sell the goods.

mens

ae

Ey

-
9
a

74 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

FRESH VERSUS FROZEN FISH.

We believe in giving all sides of a debatable ques-
tion and the following article from the British “Wish
Trades Gazette’ referring to a CANADIAN FISHER-
MAN article on the subject of frozen fish, is worth
reading.

“The discussions which have taken place in this
country with reference to the comparative merits of
fresh and frozen fish, and the general feeling that
frozen fish will be but little in demand when fresh can
be obtained, have attracted attention on the American
continent. The Canadian Fisherman has taken up the
eudgels- on behalf of the frozen article, heading its
leader. ‘‘ Frozen Fish the Solttion.’ * Reference is made
to the ‘‘refusal’’ of the English people to buy frozen
fish and to the long journeys made by fish in ice ‘‘ with
certain primitive insulating materials’? on the con-
tinent. It is boldly said that ‘‘authorities on the
matter insist that the freezing of fish is the logical and
economical way of transporting it, but the consumer
can’t see it.’’? Yet it is the consumer who will decide
the issue. The Canadian journal is of opinion that many
obstacles would be removed in regard to the use of
frozen fish if the public were ‘‘properly advised’’. In
England, it it says, the scheme of freezing fish has
fallen into such disrepute that investigators are now
at work to diseover some other means of preservation
which will not attract. prejudice, reference being made
in this connection to dehydrating by an electrical pro-
cess. But our esteemed contemporary sees no ne-
eessity for all this investigation.

The Disadvantages of Frozen Fish.

It is admitted that frozen fish do not meet with
popular approval, but that, it is said, does not alter the
situation. It has been stated by many investigators—
Dr. E. D. Clark’s two years’ study of the question at
the Food Research Laboratory of Philadelphia is
specially referred to—that fish suffers no appreciable
loss of food constituents through preservation by freez-
ing. ‘‘The system, then, is all right, and it serves its
purpose splendidly.’’ It is recommended that efforts

should be spent not in searching for new methods or:

devices, but rather in correcting public opinion and
removing the unwarranted preudice against frozen
fish., It may be admitted that the process of freezing
does not materially alter the nutritive value of a fish
—a pound-weight of the frozen article may furnish as
many ‘‘calories’’ as a pound-weight of the fresh. But
the value of a food does not depend only on its nutritive
properties. There is the item of flavour, which is often
very highly paid for, and with justice, for flavour has
a distinct physiological value in nutrition and gusta-
tion, as well as an economie yalue. Now, frozen fish,
as put on the market, very often have lost their original
appetising flavour. Sometimes they may have acquired
an unpleasant flavour, or be quite flavourless, and it
is folly to expect the consumer to appreciate or prefer
frozen fish if fresh can be procured. Observation and
experiment show that frozen fish deteriorate in quality,
if not in nutritional value. No one will assert that a
fish which has been ecold-stored for a year or two
years is equal in quality to a fresh fish. Autolytic
changes start from the moment the fish is dead, and
they continue to go on during the whole period of
storage. The quality of a frozen fish deteriorates with
every day it is in storage.

_ schooner ‘‘Pescawha’’ was sent to Sooke to tow the

years ago as a boy from school and has worked up

“The Ideal Method. ~~

If fish are absolutely quite fresh, are frozen. rapidly
by the brine method, and are properly stored, - they
will probably remain in very good condition for

writer has tasted brine-frozen and air-frozen fis
various kinds, up to five weeks after they were froze
and this is the conclusion of his trials. The less
period that elapsed from the freezing, the better
flavour. Fish frozen commereially may be m
less stale; not only have the intrinsie autolytie
been going on, but there may be ineipient de
tion; when such fish are thawed they are not
the same bad condition, but worse. The fish
are frozen practically alive, as in the ‘“‘sha
in Maine, which I spoke about a few weeks |
like those taken through the ice in winter in Lake
nipegosis, Canada, which are immediately ‘
death’? by the cold air and then hauled by
to the nearest railway station—such fish
well after some time, and would eat all the
they had been swiftly frozen in brine. Th
Fisherman advoeates a campaign to instruet, t]
adian housewife in the virtues of frozen fii
would be to open shops in the chief cent
frozen fish, as frozen fish—brine-frozen-
alive, or near it. It is useless to try to deceive
publie, and if they ean be educated to bapa frosee,

a4

fish, well and good.

SKALU LOSES PROPELLOR. | a
TARPAULINS AND BLANKETS FOR SAILS

Bound for home with a eargo of fresh Red ‘Spring
Salmon, and trying to make port in season for »
market with her highly perishable cargo, the big ¢
line carrier ‘‘Skalu’’ threw her propellor o
i coast of Vancouver Island on the night, of Mar

t

Capt. Clarence Newberry was in charge and as
soon as the accident happened he ordered
unship the cargo boom and rig a tempo
sail from the hatch tarpaulin, and then y
rigged a foresail. ‘By. this time there was
wind and the ‘‘Skalu’’ made 6 miles in an
the temporary rig. The captain headed up
Juan de Fuca toward Victoria. Along
light the wind died down, and as they
Sooke harbour two of the men made }
walked seven miles to the telegraph-offiee and sent a
wire to Vancouver. At Sooke they arranged for a
gas boat to tow them into the harbor. ees A

The ‘“‘Skalu’’ is one of the Canadian Fishing
pany’s carriers plying between Vancouver and
West Coast of Vancouver Island. The

‘‘Skalu’’ to Vancouver, where she went i in drydock
ship a new propellor. :
Capt. Newberry is a Vaneouver bey, born an
raised here. His parents are good old Newfoundland
stock which accounts in part for Capt. Newberry’s
liking for the sea. It shows the chances for a boy
who has the pluck and brains. Capt. Newberry start-—
ed with the Canadian Fishing Company only a few

to his present responsible position ” a very short
time. .

March, 1921. CANADIAN FISHERMAN 75

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| Pacific Coast
Section

“The Canadian Fisherman,” Pacific Coast Branch, will be glad to have inquiries from’ any one who wishes
information in any way connected with the fishing industry. We would also appreciate items of fishing news
suitable for publication.

t
$
t= |

;
;

Address communications to F. E. Payson, Pacific Coast Representative, Industrial & Educational Press, Ltd.
528 Winch Building, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

Ce wide Mic BO
ek

7

‘ é Dependant on Sufficient Refrigerator Cars

22S A.
_ This fleet landed 445,000 lbs—20 carloads—-of Halibut at Prince Rupert in one day, March

ist. 1921. This is the business the Canadian National Railways are treating as of no account
and not worth catering to.

76 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

SEATTLE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE ON SAL-
MON OUTLOOK FOR 1921.

Seattle, Wash.—The 1921 salmon pack will not be
more than 20 per cent of the normal six and a half
million cases put up in the average season, and ¢an-
neries that operate will just about salvage their in-
ventories. This prediction is made on the authority
of leading packers, brokers and bankers, in close
toueh with the producing, marketing and financing
phases of the industry who declare conditions do not
warrant a larger pack.

There should be, according to experts, a relatively
big run of all varieties of salmon this year from the
ocean to the spawning beds in the rivers of the North-
west from the Columbia to the Yukon, this being the
four-year and two-year ‘cycle season.

Of chinook, sockeye, and red salmon, which is not
very plentiful, a fair pack will be made, but of the
more plentiful and more widely popular pink and
ehum yarieties there will be a small pack.

Canning operations in the Columbia River will be
not far from normal volume, it is said. Puget Sound
packers are making no preparations whatever to work
their plants. In British Columbia there will be no
operations, according to the present outlook, except in
sockeye packing. There will be but little activity in
Southeastern Alaska, probably not more than 10 per
cent of the ten-year annual average. In Bering Sea
and Western Alaska operators are planning to pack
all the Alaska Red and Chinook Salmon they ean get,
as the last two seasons have been very small runs of
these varieties. :

The condition of the salmon market and the pre-
sent state of finances in the industry, according to the
best opinion, make it entirely out of the question to
put up anything like a full pack in 1921, About one-
third of the last pack, more than 2,000,000 eases re-
mains in Pacifie Coast warehouses. Eastern and
southeastern jobbers have for a long time been buy-
ing in small lots, just enough to meet day-to-day de-
mands, even though Pink and Chum galmon whieh
cost $5 to $6 a case to pack has been selling at $3
a case from Seattle warehouses.

These jobbers are extremely cautious buyers, the
last twelve months and more, because many of them
have suffered heavy losses as a result of fluctuating
prices in many lines. Also, the retail demand for sal-
mon in all parts of the country dropped off one-half
during the war and has not until very recently be-
gun to mount toward the pre-war position. The ex-
port demand is still practically dead.

Financing of salmon packing is handled largely by
Seattle banks. According to authoritative informa-
tion none of them has made commitment for 1921, and
but few applications have been received.

“Packing in 1921 is not a bankable proposition,’’
said Godfrey L. Wakeman, assistant manager of the
sank of California. It is not bankable because the
market price of Pink and Chum Canned Salmon today
is below the cost of packing. With limited buying
and with loeal warehouses still containing more than
a third of last year’s pack, why should salmon men
go out in 1921 and pack salmon at approximately last
year’s cost per case, when they could not dispose of
it at even the eost price? Why dispose of present
stocks at the offered prices, which do not permit of
repacking these grades? Continued operations and
sales under the present prices would mean the end of
one of the largest industries in the Northwest.

March, 1921.

Eastern jobbing houses will find they have made a
grave mistake, according to this banker and other —
men in close touch with the industry, if they continue —
to act on the belief that the report of a much cur-
tailed 1921 pack is plain bluff.

“With no pack in 1921,’’ Mr. Wakeman said fur-
ther ,‘‘the growing retail demand for salmon through-
out the country, as a result of efforts being made by
the Association of Pacific Fisheries, will clear out all a
present stocks, There was in 1903 and again in ~
1907,” he continued, ‘‘a similar situation in the pack-
ing business. Calamitous predictions were made on |
all sides but they did not materialize. It was a con-~
dition which eventually worked greatly to ke haut >
of the industry.’’ a

CANADA STILL THE GOAT IN THE DISTILLATE

QUESTION.
The following figures speak for themselves:
: Gal. —
Cts.
The } price of gasoline in Sine during the Bele? 8
second week in March was:- -- -- 38-75
In Vaneouver at the same thn was -: -+ ++ 40-50

The price of distillate in Sahecoy a i Sues ;
second week in March was: “96.625. a
In Vancouver at the same elie was:: ++ ++ O15

These prices are figured allowing difference. in
measure and exchange between the United States and
Canada. The price in the United States is dropping
and in Canada has been raised recently. What is the
reason? Canada has been getting the high prices re-
gularly and the fishing industry is hit hard all the
time on their fuel supply. Even Juneau, Alaska has a
plentiful supply of distillate at less than it can be
purchased in Vancouver.

a
A good instance where the Canadian fish buyers :
are up against the low prices of distillate and gaso-
line to the south of the_line is right now on the V +
Coast of Vancouver Island. The American buyers
can come to the fishing grounds and with their low
cost of operation and sale of fuel to the fisherman
buy the fish right from under the nose of the Cana- __
dian buyer. With a difference of 5 cents per gallon
in favor of the American buyer the fisherman natural-
ly secures the best price he can which is afforded by @
trading for the fuel at the low prices. The result is —
that approximately 75 per cent of the salmon eateh on
the west coast today is going to the Americans.

Why shouldn’t Canada have just as low prices as
the U.S.?

MR. FRED HARRISON IS ASSISTANT TO CHIEF _
COMMISSION OF FISHERIES OF BRITISH
COLUMBIA.

It was good news to the friends of Mr. Fred Hee ie
rison to hear of his appointment to be assistant to the
Chief Commissioner of Fisheries for British Columbia.
A telegram from the Civil Service Commissioner,
Ottawa, confirmed Mr. Harrison’s appointment the-
first part of March.

Fred began service with the Fisheries Department Nae
in 1913. A native of New Westminster he was one of
the first to volunteer join up* with the 7th battalion
and saw service overseas. Congratulations are in or- —
der and every oné in the industry believes Fred will
fill the bill in the new position. “a

‘the results being obtained from proper pub-
ethods by the Puget Sound ecanners, and also
e results being obtained by good marketing
ods of a couple of B.C. packing firms it is a
er that the other packers do not get together
take a chance on obtaining the same good re-
ts by some marketing methods other than those
ich have been in force ever since the industry
arted. If an arrangement had been in force such as
ggested to the packers last fall such a thing as
x prices on the good packs of pinks would -never
happened and today a good part of them would
been marketed right here in Canada, and at
prices as compared with the present prices.
statement is made with a knowledge of what has
accomplished by other lines of business that
been up against similar conditions. There is a
ney to act along lines leading to new marketing
ods by some of those engaged in the salmon
ning industry and the quicker real action is taken
rd an improvement in this direction the quicker
will be stabilized. Get the public to ask
pink salmon (this is the particular variety that
erred to by your correspondent) and with pro-
distributing methods price and quality may be
d by the industry itself,
now the same uncertainty as to price still ob-
t there is a tendency to stick for the present
ith the idea that there may be a firming up.
U.S. side of the line the prices have already
up on account of the advertising campaign
is being carried on.

LANES TO BE USED IN FISHERY PATROL
SERVICE ON BRITISH COLUMBIA COAST.

ng 1920 the British Columbia Branch of the
ion Fisheries had under consideration the em-
oying of seaplanes for fishery patrol work, and dur-
x a recent trip which Chief Inspector Motherwell took
“one of the seaplanes of the Jericho station of the
ion Government air service, Major Motherwell,
panied by Maj. McLaurin of the air station and
others, recently flew to Vancouver Island and skirt-
e island from Victoria to Nanaimo the prac-
ty of the seaplane for fishery patrol service was
shed to the entire satisfaction of Major Mother-
Rivers, islands and fishing eraft stood out with
irkable clearness. During the closed season, when
is entirely prohibited, the seaplane would be
: mable value, but when fishing was in full foree,
use in the field would be limited as it would be
ble to see whether the boats bore license num-
not. Obstructions in streams could be easily
ed from the air and this branch of the work
be considerably augmented. What appealed to
Motherwell as one of the most attractive features
ie use of the big machines was the great saving in
Overseers may be taken to inland lakes and head-
of salmon or other streams in a few hours as com-
1 with arduous journeys of a week or more under
present conditions.
anned to establish several petrol stations be-

‘ancouver and Prince Rupert at which the
may secure fuel.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 77

WEST COAST SALMON CATCH POOR SO FAR.

’ Up to March 10th the catch on the West Coast of
Vancouver had not been at all good. This was not on
account of there being no fish, but owing to poor fish-
ing weather, the fishermen have not been able to fish
steadily, The season started quite early but the weath-
er has been too rough for fishing, Two to three tons
will come in at times, which just about fills local re-
quirements.

AMERICAN SALMON PACKERS GETTING RE-
SULTS FROM PUBLICITY CAMPAIGN.

Very encouraging reports are being received by the
publicity committee of Assocation of Pacific Fisheries,
who are handling the publicity campaign for the Puget
Sound salmon packers. As a result of up to date
methods inaugurated in the marketing of the pink
and chum varieties of canned salmon sales increases
running as high as 200 per cent have been reported
by jobbers in localities where publicity has been
used. Owing to the entire list of packers not taking
part the campaign has not been as elaborate as could
have been wished but those who waited to see what
would happen as a result of the campaign are now
becoming encouraged to get in line and a larger fund
will be the result.

The publitity committee report: ‘‘In every city
where advertising has been started and where trade
scouts have carried on sales promotion, there has been
an appreciable movement to the commodity.’’

WALLACE FISHERIES ISSUE NEAT RECIPE
BOOKLET FOR HOUSEWIVES.

In line with latest advertising campaign which is
being carried on by the Wallace Fisheries in market-
ing their ‘‘Kiltie Brand’’ eanned salmon, this firm
have now issued a neat compact recipe book giving
fifty canned salmon recipes.

The foreword in this recipe book advises the house-
wife regarding the food values of canned salmon and
how sanitary such a prepared food is.

In looking through this booklet one wonders that
more variety has not been used before this in the pre-
paration of canned salmon for the table as there are
surely many ways for the tasty preparation of this
palatable food. :

The more publicity given the different methods of
canned salmon for the table the more the public will
want to buy this product.

CANNED FISH BEING PUT BEFORE THE PUBLIC ©
. IN A TASTY WAY.

One or two firms are gradually getting their brands
of canned fish before the public in an up-to-date
manner. Among them is the firms of Gosse-Millerd
Packing Co., Ltd. During the National Fish Day
week this firm started a publicity campaign in Van-
couver pushing their brands of canned fish. This
package included one oval 1-lb. tin of kippered her-
ring in tomato sauce, one 1-lb. tall tin of fresh her-
ring, one 1-!b. tall tin of pilchards, one 1-Ib. tin of
kippered salmon, and one 1-lb. tall tin of pink sal-
mon. These were all neatly packed in a pasteboard
container and with each package was a recipe book.
The entire sample package was retailed at 98 cents.
As a result of their campaign carried on in the news-
papers for four days previous to the National Fish
Day a total of 5,736 packages were sold in Vancouver
alone. Since then the publicity has been extended

78 CANADIAN FISHERMAN - March, 1921.

to Victoria and the results have been very successful.
It is planned to extend the same campaign to the.
prairie cities. The price, however, will necessarily
have to be made a little higher on account of freight
charges but it will be low enough to interest the pub-
lic. As a result of this campaign the public have
asked for repeat orders, on the pink salmon especial-
ly, which demonstrates that our own Canadian public
appreciate an appetizing low priced food product.

SHIPPERS OF FROZEN FISH TO EUROPEAN
MARKETS TO HAVE FORTNIGHTLY SER-
VICE FROM PACIFIC COAST.

During a recent visit to Vancouver, Mr. F. G. Volk,
of New York, Asst. General Manager for the Holland-
America Line, announced that there would be a fort-
nightly service between the Pacific coast and European
ports after the first of April. Six new steamships,
three for the Royal Mail Steam Packet Co., and three
for the Holland-America line will be added to the
three already operating between the Pacific and
Europe. The new steamers will be of 15,500 dead-
weight tons, and each will have 3,000 tons of refri-
gerator storage space for the carrying of frozen fish,
fruit and dairy products.

Results obtained from the shipping of frozen fish
and fruit on previous sailings from Vancouver have
been most satisfactory, and it is expected that this
business will rapidly increase.

The Vancouver office is in charge of Mr. R. G.
Parkhurst who will handle the local business of both
lines. Col. E. J. Nash is special representative in
North America for the Royal Mail Steam Packet Co.,
with offices in Seattle. Mr. E. de Lanoy is San Fran-
cisco agent for the Holland-America line.

This service should help to develop an already
large trade between British Columbia and the Euro-
pean markets in frozen and mild cured fish.

ENGLAND IS AWAITING WITH INTEREST FOR
COLONEL CUNNINGHAM’S LECTURE TOUR.

Among the news items in the January issue of the
‘‘Canadian Export Pioneer’’ which is published in
London, Eng., is one that tells about the proposed
tour of Colonel Cunningham. This is good publicity
for Canada and the canned salmon industry, as it
refers particularly to the lower priced grades of sal-
mon and gives the reason for the tour which Colonel
Cunningham is undertaking in connection with these
goods.

WELL KNOWN ENGINEER MEETS DEATH ON
8S S NEW ENGLAND.

William Peacock, formerly second engineer on the
8.8. ‘‘New England’’, belonging to the New England
Fish Co., was killed in the engine room of that steamer
on Sunday morning, Feb. 20th. When the ‘‘New Eng-
land’’ was laid up about the first of the year, Mr.
Peacok was paid off, but as he was a,very good man,
he was taken jon as a pipe fitter when work was
started on the overhaul, and as such was employed up
io the time of his death. The chief engineer had given
him permission to sleep on board the ship.

Steam was got up to test out some of the pipes on
Saturday the 19th, but there was to be no ‘work on
Sunday,

Sunday morning, Mr. J. R. Davis. the superintendent,
was notified by the watchman that he had heard an

to investigate, Mr. Davis found that there was no fire
under the boilers, which explains why the ship had —
not blown up. Upon further search the body of Mr. —
Peacock was found. No one knows how the accident
happened. F

A native of London, Ont., the victim of the accident —
carried engineers papers and was well known on the —
Sound and on the British Columbia Coast, having work- —
ed on various ships for the past twelve years. He —
leaves a wife and one son, the latter an engineer on a *
coast steamer. eat

NEW MARKETS BEING OBTAINED FOR CANNED ~
_ SALMON BY THE ADDING OF NEW LINES ~
OF WATER COMMUNICATION FROM ~~
VANCOUVER.

Exporters of Vancouver in the canned salmon line —
are obtaining new accounts now that better shipping
facilities are being furnished from this rapidly grow-
ing port. Points in Central and South America can ©
now be reached in competition with the U.S. exporters _
who had a monopoly on this trade owing to lower —
freight rates. With other countries of the world
being linked up with the port of Vancouver by direct —
steamship lines new business will rapidly result and
this means much to all lines of business in Vancouver. —

PINKS AND CHUMS WILL NOT BE PACKED TO ~
ANY EXTENT IN 1921,

The salmon canners of British Columbia are not
planning to pack any more pinks and chums this season
than they can help. This means they will endeavor to —
catch up with the market. Owing to the conditions of —
world trade, exchange, etc., last season’s pack did not —
move out as it was hoped they would. The result is —
that the packers are overstocked and must eurtail their
packs for this season. kav Oe

."

PLANS FOR THE OPENING OF SALMON CAN. —
NERIES MOVING SLOWLY THIS YEAR. — a
Owing to the unsettled conditions just now, the Brit- _
ish Columbia salmon canners are not sending the num- —
ber of men Nortj as early as has been the case usually. —
In line with their plans to pack less of the low priced —
grades, and to cut expenses to the lowest possible level —
it will mean that less supplies and less help will be —

used than in previous years. For this reason the usual —
signs of activity noted around the cannery offices at —
this time in previous years is missing. Some packers —
are not going to open up all their canneries this season. —
There is still uncertainty about the situation and this-
has resulted in the slowness in opening up.

cy

BRITISH COLUMBIA NOT EXPRESSING OPIN-
ION ON THE WASHINGTON STATE
FISHERIES COMMISSION,

The packers in British Columbia cannot at this w
ing give decided expression to their ideas of the Wash-
ington State Fisheries Commission. They have not had
time to digest the entire act, and do not care to express
ideas until they have time to‘look into it more fully.

The Fisheries department naturally are not in a_
position to say anything until some action has
taken on the proposed treaty now before the U,
Senate, After action has been taken on the proposed
treaty, in all probability, a full diseussion of the new

Washington State Commission will take place,

Shell Fish.

‘ABS — are now being brought in from Vancouver
d, and although the market is not brisk at the same
something is doing all the time.

— Searce at this time..

OBSTERS. — Perrin & Co. report that they are
inging in some Eastern /lobsters fresh, and these
should be on the market by the 15th of Mardh.

ce Fresh Fish.

SOD. — Fresh local caught cod are still selling at

‘15 and 16 cents.

_ SALMON. — Red spring from the west coast of Van-

souver Island are bringing 23 cents per pound dressed,

ds off, and a fair supply is coming in.

RP, — There-is quite a trade for fresh carp, and

are ‘bringing about 15 cents now.

LES. — Local caught soles are selling for 9 cents.

local catch is fair and the fish are not as large

they fave been for a few months past.

BLE FISH. — Fresh stock is coming in from the

, and are selling at 12 cents per pound.

ESTERN HADDIES. — The London Fish Co.

+ that their western haddies are selling well at

cents per Ib. in 30 lb. boxes.

‘SMELT. — Silver smelt are off the market.

ING. — No fresh stock coming in as it is
1 season.

OOLICHANS. — Columbia River smelt or oolichans

pening right along and are bringing 9 cents per lb.

is NEW SMOKE HOUSE.

‘The Charles Anderson Fish Co. have built a new
moke house in the old quarters formerly occupied by
erfield and Mackie. Foot of Gore Ave.

IADIAN FISHING CO., LTD., STARTS FIRST
HALIBUT TRAWLER ON LAY.

longing to the Canadian Fishing Co., Ltd., left on
first halibut fishing trip under the new ‘lay with
fishermen. - Under this plan the ‘boats may be
rated more economically than when operated under
old method.

The boat carried four men, where previously there
seven, and the men all share in the cateh. If this
trip proves satisfactory, there is every probability that
_ other boats belonging to the company will be outfitted
nd sent out on the same lay.

_ Some of the companies in Seattle have been operating
heir boats on the lay plan for some time past with good
ts.

HALIBUT PRICES FLUCTUATE ON THE
PACIFIC COAST.

Daring the month previous to Mareh 10th, prices of
but on the Pacifie Coast reached 18-15e and dropped
as low as 8-4¢, the latter price was toward the end of
_ this period, and then the prices began to firm up again.
-eatch has been fair.

- British Columbia, states that owing to the canners
sciding to can only a small quantity of dhums and
s, if any at all, the department would give all their
tention to clearing sockeye streams this season. This

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

79

frequented by the sockeye where under ordinary con-
ditions such streams would only receive a share of the
season's work.

BUTTERFIELD & MACKIE IN NEW QUARTERS.

Butterfield and Mackie have moved into the fish shed
at foot of Gore Ave. on Gore Ave. dock. Mr. James
Smith is back from the West Coast of Vancouver Island
and is looking after the business as formerly,

PRINCE RUPERT ITEMS.

It is stated authoritatively in local salmon fishery
circles that fourteen out of the fifteen canneries on the
Skeena River will operate this season, the only one
which will not work being the Port Edward plant. As
for the canneries on the Nass, Rivers Inlet and in other
districts it is expected that all will open with the ex-
ception of those that pack exclusively the cheaper
grades of fish,

The market in these lines being glutted with last
year’s pack no more will be required and very little
will be packed. The only variety in which the pack
will be normal this season will be sockeyes. On account
of these market conditions the year’s pack will be a
light one and the season will be short. The report that
only six or seven canneries on the Skeena will operate
is, however, emphatically denied by many intimately
acquainted with the business and who are in a position
to know

The first cannery to open this season will be the
Balmoral plant at the mouth of the Eestall River and
the largest cannery in the North. In May it will com-
mence to pack springs. The rest of the canneries will
commence packing about June 20 when the sockeye
season commences. All the canneries of the B.C. Pack-
ers in this district, it is officially announced will oper-
ate this season.

Over a thousand tons of herring has been frozen this
year already by the Canadian Fish and Cold Storage
Co. and there is yet two weeks more of herring fishing,
according to the general opinion of those engaged in
the business. This herring is to be used as bait in the
halibut fishing.

TAKES CARGO TO SEATTLE.

Prince Rupert, March 18.—Because of refrigerator
car shortage here, the fishing vessel Panama Polaris has
sailed for Seattle with her cargo of more than 100,000
pounds of halibut.

KAMCHATKA FISHERIES, _
(From Vladivostock Correspondent)

Last season of 1920 was a disastrous one for fisher-
men of the East coast of Kamchatka; none of them
have returned the expenses and the majority had
nothing but expenses owing to the fact that in some
places the run was too early, and in some others the
fish did not turn in at all.

The run on the West coast, however, was such an
abundant one that fishermen had to stop fishing ; capa-
city of fisheries and supply of salt being up before the
run was over. But this does not mean that the season
was a success for every one even on the West coast, as
owing to stormy weather and shortage of shipping
facilities, on several occasions not only the whole catch
has been left behind but even fishermen themselves
were left to face the hardship of winter as the Govern-

SO. (88)

ment failed to provide the Russian Volunteer fleet
with necessary means to send a relief ship thereto.

Relations between fishermen and local population
though not being as good as could be desired, were
friendly enough, but total absence of Government con-
trol has given facility to various abuses, especially to
illegal traffic with spirit. Prices for salmon’ in the
next 1921 season are expected to be as follows: sockeye,
30 sen (15 cents) per fish; cohoes, 35 sen or 18 cents;
king salmon, 35-75 sen per fish; chums, only 25 sen or
13 cents per fish.

The Japanese attitude was a quiet one during the
last season and presence of their warships in Kamchat-
ka waters was only to protect life and property of
Japanese fishermen, but they had nothing to do with
the fishing control which was represented by a small
cruiser ‘‘Commodor Bering’’ of the Board of Fisheries
untill she ran ashore off the southern extremity of the
Peninsula and became totally lost owing to the absence
of help; thus the only efficient patrol boat was lost.

The Japanese attitude towards the Board of Fisheries
during next season will be entirely different as far as
some unofficial rumours run. According to these ru-
mours a Japanese fishing official tendered the follow-
ing demands to the Board of Fisheries: ‘‘The auction
of fishing rights which is to be held on 16-18 February
next must be an open one and the usual practice of com-
petition by means of sealed packets to be discontinued.
Rights of Japanese covering, according to the Russo-
Japanese convention, only the maritime fisheries must
be extended over estuaries, rivers and bays. Consider-
ing Russian inspection and patrolling unefficient Jap-
anese will establish their own patrolling and inspection,
Russians are allowed to participate to this if they find
it necesssary. All fees and payment due to the Board
of Fisheries must be paid to their account with State
Bank of Japan and the payment will be handed over to
Russian authorities as soon as a stable and legal Gov-
ernment, recognized by the Allies, is established over
Far East, but after a compensation had been made to
Japanese subjects for the loss of lives and property
suffered from the Bolsheviks at Nikolaieffsk, on the
Amur, and along the coast of Okhotsk Sea, which is
reckoned to be about eight millions yen.

COLD STORAGE FISHING BOATS WILL OPERATE
AS INDEPENDENTS THIS YEAR.

The Canadian Fish and Cold Storage Company is
sending out its boats to fish on the independent lay in-
stead of as company boats. The Chief Skugaid, a six-
dory boat, left recently for the halibut banks in charge
of Captain Lawler, this being the first of the company’s
boats that has ever fished asan independent. It means
that the owners will get one fifth of the proceeds of
the catch, out of which they pay a bonus to the captain,
and keep up and insure the boat. The captain and other
fishermen share the other four-fifths equally after pay-
ing operating expenses.

The company is planning to send also the Sitka and
the Zebassa, both six dory boats, on a similar plan,
and if a suitable skipper can be secured the Sumner
nay also go out. Owing to the excessive cost of oper-
ating under the company lay, the big steamers will tie
up indefinitely. No attempt will probably be made to
operate them as independents.

Mr. Johnson, manager of the company, explains that
the eost of operating the boats is too great under the
company lay ard there is nothing to do but tie up the
larger ones and operate the smaller craft ag inde-
pendents,

— a

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

‘ >!

March, 1921.

WHEREVER - men are to be
fed there is an assurance
ra many appetizing and satis-

dishes to give variety to
the. wees if the cook has plenty

Order your supply now in
to pound tins, 6 tothe case.

Canadian Milk Produets 7

LIMITED

10-12 St. Patrick St.
TORONTO
St. John . Montreal
Winnipeg
British Columbia Distributors;-
KIRKLAND & ROSE,

132 Water St., VANCOUVER
e :

PURE srpaRAtED
4 PowpeR TOR™

wire, Sot

FROZEN FISH JUST AS PALATABLE BUT
CHEAPER THAN FRESH.
The value of frozen fish in food is not generally
appreciated by the people of Canada. Experiments —
have recently been conducted by Dr. Clark, investi: —
gator in the United States Bureau of Chemistry, —
which prove that the food constituents undergo no —
change in freezing, and the food value of fish is the same —
a year after it is frozen, as when landed. Care ~
should be taken, however, in thawing out. If ‘the ©
fish is thawed out in hot water it loses some of its —
food value, and also its flavour. The fish should —
be allowed to thaw out gradually by placing it in a
cool place.
The frozen fish industry is becoming very valuable
to the country, as it provides a means of conserving
fish which would otherwise go to waste, fish being ~
caught greatly in exeess of the demand at ee
seasons of the year. “It is ithe only method at p
sent known of preserving fresh or mildly eured fish —
in transit to remote markets, and it seems that until 4
some other method of shipping fish is discovered
ithe Canadian people inland must depend on the sup- —
ply of frozen fish. They must be brought to realize ~
that. fish preserved in this way is as valuable a
food. and just as palatable as fish used fresh, The
one important distinetion is that frozen fish ean
supplied much more cheaply.

A LITTLE MIXED.

«What is an embargo, Bill?”’
‘It’s what you put on ships to keep ’em from going
out, Sam,’

“Tt ain’t, you fool, That’s the anchor.’’

THE
CANADIAN

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

eat re ee
SAT ARO Fisy8S =
ilbe \

OL. VIII GARDENVALE, P.Q., APRIL, 1921

4
Can you guaranteé “Y
you gua mn eRRESeREh

Do you realize thht_sach mufgbements vould very likely influence an
?

increase in your bisimess &

To-day men come to

A Traditional Trade Mark 4 regen anen

You can if you are properly equipped.

The equipment you use and the ability of your men are both very
. important factors.

But they are both dependent on Cordage.

Cordage that is absolutely guaranteed will help you to guarantee your
catch.

Why not try ‘‘Lion Brand’’?
‘‘Lion Brand’’ Cordage IS guaranteed, and our ninety-five years ex-
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For efficiency and general economy it is unexcelled and will stand
the strain of all weathers.

Our Coast to Coast Service enables all our patrons- to procure it

promptly anywhere in Canada,

Specify ‘‘Lion Brand’’ on your next order, a trial will convince you.

"CONSUMERS CORDAGE COMPANY LIMITED

Mills at Dartmouth, N.S. ESTABLISHED 1825 Branches at Toronto, Ont.
and Montreal, P.Q. and St. John, N.B.

Tees & Persse, Limited, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, Calgary, Moose Jaw, Edmonton,
and Fort William, Ont.; James Bisset & Co., Quebec, P.Q.
Macgowan & Co., Vancouver, B.C.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

THE

House of Leckie
has been supplying the com-

mercial Fishermen of two
Continents continuoulsy for

Half A Century q

WE ALWAYS USE STRETCHED ‘q
q
MEASUREMENT OF THE MESH aa

Nautical Instruments, Linen Gilling Nets, Gilling Twines,
Lamps of all typcs, Sea Island Cotton Gilling Nets,
Life Boat Equipment to Side Line and Seaming Twine,
Board of Trade regulations, Pound Nets, Drag Seines, Dip Nets,
Life Jackets, Ring Buoys, Minnow Seines, Trammel Nets,
Blocks of all kinds, Hoop Nets, Fishing Rope,
Wires and Manila Rope, Cedar Floats, Lead,
Anchors, Oars, Pumps, Boat Hardware.

Write for a Catalog

John Leckie Limited, |
77 Wellington St. W., TORONTO, Ont. :

4

IN ORDERING PLEASE STATE WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SELVAGES
_You WISH PUT ON YOUR NETTING

SINGLE DOUBLE DOUBLE
SELVAGE SELVAGE MESH

CANADIAN FISHERMAN *1 81

q NORMAL VISION REQUIRED.
Ee WANTED by the Canadian Fishing Industry, a

gz Department of Pisheries distinct from Marine,
x <a: .

, Naval or other affiliation. Also a Deputy
oy i Minister in charge who will have direct access

to the Minister.

With regard to the request by the Fishing Industry
- of Canada that a separate Department of Fisheries and
- a Deputy Minister of Fisheries be organized and ap-
pointed to aid in the greater development of our fisher-
ies, we hear that a prominent Cabinet Minister stated,
when interviewed on the subject, ‘‘that it was not policy
_ to imerease expenditures or create new Departments
under present conditions;’’ and that even though the
expenditure would be very small in the appointing of a
Deputy Minister of Fisheries ‘‘it was the principle more
than anything that he was opposed to.’’

When one makes a survey of our fishery resources
and conditions in the Industry, a statement like the
- above inclines us to the belief that there is something
- in politieal associations that causes a species of myopia
' to affect the vision of our statesmen. The perspective
_ becomes distorted in the oddest manner and the appre-
eiation of values is warped as completely as though Ot-
tawa atmosphere were charged with qualities not found
elsewhere.

This curious disease results in reckless extravagance
_ on the one hand and miserly cheese-paring on the other.
| It results in the creation of Departments and Ministers
and Deputy Ministers for the administration of matters
- which are of small moment and the disregard of things
_ that are worth while.

_ Taking our particular grievance, the Minister look-
ing after the interests of the Canadian fisheries con-
_ siders that a Deputy Minister for the Fisheries Depart-
ment is unnecessary, but Deputy Ministers for Naval
_ Service and Marine are quite in order. From all re-
ports, the Minister of Marine and Fisheries and Naval
Service is not in favor of segregating the Fisheries De-

SW WVALLACE &

NEWSJAND VIEWS

‘ON FISH AND FISHERIES

F rederick William Wallace - Editor-in-Chief

partment from that of the Marine and does not favor the
appointment of a Deputy Minister of Fisheries to lighten
his labors or make of his Fisheries Department an of-
fiee which he will have cause to be proud of when the
day comes that he vacates the portfolio,

The Fisheries Department is attached to the Marine
and is necessarily overshadowed by the troubles which
are investing that particular administration at present.
Through no fault of the Fisheries Department it suf-
fers from delinquent associations which no doubt in-
spired the statement that it was not policy to increase
expenditures under present conditions. The Marine
““twin’’ got away with seventy million dollars of the
country’s money in a policy which should have ceased
when the War ceased. Had but one tenth of that stag-
gering amount been devoted to fisheries development
there might have been a different story today.

What this country needs is separate portfolios for all
our natural resources — Agriéulture, Forests, Mining
and Fisheries. These, with Trade and Commerce, Fin-
ance and Customs, should be the leading administra-
tions, The ‘‘spenders’? — Railways, Marine, Militia
ete., should line up last.

FROM SHELL FISH PEDDLER TO MILLIONAIRE.
KNIGHT.

Beginning his career as a digger of eockles which he
peddled around Cleethorpes and Grimsby, a pioneer in
Great Britain's fishing industry recently died in the
person of Sir George F. Sleight, Bart..—steam trawler
owner, philanthropist and millionaire.

From peddling shell-fish, he became a fish dealer in
Grimsby in a modest way and working early and late
with no staff, his energy was rewarded and the busi-
ness developed. He started investing in sailing smacks
and produced fish—becoming eventually a leading
smack owner. But it was when steam trawling came in
as a means of catching fish that George Sleight showed
keen foresight and ability. There was much opposi-

82 a CANADIAN
tion to steam trawling and many predictions of disas-
ter to those who went into it, but Sleight led the change
and became a steam trawler owner.

When the Great War broke out, Sleight owned 75

steam trawlers—being the largest individual owner—~

and he immediately offered 50 to the British Admiralty
for war purposes. Thirty of his trawlers were lost
through enemy action. To keep up the fish supply, he
purchased a number of obsolete craft and fitted them
out for service. For his services, he was knighted in
1918 and was created a Baronet in 1920,

Some years ago he inaugurated a scheme for recruit-
ing 300 lads to be apprenticed for a term of 4 or 5
years to be taught the fishing business. He planned to
find them homes with Grimsby war-widows and to feed,
clothe and train them himself. On securing their
master’s certificates, he guaranteed to aid them in se-
euring boats for themselves.

In Great Britain there are several men of Sir George
Sleight’s type in the fishing industry—men who start-
ed at the bottom rung of the ladder as fish peddlers and
fishermen and who are now knights and millionaires.
Upon analyzing their careers it will be found that these
men worked a little harder than their mates and did not
adhere to union hours; they saved their money and in-
vested it in improving their businesses, and every one
was quick to realize innovations in their industry and
did not hesitate to change their methods.

In Canada, we have a few bright men engaged in the
fishing industry whose lives are modelled upon the
qualities of their suecessful British confreres. These
men are sympathetic to new ideas and generally back
every movement to better conditions and aid develop-
ment in the Canadian fishing industry. ‘Time will
prove the saneness and good judgment displayed in
their policy.

THE RACING FISHERMEN.

The Salt Bank fleet of fishing schooners are off for
the Atlantic fishing ground this month, and an era of
sail-earrying and super-seamanship: has infected the
Banksmen of America’s Atlantic coast.

The International Trophy for Fishing Schooner
Races donated by the ‘‘ Halifax Herald’’ is destined to
grow into an event of world importance which will over-
shadow the famed America’s Cup, and the interest of
the general public is now aroused in the contest which
will be held this Fall between the best hookers in the
Canadian and American fleets.

Lunenburg is pinning their faith on the schooner
‘‘Bluenose’’ recently built at Smith & Rhuland’s yard
from designs by W. J. Roue of Halifax. Shelburne
feels that the ‘‘Canadia’’, designed by the Mayor of the
town, Amos Pentz, and built at McGill’s, will feature as
the challenger for the Cup which the Gloucesterman
‘* Esperanto’? won from the ‘‘Delawana’’. <A _ host of
Lunenburg and Yarmouth skippers will be trying their
respective hookers out in the hope that a latent turn of
speed may develop that will permit of their entering the
elimination contests. Race talk will dominate the yarns
around the bait-boards and dress keelers of the fleet
and much sailing wisdom will develop in the gossip
‘‘for’ad of the pawl-post.’”’

sth 3oston and Gloucester are apparently looking
to the ‘‘Mayflower’’ as the defender of the Trophy and
this craft is now afloat and ready for sea before April
ends the. final date for compliance with conditions. The

“ayett’ Ste

FISHERMAN =

““Mayflower’’ is not an orthodox fishing schooner from
all accounts, but-she is eligible. Her lines are frankly
that of a yacht, but if she does the work of a commer
cial fisherman on the Banks and catches a trip of fish
and pays her way, then she is a pioneer in fi
schooner architecture just as the Burgess “‘tooth-picks’
‘and the MeManus ‘‘round-bows’’, the knockabouts and
semi-knockabouts, = pioneers in their day. aaa
The ‘‘Mayflower’s’’ skipper knows that every Can
adian fisherman is keenly watching. his vessel’s per-
formance, not so much as a sailer—they know she'll be
a slippery craft by the build of her — but as a |
carrier. If he fails to bring in a catch of fish approx
ating the average, then the stigma of ‘‘yacht’’ will p

sibly interfere with the ‘‘Mayflower’s’’ chances as Cup 3
defender. And in addition to the Canadians, we have a 2
notion that the men of Gloucester will repudiate: She “4
American defender. |

However, we must admit that we have no fear that the rs
“Mayflower” will fail to deliver the goods. Her skip-
per is a smart man and she’ll have a picked. crew of =

trawlers—men who would bring in a high-line trip on a.
raft. The only thing likely to interfere with ‘‘May-
flower’’ as a defender is some peril of the sea which she
is unable to withstand.

All three vessels are big achoonérs as fiabsareed
and all are beautiful craft. The ‘‘Bluenose’’ is sedan
ly the best hatted of the trio but sail-spread does: not
always speak for speed.

Apart from our desire to see our own vessels win the:
Trophy, the Canadians who are back of the Race and _
who invested in the new schooners are to be congratulated — ae
for their initiative and for inaugurating a new era of
friendly rivalry in seamanship between the two great g

<s
&

snailotcal ese ee latinas.

|

bsncasi

North American nations, The revival of a science which —
was fast vanishing will bring them a reward in the ~
tributes of those who love the sea and wind-driven bare

THE FRIED FISH TRADE, Fee

In this issue we print an article issued from the Mar-
ine and Fisheries Department Publicity a on the’
subject of ‘‘Fish and Chip Shops.’’

f.

During a visit to Great Britain last Fall, the Editor “2
of the Canadian Fisherman made a close investigation 2
into this particular phase of the fish business and was _ 3
impressed by its importance in maintaining the British “a
fisheries and in providing a source of cheap and palat-_ =
able food for rich and poor alike. The ‘Fried Fish -
Shop”’ of the Old Country is the real ‘community kit ;
chen’’ of the poorer districts. > z

It is said that there are over 25 ,000 such shops _ in 4
Great Britain preparing and distributing a weekly aver- —
age of eight million pounds of fish—one quarter of the — 4
country’s weekly consumption of food fish—and the
steady demand from this trade is the backbone of the
home market. Experts state that some thirty million
meals per week are distributed from Britain’s fried fish
shops which gives an idea of how fish is used over
there.

We believe that there is a future for the fried fish |
and chip restaurant in this country; in fact, we believe —
it is something we must encourage and develop to the —
limit if we desire to increase the home consumption: a
of Canadian fish, oa

To suecessfully establish such restaurants in this

country, we are of the opinion that such will have to be
Canadianized to suit our particular tastes and mode of

. CANADIAN

‘Sea Food Grills — a more pleasing name than
and Chips’’ — built in the sanitary style of our
lern cafeterias and ‘‘armi-chair lunches’’ and featur-
ig several varieties of fried fish would appeal to us
re than the little ‘‘shop’’ of British cities. The fry-
ovens would need to be enclosed and ventilated to
remove the odor which emanates from frying fish and
boiling oil or fat. This is important in the securing of
leases of desirable locations and in drawing customers.
This matter appeals to us as being of such importance

we recommend the larger producers and distribu-
tors in the Canadian fishing industry to give the sub-
ject serious study and to encourage every effort to estab-
lish these fish and chip restaurants in Canadian cities
and towns. It is only by such that we will ever mat-
erially increase the home market for our commoner fish
and numerous species that are at present being thrown
away through lack of market.

_ THE PROPOSED U.S. TARIFF ON IMPORTED
FISH

Tt is pretty difficult for Canada to suggest to the law
framers in the United States just how they should con-

exporters to the United States market. We all know that
a tariff imposed on our fish exports will hit our pro-
ducers more or less severely, but the framing of a ta-
riff is the inalienable right of a nation and something
that no outsider has any right to interfere with. In
the proposed fish tariff, Canada’s part is taken by the
_ American consumer who eats our fish and those leg-
islators who believe in no barriers to trade.
Certain Canadians in the fish business talk of retal-
- iating by closing Canadian ports to American fishing
vessels who are, at present enjoying certain privileges.
It is doubtful if such a move would have any great ef-
fect. In the days when the fisheries relied upon the
sailing schooner and hook and line, the Canadian ports
on the Atlantic coast afforded convenient bases at
whieh the American yessels could secure bait, ice and
supplies. But the United States have now a huge steam
trawler fleet which is independent of Canadian ports
and by means of which they can secure a great catch
’ without making use of any conveniences which our
ports afford to sailing schooners. Upon the Pacific
Coast, retaliation of such a nature, would be more ef-
feetive as American halibuters would be restricted to
- Washington and Alaskan ports for ice and bait.
But retaliation is not a good argument. The best arg-
ument is that of Canada’s annual purchases from the
United States. We are a mighty good customer to the
American producer and manufacturer and there is a
_ pretty considerable element in the U. S. who desire to
retain our custom. A tariff barrier against Canadian
_ products means that we will take stock of the situation
and buy elsewhere or produce the goods at home.
_ The tariff policy of the United States is not going to
be framed on the representations of American fish
dealers who desire to exelude Canadian fish. There are
a-number of dealers, who want our fish, to offset the
arguments of the high-tariff party. There is also the
-eonsumer who wants cheaper food and there is the very
large body of people who are anxious to maintain the
_freest interchange of products and manufactures with
Canada, Just who will win the tariff fight is difficult
to guess, but no threats or hints of retaliation from
Canada will affect the issue. The Americans know just
what we can do and what they stand to gain or lose and
” they will frame their tariff laws to suit themselves.

‘struct their tariff that it may bear lightly on Canadian _

FISHERMAN 83

FISHERIES ASSOCIATION PROTESTS LIMIT OF
FISH CASES.

A suggestion from the Express Companies that the :
net weight of fish in boxes per express be limited to
not more than 200 Ibs in weight was opposed by the
ixecutive of the C.F.A. at a meeting on March 30th.
The following resolution was passed.

WHEREAS suggestions have been made by the Ex-
press Traffie Associations that net weight of fish in
boxes shipped by Express be limited by regulation to
not more than two hundred pounds.

AND WHEREAS the Fishing Industry of Canada
have found, through years of experience, that the
weights and sizes of fish boxes in use at present are
the best and most economical means of shipping fish
and any minimum weight regulation will be detriment-
al to the Industry. It is admitted, that, in some phases
of the Fishing Industry, it is possible where high-priced
fish are concerned to ship them in two hundred pound
boxes and such is being done, but insofar as low-priced
fish are concerned, it is economically impossible to
ship them in boxes containg such a small weight ;

THEREFORE, the Canadian Fisheries Association
desire to record their unanimous opinion that any such
regulation enforced by the Express Traffic Associa-
tion or other companies, will result in higher cost of
fish to consignees—which same is not desirable and
such proposed regulation is strongly protested by the
Canadian Fisheries Association, =

We understand that the suggestion was dropped on
receipt of the opinion of the Industry. ' :

SHIPPING OF SHORT LOBSTERS.

A recent editorial in the Yarmouth, N.S. ‘‘Herald”
regarding the shipping of short-sized lobsters is worthy
of reprinting:

“A practice is being indulged in by some lobster fish-
ermen along the coast, but just where The Herald is
not able to say, of shipping short lobsters in their erat-
es to the Boston market. These lobsters are a distinet
loss to the fishermen every time, as they positively get
no return for them, as the fish are taken from the
packages, dumped into Boston Harbor and go far in
restoring the depleted lobster fishing grounds in that
vicinity. A well-known lobster buyer who came from
Boston on Friday and during the season spends thou-
sands of dollars in Western Nova Scotia in buying lob-
sters for his company, told The Herald on Friday
morning that such action on the part of the fishermen
was deplorable and that there should be something
done to stop it.

He further said that out of one shipment of over
1,300 packages made a fortnight ago 2,200 pounds or
about 3,000 undersize lobsters were taken from the
erates and dumped overboard. In Boston, continued
our informant, nothing under a nine inch lobster is
allowed on the market and there is a band of fish war-
dens at the piers with nothing else to do but eull the
packages as they are landed from the steamer from
Yarmouth or any other port. Those wardens abso-
lutely refuse to pass a fish that measures a fraction of
an inch under the nine inch mark and over it goes into
the deep, again to be later caught up by the Portugese
and other alien fishermen, who during the summer
season infest those waters, and whether the lobster
comes up to the nine inch mark or not is readily pur-
chased by the summer hotels and resorts along Boston

84 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Harbor without, passing of the fish warden’s inspec+
tion or going on the market,

Fishermen, by the foregoing, can readily see the loss
they are suffering through that practice, for although
they may think an 8%4 inch lobster which they may
take from their traps will pass the sharp eye of the
Boston culler they are greatly mistaken and it means
just one more crustacean for the alien fishermen along
that Harbor,

We publish the above at the suggestion of the Bos-
ton buyer who stated it was nothing short of a crime
to see the great waste of those fish to Nova Scotia
waters, after every shipment that is received in Boston
by the steamer from Yarmouth. The Herald trusts
that the information will receive kindly consideration
of its hundreds of readers who are engaged in the lob-
ster industry and that it will have a tendency of es-
tablishing a more careful culling before shipment is
made.’’

The attitude of our contemporary is to be commend-
‘ed especially after we hear that the Massachusetts
Fisheries authorities are rigidly inspecting live lobster
shipments from the Maritime Provinces. All shorts
are being seized and dumped into the Massachusetts
waters for the rehabilitation of the lobster fisheries
there. ;

The Canadian fisheries and Canadian fishermen lose,
not only the lobsters, but the future productivity of
the fishery in our coastal waters, and the shipping of
undersized lobsters from Canada is not only wasteful
but also a senseless looting of our heritage for the
benefit of the U.S. fishermen.

BRITISH COLUMBIA CANNERS ASK PREMIER
FOR SEPARATE FISHERIES DEPART-
MENT AND DEPUTY MINISTER.

The following petition was recently addressed to the

Hon. Arthur Meighen, by the B. C. Salmon Canners As-
sociation :—

‘*The salmon canners and others engaged in the fish-
ing industry in Canada, are of the opinion that the pre-
sent arrangement under which the two departments of
Marine and Fisheries are administered is not conducive
to the best interests of the fisheries.

As you are aware the Fisheries Branch was recently
transferred from the Department of the Navy, and the
Department of Marine and Fisheries was again renew-
ed.

Under this arrangement there is an Acting Deputy
Minister of Marine and Fisheries who has direct com-
munication with the Minister (the Hon. C. C. Ballan-
tyne) relating to all matters affecting the joint Depart-
ment.

It is considered eminently desirable that the Deputy
Minister, who is to a very large extent, responsible for
the policy and administration of the Department, should
be a man fully conversant with everything pertaining
to the operations of the fisheries and conservation of the
supply.

It is respectifully, but earnestly submitted that whilst
the two branches of Marine and Fisheries, may con-
tinue to be under one Minister — there should be a
‘Deputy Minister of Fisheries’’ appointed, whose duties
shall be confined to that Branch only, who shall have
direct access to the Minister, and be an officer of suffi-
ciently long experience to be qualified to advise the
Minister on all fishing matters arising for the considera-
tion of the Department.

members of this Association do not think it will in any —
degree influence your Government in deciding a matter —
so vitally affecting the welfare of the fisheries, = =

485,579 of which British Columbia produced $25,301,6

amounted to $356,590.99, of which British Colu
contributed $266,491.41, $j

and so deeply interested in the successful development —
of the fisheries, I am sure you will appreciate the ne-
cessity for the chief execuive officers in Ottawa being —
men of experience in the business, and conversant with _
all conditions on the respective districts where opera- —
tions are conducted. . hi i

CANADA—A GOOD CUSTOMER OF THE UNITED —

Summary of the Trade of Canada with the United %

-mary of the trade of Canada and gives justifiable
cause for thought.

amount of imports from the United States into
Canada over the exports from Canada into the United —
States. ‘ 4

in Santander, Spain, in July 1921, and will be in ses- —
sion until August 3rd. By a Royal Decree, King AL
fonso has created an executive and organizing com-
mission to make preparations for the Congress, The

last Congress was held in 1913 at Ostend, Belgium,

first fare of 6,000 Ibs was landed by Capt. John Ma

‘theson of the ‘‘Helena’’ at Fulton Market recently —
and fetched 65 cents. Ve

continue the mackeral scouting inaugurated last sea- _
son by the cruiser ‘‘Hochelaga,’’ and that charts will _
be compiled showing the movements of the fish _
throughout the season, oy

April, 1921. |
The cost will be so comparatively small, that the —

In 1919 the value of the Canadian fisheries was $56,
In 1919 the Dominion Revenue from the fish

Being so far removed from the seat of Governmen .

All which is respectfully submitted. — eS
I remain, Mhiggs

Yours faithfully, Ke

B. C: Salmon Canners Association. —

(Signed) W. D. BURDIS,

STATES. i
Almost Nine Hundred Millions Annually. se

States: Month, Ten Months, and Twelve Months ~
Ending January 1919, 1920 and 1921,
Imports inté Canada for consumption:— __

Month of 10 months z 12 months 3 :

January ending Jan. nding Jan, —

From U.S. From U.S. From U.S. —

— .. $51,844,857 — $743,726,156 #008, 84 4

20 .. 74,486,007 645,838,799 154,652,222 —
1919 ., 59,431,482 641,389,601 -758,1.

46,209
Exports from Canada (Canadian Produce) : a
To U.S. To U.S. To ;

1921 .. $32,490,302 $474,734,684 $551,522.44
1920 .. 40,924,527 ,
1919 .. 38,836,250

387,240,423» 456,683,4
“ 385,430,112 445,387,9

The above table is reprinted from the general sum-

The figures clearly demonstrate the disproportionate _

SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL FISHERY —
CONGRESS, 7 a
The Seventh International Fishery Congress will meet

ne

MACKERAL SHOWING UP. a
Mackeral is now being marketed in New York, The —

ig

It is reported that the Canadian Government will

nee.

J eae br gee
might be landed in the city of Quebec at
4 ets per Ib. says Mr. Chas Biard of Perce.

this he wants a refrigerator car service which
‘enable Gaspe fishermen to get carload lot rates
2 ‘shipments. Mr. Biard complains that the
eries of Gaspe are handicapped by the fact that the
ritime Provinces and New England, have better faci-

s for shipping their fish to Quebec, Montreal and
sronto. But Gaspe is not the only fishing district in
that complains of inadequate transportation
s to inland cities.

W. F. Coaker, Newfoundland’s Minister of
ne and Fisheries, is a hustler, whatever
be said of his policies which at+any rate
loud controversy. After two months in
the journeyed to New York and Wash-
on to study fishing conditions and emergency tar-
; And after the Harding administration took char-
‘of Uncle Sam’s affairs, he made it a point to see
wfoundland’s attitude to the proposed American
iff on fish was made abundantly clear to the powers
vat be. If Canada followed the ancient colony’s exam-
1 this matter, no publicity has been given to its

French Administration at St. Pierre and Mique-
; decided to impose an unusual tax on the fish-
Cod landed in ports of the colony from French
engaged in the Bank fishing will pay entrance
1 frane 50 centimes per 100 kilogrammes. Cod
at from craft engaged in the shore fisheries will
pay a tax of 50 centimes per 100 kilogrammes.

undland exports considerable quantities of salt
d fish to the U. S. markets. It now has plans
op trade in fresh fish with Uncle Sam. It is
that tentative plans have made for the organ-

f an American-Newfoundland Company with
pital of $4,000,000 to establish a steamship service
boats of 18 knots between St. John’s and New
mainly with the object of developing the fresh
trade. The report is interesting —and_ possibly

menting on the conditions which must be met by
entering for the International fisheries race, the
fax Herald’’, donor of the trophy emblematic of
e championship of the North Atlantic fishing fleets,

y must spend at least one season on the Banks,
on-lookers, but as FISHERMEN. To sail to the
grounds and lounge around for the purpose of
ying with the letter of the regulation and evading
irit will not do. However speedy the contestants
speed is only one of their recommendations.

n the other hand there can be no objection what-
to the construction of schooners which do not ad-
rigidly to type. The development of the schooner
it simply because every vessel in the North
ean fishing ports looks almost exactly like its
bor. It is possible that out of the numerous
gns a new standard of fishing eraft may be evolved.
h be the case, the races will be fulfilling their pur-

th each succeeding stage of development in any
nent there have been those who regarded further

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

85

evolution as a thing impossible. Yet all experience goes
to show that these have merely furnished newer founda-
tions upon which to improve the things that are an ad-
vance to greater heights. To exclude the fishing
schooner from this would be assuming that the schooner
has reached a state from which advancement is not
possible.

The assumption is scarcely reasonable.

Let the racing schooners be any type conforming to
the regulations of the contest, but they must first, last
and always be FISHERMEN.’’

Passing of the free lunch counter indicated to the elos-
ing of saloon bars, says the Gloucester Times was res-
ponsible in part for the depression in sardine prices
which packers say are now below the cost of production
and close to pre-war figures. Competition resulting
from increased importations of foreign sardines after
the war was another factor.

Although the 1920 pack of Maine sardines is said to
have been more than 500,000 cases short of that of 1919,
more of last year’s sardines are held in storage than
usual owing to the poor demand and the unwillingness
of the packers to sell at present prices.

The average pack of Washington county factories,
including those in Eastport and Lubee, is 2,250,000 cases
of 100 cans each. Prospects for an average in the 1921
season, which opens April 15, are conditional, according
to the packers, on an improvement of demand from job-
bers, with labor and packing materials expected to be
lower than last year.

DO NOT USE DOG-TEAMS IN WINNIPEGOSIS
FISHERIES.

A correspondent writes the Editor regarding an
article on ‘‘Fresh versus Frozen fish’’ which appeared
in our March issue. The offending paragraph was
culled from the British ‘‘Fish Trades Gazette’’ and is
not our description of the winter fishery in Lake Winni-
pegosis. We do not blame our correspondent for get-
ting hot under the collar at the imputation that such
archaic and arctie methods of transportation are used
in our fisheries.

‘“We take exception to a sentence in an article in
the March issue of the Canadian Fisherman reading °
thus: ‘‘Fish taken through the ice in lake Winnipegosis,
Canada, which are immediately frozen to death by the
cold air and then hauled by dog-teams to the nearest rail-.
way station.’’ es

Never are any of our fish hauled to the railway sta-
tion by dog-teams. That would be a physical impossi-
bility to aceomplish. All dog-teams ever used for by
our fisherman were as a means of getting out over
the ice to the nets from the winter camps, a dis-
tance sometimes of seven or eight miles from the
camps. Our winter caught fish are hauled down
lake Winnipegosis by teams of horses to the rail-
way Station distances varying from fifteen to one
hundred miles. In the same way over on lake Winni-
peg winter caught fish are hauled to the railway station
a distanee of as much as two hundred and fifty miles.
Tt has cost as high as three cents per hundred pounds of
fish per mile to haul our winter caught fish to the rail-
way station, so that you will readily understand that
stating that our winter caught fish are hauled by dog-
teams to the railwav station would have the effect of
Separnne our industry in the minds of the general
publie.

The industry of producing winter caught fish from
Western Canada’s lakes is a very large industry. As a

_

86 CANADIAN

rule each winter around 1000 carloads of fish are pro-
duced, and 85% of the production is sold in the United
States. Unfortunately already the trend of public

opinion is that the cost of producing our winter caught ©

fish is infinitisimal which has the effect of making it
very difficult to obtain fair prices for our fish. \Nat-
urally therefore we resent any incorrect statement ap-
pearing in the Press that will have the effect of further
disparaging our industry in the minds of the general
public.

We trust you will give this correction publication in
your valuable journal.

FISHERIES SCHOOL.

Ottawa, April 12,—A floating fisheries school for the
Maritime Provinces for training and research, is pro-
jected.

Dr. L. W. Gill, director of technical education in the
Department of Labor, will visit Halifax and other cen-
tres on the east coast next week with a view to looking
over conditions and making plans. The proposed school
will not be permanently located at one point, but may
conduct successively classes off Halifax, St. John, Char-
lottetown or Sydney. The classes would be largely held
during the winter months, when fishermen are at leis-
ure; and during the summer research work would be
followed. Special attention is to be given to packing,
and Dr. Gill thinks methods may be arranged for mar-
keting many species of fish which are now overlooked.
Common sense ideas must guide in the organization of
the enterprise, and, says Dr. Gill, local conditions will
be met. For this reason, the school could not be model-
led on any other now existing.

Dr. Gill says he has been urging the establishment of
such a school on the British Columbia coast, and there
is no doubt that both institutions will be created in due
course. Leaders in the fishing industry, it is stated, are
fully convinced of the value of such educational work.
Tt is intended that all those interested in any branch of
fishing or marketing fish may attend the classes.

CANADA’S FISHERIES FOR FEBRUARY. 1921.

The total catch of sea fish. on both coasts during the
month of February was 166,751 ewts. with a value
in first hands of $691,030, against 278.398 ewts valued
at $652.970 for the same month last year. The greater
value for the smaller catch of this year is due to
the eateh of herring, a cheap fish, being very much
less, and that of halibut and smelts, more expensive
varieties, being rather greater.

There was an increase of almost 10,000 ewts in the
catch of cod, haddock, hake and pollock on the At-
lantie coast, but the value was not equal to that of
February last vear. The lobster fishery, which opened
on November 15th, yielded 7,448 cwts up to the end
of February, against 5642 ewts for the same period
last year. The whole catch was marketed fresh. The
smelt fishery resulted in a cateh of 15,424 ewts against
11,517 ewts. The landings of halibut in British Co-
lumbia amounted to 22,468 ewts against 12,335 ewts
in February last year.
February this year,
American vessels.

The herring catch in British Columbia for the
month was not more than 79,146 ewts against 219,780
ewts in the like period last year. Herring were as
abundant as before, but owing to the poor condition
of the Oriental market, the fishery was not prosecuted
to the same extent as in the preceding year.

11,948 ewts were taken by

FISHERMAN

~ Capt. C, A. Lyons .. sr - - ee a 4 an

__Erie.and. Detroit River for the Dominion Gover

Of the halibut landings in>

t2 ; 3 Sac: OS ae ieee

j WORK DURING 1920. ec Ea
Herring Eggs Solneseis by the Fiahenian in

“as follows:

Alberti Vary 05 0s: was oe
McKenzie & Glover ih ey A Salloreanaee ae a
Dr: (G; :-He Jackson * ois ecchaeiea se ee
Nichol & Smale .. ae

Thorne Dann 36s 5) ere a vs Be :
Moore! & Stanton. 2.594 23.0 + oe
Hay Or ica iis is sree eh ein es ga
PP Glover iis ob ke ee ee cee
‘A; MeDonald- 3 0s 8 eae

Brown Brothers .. .... .. PRCA
Hes TOR n'5 i Sta aes ees
John: MoAuley::<.. ee ee eate sa ae
Capt. D:' MeDonald> 3: 5538s ee
Capt. R. Davidson ..

‘Me

ae

Capt.id. Nichol sc) cis Bees

Norman McAuley. 4 Js). es ee

Carl Williams ..

A. 8. Brown...

J. HE. Pastorius: :. .. .
Whitefish Eggs Collected. by the Fishe

season 1920; were as follows:—
Wm. E. Dewey .
W. P. Conway .. drier »
Barnes & Ammonite .. .. .. ..
Harris ‘Brothets:.:26 24-3: teh os ee ee
Andrew Graham... .. .. KGa, 8 eee
McCormick & Deffinbauch*. ;
Albert Barnes .. = ee
A> Stewart (Gs eee

B, Wastectt .. Sag Ee va mee
Angus Girardin .. .. ....

Unias' Loop sai Ar eer
David Livingstone .. Pek Sere
John Brauner oo teen ee eee a ee

E. Handy .. Met errr ec
Lorie Julian or 4 0 i See NS eee
John Dewey .. . a ee
Metealf Brothers ‘and Watson: Pi titer
ASN Grewe: nk tau oe ee
Baldwin: Brothers 33s. 3= (Oe

R. Goodison .. .. ..

MR. PAULHUS LEAVES ON EUROPEAN TOUR.

Mr. J. A. Paulhus of Montreal, Vice President of the
Canadian Fisheries Association, with Mrs. P
was a passenger to Havre on the “La France’? which
left New York on April 19th. Mr. Paulhus will v

France and England on a vacation tour and will re-
turn sometime in June.

A. E. CREWE MOTORS TO FLORIDA.

Mr. A. E. Crewe of Merlin, Ont., spent part of
winter on an automible trip from "Merlin to Florida. 2
The ‘‘bus’’ was successfully navigated to its destir
tion in the South by Mr. Crewe and a post card from
Tampa to the CANADIAN FISHERMAN stated thet
everything went well.

CANADIAN

ii~>

FISHERMAN 87

pareve} moi
oy Dp
nel

“FISH AND CHIPS”

AN INDUSTRY WHICH WOULD BENEFIT CANADIAN

BRITISH FISH RESTAURANTS CONSUME QUARTER OF

FISHERIES.

CATCH.

‘The people of Canada must eat more fish. That they
d do so is the common interest of all. Our fish-
resources are the greatest in the world, and they
one of our outstanding national assets, but at the
mt time they are developed only in a fractional
Being a national property, it is, naturally,
ryone’s concern that the fishing industry be deve-
ed to its maximum and our waters made to disgorge
nt wealth to the very limit of their productivity.
. increased eonsumption of sea foods must obviously
eede increased production, because without a mar-
in view it would be wanton waste to slaughter the
ible creatures of the deep, and, furthermore, it would
utter folly on the part of fishermen who depend
upon the industry for a livelihood.

: . those engaged directly in the industry, the inter-
st is more vital. The development of a broader local
et means an expansion of their business. It is

sonable to assume then that any movement to stim-

the demand for fish among the people should

e the first and most ready response from those

mercially concerned. Without their co-operation,
d very generous co-operation, too, it cannot be ex-

acted to convert our Canadian people to the fish-eat-
ing habit. In large measure the success of any enter-

: a rests with them individually.

We Make a Suggestion.
There is a valuable institution in Great Britain
known as the ‘‘Fish and Chips Shop.’’ In some parts
of Canada it is known, but little better than as a nov-
ty. Authorities in the Old Country attribute to the
ble Fish and Chips Shop credit for increasing the
national fish consumption by a large percentage.

During the war it was regarded as one of the most

valuable food ‘distributing agencies; to such an extent

was it valued, in fact, that it received special conces-
sions from the Government as to supplies of oils and
its and other requirements. The fried fish business

‘Teally one of the most important branches of the in-

ustry in Great Britain. A few facts will illustrate

this point.

Of the annual local fish consumption of 16,000,000

yts. in Great Britain more than one-quarter is sold
ough the 25,000 or more Fish and Chip Shops seat-

% d throughout the land. The shops cook a weekly
verage of 80,000 ewts., along with 200,000 ewts. of

‘potatoes, while in the process of preparing the fish no

than 20,000 ewts. of oils and drippings are used.

he péople of Great Britain spend each week ap-

proximately $2,430,000 in fried fish shops, which re-
present an average weekly distribution of 30,000,000
cheap nutritious meals. These figures are not conjec-
tural, but are based upon the registered requirements
of the trade with the British Ministry of Food.

A most interesting observation in connection with the
British fried fish business is that the 4,000,000 odd
ewts. of fish used by them each year is mostly of a
class too small or otherwise unsuited for the ordinary
fish dealer’s slab. The demand created through the
fish friers thus obliterates a great deal of waste and
consequently causes a cheapening in the balance of the
fish marketed through ether channels.

-Fish Must Be Low Priced.

That the suecess of the fish trade is dependent upon
low prices is axiomatic. In Canada, as in other coun-
tries, experience has proved that high-priced fish ean-
not compete with meats and other products showing
little difference in price. But cheap fish is an attrac-
tion. It will take years to instil into the popular mind
that fish is a good substantial food, and until this is
accomplished, cheapness must be presented as a big |
inducement to purchase.

A condition which enters seriously into the market-
ing of fresh fish in Canada, which is not experienced
in smaller European countries, is the great length of
rail hauls from landing points to centres of distribu.
tion, Montreal, the chief distributing centre in Eastern
Canada, is approximately 1,000 miles from the fish
receiving stations. Our system of distribution cannot
be otherwise than faulty, because the business offering
is not sufficiently inducing to make the railways and
express companies provide better service. The de-
mand must be developed first, because in the present
stress of things it is impossible for transportation com-
panies to ereate facilities not justified from a business
standpoint merely to assist in the patriotic expansion
of the industry. Under normal conditions this might
be urged, but where Canadian trade from all quarters
is pressing for accommodation, it cannot now be rea-
sonably expected.

The promotion of the fried fish business is one of
the very best means of increasing demand, not only
hecause of the enticement it offers to purchase a cheap
fish meal, but because it will create a fish-eating habit,
which will work into the household. The institution
in the Old Country is considered of such importance
in this regard that it is being encouraged and support-
ed in every way by the British Trawlers’ Federation,

88 CANADIAN. FISHERMAN

Limited, the actual producers of the fish, and those
most interested in finding a market for their catch.
Will Educate People.

Sir James Crichton Brown, F.R.S., Vice-President 0
the Royal Institution of Great Britain, and an eminent
brain specialist, declares that ‘‘fried fish from a fried
fish shop is presented in its most palatable form.’’ He
goes on to say that ‘‘the mere frizzling of fish in a pan
on the top of a thin layer of fat is not frying in its
best sense. The portions of fish should be covered by
the high-heated oil,—cotton seed oil for preference,—
so that all their good qualities may be bottled up.’’

As a general rule Canadian people do not know how
to prepare fish to retain all the fine properties. But
the fish frier knows how, and he employs his know-
ledge in catering to the public. People may learn
from the frier what fish, properly prepared, really of-
fers. They will take their ‘‘find’”’ into their homes.

In a few spots in Canada the fried fish shop is to be
found. In Montreal there are several such places, and
the amount of fish they dispense is convincing proof
that through the medium of the fried fish shop lies the
road to a heartier fish appetite among Canadians. In
Winnipeg and Vancouver, as well as in some other
large centres, they may also be found.

Figuring on the basis of population, if Great Britain
has more than 25,000 fried fish shops, Canada could
stand 2,500 of them. Allowing for scattered popula-
tion this may be reduced to 1,500.

As a business venture the ‘‘Fish and Chips Shop’’
is worthy of investigation.

As a means of increasing consumption and develop-
ing the industry it should have the encouragement of
all interested in the business.

NEWFOUNDLAND URGING ENTRY OF
SCHOONER IN INTERNATIONAL RACE.

The ‘‘Trade Review’’ of St. John’s, N.F., is urging
Newfoundland fishermen to enter a schooner in the In-
ternational Races at Halifax this Fall.

In an Editorial upon the subject, the ‘‘Trade Re-
view’’ says :—

THE GREAT SCHOONER RACE.

‘“As the Banking season approaches, interest in the
coming schooner race out of Halifax next Fall increases.
None but bona fide Bankers that are employed in the
Bank fishery for at least six months previous will be
eligible to compete. The Canadians are building two
schooners this Spring specially for the competition, Viz:
—The ‘‘Canadia’’ at Shelburne and the ‘‘Bluenose”’ at
Lunenburg. At Essex, Mass,, the Americans have built
the ‘‘Mayflower’’. All these will go to the Bank fish-
ery this season.

It would be a great advertisement for Newfoundland
if we were in a position to compete with a Newfoundland
built vessel and a Newfoundland crew. Choice now
would have to be limited to the Bankers on the South
West Coast, and if there is a good sailer amongst them
it would be well worth while to make the trial.

There is no doubt about the fact that our men know
how to sail and handle a vessel. All we want is a suit-
able schooner and there are many people believe that it
is possible to get one amongst the Bankers of the South
West Coast.’’

We have no doubt but what the Newfoundland entry
would be weleomed by the Cup Trustees and all en-
thusiasts, and the race would be the better for another
contestant,

ba

| April, 1921.
CANADIAN MARKET FOR FISH IS INCREASING,

That Canadian sea food is becoming more popular
throughout the Dominion is demonstrated by statisties
which have been compiled during the past year by
the Fisheries Branch, Department of Marine and _
Fisheries, Ottawa, based’ upon the movements of fr
and frozen fish by freight and express from Atla
and Pacifie stations to points in the interior, :
information does not take into consideration the ex-
tensive supplies being placed on the Canadian market:
from inland fishing areas, nor does it include canned,
cured or pickled fish. There is every indication, how-
ever, that the increase in the demand for fresh and
frozen fish in the Canadian market applies —
commodity in other forms as well.

During the first six months of 1920, approxi a
15,260,000 pounds of fish were transported from both _
coasts to interior markets. As a general rule, the first —
part of the year is more prosperous for those engaged
im the industry than the latter half, chiefly because —
of the fact that the former includes the Lenten
Season, — In spite of this, however, shipments from both | j
coasts Increased to about 19,400,000 pounds during
the latter six months. The increase of more than —
4,000,000, when a falling off would have been quite
understandable, is clearly indicative of the growing
popularity of fish. ee

The quantity of fresh and frozen fish. moved from
hoth coasts during the year was about 34,660,000
pounds, about 19,830,000 pounds of which emanated —
from Atlantic stations. ! S? ae

Trade from Pacifie fishing stations showed the
greater development during the year. In the ease of
the Atlantic coast the inerease in movements in the _
latter half of the year as compared with the early .
half amounted to only 690,000 pounds, while from
the gia coast the increase was nearly 3,500,000
pounds, or more than fifty per cent of the previous
six months’ business. ' “ ark ly

The gains in the Atlantic business were very equally _
distributed, but with a marked etxension of bees 4
west of Ontario. ‘i, YR

The Pacific business progressed with the dis
The market in Ontario increased its demand for Pacifie _
fish by nearly 100 per cent, while Quebec and the |
Maritime provinces inereased their demand in almost 3
equal proportion. Undoubtedly the Pacifie coast is —
developing in importance ag a source of supply for
the Canadian market. + jolene eae

GOOD SPAWNING YEAR, —

The salmon-spawning grounds in British Columbi
were in excellent condition during the season just—
closed. The natural spawning beds were well seeded
and in addition the various hatcheries collected ap
proximately one hundred million eggs of different
species. All the hatcheries operated hy the Depart-
ment, of Marine and Fisheries were filled to capacity
and in a good many instances much larger collections
could have been made, Bata

_ The following shows the collections of salmon aes!
in the different watersheds ;— Be :

Fraser river .. 52,185,500
Skeena river .. 12,734,000
Rivers inlet 12,077,000

Vancouver island ..

CANADIAN

NO FOUR CENT COD FROM GASPE.

riting in the ‘“‘Quebee Telegraph’’ recently, Mr.
pinert A. Wick, a fish merchant of L’Anse au Beau-
, makes the following observations of the price of
fresh codfish.
Reading through the columns of ‘Quebec Tele-
ph’’ of March 17th, I found an article stating, Gaspe
could be sold in Quebee city for 4 cents a lb., infor-
ation given by Mr. Charles Biard, of Perce, Gaspe.
This gentleman is supposed to be one of the’ most
minent fish dealers of the coast, and according to his
Statement the fish could be marketed in Quebee city
‘or 4 cents a lb. I fail to understand how this gentle-
n can market cod fish in Quebee at such a low fig-

Allow me to figure as near as possible the true cal-
tion which you have to face when we get refrig-
opr car service, which the price of 4 cents is based

Cost of box material, nails, labor to make them, not
aly on 100 Ibs. of fish, but 100 Ibs. of ice as well, so the
upacity of the box will be for 200 Ibs., $1. Tee and
ing expenses, $1; truckage from Perce to Cape

e station, as low as 30 cents; refrigerator ear rate
less than carload lots, as far as information at hand, 114
“4 cents a Ib., $1-50; commission 5 per cent, if it is pos-
sible to make arrangements this way, which I doubt.
No fish dealer will undertake to do business at such a
low percentage, 20 cents; telegrams, stamps and in-
terest, 10 cents, which is as low as we can caleulate, this
makes a total of $4-10 c.if. Levis station or Quebec
ty if possible.

‘ou might think that there is too much ice for the
amount of fish, but the experience has always called
sige as much ice as fish if not more, either shipped
refrigerator car or express, what we call for refri-
gerator as a matter of fact is only ice cars and there-
fore not always possible for the train crew to keep the
emperature of the car as it should be. T have had oc-
_ easion many times to look at the thermometer in these
ears and have found the temperature carrying from 32
) 38 and some times up to 40 degrees, of course the
‘iced fish will to a certain extent help to keep the tem-
ture in the car about the same, if not too long on
the way. Another factor is this, in the summer months

iebec and especially Montreal city have almost tropi-
eal heat, so. you see there is a very good reason to ice
__ well and this must be done in order to land fish in per-

feet fresh state.
Now this is only cost of packing, truckage, transpor-
tation, commission interest on capital invested, And
we have not yet paid for any codfish, no allowance for
shrinkage and worked on no profit. Shrinkage in four
days in ice at least 10 per cent on 100 Ibs. 40 cents net

How can any business be done that way? There

are no fish dealers or fishermen who, if they mar-

et their own goods directly, can work on less profit
than 11% cent, and this is the minimum.
_ Depreciation of building tools, machinery and up-
eep of fish establishment during season \ cent per lb.
d if we add another 14 for claim against quality,
eakage and disappointment connected with the mar.
eting of this commodity which is very reasonable.
hat will the fish then cost? Naturally it will be ac-
cording to this $8.

FISHERMAN 89

and wash the fish as soon as it comes from the fishing
boats in order to face the quality which the people are
now asking for, at less cost.

I have had an opportunity to speak time and again
with our fishermen since the aforesaid price was pub-
lished, asking my opinion as to price of 1921 catch. I
told them it was impossible for me to give any informa-
tion whatever as to price. I also pointed out that we
have all to hope for better prices and change of market
condition, in order not to be discouraged. Quite a
number of young fishermen came from the lumber
camps and expected to fish, but at the prevailing low
price, they told me they were returning to the camps
or elsewhere to try to get a living. These men have
home and family, and more or less land to look after
and protect and therefore do not like to go away be-
cause they all have to cultivate the land and are about
finished when the codfish season starts.

What is the good of boosting the Gaspe coast for us

_and encouraging the people to stay with us, if we are

quoting prices three months ahead, as low as Mr. Biard
has done, which means no way of existence for them.

BOSTON CLAIMS TITLE AS WORLD’S GREATEST
FISHING PORT.

Boston, April 15.—Rank as the world’s greatest fish-
ing port was claimed for Boston today in the forty-
sixth annual report of the Boston Fish Bureau.

A total of 118,558,902 pounds of all varieties of fresh
fish was landed at the fish pier in 1920 by vessels mak-
ing 3,342 trips. These receipts exceeded ‘by 9,000,000
pounds those of 1918, the previous bumper year.
Grimsby, England, has previously been regarded as the
principal fishing port.

The largest stock and share ever made in the fresh
halibut fishery in the Atlantie went to the credit of the
schooner “‘ Joffre, ’’ Captain Chris. Gibbs, which stocked

$13,047 with the crew, sharing $312 each for three
weeks’ work.

MARKET CONDITIONS IN BRAZIL TO-DAY.

Owing to a heavy duty, in some cases as high as
100 per cent. the consumption of canned fish is small.
In spite of this high tariff there is however a small
market created not only by the demand of foreigners
but by the consumption inland. There are no ship-
ping facilities for fresh fish inland, At the present
price of the milreis new business at this date ‘is al-
most nil. It must be remembered that Brazilian waters
teem with the finest fish in the world and the eoast
towns therefore are. supplied with an abundance of
fresh fish brought daily to the doors of the inhab-
itants. The natives in the hinterland who cannot
get fresh fish with a few exceptions cannot afford
to buy canned fish. Canned fish is stocked not only
to satisfy the taste of the exclusive few, but for the
supply of hotels, ships and in small quantities inland

for mining and lumber camps, rubber and coffee
plantations, ete.

JAPAN EXPORTING CANNED FISH TO SWEDEN :
A message from Gothenburg says that Japan is
beginning to prove a dangerous competitor to Norway
as an exporter of tinned fish, according to the Man-
chester Guardian Commercial. It is reported that
some time ago a couple of cargoes of Japanese tinned
fish were imported into Sweden from Great Britain
and sold at lower prices than Norwegian goods.

90

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

PRINCE

EDWARD
~~ ISLAND

——-——

Charlottetown, April 25.—In the Provincial Legis-
lature this session there was a very lengthy debate on
a resolution respecting our fisheries, an industry that
is second in importance to that of agriculture, in this
Province.

This resolution went on to say that this industry
is in a precarious condition, and very few fishermen
are making preparation for the coming season. It
further stated that the bounty under the provisions
of the Halifax award is of greater benefit to the
fishermen of the neighboring Province than to those
of Prince Edward Island. In Nova Scotia schooners
are used to a large extent, and as the bounty is paid at
the rate of $2 per ton, fishermen in that Province
fare better than the Island, who do their work in
smaller boats. These they are obliged to use by
reason of the lack of harbors (especially on the north
side), and generally exposed to shore front. The
resolution requested the Federal Government to con-
sider this position of our Island fishermen and form-
ulate some fairer basis for the awarding of bounties,
and to distribute the arrears of interest which ac-
cumulated between 1878 and 1882, at which period
no bounty was paid.

It also requested the Federal Government to ini-
tiate educational work with the object of teaching
up-to-date methods of catching, dressing, curing and
preparing codfish for market.

There was also a request to restrict or prohibit the
operation of bean trawlers as these are detrimental
to the industry.

The clause in the resolution which evoked the most
discussion was that with regard to lobster fishing,
which is the principal branch of the industry here.
It reads as follows: ‘‘The Federal Government is
asked to make compulsory the use of standardized
heavily coated tin plate for lobster cans, and to
standardize the present can to permit a greater quan-
tity of preserving fluid. The slightly coated tin and
the lack of such fluid has oceasioned great loss to
packers sinee the present regulations went: into effect.’’

The last clause urges the continuation of the Fed-
eral Government of the investigation into the cause
of the disease that has resulted in almost the com-

plete extinetion of our oysters, and to take some
remedial action.

Practically every member in the Legislature has
fishermen among his constituents, as every district

borders on the shore. Many of the speakers on the

—_——-

resolution were men who are or have been extensively.
engaged in lobster packing, such as Hon, R. N. Cox,
Morell, Hon. Benj. Gallant, Bloomfield, B, W. Lepage

of Charlottetown who formerly operated a large lob-

ster cannery in Rustico, H. D. McLean, Souris, J. P.
MeIntyre of Savage Harbor. Several merchants who

extensively deal in fishing supplies also took part
These included Mr. Creelman Me- _—
Arthur of the firm of Bruce McKay and Company,

in the discussion.

Summerside, who seconded the resolution, which was

moved by Mr. D. C. MeDonald of East Point. There

was some difference of opinion regarding the lobster

situation. It is estimated that there are about 25,000
cases of the Island pack now unconsumed, part in

Europe and part on this side. The contention was
made by some members in the Legislature who were
voicing the opinions of the fishermen and packers
throughout the Province that a considerable ‘portion

of the pack went bad, the fish becoming discolored, 3
owing to the regulations passed by the Fisheries —
Department two years ago, but not put in force until —

last year. ‘These regulations called for the placing
in a half-pound ean six ounces of meat. A number
of the speakers took the ground that this reduced
tihe quantiy of pickle in the tin with the result that
discoloration set in. It is said that one firm alone
had 400 cases condemned for discoloration and that
in other parts of the Island there were heavier losses.
Some of the members who were in the packing busi-
ness, such as Mr. McLean, declared that this was an
entirely erroneous contention. that one of the causes
of discoloration is lack of care in handling the fish
from the time they are landed from the boat until
they are put in the cans. If lobsters are not allowed
to stand before being put in the boilers or in the

coolers before being canned then there will be no — 4
The majority, however, contended that
the regulations were to blame, and ‘another clause —

discoloration.

was added to the resolution, asking the Government

to rescind the regulations for this year so that it—
would be permissible to put in 514 ounces of meat in- —
For next year there will be a supply of -

stead of 6.

FISHERIES ©

(SPECIAL CORRESPONDENCE)

——

4

larger cans to enable both the requisite quantity and

preserving fluid to be used, While the question was

being threshed out in the Legislature, Inspector Gal- — 3

lant and Mr. W. H. Tidmarsh, who was in the packing
business, were touring the Province, addressing meet-
ings of lobster fishermen and packers, and urging
them to take greater care in handling and putting up

their fish as the demand today is for the best quality. =

CANADIAN

FISHERMAN 91

| THE MIGRATIONS OF FISH

_ Much Knowledge Remains to be Discovered of their Submarine Wanderings

By COLIN McKAY.

.

s, if not around the world. A chart published
a century ago professed to show the annual

then, set out on their journeyings from the
of Norway, passed round the British Isles,
ld over to Greenland, and returned to Norway
they wearied of their holiday jaunts. A British
G al, famous a hundred years ago, was not mysti-
ied by the migration of mackerel; he said that towards
nter they left the coast of Europe and proceeded
e Aretic seas where they stuck their heads in the
and remained for the season of cold and gloom,
Edouard Le Danois, doctor of Science, attached
Office Scientifique et Technique des Péches Ma-
; of France, has an interesting article on the
tion of sea fish in a recent number of Le Journal
la Marine Marchands. M. Le Danois says that
old theory that fish were great travellers was
questioned by two French Scientists, Lacepede
Valenciennes, who worked with Cuvier, the great
alist. Lacepede, and afterwards Valenciennes,
served that herrings caught in different places ex-
ted some physical differences; and from this they
ew the conclusion that there were different varieties
species of herrings, inhabiting different regions of
‘sea. The German scientist Heincke later estab-
ed the existence of different varieties of herring,
and was able to assign each a local habitat: The dis-
eries thus. made in regard to herrings led to the
estigation of the movements of other kinds of fish,
nd the general conclusion that the migrations of
2 sh are limited in extent seems to have been fairly
well established. The scientists, however, admit that
aes they do not know about the migration of fish is
ans very considerable quantity and that they are
along way from being able to provide the definite
nowledge the fisherman wants—how to tell where
id in what quantities he will find the fish he seeks
catch, the various rendezvous and -the direction
- seasons of their journeyings.
[. Le Danois informs us that scientists have estab-
lished that each species of fish follows a general law
' migration, determined by the temperature, salinity
and ‘density of the water, as well as the oxygen con-
- tained therein, and that within the bounds of the
al law that the physico-chemical properties of
h species require for their proper stimulae certain
ditions of the water in which they live. The prin-
-eauses of migration are the quest for food and
the requirements of reproduction: Most fish have for

a large part of the year what may be ealled a fixed
abode: a local habitation which varies according to
the species. There are the littoral species, fish that
remain close to the shore; then there are the border
species which are found at the middle depth of the
Continental Plateau, the pelagian species found on
the slopes of the plateau, at depths of from 50 to 400
fathoms and the deep sea or abyssall species found
in depths of 500 fathoms or more. The _pelagian
species, to which nearly all the cod family belong, is
the most: important for commercial purposes. While
their normal habitation is on the banks at a depth
of 80 to 500 fathoms, they are sometimes found, es-
pecially at the time of. reproduction, at depths of
30 and even 20 fathoms,

At the period of reproduction, the physical changes

in the body of fish make them seek water of less den-
sity than their normal habitation. Salinity and tem-
perature being the factors of importance in density,
the fish seek warmer water by rising nearer the sur-
face, or they seek regions of the sea containing a
quantity of fresh water, regions which are under the
influence of great rivers or melting icebergs. In
the ease of salmon, shad, sturgeon and lamprey, this
biological necessity has an extreme manifestation, and
the fish leave their normal habitat, the sea, and
proceed up rivers—often long distances —for repro-
ductive purposes. Their tissues at this period being
soft and flabby, they find in the soft river water
the desired diminution of density or pressure.
« The migration which precedes reproduction is a
movement of concentration, a grouping together.
With the exception of a few species, such as dogfish
and skate, the inhabitants of the sea do not copulate,
and if they did not crowd together at the time they
throuw off their eggs and spermatozoides the repro-
ductory products would be largely lost. Some species
throw out millions and even thousands of millions
of eggs or spermatozoides per fish, but unless the
egg of the female is fertilized by contact with the
spermatozoide of the male, reproduction does not
take place.

After the spawning period, the fish are weak and
voracious, and they enter upon another migration —
a hunt for food. And this migration is one of dis-
persal, the better to increase their chances of obtaining
food. They make their longest journeys at this
period, and are frequently found far from their nor-
mal habitat. Spanish mackerel, for instance, leave
the coast of France and go north of Ushant on the
northwest coast of France, and to the Irish coast,
while cod and fraddock proceed south through the

-

92 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

North Sea and English Channel as far as the Gulf
of Gascony. Also, species of haddock normally found
in warm southern waters go north to the latitude
of the Faero Islands. After the fish have made their
hunt for food and grown strong and fat they return
to their normal habitats by easy stages.

Dr. Le Danois says that generally speaking, fish
are rarely caught in their normal habitation. At any
rate it is much easier to catch them during their
migration, this being particularly the case with the
border or coast species such as plaice, salmon and
herring, and the pelagian species, such as cod, haddock,
turbot and dories. And, unfortunately, during the
migration period fish are less valuable for commercial
periods than at other times. ‘

All of this is no doubt interesting and shows that
the work of. the International Council for Sea Ex-
ploration, and the researches of the different national
fisheries services have not been -barren of results.
But for all that it appears that science has yet a
tremendous lot to learn of the migrations of fish.
At the same time the progress so far made has not
been without practical value to the European fisher-
men, and more extended’ work of a similar nature on
this side of the Atlantic might be useful.

CONDITION OF CANNED SALMON. MARKET IN
GREAT BRITAIN.
Trade Commissioner J. E. RAY

Manchester, March 7, 1921.—The British Govern-
ment having revoked the Canred Salmon Prices Order
(1920), it has been considered an opportune time by the
writer to investigate the condition of the market for the
benefit of Canadian canners.

As the result of interviews with a number of importers
in Manchester, it is learned that the sales of canned
salmon recently have been much below the normal, and
there is much doubt regarding the possibility of a re-
vival in consumption. The diminished sales are due to
several causes, among them being the large stocks still
on hand,.the general slump in trade which has caused
widespread unemployment, thus reducing the purchas-
ing power of the people, and the high prices still ruling
owing to the reluctance of retailers to forego the large
profits to which they have been accustomed during
recent years.

The view was expressed by some of the firms inter-
viewed that after Easter there should be a fair demand
for best red Fraser, but it will have to be offered at
much lower prices than those at present ruling.

Alaska red talls fell last week to 65s.; other brands’

were from 75s. to 80s. per case. Finest red sockeye
halves are quiet in demand, with prices ruling from 100s.
to 108s: Medium red and pink are dragging at irreg-
ular prices. Cases of halves (8 dozen), middle eut, are
offering at 120s. A big drop in prices is anticipated
during the summer months. <A few retailers are en-
deavouring to inerease the demand by slightly lower-
ing prices.
British Imports.

Some idea of the consumption of canned salmon in
the United Kingdom may be gathered from the follow-
ing schedules :—

1913 1914 1915 1916
Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt.
United States . . .265,817 510,338 555,524 850,745
Canada . 275,862 352,177 387,171 479,364
Total from all sour-
ees... . . .600,560 883,170 1,014,102 1,395,291

oe
Ph nat ; ey
April, 1921,
1913 1914 ~ 1915 1916
Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt: 3
United States . . .342,779 329,334 475,865 102,328
Canadapeiig cc se5e3 221,164 181,338 487,402 164,340

Total from all sour- Agee :
COBH Suk Cae 689,373 1,139,642 924,536

A noticeable feature in connection with the imports _
is the progress made by Japan in her sales to the United
Kingdom, which advanced from 28,925 ewt. in 1913 to —
167,539 ewt. in 1919. The quantity imported from that
source in 1920 is not stated in the Board of Trade re-—
turns, but it appears to have been larger than in the —
previous year, judged by the total imports from other —
than the chief sources (Canada and the United States),
which were 657,868 ewt., compared with 422,013 ewt.
in 1919, or 597,352 ewt. greater than in 1913. ay nce

a¥

FROZEN MEAT WAS ONCE UNPOPULAR.
Frozen Fish is Due for its Innings—People are Bound —
to Accept it—Will Solve Big Problem.
Thirty years ago or less the pedple of this continent —
had a confirmed prejudice against frozen beef, but
it has vanished completely today. People now realize —
that frozen beef is as good as fresh beef. In fact
whether or not it is frozen or fresh never enters into
their mind when they enter the butcher’s shop. =
A few years ago, a similar universal prejudice
existed against frozen fish, but this, too, is gradually —
disappearing. Until the feeling against it is entirely —
abolished, it will not be possible to supply all parts o
the country with good sea food. It seems to be
generally accepted truth that the solution of ¢
problem of distribution in Canada is to be fou
in moving fish in a frozen state. apes :
If fish are to be shipped in a fresh condition from —
the Atlantie coast or Pacifie coast to inland centres,
they must be forwarded by express in refrigera
cars. Delivery must be speedy and handling must —
be careful. This necessarily expeditious delivery eosts—
considerable money and adds to the retail price of fish. —
And, which is most important, where the haul is
a long one, it is impossible to set down fresh fish in —
as good condition as frozen fish. eriniege ea
In Great Britain, in the United States, and even —
here in Canada, experimenting is going on for the
purpose of finding some other means of preserving —
fish. Dehydration and other methods are being much
diseussed in the old country just at the present
time, but a point which seems to be overlooked is that
any process introduced must run the gauntlet of
public opinion just the same as the freezing system, —
The latter system has been applied and aecepted —
satisfactory in the treatment of meats so that it does
not seem a far journey to convince the publie that
freezing as applied to the fish is just as successful
a means of preservation.
When the practice of freezing meats was first intro-
duced, there is no doubt that in many instances freez-
ing was employed to save goods from, utter loss. The
same, very likely, applied to fish. But to-day the
frozen fish industry has developed to such a stage —
and its possibilities are so imminent, that the utmost _
care is being taken in providing first-class goods,
Fish is frozen soon after it is taken from thewater _
and not, as a good many pople seem to think, at a
later stage, when the article is verging on putrefaction,

the Middle East seems to be largely imported from
‘anada. The word seems is used as the statistics do
ot show the-countries of origin of the various kinds
f provisions, but the opinion is based on information
ned from importers, and from observing the labels
f tins displayed in shops. But the imports from Can-
da are more noticeable in Java and Malaya than in
ndia and Ceylon. There is no apparent reason for this
nless it be that the canned salmon is more easily
hipped to Singapore, and from thence through the
_ Malaya and to the Netherlands East Indies, than it is
_ to Indian ports. For the year ended March 31, 1920,
the imports into India amounted to 14.693 ewt. of tinned
and canned fish, and into Ceylon the imports were 117,-
he coors for the year 1919, the larger part of which
an safely be said to be composed of salmon and sar-
dines, particularly the former. i
_ The market for red salmon is small, and is confined
practically entirely to Europeans; nor can it be said
that there is in India a market for chum salmon out-
de of Burma. The greatest demand is therefore for
salmon, or the medium grade. As Canadian sal-

n bears as good a reputation as the United States

product, aggressive methods should obtain for Canada
as large a share in the trade as her competitor across
; line, or even possibly capture the greater share of
‘it. In view of the fact that British dealers would pre-
fer to handle a Canadian product to that of one outside
of the Empire, Canadian exporters should feel encour-
aged to make every effort to control the imported sal-
mon trade of both India and Ceylon. As has been stat-
ed, the consumption in India of chum salmon outside of
Burma is very small, but in the latter province there
is plenty of opportunity to do a considerable amount
of business. The Burman is very fond of fish, and this
predilection is fully shared by the Sinhalese. What
they mostly demand is that it should be cheap; conse-
quently chum salmon should appeal to both of these
peoples. ;
‘Sardines are being imported from the Pacific coast
as well as from Europe. Dealers were not in agree-
ment as to whether the Pacific Coast sardines would
run the Portugese off the market, or vice versa. Ap-
parently it is largely a question of price. Sardines
usually come packed in 15-ounce tins. Importers had
good deal to say in regard to the packing of fish. The
- eases should be marked with the number of tins which
_ they contain, and the net contents; for instance, a case
of salmon should be marked 48 15-ounee tins. Locally
lese cases are spoken of as ‘‘48 ones.’’ Tins are dis-
nguished between flats and talls, The former are
usually oval and contain 15 ounces, but there are also
halves containing 714 ounces, and quarters 334 ounces.
The sardine tins should come packed in sawdust. Sar-
' dine tins are imported with and without keys.
The tinning and sealing of the cans is most import-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

-5/ &
tou’

MM

93

een Sie)
va ut

Market For Canned Fish in India and Middle East

By Trade Commissioner H. H. POUSSETTE.

ant. One importer instanced a shipment of sardines
which was badly tinned, in consequence of which the
oil leaked out, discolouring the labels and the tins.
The result was that it was impossible to sell the goods,
so that a considerable loss was sustained. If one tin in
a case bursts or leaks, it will probably spoil the other
forty-seven, and if sandpaper to remove discoloration
is used, it is quickly noticed by the purchaser, and im-
mediately raises his suspicions. In matters of this kind
the bazaar is very particular and even suspicious, so
that to do business it is necessary that the appearance
of the goods should be such as not to raise doubts of
any kind.

There is a fair market for tinned herrings, particu-
larly when packed in tomato sauce. English herrings,
both kippered and in tomato sauce, are preferred to the
United States article, and according to.dealers the pub-
lie will pay a slightly higher price for the former, the
reason given being that they are better known and
have a better reputation.

On the west coast of India sardines are caught and
packed. Originally this enterprise was in French
hands, the idea being that sardines would there be
packed for the French market. However, this enter-
prise did not turn out to be the success anticipated for
it by its projectors, as apparently the French public
could not be persuaded that these sardines were the true
ones, and consequently would not purchase them. This
industry was a few years ago taken over by a Madras
firm, who have built up a successful trade, but their
product is not able, according to importers, to compete
with the foreign article. One hears a good deal about
the Swedish movement, but if one may judge by the
remarks of dealers, it does not extend to canned fish,
as the Indian publie prefers the foreign article to the
local, believing it to be better, although this is denied
by the Madras packers.

In Burma the natives obtain a local fish which they
make into a preparation called nappi. Apparently the
fish is allowed to decay and then made into the form
of a paste which is eaten with vegetables. Inquiries
were made as to whether Canadian codfish might not
find a sale for the purpose of being made into nappi,
but dealers were not very encouraging, apparently
fearing that the price would be against it. However,
as the Burmese, as already stated, are fish eaters, the
experiment might be quite worth trying, not only
with codfish, but also with tunny fish or other cheap
kinds which are shipped from the east coast of Canada.

The sale of canned lobster is exceedingly small, as
owing to its price it is confined entirely to Europeans,
and then probably to those with good incomes,

Labelling of Fish Tins,

The question of labelling tinned fish is not less im-
portant than that of tinned fruit. Canned salmon
should have an attractive bright label, as such a one
appeals to the Oriental. This remark, however, does

94 CANADIAN FISHERMAN 4

not apply to tinned sardines, as it is not customary to
give them gaudy colours. What has been pointed out,
however, by importers is that the labels of sardines
should have on them two good medallions, and the
reason given for this was that the first sardines intro-
duced to the market were the Portuguese, and their
tins had emblazoned over a black ground two medal-
lions, and consequently the bazaar looked for them on
the tins of that particular class of fish. These remarks
were made in Rangoon, and it was strongly reecom-
mended that Canadian sardines should be similarly
labelled, as the Burman is very strong on marks, and as
long as he ean see the two gold medallions he is quite
satisfied that it is the kind of sardine that he wants.
Before leaving the subject of tinned fish, it should
be stated that one of the largest importers in India

remarked that a distinction should be made between

herrings and sardines. He said that the Scotch her-
rings were labelled herrings ‘‘a la sardines’’ to dis-
tinguish them from the ordinary sardines. He advised
this, to avoid disappointment on the part of purchasers,
who might buy on the name. He also suggested that
the packing of herrings should be confined to oval tins,
and sardines to the small square ones, as the public
were used to the latter.

INSPECTION OF PICKLED FISH AND BARRELS.

(The foregoing Act became effective on April Ist.)

The Fish Inspection Act of 1914, has been amended
by the Fish Inspection Act of 1920. The new Act be-
comes effective on the Pacifie coast on November 1,
1920, and on the Atlantic coast on April 1, 1921.

The main purpose of the new Act is to require that
all pickled fish be fit for human food; that such fish
be packed in water-tight barrels of a standard size;
that the barrels contain the proper weight of fish and
that the fish be as represented by the marks placed
upon the barrels by the packer. Fish packed by fish-
ermen or other persons for their own use and not in-
tended to be sold are exempted from the provisions 0
the Act. ,

The following is a summary of the requirements :—

1. All barrels or other containers in which pickled
herring, alewives, mackerel and salmon, except mild-
cured salmon, are to be packed and marketed must be
made in accordance with the standards defined in the

new regulations, and marked by the maker with his -

name and address. The length and thickness of staves
are to be as defined in the regulations made under the
Aet of 1914. In other respects the standards of re-
quirements for barrels, with one or two minor excep-
tions, are similar to those defined in the old regula-
tions.

2. All herring, alewives, mackerel and salmon, ex-
eept mild-cured salmon, ‘packed in salt and pickle in
water-tight barrels or other containers, must be cured
and packed in accordance with the requirements of
the new regulations.

3. On the end of each barrel or container filled with
either of the above named kinds of pickled fish must
be stencilled by the packer or the first dealer who re-
packs or reconditions the fish his name and address,
the grade and the weight of the fish in the barrel or
container. Pickled fish shipped by a packer to be re-
packed or reconditipned by the first dealer or buyer
in Canada, if ungraded, may be marked ‘‘ungraded’’

‘are in accordance with the standard, and that

but the containers and
in accordance with the requi
4. Competent inspectors will vi
curing places for the purpose of giving ru
advice, but the new Act does not require them
such for the purpose of stamping or branding
put of coopers and packers. There will be no
brand. Pe ve ae
5. Coopers must see to it that their barre
perly made and that their name and address is
thereon. Packers or repackers must likewise
sure that their fish are properly packed and
marks they place on the containers truly and ¢o
represent the contents. neh See
6. At any time or place which may be found
or convenient, after the barrels or containers have
packed with fish, marked and made ready for
an inspector may examine samples of the con
and fish in order to ensure himself that the contain

are as the marks on the containers represent {
to be. tt a aa
7. When an Inspector finds barrels or other
ers, in which pickled fish are packed, not up
standard, he will mark such barrels or containers”
the words ‘‘Below Standard’’; and when he
such barrels or containers do not show th
address of the maker, he will hold them
name and address is ascertained. For such
the barrel maker becomes liable to a fine no
ing fifty dollars for a first offence. fige:
8. Further, when an Inspector finds that the fish a
not of the grade or not of the weight shown by |
marks, or not of good quality, he will mark x
tainers with the words ‘‘Below
Weight,’’ or ‘‘Below Quality,’ as the
and the packer or repacker of such fish’
to a fine not exceeding fifty dollars for a
_ 9. When an Inspector finds that the bar:
containers have no marks to show the grade
of fish, or if the name and address of the }
packer is not shown, he will seize and ho
until such name and address is asce
packer or re-packer, in such case, becomes
fine not exceeding fifty dollars for a first
10, An Inspector may detain, for the time nee
to carry out an inspection, any shipme
fish if he has reasonable grounds for
the marks on the containers constitute a
the Act. In such ease he will immediatetly
packer or owner. rae
11. Pickled fish imported into Canada for
be packed in barrels similar in character anc
quality to those required under this Act. —
on the barrels must show the kind, grade
of fish and the country of origin. The name
country of origin only is required to be shown on be
rels of pickled fish imported for exportation. __
12. In the event of a dispute between an-
and the packer or owner as to quality, weight or
dition of the fish or the size or condition of th
tainers, the packer or owner may appeal to th
ster who may order a re-inspection. if
Copies of the Act and the Regulations in detail -
be distributed to all eoneerned. Meantime the Dep:
ment will be pleased to answer all enquiries
packers, coopers and dealers with respect tc the,
ation of the Act, r :

CANADIAN

“Greater production”’ is the ery of the present day
and the imperative need of the hour. In the realm of
ving things, either plant or animal, this production
is virtually synonymous with growth. The desired
product is the result of growth, and the problem of
growth is, therefore, one of extraordinary interest to
us. With the broad lines of this problem we are fami-
liar through our knowledge of the life history of man,
_ if from no other source. The early part of life is the
growing period and under suitable conditions, such as
with sufficient food of certain kinds, sufficient water
and air, a temperature not too extreme, and no unfav-
orable cireumstances of poison or disease, the growth
of man proceeds uninterruptedly, but with gradually
decreasing intensity, until the period of maturity is
eached, when general growth ceases.
__ The problem of growth is an enormously complex one
- and has ever new angles. This is shown by the com-
paratively recent discovery in certain foods of special
substances, to which the name of vitamines has been
given, and which have a wonderful effect in accelerat-
ing growth. That, from the standpoint of growth, we
ean improve upon what nature shows us, is demon-
strated by the use of the method of forced feeding in
poultry and of caponization for cockerels.
We are greatly handicapped in our study of growth
in fishes by their living in the medium of water, to
which we have only imperfect access. It is a compar-
atively easy matter to watch the growth of plants, and
in the case of animals, if they live on land, one can
keep them under almost constant observation, But
we can only see a short distance into the water, and
éven that view is interrupted by every breeze, how-
ever slight, that agitates the surface. Consequently
_ our knowledge of the growth of fishes has been ex-
' tremely limited, for until very recent years it was a
moot point as to the age attained by the commonest
fishes, except for a few that could be kept in restricted
bodies of water under more or less artificial conditions.
_ The special difficulties of the case have been over-
come in indirect ways. The statistical method was
_ popularized by C. G. J. Petersen toward the close of
the last century. In this method the population of a
eertain kind of fish in a given locality is examined by
taking samples at random and measuring these. It is
found that, if the sample be comprehensive enough, the
individuals fall naturally into groups according to size,
the groups of smaller size being most distinct. Seeing
that the fish has a definite spawning period, which is

¥
oy
=

FISHERMAN

THE GROWTH OF FISHES

By. PROFESSOR A. G. HUNTSMAN, University of
Toronto, Biologist to the Biological Board of
Canada.

(Paper Delivered Before American Fisheries Society.)

95

annual, each group is to be considered as consisting of
fish born in a ¢ertain year, that is, belonging to a cer-
tain year-class. One group will consist of those in-
dividuals that are in their first year, another of those
in their second year, and so on. In this way the aver-
age size at any given age may be found. Not only this,
but we may follow the growth of any group by taking
samples from time to time and determining the aver-
age size of that group, from which data the average
increase per unit of time can readily be ealeulated.
This method has disadvantages. It is often diffi-
cult or even impossible to obtain comprehensive sam-
ples, owing to segregation of different ages. Also, if
the growth be slight, compared with the amount of in-
dividual variations in size of those of the same year-
class, the groups overlap in size and cannot be distin-
guished. The discovery of another method has been
therefore, of the greatest value. :
Over three centuries ago, when the microscope was
first invented’ Van Leeuwenhoek, the pioneer micro-
scopist, living in the eel-eating country of Holland,
discovered not only that eels have scales, but that their
scales show rings, which he interpreted as indicating
years. Only at the beginning of the present century
was this discovery extended and used in the study of
the life history of fishes. sdiiae=
The scales are not the only parts of the fish that ex-
hibit such annual markings. Similar lines to those of
the scales can be seen in the ear-stones and in the
bones, particularly the vertebrae; but in the majority
of fishes the scales have proven to be the most valuable
of all the parts in this respect. It is, indeed, astonish-
ing for one to be able, as I was recently, to say on re-
turning home and noticing a fish seale adhering to the
oileloth of the kitchen table: ‘‘You have been having
a five-year old whitefish to eat lately.’? One might
have gone further and have given its probable size and
perhaps even the name of the lake in which it was
caught, as well as other features of its history. It is
known that the arrest of growth due to disease or
other causes is recorded in the seales. C. K. Gilbert
maintains that the salmon from different rivers on the
Pacific coast can be distinguished by the peculiar ef-
fect of eaeh river on the growth of the salmon in early
life as shown in its scales. E. Lea has shown that the
herring of the year-class of 1904 had a peculiar growth
in their year, in the north of Norway, that made it pos-
sible to distinguish them froni those of other regions.
A certain Atlantic flatfish grows so slowly in the Gulf

96 CANADIAN FISHERMAN eee

of St. Lawrence, as compared with the Bay of Fundy,
that it was possible for me to correct a dealer as to the
source of his fish after an examination of the scales.

The formation of annual rings or zones in the seales
is dependent upon a yearly periodicity in growth.
‘*Warm-blooded’’ or, more strictly speaking, homoio-
thermal animals are in large measure independent of
outside temperature, for they are able by means of a
heat-regulating mechanism to maintain an optimum
temperature in their bodies. Poikilothermal or ‘‘cold-
blooded’’ animals, like plants, vary in temperature
with their surroundings, and their activities, including
growth, must await a favorable season. In the major-
ity of fishes that have been investigated there is a dim-
inution of arrest of growth during the cold part of the
year, and therefore, the age rings on the scales are to
be interpreted as ‘‘winter-checks.’’

When these checks ean be seen, the determination
of the age of a fish is simple enough, but caution must
always be exercised. In fishes, such as the salmon,
which have a long period of embryonic development
including the winter season, it would not be expected
that this first winter would be shown on the scales.
But, even after hatching, a considerable time must
elapse before the scales begin to appear in the skin of
the young fish. It is at the time of metamorphosis
from the larval or postlarval condition to the final
stage, that the scaly coat makes its appearance. Even
in the fishes that have a rapid development, such as
the saltwater herring, if spawning takes place in the
- late summer or in autumn, the young fish will remain
sealeless during the first winter. Not only so, but a
spring-spawning fish may pass the first winter with
many of its seales uideveloped or so small -that no
cheek is registered. Another difficulty arises when
the growth for any year is slight, for the checks may
come so close together as to be indistinguishable, which
is particularly the case in the later years. Unlike so
many animals with which we are familiar, the majority
of fishes do not reach a definite full size beyond which
growth ceases; but under favorable conditions, many
continue to grow throughout life, although at a greatly
diminished rate when well advanced in years. In these
the size attained is limited only by the rate of growth
and the duration of life. Carp and pike are reputed
to have lived for as long a period as one hundred years,
but if the conditions are unfavorable no great size will
be attained. It is doubtful whether the age of such
long-lived fishes can be determined from the seales, al-
though the annual markings do show that eertain fish
have lived for at least a quarter of a century.

When the checks are definitely marked, it is possible
from measurments of the distances between sueces-
sive winter checks to determine the amount of growth
in each year of the life of the fish, as has been prac-
tised by J. Hjort and other Norwegian investigators
working with him. Here also it is important to use
discretion in our interpretation. We have found that
the ratio of the growth of the seale to the growth of
whole fish is a changing one, but by allowing for this
a fair approximation to the actual amounts ean be
made.

The seales of certain fishes exhibit, in addition to
the checks, a varying width for certain, usually eon-
centric, struetures known as cireuli. The interpreta-
tion of the width of these as depending upon the ra-
pidity of growth would indicate that growth is more
rapid during the first part of the growing season,

April, 1921. —
which view is confirmed by other methods of investig-
ation. The seasonal growth may be studied by the —
statistical method, the scale method, or by a combina-
tion of the two, as well as by the method of direct ob-
servation, when this is practicable. Great differences
in seasonal growth have been found. Many of our
fishes begin rapid growth in spring or in early summer.
but we have found that a eertain flat-fish (Hippo-
glossoides) begins the season’s growth in the Bay of
Fundy in the winter when the temperature of the wa-
ter where it lives is still going down. This fish is re-
markable because of being able to grow when the tem-
perature is below 32° F. Although the Bay of Fundy,
from its having a higher bottom temperature than have ©
other parts of our Canadian eastern coast, promotes
the most rapid growth in this fish of which we have
knowledge, it is unfavorable for it in other ways, giv-
ing a slower growth in later life, a lower maximum size,
an earlier death, and no opportunity for suecessful
breeding. ari

We have perhaps surveyed the ground sufficiently
to show what an interesting and virgin field of re-
search has been opened up by these recently developed
methods for the growth-study of fishes. The import-
ance of this work should be evident to everyone.
Much of our fishery legislation will be altered by the
results obtained in it, and it should show among other
things beyond what age it ceases to be profitable to
leave the fish of a certain species in the water, how in-
tensively it is wise to fish a certain species, and how
long it should take for recovery from overfishing.

=
a

A WORK OF GREAT VALUE TO STUDENTS OF
The Department of Conservation of the State o
Indiana has recently issued two illustrated volumes
detailing the result of a physical and biological study
of the waters of Lake Maxinkuckee, by Dr. Barton H.
Evermann and Howard W. Clark, that are of great
scientific value to all students of nature and especi-
ally to those engaged in the practical study of fish
life and problems, © : ‘Sears
Maxinkuekee Lake lies in northern Indiana and is
typical of the many thousands of lakes of glacial ori-
gin in eastern central North America. The yolumes
contain a.more accurate record of the aquatie life to —
be found in that lake than is known of the life in any
other body of water in the world. The text and illus-
trations afford students of other waters a working —
model that is a scientific classic. The record of the —
investigation greatly increases our knowledge and un-
derstanding of the physies and biology of owr Cana- _
dian lakes, sinee it contains accurate data on the life
of fishes, their abundance, distribution, breeding and —
feeding habits, period and rate of growth, size at dif-
ferent ages, food value, parasites, diseases, enemies,
relations to other species, season and method of eap-
ture, and many other records that are of value to those —
engaged in practical fish work, a
There are thirty-three colored plates of such fishes
as the large-mouthed and small-mouthed black bass, —
rock bass, blue-gill sun fishes, perch, white and black
crappie, cat-fishes, and many minor fishes that are not —
often shown in eolors, and there are innumerable half —
tones of unusual merit, all of which are of great aid —
to students. a4
The Commission of Conservation of Indiana has giv-
en to the world a most comprehensive, valuable and
practical work.

ing at an early date.

_ ¢od are being sold at from 6 to 8 cents per Ib.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 97

: Pacific Coast |
re Section tia

BC24

BC3

“The Canadian Fisherman,’’ Pacific Coast Branch, will be glad to have inquiries from any one who wishes

information in any way connected with the fishing industry.

suitable for publication.

We would also appreciate items of fishing news

Address communications to F, E. Payson, Pacific Coast Representative, Industrial & Educational Press, Ltd.,

528 Winch Building, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

COL. F. H. CUNNINGHAM IN ENGLAND.

Col. F. H. Cunningham, formerly Chief Inspector of
Dominion Fisheries for British Columbia has arrived in
England and is carrying on actively in the interests of
the British Columbia salmon canners. Firms there are
taking a great deal of interest in the canned salmon ad-
vertising campaign and something definite as to plans
for putting the campaign into force will be forthcom-
The canned salmon market in
Great Britain and‘on the continent runs from March to
October. That is this is the most active season for the
movement of this class of food-stuff.

At the present writing: there is nothing available as
to just what steps or along what lines the advertising
campaign will take but these are being carefully con-
sidered by all concerned and it is hoped that in the next

‘issue of the Fisherman more information in this con-

nection may be given.

VANCOUVER WHOLESALE FISH MARKET.

~ Cod.—When the cod season opened for the sale of
fresh local caught cod, the fishermen were on hand with
a good supply, and the price opened at 15 cents but in-
side of a week after the first of the month the price had
skidded with the result that today local caught ling
This is
some drop and for the time being is really low priced
food. It has really been a cause of supply and demand
conditions. -

Halibut.—Halibut is being quoted today at from 12
to 16 cents according to sizes. The supply is not very

plentiful as there has been some stormy weather.

Salmon.—Red springs are quite plentiful and are sel-
ling at around 20 cents per lb. dressed heads off. The
only supply, is mostly coming from the West Coast of
Vancouver Island.

Blue Backs are beginning to show up and are selling
at 20 cents per lb. dressed heads on. This nice small
fish is great eating just now, and should find a ready
market.

Smelt.—These are local caught. silver smelt and are
very scarce as a result the price is high. They are
bringing 17 cents per lb.

Shad.—This Columbia River fish is now on the mar-
ket and is bringing 20 cents per lb.

Carp.—From the Columbia River is selling at 12
cents per lb.

Mackerel.—F resh mackerel from California is now
on the Vancouver market and is selling at 20 cents per
lb., dressed heads on.

Sable Fish—Fresh sable fish is scarce.

Herring.—Fresh stock is off the market.

Filleted cod.—The London Fish Co. say they are hay-
ing some fine orders for their fancy filleted cod at 15
cents per lb.

Shell Fish—Crabs are in good supply and also
shrimps. L. Perrin & Co., are also handling lobsters
and turtles, and report a good demand for frog legs.

MANY CANNERIES TO REMAIN CLOSED THIS
SEASON.

The salmon packers will not operate nearly as many
canneries this season as last. Outside of the following
districts there will be practically no canneries in oper-
ation: Fraser River, Rivers Inlet,*Bella Coola, Skeena
River and Naas River. The B.C. packers are the only
packers to operate on the same scale as last season.
This means that practically the only districts operating
are those in which the sockeyes are packed or other
high grade salmon. As an illustration of the conditions
that will.exist the coming season it is reported that one
cannery will have five former managers working.

98 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

“SKALU’’ SAILS UNDER LAY PLAN.

On April 4th the ‘‘Skalu’’ belonging to the Canadian
Fishing Co., Ltd., sailed from Vancouver for the hali-
but grounds. The crew are working on a lay and good
results are expected for all concerned. Capt. J. ¥ iddler
was in charge of the ‘‘Skalu.”’

FISHERMEN NOT APPLYING FOR GILL-NET
LICENSES VERY EARLY THIS SEASON.
Fishermen have not begun to apply for gill-net licen-
ses in any large numbers so far this season is the report
of the fisheries department in Vancouver. Those that
have applied are securing permits until the regular
licenses arrive from Ottawa.

WAGE AGREEMENT ON THE ALASKA PACKERS
FLEET REACHED.

The dispute between the Alaska Packers’ Association
and the seamen on their fleet, which has held the fleet
in port for some time past, has at last been reached is
the report from San Francisco. This means that the
fleet will sail before the end of April for Alaska. This
has meant a great deal to a large number of workers.
About 7,500 men were affected and until the wage ques-
tion was settled the Company would not send the fleet
North. As it is the fleet will now clear for Bristol Bay
from San Francisco as soon as possible. According to
the new agreement the men will accept payment of
seven cents per fish and $150 for the trip as against
$200 dollars for the trip last year, and nine cents per
fish.

400 GALLONS OF DISTILLATE EXPLODES ON
THE ‘‘INSKIP.’’ ENGINEER BLOWN
OVERBOARD.

The Canadian Fishing Co.’s ‘‘Inskip’’ is cer-
tainly a staunch boat. On Mareh 24th, while® off
Egg island, Queen Charlotte Sound, the heater on the
deck of the ‘‘Inskip’”’ overturned and set fire to the dis-
tillate.. Engineer Eckett was standing beside the tank
containing about 400 gallons of this fuel and the ex-
plosion blew him overboard; at the same time setting
fire to his clothing. There was a gale blowing and the
vessel was facing heavy seas. The engineer was thrown
into the heavy seas running but one of his shipmates
threw him a life belt which he was fortunate enough to
grasp and then Capt. Wells with another of the crew
went after him in a small dory. After getting the en-
gineer, who was badly burned, back on board, the crew
proceeded to put out the flames which were by this
time well under way. They finally extinguished the
blaze and then, under sail, made for Takush Harbor up
Smith Inlet. They finally made a logging camp and
here Engineer Eckett’s burns were attended to as the

wife of one of the loggers was a trained nurse.

The Company’s boat ‘‘Tartoo’’ was sent North to
bring the ‘‘Inskip’’ down and reached Vancouver on
the Ist of April. It was found upon examination that
the hull of the ‘‘Inskip’’ had not been injured by the
effect of the explogion or the flames, and the only re-
pairs to be made was the replacing of the tank. This
was done while the vessel was tied up to the Company’s
dock, and on April 12th the ‘‘Inskip’’ again left port
for the fishing grounds. This speaks well for the buil-
ders of the hull, as there is sure some force when a tank
of 400 gallons of distillate decides to expand under
pressure, Engineer Eckett was able to sail withthe
vessel,

BLUE BACKS ARRIVE. |

The first blue backs of the season reached Vancou

ver on April 9th, and were eagerly snapped up by th
wholesalers. 5 : ey eae

PRINCE RUPERT FISHERMEN NOW WORKING
ON LAY. :

The gasoline boats of the Canadian Fish & Cold Stor
age Co. are now all fishing on lay and good results are
being reported although the catches will improve with

good weather. oe

‘““WESTJACK’’ IN WITH A GOOD CATCH. |
The ‘‘ Westjack,’’ owned by the Western Packers, |
Ltd., and in charge of Capt. Wagg, arrived in Vancou-
ver on April 11th with 10,000 Ibs. of halibut whieh sold —
for 9 and 121% cents. The cargo was bought by the —
Canadian Fishing Co., Ltd. The ‘‘Westjack’’ is work-
ing on a lay and is meeting with good suecess. ~

ad

aes
42 Ss

OLD TRAWLER ‘‘CANADA’’ TO BEDEEP-
“SEA TUG. : = eee y
The old iron steam trawler ‘‘Canada’’ built in Bey- —
erley, Eng., in 1892, and brought to the Pacifie Coast
by the British Columbian Fisheries, Ltd., and latterly
purchased and operated as a halibut dory-man and a —
steam trawler by the Canadian Fishing Company, Ltd.,
Vancouver, has been chartered by Capt. Barney John-
son and will be used as a deep-sea tug.
Though almost thitty years old, the ‘‘Canada’s”’ iron —
hull has withstood the ravages of time and she has yet
a useful career before her. Her sister ship, the ee
bricaria’’ owned by the same company, are the oldest
trawlers in the Canadian fleet. Ban

A CONTINUOUS SUPPLY OF FRESH HERRING
7 FOR BAIT.

According to recent reports from Prince Rupert, the
halibut boats will not want for fresh herring bait from
now on. Thé N.M. & R. Fishing Co., have been granted
a permit to impound live herring for bait at Captain’s
Cove, Pitt Inland, which is about 50 mies from Prince
Rupert. : ‘g

Several hundred tons of fish are already impounded
and a larger supply is being brought in. There are two
boats at work seining the herring employing nine men
in all. Capt. James Neville is in charge at Captain’s —
Cove. oa

The halibut boats requiring bait receive same at Cap-
tain’s Cove, after leaving Prince Rupert. Ameriean
boats are served as well as Canadian boats, as author-
ity for the sending of a customs man to Captain’s Cove
has just been received from Ottawa. eee

The taking of live herring will continue until well
into the end of April and it is expected that there will
be a sufficient supply on hand when the herring season
closes to last well along into May and possibly later.
When the pound at Captain’s eove is filled another
pound will be established nearer to Prince Rupert. Af.
ter the taking of the live herring is over the two boats:
in use will be used to deliver bait to the halibut fleet.

The idea of impounding herring for bait has been
talked of for some time past and apparently this effort
is a well planned attempt to fill a long felt want among
the halibut fishermen. In Alaska they have been im-
pounding herring for bait for some time past and the
results have been very beneficial. There was no wait-
ing for bait and it was always in’ good shape. =

bad weather in the North the halibut catch-
ive not been as large as could have been wished.

eather is now improving and there should be
good catches landed.

STEAMERS TIED UP ON ACCOUNT OF
ENGINEER'S STRIKE.

The trawlers of the Canadian Fish & Cold Storage
have been tied up for some time on account of an
eer’s strike. It is hoped that a settlement will be
ed at soon as the weather conditions are now im-
ying and good fishing should be had.

SPRING SALMON STILL TOO HIGH PRICED
" TO HANDLE LARGE QUANTITIES
PROFITABLY.

th better weather on the West Coast of Vancou-
Island the trollers are seeuring larger catches of
“springs. There is, however, a tendency to hang
k on buying as the price is altogether too high to
them in Vancouver and handle any quantity. The
nt wholesale price in Vancouver is 20 cents per
dressed heads off and it does not take many at this
to flood the market. Until the prices lower some-
there will be no large quantities handled by the
firms.

THE CANNED SALMON MARKET.

. great question now agitating the minds of the
ers of canned salmon is why should a man or firm
prices when they cannot make sale. This is really
old out of date play in the great game of commerce.
ntil every other effort is made to move any kind of
erchandise today the resort to price cutting is not
ade until every effort is exhausted. When the salmon
nners get together and remedy this great evil that is
‘ling their entire enterprise? It is pretty safe to
y that the firm or perhaps individual that instigated
st cut in the price of canned salmon is not a be-
er in the art of advertising his goods, and the
er is pretty sure this firm is not a firm of canned
mon packers, but simply sells the pack. Why be in-
uenced by those who are not up to date? Some people
ink that the only way to sell goods is by personal
esmanship. The only way that the canned salmon
ill ever be sold in Canada and other countries where
uine advertising is in use is by a properly conducted
ising campaign. This applies particularly to the
ter colored grades of canned salmon.
Strong efforts are now being made to stabilize the
wrices of all the lighter colored grades and the very
that there are very few lots now moving should
the canners to realize that now is the time to

the United States the price of these grades was
med up by the advertising campaign that was start-
and good results have resulted from this campaign
though it has not been carried on very long.

Henry Doyle, Vice-President of Northern B.C.
“ies, Ltd., returned to Vancouver the first of
er several weeks trip to the East on business.

_ American vessel ‘‘Companion’’

et

FISHERMAN 99
SOME EXPERIENCED MEN ON THIS HALIBUTER.

* One of the halibut boats operating out of Vancouver
with four men in the crew has three former skippers.
We'll say this boat should bring in some fish unless the
skippers have different ideas as to where to fish and
each insists he is right.

POACHING REPORTED ON VANCOUVER ISLAND
HALIBUT GROUNDS.

It has been reported that some of the smaller Ameri-
can halibut boats have been fishing inside the three
mile limits off the West Coast of Vancouver Island.
Chief Inspeetor Motherwell, of thé Dominion Fisheries
Department has despatched a fisheries steamer to this
district to investigate.

PETITION FOR LARGER MESH FOR VANCOUVER
SOLE TRAWLERS.

Wholesale dealers in Vancouver and sole fishermen .
who fish for soles near Vancouver are petitioning the
Dominion Fisheries to have the regulations as to the
size of trawl net mesh altered to inerease the exten-
sion measure to 4 inches so that the smaller sized fish
will not be caught. The matter is now under consider-
ation by the department.

AMERICAN SHIP ‘‘COMPANION”’ SEIZED ON
WEST COAST OF VANCOUVER ISLAND.

A ruling made by the Canadian Customs Department
that no foreign vessel shall purchase fresh fish unless
while lying at a port of entry, caused trouble for an
American vessel on the West Coast of Vancouver Is-
land. The .customs officials received word that the
was creating a great
deal of trouble for the Canadian buyers off the West
Coast. by buying fish from the fishermen. The customs
men boarded the ‘‘Companion’’ and seized her for
breaking the customs laws of Canada, after finding
this to be the ease.

BRITISH COLUMBIA FISHING AND PACKING CO.
TO OPERATE SAME AS IN 1920.

At a recent annual meeting of the British Columbia
Fishing and Packing Co., which is now the operating
company of the B. C. Packers Assn., the board of diree-
tors was re-elected as follows:

President, W. H. Barker; Vice-President, Aemilius
Jarvis; Directors, C. Sweeny, Wm. Braid, Robt. Kelly,
J. M. Whitehead, E. E. Evans, all of Vancouver; E. W.
Rollins, Boston, Mass.; Sir Henry M. Pellet, Toronto,
Ont.; “Mark Workman, Montreal; Geo. H. Smithers,
Montreal; A. C. Flumerfelt, Victoria, B.C.

In announcing that the Company would operate four-
teen canneries the same as last year, and put up about
the same pack, Mr. W. H. Barker, President of the Com-
pany stated that although exchange conditions were
adverse, at the same time there had been a good de-
mand for the better grades of canned salmon at high
prices although the lower grades had been neglected,

Referring to the annual statement, Mr. Barker re-
ferred to the fact that. although the statement showed
the usual profits at the same time it must not be lost
sight of that these were at present about all in unsold
stock, The company expect, however, to ir on the
values placed on the unsold stock,

100

WHY CANADIANS MUST EAT MORE OF OUR
SEA FOOD.

Dominion Offers Best Individual Market and is
Capable of Quickest and Greatest Expansion.

It is estimated by people in a position to know,
that fish consumption in the Dominion on National
Fish Day exceeded that of any previous single day
on record. "What the actual consumption in pounds
has been is difficult to estimate, but each of the larger
centres throughout the country had extraordinary
large sales on February 9. . Montreal is said to have
consumed more than 1,000,000 pounds, while Toronto
is believed to have used more than half that quan-
tity. Every effort will be made to induce people
to hold to this increased fish ration throughout the
year,

During the year 1920, Canadian fishermen produced
between 800,000,000 and 900,000,000 pounds of fish.
Or rather, they landed that amount. Had they been
able to bring ashore and sell every edible fish they
eaught, their landings would undoubtedly have reached
1,500,000,000 pounds. It is estimated that one-quarter
or less of the amount remained in Canada, which
would bring the Canadian per capita consumption dur-
ing that year between twenty and twenty-five pounds.

The United States lands about 2,000,000,000 pounds
of fish each year, about two-thirds of which is taken
off the Atlantic coast, or in waters not only equally
but usually more accessible to .fishermen operating
from Canadian ports.

This would seem to make one point clear. We can
land more fish in Canada each year. The fish are
there, but we are to build up a market for them.
Canada is the most important individual market for
our fish, but as yet she is about the smallest consumer
of sea food among the fish-producing countries of
the world. Our fish exporters are improving) their
product each year and our foreign markets are devel-
‘oping. But the home market is stationary and has
been practically so for years. If Canada is to forge
ahead and take her position of justified pre-eminence
in the fish-producing world, we must eat more fish
at home. {

ELIMINATE FISH FORKING,

Improved methods of handing fish are steadily
working their way into the fisherman’s operations.

For some time past it has been impressed upon him °

that the use of the pitchfork really means partial
destruction of the article which he hopes to market
with profit. Some months ago the Fisheries Branch,
Ottawa, cireulated a poster indicating pictorially and
verbally the injurious effects and the monetary loss
oceasioned by such primitive methods. The United
States authorities took up the matter with their Atlan-
tie fishermen at the same time and the combined in-

fluence seems to have been productive of some good
results,

At a recent meeting of New England fishermen a
strong movement: was advanced to do away with the
pitehfork altogether and use some other method which
will not bruise or mutilate the fish. A good many in
New England and along the coast of the Maritime
Provinees have already abolished the fork and it is
expected that before long the fish-fork with destrue-
tive prongs will be a thing for the museum:

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

‘teemed for its edible qualities.

April, 1921. _
CONSERVATION OF OUR FISHERIES. a

In the time of Simon Peter and Andrew his brother, —
when hand nets were the most up-to-date gear fo e
catching fish, and fishermen knew when their hauls —
continued to be light, that they had fished out a pa
ticular area. But, in these days, when demand may be
increased and stimulated. by long distance transporta- —
tion facilities, the introduction of modern methods o
fish catching, like the steam trawl, in which tons of —
fish may be taken at a lift, it is not easy to determine —
quickly and accurately whether a given fishery is being —
fished out. Intensive modern methods of fishing may —
for a few years give a larger catch, even when the sup- _
ply of fish is diminishing. Depletion is therefore an —
insidious thing, creeping upon our fisheries before we —
know it. Sometimes it is far advanced before we even
suspect its beginning. ae

But there is one pretty sure way of detecting it— —
that is by statistics of catch (not of value) over a —
period of years. If the catch keeps going down year —
after year, we may be sure, despite intensive methods a
of fishing, that the species under observation is being
cleaned out. .A statistical enquiry of this sort shows —
that there are several species of Canadian fishes in —
process of depletion. One of these is the sturgeon, a
fish caught in large numbers years ago in the Great
lakes, especially JakeErie, and which was highly es-.
As late as 1900, the —
annual catch of this fish amounted to 2,645,722 Ibs.; —
by 1910 it had decreased to 1,036,400 Ibs., and, in 1919, —
only 27,700 lbs. was ‘taken.

The shad, also, is almost extinct in our waters. In i.
1885, the catch was 14,535 bbls.; twenty years later it
was 6,265 bbls.; in 1915. it went down to 3,867 bbls.;
whilst in 1919, production was only 1,038 bbls.

The “‘big run”’ of the valuable sockeye salmon, which —
occurred every four years on the Fraser river in Bri- —
tish Columbia, is a thing of the past, due to over-fishing
and to a rock slide near Yale during the construction —
of the Canadian Northern Railway, preventing the
salmon from ascending the river to spawn in the tribu-
tary streams and lakes of the upper river. There are
other fisheries, too, which a statistical study shows to —
be declining for Canada as a whole, and many indivi- —
dual streams and bodies of water are being dépleted of —
valuable species. This is especially true of game fish —
which bring so many thousands of dollars worth of —
tourist trade into the country every year.

‘asia eae

The remedy lies in prevention of over-fishing and in _
planting fry to replenish fished-out waters. It is re- F
markable what fish culture will do to rehabilitate our _
fisheries. In 1912, the Commission of Conservation, —
after a careful statistical study of whitefish production j
in the Great Lakes, represented to the Government that —
the supply of this valuable fish was being depleted and —
showed that the small annual plant of fry then being —
made was quite inadequate to make good the loss. —
Later, the Government increased its fish eulture facili-_
ties and made larger plants of fry. The results speak —
for themselves. In 1910, the whitefish catch was 12,-—
772,300 Ibs. In 1915, it rose to 15,352,900 Ibs., and in —
1919 it reached 19,740,300 Ibs., in spite of the heavy _
consumption of these fish during the war years. Pri-_
vate interests also have proved again and again that
the planting of fry in streams and smaller bodies of —
water pays good dividends. F

Alert public opinion and a well-informed indepen-

=

it press are the most powerful assets in conserving
al resources, fisheries included. The onus rests
and me and our neighbours to take an interest
things which, too often, are nobody’s business
e they are everybody’s business, and, through
ate influence, press, and fish and game clubs, the
and administrators of our fisheries laws should
upon the conservation of our natural wealth.—
ervation.

ME RESULTS OF A STUDY OF THE HERRING

e following extracts are taken from an illustrated
e delivered by Prof. W. A. Clemens, of the Uni-
ity of Toronto.

This study was undertaken for the Biological Board
of Canada in response to a request from the Lake Erie
srmen’s Association for such an investigation. °

; A very brief summary of the results follows:
‘I—Species of Herring Found in Lake Erie.

the western part of the lake four species have
identified «
Jumbo Herring.—(Leucichthys eriensis).

This herring formed the bulk of the catches in the
ound nets in the vicinity of Merlin during the summer
1920. The distinguishing characters are the more
less pronounced ‘‘hump’’, the very deep body, and
e short broad tail. This appears to be a herring
- to Lake Erie.

The Lake Erie Herring or Grayback. (1. artedi).
is herring oceurred in varying numbers in the
es all summer. It can be distinguished from the
nbo herring which it closely resembles by the very

ch narrower tail, the narrowed body and the smaller
seales. ;

The Lake Huron Herring. (1. sisco huronius).
This herring is the typical shallow water herring of

ake Huron, and occurs abundantly in the western
on of Lake Erie. It has a long spindle-shaped body
long narrow tail.

d) The Georgian Bay Herring. (L. harengus).
_ Only a few specimens of this species were observed
in Lake Erie. It is an extremely slender fish.

In the eastern end of Lake Erie, that is around Long
oint and eastward, four species have been identified.
Jumbo Herring.—It was fairly abundant around
ng Point, but apparently decreases in numbers to the

ard

) Lake Erie Herring. —It was taken quite abundant-
in the pound nets between Port Dover and Port Mait-

Lake Ontario Herring—Only a few specimens
taken which agreed with the descriptions and
asurements given for the shallow water herring of
ce Ontario.

_ A deep water or longjaw herring.—This species
tremely abundant in the eastern portion of the
‘It formed the bulk of the gill net catches at Port
and in August and November 1920. It will prob-
ly prove to be identical with the longjaw of Lake
io or a variety of it.

e two chief herring of Lake Erie then, as they
red in 1920 were the jumbo herring of the middle
western portions of the lake extending somewhat

CANADIAN FISHERMAN.

101

into the eastern end, and the longjaw herring of the —
deeper waters around Long Point, and east of it and
extending to some extent westward.

2.—Rates of Growth.

_ Examination of the scales for the purpose of estimat-
ing the rate of growth of the various species shows that
the jumbo herring grows much more rapidly than any
of the other species in Lake Erie. While a longjaw
herring of five years of age reatliés a length of about
10 inches and a weight of 9 or 10 ounces, the jumbo
herring of the same age reaches a length of nearly 14
inches and a weight of nearly 18 ounces. The Lake Erie
herring has a rate of growth much like that of the long-
jaw. It is quite apparent that in any future work in
the artificial propagation of herring in Lake Erie that
the spawn of the jumbo herring should be used chiefly

and the spawn of the longjaw to some extent for the
eastern end.

_ 3.—Food.

The stomach contents of herring from all parts of
the lake have been examined in order to obtain more
accurate information as to the food. The results show
that the herring feed almost exclusively on microscopic
animals belonging to the group Crustacea, to which
also belong the crayfish, lobster, crab, shrimp, ete.
The longjaws from the deep water, feed chiefly on a
larger shrimp-like. The number of these microscopic
animals which must abound in the waters of Lake Erie -
in order to support the millions of herring and other
fish must be enormous.

As stated previously the results obtained from this
study merely point the way to a host of unsolved prob-
lems. Our knowledge of the distribution of the various
species and their movements is very limited. We know
little of the distribution and movements of the food
organisms; of the temperatures of the water at all
depths and at all seasons, and its effects on the move-
ments and distribution of the herring and their food
organisms. We need to have more accurate informa-
tion regarding the spawning and the habits of the
young; of the predaceous enemies, parasites and
diseases. Until all this information is available, our
regulations must be based on more or less insecure
foundations.

UNUSUAL THING IN FISH CULTURE.

The spawning of female grilse is rather an unusual
occurrence, and has rarely been recorded in the annals
of Canadian fish culture. For the information of
the uninitiated a grilse is the young.of the salmon on
its first return from the sea. The superintendent of
the salmon-retaining pond at Miramichi, New Bruns-
wick, during the season just closed, spawned two fe-
male grilse, neither of which weighed over 3% pounds.

During the season of 1920 the run of grilse in the
Atlantie rivers has been larger than for many years
past. The eggs taken from the two female grilse have
been kept separate and are now in good condition at
the hatchery. The loss has been normal and not more
than the average loss in the salmon eggs.

Students of fish culture will be interested in the
development of these eggs, and the department is
taking every care to have each process in their devel-
opment closely watched and recorded.

~*

102 CANADIAN FISHERMAN April, 1921.

STORIES of the SEA

AND THE

Grand Bank Fishermen

by FREDERICK WILLIAM WALLACE

SHAW ®
THE VIKING BLOOD

A Story of Seafaring.
A novel of deep-water seafaring ‘round the Horn in a four-mast barque
and latterly in the Bank fisheries of Nova Scotia. A story of action with
thescenes laid in Glasgow, Vancouver, Halifax, Havana and ‘‘Eastville, N.S.”

Cloth $1.75
BLUE WATER ae

A Tale of the Deep Sea Fishermen.
A second edition of this well-known novel of seafaring on the Grand
Banks which has been pronounced by critics in Great Britain and Canada to

be the bof kind.
Cloth $1.75

THE SHACK LOCKER

Yarns of the Deep Sea Fishing Fleets
A collection of short stories of hazard and adventure on the Banks, select-
ed from out of the best previously published in American magazines.

Cloth, $1.50

Sold at all booksellers in Canada, or from the publishers

MUSSON BOOK COMPANY, Limited
TORONTO, ONT,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN ;

acnowledee receipt. of a beautiful Peaisader
g the schooner ‘‘Delawana,’’ from the well
manufacturers of the household remedy MIN-
RD’S LINIMENT. This celebrated medicine for all
tion and Newfoundland and its merits are such that
ily ills has an immense sale in all parts of the Do-
very fisherman should have a bottle handy in case of
dden sickness.

NOVA SCOTIA PAPER ENDORSES CAMPAIGN
FOR DISTINCT FISHERIES DEPARTMENT.
The North Sydney ‘‘Herald’’ of Kebruary 4th
votes a two column editorial to the CANADIAN
SHERMAN’s campaign to secure a distinct Fish-
eries Department with a Deputy Minister in charge.
The ‘‘Herald”’ says in part :—

“The ‘Canadian Fisherman’ has again taken up
the movement to have a fisheries department of the
Dominion government, distinct from the marine and
naval departments. Some time ago the Canadian Fish-
ries Association, composed of the men most actively
“interested in the progress of the fishing industry,
found after study of what the fishing industry needed
to take its proper place as a source of wealth and em-
ployment in Canada, that one of the most pressing
eeds, if not the most important, was a separate de-
rtment of fisheries, or at least a deputy minister of
eries, the position to be filled by a man well in-
ormed on the fishing industry and aequainted with
its needs. The association passed a resolution to this
feet, which was duly laid before the government of
he day. The government was urged to give the in-
dustry this status, and it was pointed out how this
would help in expanding the fisheries of Canada. The

result, and the ‘Canadian Fisherman’, a publication
_ well informed on the industry, evidently thinks the
_ time is opportune to again bring the matter to the
ront.

The ‘Canadian Fisherman’ points out that the ad-

has always been a side line of some government depart-
ment. It was first tagged on to the marine depart-
ment, then to the naval service. Then it was kicked
ack to the marine. Now it is paid the least attention
f the three branches of the department of marine,
fisheries and naval service. There is an assistant
deputy minister of fisheries under the minister, but he

_ ministration of Canada’s tremendous fish resources —

(89) 108

has no real authority, and with the red tape that ties
up the departments at Ottawa can only reach the min-.
ister thru the’ deputy minister. There has never been
a deputy minister, the ‘Canadian Fisherman’ says,
who really knew the fisheries end of the work, and
besides the marine and naval service branches of the
department were always considéred the most im-
portant, received the most attention, and took most of
the expenditure allotted to the department.

It is perhaps too much to expect the creation of a
fisheries portfolio in the government, There are too
many ministers now, and every minister means the
apointment of a staff and satellites numbering a small
army. The request of the Fisheries Association, how-
ever, is a reasonable one, and would not add much to
the expense of the department. All they ask is the
appointment of a qualified man as deputy minister
of fisheries, and to have the fisheries work admin
istered distinct from the marine and naval service,
by which it is now overshadowed. This would lead
to the proper governmental assistance being given
to the development and encouragement of the fish-
eries, as has been done with agriculture under its
department. The ‘Canadian Fisherman’ asks that
all who are interested in encouraging and developing.
Canada’s fisheries give this request their support.”’

AN INTERESTING STUDY REGARDING HABITS
OF SALMON.

It is generally known that there are two runs of
salmon each year, in the spring and in the fall. The
fish spawn only in the fall but some enter rivers and
streams in the spring, remaining there until the fall,
while others remain in deep water until” two or
three weeks before the spawning period. An interest-
ing problem which has been under investigation by .
the Fisheries Branch, Department of Marine and
Fisheries, Ottawa, is to find the frequeney with
which salmon spawn, and whether the fish of the
fall runs and their progeny always come in the fall
runs.

The Department has for several ‘years, after strip-
ping the salmon, and before releasing them, marked
a number with a distinguishing tag attached to the
dorsal fin. In the year 1919 thirty-one marked sal-
mon of the spring run were recovered in the spring,
and none in ithe fall; of the fall marked salmon, -
about 80 per cent recovered returned in the spring
run, and 20 per cent in the fall run.

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IMPORTERS
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SALT FISH

MACKEREL A SPECIALTY
‘‘We are in the market for New Dulse’’

REFERENCES :

Correspondence Dunn's & Bradstreet’s

Solicited

Agencies

The Corn Exchange
Nat. Bank, Phila.

See ee

ee es

—

THE
CANADIAN

oe

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

_ VOL. VII GARDENVALE, P.Q., MAY, 1921 NO. 5

= wT SUE oop

a .
= oa MOLOUDUUUUAANANATUTTUUT HOONUUUOU THUAN
ay a

for

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PACKERS’ CANS : :
Open Top Sanitary Cans—

and

Standard Packer Cans

with Solder-Hemmed Caps

A.R. Whittall Can Company, Ltd.

Sale oz RoyalBank Bidg., MONTREAL hee,
TORONTO WINNIPEG
H.R. PHILPPS, Sales Mgr. Established 1888 A. E. HANNA,

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CANADIAN FISHERMAN

has been supplying the com-— “
mercial Fishermen of two
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ier

Nautical Instruments, Linen Gilling Nets, Gilling Twines, :
Lamps of all typcs, Sea Island Cotton Gilling Nets,
Life Boat Equipment to : _ Side Line and Seaming Twine,
Board of Trade regulations, _ Pound Nets, Drag Seines, Dip Nets,
Life Jackets, Ring Buoys, Minnow Seines, Trammel Nets,
Blocks of all kinds, Hoop Nets, Fishing Rope,
Wires and Manila Rope, Cedar Floats, Lead,
Anchors, Oars, Pumps, : Boat Hardware.

Write for a Catalog

John Leckie Limited,

77 Wellington St. W.., - ‘TORONTO, Ont.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

}

“ut
hy

oe ttteee

A FALLEN IDOL,

WANTED by he Canadian Fishing In-
dustry, a Department of Fisheries dis-
tinet from Marine, Naval or other
affiliation. Also a Deputy Minister
in charge who will have direct access
to the Minister.
“It would seem as though a parallel case to ours is to
@ fonnd in the English fishing industry The fish
ade over there is cursed with a ‘‘side-line’’ adminis-
‘ation and a plea for a Deputy Minister of Fisheries
as made in the House of Commons recently by Mr.
‘tyman. His arguments are worth printing as they
practically a repetition of our own. Says Mr.
yman:
**T wish to say a word about fisheries. I want to
kk my right hon. friend, in the first instance, what
' arrangements are now made in his Department as
to a Deputy Minister of Fisheries. He will remem-
ber that there has been a very serious complaint
_ made by the fishing industry that they have no re-
_ presentative in Parliament to whom they can go and
- who will mother them and look after them and be
» responsible for their interests. They are tacked
on to agriculture, which, of course, occupies the
_ major attention of the Minister of Agriculture, and
think it is not perhaps sufficiently recognized
a time such as this, when we want to get back to
production as quickly as possible, what an enor-
“mous advantage the sea-fishing industry has over
_ every other industry in the country. You have
not got to produce anything. Nature does it for
' you. The fish are there in the sea, and all that is
required is that there should be proper arrange-
“ments, first, for catching them, and, secondly, for
distributing them and placing them on the market ;
and also, as in the mind of every hon. member, if
_ there is an industry to which this country is deep-
_ ly indebted for war services, it is the fishing in-
astry,’”’
he present cabinet and the Minister of Marine and

iS

NEWS AND VIEWS

ON FISH AND FISHERIES

Frederick William Wallace - Editor-in-Chief

Fisheries of Canada cannot present any reasonable ar-
gument in defence of the existing unsatisfactory system
of administering the fisheries of the Dominion. It is
just a case of not wishing to be bothered with the small
task of reorganizing the Department and passing an
Order-in-Council to effect same and appoint a Deputy
Minister.

Hon. Mr. Ballantyne has neglected the fisheries section
of his portfolio. He will continue to neglect it as long as
he has to devote his thoughts and time to squaring up
the troubles of the Canadian Government Merchant
Marine. He will continue to neglect it as long as he
and the Member for Lunenburg engage in verbal duels
on the Merchant Marine. He will continue to neglect
it when he journeys to Europe shortly that he might
be handy to the Imperial Conference. when Dominion
Naval affairs are discussed. :

When Hon. Mr. Ballantyne took the portfolio of Marine
and Fisheries, the fishing industry held the hope that,
with a smart business man heading the Department, a
new era of fisheries administration would be inaugur-
ated. As a business man, we hoped that he would see
the necessity for developing the fisheries of Canada as
one of the natural resources with great potentialities,
and that he would, at once, set to work and organize a
distinct fisheries department with a Deputy Minister in
charge whose duties were confined to fisheries alone.

But Mr. Ballantyne’s tenure of office has been one of
marine and naval activities. He has launched Govern-
ment ships; he has inspeeted ship-yards, weleomed the
Canadian Navy to Halifax, and toured the ports in
the interests of harbour construction, but his interest
in fishery matters has been negligible.

He has been in many fishery centres but the fish
trade never saw him. He showed no interest in them
nor expressed any desire to meet fish men and talk
things over.

It is too bad, as many splendid things might have
been accomplished to lift our fisheries out of the rut
had Mr. Ballantyne put as much energy into developing

106

the fisheries as he has in building up merchant marine,
harbors and navies.

It is apparent that Mr. Ballantyne is not the Moses
who will lead us out of the wilderness. He is not likely
to interest himself in fisheries at this stage of his ad-
ministration. The successful business man has become
inoeulated with the Ottawa atmosphere and absorbed
political doctrines and methods of procedure until he
is just as smart a politician as he was a business man—
which same is to be regretted in his case.

THE NEW SALES TAX ON CANNED AND
MEDICATED FISH.

In effect on May 10th, 1921, a sales tax of 14%4 per
cent must be collected on sales and deliveries by Cana-
dian manufacturers or producers, and wholesalers or
jobbers, on fish, canned or medicated. In respect of
sales by manufacturers to retailers or consumers, the
sales tax shall be three per cent (3%).

We presume this means that a producer selling
eanned fish to a distributor or jobber collects the 1%
per cent sales tax and another 114 per cent tax is col-
lected by the distributor or jobber when he sells to re-
tailer. If the producer sells direct to retailer or con-
sumer, the tax to be collected will be 3 per cent.

We understand that a license is necessary under the
new excise Act and same can be secured from the
nearest Inland Revenue office at a fee of two dollars.

Returns must be made as from May 10th. ‘‘Medi-
eated’’ fish is understood to mean fish oil, such as cod
liver oil, prepared for medicinal purposes.

INSPECTION OF CANNED SALMON URGENTLY
NEEDED.

At no period in the history of the salmon canning
industry of Canada has the necessity for compulsory
inspection of canned salmon been so obvious. The
falling off in the pack of red salmon, and the necessity
for building up a market for pinks and chums to take
their place at attractive prices, has created a situation
whereby the market dictates just what is necessary to
command the trade.

The Canadian Export Pioneer—a London, (Eng.)
journal devoted to the building up of trade between
Canada and Great Britain—in a recent issue’ quotes
the following relative to the Canadian canned pink
salmon ;—

Pea seis among the importing houses in England,
past experience with the lighter grades of salmon is
not forgotten, and it is quoted as a serious warning.
In this connection, Mr. Powell, of Powell Brothers,
3 Eastcheap, London, E.C., told the ‘‘Pioneer’’ that
after visiting Canada in 1911 he eame back with the
idea that the red salmon pack was steadily decreasing,
and that it would be to everybody’s ultimate benefit to
push the trade in pinks. His firm, in faet, bought a
lot of the pink fish, but their business was seriously
interfered with by the inferior quality of some of the
fish delivered. Finally, they got to know where the
good and bad packs originated, and by importing only
certain packs they built up a moderate business in pink

ANADIAN FISHERMAN :

May, 19
salmon, which was going smoothly at the begi
the war.
Then, when the Government of the United K
under the food control, bought large quantities
salmon from Canada, Mr. Powell stated that
ceived some outrageously bad deliveries. So
so-called pinks were chum, and some of the p
is alleged, contained a considerable percentage
ed fish, During the continuance of food co:
goods were held in reserve and when labo
threatened they were moved into the inte
and stored in places unsuitable, all the u
accommodation being already congested. |
of all this was that the pink salmon was allowed t
come in many respects further deteriorated. h
reason for keeping it had disappeared, it
exceedingly low prices. The distributi
goods injured the demand for salmon of
the trade’s view is that it will be a stiff b bu
the demand fully re-created.

To-day, selected parcels of Canadian he
salmon are offered at prices far lower than
realized by the Government stores, and
still little sale. This refers particularly to” 11
The 14-lb. tins are in small supply and
accordingly firmed, but the demand is Shes
and prices si firm mainly because sa
strong hands.’

A cable from London to the Montreal Gaz
April 28th, says in part :-—

“The quality of Canadian fish, both ¢
frozen, now being shipped to England is mu
than some sent during the war, which is
British importers to liave given Canadian
bad name. A leading member of the ea
section of the London Chamber of Commerce
correspondent that of 25,000 cases of salmon
sent as a gift to England by Canada during he-
some was given to the German prisoners, and
the rest was so inferior that it had to be thro
‘The gift was well meant, but a large part of
ment, which was supposed to be pink salmon,
ly chum,”’ said this man, who is a member
the largest London importing houses. *“‘1
good market here for pink salmon, but for
of Canada, she should not try to send us
ehum.,’’

.
Oni

The English importer quoted makes an
statement when he talks about the gift of 25, 000 ¢
of B.C. Salmon being inferior. These fish were fi
ly inspected before shipment and were of fi ‘
quality and the publication of such a statement
garding them is being vigorously resented by the ]
Government and the salmon canners. Howeve
utterance of such a remark is undoubtedly pro
by the poor quality of certain Canadian salmon
ed since British Columbia’s gift.

CANADIAN

conditions in the canning industry require
anand for pinks and chums be built up in for-
arkets by goods that are low in price and high
. Consignment shipments of ‘‘off-color’’
s killing the business and are responsible for
rks as, those quoted.
etion of a compulsory nature by the Canadian
nt will have to be organized some day. It
put into operation NOW:

the new schooners destined to make a try to
defend or challenge for the International Schoon-
trophy are now at sea pursuing their lawful
The American schooner ‘‘Mayflower’’ ef-
y trimmed the Gloucesterman ‘‘L. A. Dunton”’
-yarious legs towards the Magdalen Islands, and
d appear as though the ‘‘Dunton’’ had no
with the yacht-like Bostonian.
“‘Bluenose’’ is on the Banks but showed no won-
turn of speed up to the present; the ‘‘Canadia’’
to have impressed the sailing fans as being the
r of the two possible challengers. However,
. vessel is loaded up with fishing gear, she is not
ling trim and it is too early to judge.
Mayflower”? still remains the storm centre of
ersy. The fishermen of the Maritime Provinces
ucester contend that she isa camouflaged vacht
ld never pay her way as a fishing vessel. Until
s her season’s trip of fish, it is too early to

‘CE RUPERT CAR SITUATION CLEARING.

ts received by the Prince Rupert Branch of
.A. show that construction on the new express
ator cars is well in hand and that the first car
be delivered for duty in May and the balance in

of car shortage for April in the northern
t show that the fish trade is still suffering, but
admitted that the C.N.R. are giving good service
the cars at their disposal. The G.T.P. ears are all
, but those of the C.N. and C.G.R. are not equipped
r travelling on most of the U.S. railroads, consequent-
‘ir routing has to be confined to Canadian lines.
nge in the trucks of these latter ears would fit
for wider service and it is possible that the Fish-
Association will urge that such change be made.

~

_ NEWFOUNDLAND FISH FORECAST.

most rigid economy is being practised by mer-
and fishermen in outfitting for the season’s
this year. The price of dried codfish this Fall
2 ed as being around $6 per quintal.

FRIED FISH SHOPS ABROAD.

fried fish restaurant is being recognized as an
; tant factor in providing lower living costs. Ger-
nan fishery organizations propose commencing a cam-
m to popularize the use of fish in Germany and
that the fried fish shop is the best means of
The scheme is mooted to organize a multi-
of such shops throughout the German Republic.

FISHERMAN 107

PRESIDENT HAGER LOSES MOTHER.

Mrs. Mary T, Hager, mother of Mr. A. L. Hager,
President of the Canadian Fisheries Association, pass-
ed away in Chicago on April 10th. Mr. Hager and
other members of the family were with her at the last.

The late Mrs. Hager was a very unusual type of
American woman and was characterized as one of the
most progressive and highly educated women of her
day. Born in England of English parents, Mrs. Hager
came to America with her parents when a baby. She
was educated at Iowa University and after graduating,
took up the study of law. Graduating from the Iowa
Law School, she became the first woman lawyer in the
State. ;

A prominent advocate of women’s suffrage and a
president of the Ladies of the Grand Army of the Re-
public, the late Mrs. Hager held a commanding position
in the social and political world. Her interest in Chi-
cago philanthrophic works endeared her to many in
that city.

DEATH OF A. BOUTILIER, OF CENTREVILLE, NS.

Digby, May 6.—The death oceurred on May 4th of
Alfred Boutilier, of Centreville, the head of the well
known firm of A. Boutilier & Co., after an illness of
apoplexy of but two hours’ duration. He was born
near Halifax and was 61 years old. As a young man he
went to Centreville about forty years ago. Entering
the fish business he gradually built up a large trade
and the firm founded by him has been in the fish trade
of western Nova Scotia for years,

CANNED SALMON PROPAGANDA.

Says the Canadian Export Pioneer in its April issue
referring to Col. F. H. Cunningham’s mission to Europe
on behalf of the B. C. Canners:

Lt.-Col. F. H. Cunningham’s suggestion to the
canned goods trade in England, for a co-operative
advertising campaign to promote the consump-
tion of canned salmon, is meeting with an encour-
aging reception. After an interview with the canned
goods traders in Liverpool, Lt.-Col. Cunningham was
invited to address a special meeting of the Canned
Goods Trade Section of the London Chamber of Com-
merce, at which representatives of leading importers
approved his idea as an excellent one, and the forma-
tion of a committee was suggested to take up the
matter. The Colonel’s scheme, put forward on behalf
of the salmon canners of British Columbia, is to form a
propagandist association to be called the ‘‘ Associated
Salmon Industry of the World,’’ whose particular con-
cern would be to educate the public on the value of
the lighter coloured varieties of salmon, which are
cheaper than the red salmon, but suffer, on account of
their colour, disfavour that is unmerited from the point
of view of food value. The association would remain
an extensive advertising campaign for a year, estim-
ated to cost £23,000, a feature of which would be the
distribution, in conjunction with press advertising

108

and demonstrations of millions of eopies of a booklet
showing ‘‘101 ways of serving salmon.’’ No mention
would be made of brands or countries or origin, 80
that all salmon exporting countries would be able to
participate in the scheme. The imports of canned
salmon to the United Kingdom being about 114 million
eases per annum, the estimated cost of the campaign
represents roughly 414d. a case, and Lt.-Col. Cunning-
hani’s proposal is that one-third of the £23,000 should
come from the producers, one third from the importers
and brokers, and the remainder from the distributors.
There was a feeling at the London Chamber meeting
that the canner should bear a larger share of the cost,
as it was he who was chiefly interested in increasing

the consumption of salmon, whereas to the importer -

and distributor, salmon was only one of several lines of
goods handled in his business. This would appear to
be not an unreasonable suggestion, and practical ack-
nowledgement of the point, by the salmon canners,
would no doubt. help to recommend the scheme to the
other parties concerned.

QUEBEC FISHERIES JURISDICTION.

Since the decision of the Privy Council that all rights
of jurisdiction over Quebee’s tidal fisheries, and fish-
eries in waters accessible to navigation from the sea,
are invested in the Federal Department of Fisheries,
the Quebee Government fishery authorities refuse to
relinquish the right to grant licenses for fishing in
Quebee waters.

In a statement to the Quebee Telegraph, the Hon.
J. E. Perrault, Provincial Minister of Colonization,
Mines & Fisheries, states :—

‘“The decision of the Privy Council, dated Névenbes
30, 1920, has not given the Ottawa Government any
rights which it did not have before. The Federal Goy-
ernment, under the constitution, has the right to regu-
late fisheries, and the Province of Quebee has never
interfered in this respect.

“In a judgment given out by the Privy Couneil in
1918, the federal authorities were given the right of
administering fisheries in the provinee of British Co-
lumbia, but Ottawa never interfered.

‘‘However, when it comes to the right of granting
licenses to fishermen to instal fishing apparatus, the
Government of the province of Quebee is the only one
which can issue permits in navigable or non-navigable
waters, whether they are tide-waters or not.

“The publie is the first to benefit from the recent
judgment, since its right to fish has been recognized
by the Privy Council.

“T cannot understand the reason why the federal
authorities are now asking fishermen to secure federal
licenses when the authorities nevar before imposed
such a ruling. It is simply to annoy us or try to get
some of the provincial rights. Whatever may be the

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

_ indemnity for the four years previous to

cause of such action, we will not give in and will :
relinquish any of the rights we now possess.

‘The province of Quebec is the owner of i
and only the province may’ issue licenses for
apparatus attached to the ground. Ottawa has
to give licenses and consequently fishermen m
to the Department of Fisheries, Coloni:
Mines, in Quebee, as heretofore, for these —

FISHING BOUNTY. _

M. H. Nickerson, commissioner of fish
Scotia, has launched an agitation to ind
dian Government to place at the service of
industry a matter of over half a million d
it is claimed, should have been paid in fishi
years ago. In 1877 the Joint Fisheries —
made what is known as the Halifax award,
the United States was required to pay
sum of $4,500,000 as indemnity for cert
enjoyed by American fishermen in Can
during the life of the Washington treaty. gi
States paid over this sum in 1878, but Otta
prompt to recognize the interest of the M
inces and Quebee in the expenditure of
It was not till 1882 that the Maritimes s
having their claims to a share of the ind
nized. The leaders of the agitation were .
of Yarmouth, and J. 8S. Hissenhauer,
both of whom were largely interested
Bank fishing vessels. Their idea was th
on the money paid over by the United Stat
distributed annually in the form of bounti
wa was persuaded to make the bounties
‘interests proportionately large, although
mainly represented payment for privil
American fisheries had enjoyed in our

Mr. Nickerson’s argument is that the
ernment owes the fishing industry the i

tribution of fishing bounties. This at
would amount to a little over half a
suggested that the Caandian Government shoul
bute this sum in the form of additional bount t
that the money should be placed to: the ¢ t 0 the
industry to be used for purposes he
mined. Mr. Nickerson is of the opinion
this sum would be most beneficial if app]
eral improvement of the producing, preserving
tributing branches of the industry ; for instance in
ing provision for cold storage at pai
storage is most needed.

Representations in regard to this matter have
made to the Government of Nova Seotia, New
wick, P.E.I., and Quebec, but as yet they have sho
no eagerness to act, perhaps because they have «
outstanding claims against “ Dominion Go
still unsettled—C.M.

s

SELF. PROTECTION.

*“You admit, then,’’ said an Alabama judge, ,
you stole the hog?’’

**Ah sure has to, Jedge,”” said the colored pri

‘Well, nigger, there’s been a lot of hog-ste
going on around here lately, and I’m just go!
make an example of you or none of us will be safe.

CANADIAN

s

FISHERMAN 109

~~

Springtime Musings on Selling

Fish in Canada

Plain Talk from a Practical Man.

By PISCATOR,

future holds tremendous possibilities for the
business*in Canada. I am referring now not to
oductive end of the industry, but to the devel-
of Canada as a market for our sea products,
in the fresh state. The key to the situation
the evolution of a system of distribution, and
me of fish consumption of future years will
ed by the degree of efficiency attained.
is a lull just at the present time in the ex-
n of our population due to immigration restric-
Now the fish trade should be making prepara-
for the provisioning of the great influx of fish-
people, bound to oceur as soon as the barriers
down, If we wait until] the flood starts the
ade will play a role of decreasing importance
inverse ratio to the increase of population.
keep abreast of the times and that means
adequate provision for the future, as well.
I am not sacrificing my claim to conservatism
I estimate a hundred per cent increase in pop-
I in the next twenty years. Is the fish trade
ady to provide for that? They must eat. If not fish,
en something else.
As I have said, the future of the trade is involved
th the questjon of serving the public. By distribu-
is implied not only the actual transportation of
from landing stations to inland centers, but
transaction and handling necessary from the
the fish is taken from the water till it is deliv-
the consumer. Our present scheme of distri-
i well ‘‘there aint none.’’ Our mode of getting
food to the consumer is not systematized. Like
y ‘‘it just growed’’. Experience with things of
nature, just as with the ‘‘self-made’’ man, shows
while they look all right on the surface, they
bear close investigation. The more you study
more serious the flaws. Drastie changes are
and needed now. Five years hence they may
impossible.
the outset, there are a few quite obvious truths
should be set down. In building up our local
for fish, Canada eannot adopt precedent.
are few for us to go by. England, undoubtedly,
an admirable fish service, but’ Canada is a coun-
of vast distances and scattered population. Nor
we learn much from our neighboring republic.
us, she has no adequate fish service, but her
ht is worse. We have a chanee to prepare for
future population. She has passed the stage
® preparation is possible. We are yet in shallow
1s where we may learn to swim, Our American
traders have neglected to learn to swim until they
themselves in the vortex of the eurrent. Their
ival means fard work. In Canada the trade
strike out. Is it true that we are afraid to

1S

take our feet from the bottom, figuratively speaking?
We have our own problem to solve in the light of
our own experience,

The first doctrine of my credo is this:

The public cannot be given adequate fish service
by mongrel provision stores.

I do not refer to stores who have various lines on
a departmental basis —in reality a collection of stores
under one roof and one management — but to pro-
vision stores where fish is a sideline. In such places
fish eannot be sold successfully. The grocer may
make an apparent profit on his fish, but he loses
trade in other lines by ‘the objectionable fish display.
Not only that, but he discourages the development: of
a fish appetite among his customers by presenting it
to the very worst advantage. He has not the facilities
for handling fish. In fact he knows nothing about
it. It is. no more his line than selling art pictures
or agricultural machinery. He damns the business.

The sideline fish store in populous communities
will never give satisfactory service. In country places
the ‘‘general store’? must function in this way, but
fresh fish is not usually in demand where such an
establishment’ suffices. Anyone who has taken the
trouble to observe, knows that the environment has a
lot to do with a customer. If I go into a grocery
store that reeks with the odor of fish, with unsightly
fish displayed without ice or without even protection
from flies, my first impulse is to escape, then my
stomach, naturally offended, dictates to my think-
piece, —‘‘No more fish for me.’’ But when I strike
into a thoroughbred, pedigreed fish store and my
nostrils take in good fresh air, untainted by foreign
odors, where my eye is greeted with an array of im-
maculate white walls, counters and slabs, and a neat
array of fish under glass cases, refrigerated and pro-
tected from flies. I feel my physiognomy assuming
that expression which I have so often envied on that
chap with Beecham’s pills. It’s a grand and glorious
feeling. ‘‘I’ll have some of that. Yes, I’ll take it
with me.’’

I know the counter argument. These provision-
plus-fish stores scattered all over a community give
a wide distribution. That sounds all right in theory.
But the fish they sell is fish that is absolutely needed,
bought by people with an inordinate fondness for
fish, or forced to eat it by religious direction. I ven-
ture to say that no one ever developed a fish-eating
habit through their agency. A community of any
density of population will maintain an up-to-date
fish store. Give service and patronage is assured.

To encourage people to get into the retail fish
business in real earnest—that is the problem. Are
we prospective swimmers afraid to take our feet
from the ground?

110

The second doctrine:

To retain the confidence of the _ people, traders
must give reliable, conscientious service.

You know you can fool some of the people some
of the time, but you can’t fool them always. Traders
are fools who believe a customer will not detect a
bad fish. Some may consider it a stroke of genius
to palm off a putrescent fish on an innocent cus-
tomer. Personally, I think it much better business
to throw it away. Your’ customer may say nothing,
but later on you may scratch your head and inquire:
‘‘Why has Mrs. Brown stopped buying fish?”

The two senses in the human being which almost
invariably endure while life lasts, though the others
may weaken or fail, are tasting and smelling. Therein
lies the failure of the dishonest fish dealer. One
who has ever tasted a good fish will detect a bad one,
and unless you want the less enviable and more
worrisome task of keeping him supplied with bad fish,
keep him provided with good ones.

The Canadian trade makes a distinction between
fresh and frozen fish, and undoubtedly there is a dif-
ference. Do not attempt to deceive your customers
by hiding this fact. If you deny that fish is frozen
stock when it actually is, you repudiate your belief
in the food value of frozen fish. More than that,
you confirm any existing doubt on the part of the
customer. Under this condition frozen fish will al-
ways stay in disrepute. Be honest with your patrons
and they will reciprocate. If you have fish on display,
indicate, if not' by a sign, then by personal advice,
that it is fresh or frozen. If the latter be the case,
your customer knows how to handle it. Much greater
satisfaction would be obtained should you sell frozen
fish stiff and deliver them in the frozen state, to be
thawed in the kitchen. Were this policy generally
adopted there would be increased confidence in frozen
fish and less difficulty in solving our transportation
problem.

Number three of my credo:

You can’t skin the public and get away with it.
I do not’ mean to insinuate by thig that the general
practice among retail fish dealers is *o charge ex-
cessive prices. It is not. But in some cases it is
done. In one city recently there was a discrepancy
of five cents a pound in the price of haddock in various
stores. :

It might have been thoroughly justified but, per-
sonally, I am a Missourian. People insist that fish
be low-priced and if it’s not: they are suspicious, and,
in truth, a difference of five cents per pound on such
a cheap commodity should justify it. Mind you, this
is an exception, I am convinced, but the failure of
one individual reflects.upon the trade, just as tinker-
ings of a shyster lawyer tend to degrade the profes-
sion. In the latter instance, though, the shyster is
ostracized by the legal fraternity. In the fish business
breaches of faith with the public are tolerated.

That’s one angle of the business. I have taken up
the cudgels of the consumer and told the retailer
what I expect of him. But that’s not the whole
story. The retailer depends upon a general distributor,
usually, for his supplies. The quality of the latter
in many instances, I feel positive, is not the fault of
the retailer, If his patrons are dissatisfied his neg-
ligenee is only contributory. Possibly financial stress
overrides his seruples. Oan hie be held altogether to
blame? He must live.

True, the public can't be fooled always. We are

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

what are you going to do about it? You have jus

May, 1921.

part of the public, Mr. Distributor, and we know you
are failing us, though, in a way, we are helpless.

Experience has shown us that you cannot suce
fully ship fresh fish in barrels. Mr. Distrib

as great an interest in developing the market as ¥
retailers have. We ¢an’t give service to’ our patron
unless we get good service from you. That’s logic
You can’t evade it. The fact that you have be ;
shipping in barrels since Noah quit the ark, or becaus
your competitors are doing it, is no exeuse
continuance of the practice. The oil lamp wa
hindrance to Edison’s application of elect ici 5
illumination, nor did the parrafine lamp obsequious
retire in favor of the age-old tallow stick. If

were to abide by this principle civilization would ¢
to a standstill, and anyone who is satisfied to come
a standstill should not complain when others
him to the ’steenth shelf, back against the wall.

It has almost developed into an axiom that
fish must be shipped in boxes, and the shallower
they are the better. In Scotland many yeats of
perience has demonstrated that this is the most
factory system. The weight upon fish at the b
of a ten or twelve inch box is not sufficient to im
the quality, but in barrels the bottom fish are in m
eases pulped. If the barrel system was found unsuit-
able in Seotland where the hauls are short, there is
nothing to justify it in this country, The pra
solution is a returnable box, collapsible if po
with standard cover, that is, the varying in depth
as the cubie capacity increases.

Another thing, Mr. Distributor. We like to get
weights. We must give our patrons a pound
pound. Do ye also in like manner. Once we may
got 100 pounds in a shipment where 100 pounds’
invoiced. Yes. Sometimes we hear a yarn al
seven-pound brook trout, buti..... We’ve heard
overweights, too. But, as the vaudeville com
says, that was in the days when freé lunches
with beer. Now we get 96 pounds for a hundre
Perhaps only 90. You know there’s going to be
shrinkage. Some of you allow for it. Some do nr
Why not agree on the principle as to who shall.
the shrinkage loss and avoid the constant bi
over the point? Could you not all adopt a stam
of 5 per cent for overweight? Our Western h
producers used to do better than that. Me

And don’t kid us either, Mr. Distributor, about
eb ees We have to get our fish on time. If
can’t deliver it, let us know. Perhaps somebody els
can, We won’t get sore but will respect you all ti
more for your honesty. ae

And if it happens to be frozen fish we are b
remember we're not going to use it for bait,
intend to sell it for human consumption, If mack
for example, comes to us in a conglomerate froze1
mass, as I saw recently, resembling a pack of ver
dirty dates with a verdigris mould, we rebel, On
customers are ‘good-natured, but such characters a
Job oceur only in the Bible. We're frankly efre
to go too far with them. P

Now let’s understand. Frozen fish are to be f
individually and packed nicely in pulverized je
We'll look after the rest and perhaps between u
we'll help get the publie educated to relish it,

“But d—n it all’’, bursts in the distributor, **
blankety-blank railway causes all the trouble.’ a

Well, there’s no one else in sight to pass the buek

pt the Department at Ottawa, and you can't
iously complain of inaction on the part of
administrative officers there. Let it go at the
ways. We admit right off the bat, as it were, we
| a fast service to get our fish to market in a
sh condition. To the main centers of distribution,
as Montreal and Toronto, the service is good.
it-my; don’t we pay for it! And say, the whole
dian population is not centred at Montreal and
mto. The rest of Canada wants fish. The rail-
ust carry it. But there you have the story —
had some eggs, we'd have some ham and eggs
only had some ham. Where's the building up
rest of the market going to commence? Cer-
the railways are not going to run special ex-
service with a single haddie in the hope of car-
several carloads twenty years hence. That’s
sonable. In my opinion there must: be an awak-
all round.- Each branch of the industry must
share conscientiously. One hundred masons,
waiting for the other to start, will never build
All working together, each in his own sphere,
ake quick work of it.
Pics the railways’ co-operation. ...
us pray. :

WINS FISH RECIPE PRIZE. —

awa, April 30.—Miss Muriel F. K. Osborne, of
ouver, B.C., has been awarded the capital prize
fish recipe contest instituted by the fisheries de-
nt. The sum of $25 was awarded for the best in
ovince and $25 additional for the best recipe in
Miss Osborne won for British Columbia and
ipe for ‘‘West Coast Oven Fish’’ was also ad-
the best of all submitted. é
Lillian M. Smith, Yarmouth, N.S., was the prize-
for Nova Seotia, and Miss Kathleen Baker, of
on, for Ontario. A great number of recipes were

ed, but no awards were made in any of the
‘provinces because the recipes submitted lacked
ity. The prize-winning recipes are being in-
‘ated in a booklet on fish cookery being issued by
department.

HATCHERY WORK ON GREAT LAKES.

Nearly 247 millions of whitefish fry were distributed
is spring by federal fish hatcheries operating on the
hores of the Great Lakes. Of this number, elose to
een million were transferred to British Columbia
aters, and the balance were released in the Great
kes. About five and three-quarter millions herring
ry were also released, making a total distribution of
undred and fifty-two millions. °
ese figures record the operations of the plants at
ngwood, Sarnia and Kingsville. The fourth hat-
ery, at Belleville, was closed before the distributing
“ason because of polluted waters. At Collingwood the
w of fry released was nearly double that of last
ear. The total distribtuion from the three hatcheries
1 1920 was less than one hundred and fifty millions,
r more than one hundred millions behind this year’s
vement.
comparative figures follow:

{

1920. 1921.
ood-- ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ 82,860,000 58,780,000
bea cits ee ee ++ 84,840,000 54/500,000

82,000,000 126,137,000

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

111
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR.
Regarding the Lamprey.

Editor of Canadian Fisherman,

Dear Sir,—In a recent number of the Canadian Fish-
erman reference was made to the lampreys of the Paci-
fie Coast with a statement that when canned they made
a good substitute for Hamburg Aal. It is a question in
my mind if it is not injurious to the sale of anything
so good as lamprey if it is placed in the category of a
“‘substitute’’ for anything. It is good enough in itself
and in fact might make as much reputation for the ean-
ners of the Pacific Coast as it has made for the Ham-
burg dish, although the latter usually consists of lam-
prey in spiced jelly served cold.

Yours truly,

ROBERT T. MORRIS.
New York, May 9th.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN MARKET FOR CANNED
FISH.

Indications of a potential market for canned fish in
South Africa are pointed out in a recent London trade
journal. At the present time salmon and sardines are
the only varieties in demand, but it is believed that
the sale of canned codfish and haddock might be built
up. Previous to the War, sardines put up in cottonseed
oil had a rather extensive sale. At that time 6 cents a

tin was the prevailing price, but at present the price
ranges from 12 to 25 cents.

FISH DINNERS POPULAR.
Served at Reasonable Prices on ‘‘National’’ Trains.

According to officials of Canadian National Rail-
ways, the delicious fresh fish, for whieh the Maritime
Provinces are noted, is becoming a very popular item
of diet with the publie while travelling through the
provinces by the sea. So popular that. on January 24th,
it was decided to serve ‘“‘special fish dinners’ on the
Maritime Provinces dining ears,

These dinners are served at 75c. per order and in-
clude a liberal portion of fish, with boiled potatoes and
bread and butter. From January 24th, the day of
their inauguration on the menu, until February 15th,
1,492 fish dinners were served and officials of the rail-
way state they are in as great demand as ever.

Development of Lorient, on the northwest coast of
France, as an important fishing port is under way.
As planned, the port will rank in size with the British
fishing ports of Hull and. Aberdeen. The cost of the
enterprise, according to advices received by the Ban-
kers Trust Company, from its French information ser-
vice, will be about 25,000,000 franes. The cold storage
plant and annexes will cost 6,000,000 francs.

MACKEREL SHOWING UP.

The spring migration of mackerel struck the Nova
Scotia coast on May 13th—the schools being sighted
off the Cane Sable shore. The Government fishery
patrol steamer ‘‘ Arras’? will trail the fish and wireless
whereabouts for the benefit of the fishermen.

By Agnes G. McGuire.

Two of Nova Scotia’s contestants for the defence of
the International trophy for fishing vessels, now held
by the Gloucester schooner ‘‘Esperanto,’’ have been
launched during the past month, the Lunenburg chal-
lenger, ‘‘Bluenose,’’ taking the water on Saturday,

March 31st, and the ‘‘Canadia,’’ built at Shelburne, on
Tuesday, April 5th.

Never in the history of the fishing industry has
there been such widespread interest or enthusiasm in
the launching of any craft, as has been evinced in these
particular schooners, both splendid specimens of the
workmanship of two yards, famed for their output, and
each considered the best by their retinue of faithful
admirers. In Lunenburg, when a man has a vessel built
at Smith and Rhuland’s yard, he is positive that he has
the last word in excellent stock, build and finish; he
knows the workmanship is as perfect as if he had super-

THE RACING FISHERMEN

SOMETHING ABOUT THE POSSIBLE CONTESTANTS FOR. THE CHAMPIONSHIP oF
THE NORTH ATLANTIC AND THE MEN WHO SAIL THEM.

intended it personally.. The caulking is as metieu
ly done, the ‘‘trennels’’ are as numerous, and eve!
minute detail is attended to faithfully, because tha
the class of work that the shipyard stands for,—n :
ing short of excellence would be tolerated by e
master builder, and on this they have built their
reputation.

But, take a trip up Shelburne way and the ci
will assure you that if you want perfection,
schooner must be built by the Joseph McGill a
ing and Transportation Company, and it is a fine tl
for Nova Scotia, that these towns thus jealously
their reputations. Each town has ‘‘the goods’’ to b
up the assertions regarding the merits of their build
and there is no danger of the old provinee by the
losing the good name it has borne for scores of
in regard to the building of fine ships, or the breed
men who sail them. eos

Schr.

‘*Delawana’’— Defeated by

the ‘‘Esperanto”’.

at

The ‘‘Bluenose,’’ Lunenburg’s gilt-edged contestant,
has just sailed for the‘‘ Banks,’ thus complying with the
rule that states that by the 30th of April, all contestants
ist be on the way to the fishing grounds, her sole
e for the moment directed toward the work in
hich she will be engaged during the early summer.
Saturday, April 16th, at ten minutes to ten, the
Bluenose’’ cut adrift from the wharf of Zwicker and
Company, where she had been lying since the day of
launching. Hoisting her sails, she pointed to the
en sea, and soon had an opportunity to demonstrate
speed. The ‘‘Ocean Maid’’ was sighted about two
es ahead, and, eager for a brush, the ‘‘Bluenose’’
hot after her. Before the challenger had gone six
miles, the ‘‘Ocean Maid’’ was far behind. A Pathe
‘pieture man, who had been shooting the ‘‘Bluenose”’
while on her first trip, from the tug ‘‘ Mascotte,’’ want-
ed to be put aboard, and the challenger had to lay to
for several minutes to allow the tug to overtake her.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

113

a spoiled beauty, before the thunders of applause from
the crowds which lined the wharves. The time made
on her initial journey must be considered excellent, as
she was carrying all her fishing gear, ballast, about
three hundred hogsheads of salt, and a good-sized pas-
senger list, there being many enthusiasts desirous of
seeing her on her first worth-while run. In racing trim
she will be relieved of all that extraneous weight. She
is constructed of specially selected stock, and is the last
word in fine finish and excellent workmanship.

Of course she departs a bit from the ordinary type of
fishing schooner,—her lines are finer, she has greater
depth of keel, and her short bowsprit is somewhat of a
novelty. Her mainmast towers high above the deck,
some six feet higher than that of the ‘‘Gilbert Wal-
ters,’’ the schooner which the skipper of the ‘‘Blue-
nose’’ sailed in the Fishermen’s Race at Halifax last
year; her mainboom is six feet longer and her mainsail
has a spread of about 275 yards more of canvas than

_. All Lunenburg turned out to bid God-speed to the
racer fisherman, and if good wishes are going to help,
__ the “‘Bluenose’’ should do herself proud before the year
is out. On the trip up, she certainly behaved like a
lady. ‘‘She balances like a secale,’’ said one of her
_ erew, ‘‘One spoke of the wheel is all that’s needed to
_ make her answer under any kind of weigh at all, and
She comes about without touching her sheets.’’ ‘‘And
_ on her first trial trip in Lunenburg,’’ chimed in an-
other, ‘‘she went with four points of what little wind
_ there was, and her leeway could hardly be noticed.’’
__ As she passed the breakwater off Point Pleasant
Park at Halifax, every whistle along the water-front
shrilled and blared a welcome, and thousands of citi-
zens hurried to the wharves to see this innovation in
_ fishing schooners, on which so many are building their
hopes that she may return the much-coveted cup to
Canada.

In indifferent weather she had made the sixty-odd
mile run in five hours and ten minutes, and riding
with mainsail, staysail, jumbo and jib close hauled, her
signal flags, name flag and ‘“‘Jack’’ streaming in the
breeze, she was a bonny sight as she sped up the harbor
_ on a little show-off spin, curvetting and coquetting like

_ The New Challenger ‘‘Bluenose’’ of Lunenburg.

the ordinary schooner. Her full set of sails consists of
mainsail, foresail, jumbo and jib (the outer or balloon
jib and fore gaff topsail will be used only in racing),
main gaff topsail, staysail, and the riding sail for use
on the ‘‘Banks’’ while fishing. Her sails and rigging,
of course, will stretch and the latter will need to be
“*set up’’ several times before it is properly taut.

There are critics who aver that her lines are not quite
fine enough yet for a racer, but it must be remembered
that the ‘‘Bluenose”’ is a fishing schooner, not a yacht.
Everything, however, that fine finish and glistening
paint can do for her, has been done, to make her a trap-
py looking craft, but as her commander, Captain Angus
Walters, suecinetly remarks, ‘‘She’s got to earn her
keep, and for that she is a fisherman.’’

Her lines are, however, very pleasing, and there is an
overhang forward and aft which, experts say, will give
her lots of leeway. Her bow is cut away more than or-
dinarily and her quarters are not as heavy as usual, but
the chief difference between the racer and the other
Lunenburg sehoners is that the keel is not as long pro-
portionately. She has more ‘‘dead rise’’ and is more of
the type of the American schooners.

Racing, she will have an overhang of thirty feet, her

114 CANADIAN

racing water-line being something over one hundred
and eleven feet, while over all from counter to tip of
bow is one hundred and forty-one feet. The water-line

limit, under the deed of gift of the International Fish- -

ermen’s trophy, is one hundred and twelve feet, so that
the ‘‘Bluenose’’ comes well up to the limit. Her sail
spread also comes up to the limit, which is eighty per
cent of the square of the water-line. Her cabin is beau-
tifully finished in oak, with Douglas fir panels, and the
berths in which eight men are accommodated, are hid-
den by gaily flowered chintz curtains. The captain’s
stateroom is a neat cozy retreat, fitted with every-
thing necessary for comfort, and as a de luxe touch she
has electric lights and bells. Her fo’eas’le has accom-

FISHERMAN

May, 1921.

the other dories from the trawls in rough weather.
Her wheel is almost all brass, her spars are straight and
smooth and her deck edging is of best quality oak.
Taken altogether, the ‘‘Bluenose”’ is a beauty and well
worthy of the praise that is showered upon her.
Lunenburg is the home of handsome schooners. In
the Fishermen’s Race last year, there were splendid
erafts, and the’ picture they made in erossing the line
at the start of the race will linger long in the memory
of all who watched them. The elimination races at
Halifax for 1921 will be well worth seeing, and if the
weather is favorable, there may be a surprise in store
for the advocates of the new style schooners. If there
is a good wind, there’s a whole handful of trumps in

yeas Se
Bir “a ie ee
3 *«

>
-* ae
a +

=
3

et

Lunenburg Has Many Possible Cup Challengers in Her Fleet.

modations for sixteen men, and is a snug haven, where
the cook is monarch of all he surveys, in a domain
which many a housewife would envy. The Lunenburg
fishing schooners are far-famed for the excellence of
the food served, and to be a cook on one of them is no
sinecure. Any other member of the crew might camou-
flage—the cook, never. It will be his duty when on
the ‘‘Banks’’ to have breakfast at six o’clock, dinner at
ten-thirty, supper about three, and the last meal when
the day’s catch is dressed and salted. When it is con-
sidered that he is cooking for twenty-one lusty, vigor-
ous fishermen, it can readily be understood that he does
not eat much idle bread.

On deck, for’ard, there are, as in all schooners, her
chain and neatly arranged anchor on the starboard
bow. Abreast of the companionway is the huge haw-
while fishing.
Besides this there are the trawl tubs containing trawl-
ing gear, gurry butts, splitting tables, fish kitts and
There are also eight fishing dories nest-
ed, with one spare gasoline dory to be used for towing

ser, used in anchoring on the ‘‘Banks’”’

buoy loekers

the fleet and there’s going to be some keen contesting,
believe me.

The ‘‘Bluenose’’ was designed by W. J. Roue, of
Halifax, and built by Smith and Rhuland. The
‘*Canadia’’? was designed by Mayor Amos Pentz, of
Shelburne, veteran of one hundred and forty launches.
It is noteworthy that all the timber and lumber used in
her construction is from the woods of Shelburne Coun-
ty. The duck for her sails was made in Yarmouth, all
the men engaged on her are Canadians, and the citizens
of Shelburne proudly boast that she will be sailed to
victory by a Canadian.

Above the water-line she is painted green, and below,
brown, and her name plate is particularly artistic. She
is constructed of excellent wood and iron, and her lines
are unusually graceful, giving her every appearance
of a go-getter.

She will be sailed by Captain Joseph Conrad, of
LaHave, who sailed to the ‘‘Banks’’ as commander of
a fishing schooner for matiy years. Several years ago
he retired, and bought a farm in Annapolis County, in-

CANADIAN

-to round out his days there. When the ‘‘Es-
” wrested the Herald Cup’ from the ‘‘Dela-
last year, Captain Conrad felt the stir of the old
ping blood, and at once decided to have a schooner
rructed, that would have a try at bringing the cov-
trophy back to Canada.
Accordingly, he had Mr. Pentz make the plans,—
he ‘‘Canadia”’ is the result, and the citizens of Shel-
urne pronounce her the fastest schooner ever built in
he Shelburne yards. :
_ Up to the time of launching of the ‘‘Mayflower’’ at
issex, Massachusetts, as a contender for the honor of
esenting the United States in the International
ing Schooner Races, there were rumors that this
el was not a fisherman at all, but a semi-yacht,
h was intended to indulge in some dilettante fish-
and after whiling away the summer, would be put
the races, to the disadvantage of other contestants
vier build. The Gloucester salts were particular-
itieal, and whether a fishing schooner should be
lilt for speed, threatened to cause an international
arine controversy. The fo’e’s’les of the fishing ves-
of Boston, Provincetown, and Gloucester have been
scenes of stormy arguments, according to report,
» to discussions of international fishing schooner
pionship and the craft that are mentioned for the
races next fall. There is keen rivalry as to which
gain the honor of defending the trophy against
a. The ‘‘down-east’’ fishermen, of Nova Scotia
cularly keen on the question, and in virtually
- boat out of Boston and Gloucester are men from
aritime provinces, who divide the partisanship
eir present ports with those home ports from
they first went to sea.
““Mayflower’’ was designed by W. Starling Bur-
and though every sort of criticism has been
d at her from the day she had her inception on
‘builder’s stocks at Essex, until her launching, she
as been pronounced a genuine fishing vessel of the
w England type, by W. J. Roue, designer of the
uenose,’’ and Howard Lawrence, members of the
Committee of the International Races, who
de a visit to Essex on behalf of the trustees of the
srnational Trophy at Halifax. Their judgment is
1at there is no material difference in the construction
this boat (the Mayflower), as compared with other
United States fishing vessels. Whether she will be
ble as a defender of the international trophy at the
this year is entirely in the hands of the committee
charge of the United States Elimination Race. It is
their duty to say what vessels shall enter the race as
contestants just as the Canadian committee will decide
; what vessels shall enter for the Elimination Race

t is stated that a well known yacht designer in the
nited States, after examining the lines of the ‘‘Blue-
-nose,’’ and who also had the privilege of seeing the
Mayflower,’’ expressed his opinion very freely that
“Bluenose,’’ if she wins the Caandian elimination
ee, and meets the ‘‘Mayflower’’ in the finals, will
give a good account of herself. The ‘‘Bluenose,’’
ough of about the same length over all, is admitted
a bigger and heavier boat than the ‘‘Mayflower,’’
Lunenburg boat’s displacement being about 30
more than the American’s.

follows that the Nova Seotian vessel can carry
» fish—her estimated capacity being 450,000 to
0,000 pounds. The American, which, under the deed

FISHERMAN 115
of gift, must go salt banking to qualify for the Inter-
national, obviously cannot earry as much fish, but it is
claimed for her that she will nevertheless be able to
pack a very respectable fare.

The report from Essex is that many people are de-
ceived by the fine-lined and long bow of the ‘‘May-
flower,’’ which gives her a rather yacht-like appear-
ance. It is pointed out that the average United States
salt fishing vessel is on somewhat finer lines than the
‘* *down-homers’ that go to ‘Quero’ ’’, the reason being
that Nova Seotia schooners are built to carry larger
fares and also for the coasting trade. Added to this,
comes the report from Essex, that the ‘‘Mayflower’’
is ‘‘slightly sharper than the usual American fishing
vessel.’? Hence the opinion in some quarters that she
is too much like a yacht. Gloucester’s views, it is said,
are that the ‘‘Mayflower”’ is too fine. Essex and Bos-
ton say that is not the ease. Lunenburg has a report
from a man who saw the ‘‘Mayflower”’ on the stocks
that the vessel is ‘‘not a fishing boat but a schooner
yacht.’’ And so the controversy rages.

The ‘‘Mayflower’’ was launched with the most ela-
borate ceremonies ever held at the Essex yards. Her
launching was so spectacular and vigorous that the
huge wave caused when she struck the water, surged
over the river front, drenching the spectators and rock-
ing a movie camera man and his equipment overboard
from a nearby ship. She was christened with real
champagne, the little five year old daughter of the de-
signer being sponsor. The little girl wore a crown of
mayflowers and carried a bouquet of the same dainty
blossoms. °

The dimensions of the ‘‘Bluenose,’’ the ‘‘ Mayflower’”’
and the ‘‘Canadia”’ are as follows :—

Bluenose. Mayflower. Canadia.

iy he eh ere ne
Total sail area-- -- -- 10,937 10,775 10,300
Length over all---- -- 141 143 1388 6
Bénin: > aces oe a ae 27 "95.9 95 2
Depth-> ++) ie) 11-6 11-9 12
Depth of keel-- «+ -- 14-6 16 a
Bowsprit-+ ++ ++ ++ +: 17-5 14 1314
Mainmast:: ++ -- «+ -: 95 100 93
Mainmast above deck 83 88 81
Foremast:+ ++ ++ . 73 83 71 6
Maintopmast -- -- 53-6 52 52“
Foretopmast:- -- -: 48-6 42 43
Main boom:: -- : 81 72 84
Main gaff:: ------- 46 45 50
Foreboom:: - tees 36-6 34 32 6
Foregaff-- -- .. ++ +: 32-6 34 50
Main sail---- +--+ ++ 4,100 4,292 4,075
Main gaff top sail -- 756 700 875
Foresail-. -- -- +» ++ 1,640 1,832 1,500
Fore gaff top sail-- -- 560 520 450
Try sail -- ++ +--+ -- ++ 1,805 1,025 1,350
dumbos.-- «+ ++ + 775 715 500
Ted ee «cael a eae 835 870 850
Jib top sail-: ++ +» ++ + 966 750 700

Gloucester is the chief objector to the ‘‘Mayflower,”’
but, notwithstanding the facet that the ‘‘Esperanto’’
won last year, there were many Nova Scotians who
did not concede that she was the fastest schooner in
the American fleet. The ‘‘Josephine DeCosta,’’ of
Boston, and the ‘‘Progress’’ of Provincetown, were
freely named, and J. M. Marshall, of Gloucester, Fred.

116 "

L. Davis and William H. Jordan, also have some fast
ones, as well as the Gorton-Pew Company, who own
the ‘‘Esperanto.’’ The Gloucester men think that with
the ‘‘Mayflower’ out of the way, there would be a more
even chance, and some of the owners have gone far
enough to say that they would not enter against her.
Their reason was that they felt it would be useless and
a waste of time and energy to race one of the smaller
and timeworn vessels against a craft built especially
for racing and practically up to the limit of the rules
in every way. It was felt that it would not be a race
but merely a procession with the ‘‘Mayflower’’ always
oceupying the band position, and consequently up to
today none of the local owners were looking forward
to entering the elimination race, and would have ae-
corded the ‘‘Mayflower’’ a walk-over.

Lunenburg has no feeling. The chief interest there
is to see whether the ‘‘Bluenose’’ is going to prove her-
self better than those of the fleet which entered last
year. The elimination races showed pretty fine work
last year, and there’s a good many who say enigmatic-
ally, ‘‘Wait.’’ The work of the vessels on the *‘Banks”’
during the summer will prove whether the new vessels
are real adaptable fishing vessels or merely floating
freaks. Unless they can prove themselves bona fide
members of the industry which the race was inaugur-
ated to stimulate, the money spent on them is lost as
far as the international trophy is concerned. Their
efficiency in the matter of working the ‘‘Banks”’ is the
chief factor that will-admit or disqualify their entry.
Without imputing any improper motive to their ow-
ners, it is well to repeat that no subterfuge will be toler-
ated and that everything must be square and above-
board.

The caution is suggested by the expressed fears of
those interested in maintaining the high standard of
the race. The danger that it will degenerate into a
mere contest of extravagantly built vessels is always
present, and it is against this menace that the entire
efforts of the sailing committee are directed. With

both the United States and Canada represented on that

body, composed as it is of capable and publie spirited
men, any decision could scarcely cut into the national
bias of either country.

The committee is actuated by the sole purpose of
providing some fillip to an industry in which both
Nova Scotia and Massachusetts are vitally interested ;
anything that would tend to jeopardize the end in view
will be excluded without a moment’s hesitation.

On the other hand, if the ‘‘Bluenose,’’ the ‘*Cana-
dia,’’ the ‘‘Mayflower”’ and the other schooners which
have been built this year in both Nova Seotia and the
United States are vessels evolved from a conscientious
study of all the conditions, accommodating themselves
to each and providing superior to the types of fishing-
schooners that have plied the North Atlantic these
many years, one of the great purposes of the race will
have been achieved.

Just as the construction of the original motor car or
steam engine did not halt their development, one can-
not assume that the building of fishing vessels has
reached the point from which further advance is im-

possible.
The interest engendered in the race to be sailed off
Halifax in the fall bids fair to outrival any other inter-

national aquatic event that has yet taken place on the
North Atlantic. With still several months to go, the
series are being looked forward to with the keenest an-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

‘they will find there is very little in a name.

, May, 1921.
ticipation. This fact is obvious from the many lengthy
reference appearing in increasing numbrs in the press
of both Canada and the United States. + =a

This race must, however, be just what its na
implies, —a Fishermen’s Race, While the Ameri
run to more or less sonorous and highly descriptive
jectives in speaking of the big event, and characte
ti, ‘The Fishermen’s Derby’’ and ‘‘Deep-sea Regatta,

et

lhe

will be run by fishermen in fishing vessels. —
torial in the Halifax ‘‘Herald’’ puts the matter |
tiously. i f
“The idea of the Fishermen’s Race was born 0
the tempest of good humored contempt with which
deep-sea sailors greeted the announcement last summer, —
that one of the world-famous America’s Cup races 1 ;
called off because the wind was blowing too hard, Am-
ateur or professional sailors, men who go to sé ane
tapering masts and a spread of canvas for the fun
the thing or because that is the way they earn their —
living, were unanimous at that time that a sailing 1

hoe

which could not be sailed because the wind
ing too hard, was no race at all. Here w
sailing people, the feeling was particularly strong,
out of that feeling arose the demand for eo
durance and speed between real doep see ;
kind of a race which would be better in ff wit
than in a drifting match, under conditions that wou
make sure that the stiffer the wind, the better the

That was the kind of a race which was sai
autumn between the schooners of the Lunenburg fleet,
and it was the kind of race that was sailed between the
‘‘Delawana’’ and the ‘‘Esperanto.’’ That is the kir
of race we are looking for this year, and we are pre-
pared to say quite calmly, but with a certain ste ;
perhaps, that that is the kind of raee WE
TO SEE. ers
The articles of the race state that t

fide fisherman’’ in every sense of the word.
Gloucester produced a fishing boat which took
trophy away from us, temporarily. If Boston ean bu
a fishing boat which can take the trophy away from
Gloucester, or from Halifax, or from Halifax and Glo
cester together, we shall say ‘‘GOOD FOR BOSTON,’

and try again.
But it will have to be a fishing boat. —

men’s Race is going to be the Fishermen’s

long as Nova Scotia has anything to do with it. —

=

+

ALBERTA TROUT REGULATION. _

An Order-in-Council dated April 12th, amen

Fisheries Act as follows :— perl eee
“*32. (a) In waters in that portion of Alberta

northward from the International Boundary Line
and including the Bow River and its tributaries, no one
shall fish for, or kill any trout (other than lake trout), —
or grayling (Rocky Mountain whitefish), from the first
day of October in each year to the 23rd day of May
following, both days inclusive.’’
ae

“ CANADIAN

April, 1921.—The eanned fish trade is suffer-
ig, like every branch of commerce, from depression
ie to the increase of unemployment and to the grave
tainty of the position in regard to Germany.
nts are consequently buying only sufficient to
the immediate requirements. In regard to sal-
the market is further affected by abnormal sell-
nditions. One firm whieh has a large stock at
ux is now offering salmon at 90 fr. a case free
at Bordeaux. The ordinary price is 100 fr. buy-
ect, and these offers from Bordeaux are attri-
to the need to realize,part of the stock so as to
cash to meet current needs.
er—Lobster, which is much more important
m salmon as far as the French market is concerned,
now about 50s. a case cheaper than it was last year.
present price is about 150s. a case c.if. Havre.
ue English firms are offering lobster at 145s. a case
half-pound cans, but there are few buyers even
figure. .
e can be no doubt that the key to the recession
es is the decrease in the purchasing power of the
working classes, due to temporary causes.
these disappear the demand for salmon and lob-
sure to revive. In good times, the French ar-
is a great consumer of canned lobster. He con-
it a necessary item in a good dinner. The chief
‘lobster in France are made in the manufactur-
ties, such as St. Etienne, and among the miners
north. There is no demand for it in the agricul-
districts. The size which the French consumer
s is the half-pound tin, sold retail at about 6 fr.
Next in order of preference, but a long way be-
omes the quarter-pound tin, then the pound, and
of all, the three-quarter pound size. Canadian
is well packed, attractive, and well liked by a
e section of the French public, who will resume
iying when the industrial situation improves and es-
cially when exchange becomes less unfavourable.
ny firms are at present afraid to risk making pur-
2s aS an improvement in the exchange value of the
¢ would compel them to sell their stock at a loss.
Cri e rival to lobster in the French market
is Cape Crayfish, which is called Cape Rock Lobster on
the labels and is known to the French as langouste du
sp. This article is obtainable at 100s, the case of 96
f-pounds tins ¢.if. Havre and sells retail at about
. 75e. the tin. The publie seems to like it fairly
, but the wholesale dealers are rather chary of
dling it, as they say it does not keep so well as
ter and there are sometimes complaints from cus-
who have got hold of a bad tin. So long as
e Cape crayfish has this reputation, merchants will
only small lots which can be worked off quickly,
‘it will not compete seriously with salmon or lob-

wrdines.—An article which commands a good sale

FISHERMAN

117

ss
mS)! 2

Lt.-Col. Hereule Barré, Canadian Trade Commissioner.

in France at present, and may to a certain extent have
temporarily taken the place of lobster, is the Portu-
guese sardine. There are quite a number of brands of
this article on the market, but only two or three on
which any reliance can be placed. As a general rule,
the Portuguese packing is different. A packer may
begin by supplying 1,000 cases of good sardines, but the
next consignment is very likely to be inferior, and the
third may be worse still. When there is reason to
suspect any lot of these sardines, it is usually shipped
to one of the African colonies, the coloured inhabitants

‘of these regions beipg supposed to like a highly flay-

oured article. The Portuguese sardine is very inferior
to the French sardine, but owing to its cheapness, it is
to a certain extent temporarily filling the place of the
salmon and lobster which French artisans can no long-
er afford. Canadian pilchards, packed in oval boxes,
were placed on the French market some years ago, but
were not a success. There might be an opening for
them now if the price difficulty due to exchange could
be overcome,

Salmon.—In regard to salmon, there are some points
to be borne in mind with a view to the future require-
ments of the French market. What the French eall
the boite basse, or small tin standing only about a cou-
ple of inches high, was imported in large quantities
before the war, but now is seldom seen. These small
tins used to contain a slice out of a good-sized salmon,
which was more presentable than the contents of the
high tins usually are, and was preferred by the rest-
aurants. It has therefore been suggested to me that

- Canadian packers should not abandon the boite basse.

The present vogue of the tall tin of salmon is, of course,
due to American army stocks. Before the war, chum
salmon sold very well in France, because it was cheap
and the French public knew of no other kind. The
American army stocks made the French acquainted
with pink, red spring, cohoe, ete., and they were soon
recognized as being better than chum, but at present
they are too dear. Pink, which is not much more ex-
pensive than chum, seems to be the favourite at pres-
ent. White spring, though a very good fish, has little
chance of suecess. The colour arouses the suspicions
of the French consumer, who thinks he is being put off
with an imitation of salmon. Pink is being sold by
English dealers at 27s. a ease of 96 half-pound tins, and
24s. the ease of 48 pound tins e.i.f. Havre.

Salt Cod.—There might be a market in France for
salt cod packed in wooden or strong cardboard boxes
containing 500 grammes’of fish. Under no cireum-
stances should the English pound (463 grammes) be
sent. The difference in weight confuses the French
buyer and sets him against the article. The fish would
have to be in good slices, and as well prepared and at-
tractive as the French article, it being remembered, of
course, that boats from Féeamp and other French ports
obtain the same fish as those supplied to the Canadian

118 CANADIAN
packers. It has also to be remembered that the sale
of salt cod in France is practically .confined to one
week in the year—Holy Week—so that consignments
from Canada would have to be timed in order to reach
the distributing centres in France just before this sea-
son. For the-rest of the year, any requirements not
met by the French fisheries are supplied by Norway in
barrels of 50 and 100 kilos.

Herrings.—Smoked herrings aré imported from Nor-
way, but the demand is small, as it is quite unknown

FISHERMAN

May, 1921.

to the French people, and is only bought by the foreign q
population. a

It should be stated, in conclusion, that there are com-
plaints of defective communications between the Paci-
fie Coast of Canada and ports in France. The last ship,
the Buenos Ayres, took over two months on the voy-
age, and discharged her consignments of canned fish
for France at London instead of Havre, thus increasing
the.loss through damage and theft. The next boat —
was three weeks late in starting. "

oa
.

“Eat More Fish and Live Longer”

By BUD.

‘

(‘‘Bud’’ is a young Prince Edward Island girl with
five fisherman brothers. In a letter to the editor she
explains her reason for submitting the following ar-
ticle as a desire to give publicity to the value of fish
as a food. ‘‘Personally,’’ she writes, ‘‘I do not think
that either the fishermen or the fishing industry of our
glorious country gets fair play in many instances, and
it is up to the fisherman, their wives and daughters,
as well as those interested in the fisheries, to make the
others ‘‘sit up and take notice’’ if you will please par-
don the slang.’’)

It has become an established and important fact that
fish is one of our most healthful and nourishing of
foods. Fish when properly cooked and daintily served
is relished by all—rich and poor, sick and well—and
indeed fish is very often served on the invalid’s tray
when meat is strictly forbidden as it furnishes fat and
nitrogen in the form of albumen and gelatine and,
being easily digested, does not upset the stomach.

One does not easily tire of fish—there being so many
different kinds, each with its own delicious flavor, and
so many different ways of preparing each.

Take for instance the humble herring. Where we

have only two or three ways of cooking, usually boil-
ing and frying, the Norse-woman have nearly a dozen.

Where we throw away the leftover cold herring, they
utilize them in making the most delicious dishes, which
they usually serve for supper or breakfast. ¢
Fish is a brain food—building up new cells and suy
plying new force and energy. Thus renewing the
fagged brain and nerve. iti
Fish as a regulator is better than any bottled bitters.
Being cooling and refreshing to the system they cleanse
instead of clogging. ae ae
Fish adds zest and piquant flavor to the plainest
meal,
You owe it to yourself.
longer healthier life.’’

‘Rat more fish and live a 4

New Herring With a New Flavor.

Serape and clean fresh herring, roll in flour or fine _
eracker crumbs, dust with salt and pepper, and fry in —
melted butter until crispy brown on the outside, but —
do not burn. Remove to a hot platter and serve with ©
a piquant sauce of one ounce melted butter, stir in one
ounce of flour, add half pint of sweet milk, also salt —
and pepper to taste, then stir in two or three table.
spoonfuls of mustard sauce which has been drained —
from mustard pickles, let boil up and pour over and —
around fish. Garnish with parsley and serve at once.

SAILING RACES ADD NEW INTEREST TO
FISHERMEN ’S LIFE.

The institution of the international fishermen’s race
has introduced a new element of interest into the life
of the bank fishermen—a kind of interest that will re-
lieve the monotony of drab days of hard labor. The
spirit of rivalry which has been evoked Has called into
being a new bond of union between the ports which will
be represented in the elimination races, and between
the fishermen geenrally of the two nations as well.
Many unofficial races will take place this summer, which
if they serve no other purpose will give a lot of zest to
the life of the fishermen, and occasion much tall talk
and good natured boasting.

This new rivalry, too, has invested the life of the
fishermen with a new interest for the general public,
and the comings and goings of prospective challengers
are chronicled with avidity by the daily press. On her
maiden trip from Boston to Shelburne the Mayflower
carried two Boston newspaper men, and the Associated
Press which serves with telegraphie news all the details

of the United States and Canada, is following the 4
careers of the Mayflower, the Blue Nose and the Cana-
dia with unusual interest. Ss

AMENDMENT TO PICKLED FISH INSPECTION
ACT.

By an Order-in-Council, dated April 12, réclassifies —
the grading of herring as follows :— a

31. The grades for pickled herring shall be large or
No. 1, consisting of sound fish of good quality and
measuring not less than eleven inches from the ex- —
tremity of the head to where the flesh and tail fin
meet. Medium or No, 2 consisting of sound fish of —
good quality and measuring not less than eleven inches —
from the extremity of the head to where the flesh and
tail fin meet. Small or No, 3, consisting of sound fish —
of good quality and measuring not less than seven —
inches and not more than nine inches, from the ex- —
tremity of the head to where the flesh and tail fin —
meet. 4

i 2

CANADIAN

FISHERMAN 119

IIS jy)

Il
=

ea
eae

The French Fish Freezer at St. Pierre

Frigor, in the Fish Trades Gazette, gives the follow-
ing interesting particulars regarding the French Fish
Cold Storage at St. Pierre et Miquelon.

The Newfoundland Fish-Freezer at Newfoundland.

On one or two previous occasions I have referred to
the scheme of the French Government with reference
to the fisheries at Newfoundland, and the construction
at St. Pierre of a large refrigerating plant. A very full
account of this, with many illustrations and plans, ap-
pears in the January number of the Refrigerating
World, from which the following is chiefly taken. It is
described as ‘‘probably the largest plant of the kind
in the Western hemisphere,’’ and when one thinks of
the great plants in the United States and Canada it
will be obvious that the French establishment is really
something on a gigantic scale. The view of the build-
ings from the harbour reminds one of the great square
mediaeval castle, only much larger. In the old days
the French carried on an extensive fishery at New-
foundland, both for the sale of the fish, and, perhaps
still more, for the training of seamen for her fleets.
By the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, Newfoundland was
eeded to Great Britain, but the French were allowed
to retain three ‘small islands on the southern coast—
Grand Miquelon, Petit Miquelon, and St. Pierre—as a
foothold for the French fishery. For generations St.
Pierre has been the headquarters for the French fish-
ermen who frequent the Grand Banks and the fishing
grounds of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the North
Atlantic. The island lies so close to the fishing grounds
that the fishing craft—now many steam-trawlers—can
deliver the catches in excellent condition. The war,
and especially the practice of the American army,
taught the French the value of refrigeration, and the
object of the plant at St. Pierre is to freeze and store
vast quantities of fish and then transport them to
France. It will be of interest to watch how the scheme

develops.
The Building.

A eontract for the construction of the plant was
made with a well-known American firm, Messrs.
Ophuls, Hill, and MeCreery, and the work was begun
early in June, 1919. It was necessary to take to the
island all the material, except sand, all machinery, ete.,
as well as the workmen. The buildings were completed
by July, 1920, and the installation of machinery was
completed in December last. The cost of the buildings,
machinery, and concrete dock in front of the buildings
was 1,200,000 dollars, or £250,000. The equipment and
storage facilities are designed to freeze 200,000 lb. of
fish in twenty-four hours and store 6,000,000 lb. of
frozen fish, boxed ready for shipment to Europe. Two
refrigerator ships have been built by the French Gov-

ernment, each of 3,500 tons capacity, so that the frozen
fish can be called for at regular intervals. Both the
main building and the power-house are of reinforced
concrete, all floors being of the flat-slab type most
suitable for the cold-storage industry. The buildings
rest on solid rock foundations. The main building is
six storeys high, and runs along the water-front 140
feet, with a depth of 85 feet into the hillside; it has a
gross content of 600,000 cubic feet. The power-house
is three storeys high, runs 75 feet along the water-front!
and is 84 feet deep into the hillside. The dock is E-
shaped, with a dock space of 300 feet long and 50 feet
wide, running parallel with the building wall facing
the harbour, and three piers running perpendicular to
the dock out into the water. At low tide the minimum
depth at the end of the piers is 27 feet, which is suffi-
cient to accommodate the refrigerator vessels. There
is also space for the mooring of several steam-trawlers
and many dories at one time. The dock is equipped
with all modern contrivances for unloading and load-
ing fish and for handling coal for the plant and the
trawlers. “

The Distributing System.

The fish-washing and panning tables are situated
on the dock. and the green fish as brought in by the
fishing craft are delivered to the tables by suitable
dumping trucks. From the tables the panned fish are
earried on roller conveyors to automatie vertical ele-
vators in the main building, which deliver the pans to
the roller conveyor system running along the sharp
freezers and placed on a roller conveyor which passes
the full length of the freezing racks. At the rear of the
sharp freezers are the glazing and boxing rooms, pro-
vided with automatie nailing machines and automatic
weighers. Here the fish is boxed, weighed and marked,
and delivered, by -means of gravity conveyors, to a
spiral chute on which fish is lowered to the various
floors for storing or shipping. In addition to the auto-
matic fish-hoist, an automatic ice-hoist is provided for
delivering natural ice to all floors, and for unloading
and delivering artificial ice from the third floor to the
dock. <A 4,000 lb., 125 feet per minute, freight-elevator
is installed, running from the first to sixth floor.

Insulation and Sharp Freezers.

The entire structure of the main building is a cork
envelope, split column being provided so that the cork
ean be carried in an unbroken sheet from the second
floor to the roof. The second, third, fourth, and fifth
floors are insulated with 6 inches of French easine im-
pregnated corkboard, The ceiling and side walls of
the sixth floor are insulated with 6 inches of cork, and
the roof is insulated with 7 inches of cork. Owing to
delays in delivery, part of the corkboard was obtained
in the United States, viz——Armstrong nonpareil, and

120

impregnated corkboard. The sharp freezers have
a cubical content of 54,000 eubie feet. They
are operated on the direct expansion system

at a temperature of -25 deg. F. Each freezer contains
19.200 feet of 114-inch direct expansion pipe carried
on steel supports. © A gravity roller conveyor is pro-
vided in the aisle of each freezer. The sharp freezérs
are provided with fans for forced ventilation. In order
to maintain a more uniform condition of the air, pro-
vision is made to store natural ice in each sharp freezer
to compensate for evaporation during freezing. The
second, third, fourth, and fifth floors have a capacity
of 495,000 eubic feet, and are piped to maintain a tem-
perature of zero F. They are piped for brine, and each
floor contains 8,500 feet of 2-inch brine piping, the
coils of which are carried on the ceiling. The boiler
plant consists of two 212 h.p. Heine cross drum, high-
pressure, water-tube boilers; the stack, of self-support-
ing steel, is 4 feet in diameter and 125 feet high. The
engines are the Ames Unaflow type. The electric in-
stallation not only supplies the plant but furnishes light
and power to the town of St. Pierre, one and a-half
miles distant. St. Pierre and France may be proud of
this great institution. It may give pause to any people
who may be contemplating a raid on the English mar-
ket with Canadian or Newfoundland frozen fish. It
may be better to ‘‘ wait and see.”’

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

May, 1921.
PICKLED FISH REGULATIONS COMPULSORY.

Ottawa, May 21.—Regulations making it compulsory
to grade and pack pickled fish aecording to standard
and to prescribed containers, became effective on the
Atlantic coast on April 1. Fishery inspectors and
overseers have been for some time back urging packers
to make the necessary adjustments in their plant and
equipment so that those now affected are in a position
to comply with the new order of things.

The regulations are practically the same as last year,
with the fundamental distinction that while heretofore
their observance has been optional, this year it is com-
pulsory. There had been a considerable improvement
with a portion of the herring pack but the good repu-
tation being established by those who followed the
previous regulations was being jeopardized by those
who still followed antiquated and condemned methods.
A change in the order of things entails some trouble

and confusion, but the good to be gained outweighs

by far temporary difficulties.
The regulations are already effective on the Pacifie
coast.

Some married men have so much tongue for break-
fast and so much tongue for dinner that it is no wonder
they take a little chicken for lunch,

CANADIAN FISH PLANTS--No. 1.

PLANT OF
LEONARD
FISHERIES, LTD.
HAWKESBURY,
NOVA SCOTIA.

View of Plant from Water,

>

q May, 1921.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

121

N

SA
\\\

WAIIACE

suitable for publication.

528 Winch Building, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

Baik Pacific Coast |.
Section i

- “The Canadian Fisherman,” Pacific Coast Branch, will be glad to have inquiries from any one who wishes
information in any way connected with the fishing industry. We would also appreciate items of fishing news

"YUL

BC.24

A\RC3

Address communications to F. E. Payson, Pacific Coast Representative, Industrial & Educational Press, Ltd.,

_ STATISTICS OF ALASKA FISHERIES FOR 1920.
b 3 The U.S. Bureau has completed a compilation of
statistics of the Alaska fisheries for 1920 and a brief
| summary is now presented. It is apparent that the in-
- dustry is retrenching somewhat, working away from
the abnormal situation which grew out of the entrance
of the United States into the World War, and return-
ing to prewar conditions.
The total investment in the fisheries was $70,986,221,
a decrease of $3,195,339 from 1919. The industry gave
~ employment to 27,482 persons, or 1,052 less than in
- 1919. The products of the fisheries were valued at
$41,492,124, a decline of $8,789,940. This decrease was
- due almost wholly to the lessened pack of salmon in
- southeast Alaska, chiefly in the canning, mild-curing,
- and fresh-salmon branches of the industry. There was,
however, a notable increase in the quantity of salmon
' and in the utilization of waste material in the manu-
facture of oil and fertilizer. Materal advances were
noted also in the quantity and value of the output of
- the halibut, cod, and shrimp fisheries. The herring
- fisheries were more productive than in 1919, but there
was a decline in value of products amounting to $372,-
_ 556, owing to the comparatively limited quantity of
herring canned, whereas in 1919 canned herring was
_ the product of greatest value from those fisheries. The
production of shrimp was more than double that of
1919, while the whale and clam fisheries were consider-
ably less productive than in 1919.
The total pack of canned salmon was 4,429,463 cases,
a decrease of 154,225 cases, or approximately 314 per
‘eent. Southeast Alaska produced 2,225,011 cases, a de-
crease of almost 29 per cent from the pack in 1919. In
¢entral Alaska the production was 1,337,448 cases, an
“inerease of approximately 73 per cent and next to tlie

largest pack ever made in that district, the pack in
1918 alone exceeding it. In western Alaska the pack
was 867,004 cases, an increase over 1919 of 174,483
cases, or more than 25 per cent. The total value of
canned salmon was $35,602,800. Other products of the
salmon fisheries were mild-cured, pickled, fresh, froz-
en, drysalted, and dried and smoked salmon, which had
an aggregate value of $934,284. Salmon by-products,
consisting of oil and fertilizer, were valued at $104,752.

The total eatch of salmon in Alaska in 1920 was 65,-
080,539 fish, as compared with 58,172,665 in 1919, an
increase of approximately 12 per cent,

The number of canneries operated in Alaska in 1920
was 146, or 11 more than in 1919. Of this number the
southeastern district was credited with 82 (increase of
6), the central district with 36 (inerease of 6), and
western Alaska with 28 (decrease of 1). Some inter-
esting changes were noted in the number of traps,
seines, and gill nets used in the salmon fisheries. There
were 443 diven and 208 floating traps, a decrease of 32
and an increase of 63, respectively. Beach seines de-
creased from 301 to 222, representing a reduction of
12,173 fathoms of webbing; purse seines from 490 to
488, with a reduction in webbing of 7,525 fathoms. The
total length of gill nets was 460,947 fathoms, an in-
crease of 9,763 fathoms over 1919.

Values of products of the other fisheries were as
follows: Halibut, $1,726,798; herring, $1,303,614; cod,
$1,117,464; whales, $562,302; clams, $46,812: trout,
$13,662; sablefish, $28,544; crabs, $1,740; and shrimp,
$49,123.

‘*An eel,’’ says Science, ‘‘will swim three thousand
miles to find himself a mate’’—and then, I suppose,
he’ll say that the lady-eel “‘lured’’ him into matrimony.

122

Canned Salmon Canard Refused

No Truth in London Story That Gift of Canned
Salmon was Inferior Chums

Hon. William Sloan Replies.

A cable despatch from the London correspondent of
the Montreal Gazette quoting remarks derogatory to
British Columbia canned salmon was forwarded by the
Seeretary of the Canadian Fisheries Association to
Chairman F, E. Burke of the Vancouver Branch,
Indignant denials of the statement have been received
from British Columbia and all those who were inter-
ested in British Columbia’s war gift of 25,000 cases of
pink salmon to Great Britain are communicating with
their London agents to trace the origin of the story
and to demand a retraction.

Chairman Burke, realizing the damaging effect to
B. GC. salmon of the Gazette’s cabled misinformation,
ealled the attention of the B, C. Government, the
salmon canners and the Fisheries Association to the
matter and action is being taken to find out who gave
the Gazette correspondent such a’ fairy story.

In the Montreal Gazette of May 19th, Hon. William
Sloan, Commissioner of Fisheries for B. C., writes as
follows :— .

Sir,—I note in your issue of April 29th a special
cable despatch from London under date of April 28th,
forwarded by your Special Resident Staff Correspond-
ent, in which he states :—

‘“‘The quality of Canadian fish, both canned and
frozen now being shipped to England is much better
than some sent during the war, which is alleged by
British importers to have given Canadian packers a
bad name. A leading member of the canned goods
section of the London Chamber of Commerce told your
correspondent that of 25,000 eases of salmon which
was sent as a gift to England by Canada during the
war, some was given to the German prisoners, and
much of the rest was so inferior that it had to be
thrown away. ‘‘The gift was well meant, but a large
part of the shipment, which was supposed to be pink
salmon, was really chum,’ said this man, who is a mem-
ber of one of the largest London importing houses.
‘There is a good market here for pink salmon, but for
the credit of Canada, she should not try to send us over
any more chum.’ ’’

Permit me to state that there is no truth whatever in
the statement made to your correspondent by ‘‘a lead-
ing member of the canned goods seetion of the London
Chamber of Commeree.’’ The statement is wholly un-
true and is liable to injure the good name of British
Columbia and its salmon canning industry. The facts
in the ease are as follows:

The 25,000 cases of salmon donated by British Co-
lumbia to the Imperial Government in the fall of 1914
consisted entirely of the choicest pink salmon packed
in the province that year. It was all first-class and
of that year’s pink salmon pack. No other species of
salmon was included in the shipment; it consisted en-
tirely of the 1914 pink salmon pack. Before purchase
and shipment it was most carefully inspected by the

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

three most competent salmon inspectors
for British firms in the Provinee at that ti
Messrs. E. O. Cornish, representing Simpson
of Liverpool; W. P. Powell, representing D«
Co.; and the late Frederick Hawkins, repr
R. B. Green & Co., Liverpool. There were not
world at that time three more capable and en
judges of the quality of canned salmon than these men.
They inspected and bought for British firms ft! 1
of B. C, salmon pack that year. i
Furthermore, that salmon was inspected by
Colonel F. H, Cunningham, then chief inspeetor
eries for the Dominion in British Columbia; by D.
McIntyre, deputy commissioner of fisheries for Bri
Columbia; and by C. P. Hickman, inspéctor of fishe
for B, C. eaten
Every one of the 25,000 cases forwarded in 1914 w
personally examined by these men before the p
bought and shipped it. The shipment attracted
local interest, and every move made in the ma
under close inspection of local press. Each ease of t
entire shipment bore a British Columbia label and t
words ‘‘A gift to the Imperial Government.”?
Following the arrival in London of the shipm
Imperial Government, at the request of the pre
had the entire shipment carefully inspected by
Government food inspectors. They pronounced the e
tire lot first class. On the strength of th port b
ing called to the attention of Lord Kitchener, he ¢
ed 10,000 of the 25,000 cases shipped to the
troops in France. The use of this salmon by
troops attracted the Freneh Government’s—
so favorably that its agents bought in 1915 all
salmon pack on the Pacifie coast obtainable.
one of the 220,000 cases of pink salmon packed in B
ish Columbia in 1914 was sold early in 1915. E
ish and French Governments continued to buy the |
salmon pack throughout the war. bP ip ER

The Imperial Government distributed 15,000
of the British Columbia shipment to the various
and boroughs where there was distress. Many of
forwarded our London Agent letters of app
for the excellent gift of food. ee

Your London Resident Staff Correspondent «
firm all my statements by applying to our
General, Mr. F. C. Wade, British Columbia House,
don, S. W. There he will find the report of the in
tion made by the Imperial Government, as w
copies of the letters from the cities of Lincoln and
mingham and others, and the boroughs of W.
worth, Holborn, etc., and Lord Kitehener’s ord
10,000 cases be reserved for the use of the army.

WM. SLOAN. —
Commissioner of Fisheries for British Colun

Victoria, B.C... May 10, 1921.

CANADIAN

PRICES OF COLUMBIA RIVER SALMON FOR 1921
‘ SEASON CAUSE A SHORT STRIKE OF
FISHERMEN.

- The following prices were fixed on April 30th for
jumbia River salmon by the Columbia River salmon
ekers: Chinooks, 9c. per pound; blue backs, 8c.;
elheads, 7c. ; ; white sturgeon, 7c.; shad, le.

The price named for Chinook salmon is 3c. per pound
der that of the season of 1920. All the fishermen in
the Astoria district struck when the canneries offered
them 9c. per pound for Chinooks, They had demanded
12e. but on the 30th offered to.accept 10c. Since then
they have decided to accept the following prices: 10e
per pound for fish 25 pounds and up, and 9e. per fish
_ weighing less than 25 pounds. Conditions in connee-
tion with the entire canning industry are the most
otic ever known and prospects are not at all good
r the coming season. The condition of the market
for the cheaper grades has a great deal to do with this
but the market for the better grades is not what it
should be to create an optimistic feeling.

_ COL. F. H. CUNNINGHAM TO CARRY OUT ORIGI-
_ NAL IDEA OF PUBLICITY FOR B.C. CANNED
5 SALMON.

~ Canada will continue to make every effort to have
the mother country use canned salmon from British
Columbia. This decision was arrived at by the salmon
eanners of British Columbia after careful consideration
of entering into an advertising campaign which has
been planned by interests handling American and
panese or Siberian canned salmon in the United
a m. Col. F. H. Cunningham was sent to Eng-
nd some time ago to carry on a publicity campaign
in the interests of the British Columbia salmon canners.
Upon arrival in England he found the market well sup-
plied with Siberian canned salmon and American
_ goods. The interests handling these packs were in a
quandary regarding the disposal of their stocks and
i decided on a strong advertising campaign. Col. Cun-
gham was requested to come in with them on the
ampaign but before making any move he got in touch
_ with the salmon canners in British Columbia with the
final result that they decided to carry on in the in-
_terests of Canada. Without doubt this was the best
move and now if the Imperial Government could be
prevailed upon to demand that all canned salmon

_ should bear on their labels or have stamped in the end
of each tin, in a prominent manner, the country of ori-
there is no doubt that Canadian canned salmon
uld secure the preference.

CANNED SALMON MARKET.

There i is one thing practically: certain and that is that
ost of the companies which have been relying on their
d customers to order the old reliable brands in the
will have to get out and do some hustling in the
te Independent concerns have been doing some
tall selling stunts during the past few months with the
9 t that new brands are getting on the retailers
elves.
This coming season will not see any large packs of
kind of salmon put up. This applies to red meated
as the lower priced grades. The market looks bad

FISHERMAN 123 .
to canners and there is not the least sign of optimism.
This means that care will be taken in putting up all
the packs this season.

A few lots are moving in the low priced grades, some
to foreign consignees and some to Eastern Canada.

HALIBUT SCHOONER KING & WINGE HAS CLOSE
CALL FROM FIRE.

With five thousand gallons of distillate stored in close
proximity, fire badly scorched the engine room and
galley of the halibut schooner ‘‘King & Winge’’ but
fortunately the distillate was not reached by the
flames. The ‘‘King & Winge’’ was at Prince Rupert
at the time and later sailed for Vancouver with her
60,000 Ibs. of halibut which were discharged at the
New England Fish Company’s plant. The ‘‘King &

Winge’’ was the fishing vessel that stood by when the
ill-fated ‘‘Princess Sophia’’ was wrecked in Alaskan
waters.

LARGE STURGEON BEING CAUGHT IN BRITISH
COLUMBIA.

Several large sturgeon have been caught in the
Fraser River recently, one of them measured 13 feet
from tip to tip and weighed over 900 lbs. The result
has been that local restaurants have been serving stur-
geon steaks for some days past.

GOOD SUPPLIES OF RED SPRING SALMON NOW
BEING LANDED.

West Coast of Vancouver Island. —The fishermen
are having good luck on the West Coast of Vancouver
Island and the Canadian Fishing Co., Ltd., is receiving
large supplies of red springs. Other companies are
receiving small lots. Puget Sound traps and those on
the Straits of Juan de Fuca, contiguous to U.S. boun-
dary, began getting springs about the 9th of May.

Fraser River.— There is a good run of springs on
the Fraser at this time (May 10th), and the local mar-
ket has a good supply.

Prince Rupert.— About May 10th the first real
large lot of red springs was landed from North Island
and the Skeena. The outlook is good for a good sup-
ply from now on.

Owing to the uncertainty of the market it looks as
‘though the canneries would not be using as many red
springs this season as in the past couple of seasons.
This will leave the market to the fresh fish and mild
cure dealers.

SOCKEYES ON THE FRASER IN MAY.

The first sockeyes of the season have been taken on
the Fraser during the first week in May. These are
the genuine sockeye and weigh about 6 to 7 lbs. each.
This is unusual for this time of the year.

HALIBUT SUPPLY HAS BEEN KEEPING UP.

Local halibut schooners and American schooners
have been making very good deliveries of halibut to
Vancouver for several weeks now. The Canadian Fish-
ing Co. and the New England Fish Co., have been get-
ting good stocks.

124 CANADIAN

B.C. Canners Desire Reduction in Fishing Fees —

Industry too Heavily Taxed for Carrying on Profitable
Business.

The following letter has been addressed to the Hon.
C. C. Ballantyne, Minister of Marine and Fisheries, by
the British Columbia Salmon Association :— :

“The salmon canning industry of British Columbia
is, at the present time, in the most difficult and critical
condition in its history. During the recent war, the
cost of production in every item rose to unprecedented
figures, and under the stimulus of the urgent request
of your Government, as well as that of the United
States, for increased production, the packs of all grades
of canned salmon were greatly augmented—added to
which was the canned salmon produced in Siberia and
Japan then placed upon the market.

At the close of the war, the British and other Gov-
ernments were holding large stocks of these goods,
which were sold by them in many instances at prices
much below those at which they could be profitably
produced, because materials, labour and expenses were
not relatively reduced. The consequence is that the
market for the cheaper grades of salmon is completely
paralyzed, and the British Columbia canners left with
nearly three quarters of a million cases for which
there is no present or prospective demand, though
being offered at prices far below the cost of produc-
tion.

The season of 1921 is rapidly approaching, but unless
some unforseen improvement ih demand arises, it is cer-
tain that apart from the sockeyes and red salmon, there
will be little or no packs of the cheaper grades put up.

This reduction in production will seriously affect the
fishermen, who rely on the fall fishing to enhance their
earnings, and preclude the canners chances to earn any
profit on their business, because the overhead and op-
erating expenses per case will be relatively greater.

The serious character of these conditions will be
more clearly recognized when it is noted that owing to
the almost complete depletion of the sockeye fishing on
the Fraser River, only 13 canneries will be operated
this year, out of 33 plants which depend chiefly upon
the supply of sockeyes for their raw material, and in
the outlying districts where the packs are principally
pinks and chums, the outlook is most discouraging.

The salmon canners have over $16,000,000 invested
in the business and in 1920 paid out to the fishermen
and cannery employees about $6,000,000 in addition to
the large expenditures incurred for tinplate, nets,
boxes, gasoline, etc., ete.

In 1918 the fees for cannery, fishing and
other licenses, taxes on fish, and per

Por RA SEN 1. + 48,784-50
In 1919: +s ks ss ss, sedebary) oo: ccnceere tories ane
Tn 1920-+ «+ ee ee ce ee ne ee ee ee oe ee oe 4s 230,782-01
to the Dominion Government, all of which represented
‘“special’’ levies on the industry, such as are not de-
manded from other classes of producers. Heavy

license fees and per case taxes are demanded by the
Provincial Government. In the aggregate, these com-
bined levies are greater than the industry ean bear and
continue to be operated with any possibility of sue-
Cess,

The foregoing references, do not inelude the large
sums paid to the Dominion Government for customs

§ ee i
FISHERMAN May, 1921.

rit
duties, Marine registration, Income Tax, ete., in the —
form of ‘‘general’’ taxes, of which the operators are —
prepared to pay their just proportion. EB
Special efforts are being made by the British Colum-—
bia canners to stimulate the demand in Great Britain —
and Europe for the cheaper grades of salmon, and as
you are aware, Col. F. H. Cunningham was engaged
at a cost of $15,000 to conduct an advertising cam- —
paign for the purpose indicated, and which, it was
hoped would be assisted by your Department in the —
interests of Canadian general business, and of the —
especially embarrassing condition the canned operators
find themselves at the present time. ie =
If the industry is to be perpetuated, with any chance —
of success, the cost of production must be reduced.
In respect to labour and materials, lessened costs —
will be a slow process, but your Hon. Department has —
the power to recommend, and the Dominion Govern- —
ment to enact, that the special levies on the industry —
shall be reduced to meet the emergency,
At present these salmon levies are:

bh

Cannery License:: -- -- $500-00 |
Trap License: ++ «- ++ et aieel ol ee ullentiate 500-00 —
Purse Seine License:: - +). sete Sena 800-00 —
Drag Seine License: - ap de Macken, Bore init Sara 150-00 |
Gill Net Licenses: “+ «+ 04!" eee ee 10-00 i
Per case tax of 3 cents on all canned salmon e cept

half cent per fish caught in seines. :

I may point out that the canners have also to pay the —
Provincial Government the following ‘‘special’’
license fees and case taxes: BAe 44) d

Cannery License:- - --$100-00
Trap License-: -- Paar es F 25-00
Purse Seine Licénse:: - «sss. Ger vids: a eee 50-00.
Drag Seine License: -:- oe PP he oe ee is eee $83 25.00
Gill net License: -- . 5-00

And a tax of 4 cents per ease on all grades of ee a
< cee ae WHICH THE CANNERS EARL
EAK FROM YOUR HON. a

MENT CONSISTS OF :— etter
1, THE TOTAL REMISSION OF THE 3 CENTS TAX
ON THE CHEAPER GRADES OF SALMON,
wie Ane ie SMALL DEMAND AND CAN”

q RODUCED AND 2D AT

HEAVY LOSS. aie oan E

2. REDUCTION OF THE 4 CENTS PER CASE ON
SOCKEYES TO 8 CENTS PER CASE. :

38. THRE REMISSION OF THR ONRB-HAI =
PER FISH TAX, OF OS

_ We feel we ean rely upon your sense of justice and
intimate knowledge of the situation, to do what is right
and expedient in the premises; and pray that such
measures of relief as will require the consent of Par-
liament, may be dealt with during the present se sion
All which is respeetfully submitted. oS
Yours faithfully,

B.C. SALMON CANNERS ASSOCIATION,
a “W. D, BURDIS,”’ q
: Secretary, _

in
t

| May, 1921, :
- VANCOUVER WHOLESALE FRESH FISH

-Halibut. — Plentiful. Baby chicks selling at 8 cents

per pound, chickens 10 cents, mediums 14 cents.

God. — Local live ling cod selling at 6 cents per
‘pound. Plentiful supply.

Smelt. — Off the market. Oolachons also off. A

ood run on Fraser River, while they lasted.

Soles. —A very good supply. Fraser River red

prings selling at 20 cents per pound, dressed heads on.

few sockeyes selling at same price. ;

Shell fish. — Crab plentiful. Clams 44, Shrimps

3 cents. Good supplies of all varieties and market
Pa dy.

Carp. — Selling at 12 cents. nga

_ Shad.— Columbia River beach shad coming in reg-

ularly and selling at 15 cents per pound. ‘

Herring. — Point Grey herring are quite plentiful,

selling at 6 cents per pound.

‘SALMON CANNERS PROTEST NEW SALES TAX.

we

While the B.C. canners are urging the Government
to cancel some of the license fees and taxes at present
levied on canned salmon, the Minister of Finance, in
the recent Budget, levies a new sales tax on canned
fish. |

The Canners Association have sent the following wire
to the Minister of Finance protesting against the sales
tax on canned fish. ;

New Budget brings canned fish heretofore exempt,
under the sales tax. British Columbia salmon canning
industry is in very critical condition, export market
moralized and flooded by Japanese production pro-
duced with cheap labour, and large quantities of our
salmon on hand. Our canners who are attempting to
largely increase Canadian consumption realize that
their efforts will be neutralized if the Sales Tax is im-
posed in addition to the heavy special Federal Taxes
now imposed. You are setcees requested that canned
fish may be exempted—W. D. Burdis, Sec’y., B.C.
Salmon Canners Assn.

SALT FOR FISHERY USE. —

©. F. Rutgers & Company, Inc., 39-41 Cortlandt St.,
New York City, advise us that they are the exclusive

agents :
European firms who control a large quantity of the

salt exports from continental Europe. They claim that
two-thirds of a bushel of this fishery salt will achieve
the same result for which a full bushel of Mediter-
ranean salt would be necessary and that the high qual-
ity of their salt is very apparent when comparative
analysis is made of the different salts on the market.
They assert that their product is a perfectly dry salt
with the highest possible percentage of sodium chloride
and that it has advantages over other salts containing
high percentage of water which cause ‘‘Reddening”’
of the fish product.

Mr. Rutgers states that they are in a position to
offer particularly attractive prices to Canadian pro-
ducers and that they would be glad to furnish further
ormation to the readers of the ‘‘Canadian Fisher-
man’’ as well as to prove the attractiveness of their
proposition by submitting samples and quotations.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

for United States and Canada of a group of ©

125

PRIZE-WINNING FISH RECIPES ARE
ANNOUNCED.

Vancouver Girl Wins General Prize with her Recipe for
‘West Coast Oven Fish.’’

Ottawa, May 24.—Prizes have recently been awarded
in the fish recipe contest instituted last year by the
Department of Marine and Fisheries. The contribu-
tions from all parts of the Dominion were given expert
consideration by Miss Bessie M. Philp, head of the
School of Household Science, Macdonald College, Ste.
Anne de Bellevue, Quebec. Unfortunately a large
number of the recipes submitted had to be set aside
because they lacked the most important feature—
originality, and were apparently culled from standard
books on cookery. Next to originality, economy of
preparation and attractiveness of flavour and appear-
ance were the standards by which the judges were
guided. A twenty-five dollar prize was offered in each
province and an additional twenty-five dollars for the
best recipe in all of Canada. é

Miss Muriel F. K. Osborne, age 15 years, Vancouver,
B.C., in addition to winning the prize for British Col-
umbia, won the general award. Her recipe for ‘‘ West
Coast Oven Fish’’ is herewith reproduced with the sug-
gestion that housewives try it and decide for them-
selves if the commendation of the judges ‘was well de-
served,

‘‘Take 1 small fresh codfish, skin, cut in pieces and
dry with cloth, dip in flour, fry till pale brown. Take
3 medium-sized onions and six good sized potatoes,
peel and slice thin. Line casserole with part of the
potatoes and onions, sprinkle with salt, pepper and
flour, a small quantity of finely chopped parsley, then
put in layer of fish. Repeat alternately, putting pota-
toes and onions last. On top place two thick slices of
fat, salt pork or bacon, and barely fill dish with water.
Cover and bake one and a half hours in a slow oven.
Bring to table in the dish in which it has been ecooked.”’

In only two other provinces were awards made,
chiefly due to the absence of originality. In Nova
Scotia Miss Lillian M. Smith, aged 13 years, Yarmouth,
captured the prize. Her recipe for ‘‘Soused or
Pickled Mackerel’’ follows:

‘Clean a two-pound fresh mackerel by wiping with
a damp cloth. Cut in four or six pieces and put in
baking dish. Sprinkle with salt and pickling spice.
Pour vinegar and water over mackerel (there should
be enough to cover). Cover and let simmer for three-
quarters of an hour. Can be served hot or cold, but
it is better served cold. This will keep for several days
in the pickle. (If desired salt mackerel or herring may
be used, but omit salt in recipe).’’

In Ontario the prize-winning recipe was submitted
by Miss Kathleen Baker, aged 15 years, Kingston. Her
method of preparing ‘‘Pan Broiled Pickerel’’ is:

‘‘Clean a pickerel well and wash thoroughly.. Dry
with clean white cloth. Have drippings and a little
butter (or butter alone, if it can be afforded) well-
heated in frying pan. Dip pieces of fish in milk,
sprinkle with salt and pepper then roll in flour. Lastly
roll it in bread crumbs. Put in grease and fry to a
golden brown. Serve hot.’’

A man may marry a girl for her money only to find
out that there are pleasanter ways of accumulating
wealth.

126 (88)

EAT ONLY A POUND OF FRESH FISH IN NINE
WEEKS.

While Meat Consumption of Canadians amounts to 137
pounds per Capita in 1920,

Food specialists declare that a judicious combination
of fish and meat makes an admirable diet. It is in-
sisted that neither should be used exclusively as a
mainstay of the meal, but should rather be alternated.
The texture of meats is, as a general rule, coarser than
the flesh of fish and an alternation will give rest to the
digestive organs and prevent a clogging of the system
or an overworking of the body and consequent phy-
sical inefficiency.

While the force of the contention is readily seen, it is
not always possible to take advantage of this pre-
seribed regimen. Few countries are blessed with an
abundant supply of meat and fish as well. But Canada
is among the few. She has the food resources to make
strict adherence to the alternating fish-and-meat diet
both practical and economical. How far the average
Canadian is from this dietary standard is demonstrated
by figures recently compiled. During the year 1920,
Canadians ate 137 pounds of meat per head. Their use
of fish was about 22 pounds; and fresh fish, about 614
pounds.

In other words we ate a pound of meat every two
days and a half, but it took us nine weeks to consume
a pound of fresh fish.

This situation could be quite readily understood
were Canada far removed from fresh fish supplies and
made dependent upon canned and cured fish products
from abroad.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

May, 1921.

RIGHTS OF FEDERAL DEPARTMENT IN QUEBEC
FISHERIES.

An Order-in-Council dated April 20th, defines the — y

rights assumed by the Federal Government over Que-
bee fisheries in the matter of licenses:

Section 9 — Leases and Licenses

Fishing by means of nets, weirs, engines or other ap-
paratus, or contrivances of any kind, whether fixed to
the soil or not. is prohibited except under license or
permit from the Minister of Marine and Fisheries :—

(a) In the navigable tidal waters of the Province of
Quebec;

(b) In those portions of the rivers and streams of the
Province of Quebec which, whether tidal or not, are

navigable and accessible by way of navigation from 1
sea.

The Jones Shipping Bill has militated against the
shipping of Alaska salmon through the port of Prince
Rupert as it prohibits the shipping of goods from one >
American port to another over Canadian transportation
lines. Many Alaska merchants find the effect of the
Jones Bill disastrous to their business and are working
for repeal. Charles Goldstein, of Juneau, was in Wash-
ington recently launching a test case against the work-
ings of the Act and the verdict is being eagerly awaited
by Alaska shippers.

Business is now in full swing at the Fish Exchange
at the Government Dock, Prince Rupert. The new pre-
mises are much more commodious than the old pre-
mises on the G.T.P. wharf.

EDWARD CHIASSON & SONS

GENERAL MERCHANTS
and LOBSTER PACKERS

— Dealers in —
CODFISH and MACKEREL, SEAL OIL and SEAL SKINS
Agents: Lunenburg Foundry Co., Limited

believe it rill it will help in
goods up.

cases of one third one lb. can

ETANG-DU-NORD, MAGDALEN ISLANDS

BRANCH AT GRINDSTONE ISLAND

f DIRECTORS
Edward Chiasson
Alphi Chiasson
William Chiasson
Girard Chiasson
Azade Chiasson,

The lobster catch this season around Magdalen Islands by
what we can see since we opened to pack, beginning I
May, will be far from the average of last season.

The daily catches are not half as large as last season at
the same time and we are having splendid fishing weather.

We hope that if this season’s pack is small, which we

putting the price ie the fresh

Anybody who wants to speculate on six or seven hundred

and two third halves of fresh

canned lobsters the undersigned would be willing to accept a
fair quotation delivered Steamer at Grindstone,

————

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THE
A Cir DIAN .

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

VOL. VIII GARDENVALE, P.Q., JUNE, 1921 NO. 6

=

WHITTALL |
CANS ©

Meats ae et: pias
Syrup Fish Paint pe
PACKERS’ CANS ee g

Open Top Sanitary Cans “ $

and

Standard Packer Cans

with Solder-Hemmed Caps

A.R. Whittall Can Company, Ltd.

meee Py ee I1Bank Blidg., M O N st R E A L a a, atl ay Bldg.

TORONTO WINNIPEG

H.R. PHIPPS, Sales Mgr. Established 1888 3 A. E. HANNA,
Phone Adel 3316 Representative

SUUUUUADUUUAUAOUUUUUUUAUUUVAUUUUUOUUOUOCUNAAAAAAAN

PNUUNEUUUUUUNUNUUUEUUUNOOGAL,UGERAS GOOSEN USOC TL

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

iH

| Meeting the Requirements of the Industry

The
House of Leckie

For over half a century has been supplying the
commercial Fisherman of two continents
continuously in

Fishing and Marine Supplies

A FEW OF OUR STANDARD LINES

Nautical Instruments, Linen Gilling Nets, Gilling Twines,
Lamps of all types, Sea Island Cotton Gilling Nets,
Life Boat Equipment to Side Line and Seaming Twine,
Board of Trade regulations, Pound Nets, Drag Seines, Dip Nets,
Life Jackets, Ring Buoys, Minnow Seines, Trammel Nets,
Blocks of all kinds, Hoop Nets, Fishing Rope,
Wires and Manila Rope, Cedar Floats, Lead,
Anchors, Oars, Pumps, Boat Hardware.

WRITE FOR A CATALOG

John Leckst Limited,

77 Wellington St. W., - TORONTO, Ont.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 127

‘.

“tit
)

oot tt tase

‘THE WANTED SIGN STILL HANGS OUT.

WANTED by he Canadian Fishing In-
dustry, a Department of Fisheries dis-
tinct from Marine, Naval or other
affiliation. Also a Deputy Minister
in charge who will have direct access
to the Minister.

ister Ballantyne is off to Europe in the wake of
emier Meighen, and nobody feels in the humor for
discussion of serious questions.

rd; others are wondering if the price of fish will
n up this Fall, and all are ready to agree with one
ther that business has gone to a territory somewhat
er than the prevailing weather. lg
e too, will give our familiar subject a rest this time
enough mental ammunition is stored up to say
thing worth while.
‘We have to note that our aggressive British Colum-
friends, at the annual convention of the B. C.
neh of the Canadian Manufacturers Association lheld
ecently, succeeded in having the Association endorse
& resolution asking for the appointment of a Deputy
Minister of Fisheries. When the matter was explained
) them, the business-men assembled in the gathering
ad no hesitation in advocating such an appointment
—a fact which shows they were business men. Had it
een a political jaunt ? Well, it’s too hot to spec-
ate what they might have advocated.

INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES COUNCIL.

t is pleasing to record that a definite start has been
ade with the International Scientific Fisheries Coun-
he representatives appointed from Canada, the
ted States and Newfoundland met for their first
ting in Montreal on June 23rd, to map out a plan
e0-operative fisheries investigation work between

three countries.

NEWS AND VIEWS

ON FISH AND FISHERIES

Frederick William Wallace -

Editor-in-Chief

The Vice-President and Secretary of the Canadian
Fisheries Association conferred with the Canadian re-
presentatives on the Council and suggested certain lines
of investigation work which would be of benefit and in-
terest to the fishing industry. Among the suggestions
were the publication of special charts for fishermen
giving fuller details of the Banks, soundings and the
bottom thereof and investigations into the movements
of the eod, haddock and mackerel.

We cannot expect a great deal from the Council at
the start, but we are confident that it will grow to be a
most important body — the outcome of whose investi-
gations will be of much benefit to the fishermen of
Canada as well as the other countries interested.

PROTEST MACKEREL SCOUTING.

A Western farmer during the War blamed the con-
flict in Europe for the number of flies which infested
his house. A number of Nova Scotia fishermen and
intelligent men too, are protesting that the vessels en-
gaged in scouting for mackerel are driving the fish
off the coast to the detriment of the shore fishermen.
‘The scouts frighten the fish, set them wild, and they
won't go near the shore,’’ they say and they further
condemn the scheme as being only of benefit to the
American seining fleet.

This statement ig as wild as the mackerel are sup-
posed to be. Two small steam trawlers acting as Fish-
ery Patrol boats were assigned by the Government to
look for the mackerel schools and report their presence
and location by wireless to Canadian shore stations.
These patro] vessels have done so since the fish arrived
of the Canadian coasts and their work has been to keep
ahead of the seining fleet and report the movements of
the fish to the shore wireless station. On receipt of
the message, the shore station wires the news to various
ports on the Nova Scotia coast where traps and seines
are located that they may be prepared for the fish
should they strike inshore.

128

Ag none of the American seining fleet are equipped
with wireless, it is manifestly impossible for them to
receive the reports of the scouts. Furthermore, the
presence of two small trawlers trailing them 1s not
likely to stampede the mackerel from invading the in-
shore areas when these same inshore areas are alive
with motor-boats with unmuffled exhausts, coasting
steamers and other craft.

The work being done by the commanders of the mac-
kerel scouts is destined to be of great value to mackerel
fishermen in the future. A complete record of the loc-

“ation, quantity, and direction of the schooling fish is
being noted hourly and a track chart of their move-
ments is being compiled. This information and other
data recorded will be studied by scientific experts and
it is hoped that much of the mystery surrounding the
comings and goings of the mackerel will be solved for
the benefit of the fishermen. For the fishermen to
protest against this work being continued because of
the fact that the mackerel are not striking inshore—a
fact which cannot reasonably be traced to the scouts—
is merely arresting an undertaking which. has been
started in the best terest of the fishermen themselves.

THE INDUSTRY PAYS ITS TRIBUTE.

In the midst of the plain business of catching and
selling fish we are prone to forget that tribute in the
form of human lives is often exacted for the finny spoil
wrested from old ocean’s depths. ‘The fishermen, busy
with net and hook and obsessed by the cost of living
and low prices for his product, gives but scant thought

to the hazards of his calling. Inured to the sea and its |

dangers, he regards the water much as a farmer regards
his fields. Both are pastures out of which he has to
draw food-stuffs in one form or another. The mer-
chant, removed from the wind-harried wastes upon
which the prime producer toils, thinks still less about
the subject and devotes his skill to buying and selling
and keeping out of the bankruptcy courts. | ;

But occasionally Old Ocean thrusts a grim reminder
under our eyes ‘‘lest we forget’’ that she demands a
living tribute frem those who loot her hoard, and her
reminders are often grim, terrible to the victim, and
horrifying to the imagination of those who vision her
acts.

Ou June 3rd, the Boston schooner ‘‘ Waltham’’ picked
up a lone dory adrift on Georges Banks. In it lay the
body of an elderly fisherman, shrunken with starvaticn
and bearing mute evidences of fearful sufferings. Later
investigations proved that the man, a native of Nova
Seotia, went astray from his vessel on Friday, May 43th,
From that fateful day (a sinister combination in nau-
tical superstition), the dory drifted around the sea with
its oceupant slowly starving to death, until picked up
three weeks later.

It is difficult to imagine that this poor fisherman
could float around for such a lengthy period in what
are practically inshore waters. Many vessels must have
passed close to him during that time, but the sight-
defying fogs of that ocean area effectually sereened
from view the boat and the pitiful red rag on a bamboo
pole which the man hoisted as a signal of his distress,

he sea takes her tribute from the fishermen with
startling suddenness. Death hands in no warnings. The

man you were playing a little game of euchre with a
moment or so before, goes out on the boom-end to help
reef a sail and is washed into Eternity with his wild
shout of surprise ringing in the ears of his horrified

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

June, 19

shipmates. Dory-mates, with whom you ate break
go overside in the full flush of life, vanish in the f
and are seen no more. What their end is like may
pictured with dreadful imaginings. wae eae
Fortunately, these mishaps do not often occur
these days, but all the fish in the ocean could not
for the life of one man. We, who have but the
connection with the victim, find it hard to assess’
on their lives, but those who ean are the widows
children, the parents and sweethearts, who remait
mourn,

‘

GIFT SALMON RETRACTED. ~

The charge recently cabled from England.
Montreal Gazette’s correspondent that B. ©.’s ;
pink salmon to Great Britain during the war was co:
posed of chums and inferior pinks, has been reti
and the fish have been given a clean Dill”
who consumed them. me

This is a case which shows the necessity for
instantaneous action upon statements affecting th
name of our fishery products. i ies

PISCATORIAL PARAGRAPHS. -

Mr. J. A. Paulhus, of Montreal, Vice-Presiden
Canadian Fisheries Association, has returned fron
visit to Spain, France and Great Britain. Mr. Pauly
gained much health and information while abroad a
imparts te us that the show he witnessed at the

Bergéres in Paris ‘‘had ’em all skinned.” -

Mr. F.E.Burke, Chairman of the Vancouver
C. F. A., has returned to the Coast city after a
the Prairie Provinces. ‘‘Crop conditions on th
are marvellous, he writes, ‘‘and if we can only b
start to maturity it should help Canada won :
from a business standpoint.’’ Dee

The fresh lobster shipping business from the
shore of Nova Sectia to Boston and New York for
season just closed promises to be a record. Ove
ty-one thousand packages were shipped via Yarn
an increase of fifty per cent over last year. Whi
turns are completed, the recent season will prob:
show up as the heaviest fished period in the his
the industry. ees:

Packers are pushing the sale of pink salmon
strongly just now in the ‘home market. There
dency towards marketing the goods under the
lahel rather than under those of the brokers and

There will be a large shortage of new fish in -
burg this spring. Last year at this time the fish
chants were in a position to place on the market
quintals of fish, while this year there are on
quintals, a shortage of 26,975 quintals, or 89 per
The vessels that came home and landed eatches
follows ;—Vivian P. Smith, Wharton, 1200 qu
Francis W. Smith, Mosher, 400 quintals;
Adams, Parks, 500 quintals, Mariou-Elizabeth, We
haver, 500 quintals. Norma P. Coolen, Andrews, 60
quintals; total, 3,300 quintals—Halifax Herald.

THE NOVA SCOTIA-MEN.
chaps what rate as “sailors” in an engine-driven

’ :

men” I calls you ‘cause

carcase to an anchor there and lend to me an ear

ne you of some hookers what’s been gone this forty
year. . er

hard-case hookers—them Nova Scotia-men!

there ain't no sailors

y built °em on the beaches and they built ‘em in th’ cricks.

‘arved her figger-head themselves an’ fsahioned up-her
lidn’t use no blue-prints when they set her up in frame,
builders they was sailormen what knew the sailin’
game, ia ‘ 3
em Smart Blue Nosers—them Nova Scotia-men!

*

ed ‘em in Annapolis Windsor, River John,

le packets as“you ever shipped upon.

‘ships, Maitland ships, hookers from Maccan,
o’ craft that took the eye of any sailorman.

n fine old wind-bags—them Nova Scotia-men!

grim an’ gloomy night-mare for the lads as tried to
_ Shirk, et
s mates could make a tops'l, cook a meal or shape a

_ spar,
rT find the longitude by sun or latitude by star.
n ‘cute Downeasters—them Nova Scotia-men!

to hand and reef and steer and heave th’ dipsy lead,

if you couldn’t do yer trick you might as well be dead.

¢y was happy ships for sailormen, but hobos had no fun,

/ when they dropped the killick down, the bums would cut
and run.

were hell on scrapin’ wood-work and we done it rain or

shine.

Winter North Atlantic or a-broilin’ on the Line.

the moon was doin’ duty as the Nova Scotia sun,
kept the watches busy for the work was never done,

‘Them hard-worked packets—them Nova Scotia-men!

serubbed the decks each mornin’ watch—they kept you
on the hump, -

a bucket and a draw-rope as a Nova Scotia “pump”.

cleaned a heap of painted work when under their

command, ;
Nova Scotia “soda” was a canvas rag and sand.
Them shined-up, hookers—them Nova Scotia-men!

1 got no “lay-backs” in yer watch—they’d work ‘ye ’till ye
drop,
ng sheets and halliards with the tayckle and the strop.
-earried sail in snifters when the gale would bend the
mast,

‘twas, “Nip aloft, you sons o’ guns and make them
'_—s gans’ls fast!"

“Them hard-driven hookers—them Nova Scotia-men!

n turning-to a crowd of toughs, the mates were mighty smart
hand-spike and belayin’ pin—a long forgotten art,

all that sort of sailorin’ is gone beyond your ken

the old Blue Nosers—wooden ships and iron men.
Them tough old packets—them Nova Scotia-men!

't help feelin’ lonesome for the eld ships that have gone,
’ clankin’ of th’ wheel-pump in the hour before th’ dawn,
th’ white sails pullin’ strongly to a warm and steady
draft,

| th’ smell of roastin’ coffee and the watches must’rin’ aft.
Them long-gone hookers—them Nova Scotia-men!

like to ship off-shore again upon some Blue Nose bark,
nd shout a sailor chantey in the windy, starry dark,
st a clewed-up tops’l in a black southeaster’s roar,
ain't no use awishin’ for them days will come no more.
em grand old packets—them Nova Scotia-men!

—FREDERICK W. WALLACE.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

129

SALES TAX LICENSES.

The foregoing was received by the Sec’y. of the
C.F.A., in answer to an inquiry.

‘*With reference to the question as to whether more
than one license is required by firms or merchants hay-
ing more than one place of business, or companies hav-

jing several plants, warehouses and branch offices, you

are advised as follows: —

1. A jeweller or a retail merchant having more than
one store at which articles subject to the luxury tax
are sold is not required to take out more than one
jeweller’s or retailer’s license.

2. A manufacturer having several factories in which
are manufactured articles subject to the Manufactur-
er’s tax is not required to take out-more than one man-
ufacturer’s license.

3. A manufacturer, wholesaler or jobber, having
more than one factory branch office, warehouse, sales
office, or other place gf business is not required to take
out more than one sales tax license.

4. Provided, however, that where a manufacturer has
the wholesale or selling branch of his business entirely

separate and charges a sales tax between the factory

and the wholesale or selling branch, he shall be requir-
ed to take out two sales tax licenses—one for all of his
factories and one to cover the wholesale or selling
divisions.

5, All branch offices, factories; warehouses, sales of-
fices, stores or other places of business, must have on
file a certified copy of the license taken out by their
head office.

.6. Collectors of Inland Revenue, when issuing the
original license for the head office of any firm, or per-
son, shall state, when necessary what other places of
business it is to cover, and at the same time shall issue
a certified copy for each of these places (a copy shall
be deemed to be certified, when it is made out in the
Same manner and on the same form as the origi and
has written or stamped upon it the words ‘‘Certified
Copy’’ with the Collector’s signature and date written
under these words).

7. The certified copies will not be given to the person
to whom the original license is granted, but shall be
mailed to the Collector of Inland Revenue in whose
division the branch offices are located.

Collectors receiving such copies shall enter them in
a separate record from that of licensing issued by them
in their division and after countersigning the copy, or
copies, shall deliver them, or send them by registered
mail to the proper person or firm. This will provide
all Collectors with a complete record of licenses in use
in their division, and auditors when examining licenses
held by the branch offices of firms or merchants will
note whether or not copies are signed by the Collector
who issued the original and countersigned by the Col-

lector, in whose Division the place of business is
situated,’’

IMPORTATION OF CODFISH INTO SPAIN.

The ‘‘Gaceta de Madrid’’ for April 29 containg a
Royal Order, dated April 28, which provides that, as
from May .1, all consignments of salted codfish
( bacalao) leaving the port of origin with a manifest
vised later than that date must be accompanied by a
eertificate of origin, in order to be admitted into
Spain at the ‘‘seecond tariff’’ rate of duty (viz., 24
pesetas per 100 kilogs). 1

130

CANADIAN FISHERM

AN

Racing Fisherman Excite
Nation-Wide Interest

The ‘‘Mayflower’’ is Feature of Controversy.
Is She a bona fide Fisherman?

By. FREDERICK WILLIAM WALLACE.

The trio of fishing schooners who are the favorites
for the International Fishing Schooner Race this Fall,
are all on the Banks engaged in the plain hard business
of eatching.cod. The Bluenose has landed her Spring
eatch and Captain Angus Walters, her skipper, is
pleased with the performance of his craft in sailing
and lying-to in a breeze of wind. The Mayflower has
been in port once or twice and a week ago she had
140,000 of salt cod in her hold. As her carrying ¢a-
pacity is the crucial point in the argument of her erities
that she cannot pack enough fish to pay her way as a
fishing vessel, it is a safe presumption that Captain J.
Henry Larkin will be working double-tides to stuff her
hold to the hateh-coamings ere he returns to port.

The Shelburne racer, Canadia, is hand-lining, and up
to this date (June 20th) has not reported. This vessel
has not received the publicity accorded to the Lunen-
burg craft, but there are indications that she is a
speedy craft and if not barred through shortage in
water-line, has a good chance to be the challenging
schooner if properly handled in the elimination con-
test.

The Gloucesterman Esperanto struck a submerged
wreck off Sable Island and now lies in 16 fathoms of
water. Gloucester interests have fitted out an expedi-
tion to raise the schooner and, if successful, there is
every possibility that she will be repaired and equipped
to enter the elimination trials as defender of the Hali-
fax Herald Trophy. As the Gloucestermen seem to
have ‘‘taken a scunner’’ against the Boston syndicate-
owned Mayflower, they will scare up one or two speed-
boats out of their fleet to compete against the latter
for the honor of defending the Cup. The new Glou-
cester schooner L. A. Dunton, was regarded as the
hope of the old New England fishing port, but her

sorry performance against the Mayflower on the vari-.

ous legs of the passage to the Magdalens, seems to have
put her out of the running. Her skipper, Captain
Felix Hogan, however, has a firm faith in the Dunton’s
sailing abilities, and he believes that, with some alter-
ations and improvements in sail plan and ballasting,
he can show the Boston hooker a stern wake when the
time comes.

Controversy regarding the right of the Mayflower
to call herself a fishing schooner rages hot and heavy.
The stigma of ‘‘yacht’’ still sticks to her and is a
favorite epithet of her erities. Caustie eomments on
her ability to stand the drag of winter fishing and to

‘skipper and a financial loss on the part of her own rs

carry sail in hard breezes brought forth a challei
from her owners to race the Mayflower with any
fisherman at any time of the year in an open sea
test. Captain Walters of the Bluenose accepted —
challenge and suggests a race with a cargo of salt
from Newfoundland to Brazil, thence to Turk’s
for a lading of salt to be carried: to a port in Ne
Scotia. Such a contest offers even greater possibiliti
than the Halifax race and suggests a revival of
days when clipper ships raced. new teas home —
China to London or stormed around the Horn
New York to San Francisco in efforts to beat the
cords.

We take it that the motive behind the Fish
Schooner Trophy is to encourage the designing ;
building of schooner types which: will be an ad
upon the present very handy and able model.
what constitutes the ideal fishing schooner? Is it the
Lunenburg type designed for salt Bank fishing
summer and for freighting in winter, or is it the
gulation all-year-round fishing vessel which may
a turn at halibuting, shacking, haddocking or salt
ing whenever the market or occasion demands?

In the former, a vessel with hold capacity is a n
sity if she is to pay her way: in the latter, speed
weatherlines are the prime essentials. Is the Int
tional Race a contest for salt bankers only? If
is the case, then Mayflower, as a salt Banker F
winter freighter can only compare with the Lunenburg
type at the cost of great effort on the part of el

Ww
rv

for we do not think she can pack a big enough ¢
to make her pay. . me
As a fresh fisherman running trips from Gee x
Browns or Western Bank to Boston market, we belie
the Mayflower would make an ideal craft pro
she can stand the weather. Her hold eapacity is’
sufficient for paying trips of ieed fish and it is
evident that she possesses the speed necessary
fresh fisherman, aie
The writer recalls, when a member of the erew_
the little Digby schooner Albert J. Lutz, engaged
halibuting in 1913, that we left Port Hawkesbury t
gether with a fleet of twenty-three vessels—fisherme
and coasters. Among the fleet were a nnmber
big Lunenburg schooners — the Delawana, Ma
Flemming, J. B. Young and others engaged in
banking. We beat up the Straits to light airs y

ened at nightfall to a brisk S.E. breeze and it was
tk-and-neck contest until we cleared the narrow
s, and off Port Hood the Lutz trailed in the wake
e Gloucester halibuter Catherine Burke while the
ery of Gloucester hung on the lee beam. All the
nenburg and Gloucester salt bankers, the Elsie and
nta of Boston, were far astern, and remained thus
the way to the Magdalen Islands. This, and num-
other contests, leads one to the belief that the

iverage salt Banker of the Lunenburg type is not as
peedy a vessel as the craft built for fresh fishing.
d proved its usefulness on this occasion as it se-
d us our fresh bait before the erowd came along.
the International Schooner Race is to promote
ndly competition between the United States and
da with the underlying motive of improving the
Bank fishing schooner type, then we do not think
er is any improvement on orthodox design
is evident she has sacrificed hold capacity for

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

131

speed, and even if she wins the race, there is no likeli-
hood of any owner building other vessels on her lines.

But if all-round fishing craft are eligible and the
Mayflower proves that she can stand hard weather,
then she should be regarded as an advance on the de-
sign of market fishermen if she wins the Championship
this year, for her hold capacity is quite sufficient for
fresh fishing trips.

Our hopes are pinned on Bluenose or Canadia and

SCHR. ‘‘MAYFLOWER’’ UNDER SAIL.
~Mayflower”’ is the most yacht-like fishing schooner we have ever seer.
3 somewhat square stern.

Note her sharp entrance bul

we trust that the racing winds will be such as'to prove
that the sturdy design of these craft will rise superior
to the sharp model of Mayflower for any kind of fish-
ing. Our experience has shown that smart sailing.
fine-lined vessels are the agme of discomfort in rough
weather, while the fuller modelled hookers are a float-
ing home, even when hove-to on shoal water. When a
fisherman has to spend from five to ten months at sea
in a year’s work, bodily comfort deserves consideration
even at the sacrifice of speed.

132

A preliminary report of the Fisheries of Canada
for the year 1920 has been prepared by the Domin-
ion Bureau of Statistics, in ¢o-operation with the
Department of Marine and Fisheries.

Production.

The total value of the Fisheries Production of
Canada in 1920 was $49,321,217. This is a decrease
from the previous year of $7,187,262.

The chief commercial fishes in order of value were:

Salmon .. $ 15,595,970
Lobsters .. 7,152,455
Cod .. 6,270,171
Halibut 4,535,188
Herring .. .. 3,337,738
Whitefish . 1,992,107
Haddock .. 1,126,703
TP SWREE: .< asyca ties 858,042
Sardines .:... .. 860,268
Rindite ec Se, 789,361
Pickerel Hide 682,277
Pilehards .... .. 540,265

The total value of fisheries production in 1920 for
each province was as follows:

Quantities and Values of Chief Commercial Fishes,
1920, in Onder of Value.

British Columbia .. $22,329,161
Nova Scotia .. 12,742,659
New Brunswick 4,423,745.
Ontario .. 3,410,750*
Quebee .. 2,591,982
Kind
Salmon, caught and landed ..
Marketed — :
Used: fresh ..0 56 65 See gis
Caniied ei ae te ee
Smoked gies aS ee
Dry-salted. 2. 5. 6. Eee
Mildienred «. 0... 3. at eee ee
Pickled ..

Total Value Marketed ie

Lobsters, caught and landed
Marketed —
In shell ..
Canned ..
Tomailey.. ss ras
Total Value Marketed ..

Cod, caught and landed ..
Marketed —
. Used fresh . bia ee

Green salted .. .. ..
Smoked fillets ..
Smoked .. .. .
\ ip ean
Boneless ..
Canned ..
Cod roe .. .. Reise
Cod liver oil, medicinal 5 eae

Total Value Marketed . “5

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

The Fisheries of Canada, 1920

Pres Edward Island .

Manitoba .

Alberta .. ..

Saskatchewan . 296,4’
Yukon .. .. 33,

*Note:— The value for Ontario is given for the
1919, returns for 1920 for this province not ph pes
complete. am

Capital and Employees, ee
(1) Primary Operations. — ae

The amount of capital represented in the ves
boats, nets, traps, piers and wharves, ete., en ra
in the primary operations of catching and and
the fish during 1920 was $29,663,359.

Employees: The number of employees engaged
these operations in 1920 was 57,660. t

(2) Fish Canning and Curing Establishments.

Capital: The amount of capital. represented in fish
canning and curing establishmets in 1920 owas: $20,-
512,265. a

Employees: The number of persons employed
i. and curing establishments in 1920
8

In the following table are shown the quantiifen
values of the chief commercial fishes caught and
ded, and of the forms in which, prereset &
fresh, eanned, smoked, pickled, ete. xt

Value

Quantity 3
ewt, 1,284,729 $ 8,238,072 le
ewt. 219,571 2,791,981
cases. 1,188,599 12,419,034 |
ewt. 2.667 23,131
ewt. 33,645 151,129
pei 8,924 205,734
ewt. 526 5,011 -

Visite 15,595,970 :
cwt, 399,985 4,557,149
owt, 69,000 1,434,688
cases 163,299 5,687,484
cases. 2,619 (. 30,833:
“aco 7,152,455
ewt. 1,982,706 31
ewt. 118,755
ewt, 167,840
ewt, 38,055
ewt, 278
ewt. 444,776
ewt. 25,547
cases 3,481
ewt. 40
gal, 11,049

6,270,171

1921 Be eee CANADIAN

_ Kind
alibut, caught and landed
eted —
—oe F . ®
Smoked . <i

Total Value Marketed ae
Herring, caught and landed ..
Marke’

Used fresh i990...
Boneless: ee ee ie
CARNGH\ cise ke
Binpked io eee

Fertilizer ..

Total Value Marketed ..

- Trout, caught and landed ..
Marketed —

Used fresh .

aa Salted .. ..
_ Total Value Marketed .

; Sardines, caught and landed ..
Marketed —
Canned .. .. Sree esra
; Sold fresh and salted eet
Total Value Marketed .. .. .. .. ..
Smelts, caught and seit
__ Marketed fresh .. ..

Pilehards, caught and landed .. ..

Used as bait.

FISHERMAN
Quantity
ewt. 262,726
ewt. 262,434
cases. 41
ewt. 77
ewt. 2,056,681
ewt. 206,381
ewt. 611
Cases 33,769
ewt. 148,304
ewt. 512,168
bbl. 52,765
bbl. 182,675
bbl. 73,729
ewt. 178,382
ewt. 177,932
bbl. 299
ewt. 441,745
ewt. 107,500
cases, 17,020
ewt. 136
ewt. 67,750
ewt. 25,433
ewt. 38,835
ewt. 142,347
ewt. 61,444
cases. 1,869
bbl. . 26,144
ewt. 67,300
ewt. 63,781
bbl. 2,345
bbl. 196,649
cases, 129,925
bbl. 164,101
ewt. 58,118
ew. 58,118
ewt. 65,051
ewt. 65,051
ewt. 88,050
ewt. 553
cases 91,929
bbls. 1,154
bbl. 9,937

Value
3,533,969

4,533,650
410
1,128
4,535,188

2,255,506

874,975
6,670
200,368
590,132
872,107
345,950
361,349
86,187
3,337,738

1,282,112

1,988,220
3,887
1,992,107

878,914

455,647
129,654
1,780
625,214
74,440
237,945
1,522,680

783,304

631,144
12,535
483,024
1,126,703

667,569

827,559
30,485
858,042

284,848

627,972
232,296
860,268

518,188
789,361

500,870
682,277

77,097

1,212
503,937
6,925
28,191
540,265

133

Why Canadian Fisheries

by Commissions.

An Able and Illuminating Exposition of the Scheme
by a Thoughtful Writer.

(By HENRY DOYLE, Vice-
Fisheries,

Mr. Alex. Johnson, Deputy Minister of Marine and
Fisheries, recently severely criticized the Civil Service
Commission for restricting the usefulness of the gov-
ernment in the management of industries under gov-
ernmental control. He emphasized the fact that
through penuriousness in the matter of wages for ser-
vices performed, it was next to impossible for the gov-
ernment to secure or retain competent employees.

During the past few years nearly every department of
the Dominion government has suffered the loss of good
men through private companies offering government
employees higher renumeration for their services than
the Civil Service Commission would grant them.

Mr. Johnson’s remarks demonstrate that one of the
inherent faults of government control is the lack of
business management shown in their operations. The
government, through its Civil Service, regards one geo-
logist or one engineer as being equal to any other geo-
logist or engineer employed on similar work. Under
private administration the qualification of the indivi-
dual is the deciding factor when engaging help. The
government system tends to develop routine workers,
whose efforts are principally devoted to maintaining
the status quo with the least possible amount of fri¢-
tion or interference from outsiders. Private manage
ment of an industry tends to develop individual ideas,
and the prospects of advancement and greater remun-
eration incite employees to improve their accomplish-
ments.

In private operations most successful businesses re-
strict their activities to the accomplishment of one ob-
ject. Take the automobile industry as an example.
One factory devotes all its energies to producing bat-
teries, another vacuum tanks, a third tires, a fourth
bearings, and so on. Ultimately one firm turns out the
completed machine, although perhaps assembling the
various parts constitutes the bulk of its own perform-
ances. None of these companies engage in so many
and varied undertakings that they are ‘‘jaeks at all
trades and master of none.’’ They form as it were
Commissions to produce batteries, tanks, tires, bear-
ings, or complete automobiles, and they make successes
of their operations.

Daily it becomes more evident that this Commission
idea must be applied to government management of
industries if suecess is to be achieved. There are so
many trivial details, so much red tape methods, in op-
erating large governmental departments that the really
big things are obseured, neglected and lost track of.
And no’where is this more apparent than in the De-
partment of Marine and Fisheries, where naval affairs

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

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are the predominating factors, and where rules and re- —
gulations, laws and their enforcement, licensing and —
policing, protection and propagation of the fisheries, —
and all the minor details of a Dominion of nearly —
4,000,000 square miles extent, are in the hands of one —
man—an ACTING deputy minister—to administer. —
Every credit is due Mr. W. A. Found, who fills this —
onorous position, but even the Minister himself if he —
devoted his time exclusively to fishery problems could —
not satisfactorily administer the industry of, such a —
vast extent of territory. S

The fisheries of Canada are administered by the Do- —
minion government from Ottawa as one unit, despite —
the totally different problems affecting sections se-
parated by nearly 4,000 miles of continent. The fish-
ery interests of the Atlantic, Great Lakes and Pacifie —
divisions have all asked that local commissions, with —
full administrative powers, be placed in control of the —
industry in their respective waters. The fisheries of _
the Atlantic pertain largely to the deep sea; are open —
to the competition of the world; and as sueh present —
features which are entirely lacking on the Great Lakes, —
and are of comparatively minor importance on the Pa- —
cific Coast. Those of the Great Lakes have problems
which can only be adjudicated upon by properly au-
thorized representatives of the Dominion on the one
part, and on the other, of various individual American —
States which border on these international waters. —
The salmon fishery of the Fraser river in British Col- —
umbia has the same international complications as con- —
cern the Groat Lakes fisheries, and the adjustment of —
its settlement Ties between the Dominion of Canada —
and the local government of the State of Washington.

In the United States the ownership and control ©
local fisheries are vested in the individual states
Many attempts have been made in the past to assert —
Federal control, especially in international waters, but —
all such efforts havg proven abortive, and the best legal —
minds of the American bar agree that Federal control
would be unconstitutional. The administration of the —
fisheries: being thus in the hands of each individual
state, ipso facto each local fishery becomes a separate —
entity, and the State government, in effect, becomes —
a local commission with full administrative powers.
Thus those engaged in the fishing industry in the
United States do not suffer through ignorance of local —
conditions, or that indifference which is prone to oceur —
where affairs are vested in an administration situated
from 500 to 3,000 miles away from the sphere of op-
erations,

But even though each State government controls the
local situation it has been found in states possessing —

eries of importance, that attending to other
nches of governmental activities prevented the
thorities from devoting to the fisheries the care and
tention they deserved. Most states therefore ap-
inted Fishery Boards, in whose hands were placed
e contro) of fishery matters. Originally these fishery

s possessed only the power of carrying into effect
laws and regulations made by the same legislative body
t created the Board itself. But gradually the fact
ecame more and more emphasized that satisfactory
sults could be obtained where the Fishery Board exe-
ves devoted all their time to the industry under
control; were unhampered by political interfer-
ce; were familiar with the local phases of each in-
dividual problem which confronted them; and had
within themselves full power to make rules and regu-
lations for the administration and for protection of the
fisheries, and could legally enforce such orders as were
promulgated by them. Many of the eastern states,
and California and Oregon on the Pacific Coast, have
for some years past administered their fisheries through

possessing these powers, and other states have
recently either followed their example or contemplate
doing so. Until this year the fisheries of the State of
Washington were administered by a single Commis-
sioner who voluntarily requested the Legislature at its
last session to appoint over his head a Fishery Board
- “empowered to regulate fishery operations to the ex-
tent of saying how, when and where they may be car-
on, and with ample authority to enforce such re-
gulations. This Commission should take the place of
Fish Commissioner, for the power to be delegated by
the Legislature should be to three or four men rather
than to a single individual. It ean be elective or ap-
_ pointive, and should be apart from polities or partisan-
ship; free to act solely for the interests of the State in
rehabilitating and perpetuating a great natural -re-
source now approaching destruction.”
The Washington State Legislature acted favourably
on this recommendation and the fisheries administra-
tion of that state is now vested in a Fishery Board such
as was asked for. The Board created by this Act pos-
sesses more authority and power than is possessed by
the Fishery Board of any other state, and is the model
on which all future legislation of this character will
- probably be based.

But while in most cases satisfactory results are being
obtained under State control, and more particularly so
where the Fishery Boards possess full administrative
_ powers, those engaged in the fishing industry where it
_ is controlled by the U.S. Federal government, have ex-
_ periences similar to those we are suffering under in
Canada. This can best be illustrated by the conditions
prevailing in Alaska.

The territory of Alaska, not possessing statehood
rights, is under the control and administration of the
U.S. Federal government. In this respect the situa-
tion as regards its fisheries is analogous to that of the
Canadian fisheries. The Alaskan legislature does not
possess the power of regulating the fisheries of the
territory: it can only make recommendations to the
Federal government as to what should be done. At
the legislative session just concluded a petition was
passed urging that fishery legislation be placed in the
hands of. a Commission.
part, as follows:—
See. 1. That a commission be created to be known as

the ‘‘Alaska Fish Commission’’ to be clothed with al-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Their petition set forth, in,

135

most absolute power to handle the fisheries of Alaska,
being delegated to enforce stated close seasons in the
several sections and to alter closed seasons to fit con-
ditions. The members to be appointed and must all
be residents of Alaska. The commissioners must have
thorough knowledge of the fisheries of the territory
and the experience necessary to enable them to admini-
ster the provisions of the act. The salaries to be fixed
at $6,000 a year, plus actual necessary travelling ex-
penses.

See. 5. That the commission is granted full power
and authority and it shall be its duty to enforce the
provisions of the act and all other laws, rules and re-
gulations and orders. And it is to be authorized to
make and establish such rules and regulations as may
be necessary. This shall include full power and au-
thority to fix the amount of license fees from year to
year, and to fix the time when the taking of several
classes of food fish is prohibited.”’

Tn asking for this Commission the Legislature point-
ed out that:—The laws covering the Alaska fisheries
are inadequate and antiquated. The regulations is-
sued from the Bureau of Fisheries of the Department
of Commerce, even when well conceived, are practic-
ally unenforeed. Those in charge of the fisheries are
seldom in Alaska. In this connection it is noted that
the U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries has made only one
trip to Alaska, and then only as far as Ketchican with
the joint American and Canadian committee.”’

‘Although the Territorial Fish Commission has re-
peatedly urged greater protection of the fisheries and
has pointed out the futility of present efforts, the
Bureau of Fisheries has practically taken no steps to
stop the uncontrolled stream fishing or other viola-
tions of their own regulations.”’

‘Regulations of the fisheries of Alaska, even with
the best of intentions, can never be administered from
Washington by officials personally unfamiliar with
local conditions. In enacting and carrying out of its
own laws and regulations the Federal government has
failed as it always must, when anthority is vested in
a bureau 4,000 miles away, and which does not even
maintain a local agent with discretionary power.”’

Thus whether administration is from Washington or
Ottawa the results are similar. As the Alaska Legis-
lature very properly puts it ‘‘the Federal government
has failed as it always must, when authority is vested
in a bureau 4,000 miles away.’’ While the East has
found from experience the evils of long distanced
management the people of B.C have felt it still more
acutely, since they are 3,000 miles from Ottawa, and
their fisheries differ in every respect from those of the
Atlantic or the Great Lakes, which lie closer to the
governing authorities.

The request for a Fish Commission for British Col-
umbia, possessing full administrative powers, was ask-
ed of Hon. Mr. Ballantyne by the Vancouver Board of
Trade, Great War Veterans Assn., Canners Association,
Fisherman’s Union, and the public in general. So far
the request has not been granted but no one doubts
especially in view of what is transpiring elsewhere,
that eventually a commission must be put in charge.
In time similar commissions, or fishery boards, will
doubtless be ereated for every provinee. That the
Department at Ottawa is reluctant to give up their
present authority is quite understandable. No one
likes to admit that he has not carried out his responsi-
bilities as well as another could have done. But the

136

insistent call for local fish commissions is not any re-
flection on the capabilities of the Fisheries authorities
at Ottawa. They have done well: possibly better than
anyone else could have done AT OTTAWA: but to
again quote from out Alaska friends :—‘‘ Regulations
of the fisheries, even with the best of intentions, can
never be administered by officials personally unfami-
liar with local conditions.’’

Finally it can be said that there is nothing unusual
in the request that this great natural resource be placed
under the administration of local commissions. Other
industries are already operating under similar condi-
tions. The railways of Canada are under a Railroad
Commission, the dispensing of liquor in Quebee and
B.C., the various Workmen’s Compensation Acts, etc.,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

June, 1921.

are all turned over to Commissions to administer.
And as the Board of Trade memorial to Hon, Mr. Bal-

lantyne pointed out, the very Department of Marine
and Fisheries, of which he is the head, deliberately

transferred to commissions the same powers as regards —
the administration of harbour affairs as is now asked —
for as regards the fisheries. As the Board of Trade —
memorial sets forth:—‘‘It is only reasonable to sup-
pose that if the direction of Vancouver harbour mat- |

ters warrants the establishment of a local adminisra-

tion board to operate and control them, surely an in-
dustry as vast, and with so diverse and intricate pro-
blems as our fisheries contain, would be still more in
need of local administration.”’

ai Ga zany ti = ili = Sa
“All Fish” Trains to Serve Neglected Markets

Present Consumption in Canada Could be Doubled by
Better Rail Service.

By PISCATOR.

We cannot truthfully say that Canadians are not
consistent fish consumers. ats average consumption
for the year 1920 is estimate Wy 22 pounds per capita.
During that period only thirty-five million pounds of
sea fish moved from Atlantic and Pacifie ports to in-
terior distributing centres, which means that people
living elsewhere than along the costs used at the rate
of five pounds per head of sea fish. The balance of
the 22 pounds was made up slightly of fresh water fish,
but very largely of smoked and canned fish.

There are three important fish distributing centres
in Canada, Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg and they
rank in the order mentioned. Calgary and Edmonton
are centres of lesser importance along with Quebec. To
these points fully ninety per cent of the thirty-five
million pounds were shipped so that the territory sur-
rounding these centres was tolerably well supplied with
fresh fish. Figuring on the basis of area only an in-
finitesimal part of the 3,730,000 square miles which
Canada covers is served with a fresh supply of sea fish,
and the proportion of our population benefitting by
the service is also but a small fraction of the whole.

In view of this condition we have no way of know-
ing whether Canadians, as a whole, will eat fish or not.
If the small percentage of people who have an opport-
unity of getting fresh sea fish consume enough to
bring the general average up to five pounds, there is
no telling what the average would be if the service
supplied one hundred per cent of the population.
Statistics indicate that canned and mildly eured fish
are popular among people outside the fresh fish dis-
triets. If their*fondness for prepared fish is deep
enough to bring the average consumption of this
variety up to ten or fifteen pounds per annum, is it
not reasonable to assume that they would be hearty

rm ial le

Jibrin) ‘SH

pe mp

eaters of fresh fish were it made available to them?

A campaign is in progress at the present time, dir-
ected by the Fisheries Department, Ottawa, to inerease
the use of fish among our Canadfan people. In view
of the foregoing it is obvious that the scheme must con-
stitute an expansion of the territory and an inerease
in the percentage of population served with fresh fish
supplies. Montreal and Toronto are comparatively well
developed markets, but there are points in central and
northern Ontario where fresh sea fish, and even lake
fish, are practically unknown,

It seems a rather remarkable situation that the
people of Quebee city and the district east of Quebec
along the south shore of the St. Lawrence should be
scantily provided with fish or dependent upon sup-
plies drawn from Portland, Maine, when at the same
time the waters about Gaspe are teeming with popular
varieties of fish of unexcelled quality. One may even
go closer to the source of production and find a similar
condition. Towns in New Brunswick are not properly

supplied with fish produced almost at their own doors.

And these conditions will obtain unless there is some
directing force to reorganize the present jerky distrib-
uting arrangements into a smoothly operating system.
If Pacifie fish ean be laid down in quantities in Tor-
onto or in Winnipeg, and even as far east as Montreal,
is there any reason why all the territory traversed by

our great railw ay systems between Vancouver, Prince | 4
Rupert and Montreal should be without sea fish?

Similarly in the east, if fresh fish from Mulgrave and
Halifax can be placed in Montreal and Toronto why
should intermediate points not be served? The very
train that carries supplies from Nova Seotia to Mont-
real and Toronto passes through territory where a fish-
loving people are actually fish-starved.

CANADIAN

Naturally there is a reason for.this. Business like
ything else in nature follows the course of least
tance. Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg are pop-
s centres and a market for fish can be developed
here with more facility than in smaller communities.
, as in countless other instances, the law of least
sistance is not the most efficacious nor the most pro-
able. Consider the fact that 35,000,000 pounds of
2 fish went last year to supply the population centred
ithin a short radius of the chief distributing points
d one will readily see that the per capita consump-
on of the population to which the supply was access-
was really high. In striking a national average
‘is foreed to inelude millions of people who never
an opportunity to secure fresh sea fish.
That our present arrangement is all wrong is quite
patent, but the question as to who is to give practical
effect to corrective measures is a horse of different
color, It is very likely that after thorough investiga-
tion of the matter has been made, the federal author-
es will make suggestions. Naturally they must be
" theoretical in their aspect, and the solution of the pre-
sent difficulty will depend upon the judgment of the
trade as to whether they can be given practical effect.
It is impossible to get other centres to accept such
lky shipments as are sent regularly to Montreal and
yronto. Perhaps in a few instances one will find june-
ion points which would serve as supply centres for a
sie population, but in large measure future dis-
bution must be direct from coastal points and such
a scheme is absolutely dependent upon a one hundred
yer cent fish train. Judging by the struggles of the
trade in recent years to secure any degree of service
from the railway companies, it is hard to imagine an
all-fish train operating from our coasts. Of course,
e Sea Food Special, which operated in 1917 and 1918
from the Atlantic seaboard was an all-fish train of a
character, but the kind of service the writer has in
mind, is a local all-fish train, that is, a train that will
supply not only Montreal and such centres, but all
intermediate points en route. With fish travelling on
express traing it is absolutely beyond reason to expect
a fish service that will mean a stop at perhaps every
other station. Passenger traffic would not tolerate it.
_ _Puring the war years such an improved service was
unthinkable. Railway equipment of every description
was utilized to the very limit. Now, however, things
have changed. During the month of April this year
‘more than 30,000 freight cars were idle and it is said
that practically 1,000 refrigerator cars were standing
in sidings. When traffic was straining railway equip-
ment to the maximum, and vitally important traffie at
that, was no time to inveigle the railways into any
experiment no matter how brilliant the prospects. To-
day the situation is different. Railway equipment is
lying idle and the lines should be willing to co-operate
in any practical suggestions to develop trade. No
doubt in its inception the service will not pay. But
without the service there will be no increase in trade
and not even a prospect of increased fish traffic on
the railways. “ke :

In Great Britain the railways furnish a special ser-
vice for fish distribution and it is stated on authority
that the schedule in many instances is faster than for
trains earrying the Royal mail. It is recognized that
fish is a highly perishable article and must have speedy
transportation to insure its delivery to the consumer
in good condition. If in the Old Country where the
hauls are short and population is dense a special ser-

FISHERMAN 137
vice for the transportation of fish is necessary, how
much more is it essential in this country where the
hauls are incomparably greater and where the popula-
tion to be supplied is so widely scattered?

In Canada, it must be granted, refrigerator ears,
both express and freight, are most satisfactory. But
if these cars could be utilized in an all-fish service such
as outlined above, they would perform an infinitely
greater service. It is not unreasonable to expect that
Government-owned lines would lend assistance to the
project, especially in the east, in view of the alleged
purpose for which the old Intercolonial line in the
Maritime provinces was constructed. It is said to have
been one of the schemes of confederation to link these
provinces with Upper Canada and promote commerce.
There is a school of thought in the Maritime provinces
that feels that section of the country has lost some-
thing in a commercial way and gained nothing from
the union, If it be conceded that the railway is not to
be regarded as a profit-making enterprise is it not a
logical request that an improved fish distributing ser-
vice be instituted, having in mind the pre-eminent
position which fishing holds among the industries of
the east?

FISHERY FILMS PROVE POPULAR.

Motion picture films describing the Atlantic fisheries,
which were made last year by the Marine and Fisheries
Department, have now been fully released and are being
shown on sereens throughout Canada. Few, if any, in-
dustrial pictures are so animated and none has a greater
attraction. They are creating unusual interest, combin-
ing as they do, to an unusual extent, education and en-
tertainment. The films include an exciting picturiza-
tion of tuna trapping on the southwest coast of Nova
Scotia, a beautiful and lively picture of sport fishing on
the Restigouche, commercial salmon fishing on the Mira-
michi and Baie de Chaleur, the lobster fishery, the sar-
dine fishery, along with various other phases of the in-
shore fisheries, together with a story of the dry fish
business.

From an educational standpcint the pictures are fill-
ing a long-standing want. They serve to instruct our
people regarding one of Canada’s greatest basic re-
sources and supply that which is omitted in public
school education. The department has such faith in
this means of disseminating knowledge that it is con-
tinuing its policy of projecting the industry on the
movie sereen. This year photographers will go to the
Pacific coast and ‘‘shoot’’ the salmon, halibut, herring,
pilehard, whaling and other branches of the industry
and also film for the benefit of the public, the opera-
tion of federal fish hatcheries which are, in a very quiet
way, performing an exceeding valuable work. It is ex-
pected to have these pictures released for the screen late
in 1921 or early next year.

THE ‘“‘ATCO NEWS”.

The Atlantic Coast Fisheries Co., New York, are to be
congratulated for the neat and interesting little fish-
eries paper which they are issuing monthly to all their
shippers and customers.

The publication of house organs and private magazi-
nes has inereased largely in recent years but we believe
this is the first house magazine of a fisheries concern in
America. In Great Britain, Lord Leverhulme’s Mace
Fisheries, Ltd., issue an illustrated weekly paper en-
titled ‘‘Mae Matters’’.

138 CANADIAN

NY

Rn |

FISHERMAN. June, 1921.

“AUN iss
finial 2

Nova Scotia’s Fishing Industry

Report on 1920 Operations.

M. H. Nickerson, Commissioner of Fisheries for Nova
Seotia, has submitted the following report on the Fish-
ing Industry of the Province, which same is the most
comprehensive survey issued in many years.

Mr. Nickerson, a well known expert on matters
affecting fisheries, especially those of Nova Scotia, was
on the 12th of August, 1920 appointed to this Depart-
ment for the purpose of assisting in the collection and
furnishing of information and data in connection with
the fisheries of Nova Scotia.

Mr. Nickerson, since his appointment, has been active
along the lines indicated and his report is here at-
tached.

W. B. McCOY, Esgq.,

Secretary of Industries and Immigration.

Sir:—I beg to submit my preliminary report on the
fisheries of Nova Scotia, which statement, under the
circumstances, can be little more than a mere outline.

Since my appointment for this purpose, in August
last, the time has been too limited for a complete sur-
vey of such an extensive field, of various aspects and
interests. The original intention was to deal with the
subject under these heads: (1) Number and classes of
craft engaged in the industry; (2) methods of fishing
and manner of handling products; (3) different kinds
of fish taken, their relative values and-where market-
ed; (4) transportation, its drawbacks and possibilities;
(5) revival of mackereling by purseseines and deep-sea
drifting; (6) locating of inshore spawning grounds for
school fish, ete.

The year now closing has not been a very prosperous
one for any branch of the industry. In ground fish,
over stimulation for a year or two proceeding led to
the inevitable reaction, which made markets go waver-
ing down and left immense stocks unmoved. Several
other causes conduced to the stagnation felt in all fish
producing countries as well as Canada. Fresh fares
coming in by beam-trawlers were generally received in
a poor condition. The rise in railway freights tended
to retard certain shipments, and lastly an unusual dis-
coloration of dried fish, widely prevalent, injured the
trade by calling for a close cull on foreign exports, and
making buyers hold off more than before. The sup-
posed cause will be mentioned further on.

The record for net fish is more satisfactory, but in
some sections there was a marked falling off. This
was particularly the case with spring mackerel on the
South Shore, the run for some unknown reason, pass-
ing wider than usual. Fall operations were more profit-
able, notably in West Halifax and the shore adjoining
where good takes were made by floating traps. The
market for fresh, was not as good as formerly but the
salted article held in reserve, paid extremely well, some
New York sales realizing $40 per harrel. The future

—— &

no doubt will see much more doing in the latter cure,
which is always the safest.

In lobsters, one of the great staples, canning was not
up to the ordinary owing to the dead low decline of
the European market. The outlook is by no means
bright at present, and with the opening of the next
season, fishermen will face a disastrous drop in price
of takes delivered to the factories. In the live export
business, from which the Western Counties drew mil-
lions annually the future holds little or no promise,
since the cutting out of fall and winter fishing, by
order-in-council, has put the State of Maine trade in
that commodity right on its feet. When the Nova
Scotia fishermen were compelled to stop work, those
of Maine redoubled their activity, and their dealers
rebuilt their huge pounds which were falling into dis-
use from our lively competition, and already their
holdings for the spring market tally up more than two
million pounds, which will almost, if not quite put our
shippers out of the running. The ruling price from
the boat this fall has averaged forty-five cents per
pound, for Maine and New Brunswick. Nova Seotians
will be lucky if they get fifteen cents a pound for their
export next spring.

Nova Scotia’s Field. ' 2

It is estimated that the Nova Scotia yield for she eal-
endar year from shore and deep sea operations com-
bined will not fall short of $14,000,000. It is regrett-
able that Federal statistics make no account of the
fares carried direct from the banks. to Boston, or some
other American port. The proceeds go to swell the
earnings of Nova Scotia crews but it is lost for the pur-
pose of exporting. In other words, because of the
above omission, the annual value of our provineial fish-
eries cannot be correctly ascertained. It is hoped the
Ottawa Government will in future see to it that on es-
timate at least is available.

Of the above value, fully four-fifths belong to the
boat fishermen; that being about the proportion in
number of men which the two branches bear to each
other. Vessel fishing forms the pursuit of a compara-
tively few ports, Lunenburg leading far and away,
while the work by the smaller boats, just under ten
tons and fitted with motor-power as a rule, is the main-
stay of the shore settlements around the whole coast.
It is good policy to remember that the calling gives a
greater percentage of domestic profit than that of any
other natural resource in the Province. This fact is
obvious, when we .consider the development of the
other great resources is by coneerns not domiciled in
the Provinee, and the moving of the several outputs
are by lines mostly under outside control. Tle shore
activities, besides benefitting a number of allied trades,
directly sustain a large number of small coasting

5 at gas smacks suited the year round in
ting and carrying the shore takes to the place of
dling or the point of transhipment.

Militated Against Trade.

“Increase in freight and express rates effective last
l told heavily against the trade in fresh and frozen.
With a view to procuring a revision downward, | ob-
tained from the transportation branch of the fisheries
ment a complete schedule of rates by different
tes from all points in Nova Scotia to Montreal and
interior. There was little uniformity in the scale
tariffs, to the detriment of some localities, which
ials on my request kindly agreed to consider. A
eduction of rates on live lobsters is almost a certainty.
ther changes for the better may be expected. Charges
r conveyances would be comparatively light if water-
arriage were more largely adopted.

Reforms Effected.

ekerel Seining: The system of mackerel scouting,
due representation, will be continued in the future,
x Tam assured from headquarters. An official report
ys: ‘‘The service from all angles was a complete suc-

. The fishermen for whose benefit the service was
I are enthusiastic, and next season they will
e in a better position to take advantage of it. M. H.
Nickerson, Nova Scotia, was the originator of the
me, and the department was prompt in putting the
into effect.’’ Which means that a fleet of seiners
go out from our harbors next spring—a pursuit
oned by our people for thirty-five years past—
secure a good share of the spoil hitherto only en-
ed by their American neighbors.

a Boat Tax Abolished :—The war revenue tax relating
) pleasure boats was, by some misunderstanding of
agents, applied to new fish boats. [ brought the
e to the attention of the Inland Revenue Depart-
nt and obtained a release from such taxes on the
above eraft. A refund of sums already paid was or-
‘dered by the Minister, and instructions as to proceed-
ings were sent out to all sections interested. This
timely release is said to have saved many thousands of
- dollars to the calling.
Curing and Preparing :—Most of the sions catches
of ground fish are handled by local buyers for the
fresh trade, or boneless manufacture. A great im-
provement is noticed in the treatment at receiving
points. The fish are delivered from the boats, heads
and entrails already removed, then they are washed
before split and thoroughly cleansed afterwards for
the salting down. ‘The last stage of preparation leaves
them without a stain, and the packing for shipment is
now a fine art. Such advance in handling has been
made a rule within a year, and no piteh-forking is
“practised now except at a few stands which are being
instructed and advised in the latest methods.
Craft and Equipment :—Fine gas boats have almost
entirely superseded the clinker built cutter or skiff rig.
The Fishermen’ s Union at Canso has been largely in-
-strumental in this advance there, most of the boats
having motor-power at present. It is suggested that
a larger class of boats will be soon found usable in
parts where winter lobstering has been abolished. A
deck-covering of some sort will be indispensable for
orking distant grounds in uncertain winter weather.
Modern requirements will scarcely permit of a winter

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

139

vacation in a business that furnishes a popular article
of food for consumers at home and abroad.

Utilizing Fish Waste :—That the enormous quantity
of fish serap, now going to waste, might be turned to
good account as a by-product has long been recognized.
I have lately given considerable attention to the mat-
ter, and was glad to learn that Prof. Ruttan, of MeGill,
who. heads the ¢hemical division of the scientifie re-
search, is a whole-hearted supporter of the proposal to
establish factories for producing fishmeal at suitable
points in the Maritime Provinces. He has favored me
with a full report on the subject, with a partial deserip-
tion of what might be eligible spotis for this new enter-
prise in Nova Scotia, and I am in correspondence with
parties of’eapital and experience who would embark
in it, provided they were assured of conditigns and
prospects. I am in hopes that next year will see this
idea take tangible shape.

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the friendly attitude
of the Ottawa Fisheries Department towards the pres- -
ent survey on the part of Nova Scotia; and also the
moral support received from Mr. Ward Fisher, Chief
Inspector of the Eastern division, as well as from the
editorial staff of ‘‘The Canadian Fisherman.’’ In
some matters, collaboration to a certain extent is con-
fidently expected from these quarters.

PRIZE WINNERS IN FISHERIES ESSAY
COMPETITION.

Iva Haisman, Outremont, Quebec, has been awarded
first prize in the Fisheries Department essay-writing
contest, having submitted the best essay on ‘‘Why
Canadians Should Eat More Fish’’. The contest was.
instituted last year and school children in all parts of
Canada were invited to take part. Owing to the great
number of essays sent in and the length of time required
to properly examine them, announcement of the results
has been delayed. Competitors ranged in age from 8 to
21 years and due regard had to be given to this point.
It is interesting that the prize-winner for Nova Scotia
is but nine years of age.

Tva Haisman, 16 years of age, won the $25 prize for
Quebec: and the general prize of $25 for the best in
Canada. Prizes of $25 are awarded in the other pro-
vinees as follows: ~

Nova Seotia.—Cyril Anderson, aged 9, Lunenburg.

P. E. Island.—Mildred White, aged 15, Abney.

Alberta.—Margaret Isabel Jackson, aged 16, Calgary.

Saskatchewan.—Frances Hankla, aged 13, Plenty.

British Columbia.—John Craig Oliver, aged 16, Ker-
risdale.

Ontario.—Divided between Bernadette Cooper, aged
12, Ottawa and Rodger Ross, aged 13, Palmerston.

School children in the provinces of Manitoba and
New Brunswick failed to participate in the contest,
although elsewhere in Canada they evinced considerable
interest, and the essays show that they spent a great
amount of time in study and research.

A business man advertised for an office boy. The
next morning there were fifty boys in line. He was
about to begin examining the applicants, when his
a tee handed him a card on which was serawl-

“Don’t do anything until you see me. I’m last
Kid in line, but I’m telling you I’m there with the
goods.”’

vere eee

140 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

The Lobster Fishery of Western. Nova Scotia

A Survey of the Industry and Official Statement
Regarding the ies Regulations,

Writing in the Halifax ‘‘Chronicle’’, Ward Fisher,

Chief Inspector of the Atlantic Fisheries Division,
Department of Fisheries makes the following state-
ments under date of June 13th.

For some months past representations have been -

made through the Halifax daily papers, and the public
press generally, that the’ lobster fishery regulations
for Western Nova Scotia are unsatisfactory to the fish-
ermen, and also to the shippers of live lobsters, and
should therefore be amended so as to permit a more
favorable fishing season and also a more favorable and
profitable season for the live lobster trade. The follow-
ing changes have been proposed :

(1) To revert to the fishing season which obtained
previous to September 30, 1918, which permitted fish-
ing for the five and one-half months from December
15th until June Ist.

It should be noted that the present season from
March Ist, to June 1st was adopted in view of the ap-
parent danger over-fishing, which was resulting in the
decrease of the catch of large lobsters, and a propor-
tionate increase | in the catch of lobsters of a less size
than eight or nine inches. The fishermen were alive
to the danger, and to overeome it it was first proposed
that a suitable size limit be imposed. On the represent-
ation of both fishermen and canners that a size limit
would seriously affeet the financial returns from the
industry, the fishing season was shortened two and
one-half months by eliminating the winter months
from December 15th to March Ist. The fishery has
been kept under close observation during the past
three seasons, in order to ascertain whether or not the
present short season has resulted in any advantage
over the previous long season of five and one-half
months. The information is to the effect that the fish-
érmen generally are in favor of the retention of the
present season, on the ground that catches for the
short season compare favorably with the total catches
for the several immediate long seasong previous to the
adoption of the present regulations. While the prices
secured in the American markets during the winter
months, particularly December were much higher than
for the spring shipments, yet the catches for the spring
months were so greatly inereased that the inerease
more than made up for the smaller prices. Further—
winter fishing was much more hazardous and laborious.
There is a very strong feeling that the present regula-
tions should not be changed.

(2) To amend the regulations so as to provide for
two séasons,—one season from November Ist, to De-
cember 15th and the other from March 1st, to May
15th.

The representations in favor of this proposal are
chiefly from the dealers in live lobsters, and have not
been received with much favor by either the fishermen
or eanners. The dealers in live lobsters hold that the
high prices to be secured in the early season would
be highly advantageous to both the trade and the
fishermen and therefore, as a business proposition,
would be a wise move. The fishermen quite generally
oppose the two season proposition. Many of them hold
that it is quite impossible to operate for two short

understood that a suitable size limit will fesult in the

June, 1921, S,

seasons. Also, as stated under the first propositi
they hold that the increased catches taken during t
present spring ‘season more than make up for the i
creased prices to be secured during the proposed
winter season.

The canners are also divided on the question. Frost
information at hand it would appear that the majc
of the canners do not favor the two season pro
chiefly on the ground that it would be imp
properly and profitably operate the canneries |
such brief seasons.

(3) To amend the aptin ps by prohibiting

The chief Pacis is that bishesta the fishermen |
secured large returns from the sale of small lobsters —
to the canneries, and therefore the adoption of a size”
limit would cut off a considerable source of revenue.
Many of the canners also object on the ground that to

prohibit the taking of small lobsters would result in |
the closing of the canneries.

It may be said that a very considerable numbeaedl ul
the fishermen favor a size limit with a longer fi
season, and there can be no doubt that the proposi
appeals very strongly to all who are interested in t
conservation of the industry. The experience in
John and Carleton counties, New Brunswick, is
ed to.as an evidence of the value in this regard. U
conditions similar to those prevailing in Western c
Seotia, the fishery greatly declined. In the Grand
Manian district the fishery had become almost ex
From Seal Cove only one boat was engaged and the
total receipts were $300.00. This season there °
50 boats fishing 25,000 traps. The eatch for the Gran
Manan district to June Ist of the present year was
nearly 5,000 ewts., having a value to the fisherm
nearly $140,000.00. As the size limit is not less than
nine inches, the catches are chiefly exported to the
United States. No canneries are operated, and the
fishermen are a unit in favor of the new conditions.
During the present season one boat operating 120 traps
took 580 large lobsters at one hauling, and another
boat took 570 large lobsters at one hauling. — a ee

In the consideration of this proposition it should

closing of the canneries in the Western Nova
district, as it would be quite impossible to ancoamataliy!
compete with canneries in districts where the catches
could be seeured at local prices, and especially in :
tricts where no size limit obtained.

It will readily be seen from the above that a wholly.
satisfactory regulation of the industry in Western
Nova Scotia is most diffieult. It is easy to find faul
with the regulations, for it is apparently quite impos-
sible to frame regulations satisfactory to all engaged
in the industry—and save the industry. It is quite
evident, however, that the fishermen are alive to the
embarrassment, and are approaching the matter in a
most intelligent and commendable spirit. ;

Notwithstanding reports that the fishery during the

) just closed was unsatisfactory, it should be said,
wlarly with reference to the three great produc-
counties of Shelburne, Yarmouth and Digby, that
season has been a most prosperous one, as may be
| from the following statisties :—

shipments of live lobsters by steamer from Yar-
jouth were 21,486 crates, as compared with 16,471 the
yrevious year, showing an increase of 5,015 crates.
‘In addition there were 3,372 ewt. carried to American
kets by the United States fishing smacks, as com-
ed with 1,520 ewt. the previous year. The Amer-
_well-smacks carried 3,372 ewts. as compared with
-ewts. the previous year.

it will thus be seen that the catches for the live
ster trade were greatly in excess of 1920, when a

it prosperous season was experienced.

Further, the pack of canned lobsters shows an in-
» for each of the three Counties, as follows:
ARMOUTH :—The pack was 12,654 cases as com-
with 11,902 cases for 1920, or an increase of 752

ELBURNE:—The pack was 8,587 cases, as com-
ed with 7,933 cases for 1920, or an increase of 654

GBY :—The pack was 2,519 cases, as compared
h 2,425 for 1920, or an increase of 94 cases,

For Queens County the total catch was 4,672 ewts.
“as compared with 4,600 in 1920.
From the above statement it would appear that the
ery is now in a flourishing condition. While it is
true that the slump in canned goods resulted in
re than a fifty per cent cut in the prices paid for
small lobsters for canning purposes, yet the increase
the total catches have assisted in the prosperity of
fishermen in the past season.
_ Opportunity is here taken to make a statement with
reference to the strong representations through the
Halifax daily press, that the fishermen of Western
‘ova Scotia were engaged in the most reprehensible

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

141

practice of smuggling, or attempting to smuggle, small
lobsters into the Boston markets, and that as such
lobsters were in contravention of the Massachusetts
fishery regulations, they were seized by the State auth-
orities and planted in the waters of the coast, to assist
in building up a fishery in competition with.the Nova
Seotia fishery. Therefore it has been proposed that
the practice be prevented by the adoption of a size
limit.

It should be stated most emphatically that the
representations are not in accordance with the facts,
notwithstanding that some 30,000 small lobsters were
seized during 1920. Over 16,000 crates of live lobsters
were shipped by steamer from Yarmouth to Boston
during the season of 1920, Accepting the statement
that 30,000 short lobsters were seized by the Massa-
chusetts officials, the seizures \would amount to less
than two short lobsters to each crate of about 160 Ibs.

The facts are as follows:—The shipping fishermen
and dealers in packing the crates exercise every possi-
ble care to avoid including small lobsters. It is diffi-
cult, under the most favorable conditions to actually
measure each fish, as the crates must be prepared for
shipment without delay. The result is that an ocea-
sional lobster slightly under the regulation size is in-
cluded, without any intent whatever to deceive. Some
of the dealers handle thousands of fish on shipping
days, and the fact that the seizures at Boston, after
close scrutiny by the Massachusetts officers, average
less than two fish to a erate, is sufficient evidence to
show that our fishermen and dealers are not engaged
in lobster smuggling.

‘A size limit would not affect the situation, as the
very same conditions would obtain during the stock-
ing of the erates for shipment. It is quite impossible
for the shippers to be exact in their measurement of
each lobster. Under ordinary human conditions an
oceasional fish, slightly under the size limit, may be
expected to be included in the crates.

The Scientific and Technical Office of the Depart-
ment of Fisheries of France, has recently published a
amphlet under the title of ‘‘ Notions pratiques d’hygié-
“ne ostréicole’’. This publication was prepared by Mr.
Hinard, inspector of the sanitary control of shell fish
establishments. It may be obtained from le Bureau
‘Scientifique et Technique des péches, 3 Av. Octave-
-Greard, Paris. Price 2 franes. :

Mr. Hinard’s description of the conditions considered
“necessary to assure the proper hygiene of an oyster
park, seems rather drastic. It may be doubted that his
ideal is often realized; but his views are none the less
interesting as showing the great importance attached by
the French to the task of protecting oyster parks from
‘contamination of any kind, and assuring cleanliness in
their handling after they have been removed from the

Anybody applying for permission to establish an
wster park, or a plant for the reception and distribu-
tion 6f oysters or any other sea product, must submit
plans to the Department of Fisheries of France, and the

Oyster Cultivation under Sanitary Control.

Severe Regulations suggested by French Scientist.
By C. MeKAY.

permission is only given, subject to the sanitary con-
trol of the Scientific and Techical Office. In order to
assure the proper health of the oysters, it is considered”
necessary that the parks should be located in pure
water — than is to say water from the open sea un-
contaminated by currents containing improper material,
from the wash of the shore or from neighboring rivers.
To determine the hygienic quality of the water over
an oyster park the French make a chemical examina-
tion of it. The first consideration is to determine the
degree of salinity of the water, and for this it suffices
to drop some chloride into the samples of water taken.
If the water is pure the chloride will make little chan-
ge, but if it contains organic matters these are resolved
and made apparent. Other tests are made to determine
if the water contains ammonia and nitrates which, if
they exist in any quantity, favor the activity of mi-
crobes, or as Mr. Hinard puts it, indicate a veritable
fermentation of the water. These tests involve a cul-
ture of the organic matter, and enable a computation
of the number of microbes contained in a eubie centi-

142

meter of water. The scientists seek specially to deter-
mine the presence of infectious germs, and in part-
icular the typhoid bacillus. A waters liable to be
invaded by excrement are suspect, and the presence of
bacilli generally regarded as inoffensive indicates a con-
dition demanding preventive measures.

While the water of the open sea contains only bac-
teria without danger to men — so far as we know —
it is not the same with littoral waters which are invaded
by rivers or rivulets or the wash of rains bearing the
debris and bacteria of the land. The ideal location of an
oyster park is off an uninhabited coast, and as a gen-
eral principle the park should be a considerable distance
from sources of possible contamination; that is to say
in locations where the sea water predominates, and a
good degree of salinity is maintained even at low tide.
According to M. Hinard, it is not enough that the park
be hatched by pure sea water at high tide; if the oysters
absorb impurities at low tide they do not get rid of
them at high water. Oysters will not reject impurities
simply because the waters are renewed. Often the pro-
cess of rejecting undesirable substance is very slow.

An oyster park cannot be classified as salubrious, Mr.
Hinard says, if it is periodically invaded by impure
waters, that ‘is to say by currents caused by spring
freshets, by heavy rains flooding sewers, or by the dis-
charges of mills or factories carrying on seasonal in-

eA

Canadian Fish Plants -- No. 2

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

June, 1921,

dustries. HEyen kn harmless in theniselves, Sede dis-
charges may be rich in organic matter which enable ‘Y
stray bacteria to develop and multiply.

M. Hinard devotes some attention to the hygienic re-
quirements of establishments where oysters are assem-
bled and retained, preparatory to their shipment to the
consuming markets. Nobody, he says, should be allow-
ed to handle oysters with unclean hands; nor should any ~
employee be allowed to enter the retaining basins until
he has cleaned the dirt of the land from his boots. The
personnel must accept ‘‘une discipline hygitnique si.
vére,’’ he says. a

The location and construction of the retaining basins |
is a problem of great importance, we are told. For oys-
ters a bath of fresh water is very dangerous, and even
rain water is highly undesirable. Preferably the water
in tie basins should be replenished at high tide by a
pump and pipe, the inlet of which is far enough below
the surface to avoid the brakish water, and far enough
from the bottom to preclude the stirring up of the mud,
which is rich in bacteria. Where it is not possible to
pump water at every flood tide, a reservoir should be
provided and periodically filled, capable of holding
enough water to supply the retaining basins for several
days. Unfortunately in winter, water held in a reser-
voir, becomes too cold to be turned directly on the
oysters.

The Plant of the Lockeport Cold Storage Co.,

Nova Scotia.

Litd., Lockeport,

CANADIAN

FISHERMAN 143

SSN y Uy yy

TietEwarace

suitable for publication.

528 Winch Building, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

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ie Pacific Coast
Section

“The Canadian Fisherman,’’ Pacific Coast Branch, will be glad to have inquiries from any one who wishes
information in any way connected with the fishing industry.

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We would also appreciate items of fishing news

Address communications to F. E. Payson, Pacific Coast Representative, Industrial & Educational Press, Ltd., ©

CANNED SALMON MARKET.

_ The canned salmon market is no better as to prices
than a month ago. About the only encouraging thing
in the situation is the fact that there are a few thou-
sand cases being moved to the U. K. on about every
boat that sails. The last boat which sailed the first part
_ of June carried about 20,000 cases. The different can-
ners who were interviewed were no more optimistic than
_ they have been and there is no talk of there being any

paek of fall fish. The price of Fraser River sockeyes
- has not been set and therefore the cost of this river’s

eatch cannot be figured. No. 2 district has. had the
" prices set but no prices have been figured as yet. Take
it all in all there is really nothing to be said and all
that any of the sellers are doing is just plugging along
_ and doing the best they can under the circumstances.

cr

SALES TAX IMPOSED BY THE OTTAWA GOV-
zm: ERNMENT ON CANNED SALMON.

After securing a rescinding of an excise tax about six
~ months ago the salmon canners of British Columbia are
“now up against a sales tax of 3 per cent on all sales
of canned fish. At first the eanners were afraid this
_ tax would apply to shipments to foreign countries but
later advices from Ottawa, however, showed that the
_ new tax only applies to sales within the Dominion of
Canada. In making the sales to the wholesalers the 3
' per cent will be passed on and they in turn will pass
' one half on to the retailer, as a charge. As the canners
" do not anticipate moving a large lot of canned salmon
_ this year, owing to their not packing any of the cheaper
grades and with a possibly small movement of sockeyes
' it looks as though the government: would not get much
of a return from this particular tax from them.

GOSSE-MILLERD, LIMITED, IS THE NEW NAME.

Owing to it being more convenient to carry on busi-
ness in more than one provinee by working under one
name and one charter the Gosse Millerd interests have
consolidated their different companies under one name
and under one charter, The new name is Gosse-Millerd
Limited. The old companies which have been absorbed
under the new name are as follows: Gosse-Millerd Pack-
ing Co., Ltd., Gosse-Millerd (Alberni) Packing Co.,’
Limited., McTavish Fisheries Ltd., Sea Island Can
Company Ltd., and the Star Cannery Ltd,

The personnel of the new company is the same as
under the former arrangements; the obligations of the
former companies are assumed by the new company
and the accounts owing to the former companies are
now payable to the new company.

DICK GOSSE BADLY INJURED.

Mr. Richard Gosse, Jr., manager of the Gosse-Millerd,
Limited cannery at East Bella Bella, was injured by
being crushed between the float at the cannery and a
fishboat on the 18th of May. Mr. Gosse was standing
on the float watching a fish boat come in and just as it
came alongside he slipped and fell in between the boat
and the float, his thighs being caught in the narrow
space. Dr. Brown was on the scene in a short time and
later in the day took his patient aboard the Union S.S.
Camosun which was Southbound, and accompanied him
to the city.

Dick Gosse is well known in the city and along the
coast, and every one will be glad to see him about again.
It will probably be well into July before he is able to
be around.

144

VANCOUVER WHOLESALE FISH MARKET.

Salmon.—Red spring salmon are quite plentiful and
are selling at 18c. per lb. dressed heads off. Bluebacks
are also in good supply and are selling at 12¢ per lb.
dressed heads on. ~

Cod.—Local caught ling cod are in good supply and
are selling at 6 to 7c.

Halibut.—This popular variety of fish is arriving in
good quantities and selling at 12 to 15c per lb. wholesale,

Soles.—Local caught soles are also plentiful and the
price is 6 to 8e.

Smelt.—These are having a big run just now and are
selling at 10c per lb. wholesale. It looks as though the
dealers would be able to secure their supply for Winter
shipments if the run keeps up.

H erring. —The fat Point Grey herring are now on the
market in good quantities and some very fine samples
of kippers are the result.

Carp are off the market.

Rock Cod and Perch.—These two varieties are-selling
at 8¢ per lb.

Black Cod (sable fish).—Very scarce at present.

SUPT. R. J. DAVIS IN KETCHIKAN.

Mr. R. J. Davis, Supt. of the New England Fish Co.
has gone to the Ketchikan, Alaska, plant of the Com-
pany to look after the annual overhaul of the plant. Mr,
Davis will probably be gone about two months.

DISTILLATE LOWER BUT NOT DOWN TO THE
PRICE IN THE U.S.

Although there is a lower price on distillate; still the
price in Vancouver is not down to Seattle prices by 11%.
and this is figuring exchange and difference in size of
measure. Too bad the Canadian fishing firms have to
pay through the nose fer their supplies and then com-
pete with the other fellow.

ANNUAL GATHERING BRANCH MANAGERS IN
VANCOUVER.

The Branch Managers of the New England and Can-
adian Fishing Companies met with Mr. A. L. Hager,
the President and General Manager at the headquarters
in Vancouver, B. C. during the latter part of May. This
was the annual get together of the West coast managers
and a busy week was in order for all. concerned. Those
present were besides Mr. Hager, Mr. J. S. Eckman, Asst.
Manager of The Canadian Fishing Co., Ltd., Mr. R. J.
Davis, Supt., Mr. R. R. Payne, Supt. of Production, Mr.
James Lee, Manager of the Atlin Fisheries, Ltd., Prince
Rupert, Mr. Charles Ruckles, Manager of The Doty
Fish Co., Kalama, Wash., Mr. Harry Nunan, Manager

of the New England Fish Co., at Ketchikan, Alaska,
and Mr. Wm. Dehaas, Manager of the Seattle, Wash.,

branch of the New England Fish Co.

SALMON CATCH ON THE WEST COAST OF
VANCOUVER ISLAND NOT UP TO
AVERAGE.

Up to date the catch of salmon on the West Coast of
Vancouver Island has not been up to the average. This
has been rather disappointing as the fishermen have
rather hoped they could make up during the spring what
they would not be able to get during the Fall. The price

has as a rule been somewhat than it was last year.

West Coast traps have not had any run of springs so
far and as a result are not making a very good show-
ing up to date.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

‘ditions the cannerymen are not planning to pack any ~

June, 1921,

SOCKEYE PRICES SET FOR NORTHERN B. C.

The cannerymen met during the first part of the
month and set the prices for sockeyes for Northern
British Columbia as follows:

On the Skeena and Nass Rivers: The fisherinake wh
owns his own boat and gear will receive 40 cents per
fish, and the fisherman who operates boats and gear
owned by the cannery will receive 30 cents per fish
Rivers Inlet, Smith’s Inlet and Fitzhugh Sound users
of cannery gear will be paid 35¢ per fish. z

It is too early for prices to be set on sockeyes for the .
Fraser River as the fish do not begin to run there oa
later in the season. ie

Owing to unsold stocks and uncertain market. con-

chums or pinks this season, and for this reason no —
prices were set on these varieties. 7
Spring salmon have been fairly plentiful in Northern s
B.C. this Spring and the prices have been 4e per pound —
for fishermen operating company boats and gear and 6¢
per pound for fishermen operating their own hoes and
gear. ee:
BOATS ON LAY FROM CANADIAN FISHING 00, a
LTD., DOING WELL.

The several boats fishing for the Canadian Fishing
Co., Ltd. from Vancouver are meeting with very satis-
factory results, and some very good Sai are- being @
brought in.

NEW REFRIGERATOR CARS ARRIVE IN

PRINCE RUPERT :

Prince Rupert is very well supplied with Retrigens or

cars now as about twenty new ears have eerivere and
gone into commission. ap

TO PROTECT SALMON INTERNATIONALLY. —

Washington, June 7—Opening of early negotiation
by the United States State Department with Canada
and Great Britain for treaties to protect salmon in the
Pacific was forecast today by Senator MeNary, Ore-
gon. Immediate steps in this direction will follow the
passage by the Senate of a resolution asking President
Harding to negotiate treaties for the protection of
salmon, he said. :

Canadian and United States salmon fishing concen
are keenly interested in measures sought to protect
salmon from rapid destruction by wasteful and need
lessly destruetive practices off the coast of eons, the
United States and Alaska.

TORONTO CONCERN REPRESENTS VANCOUV
FISH PRODUCERS. _—

The Grimsby Brokerage Company, dealers in
products, with office at 106 Bay Street, have been ;
pointed agents for Ontario of the Canadian Fish
Company, Limited, Vaneouver, B.C. The Canad
Fishing Company is one of the largest fish abil
companies on the Pacific Coast, their ‘Imperial B:
being a household word in the ‘Canadian fishing
The company does a big export business in canni
frozen, smoked and salt fish. The Grimsby Broker
Company is well equipped to represent the British
lumbia firm in Ontario. It is interesting to note t
Mr. A. L. Hagar, President of the Canadian Fishe
Association, is the managing direetor of the Canadi
Fishing Company, Limited,

a. 1921. CANADIAN
_ ‘LARGEST TRAIN OF FRESH HALIBUT LEAVES
PRINCE RUPERT.

On June 7th, a full train composed of thirteen re-
_ frigerator cars loaded with fresh halibut left Prince
é Rupert for the eastern markets. The train was com-
' pesed entirely of the magnificent new steel express re-
_ frigerator ears designed especially for the business and
the departure of the train was quite an event. Con-
signments from all the firms in the port composed the
cargo.
_ ‘The Sunday buying of fish at the Prince Rupert Fish
Exchange may be discontinued. The fish buyers are
getting tired of working 365 days in every year.
; The Prince Rupert fishing schooner ‘‘Teton’’ sunk
~ in GO fathoms near Deadman’s Point, Banks Island, as a
result ef an explosion through a leakage in her fuel
tanks. The skipper was blown over the side and the
_ engineer was severely burned. There were no fatalities.

FISHERMAN 145
THE REMOVAL OF AN HISTORICAL
LANDMARK.

Quesnel $200,000 Dam was built by Gold Diggers.

A section of the great dam at the outlet of Quesnel
Dam, built by the Golden River Quesnel Co. Limited in
1897-98 for mining purposes and long since abandoned,
was removed by the Works Department of the Provin-
cial Government in May because there was danger that
it would go out at high water and flood the Fraser
valley. The dam was one of the largest and most ex-
pensive ever constructed in this Provinee. It was built
by a company of English capitalists for the purpose of
mining the bed of the Quesnel River in the fall of the
year. It was designed and constructed for the com-
pany by Mr. Joseph Hunter, C.E., of Victoria. It was
built on the segment of a circle, having a radius of 450
feet, was 18’ high, and from abutment to abutment 763
feet, and is said to have cost $200,000 to construct. At
its north end there is a raceway 124 feet wide and 430

Prince Rupert is very well supplied with Refrigerator
- ears now as about twenty new cars have arrived and
gone irito commission. Arrivals of the new equipment
was photographed with the following gentlemen to wel-
come the cars:

“T. H. Johnson, Manager, Canadian Fish and Cold
Storage Co. Ltd., Chairman, Canadian Fisheries Asso-
ciation.

Alderman Geo. Frizzell, member Fisheries Committee,
City Council.

A. D. Gillies, Agent, Canadian Express Company.

John &, Davey, Buyer, Canadian Fish and Cold
Storage Co, Ltd. Member, anadian Fisheries Association.

G. W. Nickerson, Member, Fisheries Committee, Board
of Trade. Member, Canadian Fisheries Associatiorr.

Mayor Rochester.

1 Alderman Dybhavn, Manager, Royal Fish Co.
_ Chairman Canadian Fisheries Association.

J. W. Nicholls, Comptroller, Canadian Fish and Cold
Storage Co. Ltd. Member, Canadian Fisheries Associa-
tion.

_ W. J. Cash, Manager, Booth Fisheries Limited. Se-
_eretary Canadian Fisheries Association.

J. H. Meagher, Agent, Halibut Fishermens’ Union.

. Sinclair, Manager, Pacifie Sea Products Asso-
. Member, Canadian Fisheries Association.

Chas. E, Starr, Manager, Pacifie Fisheries Limited.
Member, Canadian Fisheries Association.

| W. T. Hayes, Chief Clerk, Canadian National Rail-
"ways.

Vice

EXPRESS
REFRIGERATOR

Oe THVT ATOR

ft. in length. At the head of the raceway there were
nine 12-foot discharge gates. The ordinary floor of the
lake was entirely carried off through the raceway, In
the fall of the year the gates were closed and the river’s
bed exposed, Mining was conducted for two years; not
proving profitable the company abandoned the dam and
it reverted to the Government. When the dam was
built so little provision was made for the passage of
salmon from the river into the lake that the greater
proportion of the salmon that reached there up to 1903
could not gain access to the lake and died in the river
below the dam. In 1903 the Provincial Fisheries De-
partment built a large fishway in the raceway of the
dam and since that year the salmon have had free
access. Since its construction it has afforded a reliable
index of the number of salmon that enter Quesnel lake.
The. records there have been most interesting. In the
big year, 1909, over four million of sockeye salmon were
enumerated as they passed through the fishway into the
lake. In the following big year, 1913, the year of the
fatal salmon blockade in Hell’s Gate canyon on the
Fraser, but 553,000 passed through and in the last big
year, 1917, less than 28,000 reached there, showing the
marked decline in the sockeye run to the Fraser in the
big years. In the last three years less than one thousand
sockeye per year have reached the dam.

The removal of the dam was not undertaken to im-
prove conditions for the fish. It has not obstructed
their passage since 1902. It was removed as the Works
Department engineers feared that, owing to the decayed

146

abutments, the structure might give way at high water
and the consequent flood do great damage along the
channel of the Fraser. Quesnel Lake is one of the
largest lakes in the Fraser River basin; it has an area
of 133.57 square miles. In order to be satisfied that the
work of removal at the dam had been performed in
such a manner as not to create an obstruction to the
free passage of salmon, the Hon, Wm. Sloan, Commis-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN ~

sioner of Fisheries for the Provincce, sent his Ame
tant, Mr. Babeoeck there last month. Mr. Babeock’s —

report gives full assurance that the work has been per- —
formed in a satisfactory manner, and he furnishes &
cellent photographs displaying present conditions a
the dam which have been furnished the Salmon Cal
ners Association.

Inspection Service and Association Wins Important Case
for Maine Canner

An interesting case has been called to our attention
by the Maine Sardine Canners Association and the part-
iculars thereof furnish an incontrovertible argument in
favor of inspection. Canadian canners undoubtedly
suffer from just such rejections of goods by ‘‘slim’’ con-
signees anxious to get out from under.

This ease was won by the operation of a successful
Inspection Service and the co-operation of the canners
in having an .Association to protect themselves. No
better example of the value of Inspection and of an
Association of interests can be cited than the foregoing
report of the case as published by the Wastport Sentinel.

‘‘ With the arrival last week at the local office of the
M. C. Holmes Canning Co. of a check for something
more than a thousand dollars, there came to a final close
a notable court case in which the above named concern
with the aid of the National Canners Association, won
an important victory for themselves and incidentally
for the sardine canning industry as a whole.

The case dates back to 1919, when a New York grocer
ordered a car of standard key sardines from the M. C,
Holmes Company. The goods were duly shipped, but
while they were in transit the market ‘‘eased off’’ a
quarter or so per case, and on their arrival at New York
the grecer promptly rejected them, claiming that they
were not of the accepted standard grade. The carload,
having thus been given a bad name, had to be sold at a
price “approximately one dollar per case under original
sale price; and it was an interesting co-incidence that
the final purchaser was a brother-in-law of the buyer
who had turned them down in the first place.

The case came before the old municipal court of New
York City, where the crowded docket prevented a hear-
ing before February of the present year. The point at
issue was as to what constitutes a standard for ordin-
ary oil sardines. Original purchaser set up a standard
of his own which he tried, unsuccessfully, to establish
through the testimony of a number of witnesses, mainly
in his own line of business and perhaps more or less in-
terested in establishing the right of the buyer to reject
unceremoniously any shipment he considers it to his
advantage to reject on arrival. He tried to prove that,
judged by his standard, the Holmes sardines were not of
first or ordinary grade, but were ‘‘seconds’’, and that
he was therefore justified in rejecting them.

The M. ©. Holmes Co. contended, on the other hand,

that the established standard is that set by the National

Canners Association; that these goods conformed to that
standard, as indicated by the inspection seal; that the
buyer had therefore no valid grounds for rejecting the
shipment and they demanded damages equivalent to the
difference between the original and final sale prices,
about a thousand dollars in amount. They were support-
ed on the witness stand by Ernest Holmes a member

of the firm, and by Dr. F. F. Flanders and Laois
celon, Director and Asst. Director, respectively, of |
Inspection at the time when the goods were pack
These officials were able to testify positively that
sardines in question were packed under the inspe
service directed by them; that up to the time whe
these goods were packed ‘that year the M. C. Holt mes
company had not packed a single case of poor g —
a point they sustained by original records of the
inspection of the plant, covering the amount ane 4
lity of the fish packed, and the cleanliness and general —
adequacy of the process by which they were re
that, through the inspection, a definite standard

dines had been established; and that these
fied in all respects the requirements of
This latter point they maintained also
ords of an examination of six cans chowanes sede
the carload after rejection and sent to the Eastp
office for testing. This test showed that in all of»
six cans only one broken fish was found, a rather re-
markable fact, hardly to be paralleled = the beat
imported goods.

The case was finally presented to the real on these
opposing claims, and the jury decided in favor of
plaintiff, awarding him not only the full amount
bill, but certain court costs as well. The final
ment was delayed until last week by an
attempt to put through an appeal to a higher cou

The case is a most interesting and to a certain d
a very decisive one, for in a general sense, it wa
a contest between individual firms, but between the sar-
dine packer as a unit against the sort of buyer bei !
been addicted to the dishonest and highly |
practice of getting a carload of sardines into his.
freight station and then wiring a rejection to the
per with the purpose of securing a concession =
which too often the latter has been forced to mi
order to avoid further freight or demurrage ¢
a long-drawn out legal battle. These concessions
been made at once time or another by every e¢
the business, and: have totalled a tremendous ad :
industry when taken in the aggregate.

FOO!

nsu

Hitherto, no one packer has been in a position to
such cases to a successful or profitable conclusion.
likely that this one too would have passed, like so 1
others, had not the National Canners Association b;
the suit financially and with the expert, exact and.
controvertible testimony offered by its records and test
The victory is due largely to the inspection, and is.
pected to have a direct and most salutary influence |
discouraging unjustified rejections of sardines. Th
tendeney was clearly shown by the defeated grocer, ¥ he
on learning the verdict remarked : ‘‘ Well, iff T hat know:

+

rj -

vould fide der case in der courdt, I vould nefer haf
ected der goodts.”’ ro :

other case, in which the facts are quite similar, and
ch involves two carloads, is to be tried in the same
in the near future, and in the light of the prece-
t established by the case just discussed, it will be
ched with interest by every factor in the producing
id selling departments of the sardine industry.

GOOD MACKEREL CATCHES IN GULF.

The following despatch would disprove the allega-
tions that the mackerel scouts were driving the fish
St. John, N.B., June 14.—Information received last
_ week from Captain William Milne, of Shediac, com-
nder of the Canadian Government steamer Arleux,
from Captain Barkhouse, commander of the Gov-
nent steamer Arras, that immense schools of
rerel were heading in the direction of the Gulf of
. Lawrence and Straits of Northumberland was soon
erified by the Gloucester fishermen, who have made

J. G. Robichaud, M.L.A., of Shipegan, informs the
_ Telegraph that a quarter of a million pounds of mack-
erel were landed at Shippegan during the week ended
June 11. The greatest catch was on Friday last, when
,000 were taken by the fishermen. The fish were all
strictly fresh when they were landed and the total
eatch was placed in cold storage. .

Good catches are reported at other points along the
Eastern Canadian coast.

HAS ONE HATCHERY LESS THIS YEAR.

ish Culture Branch, Ottawa, forced to close plant at
Belleville and may not be re-opened.

_ Through no fault on its part, the fish cultural branch
of the Fisheries Department will be obliged to operate
this year with one hatchery less than last year, and for
_ some years previous. During the winter it became ne-
essary to close the plant at Belleville, Ontario, because
of the contamination of the waters of the Moira river,
_ apparently by waste from industrial plants. The loss in
the eggs was developing at such a rate that definite
action was necessary in order to save any of the valu-
able salmon trout and whitefish in incubation there.
Conditions as they stand offer no alternative to the
department but to leave the plant closed. The situation
has been under discussion for a long time between
provincial officials, the town authorities and the federal
= De cectianee. The Dominion Government has spent a
_ large sum of money in artificial fish propagation in
_ Ontario waters, despite the fact that the fisheries are
_ administered by the provincial government which also
' takes the-entire revenue. The situation which renders
" _ the operation of the Belleville hatchery impossible is
_ very regrettable, but until provincial authorities take
_ steps to purify the waters of the Moira, further expend-
iture is not only futile, but wasteful.
The Fisheries Department laments the necessity of
_ foregoing what appears to be a duty in maintaining the
_ fishery of Lake Ontario. It was through the operation
of the féderal hatcheries that the whitefish production
of the lake was increased from 1,331 ewts. in 1901 to
16,079 ewts. in 1919, but it is feared that if contaminat-
ing influences are permitted to go unchecked the work
_ of a decade in developing the fishery will be in large

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

2 of the largest mackerel catches ever known there.

147

measure destroyed. Not only will the lake be without
the propagating assistance of the Belleville hatchery
this year, but the natural spawning grounds will be-
come infected of which fact there is already ample
evidence.

SUCCESS OF WHITEFISH HATCHERY WORK IN
_ GREAT LAKES,

During the season just closed, upwards of 268,000,000
whitefish fry were liberated in the waters of the Great
Lakes, and the Lake of the Woods, Ontario, from the
hatcheries operated by the Fisheries Branch of the
Federal Department of Marine and Fisheries. This
is an increase of more than 50,000,000 over 1920.

Most gratifying results are apparent in the Great
Lakes from the fry distributed from the hatcheries
bordering thereon, and operated by the Federal, State
and Provincial Governments on both sides of the inter-
national boundary.

A large proportion of the eggs are secured from the
commercial catch of fish, and if it were not for the
hatcheries these eggs would go into the scrap barrels,
and be a total loss so far as reproduction and the main-
tenance of the fishery are concerned.

Notwithstanding the removal of all close seasons in
the Great Lakes, the productivity of the whitefish fish-
ery has increased remarkably in waters where hatche-
ries are operated. Lake Erie, from a state of partial
depletion forty years ago, has improved so that during
recent years the fishery has been as remunerative as
it ever was. The catch of whitefish in Lake Ontario has
increased tenfold in the last twenty years, and in 1920
it produced on the Canadian side more whitefish than
Lake Erie, which has long been regarded ‘as the great-
est producer of whitefish in North America.

Whitefish are also appearing,.and pickerel were more
abundant than they have been for years in the south-
erly part of Georgian Bay. This condition is attri-
a directly to the operation of the Collingwood hat-
chery. ;

Following is the whitefish distribution from the
Ontario federal fish hatcheries, season 1921, ~

Hatchery No. distributed
Collingwood .. .. 58,780,000
Kenora, 4... ;. 34,800,0000
Kingsville .. 118,411,000
Port Arthur . 612,500
Sarnia sce 5 54,500,000
Thurlow ..... 1,000,000

268,103,500

In addition to the above distribution there were 12,-
825,000 whitefish eyed eggs transferred from Sarnia
hatchery to British Columbia.

WHOLESALERS DECIDE TO HOLD ANNUAL
PICNIC JULY 1st.

The Vancouver wholesale fish dealers will hold their
annual pienie on July 1st at Coquitlam. These annual
affairs have become such a success that this year’s
affair is expected to be better than ever before and a
large attendance is expected. Since the entire families
join in it makes quite a social function.

148

Ontario Fisheries Department’s Good Work

Are Responsible For Huge Distribution Which Are_
Rapidly Changing The Fish Situation in Ontario.

Provincial Hatcheries And Breeding Ponds

By A. R. R. JONES.

The Game and Fisheries Department of the Province
of Ontario is certainly doing a great and vastly bene-
ficial work in the supply and distribution of fish from
the Provincial hatcheries and breeding ponds. This is
a work which has been taken in hand in earnest within
the last three or four years only, but already the per-
sistence and foresight with which it is being carried on
is rapidly changing, and in another eight or nine years
will have transformed, the fish situation in Ontario.

The policy of the Department, now that it has
seriously taken in hand the work in question, is to build
one new hatchery each year. In the year 1916 there
was only one Provincial hatchery in existence, namely
that at Mount Pleasant in Brant County. Today, there
are six others in operation at the following places: Fort
Frances, Thurlow, Port Arthur, Normandale in Nor-
folk County, Sault Ste. Marie, and a small one at-Port
Carling in Muskoka. The last-named is operated, but
not owned, by the Provincial Government, as the other
hatcheries are. The Port Carling hatchery turned out,
last season about 8,000,000 pickerel in Muskoka waters.

Two years’ ago when the Department was really just
commencing its intensive work, in supplying and dis-
tributing fish, just over 22,000,000 fish, in all, were
planted. Last year, the total planted was 77,783,360.
This year, the Department is handling 160,000,000, and
it is expected that next year’s total will be about double
that figure. The details of the fish distributed last year
are as follows: 43,985,000 whitefish fry; 31,030,000
pickerel fry; 1,134,000 trout fry; 920,000 herring fry;
286,700 speckled trout fingerlings; 427,660 black bass
fingerlings; and 460 parent bass.

All the hatcheries in operation are in good shape.
That at Fort Frances was completed during last year,
and a successful hatch and distribution of pickerel was
made therefrom. During the same year, various impro-
vements, including the provision of a dwelling-house
for the officer in charge at that point, were made at the
Normandale hatchery. The capacity of the hatchery
at Sault Ste. Marie, the last completed is for 75,000,-
000 whitefish or pickerel (according to season) and 15,-
000,000 trout. The hatchery at Sault Ste. Marie, it
should be mentioned, has an ideal location. The eollect-
ing field is grand, the fish including speckled trout,
Lake Superior salmon trout, and rainbow trout from
the Rapids. The next hatchery to be built will be in
the Eastern part of the Province.

It will be noticed that the distribution of whitefish is
more than half the entire distribution. This year, the
distribution of speckled trout and black bass will be
about double what it was last year. The speckled trout
are distributed mostly in streams and the black bass in
lakes. The De »partment ships as far as the Lake of the
Woods. In fact, it is now shipping a ear-load of parent
bass to that point. U Pp to the present, it may be added,
the handling of bass in hatcheries was not found 80 Sa-
tisfactory as the handling in ponds. Mention should not
be omitted of the fact that about 20,000,000 pickerel
have been planted in inland waters this year,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN.

June, 1921.

From the foregoing it will be seen that both very rapid
development and progress have been made in the exten-
sion of Provincial hatcheries in Ontario during the last
few years, and also that the supply and distribution of |
fish fry is assuming vastly greater dimensions year by
year. In spite, however, of the efforts which the De-—
partment is putting forth, the field is far from covered —
at’ the present time. Very urgent demands are
constantly made on the Department by residents. in
every district for a much greater supply of fry and
fingerlings than the Department has available for dis-
tribution. Last year, it was furnished by the Federal —
Government with 200,000 salmon trout and 450,000 —
pickerel fry to assisti in meeting the demand from the
public for a greater fry distribution. But it is beeom-
ing obvious that, if this demand is to be approximately
satisfied, further hatcheries and breeding ponds should
be provided, as opportunity offers, and as capable
ficials can be obtained to operate them. It would seem
unlikely that the present Government in office, which
has shown itself, so far, so awake to the importance of

turning to good account the Province’s great natural
advantages as a field for fresh-water fish, will be obli-
vious to the necessity of increasing its beneficient qpe-
rations: in the directions indicated. =

WARNING GIVEN TO LOBSTER FISHERMEN.

With respect to the practice of shipping undersized
lobsters to Massachusetts, the Fisheries Department, Ot-
tawa, has sent the following letter to lobster fishermen
and exporters in the western counties of Nova Scotia. —

‘‘Lobster fishermen are doubtless aware of the fact
that the Massachusetts law forbids the importation of
these crustaceans under nine inches in length. This law
is being’ rigorously enforced by the state authorities and
it is stated that thousands of confiscated lobsters are
being used to seed the shore waters of Massachusetts.

‘The folly of handling baby lobsters in the MasSachu-
setts trade should be quite obvious to Nova Scotia fisher-
men; but should they continue the practice of smuggling
them into the erates in the hope that a few will escape
the vigilance of the inspectors, let them take cognizance :
of these few points:

“1. Few, if any, undersized lobsters, are reaching the’
merchants of Massachusetts. a

‘*2. In consequence, shippers are not receiving any
money for them, and are reducing the profit on legitimate
merchandise by the expense of handling and shipping
contraband goods.

‘*3, Undersized lobsters, caught and handled at con-
siderable expense by ( ‘anadian fishermen, are
utilized to seed American waters. While this act of _
conservation on the part of the Massachusetts authorities
is highly commendable as they are in no way responsible
for their shipment, it hardly seems rational on the part
of Nova Scotia fishermen that they should devote their
time and energy, but unconsciously, of course, to stock-

’

June, 1921.

ing foreign waters with the
competition. .
“The law does not prohibit the taking of lobsters
under nine inches, but the futility of attempting to place
_ such lobsters on the Massachusetts market should be
quite plain.

__ ‘*Fishermen and exporters should give heed to this
matter immediately, if for no other reason than to fore-

potential means of future

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

(89) 149

stall action by the Department of Marine and Fisheries,
Ottawa, to put an end to the practice. Such action
would necessarily involve serious inconvenience and
probable loss to the shippers, as it would be essential to
open each package before it leaves Canada. This would
cause delay in shipments and the extra handling of the

By Dr. A. G.

One of the changes to which dried salt fish is subject
is that of reddening of the surface. As cod is the fish
most extensively cured in this fashion, it is very fre-
ently affected by this change. Reddened ‘‘stock-
fish” or ‘‘dried cod’’ has long been known and has
been most frequently seen in the warmer countries, as
in France and Spain. It has been observed less fre-
quently in cooler climates, as in Scotland, New Eng-
- Jand, Canada and Newfoundland. The reddening
varies in tint from pale pink to deep crimson, and is
entirely superficial. It has been conclusively de-
-monstrated that these red cod are not in any way
‘poisonous, just as they are not unpalatable. However,
the reddening usually affects the sale, the whitest fish
being preferred. This is not always true, for in some
_ markets red codfish are now or have been in the past
-_eyonsidered the best, and called ‘‘salmon ¢od’’.
_ The change may take place at any time after the fish
have been salted. In those districts where it occurs
rarely, the loudest complaint is made when it does
-_ geeur, because the dealers are not accustomed to it, and
-_ because it may reach consumers who are afraid of it.
‘The red colour appears on surfaces exnosed to the air
__ when the temperature is high and before the fish is
thoroughly dry.
: The reason for the colouration has been shown to be
the growth of one or more species of bacteria. These
ia isms differ in many respects from the ordinary
bacteria that cause the decomposition or spoiling of

:
:
;
|
|

fish. They do not give rise to an objectionable odour,

nor do they render the fish unfit for food. They grow

only near the surface, that is in the presence of air.

e They grow best at temperatures from 120 to 140 deg. F.,
'__ and, therefore, develop only in very warm weather.
hey are not killed readily by exposure to direct sun-

Reddening of Salt Cod

lobsters would doubtless result in heavily increased
mortality.”’

HUNTSMAN.

light. They grow only in strong brine. In the last

respect, they are most peculiar, as their growth is
favoured by salting, the very thing that is used to
prevent the growth of the bacteria that cause spoiling.
They are found in the salt obtained by the evaporation
of sea water, and apparently do not oceur in that ob-
tained by mining.

To prevent these bacteria from getting into a curing
establishment the use of mined salt only would seem to
be necessary, as well as the avoidance of any article
that had been in contact with infected fish or salt. When
an establishment has been once infected, it can be rid of
the bacteria only by thorough disinfection, a somewhat
costly proceeding. To prevent the growth of the bac-
teria, various more or less costly means can be used.
The use of disinfectant powders or solutions, for exam-
ple those containig borax, is scarcely to be recommended
because of the possible harmful effect of that chemical.
To keep the temperature low during drying and subse-
quently is the most desirable method, but not always
feasible, The investigations that are now in progress
both in the United States and in Canada will doubtless
bring to light a simple and effective method of putting
an end to this trouble, that has caused so much loss to
our fishery interests.

CANADIAN FISH AND COLD STORAGE CO.
OPERATING FISH DEPOT NORTH
ISLAND.

The plant of the Prince Rupert Fisheries Company
on North Island has been purchased by The Canadian
Fish and Cold Storage Co., Ltd.. and will be operated
as a fishing station during this Summer.

ANHYDROUS
AMMONIA

iim

MADE IN CANADA

CANADIAN AMMONIA CO., LIMITED
TORONTO, ONT.

AQUA
AMMONIA

REPRESENTED IN ALL
THE LARGER CITIES of
CANADA AND B. W. L.

90 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

oO ri ie
4 irae

UNITED STATES FISH FIRMS Specializing in the HANDLING
OF CANADIAN FISH

seis me When U Ship FISH, LOBSTERS or
wi l / lam J. VA ay SCALLOPS to the Boston Market,
Oldest and Largest Broker in CANNED, SALT, S FOR BEST RESULTS ship to
SMOKED FISH, operating in Middle-
West of United States R. S. HAMILTON COMP ANY

GOODS HANDLED ON BROKERAGE AND CONSIGNMENT 17 ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
Se FISH PIER, BOSTON, MASS.
Offices and Warehouse : DETROIT, Mich. On the Boston Market over 25 years

= COMPANYS A. E. HALLETT
\ § \s N x Vf A
CHAR \ VS ES ' NOBLE; gES COM ihc BROKER
HARL hank AN NURE LES »\ ae AN FRESH AND FROZEN FISH

Lod

renee AO! Oe Gs << DI

sr ci Correspondence solicited

PE

WHOLESALE PRODUCERS, IMPORTERS AND SHIP Ref., Corn Exch nge National Bank, or any Chic
hole:

FRESH CHILLED, SMOKED, SALTED LAKE AND OCEAN sale fish concern.

FISH OYSTERS™©CLAMS||| “cms = = _cucioo
oti H. GRUND & SONS|

Wholesale
FRESH AND SMOKED FISH

209-211-213 N. Union St., CHICAGO, Ill.

Phone Monroe 3623

BUFFALO,N.Y,

W. Irving Atwood, W. Elmer Atwood, Irving M. Atwood,
President. Vice-President. Treasurer.

ALL

WASBUESE 2 De SS ee ee VARIETIES
eS Eby or THe
FINNAN HADD SEASON

31 Boston Fish Pier Boston, Mass.

THE
CANADIAN

HE

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

“I

Vou. Vill GARDENVALE, P.Q., JULY, 1921 NO.

eo ee ce cr TTA ITLL LLL LU LALLA LLL LLL LLL Lo

| WHITTALL

Meats chien Milk
Syrup Fish Paint - SN
PACKERS’ CANS /

Open Top Sanitary Chas aun

and >

Standard Packer ee,

with Solder-Hemmed Caps

A.R. Whittall Can Company, Ltd.

Saiio2 RoyalBank Bidg., MONTREAL ee

TORONTO

H.R. PHIPPS, Sales Mgr Established 1888 ANNA,
Phone Adel 3316 R@presentative

s

y
=

STU

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1 oo
3

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ee ee ee: Ht tee

soe
.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

|

|

! Meeting the Requirements of the Industry 7
The
House of Leckie

For over’ half a century has heen supplying the
commercial Fisherman of two continents
continuously in

Fishing and Marine Supplies

A FEW OF OUR STANDARD LINES

Nautical Instruments, - Linen Gilling"Nets, Gilling Twines,
Lamps of all types, ry Sea Island Cotton Gilling Nets,
Life Boat Equipment to — 5 Side Line and Seaming Twine,

Board of Trade regulations, Pound Nets, Drag Seines, Dip Nets,
Life Jackets, Ring Buoys, Minnow Seines, Trammel Nets, _

Blocks of all kinds, Hoop Nets, Fishing Rope,

Wire and Manila Rope, Cedar Floats, Lead,
Anchors, Oars, Pumps, © Boat Hardware.

WRITE FOR A CATALOG

John Leckie Limited,

77,Wellington St. W.., TORONTO, Ont.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

* |

WANTED by the Canadian Fishing Industry, a
Department of Fisheries distinet from Marine,
Naval or other affiliation. Also a Deputy
Minister in charge who will have direct access
to the Minister.

the way the farmers are rushing into polities
rushing the old political parties out of their
z-holds, it looks as though the present Government
growing unpopular with the people. Certain
tical prophets, aware of the modest desires of
fishing industry, have consoled us with — ‘* Wait
itil the Farmers get into power at Ottawa. You'll
t your Fisheries Department and your Deputy Min-
ter then.’
Phe farmers, being engaged in work paralleling on
What the fisherman does on the water, should
‘tainly be more sympathetic to the needs of the
ustry than the polyglot mob of lawyers and manu-
urers who hold the present:day sway in Ottawa,
nd whose interest in fishing is largely confined to
e sporting variety. But, as observed before, the
fawa atmosphere plays strange tricks with the view-
int of ihe new parliamentarian, and election prom-
have a strange faculty of appearing as insignifi-
t trifles when considered in the Capital. The
emer Government, or any other Government for
it matter, is not likely to advance our particular
és, unless the Industry voices them in the strong-
possible manner,
A determined effort to do this will be made by the
Parliament convenes again,

ae
’

THE UNITED STATES TARIFF.

¢ tariff on fish imported into the United States
expressed in the Fordney Bill has every likelihood
: ting ratified shortly. Canadian exporters may
ike up their minds in the following. proposed tariff
Canadian fish :-—

¥

Yh

Ni

SY

NEWS AND VIEWS

ON FISH AND FISHERIES

Frederick William Wallace - Editor-in-Chief

“‘All fish, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice, not spee-
ially provided for, one cent per pound.

‘Fish, dried, salted or unsalted, 134 cents per
pound; skinned or boned, including herring skinned,
in bulk, or in immediate containers weighing with
their contents more than 30 pounds each, 214 cents

per pound, including the weight of the container and
its contents.

‘Herring or mackerel, pickled or salted, whether
or not boned, when in bulk or in immediate containers
weighing with their contents more than 30 pounds
each, 1% cents per pound, including the weight of
the immediate container and the brine, pickle and salt.

“Fish (except shellfish) by whatever name known,
packed in oil or in oil and other substances, 26 per
cent ad valorem; all other fish (except shellfish)
pickled, salted, smoked, kippered or otherwise pre-
pared or preserved (except in oil or in oil and other
substances) in immediate containers weighing with
their contents not more than 30 pounds each, 25 per
eentum ad valorem; in bulk or in immediate contain-
ers weighing with their contents more than 30 pounds
each, 1144 cents per pound, including the weight of the
immediate container with the contents.’’

Lobsters, fresh, frozen, packed in ice
and preserved in any manner, are

During the fiseal year of 1920-21, Canada’s exports
of fresh and frozen fish to the United States were
valued at. $8,578,663; salt and dried fish, $1,028,5¢0:
lobsters, fresh, frozen, ete., $2,230,393.

It is proposed to change the method of
for duty purposes.

or prepared
free of duty.

valuation
The Bill provides for establishing
American valuations for duty purposes which would
he the prevailing price in the United States,
Newfoundland is seriously alarmed over the
tariff and has spent much effort in trying to have
the tariff modified in their favor. No changes are
likely to be made, and both Newfoundland and Canada

might as well prepare to do business in face of the
new tariff,

new

152

CANADA —A WHITE MAN’S COUNTRY.

)f Oriental immigration into Can-
to the fore of late and ran
i : subjects of casual conversations mm the
ae ah ining Aiaentaad openly and with coneey:
able fervor. One of the most important ne ae
fected by Oriental immigration is that of the fisheries
Pacifie Coast. asi
Pons Atlantic coasts of Canada, one will arg
sands of fishermen operating extensive fleets e. ves-
sels and fishing apparatus as well as RRS 2 of firms,
large and small, in the shore operations 0 orn
fish for market. Among all these thousands 0 i an
extensive equipment, not one’ single Orienta re one
dollar of Oriental money 1S to be found cin: or in-
vested in the fishing industry. It is truly aw ide s
industry and a purely Canadian industry at that.

Travelling westward 01
on the inland waters witl
ploying thousands of person
adians and white men. .

Still heading west, one reaches the Pacific coast and
here the Orient has stretched its tentacles across five
thousand miles of salt water and taken firm hold. —
journey to the water-fronts, to the fish-docks, to the
salmon cannery wharves, the herring salteries, looking
for a native population of fishermen similar to the ge
lers of the Maritime Provinces and the net fishermen 0
the Great Lakes, but you find their places filled by the
prown-skinned Japanese. The white man is to be found
among the Pacific Coast fishermen, but the Jap has a
firm hold and is slowly, but surely, dominating the m-
dustry. :

A eae article in the Montreal ‘‘Star”’ by Charles
Lugrin Shaw on the subject of the Oriental Problem
on the Pacific Coast says the following regarding the
Oriental in the fishing industry:

“The Japanese are the only Orientals that have estab-
lished themselves in the fishing business to any appre-
ciable extent. The Chinese, as far as the fish business
is concerned, is seen principally in the canneries as a
laborer or as a fish peddler on the streets; very seldom
does he engage in actual fishing operations. In Vic-
toria there is evidence of a Chinese monopoly in the
distribution of fresh fish. The Chinese sell so much
fish there that the white men’s boats laden with ice-
packed fish from up the coast don’t stop to break open
their hatches, until reaching the mainland, Consequently
Victoria must depend on the Chinese, who purchase
mainly from Japanese fishermen, and what doesn’t get
to the consumers via the Chinese peddlers goes to the
white fish stores. No matter who is the ultimate ven-
dor, nearly all the fish sold in Victoria passes through
Oriental hands at one stage or another. The Indians
are no longer a factor that counts.

This has been above the retail trade, which, of course,
isn’t nearly so important or so extensive as the main
operations for the canneries and packing plants in
which we again find the Japanese cutting a conspicuous
figure. The Japanese fishermen first got into business
in British Columbia when the best runs of Fraser River
salmon were being experienced. The Japanese located
on the Fraser and adjacent waters and gradually their
fleets increased, most of their catch being sold to the
Canadian and Puget Sound canneries,

Five years ago in Barclay Sound there was hardly a
single Japanese fisherman. Today it is estimated by a

The vexed question ¢
ada has been coming

re will find extensive fisheries
, valuable equipment and em-
s—all of whom are Can-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

man whose business it is to know such things th
are 500 Japanese boats. During the war, when
leapt into favor, the Japanese fishermen rapi
tiplied. In some respects they have made their
tions an exclusively Japanese industry. They
caught herring, salted it and packed it in”
plants and sent it to the Orient in Japanese ste
this case the benefit to Canada from its fishe
ces has been small indeed. Me'e.
Official figures show that of the 530 li
for salmon gillnet operations in the Vane
district during 1920, 203 are held by Japane
the 1,268 salmon trolling licenses issued dur
same period 502 are Japanese, Japanese hol
the 2,291 fishing licenses of all descriptions
that district during the year, and it is only y
last few years that they have been active at
along the west coast of Vancouver Island,
mercial fish are abundant, little Japanese_
have sprung up and one. can travel for miles >
seeing a boat that is not owned by Jap
_ The white fishermen claim they have st
result of the encroachment of Japanese, :
tion was started resulting in the temporary |
issuing new licenses to Asiatics.’’ vA

The Japanese fish merchants and_
tish Columbia are aggressive and dange
tors to the white men. Numerous
quoted of the manner in which they have
tain Pacific fisheries and attempted to
Their domination of the Pacific cod-fishe
problem to the Americans engaged in that busi
cur contemporary, the ‘‘Pacifie Fisherman’’ hé
a determined campaign against their att
the American codfisherman out of business. —
tish Columbia, the Japanese have made a
control the salt herring export to the Orient,

* 2
nstane

were strong enough to resent any interfe
trade by white men. When one white co:
merchants cut in on them and secured a §
China trade in salt herring by superior
packing, the Japanese outfits combined 3
to run the white firm out of business. T
paganda, engineered a strike of all the J
ployed by the white firm, and eut the 7
herring as much as $30 per ton from what
offered it at. All their efforts failed and a
of the Japs went ‘‘broke’’ But Oriental phil
makes light ef such reverses. Next time, they
more careful and ten times as aggressive. So 1
the Japanese fisherman exploiting the fisheries
tish Columbia. Let us see what the Japanese
in the markets abroad. ,
Figures to hand from the Customs Hou
England, showing registered imports of canned
into the United Kingdom for the year 1920, ¢
startling facts. ; pe fs
The total quantity of salmon imported f
countries into Great Britain amounted to 1
eases. Canada sent 230,835 cases, or
United States sent 479,618 cases or 3
Japan sent 522,070 cases or 42 per cen
With their Siberian salmon pack, the Ja)
dominated the British market, and while it
any great source of joy to them to have so mut
commodity on hand there at the present time, y
there and they are making strenuous efforts to |
of it. The Kamchatka Salmon Packer’s Assoc
a Japanese association—have inaugurated

ees

propaganda in Great Britain in the way of
window cards for grocers, gummed advertising
and the issue of half-a-million salmon recipe

have nothing against the Japanese personally. Our
e is rather one of admiration for their adapt-
lity and aggressive business spirit. But we know
it oil and water won’t mix, and we believe that Can-
a should be kept a white man’s country and that her
es should be exploited by white men, The Orien-
the advantage over the white man, not as a
workman, but from the fact that he can live as no
man can. His Oriental tastes are such that he
ds neither the food, housing, leisure or recreation
e white man to make life worth while. His ment-
is not that of the Occidental and it riever will be.
n now has extensive fishery possibilities right at
n doors into which her surplus population may
-and exploit. Her interests in Siberia should ap-
the Japanese Government as a strong motive
couraging emigration to the Pacific coast of
Neither Canada or the United States will
the Japanese immigrant with open arms and the
n will become more acute as time goes on.

ON AND FISH.—A CHANCE FOR
CANADA.
many angles, prohibition injures the fish
Since the U. S. went dry, the salt smoked
ng lost a market in the saloons where same was
d free to accentuate thirst. The price of fresh
has fallen since the Broadway cabarets and
ces no longer provide the stimulating joy-
x which called for accompaniments of ‘‘broiled
e’ or ‘fa la Newburg’’.
spain produces wine and Spain imports fish, Spain
in quid pro quo. Norway is going dry and
biting the importation of wines and liquors.
is also prohib and has banned Spanish wines.
iation, Spain has threatened to tax imports

4 from countries which bar her wines, which same
; raised a row in the Viking lands.

ile these merry exchanges of courtesies are going
an opportunity exists for Canada to make a bid
fe Spanish market. While none of the Maritime
nees are giving Spain much business in the

line, yet free and enlightened Quebee and Brit-
Columbia are doing their little bit to help Spain.
a poor world where we don’t help one another
pain might well look favorably upon Canadian
Recent quotations (June 14th) from Bilbao
Ieelandie codfish, 90-110 -pesetas; English,
pesetas; Norwegian, 70-90 pesetas per quintal.
| Exchange: 29.10 pesetas to the pound sterling.
Spain and Italy, it is understood, will harpoon
ewfoundland next on the prohibition question. If
ppens, after the U. 8. Tariff, the Island Colony
feel that virtue, in the form of prohibition, hath

LANDING PRIVILEGE DISCONTINUED
ay IN U. 8. PORTS.
and after July 12th, no vessel of Canadian reg-
try will be permitted to land fares of fish direct
m the grounds at United States ports. This per-
ion, which was a war-time regulation and promul-
‘or the duration thereof, has’*now been revoked.
ber of Canadian trawlers and sejooners availed
of the privilege.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

153

INTERNATIONAL FISHING SCHOONER
RACE,

The International Fishing Schooner Race for
the Halifax ‘‘Herald’’ Trophy emblematic of
the sailing supremacy of the North Atlantic
will be held off Halifax on October Ist and 3rd,
and following days if necessary.

The elimination trial for the selection of the
Canadian challenger will be held on Sept. 24th
and 26th off Halifax. Interest in the contest
will be world-wide this year as the movements
of the prospective challengers and defenders
have been keenly followed by the general public.

These dates have been announced by the Trus-
tees of the Trophy.

PISCATORIAL PARAGRAPHS.

Walter Clayton, formerly of Prince Rupert, B.C. and
a member of the C. F. A., who is permanently estab-
lished in business and residence in St. John’s, New-
foundland, has joined the ranks of the Benedicts by
engaging in matrimonial partnership with one of Terra
Nova’s fair daughters. Our best wishes go with them,

T. H. Johnson, Manager of the Canadian Fish & Cold
Storage Co., Ltd., Prince Rupert, B.C., was in Mont-

real during the week of July 10th and has since return-
ed home.

Col. L. W. Gill, Director of Technical Education, is
resigning from his office to take over the chair of
Mechanical and Electrical Engineering at the University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. Many members
in the fishing industry will recall Prof. Gill’s efforts to
establish Fisheries Schools on the Atlantic and Pacific
coasts and will regret his relinquishing the work,

The unusually hot weather prevalent during the lat-
ter part of June and the first two weeks in July, played
the devil with the fish business. Much fish was spoiled
in transit; sales dropped considerably and the small

fish dealer spent a fortune in ice to keep his _ stock
fresh.

The surest evidence of depression in the fish business
may be adduced from the fact that no “dog day’’ yarns
have featured fish. The summer-time newspaper sen-
sation this year runs to much hectie bunk about **mys-
terious pirates’? running up and down the Atlantic
Coast. There hasn’t been a line about the. sea-Serpent
or the invasion of sharks to bathing beaches which were

the old stand-bys of other years, ‘

The American schooner ““Mayflower’’ has been in
port with a trip of 195,000 Ibs of salt eod fish — which
same has been heralded as a ‘‘monster’’ trip. Capt.
Larkin and crew are quite satisfied with the “*May-
flower’s’’ performance as a sailer. She made a fast
run from Gloucester to Boston in a light S. W. wind

making the distance in 314% hours — an average of 13
knots per hour.

The attempt to raise the Gloucester schooner ““Bspe-
ranto’’ which foundered off Sable Island resulted in
failure owing to the hoisting cables being too light. It

is possible that another try at salving the International
Cup winner will be made.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

July, 1921.

LL
SSSLZ I

PO

ee

= Si,
———_

“Why
Eat More Fish” a

Essays on he Subject by Canadian. School —
~ Children Who Gained Fisheries

THE IDEAS OF YOUNG CANADA

Canadians Should |

Department Prizes —

The Dominion Prize Winner

MISS HAISMAN SHOWS CONSTRUCTIVE
THOUGHT AND ORIGINALITY —

By IVA HAISMAN, Age 16, Outremont, Que.

Canada is a rising young nation, and is even now
taking her place in the world because of her industry
and progress. It is safe to prophesy that with proper
development of her resources, Canada will become one
of the foremost countries of this age.

Chief among Canada’s resources is the fishing in-
dustry. More variety, more perfection in each variety,
more abundance of fish can be found in no other
waters, or under no more available circumstances. ‘10
develop this industry, and in so doing, to develop Can-
ada, is the duty of every Canadian,—and so, it behooves
Canadians to eat more fish.

Four great advantages would result from the deve
lopment of the fishing industry. It would effect a great
economy, for we would be using a product, instead of
wasting one. Canada’s fisheries were not made rich
for nothing; it is natural, and most necessary, that we
should derive the greatest possible benefit from them.

Then, the increased consumption of fish would make
unnecessary many foods which we now import. This
would be turning our money back into Canadian chan-
nels instead of sending it to some other country already
stronger financially. It would improve trade condi-
tions, for Canada, as a small country, should export
more than she imports.

To the average Canadian perhaps the most important
reason for eating more fish would be the saving in
money. Fish is cheaper than meat, though the quality
and food value are not less. The money saved by using
more fish would line Canadian poecket-books very com-
fortably. Now, it is an obvious fact that a well-lined
pocket-book makes a happier, more contented citizen; a
happier, more contented citizen is a more generous one,
—one who will have higher ideals for his country, and
who will back her financial standing. Thus, the direct

benefit to the citizen, and the indirect benefit to the —
nation, would be great, well worthy of consideration. —
With a little imagination, today’s Canadian can see to-_
morrow’s Canadian the citizen of an ideal country,—
all through the use of fish. i
The fishing industry gives work to a great part of |
the Canadian middle class. Greater use of fish would

MISS IVA HAISMAN,
STRATHCONA ACADEMY,
OUTREMONT, QUE,

necessitate enlargement of the canning business, thus
giving a partial solution for relief to the great numbe
of unemployed. At the same time, it would be well to —
support a business carried on in our own country, in-—
stead of a business carried on in a foreign country, with —
foreign capital. a

Incidentally, eating more fish would mean eating less —
meat. Canada’s live-stock production, since the war, —
has been greatly reduced, Unless some opportunity fo
recuperation is given, the only result will be higher
cost, and greater scarcity of cattle.

Jules Verne, in his ‘‘ Twenty Thousand Leagues Under
the Sea’’ gives an attractive and quite possible picture
of complete utilization of fish and fish products. In his |
story, all the food, even to sugar and beverages, was —
taken from the ocean. It was as wholesome and as—

Pd

CANADIAN

as any other. While Canadian waters do not

all the fish mentioned by this author, they do
; ample for our use. There is no reason why the
tions of Jules Verne could not be carried out by
s, to our great advantage.

pover, the Canadian Government protects con-

en, when Canadians realize the wealth and im-
nee of the fishing industry, the advantages to
ves of its growth, and the importance to Canada,
good citizens, they will eat more fish. x

. tish Columbia Voices Facts ad
gical Suggestions.

fishing industry of Canada is still in its infancy
zh there are no such fishing resources to be
in the world today. The Newfoundland banks
d-famed for their mackerel, cod, halibut and
On the Pacifie coast, salmon and halibut can
t in enormous quantities and these fish are all
er quality. There are two reasons why Can-
should utilize this enormous home product.

a large sum of money is obtained by exporting
of our fish. Statistics show that the value of ex-

d fish products for the year 1918-19 was $37,000,- _

ough the exporting of fish may appear to be a
licy, it must be remembered that fish is highly
ble and that probably twenty per cent of the
fish is unfit for use as human food when it
its destination. Again, the Government is
d to maintain a large number of inspectors to see
fish that leaves the country is in fit condition
rtation. This points out that Canadians should
home-caught and marketed fish. The consump-
er capita in Canada is very much smaller than
any other country and it is only twenty-five per
of the amount of fish landed per capita. This

consumption also includes, canned, cured, salted
noked fish. The other seventy-five per cent of
catch must either be wasted or exported with the
zers previously alluded to. -
he second reason is that fish, as a food, ranks high
e. By this, is meant the calories or energy value.
irst sight, fish appears to compare very unfavorably
meat in this respect. For instance, one pound of
contains 998 calories while a pound of beef
s 1700 calories, but when the price is compared,
en that fish is approximately twenty-five per cent
price of meat, and so the fish is really of better
_ Another saving is effected in the amount of
used to cook fish. Owing to its fine fibres it is
easier to cook than the coarse-fibred beef, in fact,
people over cook fish and render it unpalatable.
easily assimilated by invalids and young children
one of the best brain foods known. As for taste,
a food highly esteemed by epicures the world over
may be prepared in countless ways, In fact, one

FISHERMAN 155

culinary expert states that it is possible to serve one —
kind of fish for a week without it becoming monotonous
fare. ,

After reviewing these reasons, the question arises
why Canadians do net eat more fish, First, it is a com-
paratively new food in Canada and its cooking is not
properly understood by the average housewife; there-
fore, it is apt to be much less palatable than it should
be. Second, it is not as cheap as it should be although
it is cheaper than meat. For this the public is to blame,
because it demands large fish, never thinking that the
small fish caught must be wasted because there is no
market for them. Third, it is served in butchers’ shops
where it is not displayed to advantage because there is
not such a profit in its sale as in the sale of meat. Some-
times the fish absorbs meat taints which render it ob-
jectionable if not uneatable. To remedy these defects
the Government should educate the people in some
manner, and if necessary, establish a chain of proper
fish stores throughout the Dominion where this home
product would be sold cheaply and handled with care.
When this is done the Canadian people will begin to
realize that fish is a good, wholesome food, and that
in eating it they are supporting a large, home industry,
keeping their money in the country, building up a
hardy virile race, and striking a big blow at the high
cost of living.

A Little Lad in Canada’s Gloucester
Delivers The Wisdom of Nine Years
Proximity to Fish.

WHY CANADIANS SHOULD EAT MORE FISH.
By CYRIL ANDERSON, Age 9, Lunenburg Academy.

My home is in the town of Lunenburg which is eall-
ed the Gloucester of Canada. The fish caught here in
1919 were worth $3,500,000. The catching of these fish
and getting them ready for market gives employment
to thousands of people. While the war was on we had
no trouble to find places to sell our dried and pickled
fish. The soldiers needed a lot of meat so to help our
brave soldiers people had to eat more fish. Now the
war is over and the principal markets, West Indies,
Brazil, Spain, United States are filled with fish and
the prices are very low. There are not many fish ship-
ped to these places so more fish must be used in Can-
ada to keep up the fishing industry.

In Canada in 1919 the revenue obtained from the
fishing industry was $56,485,579. If the fishermen
who work so hard to catch the fish are not able to sell
their fish they will get discouraged and will leave this
country, and go to the United States, and there are
too many good young men from our country there
already.

The people must be taught to eat more fish in Can-
ada. The Government must see that there are ways
provided to carry the fish from our seaport towns to
towns inland, so as to carry on a fresh fish industry,
and then people will not have to eat dried fish which
are not nearly as good as fresh fish. By making Can-
ada a market for our fish the high cost of living would
be lowered and work given to a large number of men.

Another reason why we should eat more fish is that
fish is very nourishing food, There is nearly as much

156

nourishment in fish as in beef steak and some fish, such
as herring and eels, contain a large quantity of fat.

There are thousands of fish caught every year and
then not eaten. Some times they are used on the land
to make the land rich when they could be used for
food. In the United States noted chefs are preparmg
fish in different ways for the tables of hotels and they
are telling the people of the food value of the fish which
they once threw away.

Fish is the easiest food obtained. Vegetables must
be planted and then we must wait until they grow.
Cattle must be fed a long time before they are ready
to eat, but fish are in the water waiting to be caught.

People only eat fish once a day in this country,
while in England they eat it twice a day. In Lunen-
burg, where I live, there are hundreds of men who go
away fishing every summer. While they are away in
their vessels they have to eat a large number of fish
and where will you find a healthier class of men than
the Lunenburg fishermen?

If people eat more fish there will not be such a quan-
tity of meat eaten, and so the price of meat will have
to come down or they will nct be able to sell their meat.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

This Ottawa Miss of Twelve Betrays
an Analytical Mind.

WHY CANADIANS SHOULD EAT MORE FISH.
By BERNADETTE COOPER, Age 12, Ottawa.

Tn comparing Canada with the different countries of
the world it ranks foremost in many ways. But its
fishing industry surpasses all its other industries by
far. It has the most extensive sea and fresh water
fisheries in the world.

This being the basic industry of Canada its people
shovld encourage it as much as possible by catching
more fish so that it wovld bring more money into the
eorntry and make it richer and help to pay its debts.
We Canadians, to be loval to Canada should help our
conntry as much as we are able. We can do this by
vsing ‘‘Canada Made Goods’’. The fishing industry,
being so extensive in Canada. it is the duty of us Can-
adians to make nse of it. Eating foods produced in our
own conntry means that our monev does not go abroad
to foreign conntries, but remains for the prosperity of
or own Country.

Fish is cheaner than meat on account of its great
abyndance, and therefore. it should hold a prominent
place on ovr menus. We have such a choice of varieties
and quality, and it is so easily obtained at any time.

The quantity of fish canght in our Canadian waters,
is so enormous that millions of dollars are being wasted
every vear by our not using what nature provides us
What would von sav of a person who would let
harrels of frvit svoil in his garden simply because he
does not rnderstand that the frit is there to ‘be eaten?
Anst as foolish is the Canadian who refuses to ask for
fish when he sees it on his bill-of-fare.

Tt is better for the health to have a vest from purely

with,

meat diet. Medical men have discovered that fish is not
harmful to the health, but on the contrary, very nourish-
ing — the oil contained preventing consumption <
other sicknesses. Meats, when used too much beco
harmful to man. Fish is often given to a sick p
when meat is not allowed, which proves it is n
easily digested. ;

The more meat we use the more grain and vege
must go to feed up animals, and thus we suffer
high prices of flour and bread. Fish get their |
from the water and are no bother or expense to

The war has affected the fishing industry in com-
mon with the commercial life of the country generally,
and its close has brought many changes to pre-war con-
ditions. Previous to 1914 there was little or le-

mand for canned pink or chum salmon. But
world-wide food scarcity these varieties jumped

prominence, and they were easily disposed of,
increased demand induced those who were in the
ning business to extend their operations in canning
fish. It also induced others to participate in the
dustry. Consequently the whole coast line
Columbia is licensed to fishermen, and those
ing to take up the fishing business as a means of ¢
ing a livelihood find that a location for a fishing a1
is a very difficult thing to obtain. ae
In other parts of the world there is a grea’
of fish, but not as good for food as in our
waters,’ Canadians have the fresh water fish «
Lawrence river and all waters north of that
tain fish which is good for food. When y
that we have at our disposal such fish as
famous Fraser river salmon, the speckled trout
east, the lobsters and oyster of Prince Edward
in such abundance, and how it would greatly
our living expenses we should try to get t
food values and give them a much more
place than we do when we buy for our d
Nova Scotia has a wonderful herring
also a marked inerease in the oyster catch.
grettable to note that there is no fishing for bs
northwest and southwest Miramichi river where t
abundant. The residents of these districts find it ¢
to their advantage to engage in lumbering operations.
_ The weather conditions throughout Canada,
cially in the west, are quite favorable for winter
ing, and as frozen fish are very easily transpor
Canadians have every advantage over any other

to obtain a food, cheap, excellent quali ig a
in food value as any other food = vid ee

Now, suppose we take a trip from eoast to coast,
our wide Dominion, examine the lives of our
men, look with proud eyes upon our stalwart young
and our sturdy old fathers. Yes, the sight is a
cause of pride for us. But of all our people, from
to west, from north to south, there are none who
compare with our noble fishermen of the Maritime
coast,—strong, healthy, robust and happy. Their hor
may be small, but they are snug and warm, no signs 0}

poverty or need, all is health and happj drs
tell you why? ee nee Nees a 4

Pount

» Originality and Unconscious
mor of this Essay is Distinctly

eshing.

CANADIANS SHOULD EAT MORE FISH.
By RODGER ROSS, Palmerston, Ont.

‘ellowing are several points on ‘‘Why Canadians
ild eat more fish.’’
irst. Because fish is the most important of the
ninion’s resources.
econd. Because, by the absorbing of more fish by
‘people of the Dominion, more revenue will be col-
by the Government, which will greatly aid in
this Canada of ours a prosperous and better
on of the greatly beloved Mother Country.
Because it is a common belief that, by eat-
ore fish, the brain power is greatly added to. Thus,
is true, Canadians, by eating more fish, would
e intelligent than otherwise.
h. Because, by eating more fish there will be a
ter demand for sea-faring men, and as the sea is
¢ f the healthiest places in the world, Canadian men
e stronger and healthier and readier to defend
‘country in time of need, if such a time comes.
. Because, by buying more fish, through the
of a middleman in the trade, more prosperous
etic citizens will result, as all middlemen make

Because, the fishing industry, both on land
, provides labour for many Canadians and this
e them more prosperous.
h. Because the sea provides, on whaling ex-
ns, a setting for stories and this will leave a
to our followers, who will likely take an exam-
the noble land at present.
th. Because fish is about the most economical
at can be bought, .as it does not cost as much as
> pork.

Because the oil in the fish is a good food
body, producing body heat, and as a scholar or
t can not study on meat, as it is too heavy, fish

h. Because by eating more fish it will give the
ortation companies an opportunity to attain
thus adding greatly to the prosperity of the

mentioned in the first point fish is a very impor-
‘natural resource. Beginning at the north, seals
he most important sea animals. The furs of some
inds are very valuable, and also the oil as it is the
lief food the Eskimos. In the warmer waters of Hud-
m Bay and neighboring waters dwells the whale. Its
d blubber are very valuable, and also the bone.
eigh from eight to ten tons or more.

southward to the shores of Labrador and New-
and are the Grand Banks. These have been not-
for over two hundred years, having for their fruits,
herring, oysters, mackerel and salmon. Following
‘St. Lawrence river whitefish and other fresh water
are fornd in the many lakes and rivers of the
r of Canada. In the northern part salmon
ds. The Frazer and Columbia river's in British Co-
a teem with salmon, which gave rise to the great
industry on the Pacifie coast,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

157
4
In the second place duty is collected on all goods,
this duty being used as a revenue for the Government,
so that the more fish used, the more revenue will be
collected, which will help the Government to rule this
young land of ours better than otherwise.

Brain power is greatly needed by Canadians to mould
their country into a land worthy of our praise, and this
is easily attained by looking to the great animal king-
dom that inhabits the sea. .

All fish are composed of a certain amount of oil or
fat, which, when absorbed by the body, whips up the
blood into heat, and this greatly aids in keeping us warm
in the cold winter of this country. Our country needs
one thing which is very essential in connection with the
resisting of the scythe of time, and that is health. Health
is easily attained by becoming a sailor or fisherman, and
this will help our country by building up stronger men
and women.

In nearly every locality there are a few men who try
to get all they can out of a fellow and are agents for
some company. Every trade has these men who are
called middlemen, They, sooner or later, become rich
and if not selfish and ignorant, help the country greatly
with their wealth. In the fishing industry they are
common,

Every trade needs workers but especially the fishing
industry. In the first place, the fish have to be caught,
taken to port, scraped, cleaned, shipped and finally
canned or frozen as the buyer desires, and then ship-
ped to market. All this cannot be done without many
hands, so that the fishing industry offers large wages
and those that are quick enough soon get labour and in
time become worthy millionaires, if they are inclined
that way, which greatly adds, also, to Canada’s pros-
perity.

Most people like to leave an example to those that
come after them, and right here is a chance. The fish-
ing is an adventurous task and provides settings for
stories, by writers of this age, to hand down to our
followers, which in time, if impressed rightly, will lend
them an example of their noble ancestors.

Most people do not want to spend their money
quickly, so that fish gives them an opportunity to con-
serve, being cheaper than most things.

The oil in the fish is very necessary for the heating
of our bodies, so that fish is an ideal food, in the con-
serving of fuel in these days of strike, strife and laziness.

Transportation has greatly advaneed in Canada, but
by eating more fish the people of Canada will give the
transportation companies a chance to make more money,
and this will enable them to carry on operations in
Canada and to build up an even better system, which
will not leave Canada as primitive as for example South
America.

In summing up, fish is after all, a better food, as it
is easily digested, costs less and provides a better chance
for the citizens of this country to make money, which is
very essential, and in a word makes Canada a more
prosperous nation.

Master Ross’s Ideas of Middlemen
Shows That He Is No Bolshevist.
His Remarks On The T

ion’ Comipiniel MME Appeal To
tion Companies Wi
The Trade. jae

ow — rn ~~

158

This Prince Edward Island Fisher-
man’s Daughter Writes A Good

Essay.

WHY CANADIANS SHOULD EAT MORE FISH.
MILDRED WHITE, Honey Lot 64, Po Werks

The subject ‘‘Why Canadians Should Eat More Fish”’
seems to me to be one that is easily grasped and
then again not so easily, One, which requires very
little thought to form an opinion of, and yet again,
one that is so important as to require a great deal of
thought and study. :

In the beginning, we may say Canada is a land of
fish, as it,were. The long coastline on the Atlantic
and Pacifie with numerous harbours equipped with
every facility for handling fish, the numberless lakes
and rivers in all parts of the country teeming with
fish of almost every variety, show the future of
Canada’s fisheries unequalled by that of any other
country of the world. Therefore, we should rejoice
in the fact that God has placed within our reach an
abundance of one of the most valuable food products.
The past thas taught us that any country should
make the utmost use of things near at hand, and
this applies to food as well as other things. Then
we, as true Canadians, and true descendants of our
forefathers, should eat as much fish as is consistent
with our health; and in this respect we do not, eat
enough. In fact, fish contains very valuable ingre-
dients necessary for the health of mind and_ body,
one of which is phosphorus. A treatise written re-
cently by a German doctor on diseases of the body
claims that a fish diet is very essential in the treat-
ment of various diseases, especially nervous diseases.
But we have absolute proof and need no German to
tell us that fish are free from diseases such as tuber-
culosis which makes meats such a menace to our
health. Doctors tell us that too much meat, as well
as hindering the proper action of the kidneys may
indirectly be the cause of many of the chronie dis-
eases such as diabetes, ete. Then if these sayings
are true and we read them .quite frequently in

medical pamphlets, why not eat more fish with our

potatoes, as a substitute for meat?

The cost of fish is less compared with meats and
many of the other foods. The reason is quite clear
to all. Fish cost nothing for upkeep, neither food,
housing or care of any sort. ‘That is in the hands of
God. There is only the cost of taking which is rela-
tively small. True, fish feed on other fish, but they
get much of their food at the bottom of he sea, and
thus taking into their bodies ingredients that are good
for us, but which we cannot get any other way but
by eating fish. Fish can be used as a substitute for
many more expensive foods, and at this time more
especially than any other, the high cost of living in
Canada may be materially lessened by eating more
fish. Still we waste money importing innumerable
dainties from other countries because they have lots
of newspaper importance, and, after all, they eontain
practically the same ingredients as are to be found
in fish.

History tells us that our ancestors lived by hunting
and fishing, They were strong and healthy, They

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

- it does not advance, for a considerable time e

es, Saas

had no dainty cakes and pre-digested breakfast
There are so many different ways to serve fi
make it always an invaluable dainty even to the
delicate and fastidious. We should eat m
than most other countries if cost is a factor.
considering, as other countries lhave to pay f
expense of packing and eanning, ete. ie
The cost of meats, I believe, will remain hi

Europe settles down to a state of peace, for
we know, take some years to raise and inerease.
if meats are scarce in Europe they will
here. What about fish? They are always”
people to reach out and_ take. es
It is an undisputed fact that fish is consic
most valued dainty in some countries, —
country probably the least valued. This ought
to be. The body craves fish. My father is a fi
man and well I know of people from in
ments coming for fish and how they valued
dinner of fish and potatoes. The most vari
the most valuable fish of the world are fe
Canadian waters. Our Government is t ying
ways to teach us a realization of the great
luxury, the Canadian fisheries, and it is
desire that all Canadians awake to its’

ICED HERRINGS FOR FRANCE.
Sixty tons of Norwegian herrings, packed in
recently shipped by steamer from Bergen to
is said to be the first time the Norwegian ¢
have adopted this method of sending herrings”
condition to France, and according to the No
Consul at Havre the experiment was a complete su
The herrings met with a ready sale both at the
delivery and also in Paris. ast oa

ae FC

yw

Ottawa, June 29. — Reports from the —
missioner in Liverpool, state the trade in
frozen salmon is hampered by the British —
salmon as a strictly summer fish. An ti
paign is recommended to popularize Canadian
fish in Britain, ahve

P. E. I, LOBSTER FACTORIES CLO ]
Charlottetown Guardian. — The lobster factorie:
being closed along the North Shore of the Island
season, it is reported, has been a poor one, lobsters
not plentiful and the prevailing north winds ma
difficult for the fishermen. Cee

The trawler Fosdyke, belonging to the Boston
Steam Fishing and Tee Co., Ltd., went some
to the assistance of the trawler Derika XVI., wh
exhausted her coal; and the sequel was a salvage
in the Admiralty Court last month. Counsel i
to one of the witnesses: ‘‘You say you lost two ¢
market when you got in. Was your fish in ice?
I think so,’’ replied the witness, ‘“but it wasn’t
on Thursday as it woulr have been on Tuesd.
on Thursday as it would have been on Tuesday
said was it in ice?’’ ‘‘Oh,’’ said the witness, Te
thought you said, was it nice. Yes, it was in ice,
was quite nice too, IT mean it was nice, but it w.
quite as nice as it would have been if it had come in
Tuesday—notwithstanding the iee!’?—Cold Stor.

July, 1921. CANADIAN

Probably none of our sea fishes is more interesting
than the mackerel. For the last two months, May
and June, schools of these fish) have been followed
by fleet of American purse-seiners and Canadian net-
_ ters, in the migration up the Atlantic shore of the
continent to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. And _ just
as eager as the fishermen have been to net this de-
lieious pelagian, the public has been in its effort to
procure it for the table.
~The common mackerel is one of the best known
food fishes. It is distinguished from other denizeus
of the deep by its swift form, metallic coloration,
and, technically, by the presence of a number of
_ detached finlets between the-back fins and the tail.
_ he eut of the mouth is peculiar, the spines in the
fins are feeble, the muscular system is extremely
_ strong, and the flesh is oily. As in most swift-moving
- fishes and fishes of pelagie habits the bones of the
spinal column are numerous and extremely small, an
arrangement which makes for the flexibility of the
body.
The common mackerel (scomber scombus) is pro-
bably confined to the Atlantic, where on both Euro-
pean and American shores it runs in vast schools, the
movement varying greatly from year to year, _the
preference being for cool water. Mackerel migrate
northward to spawn. The female produces approxi-
mately half a million eggs each year, according to
Professor Goode. These are very minute and each is
provided with an oil globitle which causes it to float
on the surface. All of these eggs, of course, do not
mature. Both the eggs and the young are destroyed
in great quantity by their natural enemies; hence the
reason for producing the eggs en such a large scale.
The balance of nature suffices for all ordinary exter-
minating influences.
During April or early May the mackerel strike
our Atlantic coast off Carolina or Virginia where they
are intercepted by a fleet of seiners from Massachu-
setts. These seiners, which are a fine class of craft-
yachts of great speed and very sea-worthy follow
_ the schools up the coast. The first mackerel caught
in southern waters are usually marketed fresh and
- ¢ommand a high price, but as the seiners proceed north
_ their catch is mostly salted in barrels.
_ While our American cousins have an extensive off-

FISHERMAN 159

Interesting Facts About Sea Fishes

THE MACKEREL.

shore fishing fleet in pursuit of the mackerel, there
is only one Canadian seiner operating this year; our
fishermen use drag-nets or nets fixed in the bottom.
The Canadian mackerel catch is thus rendered very
uncertain because the schools may move thirty or forty
miles off shore, which is further to sea than our small
Canadian craft would care to venture. Mackerel have
been known to take three different routes after strik-
ing off the southwest shore of Nova Scotia. These
routes, commonly known as the shore, inner and outer,
all converge at Canso. Some schools, it is stated, go
through the Strait of Canso to the Gulf of St. Law-
rence, but the great body reaches the gulf by way of
Cape Breton. After lingering for a period in the
Gulf the fish disappear into deep water, returning
again in the fall on their migratory course to warmer
waters for the winter. ,

The Fisheries Branch, Department of Marine and
Fisheries, in 1920 instituted a scouting service to
locate the mackerel schools as they approach the
Nova Scotia coast, and notify the fishermen ashore,
The fisheries protection eruisers ‘‘Arras’’ and ‘‘ Hoche-
laga’’ which set out early in May, met the mackerel
and accompanied them along the coast. This year a
similar service was maintained, but unfortunately both
in 1920 and 1921 the schools did not follow the shore
course, and hence our fishermen, who are dependent
largely upon a movement inshore, did not have the
success of other years.

The schools of mackerel vary greatly in size. Schools
estimated to contain one million barrels have been
recorded on more than one occasion. A school such
as this has been described as ‘‘a windrow of fish
half a mile wide and twenty miles long’’. The bulk
of mackerel taken is salted, but fresh or salt they
are consumed in great abundance by Canadians and
Americans whenever available. It is estimated that
the Massachusetts seiners put up about 400,000 barrels
each, year. Our Canadian fishery in 1919 brought
230,770 ewts., valued at approximately $1,500,000, of
which 74,897 barrels were put up, valued at $1,038,000.
In 1920 only 142,347 ewts. were caught, and 26,144
barrels packed.

Professor Goode says that the mackerel when ‘in
season is one of the most delicious sea foods, ranking
high in nutrition and palatability. Salt mackerel may

160 CANADIAN

be boiled as well as broiled and fresh mackerel may
be treated in the same manner. A well-cured autumn
mackerel he considers to be the finest of all salted

FISHERMAN . oie 2 Fale ago
fish. Generally speaking, mackerel is available on
the Canadian market in the latter part of May, June,
July, August, September and October.

Prospects For Canadian

Liverpool, June 9, 1921.— The prospects for the sale
of Canadian frozen salmon during the season from June
to Seutember, 1921, are. not particularly promising, as
there are much more plentiful supplies of Scotch and
English salmon available than there were last year.
British Columbia frozen salmon have been selling, whole-
sale, on this market since the first of the year, at prices
- ranging from 1s. 2d. to 1s. 6d. per Ib., in case lots.
New Brunswick salmon is now coming forward, and
while the demand will be fairly good, the best that can
be hoped for is the maintenance of similar prices.

The prospects for frozen halibut are very poor, as
there are good supplies of English fresh halibut, sup-
plies of other fresh fish are plentiful, and large con-
signments of fresh halibut have also been received at
eastern ports from Norway.

Advertising Necessary.

If the export business in frozen salmon on the United
Kingdom market is to be developed on an important
scale, it will be necessary to undertake advertising pro-
paganda with the object of making it clear to the
British publie that Canadian frozen salmon, of a quality
very little inferior to the fresh fish, can be made avail-
able for sale at a reasonable price during the close
season from September 1 to February 1. It is during
this season, when no Scotch or English salmon is avail-

able, that the lack of competition should offer the best

opportunity of disposing of considerable quantities. to
advantage. The obstacle is that the consumer has been
educated to regard the salmon supply as depending
strictly on the opening of the season for fresh fish,
from February 1 to September 1, so that demand attto-
matically ceases as soon as the close season begins.
Frozen salmon as a commodity quite separate and dis-
tinet from fresh, is not generally and popularly known,
and there is no doubt that much Canadian salmon finds
its way into the retail market, and is sold as English
or Seottish. The public are quite satisfied as they ask
for salmon and get good salmon, but as soon as the
salmon season is over, the demand drops, as the fish-
mongers ean no longer sell it as British, and there is
no definite consumer demand for the Canadian frozen
product. If steps could be taken to keep the public
informed that good Canadian salmon ean be procured
at attractive prices during the winter months, business
would undoubtedly increase. Fishmongers also require
to be convinced that it is to their interest to sell Can-
adian salmon on its own merits. Another point that
would have to be considered, in any advertising

Frozen Fish on The British Market

J. FORSYTH SMITH, Canadian Trade Commissioner.

xs

scheme, is the effect upon demand of the English
tendency to regard salmon as essentially a summer
fish, to be eaten cold. Grilled salmon, so popular in
Canadian hotels and restaurants, is very seldom met
with in this country, and a change of custom in this —
respect would make a very great: difference in winter —
buying.. It has been suggested that a fund for pro- —
paganda purposes might be raised by exporters and —
importers in co operation. ee

Existing Prejudice. a
Undoubtedly there is a certain amount of natural
prejudice against a frozen product. That this is by —
no means insuperable, however, is clearly shown by
the experience of the Australian frozen meat trade,
which, although heavily handicapped by this feeling at —
the start, has now established its products as staple
lines, regularly purchased by large sections of the
consuming public. One great difficulty exists. This
is to secure the general use by distributors of the best —
methods of thawing out. If the teachings of expe-
rience in this regard could be made widely available,
the difference between the quality of fresh and frozen
fish would be materially decreased. iaieonarse:

Weight of Packages.

It is the general opinion of importers that salmon —
would sell to better advantage if the size of the pack-
age were reduced. Cases of 250 to 370-Ibs. gross
weight are too large to facilitate general distribution.
The trade are unanimously of opinion that cases
weighing from 150 to 200 lbs. are the most desirable,
and the view has also been strongly expressed that, —
if it were possible to put up 14-ewt. packages for the
smaller, and 1-cwt, packages for the larger fish, sel-
ling in case lots to retailers would be greatly in-
creased, with resulting advantage in delivery condition,
and attractiveness to the consumer. At present, owing —
to the large sizes of the eases, the wholesalers sell the —
fish out in ones and twos.

Grading to Size.

The present system of packing mixed sizes is not
seriously objected to, and it is recognized that it may
be a difficult matter to secure a tight pack with fish :.
of uniform size. At the same time it is pointed out —
that some markets call for small fish, others for me-—
dium sizes, while, for the purpose of smoking, the
largest sizes are best, and it is felt that, if the pack-
ing difficulty can be overcome, grading to size would

undoubtedly be an advantage to distribution. Fish
ching 8 to 14 Ibs. find the readiest sale.

he packing of Canadian salmon is considered fairly
sfactory, though some cases from British Columbia
re criticized as too flimsy. The New Brunswick case,
ich is of good solid construction, tongued and
oved, iron-banded at the two ends, and lined with
‘thick absorbent paper, is very favorably commented
The double wrapping of each fish, firsh in white,
gh, grease-proof paper, and then in coarser brown
1, is considered very desirable.

Sealing of Fish.

regulation of the Board of Fisheries provides that
y individual salmon sold in the United Kingdom
een September 1 and February 1, must be sealed
an official after inspection as proof that it has
» imported. This is to render impossible the sale
British fish illegally canght during the close season.
art from the question of cost and inconvenience, it
claimed that considerable deterioration takes place
a result of the necessary unpacking and unwrap-
for inspection and sealing, and it has been
sted that arrangements might be made with the
authorities, whereby an equivalent for the

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

161
British seals, identifying the fish as Canadian, might
be attached to each fish when they are being packed in
Canada, thus obviating further action in this ¢onnec-
tion on this side. Interviews with the trade on the de-
sirability of this, tend to emphasize the fact already
mentioned, that mueh Canadian salmon is not sold
on its own merits, but is offered to the public as
English or Seoteh. Although it is generally agreed
that the opening of cases for inspection and sealing
results in deterioration, and the trade would’ be glad
to see it done away with on this account, the proposed
remedy is rejected because, if any of the fish so dealt
with in Canada remained unsold after the opening
of the season, the marks of identification would act
as a handicap in effecting sales. They could not be
sold as British salmon, and would therefore be dif-
ficult to dispose of. One of the largest importers in
the Liverpool territory, while advoeating Canadian
sealing, expresses himself in the following qualified
terms: ‘‘It would be advantageous to arrange to have
the seals put on at the point of production, if you
could ascertain just how many would be required for
the close season. I would say that fish sent across
to be sold during the open season would certainly be
better unsealed.’’

The new marine maps issued by the naval depart-
ment enable one to trace the northern course of the

rel in their spring migration. After passing
Long Island, the direction is north easterly, broadly

A few schools, the advance guard, swing through
the South Channel and skirt the New England shore
more or less closely, bearing more easterly across
the Bay of Fundy, from a point of departure wide
off Thatcher’s Island, which takes them South of
y’s Bank to the Coast of Nova Scotia just above
mouth. (The usual trap berths.) The first pro-
cial takes are invariably made at that place. The
chools keep on down the shore, and from these the
moored nets get a few; but the netters (drifters)
launching out in ever increasing numbers from year
to year, generally make better hauls. They have done
‘very well this spring. The traps east of Yarmouth
have caught comparatively few mackerel this
season; and this is declared by some to be owing to
the drifters which scatter the schools.. I can only
say ‘‘not proven’’. But those netters would fare
nite as well, if not better, should they choose berths
e off Cape Sable in the track of the larger bodies
fish, which steer south of George’s. That is the
very properly taken by the scout, for reasons
hich may be entered thus :—
_ In this off shore line of mareh the schools follow

Some Notes on Mackerel Scouting

By M. H. NICKERSON, Commissioner of Fisheries
for Nova Scotia.

each other, not exactly in Indian file, but never
swerving yery far from the usual course, until they
pass Brown’s Bank. The fish are then say eighty
miles from Lockeport, and their road lies slightly
eastward of north to that section of Nova Scotia. Two
quite broad plateaus lie in the north east direction,
Roseway and La Have Bank, the latter more south-
erly. Now mackerel, it is well known, in their great
periodic movements, always shun a shoal and _ pass
along the depressions which for the present purpose
may be termed channels. Such a submarine lane
leads between the two banks mentioned above. The
spring mackerel, coming on soundings in great rafts,
commonly diverge at this point, the left wing of
them going between Roseway and the Shelburne shore,
while the right wing pursues the straighter path or
sea lane, described above, and make Cross Island
or Sambro in their migration to the north. Reference
to the marine map will make these tracks easily
intelligible, and show at a glance the nature and
importance of the work which the scouts are perform-
ing in the interest of the whole South Shore mackerel
fishery.

Still, without a map at hand, any person of ordin-
ary thinking powers ean form a fairly accurate men-
tal picture of the whole movement, the schooling fish
in one part, and the watchful scout in the other. In
a clear day, observations of the former may be made

162

at considerable distance from the patrol boat, the
bearings noted as well as the trend of the raft, all of
which is reported by radio to the nearest station and
relaid by telephone to points of resort for the pro-
vineial netters, or seiners as the case may be. In
this manher a perfect ambush may be arranged, and
the boats in waiting at their homes along the shore,
can put out and waylay the head-on schools with a
certainty that would otherwise be lacking. The sports-
man must thread the bush to start a hare, or beat
the moors in order to flush the grouse; but here, as
in the shooting of certain sea-fowl likewise in migra-
tion, you simply pay out the string of nets as the
swarm of fish approaches, of which you have been
notified beforehand, and in a majority of cases a good
haul is the reward. Nova Scotia alone affords a
broad point of vantage for native netters or seiners;
while on the American shore there can be no such
base of operation, for the schools there steer mostly
coastwise, and the fleet of seiners is already on the
eruise. Not earrying wireless they cannot get the
radio news, and running to land to pick up the re-
ports would give the fish a grand chance to go by.
The situation can thus be comprehended at a glance,
and it renders the Washington bureau’s scouting pro-
ject (on a borrowed idea) of no effect whatever:

For gauging correctly the importance of the scout
service to Canadian fishermen, take a concrete ins-
tance: In the early days of May, Capt. Barkhouse
reported one or two bodies of mackerel in sight north
east of Brown’s and moving in a direction which would
carry them trough the Roseway channel, or within
striking distance of Lockeport. On getting the mes-
sage, a few netters from that harbor made a timely
start and took up the proper position for drifting.
Next morning they returned with pretty good fares,
and,. be it noted, this was before anything had been
caught or even sighted by the netters in Lobster Bay,
fifty miles farther west. The plain inference is that
the schools in the Lockeport offing were the pilot fish
of the principal streams, makng east of George’s and
therefore shortening the route, which brought them
farther ahead than the schools which hugged the New
England coast, appeared later at Yarmouth and finally
joined the main migratory column off Canso or around
Cape Breton Anyhow the chain of observation
which has been carried by an efficient lookout from
George’s Shoal to Cape North and farther up the
Gulf has lifted the migration of mackerel from the
dim domain of theory and placed it on the solid basis
of scientifie fact. ‘Till this season’s experiment the
marine biological staff ‘held it more than doubtful
that the mackerel passing Cape Sable ever extended
their journey to the North Bay. The following re-
ports taken from the newspapers set that question at
rest, and confute the lunatie stories about “the seout
searing the mackerel off soundings. “Large schools
of mackerel sighted off Lockeport, moving north
easterly. Several schools were located off Sambro,
and the nets at Dover made fair hauls. Mackerel
appeared about six miles off Canso,’’

Schools were being closely watched to ascertain
whether their course would be through Northumber-
land Strait, or towards the Magdalens. Moneton re-
ports the shipment of 164 barrels of mackerel to
Boston by Dominion Express. Other big shipments
of mackerel went forward from New Brunswick the
same week. In short, mackerel were never so plenti-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

ee

f July, 1921.

ful in eastern- waters for many years past, That th
is an extra good showing from a business viewpoin
few people will ‘have the hardihood to deny,

FISHERIES OF PRINCE EDWARD IS)

The lobster fishing season for greater part of Pi
Edward Island, — the exception being a hundred x
of coast from West Point to Victoria where the :
is from August 16th to October 16th — closed o
25th. — It opened on April 26th. The weather
the remainder of that month and for the whole of
was finer than last year and there were few lost
ing days but June was stormy, and in most sect
12 hauls were made. fi

The total pack was 25,51514 cases,—Last
the same period is 35,000, but there were 31 ;
neries operating this year, therefore the pack consider-
ing the number of boats and traps, was about norm

The surplus of the Island which remained unsold
the beginning of the season has in the meantime
disposed of, thus leaving the road open in the
for the pack of 1921. i ng te

The fishermen received this year $4
where they found their own gear, and $2 of
quite a decrease from last year. aha c=

This season a great deal of educative work was” ;
ried on with a view of getting packers and fishermen to’
take steps to improve the quality of their pack, as there
was a good deal of discoloration reported last year. ‘I —
am pleased to report,’’ said Fisheries Officer
“‘that the quality of the pack has been
to a marked degree. Some of the finest lobst
ever left Prince Edward Island were shipped this
year.’’ a sae tise

In the educational campaign referred to hh
Gallant and W. H. Tidmarsh held meetings at ve
fishing centres, the former who for many years a st
cessful packer giving a practical talk along sanitary
lines, and Mr. Tidmarsh dealing with the marketin
situation and impressing on packers and fishermen the
need of turning out as high class an article as possible.
Dr. Harrison and Dr. Hood from the Fisheries Deps
ment, Ottawa, conducted experiments at Rustico in.
packing of lobsters under different conditions, F
instance lobsters were held for various lengths of time
before being packed. The expert arrived at the CO
sion that after lobsters are held five hours after
are boiled, they are past their best for eannir

poses, they should be canned as soon as possible a’
they are boiled. nah try

Prof. J. B. Reid and Dr. Clarence Tidmarsh of
University, conducted experiments with regard
venting the development of bacteria, and in this w
the great value of absolute cleanliness with regar
utensils and canning equipment was demonstra:

Codfishing, for the month of June was better th:
for the same month in 1920, the catch being 1488 ew
more, The season, however, has get two or three mont
to run. The greater part of the eatch, so far, has
salted down, with the exception of what has
sold fresh loeally. Be

About 2,000 barrels of mackerel were taken in
the bulk of these in West Prince, the largest «
being in Alverton, from 2,500 to 5,000 per boat
netted in the middle of the month. At Rustico
Louis some good catches were also made. Since then
yield has been small. Very few mackerel were expo

fresh. The catch in June, was about 700 barrels better
than for the same month last year, a

CANADIAN

FISHERMAN

163

=/\~

MN

a glue prepared | in such a fori: that it is
y for immediate use, but continue to use other
s because they are not certain of the quality of
liquid glues on the market. Comparatively few
nists are familiar with the proper methods of
ig liquid glues. The method of determining the
ity of hide and bone glue by viscosity tests, jelly
determinations and water absorbing power
widely known and are considered reliable tests.
paratively little has been written concerning the
of testing fish glues and other liquid glues,
though these glues vary more widely in quality than
2 and bone glues.* In the following article the
jods of manufacture and testing of fish glue, and
| composition, properties, and uses have been con-
ed. The writer hopes that this discussion may
®@ a more general conception of the methods of
ng fish glue and a broader knowledge of its prop-
ies and uses,

Fish glue is marketed usually in the form of liquid
ae e and it is the most important liquid glue. Dry
h glues are soluble in water at ordinary room tem-
ares, whereas hide and bone glue merely swell
it do not dissolve under these conditions, Hide
nd bene glues are occasionally made into liquid glues;
in order to do this, the hard glues must be either
ssolved in a solution of a gel inhibiting substance
so treated that their chemical composition and
roperties are changed.

ve Source of Raw Materials.

The bulk of the fish glue manufactured today is
from the waste products of the cod, haddock, eusk,
and pollock industries. These fish are the so-called
mun ** fish which are caught on the banks, usually
together in the same nets, and cleaned on the same
wharves. Consequently, most of the fish glue stock
gomes to the glue factory already mixed, i. ¢., the waste
n the various species of fish have been dumped
into the same containers,
Some other species of fish than those mentioned
bove are used in the manufacture of glue — indeed
y fish might be used for the making of glue — but

hods

This article will constitute the basis of a section
pon fish glues which will appear in ‘‘The Chemistry
ad Technology of Gelatin and Glue’’, by Dr. R. H.
gue and collaborators, McGraw-Hill Book Co. This
is one of the Technochemical Series, edited by
Mellon Institute of Industrial Research.

Manufacture and Properties of Fish Glue

By DONALD K. TRESSLER, Ph. D., Industrial
Fellow of the Mellon Institute of Industrial Researeh
of the University of Pittsburgh.

ote Chemical Age.)

‘a Oe :

for certain practical and economical reasons only small
quantities of glue are manufactured from other fish.
The quality of glue prepared from these ground fish
is higher and the yield greater than is the case of glue
made from most other fish. Many species of fish — e. g.
menhaden — yield such small quantities of glue that
it is not economically practicable to use them. Other
fish, e. g. herring and mackerel, contain such large
quantities of fat that special procedures must be fol-
lowed to remove the fat from the fish in the glue-making
process. Many fish which would otherwise be used are
not caught largely in any one locality and consequently
the supply of fish waste at any particular point is
not large enough to justify the establishment of a glue
factory. Other fish are caught only for short seasons,
which would cause the glue factories to be idle most
of the year,

. The ground fish waste ordinarily is divided into three
classes, viz., (1) fish heads; (2) waste, i. e., salt fish
trimmings and bones; and (3) skin from the dried
salted fish. The fish heads are fresh and are hauled
frcm the wharves where the ground fish are cleaned.
With the exception of the exported salt fish, most of
the dried salt fish is skinned before it is packed for
shipping. The cod and eusk skins are not mixed with
the skins of the taaddock, hake and poltock. The cod
and eusk skins which have a small amount of salt-fish
adhering to them constitute the skin-glue stock. Most
of the salt fish sold in this country is eut into strips,
trimmed of the outer yellow portion and freed frem
bones. The trimmings, bones, and haddock, hake and
pollock skins constitute the salt-fish waste glue-stock
and is termed ‘‘waste’’. »

Methods of Manufacture.

Tiae glue stock, regardless of its source, must be
freed from salt or freshened before being made into
glue. The fish skin and waste stock, being a waste pro-
duct of the salt-fish industry, contain a much greater
percentage of salt and consequently more care must be
used in freshening it than in freshening the fish-head
stock. The fish skin and waste stock ordinarily are
agitated in running water in large tanks for a period
of 12 hours or more, or until a sample of the was)
water on analysis shows a low percentage of chlorides.
The stock is then thrown into false-bottomed tanks.
called ‘‘eookers’’, which usually have a layer of ex-
celsior on their false battoms. The stock is covered
with water and a slow flow of steam is passed into the
tanks, The length of the cooking period varies with
the nature of the glue stock; fish waste requiring

164

longer cities than fish skin stock. . Usually two runs
are made; that is, the liquor formed by the cooking of
the stock is drawn off when it becomes sufficiently
cone -entrated, more water is added and the cooking
is continued. The average concentration of the glue
liquors is about 5 per cent. The first run of glue
liquor is the better.

After from 6 to 10 hours’ cooking, when nearly all
the glue. has been removed from the stock,,the cooking
is stopped and the second run of glue liquor is
withdrawn. The residue in the cookers usually is
put in large hydraulic presses, where most of the
remaining glue liquor is pressed out. This press
glue liquor is added to the second run liquor,

Preservatives are added to the glue liquor to pre-
vent any bacterial action. Fish glue and glue liquors
decompose very rapidly if any considerable amount of
bacterial growth is permitted. The preservatives ad-
ded by various glue makers include phenol, cresol
and boric acid. The finished product contains from
2 to 4 per cent of preservatives, depending upon the
nature of the preservative added.

The glue liquor, drained from the cookers, next is
pumped to the evaporators. The types of evaporators
used vary in different factories. Some plants use open
pans heated with steam coils; others use open pans
containing revolving copper coils; and _ still others
use vacuum pan evaporators. The glue liquors usually
are strained through a coarse wire screen, The liquors
are evaporated to a uniform viscosity, and just before
the glue is run into the storage tanks, a sufficient
amount of some essential oil, as cassia, camphor, clove,
wintergreen or sassafras, dissolved in ethyl alcohol, is
added, to prevent the growth of moulds, These essen-
tial oils not only prevent the growth of moulds, but
mask the odor. Some fish, glues are also made opaque
by the addition of zine white or some other white
pigment. |

The process by which the fish heads are converted
into glue usually are kept more or less secret. * It
may be stated, however, that the processes are, for
the most part, similar to that outlined above, except
that the glue stock is digested with dilute acids,
usually hydrochloric or acetic acid, instead of cooking
with steam alone. Moreover, the stock and glue liquors
usually are bleached well. Sulphur dioxide and so-
dium bisulphite are the common bleaching agents.
Fish-head glues generally are made opaque with a
white pigment.

The residue, ‘‘chum’’, from the hydraulic presses
is dried and marketed either as chicken-feed or as a
fertilizer, and contains approximately 50 per cent of
protein. Then, too, the fish head and waste chum
contain a high percentage of caleium phosphate which
supplies lime for the egg shell and phosphorus for
the egg yolk.

Various fish-glue makers market their glues in dif-
ferent ways. Some cater to the trade ‘buying liquid
glue in bulk, others market it chiefly in small bottles
and cans. The following three grades ean be pur-
chased on the market: (1) photo-engraving glue which
is made from the first-run glue liquors from fish
skin; (2) fish-skin and fish-waste glue which is usually
sold in small bottles and small cans; (3) fish-head
glue, which is prepared from fish heads, ordinarily
is marketed in large cans and barrels,

Practical Tests to Determine the Quality of Fish Glue.

Fish glue of the ordinary viscosity contains from

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

‘doubtful quality. Consequently, if the glue-user

‘large humidors containing sulphurie acid: of the |

are the controlling factors in the strength of

Te COMER ee ee ae
ee EN aa

50 to 55 per cent of * iat and weighs from 9
to 10 pounds to the gallon. There is a considerable —
quantity of fish glue on the market which is of rath

not test his glue, it is wise to buy only from mé
facturers with well-established reputations. The
fish glues have a gel point of about 7.5 degr
A higher gel point is satisfactory i in warm weather,
is unsuited for outdoor work in cool weather, —
glues should not contain more than 0.2 per
sodium chloride, as a higher salt contain indie:
a poor drying, hygroscopic glue which, while pe ie
ing satisfactory joints in cool dry weather, pl
will weaken in humid weather. All fish glues
be slightly acid to litmus. “4
The drying test is carried out preferably by ous
ing a uniform layer of glue, about 1 inch in |
on a glass plate and placing the plate in a constan
humidity and temperature room, vi
similar layer of a standard glue of known hygro-
scopic properties. A room having a constant temper- —
ature of 20 deg. C., and a constant humidity of 50 —
per cent, will ‘be satisfactory. The time of drying —
and the hardness of the dried film are noted |
compared with the standard. The dried
siould be placed in a room having. a higher
and temperature. A very exacting test may be eon
ducted by choosing a room having a temperature |
25 deg. C. and 80 per cent humidity. Under su
conditions most fish and bone glues will soften: .
If the dried glue film becomes liquid or sticky under
these conditions, a poor glue is indicated. If constant —
temperature and humidity rooms are not.

dilution may be used.

The joint-strength tests, as ordinarily
not of much value in determining the
given sample of fish glue; inasmuch as —
ature and humidity at which the tests pe

oes |

joints, The personal equation is also an imp
factor which should be considered in comparing»
sults of joint tests. However, if the laboratory worker

conducts all the joint- strength tests under -
conditions of temperature and humidity, — results

of these tests become valuable. The results’ are par. |
ticularly useful if these tests are made under humid
conditions. A constant temperature and frumidity
room should be so regulated that the temperature is —
in the neighborhood of 25 deg. ©., and the wumidity
about 60 per cent. The wooden blogks and the joints
should be kept in this room or in a humidor havi
similar conditions of temperature and humidity.
der the conditions mentioned above, good fish
and fish-waste glues possess about the same
strength as high-grade bone and low-grade high ¢
Whereas fish-head glues are about as strong as me
grade bone glues.

Composition. ;

Until more work has been done on the comp
of fish glue, a complete analysis of the fifty per
of dry matter contained in liquid fish glue will
of little value in indicating the quality of the g'
Fish glues differ in composition from hide and
glues, in that fish glues are composed chiefly |
proteoses and peptones with a smaller proportion |
proteins, whereas the higher grade of hide glues ar
nearly pure gelatin, and bone glues oonaiat mainly

f gelatin and proteoses. The proteins of fish glue
higher in ammoniacal nitrogen, melanin and non-
ino nitrogen than the proteins of either hide or
bone- glues. The composition of the proteins of
fish glue resembles more closely that of the proteins
of bone glues than that of the proteins of hide glues.
Dry fish skin and fish waste glues contain about
one per cent of ash. The amount of ash contained
in fish-head glues varies widely, depending on the
‘method of manufacture used and the amount of
‘pigment or other inorganic material added during
the manufacture of the glue. Samples analyzed by
‘the writer contained from 1 to 5 per cent of ash in
the dry glue. A representative analysis of a sample
‘of ash from a fish skin glue is given below:
Analysis of Ash.
ash in dr} matter .. .. .. ....

per cent 0.96
muiea (SiO,): 2 os eae

12.7

Calcium oxide (CaO) .. 10.5
IRE (PAGO) 2 yc ier ee alsa he Sena trace
Potash and soda (K.O and Na,O) .. .. .. 13.9
ronan trioxide (SO )ore = creative ah tad 34.0

- Phosphorous pentoxide (P,O,) 24.9
Mehlorne (Cl) .. .. ..... .. 3.2
Ferrie oxide (Fe,0,) .. trace

(SIS atest ee As ae ae hee per cent 99.2
The color of liquid fish glue depends upon the
_ nature of the raw material, the method of manu-
acture and the clarity of the product. Fish-skin
glues, as they are ordinarily produced, are the clear-
est. Fish waste and fish-head glues are more or less
Opaque. Most clear fish glues make a dark joint
_ wehn used wit ligt-colored woods, and consequently
much of the liquid glue on the market contains some
white pigment. This gives the glue a lighter color
_ and also makes the joint less conspicuous.

_ The odor and taste of fish glues depend largely
upon the nature and amount of preservatives and
essential oils added. Upon heating for some time,
_ the essential oil is driven off and the true odor
of the fish glue becomes more apparent.

The ‘‘speed of set’’, or the time elapsing after the
application of a coat of glue until the glue becomes
a gel, depends upon the gel point and the viscosity
of the liquid glue, the amount of glue applied, the
nature of the wood, and also to some extent, upon
the humidity of the atmosphere. ‘‘Setting’’ is caused
by a partial withdrawal of the moisture in the glue,
thus causing the gelling of the liquid glue. The
higher the viscosity and gel point of the liquid glue,
the less the amount of glue applied, the more -ab-
sorbent the surface to which the glue is applied,
_and the lower the temperature and humidity of the
atmosphere, the more rapidly does the g **set’’.
_ At any given temperature and humidity the rate
at which the fish glue dries depends upon the source
of the glue, the method of manufacture and the salt
content. As a rule, fish-skin and waste glues dry
“More rapidly than fish-head glues, although if the
fish skin and waste glues contain an abnormally
high salt content this may be reversed.

_ The viscosity of liquid fish glue depends wpon the
Source of glue, the method of manufacture, the per-
centage of dry glue in the liquid glue, the tempera-
ture, and the addition of substances other than fish
glue, e..g. borie acid, hard glue, phenol and eresol.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

165

The addition of borie acid increases the viscosity
of liquid fish glue to some extent; whereas the ad-
dition of phenol and cresol decreases the viscosity.
Small amounts of hard glue, i. e., animal glues,
sometimes are added to increase the viscosity. :

Fish-head glues are usually more flexible than skin
and waste glues. Glycerine and glucose often are
added to increase the flexibility of glues.

Properly preserved liquid fish glues
indefinitely in an air-tight can or
bottle. If the glue is stored in a cold room it will
gel. This gel melts quickly as soon as the glue has
been warmed above its gel point. When liquid glue
containing phenol or eresol is put up in tin cans,
after a time a black ring is formed around the top
of the can where the phenol or eresol has attacked
the iron, However, this does not injure the quality
of the glue. Precipitates sometimes settle out from
poorly prepared liquid glue, but this settling does
not injure the strength of the glue.

Uses.

No other glue on the market has as many or as
varied uses as liquid fish glue. The best grade
of fish-skin glue is the only satisfactory glue which
can be used for the production of half-tone plates °
gfor photo-engraving work. It is also used to some
extent in the production of zine line plates for
photo-engraving work. Fish glues are used largely
where flexible glues are required, e. g., in the manu-
facture of court plaster, labels and stamps, and in
the binding of books. Where small amounts of a
strong, ready-to-use, adhesive is needed, fish glues
are universally used, e. g., for small repair jobs
about the house,-for shoe repairing and general re-
pair work. Some fish glue is blended with hide glue
and used as belt cement for leather belts. Large
quantities of fish-head glue are used in various siz-
ing operations, for the glue stiffens materials yet
is somewhat flexible. Some fish glue is used in the
chipping of glass in the production of translucent
glass. Large quantities are used in box-making,
furniture making, and for general joining work.

BENEFITS OF MACKEREL SCOUTING.
Has the Spawning Ground Been Located?

Has Captain Clement Barkhouse of the Fisheries Pro-
tection Cruiser ‘‘Arras’’ discovered the spawning
grounds of the evasive mackerel? He has been follow.
ing the schools from the time they enter our Canadian
waters for two seasons and his observations are of more
than usual interest.

Scientists have generally recognized the fact that the
mackerel strike inshore to spawn but it had been the
general belief that they deposit their eggs promis-
cuously along the shore waters of New England and the
Maritime provinces. Captain Barkhouse, who had con-
siderable practical experience mackerel seining before
scouting for the schools on the “Arras’’, now asserts
that the mackerel spawning grounds are about Prince
Edward Island, between East Point and Malpeque.

After describing the course of the schools along the
Nova Scotia shore, around Cape Breton into the Gulf
of St. Lawrence, Captain Barkhouse continues :

“On June 21 the mackerel seemed to stop between
East Point, P.E.I. and Malpeque, P.E.I. and, this, I
have found, is the spawning ground. They were from
three to five miles off shore and were very sluggish. IT
examined mackerel on June 22 that had been taken in
the locality and found that the spawn had already been

will keep
well-stoppered

166

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

deposited, which goes to prove my contention that this
is the spawning ground, observing that I had examined
fish from the same locality on June 16, and they were
full of spawn,”’

Captain Barkhouse’s report sets out the course of the
various sechcols as they struck the Nova Scotia coast, the
first on May 11, and he describes their progression to
the Gulf of St. Lawrence where, he says, their move-
ment was arrested for the purpose of spawning. He
also makes the following observations upon the not too
ereat success of the Maritime mackerel fishery, in con-
nection with which it should be borne in mind that Can-
adian fishermen fish with drag nets and nets fixed to
the bottom inshore and consequently the schools must
run close to land to come in contact with their gear. The
one Canadian seiner ‘‘Nellie Banks’’ of Lockeport
achieved considerable success by keeping in touch with
the ‘‘ Arras.”’

[It is noted that the shore mackerel fishing is not
as’ prosperous as it might be. There are several reasons
why such a condition exists, especially as regards this
particular year. The mackerel have long been known
as the most timid fish that haunt our shores and no
special effort is put forth to encourage their approach
and this year several obstacles had to be contended with.
Unfortunately the lobster season and the mackerel sea-
son ran concurrently, the fishermen having their full
lobster equipment in use, which required daily attend-
ance with motor boats; and the presence of a couple of
hundred of these craft naturally has a tendency to
frighten the fish. The oil tanker ‘‘Impoco’’ grounded
on Blonde Rock and was subsequently released and
towed to Halifax. During all this operation oil was
escaping from her tanks and at times there was a body

July, 1921.

of oil three or four miles wide which drifted along the
coastline.
Despite these adverse conditions outlined by Captain

‘ Barkhouse it is encouraging to note that the mackerel

fishery this year was considerably better than last,
this conditivn applying particularly on the western
coast of Nova Seotia.

IT SHOULD HAVE BEEN FISH.

A negro employed at one of the movie studios in
Los Angeles was drafted by a director to dosa novel
comedy scene with a lion. pk

““You get into this bed,’’ ordered the director,
‘‘and we'll bring the lion in and put him in bed
with you. It will be a secream.”’

‘*Put a lion in bed with me!’’ yelled the negro.
‘*No sah! Not a-tall. I quits right here and now.’’

‘‘But,’’ protested the director, ‘‘this lion won’t
hurt you. This lion was brought up on milk.”’

‘So was I brung up on milk,’’ wailed the negro,
‘but I eats meat now.’’ — Saturday Evening Post.

CAUSE EXPLAINED.

Unable Seaman — When I come round the surgeon
’e says to me, ‘‘I’m blooming sorry, mate, I don’t
know what I was thinking about,’’ he says, ‘‘but
there’s a sponge missin’, and I believe it’s inside
yer.’ And there it is to this day.

Gullible Old Gentleman — Bless my soul!

Unable Seaman —TI don’t feel no particular pain
from it, but I do get most uncommonly thirsty.

Canadian Fish Plants--No. 3

DRYING YARD OF THE MARITIME FISH CORPORATION, LTD., AT DIGBY, N. S.

:

duly, 1921,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

167

SONI

suitable for publication.

528 Winch Building, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

-

SS ZF
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Pacific Coast |
ra Section

“The Canadian Fisherman,”’ Pacific Coast Branch, will be glad to have inquiries from any one who wishes
information in any way connected with the fishing industry.

Wi fey
SEE
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We would also appreciateyitems of fishing news

Address communications to F. E. Payson, Pacific Coast Representative, Industrial & Educational Press, Ltd.,

EB THERE ANY QUANTITY OF CRAYFISH TO
BE HAD IN BRITISH COLUMBIA?

Your correspondent was recently asked if there was
ny report of there being any quantity of crayfish to
had in British Columbia? If there are any of
Yhese fish to be had there is a sure revenue which
“should be taken advantage -of by fishermen, In
outhern Washington and Oregon the crawfish which
much similar was for a long time much sought
ter, There does not seem to be much information
ailable as regards this particular shellfish.

MERCHANTS EXCHANGE OF VANCOUVER TO
& HAVE CANNERY AND FISH SECTION.
> The Vancouver Merchants Exchange is to have a seec-
ion devoted to the canned and fresh fish news and
sports. The exchange which has only recently been
anized is being operated for the benefit of the mer-
ats and shipping trades of Vancouver. Reports of
arkets in different parts of the world, news regarding
applies and reports of the movements of ships are re-
orded daily. A wireless station of the Marconi sys-
am is located in the exchange which is in the Metropo-
litan building, 837 Hastings St., West. In connection
With the fisheries section, news from all over the eon-
ment will be received just as soon as proper connec-
ons are arranged. This will mean reports as to cat-
hes, conditions of the canned fish markets at different
bints and quotations on both canned and fresh fish.
he exchange is operated for the securing and furnish-
@ of such news as will benefit the business man of
fancouver, and is in no way an exchange fer the buy-
@ and selling of merchandise.

OTTAWA DECIDES IT CANNOT REDUCE
' CANNERY CHARGES.

The application of the B. C. canners for a reduction
in license fees for canneries has been refused by the
Minister of Marine and Fisheries, The ‘reason given
being that a reduction in the fees for salmon canneries
and fisheries would set a precedent that would be se-
rious as other sections of the industry are naturally
after reductions. It is also pointed out that under
existing financial conditions the department cannot see
its way to allow any reductions,

FISH-TRAP PIRATES AGAIN AT WORK IN
ALASKA.

Reports from Alaska state that the fish-trap pirates
are again robbing traps this year. This applies not only
to one but several districts. Several thousand fish are
taken from different traps, and the aggregate number
of fish taken runs up into many thousands.

AS THE BUYERS OF CANNED SALMON LOOK
AT THE MARKET.

A representative of one of the largest buyers of
eanned salmon was talking to the correspondent of the
Canadian Fisherman recently and during the conversa-
tion stated that the salmon cannery owners were en-
titled to every dollar they could get this season, He said
that the cannery owner was up against more than one
problem and it would take some time for them to solve
them. Not only were they confronted with the problem
of new elements in the consuming market in the way
of Siberian competition, but they confronted with the
problem of going out and marketing their fish which
they had not been in the habit of doing, but had always
relied upon the broker to come to them. Now they

168

would have to go out and sell their goods, and in this
connection he made the statement that in very few in-
stances were they familiar with this particular side of
their problem although some of them were going out
and endeavoring to create their own markets. The
brokers are using every endeavor to move the balance
of the pack, and the stock is gradually moving but not
in any sizable quantities. Buyers of this season’s pack
are saying nothing as to what prevailing prices may be.

OLD MAN ‘SUPPLY AND DEMAND”.

“Old Man ‘‘Supply and Demand’’ will always de-
termine the price of canned salmon.’’ *

The above is quoted from an article written. by Wm.
Horsely, of Seattle, Wash., who had much to do with
the recent advertising campaign of the Seattle salmon
eanners. Mr. Horsley goes on to say further that the
supply each year is fairly well fixed, and that the
problem is to secure an increased demand among the
consumers of canned salmon. He is quite right in his
contention that the only way to increase this ‘demand is
to get more people to eat it, and the only way to get
more people to eat it is to advertise it. Keep adver-
tising it, and keep people interested in canned salmon,
if not 365 days a year then as many of those 365 days
as it is possible to get them to be interested, but keep
them interested as many days in the year as it can be
done.

The only problem in this connection is how much
money is the canner prepared to spend? It will cost
seomething to carry on propaganda and nothing was
ever gained unless some expense and effort-was used in
getting the results desired.

VANCOUVER WHOLESALE FISH MARKET.

Halibut.—The supply of halibut has been very plenti-
ful for a few weeks during the last of June and the first
of July. Many of the smaller independent boats have
been coming into Vancouver. The wholesale price is
running 9¢ and 14e per Ib. for chicken and mediums.

Salmon.—Now that the canneries on the Fraser River
have started up, the supply of sockeyes on the fresh fish
market has diminished, but a few are being sold fresh
at from 15 to 16 cents dressed with heads on. There is
a very good supply of springs at 16e with heads off.
Bluebacks are selling at 10 to 12 cents dressed with
heads on. The blueback supply is not as large as
it has been as the cannery at Lasqueti Island has
started up.

Cod.—There is a very plentiful supply of cod for this
time of the year, when there is usually a scarcity, This
is partly accounted for by the fact that the number of
licenses issued to Japanese has not been increased. The
prices of cod is 7e per lb. This is for local caught fish.

Herring.—Point Grey herring are not coming in very
well and the result is that the supply of fresh kippers
~ very small, Fresh herring are wholesaling at 6¢ per

»

Soles.—The supply of soles is not very good as the
fish are not as large as formerly and as a result the
sale is not as good. 8c is the prevailing price.

The market in general for all kinds of fresh fish is
not as good owing to there being so much fresh fruit,
and the price of meat has had quite a drop.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

ange 3
WASHINGTON TO HAVE CLOSED SEASON —
It is reported, but not as yet confirmed, tha
Fisheries Commission of the State of Washingtc
going to order a closed season dating from August |
to September 15th; and that they will ask the Cana
authorities to co-operate. a ae
PRINCE RUPERT ITEMS. _
A Rupertonian swears he noted a new
car numbered 10040 in the yards recently
cars, about which the whole worl
numbered from 10000 to 10030,
Fish Dock are wondering if
going to throw in another ten or so 2
solatium for past worries. ae

Considerable salmon is being landed in
Alaska points owing to ice shortages. Pri
is the only port on the coast which is not
of a shortage. ? oe

PICNIC ‘
The annual picnic of the Vancouver :
Dealers and their families was held at Co
July 1st. This annual event is becoming —
with the dealers and their families.
icularly have a great time. A footbal
feature of this year’s event, and then there
games and a dance ended up a very e
outing. ais

_ THE SEASON SO FAR IN THE DIFFE
SALMON DISTRICTS IN BRI’
COLUMBIA.
In number two district, including, Rivers
Inlet, The Skeena, and Naas Rivers have
12th) been very poor. This has been partly
high winds and much rain, which has prevailed
the district. One or two days of good weather bh
a little improvement but the outlook is any
good and unless good weather comes along
be very disappointing at all the canneries
trict. ee
Fraser River District—Thirteen canner
ing in this district where there were ly 10 yperat
last season, As the canneries only started up on
night of the 10th there is not much that ean b
about the river just now. The fish that have
so far are rather small. The price being pai
erman is 50e per fish. All independent ge ee r
this is only price being paid. Lasqu slanc
is being operated this season and Eagle Harbor «
is being operated by A. E. Sherman.

MILD CURED SALMON IN BRITISH CC
A LARGE CATCH OF HALIB

During the first two weeks of May, approxim

one million eight hundred thousand pounds of ha

were caught on the fishing banks of British

coast. Of this eateh all but two hundred —

pounds entered Prince Rupert. ;

des

4

MILD CURED SALMON IN BRITISH COLU

The West coast of Vancouver Island has alw:
dueed a considerable quantity of salmon for
curing market, but a great quantity of this goe
the United States, and the result is that British Cob

he

ee ie SO ANADIAN

of money every year, This year it is worse
if anything, as practically all the large fish
g to Seattle and being mild cured there.
herman are being paid 10¢ per lb. in the round,
makes a high priced mild cured-product.. Quo-
are being talked at 26 to 28 cents per pound.
s is not a high price when the dress away is taken
consideration. The Canadian mild curer is how-
-up against a high priced fish.

have been no reports as to how North Island
z on although at the first of the season there
-eateh.

MAJOR MOTHERWELL ON NORTHERN
INSPECTION TRIP.

Motherwell, Chief Inspector of Fisheries for
left for an inspection trip in number 2 district
the 10th of July, and will cover every cannery
ing ground as far north as the American
y. The trip is being made on the government
steamer Givenchy. ‘This trip will comprise a

rough inspection of the conditions: prevailing
northern district.

ENGINEER McHUGH RETURNED ON
10th OF JULY FROM SALMON ARM.

er McHugh has just returned from Salmon
re he has been busy superintending the re-
obstructions from a number of sockeye streams
are working on Salmon River and it expected
access for fish will be opened some time this

FISHERIES PATROL BY AIR.
demonstration of the use of the airplane for
pose of patroling the fisheries districts took

FISHERMAN 169

on the labor and cooperage item a considerable place on the night of the 9th of July when Asst. Chief

Inspector of Fisheries took a flight in the Government
airplane stationed at Jericho Beach piloted by Captain
Fraser. This was during the weekly closed season when
no fish are allowed to be caught from 6 p.m. Friday until
6 p.m. on Sunday. The flight was made on Saturday
evening and extended from the North Arm of the
Fraser river to New Westminster Bridge thence down
the main river to the Gulf of Georgia. The patrol was
successful and no boat was seen breaking the regula-
tions.

DOES NOT REPRESENT CANADIAN FISHING
COMPANY.

The statement in our last issue that the Grimsby
Brokerage Company, Toronto, had been appointed
agents for the Canadian Fishing Company, Ltd.,* Van-
couver, in the Province of Ontario, is not correct. The
irimsby Brokerage Company merely received per-
mission to sell the canned fish products of the Can-
adian Fishing Company. The Canadian Fishing Com-
pany have granted no exclusive agencies to any firms
in Ontario for the sale of their fresh or prepared
fish products, ,

PRINCE RUPERT CARS ARRIVED AND IN
SERVICE.

All of the thirty express refrigerator cars promised
by the Government Railway officials for che Prince
Rupert fish trade have been placed in commission and
the fish trade at the North Pacific port have voiced
their thanks to the Canadian Fisheries Association
for the work done in securing delivery of the ears.

The statement of car shortages for the month of
June, compiled by Secretary Lee of the Prince Rupert
Branch, C.F. A., record no shortages. The Secretary
voices the hope that the day is not far distant when
such statements will be no longer necessary.

wa

—

CR

AB

MARKET SALMON PACK BY CO-OPERATION
Pool Surplus, Grade It, and Dump Inferior Goods 2

By PISCATOR.

Columbia: salmon has a reputation to main-
d exporters should employ the greatest care
Desmirch it. At the present time they are in
a tough fix. I understand there are close to
ers of a million eases carried over from
) 1919 and some from 1918. Whether or not my
its composition is correct, the fact that there
‘a heavy surplus is true and its influence on the
‘this year is a reduction to thirty or thirty-five
t of the normal production with the elimination
e lower grades completely.
mon producers in the United States, Alaska, and
as well as British Columbia, are exerting
‘ort to market a surplus stock, and as Great
is the chief buyer, that is the chief seat of
s. What devices may be employed by others
the product on the market is a matter of no
to British Columbia, but it is a matter of
nee to British Columbia to maké sure that

in the process of readjusting their business and in
the prevailing financial stringency, salmon canners
are not lured into some scheme of unloading, which,
although it may bring them immediate financial relief,
may destroy the best markets for the next decade,

Canned salmon from our Western coast is known
to the world as British Columbia production; the
trade label is a matter of secondary importance. Each
and every packer, therefore fas an interest in the
marketing of the entire production, inasmuch as in-
ferior quality in a small minority of cases reflects
not only on the packers whose trade label it bears
but upon all western Canadian packers.

Great Britain and France are our two best markets
for canned salmon, and we should be eager to retain
them as such. I have in mind at the present time a
certain brand of cigar whieh came on the market
about ten years ago. It was cheap and of good qual-
ity. A demand rapidly developed but it dropped

170

just as quickly when the producers put into i a poorer
grade of tobacco. The waning demand brought the
producers to their senses, but it was too late. The
damage had been done. To regain the market they
must put extra quality tobacco into their cigars, main-
tain a standard price, advertise extensively and then
wait for years until their ‘‘lapse’’ has been forgotten.

I am not inferring that the surplus salmon in the
warehouses of British Columbia is not all up to
standard. By no means. But naturally there is a
portion of it which is not of a quality desired by
England or France. Should this latter commodity
be put into these markets to jeopardize future trade?

The British Columbia eanners must extricate them-
selves or a good many of them may find themselves
out of the game. But in so doing they must make
provisions for future years or exactly the same situa-
tion must confront them later. If the entire surplus
were the property of one concern and if one organ-
ization were handling the entire annual output of
British Columbia there is no doubt this point would
be appreciated. The stock would probably be culled;
the finest grades sent to Europe; inferior grades put
on the local market at bargain rates with a frank
acknowledgement of inferiority so that the future
trade would not be imperilled, or else worked into
other markets on the same representation; and lastly,
a considerable portion would probably be dumped.

As I have said, this might be feasible were only
one organization operating, but there are many. Pro-
bably one company has more of the inferior grades
than another and cannot afford to make the sacrifice.

A solution of the situation seems to lie in marketing
the surplus on a co-operative basis. Pool the overplus
and grade it as suggested above. Dispose of the
grades which can be accompanied by adequate guar-
antees, in Europe; market inferior grades with a
warning to the buyer and the public of inferior
quality; and dump what must. be dumped. Make
disbursement of the revenue to the members not on
the basis of grades but on the total amount contrib-
uted to the general pack by each concern, irrespective
of whether it was first, second or third grade. Such
a scheme would be the salvation of the small producer,
but of course at the expense of the bigger man. But
the assistance is not on a philanthropic plea, because
the suggested scheme has chiefly in mind to maintain
the confidence of our best markets for the future.
The loss must be borne, so why not distribute it so
that it will be less severe. In any case the loss
will be quite heavy, but other branches of industry
have absorbed a similar loss in the readjustment.

Many, no doubt, will hesitate to co-operate, knowing
that a neighboring concern has a large proportion of
second grade stock. Perhaps the principle does not
appear sound when presented in that way. But
let it be understood that the idea is not to relieve
individual producers, but to extricate the entire in-
dustry of British Columbia from a situation whieh
threatens disaster.

As far as the domestic trade is concerned the public
in general does not appreciate the distinetion between
the various grades in a commercial way. What I
mean is this: consumers do not know the relative
commercial value of the different species of salmon
and consequently are frequently imposed upon by
tricky merchants. This condition of affairs does not
improve the market and it should be to vhe interest

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

July, 1

of producers to take every opportunity to edu
the public on this point. The information may y
well be printed on each label in tabular form,
trating the comparative commercial and nutritive
ues. The grade of the contents may be prin
larger or different-colored letters than the oth
rieties. At the same time the informative label
keep constantly in the publie mind the econo:
using the less costly grades, oth

The theme upon which this article elab
gests the value of compulsory inspection of ;
fish. None appreciates the advantage of t
than the thinking salmon canner, If the
the British Columbia Salmon Canners
can see its worth, why not voluntarily a
selves without waiting for compulsory le;
the part of the federal government? If
prove satisfactory in every particular
would pave the way for a compulsory

HERRING AS A FOOD. —
Contains More Albumen and Fat Tha

Salt herring, according to figures just pu
a German investigator, contains more, al
fat, taken together, than any other fo
the exception of pork. The figures referred
been compiled by Dr. Lucke, head of
Institute in Geestemunde, and appear in-
‘‘ischerei Zeitung.’’ Their main t is
out the very high nutritive value of the

ey

Food Values of Meat and F

1,000 grammes of contain as follows in :—
albumen rene
Meat,’ medium 168
Meat, lean .. 176
Pork, medium .. 130.5
Pork, lean . 129
Mutton, medium 148
Mutton, lean 178
Haddoek 94
O08 ee tee aa 106
Mcoalfish “iterate 166
DBD. os cea 88
Dogfish .. .. 80
Salt herring .. 163
Smoked herring 174

Smoked haddock .. .. .. 172
- From the above table the eompiler—
advantages of consumers comparing nutritive
with retail prices, As between a fish and
diet it will be found that more albumen
fat can be got from fish at a smaller
from meat. In fagt, in essential contents,
diet is the cheaper of the two. =

SARDINE PLANTS DARK.

Although more than two months have passed si
the date fixed by law for the opening of the :
factories in Maine, thus,-for no general move has
made to start packing, only one canner being rep
in operation thus far. :

Csr Diy, at yo eos

CANADIAN

GOODS ORGANIZED.

The announcement of the orgnization of The Inter-
mal B. F, Goodrich Corporation marks another
ing of the field of activities of the big rubber
uring concern which recently ronnded out its

eth year,
The B. F, Goodrich Company made its first entry into
yn markets more than twenty years ago, during the

part of which there has been a very rapid growth.
products have been introduced into every civilized
intry on the globe and indeed have been and are
used in out of the way lands which are just be-
ng to feel the first influences of civilization.

Phe new company, which has just been incorporated
- thie laws of New York with an authorized capital
0,000,000, will represent The B. F. Goodrich Com-
in all foreign countries except Canada. It will
over the parent company’s interest in factories
h selling organizations) located in France and
as well as its selling subsidiaries in Great Bri-
‘Ttaly, Spain, South Africa, Straits Settlements
Porto Rico, acquiring distributors in all foreign
tries. It will handle all the products of the parent
any — tires for automobiles, trucks, motoreycles
bieycles ; rubber footwear, conveyor and drive belts ;
and packing; water bottles and surgical rubber
8; in short, all of the thousands of different pro-
now being made by The B. F. Goodrich Company

the new company which will, in addition, produce
nd sell products in France and Japan.

*

_ he aggressive and progressive sales methods of the
company and its subsidiaries have established a
volume of foreign business and its steady and
increase has made necessary an organization like
International B. F. Goodrich Corporation, through
h will be effected centralization of all these foreign
ities. With the new company as the selling repre-
tive of the parent company, as well as producing
France and Japan, the entire foreign operations of
he Goodrich interests will be directed from Akron.
_ The directors of the new company are B. G. Work,
-O. Rutherford, H. K. Ravmond, L. D. Brown, H.
ovgh, W. C. Arthur, ©. B. Raymond, F. C. Van Cleef
nd W. C. Geer, of whom the first six named consti-
ute the Executive Committee. The officers are B. G.
York, President, W. C. Arthur, Vice-Pres., F. C. Van
ef, Secretary, L. D. Brown, Treasurer, H. Hough,
mptroller, F. E. Titus, Director of Sales and W. Tt.
en, Director of Manufactures. The administration
the affairs of the new company will be directed by
-C. Arthur, Vice-President, formerly Assistant Se-
tary of The B. F. Goodrich Company, with whom
ill be directly associated F. E. Titus, formerly Foreign
les Manager of The B. F. Goodrich Rubber Company,
ho will have general direction of sales, and W. H.
en. formerly Assistant Superintendent and Techni-
‘Director of The B. F. Goodrich Company, who will
e general direction of manufacturing activities of
subsidiaries of the new company.
The New York offices of the new Company will be
peated at 1780 Broadway. The administrative and
ting offices will be located at Akron, Ohio.

The value of the fish landed in England and Wales
British fishing vessels in 1920 amounted to £21,-
470,

3 CORPORATION FOR GOODRICH RUBBER ~

FISHERMAN

FISH SCRAP FIRE WARNING.

Over the name of B. W. Dunn, Chief Inspector( the U.
S. Bureau of Explosives, 30 Vesey street, New York,
has sent out the following caution notice to manufac-
turers of fish serap:

The number of fires occurring in shipments of fish
scrap have inereased in recent years to such an extent
that some regulation of this traffic is necessary to elim-
inate these fires.

During the years 1918 to 1920 inclusive 19 fires oc-
curred in such shipments, causing a property loss of.
over $101,000. The rapid increase of the fires may be
observed from the fact that in 1918 one fire occurred ;
in 1919 there were five fires, and in 1920 there were
thirteen fires, —

It is generally recognized that moist fish serap will
heat spontaneously, but it has been our experience that
overheating or overdrying in manufacture will also cause
fires in transit just in the same way as rough ammoniate
tankages and dried garbage tankage.

Tn order to prevent fires in shipments of fish scrap
we propose recommending to the Interstate Commerce
Commission that in its forthcoming revision of the Reg-
vlations for the Transportation of Dangerous Articles
fish scrap containing less than 8 per cent. moisture or
more than 12 per cent. moisture, or which has a tem-
perature exceeding 100 degrees Fahrenheit, shall not
be nermitted to be shipped by rail.

It has been the constant aim of this bureau to secure
through the co-operation of interested manufacturers
the results it has desired to accomplish. Your eonsi-
deration of the proposed amendment is requested, and I
shall be nleased to receive your comments and sugges-
tions so that arrangements may be made to enforee uni-
form standards to avnly to freight shipments of fish
seran. Tt is advisable that the proposed amendments be
adhered to on this seasen’s shipments as well as in the
frtrre, so that the costlv fires similar to those that have
ecenrred in the nast will be vrevented. The co-opera-

tion of all mannfacturers of fish serap is earnestly so-
licited to this end,

171

SHARK CATCHING IS NEW B. C. INDUSTRY.

Victoria, B. C., June 23. — A new industry, that of
shark catching, has been started along the British Co-
Inmbia coast. Some one has discovered that the shark
has almost as many valnable parts as the packer has
found in the hog, The shark has no squeal, but it has
more variety.

Shark meat is said to be almost as toothsome as a bit
of whitefish er salmon. The head is full of fine glue.
The fins are a Chinese delicacy. The liver has 60 or 70
ner cent of fine oil—which is usually substituted for
so-called ‘‘cod-liver oil’’—and some glycerine, Shark’s
teeth are in demand for the manufacturing of orna-
ments. The bones are excellent for fertilizing use. The
hides are snitable for tanning, and range from sole
leather to fine kid-like leather which can be called
“‘snede’?,

No matter what part of the shark is brought forward,
some economical use can be found for it, and there are
millions-of sharks along the coast.

LOTS OF FISH ON TARE BRIE, BUT PRICES
WwW.

Port Stanley, Tnly 2, — Large quantities of fish are
being bronght in by the tngs, but prices are so low that
some of the firms are again pulling in their nets,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Ontario Provincial Hatchery at

This Latest Addition To The Ontario Government’s
Hatcheries Is Perhaps The Best Situated And
Best Equipped Hatchery in Canada,

By A. R. R. JONES.

= 3

st month some account was given of the good

aie that is being done by the Game and Fisheries
Department of the Province of Ontario in the way of
supplying and distributing fish from. the Provincial
hatcheries and breeding ponds. This month I propose
to say a word or two with regard to the latest addition
to the Ontario Government’s hatcheries— that at
Sault Ste. Marie. |

In a talk I had recently with Mr. A. W. MeLeod,
Supervisor of Ontario Hatcheries and Breeding Ponds,
he mentioned four conditions as tending to an ideal
location for a hatchery. In the first place, he said,
the water must be pure and cool. Secondly, the
location should be such that the water can be ob-
tained by gravity instead of by a system of pumps.
Thirdly, the location should be as central as possible,
not only for the collection of the eggs, but also for
the distribution of the fry and fingerlings. Fourthly,
the hatchery should be in the neighborhood of a good
collecting ground. Fifthly, there should be: adequate
shipping facilities. ‘

All these conditions are complied with in the ease of
the hatchery at the Soo. The water from Lake Su-
perior is splendidly pure and cool, its temperature,
from one seasonale extreme to the other, varying
from 33 in winter to 45 or 50 in summer. In respect
both of the obtaining of water by gravity and also
of central situation and remarkably good shipping
facilities, the location of the Soo Hatchery is excellent.
The collecting field is grand. The South and Hast
shores of Lake Superior and those around Michipieoten
Island are unexcelled as spawning grounds for both
salmon trout and whitefish—and particularly for the
former — while the North Shore of the Georgian Bay
is not only an excellent collecting ground for trout
and whitefish, but is also unsurpassed as a collecting
ground for pickerel.

The Soo hatchery is situated on a strip of Govern-
ment ground between the power canal and the ship
eanal—a highly convenient location for shipping pur-
poses, It is a frame building of two storeys in height,
eighty-five feet long by forty feet wide. Its capacity is
in the neighborhood of 15,000,000 salmen trout, and 50,-
000,000 whitefish and 150,000,000 pickerel.

The entire lower part of the building forms the hat-
chery proper. As one enters this by the front door
at the east end, one comes to the Manager’s office. The
sides of this are entirely of glass, so that the Manager,
sitting in his office, can see the entire length of the
hatchery. The hatchery has a cement floor® and the
aisle down the centre is five feet wide. On either side
of this aisle are the trout troughs, there being five
sections on each side of the aisle and six troughs to
each section. Beyond the trout troughs, and at the west
end of the building, is the large whitefish tank. This
tank is surrounded by the whitefish battery whieh eon-

tains 500 jars. Each of these jars holds fo
eggs. It should be mentioned that 40,00:
eggs go to one quart, while the pickerel
150,000 to a quart, and the salmon trout egg epee
a quart. Under normal conditions, the e of tre
and whitefish — both which fish spawn in eI

November — take only about from 18 to 21 days
hatch. However the time taken for ha E
to vary somewhat; with the temperature a

The water for the hatchery, which com
Superior, is piped from the power ec:
of 450 feet—-in a ten inch pipe. As
the hatchery is all fed by means of gi
Is no pumping whatever. At the far
hatchery is located the steam heating
a this being, as regards about half_

‘oor.

Some of the hatchery’s equipment
bit of money in the aggregate. For e3
in which the whitefish and pickerel are
19 ins. by 5% ins., cost about $3 a pies
cans, for shipping the fry, are of galv
are practically 16 inches square. The
trout eggs are each 175g inches long
wide by 6 inches deep, and are made of.¢
cloth *4 inch by 7 mesh. A double tra:

.of these baskets. The egg eases used for
from the spawning ground to the hateh
and, when being shipped, the eggs are
trays and covered with cheese cloth |
being thirty trays, in layers, in each _woode
space around. the tray, inside the wooden
with chopped ice in order to keep the
transit. ss

ares

The second storey of the building
Manager’s dwelling-house, This is en
arate door on the north side of the bui
separate stair-case. The Manager, who is }
to live on the premises, as it is necessary
be constantly on the spot in order to look
chery efficiently. The accommodation
the dwelling-house consists of a living-
room, three bedrooms, a bathroom, an me
room for the use of help, if needed. The 3
three assistants who, in addition to the | r
titute the regular staff, do not reside on the
The building, both .hatechery and dwelling-+
lighted throughout with electrie light. With
ment, it cost about $30,000, Ra es ‘

It is the poliey of the Department to build
hatchery each year, Mr. Donald McDonald, the —
uty Minister, and Mr. MeLeod have already insp
several likely sites for the next hatehery to be b
This will be in the eastern part of the Province —
possibly in the vicinity of Peterboro, ar

Pim.

aly, 1921, Se See

LMON ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN IN THE
, UNITED KINGDOM.

n advertising campaign in the United Kingdom.
e sales of canned salmon have been depressed for

increase the demand by extensive advertising
yughout the country. For the benefit of Canadian
ars who may not be familiar with the said efforts,
y be stated that the propaganda, which as been
ugurated by the Kamchatka Salmon Packers’ As-
wtion, takes such forms as the distribution of win-
w cards in two colours which grocers are now dis-
ying illustrating the product of this organization;
» issue of one million gummed advertising labels fur-
ed free to grocers; and the distribution of a booklet
@ various methods of serving tinned salmon,
issue of which has been fixed at 500,000 copies.
. effective illustration shown in the beoklet is in
rm of a clock face with the months of the year
ponding with the time hands, designed to bring
the impression that salmon should be, eaten all
ar round.

@ of the fishing season on July 15th next, ac-
2 to officials of the Alberta and Great Waterways
. It is expected that the catch in the lakes north
t of Edmonton this year will be the most suceess-
history by reason of the completeness of the pre-
ns already made.

ermen of the north are anxiously awaiting the
ening date upon which they can launch their nets.
season saw in the neighborhood of one and a half
pounds of fish taken from the Lesser Slave Lake
out one half million pounds from the waters of
Biche.

hite fish, the product of Alberta, has made a great
for itself in cities of Eastern Canada and the
States, and it is expected that the present sea-
ll witness great quantities of the white fish from
jis province enter the markets of Chicago.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

173 (89)

Five companies, all employing a considefable number -
of men are operating in the waters of Great Slave Lake
and Lae La Biche. They inelude the firms of Messrs.
McInnis and eompany, the Alberta Fish company. The
Lakeside Fish company, the Madden Fish company and
the Menzies Fish eompany.

PACKING FROZEN FISH FOR BRITISH MARKET.

__ J. F. Smith, Trade Commissioner writes as follows :—
he packing of Canadian frozen fish is considered fairly
satisfactory, Some of the cases from British Columbia,
however, are undoubtedly too flimsy to carry safely the
necessary weight. The New Brunswick case which is
highly commended by the trade, is of good, solid con-
struction, sides, bottoms and tops 7-8 inch and ends 7-8
inch to 1 inch thick, tongued and grooved, iron-banded
at the two ends and lined with a thick absorbent paper
with non-heat-condueting properties, The double wrap-
ping of each fish, first in white, tough, grease-proof
paper, and then in a coarser brown paper, is considered
very desirable. .

The trade advocate the use of smaller packages.
Cases of 250 to 370 pounds gross are considered too large
for general distribution. Cases weighing from 150 to
200 pounds are unanimously considered the most desir-
able, and the view is also strongly expressed that, if it
were possible to put up 1% ewt. packages for the smaller,
and T ewt. packages for the larger, fish selling in case
lots to retailers wovld be greatly increased, with result-
ing advantage in delivery condition, and attractiveness
to the consumer. At the present time, owing to the large
sizes of the cases, the wholesalers sell the fish out in
ones and twos. :

The present svstem of packing mixed sizes is not
serionsly objected to, and it is recognized that it may be
a diffienlt matter to secure a tight pack with fish of
rniform size. At the same time, it is pointed out that
some markets call for small fish. others for medium sizes,
while. for the nurnose of smoking, the largest sizes are
hest. and it is felt that, if the packing diffierlty ean be
overcome, grading to size world undoubtedly be an
advantage to distribnytion. Fish weighting 8 to 14
pornds find the readiest sale.

Gaspe, Que., June 24. — The salmon catch in Gaspe
Bay is a failure again this year. Cod in the bay are also
searce. :

CANADIAN AMMONIA CO., LIMITED
TORONTO, ONT.

AQUA
AMMONIA

REPRESENTED IN ALL
THE LARGER CITIES of
CANADA AND B. W. I.

— eae = = ; = =

CANADIAN FISHERMAN ,

Henan

UNITED STATES FISH FIRMS Specializing in the HANDLING
‘OF CANADIAN FISH

——<—<———

William J. Vhay

Oldest and Largest Broker in CANNED, SALT,
SMOKED FISH, operating in Middle-
West of United States

GOODS HANDLED ON BROKERAGE AND CONSIGNMENT

DETROIT, Mich.

Offices and Warehouse :

Ss

When U Ship FISH, LOBSTERS or
SCALLOPS to the Boston Market, ©
FOR BEST RESULTS ship to

R. S. HAMILTON COMPANY

17 ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
FISH PIER, BOSTON, MASS.

On the Boston Market over 25 years

aa

hace

oa — —

“COMP

(EJ COM i)

[ball A

si a

NOBLI

SLE

\\ = ~~
\Y
NY \

ES
\
; R tLo) ES NOB

WHOLESALE PRODUCERS, IMPORTERS AND SHIPPERS OF
FRESH CHILLED, SMOKED, SALTED LAKE AND OCEAN

FISH OYSTERS*=CLAMS

BUFFALO,N.Y,

A. E. HALLETT

BROKER
FRESH AND FROZEN FISH

Correspondence solicited
Ref., Corn sda, = e National Bank, or any Chicago _

olesale fish concern.
N. Clarke St, CHICAGO

H. GRUND & SON

Wholesale
FRESH AND SMOKED FISH

209-211-213 N. Union St., CHICAGO,

Phone Monroe 3623

W. Irving Atwood,
President.

BRAND
FINNAN HADDIE

31 Boston Fish Pier

/ W. Elmer Atwood,
Vice-President.

Irving M. Atwood,
Treasurer.

ALL

VARIETIES
or THe

SEASON
Boston, Mass.

_ Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

~ VOL. VIII GARDENVALE, P.Q., AUGUST, 1921 ie NO. 8

The House of Lee

For over half a century has been supplying the commercial
Fisherman of two copitinents continuously in

Fishing and Marine Supplies

KNOX’S

“SALMON TICKET”
LINEN GILL NET

We stand behind eye ‘yard of S ting
you use that/hias this trade

= etter’ ames es.

Also carried
in stock:

Seine Twine, ta, : verter ieee
Leads and Float’s, Sy © SSEx
“Ray, = & &

Oilclothing, Oil Aprons, _ o/s :
Ice Tools, Boat Hardware, * o» 3 ff is, Say ee ye
Nautical Instruments, 4, * é #8 AG = ae & s-
Lamps of all types, wt pass! ae és oe is
Life Boat Equipment to as Soe % ES: £ cf ey
Board of Trade Regulations, S ips ae
Life Jackets, Ring Buoys, ; é é =

Blocks of all Kinds,
Wire and Manilla Rope,
Anchors, Oars, Pumps.

JOHN LECKIE LIMITED,

77 Wellington, St. W., TORONTO, Ont.

SE AP SPAS A AEE BI ki Ae

CAP TE se i IR are Leg ee

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

You Should Have This
Book in Your Library

“The Fisheries
of the North Sea”

BY NEAL GREEN

A clearly written volume dealing with the history, value,
and future possibilities of the great North Sea fishing grounds,
the migration of fish, and comparisons with the fisheries of

America. Illustrated with photos and charts.

Price, $1.25 Post Free.

USE THIS COUPON.

Canadian Fisherman, Gardenvale, Que.
Gentlemen :—Enclosed you will find remittance fer $1.25 for whieh
please send me on 10 Days Appreval ‘‘The Fisheries of the North Sea.”’
If for any reason I should decite to return this book, it is understood

that you will refund my money provided the book is returned, post-paid

’
within ten days after their receipt.

Name 0. ee eee

Address fo i ee ee

gust, 1921. CANADIAN FISHERMAN 176
7’ v 0, A
e2eoe o 0
is of
4 (co) Figs
x “7
= 0 PSA
oe
o
oe Bo
Oo.
i Nee ee

WATCHFUL WAITING. |

_ WANTED by the Canadian Fishing Industry, a
Department of Fisheries distinct from Marine,

Naval or other affiliation. Also a Deputy
_ Minister in charge who will have direct access
_ to the Minister.

Phe uncertainty of affairs at Government headquar-
;and the talk of General Elections discourages us
m the task of giving our monthly views on the above

i,

é present Cabinet are busy plucking the petals of
orical daisies and murmuring ‘‘They love me —
y love me not’’—‘‘they’’ being the electors. It is
¥¢ hoped that a shake-up will come that we might be
le to address our appeal to a minister and cabinet fully
zed of the necessity to develop our natural resources
these critical times.
or a space we will abide by the immortal Cromwell’s
ice — ‘‘ Trust in-God and keep your powder dry.”’

THE AMERICAN TARIFF.

Spirit of pessimism prevails among a good many
jan fishermen and exporters when the matter of
‘new U. S. Tariff is discussed. Some criticism is
e of the Government for not stirring themselves to
the imposing of a tariff against Canadian fish
Americans, but such a criticism, to our mind,
justifiable and would be ridiculous when it is re-
red that our producers strongly opposed the abo-
m of the Canadian duties on American fish when
Janadian-American Fisheries Commission held their
in 1918. The Canadian members of that Com-
n favored the free entry of fish on both sides. If
i} an agreement had been entered into at that time,
present proposed U. 8S. tariff on fish would have

less excuse for being promoted.
. A. Hf. Brittain, a prominent Canadian fish man,

ou

FW WALLACE

NEWS AND VIEWS

ON FISH AND FISHERIES

Frederick William Wallace - Editor-in-Chief

head of the Maritime Fish Corporation and a past pre-

, sident of the Canadian Fisheries Association, in a state-

ment to the press recently, forecasted an agitation on
the part of Canadian fishermen to induce the Canadian
Government to abrogate the privileges American fish-
ing craft enjoy in Canadian ports in retaliation for the
imposition of a tariff on Canadian fish. He was also of
the opinion that the operation of the Fordney Bill would
open the eyes of the Canadian Government to the value
of Canada’s proximity to the North Atlantic and Paci-
fie fishing grounds and spur them to a policy of de-
velopment as well as a policy of retaining for Canadians
the advantages which proximity gives them.

In this issue, ‘‘Piscator’’ in his monthly viewpoint,
strikes an optimistic note, which may be justified. Mr.
Nickerson, Commissioner of Fisheries for Nova Scotia,
admits that his Province will be hard hit in the export
of fresh, frozen and cured fish, but he is not unduly ap-
prehensive of the future and is inclined to the belief that
matters will adjust themselves to the ultimate benefit
of Canadians. Mr. Babeock, Ass’t Commissioner of
Fisheries for British Columbia, does not feel that the
export of Canadian salmon and halibut will be gravely
affected as long as the U.S. market demands supplies-—
the consumer will have to pay the duty.

A prominent American fish dealer points out that
the proposed duty on salt codfish, herring and mackerel
is too high and will fall heavily on the American con-
sumer, but Gloucester interests feel that the tariff will
place them on a par with Canada and give them a dis-
tinct advantage. Impartial American eritics feel that
the American consumer wil have to pay higher for their
fish when the tariff goes into effect.

Jt is not possible to forecast the real effect of the Ford-
ney tariff for past experience has shown that repressive
legislation often has a stimulating effect upon the re-
pressed and becomes something of a white elephant to
the country that framed it.

176

THE ‘‘SAUCY ARETHUSA.’’

“And Hurrah for the Arethusa!’’ Thus ran the
chorus of an old naval song featuring the British frigate
Arethusa and the many glorious actions in which it took
a leading part, a hundred and more years ago.

In this glorious year of grace, 1921, another Arethusa
has loomed up in the limelight and inspired similar sen-
timents, but there is a considerable variation in the
spheres of action of the two vessels. The Arethusa of
old was a dashing war ship, tall-sparred, and with a
great crew of fighting men eager to try conclusions with
the ships of Napoleon’s navy. The Arethusa of today
is a small fishing schooner, laden with a select cargo of
‘‘hootch’’, which drifts outside of the three mile limit
of the Massachussetts coast and purveys the oil of joy
to the liberty-deprived inhabitants of the glorious U. 8.
A. :

Arethusa has named many famous craft in the British
Navy. There has always been an Arethusa and all of
them have become famous. In the late affair with Ger-
many an Arethusa did some famous work in Heligoland
Bight. But the piping times of peace are on us and
Arethusa finds her occupation gone as a fighter. How-
ever, if the present Arethusa cannot engage in a belli-
gerent employment, she can stand off like the cheeky
small boy and make faces at the might and majesty of
United States law. If she cannot fight, she can purvey
certain liquids which will cause the mildest of men to
become bellicose if they imbibe enough. Alas! how have
the mighty fallen!

THE BENEFITS OF AN ASSOCIATION.

Unless their organization is continually in the lime-
light, a good many members of societies and associa-
tions lose interest in it and drop out. To many men an
association is of no value unless it makes a direct return
in dollars and cents for the subscription fee. In other
words, a good many people will pay a ten or a hundred
dollars fee into an organization and if they do not re-
ceive those amounts back, with interest, in cold cash,
they consider the organization isn’t worth a cuss.

The present state of affairs in the fishing industry
has militated against the program of active work out-
lined by the Canadian Fisheries Association in their
last Convention. But while the Association’s work is
restricted by lack of adequate funds, it is by no means
moribund. When the tide turns, the Association will
emerge stronger than ever before. The record of its
past work is such as to have established a reputation
which will live as long as its officers continue to earry
on.

Go to Prince Rupert, B.C., and you will hear fulsome
praise on what the Association did to aid in clearing up
the serious transportation difficulties there not so very
long ago. When the Rupert members wanted real ac-
tion after all other sources had failed them, they ealled
on the Canadian Fisheries Association and got definite
results. ;

Another matter has now come up which is the direct
result of the Association activity. In British Columbia,
the system of hatching sockeye salmon has been pro-
ductive of much controversy—many of the ecanners and
others asserting that the present system was ineffectual.
Remedial action was instituted when Mr. R. EB, Clanton
of the Oregon Fish Comission, and an authority on the
subjeet of rearing sockeyes by the retaining pond sys-
tem, was invited to explain his methods before the

Vaneouver congress of the Canadian Fisheries Associ-
ation last June.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

_ system and the endorsation of

' “*Pacific Fisherman’’ and an official of the

The interest evoked in Mr. Glanton’s’

~

an inspection of Mr. Clanton’s Bonnieville ha
Marine and Fishery Department offi !
move is the securing of Mr. Clanton
ing a survey of the Fraser River wate
might report as to the feasibility of r
river with sockeyes on the lines of the
so successfully applied to the Columbi
expenses in this connection were borne by th
men of Southern B.C. and Mr. Henry Doy
tor of the C.F.A. acted as guide to Mr.
survey. Far-reaching results will likel
Mr. Clanton’s report is submitted and dis
Many matters which were instituted b
tion are gradually coming into operat
these things were instituted years ago’
ginning to bear fruit, and most of the
or being made, in the fishing industry
directly traceable to the efforts of the ¢
Nowadays, an industry must have a ¢
tion of some kind to institute reforms
ters which would lack importance if
ally. A man may be a member of an
years and receive no direct benefit
ship, but the indireet good he recei
mense value to his business and, alas.
ated because of the fact that it is indirect.
In the early days of California, lawles
in San Francisco and only ceased whe
abiding citizens formed the famous Vig
tee and ran the desperadoes and thugs
The Vigilance Committee did its work ve

old game and robberies, illegal gambling
commenced. Then the Vigilantes muste
cleaned up the City. Whether active or
lawless element got to know that there °
ation in San Franciseo that stood fo
and they either departed or kept quiet.
It is thus with the Canadian Fishe
The organization is quietly doing good
to come out into the limelight wh
tions affect the well-being of the Fishing Indu
withhold support because the Association |
of its doings and spending its resources in
is exceedingly poor policy. 2

THE ‘‘PACIFIC SALMON FIs

One of the finest fisheries reports ever is
U. S. Fisheries Bureau was that of the “P
Fisheries’? by John N. Cobb, The demand
port was great as it was recognized ag the
work upon the subject. ao a

The third edition of the original 1911
to hand. This is a book of 268 pages, cor
vised up to date and fully illustrated. With
it is the best work we» have yet seen on the su

The author, Prof. John N. Cobb, knows
fishing industry as few men do. He was forn
the fishing service of the U. 8. Gov’t; editor

Packers’ Association. He is at present director
College of Fisheries, University of Seattle — a
of technical education which he established and 1
took to carry on and which has met with well-d
success. Anything that Cobb writes is authe
and worth while, ere

EXPRESS COMPANIES AMALGAMATED
he Canadian National and Canadian Express have
consolidated under the Presidency of John Pullen.
ishing Industry will find President Pullen’s re-
of interest as forecasting an effort to take
care of the fish trade requirements.
a recent statement, Mr. Pullen says :-—
fhe advantage to the publie of this unified express
will be found in the larger car supply of the
ned railways. The cars of various types, such as
ntilated cars, refrigerator cars, can be more rapidly
d, as they can be used interchangeably through-
national system of railways. Furthermore, the
service in the cities and larger towns being con-
ted, renders it possible to respond more readily
| from the public. There is also being worked
. consolidation of local offices in the various cities
a single direction, thus making it possible to add
ublic convenience and avoid duplication.’’
wween the large centres such as Montreal and
* continued Mr, Pullen, ‘‘exclusive special
will continue to be operated, the arrival and
e times being so aranged as to allow of for-
g packages as late in the day as possible with
to consignees early on the following morning.
w company will continue to give special atten-
) the development of the heavy fish traffic from
tie and the Pacifie coast and the inland lakes.

a NOT A FISHERMAN !
certain small fishing town, it is the custom of the
en attending the first evening show at the
s’’ to make audible remarks concerning the jict-
During a recent run of Aladdin and His Wonder-
np, the house was particularly still while Aladdin
the lamp and wished for a beautiful wife, and,
hh having been gratified again rubbed the lamp
this time for a magnificent home. This being
to him, he was shown as asking his wife: ‘‘ And
li I rub the lamp and wish for a little son?’’
ypon a husky voice from the audience remark-
-eal’late that’s the laziest man on earth!’’

SARDINES PLANT RESUMES.

John, N.B., August 18—The Booth Fisheries,
, had their sardine plant, West St. John, in
m this morning for the first time this year.
few hands were employed, but a full erew will
gaged on Friday, as the company secured a fair
y of fish at Dipper Harbor, where the total catch
purchased this morning. The price is $5 a hogs-
‘at the weir.

SOCKEYE FISHING TREATY.

y Be Withdrawn from Senate by Harding.

pia, Wash., August 18—The proposed sockeye
treaty between the United States and Canada
y will be withdrawn from the Senate by Presi-
Harding, according to a telegram received by
or Louis F Hart yesterday from Senator Wesley

Governor Hart recently went to Washington
the proposed treaty.

BALBOA WILL TAKE SOME CANNED
i SALMON.

n the SS. Balboa, of the Johnson Motorship Line,
3 Vancouver about Aug. 12th she will have on
about 15,000 cases of canned salmon for the U. K.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

177
RUNNING THE EASTING DOWN.

You can prate of yer ocean racing and swift Cunarders
too,

That skip The Ditch by power of steam and the thrust
of a mighty serew.

You may thrill in the ‘‘Aquitania’’ or ships of like
renown,

But gimme a trip in a elipper ship when running her
Easting down.

4

D'’ye mind the day when we squared away and ran her
East by South ?

When she trampled down the big Horn seas with a
roaring bone in her mouth,

When the best hands twirled her bucking wheel and
dared not look behind

At the growling grey-back in her wake... D’ye mind,

old pal, d’ye mind?

Them were the days with the life-lines strung from
the poop to fo’e’sle head, *

When the cook ’n stoo’ard had their work cut out to
give us our daily bread,

When the dollops came thundering over the rails and
and flooded the decks in a broil,

And us poor devils were plunged to the necks as we
hoisted and sheeted a royal.

{

D’ye mind the smile in the Skipper’s eyes when he
summed her daily run ?

And the blighter would hang to his rags aloft ’til a

: gan’s’l banged like a gun,

And the eloths of it flogged from the bolt-ropes and
canvas-threads whitened the stay...-

It was ‘‘Leggo that mizzen t’gallant, me sons; ’n aloft
and cut it away!’’

That was running yer Easting down, old son, in the
grip of the Westerlies,

’"N bending a sail in every watch, ’n dodging the
boarding seas

Which swept us away from the lee fore-brace or down
from the fife-rail pins.

And we choked like cats in a wash-deck-tub and
repented our follies and sins.

Tt was wonderful square-yard sailing, m’lad, and
glorious storming through

The watery hills of fifty south with bar-taut brace
and clew

And preventer-sheets on the tops’ls, and the fones’l
arched like a bow, .

.As she ran like a hound to the East’ard, — ’n, Lord,

how the hooker did go!

Ye can hava yer steam-boat racing, but gimme the
run in a gale

Of a well-geared able clipper what is driven by snow-
white sail. E

For I’ve known the thrill of a piling sea and the
sky in a cloud-flecked gown.

And fourteen knots itt a wind-bag when she’s running
her Easting down!

FREDERIC WILLIAM WALLACR.

178

The Japanese in Canada

A Problem Which Calls For The Careful Consideration
Of All Canadians. :

We cannot do better than give herewith the full

Very few people in the middle and eastern sections
of Canada and the United States can appreciate the
intensity of feeling which obtains on the Pacific Coasts
of America upon the question of Japanese immigration.
It is in the fishing industry that Canada has reason
to know the aggressiveness of Japanese entry into one
of the Dominion’s natural resources but in the United
States the Japanese is not only a factor to be reckoned
with in their fisheries, but he has secured a very firm
hold upon other important industries also.

There are employers and disinterested citizens in
Canada who thought, some years ago, thet the Japanese
immigrant would offset the high cost of a white labor on
the Pacific Coast, and with this thought excluding
those of prophetic reasoning, they encouraged Japan-
ese immigration. Today, these employers and disinter-
ested citizens are beginning to realize with alarm that
they have uncorked the bottle imprisoning a genil,
which, as recounted in the ‘‘ Arabian Nights’’, is likely
to master them. In Canada, the problem has not yet
reached the stage now obtaining in the United States,
but a study of conditions over the border will help to
save the situation in our country ere the matter be-
comes acute.

Canada must act, and act quickly. What will happen
if the agitations in California, Oregon and Washing-
ton reach a point where the Japanese realize that it
will pay to move out? Where will they go? Where else
but Canada. They won’t go back to Japan to compete
with the hordes of their less cultured brothers or
satisfy themselves with the squalor of Oriental exist-
ence after enjoying the freedom and delights of Oeei-
dental civilization and Government.

Presuming that such a movement starts, and, re-
member, such an exodus could start at the drop of a
hat, how can we stop it? Frantic appeals to put up
the immigration bars will bombard Ottawa. The Govy-
ernment machinery will require considerable moving
to become even mildly interested considering that 80 p.e.
of its members know little or nothing of the problem,
and possibly months after the pilgrims have arrived
and settled down, an Exelusion Act of some kind will
be framed and passed. The Government of Japan may
take unbrage at such and we will be dragged into a
glorious squabble with Japan and possibly the Mother
Country.

Canada must take a good many pointers from the
United States though it may hurt our peculiar national
pride to admit it. Immigration over there is a subject

they know more about than any other country on the
face of God’s globe. They have imported § and
bred a hundred million people within a century and

should be in a position to know which’ nationalities can
or cannot be assimilated. It is fully evident that the
Japanese cannot make the class of citizens desired in
a white man’s country.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

_ at once logical and comprehensive.

August, 1921.

MY, YM Z
| WA

<e

text of a Memorial addressed to the President of the
United States by a large body of the American Legion. 4
This memorial presents facts and arguments bsp I

A Memorial To The President And Congress of ‘The
United States.

Wee, the delegates to the Washington State Con
tion of the American Legion, held at Hoquiam the 1
15th and 16th of July, 1921, taking cognizance of t
diplomatie negotiations now in course between the
American and Japanese governments, and of the Praia
ident’s recent invitation, including the Japanese Goy-—
ernment, to a conference on disarmament, hereby ce
vey the assurance of our confidence in the lofty i
of patriotism with which the President and Becretere
of State are approaching the questions at issue. :

Upon most of those questions we claim no c
knowledge or interest justifying us in urging —
adoption of any particular line of policy. But
one phase of the matter under discussion, namely, -
question of Japanese immigration, we feel ourse
qualified, and deem it our duty, to speak with all
emphasis and insistence in our power. ible 2

We are moved by a spirit of profound f iendlir
for the Jananese people and by an earnest desire
assure for all time the most friendly relations bety
their country and ours; but we feel that the mainte
ance of that friendship demands that we and all othe!
who see the facts proclaim them with such force
clearness that the entire country will hear and unc
stand what we say.

The matter of immediately “stopping all further ]
anese immigration to this country is one of the m
pressing international questions with which our G
ernment has to deal. This problem has become critic
by reason of the neglect, due to lack of unders
of past administrations regardless of party. It is
coming more acute with every Japanese who con
into this country. To neglect it further will be to ¢@
down upon ourselves the execrations of posterity,
our indifference will have foreed upon them, to
settled in strife, a problem which we by the exhibi
of foresight and by standing firmly upon our sove
rights can settle now in peace and amity. :

The awakening of the people of the Western S$
to a realization of the imminent and critical cha r
of this danger is attested by the steps which they have
taken to remedy the evil upon their own initiative ir
default of action by the Government to which they
entitled to look for protection.. The States of Calif
nina, Arizona, Washington, Texas, Colorado and Neb-
raska have, within: the past few months, enacted laws
aimed expressly at preventing, the holding of land by
Japanese. All the remaining Western States are cer-—

? ort

.
nan

CANADIAN
‘thin the near future to enact similar legisla-

e land laws are warnings of more vigorous meas-
hich unquestionably will follow if the Federal
‘rnment fails to act. If compelled to resort to their
vn devices, the people and Governments of the West-
rn States, unwillingly and, solely in self-preservation,
ll bring about an international crisis involving the
ire country in its consequences. When that time
the Nation will have only itself to blame for
g to take heed of the warnings given it.
The experience of mankind from the beginning of
y tells us that races so divergent in type ag to
eapable of amalgamation through intermarriage
live together in harmony on a plane of social
lity. Impulses which civilization has not yet
_to suppress never fail to drive such races into
nflict for supremacy. The recent Oklahoma race
makes it unnecessary to go outside of our own
indaries for proof of the intensity of this instinet
cial self-assertion, and warns us that until we have
n our ability to settle with justice the race ques-
bequeathed to us by our forefathers, it would be
minal for us to bequeath another and more difficult
question to our descendants.
2 is in our Western States so large an element of
ese population as already to constitute a serious
ie and social problem, the solution of which will
_ self-restraint of our people and the intelligence
‘statesmen. Even if no more immigrants come
apan, the birth rate among those now here is so
h as to assure a very large population of Japanese
mt. The rate at which they may be expected to
se by birth is indicated by the fact that during
1920, out of 6,208 births registered in King
in this State, 730 or more than one in nine)
panese.
2 people can never become a part of our National
r, because it is unbelievable that the American
ple will ever consent to intermarry with them. They

ed to ours and seeking by every stratagem to
ee those interests at our expense. In self-pre-
tion they will look to their mother country for
hich means that their real loyalty will be to their
er country. If those born in this country aequire
ote on coming of age they will vote in a block for
e political candidates who will serve their in-
is. The cohesion which they have shown in the
of business proves beyond conjecture what they
do in the world of polities if once permitted to
reise the right of suffrage.
e only complete solution of the problem resulting
the presence of this unassimilable element among
uld be to arange for the return to Japan of every
n of Japanese birth or descent in the United States
indemnification for resulting financial loss. No
er solution can give full satisfaction or assure the
nination of interracial conflict.
this‘plan be not possible of execution, then it is
tive at least to bring about the immediate
ion of all further Japanese immigration, either
of Congress, or by treaty, or both. Preferably
hould be accomplished in the manner least likely
end the sensibilities of the Japanese people. But,
xr form it may take, the exclusion, except as to
rs, students and a limited class of merchants,
be absolute, and it enforcement hould be solely

remain among us a race apart, having interests"

FISHERMAN 179

in the hands of our Government, and not in any parti-
cular of the Japanese government, as is now the ease
by virtue of the so-ealled ‘‘Gentlemen’s Agreement.’’

We deem it important and respectfully urge that no
treaty nor Act of Congress be put into effect curtail-
ing the foree of such laws as the several States have
enacted or may hereafter enact regulating the owner-
ship or oceupaney of the soil within their respective
borders or granting rights of citizenship to Japanese
nationals in this country ; and we believe it is important
and urge that Congress enact and submit to the several
States for ratification an amendment to the Federal
Constitution providing that no child born in the Unit-
ed States of foreign parentage shall be considered an
American citizen unless both parents are of a race
elegible to American citizenship.

_ In putting forth the views herein expressed, we re-
present the overwhelming sentiment of the conservat-
ive, patriotic people of the Pacific Coast who desires to
preserve peace and friendship with Japan and yet are
not blinded by fear of that country, by financial in-
terests, or by religious sentimentalism, to the gravity
of the situation. We are encouraged in the hope that
this appeal will be heeded, by the words of our Presi-
dent, who, in discussing the question of Japanese im-
migration, has said:

“In spite of the honor of these Oriental peoples, and
in spite of their contributions to the world’s advance-
ment, it is conceivable that they may be so different
in racial characteristics or in manner of life or practice
from other peoples of equal honor and achievement,

‘that no matter whether it be upon the soil of one or

upon the soil of the other, these differences, without
raising the question of inferiority, superiority or in-
equality, may create, as I believe they have created
upon our Pacific Coast, without blame on either side,
a friction that must be recognized. The nation owes
it to the Pacific Coast to recognize that fact. The -
Nation owes it to the Pacific Coast states to stand be-
hind them in necessary measures consistent with our
National honor, to relieve them of their difficulties.’’

A true copy:

C. D, CUNNINGHAM,
Department Commander.

There is no animosity or hatred in our viewpoint.
The Japanese are a wonderful people—the most
aggressive of all the world’s colored races in the pur-
suits of peace and war—but the very radical differ-
ences in their mentality and racial characteristies de-
cree against their assimilation into a white man’s
eountry.

Canadians and especially those in the fishing indus-
try on the Pacific Coast who are, by reason of contact,
well versed in the Japanese problem, will do well to
take steps to protect themselves NOW by jamming
down the lid on what might prove a veritable Pan-
dora’s Box of trouble. Easterners, to whom the Jap-
anese problem is obscure and shadowy, might well
give their Western brothers credit for sufficient horse
sense to recognize a present and future menace to the
peace and development of the country, and by appre-
ciating the Westerner’s view-point, join with him in
finding a solution for the momentous question and thus
ensure that posterity may not have to live East of the
Rockies as neighbours to a Japanese colony in America
iimmediately West of them.

180

Salt Water Ice Superior to Fresh for Packing Fish

French Experiment Shows Advantages.
By COLIN MCKAY.

Officials attached to the Scientific and Technical
Office of the Department of Fisheries of France have
“been experimenting with the transport of fish packed
in ice made from sea water by a process invented by M.
de Saugy, chief engineer of the Refrigerator Service
of the Societe des Travaux Dyle et Bacalon, and also
a professor at the School of Aeronautics. Similar kinds
and quantities of sea fish have been packed i in ice made
from fresh water in one case, and in ice made from sea
water in the other; the two packages have been sent on
similar trips to the interior, and their contents ex-
amined and compared at the end of their journey. And
Dr. Dayois conclusion is that the sea-water ice presents
very important advantages over fresh water ice.

According to a report published in La Peche Mari-
time,: Paris, any factory engaged in the prodnction of
artificial ice can adopt the Saugy Method with little
trouble, and turn out salt water ice at very little higher
cost than fresh water ice. The original feature of the
Saugy process is that it produces an ice of an homogen-
ous salinity. This is not the case when salt water
freezes naturally, for at the moment of congelation a
process of dissociation affecting the salts in sea water
takes place. Navigators are familiar with the fact that
ice-bergs frequently contain pockets charged with a
highly concentrated brine.

Congelation of salt water requires a lower tempera- —

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

ture than is needed to freeze fresh water; sik ‘conse
quently salt water ice maintains a lower temperature
than does fresh water ice. Ina report on the transport
of fish Dr. Danois notes that in boxes containing fresh —
water ice the temperature of the packing was +2 de-
grees centigrade, while the temperature of the fish w
+ 5 degrees. In boxes containing salt water ice the
temperature of the packing was — 3 degrees, and the
temperature of the fish + 2 degrees.

The Saugy process, it is said, forms from sea sea
a white, opaque ice of an extreme fraility, which |
be readily crushed to provide a packing for delicate
fish like sardines. The temperature of the ice
from sea water is from — 4 to — 6 degrees centigra
By adding salt to sea water it is possible to obtain |
of a lower temperature, capable of producing a.
geration more intense.

Other experiments made by French officials shor
that salt water ice, used in refrigerator cars, prod:
a temperature of — 2 to — 4 degrees centigrade, and
maintained fish in a better condition than did ears
which a mixture of fresh water ice and salt were
to produce a low temperature. Dr. Danois concludes”
that thé new form of ice is destined to play an import-
ant role in the fish business, and solve the problem
transporting fish of delicate tissues like epee
sardines considerable distances.

Tariff not so Bad as it Appears

Piscator is not Pessimistic Regaring the Future of the ©
Industry in the U.S. Market.

By PISCATOR.

The subject of absorbing interest in the fishing in-
dustry at the present time is the passage of the Ford-
ney bill at Washington. Its provisions raise a serious
barrier against the importation of all fish, except fresh
sea herring and shellfish, from the Dominion of Can-
ada and other countries as well; and inasmuch as the
United States has been our best fish buyer the effect
of the measure is a matter of serious concern,

A statement recently issued by the Fisheries De-
partment, Ottawa, endeavors to estimate the increased
cost of getting our fish products into the American
market, and while there is not great indueement to
optimism the statement certainly furnishes no oeeasion
for despondency. I have little patience with those of
precipitate judgment who throw up their hands and

declare ‘‘We have lost the market in the States
must bend our energies to increase local consumption
and develop other fields to prevent a falling off in pr
duetion.’’ The Lord knows the process of readjus
our affairs is diffieult enough without throwing bo
mess of pessimism to mar our progress. Let us tak
a broader view of the situation, considering the pros
as well as the cons. :

We have made rapid strides in the U.S, market
recent years, due no doubt to the free admission
practically all classes of fish, and the exchange of port
privileges to fishing vessels, True, the latter reeipro-
eal arrangement has been revoked and , severe duties |
have been imposed, but a fact that should not be lost”
sight of is that we have sold fish to the United States

CANADIAN

ith success when there was no exchange of port privi-
‘s, and when the Payne-Aldrich tariff imposed a
on tish. Why is it impossible again? And in
e days, be it remembered, the American dollar was
a par with the Canadian dollar whereas today we
ave the advantage of a 13 per cent premium on Amer-
‘an money.
; 2 have heard reports from various quarters that pro-
duction, already unsteady because of abnormal condi-
pone, is being further curtailed in view of the Fordney
measure. I do not doubt the ability of these producers
size up the situation, but I certainly feel their judge-
lent has been influenced by the school of pessimists,
‘ich is ever among us to take the joy out of life.
zee. facts and observations set forth in the Fisheries
partment’s memorandum are exceedingly interest-
and illuminating. During the last calendar year
estimated duties aggregating less than $100,000
e paid on $15,950,825 worth of fish and fish oils ex-
ed to the United States. It is estimated that
jes on a similar movement of fish under the Ford-
‘measure would be about $1,762,000; and this, I pre-
me, does not take into account that the tariff is based
ot on the invoice value of the goods, but on the pre-
prices of the commodity in the United States,
that gross weights instead, of net weights are in
y instances the basis. However, as the statement
ealculations are sufficiently adjacent for valuable
aparisons.
interesting observation is made concerning United
s exchange. The rate on July. 13th—$1.14, is
en for calculations. On the basis of the export
ue of last year’s shipment of fish and fish products
Unele Sam, Canadian exporters would receive an ad-
onal $2,223,000, which is, it will be noted, about
,000 more than the estimated aggregate duty under
pgepage measure. I know that in each specific in-
nee the duty will not be offset by the exchange, but
fatter will reduce the toll suficiently to destrey its
mi nus aspect.
For the purvose of illustration: There’ has been for
ars a duty of 15 per cent ad valorem on canned fish.
‘The Fordney tariff increases this to 20 per cent. Ts
‘the increase not more than offset by the exchange? Of
ourse this will not be so with most of the fresh fish on
a, hich a tax of 1 cent per pound is provided, fish skin-
ned and boned. 214 cents per pound. smoked fish, 114
ts per pound, and dried fish, 134 eents per pound.
q a auintal of cod the duty would be $1.92 or nearlv
one-third its value. On a eask of cod liver oil worth
prohably $15.00, the duty would be about 50 per cent
of its value. But in the agregate the duty levied is
connterbalanced by the exchange.
There is another very important consideration which
is obviously overlooked, that is the effect the tariff will

FISHERMAN 181
have on the prices of commodities manufactured in
United States and protected by it. Fish producers in
the neighbouring republie have raised the complaint
that they found it difficult to compete with our fish.
They must, therefore, have been selling at a very close
margin. Now that they have ample protection is it to
be supposed for an instant that they are going to sell
on the same skimpy margin? Hardly. They will take
a good healthy profit and rest easy in the assurance that
the tariff makes interference impossible. The consur
ing publie will not benefit by substituting a domestic
comodity. It will pay through the nose. This is no‘
a mere theory either. You probably know of similar
instances, and I could recite many of them. You know
of Canadian manufacturers protected by a tariff to pre-
vent too keen competition from abroad. Where will
you find a concern thus protected that will not be lured
by the temptation to boost prices, almost if not, to a par
with prices of similar imported articles plus duty.
This is probably a clumsy way of setting forth the
truth, but I hope I have made myself clear. Prices of
domestic fish are bound to rise in the United States,
which fact will undoubtedly be another ameliorating
influence on the apparently hard situation.

Still another vitally important point crops up. A
good proportion of fish and its products shipped to
United States is re-exported, although the exact pro-
portion I am not able to ascertain. The Fordney mea-
sure makes provision for refunded duty on such trans-
actions, but if the new order of things has the least
tendeney to break down the system of indirect trade,
it will not be without value to the Canadian exporter.
Why should we be supplying foreign markets through
New York or San Francisco or any other intermediate
step? We cannot finance credit business, you say?
We have too little working capital? Listen. There
are nearly sixty million dollars invested in our vast in-
dustry. and if this capital cannot be utilized and
brought into close co-operation to finance our foreign
business through Canadian institutions, then I have a
false notion of the utility of invested capital.

But this is a digression. The Fordney tariff is hard-
lv likely to become effective until the first of the year.
Between now and then the situation may be more care-
fully studied.

In certain circles in Newfoundland the measure {s
viewed with considerable alarm and there is some talk
of retaliatory action. Newfoundland has had very re-
cent and imvressive experience that it does not pay to
foree eut and dried opinion or price-fixed commodities
on foreign markets. Of eourse the position of the
Ancient Colony is infinitely more serious than ours.
She is more of a specialized fisherman. while we go ‘in
for mixed fishing. When our teeter is down at one
end it is up at the other.

—- =
—

The New United Sings Tanff

Beeause of the number of inquiries pertaining to the

ion, and general intense interest in the subject,

‘is considered advisable to thoroughly inform ex-

porters of fish and fish produets as to the provisions
of the new American tariff on these commodities.

The following extracts from the Fordney measure
cover all reference to fish and its products.

Par. 49; Gelatine, glue, and glue size, 20 per cent-

um ad valorem, and 1% eents per pound ; manufact-

ures, wholly or in chief value of gelatin, casein, glue,

182 i
isinglass, ‘and other fish sounds, cleaned, split, or
otherwise prepared and agar agar, 25 per centum
ad valorem.

Par. 49; Oils, animal: soda, herring and menhaden,
8 cents per gallon; whale, seal and sperm, 10 cents
per gallon; eod and codliver, 121% cents per gallon,
and all fish oils not specially provided for, 20 per
eentum ad valorem.

Par. 718; All fish, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice,
not specially provided for, 1 cent per pound.

Par. 719; Salmon, pickled, salted, smoked, kipper-
ed or otherwise prepared or preserved, 25 per centum
ad valorem; finnan haddie, 25 per centum ad val-
orem, fish, dried, salted or unsalted, 134 cents per
pound ; fish, skinned or boned, including herring
skinned, in bulk, or in immediate containers weigh-
ing with their contents more than thirty pounds
each, 21% cents per pound, including the weight of
the immediate container with the contents.

Par. 720; Herring and mackerel, pickled or salted,
whether or not boned, when in bulk, or in immediate
containers weighing with their contents more than
thirty pounds each, 11% cents per pound, ineluding
the weight of the immediate container and the brine,
pickle and salt.

‘Par. 721.; Fish (except shellfish ) ; by whatever
name known, packed in oil or in oil and other sub-
stances 26 per centum ad valorem; all other fish
except shellfish) pickled, salted, smoked, kippered,
or otherwise prepared or preser ved (except in oil or
in oil and other substances) in immediate containers
weighing with their contents not more than thirty
pounds each, 20 per centum ad valorem; in bulk or
in immediate containers weighing with their contents
more than thirty pounds each, 114 cents per pound,
ineluding the weight of the immediate container
with the contents.

Par. 722; Crab meat, packed in ice or frozen, or
prepared or preserved in any manner, 26 per centum
ad valorem; fish paste and fish sauce, 28 per centum

ad valorem; caviar and other fish roe for food pur-
poses, packed i in ice or frozen, prepared or preserved,
by the addition of salt in any amount, or by other
means, 28 per centum ad valorem.

Free List.

Par, 1524; Fish sounds, erude, dried or salted for
preservation only, not especially provided for. «

Par. 1564; Eggs of birds, fish and insects (except
fish roe for food purposes).

Par. 1570; Fishskins, raw or salted.

Par, 1616; Moss, seaweeds and vegetable substan-
ces, erude or unmanufactured, not especially pro-
vided for.

Par. 1623; Oils, animal: Spermaceti, whale, and
other fish oils of American fisheries, and all fish and
other products of such fisheries.

Par. 1629; Pearl, mother of; and shells, not sawed,
cut, flaked, polished, or otherwise manufactured, or
advanced in value from the natural state.

Par. 1644; Sea herring and tuna, fresh, frozen, or
packed in ice.

Par. 1648; Shrimps, lobsters and other shellfish,
fresh, frozen, packed in ice or prepared or preserved
in any manner, and not specially provided for.

Par. 1678; Whalebone, unmanufactured.

For the purpose of comparing the provisions of the
new measure with those of the old, the following ex-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

tracts from the latter are set forth, and they cover:
references to the articles in question.

Par, 34; Prepared fish sounds, 25 per centum
valorem.

Par. 44; Oils, rendered: cod, seal, herring
other fish oil, not specially provided for in this s
tion, 3 cents per gallon; whale oil, 5 ocits per gallo
sperm oil, 8 cents per gallon..

Par. 201; Fish paste or sauce, 25 per ce
valorem.

Par. 216; Fish, except shellfish, bg whateve
known, packed i in oil or in oil and other subst
in bottles, jars, kegs, tin boxes or cans, 25 per e
um ad valorem; all other fish except shellfi
tin packages, not specially provided for in.
tion 5 per centum ad valorem; caviar and other
served roe of fish, 30 per centum ad valore
skinned or boned 3, per pound,

Free List.

Par. 472; Cuttlefish bone. ;

Par. 419; Fish sounds, erude, dried or
preservation only and unmanufactured, not
provided for in this section. ‘
Par. 478; Eggs of poultry, birds, fish and
except fish roe preserved for food purposes).

Par. 483; Freshwater fish, and all ot!
otherwise specially provided for in this:

Par, 484; Fish skins.

Par. 561; Oils: Cod, cod liver, render
use as food or for any but mechanical o
uring purposes, bu such means as shall be
ory to the Secretary of the Treasury and un
ulations to be prescribed by him; and aim

Par. 598; Shrimps, lobsters and other shellfi
It will be noted that whereas, generally s

the Fordney. tariff affects all fish except
frozen sea herring and shellfish.

How It Will Operate.

gallons of fish oil with an aggregate value 4
825. aa is estimated that the duty paid m

762,000. :
Exporters would do well to bear in min
duty is to be levied not on the invoice value
goods, but on the prevailing market price of the
ticular commodity in the United States. The qu
of exchange should also receive attention. On
the rate was 14 cents premium on the Unite
dollat, On that basis, $2,233,115 additional. wo
received by exporters from the sale of $15,
worth of goods, which was the value last year.
it will be noted, is $471.000 more than the esti
aggregate duty under, the Fordney Act. a
The following table shows the amount and value
the various items of fish and its produets sent to th
United States last vear and also the duty that was p
and the duty under the provisions of the Foranen
measure, It must be borne in mind, however, that the
calculations are not accurate, because tghe classifi
tion of goods makes that impossible, but the figures
are close enough for valuable comparisons.

h, dried .

fish, smoked .

addock, dried .
a dock. amoked
; k. eanned .

ae

ones “ce

, fresh and frozen. .

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

h, green salted (picked) . F
h, boneless, canned or preserved n, 0. ?.

nddoek, fresh and frosen’ z

k, hake & eusk: Ph: att ‘frozen .

, green salted .
, boneless .. ..

t, fresh and frozen ..... .. ..
(sea) fresh & frozen .. ..
oe**\ piekled «... ;

ene, Canned: .\ga4e5) x -

for emoked: feiss pus

_ ** dry salted .

el, fresh or frozen .. ..
,camned .. .. ..
_,pickled .. ....

ards, canned .. .

td

» meat, fresh .

a aoe

ee, fresh ..
fish, fresh .

ne
PLIsnh..

Total .

oe “ whale .

other, fresh & ‘frozen .
other, Ea

il, cod liver . bier Dare

i , other . erie

Total ..

eee

fish, other, fresh ..:..¢... .5 +
h, other, fresh .

we Lag pickled: 3.

ee preserved .

ng, lake, fresh & frozen p
$2 pickled: .

feist , smoked « Ra ey or
nm or lake trout .

. OR See Ae ime hh gh Nees, I

YS hk ee ea a

Total value fish and fish oils .
Total estimated duty (Fordney)..

183

Total estimated duty collected 1920. a

Estimated
Duty Collected. Fordney
Cwt. Value. 1920 Duty.
21346 i Gis G. BOO! 8 oust. $ 21,146
94,948 1,044,812 166,159
121,367 (Ae! ree ret 151,709
14,708 207,677 $5,632 41,535
30 399 aaah 37
17,631 SABO ae wes 17,631
5,079 AL We aa ine aaa 8,888
12,359 a0 NC 7 RS ag ae ae 32,448
2,450 39,206 5,880 7,841
7,175 V< (1 BN ea arte a 7,175
21,229 4a ORR ee 26,536
197 2,266 148 492
8,463 BOAR tS a 14,810
972 DRE” RSS A ae ae rt
51,304 B20 BRE ye ot are 51,304
284,644 PLT 8a HERES ET ISS A Site tg en a
41,512 179,821 ealiohs 62,268
1,659 18,889 2,833 3,778
74,194 gle © 41S GE apt Saar 92,992
32,666 Bee ots a etnias 8,465
50,227 8,998 1,349 1,800
677 8,998 1,349 1,800
36,162 SOO UNO on ae gai cha 54,243
7,660 72,771 10,915 14,544
12,961 50 PAP api ae a 71,619
68,079 8. a 2a! el ah oR 68,079
18,857 305,345 45,801 76,336
69 A ihe! I gua ae 323
217 ro Reape a ge 60
7,795 oS Sele 39,711
60,663 RED Laue fh icc ore a 60,663
7,833 82,715 7,833
2,824 Ny ae or 2,824
998 2 Sa te RR ie Sik NR
5,309 ALY ieee aa sets Be
47,738 ee sy ee
31,048 ivi ah Ih" Reece Rta Og a Sa ae a
653 Te LC TMG MSMR Re fe Paice ea
yA ieate 41,009 5 dagsrw Ae alae
4,249 32,277 4,249
91 6 fe: SA a Se 114
729 TU Sagultet gee 911
2,512 UO tng 2,512
91,395 (AA ESR oe aera 91,395
4,913 ZU 208 esi asso, 7,270
147 R Gir. RR eA OM 184
29,315 BOO AT Eee oe. 29,315
47,397 300,858 47,397
104,579 5 ey GA Ole ee ar 104,579
, 221,834 E95S,069 oo ee 221,834
Ge ee ree a hr eg ina 8
183,500 Nc Geter rere aoa 36,700
1,682 505 $15,541,517 $72,558 $1,710,055
gals.
166,896 “167,773 5.006 — 20,852
6,528 7,724 ' 195 653
134,488 152,929 6,725 13,449
107,803 80,872 ‘ 3,294 16,174
415,717 $409,308 $15,220 $51,128
Sa ae aa SEL egy RED Coueae
1,761,183
87,686

184

Fishery intercourse between the United States and
Canada never did run smooth since the King George III
convention was signed in 1818. That agreement, which
was penned in a dictatorial tone on the part of Great
Britain, excluded American fish boats from provincial
harbors, except in distress or short of provisions. Even
then, only enough’food and water was allowed for the

assage home. :

‘i The treaty, while its wording dealt solely with fish-
ing privileges, was in reality intended to protect the
furriers on the thickly wooded shoreline. Little did
the Lords of the Plantation care who caught haddock
in the offing, or dried cod on the rock-bound beaches,
so long as the men from the Salem pinkie did not land
and set traps for fox and mink in the majestic forest. For
this reason the Magdalens and some barren reaches on
the Newfoundland coast were left outside the pale.
No pilfering of peltry could take place there.

That law, like all edicts human and divine, was often
broken; and if a Province town skipper put over a line
within three miles of the strand, he was guilty of poach-
ing; and if caught, his craft was a lawful prize. . . . It
was the same if one of his men bought a pair of nip-
pers from anybody on shore, as such articles were not
on the list of distress. There was continual friction;
in more than one instance an actual fusilade. A few
years truce, first under a reciprocity pact and again
under the Washington Treaty, suspended the wrangle;
for a while, but the lines were drawn tighter than ever
when Sir John A. Macdonald inaugurated his national
policy. The fishery narrative thereafter had many a
thrilling episode, which it is not proposed to rehearse;
but in order to get our present bearings accurately, as
we go on, it will be necessary to take our departure
from the birthday of the modus vivendi, so-called, a
peace that was patched up at a convention in Washing-
ton, April 1888, between the two countries, represented
on the Canadian side by Hoh. Joseph Chamberlain, then
colonial secretary, and the late Sir Charles Tupper.
The draft treaty they arranged, was never ratified;
but the interim agreement, named above, ran its course
till 1917, being voted yearly by the Canadian parlia-
ment. Its provisions are well known, and need no ex-
planation. Only American boats moved by sail, and

paying a heavy license fee yearly were admitted to port

privileges and the transhipping of fares. Auxiliary
and motor eraft were exeluded. The bait sold by pro-
vincial net and trapmen formed.a good item in the do-

mestic calling, and the profit would have been great
on that side, too, had no penalties been exacted and no
distinction made. The new Pacific city, Prince Rupert,
now the great fish emporium, fared better, insofar as
Ottawa let the Seattle fleet resort there to land fares

and buy outfits. It was a big pay deal; and I begged
and pleaded for the same freedom in a legitimate trade

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Shutting The Gates

By M. H. NICKERSON, Commissioner of Fisheries for
Nova Scotia.

TKR SJ a a
Maes —

/]

on our Atlantic seaboard, right up till one month of 1
date when the International Conference convened
our rulers were inexorable. rate
That conference, which did not take Nova Seot
dence at all, flung the doors wide and gave both |
a free pass. It was never known what sanction
was behind that bold act; but it was regarded as
measure and not to be questioned. By Ameri
toms laws then fish were not dutiable. For
it was go as you please. Nova Scotia schooners coul
come in on the same footing as domestic tonnage. |

three mile limit was winked at. The food
both countries were hand in glove with the big dea
to hurry off the enormous exports for which sev
governments were voting credits, in the most bro
manner, or using the borrowed cash to pay the
the Anglo-American Fish Company; which I a-
son to bélieve was a mythical concern with a good grip
on ministerial button-holes. Boston beam-t1
were sent down to the Cape Shore to push the bus
at Digby and Canso, because native eraft co
meet the demand. When we contrast those
times of war with this penurious epoch of
the breach widening in commercial te
the contiguous countries, we are apt to su
has been a lack of good management on both si
Be that as it may, the conference left, as the
its labors, a document in the form of a treaty 1
mendation which was fated never to erystalize
hard-and-fast act of congress and parliament. —
in fact a diplomatic abortion, and that in itself ¢
unskilful tendance on a live issue. But from
set, the Canadian modus vivendi had lapsed in def.
of the annual vote, and for three years matters
allowed to drift. It required no second sight t
ceive that a commercial rupture in this kind would
or late occur. Canadian schooners used the Boston f
pier as base (some of them, ineluding the beam-tr
ers), but time was wasted and the house firms lost
outfitting. On the other hand the New England
took on Shelburne-built dories, and sold to the g
business houses in Halifax, with none to say *‘y
so?’’ All that was good enough while it lasted. It sh
have been clinched by a solemn compact between
principals. For the said three years the ne
under two flags came and went, without let or hi
rance, yet without the recorded will of the people,
short only by a word of mouth make-shift which y
at the mercy of the first eapricious whim on either s'
And that whim, if such it is, has already taken effi
On July 15th notice was given that Canadian be
could no longer come direct from the Banks and unl
in American ports. I do not regard this as an unmi:
misfortune for the provincials. They have markets
the interior of their own vast domain, and T am dg

7

_ would have been inoperative as against Canada.
_ noted, however, in the absence of a modus vivendi, the
King George instrument comes into force automiecally,

_ products where they will pay a reasonable profit. I
_ told by those who help run the taxing machine in the U.S.
_ that the new fish tariff is not aimed at Canadians, but

_ eargoes of cod, halibut and salmon.
' it. At the same time if a real treaty had taken the

August, 1921. CANADIAN

| urging that an expeditious traffic highway from the

seaboard to the consuming centres -be opened up, by

_ water from Yarmouth to Portland, thence by Grand
_ Trunk to Montreal, and by the live distributing avenues

to all accessible points. The fish duty on fresh, frozen

_ and chilled hits the Maritimes a hard blow, unless we

rely on our own resourcefulness to place our marine
am

at Japanese who are flooding the Pacific coast with
Tam apt to believe
place of the conference promise, the new schedule
Be it

and American boats are barred out, except for the

_ ‘*humanities.’’

T understand however that it is deemed desirable to

‘continue the privileges that are now being extended to

United States vessels in Canadian ports for the present,
and until the whole question can be considered by the
Canadian Government. That is the wisest course un-
der the circumstances. It will meet with general ap-
proval whatever may be the outcome.

_ WO HUNDRED AND FIFTY YEARS MAKING

FISHING GEAR !
Record of Old Established and Enterprising British
Firm.

In the pages of the current issue our readers, parti-
eularly those who are interested in fishing whether it

__ be in River, Lake or Ocean, will find an advertisement
_ of one.of the oldest (if not the oldest) established firms

in the Line, Twine and Netting World, namely Messrs
Hounsells (Bridport) Ltd. of Bridport, England, who

_ have an unbroken trade reeord for the manufacture

and marketing of lines, twines and nets for all fishing
purposes since the year 1670.

It is safe to say that this firm exports to everv corner
of the Globe in which fishing is carried on. For con-
siderably more than a century their brands have been
wellknown in the Canadian and Newfoundland mar-

FISHERMAN 185
kets, commencing from the time when their own brig
‘*The Mary, Hounsell,’’ loaded with the product of
their Mills at the local Harbour, sailed to Newfound-
land returning with a cargo of salt fish for ultimate
distribution throughout the Counties forming the West
of England (the Wessex of ancient Britain, immorta
lized in these modern days in the Works of Thomas
Hardy).

With the march of progress, the method of distri-
bution onee a year by a sailing vessel was abandoned,
and shipments are now made throughout the year, in
many instances direct to the Port for which they are
destined.

Messrs Hounsells have stood the test of time, and one
of their recent ventures has been the installing of an
entirely new plant of special machinery designed and
manufactured under their own personal supervision,
for the manufacture of Linen Gill Nets, and this is of
practical interest to our readers. The flax thread
yarns used in the manufacture of Messrs Hounsells
linen Gill Nets is of the very bezt quality obtainable,
whilst one of the difficulties of the past, namely the
slipping of knots in gilling nets, has now been entirely
overcome, and the appreciation already shown by the
buyers on this side, confirms the confidence they have
had in this their latest departure.

It would be comparatively easy to complete the issue
of this journal with a description of the various rami-
fications of this firm in connection with their varied
manufactures, but in addition to every possible class of
fishing line, fishing twine and fishing nets, Messrs
Hounsells manufacture every grade of Sports net suit-
able for Lawn tennis, Hockey, Tee Hockey, Lacrosse,
Football and Water Polo, and these nets have secured
a reputation second to none.

In their extensive Works every process in the manu-
facture of the goods they sell is completed; that is to
say, they import every grade of raw material direct
into their Works, and from the arrival of the raw ma-
terial to the departure of the goods in pressed packed
bales for export, every process is carried out by Messrs
Hounsells.

In the event of any of onr readers who are inter-
ested in the manufactures of this Firm finding them-
selves in the Homeland, a cordial weleome would be
extended by the Directorate and-a visit to the Works
wonld be a liberal education.

The Plant of Messrs. Hounsells at Bridport, Eng.

186

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

August, 1921.

Acadia Stands the Test of Service

President W. T. Ritcey of the Acadia Gas Engine Co.,
Bridgewater, N.S., has enough confidence in the engines
he manufactures to risk a thousand mile cruise around
the Atlantic Coast in an open motor launch. Mr. Riteey,
and a party of three, made the trip in the motor launch
‘‘Migrace’’ powered with a 40-60 H.P. high speed Aca-
dia gasolene engine. The trip was made without motor
trouble of any kind excepting the renewal of one spark
plug.

The itinerary accomplished is herewith recorded
briefly :—

Left Bridgewater on Thursday, July 14th. and motor-
ed as far as Port Mouton, Queens County. Owing to

mouth to North East Harbor, including stop at Woods — 4

Harbor, and Clarke Harbor; Sunday from North East
Harbor to Lockeport, including stop at Shelburne. a
Monday afternoon left Lockeport, proceeding to —
Bridgewater. 29
Some interesting particulars regarding the ‘‘Migrace’’
and the eruise were published in the Yarmouth ~
‘‘Herald’’—portions of which we reproduce. aq
‘‘Much stir was created along the water front late on
Saturday afternoon, when the fast motor cruising yacht

' Migrace came swiftly up the harbor, and docked on the- 4

north side of Parker-Eakins Co’s wharf. The yacht is
owned by W. T. Ritcey, president and general manager

MOTOR LAUNCH

“MIGRACE” OWNED BY
W. T. RITCEY I
BRIDGEWATER, N.S.

‘‘MIGRACE’S”? POWER PLANT
ACADIA 40-60 H.P. HIGH
SPEED, 4 CYCLE ENGINE

heavy easterly storm it was necessary to stay over until
Saturday, when trip was made to Yarmouth, including
stop at Cape Negro, Island, also Cape Sable Island.

On Sunday trip was made from Yarmouth to West-
port through Briar Island Passage, thence to Tiverton,
and from‘ Tiverton across the Bay of Fundy to Beaver
Harbor, New Brunswick.

On Monday the trip was made from Beaver Harbor
to St. John; Tuesday from St. John to Fredericton, and
on Wednesday returned to St. John.

Friday the trip of about 180 miles was made from St.
John to Digby, thence to Bear River and around the
Annapolis Basin, proceeding to Tiverton through Petit
Passage, and thence to Yarmouth; Saturday from Yar-

of the Acadia Gas Engines, Ltd., of Bridgewater and
is on a cruise from that place to Digby, St. John, and
from there to Fredericton. Mr. Riteey is accompanied —
by E, C. Sollows, sales manager for the above company;
G. A. Hubley, J. G. A. Robertson, and A. Rafuse.

The yacht is of heavy mahogany construction, serew —
fastened, 32 ft. long, 6 ft. wide, V bottom, Hand design, —

equipped with electrie lights, auto hood, wind-shield, —

and «ll modern conveniences, and has a speed of 24 —
miles per hour. a

She is equipped with the 40-60 H.P. Acadia high-speed
or medium duty engine, has a 5 in. bore, 61% in. stroke,
and will rank with any of the highest class 4-ceycle en-
gines built in any country, It is manufactured in the

‘CANADIAN

dia factories by expert mechanics, and places this
pany on the highest pinnacle in the engine trade.

As will be seen by the cut, the engine is very compact
simple in construction. Combining only necessary
ght with special materials, thereby adhering strong-
to the conservative and the practical in engine build-
it performs its work economically, with freedom
om break-down, as dependability and durability have
been sacrificed for extreme light-weight or excessive

he cylinders, cylinder heads and pistons are made
n a special close grained gray iron; lower crank case
tough bronze metal; upper crank case cast
uminum, being rigidly reinforced by ribs and
el tie rods, insuring strength. The erank shaft
rged from solid block open hearth steel, connecting
s steel forged; cylinders and pistons ground accur-
ately to size; cams and cam rollers hardened and ground
size; bearings lined with genuine babbit metal.
The lubrication is entirely automatic, being of the
ern pressure feed, forced by a bronze gear pump,
us eliminating troublesome oilers and grease cups. A
mpression relief lever is provided for holding open the
- exi valves to enable easy starting.
_ The Acadia is equipped with two ignition systems,
- Bosch and Atwater Kent. a
In this model the purchaser will enjoy electric start-
and lighting equipment, perfect cleanliness, absence
vibration, and all modern conveniences. 3
The 6% x 8 in. heavy duty 4ecycle Acadia motors
tain the same high grade material and workmanship
as their high-speed motors. The upper and lower crank
eases are of cast iron, instead of bronze and aluminum.
_ The Acadia heavy duty motor has been designed, con-
eted and tested to meet the many requirements of
branches of marine service where the utmost reli-
ability, consistency of performance, ease of handling,
eedom from break-down, fuel and general efficiency
are positively required. :
___ Aceessibility is a special feature of all Acadia 4-cycle
engines. They have removable valves in cages, remoy-
able cylinder heads, giving quick access to the cylinders

FISHERMAN 187
and pistons for the removal of carbon deposits. Through
the combination of the removable head and easy access
to the crank case, the connecting rods and pistons are
readily removed through the top of the cylinder without
disturbing the cylinders. A movable cam shaft through
the side of the base is a special feature, in fact, every pro-
vision has been made for convenient inspection and ad-
justment. Large doors on the crank case and reverse gear
housing afford easy access to the bearings and imme-
diate adjustment to the reverse gear. Passovers are pro-
vided for leading the water to the cylinder head, there-
by preventing water from entering the cylinders. They
supply a complete electrical, water, exhaust, fuel and
propeller equipment; everything necessary for instal-
ling.

The stationary engines manufactured by this Com-
pany are rapidly gaining the same position that their
marine engines hold, and the company is now establishing
agents in the inland towns. This will enable them to
cater to the farming trade, and just recently they sold
three carloads to one Quebee firm.

Acadia Gas Engines, Limited, are, and have been for
a number of years, the largest manufacturers of motor
engines in Canada, but until two years are confined
themselves exclusively to 2-cycle engines from 3 to 24
H. P. Mr. Riteey had the manufacturing of 4-cycle en-
gines under consideration for some time, but until two
years ago could not secure a designer that he considered
would come up to the Acadia standard. The gentleman
he then secured has had about thirty years’ experience
with gasoline engines, and previous to his coming was
dsigning engines for one of the largest, oldest and most
widely known manufacturer of 4-cyecle engines in Am-
erica.

Acadia Gas Engines, Limited, have the finest machine
shops to be found in this country, with a manufacturing
capacity of over three thousand engines per year, and
in offering their new valve-in-head 4-eycle engines to the
public, assure them that the Acadia 4-cycle engine will
satisfy the most critical and exacting customer, uphold-
ing, the enviable reputation the Company’s products
have won among the commercial trade and engine men.”’

- The Natural History exhibit, in the Government Build-
ing is always a great attraction at the Canadian National
Exhibition. The Exhibition authorities make a grant
each year for this purpose. No admission fee is charged,
d although this exhibit is not advertised, as many
others are, it is invariably a big drawing card. And this
has proved no exception to the rule.
This exhibit is put on for the Exhibition management
Professor John Maughan, professor of Biology at
Toronto University and the Canadian National Exhibi-
ions director of biology. A distinguished naturalist
himself, the Professor is also the son of a distinguished
naturalist, his father, who was one of the originators of
the Exhibition, having been chairman of its Natural
story committee for many years. Professor Maughan
nself first exhibited in the National History section
1884, and for the past fourteen years he has been res-
_ ponsible for the big and interesting exhibit in the Gov-
ernment Building.

cw ish Exhibits at Tees Exhibition

By A. R. R. JONES.

A feature of this section in which the public evinces
considerable interest is the exhibit of live fish. In this
exhibit are represented the following fish: trout, of all
varieties found in Ontario waters, pickerel, bass, lake
herring, dogfish, eels, ling, pike, sturgeon, carp, and
other varieties. These fish are netted by the fishermen
and sent, as carefully as possible, in tanks to the Exhi-
bition where on arrival they are placed in the large tanks
which are fixtures in the Government Building. A spe-
cial permit is issued for the purpose of securing these
fish, which came from as far as from Hamilton Bay
down to Frenchman’s Bay.

For a long time Professor Maughan has urged the
necessity of a permanent aquarium in the Exhibition
grounds, and plans for this have been passed by the Ex-
hibition authorities. In a talk I had with him at the Ex-
hibition, he told me that one of his reasons for advoeat-
ing this was that it would mean the provision of a sepa- °
rate pumping plant, and thus obviate the necessity of

188

using—as is done, at the present time—Toronto chlori-
nated water in the tanks. This water, it should be men-
tioned, has been found, very detrimental to the fish. The
disease, known as saprilignum, which occurs only among
fish and other cold blooded aquatics, is produced by
chlorinated water acting on a fish that has been slightly
seratched, or of which the scales have been knocked off,
or which has been subjected to any other like injury to
its mucous membrane.

Part of the fish exhibit in the National History section
consists of samples of the fish that the Ontario Goyern-
ment is rearing, for purposes of supply and distribu-
tion, in its Provincial hatcheries and breeding-ponds.
These samples are in various stages of development.

Also in the Government Building is the Algonquin
Park exhibit. This will be an annual feature. It has
been inaugurated, this year, by the Hon, Beniah Bow-
man, Minister of Lands and Forests for Ontario. The
object of his department, in installing this exhibit, is to
give the people of Canada some faint ideas of the vast
natural resources within Ontario’s borders.

In this exhibit are represented the three great wild
life sanctuaries of wild life in Ontario, namely Algon-
quin Park, Queatico Park and Rondeau Park, as well as
the Timangani reserve of 6,000 square miles in extent, the
Mississagan reserve (3,000 square miles), the Nipigon re-
serve (7,000 square miles) the Eastern reserve (100
square miles) and the Sibley reserve (70 square miles).
Here are seen specimens of various fur-bearing animals
and the traps which are used to catch them, members of
Ontario’s deer family various forest birds, and the dif-
ferent kinds of woods which that Ontario forests contain.
The live fish displayer have a quite peculiar interest. For
Algonquin Park, which is 74 miles in length and 54

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

August, 1921.

miles in width, and which contains in fewer than 1,600

lakes, is one of the great objectives of anglers from-all ~

over the world. Its lakes are full of trout and bass, and

its streams, are among the finest trout streams in the F
Hence the fish displayed at the Exhibition hail —

word.
from waters of high renown.

This exhibit of Ontario’s Department of Lands and —
Forests is in charge of Mr. J. W. Millar, Inspector of

Sites ial Parks for Ontario.
Park, Mr.
ches, this season, have been quite phenomenal. He told

The lakes in Algonquin —
Millar told me, are well stocked and the eat-—

me of four,men this season who, fishing one forenoon —

only, caught thirty-two trout averaging 4 lbs in weight,
and some weighing as high as 8 lbs. The fish in this
exhibit consist of trout and bass. The trout inelude
speckled, grey, rainbow, brown, brook and salmon trout,
and they are all about 4 Ibs. in size, in order to give the
public a fair idea of the average size. The bass are all
small mouth black bass varying from 114 Ib. to 4 lbs. in

weight. The fish are taken in nets and are exhibited in
tanks. They take quite a lot of looking after while on

-exhibition, as it is necessary for attendants to stay up

all night with team, to aerate the water, which is done
every half hour or so, and also to regulate the fempe-
ature which is kept at about 52 degrees.

The purpose of these exhibits of fish at the Canadian
National Exhibition is educational. The idea is not only
to show the public something of the great wealth that
the Province of Ontario possesses in its waters, but also
to educate them in the conservation and the proper uti-
lization of this important branch of their natural re-

sources, in order that it may be kept on a continuing ~

basis for all time.

72

—

Canadian Fish

Cannery of the Canadian Fishing Coy. Ltd. Vancouver, B.C.

Plants--No. 4

Ss

_ cent of the total for the whole Dominion.
umbia again led all the Provinces in the value of her

August, 1921.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

189

7
( YY

SN \|

St

AA
WN i

——

WAIIACE

suitable for publication.

528 Winch Building, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

GG oe es K
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LA;

=" Pacific Coast |.
Section mE

‘‘The Canadian Fisherman,” Pacific Coast Branch, will be glad to have inquiries from any one who wishes
information in any way connected with the fishing industry. We would also appreciate items of fishing news

he

an

_—

Ts

i \\ \ \\\)\

A\RC3

Address communications to F. E. Payson, Pacific Coast Representative, Industrial & Educational Press, Ltd.,

—————

———

The Report of the Provincial Fisheries Department
for the year 1920, which the Hon. William Sloan, the
Commissioner of Fisheries, presented to the legislature
last March, has just been issued by the King’s Printer.
The report gives the standing of the Province in the
fishery products of the Dominion for 1919, the species
and value of the fish taken, the salmon catch for 1920
by districts, reports from the principal salmon spawn-
ing areas, and a special report of Dr. C. H. Gilbert deal-
ing with the appearance of grilse in the Fraser River
sockeye run of 1920, showing its relation to the 1921
run of sockeye and deducing therefrom that the
- sockeye run this year would be a very small one..: Dr.
Gilbert's paper was published in the press early in the
year for the benefit of those engaged in the industry.
The accuracy of his forecast has been demonstrated by

the very poor catches made in the Fraser this season.

The value of the fishery products of the Province for
_ the year ending December 31st, 1919, dealt with in the
s report, shows a total value of $25,301,607 or 44.7 per
British Col-
fishery products. Her output for 1919 exeeeded that
_ of Nova Scotia by $10,129,678, and exceeded that of all
the other Provinces combined by $9,267,654. The sal-
- mon fisheries produced $17,537,166; halibut $4,617,484;
- herring $1,109,870, and whales $648,868. In all twenty-
_ one species of food fish go to make up the total, exelu-

sive of crabs, oysters, and clams,

The Salmon Pack of 1920.

The salmon pack of 1920 totalled 1,187,616 cases. It
was 205,540 cases less than in 1919 and 428,541 cases

Ree. Fisheries 1920

Leading Fish Producer of Dominion.

less than in 1918. The pack of chum salmon for the
year totalled but 84,626 cases as against 372,035 in 1919
and 527,615’ cases in 1918. The decrease was due to a
lack of market for the grade. The catch of sockeye
for the year totalled 351,405 cases in the preceding
year,

The catch of sockeye in Provincial waters of the
Fraser River system shows a total of 48,399 cases, as
against 34,068 cases in 1919 and 19,697 cases in 1918.
The season’s catch of sockeye in the State of Washing-
ton waters of the Fraser system produced a pack of
111,055 eases, as against 116,783 cases in the fourth
preceding year—1916,—the brood year of the 1920 run.

The catch of sockeye in the Skeena in 1920 showed a
marked decline in comparison with that in the two pre-
ceding years. Conditions on the Skeena are shown to
be far from satisfactory. By resorting to averages of
catches for a period of six years it is ascertained with
certainty that the runs of sockeye are decreasing in
numbers. The average pack on the Skeena during the
period 1907 to-1910 was 130,851; from 1911 to 1914,
101,664 ; and from 1915 to 1919 but 91,477 eases. Up to
1918 the number of canneries and the amount of gear
used was relatively constant, but in 1918 and again in
1919 the amount of gear was greatly increased and the
price paid for fish was greater. The records given in
the report for the Skeena unmistakably indicate that
fishing for sockeye should be diminished in order to
conserve the run.

The catch of sockeye. at Rivers Inlet in 1920 was the
best made there since the high record of 1915. The
catch produced a pack of 125,742 cases—but 5,000
cases less than the best made there.

190

The catch of sockeye at the Nass for 1920 shows a
marked falling off. Conditions there are so alarming
as to eall for radical changes in the fishing regulations.
The run cannot stand the drain that has been and is be-
ing made. ‘ :

The appendix of the report contains detailed reports
from the salmon spawning areas of the Fraser, Skeena
and Mass rivers and from Rivers and Smith’s Inlets.
The report from the Fraser, shows that the number of
sockeye that reached the upper seetions was larger than
in any recent lean year and compared favorably with
the run in the last big year 1917, though the numbers
were not large in any section. The report from the
Skeena again indicates that the spawning areas were
less abundantly seeded than usual, and the report from
the Nass is equally unfavorable.

The report from the Rivers Inlet spawning grounds
is most satisfactory. The beds were well seeded. It
is characteristic of the Inlet that in seasons when the
cateh is large the beds are also found to be well seeded.

Salmon data from the sockeye run to the waters of
the Province was collected in 1920, as it, has been for
the last twelve years. It was again submitted to Dr.
Gilbert but, before he could complete his examination
of it, he met with a physical disability which compelled
him to temporarily discontinue the work. In conse-
quence the report does not contan his annual contribu-
tion to the life of the sockeye that has proved of such
value. However, Dr. Gilbert forwarded a partial re-
' port on the sockeye run to the Fraser, dealing especi-
ally with the appearance in the 1920 run. of grilse and
showing its relation to the 1921 run, which is printed
in the appendix. This report,.as already stated, was
published early this year. No other feature of Dr.
Gilbert’s reports to the Department has had greater
significance than the present paper.

Copies of the report may be had by applying to the
Department of Fisheries.

THE CANNED SALMON SITUATION.

Close to 75 per cent of the stock of pinks that was
left over has moved from British: Columbia and the
balance is moving out very fast. The prices are firm-
ing up all along the line. All the 1921 pack of pinks
is already disposed of.

The opening prices have not yet been named, and al-
though the yearly game of guessing what the different
prices will be has been going merrily on for a month
past there is still a variance in estimates ranging from
50 cents to $1.00 per ease. There is no doubt that
packers that sold at what were considered low prices
the first of the season are sorry they made any con-
tracts at that time. From all indications the price of
sockeyes will be fairly high. The fact that there is a
short pack has had a lot to do with the firming up in
prices. No prices are being quoted in this report as it
is too close to the date for the setting of the opening
prices which will be around the 20th of the month, and
again there is a difference of opinion as to what will
be a fair price as the run of sockeyes is still on at this
writing (Ang. 11), there is a tendency among all those
who have not sold to hold off until after the opening
prices have been announced.

Chums will not be packed in any quantity this year,
and only enough to take care of regular orders will be
packed.

Herring will be packed in a limited way. There is
some movement in this variety but no extensive sales.

‘FISHERMAN
_R. E, CLANTON, OF THE OREGON FISH & GAME

GANADIAN

August, 192

- COMMISSION INSPECTS THE LAKES AND
RIVERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA,

A movement, originated by Mr. Henry Doyle,
President of the Northern B.C. Fisheries Ltd., and u
timately endorsed by the salmon ecanners of Briti:
Columbia and Puget Sound, Washington, has bor
fruit, and during the month of August Mr. R. E.
ton, Master Fish Warden for the state or Orego
a comprehensive tour of the lakes and streams
ish Columbia investigating the possibilities o
ing hatcheries and rearing ponds similar to th
have been in operation at Bonneville, Oregon,
the Columbia River. eee

The idea of installing such rearing ponc
able to hold the young fry until they are
eighteen months old when they are mature
enable them to take care of themselves with
that a large number escape their natural enem’
grow to their normal size. agit

Mr. Clanton will embody the findings of his im
gations in a written report addressed to the com
which arranged the tour, and of which
Doyle is secretary. Kak ahaa es’

Seton and Anderson lakes were the lakes that seem-
ed to impress Mr. Clanton as having the best facilities
for the installation of rearing ponds. There is a narrov
neck of land less than a mile in length separating
two lakes and as running streams are available the yea
round this would appear to be the ideal loeation for
breeding and rearing ponds. Another important mat- —
ter to be taken into consideration is that the P. G. ! .
Railway is only a stone’s throw from the location nd
this insures the bringing in of all kinds of supplies. __
Abbatoir offal of various kinds is used to feed t

fry.

The report of Mr. Clanton will certainly make
teresting reading to all those interested in the
gation of salmon. es

Perhaps it would not be amiss to state that the be-
ginning of all this investigation was the result of a_
paper read at the last Canadian Fisheries Asse
convention held in Vancouver in 1920,

U. S. FISHERIES ASSOCIATION CONV

The Annual Convention of the United States
eries Association will be held at the Hotel Bre
Atlantic City, N, J. on September 16th and 17th.

Representatives of the Canadian Fisheries
tion have been invited and will in all likelihood
the gathering. Py ic

“LON,

AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY MEETING.
The Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Se
ciety will gather this year at Allentown, Pa,. Sept. 5t)
6th and 7th. A first class program has been aranget

A man, driving home on a very wet night, wis
give the cab driver something to keep out the cold.
ing nothing at hand but a liqueur-stand with its
glasses, he filled up one and handed it to the jehu,
marking, ‘‘ You’ll think none the worse of this Bened
tine because it was made by. the holy monks.” ‘‘G
bless the holy monks’’, exclaimed the driver, as he drain
ed the glass, ‘‘it’s themselves that can make good liquor,
but the man that blew that glass was very short of
breath.’’—Tatler (London). ;

CANADIAN

Peas all over the district.
“Major Motherwell found that the weather for weeks
d been cold and rainy, and for this reason the salmon

pubt had been the cause of the small packs all over
northern district. In Rivers Inlet this year there
2 956 gill nets operating as against 850 in 1920, but
‘ven so the pack was not up to what it should have
n. The spawning ground in Smith’s inlet were re-
rted to be well seeded. At Lakelse the hatchery re-
ad that the fish appeared to be late in reaching the
wning grounds.

o a certain extent Major Motherwell thought that
season was identical with other seasons.

CERE, AMERICAN FISHING INTERESTS ON
PUGET SOUND WOULD NOT HAVE OPPOSED

_ TREATY PROPOSED BY AMERICAN.
CANADIAN COMMISSION.

Rogarding the proposed closed season which the
te of Washington Fisheries Commission has pro-
sed, extending from August 25th to September 15th,
jor Motherwell, Chief Inspector of Dominion Fish-
es for British Columbia believes that if the American
hing interests of Puget Sound were really sincere in
heir efforts to conserve the sockeye salmon they would
aly have to ratify the international treaty. previously
coved by Canada, and thus have suitable machinery
ht at hand. Following sessions held in several cent-
on the Pacific coast in 1918 by the American-Can-
an Fisheries Commission a treaty was drafted which
luded recommendations of the commission. This
ty was ratified by Canada but was never ratified
the United States owing to opposition by the Wash-
ton state fishing interests. This treaty provided for
uetion of fishing gear and equipment, longer elosed
seasons and intensified hatchery operations.

Recently when Ottawa was approached by the Wash-
ington State Fisheries Commission with a proposition
f some mutual understanding on the question they
re told the treaty was sufficient and could not be
orced on account of their opposition.

Another fact pointed out by Major Motherwell, was
that 90 per cent of the American pack on Puget Sound
yas up by August 25th just when it was proposed to
‘Start the closed season. As it takes nearly a week for
‘the salmon to pass from Puget Sound to the Fraser
iver the closed season should be one week later in
jan waters to prove effective in working with the
et Sound closed season.

POOR RUN HURTS PACIFIC COAST SALMON
PACKERS SAYS NEW YORK DESPATCH.

_ New York Aug. 10.—One million and a half cases of
and chum salmon are said to have been already
ged in the pool whieh has been organized in
le. This year’s slump in the market for the cheaper
of salmon has led the packers to organize to
liminate as much as possible the misunderstandings
‘ich have contributed to the decline.
he organization plan has been talked of by the
cs and the packers for some time past. The only
back has been the scattered stocks of the finan-
weak concerns. With the clearing of these
r lots packers have been able to effect an under-
ding and are reported to have listed their surplus

Mek deup: and passed beneath the nets. This without.

FISHERMAN 191

stoeks at central point with the agreement tliat the
salmon is not to be sold until the general market has
shown an improvement,

The visible supply of salmon at Seattle is estimated
at 1,000,000 cases of pinks, 1,000,000 cases of chums
and a comparatively unimportant stock of reds medium
reds and kings. These stocks are practically all held
by the banks or the three strongest packers in the field.

Despite the fact that this is the fourth year in the
salmon eyele, and that a heavy run is due, the run of
sockeye salmon to date has been very unsatisfactory
and eannery operators are very pessimistic in their
views as to the probable pack.

Bellingham Wash., advices, discussing the falling off
in salmon runs in the sound, say: Where is the sock- .
eye? The sockeye comes every four years. This is the
year, The peak of the anticipated run is now overdue,
but traps and purse seiners whose nets bulged with
teeming thousands of this valuable salmon in early
years are catching only a few hundred today. And
this fact is writing the obituary of an industry that
once ranked with lumbering in Washington State.

While the peak of the run is now overdue, hope is
held that this year will witness a repetition of 1905,
when the sockeye blasted all tradition and swarmed
the upper reaches of Puget Sound lake. If this con-
dition is not repeated this year the 1921 sockeye run
will have been a failure.

DOMINION PHOTOGRAPHERS FILM THE FISH-
ERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

Messrs E. M. Finn and B. J. Bach, Dominion Govern-
ment photographers have been filming the fisheries of
British Columbia and have secured pictures of all
branches of the fishing industry and operations in
securing the raw product all along the coast as far
north as Alaska.

The work of these two men should be of great value
in advertising the Pacifie coast fishing industry as they
have secured details of the operations never before
taken.

FISH TRAP PIRATES OPERATING IN THE
STRAITS OF SAN JUAN DE FUCA.

Salmon trap poaching in British Columbia waters
was quite common in years gone by but has not oceur-
red recently until the night of July 30th when trap
pirates visited the trap of J. H. Tood & Sons, situated
off Muir Creek, beyond Sooke Harbor. It being a
foggy night the thieves had little difficulty in getting
a good haul and getting away. They cut gear and
webbing during their operations.

HARD TO EDUCATE THE RED MAN OUT OF OLD
AGE CUSTOMS.

The officials of the Dominion Fisheries Dept. have
been having their own troubles in convincing the In-
dians of British Columbia that it is for their own bene-
fit that they should not take salmon near the spawning
grounds as has been their habit for many years. For
a long time back it has been the custom of Indians from
the interior of British Columbia to rendezvous at
Bridge River Canyon and other points on the Fraser
when the big run of salmon were on their way to the
spawing beds in the upper reaches of the river.

Three years ago the department decided they would
have to take away the privileges allowed the Indians
of taking salmon for their own use by methods they

~

192

had used for years past, ie. spearing, gaffing, stake
nets and dip nets, as the privilege was being persist-
ently abused and this was done. It was in the interests
of the conservation of the salmon that these privileges
should be cancelled. The Indians have the privilege
of taking out licenses in the same way as other British
subjects,and of fishing in the ordinary way with gill
nets and hook and line.

The Indians have not however seen eye to eye with
the government and have persisted in using their old
methods. Last year education and persuasion were
used but to no avail and now court proceedings have
had to be instituted. In one district the Indians held
the authorities off with guns, and one Indian was sent
to jail. After that an adjustment was made between
all parties for that district.

VANCOUVER WHOLESALE FISH MARKET.

Cod. Supply very good, selling at 8¢ per lb.

Salmon. Conoes beginning to show up. Selling at
10ce head on 12e head off. Springs in fair supply and
are bringing 15 to 16¢ heads off. Sockeye still on the
market at same prices as springs.

Halibut. Arriving quite regularly and selling at 1le
for chicken sizes and 14¢ per mediums.

Sable Fish. Fresh stock is on the market at 10¢ per
lb. and smoked is selling at 15¢ per lb.

Herring. Are exceptionally scarce as the boats are
bringing very few.

Smelts. A very good supply is being brought in and
are selling at 8c.

Soles.. Are much better as to size that for some time
past. Selling at 8¢ per lb.

UNITED STATES FISHING SCHOONERS SEIZED
OFF WEST COST OF VANCOUVER ISLAND.

The United States fishing vessels were seized during
the latter part of July for fishing within the three mile
limit off the west coast of Vanyouver Island, near Car-
manah.
by the Canadian fisheries cruiser Malaspina. Consid-
erable poaching had been reported and the department
took steps to apprehend the offenders with the above
result. Later both vessels were brought oyer from
Victoria and tied up at New Westminster by the fish-
eries patrol boat Foam. They are now being held for
investigation to determine their fate. The names of
the vessels are the ‘‘Grace,”’ and ‘‘K 125.”’

A LARGE SHIPMENT OF CANNED SALMON.

Recently the Holland American Line Steamer ‘‘ Kin-
derdijk’’ left Vancouver B.C. with one of the largest
shipments of canned salmon ever sent by one steamer
from that port.

The shipment consisted of 65,000 cases and was con-
signed to points in the U.K., Belgium and Franee.

RETAINING PONDS AND BARREN LAKES WELL
STOCKED WITH SALMON FRY.

In British Columbia this year many retaining ponds
and barren lakes have been well stocked with salmon
fry.

Between 8,000,000 and 9,000,000 fry are being held
and next year this will be increased to 50,000,000,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

These seizures were made at different times —

Donald Watson and Sam Gurney are now operating
the ‘‘Julian S’’ as a sole trawler out of Vancouver.
The ‘‘Julian S’’ is a gas boat which was tonnes
gaged in halibut fishing.

THE BRITISH COLUMBIA SALMON Pack
Up to August 7th the calmon pack as compi by
the Dominion Fisheries Dept. had reached the folloy
ing figures.
District No. 1 Chet: to August 7th)
Sockeye iso 3: 25,425 C.
Red Springs .. F ‘
White Springs ....
_Pink Springs .
Bluebatks. i444) 3a 53s see
Cohos see ars ee
Pinks (cg lee As

Other Varieties ..

District No. 2 Skeena River i to
Sockeye .. . 33.

Spring Salmon .
Pinks. 2. A
Cokes 4 ok Se ee eee
GRiMSs: oo oe aa es eee

District No. 2 Naas River o- to
Sockeye .. .. ... A
Springs <4 a eee ee
Cohoe 20 ee saa eine
Pinks 326 ioe en ee ee
Chums << s%

Fish Co., Ge ae Svott, for some years | |
fish catcher of the North Pacifie grounds, is k
up her record. On Saturday, Aug. 6, she dis
170,000 pounds of halibut at the Company’s
Ketchikan. So far this season she has exces
half-million mark.

HALIBUT FISHERMEN JUST AS WELL (
WITH PRICES LOWER THAN 1920.
A Prince Rupert authority on halibut fishing st.
that although the halibut fishermen is recei
for his fish this year he is as well off as in 1920
prices were higher. The reason for this bein
operations may be carried on at a lower eost. I
late is less by about 7 cents per gallon, gear has"
ped about 25 per cent and foodstuffs are way do
The fishing industry accordingly is on a
healthier basis and the halibut fishermen should b
ing very well.

ugust, 1921

hs
The following correspondence shows what efforts are
being made to put Alaska reds on the different markets
‘e world as Alaska sockeyes. Everybody who knows
hing about canned salmon knows that there is no
riety that compares favorably with the British Colum-
, sockeye, and the efforts being made by Alaska can-
to use the name ‘‘sockeye’’ in connection with
r packs of reds should be discouraged in the strong-
possible manner. If there is no regulation to cover
now in force one should be promulgated at the earliest

ible moment. :
‘As the correspondence shows Mr. D. H. Ross, Canadian
de Commissioner to Australia has used every en-
3 or to correct this abuse of the name ‘‘sockeye’’ and
he deserves much commendation for his efforts.

ee

CANADIAN FISHERIES ASSOCIATION.

% Vancouver, B. C., July 27th, 1921.

r. W. D. Burdis, Secretary,

- B.C. Salmon Canners, Assn.,

626 Pender Street, W.,

Vancouver, B.C.

; Sockeye salmon

‘Herewith file of correspondence on this subject, which

just been received by me, and which I believe can

‘be handled by you. I offer the suggestion that you

» the Canadian Trade Commissioner, Melbourne,

tralia, and if you deem it advisable, supply him with

es of recent correspondence between yourself and

Deputy Minister of Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa.

dly return the attached file after you have dealt

h it. I would also appreciate a copy of your letter to

Trade Commissioner, D. H. Ross.

- GANADIAN FISHERIES ASSOCIATION.

“A, LL. HAGER,”’

President.

CANADIAN FISHERIES ASSOCIATION,

5 Vancouver, B.C., July 23rd, 1921.
L. Hager, Pres.,
- Canadian Fisheries Association,
Ft. Gore Avenue, City.

Alaska Sockeye.
Enclosed I am sending you a communication just re-
ed from D. H. Ross, Canadian Trade Commissioner
to Australia, and my acknoweledgement of same. They
are self explanatory.

Perhaps it would be well to place this matter before

canners association.
ithout doubt publicity would be the best way to deal

vith the matter.
4 “hE, PAYSON,’’
Secretary.

July 23, 1921.
D. H. Ross, AS
Canadian Government Trade Commissioner to

Australia,
Melbourne, Australia.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

193 |

alas Reds” Parading as ‘‘Sockeyes.”’

Re M-20647 Alaska Sockeye.

Your valued letter of June 21st and copies of corres-
pondence with the Acting Comptroiler General, Depart-
ment of Trade & Commerce, at Melbourne, just re-
ceived.

In acknowledging thanks for placing this matter be-
fore our association I wish to express the appreciation of
the Association for your taking such an interest in this

matter and the efforts put forth to remedy the situation.

Your entire correspondence has been placed before
President A. L. Hager for such action as he may think
best, and you will be communicated with just as soon
as action is taken.

FRANK E. PAYSON,

Secretary Vancouver Branch.
Canadian Fisheries Association.

COPY.

DEPARTMENT OF TRADE & COMMERCE.

Commercial Intelligence Service.
Melbourne, June 21st, 1921.

F. E. Payson, Esq.,

Canadian Fisheries Association,

528 Wineh Building, -
Vancouver, Canada.
Sockeye Salmon

For the information of your Association, we are at-
taching hereto copies of our correspondence of recent
date, as noted below, with the Commonwealth Depart-
ment of Trade and Customs, Melbourne, relative to in-
ferior Alaska salmon being now imported into Australia
under the designation of ‘‘ Alaska Sockeye.’’

Apparently, the old stringent regulaticn of the De-
partment which only permited the importation into Aus-
tralia of sockeye salmon from British Columbia and
Puget Sound waters, was relaxed by the Department of
Trade and Customs without any notification being made
to this office, or to the agents for the various British Co-
lumbia packers.

We had samples of the ‘‘ Alaska Sockeye’’ forwarded
to our Department at Ottawa, and these were subse-
quently examined by Professor Prince Dominion Fish-
eries Commissioner, Ottawa, whose comments are noted
in our letter of May 16th. (M. 20328) to the Acting
Comptroller General, Departments of Trade and Cus-
toms, Melbourne.

The careful consideration of your Association is com-
mended to the copies sent herewith, which are self-ex-
planatory. It would appear to us that some definite
action will have to be taken by your Association to des-
ignate British Columbia Sockeye under a trade mark
which will be aeceptable to all the packers. It suggests
itsef to us that possible a ‘‘maple leaf’’ with the name
**Canadian Sockeye’’ would meet the case.

For many years, retail purchasers in Australia would
take nothing else but ‘‘sockeye’’ but now the ‘‘eutting
grocer’’ will hand them a can of ‘‘ Alaska Sockeye’’ and
probably make an extra profit on this inferior grade, as
compared with B. C. fish of the same name. We shall
be glad to have your advices, and anything this office
can do to facilitate the interests of B. C. packers will
be a service gladly rendered.

**D. H. ROSS’’,
Canadian Trade Commissioner.

x

194

COPY.
TRADE COMMISSIONER OF THE GOVERNMENT

OF CANADA.
Melbourne, May 16th, 1921.
The Acting Comptroller-General,
Department of Trade & Customs,
31 Spring Street, Melbourne.
Sockeye Salmon.

In confirming our letters of May 20th. (M. 16873),
June 9th, (M. 17093) and October 6th. (M. 18210) 1920,
and in further review of your acknowledgements of May
27th. (File 20A’3859) and July 10th, and August 16th.
1920 (File 20 A’5145), in which we stressed that in-
ferior Alaska salmon was permitted to be imported into
Australia under the superlative quality description of
‘“Ajaska Sockeye Salmon‘‘ we beg to refer you part-
ieularly to our communication of May 20th. 1920, which
accompanied two sample cans of salmon so labelled sub-
mitted for your Departmental examination.

We were not favoured with the result of your exami-
nation of the samples of the salmon, but your letter of
July 10th. apparently, was intended to convey the im-
pression that the quality was equal to the Sockeye sal-
mon for which British Columbia packers have an estab-
ished trading reputation.

Quite a number of years, ago, from representations
made by this office supported by evidence of fishery ex-
perts, your Department made a ruling that only salmon
(of that species) caught in British Columbia and Puget
Sound waters was entitled to the trade term of Sockeye
upon which our packers had established an enviable re-
putation in Australia and other overseas markets.

The Canadian packers are viewing, with great appre-
hension the action of your Department in (quite unwit-
tingly, we believe) permitting inferior Alaska salmon
to be imported as Sockeye, and are at a loss to under-
stand why the former ruling of your Department should
have been relaxed. Buyers are also, obviously, misled as
to the quality of the contents of the cans they purchase.

We forwarded a similar sample can of ‘‘ Alaska Sock-
eye Salmon’’ to Professor Prince, Dominion Commis-
sioner of Fisheries, Ottawa, and from his review we beg
to quote as follows:

‘Referring to the sample can of salmon which
you sent for my examination, it boars the words
‘choice Alaska Sockeye red salmon’’, and I may
say that I carefully examined the contents and
found the colour to be far inferior to the Fraser
River and Skeena and other British Columbia sock-
eye. It is much paler. The contents and softer and
considerably ‘‘mashed up,’’ not the firm steak which
you find in our British Columbia packed Sockeye.’’

“The colour and texture of the Alaska sockeye
is not at all to compare with that of the British Co-
lumbia breeds of the same specie. Like eattle, sal-
mon in different waters vary very much in these
features, color, textures, ete. I have an article in
preparation, in which deal with the inferiority of
much of the fish packed in the United States. The
only real point that remains is as to whether a term
which is really a British Columbia Indian word, and
confined, I believe, to the Fraser River, ean be
transferred to the same species of fish in waters
one thousand miles away, which has always been
called simply ‘‘red salmon’’, Red salmon is the
name used for the sockeye salmon in United States
waters, but as our British Columbia, packers have
established a reprtation for their sockeye salmon,
the American packers are adopting our name.”’

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

There is no greater living snaps on pisces
matters than Professor Prince, who is "frequently
mitted by my Government to report on fisheries 0
the Dominion. Last year, at the request of the
Government, he inspected the fisheries of the
Florida. nae 4

Until recently, Alaska packers. were content to li y
their fish ‘‘ Alaska Red’’, and now their in
admittedly of the sockeye species, is sold in A
‘““Choice Alaska Sockeye Red Salmon’? when th
are not ‘‘choice’’ and are distinetly inferior in ¢
and color to the much superior British C
of Sockeye, to which the Australian trade
customed over a long period of years.

This competition of an inferior fish sold’ u
perlative trade name is seriously detrimet
Columbia packers who have never masqu
valuable salmon in their waters under
trade description.

In a subsequent communication P1
wrote as follows :— i

“Tt does seen an injustice to Ci
the United States packers have used
salmon’’ for so many years, they sh
_a term which is essentially Can
rived from an Indian word used o
River Indians viz, ‘* Suek-kegh”’,
trade term “Pyaser River’’ sockeye
although it would not strictly app
and other sockeye salmon of the nort

“<The matter cf trade names is still
sideration of a committee, on wh
States Fish Commissioner, a repre:
Canadian Fisheries Association, and
Board and this Department are engé
having the point raised diseussed at
ing of this committee, but it 2

The Alaska ‘‘red fish’’ of course, are’
cies as the Fraser River fish, b=t I have
that they are far inferior in colovr and

The 1921, salmon season is shortly
hence we are again taking the liberty |
review the whole position. with the hope
interests of a sister Dominion — your D
be disposed to revert to your former ru
the definition and designation of genu

a reputation, amd as it is understood by
sumers,

COPY. ;
COMMONWEALTH OF AU

Department of Trade and Cu

31 Spring Street, Melbourne.

June 1

The Canadian Trade Commissioner, :

Box 140, G. P. O.
Melbourne.

With reference to your letter oh 16th May

lative to the importation into the Commonw

‘Sockeye’? salmon, I beg to inform you that

ther representations have been fully conside

is regretted that the present practice of the

mnt in this connection eannot be altered.

CANADIAN

ides. of 10th July last, referred to by you, was
not imtended te convey the impression that the quality
ee the Alaskan Sockeye Salmon contained in the sample
which accompanied your leter of 20th May, 1920,
equal to the British Columbia Sockeye. On the con-
y, it was found that the samples did not show the
se bright and deep colour cf the British Columbian
Sockeye, nor did either contain the average amount. of
| which that variety usually exhibits.
t was on account of this difference in quality that it
; decided to insist on salmon of the ‘‘Sockeye’’ (On-
nchus nerka) variety caught and canned outside
h Coumbia and Puget Sound, bearing an appro-
peeseehicn) qualification of the term ‘‘Sock-

“PERCY WHITTON.”’
Acting Comptroller General.

CANADIAN GOVERNMENT TRADE
* COMMISSIONER

oe Melbourne, Australia, June 21st, 1921.
omy Whitton, Esq.,
Acting Comptroller General,

_ Department of Trade & Customs,

31 Spring St., Melbourne.
Sockeye Salmon.

We have your letter of June 10th, in review of the re-

of Canadian packers of sockeye salmon.

By the outgoing mail we are communicating with our
Department at Ottawa, quoting from your letter, and
) with professor Prince. Dominion Commissioner of

We much regret at the time your Department relaxed
he old stringent regulation which protected British
Columbia packers of high grade sockeye salmon, that

his office was not advised so Canadian interests could
have been promptly informed that it was imperative
action should be taken by them to maintain the supre-
‘y of their sockeye salmon on the Australian market.
The pack for 1920 and 1921 in Alaska will thus have
the advantage of having been placed on the Australian
market before Canadian packers could—by advertising
or other methods—take steps to advise consumers of the
superiority of their sockeye salmon.

British Columbia packers are being advised as to the
vation, and suggestions are also being made that a
Aistinet designation is desirable for their product which,
with judicious advertising, mav tend to overcome the
nfortrnate - position in which they are now placed
brovgh inferior Alaska salmon being put on the Aus-
ralian market and retailed under ‘‘the trade name’’
which had been carefully conserved over a long period of
rs for the highest grade of British Columbia and
Preeet Sound salmon imported into the Commonwealth.

“*T). H. ROSS,”’
Canadian Trade Commissioner.

RE IMPORT OF ALASKA RED INTO CANADA.

; May 20th. 1921.
Hen. S. F. Tolmie,

Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa.

_ Attempts are being made to import Alaska Reds into
anada under the name of Sockeye, featuring the latter

FISHERMAN 195
name. Stop. As you know Sockeye is a trade name ap-
plicable only to the so-called highest grade salmon of
Puget Sound and British Columbia. Stop, The Alas-
ka Red is considered the world over distinctly inferior,
and realizes much lower prices. Stop. In tngland they
are always offered and sold as Alaska Reds, and no re-
putable dealer would describe or label them Sockeyes.
In view of these facts it would be manifestly unfair and
an imposition on the public to permit them to be labelled
and sold in Canada as Sockeyes. Please promptly wire
me your decision in this connection, and instruct your
officers accordingly, as the matter is one of vital im-
portance.
B. C, Salmon Canners Association,

W. D. Burdis, Secretary.
COPY. Ottawa, May 21st. 1921.
W. D.: Burdis,

Secretary B. C. Salmon Canners, Assn.,
Vancouver.

Your wire fish section meat and canned foods act ad-
ministered by Marine and Fisheries Department have
requested their officials to give matter prompt atten-
tion and they are wiring you.

S. F. TOLMIE.
COPY. Ottawa, May 23rd. 1921.
age May 25th. 1921.
W. D. Burdis,

Secretary, B. C. Canners Assn.
Vancouver, B. C.

Re your telegram twentieth instant to Minister of
Agriculture if you mean imported canned Alaska Reds
labels must show clearly where packed but use of name
sockeye cannot be prevented, as Alaska Reds are sock-
eye species if you mean imported raw salmon for can-
ning labels must show that fish were caught in Alaska.

A. JOHNSTON.
COPY. November 22, 1920.
(Extract from telegram)
Lieut.-Col. F. H. Cunningham,
Chateau Laurier, Ottawa.

Libby MeNeill and Libby wish import Alaska medium
red salmon. They understand such salmon must be a-
belled Cohoe.

F. HARRISON.
COPY, November 24th.
(Extract from Chief Inspector’s Wire.)

Libby salmon subject to same regulations as Canadian
packers. If Cohoe they should be labelled such.

F. H. CUNNINGHAM.

1920.

COPY.
Vancouver, B.C.; May 30th. 1921.
Alex. Johnston, Esq.,
Deputy Minister of Marine & Fisheries,
Ottawa.

Your telegram of the 23rd. inst. stating that canned
Alaska Red Salmon can be Imported into Canada as
“*Sockeyes’’ because they are ‘‘sockeye species’’ will, if
permitted, be ruinous to British Columbia canning in-
terests.

Alaska Red Salmon is no more entitled to be sold as
Sockeves than are Cohoes, which they much more nearly
resemble in flesh, colour, and the oil contents.

Your Department must be cognisant of the fact that

196

Alaska Reds hate never been classed as sockeyes in the
market, but have always been sold at prices $5 or $6
below the prices paid for sockeyes, and the only reason
that some dealers are endeavouring to import them into
Canada under a misleading name, is to obtain a higher
price for an inferior article.

Permission to do this ought not to be given by the
Government, which is entrusted with the protection of
such an important element in the canning industry as
that represented by the sockeye packs of British Colum-
bia. ;
The import of Alaska Reds under its distinctive label
cannot be objected to, but it should not be permitted to
be sold to the consumer as sockeyes.

A person who formerly had bought the genuine sock-
eye salmon and had a can of Alaska Reds given him
instead, would recognise the difference and the Cana-
dian demand for the British Columbia product would
lose a customer.

Recently some of Libby’s Red Alaska salmon was
placed on sale in retail stores on this coast, but it was
sold under its own name (vide a label off one of the
cans, enclosed herewith) and described as ‘‘Red’’ on the
label.

No person objected to that being done, but the aspect
would be entirely changed, if, instead of the above
standard label, a deceitful label for the same salmon was
printed (as proposed) with the word ‘‘Sockeye’’ on the
fish, and which would be used to sell it in competition
with the genuine sockeye throughout Canada.

Our canners have valuable trade marks and labels,
which are recognised by dealers and consumers in Can-
ada as guarantees in respect to quality, and to allow
inferior grades to be sold under the name of sockeyes
would destroy their business, built up after many years
of henest and systematie methods.

I am instructed to most earnestly urge your Depart- .

ment to refrain from granting such permission, but to
protect our own people in their legitimate business in
their own country.

Awaiting your favourable consideration and reply.

B. C. SALMON CANNERS ASSOCIATION.
W. D. Burdis, Secretary.

COPY.
DEPARTMENT OF MARINE AND FISHERIES.

Ottawa, B. C., June 13th, 1921.

I am in receipt of your letter of the 30th. ultimo, with
further reference to the labelling of canned Alaska Red
salmon, and the name under which it may be permitted
to enter Canada for sale.

The Meat and Canned Foods Act requires that Bri-
tish Columbia salmon cf the species Nerka of the genus
Oneorhynehous shall be designated sockeve, It does not
follow, however, that fish of that family and variety
taken in British Columbia waters are exclusively en-
titled to that designation. For examnle, such fish taken
in Puget Sovnd and the approaches thereto and packed
in the State of Washington are designated sockeye, and
riehtlv so.

Further, it cannot be verv well denied that O. Nerka
ranges from Oregon to Alaska on the Ameriean side of
the Pacific, and that the fish known as Alaska Red is of
that gens and snecies. a Nerka inferior, no donbt. to
that which annually visits the Fraser River, but still a
Nerka.

As you know, salmon making fer the Naas River,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

_ Columbia and Alaska are taken by both American

August, 1921
which almost forms the dividing line between British

Canadian fishermen just as fish making for the F'r
River are so taken. As you also know, we designate
Nerka variety taken by Canadian fishermen and cann
in our Naas River canneries, sockeye. We would, there-
fore, find ourselves on altogether untenable ground if
we argued that the name could not be used to desi
iverka taken by American fishermen and i
Alaskan canneries simply because part of the r
fish crossed the imaginary line separating Alaska
British Columbia waters.

But, while we may not be in a position to pre
-use of the name sockeye on Alaska Red salmon »
power which of course we exercise under section 12]
the Meat and Canned Foods Act, to insist that the
on all such canned salmon imported into Canada
sale, shall show the place of origin—in this ease, A

It is, of course, realized that for trade purposes,
ers of O. Nerka in Alaska have adopted and »
name Alaska Red for these fish and that the trade
erally recognizes them by that name. From th
of view it may be that the substitution of the nam
eye — notwithstanding the right from a scientific
point, to use it — constitutes a misleading mark, the 1
of which is prohibited by subsection 2 of section
of the Act. CR eee

Unfortunately, however, that subsection wo’
to apply only to canned fish packed in Canada
sale in Canada. I am therefore obtaining the
the Department of Justice as to whether the.
named embraces imported canned fish a
from the viewpoint of trade custom we can
name sockeye from being used to designate A

sold in Canada. ee
‘“‘A.. JOHNSTON,
Deputy Minister of Marine ar

W. D. Burdis, Esq., Secretary, -
B. C. Salmon Canners, Assn.

?
_ Vancouver, B.C.

COPY. |b
B.C. SALON CANNERS ASSOCIATION,
ancouver, B.C., June 25th. 19291
Alex. Johnston, Esq., BS ;
Deputy Minister of Marine and Fisheries, x ae
Ottawa. Wes 3 eee
Re labelling ‘‘Alaska Reds’? as ‘Sockeyes’? for
in Canada. Fa
I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your favour
June 13th. which only arrived on the 20th. inst. a
been placed before the members. =. desi ae
We contend that though the genus ‘‘ Oneorhy
may be the scientific name for the ‘‘Sockeyes”’ t
siness name of sockeye is a trade name specially t
ing to British Coumbia, and except in the case of Puge
Sound, where the same identical salmon (the p
of the Fraser River) is packed, no packers in the U
States or Alaska are entitled to use that name on a labe
or package of red salmon packed in Alaska, Socke:
on the Columbia River are called ‘‘Blue Backs’’ and
name ‘‘Sockeye’’ was adopted on Puget Sound to dis
tinguish this salmon from ‘Alaska Reds’’; and th
Puget Sound packers would object as much as we could
do, to having or allowing Alaska Red salmon labell
‘‘Sockeyes’’ for sale in the United States. ;
Again, the salmon we eall ‘‘Red Spring Salmon’

August, 1921.

marketed as Tyee or King salmon from Alaska, or
_**Chinook’”’ salmon from the Columbia River, is iden-
- tieally the same fish, but sold under the other names ac-
cording to the locality in which it was packed, and is
‘known to buyers accordingly.

The term ‘‘Sockeye’’ placed on a can of Alaska Red
salmon is undoubtedly a misleading brand to salmon
- buyers, and should be prohibited, and cans of Alaska
~ Reds should also be marked with the place of origin.

_ The principle involved in respect to the business value
of a trade name was recently confirmed by the British
Privq Council in the matter of-‘‘Sardines’’ wherein
~ Alex. Watson & Co., of Neweastle-on-Tyne were denied
‘the right to use the name ‘‘Sardines’’ on their cans, the
same being declared to be a valuable trade asset belong-
ing to French packers; and we contend this, decision is
- one which covers the right of British Columbia and Pu-
_ get Sound packers to the sole use of the word ‘‘Scck

_ eye’’ on their label.

Tf the Act to which you refer demands that for sale
in Canada salmon packed in Canada shall be correctly
named on the label surely it has the power to demand
that any samon packed outside Canada shall not be per-
mitted to be sold under a name to which it is not strictly
entitled.

As Canadian producers we are entitled to all the pro-
tection afforded by our laws, and respectfully bespeak
the further consideration of your Hon. Department,

_ awaiting which,
*“*W. D. BURDIS,”’

Secretary.

COPY.
DEPARTMENT OF MARINE AND FISHERIES.
Ottawa, Angust 6th. 1921.
Referring to previous correspondence with regard to
_the sale ef Alaska red salmon in Canada under the name
sockeye. I have to say that the Department of Justice
now advises as follows :—
a There is no authority to prohibit the use of the name
2 sockeye on the ground that it would be a misleading
name within section 12A (2) of the Act. as it is clear that
this section anplies only to fish and shell-fish prepared
and packed in Canada. Section 12H(1) however, re-
-_ anires that all cans of fish and shell-fish imported into
) (Ganada for sale be correctly labelled, so as to indicate
__ the kind and auality of their contents. This is held to be
- adeavate avtherity to require—whether the name sock-
seve is vsed or not—that cans containing Alaska red sal-
mon imnorted for sale in Canada must be marked in a
way to indicate that the contents consist of the variety

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

(89) 197

or kind known as such. In other words the labels on
such cans must show plainly the words Alaska red sal-
mon.

Steps are being taken to see that this requirement is
fully met.

“A. JOHNSTON,”’
Deputy Minister of Marine and Fisheries.
W. D. Burdis, Esq., Secretary,
B. C. Salmon Canners Assn.,
Vancouver, B.C,

Mermaid—How are you going to amuse yourself dur-
ing the summer?

Sea Serpent—I guess I won’t show up this season. I
might get some poor fellow into trouble with the revenue
sleuths—New York Sun.

OIL RECOVERED

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CANADIAN

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

You. Vill GARDENVALE, P.Q., SEPT. 1921

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Meats Vegetables
Syrup .- Fish Paint Etc.
PACKERS’ CANS°
Open Top Sanitary Cans

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with Solder-Hemmed Caps

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TORONTO WINNIPEG

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CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Meeting the Requirements of the Industry

4

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For over half a century has been supplying the
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Linen Gilling Nets, Gilling Twines,
Sea Island Cotton Gilling Nets,

Side Line and Seaming Twine,

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CANADIAN FISHERMAN

199

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.. WAIT AND SEE!
See) WANTED by the Canadian Fishing Industry, a
ia : Department of Fisheries distinct from Marine,
= Naval or other affiliation. Also a Deputy

iE Minister in charge who will have direct access

ae, to the Minister.
a

These be parlous times at Ottawa. Skipper Meighen
has been signing on new hands to handle the Ship of
~ State across the baffling currents and stormy seas of a
_ General Election. The new Cabinet crew includes nine
" lawyers and three doctors. With the exception of two
farmers, the natural resources have no representation
- whatsoever.
' he Hon. Mr. Ballantyne has failed to retire as
_ rumored and is reported as still holding his portfolio of
' Naval and Marine. Fisheries is not even mentioned in
_ connection with his administration—which, after all,
Sums up his attitude towards our particular industry.
_ Nayal and Marine constitutes the Alpha and Omega of
his activities.
__ The time is fast approaching when the political wind-
' bags will be taking the stump and promising the elect-
_ Orate all sorts of good things. Fishermen would be well
_ advised to see that the representative they favor is in-
_ formed of the state of the fishing industry and pledged

' to take action to put the business where it ought to be,

_ Politicians of all stripes will promise anything, but the
' @leetors in our industry should back the men who know
_ the business and who will carry out their promises,

_ See that the man who aspires to your vote is fully

acquainted with the fact that the Fisheries require a
| Deputy Minister at the head of affairs,

z BARRING THE MAYFLOWER.

The Halifax Committee in charge of the International
Fishing Schooner Race undoubtedly took the wisest
€ourse when they barred the Boston schooner “*May-
flower’’ from competing in the International Sailing
Race for the supremacy of the Atlantic. Had the per-

7 WW WALLACE

NEWS AND VIEWS

ON FISH AND FISHERIES

Frederick William Wallace -

Editor-in-Chief

mission been granted, there would have been no race
and the sport would have died a sudden death.

While, on the face of things, the “‘Mayflower’’ may
have complied with all the conditions of the Deed of
Gift accompanying the Halifax Herald Trophy, yet
there is no doubt whatever that she was built primarily
to defend the Cup. The subscriptions for her cost were
collected primarily on the racing aspect; fishing was a
secondary consideration and served as a means of en-
suring the investors a return on their money. She was
designed by a well-known yacht architect who undoub-
tedly drafted her lines with speed as the principal
motive though a fair carrying capacity and stout con-
struction were cleverly combined. The rejection of his
product should constitute W. Starling Burgess’s great-
est. testimonial.

Since the Boston schooner has been barred out, an
impetus has been given to the fishing schooner races,
Three great sailing events will be pulled off in October,
First will come the American Elimination Contests on
October 12th, followed by the Nova Seotia Fishermen’s
Races on October 15th. From these two events the chal-
lenger and defender in the International Race will be
selected and the premier contest will be.staged off Ha-
lifax beginning on October 22nd.

We are looking to Canada to bring back the Cup.

THE FORDNEY TARIFF.

Reliable opinion in the United States leads us to the
belief that the Fordney Tariff Bill is not altogether the
bogey which Canadian fish producers imagine. The
Bill is quiescent for a time and is not likely to come up
again until after the New Year.

From eredible sources we have it that there is little
likelihood of the Bill going on to the statutes in its pre-
sent form and the tariff on fish is liable to considerable
moderation. In fact, it is prophesied by prominent U.
S. authorities that any tariff legislation enacted by the
U. 8. on Canadian fish will practically revert to the
schedule in foree prior to the present ‘‘free fish’’ seale.

200

SCHOONER RACES FIRST CLASS FISH
PUBLICITY.

The fishing schooner races will constitute first class
publicity for the fisheries of Canada and the United
States if properly taken advantage of. There is, in the
coming event, a splendid opportunity to bring our fish
and fishing industry to the attention of people in the
inland centers of Canada—a chance to put the business
on the map. How can it be done? Here are a few sug-
gestions : : is

(1) Producers and distributors in the Maritime Prov-
inees could have a rubber stamp made with the legend.
“INTERNATIONAL FISHING SCHOONER RACE,
Canada vs United States, HALIFAX, N.S., OCTOBER
22nd and 24th. The greatest sporting contest in the
world. Watch it!’’ This, or a similar announcement,
should be stamped upon every letter, invoice, shipping
bill, and even fish box, issued from Maritime Province
office and plant.

(2) A brief circular outlining the race and details of
the competing craft, with a photograph of the vessels,
should be printed and sent to all retail fish dealers in
Canada with the request that they display same upon
their windows or prominently in their stores. This will
have the effect of interesting the public in inland cen-
ters and focus attention upon the race.

(3) Fish dealers in inland centers might run an an-
nouncement in the advertising columns of their local
newspapers immediately prior to the event, somewhat
as follows:

4 Mewsrs.....°.. beg to call the attention of the read-
ers of this paper to the International Fishing Schooner
Race between fishing schooners of Canada and the
United States to be held off Halifax on October, 22nd
and 24th.

This will be the greatest sailing race in the world and
merits your interest and attention.’’

To the above suggested announcement can be added
the firms usual davertisement or a line running ‘‘Like
our fishermen, we are in the race for your business!’’
or ‘‘The price and quality of our sea-foods leave our
competitors astern.’* ‘‘Canadian fish and Canadian
fishermen are the best in th world. Eat more fish and
encourage Canadian Industry’’, ete.

(4) Salesmen in fish stores should lose no opport-
unity to diseuss the event with their customers.

(5) In small towns where daily papers are not pub-
lished, the local fish dealer can focus interest in himself
and his business by arranging with his producer or dis-
tributor to telegraph the result of the race. The same
could be pasted up on his window or written upon a
bulletin board.

The above are merely intended to inspire o:iginality
and many other, and better ideas, will suggest themsel-
ves to the live business man in the industry.

If these races are not taken advantage of to develop
the fish trade, their whole purpose narrows down to an
ordinary sporting event localized to the Nova Scotia and
New England coasts, and which will result in no benefit
to the fisherman’s product.

It is in the inland consuming centers of Canada that
the coming contest should be aggressively proclaimed
as there is a tremendously psychology in the affair
which can be counted upon to bring the publie to a
realization that Canada possesses fish and a fishing in-
dustry which is second to none.

There is no doubt whatever but what Sir Thomas
Lipton’s efforts to gain the America’s Cup reacted
favorably in the sale of his teas and other p:oduets and
we could name a dozen other sporting events instituted

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

September, 1921.

by railroads, distillers, motor manufacturers, and other
business concerns which drew the attention of the pub-
lic, indirectly, to the products which they manufactured.

FEEDING STARVING RUSSIA. HOW ABOUT
CANADIAN FISH ? Wa

In all the reports and plans for the relief of those
the Russian famine area we read much about grain
flour being sent for distribution, but what about
In Canada there are packs of cheap canned fish on
which could be readily used in this case. Has an;
been done in this connection by our Government
sentatives overseas?

A recent issue of CANADA, published in Londe
features an editorial on the subject of Russian r
the British credits extended for the purpose,
forth the unique position of the Dominion in’
to supply grain and transport same to Russia.
connection, the name of Henry B. Thomso:
Canadian Food Controller, has been brou nt”
as being the man best fitted for handling the E
Food situation on behalf of Canada. Mr.
at present in London engaged in private busin
is to be hoped that his presence there, and CAN
represen Hany will result in his being eng:
work of Russian relief. Pigs

Mr. Thomson’s intimate knowledge of Canada’s: (
supplies and his specially intimate knowledge
fishery resources and the capabilities of our p rs
would react to the benefit of the relief commission and
the fishing industry of Canada. No cheaper flesh f
than fish, canned or preserved, could be secured any-
where. :

NO LOBSTER FISHING IN WESTERN, N.
THIS FALL. eo
The Department of Fisheries have definitely
to permit lobster fishing for six weeks in Shelburne an
Yarmouth Counties this Fall. Fishermen in that dis-
trict apprehend hard times threugh the Departme
decision, though the consensus of opinion during a
of the district by Ward Fisher, Chief of the Atlan
Fisheries Division, was that the prospects for ne?
Spring should not be jeopardized by permitting a
fishing season. ane

THE ORIENTAL PROBLEM.

‘The Right Rey. Dr. Charles D. Schofield,
Bishop of the Diocese of Columbia, stated in a r
address at St. John, that five hundred Japanese chi
were born in British Columbia last year.

Five hundred grown-up Orientals dumped into
Province within a year would cause some alarm to
persons aware of the future danger in Oriental i
gration, but these youngsters, being born. there,
notice. At the’same time they are adding to the y
population just as surely as though they had con
from Japan and though we may class them as Canad
and educate them as such, we cannot make them +
or desirable citizens in the building up of the Domi

_ PORTUGAL TAXES NORWEGIAN CODFISH.

Owing to prohibition in Norway forbidding the
portation of Portuguese wines, the Portuguese Gove
ment have retaliated by imposing heavy taxes and sup
taxes against Norwegian vessels and goods, inelud
codfish. Spain has imposed a similar retaliatory du

New foundland being prohib., some chance su
exists for Canada in supplying the Spanish and Portu-
guese market with Quebee and British Columbia saying
us from being altogether arid,

ERN FISHERIES DIVISION CONFERENCE

- inspectors, packers and fish dealers met in
at Charlottetown during ‘the week of Sept.
A full report. of the meetings will be published
October issue of the ‘‘Canadian Fisherman.’

ATTENDED U. S. F. A. CONVENTION.

‘Mr. J. A. Paulhus, Vice-President, F. W. Wallace,

secretary, and W. B. Cohen, of the Canadian Fisheries

iation went from Montreal to attend the Conven-
of the United States Fisheries Association.

HARD YEAR FOR FISHING.
Eastern Fisheries Division in Convention.

ottetown, P.E.1., September 20.—Reports of a
year for those engaged in the fishing industry, but
wing closer co-operation between its various bran-
were heard at the convention of the Eastern Fish-
‘Division of Canada, which opened here today.
t sixty representatives were present, including
etieally all of the fisheries inspectors and officers of
division.
plea was made by New Brunswick delegates that
ations governing oyster fishing be made uniform.
t the season for privately-owned beds opens a
th earlier than that for public beds.

GAME FISH SWIM UP STREAM.

easy to drift as the current flows;
easy to move as the deep tide goes;
the answer comes when the breakers crash
‘Strike the soul with a bitter lash—
n the goal ahead is endless fight
zh a sunless day and a starless night,
iere the far call breaks cn the sleeper’s dream,
nly the game fish swims up stream.’’

he spirit wanes where it knows no load;

ie soul turns soft down the Easy Road;

’s fun enough in the thrill and throb,

it Life in the main is an uphill job;

it’s better so, where the softer game

Leaves too much fat on a weakened frame,

Where the far call breaks on the sleeper’s dream,

“Only the game fish swims up strame.”’

When the clouds bank in—and the soul turns blue—
hen Fate holds fast, and you can’t break through—

trouble sweeps like a tidal wave,

d Hope is a ghost by an open grave,

ou have reached the test in a frame of mind

‘here only the quitters fall behind,

here the far call breaks on the sleeper’s dream,

nly the game fish swims up stream.’’

—Author Unknown.

LESSER SLAVE LAKE FISHING WAS GOOD.

Edmonton, Sept. 24.—The fishing season in the lakes
to the north of this city has been brought to a suecess-
ful close. Seenty cars of whitefish from Lesser Slave
_Lake have entered this city since the commencement of

he season and fisherman states that the allotment of
eatch, aggregating one and a half million pounds
m Lesser Slae Lake has been brought to the market
the east.

CANADIAN FISHERMAS

201

W. S. LOGGIE RETIRES FROM POLITICS.

The Fishing Industry loses one of its few represent-
atives in the Dominion House of Commons with the re-
tirement of Mr, W. 8. Loggie, M.P. for Northumberland
Co., N.B, Mr. Loggie and Mr. Duff of Lunenburg are
the only two members in the present Government who
are engaged in the fish business.

Mr. Loggie entered politics many years ago as a
Liberal but allied himself with the Union Government
on the question of conscription, In his valedictory let-
ter to his constituents, Mr. Loggie urged their support
of the National Liberal-Conservative candidate. The

_ retiring member was seriously ill some months ago but

happily recovered. Our best wishes go with him.

FISHERIES DEPARTMENT REPORT.

The Fifty-fourth Annual Report of the Department
of Fisheries has just been received from the King’s
Printer. The Report covers departmental activities dur
ing the year 1920.

BRITISH COLUMBIA FISHERIES REPORT.

The Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries of the
Province of British Columbia has come to hand. The
Report is much smaller than those of previous years and
the principal contents consist of reports as to the condi-
tions of the salmon spawning beds of the Fraser, Smith
and Rivers Inlet, Skeena and Nass Rivers. Dr. Gilbert’s
famous prophecy on the 1921 run of the Fraser is also
incorporated along with much data regarding the salmon
packs.

NEWFOUNDLAND PROTESTS AMERICAN
TARIFF.

Sir Richard Squires, Premier of Newfoundland,went to
Washington recently and interviewed Herbert Hoover,
Secretary of Commerce on the matter of the proposed
U. 8S. Tariff on fish. He pointed out that Newfound- -
land exported $2,000,000 worth of fish annually to the
U. S. and imported goods to the value of $20,000,000
from that country. To impose heavy duties on New-
foundland’s staple export would work a great hardship
on the small Dominion. It is reported that Sir Richard's
plea is being sympathetically considered by adminis-
trative officials,

PRESIDENT HAGER’S MESSAGE TO UNITED
STATES FISHERIES ASSOCIATION.

Vancouver, B.C., September 15, 1921.

President and Members of The United States Fisheries
Association, Breakers Hotel, Atlantie City, N. J.
] cannot express to you my disappointment in not being

- able to attend your annual meeting and convention. Our

vice-president, Mr. Paulhus and our secretary, Fred.
Wallace will represent our Association and express to
you our willingness to co-operate with you in any and all
matters for the general good of our industry. May your
convention be a huge success. May the United States
Fisheries Association continue in its growth and in-
fluence and may the entente cordiale that has for so
many years existed between the American and Can-
adian fish producrs, manufacturers and distributors be
continued indefinitely is the wish, I am sure, of every
member of our Association.

A. L. HAGER,

President Canadian Fisheries Association.

202

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

September, 1921. q

Atlantic City Staged Interesting Congress of American Fish Trade.
Gardner Poole of Boston, re-elected President.

The United States Fisheries Association celebrated
its Third Annual Convention at Atlantie City, N.J. in
a manner which justifies the existence of the organ-
ization and augurs well for its future expansion and
success,

President Hager of the Canadian Fisheries Associa-
tion, unable to spare the time to attend the Convention
as Canada’s representative, delegated the pleasure to
Vice-President J. A. Paulhus and Secretary F. W.
Wallace, of Montreal, and the latter C. F. A. officials
were accorded a very cordial welcome by their Amer-
ican confreres.

The Conventions of our sister organization are limit-
ed to two days and no entertainment program is pro-
vided for the.members, but it must not be supposed
for a moment that ‘‘strictly business’? was the order
of the day. A considerable ,amount of territory in
matters of ‘‘sordid commerce’’ was covered during the
day-light hours and a tremendous amount of social
enjoyment was encompassed between the time of sun-
down and sun-rise. The Canadian visitors had an ex-
cellent opportunity of observing how the down-
trodden American business-man rose superior to the
restrictions of Mr. Volstead, the ‘‘Highteen Amend-
ment’’ and similar kill-joy legislation which obtains in
the land of the free.

A noticeable feature of the Convention to the Can-
adians present was the evident desire on the part of
the American Assoiciation to work in close harmony
with the Canadian organization. On numerous occa-
sions it was suggested that many of the problems com-
mon to the fisheries of both countries, disputes regard-
ing legislation, ete., might very well be ironed out by
the two Associations. ‘‘More of that,’’ remarked one
American fish man, ‘‘would result in satisfactory solu-
tions of problems common to the U. S. and Canada, and
would keep the politicians from balling-up things.”’
All the meetings of the U.S.F.A., business or otherwise,
were open to the Canadian delegates.

The Convention opened at 10 a.m. on September
16th, in the Breakers Hotel. Over two hundred mem-
bers were present when President Gardner Poole called
the meeting to order. The key (a real one) to Atlantic
City was offered to the delegates by the Deputy-
Mayor in a welcoming address, and at the conelusion
of weleoming and responding speeches, President Poole
read a telegram from President A. L. Hager of the
Canadian Fisheries Association regretting inability to
be present but wishing the Convention and the U.S.
F.A. all possible prosperity and success in the name of

himself and the Association he had the honor to preside.

over. Secretary Fred. Wallace of the C.F.A. reiter-
ated Mr. Hager’s telegraphed wishes in a few words.

Business reports of various Association Committees
were then read—one of the most interesting being that
of the President outlining the general activities of the
Association. In a good many respects the work done
paralleled that of the Canadian Fisheries Association
which showed that much depends upon a trade organ-

ization for the development of an industry. The

ancial statement showed a satisfactory balance on
right side of the ledger and the activities of Secretz
R. H. Osborn received a well-deserved commendation
from the members.

Noteworthy Matters Brought Forward.
Kenneth Fowler, of the Fowler Fisheries Co.,
and formerly Chief of the Fish Division, under He
Hoover’s Food Administration during the war, brou
to the attention of the industry the danger to the |
shore fisheries by pollution from industrial plants and
ships. He stated emphatically that unless such pollu- —
tion is stopped, the erab, lobster, oyster and other shell-
fish, as well as fish which haunt the inshore ag 3
will disappear from the American table within a few
years. The use of oil by ships constitutes a menace
fish life which only British fishermen have so far
cognized by active protest. Harbors, rivers and in
shore waters are, in many cases covered with films
oil which destroy floating spawn and poison low tide
beaches. The discharges of industrial refuse fror
mills and chemical plants into rivers and streams | :
stroy incalculable quantities of fish and fish life | and 4
deter valuable species from frequenting such pollu
areas. Mr. Fowler asked the Government action
taken at once to remedy this evil.

The National Fish Day scheme was endorsed —
1922 and it was suggested that the Committee on §
co-operate with the Canadian Association in “
the event international and celebrate Fish Day on the
same date both sides of the line. :

A most interesting address illustrated by posters ]
statistical charts was delivered by Walter B. Snoy
Advertising Specialist. Mr. Snow pointed out -
beneficial results of the advertising done by the meat
packers and other food purveyors and he declared that
the low consumption of fish in the United States was
largely due to lack of publicity. A similar address ine
favor of the motion picture film as a publicity mediun
was given by another speaker. A valuable paper upon
the necessity of advertising fish as a food was prepa
ed by Mr, J. A. Paulhus, Vice-President of the Cana-
dian Fisheries Association and same is published in le
in this issue.

Most of the business of the U. S. F. A. is carried 0
by Committees appointed to look after various in-—
terests. No resolutions were presented to the Conven- :
tion as a whole.

The Banquet. peated:

The Annual Banquet was held on the opening ¢ e
of the Convention and the guests at the head table —
with President Poole were Admiral Gleaves, Co
mandant of the Boston Navy Yard, Representati
Bland of Virginia. J. A. Paulhus, Vice-President, Ca
adian Fisheries Association, F. W. Wallace, Secretary.
Canadian Fisheries Association, Dr. H. F. Moore, De-
puty Commissioner, U, 8. Bureau of Fisheries, Mr3
Geo. T. Moon of New York acted as Toast-master.

ember, 1921.

Paulhus was the first speaker and in the course
remarks he pointed out the permanency of the
industry as a national asset and as a source of
supply for the people. ‘‘There is a limit to all
natural resources,’ he said. ‘‘The timber lands
h once covered this continent are slowly being
shed and in many sections are absolutely de-
( ; the mines in many instances have yielded no
rther store of minerals; oil supplies are lessening;
e grazing lands which maintained great herds of
ittle are becoming limited and as a consequence the
at supplies of the future will decrease in proportion.
onee fruitful under the farmer’s hands, are re-
g to yield the crops of early days. But the fish-
as a whole are still capable of enormous develop-
_ Some species have been drained to exhaustion
there is still the sea with its countless hordes of
ish and with a policy of careful conservation the
of sea and lake will remain to provide food for
p
conclusion, Mr. Paulhus said :—
wish to thank most cordially the U. S. Fisheries
tiation on my own behalf, and in the name of the
iation which I represent, for the courtesy of in-
z our delegation to take part in your proceedings.
assure you we have appreciated deeply all your
hip and generosity and are hoping that this
ion will tend to unite us more so, and if it is
ble, tighten more firmly our neighboring rela-

Ve have had fishery disputes; we have had eause
friction in the years gone by, but both’ our sense
tice, love of peace and friendship and tolerance
prevailed, and we have always lived harmoniously
peacefully in the pursuit of our respective aims
bjectives.
am sure our respective organisations will help in
iture to avoid all cause of friction between this
it country and ours, for the welfare and happiness
ar people, and also as an example, or even a lesson,
all the civilized countries of the world.”’
ear Admiral Gleaves in addressing the gathering
ed out the value of the fishing fleets to the naval
s in time of war. ‘‘The fishing -fleets are the
ies of the Merchant Marine and the Navy. Deve-
t and encouragement of seafaring vocations en-
a nation’s maritime greatness.’’
hough stimulating beverages were absent from the
es yet the spirit of forgetting business cares and
sion pervaded the guests and the evening was
with the singing of choruses and popular songs
the able leadership of George Willey of Boston.
Officers Elected.
the Saturday morning session, the following
declared elected to office for the season 1921-22:
ident, Gardner Poole, Boston; 1st Vice-President,
liam A. Meletio, St. Louis, Miss.; 2nd Vice-Presi-
it, F. Calvert, Seattle. Wash.; 3rd Vice-President,
Leach, New York; Executive Secretary, R. H.
, Boston; Treasurer, Irving Atwood, Boston,
appointment of directors and other officers, we
« and, is in the hands of the Executive.
e Convention adjourned at noon on Saturday.

CONVENTIONALITIES.

any American cities are making a bid for the next
vention of the U.S. F. A. and every delegate wants
ved in its own home town. Someone suggested
and the idea was received with lond cheers.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

203

The fame of Quebee Province as an oasis appeals to
dwellers in the Great American Desert.

Tuneful renditions of Scotch and French-Canadian
songs and chansons were given by the ‘‘string’’ trio—
— Messers. McKenzie, Webster and Balch. Some
unkind persons have remarked that the singing was
inspired by certain Seottish liquid products imported
via French Canada and that the trio’s warbling was in
the nature of a paean of praise to the toleration of the
countries mentioned. _This is most emphatically
denied. It was merely the ‘‘net’’ result of the meeting

of the three ‘‘twiners’’ from Boston, Chicago and New
York,

Mr. Dante, the Italian poet who wrote of a trip to
Hades, will find himself in the shade if some of the
U.S. F. A. delegates should take it into their heads to
make an epic poem of their visit to ‘‘ Paradise.’’ Some of
the dusky beauties who performed there could break
a snake’s back should the reptile endeavour to imitate
their eontortions.

Mr. George Willey, (of Boston), the Association’s
choir-master, will not join the Metropolitan Opera as
basso profundo. He says he can use his talents to better
purpose in the fish business.

Was It A Deep-Laid Plot?

When the Convention broke up at Atlantie City on
Saturday afternoon, Mr. Russell Palmer, Manager of
the ‘‘Fishing Gazette’’, offered his car to transport
Mr. George E. Jennings, Mr. W. Turner, Mr. E. 0.
Sawyer — President, Boston Representative, and
Editor of the ‘“‘Gazette’’ respectively, and Mr. F. W.
Wallace, Editor of the ‘‘Canadian Fisherman,’’ to New
York. The journalists started out on their journey
with Mr. Turner at the helm while Mr. Palmer remain-
ed behind.

Mr. Turner, who we believe once featured in auto-
mobile racing, livened the trip by a few bursts af speed
which caused the passengers much anxiety and trepid-
ation. Then in a lonesome and dreary section of the
Barnegat district a front tire blew out and when the
motorists started in to repair the mishap they found
the hub cap loose and almost on the point of falling
off. After recovering from the realization of what
might have happened had the wheel jolted from its
axle during one of Mr, Turner’s ‘‘stepping on the gas’’
acts, the New Jersey mosquitoes got in their fine work
and did it well. Two hours delay at a garage and a
hotel, saw the party underway again in the dark of
the night. Then Capt. Turner lost his bearings having
neither chart nor compass and tracked his passengers
all over the State of New Jersey. Belated rusties, re-
turning from love trysts in flivvers, ‘‘opened her up’’,
with visions of ‘‘hold-ups,’’ when Capt. Turner halted
his car to enquire the correct course and distance.

The weary travellers arrived at last in a village some
40 miles from New York at the witching hour of 3 a.m.
and parked the car and themselves, but before retiring,
one of the party alleged that the whole trip was a plot
on the part of Mr. Palmer to clean out the ‘Fishing
Gazette’’ staff and the Editor of a competitor journal
that he might keep the reins of piscatorial journalism
within his own hands. Such a design is diffieult to
prove but the indications all point in that direction.

204

’

Russell Palmer of the ‘‘ Fishing Gazette’? made a re-
putation for himself as a raconteur of extraordinary
versality. We admit this freely even though it de-
tracts from our own small abilities in that direction.
He told us a few that we hadn’t heard before, or lately.
We noticed, however, that Ned Sawyer, editor of the
afore-mentioned journal, had his note-book out and,
no doubt, ‘‘Fishing Gazette’’ readers will have the
pleasure of smiling over Mr. Palmers pleasantries—
mildly censored. Which same is to be deplored.

Guests at The Breakers and promenaders on the
Board Walk were profoundly touched by the farewell
accorded one of the Canadian delegates. The depart-
ing guest was escorted to his ear by a coterie of Amer-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN |

September, 1921.

ican friends who gave expression to their feelings b
singing ‘‘Oh, what a pal was—, ete.’’ While the path
etic wail to ‘‘Mary’’ hardly fitted the occasion, ye
the sentiment was well meant and drew tears from th
auditors.

There is no truth in the canard that the major
of the delegates deliberately left their wives at h
when they heard that the Convention was to be he
Atlantic City. It is admitted that several del
found pleasure, in giving the bathing beauties
‘‘once over’’, and why shouldn’t they? We only
one man who took no interest in the free displ
feminine charms as seen on the sands in swi
costume. He was blind. raat

By J. A. PAULHUS.
Vice-President, Canadian Fisheries Association. =

(Paper prepared for Convention of U. S. Fisheries
Association. )

"Advertising and Publicity the Main-Spring of the Fish Industry

wk

—

At the inception of the organisation of which I am
now Vice-President, the Canadian Fisheries Assoeia-
tion, we discovered that the fish industry of Canada
was in a pitiable plight. I would not say that it was
chaotic, but I am sure there was no coordination be-
tween the different stages of the industry; no co-opera-
tion whatever in the vested interest and the trading end
of the product. Z

It seemed that all our energies, instead of being cen-
tralized and concentrated into a reservoir of power and
efficiency, were disseminated and lost in the sands of
routine, unfair competition and non-productive specula-
tion.

It was a task to even attempt the levelling of such
asperities, to straighten such tortuous paths, but we
undertook it courageously, resolutely; we have braved
many vicissitudes, but at the same time acquired a good
deal of experience and I trust you will not deem I am
too paternal in saying that, our organisation being a few
years older than yours, our experiences may prove of
some benefit to you. The fish industry may be com-
prehensively divided into three parts viz: Production,
Distribution, Consumption, but above all the consump-
tion of fish is the dominant factor of the industry.
Without consumption, without a steady demand for
fish, production and distribution lose their ‘‘raison
d’étre’’. Consumption is the pivotal point on which re-
volves and centre the very existence of the fish industry.

To stimulate consumption is to infuse new blood, new
life into the organism of the fish industry. It is
strengthening its back bone and making it vigorous,
healthy and impervious to all the maladies of commer-
cial stagnation and anaemia of depressed and unprofit-
able trade. If I was to ask you, Mr. Chairman and Gen-
tlemen, why in this wealthy and prosperous United
States, the consumption of fish pe: capita is less than
your neighboring countries, perhaps you would answer
me that it is due to the law of atavism.

The first settlers that came here were of the Anglo-
Saxon race, at least a good proportion of them, and
being a race of beef eaters the vast prairie lands so suit-
able for grazing, for raising meat, have developed to
exaggeration the craving for that particular food, I
may retort that the same circumstances, the same con-

ditions exist, and have existed in Canada, still our e
sumption of fish per capita is twice yours. pe
In the British Isles, the very home of the beef
the consumption of fish is three times as large as our
Now, we must find another reason to explain the om
aly. I find it in lack of advertising and publicity.
vertising will sell anything once, it will not sell it: vi
if the article is no good, but the fish in this countr
like in ours, is a good article and we know it ean be s
for all time onee it is introduced. The trouble with
fish trade is a want of faith in advertising. We e
fish to sell itself. We don’t do enough individual ¢
vertising. We ask the public to eat fish, but we don
practice ourselves what we preach to others,
Hlow many men in the trade advertise inte
and to the peint? As a rule the very same method is_
plied, and originality is lacking. We don’t appeal
the taste and to the imagination of the consumer.
advertise our business in a selfish manner and wit
certain fear that a competitor might derive some be
from our publicity. Individually, every man in the |
business should be saturated with the spirit of his tre
he should be able to create an atmosphere of ent
and optimism, and wherever and whenever he has
thing to say he should always be careful that the
ject of which he has the most interest is the fish in
He should provoke discussion on fish life, fish
on fish trade, on the palatability of fish, on the ad
ages that can be derived from fish food, on the p
its nutritive properties as well as its reasonabl
price, and dilate upon the point that it is an e
and healthy food. i ses
A good way to advertise is to use a catchy sen’
as a motto, for instance when advertising some spec
ties, or some seasonable primewrs, one can ad
motive which give a general sense to the reading mat
like ;—‘‘ Fish is sensible food’’, ‘*‘ Rat fish and aid
veloping our best natural resources’’, ‘‘ Fish will
your nerves steady,’’ ‘‘Live econemiecally eat pleni
fish’’, ‘*Fish is refreshing’’, ‘‘Fish keeps blood
“Live economically without tinting yourself, eat fi
ete,
One would think that such necessary foods
flour and meats, would require no advertising, Eve

a ee

dy. uses thes food stuffs daily, but if you start to en-
e and read the daily papers, periodicals and mag-
ines, you will find that immense. advertising is done
favor of these commodities by the millers, bakers, the
t packers, and butchers: ‘

Experience has taught us that present generations
will not eat saw dust even if it contains a wonderful
entage of healthful calories. A food to be popular
t be tasty and it must be cheap. Fish I claim, com-
all the elements, all the qualities that will appeal to
sible consumer.

In the meat line there are but a few varieties. In the
h you have hundreds of different species, whose
our, whose flesh texture is different and all are ap-
fizing and of a culinary delicacy that can satisfy the
fastidious tastes.

1e trouble with a good many of us in the fish busi-
ss is that we have not enough confidence and faith
e goods we sell. We want the public to patronize us,
ant it to eat fish, but we don’t eat enough fish our-
s. We are something like the man who owned a
» restaurant, but always took his own meals else-
. If he ate one of his own meals in his own restau-
he would have made himself a living advertisement
“6 the quality of the food he served and his faith in it
being fit to eat, and he would have impressed his
omers accordingly.

_ T repeat it, no man should engage in the fish business
unless he has a genuine liking for fish as a food and
_ eats it often. How can he enthuse upon the palatability
the quality of the product otherwise? No man
ould engage in the fish business unless he has the
ith of the missionary and believes in the preaching
his own Gospel. How can he expect to make conver-
ion if he is lukewarm and indifferent to his own reli-

So my message as an officer of a well established as-
ciation and experience in selling fish is that advert-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

205

ising and publicity is the mainspring of success in de-
veloping the fish trade. Tell the public of the many
varieties of splendid food fish they can secure in Am-
erican markets; tell them of the many delectable ways
in which they are cured and the many tasty ways in
which they may be prepared for the table. Tell them of
the economy of a fish diet and dilate upon its healthful
features. In doing this you will be doing your duty to
the common cause; you are helping to develop one of the
best assets of your country and creating wealth for the
comfort and well being of your fellow citizens.

There is a point that should not be lost sight of in
publicity and which is a drawing card with the public,
is the dependability, the reliability of the fish industry,
No other resources possess the same feature. The fact
that in years to come the seas will render the same yield
in fish life as they do to-day, when other assets will
be, if not exhausted, at least impaired in their capacity
of production, has a beneficial effect on the minds of the
masses and help to increase the confidence in the future
and prosperity of the fish interest.

In the matter of publicity, also, I believe that the na-
tional Fish Day is the greatest stunt ever pulled off. In
this we are getting a whole nation to do something. No
other industry could do this. The meat barons cannot
organize a National Meat Day and get away with it. Our
industry has sentiment behind it. There is the romantic
flavour of the sea and rivers, the hazard and gamble of
the fishing and the adventure of the fisherman’s exist-
ence which appeals to the public and makes them take
kindly to the idea.

We should make every use of this sentiment to build
up the consumption of fish. The fishermen will benefit
by the larger market for his fish and the fishery re-
sources will develop to the benefit of the country at
large. It will keep men away from crowded cities and
the land and give us a seafaring population which is
badly needed in both our respective countries.

Cod. —Jamaica is a fish-eating island, where the main-
tay of the food of the inhabitants are codfish and ackee
local vegetable), rice and peas. An increasing pro-
tion of the cod now coming into Jamaica is said to
pollock. Although pollock is a scaled fish, its flavour
much like cod and is sold as such, but at lower prices
n cod. Cod has been entering the island in spruce
drums of 448 pounds. But there is an increasing de-
d for dried fish in 100-pound spruce boxes, because
smaller rural stores find that in this package there
less liability of the fish going bad. Alewives are used
a ‘‘change-off’’ from a cod diet. They come packed

Fish Imports of Jamaica

in brine in barrels of 200 pounds. Dried salt fish is
graded into three classes,—large (1), medium (2), and
small (3).

Canned Fish.—Sardines are said to be first in popular
esteem, followed by canned kippered herring, and can-
ned salmon. The sardines imported are largely Ame-
rican and are packed in oil 100 14-pound tins to a case.
Sardines must be cheap to sell in Jamaica. English
kippered herring in tins is in high esteem, and Jamai-
cans will buy no other. Canned salmon is considered a
luxury, and its consumption is much less than the other
two species of canned fish.

FISH IMPORTS OF JAMAICA.
Importatio ns tn 1920.

Items U.K. Canada U.S.A. Duty
OR Se ot oie nun nage ee £ 19,198 £ 6,646 4s. per bri. 100 Ibs.,
Fish, canned .. £55,490 10,539 44,052 16 2-3 per cent.
dried and salted 44 195,189 13,450 ' 8s. 6d. per barrel.
IE MACKIE 6s sadnie e yh Oty jw einie emed 84,698 742 4s. Od. per barrel.
i smoked 204 1,330 790 4s, Od. per barrel.
RR cere. Mijas We an peeled tne w G's 76,677 3,039 4s. Od. per barrel.
RIOMIO I 2 aie a ea ies an arene 1,998 554 10s. 6d. per bri. 200 Ibs,
Total ; £55,737 £389,629 £63,273

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

September, 1921.

1

Covering International
Schooner Race

Rules and Conditions

The following is a copy of the Deed of Gift accom-
panying the Fishing Schooner Trophy :—+‘ Be it known
that William H. Dennis, representing the proprietors of
The Halifax, Herald and The Evening Mail newspapers,
published in the City of Halifax, in the Province of
Nova Scotia, Canada, recognizing the great importance
and value of the deep sea fishing industry to the inha-

bitants of this Province of Nova Scotia, and realizing’

the necessity of the best possible type of craft being em-
ployed in the pursuit of the industry and believing that
this can best be obtained by engendering a spirit of
friendly competition among the fishermen of this Prov-
ince and also with the fishermen engaged in similar
methods of fishing in the other Maritime Provinces of
Canada, the Dominion of Newfoundland and the United
States of America, has donated and placed under the
control of Trustees to be named herein, a TROPHY, of
which a photograph and description thereof shall be
attached hereto, to be known as: :

The Halifax Herald

North Atlantic Fishermen’s
International Trophy

to be sailed for annually under the Rules and. Condi-
tions which follow, which may be added to; taken from
or modified from time to time to meet changing condi-
tions of the Industry by the Trustees herein appointed
or their successors. The said Rules or any modification
thereof being always drawn in such manner as to safe-
guard and continue the intention of the Donors of the
Trophy, which is the development of the most practical
and serviceable type of fishing schooner combined with
the best sailing qualities,without sacrificing utility. For
the purpose of maintaining this principle the Trustees
are empowered to disqualify from all or any competi-
tion any vessel which in their opinion is of such a type
or dimensions as would contravert the intention of the
Donors and such decisions of the Trustees shall be final;
the Trustees shall, however, do nothing which will chan-
ge the spirit of the intention of the Donors, that the
competitors shall be confined to vessels and crews en-
gaged in practical commercial fishing.

The Trustees in whom the control of the Trophy is
vested are The Honourable The Premier of Nova Scotia,
His Worship The Mayor of Halifax, Messrs. H. R.
Silver, H. G. DeWolf, R. A. Corbett, H. G. Lawrence,
W. J. Roue, F. W. Baldwin, Capt. V. C. Johnson, being
Members of the Original Committee: any vacancies
arising to be filled by a majority vote of the remaining
Trustees, who, in conference with the representatives of
the Gloucester Committee in charge of the races held in
the year Nineteen Hundred and Twenty, have drawn
the following Rules and Regulations, which shall gov-

ern all future races until and unless good and suf n
reason arises for their modification im such manner as
the Trustees may consider advisable. oon
1. This Trophy is being presented by the proprietors
of The Halifax Herald and The Evening Mail, as
petual International Championship Trophy, to
for annually. eae
2. All Races for this Trophy shall be under the con-
trol and management of an International Committee of
Five, which shall be elected for each series 0
the Trustees will nominate the two members of »
mittee to represent Nova Scotia, and the Governe
the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, in eonj
with the local United States Committee handlii
Race, shall. name the two members of the Comm:
to represent United States. The Chairman of this |
mittee shall be named by the two members of the Co
mittee representing the country in which the Race is to
be held. pipet ee
3. The Race shall be sailed in the year 1921 off
Harbor of Halifax, Nova Scotia, and alternately t
after off Gloucester (or a course in Massachusetts Bay
to be mutually agreed upon by the International Com-
mittee in charge of the Race) and off Halifax, Nov:
Scotia. The dates on which the Races are to be sailed
shall be decided by the International Committ
Shall be fixed so as not to unduly interfere with the
business in which the craft are engaged. __
4. The only vessels which can compete for
shall be bona fide fishing vessels, which have been
gaged in commercial deep sea fishing for at lea
Season previous to the Race. A fishing season |
purpose of these Rules is considered as ndin
the month of April to September, and any vessel
peting must have actually sailed from her last port
departure for the Fishing Banks not later than A
thirtieth in any year and have remained on the
grounds in all weather as customary, until the month
September, excepting necessary returns to port for
Ing cargo and refitting. Fishing Banks shall mean
off-shore Banks, such as George’s, Western, Grand,
and vessels engaged in shore fishing and making px
in bad weather shall not be eligible. 29
5. The Captain and Crew of each competing ve
Shall be bona fide fishermen, actively engaged in «
sea fishing, and the number of the erew shall be
by the International Committee, A list of the erew
each vessel and substitutes therefor shall be forw.
to the International Committee ene week before 1
Series takes place, and each vessel competing shall b
furnished with a copy of the Crew List of the opposiny
vessel or vessels.

6. All competing vessels shall be propelled by s e ql

mae must omply with the following measurements

(a) Overall length—Not to exceed one hundred

and forty-five (145) feet, from outside of stem to
outside of taffrail.
(b) Water Line Length, in racing trim, not to
exceed one hundred and twelve (112) feet from
outside of stem at point of submersion to point of
‘submersion at the stern.

(ec) Draught of Vessel in racing trim shall not
exceed sixteen (16) feet from the lowest point of
the keel to the racing water line, measured vertically.
-(d) No Outside Ballast shall be used.

(e) Inside Ballast shall consist of any m

of a not greater specific gravity than iron.
_ (£) Competing Vessels shall race with the same
spars, including booms and gaffs (which must all
be solid), as are used in fishing.

ba (8): mpeting Vessels must be of the usual type,
both in form and construction, sail plan and rig-

es , as customary in the fishing industry, and any
radical departure therefrom may be regarded as a
_ freak and eliminated.

7. (a) The Sails used in racing shall be made of
the ordinary commercial duck of the same weight
and texture as generally used in this_class of vessel
ees. shall have been used at least one season in

material

(b) Sails to be used are Mainsail, Foresail, two
Jibs, (including Jumbo) Jib Topsail, Fore and
Main Gaff Topsails and fisherman’s Staysail.
5) (c) The Total Sail Area, not including fisher-
man’s Staysail, to be no greater than Eighty Per
cent (80%) of the square of the water line length,
in racing trim, as expressed in square feet. This
stipulation not to apply to vessels built previous to
the 1920 Races, but such existing vessels shall not
increase their sail area to exceed 80% of the square
of the water line if it does not already do so.
_ (d) The Combined Area of the Mainsail and
- Main Gaff Topsail shall not be more than Fifty
Percent (50% ) of the maximum total sail area, as
_-_ provided in the preceding subsection ‘‘e’’.
_ 8. The area of the sails shall be calculated as follows:
ainsail—By the universal rule for mainsails, with
p » exception that the ‘‘B’’ of the formulae shall be
sured from the after-side of the mainmast to the
r clew iron hole.
Main Gaff Topsail—Universal rule.
‘oresail and Fore Gaff Topsail—By the universal
for actual measurement of the sails used and not a
percentage of space between the masts.
Head Sails—Universal rule for Head Sails.
If more than one Staysail or Jibtopsail are on the
1 they must be of the same area and only one can
» set at a time.
9. No Ballast shall be taken on or put off the com-
vessels during the Series and no ballast shall be
ed after the Fifteen Minute Preparatory Gun is
d before each Race.
0. The International Committee shall have power to
nge all details of the Races in accordance with the
d of Gift and shall appoint such Sub-Committees as
be necessary to properly carry them out.
11. The Sailing Committee shall be a sub-committee,
pinted by the International Committee, and shall be
n independent body having no financial interest in the
peting vessels. They will lay out the courses for
h Series, decide the Course to be sailed for each Race,
ce the necessary sailing regulations and have them

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 207

12. The Courses laid down by the sailing committee
shall not be less than thirty-five or more than forty
nautical miles in length and be so arranged as to pro-
vide windward and leeward work. The time limit of
each Race shall be nine hours. There shall be no handi-
cap or time allowance, each vessel shall sail on its merits,

13. The Trophy shall be awarded to and remain in
the possession for one year of the Vessel winning Two
out of Three Races over Courses as laid down by the
sailing committee each year, and a responsible person
or corporation representing the Owners of the winning
vessel shall give to the Trustees of the Trophy an offi-
cial receipt therefor, together with a Bond for $500.00,
obligating them to return the Trophy to the Trustees

previous to the next Race, or to replace the Trophy if it

becomes lost or destroyed through accident or other-
wise; and to return same *to the Trustees if it has not
been raced for during a pericd of five years.

14. The Total Cash Prizes awarded in connection with
this Race in any one year shall not exceed the sum of
Five Thousand Dollars ($5,000) for each Series and the
distribution of the money shall be decided by the Inter-
national Committee. - The money for these prizes to be
provided by the Committee representing the country in
which the Race is held.

If for any reason there should be no International
Competition for this Trophy for any period of five
consecutive years it shall be within the power of the
Trustees to make such use of the Trophy as they may
consider advisable in connection with the development
of the Fishing Industry in the Province of Nova Scotia.

In Witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands
and affixed our seals this 23rd day of March, in the year
of our Lord One Thousand Nine Hundred and Twenty-
One A. D.

In the presence of
(Sgd.) _W. H. DENNIS,
For the Proprietors of The Halifax Herald and The
Evening Mail.
(Sgd.) H. R. SILVER,
For the Trustees.

AMERICAN ENTRIES COMING FORWARD.

Since the elimination of the schooner ‘*Mayflower’’,
several American fishing schooners have been entered
as possible defenders of the North Atlantic Fisherman’s
Trophy won from Canada by the ‘‘ Esperanto”’ last Fall.
Entries 80, far received are schooners ‘‘Elsie’’, ‘‘ Ralph

mea, “Josephine DeCosta’’ and ‘‘Ellen T. Mar-
shall’’,

COLD STORAGE SPORT.

The sportsman went for a day’s shooting. Not being
a particularly good shot, the bag was nil, and as he did
not like to return empty-handed, he bought a hare in
the town on his way home.

He presented it to his wife, who, after expressing her
thanks, thoughtfully remarked :

“It was a good thing that you shot that hare when
you did, John; it wouldn’t have kept another day.”’

FAINT HEART.

Doris—‘‘I thought you were going to kiss me when
you puckered up your lips just now.”’

Jack—*No—er—it was only a piece of grit in my
mouth.”’

Doris—‘Then for goodness sake, swallow it—you
need some | ”’

CANADIAN

208

- FISHERMAN

The Need for Accurate;ObservationfandgAccurate Records”

in all Phases,of the Fisheries Industry

By Dr. ©. MeLEAN FRASER.
(Paper read at 1919 meeting of Pacific Fisheries
ee ‘ Society.)

At the present time attention is focussed more de-
‘finitely on the need for scientific investigations in all
branches of industry than it has been at any time prev-
ious. In the last five years, scientists throughout the
world have met the demands made upon them with ‘such
far-reaching results that an appreciation and an interest
have been aroused that should be permanent. Some of
the industries are taking full advantage of this interest
by making use of all available means to bring about co-
operation to such an extent that the specially trained
men will have at their disposal all the data for carrying
on their investigations at hand.

That can scarcely be said of the fisheries industry. It
is true that the various fishery interests seem very
diverse. Among the fishermen, those who catch salmon
are apt to be jealous of those that catch halibut and
both of these care to have little to do with those who
catch cod, the herring or the tuna fishermen. The trol-
lers have no good will for the gill-netters or the trap-
men and all of these object to the purse-seiners. In-
dividually and collectively they are not likely to have
much further interest in the fish when they are deliver-
ed. The cannery man may feel that the man engaged
in the fresh fish trade or the handling of cold storage
fish has interests antagonistic to his interests. The
wholesaler and the retailer have no time to worry over
the troubles of the man who catches fish or the man
who prepares it for the market. Finally the man who
engages in fish culture may have little thought for any
of these, provided that he is able to obtain enough fish
to supply his hatchery with all the eggs he needs for
propagation.

Truly, there is a wide diversity of interests but not
so wide after all that a common basis for ¢o-operation
may not be found. Whether the individual realizes it
or not, it is to the interest of everyone connected with
the industry to do all in his power to increase the avail-
able supply of, and the demand for, food fishes, provid-
ed that increase does not go so far in the case of any
species to tend towards its extermination or serious de-
pletion. The number of stock on a stock farm ean
readily be kept up, increased or decreased by market-
ing each year, taking into consideration the loss in other
Ways, a number equal to, less than or greater than, the
natural increase. So too, the number of fish of a cer-
tain species may be kept up, inereased or decreased.

It is not possible to get as exact data on any species
of fish as on the stoek on a stock farm, but a fair ap-
proximation may be made if the life-history of the
species is known. Unfortunately almost nothing is
known cf the life-history of most of the food fishes along
this coast and in the case of the few that have been
studied, much remains to be discovered, Why is this
the case? As long as certain desirable species appear-
ed in such numbers that the number required to fill the

demand could be caught with but little difficulty,
questioned and few cared about the ultimate |
such intensive fishing. An annual increase i
amount of gear used and improved methods of fis
may do much to postpone the day when the depleti
becomes so plainly evident that notice of it must
taken. Such startling evidence has come to light”
within very recent years and even-as yet for very
species. When this stage is reached there is
for regulation and investigation but if the
thing left to-regulate, the question becomes a politi
matter and is bandied about until the practical |
mination of the species settles it for all time.
Fraser river sockeye furnishes a case in point. —
The only way, as far as I can see, to prevent
procedure, is for all who are in any way co:
with the industry to co-operate in studying the
history of the food fishes with which they are
directly concerned, and with the knowledge th
tained as a basis, create a public opinion in the m
of development and conservation that will insure
each species of fish will get a chance to retain n
numbers at the same time that it is furnishing the
est supply of food consistent with this. Mths
We are not all scientists but all can assist in coll
ing information concerning fish life. There is
cessity of looking askance at science as some
tirely apart from everyday life. Science is s
knowledge obtained by accurate observation from
available standpoint and hence everyone can cont
to such knowledge. It is true that there is al
tendency to get impressions and draw conclusio
insufficient data and hence these conclusions may
misleading or erroneous but there is no reason that
tendency should not be overcome by taking the
necessary for accurate observation and reeording
what is actually seen and not what is merely susp
It is strange what pranks memory plays at times
instance, almost anyone you meet will profess to be
to tell you what the weather was like a month @
year ago, or for a number of years, but the opi
expressed seldom agree with the weather bureau rece
If observations were thus recorded by. all those
gaged in any way in the industry and collected by
especially trained for collaboration, very much wm
be accomplished with a comparatively small sta
trained men. :
It might be worth while to indieate some of the
along which information might be accumulated b
various branches of the industry, The fishermen k
la'ge fund of information on which they act mo
less subconsciously when they are actually
gaged in their work. If even a small pere
age of the fisherman engaged in catching —
of the commercially valuable fishes were to

tember, 1921. - CANADIAN
rately record the observations they have any

ce to make, as to the date of appearance in various
ies, the tide, wind, temperature and other atmos-
e conditions, under which the best catches are made,
constancy, or lack of it, in size, appearance, ete.,
ng the season as well as in successive seasons, the
of the presence of such species as killers, sea-
seals, sharks, dogfish, the presence or absence of
parasites on the skin and gills, as well as any-
unusual that seems to make an impression on the
jividual or on the run of fish, what a large body of
ts could be collected each year. Every fisherman
s a definite impression on these matters but whether
not his impressions are well founded, the expression
them does not carry conviction to others unless he
has records of actual dates and numbers when the basis
or the impression was obtained. This application is
d-wide. The opinion of no scientist is taken to be
ue unless he can show the data on which the opin-
ion is based. General statements are of little avail.
What would seem a few fish to one individual might
eem many to another but if the exact number can be
iven, comparison is possible. One individual sees a

on jumping and concludes that the salmon are
1 in the region. Another is not satisfied that
y are plentiful until he can see them in all direc-
Hence unless actual numbers are given, the same
ession may mean quite different things to different
viduals. _

From a statistical standpoint, the cannery man, fresh

ish dealer, pickled fish man or cold storage man, can
keep a valuable record as to dates of various portions
the catch from different locations, nature of the
catch, ete., and there is plenty of room to extend this
record materially. No one else, as well as he, can obtain
lata to indicate if any particular area is decreasing in
alue, since he has, or may have, the catch from this
ity for each year for comparison. This is part-
arly true in the case of anadromous fishes like the
mon, where the periodicity is known. It is an easy
for him to ascertain the number of fish to the
, barrel, tierce or box, in different areas at different
es during the season or in suecessive seasons. The
ity of the fish changes during the seasen. These
nges could be noted with the time that these chan-
take place.

Here again impressions are of little value unless they
re backed up by actual figures that may be consider-
. from a variety of standpoints. The number of cases
packed, the number of tierces put up, the number of
pounds put in cold storage or sold fresh each year, is
f little use in comparison unless with this the number
of men and the number of boats engaged, the nature and
the efficiency of the sugar,and the area’fished, is known.
the case of the halibut, for instance, if one were to
judge by the amount of the catch alone, there would
_ Seem to be no cause for alarm since the amount caught
has been well maintained, but when it is realized that
_ the area fished has extended from a small strip off the
coast of Washington and Vancouver island until it
saches from Oregon to the Bering sea, with a corres-
‘ponding increase in the size and in the number of boats
and in the efficiency of the gear, while in the mean-
time the weight of the catch relative to the tonnage
mployed, has shrunken very materially, the case takes
a different aspect.
_ The wholesaler and the retailer have little chance to
tudy the life-history of the fish, since he has nothing
ectly to do with the living fish, but he should en-
ver to keep well-informed, since he can, if he will,
tve much to do with forming public opinion as to what

FISHERMAN .- 209

regulations are necessary to suitably control the supply -
consistent with proper conservation. For instance there
can be no reason why consumers should not be educated
as to the time when each species is most definitely in
season, so that they should pay particular attention to
them at that time and not ask for them when they can
only be obtained with difficulty, in the same way as
they use fruit or vegetables only on a large scale when
they are most definitely in season. ‘

The Fishery officers have many opportunities to ob-
tain information on all phases of fish life and doubtless
many of them make more or less use of these oppert-
unities but here again much more use could be made of
making records of particular occurrences. These offi-
cers may make observations on certain phenomena at
the same time as others are doing but since their view-
point may be quite different, the observations may still
be of value. As they come in contact with others en-
gaged in the trade, they have good opportunity to en-
courage observation in others and such encouragement
may be very opportune. ©

From the fish culturist, possibly, we should expect the
greatest results since it is his businéss to pay special
attention to the fish during certain important periods
of their life. Fish culture has been carried on now
for many years and yet with some species there is little
absolute data by which to judge definitely as to its
success. Many opinions regarding this have been ex-
pressed that may or may not be correct. Many of them
are capable of proof or disproof but there have not
been enough data recorded to give satisfaction either
way. The number of eggs obtained for each hatchery
and the number of fish liberated from each hatchery is
known but it is not known how many of these eggs
would have been hatched out naturally if they had had
the chance, nor is it known what percentage of the fry
is still alive a week, a month or a year after they are*
liberated.

It is commonly stated that a large percentage of
salmon eggs on the natural spawning beds are not fer-
tilized and artificial spawning is therefore said to be
much more satisfactory as then practically all of the
eggs are fertilized. I am not aware of any actual ex-
periments to prove this, being recorded * and there is
some reason for doubting the reliability of the statement.
I have watched herring spawning each year for years
and have examined the eggs later and I am satisfied
that under normal conditions there is not one in a mil-
lion eggs that is not fertilized. ‘There is no apparent
reason that the fertilization of the salmon eggs should
not be at least as efficacious as the herring except when
overcrowding takes place on the spawning ground. Fur-
thermore, it has been shown that while it is necessary to
pick out unfertilized eggs from the hatching trays, no
picking is needed when the eggs are hatched in gravel.
It should be possible to get enough definite informa-
tion to settle the question.

The other important question is concerned with the
relative loss in eggs, embryos and fry, in the natural
and in the artificial incubation. It is true that eggs,
embryos and fry, under natural conditions, are attack-
ed by enemies and many of them destroyed but it is
possible that the number is often overestimated. Some
of the eggs are eaten before they have time to sink in
the gravel but once they are covered there is little
danger. Similarly when the embryos are coming to the
surface of the gravel, some of them may come pre-

* Since this was written Mr. A. Robertson has eon-
dueted experiments and made counts on dog salmon
eggs at Harrison Lake and these show that a large pro-
portion of the eggs hatch out naturally.

210

maturely, when the yolk is yet unabsorbed, and these
are in danger of being lost but it is certainly true that
many of them are well able to look after themselves
when the danger appears. As far as virility is concern-
ed they do not suffer in comparison. with the tray
hatched fish. Although there is a prevalent impression
that the percentage of tray hatched fish and more part-
ieularly pond-reared fish ‘that reach the sea is greater
than the percentage of naturally hatched fish, an im-
pression that may be a correct one, as yet there is no
data definite enough to establish it without any shadow
of doubt.

There is much difference of opinion as to the value
of the hatcheries in connection with certain species. If
their efficiency can be proved, along both of the lines
referred to, there would no longer be any basis for oppo-
sition to spending time and money to keep them going.
If on the other hand it can be proved that more harm
than good is being done, the sooner the present methods
of fish culture are done away -with the better.

This will indicate in a very general way how useful
information may be obtained, but unless there is some
means of effectively collecting and collaborating the in-
formation it will be of little use. Everyone connected
with the industry -has on hand a fund of information that
he considers. to be not worth mentioning because it is an
everyday matter with him. I have no doubt that if this
information from all sourees could be collected and cor-
related, it would go a long way towards the solution of
many of our vexing problems.

Better means of publication should be adopted. Trade
journals like the ‘‘Canadian Fisherman’’ and the ‘‘Pa-
cific Fisherman’’ offer their space for notes of this na-
ture and State and Federal departments make some
allowance for such in their reports but it can searcely
“be said that satisfactory encouragement has been given

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

September, 1921.

4

to those who could readily prepare notes worth while if

they were free of the diffidence natural to those enter-

ing a more or less unfamiliar field, Governments should —
take a much more sympathetic attitude towards such
They should give every induce- —

than they have done.
ment to those who can write anything worth while and-

every facility for publishing what is written if it is
For after all, the printed article that ean
be examined and eriticized at leisure, is more likely to —

worth while.

attract widespread attention than the spoken word)
can ever do.

COLD STORAGE FOR CANADIAN PRODUCE.

The Canadian Government Merchant Marine, Ltd.,
has provided cold storage facilities on the ss. Canadian —

Commander and Canadian Leader. In these ships,
each of which is 8,400 tons deadweight, the refrigera-
tion space is situated ’tween decks, allowing a total

of 11,332 eubie feet of cold storage, which is divided —

into four compartments, provided with doors opening
outwards into the cargo hatch.

The temperature of

each, compartment can be separately regulated. The a

Canadian Victor will next be taken in hand. For —
the present these ships are employed on the run be-
tween Montreal and the United Kingdom.

CONSISTANT PERFORMANCE,
Shoeless, he climbed the stairs, opened the door of the

room, entered, and closed it after him without being de-

tected. Just as he was about to get into bed his wife,

half-aroused from slumber, turned and. sleepily said:
“Ts that you, Fido ? ’’
The husband, telling the rest of the story said:
‘“Bor once in my life I had real presence of mind.
I licked her hand.”’

a

September, 1921.

lat!

‘ Pierre and Miquelon have again been raised to
he dignity of a French possession entitled to a gov-
r. An announcement to this effect was recently
» by Albert Saurrant, Colonial Minister of France.
years prior to 1906 France sent out a governor
hese islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; and the
governor had considerable powers and invested his
ffice with some pomp and circumstances. In Febru-
ary 1906 the French government decided to abolish
the office of governor, and appointed a functionary
ealled an administrator who was charged with the
eise of the powers formerly vested in the governor.
; change in the French political establishment was
ed by the financial crisis which visited the islands
wing several years of poor fishing. It became
y to reduce the cost of the government of the
and a Governor was more expensive than an
with the title of administrator. At that time,
government of France had temporarily lost inter-
in the fisheries; apparently it was so pre-occupied
African adventures that it came to attach little
ance to the petit achipelago in the Gulf of St.
wrence, the last outpost of France on a continent
rv which she once exercised wide dominion, The
‘tropolitan government did little to help the
anders, and the population felt off in a few years
m 6,482 to 4,209. :
spite of the apparent apathy of the government
France, fishing vessels from Brittany and Nor-
dy continued to make St. Pierre a base of opera-
and the native fishing industry recovered from
depression and began to extend its proportions.
the five years from 1907 to 1912, 800 vessels a year
he average used the port of St. Pierre. These
els, metropolitan and colonial, carried crews of
t 12,000 who received in the form of bounties
),000 franes annually on account of the cod taken.
1912 France exported nearly 25,000,000 kilos of
h, mostly cod taken by vessels making St. Pierre a
of operations and in this exportation the govern-
t of France paid vessel owners and merchants
ties amounting to about 4,000,000 franes. In addi-
» France imported from St. Pierre nearly 600,000
os of roes, on which a bounty of over 100,000 franes
paid.
fore the war the French government was showing
ew interest in the fisheries, and projects to augment
e usefulness of St. Pierre as a fishing station were
der consideration. But when the Kaiser’s legions
o%k the path to war, France had other matters to
py her attention.
After the war the French government faced the fact
t the cattle herds had diminished, and attention
vas per force directed to the problem of developing the
series and thus assuring the alimentation of the
pple. The government was authorized to spend 200,
0,000 frances, and some rather grandiose projects to
p the fisheries were formulated on paper. But the
overnment was unable to find the money which the
Jhamber of Deputies voted, and many of the projects
are still in abeyance. However, St. Pierre and Mique-
have been provided with large cold storage plants,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

St. Pierre & Miquelon

Some Facts Regarding The Administration Of The French Islands.
By COLIN McKAY,

211

WwW,

and other equipment essential to the efficient exploit-
ation of the fisheries, and an improved transport ser-
vice between St. Pierre and France has also been in
operation during the fishing season. With the impro-
vement in the technical and economic affairs of the
islands, it has been deemed advisable to add an im-
proved political order, and appoint a functionary of
high rank to take charge of the local administration.
The reestablishment of a governor at St. Pierre may
not of itself be of capital importance, but it is signi-
ficant as an indication of, the French government’s
interest in the development of fisheries, and of its de-
termination to make the most of the strategic position
of St..Pierre and Miquelon, which are in close prox-
imity to St. Pierre and Quero banks and within 48
hours sail of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Apart
from the traditional and sentimental importance which
attaches to the office of governor, such a functionary
brings a new dignity to the islands, and introduces a
new element in the relations of St. Pierre and Miquelon
to the governments of Canada and Newfoundland.

SOUTH AFRICAN IMPORTS OF PRESERVED
FISH.

The Union’s total import of preservd fish during
1920 reached the large amount of 12,880,249 pounds.
The heaviest import of any previous year was 8,000,000
pounds, and the average annual amount was 6,000,000
pounds. Canada shared to a substantial degree in the
trade, reaching her previous best record with 1,157,551
pounds; the United States more than doubled her 1919
figures, shipping 3,427,813 pounds; while the United
Kingdom, which in 1919 only shipped 885,322 pounds,
reached a total of 4,446,562 pounds. Norway, which is
now offering strong competition in a number of lines,
brought up her 1919 total of 414,860 pounds to 2,504,327
pounds in 1920. Portugal has held a steady position in
this market for some years past, and last year again
reached her pre-war average with 843,130 pounds.
France, Spain, and Japan, in the order named, continue
to share in smaller degree. Germany and Belgium
which formerly shipped in fair quantities, are not yet
attempting to recover their position,

At present stocks of preserved fish are very heavy,
and offers are continuous from all sources of supply.
The Canadian product has however established itself
here in a very strong way, principally owing to the ener-
getic representation, not only of salmon exporters, but
also of exporters of haddock, herring sardines and other
varieties. There can be no question as to the future of
Canadian trade under this heading if Dominion ex-
porters will remember that they are now competing with
a world-wide market of supply. It may be of interest
to Canadian packers and exporters to know that many
Norwegian canneries are grouping together and organiz-
ing world-wide sales campaigns, Such campaigns in-
clude better facilities regarding settlements than are
being offered by British, American, or Canadian houses,
and ‘‘consignment stocks’? have frequently been in-
timated. The export sales managers of three or four
such groups have visited South Africa within recent
months.

212

A small shipment of preserved fish from Canada is
also recorded under the South West Africa Protectorate
import returns. In dried and cured fish the Union im-
ports for last year totalled 2,808,272 pounds, of which
2,026,167 were shipped from the United Kingdom. Both

in regard to the total quantity and to the United King-
dom’s share, these figures do not yet approach the aver-
age pre-war totals. With the exception that France has
not shipped since 1915, the sources of supply have re-
mained the same for some years, Holland, India and
Norway following the United Kingdom as the chief

countries interested. Efforts have been made by Can-.

adian exporters year by year, but do not appear to have
resulted in any definite trade. The 1920 import total
was only 701 pounds. Trade inquiries from two sources
recently went forward in regard to fish products under
this heading.

Fresh and frozen fish imports show a total of 3,258
pounds in the year under review, the amount being

divided between Canada, with 1,693 pounds, and the -

United Kingdom, with 1,565 pounds. It is not possible
that the total under this heading will largely increase in
the near future.—Trade Commerce Bulletin.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN.

five years the value of the codfish imports —

BRAZILIAN MARKET FOR CODFISH.
Codfish is one of the principal articles of food i in
Bahia district of Brazil, and there is therefore an
cellent demand for it in the vicinity. D

greater than that of any other commodity states

S. Commerce Reports. The following figures, show
quantities and values of codfish imported into
during the past three years :—

Pounds
NOLS 15,426,422
1919 0°02 eee
1920 oe teen ae 15,755,298

PACKING FISH FOR ARGENTINA.

Dry salted codfish should be shipped in ob

containing 110 pounds, tin-lined and herm

ed. It is possible that tin lining is not~

the trade with Brazil but for Argentina it :
pensable. The last consignment to reach Buenos

and was found to be almost unfit for cons!
days after clearing. Codfish or any other
fish must be protected from damp.

EA

—

While we are all naturally exercised over the prospect
of the Fordney tariff measure becoming law in the
United States, it is too early yet to put on mourning
bands or make any funereal puichases. Judging by re-
cent utterances in the United States it is highly im-
probable that any permanent tariff law will be enacted
this year, and there are indications that when the new
tariff law does eventually become an established fact it
will be stripped of many of the ominous features which
characterize the bill in its present state.

The Fordney measure as presented to Congress was
reputed to be based on scientific computations. There
was no guess work about it. Now it develops that it is
very far from ideal and the United States Government
is aware of the fact. It is absolutely impossibile at the
present time to construct a scientific tariff wall be-
cause the very basic conditions on which a tariff is built
are uncertain as quicksand. Either it must be left until
conditions settle or the process of construction must be
slow and careful so that its effect may be studied.

The two basie facts entering into the creation of a-

tariff are, first, the cost of manufacturing in European
countries as compared with United States, and second,
the value of the currency of European count: ies in rela-
tion to the value of American money. Neither of these
can be computed accurately today and fluctuations are
so frequent and so violent that such a computation
would be worthless.

Will Hays, Postmaster-General in the Harding eabi-
net, makes the official declaration that the tariff ques-
tion is dead for this year. In a speech he prepared for
delivery in Cleveland he states with reference to diffi-
culties I have referred to above: ‘‘A dependable tariff
built upon such a foundation is diffieult, of course. It
has been thought by many that we could overcome these
handicaps by a device which we called American valua-
tion, which provided that all eustoms duties should be
estimated upon the value of goods at the time when

The Unilad States, Feet

No Necessity For Canadians To Wear Crape Yet.
By PISCATOR.

they arrive in the United States and in
erican money. Looking carefully into this
thought that the device might not overcome
cap and further, might have a boomerang €
own interes

“The end of it has been that we have ¢
$100,000 to investigate this device and o
termine what might be done to help us”
manent tariff.

The United States Chamber of Commerce
most prominent bankers and business men of
try have long before this pointed’ to the fallacy
erica—a creditor nation—creating a tariff - 3
would keep American ships from earrying
goes,

The meaning of Will Hays’ speech is ‘sim
administration will write a permanent
tect industries that need protection, but it will
mit itself to a blanket policy that will keep out F
It will try to bring in a tariff to encourage
ought to be encouraged, and discourage the k
may ruin American industries. a ae

Since prominence has been given to the |
the Fordney measure affecting fish and
and agitation has developed among fishi
over the United States to have fish xdincken
duties greatly modified. United States needs dried
for example, and the imposition of a tariff means’
an added burden to the consumer. Generally sp
the United States needs all the fish she has beet:
from Canada and we are not injuring any Ame
industry. From the west coast, from Chicago and f
New York and Boston comes advice that the —_
are being strenuously opposed. In view of the e
tration’s latest policy of protecting only inl
needing protection there is reason to hope for

generous consideration of imports of fish and its
ducts,

- «CANADIAN FISHERMAN

os

——

quest for the herring constitutes one of the im-
nt branches of our extremely diversified fishing
More than 2,056,680 ewts. of herring were
d last year on our Atlantic and Pacifie coasts,
a first hand value of $2,255,506 and a marketed
ad of $3,337,738. No other fish were captured in
_ abundance, the cod, generally believed to be the
prolific, falling some 75,000 ewts. short of the

* only to salmon, lobster, cod and halibut.

The common herring (clupea herangus) is beyond
on, says D. S. Jordon, the most important of food
in the Atlantic, if not in the world. Distributed
it is throughout the whole of the north Atlantic it
affords occupation to many thousands of fishermen.
‘An estimate made by Prof. Huxley places the world’s
‘annual catch at three billion fishes or half that num-
ber of pounds, and some authorities place it even
er. But even three billion is probably no greater
| the number contained in a single shoal if it covers
a dozen square miles, and shoals of much greater
are recorded. Professor Huxley says that there
be scattered through the north and north Atlantic
one and the same time scores of shoals, any of which
id go a long way to supplying the whole of man’s
) nt-day consumption of herring.

The herring is found in the colder waters of the
rth Atlantic. It has been caught on the American

pre as far south as Cape Hatteras, but it seldom pre-
ails in abundance south of New England. It very
dom takes to brackish water, and it spawns in the
pen sea, the female depositing from thirty to fifty
ousand eggs. Unlike most fishes the herring is re-
ed as particularly delicious at spawning time and
the most successful herring fisheries are prosecuted
when the fish are in full roe, that is, ripe in eggs and
milt.

On the American side of the Atlantie the herring
hery is entirely a shore fishery. With the exception
a few occasionally taken for bait by the line fisher-
en on the banks, our herring are all caught in the
mediate vicinity of the shore. Although the fishery
this side of the ocean has not assumed the im-
ance it has long held in Europe, there,is no doubt
the species obtains in as great abundance imme-
tely off our shores as in the North Sea and European
lantic. Our fishermen, however, never found con-
Hons sufficiently inducing to invest in special equip-
to fish off shore. The Fisheries Department, Ot-
_tawa, conducted experiments in 1915 and 1916 whieh
‘seemed to indicate the prolifieacy of herring in the St.
La and Atlantic, and of a class adapted to
“Seoteh”’ curing, which is popular in the American
id other markets. Generally speaking, the inshore
h are not suited for this cure. The herring fishery
our Atlantic coast extends from Newfoundland to
e Cod, while the stretch from the Bay of Fundy
uthward is practically a continuous fishing ground.

fishery is carried on chiefly by means of brush-

ng catch. From the standpoint of value it gave |

weirs, gillnets and torching. The brush-weir is a wall
of brush which diverts the course of the fishes, and
leads them into a pound. The torching method is most
primitive, and is employed only after the water has
become cool. An oil torch—formerly a birch bark
torch—is fixed to the bow of the boat, which is rapidly
rowed through the water. The fishes rise toward the
light as long as the boat is in rapid motion, and a man
standing at the bow seoops them in large quantities
with a dip-net,

The herring food consists of small animal organisms,
chiefly two small crustaceans, known in the vernacular
as ‘‘red seed’’ and ‘‘shrimp.’’ It has a great host of
enemies, including cod, haddock, pollock, hake, dog-
fish, albacore, squid, porpoise seal and the finbacked
whale, each of which is very destructive.

Approximately two-thirds of our sea herring are
produced on the Atlantic coast, where ghey are mostly
pickled and smoked. ‘The latter are known on the
market as ‘‘kippered’’ herring or ‘‘bloaters,’’ if they
are unsalted and half dried in the smoke-house. A
comparatively small quantity is canned.

On the Pacific coast there is another herring very
similar (clupea pallasi) which prevails in great abund-
ance about Vancouver Island. An indication of its
prolificacy in this zone was brought to light in a re-
cent case before the Admiralty Court at Vancouver.
Ira C. Epperson, master of a boat, is declared to have
stated that 150 tons—300,000 pounds or a good-sized
fare for a steam trawler operating on the Grand Banks
—had been taken in one haul of the seine on board
the craft, and that frequently the catches were so
heavy that one end of the net had to be released to
dump one half the catch into the sea.

Pacifie herring is mostly dry-salted and shipped in
boxes to the Orient where an extensive market has been
developed for it. A small quantity is canned, but the
proportion of the pack treated in this way is increasing
each year.

It is very striking that exceedingly small amounts
of the Atlantie and Pacific herrings are used fresh in
this country, despite the fact that they rank high in
food value and palatability. They are obtainable in
abundance all the year round—from the Atlantie coast
during the months of May, June, July, August and
September ; and from the Pacifie coast during October,
November, December, January, February and. March.

The herring, in addition to being an important food
in itself, is instrumental in the capture of other im-
portant sea fishes. It is the chief bait used for the eap-
ture of eod, haddock, lobsters and halibut on the
Atlantie and halibut on the Pacific. Large quantities
are put in cold storage each year to provide bait for
the season when they are less readily available.

No reference has been made in this article to the
young herring eanned extensively along the Atlantic
coast as ‘‘sardine,’’ nor to the fresh water herring
of our lakes. Each of these is of sufficient interest to
be considered separately,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

September, 1921.

Ma Wy / ==s
fl

TISEwanace

suitable for publication.

Address communications to F. E. Payson, Pacific Coast Representative, Industrial & Educational Press, Ltd.

528 Winch Building, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

Pacific Coast |"
Section Ee

‘““The Canadian Fisherman,’ Pacific Coast Branch, will be glad to have inquiries from any one who wishes
information in any way connected with the fishing industry. We would also appreciate items of fishing news

BC3}

THE CANNED SALMON MARKET.

What there are left of sockeye halves are being held
at $20 unlabelled. There are not many unsold. Other
red meated varieties are being held for good prices.
These vary to such an extent that there is not much use
in quoting prices. The lighter colored varieties are
in good demand this season. All the old paek ot half
pound chums are cleaned up and many sales are being
made of new pack pinks and chums. ;

Every steamer from the U. K. and the continent are
taking heavy shipments of canned salmon.

Aceording to all reports there will be a very good
clearance of all varieties during the next two months
and as far as stocks on hand are concerned there will
be comparatively few left by the end of November.

Although stocks will be much reduced it will be at
a sacrifice to the canners as no one is making a profit
this season. Many companies have been operating only
a part of their plants and this means idle capital and
to such an extent that the debit side of the ledger will
show up heavy for the larger companies in particular.
Some of the smaller companies may not show so badly
but there will be no profit to the eanners this season.

VERY FEW CRAYFISH ON. VANCOUVER ISLAND.

Some two months ago the question was asked your
correspondent if it known whether there were
commercial quantities of erayfish in the lakes on Van-
eouver Island. The Fisheries Department now reports
that although there are crayfish in Shawinigan Lake
they are not there in commercial quantities.

was

FISHMEAL AND OIL REFINING PLANT BURNED
AT NANAIMO, B.C,

The most up to date fish meal and oil refining plant

in British Columbia belonging to the Nanaimo Fish

Meal and Oil Refinery Limited, at Brechin, Exit Chan-
nel, near Nanaimo, B.C., was practically totally de- —
stroyed by fire on the morning of August 30th. Only |
one boiler of all the machinery was saved or rather did —
not fall into the water. All the other machinery drop- —
ped into the water as the supports were burned away. —
A considerable quantity of oil was also destroyed.
The loss is estimated at about $50,000.

DOMINION FISHERIES CRUISER ‘GIVENCHY’ —
GOES AGROUND ON BRITISH COLUMBIA
COAST. CHART SHOWED

_ 30 FATHOMS. 1

The Dominion Fisheries cruiser ‘‘Givenchy”’ in charge _
of Capt. F. C. Laird and having on board Dominion —
Hatcheries Inspector C. W. Harrison, and Mr. Ralph |
Mercer struck an uncharted rock at the entrance to _

Raven Cove, Shatfield Island near Bella, B.C. on —
Saturday, Sept. 3rd.

The ‘‘Givenchy’’ struck at high tide, and when the 4
tide receded she was resting at an angle of about 45 4
degrees with her stem in the air. When the tide came a
in she filled and at high tide only her foreeastle and |
foremast was above water. The crew were not in |
danger at any time and camped on shore. When the —
C. P. R. steamer came along on Sunday afternoon, —
word was sent to Vaneouver, and the Vaneonver —
Dredging and Salvage Co. steamer “‘Skookum” was |
sent to the scene. a

The diver for the Salvage Company upon arrival at
the scene made an examination but found no holes and —
only a few dents in the bottom. ,,

The ‘‘Givenchy”’ is a steel boat, having been one of |
the large class of mine sweepers built for serviee out —
of Halifax and other Canadian ports on the Atlantic |
during the war. The ‘‘Givenchy’’ is one of three boats —

CANADIAN

t to the British Columbia coast in 1919 and placed
the fisheries service. The other two are the
entieres’’ and the *‘Thiepval’’.

PACK OF CANNED SALMON IN BRITISH
; COLUMBIA FOR 1921.

p pack of salmon of all kinds in British Columbia

is year is small, The Dominion Fisheries Department

made the following estimate and the pack of fall

nall fish after September 3rd will be so small that

ham not affect the estimate here given to any ex-

- Fraser River and Howe Sound: —

Sockeyes ‘ 33,819 cases.
Red spring . 9,584 eases.
- Pink spring . .. 379 cases.
White spring .. 1,929 cases.
Bluebacks .. 1,422 cases.
Cohoes .. 1,485 cases.
Pinks 4,103 cases.
Chums .. 4 eases.
: : Total .. 52,725 cases.
Skeena River : —
Sockeyes . 40,100 cases.
hea Springs . : 18,540 cases.
Steelheads .. 300. cases.
Cohoes .. . 21,180 eases.
Pinks . 112,900 .eases.
Chums .. 500 cases.
iit Total .. . 193,520 cases.
Naas River : —
re Sockeyes . 9,250 cases.
Springs ...0.. 4 2,400 cases.
Steelheads . 77 cases.
Cohoes . 4,500 cases.
Pinkee hie ae 28,300. cases.
Chums: Pee 2,000 cases.
Total . 46,527 cases.
~ Rivers and Smith’s Inlets:—
Sockeyes . .. .. 46,542 cases.

Other varieties .. .. . 5,949 cases.

ne Total .
BOulyiig districts : —

Sockeyes . ‘

Other varieties ,

52,485 cases.

29,082 cases.
34,175 cases.

of ifs 2% Ree 63,257 cases,

A grand total for the province of .. 408,514 cases.

AMERICANS GET LARGER SHARE OF SPRING
sccm ON THE WEST COAST OF VAN-
COUVER ISLAND.

It is estimated that the American buyers of spring
salmon secured close to 75 per cent of the eatch on the
West coast of Vancouver Island—being able to furnish
gasoline and distillate at a lower figure than the Can-
adian buyer and paying pro ive. prices.

There is no doubt the Americ avers were anxious
secure all they eould for their eure pack and
for that reason were able to pay n the Cana-

dian ag was nm for the market.

FISHERMAN 21:

VANCOUVER WHOLESALE FISH MARKET.

There is quite a plentiful supply of all kinds of fresh
fish on the market at the present time.

Halibut.—Are arriving fairly plentiful and are sell-
ing at 10 to de.

Salmon. —The run of cohoes has just begun to help
the fresh fish market, and prices are 10¢ per |b., heads
off and 8e per Ib. heads on.

Cod.—The supply of cod is increasing as the fisher-
men drop their salmon fishing and turn to the cod
again. The price just now, (Sept. 10) is 8¢ per lb. for
local caught fish.

Herring.—Point Grey had a little increase in the
catches during the past week ending Sept. 10th, but
there is no large supply looked for.

Smelts.—Local caught fresh silver smelt are off the
market and the eepply i is now coming in from Belling-
ham, Wash.

Soles. —-With fewer salmon nets to contend with and
the tides and temperature of the water getting better
all the time the sole trawlers should be bringing in
larger catches right along now.

The London Fish Co, report that fresh smoked Point
Grey kippers are ‘in great demand just now as the
weather has cooled. They are also having a big call
for smoked filleted halibut, smoked filleted cod and
local boneless salt cod.

Kippers are 10¢ per lb., and smoked filleted halibut
15e, smoked filleted cod 15e, and local boneless salt cod
15%4 per Ib.

Crescent Oysters and Pacific Coast native oysters are
now on the market.

INDEPENDENT HALIBUT BOATS, BRING
CATCHES INTO VANCOUVER.

Vancouver is having a lot of halibut brought in by
independent halibut fishermen. The most of these
catches are being bought by the New England Fish Co.,
and the Canadian Fishing Co., Ltd. A few are sold to
local dealers and the Canadian Fish and Cold Storage
Co., Ltd., but the last named company buy most of
their fish at Prince Rupert where their headquarters
are.

ur

HALIBUT BOATS THAT WERE ON LAY NOW
CARRYING SALMON.

The Canadian Fishing Co., Ltd. halibut boats that
have been fishing on a lay all the summer are now car-
rying salmon as the fall salmon season is now on.
These boats all did very well while the summer season
was on.

SHORTAGE OF CANNED SALMON LOOKED FOR.

With the poorest run of sockeye that has been ex-
perienced for many years, and practically none of the
poorer grades of salmon being packed there is a strong
feeling amongst the trade that before the winter is
over there will be a shortage in the latter named
variety of canned salmon, Even with this feeling in
the air the packers are not packing the fall fish except
in one or two instanees, and then only for order's that
have been taken. This will mean that every tin of
chums and pinks will in all probability be cleaned up.

Mr. James E. Eckman, Asst. Manager of the Can-
adian Fishing Co., Ltd., is now convalescent after
a very severe attack of Flu. At one time Mr. Eckman’s
condition was very critical, All his friends will be
glad to hear that he is now on the road to recovery,

¢

216

ORIENTAL SALT HERRING.

Just at this writing there is a very poor prospect
of there being any large pack of salt herring for the
Oriental market. The tentative offerings of buyers
is very low in comparison with the cost of production
and therefore the firms that are watching the market
do not see any profit in sight under present conditions.
Salt is still high and the cost of lumber for boxes does
not look to be much lower, rather there is a talk of
higher prices. Labor is not dropping and for this reas-
on the buyers have got to firm up some on their prices
if they expect to get the firms that are in a position
to start their plants when the time comes.

The writer cannot help stating again that there is
only one suecessful way to work out a fair profit for all
concerned and that this is to have same central selling
ageney to handle the entire output at one ‘price and to
have one uniform pack. The buyers of the oriental
pack are as shrewd as any buyers in the world and
only by having some system to the selling end ‘will there
be a profit for all concerned.

DOMINION FISHERIES DEPARTMENT.
BRITISH COLUMBIA NOTES.

Chief Inspector Maj. J. A. Motherwell in company
with Mr. John P. Babeock, Asst. Commissioner of
Fisheries for British Columbia, went on an inspection
trip to the Fraser River watershed during the first
part of September. The spawning grounds in Quesnel
district were given particular attention. Since his
appointment to the position of Chief Inspector of
Fisheries for British Columbia under the Dominion
Department, Maj. Motherwell has made it a point to
work in econjunetion with the Provincial Department
whenever possible and there is no doubt that the Pro-
vincial Department reciproeates as is evidenced by
this joint trip of inspection.

Chief Engineer John MeHugh has been a busy man
all the past season and an enormous amount of clear-
ing of streams has been done under his directions.
During the first part of September a log jam was
cleared on the Salmon River, and also clearing of
Cowichan River has been in progress,

The government airplane has been made to do a eon-
siderable amount of week-end inspection on the Fraser
the past season and one or two cases of infraction of
the rules and regulations pertaining to the close season
at week-ends were noted and prosecutions suecess-
fully carried out. Besides this several trips of in-
spection were made to Vancouver Island Hatcheries
which saved a lot of time and expense. It is hoped that
a more general use of the airplane service will be made
during 1922.

Asst. Chief Inspector Fred Harrison is a mighty
busy man when the Chief is away (that’s not saying he
does not keep going when the Chief is at home), and
at the same time his genial smile and welcome is always
there when you eall on him.

Saw Deputy Halliday from New Westminster in the
office when I called and by the way the same deputy
has no bed of roses when the salmon are running on
the Fraser. However he has had that district for some
years now and has many friends.

With a few exceptions practically all the salmon
eanneries in the Northern part of British Columbia
were closed down by the 10th of September, A few
are canning a few cohoes but not to any great extent.
Most of the crews are now back in Vanconver,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

CUSTOMS REGULATION WILL HELP AFTER
OCTOBER Ist - = ©.
5 (1) The Customs Tariff, 1907, is amended by
serting the following section immediately after sec
twelve thereof :— Seva 3
‘‘12a That all goods imported into Canad
are capable of being marked, stamped, bra
labelled without injury, shall be marked
branded or labelled in legible English or Frene
in a conspicuous place that shall not be cove
secured by any subsequent attachments or arrange ni
so as to indicate the country of origin. Said
stamping, branding, or labelling shall be
delible and permanent as the nature of.
permit. Be og won
_ Provided that all goods imported into Ca:
the date of the coming into force of this sectio
do not comply with the foregoing requirem
subject to an additional duty of ten per
valorem to be levied on the value for du
and in addition such goods shall not be re
Customs possession until they haye been
stamped, branded or labelled under Customs
sion at the expense of the importer.
Provided further that if any person shi
of the provisions relating to the marking.
branding or labelling of any imported goods,
deface, destroy, remove, alter, or oblitera
marks, stamps, brands or labels, with intent
the information given by or contained in su
stamps, brands, or labels, he ‘shall be liable
conviction to a penalty not exceeding
dollars, or to imprisonment not exceeding one
to both fine and imprisonment. The Minister.
toms and Inland Revenue may make such re
as are deemed necessary for carrying ont the p ions
of this section and for the enforcement thereof. __
(2) This section shall come into force on the 31st
of December, nineteen hundred and twenty-one. —

CANNED SALMON TO BE MARKED V
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN.
Canned salmon or other canned goods
United States or other countries must bear
of the country or origin after the 31st day of

ber. The date this act was to have gone into
October Ist. but owing to strong representa
leading importers the date was put ahead
ber 31st. The act includes the United |
tish Colonies and British Possessions. —

THE VALUE OF AMMONIA IN REFI
A Few Words Regarding a Canadian

Mighty .oaks from little acorns grow,
business is the result of a small Beginning

We have here in Canada a business
perhaps few people are acquainted and yet
large bearing on the supply of their da
both in season and ont of season, particul
of season,

Tf it were not for artificial freezing and mee
cold storage, how would the majority of -
fresh fish and meat from long distances on
table, and how many would have an egg for
when the hens are not laying? Ss =

When we have had an open winter like th
1920-21, during the following summer there wou
ecnsiderable suffering for lack of ice and qu
of food stuffs would be spoiled at a heavy loss.

September, 1921. CANADIAN
The artificial freezing of ice and mechanical refri-
geration are made possible by the use of Ammonia
d we now come to our subject. -
Ammonia is a_resultant- product of carbonization
of coal, and in Canada the principal point of manu-
- facture is Toronto, where is manufactured an An-
_ hydrous Ammonia which is recognized as a standard
_ fer quality and the business has been sufficiently
eloped to supply Canadian requirements, eliminat-
the necessity of importations from other coun-
tries. Canada also exports Ammonia to many eolonies
d foreign countries, which speaks well for the
lity of the Canadian product. It becomes a duty
» Canadian users of Ammonia to continue patronizing
home industry for the benefit of the Country, the
people, and in fact for their own benefit, and espe-
cially under present adverse trade conditions.

FISHERMAN 217

Ammonia was used to a considerable extent in the
manufacture of explosives, which during the past few
years has caused a shortage, but we learn that the
manufacturers in Canada (like in no other country),
were able to keep everyone supplied in a most satis-
factory manner, and with almost superhuman efforts
met the unusual demand, which our Ice Manufacturers,
Cold Storage Plants, and Fish Freezers should appre-
ciate and continue to use Ammonia made in Canada
from Canadian raw materials with Canadian Labor.
They should support an industry which has performed
invaluable service in the past, and by doing so, they
will keep alive an industry which at its best has but a
limited field of consumption in comparison to the
adjoining United States. It is therefore to your
interest to patronize a reliable home industry and
thereby also help yourself.

When one regards the methods adopted in the hand-
ling of public affairs, not only in this country, but
‘outside as well, the question continually suggests it-
self: Are the people getting a square shake? Is it not

sible to devise some progressive system of govern-
ment which will call for the application of strict busi-
ness principles; under which decision shall be reached
ely upon the merits of each individual case and
ithout consideration of external or ‘‘political’’ influ-
aces, which today are the guiding factor? Is it the
fault of the system or is it the fault of our leaders that
yportant national affairs should be hopelessly
souped’’ up with polities with the result that action
deferred or neglected? To obseure an issue by petty
irrelevancies may be clever polities, but from the view-
point of the public it’s dammed rotten business. If a
_ farmer government were returned at Ottawa could we
hope for a business administration such as would qua-
vy to manage the affairs of a big industrial organiza-
‘tion—not in ability, for we expect that, but in honest,
businesslike application of ability?

This lethargic arrangement which is now in vogue,
this system of doing business on the basis of political
_ expediency, is all the more galling when one’s pet topic
striking illustration of the fallacy of superfluons red

tape and involved procedure. It illustrates how the
system becémes unwieldy and makes commonsense ad-
iinistration difficult.

TI believe it was shortly following the rock slide in
e Fraser river in 1913 that tho agitation began for
e conservation of the Pacifie salmon—the sockeye,
of course, being the chief worry. As the fish are cap-
- tured in American waters by American fishermen be-
_ fore thev reach our waters to ascend the rivers of
_ British Columbia to reproduce. any scheme of protec-
tion must obviously be international in character. We
anadians could not ourselves enforce effective pro-
ective or restorative measures, nor could our neigh-
bors, because of the fear that one or the other would
take advantage of the-one-sided abstention. The para-
¢ exists in that the people of the north Pacifie states
the American nnion realize that strict and immediate

ures are negesspry to conserve the supply, and our

Gumming Up The Sockeye Treaty

Political Expediency the Altar Upon which Good Busi-
ness and Commonsense Are Sacrificed.

By PISCATOR,

_ is the vietim. And. incidentally. this particular case is —

fishermen of British Columbia are equally alive to the
urgency of the situation. Our authorities at Ottawa
see it, and apparently those at Washington, too; but
the machinery to bring about international co-opera-
tion is so involved, the vital issue so hopelessly en-
meshed in red tape and the various ‘‘authorities’’ so
bent on hair-splitting and diplomatic niceties, that no
check is yet being placed on the ruinous destruction of
the fish nor effort made to restore the supply.

The Sockeye Treaty of 1918, approved by Ottawa,

has not been approved at Washington, and a recent
press dispatch stated that President Harding would
likely take it out of the hands of the Senate and pigeon-
hole it. And thereby hangs a tale.
_ This treaty provided for the protection of the species
in Pacific waters, and its provisions gave promise of
revitalizing the fishery. Washington’s refusal to sign
the treaty is not to be interpreted as a denial that its
provisions were necessary or desirable. No. It was
merely a question of conflicting jurisdictions. The
State of Washington maintained that Congress had no
right to thake legislation respecting her state fisheries.
So despite the urgency of the situation, the hands of
Congress were bound by the boa constrictor of publie
business—__——red tape.

That is the situation on the American side. Now
on our own. Whereas the state government of Wash-
ington has control of the local fisheries, the fisheries of
British Columbia are controlled by the Canadian fe-
deral government. So there we have the quandary
Ottawa cannot deal direct with Washington, nor can
British Columbia settle the question locally with Wash-
ington state. Obviously our present system would not
permit of any arrangement between Ottawa and Wash-
ington state. A treaty between the Dominion of Can-
ada and a state of the American union would be just
as impossible as a treaty between the Government of
the United States and the province of Quebec. They
are not in the same strata of international society

As the Trish section boss would say: “‘Isn’t that a
hell of a mess?’’ What is to be done?

Where a satisfactory settlement is presented by in-
harmonious Jurisdictions, the obvious course is to make
the jurisdictions on either side of the border harmonize
Fine! But how is that to be done? ;

218 (90)

If the Dominion Government and the Government of PRINCE RUPERT ACTIVITIES.
the State of Washington are adamant on the question
of jurisdiction and hold to their constitutional rights,
e salmon pay the price. - FP avi ‘ishe :
Let the valuable natural resource of both countries ciation reports of the port’s fishery activities as fol-ca

peter out. Let us all cut off our noses to spite our lows:—

all very well. Let the sockey

faces.

Is it beyond the range of reason that the federal months of July and August—the new cars, along with —
government at Ottawa should pass special legislation the old, having filled all requirements. ee
authorizing the government of British Columbia to deal
directly with the state of Washington in this particular
matter ; or is it unreasonable that the state of Washing-
ton should concede to its federal government to legis-
late in this ease, especially when the proposed action
is deemed of vital interest to the state?

A concession of this nature may be absolutely with- exchange that morning while sales were in progress.
out precedent in history. I have made no study of the
law and cannot tell. But should it conflict with all
recognized constitutional principles, I should still say as
Patrick Henry very likely would under similar cireum-
stances: ‘‘To hell with precedent.’’

The temporary transfer of jurisdiction on the Can-
adian side of the border would, I feel, be attended by
greater difficulty and confusion than would be the
case in the United States. In the latter case the con-
cession is to a superior power, while in the former it is
to a subordinate. Furthermore, a treaty between local
units of different powers involves more serious de-

parture from the order of things. On the other hand to wait their turn for days in order to get their sea ice. —
it is a regular procedure for Ottawa and Washington

to arrange a treaty. It only requires the concession 00 Atlin and Sinclair Fish Companies had to do some rust- —

CANADIAN PISHERMAN

Under date of September 8th, the Secretary of the
Prince Rupert Branch of the Canadian Fisheries Asso-

There was no shortage in refrigerator cars during the —

During the month of July, Major Motherwell, Dom- —
inion Government Inspector for B.C., paid Prince Ru- —
pert a visit of inspection, he was chiefly interested in —
the salmon canning industry on the Skeena but he spent _
a day at the Government Dock getting insight into the
halibut game and was an interested visitor to the fish

Two Dominion Government moving picture men spent —
quite a considerable time in this district during July —
taking pictures of the fishing industry in its various —
phases and no doubt these interesting pictures will be —
shown all over the Dominion in the near future. _ :

During the whole of the month of August we had an —
ice shortage here. The Canadian Fish and Cold Storage —
Co. is the only concern that manufactures ice in Prince —
Rupert and although they had a reserve of 2,000 tons —
at the start of the season, besides making 80 toms every |
twenty-four hours, they could not supply the down town —
dealers during August and the fishing vessels had also —

The down town dealers namely, Booth, Pacific, Royal, —

the part of the state of Washington—merely a form to ling for ice in order to stay in business and limited sup-

give effect to something she declares she desires dearly.. plies were received from the Canadian National Rail-_

There are some lesser reasons why any new action
should find inception in Washington state. Canada
instigated the Treaty of 1918 and it was the state of

Washington which worked its constitutional right to 4+ Ketchikan. Alaska. At this writing those aa alli aee
; : still a_

prevent United States concurrence. The western state ghortace but not qui Tea oie ee
stood very much on its dignity. Now the question is: * not quite so acute,\as the \CaRmisaa tes

Which does she prize more highly—her dignity or her

sockeye fishery ?

Washington state, also, has a heavier commercial fish packing plant near Seal Cove have gone into liqui.
interest in the fishery than British Columbia. Her dation and have discontinued business for the present.
Yishermen make a heavier toll on the resource than J. N. Sinclair, their former manager, has started in a _
ours do, they draw heavier financial reward, and last similar business on his own account, under the name of —
but not least, they have more capital invested and are Sinclair Fisheries Limited. They have secured a loca ,
in greater jeopardy in that sense than our B. ©. fisher- tion on the Government Dock next to the Booth Fish
men by a threatened depletion of supply. eries and they started doing business there this week.

way ice houses at Prince Rupert, Pacific and Endako, —
several scowloads were also towed from the Western —
Packers plant at Butedale and the Atlin Company re- —
ceived one small lot from the New England Fish Co., —

and Cold Storage Co. lave released about 100 tons to
the down town dealers this week. ’

The Pacific Sea Produets Company, who ee e a

HAVE
YOU
U SIE D

‘ics

_ ANHYDROUS |,
AMMONIA |
1 a AQUA |

‘ ae me a
CANADIAN AMMONIA CO., LIMITED a ae 1
\ creel CANADA oe TORONTO, ONT. ada Bw. 1)

CANADIAN FISHERMAN (91) 219

All the local fish companies, with the exception of the
Canadian Fish and Cold Storage Co. are now located
on the Government Dock, the fish business is now cen-
tralized there including the fish exchange and every
thing is now much more convenient than formerly, when
we were spread over the whole waterfront.

Billy Shrubsall, who was Prince Rupert’s pioneer
fish man and smoker, and who has been in California for
the last two years, returned here the other day and he
will resume business smoking sable fish (Black Cod)
halibut, ete. He has also secured a location on the
Provincial Government Dock and at this writing he is
assembling material for the erection of his premises.

You will notice by our returns that prices in fresh
halibut have dropped considerably since I wrote you
last, however all commodities have been dropping and
fish must fall in line.

Mr. J. A. Thomson, formerly Assistant Comptroller
at the Canadian Fish and Cold Storage Co. and later
in the smoked fish business in Portland, Oregon, was in
Prinee Rupert for a few days last week.

Mr. J. W. Nichols, Comptroller of the Canadian Fish
and Cold Storage Co., is at present on a business trip
to the big centres in the U. S. and Canada.

The Canadian Fish and Cold Storage Co’s. steamer
Geo. E. Foster has been tied up for about a month and
the only vessels they have fishing halibut on the Com-
pany lay in the meantime are the James Carruthers and
Andrew Kelly.

I have just seen a copy of McLean’s magazine for
September and have read with much interest the article
**All aboard the fish special’’, it certainly gives our
port and industry some fine advertising.

OIL RECOVERED

from

FISH WASTE

by
Ernest Scott & Company’s

NEW METHOD

Eliminates pressing and drying

yet retains full values

of products
PROCESS ENGINEERS
McGill Bld’g
Montreal - : Canada

Salmon
Sardine

Hamilton, Ont. Niagara Falls, Ont.
AMERICAN CAN COMPANY

A Lobster
ry Herring

Packers of Canned Fish of every kind will be interested in the variety and sizes
of cans manufactured to suit every need of the trade

AMERICAN CAN COMPANY

LTD., VANCOUVER, B.C.

C

A

N
iS

Etc.

Chamcook, N.B. Montreal, Quebec.

92 ! : CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Titi ishisAdAASd S45 ANSGSSADSARG AMES aRASSSASRS HARE IDM AAG RS

UNITED STATES FISH FIRMS Specializing inthe HANDLING _
OF CANADIAN FISH ‘

eee ~ When U Ship FISH, LOBSTERS or
William JF. Vh ay SCALLOPS to the Boston Market,
Oldest and Largest Broker in CANNED, SALT, FOR BEST RESULTS ship to
SMOKED FISH, operating in Middle-
West of United States R. §. HAMILTON COMPANY
GOODS HANDLED ON BROKERAGE AND CONSIGNMENT 17 ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
Offices and Warehouse: DETROIT, Mich. FISH FIER, BOOTOR ae

On the Boston Markel over 25 9 ears

ie A. E. HALLETT

AN W: QMPAN ~
ic \ re . NT Tt F Ss SoBLE Je COMPANY \ BROKER
AS i, AR NUDES ie FRESH AND FROZEN FISH

Correspondence solicited

OF
WHOLESALE PRODUCERS, IMPORTERS AND SHIPPERS Ref., Exchange Nats Bank,- or ony: Casual
FRESH CHILLED, SMOKED, SALTED LAKE AND OCEAN esale fish concern.

|FISH OYSTERS»>CLAMS|||_“c-> = "= ccsco |
H. GRUND & SONS

Wholesale
FRESH AND SMOKED FISH

209-211-213 N. Union St., CHICAGO, Ill).

Phone Monroe 3623

BUFFALO.N.Y,

W. Irving Atwood, W. Elmer Atwood, Irving M. Atwood,
President. Vice-President. Treasurer,

ALL
oe ae VARIETIES
* or THe
FINNAN HADDIE SEASON

31 Boston Fish Pier Boston, Mass.

Fisiizni

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

VOL. VIII GARDENVALE, P.Q., OCT. 1921

NOTICE

Practice—Makes—Perfect

We have been manufacturing Cordage for ninety five years,
and we have spared no effort in consistently trying to better
its quality for the most exacting buyer.

To-day we are manufacturing Cordage that is better adapted
to the Fishing Industry than any other make on the market.
A trial will convince you of all we say about

“LION BRAND” CORDAGE

TRADE Gian wr MARK

Also manufacturers of Manila, Sisal, Binder Twine, Jute
Cordage, Transmission Lath Yarn and twines of every des-
cription.

Made in Canada since 1825 by

Consumers Cordage Co., Ltd.

Mills at: Branches at:
DARTMOUTH, MONTREAL. TORONTO, ST. JOHN.
Tees & Persse, Limited, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, Calgary, Moose jaw,

Edmonton and Fort William, Ont James Bisset & Co., Quebec, P.Q
Macgowan & Co., Vancouver, B.C.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Meeting the Requirements of the Industry

| The
House of Leckie

For over half a century has heen supplying the
commercial Fisherman of two continents
continuously in

Fishing and Marine Supplies

A FEW OF OUR STANDARD LINES

Nautical Instruments, Linen Gilling Nets, Gilling Twines,
Lamps of all types, Sea Island Cotton Gilling Nets,
Life Boat Equipment to Side Line and Seaming Twine,
Board of Trade regulations, Pound Nets, Drag Seines, Dip Nets,
Life Jackets, Ring Buoys, Minnow Seines, Trammel Nets, ©
Blocks offall kinds, Hoop Nets, Fishing Rope,
Wire and:Manila Rope, Cedar Floats, Lead,
Anchors, Oars, Pumps, Boat Hardware.

WRITE FOR A CATALOG

John Leckie Limited

77 Wellington St, W. : TORONTO, Ont.

|

tober, 1921. CANADIAN

FISHERMAN 221

OF

Wg

Z

ee

UHL

»

SPEAK UP!

WANTED by the Canadian Fishing’ Industry, a
Department of Fisheries distinct from Marine,
Naval or other affiliation. Also a Deputy
Minister in charge who will have direct access
to the Minister.

| We have been reading the electioneering speeches of
he various candidates for Federal office and notice
With dismay that not one incorporates his ideas about
the development of the fishery resources of Canada.
All rant about the tariff, and when the development of
natural resources is mentioned, the fisheries are left
out. ‘Agriculture, mines and forests!’’ These three
items seem to stand for all that Providence endowed
reountry. Fish seems to be something the political
office-seeker hesitates to mention. :

_ The ignorance. of the fisheries as one of the Dom-
jnion’s great natural assets is positively harmful. It
indicates just where we stand among the parliament-
rians. The man who forgets the fisheries and its
sibilities while ‘‘on the stump’’ is liable to forget
them when he is elected. And the industry suffers
cordingly.

' The remedy lies in the hands of those engaged in
é fishing industry. Ask the aspiring candidate who
comes before you what he or his party intend to do to
develop the fisheries of Canada. If he doesn’t know,
then give him your suggestions and see that he gets
them right. And one of the most valuable suggestions
is that a Deputy Minister be appointed to look after
the fisheries.

» A man’s political interests should be centered first
im the industry he is engaged in. If he chooses that it
be neglected, well, that’s his own look-out, but it’s
poor policy for himself. The average aspirant for
political honors is not intimately informed upon all
phases of Canadian resources, but it is up to the eleet-
orate to see that he is informed upon the industry
ch interests them. ‘The farmers, the miners and

NEWS AND VIEWS

ON FISH AND FISHERIES

Frederick William Wallace -

Editor-in-Chief

the lumbermen lose no opportunity to place their in-
terests forward, but the modesty of the fisherman has
militated against him. .

Speak up! Let the voice of the Industry be heard.
Silenée now means placid acquiescence to the negleet
of past administrations and forms the impression that
the fishermen are too apathetie to care what happens
to their industry,

GOOD WORK !

During the seven years we have been in existence as
a publication devoted to the development and better-
ment of conditions in the fishing industry of Canada,
we have seen many changes for the better in Depart-
mental administration. When we first entered the
arena on behalf of the commercial fishermen we found
a sort of gulf existing between the Department of
Fisheries and the people engaged in the industry. The
industry said hard things of the Department and felt
that they were established only as a repressive influ-
ence with ‘‘Thou shalt not’’ as their motto and the
Fishery Acts as their eudgel.

Of late years, we have seen the commercial fisher-
men and the Departmental officers betting together on
the most friendly basis. We have seen our suggestions
kindly received and, in a number of cases, adopted,
and we have noted a gradual dropping of the barriers
and a really sincere desire on the part of the admin-
istrators to keep close in touch with the industry. This
is as it should be and indications are that such rela-
tions will become more intimate in the future.

There are many things we might mention reflecting
credit upon the good sense of Departmental officials
which have been adopted of late years, but one of the
best is the animal conference of the fishery officers,
overseers, inspectors, and the commercial fishermen.
The second conference of the Eastern Fisheries Divi-
sion was ‘recently held at Charlottetown P.E.L, and,
in our opinion, this was one of the momentous gather-

222

ings ever held in the history of the Atlantic fishing
industry.

The system of ‘divisional fishery administration is
now two years old and jis along the lines advocated by
the Canadian Fisheries Association. It is a vast im-
provement upon the old plan of direct administration
from Ottawa with a host of politically appointed fish-
ery officers located at the fishery centers and only
devoting part of their time to the work. While many
of these men were good officials, yet a vast number

~ knew nothing of the work they were supposed to do,
and eared less. They used their offices to political and
self-advantage knowing that a succeeding Government
might possibly sweep them out of office. Under the
new system, these political office-holders were dis-
missed and the appointment of officers taken out of
polities. New officers were appointed after examina-
tion, their whole time was required, and they were
placed under the direct control of a Divisional In-
spector.

This was two years ago, and since then the Depart-
ment have spared no pains to ensure the efficieney of
their outside staff. The officers are being constantly
trained in iethyology, the correct administration of
the laws, and the many matters which fall under the
head of fishery science and the preparation and mar-
keting of fish. Instead of acting solely as fishery
police, the officers are being urged to become teachers
to train the fishermen and others to catch, prepare and
ship their produets in the best possible manner. The
old system of repression without reasoning is happily
being discarded and overseers are taking pains to ex-
plain to the fishermen the why and wherefore of .fish-
ery laws and to point out that such are only framed
in the best interests of the fishermen themselves and
for the preservation of the Industry.

The best of systems can amount to nothing if the —

men working under it are not brought together to ex-
change views and hear explanations of obscure points.
The Department is, fortunately, alive to this fact, and
the Eastern Fishery Conference, at which the majority

of the fishery officers were present, is sure testimony

that we are getting a good Departmental administra-
tion built up on the Atlantie coast. The men who at-
tended this gathering cannot help but return to their
stations the better informed because of it, and there-
fore better officials, and the open nature of the eon-
vention, with many members of the commercial fish-
ing industry permitted to participate in the diseus-
sions, is to be highly commended and along the lines
we have been advocating for years past. A

Rome was not built in a day, but the growing im-
provement in the status of fishery officers and their
knowledge of their work; the more cordial relations
between administrators and the men engaged in the
industry, and the desire to prevent violations by edu-
cation and explanation rather than haling before a
magistrate and exacting a fine; the training of offi-
eers and such conventjons as that held in Charlotte-
town, will, in time, give us a fisheries administration
second to none and a genuine aid in the development
of the great fishery resources with which Canada is
endowed.

Contrary to the original decision, the Department of
Fisheries are permitting the fishing of lobsters for the
period of six weeks this Fall as urged by the fisher-
men of Yarmouth and Shelbourne Counties, Nova
Seotia.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

- help to establish what is best in fis

THE mrrene sine FISHING scHoC

eo
By. the time this issue is in the hands of pad :
the International Fishing Schooner Race
Halifax ‘‘Herald’’ Trophy will be well underw
possibly decided. Whatever the result, it
that skippers and crews have their best
this year the finest and fastest se

friendly contest for the Loa sm
Atlantic.

race, and, nape a sport for workin
than of satiating the idle hours of the
Every fisherman in the North Amerie

be interested in their own ‘‘Sea’ ‘Deri
points of the race will be appreciated b

There are other aspects too in t
and create a new standard of model an.
It will serve to cement our relation i

bring the fishing industry to the r
know little or nothing about it.
The industry needs publicity. —
ment that the requirements an
the fisheries might not be over-looked

produets of our fishermen might b ss
sumed, The International Fishing Se!
do its part towards this denna e

A cortdapondent sends us the foll

an English paper:
More Oysters.
A scheme for reviving the
at Poole, Dorset, has been a
Ministry of Agriculture and F
It is proposed to lay out an ar

Hundreds of years. ago oyste
duced in great numbers from t
Poole harbour, and a thriving
driven in pickling and exporting t
of the warehouses round the harbour
on a foundation of the shells of
pickled and eaten in past centuri

Referring to the above, one corresp
‘*Ts Canada: 's bile Poliey enacts

The minister met Tom, the village ne’er-do-we
much to the latter’s surprise, shook him heartily
hand, ‘‘I’m glad you've turned over ane
Thomas,’ > said the good man. Fi

Me?’ returned Tom, looking at him dubiow .

“Yes, I was so pleased to see you at the prayer
ing last night.’’

“Oh,’’ said Tom, a light breaking in on’ nie
that’s where T w as, is it?’’—Tit Bits. f F

October, 1921. CANADIAN

OUR ‘‘BILL’’ DOUGLAS.

It is a distinct pleasure for us to see some of the
_ younger men in the Canadian fishing industry rising to
) prominence and fame in or out of the trade. Wilham
- Douglas of the Guest Fish Company, Winnipeg, 1s
' known to most of the industry in Canada and has long
been identified with the activities of the Canadian Fish-
' eries Association, and we were much interested to pick
) up a recent Winnipeg ‘Tribune’’ and read a personal
' sketch of ‘‘Bill’’ who has recently been elected an
> Alderman of his adopted city. The ‘‘Tribune’s’’ article
is reproduced herewith:

“William (‘‘Bill’’) Douglas when he was a much
yeunger man than he is today—and he isn’t very old as
yet, probably still inside the forty mark. **Bill’’ was
elected alderman for Ward One last year because he is
' a young citizen generally regarded, very properly so, as
- being trustworthy, aggressive and has strong opinions
- all his own:

_ **Having said so much I might be accused of being pre-
| disposed in his favor. So, I am, because, for persistency

alone, he is what some users of slang might call the real
thing. He comes at a subject gradually, just like the
native-born Scot, by asking an innocent question or two.
If you know the breed you understand what is at the
back of their heads. After due season this type of Scot
will come back at the question—the same question—in
some other way, perhaps by the route of mild asse: tion.
Then. if he finds himself in disagreement, or if his views
seem to be falling on barren ground, he will become more
assertive.

The other day I asked a fellow City Council member
of ‘‘Bill’s’’ how he (‘‘Bill’’) was getting along, and the
report was decidedly favorable. His associates, however,
had not yet decided whether he or Alderman Fisher
uses the broadest Scotch.

I have seen a good deal of him in connection with the

FISHERMAN 223

fishery interests of the West. He is an authority on the
finny tribe, from a smelt to a whale—he says there is no
demand on the prairies for any part of the whale save
the whale-bone; not even for the blubber—and while he
makes his living as associate manager cf a fishing busi-
ness he must be given credit for foresight, in under-
standing that conservation means the perpetuation of a
profitable industry, whereas public laxity Spells ruin.
Need we look farther than the policy pursued in cer-
tain quarters on the coast with respect to the salmon
fisheries.

I have observed with no little satisfaction that Alder-
man Douglas has posted himself on all branches of his
trade. Well informed on the productivity of our lakes
and rivers—and he is now gathering information on
Hudson Bay and Straits and the tributary rivers—he
has gone carefully into the transportation side. He is
an aggressive advocate of the most up-to-date re-
frigerator system, and rates to make possible the maxi-
mum importation of food which is not second in nour-
ishment to the best sirloin.

At the presént moment he is laden with stories of
Northern Manitoba, illustrated. This. is one advant-
age of living in the days of the camera. One ‘‘snap’’
shows a party of Winnipeggers navigating the rapids at
the mouth of the Big Saskatchewan, a roaring torrent
miles in length. There is power enough there, in sight,
ence harnessed, to drive all the farm machinery in Man-
itoba. But more romantic is a photograph of twenty or
thirty Indians from a district seldom visited by white
men. They are supposed to be a mixture of the Salteaux
and Cree, and the alderman’s description of them is that
they are ‘‘black as the ace of spades’’. Not under-
standing English, the Indians were unable te tell him if
they lived near the famed stream where brook trout
weighing from six to eight pounds lurk undisturbed in
their lairs.

I have heard it stated that the young alderman is not
trying to cultivate his bent for public life. However,
that may be, he will always be heard from along lines
in which he is intezeS8ted. This year he is president of
the Matlock Beach club, and is one of the staunch ad-
voeates of good roads and the outdoor life.

THE NOVEMBER ISSUE OF ‘‘ THE CANA-
DIAN FISHERMAN’’ WILL BE DEVOTED
LARGELY TO A DETAILED AND ILLUST-
RATED ACCOUNT OF THE INTERNATIONAL
FISHING SCHOONER RACES HELD OFF
HALIFAX, OCTOBER 22nd AND 25th. THIS
IS ONE OF THE BIGGEST EVENTS OF ITS
KIND IN THE WORLD AND IS WORTHY OF
THE INTEREST OF EVERY PERSON EN.
GAGED IN THE FISHING INDUSTRY OF
CANADA. IT IS THE FISHERMAN’S
‘‘ DERBY "’. A SPORTING CONTEST OF THE
HIGHEST TYPE WHICH IS DESTINED TO
PUT OUR FISHERIES AND FISHERMEN
UPON THE MAP. SEE THAT YOU GET THE
NOVEMBER ISSUE.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

October, 1921.

- oa lead

LT»

OFT

E27

LB:

Important Gathering of Fishery Officers in et
Charlottetown, September 20th to 23rd on

Suggestions of Interest to Lobster Canners

and Fishermen

Six of the seven inspectors and all the overseers but
one, making in all an assembly of about sixty men from
the Maritime Provinces, were present at the Fishery
Conference for the Eastern Division of Canada, which
opened in the Provincial Technical and Agricultural
School in Charlottetown on September 20th and closed
on the 23rd, Ward Fisher of Halifax, Chief Inspector
for the District, presiding at all the sessions.

This was the second conference (the first being held .

at Truro) since the Fisheries Service was reorganized
about three years ago, when Canada was divided into
three districts the Pacific, the Central and. Eastern,
with inspectors in charge respectively at Vancouver,
Winnipeg and Halifax. 5

Formerly officers were appointed for a brief period
and they were often changed with the Government.
Under the new order_of things, which was instituted
by the Civil Service Commission, the army of guardians
was abolished and a complete set of new men were ap-
pointed, under new conditions, and on a permanent
basis, safe from political interference and paid a rea-
sonable salary, being required to give their whole time
to the work.

The permanency of the service assured, the Depart-
ment was in a position to go ahead with a well devised
course of instruction in order that the officers should be
properly trained in their duties. The Charlottetown
Conference proved a great educative benefit to the
officers, and will have an important bearing on the
fishery industry in general. Points, hitherto obseured,
regarding the interpretation of the laws and regula-
tions were made clear, valuable suggestions, revealed
by experience, were given as to how these regulations
could be improved, and the discussions, skillfully dir-
ected by the chairman, were mutually profitable and
instructive.

The lobster industry in its various phases—the Meat
and Canned Foods Act and other legislation, reeeived
much attention at the Conference whilst addresses and
demonstrations by experts were features of the four
days’ programme.

After an address of welcome by Major Riley of Char-

lottetown on the morning of the opening day, and a

reply by Inspector Fisher—a Prince Edward Islander,
the conference settled down to business.

Mr. Fisher led off with an address on the Relations —
of the Fishery Officers—(1) to the publie, and (2) to ~
the Department. ~ Pe Se 4

The chief point emphasized was that under the new
order of things, it is desirable that the officers and all
those in the industry should work together in the great
est harmony. The officers should do all in their power
to encourage the fishermen to catch as great a quantity
of fish as possible, and to put them in thie best possible
way. Sark

The attitude of the fishery officers toward the public
should be in the interests of the public. The most cor-
dial relations should also exist between the officers and
the Department, to the end that the Department may
draft proper regulations and adopt the best possible
methods. err ee

During the interesting discussions which followed it —
was brought out that this was a particularly hard year —
for the fishing industry, with the market demoralized —
and prices low, Owing to these conditions and the lack —
of outside employment, many of the fishermen are in
hard straits, thus making the temptations to engage i
illegal fishing greater than usual. Nevertheless, the
officers are endeavoring to enforce the regulations -

a most reasonable manner. - Sane

It was also brought out that the attitude of the fish-
ermen and the dealers, and particularly the lobster can- —
ners towards each other is changing rapidly. There —
appears to be a better feeling all round. A more lively
interest is being taken in the protection of the industry, —
with the result that there has been a vast improveme
throughout the Maritime Provinces in the methods
the fishermen and the packers, and in the elose ¢o-0
ation of the officials.

At Tuesday afternoon’s session there was a live
discussion on Regulations and their Enforcement, led
by Inspector Calder of Campobello, N.B. It was state:
that one of the hindrances to the proper enforcement —

of the Fisheries Act was the unfitness and incompet-
eney of many of the loeal Justices of the Peace. “3

In dealing with the purposes of the regulations,
was also claimed that many of the fishermen and others
felt that regulations were too restrictive. The reply
was that all regulations are the outgrowth of the de-—
mands of the fishermen themselves for their protection, |

’

October, 1921. CANADIAN
' and it is utterly impossible to have an established in-
dustry without protection and there can’t be protection
without regulations.

Tt was brought out that Nova Scotia has been very
active in enforcing the regulations especially in pre-
venting pollution of streams. In one disfrict alone,
there were twent-eight convictions.

‘The excellent services of the Royal Mounted Police
were recognized and the suggestion made that the scope
| of their activities be extended. The need of many
_ changes, revision atid consolidation of the regulations
Was emphasized during the discussion. There has been
no revision for some years, with a great deal of result-
ant confusion in the minds of fishermen and others.
- A large number of amendments have also been made in
' the past few years, making consolidation imperative.

Address by Dr. Prince.

The feature of Tuesday evening’s session was an ad-
‘dress on the ‘‘ Local and Restricted Migration of Fish’’
by Prof. E. E. Prince of Ottawa, Commissioner of
Fisheries.

Many fishery questions which interest biologists do
not appear to have much practical importance. The
question of the extended migrations, on the one hand,
or of restricted and local migrations, on the other hand,

9905

FISHERMAN 225
numerous other special features. The accomplished
Norse biologist Dr. Einar Lea, when studying a large
series of seales taken from herring at various points
along the Atlantie coast, from Gaspe to the Bay of
Fundy, said ‘*From the very first—it was strikingly
evident that the material embraced several different
and in some cases strikingly different ‘sorts’ of grown
herring.—It seemed therefore natural, after the first
survey to make a preliminary division of the material
(that is the collection of specimens) according to local-
ity.’’* Dr. Hjort, who also studied the collection,
separated them into six local Canadian varieties, viz.
Bay of Fundy, Western Nova Scotia, Eastern Nova
Seotia, Cape Breton, Northumberland Straits, and Mag-
dalen Islands. A seventh local variety characterises
the west coast of Newfoundland, and it is possible that
the large Labrador herring may form an eighth kind.
What is the meaning of so many kinds of one species
of fish? It means that the bodies of fish, frequenting
definite areas, do not mingle to any great extent. They
must segregate themselves, keep separate, and confine
their movements to limited local migrations, Long
migrations would destroy differences, and would in-
volve intermingling and a general uniformity, quite in
contrast to the diversity just described.

In

centre with cane,
ference; to his right, Dr. A.
of valuable species of fish in the sea, may not seem, at
first glance, to be very vital to commercial fisheries,
yet, when fully understood, it is really of great prac-
tical significance. Scientific study has shown that
loeal ‘‘kinds”’ or restricted varieties of widély distribut-
ed species, are of common oceurrence. To the untrain-
ed eye such local varieties may not be very distinguish-
able. Just as an ordinary observer, on seeing an assem-
blage of several hundreds of Japanese, or Hindus, or
Chinamen, might see very little difference amongst
them, yet to those familiar with their features and fig-
ure, they differ almost as much as the various types of
men and women amongst white races.
A thousand herring, or cod, or lobsters, may appear
all alike, yet accurate scientifie study shows very mark-
ed differences. Amongst herring it has been found
that different sorts or kinds differ in the nature of the
seale markings, the number of dorsal and anal fin-rays,
the total of the vertebrae joints in the back-bone, the
“number of vertebrae with closed lower (or haemal)
arch, the number of ‘‘keeled seales’’ between the pair
of ventral fins and the vent, as well as in shape, colour,
proportions of head, average size at the same age, and

Chief Inspector Ward

Fisher, who presided at Con-

P. Knight and Prof. Prince. .
The origin of such differences must be far from sim-
ple. Differences of local environment, special. condi-

tions of temperature, of sea-water salinity and alkalin-
ity, of food, ete., combined with segregation and the ef-
fects of natural selection, continued over long periods
for centuries, or tens of centuries, afford adequate ex-
planation.

In former ages the opinion was universal that the
North Sea herring fishery depended upon one great
army of herring, which annually descended from the
Arctic Ocean, touching in suecessive months from
March to November, a series of points from the Faroes
to the South of England. After reaching Yarmouth or
Lowestoft, or even some bays along the southern Eng-
lish coast, they then returned north again in imposing
procession. The very name ‘‘herring’’ has been de-
rived from ‘‘Heer,’’ the German for army, because they
moved in one immense body. The theory seemed to so
fit the facets, that it remained unquestioned until science
proved its fallacy. It is true that all along the British
* Can. Fishery Expedition 1914-15, Ottawa 1919, p
115.

9°26

coast the fishery each season began in the north, and
the netters moved month by month, for six months or
more, from point to point from the Faroe Islands to the
: Shetlands, and then to Caithness, Aberdeen, Fyfe, Nor-
thumberland, Yorkshire to Norfolk, and even further
south. This progressive fishing from Spring to fall
seemed to be best explained as due to this great north
to south migration. Yet, we know it to be false, and
no Scottish fishermen now believes in it. Local schools
strangely enough were always noticed by the fisher-
men, ‘‘Loch Fyne’’ herring were a special local kind,
distinguished for several centuries as peculiar to one
area, and there were many other local sorts or kinds
known. The same theory has been in vogue to explain
the reverse feature in the mackeral fishery. Yet it is
an exploded theory. It is untrue, however apparent
it may seem, that every year a vast school of mackeral,
mustering off Cape Hatteras in the South, migrates
north, progressing week by week until the Nova Scotia
waters are reached, and finally the Gulf of St. Lawr-
ence, there deposit their spawn on well-known spawn-
ing banks, and begin a return migration south—feeding
voraciously and fattening up in late summer and fall,
and known as ‘‘fall’’ or ‘‘fat’’ mackerel as they return
to North Carolina. The mackerel fleet follow the fish
and eatch them all the way, and that would seem to be
convineing enough. But the North Sea herring fleet
were accustomed to make catches week by week all the
way from North to South. Yet the theory of a vast
migrating school has long been abandoned by intelli-
gent fishermen in Europe.

For what reason would mackerel journey 1200 miles
from the South to the North each year? The object
it is claimed, is to spawn in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
The mackerel must mature their eggs on the way, and
reach a ripe spawning condition on arriving in Cana-
dian waters. Dr, Wakeham and Mr. Rathbun, in 1893,
examined ripe mackerel off Prince Edward Island and
the Magdalens, and found them to be in the act of
spawning. They located mackerel spawning grounds
there nearly thirty years ago: but Capt. J. W. Collins,
a few years before got ripe mackerel off Cape Henry,
North Carolina, which ran from 10 in. to 17% in. in
length, and many of them had already spawned early
in the year. He got ripe spawners off Virginia about
the last of April and early in May, and other spawners
in May off Long Island. The U.S. Fisheries Bureau,
year after year, obtain supplies of ripe mackerel spawn
for their hatcheries in successive localities along the
eastern U.S. coast. The ripe fish are not the same.
They undoubtedly belong to successive schools fre-
quenting successive localities from south to north as
the season advances. The same principle applies to
the mackerel as to the herring. The local differences
studied in the herring have not been studied in the
mackerel of our waters: but the Biological Board of
Canada are to carry out a plan of mackerel investiga-
tion to settle the point.

Professor Garstang, of the University of Leeds, found
quite a number of local types, or ‘‘sorts,’’
mackerel. He separated them by means of at least six
differences, viz.:—(1) Number of dorsal finlets in front
of the tail, and varying from 4 to 6: (2) Number of rays
in Ist dorsal fin, varying from 9 to 16; (3) Number of
rays in the 2nd dorsal fin, varying from 9 to 15: (4)
varying number of round spots between the dark bars:
(5) variation in the total of bars from the shoulder to
the end of the last dorsal finlet, 283 td 33: and (6) vari-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

of British .

October, 1921.

ation in the number of bars which touch or pass over
the lateral line.

If scientific study shows that our mackerel schoc
have similar distinctive differences, the migration
this species will fall in line with that of most other it
portant kinds. It is usually a movement from d
off-shore areas to shallow inshore spawning of feed
grounds. Even the mighty whales of polar seeal
spite of their immense powers of locomotion—some
having a propelling power of 10,000 horse power-
quent definite limited areas. They have their re;
‘‘beats,’’ as experienced whalers well know, and do
wander aimlessly over long distances, though so_
able to migrate anywhere, as occasional wander
monstrate when they get astray. =

I, long ago, maintained that salinon have thie:
habit too and return to their own rivers. Eminen
thorities in the United States opposed this 1
recently some of them have adopted my opinion. :
of the latest and best fish experts, Professor C. H
bert, has concluded that Pacific salmon return not only
to their own river, but even to the same streamlets, and
the same gravel beds where they were hatched.
proof of this parent-stream theory in 1895, whe
amined a Sockeye variety—with flesh of a deep
eolour—which was found only in one small stre:
far from the estuary of the Skeena River i
British Columbia. Salmon fishermen in the
Provinces, have repeatedly assured me that the
a Restigouche salmon from a Gaspe, a Mi
St. John River salmon. ee

The cod of various areas differ. The N
readily distinguished from the cod of the North
banks—the winter rings of the scales being meh
marked, for example. I found off the Incheape
in Scotland what is called a Bell Rock variety of cod,
with deep red-brown sides and perfectly black on bats
and resembling some of the rock and kelp frequenting
cod of the Nova Scotia shores, These are quite unlik
the bank cod, or the Labrador cod. oo8

Variation in the loeal schools of lobates hak:
studied, but those of Labrador, of P. E. Island, and of
western Nova Scotia, are said to be readily te ak :
ed from each other.

The general trend of scientific opinion is that in
sea, as on the land, there is no confusion, no haphazard
mingling, of the inhabitants of various areas. — ;
portion of the sea coast has its own spawning gro
its own nurseries for the young and half-grown,
definite areas for the adults. Like bees returning
their own hive, fish are true to their own sh
But just as a hive ‘‘swarms’’ when the be
come too numerous, so it is certain that
schools. becoming crowded may move to new lo
to repopulate them with the surplus supply.
portant conclusion seems unavoidable. When
schools are harried, over-fished and seriously r
there is no surplus to move to other areas and
late them. Areas along the shore may be cleaned
and will continue barren, it may be for many ye
This is the explanation of unproductive or wholly |
pleted fishing areas. It is difficult to restore —
grounds if once destroyed, beeause local schools kee
so universally to their own limits and only seek te
areas when their numbers become excessive~and food
is insufficient. ry

The Professor coneluded by urging the ‘Tiahonpio®!
ficers to make close study of the habits and movements

a Pa

_ for there was still a great want of fuller and
detailed information to support-or to modify the
he had set forth.

pectors McLeod, Calder, Crocker and others took
n the discussion and some supporting fact as well
ficulties were stated.

In the course of Prof. Prince’s address, and during
discussion which followed, reference was made to
e article which appeared in the ‘‘Canadian Fisher-
an’’ on the movements of the mackerel, the professor
eeing with the theory that the same schools fol-
ow along the United States coast for some distance
nd then enter Canadian waters. Some of the speakers
ipported the Professor's contention, others took op-
site ground. Mr. W. F. Tidmarsh was of the opinion,
on many years’ of experience, that the migration
bsters is limited. On the north side of Prince
ard Island, they move off from the shore late in

‘season into deep water, and lie there in holes, until

ced if he agreed with Capt. Barkham, who as a
of his recent scouting trips, maintained that the
ning ground for mackerel is off the north shore
ince Edward Island, Professor Prince said that

On Wednesday morning Chief Inspector Fisher led
‘diseussion in Dual Administration, Provincial and
eral of the Fishery Laws. A question box was
d and many questions answered bearing on lobster
, herring curing, polution of streams, jigging
t, renewal of fishing licenses, ete.

nt Conference of Officers and Lobster Packers.

n the afternoon a joint meeting of officers, lobster
ekers buyers and fishermen was held.
F. Tidmarsh gave an address dealing with the
mic loss, which the lobster industry is bearing,
as had to bear for some years: The loss in 1920
palling, due to several causes—the high price of
ned lobsters ; the inferiority of the output, enhanced
slow sales and the demand of the consumer for a
er grade of food products, due to education and
enactment of pure food laws; and last, but not least,
world-wide depression in business following the
at War. Under the circumstances existing no mat-
how good the quality had been, a loss would have
n made on the late shipment of 1920, but that loss
ld have been greatly minimized had the pack been
rood condition when it reached the market, and pos-
essed keeping qualities,
Mr. Tidmarsh dealt at some length with the matter
discoloration about which so much has been heard
g the past year, pointing out that it has been a
landicap to the industry for over thirty years. He
ferred to the investigation conducted in 1895 by the
nion Commission composed of Sir Andrew Me-
il and Dr. Bruere of Montreal who began their work
Prince Edward Island. The report issued in 1898
very valuable but it was not followed up by any
c tional propaganda and it is only recently that
‘ifie investigations were taken up with a serious
rt to solve the problems.
‘he future of the lobster business, said Mr. Tid-
is decidedly hopeful. The Maritime Provinces
the monoply of this industry, the output is infin-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 227

itely small in comparison with the market, and lobsters
will always appeal to the epicurean but if the indus-

.try is to hold its place in the economic world the output

must be standardized and stabilized. The dealer and
consumer must have a reasonable assurance that the
appearance, texture and flavor of canned lobsters will
hold good for a reasonable time, and that they. were
preserved under sanitary conditions. The slip shod
methods of the past must be abolished and modern,
scientific methods must supersede. The investigations
now being carried on under Dr. Knight and Dr. Harri-
son are already bearing fruit. Demonstrators have
been sent to the canneries to show the principal oper-
ators the effect of bacterial action on lobster meat.
This is of great educational value and an absolutely
necessary prelude to the more advanced knowledge
which will acerue when the laboratory experiments
which are now being carried on by Dr. Harrison at
lobster canneries in this Province (where the actual
conditions under which lobsters are canned have been
observed) are completed and made publie.

Mr. Tidmarsh based the actual loss to Canada on lob-
sters through deterioration, at fifty cents a ease or
$75,000 per year, and the potential loss at $300,000
making a total economie loss of $375,000.

He further contended that scientific research should
be applied not only to the lobster canning industry, but
to every branch of the fishing industries of Canada as
well. Highly qualified experts in Ichthyology, Bac-
teriology and Chemistry should be employed at a salary
commensurate with the high standard of knowledge re-
quired.

A general discussion followed the ‘reading of the
paper in which the matter of illegal packing of lobsters
was raised, Chief Inspector Fisher stating that there
was little, if any, along the south coast of Nova Scotia.

Inspector Gallant of Prince Edward Island said that
this practice in the past had been encouraged by poli-
ticians and dealers. Even clergymen had intervened
on behalf of the lawbreaker who pleaded poverty as an
excuse. Election years were the worst for illegal pack-
ing. Co-operation would assist the inspector. ‘‘This
year,’’ said the Inspector, amid applause, ‘‘no man will
be allowed to pack lobsters illegally if I know of it.’’

The announcement was made by Mr. Fisher, that
several more officers of the Dominion Police would be
sent to the Island next year.

The matter of the quality of the lobster packing, the
much discussed discoloration, was threshed out by Hon.
R. N, Cox, Inspector Fisher, W. T. Riley, Capt. Wolfe;
George Saville, Dundas; W. H. Tidmarsh, Charlotte-
town; L. J. Loggie, Chatham; Dr. A. P. Knight; J. P.
MeIntyre, Savage Harbour; and others. P

Dr. Knight has been associated with Dr. Harrison of
Montreal and others in conducting demonstrations on
Bacteria which caused lobsters to go bad, gave an in-
teresting address. After dealing with the national his-
tory of these tiny, but mightily destructive plants, he
said that the one practical method of getting rid of
them is the use of boiling water or steam. Investiga-
tions are not yet completed, and there are a number of
problems yet unsolved with regard to discoloration, but
it has been found that instead of giving the lobsters a
continuous bath of three hours which has been the com-
mon practice, they should receive two baths of an hour
and a half each with a cooling interval between. The
exact length of that interval in order to produce the
best results is what the Scientists are now working on,

228

A Cannery School Wanted.

A resolution was passed at the meeting, moved by W.
Harry Tidmarsh of Charlottetown, seconded by J. PE.
McIntyre of Savage Harbour, requesting the Federal
Government to establish on the Island a modern can-
ning plant where packers, foremen, and operators may
receive instruction, and where scientific experiments
may be carried on. It was pointed out that whilst the
farmer is well looked after by the Federal Government,
so far as educational institutions are concerned, the
fisherman is virtually neglected.

Research Work Appreciated.

Another resolution was passed expressing apprecia-
tion of scientific researches now being carried on in Bio-
logy, Bacteriology, and Chemistry as applied to lobster
industries, and asking that such work be extended,

Thursday Morning’s session of the Conference was
mainly taken up with a discussion on the Meat and Can-
ned Foods Act, the officers from different sections giv-
ing their experiences with its enforcement.

The question of what latitude should be allowed
packers with regard to underweight cans was dealt with,
the concensus of opinion being that the onus of having
the correet weight should be placed upon the packers,
otherwise these cans would be confiscated.

It was shown that there was a great improvement in
this respect in the pack this year over that of the pre-
preceding year.

The matter of shrinkage was also discussed, and the
general opinion was, that in order to turn out a six
ounce can it was necessary to put in seven ounces be-
fore. processing.

Inspector Crocker of New Brunswick told of the un-
satisfactory sanitary conditions of the factories in his
district. Doctor Knight also spoke emphasizing the
need of every factory being properly equipped, with
sanitary conveniences.

On Thursday afternoon Dr. Knight gave a demon-
stration on standard pickling, his main conclusion, be-
ing that the standard as determined by scientifie ana-
lyses of leading chemists, of Canada, and by his own
personal investigations in Island factories, should be
between two or three per cent, made by adding four
ounces of good dairy salt to one gallon of fresh water.
The purpose of the pickle is to accentuate the fine lob-
ster flavor of the meat. It is not for the purpose of
preventing decay. This is done by proper bathing.
He had packed lobsters without pickle, just a little
fresh water and the meat turned out fresh and good.
The production of discoloration had nothing to do with
the blue and black tinge so much complained of in or-
dinary canneries. What did produce the blue and
black tinge was the leaving of the intestine of the lob-
ster (which always contains bacteria) on the meat.

©. J. Tidmarsh, B.A., medieal student of MeGill who
has been conducting investigations gave a demonstra-
tion on Bacteria illustrating the various sources of con-
tamination in factories, such as water troubles and bad
drainage, improper sterilization, improper boiling, ete.

On Friday morning Inspector Harrison of Frederic-
ton, N.B. led off a discussion on River Fishing, its de-
velopment and protection dealing with conditions in
New Brunswick, where in some large areas, witha small
force of officers, difficulty existed in preventing illegal
fishing of salmon. More latitude, consistent with the
preservation of the fish, might be given in certain see-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

tions where people desire to cateh salmon for their
use. | x rion
It was pointed out that commercial salmon fish
along the coast of Nova Scotia and New Brunswi
been prosecuted with greater suecess than for
years. Whilst many salmon and trout ascer
rivers, the fishing in them was not so good as
Owing to the extremely dry season, the rivers
ceptionally low, and there was so little water
that the fish were unable to get up or down. 1
temperature of the water, in places from fif
sixty-eight degrees, also operated against an
A demonstration of curing of herring was
by Capt. Charles Fitzgerald recently appo
spector for their province under the Pickle
spection Act.

A mock trial was then held to illustrate the
to be followed in prosecuting violations o
laws. > :

The Conference came to a close on Fri

A resolution moved by Inspector Crocke1
by Inspector Gallant was passed. It asked
ment to have Regulation A of the Meat
Food Act, governing inspection of fish car
effective for shell fish canneries. Another re
moved by Inspector Crocker, seconded |
Harrison was passed. It asked that the
Branch notify the District Inspector of
ments made for the eapture of fish in th
ing the closed season. At present the negl et
‘notice hampers the officers in the diseharg
duties. Ce

Inspector Gallant gave the closing addr 86
that under the new organization there wert
seizures, that illegal fishing had cut down

their licenses as heretofore.
The proposed revision and consolidation o th
lations is to be taken up at a meeting of Ins
other general officers of the Department
in Halifax in a fortnight’s time. S

_Among the changes which fishermen in yariou
tions are asking for are the following:—The sm
son to open a month earlier in the three provinces
fall season for salmon fishing to be granted; th
season for public and private beds to be made the
(at present the latter season opens a month ea
a fall season to be granted lobster fishermen ¢
south coast of Nova Scotia. There is a possibi
at least some of these changes being made by
partment. There are many other minor changes
for, but the main desire is to have the regulatio
solidated and made clearer in some provisions, —

The Conference is to meet next year in eit

John or Fredericton, the former city likely
selected,

An old Scottish lady was asked as to the w
abouts of her husband. She replied: i
“Tf the ice is as thick as Henry thinks it is,
skating; if it is as thin as I think it is, heis swimm

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

229

al

ie
80 FR

Sm as taeate
PIT

Although France has not been able to carry out the
ambitious programme for the development of her fish-
eries which was conceived after the war in the expecta-
tion of huge German indemnities, her efforts to encour-
age interest in the fisheries and increase the home con-
sumption of fish merit more than passing attention. One
method of achieving publicity which seems to have met
with considerable success has been the. holding of *‘The
Week of Fish”’ or ‘‘The Fortnight of fish’’ at principal
ports, and in some instances in inland cities. In effect
“the week or fortnight of fish’’ is intended to do for
the fisheries what cur annual fall fairs or exhibitions
do for the agricultural industry, and for other indus-
tries as well. In Canada the fall exhibition is a re-
cognized institution; its value and importance are cer-
tified by the fact that Dominion, Provincial, and Muni-
cipal governments make annual grants for their sup-
port. At some of these fairs the fishing industry is re-
- presented by exhibits, but seldom adequately, and in the
great majority of cases not at all. At any rate it must
be admitted that the fishing industry of this country
could learn something from the farming industry _ re-
garding the value of the attractive form of publicity
provided by the fall fairs. This farmer today has a
guide conceit of himself—and no doubt at all about his
importance in the national economy. The Farmer’s
Party, which is causing so much worry to the old line
politician, would hardly have been possible if govern-
ment grants had not helped to bring the farmers to-
gether in fall fairs and agricultural societies.

So the French plan of extending the fall fairs idea
to the fishing industry is worth attention and probably
emulation. In Canada, probably more then in some
other countries, publicity is of the essence of the ecn-
tract for developing home markets for sea fish, because
of the long distances from the sea. Some people in this
country may have doubts as to whether Canada has a
sea-ccast of any.importance or interest; at any rate,
many from Montreal, Toronto, and other inland cities go
to Old Orchard Beach for their summer vacation, while
the Americans of seaboard cities, like Portland, Boston
and New York, gu to Digby, Chester, St. Andrews and
other summer resorts of the Maritime Provinces, or to
Murray’s Bay and Gaspe in Quebec.

Last month’s ‘‘Fish week’’ at Rochelle, France was
under the auspices of the Minister of Public Works, the
Minister of Commerce and the Minister of Marine. It
was organized by the state railways, the Chamber of
Commerce of Rochelle, and the fishing interests of the
port. The programme of the week was of a varied
nature, Technically it included lectures and demons-
trations on many branches of the fishing industry, ice

houses, smoke houses, drying establishments for cod, pre-

= i
rome

Fish Publicity Work in France

Fish Weeks Successful in Stimulating Consumption.

By COLIN McKAY.

paration of various kinds of preserved fish, fish flour,
fats, and fertilizers, ete. On the social side the pro-
gramme was evidently designed to have advertising
values; there were fish banquets at which notables were
speakers, gala performances at the municipal theatre,
band concerts at the Casino, illuminated nautical fétes,
a tennis tournament, and other events, all having some
special feature providing desirable publicity for the fish-
ing industries.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PRACTICAL
REFRIGERATING ENGINEERS.

The twelfth annual convention of the National Asso-
ciation of Practical Refrigerating Engineers will be held
at Hotel Lorraine, Philadelphia, Pa., on November 30,
and December 1, 2 and 3, 1921. This is the first meet-
ing of the Association to be held in the East, and it is
confidently expected that it will eclipse any previous
gathering of refrigerating engineers, even the successful
convention which the Association held at Chicago last
December.

The program to be provided will includé papers by
men of world-wide reputation, who are being chosen be-
cause of their familiarity with the particular subjects
in which the membership, and refrigerating engineers in
general, are interested. Also, there will be papers of
interest to all groups of the refrigerating industry, in-
cluding the employers and managers who will be wel-
come to attend as visitors. Each year is showing an in-
crease in the number of-plant owners and plant man-
agers who attend the sessions of the convention. They
are commencing to realize that during the few short days
the Convention is in session they can obtain most valu-
able information as to plant operation. Along the same
line of reasoning, many employers are making a practice
of sending their engineers to these annual meetings.
They have learned that it is a good investment.

The Educational and Examining Board of the Na-
tional Association of Practical Refrigerating Engineers
has recently had prepared under its supervision a Lectu-
re Course on ‘‘The Principles of Refrigeration’’, in
twenty parts, for the benefit of its members. Starting
with Leeture No. 1, the Course is sent to them at inter-
vals of two weeks. It is the most valuable work on that
important subject thus far contributed, and the Board
is to be highly commended upon the results of its efforts.

Refrigerating engineers who are not now members of
the Association would do well to write the National Se-
eretary, Mr. Edward H. Fox, 5707 West Lake St., Chi-
cago, for information, with a view to joining and avail-
ing themselves of the educational w rk it is crarying on,
including the Lecture Course.

‘

231

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

October, 1921.

‘Competition of Norwegian

Codfish in Cuban

Markets

Canada must produce
‘‘WHITE NAPE” FISH

-

The following interesting interviews were obtained
by the Halifax ‘‘Chronicle’’ recently :

‘‘Norwegian competition is now at a stage where the
Nova Scotia codfish industry in Cuba is seriously
threatened,’’ declared Major H. A. Chisholm, Canadian
Government Trade Commissioner, who has lately return-
ed from Havana. Mr. Chisholm has been stationed at
Havana for some time past, his territory cove: ing
Mexico, Jamaica, Panama, Colombia and Venezuela.

He stated that unless efforts are made to cope with
the situation and compete with the Norwegian product,
the market which has been practically monopolized by
Canadian- exporters during the past five years is in
serious danger of being lost. The Norwegians are at
the present time selling chiefly to Scotland and Ireland,
but this does not absorb their output, and they are look-
ing for new markets. Fish experts from the Norwegian
Board of Trade, which is, said Major Chisholm, really
a Government department, have been sent out to Cuba
with explicit instructions to capture the market, no
matter what the cost.

Norse Fish Cleaner.

The great objection to ‘‘ Halifax cod,’’ as the Can-
adian product is known, Major Chisholm says, lies in
the fact that they are black nape fish, while the Nor-
wegian fish are white nape and present a much cleaner
appearance, which appeals to the Cuban consumer. In
addition to this, the Norwegians with a view of con-
trolling the market, are underselling the Canadian pro-
duct, so that it would appear that the danger of losing
the market is by no means small. The situation, said
Major Chisholm, is that the Canadian fishermen must
either produce cleaner fish for export to this market,
or else the exporters will have to reduce the price, and
by so doing stand to lose a considerable sum in order to
cope with the Norwegian prices. The shipping connee-
tions between Canada and Cuba are far superior to the
Norwegian connections, but unless the Canadian fish
can compete with the Norwegian product the market
will ultimately be lost. The San Diego section is not so
seriously menaced, as the inhabitants are not so part-
icular about the appearance of their fish and are per-
fectly satisfied with the Canadian cod.

Mr. Whitman’s Views.

A. H. Whitman, of the firm of Robin, Jones and Whit-
man, stated that the seriousness of the Norwegians com-
petition was not unknown to local exporters. He said
that even during the years of the war, when Canadian
fish practically monopolized the Havana market, nu-
merous complaints were received regarding the ‘black
nape fish, and that the exporters have been advocating
for some time past the naping of the fish, but with poor
results, The blame of the matter, said Mr. Whitman,
rests with the captains of the fishing schooners. The

cost of naping the fish is comparatively small, he said,
and had the fishermen followed the advice of the ex-
porters, and reserved the white nape fish for the Ha-
vana trade, the trouble would not have arisen, as the
Canadian product is as good im every other respect as
the Norwegian.
trip of the Lunenburg fleet is 180,000 quintals, of which
100,000 quintals are suitable for the Havana market. If
this quantity, said Mr. Whitman, were white nape they
would easily bring fifty cents more per box, whieh would
mean a net gain of something in the vicinity of $50,000.
Tht Norwegian exporters are at present, however, under-
selling the Canadian expoi ters, and he said that it would
not be surprising if the Canadian product would have
to be sold at fifty cents to a dollar less than at the pre-
sent time. He does not anticipate that the market will
be lost entirely, but believes that a reduction in price
will more than offset the gains made by the Norwegians.

NOVEMBER SELECTED AS ‘‘PERFECT PACKAGE
MONTH”’ BY THE NATION’S CARRIERS.

All trades and industries have been asked to cooper-
ate in the ‘‘Perfect Package Movement’’ inaugurated
by the railroads, steamship lines and express companies
in the United States and Canada, in November, which
has been designated as ‘‘Perfeect Package Month.”’

The purpose of the movement is to stimulate further

_public interest in good packing of shipments and to en-

able the carriers to improve the transportation service
of the country. During November, an examination of
all shipments sent by freight or express, will be eon-
ducted, to obtain information as to the best shipping
methods carried on by the various trades and indus-
tries.

In every city and town, the railroad and express
people will form campaign committees, to cooperate
with local shippers’ associations, in carrying out the
plans announced for ‘‘Perfect Package Month.’ ‘‘Ex-
ception Reports’’ will be made out for all faulty ship-
ments discovered and these reports will be sent to the
shippers’ association for tabulation, to ascertain how
high a percentage for ‘Perfect Packages,’’ the shippers
of that city have attained,

Comparisons of the records made by the various
cities during November will be announced at the eon-
clusion of the drive. The entire working forees of the
railroad and express carriers, comprising some 2,000,-
000 men, will aid in the movement. The railroads,
through the American Railway Association, composed
of practically all of the railroads in the country, are
pushing the campaign, as a means of raising the stand-
ard of the service, while the express agents are also
vetting ready to interest shippers in the undertaking.

The estimated catch of the summe=

Oe eee eee

ae

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 231

A MISS-FIRE

| @ THE FirsT TOGO. |

October, 1921.

TY

SSNS
+ bh

VASA
SLeaeeeee
BALABBer

>
SSS NR

MS

io,

>

NAM
23

»
RRQ
SPO OO

The Above Amusing Cartoon Is Not a Reproduction From a Red-Hot Lib-
eral Newspaper But Was Published in the Conservative Halifax ‘* Herald”’

at the Time Premier Meighen Was Re-organizing His Cabinet. Our Worthy
Maritime Contemporary Evidently Agrees With the *‘Canadian Fisher-
man’s’? Views as to Hon. Mr, Ballax'yne’s Value to the Canadian Fishing
Industry.

]

: 4
| _ STBERIAN SALMON BEING EXTENSIVELY AD-
| 4 VERTISED IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

:

The Kamchatka salmon, which is principally a Japa-
nese pack is now being extensively advertised through-
out the United Kingdom. The campaign which is be-
ing carried on his been well thought out and carefully
placed. The progressiveness of those who are handling

~ this pack is thus demonstrated. Without doubt a large
_-quantity of this salmon will be disposed of. So far
nothing has been done to bring to the attention of the
public the fact that the best brands of canned salmon

handled as usual through the regular channels but it
is also a good thing to bear in mind that it is what the
public asks for that and demands that sells best. Lf
they get into the habit of asking for Kamchatka salmon
instead of Canadian salmon anyone can readily see
what will happen. It will mean that the dealers will
begin to demand the Kamchatka salmon as it is invari-
ably the rule that the retailer works along the line of
least resistance and if his customers ask for Kamchatka
salmon he will also ask for it.

The quicker the British Columbia packers get busy
on their selling end of the business the quicker they

come from Canada with the exception of the efforts of
Col. Cunningham to get the British public to ask for

Canadian pinks.
: It may be very well for those handling Canadian sal-
mon to say that the British Columbia pack will be

will inerease their opportunity to inerease their produc-
tion, as this applies to the low grades as well as the
better grades.

Advertise Canadian
markets.

Canned Salmon to all your

‘

232

Why the Sea’s Resources are Practically Inex

By Professor J. ARTHUR THOMSON.

[A correspondent in London, (Eng.) has kindly for-
warded us a recent edition of the London ‘Evening
Standard’’ containing the following interesting article
on the unbounded fishery resources of the sea.]

To the sun we owe everything. Are we vegetarians,
then we depend for our daily bread on the carbon com-
pounds which the green leaves build up with the help
of the sunlight. Are we of carnivorous habit, then
we depend on dnimals, which in their turn feed upon
plants, thus bringing us back to the sun. Do we use
steam engines, then we are employing the potential
energy of the coal, the captured sunlight-energy of the
earboniferous era. Do we even breathe, then we are
using the oxygen which green plants are continually
supplying to the atmosphere, and the oxygen is, as it
were, a by-product in the process by which the leaves
use the power of the sunlight to break up carbonic
acid gas.

As it is on land, so it is also in the sea. Fishes are
consumers, as well as we ourselves; they depend on
smaller animals, and these on still smaller fry; but in
the long run we reach the plants—the prime producers.
And they depend upon the sunlight.

Sunshine and Mackerel.

The chains of transformation binding the world to-
gether are of extraordinary interest and of great prac-
tical importance. Professor Herdiman tells us how man
eats the cod, which in turn may feed on the whiting,
and that on the sprat; and the sprat feeds on minute
erustaceans. and these on infusorians and one-celled
plants. Now, these one-celled plants find their sus-
tenance in the sea-water that bathes them, and with
the help of their green colouring matter or chlorophyll
they ‘‘conjure with the sunbeams’’ so as to build up
the carbohydrates, like starch and sugar, and the still
more complex proteins or albumens on which animals
depend.

The naturalists at the Plymouth biological station

have shown that the more sunshine there is in May, the

more mackerel at Billingsgate. In fact, Dr. Allen has
proven a precise correspondence between the sunshine

records of the spring months and the catches of these

fish. .
The Circulation of Matter.

This, then, is a basal fact of science—what Liebig
ealled ‘‘the circulation of matter,’’ what Sir John Mur-
ray called ‘‘the never-ending cycle.’’ The whole sys-
tem of animate nature is one of continual reinearna-
tions. The plants are the producers; the fishes are the
consumers which interest us most among the tenants
of the sea; and the middlemen are the bacteria. They
break down the dead bodies of plants and animals,
reducing them to simple things like carbon dioxide
and ammonia, which the plants of the sea can use.

The idea of nutritive chains is interesting theoretie-
ally, but it is also very important practically. On the
multitudinons numbers of humbler animals, whieh
form the great mass of the marine population, the com-
paratively small elite of food-fishes must be regarded
as dependent. The higher is mad» possible by the
prolifie multiplication of the lower,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

‘staircase, to trout; so it is possible that, i

is carried outwards and deposited on the »

ai
Energy in 1 lb. of Cod. Ss
Professor Petersen tells us. that to make a pound
cod requires 10 lb. of whelk or buekie; to m
pound of buckie requires 10 lb. of worms;
pound of worms requires 10 lb. of vegetable
a pound of a carnivorous fish like a cod requ
lb. of plant. Thus we ean understand that a
be a rather costly thing to produce if man had
the feeding.. But fishes are fed for nothing, =
The work of Petersen points to the conclusion tha
the quantity of fish which a limited area 0
water can support is by no means unlimite
fishes depend, as we have seen, on the loy
the chain. The amount of whelk and wort
area can support is limited, and so is the
marine vegetation that a restricted area_
When we pass to the open sza the limits are
extended, for the place of the fixed vegeta
grass and seaweed is taken by vast ‘‘f
mead’’ of microscopie one-celled plants.
Farming the Waters.
In regard to relatively shallow inshore vy
interesting question rises whether it will be
sdry for man to ‘‘improve’’ them. Just ;
cartloads of bracken into a fresh-water loch
food for infusorians, water-fleas, and so on, up

sary, man might farm the inshore waters of the
might take steps to inerease the tracts of th
flowering plant called sea-grass, or the abu
that primitive, perhaps ancestral, vegeta
seaweeds which we see exposed at very low

It is not merely that many animals feed
marine plants and make a home amongst
the sea-grass and seaweeds by the waves |
important apparently is the fact thatthe

_the sea-grass and seaweeds by the waves leads to f

mation of large quantities of vegetable d

sea, there forming the main food of many
of animal life. :
Another possibility of farming in inshore
would be to try to foster the useful animals
those on which fishes directly or indirectly
to reduce the number of so-called ‘‘usel
which do not help the ‘‘nutritive chain,”’ or
even tend to destroy some of its links. But
of nature is a subtle affair, and it is to
experiments in sea-farming will be cautious. a ,
criticised. What is obviously safe, however, is |
fine areas from being spoiled by earele sa
Sewage or the like. ;
_ The kind of ‘‘farming’’ which has been most
in the past is that of stocking the waters with yom
fish—for example, plaice—whieh have been reared
“hatcheries.’’ On general grounds one would think
that this was a sound thing to do in areas where the fish —
in question was scarce or absent; and, as a matter ol
fact, we know of the establishment of a profitable s
fishery on the Californian coast and of some sue
attending the transportation of many millions of
ahve hatched young plaice from Aberdeen to I
vne, ue
The method is likely to work best when

kept in artificial conditions of safety until
have got past the most critieal stages of their
development. Bottom-haunting fishes, like sole
nd plaice, necessarily run more risk of elimination
an the rovers which form the great majority, and

signs of depletion are detected in a restricted

it seems only sense to give that area a rest.
_In a short time the numbers will be restored by multi-
tation from within and immigration from without.
e probability is that natural recuperation of an area
much more hopeful than artificial re-stocking.
‘The late Sir William Ramsay said that human pro-
consisted in the more economical utilisation of
, and though this was too narrow a definition, it
aphasised an important truth. Every waste of energy
is criminal, and to acquiesce in a wasteful exploitation
of the resources of nature is retrograde, In some parts
‘the world uncivilised men eateh their fish by throw-
poisonous plants into the steam—a diagrammatic
lustration of extreme wastefulness. ;

Phe modern problem is to avoid all such wastefulness,
hence the efforts that are made to lessen the des-
on of imature fish and to prevent the depletion
nurseries. To the outsider it seems an extraordinary

ld be thrown back into the sea when tens of thou-
s of human beings are starving, and when the
on for the rejection is some lack of regulation in the
ditions of marketing. But while every right-minded
n must deplore wastefulness, there is no ground for
ousness in regard to the resources of the sea when
se are treated with intelligent respect.

is No Need for Alarm..
The elementary facts which forbid Cassandra fore-
lings of rapidly approaching depletion are :—
1. Most fishes are rovers, and we are beginning to
_ know something of their mass-movements. A much-
fished area may be rapidly re-populated and one
knows how the famous tile-fish, which was thought
‘to have been mysteriously exterminated, has reap-
peared and is again on the market. — :
2. The eggs of most of our food-fishes are free-
floating in the cradle of the open sea, and are there-
ore undisturbed by trawling The herring is a well-
known exception, for its heavy adhesive éggs stick
to stones and other fixed object on the floor of the
“sea. ;
ae Most of our food-fishes are very prolific, so
prolific that they hold their own in spite of terrific
infantile mortality and a multitude of enemies, mostly
one another. =
The probability is that man is their least formidable
enemy, except in restricted areas. Professor Herdman
ports that the average number of eggs spawned by a
ngle female fish in the course of one season is 181%
illions for the ling, 84% millions for the turbot, 414
‘millions for the cod, one million for the flounder, 300,-
000 for the plaice, and so on down to the slightly pro-
lifie herring, which has only some 32,000 eggs,

is The Resources of the Sea,

He goes on to say, however, that while countless
millions are produced, countle&s millions perish. They
devoured by their enemies or destroyed by adverse

of each million reach maturity, and it is but of that
ty remnant that the fisherman takes his toll, and
y in some eases ‘over-fish’ a limited area so as to
reduce the population below its power of recovery.”’

Vi

CANADIAN FISHERMAN.

environment influences. ‘‘Probably only a very few

233

But while wastefulness is always wrong and carefulness
always right, there is, as we have said, no basis for a
nervous apprehension that we are rapidly exhausting
the resources of the sea,

The tinal reason for optimism is to be found in the
set of facts which it has been the point of this article
to illustrate, that the superstruéture of fishes and fish-
eries rests on a board basis+the almost inealeulable
abundance of simple marine animals and the power
that all green plants have of trapping sunbeams.

ORIENTALS ON THE PACIFIC COAST.

A special correspondent of the Montreal ‘‘Gazette’’
writes as follows :—

Six per cent of the children born in British Columbia
this year are Japanese, according to official statistics
compiled in Victoria. Though these figures must be
presumed to be accurate, the preponderance of N ippon-
ese youngsters over whites in the coast cities certainly
seems much greater. Small families are the exception
among the Japs, while childlessness is almost consider-
ed a crime. :

Indicative of the increase in the junior Japanese pop-
ulation, statistics show that in 1910 only twenty Jap-
anese were born in British Columbia. In the first six
months of this year, 438 little yellow boys and girls
saw the light of day. Assuming that the ratio will be
maintained for the balance of the year, the increase in
eleven years works out at 2,200 per cent. The natural
increase among the Chinese is 114 in 1910 and 167 in
the first six months of 1921.

Sentiment in favor of the exclusion of Asiaties from
Canada is slowly but steadily growing. The Asiatic
Exclusion League is now functioning, with regular of-
fices, staff, and a membership of about 3,000, all of
whom are pledged to abstain from dealing with Chin-
ese, Japanese or other Orientals. One of the most ae-
tive members of the executive is H. Glynn-Ward, whose
book, “‘The Writing on the Wall,’’ has just been pub-
lished. This novel is avowedly propagandie in con-
ception, and it is not surprising that it has given of-
fense in some quarters, particularly among the large
employers of cheap Asiatic labor. Under the thin dis-
guise of fietion, H. Glynn-Ward traces the coming of
the Asiatics to British Columbia, the steady growth
of that element, the gradual eclipsing of the whites,
until, projecting the story a few years into the future,
the whole of the province west of the Rockies is shown
absolutely settled and controlled by the Chinese and
Japanese. :

With their usual stolidity, the Chinese are not at all
concerned about the revelations of ‘‘The Writing on
the Wall,”’ but the Japanese are plainly showing some
resentment. Incidentally, the Japanese Workers’
Union recently sent a delegation to protest against the
propaganda of the Asiatie Exclusion League, but with-
out getting much encouragement. However, the Jap-
anese find some comfort in the support given them by
the more radical of the white labor men, who insist that
the exelusionists are only tools of the capitalists class,
working against the common interests of the unions.
This brotherly feeling towards the Asiatics is somewhat
hard to understand, as it is only a few years since the
unions were the bitterest opponents of Asiatic labor.
and at one time went so far as to carry Chinese and
Japanese fishermen in cages through the streets of
Steveston, with the drowning of the eaptives an immin-
ent possibility for several hours. Steveston, by the
way, is now almost entirely populated by Asiaties,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Oetebas. 192

THE HADDOCK

ONE OF THE BEST SALT WATER FISHES.

By Dr. H. F. MOORE, —
Deputy Commissioner, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries.

Tradition tells us that the fishermen of France knew
the great fishing banks of the western Atlantic before
Columbus set sail on his first voyage, and however
skeptical one may feel as to that statement, it is known
that not less than 50 vessels, under various flags, were
fishing on the Newfoundland banks in 1517, only a
quarter of a century after the great discoverer’s first
landing on the shores of America.

Before there was a single permanent European set-
tlement north of the Spanish possessions, several hun-
dred vessels were engaged in this ‘‘noble fishery,’’ and
England and France were engaged in fierce rivalry for
its possession. ‘The early attempts at settlement were
induced largely or wholly by the prospect of profit
which it offered, the peace of the colonists was disturbed
for nearly a century and a half by the wars which this
rivalry fomented between the two nations, and the
participation of the English colonies in the warfare
brought about the solidarity of sentiment and commun-
ity of interest which enabled them a few years later
successfully to establish their own claims to indepen-
dence.

These fisheries, which thus dominated events of our
early history, were conducted principally for cod be-
cause that; species was particularly adapted to the meth-
ods of curing of that day, but many of the chronicles
of the fishing voyages mention the great abundance
of haddock. Hand-lines were exclusively employed, and
they were used. where the cod predominated, but about
the middle of the last century the trawl line was intro-
duced from Europe and haddock began to be caught in
greater numbers.

Those who knew the fish appreciated its merits, but
as it was used principally in the fresh state it was not
known far from the coast until transportation was
improved by the development of the railroads and ice
came into use in preserving fish in transit,

Recently another change in the fisheries has resulted
in a further heavy inerease in the take of haddock
which will make it possible to supply a very large part
of the country east of the Rocky Mountains with this
moderate-priced fish, which for many purposes is un-
excelled. This change is the introduction of steam trawl-
ers, those sturdy little vessels whieh were prominent
in news dispatches during the great war., usually in
connection with some hazardous undertaking in mine
sweeping or mine laying about the British Isles,

Before the war, they were practically unknown to the
American publie, even by name, save in a few fishing
ports on our northeastern seaboard. There were not
over a dozen of them under the American flag, but

dle States have not been familiar with its merits

their efficiency in their own proper sphere of
industry has been so clearly shown, particularl,
the period when food production was a param
necessity, that there are now two score or mor
engaged in tne fisheries of New England.
The typical trawler is a two-masted steamer.
125 feet or more in length and very seaworthy, who:
characteristic fishing Serna is the otter Eerie

open when Gee by a pair of “othe a
erent barn doors, one at each side, Mes oper

to 90 feet. At ‘each haul this net sweeps over 80 acr
of the bottom. pee

Some swim ‘above the net and others eseape_
sweep, but nevertheless the catches are heavy, an
the bottom frequented by the haddcck is comparati’
smooth and adapted to the use of the otter tra
recent increase in the number of trawlers op
on our coast has resulted in a corresponding inereas
in the catch of that species in particular. There h
occurred an overproduction of these fish and some
sels have been temporarily withdrawn from the fish
The demand has not» kept with the inerease in sup}
not because of any inferiority of the fish, but
most consumers outside of New England and the

quality and price. It presents the almost unique
taele, in this area, of a food product in abundant s\
at a price but little above that which it eo
when the purchasing power of the dollar
imately double that of today, and for that
no other, it merits the housewife’s attention
gation.

In 1919 the take of addock was over 3 per
greater than in 1915, and the quantity landed in
1920, was over 60 per cent larger than during the
ponding month of 1915. In eonsequence of this groy
in production the price of the fish at the vessel side
inereased but 27 per cent in the intervening five ye
during which the much greater increase in the co
most other foods has been notorious. Measured by
comparative purchasing power of the dollar the
of haddock is actually much less than before the
and the benefit of this should be passed on ag the
sumer,

The haddock is found exelusively in the ‘Atlan

October, 1921.

Ocean, ranging from the Arctic south to the Bay of
Biseay in Europe, and in deep water to the Cape Hat-
teras in America. In the western Atlantic the princi-
pal fisheries are off the shores and on the various
fishing banks from Cape Cod to Newfoundland. It
appears to reach a maximum size of about 25 pounds,
but the average weight of mature fish is much less than
that. In the markets any haddock weighing over 2!
pounds is classed as ‘‘large’’, those under that weight
being known as ‘‘serod’’. The fish is a bottom dweller,
though its eggs are lighter than the sea water and rise
to the surface and are distributed in abundance over
large areas of the sea during the spawning season. It
oceurs in enormous numbers on the great fishing banks
‘whieh stretch from Cape Cod to Newfoundland, and
at certain seasons frequents the shores. It is a relative
of the cod, and although it never reaches the same large
Size it has many of the same qualities, and for some
purposes the experienced cook of New England gives
it preference.

The average constituents of the two fishes, based on
a number of analyses, are as follows:

Haddock Cod

Per cent Per cent
Proteins pst. 17.10 16.00
ene... ewes 26 30
ees, 1.25 1.24
Waier .. 81.39 82.46

It will be seen that thé haddock is one of the ‘‘dry’’
fishes, and for this reason it is superior for some meth-
ods of cooking, and many persons prefer it generally

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

235

to the rich, oily species. It is a staple fish in good
supply throughout the year, and can be taken in quan-
tities to meet any demand. It also ‘‘carries’’ well if
properly handled, and can be ‘‘laid down’’ in good
condition in the great central part of the country where
now the fish supply is usually deficient.

The haddock is not only obtainable in the fresh state,
but also dried and salted like and smoked. In
the latter state it is known as finnan haddie and is one
of the most delicious of smoked products.

cod,

WARNING CANNED SALMON NOT BEING
PROPERLY LABELLED.

It, has been brought to the attention of the Depart-
ment of Marine and Fisheries that canned salmon pack-
ed in Alaska and known as ‘‘Alaska Red’’ has been
imported and sold in Canada under the name of
‘*sockeye’’ without any indication as to where the fish
was packed or the particular kind of variety of fish con-
tained in the can. This constitutes a violation of See-
tion 12H of the Meat and Canned Foods Act.

Importers and those who deal in such fish are, there-
fore, advised to see to it that the label on each can
shows distinctly that the fish was packed in Alaska

-the particular place in that territory need not be
shown; and that it also shows distinetly the designa
tion of ‘‘Alaska Red Salmon,’’ whether the name
‘*Sockeye’’ is used or not. Without such marks and
designations cans of Alaska Red Salmon found to be
on sale in Canada will be liable to seizure and
forfeiture.

A Fish Wharf at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia showing codfish drying.

236

The Courageous Fisherman of Massachusetts __

and Nova Scotia

A Plea for their Greater Safety.
By H. C. MeLEOD.

A quarter of a century ago general interest was awak-
ened in ocean fisheries of North America by the publi-
cation of Kipling’s ‘‘Captains Courageous,’’ a story of
men and schooners that sail from Gloucester to the fish-
ing banks, which extend from the Banks of Newfound-
land to ‘‘Georges.’’

Through this book the world was afforded informa-
tion regarding a field of strenuous industry on which
even encyclopedias were silent. The magic pen makes
one sense the very atmosphere of the little fishing scho-
oner ‘‘We’re Here’’, with its superstitions of the fo’-
eastle and quarterdeck, convincing the reader that the
author had spent weeks on the Banks collecting infor-
mation about the fishing heroes of these waters.

Our purpose is not with the general features of the
story; our chief interest is in the statistics of the losses,
which show that of all who follow the sea the heaviest
toll is taken from Bank fishermen; a fact to which Kip-
ling attracts attention by referring with pathos to the
posting of losses of men and vessels.

Some Unfit to Survive Gales.

Of too many vessels the closing record is ‘‘ Lost on the
Banks with all hands.’’ While the service is so super-
latively hard that some good vessels go down, there is no
doubt that most of the losses arise from vessels quite un-
fit to survive an Atlantic hurricane. In the early days,
full bodies, ample reserve buoyancy and moderate spars
were the salient features of the ‘‘bankers’’, these ves-
sels being often modelled by the captains engaged in
deep sea fishing. Doubtless the suecess of the ‘‘ Ame-
rica’’ with her sharp, hollow bows, stimulated the build-
ing of faster fishing vessels, fostering a spirit of compe-
tition which led to larger sails and heavier spars. In any
case, about 1885, Captain Joseph W. Collins expressed
the opinion that the racing feature commenced to impair
sea-worthiness at least as early as 1855. This fishing
captain and designer who was called to the United States
Fish Commission on account of his experience in the

Bank fishery, designed the ‘‘Grampus’’ as a model fish-

ing smack, some of the elements of which vessel will ‘be
mentioned in this article. Whether the opinion of Cap-
tain Collins in regard to impaired seaworthiness is cor-
rect, the losses of Gloucester fishermen in all waters for
the seventeen years 1870 to 1886 inclusive, were 277
vessels and 1954 men, who left 490 widows and 961 or-
phans. j

Displacement Disregarded.

Neither in a yacht nor in a working vessel are the ele-
ments conducive to high speed compatible with the best
sea-going qualities. Amongst sailing yachts there are
two classes, racing boats and cruisers, the latter being
moderately canvassed and some of them as safe in a hur-
ricane as an Atlantic liner Length gives speed, and al-
though length is not dangerous in itself, designers, in
order to obtain speed, are apt to dispose the displacement
over great length, and too often canvas their designs
according to length, regardless of displacement. For in-
stance the old yacht ‘‘Sappho’’ of wonderous speed in
smooth water, displaced only 232 tons on a water line
length of 122 feet and carried 11,033 ft. of sail. (‘‘ Yaeht
Designing,’’ p. 62). ‘With a wine glass section and her
ballast fixed in what may be termed the stem of the glass

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Sappho’s range of stability was 95 degrees. Howe
excessive spars, which made her the target of all
American opinion, caused her righting forces to be
decline at only 33 degrees angle of her keel, so thé
was only moderately, safe. Liberal displacement
sential where a yacht or fishing vessel is intended fo
hard service. Whether displacement is ample may

be decided by comparison with known good vess
by references to the practice of the world’s eminen
signers. Whether stability is ample may be closély con
puted, or it may be definitely ascertained by somew!
simple tests after the vessel is ready for sea. One, if ‘
both of these methods should be adopted in every ease.
There seems to be a dearth of particulars in reference to
fishing schooners, compelling consideration of the e
ments of yachts in use prior to the advent of lead keels.
English publications give the particulars of many yachts
of half a century ago, including their curves of stability,
which information is not only valuable te designe:s of
safe fishermen, but to all who have an interest in the
subject. ho Se eae

’ The Most Useful Ratio.

The most useful and important ratio in des
that of length to the cube roct of displacement.
an all important ratio in a yacht intended for de
cruising; it is superlatively essential in a working ves
sel that tempts the North Atlantic. Colin Archer, 0
Laurvig, Norway, than whom, as an original investigator
no one has done more to elucidate the wave I
and the uses of curves of displacement, read
before the Institution of Naval Architects,
April 18th, 1878, in which, inter alia, he
sea going qualities of yachts by ratios of length to tl
cube roct of displacement, as given below. Parenthi-
cally, it may beeadded that twelve years later ‘‘@lor-
iana’’ demonstrated the correctness of more of the
theories published by Archer, in the seventies, and
volutionized yacht designing.

rs ia

Class Type

1 Light and

2 Shallow

3 Light :

4 to Ps

5 Medium oa
6 powerful ae
7 Sea-going roa

8 Cruisers and Bacal

9 Smacks, 1 ae

Let us contemplate these ratios by the aid of the thi
following examples, each of a vessel of 240 long tons
8400 cubic feet displaced by a box 20.83x20.33.
speak in a less elementary way, the eube root of the.
placement of each vessel is 20.33 feet. Any reasonable
length of water line may be taken on which to dispose
the volume of this box, as it were: a high ratio fa
ing speed; a low ratio producing a chubby vessel, ill
cca for trials of speed against lighter and longer»
vessels, ; M5

_Example A. We will suppose that the designer of A. is —
given an order for a staunch seageing fisherman of
about 240 tons displacement. He is impressed by the
hardness of the service in which the vessel is to be used

‘and the routine on board a fisherman is explained to
m. He is informed that there is no constant condi-
of ea: go or ballast; that the salt and other supplies
to the Banks are in the course of the voyage re-
d by fish, and that at times during the process the
ity of the vessel is impaired by more than normal
ts on deck. He will learn that in gales, which
imes rise suddenly on the Banks, waves are more
sed, steeper and sharper than they are on the
er portions of the Atlantic; from which, and the
ng of White’s ‘‘Naval Architecture’? and the many
authorities on stability of floating bodies, he will
ze that these waves may throw a vessel, at anchor
otherwise, to unusual angles of heel; he may even learn
t vessels occasionally eapsize and founder at anchor
the Banks. In these ecireumstances, Archer’s Class 8,
h a ratio of 4.75 is likely the lightest type that would
» selected, especially as the ‘‘Grampus’’, designed by
‘laptain Collins aforementioned is heavier, her ratio
ng 4.55. The cube root of the displacement 20.33 ft.
tiplied by 4.75 makes the water line length of A.
5.57 feet-
Example B—The prospective owner of B wants a
erman of about the same displacement as A, with a
‘orm easy to drive under a small rig; a vessel not es-
pecially fast in light air, but one that will be ‘‘Coek of
the Walk”’ in a strong breeze; a vessel that will ‘‘claw
Hf’? a lee shore or come in stays in a seaway in which
ed competitors would be killed by the mo-
mentum and windage of excessive rigging. The designer
may decide to make the water line length 104.5 ft., the
atio being 5.14. B. ought not to have a greater sail
area than may safely be assigned to A. for the latter
has the greater stability relatively and absolutely.
Example C.—The object of building the vessel C. is
) win the Herald Trophy. She is to be of the full length
allowed by the rules, 112 feet water line. The displace-
ment will surely be kept as small as possible, say 240
tons, or a ratio of 5.5. She is to have all the sail per-
mitted by the rules, 10,035 square feet, besides a main
_ staysail. With ordinary construction she may carry 80
tons of ballast, a quantity so small that its needs must
built into the hull. If of yacht construction there
would be considerable saving in weights which would
rmit of more ballast being carried. Even with 80 tons
f ballast fixed at the lowest point within the hull the
moments thereof will not offset the movements of the
spars and rigging, with the sails stowed. The sail area
eluding the staysail will be 5.9 per cent. more in pro-
rtion to length than Sappho had; Sappho, the de-
ender of the America’s Cup, that example of over-
arring to which W. H. White and other naval writers
vere wont to point, to be outclassed in sail spread by a
eraft supposed to be intended for the most dangerous
ork to which small vessels are anywhere assigned! It
_ is true that the well known racer of more recent years,
Meteor III, of 120 feet water line length, carried, when
using her working topsail, about the same proportion
f sail to length as is permitted to the racing fishermen ;
but her ballast is of lead and all on the keel so that to
each increase of inelination her righting forces offer in-
ereased resistance. Meteor’s mainboom is one foot
_ lenger than Sappho’s, but if she were sparred in pro-
_ portion to the two Nova Seotia aspirants for racing
onors it would be nine feet longer!
_ Danger of Being Overrigged.
_ Overrigged vessels may sail a good race; their per-
_formances in ordinary weather may even inspire con-
dence, but if caught in a great ocean gale their chances
surviving would not be good, and if so caught with
arfect stowage, their chances would be little better

. Spa

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

237

than zero. Trading and fishing craft so sparred may
reach their maximum stability when heeled to about 25
degrees, and when heeled to their maximum they are
lost unless the pressure be at once relieved. Moreover,
when as often happens, a wind is rising faster than sails
can be handled an overrigged vessel, so overtaken, is on
the broad way to the list of ‘‘missing.’’ Some may con-
tend that vessels rarely heel to 25 degrees, but the best
authorities say otherwise; vessels do so heel in emergen-
cies, and not infrequently. The H. M. S. ‘‘Captain’’
when sailing at an angle of fourteen degrees was thrown
by heavy seas to twenty-two degrees, that being her
maximum. There was one survivor, whose tale stim-
ulated inquiry into the subject of stability of all vessels
of importance. Sir Edward Reed in ‘‘Stability of
Ships,’’ page 128, gives the curve of stability of a 4,000
ton ship which was lost in the Indian Ocean when cotton
laden. W. H. White, apparently referring to the same
ship, says the cause was inability to handle the sails with
sufficient rapidity in the face of a rising wind. That
ship’s greatest righting foree was at 40 degrees of heel,
and her range was 80 degrees.

Urges Revision of Rules.

Ill-advised rules have caused these races to have a per-

nicious effect instead of the beneficial influence sought
for by the donor of the trophy, and hoped for by all in-
terested in sailing craft. The sails and spars of the
three aspirants for the cup argue for their limitation by
rule, and the safety of the fisher folk pleads for revision
of the rules, and for the encouragement of sanely rig-
ged Bank fishermen.
’ Having been unspairing in criticism of the rules, it
may be proper for me to suggest that section 7 (c)
thereof be changed, as indicated by the underlined words,
the suggested paragraph to be read as follows:

(c) The total sail area, not including fisherman’s
staysail, to be no greater than Sixty-five (instead of 80)
per cent of the square of the water line length, in racing
trim, as expressed in square feet and, for the purpose of
opportioning or of limiting sail area, the length shall not
be computed to be more than five times the cube root of
the displacement, as expressed in cubic feet.

The above suggestion is closely akin to the proposal
made by Mr. Ham, of Mahone Bay, that the largest im-
mersed eross section should be taken account of in the
limitations, but it is probably more simple and more
flexible. Sail might be apportioned according to the
under deck tonnage but it is not possible to say whether
a premium in the form of increased sail area might not
lead to a bulky and less graceful body above the water.

Better in Long Run.

The limitation of sail above urged would reduce speed
a little in light winds, but that would be compensated
for by more speed in strong winds as well as by better
general performance in rough water, and when riding
at anchor on the Banks hard bilges and excessive spars
would act in unison less effectively to keep up incessant
and dangerous rolling. Furthermore the change would
tend to economy in building and in operation, as well as
to the safety of the vessels and crews.

To illustrate the effect on sails of the changes pro-
posed in these rules, we may alter the seales of vessels A
and B above mentioned, so that each would be of 112 ‘
feet water line length. A’s displacement would then
appear as 13110 cubie feet, B’s 10350 eubie feet and C’s
8400 cubie feet, the sail limitations would work out as
follows:

A. 8053 ft. B. 7720 ft. and C. 6714 ft. In short the
rules would then seek to allot still in proportion to the
bulk to be driven, within certain limitations. They

238 CANADIAN
would make impracticable the intreductions into the
competitions of an enlarged and overrigged canoe. They
would favor vessels of the type described by Colin Ar-
cher as ‘‘powerful sea-going.”’

Since writing the above the Trustees of the Herald

What People do not know about Canned Salmon

Are not Informed as to Comparative Value of
ie Different Varieties.

Recently the statement was made by a salmon pro-
ducer that foreign markets were more familiar with
British Columbia salmon than the domestic market, and
there is a large degree of truth in it.

Comparatively few Canadian householders know how
to buy Canadian canned salmon, and that fact is chiefly
responsible for retarded development: of the local de-
mand. Merenants, aware of their ignorance on the
point, frequently impose upon customers and the latter
are gradually, through ignorance and deception, dis-
couraged from using this highly nutritious and delect-
able food.

The systematic purchasing of food requires that house-
holders know something about the things they eat and
what is a reasonable price for the article without put-
ting absolute dependence in a grocery sales clerk.

With canned salmon, as with canned foods in general,
the ‘‘Meat and Canned Foods Act’’ requires that it
be indicated on the label the true and correct deserip-
tion of the contents of the can including the vernacular
name and the minimum net weight of the fish, plainly
printed in a conspicuous manner; also, the full name
of the packer or the fish dealer obtaining it direct from
the packer, as well as the name of the place where the
fish was packed.

This information on the label of a tin of canned sal-
mon enables one to purchase intelligently, providing
one knows the different varieties of salmon and their
comparative commercial values.

The ‘‘Meat and Canned Foods Act’’ recognizes six
different varieties of British Columbia salmon. They
aré as follows in order of their commercial yalue: sock-
eye, blueback, redspring or whitespring, coho or silver,
pink, chum or qualla, These names must appear on tins
containing the respective varieties and usually it is
printed in red letters against a white background. Pur-
chasers should look for this mark,

Salmon is put up in three different styles of can, —
pound tall, pound flat and half-pound flat, but the
style of the container has nothing whatever to do with
the grade or variety of the contents. The packer puts
up the tins in standard cases containing forty-eight
pound tins or ninety-six half-pound tins, and his quo-
tation is based on the case as a unit,

An illustration of the comparative commercial values
of the different species may be gained from the fol-
lowing packers’ quotations in 1918 and 1919. It must
be noted, however, that the table is not a true index of

present day values, but it is used solely for the purpose
of comparing values.

‘

FISHERMAN October, 1921. —

trophy have refused to permit the Mayflower to enter
the race of this year, a prudent decision, yet one not

would have been rendered unnecessary by well
sidered conditions and rules.

1919.
Sockeye talls $15.00
Sockeye flats .. 15.50
Sockeye halves ..... .. 16.50
Red spring talls .. 13.50
Red Spring flats .. 14.00
Red spring halves .. 15.00 —
Coho talls .. 12.00
Coho flats .. bee viv ath 12.50
Coho: halves *wia) Sei 13.50
Pink talls’.. 8.50
Pink halves .. 10.00
Chum talls .. 6.75
Chum halves 7.75

‘‘commercial value’’ and the ‘‘nutritive value’’ are not
synonymous. For example the chum salmon, which
commands the lowest price in the market, is rich
food constituents than any of the other grades. —
At the present time large stocks of pinks and chu
the cheaper grades, are being carried and these grat
should be available at very reasonable prices in
quarters of the country. a rect

SCALLOP BEDS MAY EXTEND AS FAR AS
COAST OF GASPE. sae

While intense interest is being taken in a sury
the scallop beds about the shores of Nova Seotia, Ne
Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, which is in pr
gress this season under the direction of An
Halkett Naturalist of the Fisheries Department, 1
comes of evidence that this valuable fishery may
tend to the shores of the Gaspe Peninsula. — a

A fishery officer who recently visited Gaspe fe
a considerable number of live scallops washed as
at the Corner-of-the-Beach. He discovered that
natives of the place have often found seallops wash
ashore, but had never identified them as such nor
aware of their commercial value.

’

It is of interest to note that the scallop catch
year, amounting to 8,181 gallons, was disposed of.
$28,848. This branch of the fishing industry is exceec
ingly remunerative and there is always a ready demand
for the commodity. The Gaspe coast has for years been
specializing largely in dried fish and the discovery
the seallop there should make it worth while for fish
ermen to look into the possibilities of ‘this Side Tine.”

October, 1921.
__NEW LOBSTER FISHERY REGULATIONS.

3. No one shall fish for, catch, kill or sell lobsters
frem the 30th day of June in each year, to the 14th of
January following, both days inclusive, on and along
that portion of the coast, or waters thereof, of the pro-
‘yinees of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, embraced
‘and included within the Ceunty of Albert, New Bruns-
wick, and that portion of Cumberland County, border-
‘ing on Bay of Fundy and tributary waters, as well as
the Counties of Kings and Annapolis, including Digby
Gut and Annapolis Basin, and the Bay of Fundy side

Digby County, including the Bay of Fundy side of
Leng and Briar Islands, Nova Scotia, nor shall any one
within the above described limits fish for, catch or kill
at any time, any lobster or lobsters under nine inches in
eens from head to tail, exclusive of claws
or (Possession in close season, without lawful
excuse, prohibited. See Fisheries Act, section 29.)

4. No one shall fish for, catch, kill or sell lobsters, from
‘the 1st day of June, in each year to the last day of
_ February following, both days inclusive, on and along
that portion of the coast, or the water thereof, of the

Province of Nova Scotia, embraced and included within
the St. Mary’s Bay side of the County of Digby, and
embraced and included within the counties of Yarmouth,
_ Shelburne, Queens, Lunenburg and that portion of the
_ County of Halifax west of a line running 8.E.E. astro-
nomic, from St. George’s Island, Halifax Hafbour, coin-
_ ciding with the Fairway Buoys in the entrancé of the
- said Harbour. (Possession in close season, without law-
ful exeuse, prohibited. See Fisheries Act, section 29.)
Whereas section 14 of the Lobster Fishery Regula-
tions established by Order in Council of the 30th Sep-
tember, 1918, as amended by Orders in Council of the
Ist April, 1920, and the 11th June, 1921, prohibits offer-
ing for sale, selling, bartering, supplying or purchasing
__ any fragments of lobsters, lobsters purposely mutilated

%
s,

“oo
£

or broken up, or any breken lobster meat, as well as the

boiling or partial boiling of lobsters elsewhere than in
the canneries licensed for that purpose ;
And whereas the Minister of Marine and Fisheries re-
ports that recent possibilities have developed for dis-
_ posing of lobster meat in a frozen condition, and also
shipped on ice, and the responsible officers of the Fish-
- eries are of the opinion that such trade would be in the
) interest of the industry and should be permitted ;
_ Therefore His Excellency the Administrator in Coun-
cil, on the recommendation of the Acting Minister of
Marine and Fisheries, and under the authority of sec-
tion 45 of the Fisheries Act, Chapter 8 of the Statutes
of 1914, is pleased to order that Section 14 of the Lobs-
ter Fishery Regulations, adopted by Order in Council of
80th September, 1918, as amended, shall be and the same
is hereby further amended as follows, viz :—

14. **No one shall offer for sale, sell, barter, supply or
purchase any fragments of lobsters, lobsters pur-
posely mutilated or broken up, or any broken lob-
‘sters meat, and all fragments of lobsters, lobsters
_ ptirposely mutilated or broken up, or broken lobster

méat, so offered for sale, sold, bartered, supplied

or purchased, shall be liable to seizure or confisca-
tion, provided that fresh lobster.meat that is frozen

of is packed in ice, and is intended for use in an
uneanned condition may be sold, supplied or pur-
chased; nor for canning purposes shall any lobster
or lobsters be boiled or partially boiled or partially
prepared elsewhere than in the cannery licensed
for that purpose.’
ey RODOLPHE BOUDREAU,

Clerk of the Privy Council.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

239.

LARGE PART OF CANADA GETS NO SUPPLY
OF FISH.

Improvement In System Of Distribution Must Aim To
Increase Area And Population Served.

Canada is the best market for our sea products.
United States had been second best but it is problem-
atical whether it will figure as prominently in the
future in view of the Fordney tariff measure and other
equally depressing influences. Canadian fish produe-
tion must find another outlet, if the handicap in the
United States proves too great, and the most logical
market to develop is right here at home.

During the year 1920 it is estimated that not more
than 40,000,000 pounds of fresh seafish were moved

to the interior. It is doubtful if the entire consumption
of fresh fish, including both sea and freshwater, am-
ounted to more than 60,000,000 pounds. When it is
considered that the total catch of fish approximates
1,000,000,000 pounds each year it will be realized how
comparatively small is the amount of it used in the
fresh state.

Our system of fish distribution is just in process of
development. It is not a great many years ago that
fresh fish from the Atlantic first began to find a place
on the fish dealers’ slabs in Ontario, and the develop-
ment of the trade from the Pacific coast has been even
of more recent date. The growth of the business in
fresh sea fish has been free and has followed the course
of least resistance. There are three distributing cen-
tres of the first magnitude, viz., Montreal, Toronto and
Winnipeg, with other less important stations such as
Edmonton, Calgary and Quebec. Territory in close
communication with Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg
or accessible to a supply direct from the coast are toler-
ably well supplied with sea fish. The rest of the coun-
try has little opportunity to benefit by our copious
supplies.

Of the 60,000,000 pounds of fish consumed fresh in
Canada probably four-fifths of it is available to less
than a quarter of the population. An expansion of the
local market, therefore, must mean an increase in the
territory and population served. Of course a general
readjustment of fish traffie cannot be brought about
overnight, but any organized development of the
future must have consideration for the whole popula-
tion.

The weakness of the distributing system in the Unit-
ed States, which is much like our own, has led to the
formation of a company to supply individual purchas-
ers from the eoast by parcel post, special containers
being provided to preserve the commodity in transit.
The theory of the scheme is perfect but under present
conditions its practicability is doubtful. The idea is
there, however,—to make a fish supply accessible to
more people.

The Fisheries Department is securing a census for
the purpose of ascertaining accurately the amount of
fish being consumed in different centres throughout
the country. This will provide definite information
as to what sections are receiving inadequate supplies.
It is proposed to have charts, embodying this data, fur-
nished to the wholesale trade along with suggestions
for a more ‘systematic distribution.

240

WILL TARIFF DRIVE CANADIAN FISH OUT OF
THE U. 8S. MARKET?

Attention Drawn To Fact That Prior To 1913 Our
Fishermen Had To Contend With Tariff
And Closed Ports, When There
Was No Exchange
Advantage.

While all Canadian commerce with the United States
will undoubtedly be deeply affected by the stringent
provisions of the Fordney measure, there is no indus-
try more seriously hampered, apparently, than fishing.
Nothing will illustrate the situation more strikingly
than our statistics of exports of fish and fish products
which for the year 1921, show that approximately one-
half, in value, of all exported commodities in this de-
partment went to the United States, despite the faet
that trade was carried on in seventy different coun-
tries.

And this alone is not the only difficulty the industry
has to contend with to maintain her fish trade in the
United States market. For the past three years Cana-
dian fishing vessels have enjoyed equal rights with
American vessels in United States ports and the same
courtesy was accorded our neighbors in Canadian
ports. Now the American Government has rescinded
this privilege so that Canadian fishermen are no longer
able to sail direct from the banks and dispose of their
fares in the American markets.

The two crises developing at the same time oonteden
the industry with a serious problem. There is some
suggestion that. privileges extended to American ves-
sels in our ports should likewise be rescinded, but in
many quarters the wisdom of this is doubted. How-
ever, that does not affect the situation as to Canada’s
position in the United States market in the future.
There still remains the fact that last year half our
foreign trade was with the United States, and the un-
certainty as to whether we shall be able to hold any
considerable portion of it in future.

The value of our exports of fish and fish pr oducts
in 1920 was approximately $33,600,000 of which nearly
$16,000,000 went to our southern neighbor. To put the
same quantity and variety of fish into the American
market, following the application of the Fordney meas-
ure, will mean an added cost of approximately $2,350,-
000, and the question arises whether, with this added
burden, Canadian producers can meet the competition
of producers within the United States.

There is the question of exchange to be taken into
consideration, which operates very favourably toward
Canada. Furthermore the modus vivendi of 1918 has
been in existence only three years, so that it does not
seem an impossibility to revert to conditions prior to
its inception. Nor does it seem impossible to export to
the United States in the face of a tariff. The Payne-
Aldrich measure, superseded in 1913 by the Under-
wood Act, imposed a duty on fish and its produets, but
still the American market was being steadily deve-
loped.

FLOATING EXHIBITION OF BRITISH INDUSTRY.

A specially designed exhibition ship, christened Brit-
ish Industry, will sail from the Thames in the summer
of 1923 for the chief ports of the world, says the Man-
chester Guardian Commercial. She will proceed to the
east coast of South America, calling at Bahia, Rio de
Janeiro, Monte Video, and Buenos Ayres. She will
then sail to South Africa, calling at Capetown and

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

_ See that the situation is remedied.

. the retaliatory provisions of the United States Tariff

October, 1921.

Durban, and thence to Australia, to Freemantle, Ade-
laide, Hobart, Sydney and Brisbane, After calling at
Wellington, Lyttelton, and Auckland, the ship will steer —
north by way of Fiji to Yokohama, Kobe, sangha be
and Hong Kong. The homeward voyage will be via
Manila, Saigon, Singaport, Batavia, Penang, and Ran-
goon. In India the ports to be visited are Calcutta,
Madras, Colombo, Bombay, and Karachi, and later the
vessel will make a, short stay at Aden, malta, and @
braltar. aie

During a voyage of 18 months a Gilicoos of 43, 00
miles will have been covered and 34 important tre
centres visited, a stay of from a week to a fe
being made at each place. Every detail of the equ
ment of this British trade ship, from the engines to th
fittings and furniture, will be an exhibit of British
workmanship at its best. She will have a gross tonnage

of 20,000, and her internal arrangements will differ —
from any ship that has ever been floated. There will
be eight decks, four of which will be devoted to the
exhibition proper. Arrangements will be made for for- __
warding fresh samples to meet the ship at particular

spots. At each port reception committees will be to
make known the advent of the seaborne exhibition and
to prepare lists of important firms and individuals. —

A company called the British Trade Ship, Liniitad
has been formed with pies offices at 12, Grosvenor —
Gardens, London, 8S. W. 1, and a strong board i
under the chairmanship of Earl Grey. a

AMERICAN PACKERS RESENT FRENCH TARIFF >,
ON SALMON. is

Development of American export trade in seat
salmon with France is being seriously hampered by a
discriminatory tariff on the part of France according
to Charles H. Black, Jr., of the Association of Pacifie
Fisheries, i in an open letter to all salmon Lois sat

‘*You, as.an American packer of salmon,’ ” declares o
President Blaek, ‘‘are being seriously qicarhatnated :
against in the French market. The French Govern-
ment has tariffs containing maximum and minimum
rates. The maximum rate, namely that whieh is asses-
sed on canned salmon from the United States, is 50
frances per 100 kilos, while more favored nations like
Canada and Japan are permitted to import salmon into —
France: under a duty one-half as great, viz.: 25 franes
per 100 kilos. It seems that special tariff agreements
have been made by France with Canada and Japan
which entitle these countries to preferential rates. T
has come to our attention from several sources that this
unjust discrimination against American canned salm
in France is restricting our sales, greatly to the bene-
fit of Canadian and Japanese eanners.

“The association has made strong representations to
the State Department in Washington, but have told
that the Department does not consider at the p
time it is in position to open this question with France
We feel, however, that it is dangerous to permit this
condition to go on unchallenged. At the present time —
Congress is enacting a new tariff law, and it seems to
us that steps should be taken at onee to acquaint our
Senators and Representatives with this discrimination
against American canned salmon and request them t

‘““We understand that the maximum French tariff
rate on American canned salmon was adopted to meet

Aet of 1909,”’

CANADIAN

FISHERMAN 241.

| Pacific

Ewaiace

suitable for publication.

528 Winch Building, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

Section im

“The Canadian Fisherman,’ {Pacific Coast Branch, will be glad to have inquiries from any one who wishes
information in any way connected with the fishing industry. We would also appreciate items of fishing news

Coast |

A\BC3

Address communications to F. E. Payson, Pacific Coast Representative, Industrial & Educational Press, Ltds,

>

d ANOTHER COMPANY LAUNCHED IN BRITISH
COLUMBIA TO DEVELOPE THE SHARK
INDUSTRY.

Mr. Sidney Ruck, formerly head of the Consolidated
' Whaling Co. of Victoria has resigned to head the new
- company being formed to develope a new company for
' handling sharks. The plant of the new company will be
- loeated on the Alberni Canal.

' Sun sharks will be given particular attention as there

is an enormous amount of oil in the livers of this spe-
cies. Some of the livers producing as high as 60 to 65
per cent. of oil or about 20 gallons of the finest shark
oil. These shark are reported to abound in large num-
bers off the west coast of Vancouver Island. Recently
one of the coast steamers reported running into a large
school of them.

The teeth of the sharks are now worth considerable
owing to a new fad which has developed in necklaces.
Membranes and intestines are turned into gloves, glue
and gut and the blood and flesh into poultry food and
_ fertilizer. The head is a solid mass of cartilage glue.
The outer skin is reported to be the most valuable part
of the fish. It has the toughness of vuleanized rubber.
The outer surface is rough as sandpaper and this is
taken off by acid treatment and the skin tanned.

Without doubt such a company as this is planned to
| be will prove to be a successful business venture provid-
_ ing the management is familiar with the operation of
_ such a plant and has plentiful supply of capital to carry
_ it over the experimental stage. As time goes on British
_ Columbia will be producing large quantities of oil from
_ different species of fish which abound in the waters of
- the provinee. Upto now practically no by products have
' and hard work success awaits some one who will stick
sto it.

COL. CUNNINGHAM’S TRIP TO ENGLAND HAS
PROVEN OF GREAT VALUE TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CANNED
PINK TRADE.

Recent reports from England demonstrate that great

good will result from Col. Cunningham's trip to the
U. K. and the continent.
_ The wholesalers and retailers have received first hand
information direct from a Canadian source which will go
a long way toward creating a favorable impression for
the canned pink salmon. The demand for this variety
is steadily increasing and with the dealers looking for
the ean with ‘‘CANADA”’ stamped in the top of the
tin aa is sure to be a large trade in pinks as a direct
result.

Col. Cunningham has also had some attractive book-
lets issued which will do much to interest the house-
holder in canned pinks. The press has also been most
kind in give a great deal of publicity to Col. Cunnig-
ham’s endeavors to popularize pinks.

FRED GOSSE NOW OWNER OF HARRY HALL
COMPANY LIMITED.

Mr. Fred. A, Gosse, formerly Vice-President and Gen-
eral Manager of Harry Hall Co. Ltd., Vancouver, B.C.,

‘has recently purehased the interest of Harry Hall In-

corporated, of San Francisco, in the former company
For the present the firm name will be continued. There
is no change in the organization and the business will
continue under the active management of Mr. Gosse
who is well and favorably known in the trade.

Recently this firm made a shipment of canned salmon
on the 5.8. Mongolian Prince, of the Furness, Withy
Line, which was the largest individual shipment included
in the record cargo which the steamer took from Van-
couver,

242

SOCKEYE FISHING SEASON EXTENDED ON
THE FRASER.

The Department of Marine and Fisheries had made
a ruling that the season for fishing sockeye on the
Fraser was too élose on the night of September 20th, but
owing to protests lodged by the fishermen, who claimed
that they would be put to considerable expense by hav-
ing the season close so soon and also protested it would
mean a further shortening of the already small pack of
this variety, the department decided to extend the sea-
son to November 10th and instructions were received in
New Westminster on October 1st, to allow fishing for
sockeyes to this effect.

Reports from the canneries show that this new order
will mean a considerable addition to their pack, As
soon as the fish show that fhey are unfit to can however
the season will close automatically.

CLOSED SEASON FOR ONE WEEK DURING
SEPTEMBER ON THE FRASER RIVER.

With the idea-of allowing a sufficient number of fall
fish to reach the spawning beds, the Fraser River was

closed to salmon fishing during the week from Septem-

ber 13th to September 29th. While the Canadian au-
thorities were doing their part to assist in keeping up
the supply of fall salmon, the Americans were fishing
their traps which extend across the gulf and their
leads extend to the Canadian line. It is estimated they
took 50,000 fish during this closed period on the Fraser
and the purse seiners captured nearly as many more.

8.8. MONGOLIAN PRINCE TAKES RECORD
CARGO OF CANNED SALMON FROM
VANCOUVER, B.C.

A record shipment of 110,000 cases of canned salmon
or about one quarter of the seasons pack is what the
S.S. Mongolian Prince took aboard at Vancouver during
the latter part of September. This steamer belongs to
the Furness, Withy Line, and Frank Waterhouse & Co.
agents secured this splendid shipment of canned salmon
for their boat, which sailed direct for Havre via the
Panama Canal,

VANCOUVER WHOLESALE FRESH FISH
MARKET.

Halibut. At this writing the quotation is Mediums
16e and Chickens 15e per lb., but there is every indiea-
tion of the price advancing.

Cod. Fairly plentiful and selling at 6 to 8e per lb.

Salmon. Cohoes are selling at 8¢ per lb. head off,
steelheads 12¢ per lb. head on. Pink meated fish 6e
head off.

Herring. Pender Harbor herring are on the market
and selling at 5e per Ib. Not too plentiful but: the
supply should increase.

Soles. This popular variety of fish are beginning to
come from the local trawlers.

Kippers. Nice fresh stock now selling at 10e per Ib.

Smoked Halibut Fillets. This fine smoked fish is be-
ing sold at 15e per lb.

Smoked Cod Fillets. Selling at 15¢ per lb.

Smoked Whole Sable Fish. Selling at 15¢ per Ib. while
the chunks of the same variety are selling at 17e the
Ib.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

October, 1921.

PROHIBITION OF SOCKEYE FISHING ON PUG
SOUND AND THE FRASER RIVER.

The British Columbia Canners Assn. and ‘the
Fishermen’s Protective Assn. have been sent
lowing letter by Maj. J. A. Motherwell, Chief -
of Fisheries for British Columbia:

The Letter.

“You are aware of the present unfortu ia
tion of the sockeye fisheries of the Fraser F
will be remembered that as the result of an i
tion by the international commission of 19
was drafted which, if ratified by the autha
countries, would result in such measures bein
as it was hoped. would restore the ey
Fraser River. Although this department ha

Aficially advised as to the rejection by t
Senate of the treaty, the information aval
to the fact that there is no hope of the Ame
ities taking the desired action. This bein
is imperative that some action be taken he
season to ensure the proper protection, and
the line of conservation which will obviate th
lity of another season being lost. “The s
been made that sockeye fishing on the F
Puget Sound should be completely pro
a period of. years, and I would like to ob
fully considered views of your associati
lowing points, and only on the understan¢
prohibition on both sides would be absolu
ous, and that every variety of fishing
would take sockeye in Puget Sound,
Straits and the Fraser River would b
ated during the closed season:

“1. Would you favor a closed period durin
sockeye fishing would be permitted?

‘2. In the event of a closed season being
advisable, would you consider a fonr- YeRe.
year period most desirable ? ry

“3. Between what dates would you
period the most efficacious for the purpose

“It is the understanding that, should
ing be prohibited, those nets with a large
would be permitted for the purpose of
varieties of fish for the fresh fish mae

izations to secure some indication of the tw f
who are vitally interested in the fishi 0
in this area for a peried of years.

eee tt |

It is too early to comment on the feeling of
ganization toward such a proposition, a cor
ent feels that it is best to wait for the
by each in an official way.

BRITISH COLUMBIA SCOTCH CURED HE!
AGAIN TO THE FRONT,

Owing to a scarcity of a seoteh cure pack i in
K. there is some chance of a revival of this indw
British Columbia this year, Nothing definite is
ed but from what your correspondent could fir
~ New York market is being watched carefully

New York buyers are looking toward British Colun

etober, 1921. CANADIAN
; ORIENTAL SALT SALMON,

Vith the price of rice extremely high and the Jap-
se farmer making big money and the public in the
rient looking for cheap food the market for salt chum
= mon is looking very bright this year. Another fac-
is the smaller than usual eateh on the Siberian coast
of this variety. The result is that there is every in-
lication of a heavy pack of this variety of salt fish.
h the price low it should prove a profitable market.
ust here let us say that this is another chance where
white man should control the market for his own
duct but as it stands today it looks as though the
tle brown man was getting his innings. Why is it
the white packer cannot:get this business in his
name? Is it for want of progressiveness or is he
ing the Japanese should have the business? Surely
white man can compete when he is in a position to
trol the production. The white packer today is get-
a big share of the oriental salt herring pack and
‘on the way to get more but it took years to get it.

SALT HERRING PACK FOR THE ORIENT.
There is every indication of the oriental salt herring
pack being fairly profitable this season. Without doubt
there will be a close watch kept on the quantity packed
$0 that there will not be too much of a surplus. The
buyer in China has always kept close watch on the pack
| British Columbia and when there was a large quan-
shipped at one time or when several shipments were
lowed to pile up at the other end it was a case of
bund the price. If the shipper will handle the seal-
and shipping end as it should be handled there is no
oubt that the profit will be well worth while. There
No reason why this should be otherwise than profit-
if there is some unity in respect to the different
Ss who are packing:

he minister was trying to teach the significance of
hite to the Sunday class.

“Why,’’ said he, ‘‘does a bride invariably desire to
clothed in white at her marriage?’’

As no one answer ed, he explained.

- **White,”’ he said, ‘‘stands for joy, and the wedding
pday | is the. most joyous occasion of a woman’s life.”’
A small boy queried:

‘“*Why do the men wear black?”’

:

Wife—How many fish was it you caught on Satur-

~ Husband—Six darling. All beauties.
_ Wife—I thought so. That fishe*man has made a mis-

FISHERMAN

(91) 24:

5

OIL RECOVERED

from

FISH WASTE

by
Ernest Scott & Company’s

NEW METHOD

Eliminates pressing and drying
yet retains full values

of products
PROCESS ENGINEERS
McGill Bld’g * :
Montreal - - Canada

Farquhar & Co. Limited.

FARQUHAR'S WHARF,
‘ Halifax, Nova Scotia

Wholesale Dealers

IN

Codfish of suitable qualities for
various markets; pickled Salmon,
Alewives, Herrings, also smoked
Herrings and canned Lobsters.

‘take again. He’s charged us for eight.

c ANADIAN AMMONIA C0, LIMITED
TORONTO, ONT.

ANHYDROUS
AMMONIA

AQUA
AMMONIA

REPRESENTED IN ALL
THE LARGER CITIES of
CANADA AND B. W. I.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

UNITED STATES FISH FIRMS Specializing in the HANDLING
OF CANADIAN FISH

William J. Vhay

Oldest and Largest Broker in CANNED, SALT,
SMOKED FISH, operating in Middle-
West of United States

GOODS HANDLED ON BROKERAGE AND CONSIGNMENT

Offices and Warehouse: DETROIT, Mich.

When U Ship FISH, LOBSTERS or
SCALLOPS to the Boston Market,
FOR BEST RESULTS ship to

R. S$. HAMILTON COMPANY

17 ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
FISH PIER, BOSTON, MASS.

On the Boston Market over 25 y ears

= EON RZ
\ ~) “y
(CHARLES NOBL

N
ia \ NNN Sy .
RLES Nt & A
WHOLESALE PRODUCERS, IMPORTERS AND SHIPPERS OF

FRESH CHILLED, SMOKED, SALTED LAKE AND OCEAN

)MPANY

INL Ws

A. E. HALLETT

BROKER
FRESH AND FROZEN FISH ,
Correspond: licited

Ref., Corn Exchange National Bank, or any Chicago
wholesale fish concern,

N. Clarke St,

CHICAGO

BUFFALO,N.Y.

H. GRUND & SONS

Wholesale
FRESH AND SMOKED FISH

209-211-213 N. Union St., CHICAGO, Ill.

Phone Monroe 3623

W. Irving Atwood, Ww.
President.

WACHUSE
BRAND =
FINNAN HADD

31 Boston Fish Pier

Elmer Atwood,
Vice-President.

Irving M. Atwood,
Treasurer.

ALL

» VARIETIES
or THe

SEASON
Boston, Mass.

oe

ae ee a, ea a ae

TERNATIONAL RACE NUMBER

E THE
Fi SHERIV

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries cit ie a

1 =e “Eg
3 VOL. Vill GARDENVALE, P.Q., NOV. 1921 | oN NO. 11

ee eel

WHITTALL Le

a

Meats © Gs, cialis Milk —
Syrup Fish Paint Etc.
PACKERS’ CANS |
Open Top Sanitary Cans

and

Standard Packer Cans
with Solder-Hemmed Caps

A.R. Whittall Can Company, Ltd.

weer ReralBank Bidg.. M O N iy R E A :; OT ees ea Bide.

TORONTO ; WINNIPEG

H.R. PHIPPS, Sales Mer. Established 1888 A. E. HANNA,
Phone Adel 3316 Representative

STIUUVUNNNNON00AG8000000000C0UUUUHNAOAAAAOAROEATOETTATOOATUAGGAEGGOGOEO AAA A

| Hii Hii
HOUUTQNAQADG000000ETTOUUUUATOOOGEOOOOOUOUOOOOOOOOCEEEOOUSUONOOEEEEEEEEUUUUOOGOAAEAAAEEEPOUAT

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Meeting the Requirements of the Industry
The
House of Leckie

For over half a century has heen supplying the
commercial Fisherman of two continents
continuously in

Fishing and Marine Supplies

A FEW OF OUR STANDARD LINES

Nautical Instruments, Linen Gilling Nets, Gilling Twines,

Lamps of all types, Sea Island Cotton Gilling Nets,
Life Boat Equipment to Side Line and Seaming Twine,
Board of Trade regulations, Pound Nets, Drag Seines, Dip Nets,
Life Jackets, Ring Buoys, Minnow Seines, Trammel Nets,
Blocks of all kinds, Hoop Nets, Fishing Rope,
Wire and Manila Rope, Cedar Floats, Lead,
Anchors, Oars, Pumps, Boat Hardware.

WRITE FOR A CATALOG

John Leckie Limited

77 Wellington St. W. . TORONTO, Ont.

CANADIAN

November, 1921.

FISHERMAN 245

“BOY!

PAGE THE DEPUTY MINISTER OF
FISHERIES!’’

Wanted by the Canadian Pishing Industry, a Department

of Pisheries distinct from Marine, Naval or other affilia-

tion. Also a Deputy Minister in charge who will have
direct access to the Minister.

Columns of political policies, prophecies, promises,
perorations and platitudinous piffle are filling the
newspapers these days. Reams of valuable white paper
spoiled with the plans of the various candidates as to
what they will do with the tariff, the railways and the
Merchant Marine, but scarce a paragraph as to any
constructive policy for the development of the Cana-
dian natural resources.

The agricultural lands, the mines, forests and fish-
eries constitute the whole: basis of Canada’s future.
They are important—so important—that they might
well form the main policy of a Government in the
greater development thereof.

Hon. Mr. Ballantyne, on the\stump in Quebee Pro-
vinee, has made many speeches regarding his own
future policy and that of the party he represents. He
has enlarged on the Merchant Marine, but of the most
potentially valuable department which he administers,
he has not a word to say. Once, and once only, has
he mentioned the fisheries, and that was in a speech,
where to placate certain local parties, he promised
to open Missisquoi Bay to Canadian fishermen at a
certain season that they might compete with the
Americans. Compared with the fisheries of the Dom-
inion as a whole, the Missisquoi Bay problem is as in-
significant as the gnawing of a flea on the stern
quarters of a pachyderm.

We have no personal animus against Hon. Mr. Bal-
lantyne. We give him due credit for being a strong
personality, aggressive, successful in business, socially
agreeable, but we claim that he has not done equal
justice to the departments which he administers. Had
he put one-half the effort into developing the fisheries
that he has given to the promotion of the Merchant

NEWS AND VIEWS

ON FISH AND FISHERIES

Frederick William Wallace -

Editor-in-Chief

Marine, he would have left a permanent memorial to
his term of office that would remain to his eredit for
all time. As it is, the devotion of his ability and ener-
gies to the Merchant Marine scheme will result in his
creating a species of nautical Frankenstein that will
ultimately devour him,

Whatever party is returned to power in December
will do well to listen to the voice of the workers in
natural resources. The fishermen call their atten-
tion to the little ‘‘ WANT AD.” which has headed our
leading editorial for the past ten months. It represents
the foundation stone of progress and development.
Let’s have it!

THE INTERNATIONAL SCHOONER RACE.

The honors have come back to Canada and our claim
to the Blue Ribbon of the Atlantic sailing fleets are
sure until the next meeting of the clippers of the Can-
adian and American fleets.

But what we liked best about the whole thing was
the good sportsmanship of all concerned. There was
fuel for acrimonious argument had anyone been small-
minded enough to rake it up. But it wasn’t raked up.
The ‘‘Elsie’s’’ backers allowed it was a fair and square
race. She was the pick of the American fleet and she
went up against the best of the Canadian flotilla and
lost. The Americans proved they were good losers and
left Halifax with the pleasantest recollections surround-
ing their visit.

The American papers reported the races fairly and
editorial comment was unbiassed and square. The at-
titude of the ‘‘Mayflower’’ supporters in accepting the
decision of the committees for this year without acri-
mony commands our admiration and respect. It is a
pretty hard blow to have worked on an ideal and to
have it thrown out for reasons with which one does
not altogether agree, but the ‘‘Mayflower”’ associates
took the decision without rancor and will have another

246

year to prove that their fleet clipper is all that she is
supposed to be, viz:—a fishing schooner that can
pay her way and prove herself such a distinct advance
on previous models that owners will be anxious to dup-
lieate her for the skippers and fishermen anxious to
fish in such a type. Time alone can determine this,
and should she stand the test, we will be the first to
hail her as the latest and best.

The International Race for fishing schooners is away
to a good start as a permanent institution. Here’s to
it as a means of cementing still further the entente
eordiale which exists between the two countries.

HIGH JINKS AT ST. PIERRE.

St. Pierre et Miquelon, or the French Islands as fish-
ermen usually call them, are very much in the limelight
at present. These bleak rocks lying a few miles off
the southern Newfoundland coast are the only posses-
sions of France in the North American continent and
have been used by the Republic for many years as a
base for the French fishermen engaged on the Grand
Banks. A small resident population with a local fleet
produce some fish for export, but the bulk of St. Pierre

fish is caught by the fleet which comes out from France.
The season’s catch, prepared at the St. Pierre base, is
shipped in bulk to France and there prepared and pack-
ed for market.

The after-war reconstruction period in France led to
certain developments for ensuring cheaper food sup-
plies. To that end, something like $1,200,000 was spent
in erecting a cold storage and freezing plant at St.
Pierre for the purpose of freezing fish for export to
France. Two refrigerator steamers have been built
to transport the fish to the continent.

The French fishermen frequenting St. Pierre are as-
sisted in their labors by a Government bounty of $1.60
per quintal on their salt fish exported to France—the
bounty being granted presumably to ensure adequate
supplies of cheap fish for the French people and to en-
courage the fishermen to produce it.

But reports to hand inform us that the French people
are paying from $16 to $17 per quintal for this bounty-
fed codfish and at the same time, codfish from St.
Pierre is being sold on the Italian market in competi-
tion with that of other countries at the ridiculously
disproportionate price of $6 and $7 per quintal. The
wherefore of this is somewhat difficult to solve.

The Newfoundland fishermen have bucked up against
this French codfish in the Italian market and it has
ruffled them considerably. To find themselves in com-
petition with a bounty-fed product taken from prac-
tically their own waters, and to know that the French
consumer is not getting the benefit of their Government
assistance, is, in the former case, distinetly annoying,
while in the latter, it would seem to eall for an investi-
gation by the French authorities.

‘But still more aggravating to the three prohibition
countries surrounding St, Pierre is the increasing use
of the islands as a base of supplies for smugglers.
French trawlers, loaded seupper deep with ‘“‘hooch’’ of
the choicest brands. sail from Europe to the islands, land
their ‘‘ballast’’ and engage in fishing. Coasters and
fishing schooners of Canada, Newfoundland and the
United States, in increasing numbers, find the fish bit-
ing good around St. Peter’s Bank or the weather so bad
that they must run into St. Pierre for shelter. As a
result, the liquid ballast of the French trawler is trans-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

November, 1921. |

ported surreptitiously into numerous quiet coves of the
three countries aforesaid.
The Newfoundlanders assert that the French author-
ities connive at the smuggling and that they juggle
their statistics to prove their moderation in liquor im-
ports. It is also asserted that no British or Newfound
land official is allowed to reside on St. Pierre.
Newfoundland people wonder if the authorities in.
France are aware of these ‘‘high jinks’’ in the fish ex-
porting and liquor smuggling which is making the Is
land objectionable to its law-abiding kei =

Prices for the as trip was $6.75. A pate’
summer trip sold at $6.25. Much of the summer
remains unsold—owners holding out for higher

SCHR, ‘‘SHEPHERD KING’’ LOSES TWO MEN.

While lying to an anchor on Western Bank on
29th, the Lunenburg fishing schr. “Shepherd :
Capt. Geo. Himmelman, parted her cable in a heavy
gale and was foreed to run before the blow. A heavy
sea boarded the craft and swept two of her gang, Hany
Knickle and Stan Conrad, over the side, besides part-
ing 100 fathoms of cable, an 800 Ib anchor, and smash
ing up dories and other gear. While running, anothe
sea came aboard which carried away the wheel and
filled the cabin. Norman Whynacht, who was steer-
ing, was washed overboard and only saved by the lash
ing which he had put around his body, but which was
nearly the cause of his death by strangling as it i
over his arms and got around his neck.

BLUENOSE MAKES GOOD FISHING shines |

The Lunenburg schr. ‘‘Bluenose,’’ Capt. Angus
Walters, hailed for a fare of 3,200 quintals of salt fish
for her season’s fishing. She is now en route to Forte
Rico with dried fish.

The Canadian fishing industry showed a jnmonkabia
lack of enterprise in not making more use of the pu
licity afforded by the races to put fish on the map of
the home markets. So far as we know, only one At-
lantie coast fishing concern brought the race to the
attention of their customers throughout Canada. An
occasion such as the fisherman’s race could have been
used to splendid advantage to boost the fisherman’s —
product had some little effort with a small outlay ¢
money been devoted to it along snappy baci:
lines.

A syndicate of Gloucester skippers who came to Ha
fax for the races have kept their eyes open and le
a thing or two about vessel design. They are back in
Gloucester with a pretty definite idea of the type |
eraft that can meet the ‘‘Bluenose’’ and an order h.
been placed for a new fishing schooner to be buil
Essex and called the ‘‘Puritan’’. But it is emph
by them that they are building a fishing schoone
make money as a first consideration. Next year’s eo
test off Gloucester promises to be a real battle of mo -

ern designs,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Nova Scotia Fishing Schooner Regatta

‘The Nova Scotia Fishing Schooner Regatta held on
Saturday and Monday, October 15th and 17th, ushered
jn a series of ocean races between commercial sailing
eraft that will live in sporting and nautical annals for
- many years.

_ The Nova Scotia race, inaugurated last year, is not
intended to be a mere preliminary to the International
contest for the purpose of selecting a vessel to com-
pete with the American aspirant. It is the Nova
Scotia Banksman’s holiday, when, at the conclusion
of the fishing season, he can enter his schooner in a
friendly hook-up with other clippers of the fleet. It
is the annual clearing-house for nautical presumptions
‘and assumptions. The skipper who fancies his
schooner as a clipper will have a chance to find out
conclusively if his vessel has the heels he thinks she
has. He will also find out if he is the real McKay
when it comes to pitting his skill as a vessel handler
against other skippers.
_ Apart from the sporting aspect of the regatta much
of technical value to the fishing industry can be learn-
ed. By comparison with other types of vessels it is
- possible, in such a contest, to see the model most suit-
able for working to windward, for standing up to her

canvas, for manoeuvering quickly. Skippers and
erews can see the virtues and faults of the varions
types of craft and there is nothing better than a com-
petitive test of this kind to settle arguments as io
whether this or that class of schooner is better than
the other.

The Nova Scotia Regatta proved conclusively that
the ‘‘Bluenose’’ is a distinct advance upon all the
other models of the Canadian Bank fleet. But it also
proved that the ‘‘Delawana,’’ built ten years ago, is
nowise behind in general all-round ability for her size.
The performance of the new schooner ‘‘Canadia’’ was
a distinet disappointment, but her trying-out against
the others revealed her failings and should be the
means of having them corrected.

As a result of the races, the new Lunenburg schooner
‘*Bluenose,’? won the Trophy for the Provincial event
and was selected by the Committee to challenge the
Americans for the International Trophy won last

eo ry)

year by the Gloucester Schooner ‘‘Esperanto.’’

The races are herewith reported by the ‘‘Canadian
Fisherman’’ representative, who sailed on the schooner
‘*Bluenose’’ during the events.

: THE GRAND BANK CLIPPERS,

*€Bluenose’’ leading the fleet with ‘‘Canadia’’ on weather quarter and *‘ Alcala’’ astern.

Schooners Entered in Nova Scotia Regatta.

Gross Net Year

No. Vessel Capt. Ent. by Lgh. Beam Dept, Ton Ton Bit.
1. Uda R. Corkum, Acadia

Supplies Ltd., Lunenburg 112.8 26.3 10.4 130 100 1918
2. Bluenose, A. Walters,

Zwicker & Co., Lunenburg 141 27 11.6 168 98 1921
3. J. Duffy, Spindler, Fraser

Gray, Lahave .. . 115 269 106 115 1919
4. Donald J. Cook, Cook, Rit-

cey Bros. Riverport .. .. 112.9 26.3 10.4 130 100 1918
5. Independence, Himmel -

man, Zwicker & Co., Lun-

enburg .. .. .. .- .- ++ 130.5-274 10.6 201 147 1920
6. Canadia J. Conrad, J.

Conrad, La Have . *1274 25.2 123° 183 130 1921
7. Aleala, R. Knickle, Lun- '

enburg Outfitting Co.. .. 125.6 27 10.66 174 112 1919
8. Delawana, D. Backman,

W. C. Smith & Co., Lun. 106.8 26.3 10.4 95.25 1913

*At time of building Canadian length was given out as
138.6 feet. Her length as registered in Lloyd’s is 127.4.

First Race, Saturday, October 15.
OE RSE TE RE

COURSE :—From starting line off Halifax Break-
water to Inner Automatic buoy. From thence to Outer
Automatic, thence to Sambro Light-ship buoy, and from
there back to Inner Automatic and the finish line off
the Breakwater. Total distance between buoys, 39.50
sea miles.

al lead

Light airs with intermittent calms and waves of
fog threatening ‘‘no race,’’ cleared away with the
rising sun after a postponed start of an hour and a
half. On board the ‘‘Bluenose’’ we jockeyed around
in the light puffs until the five minute gun boomed.
On the heels of the report came action. Topsails, bal-
ioons and stays’ls went aloft and the eight beautiful
schooners threaded among one another seeking a wea-
ther berth and a clear chance for the starting line in
the freshening wind.

Skipper Angus Walters at the wheel’ of the ‘‘Blue-
nose’’ had,his big hooker timed to the dot and working
to weather of the fleet he shot away for the line with
all the muslin drawing and crossed it thirty seconds
after the signal amidst the roaring of syrens, hooting

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

November, 1921.

of horns and the cheers of the thousands on the Break-
water. In our wake came seven tall schooners, close
hauled and heading for the Inner Automatie buoy six
and a half miles away, and astern of them came the
excursion steamers and other floating eraft.

At eleven thirteen we rounded the first buoy and —
swung off for the Outer Automatie six mileg to the ©
S.E., with the ‘‘Canadia’’ five minutes behind. <A
wave of vapor crept over the sea and blotted every-
thing from sight as we forged through the mist with
our fog-horn blowing and the whistles of the steamers —
bellowing around. Straining ears picked up the hooter
of the buoy after thirty minutes plunging through |
the pall and in a lift of the fog we sighted it ahead
and turned for the long thrash to windward towards
the Sambro Bank Light buoy nine miles to weather.
The ‘‘Canadia’’ poked her tall spars out of the fog and
rolled around the buoy four and a half minutes in our
wake with the others strung out for a mile or more
behind her.

The run for the Sambro buoy was the real test. In
a fifteen to twenty knot breeze the whole fleet with
sheets flat aft and everything bar taut raced over the
sun-lit waters with their skippers coaxing them to
windward by every trick they knew. ‘‘The ‘‘Blue-
nose’’ tacked to the N.W. after making three miles and
stood in towards Chebucto Head and Angie Walters,
with many pilots giving him advice, held on too long
and lost the stiffer breeze off-shore. Coming about at
twelve fifty on the starboard tack, we saw ‘‘ Aleala,”’
‘‘Canadia’’ and ‘‘Delawana’’ to windward of us and
the language was sulphurous.

Romping along to the south’ard with the breeze
stiffening with every minute and the vessel plunging
in the short chop and heaving the whitewater away
fo loo’ard in clouds and all hands lying down on the
decks, the ‘‘Bluenose’’ hauled up on her rivals until
after ten miles of a glorious thrash to windward with
scuppers under, she tacked for the Sambro buoy with
the ‘‘Canadia’’ on the lee bow. In a three mile hitch
for the buoy we overhauled our rival, dropped him astern
and rounded the buoy with everything cracking with
the strain as the wheel was rolled up and the stays’l
went aloft. Captain Conrad’s clipper swung around

EER) 1 >

es

“BLUENOS
IN HER
WORKING
CLOTHES
AS SHE —
APPEARED
EN ROUTE TO -
THE BANKS
THIS SPRING.

November, 1921, CANADIAN
the mark one minute after us and on the heels of
“Canadia’’ came the ‘‘Aleala’’ and the three of us
eased sheets on the eleven mile run for the Inner
Automatic.

Skipper Walters felt that in the ‘‘Bluenose’’ he
ad a vessel that couldn’t be touched in going to
windward in a breeze and rough water. Would
she prove as good in running as in beating? The
run home told a story. ‘‘Canadia’’ developed no
extraordinary powers of speed in running, but
“Bluenose’’ did, and sped for the Inner buoy like
a scared dog and gradually dropped her rivals astern.
At three thirty we hauled up around the Inner buoy
‘and rolled seuppers under as the sheets were sweated
flat aft for the closehauled reach to the finish line.
Four and a half minutes later, ‘‘Canadia’’ rounded and
rolled down so far in the squally puffs that her skipper
had to shake her up in wind. The big knockabout
- *‘Aleala’’ followed ‘‘Canadia’’ a minute later.

; The last six and a half mile hitch to the Breakwater
__wWas in the nature of a triumphal procession for ‘‘Blue-
_ nose.’’ Fog-horns blared from the lighthouses, whistles
_ roared from the following steamers and everything
afloat and ashore made a noise of some kind. Some
of our hands were for sending up the flags of victory
but Skipper Walters checked such premature rejoicing
_ with a ‘‘None of that now! Time enough when we
_ eross the line. There’s a chance of losing even yet!’’
_ But we had it cinched this trip and nobody checked
the enthusiastic young trawler who clambered up the
- hoops of the main-gaff-topsail and rove off a flag
halliard through the topmast truck, one hundred and
forty feet aloft.

_ At six minutes past four, we stormed across the
finish line a veritable pillar of swiftly moving cloud
and the flags of triumph streamed from our halliards
as the light sails billowed down and the spectators
_ roared their approval. Four minutes later ‘‘Canadia’’
_ erossed and we started in to ‘‘cheer ship’’ as she came
_ towards us. The knockabout ‘‘Aleala’’ romped home
_ three minutes in ‘‘Canadia’s’’ wake.

The total distance sailed by ‘‘Bluenose”’ was fifty-
- one miles, which was sailed in five hours and thirty-
_ five minutes—an average of nine and a quarter knots
per hour.

' Result of First Race.

The ‘‘Bluenose’’ crossed the finish line at 4.06,
_ official time.

+

EM NONOSE a Ee ee NE has 4. 6.55
2nd, Canadia. . 4.10.20
3rd, Aleala 4.15. 5

Second Race, Monday, October 17th.

COURSE :—Reverse of Saturday.

Tn a smashing twenty knot Northeaster today, eight
_ clipper Banksmen hooked up with each other in a sail-
_ ing contest which was an ocean classic and gave the
_ Spectators something to write home about. Saturday’s
_ race was a tame affair to a deep-sea fisherman, though,
_ to be sure, there were puffs that rolled ’em down a bit
at times. But today it was a seupper breeze with the
_ schooners down to their rails in the thrashes to wind-
ard and plunging and rearing in the shoal water chop
ith the whitewater shearing away from their leaping

FISHERMAN. 249
stems and the spray flying over their bows in steam-
like clouds.

It was a spectacular race in more ways than one for
all the opinions of the old-timers and race sharps were
knocked ‘‘galley west’’. Only the ‘‘Bluenose’’ ran
true to form and she proved herself the smartest
schooner of the whole Canadian fleet, while ‘‘Canadia’”’
made such a mess of it that her backers were looking
forty ways for Sunday. And the ‘‘Delawana,’’? whom
we all thought was out of it put up a game fight for the
Cup she held that it almost seemed as if the grand old-
timer was going to show the ‘‘Bluenose’’ a stern wake.

The writer was again favored by the Sea Gods in
sailing on the “Bluenose’’ during her momentous run,
and this account will be confined to what we saw from
the swinging deck of the flying Nova Scotiaman. To
begin with, I think that neither the vessel or Skipper
Angus Walters were fully awake when the starting gun
boomed, for we swashed across the starting line with
the knockabout ‘‘ Aleala’’ and the ‘‘Donald Cook’’ to
windward of us and the ‘‘Delawana’’ and the ‘J.
Duffy’’ to loo’ard and all four of them ahead. The
wind was fresh and the schooners were forging along
close-hauled on the port tack—listing in the breeze
with their canvas full and everything drawing and
skating along in the smooth water as steady as church
spires. It was too fine for ‘‘Bluenose’’ and she snored
lazily along while the ‘‘Delawana’’ leaped out well
ahead and the ‘‘ Aleala’’ and the big ‘‘Independence’”’
showed us their taff-rails. All the others were crowd-
ing on our heels. After fifteen minutes of this sort of
thing, Angus Walters began to wake up and spit on his
hands. ‘‘What th’ devil is the matter with us this
morning ?’’ he growled as he anxiously noted the ‘‘ De-
lawana’’ inereasing her lead and the ‘‘ Aleala’’ saucily
crossing our bows and that big whale the ‘‘Independ-
ence’’ snoring ahead of us. A glance astern showed
the ‘‘Canadia’’ gradually dropping back and our Skip-
per felt a mite happier. With the Conrad clipper show-
ing no particular aggressiveness just then, Angus be-
gan to clear for action.

As we reached for the Inner Automatie buoy the
wind began to pipe up and the sea to roughen in the
urge of it. The shaking seemed to arouse the ‘‘Blue-
nose’’ and she began to step out. In five minutes we
edged up to the ‘‘Alcala’s’’ weather quarter, took her
back-wash slopping over our lee rails, and three min-
utes later had her abeam a biscuit toss to loo’ard.
Inside another five minutes she was trailing along in
our wake. Then we hoofed it after ‘‘Independence’’
and “‘Delawana’’ with the decks sloping and the scup-
pers broiling and our canvas hard and rounded as
though carved from marble.

The eup holder ‘‘Delawana’”’ led us to the first mark
by a clear two minutes but we disposed of the ‘‘Inde-
pendence”’ at the buoy and dropped her when we eased
off sheets for the broad reach to Sambro buoy eleven
miles away. Our rival ‘‘Canadia’’ was footing it very
poorly and we could see her well astern and rolling
down heavily in the wind. We no longer feared her,
but there was the ‘‘Delawana’’ a quarter of a mile
ahead and forging along like a steam-boat. Was the
old-timer going to trim us after all?

‘Give us some more wind and a good rough chop!”’
says Angus hopefully squinting to windward and under
the booms ahead. And Boreas must have heard him
and opened up his bellows for we started to smoke

250

along with the lee bow wave flying up in a grand
drench of chilly spray and the water boiling over the
starboard rails and everything bar taut with “the strain
aloft. A stiff breeze and a cresting sea was ‘‘Blue-
nose’’ weather and she started to chase ‘‘Delawana’’
with sheets flat aft, rail down and the spray flying over
the bows like steam in the good old fisherman fashion.

We ran the eleven miles in an hour,and rounded the
Sambro hooter one minute after the ‘‘Delawana.’
Then began a thrash to windward in a stiff breeze and
nasty chop which the ‘‘Bluenose’’ seemed to greet with
the joy of combat. Down came our staysail thunder-
ously flogging; into the mastheads came the clewed up
topsails, down came the balloon jib while oil-skinned
fishermen on the bowsprit footropes clawed it under
the gaskets as the high flung sprays roared about them.
The ‘‘Bluenose’? was down to ‘‘four lowers’’—the
Banksmen’s fighting trim—and with nothing to carry
away aloft, Angie Walters socked it to her and pawed
the wheel with the «schooner plunging and wallowing
and trying to look at her wake in wild yaws to weather
and lee.

Our long clipper seemed as a hound unleashed and
hauled to windward of the ‘‘Delawana’’ in the rough
water until that gallant craft was snoring along on our

lee beam and showing us a great space of copper paint-_ i

ed under-body. She hung in our lee for a while and
made a glorious picture as she sheared through the
tumbling water with the foam broiling under hér bows
and her tall spars swinging and her handsome body
eurtseying and lifting the whitecapped undulations.
Then she dropped astern and we gave her a cheer for
a brave and gallant opponent.

In four hitches of seventeen miles sailing we came
smoking up to the Outer buoy and skited around it
with the lee rail under as the sheet was eased off and
the big eighty foot main-boom ranged over the quarter.
** Away ye go on yer stays’l and balloon jib! Give her
the fore-tops’] and watch her travel!’’ bhawled Skipper
Angus trying to steady her in her wild swoops. Eager
hands hoisted and spread the muslin aloft and with the
tremendous urge of it the ‘‘Bluenose’’ started to run
for the Inner buoy like a seared dog. The good old

CANADIAN FISHERMAN re

_to smell the home plate for she rounded the sage

series and divided the prize money.) —

““Delawana’’ was nowhere when the “<Bluenose’? tees

matter of twelve minutes after us.
The thirteen mile stretch to the finish line was, ma
in practically an hour and there were occasions
we were bowling along at a fourteen knot clip.
half past one we raced over the line with eve
flying, our pennants and ensign aloft and all han
ling their heads off. Then, and then only, did
Walters release the wheel of the wonderful se
he steered to the victory of the Nova Scotia Chai
ship, a prize of a thousand dollars and the |
meeting the American schooner ‘‘Elsie’’ for th
ribbon of the North Atlantic. For four and
hours of strenuous sailing he steered her an ty
eight miles of course she left behind in that time. |
the ‘‘Elsie’’ trim her? Angie Walters does not
so, we do not think so, nor does any other m
Scotia who saw the ‘‘Bluenose”’ sail.

Finish, Results and Times.

BIWOH ORG = 20th nie ea,
Delawatia ass. tp: cere
Independence .. .. .. .
Conyac. 22 Ae ane os
Alotlacs, oo sa ees ena
COOK anes a
Caviddigy. 22% Sera ciiet
Dative (pers gees,

Ewen Ose: a. Se eee
Delawana .-.. ..
Al Calg. Saat aye bees

Independence... .. .. .. &
Candid 3o)ao Soe
Ce ae are 2
Cook . Pe ap atic al es aoe

Duffy . potest Steer eae |
(*Aleala atid Independence tied: for th

: ar ae
AND WELL. ~
HANDLED ~

a

November, 1921. CANADIAN FISHERMAN 251

. The International Fishing Z
: Schooner Race
Canada and United States

International racing between commercial sailing
craft died out with the passing of the square-rigged
clipper ships. In the old days, American and Britisher
vied with each other in clipping down the passage times
between China and Australia and American and Euro-
pean ports. Tea clipper and emigrant packet passed
away with the advent of steam and racing with sailing
craft became a contest of yachts. International com-
petition between Britisher and American narrowed
down to the America’s Cup contest—a racing event
which latterly became so hedged with rules and regu-
lations as to evolve a type of sailing eraft, extreme in
design, expensive in construction, and absolutely unfit
to endure the varying conditions of weather at sea.

A genuine revival of sailing races with capable craft
began in 1920 when the fishermen of Canada challeng-
ed the fishermen of the United States to a race between
fishing schooners. An International Trophy was don-
ated by William Dennis of Halifax and the leading
members of the fishing industry in both countries
pledged themselves to finance the races. The first
contest took place in October 1920 when the Cup was
won by the Gloucester fishing schooner ‘‘Esperanto’’
which defeated the Lunenburg schooner ‘‘ Delawana.”’

In 1921, Canada planned to come back at the Ameri-
cans with a schooner embodying more speedy qualities
than the usual type employed in her deep-sea fisheries.
Two new vessels were built but only one—the Lunen-
burg schooner ‘‘Bluenose’’—qualified as a challenger
capable of meeting the best out of Gloucester or Boston.

The story of the International Race is herewith given
as written on the spot by the “‘Canadian Fisherman’’ re-
presentative.

The Halifax Herald Trophy for International Fishing
| Schooner Racing —Emblematic of the Blue Ribbon of
the North Atlantic Fishing Fleets.

The Contesting Vessels
UNITED STATES :—The fishing schooner ‘‘Elsie’’ CANADA:—The fishing schooner ‘*Bluenose’’ of
of Gloucester. Winner of the New England Fishing Lunenburg. Winner of the Nova Scotia Fisherman’s
Schooner Race, October 1921. Selected by the Ameri- Regatta, October, 1921. Selected by the Canadian Com-
can Committee to defend the Trophy won by the ill- mittee to challenge for the Trophy won by the Ameri

fated ‘‘Esperanto’’. can schooner ‘*Esperanto’’ in 1920.
Details and Dimensions of the Challenger and
Defender.
“BLUENOSE" “ELSIE” “BLUENOSE’' “ELSIE”
1) SR SC Sayers Marre | | 1921 1910 Fordmaat , C tecad 73 1.4
at Lunenburg Mssex, Mass. Maintopmast Sahai’ +a. > Jee 51 45
SMG cre. 6+ ay 932 SORE 15.4 14.4 Foretopmast .. .. fect 4G 40.6
Water-line .. . ere. 110.5 102.4 Main<boomi:”. = fact 81 73
§ Overall length .. .. -. feet 148 124 Bower 56S wesw toot 17.5 19.5
Gey: os by, ee Oe 27 25
pegging q : Captain of “Elsie’,—— Marty Welch
Sail Area (approx.) .. sq. ft. 9,742 8,590
Main-mast .. .. .. «+. feet 96 89 Captain of. “Bluenose”, Angus Walters.

252 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

The First Race, Saturday, October 22nd, 1921.
5 a SIE ee 2

COURSE:—From Breakwater, Halifax, to Inner
Automatic buoy, thence to Outer Automatic buoy,
thence to Shut In Island bell-buoy, thence back to
Inner Automatic, and from there to finish line off the

Breakwater. Total distance measured between buoys,
39.3 sea miles.
FRA RE TREE ———s

All the old windjammer men around Halifax were
up before the dawn on Saturday morning to squint at
the rising sun. The weather man and the barometer
had promised wind, and plenty of it, but the men who
love sailing craft wanted to satisfy themselves that
the propheey was being fulfilled and if it wasn’t, to
sort of flog it along by a species of mental supplication.
The day came away in sunshine and clouds—a gen-
uine October morning with the wind from the north-
west blowing fresh with a frosty tang in it and a hint
of stiffening into a moderate gale as the day advanced.

The signs being good so early in the morning, all
Halifax realized that the stage was set for a glorious
sea battle between the flying fishermen. The ‘‘Elsie,”’
pride of Gloucester and the United States, would have
a chance to show the aspiring ‘‘Bluenose’’ of Lunen-
burg the manner in which the Yankee Banksmen trim
the Nova Scotiamen when both swing canvas against
one another. Mind you, we are not intimating that

-the Gloucestermen came to Halifax confident of vic-

tory for the performance of the Lunenburg schooner
in the Elimination races had opened their eyes; but
Gloucester skippers and Gloucester vessels were always

November, 1921,

the smartest of the smart in both men and eraft, and
were rather of the opinion that the Lunenburg fleet
were comfortable sea-going arks. ‘‘Great vessels to —
pack a cargo of fish, ye know, but not much for travel-
ling,’”’ they would say patronizingly, and the Nova
Scotiamen, being keener on catching all the fish they
could in summer and taking the same fish in the same —
vessels to the West Indies in Winter, let it go at that. —
But that was before the North Atlantic Fishermen’s i
Trophy came on the scene and definite challenges were —

—_
<s

hurled between the fishermen of one country and the —
other. ea!
When the ‘‘Elsie’’ came tearing ‘into Halifax sper
to the race, and the experts, the old salts, the ya
men and the water-front oracles looked up her record |
and gave her the once-over, there was much specula-—
tion in the Canadian camp and a good deal of nervous-
ness. The ‘‘Bluenose’’ backers feared that Angus
Walters would be out-matched in skill by Marty
Welch; they feared Marty’s well-drilled crew. They
were apprehensive of the ‘‘Elsie’s’’ ability in light —
winds, and a goodly crowd were scared of the Glouces- —
terman’s speed in heavy winds. One veracious member
of the Boston news-gathering fraternity asserted boldly —
that the ‘‘Elsie’’ logged seventeen and a quarter knots —
in an hour on the run to Halifax, but, unsophisticated
as we Canadians are, we could not swallow that. but —
it was talk that gave the American schooner a high ”
rating as a sailer. 3
So it was with some high tension keen-ness that tee 2
thousands of Canadian race fans journeyed to the —
water-front this sharp October morning to view the —
best in vessels and seamen of Canada and the United

reas

oe

The Clipper Banksmen

Not the kind of craft that have to make for port when it’s blowing 25 knots.

COMMERCIAL PHOTO

”

“ Bluenose’’ with all the muslin on her.

iS eae

&

:

COMMERCIAL PHOTO

*Blsie’’ skating along with two of the gang Senda
balloon jib tack.

*

aber, 1921. . CANADIAN
ates engaged in the first round of the contest for
the Championship of the North Atlantic, Everything
t could float around Halifax was on the water.
ie ‘*Delawana,’’ be-flagged from secupper to truck
and crowded with sight-seers, was towed out to
e course; the’ cable ships and Government steamers
ere crammed with spectators; tugs, schooners, fishing
boats and yachts had their quota, the Dartmouth ferry
eamers wallowed ponderously to the starting line and
en the handsome but unlucky ‘‘Canadia’’ could not
sist getting out and haunting the arena she longed
sail as the challenger.

Nine o’clock came, the starting gun boomed, and
e pair of jockeying schooners with the red ensign and
the stars and stripes at their respective peak halliards,
shot for the starting line with all their canvas aloft
and pulling strongly in the fresh nor’-wester. Almbdst
the flash of the gun, the ‘‘Hlsie’’ crossed the line
and the ‘‘Bluenose,’’ to windward, raced on her heels
forty seconds later—both with sheets eased. It was
a splendid shove-off and the ‘‘Elsie’’ seemed to skate
ahead of her rival as though she had an engine in her.

Eight minutes after the start, the American crossed
the Canadian’s bows and gained the weather berth,
and in the first two miles of the ocean speed-away,
the ‘‘Elsie’’ had a lead of one hundred and fifty yards.
Following in the steamer ‘‘Lady Laurier,’’ a little
erowd of us, retired deep-water sailors and skippers
of the Merchant Service and the fisheries, began to
Xperience that ‘‘all gone’’ sensation. The ‘‘Elsie”’
was slipping along like a toboggan while the ‘‘Blue-
nose’? seemed to be still slumbering. But, recalling
her lethargic behavior in the start of the last race,
e still had hopes.

Then Old Boreas took a hand and dealt the ‘‘Blue-
ose’’ a good solid swipe as much as to say ‘‘Get a
move on or the Yankee’ll trim you!”’ She careened in
the heft of it and shot up on the ‘‘Elsie’’ until that
one hundred and fifty yards lead vanished and both
schooners were neck and neck and snoring along
- for the Inner Automatic buoy.

Round the buoy went both clippers—the ‘‘Bluenose’
jeading by a mere thirty seconds—and with sheets
broad off both ran for the Onter Automatic, six and
a quarter miles away. The nor’-wester began piping
_ up to twenty-five knots and the blue waters of Halifax
Bay was ruffled with short foam-flecked crests in the
_ drive of it, but the racers had every kite aloft and
were hanging to each other’s flanks and stubbornly
eontesting every inch of advantage. One time ‘‘Blue-
nose’? would haul ahead for a spell, then up would
come ‘‘Elsie’’ again on her weather quarter, and thus
_ it went until the Outer buoy was neared.

Down came the big staysails; the foretopsails were
clewed in to the mast heads and the schooners pre-
pared for a gybe. Up to the buoy they srored, the
wheels were rolled over by the respective skippers and
the great booms swung across the decks and fetched
up on the patent gybers with staggering chocks as
the crews roused the sheets in for the reach to Shut
Tn Island bell-buoy. ‘‘The ‘‘Bluenose’’ was now to
windward and led the ‘‘Elsie’’ by half-a-minute . When
they got the staysail up. she commenced running away
from the defender. The story could be ended right
here by tersely stating that the ‘‘Bluenose’’ kept on
running, but that wouldn’t be a story but a bald state-
ment of fact. The coterie of shell-backs on the ‘Lady
Laurier’? had no fears now and some were already

?

FISHERMAN 253

figuring out the profits aceruing to them from the -
exchange on American bets.

The Nova Seotiaman led the Gloucesterman by two
minutes at the Shut In Island buoy and both settled
down for the long thrash to windward which tries out
the skill of skippers and tests the qualities of vessels. It
was blowing stiff now—creeping up to the thirty
knots—and a breeze which would have sent the
“‘Shamrocks’’.and the ‘‘Resolutes’’ back to their an-
chorages long before. Angus Walters wisely kept bis
staysail and fore-topsail off his vessel and under the
four lowers, the main-topsail and the balloon jib the
‘*Bluenose’’ was slugging along with her lee rail down
and a roaring bone in her teeth, while the spiteful wind
was whirling the sprays away from the bows in white
smoke. She was, what sailormen call ‘‘smoking
along’’ and her tall spars were listed over to an angle
which bespoke hard driving while the whole of her

COMMERCIAL PHOTO

**Blsie’’ carries away her foretopmast and her balloon
and foretopsail come down.

decks were visible to the watchers to leeward. The
crews had good use for their oilskins and rubber boots
to-day with the water flying over them in clouds of
spray and I'll bet a few extra pairs of hands would
have eome in handy to keep them right side up on
deck when Angie Walters and Marty Welch were put-
ting their hookers:through their paces.

The ‘‘Bluenose’’ a mile and a half ahead and to
windward must have given Marty a mild jolt. ‘‘Try
a little more muslin!’’ Marty must have said and his
stays’l and balloon went up. We watched the gal-
lant Gloucesterman washing along after the ‘‘Blue-
nose’’ under this press of sail and then we saw the fore-
topsail and the balloon jib crumple up into flogging
canvas as the ‘‘Elsie’s’’ foretopmast snapped off just
above the mast-head and the kites came tumbling
down. But a little matter of carrying away a top-
mast or blowing a sail to rags does not worry a fisher-
man when he is in a hurry and Marty didn’t stop but
clawed his canvas aboard—incidentally running six
of his gang under green water while out on the bow-
sprit—and left his broken topmast hanging and kept
hot-foot after the Nova Scotiaman,

254 CANADIAN

Angie Walters had his vessel streaking for home
like a kerosened cat through Hades. He wasn’t look-
ing behind, nor was the ‘‘Bluenose.’’ The bow-wave
looked to us as though she were trying to push the
Atlantic up into Halifax harbor and there were times
when her rail was down in the lee wash that we reck-
oned a man could drown in her lee scuppers. It was
a sailing race, all right. One of the kind you read
about but seldom see,

>»?

Captain Marty on the ‘‘Elsie’’ seemed to sail better
after the wind shortened sail for him, but he couldn’t re-
duce the big lead the ‘‘Bluenose’’ had gained in the
beat to windward in the rough water and strong
breeze. The big Lunenburger, listed at an angle which
had her rail down and all her gang hanging to wind-
ward to keep from sliding off her decks and into the
pickle, was ploughing a furrow for the finish line,
which left a white-water wake a man could follow a
mile astern on a dark night.

At 1.33.05 p.m. the ‘‘Bluenose’’ crossed the line with
the syrens and fog-horns roaring a welcome. Twelve
and a half minutes later, the gallant little ‘* Elsie’’
romped over the finish mark. The first race of the
series went to Canada.

Official Time—First Race.
START

MBRO Sig ole t's Ali < a he ee 9.00.10
BIMONGSE es ks cd aarO eR ree 9.00.49
Inner Automatic
BIHGnORE 30 fA et pee oy Sees 9.32.58
WOMMIG Amani ee. oe PAO Renee a 9.34.20
Outer Automatic.

Bluénoge o:4 eee ttn woe oes 10.10.29
BSIO Satie os ee Tes Sian 10.11.03
Shut In Island Bell Buoy.

BiOHOMR eis ites owes See ae 10.52.18
BSG kee ee WIS REN Ee ieee ee 10.54.17
Inner Automatic
ERUCHORG is Leak ah oe oucie es Koos 1.02.20
RR ak ce Fae Oo ee OE eae 1.12.10

: Finish
ESTTROTEONG Sig igt ots anteaaca aie ge Neto Wik coor eat 1.23.05
SE Be een nie her emai Mime Ser siec Pe peng ele 1.45.85

The Second Race, Monday, October 24th, 1921.

COURSE :—Breakwater, Halifax, to Inner Automa-
tic, thence to Sambro Lightship Buoy, thence to Outer
Automatie, back to Inner Automatie and finish line off
Breakwater. Distance measured between buoys, 39.85
sea miles.

It’s an old story now but, for all that, it’ll be some-
thing to recount, to argue over, and a never failing
topic for conversation for’ard of the pawl-post when
the fish are dressed down, or when the vessel is lying
hove-to in a breeze of wind on the Banks. The trawl-
ers of two nations will wax hot upon the merits of
‘“Bluenose’’ and ‘‘Elsie’’ down to the Nth dimension
and the seamanship of Angus Walters and Marty Welch
will be cursed, praised, judged and dissected to the
last decimal of technique. One ean picture a moment
when conversation flags in the forecastle of a night and
some wag remarks, ‘‘I cal’late Marty Welch should

FISHERMAN - November, 1921.
have doused his balloon on that beat to wind’ard with
the ‘Bluenose’. Visions of tousled heads leaning over
the bunk sides are conjured up and one can almost
hear the storm of comment, pro and con, which is vol-
leyed across the reeling apartment. It must needs be
a bold man who would dare express radical convictions
in a partizan forecastle, but our sincerest sympathies
go with Marty Welch, for Marty’s every action in the
International Fishing Schooner Race will come under
the spotlight of searching nautical criticism.

But Captain Marty need not worry too much over
losing the Championship of the North Atlantie fishing
fleets to the clipper ‘‘Bluenose’’ and her clever little
skipper. Saturday’s race in a stiff breeze and rough
water was a walkaway for the Lunenburg flyer which
simply revelled in such weather, but today’s hook-up
was run in smooth water and in a mere twenty knot
wind which suited ‘‘Elsie’’ and gave ‘‘Bluenose”’ a
tough session in beating the Gloucesterman. How-
ever, she did beat her and beat her badly, but there

Angie Walters swinging her off.

were many anxious hours during the race which can
be chalked up to the redoubtable Marty and his gallant
vessel.

The coterie of shell-backs and old-time salt-water-
men once more foregathered on the Committee steamer
“‘Lady Laurier’’ and, shivering in the bitter north-
west wind, peered anxiously over the bridge dodgers-
when the starting gun boomed. The Gloucesterman,
with the ‘‘Delawana’s foretopmast replacing the
broken spar and every kite full and drawing, forged
across the line thirty-two seconds in the wake of the
gun-fire, but the ‘‘Bluenose’’ moved lethargically along
and did not cross until almost two minutes elapsed.
‘Angie must have stayed up late last night,’’ growled
the Bluenose supporters, and as the American Banker
picked up her gait and streaked along for the first buoy
with the distance widening between her and her aspir-
ing rival, the comment became caustic,

The day was clear as a bell but bitter with the chill
of a northerly wind which ruffled the blue water and
flecked it with short snappy foam crests out from the
lee of the land. It was a grand day for sailing—a day
when all the rags could be carried nicely and the spee-
tators were treated to a glorious marine picture as the
tall sparred schooners sped along to the urge of the
crisp breeze. Not the sort of day that a fisherman
would pick, maybe, for a roaring forty knot snorter
when a vessel could carry her four lowers comfortably
would suit him better, still it was a variation from
Saturday’s weather and would give the schooners a
chance to show their qualities under new conditions,

zs pert caer, both vessels streaked ax for the Inner
utomatie six and a half miles away—‘‘Elsie’’ to wind-

Up to the buoy they glided and around went the Amer-
“with ‘‘Bluenose’’ still in her wake but only forty
‘seconds behind. About this time, a rakish looking
fishing schooner in winter rig was discerned in the of-
_ fing and a glance through the glasses at her sharp stem

i heavy squat stern identified her as the debarred
oston fishing schooner ‘‘Mayflower.’’ Speculation
became rife as to her motives. Was she out to pace
the ‘‘Bluenose’’? The news-hounds got busy and the
wireless began buzzing out all manner of sensational

For the nonce, the racers were forgotten and we
watched the ‘‘Mayflower’’ swing off and parallel the
courses of the contenders. But when the ‘‘Lady
a Laurier” eame abreast of the Boston schooner we eould

os

“Mayflower”? shows up—carrying a@ heavy bone in
her teeth.

see that she was merely an interested spectator drawn
to the scene much as an aspiring pugilist, denied his
desires, might haunt the arena of the champions. With

her tall topmasts and light sails stored away in Boston
her decks crowded with twenty dories and fishing gear
__ and her hold full of ice or salt, the ‘‘Mayflower”’
jn no racing trim. However, in her plain workaday

garb she sheared through the short chop, her sharp
_ stem heaving down into the brine and throwing a heavy
—_ eloud of spray over her bows. But she could sail—no
doubt of that, and in smooth water no regular fisher-
man could touch her. But in a hefty breeze with a
ec lumpy sea, we think her chances would be poor.

: “When the ‘‘Mayflower’’ faded from the stage, our
_attention was again centered on the racing fishermen.
Down the Chebueto shore for the Sambro buoy they
_— were speeding and the Yankee still maintained her lead.
Moments there were when a sharp gust would careen
the Canadian to the heft of it and she would haul up
‘on her rival, but a minute later the ‘‘Elsie’’ would
snore ahead and increase the distance gained.

A stern chase is a long chase! So it seemed to us
- who had our hopes on the Lunenburger. For almost
three anxious hours the Gloucesterman had the ‘‘ Blue-
-nose’’ trailing in her wake and it began to look as
though the defender was going to sneak home with the
Canadian vainly striving to head her. At Sambro buoy
“‘Bluenose’’ was a mere twenty-five seconds astern of
- the American in rounding, but twenty-five seconds is
still a lead, and hot-footing it for the Outer Automatic

was”

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 255

?

nine and a half miles away the ‘‘Elsie’’ increased her.

advantage considerably.

So far, the racers had been laying their courses fair
for the mark with sheets eased save when they engaged
in oceasional luffing matches. But it was in the long
thrash to windward that we felt the challenger would
prove her worth providing that Angie Walters made
no mistakes, and we had a good hunch that the little
Lunenburg skipper would make none. His good judg-
ment and seamanship and the qualities of the ‘‘Blue-
nose’’ would be put to the test at the Outer Automatic
buoy.

It was a thrilling moment when the two vessels. with
staysails and foretopsails doused, stormed for the mark.
Round the buoy went the ‘‘Elsie’’ with her gang trim-
ming everything down for the beat on the port tack.
Crowding on her heels came the ‘‘Bluenose’’ ten sec-
onds after and almost skinning the seaweed off the
buoy she sheeted in and daringly shot through the nar-
row space to the windward of her American rival. Up
went the staysail, the topsail was hoisted and the tack
hove down, and with sheets flat aft, though the leach of
her big mainsail slatted in an ugly manner, the ‘‘Blue-
nose’’ began to get into her stride and started eating
to windward of the Gloucesterman in a style which
caused her backers to chuckle.

The hopes of designers and builders, the skill of
skipper and crew, and the qualities of a vessel can only
be proved in a beat to windward. Any old plug ean
sail before the wind, but the hooker that can be jam-
med down on a dead lee shore and pull herself off by
clawing to windward is the right kind of a eraft-for a
fisherman. Many a time on a black winter’s night with
a gale blowing, these Bankers sight the breakers to lee-
ward in a lift of the rain or snow, and it is then that
a vessel’s ability to haul off almost in the teeth of the
breeze becomes the salvation of herself and the hands
who sail her. And should the ‘‘Bluenose’’ ever find
herself in a like fix, her skipper can slap her wheel-box,
while the gang rouse the sheets aft, and murmur, ‘‘To
wind ‘ward. old girl. and T know you’ll never fail me!’’

The ‘‘Bluenose’’ was on the home stretch and the
Lunenburg girls had tallied on to the tow-rope and
were hauling her home. The hopes of all the sailing
enthusiasts in Canada were pinned on her and praying
that this lean fisherman would flaunt the old Red
Duster once again asa champion of the salt and windy
waters. And the ‘‘Bluenose’’ was worthy of the faith
implanted in her. Leaning over in the freshening
breeze with her canvas full and pulling like a blooded
horse and the feather of foam at her bows increasing
to a gleaming welter of white-water. she stretched for
the finish line with her wake aboiling and her rival
vainly trying to out-point her.

“About an hour later, both vessels came about on the
starboard tack and it was seen that the ‘‘Bluenose’’
had eained a lead of half a mile on the ‘‘Elsie’’. At
the Inner Automatic. the Canadian led the American
hy eight minutes. and standing close in to the beach off
Camnerdown, tacked under the land and skirted the
weather shore in smooth water and with the wind eom-

_ing strong. The ‘‘Elsie’’ tacked offshore more than

a mile to leeward. Her chance to hold the Cup was
gone.

’ The Challenger had to make one more hiteh to give
her a clear conrse for the finish line. To accomplish
this. she stood in to the shoal waters of the Lighthouse
Bank and came about with her skeg a few feet from

256 CANADIAN
the bottom. Then came the romp up to the line and
as the gallant vessel bowled along, black figures could
be seen clambering up her slender topmasts to reeve off
signal halliards—a job for nervy men in that bitter
wind and with the sticks cracking to the strain of the
canvas and inclined to leeward with the pressure of the
breeze. But there are a few sailormen left even in
even in these days of steamboatmen and hoboes and
when the flying Nova Scotiaman forged past the break-
water, a gorgeous string of bunting fluttered from
seupper to truck and the Red Ensign streamed in the
breeze from the peak halliards of the Champion of the
North Atlantie. ; ;

The brave and plucy Gloucesterman shot in some

FISHERMAN November, 1921.
twelve minutes later and the cheers she received were
just as hearty and sincere as those accorded her adver-
sary. Marty Welch and his crew had done their
best and did it well and all the honors are due to

them for the gallant fight they put up.

The ‘‘Bluenose’’ brought the Cup back to Canada
and gained for the owners, skipper and erew ‘the prize
of four thousand dollars accorded to the winner. Was
it easily won? When they tied up to the dock, Angus
Walters was, as someone graphically remarked, like a
piece of chewed string after almost five and a half
hours of constant strain and anxiety; his crew were
body-tired and weary with tugging and hauling on
sheets and halliards and lying prone on wet and chilly

“LUNENBURG ON HER STERN, AND BOUND TO GO!"

mmercial Photo.

A GRAND STAND FINISH TO A GRAND RACE!

* Bluenose’’

, with lee rail down, on the tack for the finish line which gave her the victory.

November, 1921. CANADIAN

decks, and the mast head men? I guess after the long
spell they had perched a hundred feet above the deck

~ on the swaying masts in all that bitter wind and claw-

‘ing at the flogging topsails every now and again for a
bit of deversion, why, the whole four thousand green-
- backs would just about be a day’s pay for such work.
- **And the *‘Bluenose’’? Her little fling in the lime-
light is over and one of these chill Fall mornings she
will be sliding out of the dock freighted with dried
fish and bound away south to the West Indies. But

as freighter or fisherman, racing for port or lying-to

in a breeze or jogging to dories on the ground, she can
-exult in the fact that it took a fisherman and a gang

_ of Bluenose trawlers to accomplish for her flag what

millionaires spent fortunes to attain with freakish and

useless toys.

Official Time—Second Race.

Start.

UREN (ois: o'c's cay a WER ele Uae eae 9.00.32
MONG; sc En Be a days a ss 6 9.01.52
First Mark, Inner Automatic, 6.3 Miles.
ET RRR petpepeny oc 8 27 = Aver actin ee ha eta ee 9.45.20
MANISBO< 5053 sieeve on wdieig ook e Od 9.46.00
Second Mark, Sambro Light Buoy, 11.25 Miles.
RIBS rsh ooo sane Rap A anges eee ta 0.46.49
BONING > ook Ge a ws 10.47.15
Third Mark, South East Automatic Buoy,

9.6 Miles.

NG Siar NS b meoleile eid witieue’e 11.49.28
BETIOND 25 235 cc ate alc aN ob ew en tals 11.49.45
Fourth Mark, Inner Automatic, 6.4 Miles.
SURENORG sore sien Cae zhi b ees bee 1.23.00
MEO ic dure Sas ee LR Mathie wae 1.31.35
To Finish Line. 6.3 —.

PICNOSE — 2:5 ie alow elke a ee Oa 2.21.41
Ng emt a 25). ua Deane ge as 2.31.12

INTERNATIONAL RACE PERSONALITIES.

H. R. Silver of Halifax had very little time to devote
to his business while the races were on. As Chairman
of the Canadian Committoee he was something of a
nautical Czar, but his tact, good humor and courtesy
made of him an ideal official. Much of the success at-
tending the event may be ascribed to his enthusiasm
and the time he gave up to get things going.

Lunenburg produced a nice fleet of able vessels in
the N.S. regatta. They weren’t all clippers, but for
handsome craft well-stayed, well kept, and well sailed,
one would go a long way before seeing such a sight.
The Lunenburgers have a good eye for a vessel and
know how to treat them.

In Angus Walters and Marty Welch one finds the
ideal type of Bank fishing skipper. Both are modest
and unassuming men, not given to talking about them-
selves or their craft. The newspapermen got very lit-
tle out of them, and both could qualify as diplomats if
one were to analyze all they did say before and after
the race.

The ‘‘Elsie’’ looked just as smart as the day, when
almost new in 1912, we hooked up with her in Canso
Straits in a race to the Magdalens. For a ten year old
eraft, she is not a back number by any means. Her
- sails fitted her like a glove and she made less of a fuss
in the watér than did her rival the ‘‘Bluenose.’’

FISHERMAN 257

Commander Beard of H.M.C.S. ‘‘Patriot’’ evinced a
keen interest in the races and thought nothing of get-
ting down aboard the ‘‘Bluenose’’ before sunrise that
he might form one of her crew in the Nova Scotia races.
It was some time before the ‘‘gang’’ found out that
they had a ‘‘pukka’’ naval officer tailing on to the
sheets and halliards. His seamanlike ability was made
use of by Skipper Walters when practice manouevres.
were carried out prior to meeting the ‘‘Elsie’’. We
liked friend Beard and his willingness to do anything
to help in making the race a success convinced us that °
the naval officer and the fisherman can pull together
amicably when the representative of the ‘‘senior ser-
vice’’ is a food fellow and free from swank. Good luck
and quick promotion to him!

A GOOD SPORT!

President P. R. Duffy, of the Colonial Fisheries, Boston,
and the ewp which he presented to the skipper of the
winning vessel.

The International Races are destined to live on ean-
vas if the artistic delineations of C. R. Patterson are
given the place they deserve. Patterson is one of the
best marine artists we know and possesses both the
technique and the nice appreciation of color values to
be found in the true artist. He sailed on several of the
racing schooners and made numerous paintings and
sketches. The fishing industry has made a distinet
gain in securing the interest of such a capable portray-
er of its manysided and colorful life.

A most retiring personality is Arthur H. Zwicker of
Lunenburg, managing owner of the ‘‘Bluenose’’.
Though keeping himself in the background, he put a
great deal of time, energy and money into making the
races a success and was one of the real organizers of
the event.

C\Wh/am,

UA

Wake Up. Canada!

Need of Co-operation and Publicity in Gaining Foreign Trade.
By PISCATOR.

What particular effort are our fish producers mak-
ing to establish themselves in foreign markets? With
the exception of the salmon packers of. British Col-
umbia who last year sent Lieut.-Col. F. H. Cunningham
on a boosting campaign in Great Britain and the con-
tinent, what money have we been spending to culti-
vate a demand for Canadian fish? Is it not a fact that
individual firms are relying solely upon chance orders
from abroad and depending entirely on the quality
and price of commodity to develop the trade? While
quality and price are undoubtedly infinitely important
in meeting competition, publicity is just as essential.
There you have the trinity of foreign trade—quality,
price and publicity.

Let me give you a practical illustration: Our canned
fish has become well established in South Africa and
we have gained a fair hold on the market supply
because we have met competition in price and quality
in years gone by and individual firms have established
good selling connections. But beyond the agents and
dealers there is a consuming public and naturally the
wants and whims of the people must be catered to.
Recently, Norwegian firms have launched an extensive
campaign to drive a wedge into the market and even-
tually take our place. Such a campaign would be too
much for an individual firm to tackle, and it would be
unfair to expect it of one house when several stood a
chance to share in the results. So several firms ¢o-
operated and at latest reports their publicity work was
taking effect. What arrangements these firms have
made for the allocation of orders I cannot say, but
there are many ways of settling this question which
immediately suggest themselves to practical business
men.

Another story. Some years ago Australia had an
insatiable appetite for Portuguese sardines. The people
knew no other. A few years ago the Norwegianss
jumped in and by a systematic and active publicity

campaign succeeded in taking the business entirely

away from the Portugese.

But we do not have to go as far as Australia or
South Africa for an object lesson. Right here at home
we see daily on bill boards across the continent Nor-
wegian fish advertisements. I have been trying to ap-
proximate the amount of money these people have
spent in their Canadian campaign alone and would
place it conservatively at $20,000.

Now what Canadian firm, or group of firms, goes to
anything like this extent in getting after foreign busi-
ness? Still there is the story of sardines in Australia,
In years to come do you doubt that this activity on
the part of other fish- -exporting countries is going to
tell?

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Norwegians Putting it Over on Us.

The difficulty with our fish distributors seems
be that they have not learned fully the value of
operation. There are few, if any, Canadian expor
houses that can afford to lavish such prop;
our thirty or forty markets as our competitors
to be doing.’ It is impossible. But it must be
we are to hold a hand in the game at all. Co-o
tive campaigning is the only solution. As a result o
such co-operation last year in sending an agent
Europe, British Columbia salmon eanners seem
disposed of the worrisome surplus they were
in their warehouses. As a result of ¢0-0
western American salmon canners have
appreciably the local demand for the chea
although I believe much better results coul
obtained in this instance from the amount.
reported to have been spent.

Our Canadian firms seem to be jealous of eir (
business secrets to expose even in a general way thei
successes or troubles, for fear of assisting mpet
tor or leaving themselves open to ridicule. That’ ee
poppyeock. You will find that each firm has al
the same experiences. Just the same as in yo
mestic life. You will think of some trifling inei
in your home and in a very confidential way
relate them: toa clase friend, only to find the ;

they are the poe rule. I would go to the
making this statement. If in a very sho
Sunde fish firms on not organize in

a echeral way, our individnal effort is goi
before the force of joint effort on the part of expor
in competing countries.

I should each year appropriate an amount: sd
class of work and proportion it to foreign and dor
tic markets in direct ratio to the allocation. of
business. I should make the appropriation |
iously as | would for rent, fuel, salaries,

advertise my brands in foreign markets, [I sh
co-operation with others exporting a similar art
and boost the Canadian commodity and let my tra
mark come as a secondary consideration, But
were impossible to interest my neighbors 1 should
my bit just the same. If I owned a piece of land
an unbuilt district, do you suppose I would hesitate
to put up a house T desired, simply beeause by so do
T might enhance the value of vacant property adj
ing? Hardly. Well it’s just the same in this

Why should I hesitate to boost my foreign busi
for fear of giving my competitor an odd order?

, 1921, Gr

just one thing more. When it comes to spend-
joney on publicity, there is a proper way to do it.
ur own country, for. example, there are advertis-
ng agencies established, having experts on their staff.
‘These agencies make no charge on the advertiser for
e work they do—at least, no agency that I know of.
Aa hey give you expert service and spend your money
_ to the very best advantage, but the newspapers who
blish your advertising pay for it in the form of
ommission to the advertising agency. Do not attempt
© undertake the job yourself. Every man to his
siness and that is not yours, Leave it to one who
lows how. :

And the same applies in foreign countries. Adver-
ing schemes which would be extremely effective in
» Canada would fall flat in China or some other market.
You must eater to the tastes of thé particular market.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

259

When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
to foree our ideas on others. Meet the prospective
buyer in every way. Now China has superstitions
about certain colors and if you attempted to prepare
literature: or labels without being aware of this
idiosynerasy, you would straightway find yourself in
difficulty. In advertising, as well as in every other
department of export trade, know your market, and
do not make a move until you are certain that you are
acting in a way that is conventional or popular. It
is always advisable to leave the work to those who
know all about it. It is risky for amateurs to tamper
with it.

I should like before long to see the idea of co-opera-
tive campaigning extended. In union there is strength,
and we must be united to meet the united forces of
other producing countries.

It doesn’t pay —

Memoirs of a Gentleman with a Dust-Bin

“OUR OWN CHARLEY.”’

The ‘‘Canadian Fisherman’’ has been highly edified

by the character sketches of great, and near-great, poli-

ticians as outlined by certain anonymous writers in

the three recent books entitled: ‘‘The Mirrors of Down-
ing Street—by the Gentleman with the Duster’’; ‘‘The
Mirrors of Washington’’; and the ‘‘Masques of Ottawa
— by Domino’’. Following our usual aggressive and
up-to-date policy we have secured, at small expense, a
character sketch of our own particular pet cabinet min-
ister by an obscure writer who signs himself as ‘‘The

Gentleman with the Dust Bin.’’

‘He began life as a bare-foot boy and without a stitch
to his baeck—which the most of us did. The spot blessed
y his nativity, to wit, Colquhoun, Ont., was honored
by having our subject named after it and as Charles
— Colquhoun. Ballantyne grew too big for the town, the
latter modestly retired and is no longer to be found in
the Post Office Directory. But there was nothing re-
tiring about Charles.
_ In the days when young Charley seampered around
the cedar swamps and sailed shingle boats in the creek
the germ of an ideal became implanted in his youthful
brain. It was a great ideal and as he split cord-wood
behind the barn, his solitary labors were rendered com-
- panionable by the greatness of his thoughts. It is the
imaginative youth of our glorious Dominion who make
us the mighty nation that we are. .
As he swung the axe or browsed thoughtfully under
the old butter-nut, Charles visioned a great stretch of
___ blue ocean twinkling in the sun. It was a lonesome waste
of water and too suggestive of the present-day Province
__ of Ontario. Charles had a fancy that he would people it
with ships. Ships! Ah, that was the word —a Can-
' - adian ship in every port, on every sea and with a few
on the bottom for good measure. It was merely a boyish
_ faney but when such a faney gets going on a single track
mind, God knows where it will stop.
Charles Colquhoun was a lad of purpose. He wanted
’ to be an Admiral of the type of Drake or Nelson, but,
alas, in our subject’s younger days there was no naval
fleet in Canada pandering to such ambitions. Failing
_ to enter a seafaring career, he went into the paint busi-
ness,

a. -

As the years progressed and our subject prospered
and “‘got on’’ in the world, he commenced realizing a
part of his ambition by accepting the political office of
Harbor Commissioner for the Port of Montreal. This
was in 1907 and C. C. mentally marked the date as his
entry into the sphere of his childhood dreams. In this
office he busied himself preparing the port of Mont-
real for his dream fleet. ~

A staunch Liberal in polities, he strongly favored the
Laurier Navy and was much chagrined when the Con-
servative party ditched the scheme on their taking over
the reins of Government in 1911. However, time works
wonders. The Great War came along and our hero
changed with the times. In 1917 we find him a Cabinet
Minister in the ranks of the Conservatives and holding
in his hands the powers he had long dreamed of—the
Rule and Jurisdiction of the High Seas, the Middle and
the Low, Lord High Admiral. of Canada, Commodore of
the Marine and to complete the tally, the administration
of the Fisheries was thrown in. As Minister of the Naval
Service, Marine and Fisheries, Charles C. Ballantyne
began to clear the decks for action.

A lot of things were slipped over during the hurly-
burly of war and ‘‘our Charley’’ busied himself slip-
ping over his pet hobby. There was nothing cheap about
our Honorable Gentleman’s ideal. A fleet he was going
to ereate and a fleet he created. Sixty-three ships, with
but little excuse for existence, were thrust on to that
twinkling expanse of blue ocean to disorganize legi-
timately established trade lines and render conditions
still worse. Sixty-three ships built in Canada — caus-
ing the establishment of ship-yards that are not likely

260 CANADIAN

to build anything else for many a year to come. Sixty-
three ships to eat their heads off with insurance pre-
miums, tonnage dues and maintenance during a period
when the world is glutted with idle tonnage and when
even a Clyde tramp can’t make expenses. Sixty-three
ships to be painted — Ah, let us pause! The thought
makes us weep for the luckless Canadian citizen who
must pay for Charley’s ideals. :

Of the Navy, we won’t say much. Happily he has not
included this branch in his idealistic developments. Of
the Fisheries — alas! a pathetic tragedy of neglect
stands to be revealed.

With the creation of his dream argosy blocking all
other demands, the idea of developing a natural resour-
ce like the Canadian fisheries never entered his head or
caused him one single moment of thought. There was
no great honor to be gained in improving the cure of
codfish or pickled herring, or in enlarging the market
for the fisherman’s product at home or abroad. The
petty details of administration bored him; the fisher-
men’s pleas for assistance annoyed him — the poten-
tialities of the 57 varieties of fish to be found in Can-

FISHERMAN November, 192'
adian waters were as nought to the 68 varieties of shi
he was launching into the said waters. Sara

In his administration of Marine, Naval Service
Fisheries, the Honorable Ballantyne has shown him
to be a true statesman. He has utilized his heb
make himself remembered by for all time just as
Mackenzie and Mann with their railroads. His si
ness of purpose is to be commended; his minist
dignity and absolute lack of interest in fishery ma
bespeaks the Canadian Cabinet Minister running ~
to form. coca

Next month, if the stars in their courses tell me
my dust bin will be ready to receive him.
the cblivion of private life he may retire as one
hath accomplished a boyhood’s ideal. And by the
log o’ nights he ean visualize the argosy of sixty:
blunt-stemmed tramps — threads of the warp and
of his dream fabrie — squelching along the sea
and carrying conerete (and unprofitable) evi
his ambition to many ports. Ah, that we all could
The Gentleman with the Dust 1

complish thus the proud fancies of youth! |

Migration of Mackerel

The Commissioner of Fisheries for Nova Scotia Takes
issue with .Prof. Prince.

By M. H. NICKERSON.

I was greatly surprised last summer when told by a
member of the biological board that the yearly long
distance migration of mackerel was still an open ques-
tion! We afterwards debated the point in sundry rapid
firing notes, which may have gone wide of the mark on
either side. At last I suggested bringing the case before
the indisputable authorities, the professionals, not the
professors. My apponent dissented on the ground that
such an appeal would settle nothing and might lead to
endless wrangling. So I agreed to drop it.

Now I encounter a new surprise cf the same nature in
a recent address by Dr. E. E. Prince, my esteemed friend
and messmate once on a lobster commission cruise by
sea, an occasion still pleasantly remembered. He as-
sured a large gathering of his outside staff at Charlot-
tetown that the belief in a northerly coastwise niovement
of mackerel in the spring, and their return in the fall,
was wholly groundless. In fact he declared the story
was untrue; those fish only came landward from deeper
soundings, and went back again in due season! At that
same time Dr. Prince admits that neither he nor any
member of the board had personally investigated the
subject. They. propose beginning the study next year!

This notion could only be entertained by those who,
never having seen mackerel schooling, are not aware
that such fish in their long journey swim on the surface,
and therefore their course can be followed by sight,
which, is everywhere customary with the seiners, In
order to avoid the slightest approach to personal allu-
sion, I shall call that idea the bookish theory, for it has
no place in actual practice. It is on a par with the as-
sertion that one vast school of mackerel line up in the
spring off Hatteras and begin the northward move.
That is a pure invention. Hundreds of schools are in
motion at the same time, scattered widely over the
water, but always maintaining the common coastwise
trend. Stationed at a given point off Barnegat, Fire
Island, Nantucket or George’s shoal, the observer in

clear weather might watch numerous bodies f
kerel passing by during more than a month, none of
heading for the land, but at varying distances
some making in the direction of Race Point,
from Nantucket, while others strike across the
tween the above shoal and Brown’s Bank, where Ca
Barkhouse reported their first’ appearance last
thus enabling the Lockeport drifters to go out
day and ambush the advance guard. his is no |
conjecture, no lesson from the library shelves. —
helped to trail those schools for purse-seining,
lay off a drag-seine from some projecting Nova
ledge, where the same raft of fish could be watehe
hours from a high lookout steadily trimming the ec
line down the South Shore to reach the North
haunts. The trailing seiner may keep the q
sight for hours, a whole tide in fact, without
chance to make a set. The rafts, schools and pods(
to denote respectively the bulk of the volume) are
ly marked in all their progress, the ruffle of their
resembling a tide-rip, or a puff of wind ealled
paw on a calm sea. They all tend in one general
tion, as accurately ascertained as is the

of passage, there being a striking similarity
two swarmings.

Be it noted we are now discussing the habits
kerel, not their anatomy or their scales as compa
those of other species. To correlate the moven
habitats of mackerel and herring is to commit an
gious blunder. The latter never go so far south, a
the summer months immense shoals of sea herring
lazily off the Cape Shore, just shifting their po:
with ebb and flood, while the regular run of adult
kerel pass by in May and June, to appear no ma
that locality till four months afterwards, when 1
take the back track to Pimlico Sound. Where are |
in the interval? We should not hazard an opinion

mber, 1921,

founded on observation. I could never tell how a
idge would act in the bush if I only knew that bird
ipling and dissecting it at the dinner table. When
1 asked the reason mackerel should journey 1,200
iles northward every year, I might reply that those
act, not by reason but by instinct; and that myste-
s attribute of the lower animals, including mackerel,
t under review at present. A fairer way of meet-
‘such query would be to ask in turn for what reason
ms or swallows should come from the Everglades of
rida for a spring and summer vacation in Acadia,/and
back in the autumn. Or better still, why should
a-fowl make an annual pilgrimage from Delaware Bay
» the Labrador bluffs? This trekking both by sky and
is equally obvious and undeniable, always leaving
ew laggards behind, like that solitary find by Capt.
us, — stragglers that fall out of the ranks from
cause and breed in odd places along the route; but
‘it is extremely rash to conclude thence that there is no
ial rendezvous for nesting and spawning.
‘The bookish theory takes no cognizance of the return
‘arming in the fall. Last month a fleet of hookers and
iners were working among the schools of number ones
st making up in the ‘‘bend’’ of Prince Edward Is-
. Weeks later those fish oceur, on the back track,
various points in succession on the Nova Sectia shore,
progress being always westerly. Traps at Canso,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

261

Sambro, Tanecook, Hubbards, Liverpool and Cape Negro
get their takes in regular turn, one after the other. Last
of all Barnstable Bay enjoys the fall run. All this
amounts to a demonstration, but there is substantial
proof beside. Some of the above traps are kept setting
all summer for other kind of bait. In most places the
water is shoal enough to see bottom. Where are the
spawners and milters then, and how can we aecount for
their appearance on the verge of cold weather? Here is
an unbroken chain of observation carried all the way
around the configuration of the coast by such renowned
mackerel kings as Capt. Sol Jacobs and Capt. Reuben
Cameron. Is it possible their views are mere moon-
shine?

I am glad the board intends to sail in quest of first
hand knowledge next year. The situation has in it a
spice of humor. Here is the department writing into its
records the findings of two of its paid agencies of re-
search, which differ by whole diameters, — as opposite
to each other as the poles. A final decision must be
reached and accepted before long. I am firmly of opin-
ion that it would sustain Capt. Barkhouse’s reports in
every particular. If the academicians are correct, the
mackerel scout should be withdrawn as a useless append-
age. If on the contrary, the seamen on watch can be
trusted to know a thing when they see it, the log-book
must be our guide rather than the lecture.

THE PRODUCT OF PROGRESS.

_ When Prehistoric Man, squatting before his crude
fire some eight thousand years ago, first noticed that
_ some queer stones used in lining his rough oven melted
‘in the heat of the flame, and could be moulded into new
shapes, he achieved the first step in the product of
the steam engine, the skyscraper, the automobile, arti-
jal freezing and refrigeration.

Every age since has added its share to human pro-
Bress, and every era there has been, accomplished
forces of work, whose efforts have hardly survived
their own time. Only those with the proper solid
mndation of fact, past experience and foresight have

end .
This is equally as true ‘of the Ammonia Industry—
itself no small force in the building of civilization—as
all other lines of industry.
A number of years ago, pioneers of the Ammonia
Industry dreamed of great opportunities for Canada,
but like most pioneers, they realized only the work
and the heartache without ever realizing the goal for
which their efforts had been directed.
At that time the principal industries of Canada were
thoroughout the East and Central part, and Toronto
was chosen as their place of endeavour. The efforts
men met with varying success for a short time,
ally resulted in failure. The Company was
‘re-org! but again the time was not ripe, and
ailure was the result.
e Some thirty years ago, the present management,
believing with their ehav indies of this business and
their past experience, that they could safely guide this
‘industry through the Rocks or Commeree, fell heir to
plant and machinery, which was none too good.
iderable money was spent with a view of improv-
th the product and the service.
ears there was an uphill struggle, but
is a0 Canada and her industries grew, likewise

and

did the Ammonia Industty progress, and at Toronto
was built a most modern plant for the manufacture of
Anhydrous and Aqua Ammonia.

This plant, the largest exclusively Ammopia Proving
Plant in the British possessions, equipped complete
with new and most improved machinery, guided by
men of experience and knowledge of the business, is
now classed among the important industries.

It is to be remembered, of course, that this suecess
has been achieved only at heavy expenditure of
money, energy, and knowledge, but the business is
firmly established and consumers of Anhydrous Am-
monia know well that they can buy at home a pro- ’
duct which excells in quality,

“‘Service,’’ a word often used, is not always fully
appreciated. For the convenience of their customers
the Canadian Ammonia Co., Limited, has established
resident distributors of ‘‘Excelsior’? Anhydrous Am-
monia and Aqua Ammonia, in all the large cities of
Canada and Newfoundland, extending to the econ-
sumers a privilege and service, which are not fre-
quently equaled.

Canadian Ammonia Co., Limited, chartered by the
Dominion Government, operates its plant in Toronto,
and manufactures its products from Canadian raw
materials with Canadian labor, and should therefore
have the hearty support of every consumer of Am-
monia, both large and small. Its business connections
are not only limited to the Dominion, but through un-
ceasing efforts its products as ‘‘Made in Canada’’ are
exported to many foreign countries, thereby helping
to build up our foreign trade, for which Canadian
Manufacturers are striving.

By using “MADE IN CANADA” Ammonia, you
will eventually boost your own business and increase
the value of your dollar.

A Greater Industrial Canada—Let’s pull together,
and use “MADE IN CANADA” goods when possible.

WHO’S WHO IN THE FISHING WORLD.

MOSES H. NICKERSON,
Commissioner of Fisheries for Nova Scotia.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

One of the outstanding personalities in the Fishing
Industry of Nova Scotia is Moses H. Nickerson, at
present holding the office of Commissioner of Fisheries
for the Province. Mr. Nickerson is not only a per-
sonality of unusual ability, but he is something of
an institution in the Bluenose province fisheries—an
originator of ideas, an organizer, a caustic critic and
an aggressive promoter of what he deems is best for
the industry of his native shores. There are many
persons who do not agree with Mr. Nickerson’s
theories; they characterize them as being too radical,
but the same is said of most men who are bold enough
to advance their ideas without regard to whose corns
they may be tramping on in the advancement. Never-
theless we know enough of Mr. Nickerson to believe

that he is sincere in his ideals and his tremendous -

energy throughout the years in the promotion of his

theories, deserve respect from all who know him, per-
sonally or otherwise.

Moses Nickerson, however, is not a theorist when
fishery matters are concerned. He knows the industry
from the ground up, having toiled with hand-line, net,
lobster-trap and trawl to earn the wherewithal to live.
The son of a fisherman who came of Puritan New
England stock and whose forbears migrated from
Massachusetts to Barrington, N.S., in 1765. Mr.
Niekerson first saw the light in the little Cape Island
village of Neweltown in 1847. His father was an edu-
eated man and taught school between fishing seasons;
his mother possessed qualities of culture which com-
manded the respect of the pioneers in the little settle-
ment in which they lived.

It is interesting to note that our subject’s maternal
grandfather was a first cousin of John Howard Payne,
author of ‘‘Home, Sweet Home’’ and that his family

November, 1921.

are the nearest known relatives to that famous
songster. 3
When young Nickerson was eight, the family moved
to an outlying island beyond reach of schooling. The
Family Bible, The Pilgrim’s Progress, Fox’s Book of ~
Martyrs—an orthodox Puritan library—and Unele |
Tom’s Cabin constituted. his sole intellectual resources _
and the perusal of these four volumes exercised a con- _
siderable influence upon his mannef of thought and
feeling. The training of his mind was solely parental
but by the time he had reached the age of fourteen
he had become an omnivorous reader, a lover of good ~-
poetry and a student of foreign languages. At that age
he could converse fluently in French; two years later
he was reading the Odes of Horace and the Georgies
of Virgil, and by the time he had reached man’s estate
he was corresponding in Italian with a friend in Pal-
ermo, and had an intimate acquaintance with verse and
prose in the original German, Latin and Greek besides
being able to enjoy Hebrew transcripts of Biblical
history. F
In a little fishing village, a man with such intellee-
tual attainments gravitated naturally into the profes-
sion of teaching school. But young Nickerson loved
books more for the pleasure to be found within their
covers than for the purpose of imparting knowledge
to the juvenile brain, and he loved the sea with its
fascination for the cultured mind. Teaching held him
only in spells; at other times he went mackeral sein-
ing, halibuting, shore fishing, and occasionally shipped
on freighting schooners to Boston and other Atlantie
coast ports. When twenty-one, he married and settled
in Clark’s Harbor, N.S. 4
There is a fifty year stretch from then until the —
present time and for Mr. Nickerson it was fifty years
of ceaseless activity in many directions. From teach-
ing school and fishing, and a year spent in West Vir-
ginia stringing telegraph wires, he became a reporter —
for the Halifax ‘‘Chronicle.’’ Then he entered the —
employ of the Portland Packing Company at Clark’s
Harbor as book-keeper and pay-master and recalls that
they put up 15,000 cases of 1-lb talls of lobster in one
year at that factory. For seven years he remained
with the Packing Company and left to enter journalism
again with a good grounding in the business of lobster
packing and the science of the lobster. As editor of .—
the Cape Sable Advertiser, Mr. Nickerson steered its
fortunes until, after four years of strenuous existence,
it gained nothing but a reputation for plain dealing _
and pointed remark—a reputation, by the way, which
does not pay with country newspapers. _Our subject
then established ‘‘The Coastguard’’ at Yarmouth—a
paper designed to uphold the interests of the fisheries— _
and among the many matters which it advocated were
cold storages and bait-freezers and the barring of Nor-—
wegian vessels from the Canadian coasting trade. —
While on ‘‘The Coastguard,’’ Mr. Nickerson becatme a
member of the Shellfish Commission of 1898 investigat-_
ing the conditions of the lobster fishery and some of
his recommendations were put into effect. fe
In 1902, Mr. Nickerson was elected to the Nova —
Scotia Legislature as a member for Shelburne and
about the same time he organized the Fishermen’s—
Union of Nova Scotia—a co-operative organization of -
hoat-owning fishermen enrolled for the purpose of —
securing gear and supplies at the lowest prices and
marketing their products to-the best advantage. The
Union remained active for a considerable period but —
latterly became inactive through causes, economic and

November, 1921.

human, which obtain in organizations of all kinds, and
which possibly the world is not yet ready to accept.
After a second term in the Legislature, Mr. Nickerson
was appointed Dominion Inspector of Atlantic Coast
Life Saving Stations—a post which he held until the
office was abolished in 1915. His interest in ‘‘The
Coastguard’’ was disposed of and the paper was
absorbed by the Shelburne ‘‘Gazette,’’ and Mr. Nic-
kerson went to reside with members of his family
in Boston. His last public office came in his appoint-
ment as Commissioner of Fisheries for Nova Scotia
in 1920.

All his life, Mr. Nickerson has been a prolific cor-
respondent and writer upon matters pertaining to the
fisheries—scientific, legislative or otherwise. Thopgh
well past man’s allotted span in years ‘‘his eyes are
not dim, nor his natural strength abated.’’ He rises
early and works late and thinks nothing of a five hour’s
trick at the typewriter, and should he be crossing
verbal swords with a correspondent of divergent views,
he will spare neither time or effort to sustain his ar-
gument and prove that of his opponent to be fallacious.
Brought up as a fisherman, Mr. Nickerson’s view-point

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

268

is naturally that of the worker on the waters, and
though possessed of extraordinary powers in the ability
to digest the best in the world’s varied literature and
with a taste for the exotic, also the ability to meet
and converse with great men upon problems social and
economie, yet he has devoted most of his time and
talents to solving the difficulties and standing cham-
pion for the fishermen of Nova Scotia. Many bio-
graphers would deplore his provincialism in this re-
spect, but a man’s work is where his heart dictates.

Our subject’s ability with the pen; his clarity of
memory; his energy and aggressive style lead us into
the hope that he will find time and opportunity to
record something of permanent literary value in the
history of Nova Scotia, touching not only upon fishery
developments, but upon other matters within the long
span of his memory. Moses Nickerson is too well
known and has been too mueh of.an institution in his
native province to permit of his passing without leav-
ing to future generations a permanent record of the
events of his time. Though seventy-four years young,
we wish him good health, many friends, and continued
ability to wield a trenchant pen.

**Acadia’’ Valve-in-Head Four-Cylinder--Four-Cycle 40 H.P.

Marine Engine

The latest addition to the engine family of Acadia
Gas Engines, Limited, Bridgewater, N.S., is the
**Acadia’’ Valve-in-Head, 4-cylinder, 4-cycle, 40 H.P.
Marine Engine, illustration of which is shown on the
next page.

This ‘‘Acadia’’ Four-cylinder Heavy Duty Motor
has been designed, constructed and tested to meet the
many requirements of those branches of marine ser-
vice where the utmost reliability—consistency of per-
formance — ease of handling —freedom from break-
down—fuel and general efficiency are positively de-
manded. The very best tried and proven engineering
principles have been closely followed, and the large
bore and stroke, with a relatively low rotative speed,
and the large, slow-turning propeller are distinctive of
the Acadia Heavy Duty Power Plant. © Durability,
Accessibility and Efficiency are the features which
satisfy the most exacting customer, as a glance must
prove.

The special feature of accessibility are removable
Valves in Cages; removable Cylinder Heads, giving
quick access to the Cylinders and Pistons for the re-
moval of carbon deposits. Through the combination
of the removable head and easy access to the Crank
Case, the Connecting Rods and Pistons are readily
removed through the top of the cylinder without dis-
turbing the Cylinders. A removable Cam Shaft
through the side of the Base is a special feature, and
every provision has been made for convenient inspec-
tion and adjustment, Large doors on the Crank Case
and Reverse Gear Housing afford easy access to the
Bearings, and immediate adjustments to the Reverse
Gear Passovers are provided for leading the water to
the Cylinder Heads, thereby preventing water from
entering the Gylhders,

The efficiency of this design has undergone the
most rigid tests which showed at least ten per cent
more power than the rating, and economy in fuel
consumption reduced to a minimum.

The lubrication is mechanical and positive. A Com-
pression Relief Lever is provided for holding open
the Exhaust Valves to enable easy starting. A Slow-

Mr. W. T. Ritcey, President and General Manager
Acadia Gas Enegines, Limited.

down Device operating the Intake Valves is a special
feature of this engine.

Since Acadia Gas Engines, Ltd., was first organized
in 1908 by the present General Manager and Presi-

=
4
264 CANADIAN FISHERMAN November, 1921.
dent of the company, Mr. W. T. Ritcey, they have in Canada, and, we believe, are the only manufacturers ;
speedily increased and advanced from a small local in this country who are building an engine of the size
concern to the largest manufacturers of marine engines illustrated in Canada. .

4

rs ar

“Acadia” 40 H.P. Heavy Duty Four-Cycle.

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Cooling Room of a British Columbia Salmon Cannery.

ey REL a Pe et ——-

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CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Acadia Engines :: :: Always Dependable

Two and Four Cycle
GASOLENE AND KEROSENE

Quality Counts

ACADIA GAS ENGINES, LIMITED

Head Office and Factory - - . BRIDGEWATER, NOVA SCOTIA
Branch Office and Warehouse - - - ST. JOHN’S NEWFOUNDLAND

86

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

“ACADIA” ENGINES

4 Cycle 6/2x8 Heavy Duty.

Four-cycle Engines built in following sizes.
2 cyl. 12-16 H.P.; 4 cyl. 40-60 H.P.; 1 cyl. 8-10 H.P.;
2 cyl. 18-20 H.P.; 3 cyl. 30 H.P.; 4 cyl. 40 H.P.
Heavy duty Engines built for Port and Starboard use.

62 H.P. 2-cycle Front View 16 H.P. 2-cycle Starboard View

Two-cycle Engines built in sizes 3 to 24 H.P.

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CANADIAN FISHERMAN

269

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528 Winch Building, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

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i : Pacific Coast REN BC24
Section

“The Canadian Fisherman,’’ Pacific Coast Branch, will be glad to have inquiries from any one who wishes
information in any way connected with the fishing industry. We would also appreciate items of fishing news

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Address communications to F. E. Payson, Pacific Coast Representative, Industrial & Educational Press, Ltds

(Computed up to November 18th, 1921).

SHOWING APPROXIMATE SALMON PACK—BRITISH COLUMBIA—SEASON 1921.

All Varieties

Blue-

District Sockeye Springs backs Cohoes Pinks Chums Steelhead Total
District No.1 ......... 34,911 16,615 1,432 23,384 8,052 5,857 6 90,257
District No. 2

me, Naas River ........ 9,365 2,102 -- 8,236 29,488 2,176 400 51,767

Skeena River ...... 40,981 20,890 —~ 45,038 124,455 1,993 480 233,832
Smith’s Inlet and

} Rivers Inlet ...... 49,711 408 -- 4,784 5,336 171 97 60,507

Outlying districts .. 14,914 4,258 ~- 14,439 13,494 21,192 166 68,463

District No.3 ........ 12,956 3,656 5,482 10,542 10,303 31,391 =. 74,830

0 SES Daa 162,838 47,929 6,914 106,418 191,128 62,780 1,149 579,156

B.C. RATE.CASE OF INTEREST TO PACKERS
OF CANNED SALMON AND FROZEN FISH.

- The hearings held by the Board of Railway Commis-
“sioners throughout the western provinces recently was
) participated in by a representative of the salmon can-
* ners when the commissioners sat in Vancouver. What
‘is known as the B. C. Rate case was handled by the
British Columbia government solicitor who was appoint-
ed some time ago to appear at all sittings of the Com-
‘missioners in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan
‘and Manitoba.

It is hoped that lower rates to the east may result
‘from the representations made to the Commissioners on
‘all varieties of fish handled by freight.

FIRST ARRIVAL OF EAST COAST SALT FISH
IN VANCOUVER FOR 1921.

The first distribution of a mixed ear of salt fish from
the Atlantic coast started Thursday, November 10. This
car contained two-pound bricks of salt cod, 50 lb. boxes
of whole salt cod and salt herring in barrels.

ROUGH TIMES ON THE PACIFIC.

Some of the fishermen contend that the past few
weeks has been the roughest on the Pacific for some
years. Many of the smaller fishing boats had tough
trips and got more or less smashed up. Some of them
were caught in sudden gales and had a hard time mak-
ing shelter. But most of these two fisted men say it is
just seasonable weather and what is to be expected at
this time of the year,

270. (90)

CLOSED SEASON IN No. 1 DISTRICT,
BRITISH COLUMBIA.

Beginning Friday night, at midnight, November 11,
number one fishing district in British Columbia will be
closed until next spring. This district includes the
Fraser River and Howe Sound.

Knowing that the closed season was due the buyers
were out in full force and were bidding strongly for the
fish that were being offered.’

WEST COAST SALT FISH PLANTS GETTING
IMPROVED FERRY SERVICE THIS YEAR.

Packers of salt fish on the West Coast of Vancouver
Island report a much improved steamer service be-
tween their plants and Vancouver this year. This is of
great help to this branch of the fishing industry and
enables the firms to plan their shipments to a much
better advantage.

PRINCE RUPERT ITEMS.
The car supply is still keeping up with the demand.

During the first few days of October, the weather
in this district was exceptionally stormy and the na-
tural result was a short supply of fresh halibut and
very high prices prevailing. Although the weather
has kept on being bad in this vicinity during the whole
month, the weather on the Western banks of Alaska
has been reasonably good and the large Seattle
schooners have been filling the bill pretty well with
fresh halibut during the last three weeks and the
prices-now ruling are more normal. Prices for prime
halibut to fishermen ranged from 10 to 20.6 cents early
in October.

Mr. W. J. Cash, Resident Manager for Booth Fish-
eries Company of Canada, Limited, along with his
family, took a three weeks vacation, visiting Van-
couver, Seattle, and returned by rail via Calgary and
Edmonton. During his absence, Mr. Kirkendal, of
Booth’s Seattle office carried on the manager’s work
at this port.

Sinelair Fisheries, Limited, have secured the contract ©

to handle the catches of the Seattle schooner
*“‘Seandia,’’ this schooner is owned by the National
Independent Fisheries Co. of Seattle,, and is fishing on
the Company’s lay. It is expected that she will land
most of her trips in Prince Rupert during the Winter
months and they will be packed and loaded by the
Sinelair Co.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

_ November, 1921

The New England Fish Company’s Motor Ship 5
Washington, arrived from Ketchikan during the month —
with a shipment of boxed fresh halibut for Eastern
shipment. The shipment was handled through the
plant of Atlin Fisheries, Limited. ‘The Washington
is used primarily for the’ transportation of frozen’
from the New England plant at Ketchikan for ship
ment East through the ports of Prince Rupert and
Vancouver and this is the first time a cargo of
fish has been brought to Prince Rupert on ae 1

All of the Canadian Fish and Cold Storagé |
pany’s steamers are now temporarily tied up, and
have no vessels working on the Company lay.
gas schooner ‘‘Chief Skugaid’’ went out durin;
month to fish on the Independent lay, Capt. D. Ce
is master on this vessel.

The small Prince Rupert schooner ‘‘St. Eloi” oR F
wrecked on the 27th and became a total loss, but for- 4
tunately her crew were all able to get pais and
there were no lives lost. :

Mr. H. ©. Nunan, formerly Manager for Atlin Fish.
eries, Limited, here and now Manager for the New
England Fish. Company, Ketchikan,’ passed through —
this port on a vacation visit to his old home town an
Massachusetts, this is Mr. Nunan’s first visit to_ fie
home town in ten years.

On Oct. 6th, the second vessel for the Candies Gh
ernment Merchant Marine, was launched from the
Wallace yards in this port, she was in a far advanced
staged of completion when launched and it is expected
she will be ready for sea some time next-week. Sh
was named the ‘‘Canadian Britisher’’ and is the las
vessel to be built at the local yards for the presen
building program of the Canadian Government.

At St. John, N.B., the Booth Fisheries Canadian Co
pany closed its cannery for the season on account fo
the lack of sardines. The company has sent its boats
all along the coast as far as Grand Manan, but it has
not been successful in securing any fish recently. Th
eompany did not succeed in securing so large a quantity
of fish as was anticipated but its average was well

to that of the other factories of the same kind along

Atlantic coast. It is not expected that the factory
be reopened until early next summer. The closing o
this factory throws approximately 150 We iain ou
of work. }

5x7 Mounted 50c.

37 Sackville Street

PHOTOGRAPHS OF ALL THE SCHOONERS |

Which took part in the Nova Scotia and International Fishing Schooner
Races are on sale at the following prices forwarded by mail to any address:—

8x10 Mounted $1.25.

COMMERCIAL PHOTO SERVICE

11x14 Mounted $1.75.

HALIFAX, N.S. |

CANADIAN

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

VOL. VII GARDENVALE, P.Q., DEC. 1921 pees NO. 12

|} WHITT -

Meats Vegetables Milk
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Lamps of all types, Sea Island Cotton Gilling Nets,
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Board of Trade regulations, Pound Nets, Drag Seines, Dip Nets,
Life Jackets, Ring Buoys, Minnow Seines, Trammel Nets,
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CANADIAN

FISHERMAN

271

So's a

NOW IS THE TIME TO ACT!

WANTED by the Canadian Fishing
Industry, a Department of Fisher-
ies distinct from Marine, Naval or
other affiliation. Also a Deputy Min-
ister in charge who will have direct
access to the Minister.

For a whole year we have inserted the above ‘‘ Want
Ad.’’ and made it the subject of our leading editorial.
& * ad

We feel that the time has now arrived when our
desires can be granted.
na * *

The old administration that has been swept away
opened the flood-gates of the deluge themselves by
their autocratic methods and utter disregard of the
needs of the people and the country.

* * *

Canada is a land of certain great natural resources.
By these must we grow to nationhood and wealth.
* * &

Government administrations pertaining to natural
resources must be regarded as important portfolios
backed to the limit by the Government.

* od »

We regard the fisheries as one of the most important.
* *

Therefore we feel that all arguments are on our side

when we ask for an able and well-versed Minister of,

Marine and Fisheries, a Fisheries Department distinct
from any other departmental affiliation, and a Deputy
Minister in charge of same.

* * *

Our demands are reasonable.
SEE THAT YOU GET IT!

The Canadian Fisheries Association and the CANA-
DIAN FISHERMAN have done all they can to secure
an efficient and responsible Fisheries Administration

FW WALLACE &

NEWS AND VIEWS

ON FISH AND FISHERIES

Frederick William Wallace -

Editor-in-Chief

at Ottawa.

It is now up to you, Mr. Reader, to do
your share,

The Canadian Fisheries Association, some three or
four: years ago, made a survey of conditions in the
Canadian fishing industry and decided unanimously
that the fisheries of the Dominion required a Depart-
ment of Fisheries under the administration of a Deputy
Minister of Fisheries. :

At that time, the Fisheries was administered by the
Deputy Minister of Naval Service and the department
was merely a branch of his department. Later on,
as a stop-gap to our requests, it was taken from Naval
Service and placed under the jurisdiction of the Marine *
Department with the Deputy Minister of Marine as
officer in charge. Our highest administrative official
is the Superintendent of Fisheries, who is denied access
to the Minister, but must comport himself according
to the wishes of the Naval or Marine Deputy. This
will explain why the Canadian treasury can pour mil-
lions into the Marine and Naval Departments, and
provide the Fisheries Department with just enough to
keep it alive.

The recently defeated Minister of Marine and Fish-
eries was well aware of our desires, and at one time
we pinned our hopes on his making the necessary
change. But, allured by other affairs, he dropped
any proposed activity in fishery matters, and refused
to do anything. His lack of interest in his Depart-
ment of Fisheries has been suitably rewarded.

At a recent meeting, the Directors of the Canadian
Fisheries Association, again passed the following re-
solution :-—

WHEREAS the requirements of the Fishing In-
dustry of Canada and the future of our great fishery
resources demand that the Fisheries Department be
separated from that of Marine, and a Deputy Min-
ister of Fisheries should be appointed to administer
the Fisheries and devote all his time and energy to
its promotion and development;

272

BE IT THEREFORE RESOLVED that the Cana-
dian Fisheries Association respectfully requests the
new Government to make the necessary change that
a new era in fisheries administration and develop-
ment be established.

Copies of this resolution have been forwarded to the
Premier-elect, to Boards of Trade in fishery districts
and to Association branches.

You, Mr. Reader, if you are interested in the Fishing
Industry of Canada, can help it and yourself by wiring
or writing the Premier-elect, Hon. W. L. Mackenzie
King, and the local member for your constituency, ask-
ing them for their consideration and endorsement of
the above resolution—a resolution which embodies the
wishes of the whole Canadian Fishing Industry.

NATIONAL FISH DAY
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY ist, 1922

The Publicity Committee of the Canadian Fisheries
Association have set Wednesday, February 1st, 1922,
as National Fish Day.

The trade are urged to bring this day before the
public as prominently as possible. The following are
the means suggested :—

(1) Cireulars to customers.

(2) Advertising in the local papers.
(3) Special window displays.

(4) Posters.

The Association will enlist the aid of the Publicity
Department of the Marine and Fisheries Department
at Ottawa and will see that hotels, restaurants and
railway dining car services feature the event.

Wholesale distributors should begin now by having
a rubber stamp made :—

NATIONAL FISH DAY,
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY Ist, 1922.
EAT MORE FISH AND HELP
DEVELOP CANADA’S FISHERIES.

This should be stamped upon all outgoing mail, in-
voices, price lists, envelopes, etc.

In all publicity, it will be well to avoid the phrase
that fish is cheaper than meat. Fish should be eaten
for itself alone and not from either economy or as a
charitable duty to aid the fisheries. Good fish, well
cooked, will hold its own with any food. Reliability,
digestive properties, reasonable price, and great range
of varieties should be emphasized.

GO TO IT AND
MAKE THE DAY A SUCCESS !

THE SEINE-NET BOOM IN THE BRITISH
FISHERIES

Something of a revolution in fishing methods has
taken place in the British fisheries by the adoption
of the seine-net gear. Boats are being fitted up to
use the seine and the manufacturers and outfitters are
being swamped with orders; good stocks have been
made by eraft employing the new gear, and it is re-
ported that the future of the steam trawler is seriously
affected by the new innovation.

Successful application of the seine by Danish fish-
ermen in catching flatfish, cod and other ground-fish,
the low eost of operation by using smaller boats and

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

- coils the whole length of the rope on board the vessel.

December, 1921.

fewer men, opened the eyes of British fishermen to its —
possibilities.

The following article on the subject of seine net fish- g
ing taken from the British ‘‘Fishing News’’ describes —
the gear and the method of operation :—

‘‘Seine net fishing is quite different from trawling.
The net is not pulled after the vessel as is the otter
trawl. The net consists of two arms, provided with
a bag in the middle, and the method of working it ©
can best be likened to that practised by the salmon —
fishermen on a river like the Dee. One end of the
warp (or rope) is held by a salmon fisherman on the —
bank of the river, while another member of the crew —
rows into the middle of the ‘stream and drops the net, ©
which spreads out lengthwise, the warp attached being
paid out all the time. He then rows back to the bank
again, paying out the warp attached to the other end
of the dropped net. When the bank is reached, both —
warps are steadily hauled in by the crew, who are now —
on the river bank, and who walk towards each other.
By this means the net is gradually closed, and when
both parties meet, and the net is browghe ashore, it is
absolutely closed.

Curve Round a Buoy. or, ~

The same method is adopted in seine net Sidhe the
difference being that instead of the warp being held by
a man on the river bank, which, of course, is ees
at sea, it is attached to a buoy, This buoy i is ke
position by an anchor. The vessel then steams head
in a great curve, paying out 960 fathoms of the warp.
The net, which is 202 feet in length, is then dropped.
The vessel proceeds to steam back, paying out the other
960 fathoms of the warp towards the buoy, where
the two ends of the warp meet. They are then taken’
aboard the vessel through the rope rollers on to the
winch, and thence to the coiler, which automatically

The same pressure, or pull, is maintained on both
ends of the warp so that the net is being steadily drawn
together, and when it arrives at the side of the ves
it is closed.

During the hauling aboard of the net, the en is
lying stationary. After the net is hauled aboard, and |
the catch emptied into the vessel’s hold, the same pro-
cedure is again gone through, the length of time oceu-
pied in doing so being one hour. It is essential in
laying the gear to place it so that the net is hauled
in dead against the tide.

Three Kinds of Net.

The net used is a light cotton one. There are three
kinds of nets—plaice, haddock and cod. One of the
greatest disadvantages of the seine net fishing is that it
requires to be prosecuted in rather fine weather. Up
till now it has not been practised in the dark, owing
the fact that collisions might ensue, as the vessels. are
so frequently sailing in such a big sweep when ;
the net. Another disadvantage of this method of fish
ing is that it cannot be prosecuted with success ii
waters where the sea has a rough bottom.

Gear Required.

This particular method of fishing has been large’
used by the Danes for a good number of years on the
Dogger Bank with tremendous suecess. Motor boats
and steam drifters can be easily adapted for the seine
net fishing. Drifters do not require to be changed
in any shape or form, All that is needed is a special
winch, a rope-coiler, rope rollers, and the laying of a —

December, 1921,

steam pipe from the engines to the winch. The whole
rt ean be either laid aft, amidship, or just at the
ack of the foremast if there is the. necessary room.
: The cost of installing the gear, including net, ete., is
-about £350, as against about £700 in converting a
drifter into a trawler. — Less power is required for
the seine net fishing than for trawling, and it is much
expensive. It is these facts that have commended
adoption by the Scottish fishermen, some of whom
} at present agitating for permission to be allowed
fish within the three-mile limit.
: The Net.
The meshes of the net measure from 314 inches down
2inches. For flat fish, plaice, etc., it measures 40
fathoms i in width between the arms, with the bag 514
fathoms in depth. For round fish, such as haddocks,
., the measurements are 30 fathoms and 8 fathoms

“vessels. wes are now preparing the ways for a new
- schooner to be ealled ‘‘Clintonia’’ for Capt. E. C. Mack.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

273

THANKS.

Mr. Paul J. Garin, representing the CANADIAN
FISHERMAN, desires to thank Messrs. Silver, Gard-
ner, Zwicker, Corkum, and other managers of large
fishing firms in Lunenburg for the courtesies extended
to him while on his reeent visit to the Gloucester of
Canada in the interests of this magazine.

ae ee

Toall our Readers
and Advertisers
A HAPPY XMAS
and
A PROSPEROUS
NEW YEAR.

saasasnasas:
SSUES ES ESSIEN IES ESAS

a |

—

A GOMOSTER INTERESTED IN
DEVELOPING OUR FISHERIES ©

i ae DISTINCT FROM MARINE OR OTHER
AFFILIATIONS.»

Q BEPUTY MIKISTER
: IN CHARGE o

-——

moll
Arana

— FL WAT ACE NN

The Canadian Fisherman Knows what He Wants.

274 CANADIAN

Norwegian Competition in the Cuban
Codfish Market F

Major Hugh Chisholm, Late Trade Commissioner in Havana, voices a warning and suggests a remedy.

On more than one occasion during recent months,
the Weekly Bulletin of the Dept. of Trade and Com-
merce has drawn to the attention of the Canadian fish-
ing interests the immediate danger confronting the
Nova Scotian codfish trade in Cuba owing to Nor-
wegian competition. It was pointed out by the writer
in a July issue of the Weekly Bulletin that, driven
out of Spain by retaliatory tariff legislation, the cod-
fish industry of Norway was now looking to Latin
America for an outlet for export trade, that trade
emissaries had been despatched to Hanava with in-
structions to capture the Cuban market at all costs,
and that already they had been successful in making
serious inroads on the Hanava market. | The fish
importers of Havana assured the writer that, unless
Canadian curing and cleaning methods were changed
so as to produce an article equal in appearance to the
white nape Norwegian cod, in order to keep the
Havana market, Nova Scotian fish would have to sell
for at least $1.00 per hundred pounds below Nor-
wegian. Is the Nova Scotian codfish industry going
to lie down and let this splendid Havana market—
worth from a million to two million dollars annually—
disappear ?

FISHERMAN December, 1921.

|: CIT

fi

ibe nD re

The writer’s investigations in Cuba have been fo! 1-
lowed up this fall in Halifax and Lunenburg, bon
he met both merchants and skippers. It was
that the merchants were fully conversant with the
seriousness of the situation, and had tried to impres:
upon the skippers the necessity of whitenaping and
cleaning carefully cod for the Havana market. Thei
appeals, however, appear to have met with compara
tively little response from the fishermen themselves.
The writer would therefore like to take this opportun-
ity so kindly afforded by the Editor of the Canadian
Fisherman to appeal to all Canadians nbdeented a
the prosperity of one of our greatest industries for
co-operation and organization within the codfish in-
dustry of Nova Scotia so that the appearance as wal
as the quality of our fish will equal the best in an
market. We must either organize this industry
whitenape and ‘clean our cod or sell our fish at such
low prices in markets like Havana that our fisherme
may find other callings more profitable, resulting’
damage to our fishery resources. Proper grading a
packing have made our apples famous in the world’
markets and similar methods in the codfish industry
should soon remove the bogey of Norwegian competi-
tion. c

SCHOONER DONALD J. COOK, OF LUNENBURG,
AFIRE AND ABANDONED AT SEA,

Halifax, N.S., December 19.— The schooner Donald
J. Cook, 99 tons register, of Lunenburg, was abandoned
burning, in latitude 32.59, longitude 58, and her com-
plement of nine persons, including Mrs. Oxner, wife
of Captain Percy Oxner, and Mrs. Ben Peeler, wife
of the vessel’’s cook, are on the steamer San Eduardo,
bound for Puerto, Mexico.

This information was contained in a message re-
ceived at Lunenburg today from the Eduardo.

The Cook was built at Lunenburg in 1918, and was
owned by Ritchie Bros., of Riverport. She was a con-
testant in the recent Nova Scotia Fishermens’ Race.
IMPROVEMENT IN LOBSTER PACKING NOTED.

Demonstrators who went about the lobster canneries
of Prince Edward Island this year, and by means of a
miniature laboratory showed the prevalence of bae-
teria, how it multiplied under unsanitary conditions
and why the germ caused discoloration and inferior
flavor of lobster meat, have convinced the cannerymen
of the seriousness of the situation. So effective has

the educational campaign been that the quality of
lobster output of this district in the fall is declared te
have improved seventy-five per cent a
Similar demonstrations are badly needed in the lob-
ster canneries of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, ane
Dr. A. P. Knight, Chairman of the Biological Bo
urges that the campaign be extended in seope nm
season to take in the whole of the Maritime Provinees
The valuable work, rendered necessary because of im
satisfactory quality being turned out, was conduct e¢
conjointly by the fisheries authorities at Ottawa
the Biological Board of Canada. ;

The draft treaty of 1918 providing international
lations for the protection of the sockeye fishery
Pacific coast has been definitely discarded. W. A
Found, Assistant Deputy Minister of Fisheries has
for the Pacifie coast to endeavor to negotiate wit
Fishery Advisory Board of the State of Washingto )
understanding that will insure joint protection for thi
fishery. It is possible as a result of the partial failur
of the fishery this year that the regulations to rehabili
tate it may be even more drastic than those provided it
the draft treaty of 1918. q

CANADIAN

o

FISHERMAN 27

North American

Codfish

‘ In France

By COLIN McKAY.

_ The Trade Review of St. John’s, Newfoundland,
_ stated in a recent issue that by reason of a prohibitive
_ tariff people in France had to pay from $16.00 to
$17.00 per quintal for cod fish at home, while French
_ fishermen were selling the Italians this very same cod-
' fish for $6.00 to $7.00 per quintal. The Review, re-
_ ferring to the bounties paid by France to the fishing
industry, suggests that ‘‘the time is opportune for
British diplomatists to take up this matter of the un-
fair bounty fed competition with British trade from
a friend and ally in the late war.”’
' It may be true that France is selling cod-fish
_ to Italy at less than half the prices charged her
own people, but it may be doubted that the fish
is of the Canadian grade. In a report of the Com-
missioner in Spain the quotation on French salt cod
- on the Spanish market during the first week of
_ September is given as 75 shillings per 50 kilogs, while
the quotation on Newfoundland small shore cod is
_ given as 70 shillings, on medium shore cod 75 shillings,
- and on Newfoundland Labrador cod as 50 to 52 shil-
_ lings. If the Trade Commissioner has not made an
_ exceedingly unlikely mistake French fish, which, he
_ Says, are mostly soft cured and therefore competing
' with Labrador fish, must, in this case, have been sell-
ing on their merits and not because they-are bounty
fed, and the discrepancy in prices might suggest that
Newfoundland might learn something from the French
_ in the way of preparing fish for the Spanish market.
_ The Trade Review has some such idea, for in the same
issue it says: ‘‘The art of curing fish like it was cur-
ed 30 or 40 years ago is fast being forgotten or neg-
lected in Newfoundland. Those who do not know how
to cure for the high paying Spanish market are now
largely in the majority, but when they see others get-
ting $1.00 more per quintal for their fish they think
they have just ground for grumbling and will not ad-
mit that it is their own fault.’’ The Spanish market
_ offers a considerable variation of prices, for at the
time Labrador cod were quoted at 50 to 52 shillings
per 50 kilos, Norwegian and Scottish cod were quoted
at 85 to 90 shillings, according to the Canadian
Trade Commissioner.

As to prices of salt cod paid in France. In October
salt cod was selling in the Central Market, Paris, at
2 franes per kilo. That on the basis of exchange

then prevailing would figure out at about $16.50
- (Canadian) per metric quintal of 220.5 pounds, or
_ $7.55 per ewt. At the same time in Versailles, not far
_ from Paris, salt cod was quoted at from 3 to 4 franes
' per kilo, or from $11.30 to nearly $16 per ewt. These
_ differences in prices can hardly be attributed to the
_ tariff France imposes on fish, whether or not the
tariff is prohibitive.

There are the differences in the quality of the fish

and the character of the trade catered to, and there
are municipal regulations which impose charges on
business which are reflected in prices.

The Trade Review suggests that the ‘‘British Gov-

ernment should bring pressure to bear financially
upon the French Government to induce them _ to
abandon the insane bounty which gives foreigners

cheaper food than they can get any other way.’’ To
this, the Italian Government might object, if, as the
Review says, France is selling Italy eod at less than
half the price charged French people. And how
about asking the British Government to bring pres-
sure upon Canada to induce it to abandon its present
practice of paying bounties to fishing vessel owners
and fishermen?

The bounty paid Canadian fishermen is really more
of a bonus than that received by the French fisher-
men. In fact, the French Government looks upon the
fishermen’s bounty, which is insignificant, as more in
the nature of a naval retainer; the fishermen receiving
it are obliged to put in a certain amount of training
in the naval reserve, receiving during their training a
few sous per day.

The greater part of the French bounties is paid
to vessel owners on the basis of the export of fish
from France or St. Pierre to foreign countries or
French colonies. The amount paid on this account
has varied from -6,200,000 to 1,300,000 frances a year.
Over the ten-year period just previous to the war the
average was about 3,000,000 francs per year, or
equal to approximately ten per cent. of the value of
the fish exported. The basis of payment is ten
franes per metric quintal on fish exported to ecoun-
tries where a customs’ duties up to ten per cent. is
levied. If the exporter sends fish to a country
where the eustoms duty is over ten per cent., his ex-
port bounty is correspondingly reduced, this provision
of the regulations, apparently being founded on the
belief that while the importer may pay a low duty
the exporter pays a high duty; at any rate it is
designed to discourage trade with countries imposing
a high duty on French products.

With slight modifications the bounty regulations
have been renewed at periods of ten or fifteen years,
and on the last occasion the matter was before the
Chamber of Deputies it was provided that there
should be a successive sealing down of the bounties.
Under this provision the bounties payable in 1922
would be twenty per cent. less than those payable be-
fore the war, or a bonus of eight per cent. on exports.
In 1922 the bounty system is due for another overhaul-
ing, and there will likely be considerable opposition
to their continuance, as France is evidently trying to
work out a fishing policy independent of naval con-
sideration,

276

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

\, = JA

HNN! al Wl mm I)

“mim
PUTT mn

Brine Freezing of Fish

TAYLOR, Chief Te chnologist, U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries,
(Contribution from the Fishery Products Laboratory, Washington, D. C.)

By HARDEN F.

The idea of freezing fish by immersing them directly
in cold brine is not at all new. Patents covering the
principle have lived their lives and expired in both
Europe and America. Nothing came of the early at-
tempts to freeze in brine; perhaps it was because the
development of machinery for producing refrigeration
naturally took precedence over methods of applying
refrigeration, and the simplest possible method of
freezing—that of cold rooms—was used. Most
thoughtful people who are interested in refrigeration
of fish are now of opinion that the time has come
when the emphasis, attention, and effort may profit-
ably be shifted from refrigerating machinery, now so
perfectly developed, to better methods of getting fish
frozen and holding them in that condition until re-
quired for use. That is to say, we may shift our in-
terest for the time from the production of cold to the
application of the cold to the preservation of fish.
It is almost certain that effort in this field will be
well rewarded, for refrigeration promises to afford
the only solution of the great problem of distributing
fish from the sea to distant consumers in first-class
condition.

It is within the past 10 years that interest in brine
freezing has been revived. Within that time several
methods of procedures, more or less alike, all designed
to freeze fish in brine, have been put forth for exploit-
ation. These methods or procedures, most originating
in Europe, have been investigated by various boards
and commissions whose findings have been published.
There is evidence on all sides of the widespread in.
terest in brine freezing and, unfortunately, considerable
misunderstanding of its purposes and application.
The present article is an attempt to give some account
of the present status of brine freezing as applied to
fish. The writer has been identified, from the begin-
ning of the revival of interest in brine freezing, with
the various experiments, trials, and demonstrations
and has recently visited most of the brine-freezing
plants in various parts of the United States.

A convenient approach to the subject will be
through a consideration of the present method of
freezing in ‘‘sharp’’ freezers, or cold rooms.

Small fish are packed in pans, with or without lids,
and the pans are placed on the shelves of refrigerated
pipes in the cold rooms. Larger fish are laid on pipes,
floor, or are suspended in the sharp freezers. The
temperature for sharp freezers in America may be
anywhere up to 82° F. when the freezer is loaded, but
is drawn down usually to between 0° and 20° F. before
the fish are considered frozen, In Europe, according

A are

to various reports, the customary temperatures are
often huch higher. The fish are removed after various
periods and glazed by dipping in cold water once or a
number of times and in a number of ways. The small
panned fish will be stuck together into a solid cake
which is glazed as such. They are then boxed and —
stored or shipped. *

The time of freezing in sharp freezers varies from
less than a day of 24 hours for small fish to two or —
three days for large salmon and halibut. During this —
time the fish may dry out considerably. The reason
for drying is that the vapor pressure (which is merely —
another name for the tendency of moisture to evapo-
rate from moist bodies) is higher when temperature
is higher and lower when temperature is lower. Now
when the fish are introduced into cold rooms they are
the warmest bodies in the room and have consequently —
the highest vapor pressure. The pipes are the eold
part of the room, and have, in consequence, the lowest
vapor pressure. The moisture of vapor travels from —
the point of high pressure (the fish) to the point of
low pressure (the pipes). This evaporation of water
from the fish, while usually not a very serious mat
for short periods of freezing, nevertheless constitu
one of the objections to freezing in air, because even
the slightly dried skin shrinks and loses its lustre re
if the drying is extreme, the fins, tails, and jaws b
come brittle and break easily i in handling,

The brine-freezing process consists in immersing he
fish direetly in, or otherwise treating the fish with
salt brine which has been chilled to a temperature be- =
low the freezing point of the fish. Ice and salt or ice
and strong brine will produce temperatures
0° F., and as used thus as a souree of refrigerati
have been proposed for small-scale operations,
generally an ammonia compressor or absorption p
would be used to chill the brine, the engine-room
of such a plant being the same as is now used. In
brine bath at about 0° F., fish freeze in 30 minutes
4 hours, instead of 12 to 48 hours as in sharp free:

If the fish are frozen in brine there is no evaporati
of moisture from the fish during the freezing pro
The fish come from the freezing bath with wre
lustre and with fins and tails pliable.

When fish are frozen slowly, as in sharp free:
ice erystals form within the tissues. Formatio
ice erystals is accompanied by a destruction of t
cells and musele fibrils. A fish so frozen is found
be somewhat soft after it is defrosted. If consu
at once it is acceptable as food, but if held for any eo
siderable time after having been defrosted, it rapidly

ArOUnG

CANADIAN

deteriorates. There is some evidence that brine-frozen
Bae fish, after having been defrosted, are firmer than air-
frozen fish and may be held satisfactorily for a con-
erable time. The practical value of this difference,
hich is explaned by the failure of crystals to form
uring very rapid freezing, appears, for example,
n brine-frozen fish are shipped for long distances
hout ice. Fish frozen in brine and packed with
| Special precautions have been shipped without ice
ween various points in the United States for dis-
nces ranging up to 2,200 miles. They were, of
urse, defrosted on arrival, but were reported, in
every case, as having been in excellent condition.
One lot of fish, brine-frozen and packed in a wooden
box without ice or insulation, was shipped by express
r 2,200 miles. The fish were four days en route and
were reported to have arrived in first-class condition.
This would searcely be possible with fish frozen in
sharp freezers. The writer shipped by parcel post a
«kage of brine-frozen fish for a distance of about a
thousand miles, and arriving at the destination in North
Carolina the fish were sent out on a rural-delivery line.
They were packed in an ordinary corrugated-paper
earton and were three days enroute. They arrived in
xcellent condition. Experiments of this kind have
been made repeatedly by the writer and by others.
ipments from Washington to New York, from Chi-
eago to New York, and between other points were
ormly successful, and shipments made from San
_ Diego, Calif., to points in Texas are reported as having
been quite satisfactory.
ie. firm which oe a wholesale fish business
shipped brine-frozen fish to one of its customers and
continued doing so for some time. The fish were de-
osted and iced before shipment, however, the re-
tailer not being informed that the fish had been frozen.
On one occasion when there were no brine-frozen fish,
the retailer’s order was filled with fresh fish on ice.
A protest was immediately made against the shipment
of ‘‘frozen”’ fish when ‘‘fresh’’ fish had been ordered.
In this case, the brine-frozen fish had been quite sat-
isfactorily passed for fresh fish, and fish that were
ally ‘‘fresh’’ and on ice were received under protest.
_ $So far as present information goes, it appears that
after brine-frozen fish have been defrosted they may
be frozen again without serious injury. If this should
prove to be true and practicable on a commercial
_seale, the importance of the fact would be great, for
fish could be frozen and shipped without refrigeration
and again frozen at destination; or an unsold lot of
defrosted fish could again be put in store. _
So much for some of the advantages to be gained by
brine freezing. It is only fair to present the disad-
vantages also. If most of the desirable characteristics
of brine freezing are traceable to the speed of freez-
ing, most of the difficulties arise from the brine that
penetrates into or adheres on the surface of the frozen
fish. y
Air-frozen fish, after having been frozen, are dipped
in iee water for glazing. Before being dipped the fish
are dry and hard and readily take on a clear, hard,
firm glaze, which breaks only with difficulty. One
dip in cold water may be sufficient, but many freez-
ers give the fish only two, three, or four short dips in
eold water in a cold room in order to get a better
_ glaze; by this procedure the glaze amounts to from 3
to 6 per cent of the weight of the fish. Brine-frozen
- fish are wet with brine before dipping, and, treated
by asingle dip as above described, do not take a glaze.

FISHERMAN 277

It has been found by the writer in experiments, and
by others in practical application, that brine-frozen
fish can be glazed , if the adhering film of brine is
first removed. This can be done by immersing the
fish under the eold water and moving it briskly to
cause the water to wash off the brine as it moves by
the surface of the fish. The fish is then taken out
and drained for, say, half a minute, then dipped twice
more. The glaze will be from 4 to 6% per cent of the
weight of glazed fish. If the conditions are all eor-
rect, the glaze will be clear and firm but perhaps not
quite so strongly adherent as that on the air-frozen
fish. After a few hours in the cold store the glaze
soon sets and becomes quite as substantial as that on
air-frozen fish. Another method of accomplishing the
same result practically and satisfactorily, based on
the same general principle, has been in use by one fish
company for two seasons (1920 and 1921). The pro-
cedure is as follows: The fish, after having been frozen
in brine, are washed with cold water to remove adher-
ing brine. They are then transferred to the sharp
freezer or other cold room, where they remain over
night, during which time the surfaces of the fish be-
come hard and dry, the most appropriate conditions
for a good glaze. Next morning the fish are glazed
by dipping in ice water in the same way as air-frozen
fish are dipped for freezing. The essential condition
of glazing brine-frozen fish is to remove the adhering
brine. The small amount of brine that penetrates the
fish does not appear to do any particular harm to the
glaze. The fish must be frozen hard all the way
through. An incompletely frozen fish will not glaze
satisfactorily. To get the best results, it is desirable
to freeze the fish at the lowest possible temperature
which, with salt brine, is from 0° to about 6° F.

Brine-frozen fish can, therefore, be glazed, but with
more trouble than air-frozen fish. A mechanical me-
thod of doing this work can, of course, be devised.

Other differences between brine-frozen and _air-
frozen fish may now be noted. During immersion in
brine, some of the salt penetrates the fish. The
amount that penetrates varies with the conditions of
operation, yet there is always some penetration. As
stated above, a small amount does not interfere with
glazing and does not materially alter the taste of the
fish. It does cause a change in the appearance of
the parts of the fish that are red with blood. After
storage for some days the gills are blanched as are
also the vent and any cut surfaces. The effect is the
same as that produced by salt in the salting or corn-
ing of fish, only to a lesser degree. In round fish, the
only surfaces seriously affected are the gills and vent.
It does not seem unlikely that some scientifie study of
the question may bring forth methods of entirely pre-
venting the penetration of salt. Just now, it is safe
to say that round fish are much better suited to brine
freezing than are dressed fish, though with white fish,
such as halibut, there does not seem to be much differ-
ence. It is also fair to say that the discoloration of
bloody tissues noted’ above does no material harm to
the fish—it affects only the appearance. For bae-
teriological reasons, however, there is a real superior-
ity in the fish frozen round—to say nothing of the
smaller damage caused by rusting of round fish.

The eyes of any frozen fish are white, but return
nearly to normal transparency and lustre on defrost-
ing. Comparison in this respect shows little or no dif-
ference between brine-frozen and air-frozen fish. On
defrosting, the eyes of the fish frozen by either me-

278 CANADIAN

thod show a slight cloudiness or opalescence of the
erystalline lens (the spherical body down in the midst
of the eyeball) as compared with perfectly fresh fish
of the same lot.

A British bacteriologist, Ione H. Green, has shown,
in her published results, that brine-frozen fish are in-
fected by a much smaller growth of bacteria than are
air-frozen fish. It may be presumed that the strong
brine, moving past the fish rapidly, has a combined
effect of washing away many bacteria and directly
destroying others. We do not yet know what the
practieal consequences of this difference are, but we
may readily imagine the advantage, both for pro-
longed storage and for immediate shipment.

The foregoing is a brief statement of the chief char-
acteristics of fish frozen in contact with brine. Some
other differences between brine-frozen and air-frozen
fish may arise from the mode of handling fish as
adapted to brine freezing. For example, fish may be
panned and frozen in brine; but if this is done, the
cake must be packed tight in the pans and pressed
down with a cover, else the buoyancy of the brine will
float the fish apart. Therefore, fish pan-frozen. in
brine will appear more compressed and misshaped.
Also if full advantage is taken of the most rapid
freezing, the pans must be perforated. In that case
the perforations in the pans will leave their impression
on the fish.

We are not confined to brine as a refrigerating
liquid. Glycerin, aleohol, and the like have been pro-
posed. Glycerin is promising as a refrigerating bath
but is expensive. The probability is that glycerin
would affect the blood much less than salt does but
would, on the contrary, be more difficult to remove
from the fish. :

Among the questions touching on brine freezing
which have not received definite answer is the differ-
ence, on prolonged storage, between brine-frozen and
air-frozen fish. It is possible that brine freezing may
reduce the tendency of the fish to rust in storage.
One English authority holds that a fungus or mold is
concerned in the rusting of fish. If so, it is quite
possible that its harmful effects might be reduced by
strong brine. On the other hand we do not know
whether or not the superior quality of the flesh, free
from large erystals, survives long periods of storage.
We do not know positively that the formation of erys-
tals, which is avoided by quick freezing, does not take
place slowly during prolonged storage.

There is much to be said in favor of developing a
method of freezing by which the fish should be indi-
vidually frozen in brine, glazed, and packed, each fish
being separate, trim, and straight. The great bulk
of the smaller fish frozen are now panned; and while
there are obvious advantages in the matter of hand-
ling cakes as compared with individual fish, there are
also many attractive features of fish singly frozen and
glazed. A box that holds 150 to 160 pounds of well-
formed cakes, will hold, according to trials made with
the same fish individually frozen, 125 to 130 pounds
—not a bad showing. The individual fish are avail-
able for sale in any amount without the necessity of
defrosting whole cakes or prying them loose and dam-
aging them in doing so. The fish defrost much more
rapidly when singly frozen than when frozen in eakes
and make a better appearance on the counter, not be-
ing compressed or distorted. By freezing individu-
ally before packing, advantage could be taken of the
entire surface of the fish for exposure to the brine to

ence.

FISHERMAN December, 1921.
secure the most rapid freezing and to get the excess” :
brine removed and the glaze applied without interfer-

What is probably the most important aspect of brine
freezing now awaiting development is the practical |
application on a large scale. If we concede all the ad-
vantages in brine-frozen fish, as stated, how are we —
to get fish frozen, washed, glazed, and packed in the
most expeditious and economical manner, at the rate,
say, of 30 tons, or two carloads, per day? A method, —
to be regarded as quite successful for freezing and —
storage, should inelude washing, freezing, rinsing free —
of brine, applying a perfect glaze, and packing the fish
in the shortest time, with the minimum of labor and
refrigeration. If for consumption as fresh fish, say
within two weeks, the glazing is probably unneces- —
sary, but the washing should be done. 70k: Mga oe

The lowest temperature to which pure salt brine can
be reduced is—6.16° F. or —21.2° C. Brine of 2242
per cent salt and 77.56 per cent water by weight can —
be reduced to this temperature before the separation _
of either ice or salt begins. A somewhat less concen-
trated brine may be used, but if it is used ice will sur-
round the expansion coils before this temperature is
reached. More than 22.42 per cent salt should not be
used; it can not make it possible to lower the temper-—
ature beyond —6.16° F. and can only cause a stronger
penetration of salt into the fish. The presence of —
calcium and magnesium chlorides in the salt (as they —
usually are present in small quantities) may serve to
lower the temperatures slightly and correspondingly
inerease the permissible concentrations. Experi-
ments are yet to be made on the question, but it seems —
likely that small percentages of calcium and magne-
sium salts would be desirable as reducing penetration.

Salt brine attacks iron, particularly wrought iron; —
if the brine is held alkaline the corrosion will be —
greatly reduced. There are, on the contrary, the- —
oretical reasons for expecting that in a slightly acid
condition (at the iso-eleetrie point of fish protein, a —
hydrogen-ion concentration of about pH=4.7, to be
exact) the brine would penetrate the fish least and do —
the minimum damage. These questions concerning —
the best possible composition of the brine await fur
ther investigation. ot eee

The machinery used for the refrigeration of the —
brine should be eapable of control at the working tem-
perature, in order to avoid formation of ice on the
coils, with consequent loss of efficiency, and should
be so operated. If the suggested concentration of
brine is used (22.4 per cent), the machinery should be
operated for a temperature of —5 to —6° F. (suction —
pressure in ammonia machines 12.22 to 12.57 pounds).
It might be supposed that as long as the temperature —
does not fall below the freezing point of the brine it
may be held at any convenient figure. It should }
rembmbered, however, that for every degree th
brine is allowed to rise above its freezing point th
penetration of salt into the fish will inerease by jus
so much and the rate of freezing will be reduced by
just so much. Regulation of temperature is importan
for the best results, ;

Tt is further to be noted that brine freezing mi
reauire a larger plant than air freezing. The act
refrigeration required to freeze a ton of fish in brin
is probably somewhat less than it is in sharp freezers.
But the sharp freezer takes, let us say, 24 hours to —
freeze the fish, and in brine they will freeze in 1% _
hours if sufficient refrigeration is supplied. Let us

CANADIAN

re have 5 tons of fish, a sharp freezer of 5 tons
y in 24 hours, and a brine freezer of such pro-
ions that it will treat 5 tons in a working day of
hours, each fish or bateh remaining in the brine 1144
In the sharp freezer a refrigerating machine that
freeze 5 tons of fish in 24 hours is necessary. In the
me freezer refrigeration must be supplied at a rate
‘icient to freeze 5 tons of fish in 12 hours, or 10
tons in 24 hours. Thus a machine twice the size re-
uired for a sharp freezer is necessary for a brine
er for the conditions assumed, and it would stand
at night.

_ The plant may operate day and night, with
or three shifts; it may operate by day for freez-
fish,and by night for freezing ice, the ice to be
for packing the bunkers of cars for shipment of
fish frozen; the excess nightly refrigeration could
be accumulated, by mushing dilute calcium brine,
refrigerating the cold stores. Or, if the smallest
machine is desired, it may run the entire 24
and during the night accumulate cold in a brine
(by mushing or partially freezing the brine), the
S baitig consumed during the day’s operation of
fish. Suppose we wish to freeze one carload
15 tons, of fish per day of eight hours, and assume,

or a safe margin, that a ton of fish is equal to a ton of
er. We might find it advisable to provide a 45-
| refrigerating machine. Working to capacity, it
would freeze 15 tons of fish in eight hours. We could
use, of the 30 tons available during the remaining 16
6 tons of ice to pack one car (12,000 pounds
ice, 6,000 in each bunker), the remaining refrigera-
24 tons, for cold store rooms and precooling the
These are among the many problems of brine

brine, and the latter should flow as rapidly as prac-
tieable past these surfaces. Operation should be con-
such that while one batch is freezing another batch is
being made ready for freezing, so that the operatives’
time is conserved. In general, fish of the same size
should be grouped together. Ample allowance should
be made for freezing time. Small fish, like herring,
yellow perch, saugers, and butterfish, may be frozen
hs about 30 minutes. The same fish require about two
hours, if frozen in perforated pans. In solid pans a
longer time is required. Shad, whitefish, and pikes
freeze in about one and a half hours; salmon and hali-
but in two to four hours, according to size.

There is at present much interest in the possibilities
of preeooling fish when they are taken from warm
‘water, for when piled deep in boats fish may overheat
‘and become damaged. If treated a few minutes in
brine at 0°F., the exterior of the fish is frozen. If
taken out the unfrozen interior is cooled off at the
expense of the cold in the frozen exterior, and the
whole fish becomes rather stiff and cold; at 28° it will
remain in this stiffened condition for days without
apparent deterioration. The objection to employing
‘such a method of chilling is the usual objection to in-
stalling machinery aboard a fishing boat.

In summary, it appears that brine freezing promises
‘to contribute much of value to improvements in the
‘distribution of fish; that it produces an unquestion-
ably superior product; that such difficulties as are en-

countered are such as might be expected in a new.

FISHERMAN

process an
design of
ahead. It
blems for

279

d are not insuperable; and that the proper
suitable plants is the principal problem
presents many new and interesting pro-
the fisheries technologist and the refriger-

ating engineer.

-

NORTH BAY
By M. H. NICKERSON,

"Twas a relic, that wee mackerel hook
In the captain's old ditty box hid;

And much like a saint’s was his look
As he piously lifted the lid. —

That keepsake of bended barbed wire, —
Oh brighter than silver it shone!

Like a spark from the smoldering fire
Of days that were over and gone.

He said: I'm the last o’ the batch
That salted fall fares in the Bay;

But till [.go down the main hatch
I'll always remember one day.

Then every man fished all the lines
As both hands could cleverly tend;

An’ one o’ our atest gold mines
We spotted midway o’ the ‘Bend’.

On Prince Edward Island’s east side
Where all o’ the fleet used to fish:
That's a_ reach most uncommonly wide

From Rustico clean to Tignish.

The bait was for tollin’ the school:
The hookin’ was nothin’ but sport;

An’ twice every week as a rule
We'd reel up an’ run into port.

The weather down there is superb
Along in the fust days o’ fall,
Nothin’ wuss ever come to disturb
Our work'n a little land-squall.

But one mornin’ in drizzle an’ mist
We riz a big raft off Malpeque:

Then we hauled ‘em in hand over fist,
An’ purty nigh covered the deck:

When we all was too busy for thought,
The whole o’ the sixty-two sail

Without the least warnin’ was caught
In the grip of a terrible gale!

All hands then to quarters was called
For buckin’ the mountainous sea—

We got her reefed down and close-hauled,
But the breakers was under our lee!

Our single slim chance was to fetch
Past one o’ the p’ints in the Bay:

We might weather East Cape on a stretch
If nothin’ should part or give way.

She was lookin’ up well when it ripped
The mains'l away from the boom.
Then in a wide swing-off she shipped
A comber....an’ headed for doom!

No hope! There was no time to pray.
You don't feel like makin’ a vow

With your loved ones so far far away,
An’ the surf roarin’ under your bow!

All was over the minute she struck......
My watch stopped a quarter to five:
But thanks to the Lord an’ good luck
I was washed up more dead'n alive!

It seemed jest like fallin’ asleep;
But it rended ay soul to come to,
Where the dead laid in many a heap,
An’ among them was all o' my crew!

Was I dreamin’? They said seventy-one
That September tempest had graved......

What cola this poor er ha’ done
To be one o’ the few dozen saved?

All but me who escaped the wild waves
Have long ago out o' sight:

I wander some times to their graves—
Perhaps I may join ‘em tonight.

I've been thinkin’ » sood many years
When autumn frorcht in that sad day,
T should like to r> shed a few tears,
An’ scatter some flowers on that Bay.

The children in-scho>!, like as not,
Will never be to'd o’ that time—

When I'm gone it'll soon be forgot
Unless you should put it in rhyme.

280 CANADIAN

FISHERMAN December, 1921.

The Periwinkle, Its Life-

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History and Market
Possibilities
By PROFESSOR E. E. PRINCE, MA. ;

LL.D., Ete., Dominion Commissioner
of Fisheries, Ottawa. ;

Pre
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—~-

Though the periwinkle is one of the most excellent
and dainty of shell-fishes, it has been little appreciated
by our people. It is the commonest of the edible mol-
luses of our Atlantic coast, and is scattered over sea-
weed and rocks everywhere from Labrador to Grand
Manan. Curiously enough its claim to be considered
a native Canadian shell-fish has been disputed by
many eminent naturalists, and still more strange,
though so familiar and widespread, its habits and
life-history have been unknown until recently.

Large Demand in European Countries.

In most countries, where the periwinkle is found, it
is extensively used as food. In the streets of London
and most English cities the vendor of ‘‘whelks and
winkles’’ trundling his piled up hand-barrow along is a
common sight.. The poorer classes in France and the
Netherlands, and in other countries, consume great
quantities annually. Reference is made to its very
limited use as food in St. John, N. B., and Halifax,
Nova Scotia, in Professor W. F. Ganong’s valuable
little book called ‘‘Economic Canadian Molluses,’’ and
there has been a demand for them in Montreal and
Toronto. Wherever there is an English population
there is the possibility of a periwinkle market. Eng-
lish people, especially Londoners, are aware of the
excellence of this well-flavored shell-fish. London, it
is recorded, has consumed two thousand to three thous-
and tons in a year, and Professor Ganong, in his book
just mentioned, claims that ‘‘as the periwinkle becomes
better known, it will come to be extensively used, and
a time will come when the demand will press hard on
the supply.’’ *

Abundant Supply if a Fishery Developed.

In my address to the Conservation Commission, Otta-
wa, in November, 1915, I said that ‘‘certain shell-fish,
like the mussel and periwinkle, have not been used
to any great extent, although periwinkles are in de-
mand in our larger cities, and one firm in Digby, Nova
Scotia, has been sending car-load shipments of them
to Chicago, and realizing a very good price.’’ The
market for these tasty little shell-fish has been ne-
glected. The supply available is enormous, for hardly
a square yard of rocky shore in the Maritime Provinces
is not erowded with periwinkles, At times of unem-

*That this is not an imaginary danger is proved by.
the scarcity of the abundant limpet in Berwickshire
twenty years ago. One writer said: ‘‘Our fishermen
collected for bait twelve millions of limpets, until their
number became so decreased that collecting them is
very tedious.’’

——

ployment, such as the present, and with high prices
prevailing for most food products, the periwinkle in-
dustry might be encouraged at many points along
our Atlantic shores. A number of summer visitors
frora Ontario have, on Prince Edward Island, during
recent seasons, tried some of these unutilized shell-fish,
and I have been personally assured that none proved —
more palatable and welcome than steamed periwinkles.

In the United States the large whelk, the small pur-
ple whelk or purple shell, which are coarser but equally
well flavored, are a familiar article of diet, more fam-
iliar than the periwinkle. A little enterprise would
certainly create a demand for the last-named excellent
shell-fish. ye cae

Possibly Introduced and Not Indigenous.

During recent years Marine Biological investigations
into the habits and life-history of the inhabitants of
the sea have created widespread interest, and it may
be appropriate to refer to some curious points relating
to the periwinkle. There is, in the first place, evidence
to show that our most familiar species of periwinkle
did not exist in Canada at all sixty or seventy years’
ago. It is a newcomer. Just as the house sparrow has
spread everywhere, on land, so this shell-fish, believed
to have been brought from Europe at a comparatively
recent date, and spreading north and south, has be-—
come the commonest shell-fish on our Atlantic sea-
shore. Authorities think that there are several species,
one a smaller thin-shelled kind called by scientists
Littorina palliata, whereas the species, to which ref-
erence is here chiefly made, is Littorina Vitorea, in
which the shell is large, coarse and dark, with numer-
ous transverse or revolving lines upon the surface, and a
top or spire somewhat pointed. (Figs. 1 and 2). The
shell opening or mouth is oval or pear-shaped, not a
round opening, and scientists have determined it to —
be identical with the British periwinkle. The opinion
is held that it must have been brought across the At-
lantic, possibly about the middle of the last century,
1850, or thereabout. Specimens are said to have been
first found near Bathurst, N. B. in 1885; at Halifax, —
N. S., in 1857; and at St. John, N. B., in 1861 or
1862. It was unknown along the shore further south,
Maine to Maryland, prior to 1868. North of the Lab-
rador coast it does not appear to oceur, though in Polar.
waters at least three Arctic species are known, —
all of which were found by the Canadian (Stefansson)
Aretie Expedition, 1918-1918. Of course there is still
division of opinion about the matter, and the veteran
marine zoologist of this continent, Dr. A. EB. Veerrill,
still happily alive and active, has expressed the view

that this periwinkle may have- occurred on our shores
before the advent of Europeans, but probably was
local, and in must in coves case have been diffused in

erlooked it. It is an interesting question as to
whether this shell-fish is native or has been trans-
planted, like the Scotch thistle and the European
dandelion. Professor Ganong (In the ‘‘American
_Naturalist,’’ Nov. 1886) declared that it was ‘hardly
possible that the common periwinkle could be abori-
ginal both in Europe and America—‘‘If such were the
ease, it would be necessary to suppose that two inde-
pendent lines of descent, either being from a common
near or remote ancestor and culminating in the exist-

ing species, had followed precisely identical courses
ae of development on two continents.’’ There is a fossil
_ periwinkle in the rather recent Post-Pliocene forma-
tion, viz: Littorina palliata, occurring in Europe,
Greenland and Ameriea and apparently earried by nat-
ural agencies, via Greenland and Iceland, from its orig-
inal habitat. The common existing species may, it is
i generally thought, have been accidentally introduced
: with gravel or ballast brought by vessels to this con-

"Zeus and Life-History Long Unknown.

Onn of the most surprising things about this small
shell-fish is the absolute ignorance, as to its eggs and
breeding, which prevails. Of the oyster, mussel, clam,
and eockle, naturalists knew much, but no one knew
anything of the eggs and growth of the periwinkle in
Spite of its abundance and wide distribution, It is
Viviparous. and producing living young, as Professor
' Pereival Wright declared of the small species, Littor-
tna rudis, which lives near high-water mark, and
; amongst damp stones hardly reached by the tide. All
the various kinds can survive exposure to the air for
considerable periods, and when they cannot breathe
by the odd comb-like gill which they possess, instead of
_ two gills which so many shell-fish have, they breathe
. _ by a kind of lung or bag, which is a fold of the mantle
_ membrane, richly supplied. with blood-vesseels. They
_ are very hardy, and can survive exposure also to fresh
r, indeed they live in some parts of the Baltic
under non-marine conditions, but the lack of sea-water
seems to distort the shell; and similar distorted peri-
__winkle shells have been found as fossils in the Norwich
Crag rocks. One eixisting species, called obtusata
is a globular, smooth, lemon colored variety which live
on sea-weeds, and it is well protected, for it resembles
the yellow ends of the Bladder Weed, and lacking a
pointed spire on its shell, it cannot be broken off or
damaged when the weeds are violently dashed on the
rocks or gravel, during rough weather. Some of the
shells are purplish brown, or drab, and are thus hardly
visible when clinging to dark weeds or stones, for they
are a favorite food of fish, being swallowed whole most
greedily.
meee 1 stated, nothing was a. of the eggs
or life-history of the periwinkle, It was known, how-
‘ever that the two sexes were separate—that their an-
atomy showed that, and the species called rudis, so
often contained minute young, with hard shells like
seeds, that they were gritty and objectionable for eat-
ing purposes. This species is known to be viviparous,
and it has almost become a land shell for it can stand
exposure to the sunlight, until it is nearly baked, and
yet flourishes. The larger common kind was described
as also Sabian: living young, and its supposed eggs

ANADIAN FISHERMAN

281

were described and pictured by some authorities. We

now know that these authorities were all wrong.
Discovery of Its Eggs by Canadian Biologist.

The first scientist to correctly describe the egg was
the eminent Canadian zoologist, Professor Ramsay
Wright, of Toronto University, now living in Oxford,
England. While at the Dominion Biological Station,
then at Canso, Dr. Wright found early in July, 1904,
some curious little objects amongst the floating micro-
scopic food of young fishes, widespread at the surface
of the sea.

The objects in question attracted attention under the
miscroscope because they resembled the soldier’s metal
hats, so familiar during the war, or perhaps recalled
the “Seow. -boy hat’’ of the west. (Fig. 3). Only one-
twentieth of an inch across, they were as transparent
as glass. Twenty years before, Hensen, a German,
found a still smaller object, of similar shape, in Euro-
pean seas, and hazarded the opinion that it might be
the floating egg of a marine mollusc. Later, two French
naturalists found similar eggs abundant off the French
coast, and thought that they might be periwinkle eggs.
It was only a guess, but proved to be correct, for Dr,

Shell of Sie as cea (ih. eet: Natural Size.

1.
2. do. do.

wer Periwinkle (L. re
Larva of Periwinkl

90 times.
ed 90 times.

Tattersall, of Manchester, found female periwinkles
kept under observation depositing precisely this kind
of egg. He found the eggs to be very buoyant in ordi-
nary sea-water, but they sink to the bottom when the
specifie gravity is low. Dr. Ramsay Wright obtained
his in a fine-meshed tow-net near the surface, and Dr.
Tattersall got his ‘‘more Hibernice’’ near the bottom,
not the top, in Irish waters, and he hatched them out
in an ingenious way. He placed some in a glass jar
filled with sea-water, tied bolting silk over the mouth,
and submerged it in the sea. Development proceeded,
and by the third day the little shell-fish was well
formed and actively moving inside the curious shell, On

_ the sixth day it burst out through the lower or flat

side of the shell, and escaped. Dr. Wright hatched his
out in the Biological Station, and figured it in one of
his fine plates published in the ‘‘Contributions to Can-
adian Biology, 1909.’’ He got some of the active larvae
swimming in the inshore waters in Nova Scotia, in June
and July (Fig. 4). Soon their spiral shell is complete,
and they settle like little dark seeds on rocks and sea-
weeds. They devour the -delicate root-hairs of sea-
weeds such as Fucus. Diatoms, and other small objects,
are swallowed, and most authorities state that they are
strictly vegetarian all through life. This does not ap-
pear to be so, if a Danish observer is correct, for he «

282 CANADIAN
claims that they will devour other shell-fish. The very
young are cannibals. Within each egg shell there are
usually two or more eggs, in some instances four eggs.
Often one baby periwinkle will eat all his brethren in
the same shell, so that finally only one will hatch out!
The little globular eggs, inside the tin-hat capsule, are
very small—only about one-eighteenth of an inch
across, and of a delicate pink color. The egg-laying
period lasts from March until July, and each female
may take a month or more to deposit all her eggs.
Periwinkle Farms Suggested.

Some periwinkles seem to creep about under water
most of the time, but a great many have the climbing
habit very marked. It would seem as if ‘‘ periwinkle
farms’’ might be established, for they could easily be
picked off stakes or other collectors, if exposed after
the tide has gone down. It would be interesting to
know what proportion, over: a large area, have the
climbing habit, and for what periods. If the larger
specimens had the habit most strongly developed it
would be a valuable point in favor of farming these

FISHERMAN ; December, 1921.

shell-fish. The largest are found to average about
eighty to a pint, and experiment shows that a sieve, of
a mesh of three-quarters to five-eighths of an inch,
allows the smaller periwinkles to pass through. Mar-
ketable sizes can in this way be easily sorted out, and
small under-sized ones returned to the water.

Why Not Create a Market for these Shell-fish?

Many points in connection with the periwinkle are
still to be determined, but the abundance on our coast
suggests the possibility of a periwinkle industry. There ~
should be quite a market for them were a regular sup-
ply made available. The large population in our cities
who have come from Europe, have been accustomed to
purchase these shell-fish, which are readily prepared
by boiling in water with a little salt, or by steaming.
They are easily picked out of the shell with a pointed
nut-fork, and the horny valve being removed, they are
succulent and delicious morsels to eat. They are cer-
tainly far more delicate and delicious than many of
the larger whelks and clams which now reach our fish
markets, and are in such widespread request.

ee

—

Home Market a Vital Factor in Development

Canadian Fisheries
By J. A. PAULHUS.

Canadian fisheries are likely to suffer from the ap-
plication of the Fordney tariff act in the United States,
said Mr. J. A. Paulhus, director of the D. Hatton Com-
pany and vice-president of the Canadian Fisheries As-
sociation, in a short address before the Chambre de
Commerce, Montreal, recently. ‘‘The Fordney bill is
the dark point on the horizon of our Canadian fishing
industry,’’ said Mr. Paulhus. ‘‘It destroys in one blow
one of the more considerable markets for Canadian
fish.’’ d he |*]

In outlining the present situation of the Canadian
fishing industry, Mr. Paulhus reviewed the rise of the
industry to a new high level of prosperity during the
war and immediately after, and the sudden collapse in
the exportation field. ‘‘Few of our fish exporters can
have forgotten the Patras incident,’’ said the speaker.
‘‘One fine morning towards the end of the Great War
a big fleet of sail boats with heavy cargoes of dried fish
anchored in the harbor of Patras, in Greece. Up till
then Patras had been a centre of marvellous activity,
cargo after cargo obtaining most advantageous prices.
However, that morning the fish market was flooded,
demand no longer existed, and supply suffered one of
the worst shocks in the history of the fisheries industry.

‘““This incident,’’? continued Mr. Paulhus, ‘‘was the
sign for confusion in Newfoundland and the Maritime
Provinces. Fortunes accumulated in the space of a
few months were suddenly seriously threatened, many
being sadly wrecked.

‘"At the opening of hostilities in 1914 a fever of
speculation eaused many of the speculators to lose
their heads and put aside the elementary rules of
prudence and mereantile wisdom. The first ship-
ments to Mediterranean ports brought such faney
prices that the shippers soon acquired the illusion that
this trade was permanent. Fleet after fleet left New-
foundland and Canada for Mediterranean ports and
the Levant. At a given moment the congestion became
so great that the consignees refused even to pay the
costs of transportation. It was the coup de grace to

——

the industry; the cause of general disorganization,
liquidations and bankruptcies.’’
Pivotal Point.
Mr. Paulhus_ similarly reviewed
Janadian frozen fish

the fate of
in England, which when
offered to the consumers gratis found hardly
an acceptance. The over-equipping of fleets
and plants, under the delusion that war-
time prosperity would last, was also discussed. The
speaker gave it as his opinion that the local market
was the pivotal point, on which the success of the in-
dustry must swing. Until now this local market had
been neglected. ‘‘I believe that the systematic ex-
ploitation of our fisheries would obtain more practical
results in further concentration and in conforming to
the needs of the country, rather than in seeking for-
eign markets. aon

“To further this end it will be necessary to stimu-
late the local consumption of fish. Nothing, or
almost nothing, has been done until now along these
lines. If the consumption of fish is not greater among
us, it is not the fault of the producer, and even less
of the consumer. The indifference of the first and the
ignorance of the second are solely responsible. It de-
volves upon us to educate the fisherman and the con-
sumer, and to advertise the products of our fisheries
to the consumers. Nothing of a stable nature has es-
tablished itself without publicity. It seems at first
sight that it is not necessary to advertise tea, sugar,

- coffee, ete., yet millions are spent annually for the

advertising of these commodities. The princes of the
meat trade sacrifice fortunes to advertise their pro-
ducts.

““As the consumption of fish in Canada implies the
development of one of the most prolific and permanent
of our natural ‘‘resourees,”’ said he, ‘‘it is the duty, as
it is to the interest of every publie body and every
government to favor the expansion of fish consump-
tion. No natural resource of the Dominion merits
more attention than our fisheries. None possess such
riches so easily exploited and so profitable.’’

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December, 1921. CANADIAN

FISHERMAN 283

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Section i

Coast (t=

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“‘The Canadian Fisherman."’ Pacific Coast Branch, will be glad to have inquiries from any one who wishes
information in any way connected with the fishing industry. We would also appreciate items of fishing news

suitable for publication.

Address communications to F. E. Payson, Pacific Coast Representative, Industrial & Educational Press, Ltds

528 Winch Building, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

Fisheries Conference Held in Vancouver Dec. 12 & | 3

Mr. W. A. Found, Asst. Deputy Minister of Fish-
eries, arrived in Vancouver on Dec. 6th to take part
in the fisheries conference which was held on Dec. 12th
and 13th. Those taking part in the conference and
representing the Dominion Government and Province
of British Columbia, were Mr. Found, Major J. A.
Motherwell, Chief Inspector of Fisheries for the
Dominion Government in British Columbia; J. P. Bab-
cock, Assistant Commissioner of Fisheries for British
Columbia, and Dr. C. MeLean Fraser, of the University
of British Columbia, with Mr. Fred Harrison, Assistant
to Major Motherwell, acting as secretary to the Domin-
ion officials,

Those representing the State of Washington were
BE. A. Sims, Chairman; Captain H. Ramwell and E.
P. Blake, of the State of Washington Fisheries Com-
mission; E, A. Seaborg, Director of Fisheries and Game
of the State of Washington, and L. H. Darwin, state
supervisor of fisheries and secretary of the board.

The question under discussion and which the con-
ference undertook to settle was the preservation of the
sockeye fisheries of the Fraser River. This very
question has been of international importance for the
past 25 years. The last international treaty was re-
pudiated by the United States after pressure had been
brought to bear by the State of Washington. This
was after a long and expensive investigation, held by
an international commission. The present conference
was brought about largely through the efforts of Major

Motherwell, who has worked in close conjunction with
Mr. J. P. Babcock, Asst. Commissioner of Fisheries for
British Columbia. |

It will be remarked in comparing the list of membe
of the two boards that on the State of W
board there are three practical canners and
of traps and purse seines, while on the Domini
there are none.

Before the conference, Mr. Found held conferences
with the British Columbia canners and fishermen but
it was decided that there should be no representative
of the canners or fishermen present.

rs
ashington
operators
on Board

_ Press reports were given out each day, but as Mr.
Found stated it would be impossible to divulge the
entire proceedings, as his department could make no
decision or ruling; the entire matter would have to
be placed before the cabinet and an order-in-council
passed. On the other hand, the Washington State
officials, according to Capt. Ramwell, could enact and
promulgate, within 24 hours, whatever regulations
were necessary to make effective any agreement that
might be reached with Mr. Found.

At the first morning session, on Dec. 12th, it develop-
ed that the Washington Fisheries Board had formu-
lated a program and the conference was adjourned to
permit them to submit it in writing. This was done
and adjournment was then made, so that the matter
might. be diseussed at an evening session.

After a night session on Monday, the 12th, and an

,

284

all-day session on Tuesday, the 13th, tentative agree-

ments were reached on several questions, among them

being the following:

1. Protection which may be afforded immature sal-
mon in the coastal waters off the West Coast of
Vancouver Island and the Washington shore.
Investigations to’ ascertain the desirability of
prohibiting fishing inside the three-mile limit off
Vancouver Island, as is being done off the Coast
of Washington.

3. Proposals to establish humpback runs during the
even numbered years in Puget Sound and Fraser
River waters like those which now exist in the
odd numbered years, and the bringing of eggs
from other points in British Columbia and Alaska
to effect this.

4. An agreement to, if possible, bring sockeye eggs

from other British Columbia waters and from

Alaska to augment the Fraser River run of this

species.

An agreement for a general biological survey of

the waters to the Fraser River and adjacent

Washington areas, to ascertain the possible ex-

tent of salmon propagation in that system.

6. An agreement to hold another conference later
on for the purpose of regulating humpback fish-
ing to permit of sufficient escapement of this

bo

oO

variety of fish to the hatchery streams and
natural spawning grounds. The humpback or
pink is the second most valuable salmon run

common to both Puget Sound and the Fraser
River, and with the diminution of the sockeye
run has been fished for intensively in late years
—to the extent that the run has been perceptibly
diminished.

No agreement was reached on measures to be taken
for the rehabilitation of the sockeye salmon run of
Puget Sound and Fraser River.

The question as to the manner of fishing for sockeyes
on the Washington side five years hence in the event
fishing for them should be prohibited for that length
of time, was the stumbling block in the way of an
agreement of this predominating question.

Both sides were in agreement that if the sockeye
run is to be preserved and rehabilitated there must
be a complete cessation of fishing. They further
agreed that sockeye fishing should cease for at least
five years. The Canadian authorities were willing to
agree to this only on the condition that the agreement
made at this time must go further and provide that
if fishing is resumed at the end of the five-year close
season then it must be without the use of purse seines
in the sockeye waters and with regulation in the mat-
ter of fish traps and gill nets.

The Canadian officials expressed the opinion that
the sacrifices involved in the total cessation of sockeye
fishing would not be worth enduring if at the end of
five years these appliances were permitted to resume
operations under the same conditions that now exist.

The members of the Washington State fisheries
board took the position that it would be improper to
make an agreement that would bind the hands of those
who may be in authority with regard to fishing mat-
ters five years hence; that the situation is one ealling
for immediate cessation of fishing and that no after
consideration should be permitted to interfere with
taking steps, which are at this time necessary to pre-
serve and rehabilitate the run. The matter of partial
stopping of sockeye fishing was considered but for
similar reasons it was not found satisfactory.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

if it is found feasible to seeure the eggs elsewhere. —

December, 1921.
The Washington State officials invited the Canadian _
authorities to join with them in the stopping of the
taking of immature salmon within the three-mile limit —
in their western coastal waters. The Canadian author-
ities stated that their information was to the effect
that only a very small percentage of the salmon catch
in their coastal waters was immature, estimates rang-*
ing from 2% to 5%. They promised, however, to
make a survey of the situation during the coming
year, and if they found the same conditions existing
in their waters as exist along the coasts of Washing-
ton and Oregon they will then consider the matter of —
taking action similar to that taken by these two states
in stopping the immature salmon fishing. es
The Canadian authorities stated they were prepared
to accept a proposition looking to financial aid in the
operation of those hatcheries belonging to, or which
may be established by the Canadian Government in the
matured output, of which the Washington people have _
a common interest. In this connection it was agreed a)
that sockeye eggs will be brought from other waters _
for the purpose of augmenting the Fraser River run, ii

The Washington State authorities advanced the pro-
position of establishing humpback runs in the even —

numbered years in the waters of Puget Sound and
Fraser system such as now exist in the odd numbered
years by securing eggs of this variety from Alaska
and from other parts of British Columbia. The Cana-
dian officials promised their co-operation in this. The
matter of securing scientists to investigate the situa- —
ton as existing in the waters in question, the expense —
to be borne by the Canadian authorities and the Wash-
ington State officials was approved in principle. __
_ Next to the question of prohibiting sockeye fishing,
that of limited humpback or pink fishing, was pressed ie
for solution. Both sides agreed this is desirable, and _
an understanding was reached “hat the Canadian a
authorities are to have further time for investigation ee:
oe the dates which will most effectively accomplish
is. eee
Conferences along this line are to be had later on if
between the Chief Inspector of Fisheries for the Pro-
vinee of oes Neg yite and the Washington Fish- —
eries authorities for the purpose of arrivi speci sepecy
fie agreement. ie Be BS Pe,
While there has been nothing definite ac »mplish- ish-
ed by this conference at the an time the fact that
the State of Washington officials and the Dominion —
authorities have gathered round the conference table. og
will no doubt accomplish something ultimately. te L.
is a good sign when those representing the two sides — a
of the line get together with the idea of trying to an:
range matters for the best interests of all and it is to- aa.
be sincerely hoped that from this conference results —
will come that will benefit the entire industry. aR ee

DIRECT REPRESENTATION AS AGAINST —
REPRESENTATION 3,000 MILES AWAY, _

The recent conference held in Vancouver between
the Dominion Fisheries Department and the State

board of fisheries of the State of Washington was a

good practical illustration of what benefit an advisory —
board would have been in a conference of this nature.
With at least three practical fish men, men who are
operating large plants in the fishing business of the
State of Washington, as representatives of the fishing —
industry from there and not one practical man to re-
present the Dominion or British Columbia interests at. _
the conference it may well be seen to what disadvan-—

e the fishing eaees of British Columbia was un-
* at such an important gathering.

instance alone is the strongest possible argu-
‘or the appointment of an advisory board for
Columbia, and it is to be hoped that this mat-
may be taken under serious consideration by the
minister.

Washington ean enact and put into effect inside of
hours, regulations which will take several weeks to
et upon for the British Columbia interests.

CANNED SALMON MARKET

‘The usual holiday season dullness pervades the
ned salmon market and there is practically nothing
It has been predicted that by the first of next
il the canned salmon now on hand will be entirely
of and there will be clean floors in the canned

SALMON CANNERS NEED TO ADVERTISE
THEIR GOODS

doadl Ousninghawe ia Having » Busy Time
m reports that are being received from England,
nel Cunningham is having a busy time. He is
heavy competition and although he is making
ess at the same time the salmon canners of British
olumbia need to do everything possible to spread
pat Saget of “EAT CANADIAN CANNED SAL-
One report published in a Vancouver paper
**T have been in a grocer’s shop in London to
examine labels on salmon cans when I could get near
nough to the shelves to see them, and I have invari-
been disappointed in finding that those from
or Puget Sound greatly outnumbered those
the names of British Columbia Packers.’’ In
instance this same party tells of the grocer that
‘insisted to a customer that Alaska was a part of Can-
ada when his customer asked for some Canadian canned

ae buying public and the retailer to the use of
Canadian canned salmon and is doing everything pos-
le to spread the gospel of “EAT CANADIAN
CANNED SALMON.

At the recent Grocer’s Exhibition, held at Islington,
e British Columbia canners’ exhibit attracted a lot
of attention, and people were there from all over the
world. The Colonel also gave moving picture displays
whieh were of unusual interest.

It is a fact, however, that although the work of
Colonel Cunningham has accomplished much, no great
its will obtain until the British Columbia canners
advertise their goods in a big way. It will cost more

anoney but it will bring big results.

‘THE ORIENTAL SALT HERRING MARKET
With average prices around $40.00 per ton c.i.f. for
: e Oriental pack of dry salt herring, the market is in
ach better condition than it was last year at this
time. There has been no big run of fish on the West
ig of Vancouver, but a fair pack has been put up
d the White firms, who have been packing this year.
feeling satisfied with results so far.
- There has been good steamer service from the West
and good service to the Orient, which is instru-
in the marketing of the pack satisfactorily.
Eainime there has not been as many herring as
was hoped there would be in December, but January
‘looked forward to as having very good prospects.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Colonel Cunningham has done much to edu-.

285

QUALITY NOT COLOR

For years the salmon canners have been talking color
(red) in selling their product. Today this very talk-
ing point is working against them in the marketing
of the lighter colored varieties. Quality is the big
talking point today and color should be forgotten to
a great extent as the majority of salmon to be sold in
the future will be of the lighter colored varieties.
Quality and taste should be impressed on all who
handle the canned salmon. Whatever the packer im-
presses on the broker and jobber will be in turn handed
on to the retailer, and this feature in the marketing
of canned salmon. should never be lost sight of.

Now is the time when every one concernéd in the
marketing of canned salmon should be educated to the
fact that quality is-the big talking point whether he
is selling chums, pinks, white springs or sockeyes. This
fall, cohoes were moving very slowly and the writer
heard the remark several times that the color was
against them.

At the same time those concerned in the marketing
of canned salmon are being educated the general public
should also have the fact placed before them that they
can secure good quality canned salmon that are not
red meated. In fact, the wording of the appeal to
the publie should not bring in the color question. If
the canners will start the right kind of publicity cam-
paign at the beginning of the summer and earry this
right into the fall; by the time the 1922 pack is ready
the public will be in the market for more canned sal-
mon than has ever been sold in Canada, and if the
campaign is handled properly, with the right kind of
organization back of it, the selling price may be such
that there will be the right kind of returns for all.

The writer is not inferring that quality has never
been talked in marketing canned salmon but this has
to a great extent been overshadowed by the color
appeal.

FROZEN QUALLA SALMON SCARCE

The run of qualla salmon on the British Columbia
coast was a great disappointment to the packers of
frozen fish this season. This also applied to cohoes
with the result that eastern houses will not have the
regular supply of these varieties of frozen fish for. the
coming Lenten season. Although the salmon canners
did not plan to pack any of this variety this season at
the same time the frozen fish packers had a strong com-
petition in the buying field as the Japanese were salt-
ing as many qualla as they could secure and paid high
prices for the raw fish. The rice crop in Japan was not
up to the usual mark this season and with several
other conditions entering into the food supply question
the market for the salt salmon in Japan was extremely
lively, Thus, with a’small run and strong competi-
tion in the field the frozen pack was bound to be eur-
tailed. Frozen qualla will probably bring yood prices
this winter.

BLUENOSE SKIPPER RECEIVES PRESENTATION
IN PORTO RICO.

Captain Angus Walters of the Lunenburg schooner
‘*Bluenose’’, winner of the International Fisherman’s
Cup, received a gold wrist watch, suitably engraved,
from the merchants of Porto Rico. The presentation
was made while the schooner was in Ponce recently
with a cargo of dried fish from Halifax.

FISH RETAILERS SHOULD USE THE
NEWSPAPERS

The writer has never figured out the percentage of
meat advertisements in daily newspapers as compared
with fish advertisements by retail dealers in these two
varieties of edibles, but there is a great disparity in the
advertising by the fish stores.

The public are influenced in their buying by the
daily notices of merchandise offered by the merchants
through the medium of the daily newspapers. A re-
tail fish merchant may say that he cannot spend the
money that a meat dealer does. This may be true, but
if he will spend a percentage of the amount a meat
dealer spends and have his advertisements worded pro-
perly; with the right kind of appeal to the buying
public it will not be long when he will see that he can
afford to spend more money for advertising. His
trade is bound to grow. Let him give it a fair trial
and watch the results.

SMOKED FISH HAVE BEEN IN DEMAND THIS
SEASON IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

Kippered herring, bloaters, smoked cod _ fillets,
smoked sable fish, smoked filleted halibut and differ-
ent varieties of smoked salmon have all been in heavy
demand this season and the supply has been excep-
tionally good. The cured fish business of British
Columbia should develop rapidly as the varieties to
be secured here for curing purposes are the best in the
world.

REPORTED TRIAL OF COAST TO COAST SHIP-
MENT OF FROZEN FISH VIA COLD
STORAGE STEAMER

It is reported that one of the large wholesale fish
houses of Seattle has sent a trial shipment of frozen
fish via cold storage steamer through the Panama
Canal to the Atlantie coast. Should this prove suc-
cessful the all-water route will certainly be in great
demand by the shippers of frozen fish from the Pacific
coast, both in the United States and Br itish Columbia.

ie la

CROSS LINES TO BE USED IN CATCHING HAIR
SEALS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

After stealing the salmon fishermen’s catch right
from his nets for many years the hair seal is going
to run into something they know nothing about. They
have survived a warfare waged against them by bullets
and mines, but now the Fraser River fishermen have
received permission from the Dominion Fisheries De-
partment to use cross lines. These are lines con-
sisting of a main line and many short lines with sharp
hooks attached, which hang from the main line. They
are illegal to be used for other kinds of fishing, but
in the old days the Chinese used them to catch stur-
geon. The fish or seal rung into the line and if one
hook eateches others are bound to in the frantic en-
deavor of the fish or seal to get away.

License will be issued and accurate information will
be kept of the results of the new scheme to do away
with the pirates of the salmon fleet. Bach license
will have noted thereon the location of the areas in
which the cross lines are to be used by the licensee;
he will be expected to report the results of the use
of the lines in his area and the department officials
will also keep sharp watch that the privilege is not
abused.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

December, 192

FISH AND OIL PLANT TO OPERATE RIGHT
THROUGH THE WINTER
The Rendezvous Fisheries, Ltd., Victor Johneco
General Manager, will operate the company’s ren
ing plant at Rendezvous Island right through
winter, producing oil and meal from dogfish.
outlook for the marketing of the company’s oil
brighter than it has been for some time owing to co:
ditions of the fish oil market. :

HARRY NUNAN HAS RETURNED TO KETCHIE
Harry Nunan, Manager of the New England |
Company’s plant at Ketchikan, Alaska, passed thro
Vancouver the latter part of November on his
back to Ketchikan, after spending a holiday back
his old home in Boston, Mass. Harry states tha
there have been many changes both in Gloucester and
Boston. Some of the old familiar faces are no more
and there have been many changes in the firms on the
fish dock.
At Ketchikan he states that the New Ragiand Fish
Co. have handled a record amount of fish for the past
season and today there is quite a little settlement at
the Company’s plant. :
THE UNITED KINGDOM TO FURNISH BRITISH
COLUMBIA WITH TIN PLATE FOR 1922
SALMON PACK.

The American Can Company in Canada has purehased
their supply of tin plate for Canadian use in 1922
from the United Kingdom. :

This is the first time in eight years that hai supp
of tin plate has been purchased from the United I
dom, ;

Prices of the tin plate laid down in Carlade are dow
than if the tin plate was purchased in the Uni
States. This accounts for the purchase being made
in the United Kingdom. No doubt ocean freight rates
have had considerable to do with the purchase of B
ish tin plate for the 1922 season. This plate is co
ing from Wales. :

The reduction in the price of tin plate for the 19:
season will help materially in lessening the cost
canned salmon. It is gratifying, however, to see th
purchase made in the United Kingdom, as it besa
help the industrial situation there.

x

SCOTCH CURE SALT HERRING IN BRITISH
COLUMBIA.

Owing to the shortage of the supply of Seoteh e
pack in the Old Country and Alaska the British
umbia salt fish firms are having a chance to put w
few barrels of Seotch cured herring this year.

The run of herring on the west coast of Vancou
Island has been poor, too, and for this reason there wi
not be as many herring salted in barrel as might ha
been if the fish had been there.

There are about five firms salting but it is dout
if there are over 4,000 barrels salted, if there are
many, .

It is understood that most of the sales are ee
f.o.b. Vaneouver.

With one exception the firms packing the Sc
cured herring are white firms, there being one
anese firm that is packing.

JAPANESE STEAMER WITH SALT FROM JAP
FOUNDERS OFF CAPE FLATTERY, —

The Japanese steamer, Koun Maru, 700. tons g
with a full cargo of Japanese salt, foundered whi 0
miles off Cape Flattery, November 29th. Five 1

) bait the balance of the crew were picked up
poe steamer Tosan Maru, which was bound
oma to the Orient. The Koun Maru was un-

d by the Tosan Maru. Rescue was carried on in
zing southeast storm which rendered the work most
cult.
The Koun Maru was a new wooden vessel just built
a Japan, and was on her maiden voyage.

GOOD EXAMPLE OF WHAT THE ORIENTAL
" QUESTION MEANS TO BRITISH COLUMBIA
FISHERIES.

The recent loss of the Japanese steamer Koun Marn,

ided with salt, bound from Japan to the west coast
couver demonstrates how the Japanese operat-
in British Columbia fisheries divert everything
* to their own country, and countrymen. This
; "Japanese built steamer, loaded with Japanese

hich was to be used in salting herring to be ship-
‘Japan and China. The fish are caught by
e, using Japanese made nets; in boats built by
e, and the curing is all done by Japanese. The
the fish are shipped in are made by Japanese, and
ive to a great extent» upon rice (grown in Japan)

t the only goods that are used is the wood
in British Columbia, and clothes manufactured
, and ny are purchased in most cases from Japan-

never possible the salt herring eured for ship-
to the Orient is shipped there by the Japanese
asp Sy ae steamers.

he smoke had cleared away and the general

f Washington officials and the Dominion Fisheries
orities had been finally sifted there was a keen
of disappointment among members of the indus-
The faet that the Washington delegates came to
" conference with a conerete proposition and the
i authorities could not see eye to eye with
em should not have allowed the conference to end
‘without something being done to help the situation
that exists to-day and possibly leave the matter in
such a position that matters could be re-opened on a
notice.

- Without doubt matters would have been nearer a
solution if.at least one practical representative had
yeen a member of the Dominion delegation. It em-
izes that need of an advisory commission more
‘ever and there is no reason why such a commis-
should not be appointed for British Columbia.
a commission should have at least one member
is of the legal profession.

it stands to-day every matter that was under
ssion at the conference is dead until revived
1; that is nothing was done to help out the situ-
regards sockeye protection.

riginal proposed treaty should have been
‘ed to come into force and the American cannery-
Bh ing sense find this out. They opposed

CANADIAN FISHERMAN hs

of what took place at the conference of the State.

287
to them as to the Canadians but apparently they could
not see it. ~

On the other hand the Dominion authorities should

not have allowed the conference to end without at-
tempting to accomplish something along the lines of
co-operative endeavor for the restoration of the sock-
eye salmon meantime. This phase of the conference
is much regretted.

MR, FOUND VISITS VANCOUVER.

Mr, W. A. Found, Asst. Deputy Minister of Fisher-
ies, arrived in Vancouver Dee. 6th to attend the Fish-
eries Conference between the authorities and the State
of Washington officials. This conference was held
on Dee. 12th and 13th and it may be said that between
the time Mr. Found arrived in Vancouver and the
night when he left for Ottawa, Dee. 15th, he did not
have any idle moments.

What with lisetning to members of the fishing in-
dustry, conferences with the salmon canners and
fishermen and affairs of the department which he is
called upon to assist in administering at a distance of
3,000 miles away, it may well be imagined that his
time was well engaged.

Naturally Mr. Found is not in a position to say
much regarding official business at the present time
~ for that reason we are not in a position to quote
nim.

Regarding the conference, Mr. Found stated that
everything had been given to ‘the press that was agreed
upon between th members of the two delegations and
for the present there was nothing more to be said
(this is printed elsewhere in this number).

CANADIAN SALMON TRADE.
Canners Affected by Japanese Competition,

American and British Calumbia salmon canners are
feeling the result of Japanese competition, according
to the figures recently published on imports by Great
Britain in 1920 :—Sweden, 81 ewt.; Norway, 102 ewt.;
Germany, 87 ewt.; Belgium, 1,675 ‘cwt.; France, 8,473
ewt.; Portugal, 498 ewt.; Spain, 24 ewt. ; Italy, 1,484
ewt.; China, 873 .ewt.; Japan, 354,248 ewt.; United
States of America, 325,455 ewt.; Channel Islands, 1
ewt.; Malta and Gozo, 50 ewt.; Dominion of Canada,
156,638 ewt.; Newfoundland and Labrador, 255 ewt.
Total, 849, 944 ewt.

There were 849,944 ewt. at 112 pounds, or 95, 193,72:
pounds; an average of 76 pounds per case equals
1,252,549 cases. Canadian imports were 156,638 ewt.,
or 17, 543,456 pounds or 230,835 cases, which equals
18.4 per cent of the total imports.

Imports of canned fish from Japan, on a basis of 76
pounds to the case, would be 322,070 cases, or 42 per
cent.

Imports from the United States were on a basis of
76 pounds to the case, being equal to 479,618 cases, or
31 per cent.

Low cost of production in the Japanese fishery in-
dustry made it possible for Japan to underquote all
competitors on eanned red fish.

F. E. DAVIS CO. ACQUIRES NOVA SCOTIA
PLANT.

Thistle Canning and Curing Company’s plant at New
Edinburgh, Digby County, was purchased at auction
by Mr. Thurber for the Frank E. Davis Co., Ltd., of
Gloucester, who will use it principally for the canning
of fish.

288

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BR. C Fishing & Packing Co. 1d.

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334,392 374,216 292,219 223,158
81,133 143,9S 199,495 126.686
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398,412 396,212 294,597 307,635
87,971 392,663 377,884 145,763

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159,255 Pak oad 28/829 65.905
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04,064 4, iy, 290 75.413 40,207
99,192 71,142 €8, 745 do,390 “711 128,089
S47,.459 C204€0 1.167.400 455.854 473,674 {OE41S «T3T437 484,16) 1,075,477

December, 1921. CANADIAN FISHERMAN 289

M BETWEEN FRIENDS. was a tax on brains the government would owe you
“T understand you said I didn’t- have enough sense money,’’

to come in out of the rain.’’
““T did not.”’

_**What did you say, then?’’ A pessimist is a poor fish who thinks every worm
**Merely remarked to a friend of ours that if there hides a hook.

Canadian Fish Plants No. 8

axe? ANHYDROUS
AMMONIA

AQUA
AMMONIA

REPRESENTED IN ALL
THE LARGER CITIES of

CANADIAN AMMONIA CO., LIMITED cinans. rue p. wi

MADE IN CANADA TORONTO, ONT. and Newfoundland

et a ee eee

92

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

=
pea wee BOB
Tapiptiel tet igi

Ree BE 1 ae

UNITED STATES FISH FIRMS Specializing in the HANDLING
OF CANADIAN FISH

pees ~ When U_ Ship FISH, LOBSTERS or
William J. Vhay SCALLOPS to the Boston Market,
Oldest and Largest Broker in CANNED, SALT, FOR BEST RESULTS ship to
SMOKED FISH, operating in Middle-
West of United States R. §. HAMILTON COMPANY
GOODS HANDLED ON BROKERAGE AND CONSIGNMENT 17 ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
FISH PIER, BOSTON, MASS.
Offices and Warehouse: DETROIT, Mich. Cs tid Reals tintas G0 ak ae i

|FISH OYSTERS~°CLAMS|||_“c* = suet

. AMIS ;

£X gd \ fis
ANS » »\ Se FRESH AND FROZEN FISH

WHOLESALE PRODUCERS, IMPORTERS AND SHIPPERS OF vat mas NSS
: Ree Ref., Corn Exchange National Bank, or any Chicago

FRESH CHILLED, SMOKED, SALTED LAKE AND OCEAN wholesale fish concern.

Wholesale
FRESH AND SMOKED FISH

BUFFALO.N.Y< 209-211-213 N. Union St., CHICAGO, Ill,

Phone Monroe 3623

W. Irving Atwood, W. Elmer Atwood, Irving M. Atwood,
President. Vice-President. Treasurer.

ALL

WACH USET ‘ OR ge he VARIETIES
BRANO = : = 3 _ or Tne
FINNAN HADDE —- SEASON
31 Boston Fish Pier Boston, Mass.

SR ain Raat 2 ta Ch eh he A aie ta
. $ aes Deter ee

BINDING DEPT. MAY 10 (223

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