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THE
ANADIAN

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

VOL. IX GARDENVALE, P. Q., JANUARY, 1922 -VWEC. 19422 No. 1-12.

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Meats | Vegetables Milk
Syrup Fish Paint Etc}

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TORONTO | WINNIPEG
H.R. PHIPPS, Sales Mer. Established 1888 A. E. HANNA,

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CANADIAN FISHEBMAN

a aoa

————— a

Meeting the Requirements of the Industry
SH |

| ‘
rei
House of Leckie

For over half a century has heen supplying the
commercial Fisherman of two continents
continuously in

Fishing and Marine Supplies

A FEW OF OUR STANDARD LINES

Nautical Instruments, Linen Gilling Nets, Gilling Twines,

Lamps of all types, Sea Island Cotton Gilling Nets,
Life Boat Equipment to Side Line and Seaming Twine,
Board of Trade regulations, Pound Nets, Drag Seines, Dip Nets,
Life Jackets, Ring Buoys, Minnow Seines, Trammel Nets,
Blocks of all kinds, Hoop Nets, Fishing Rope,
Wire and Manila Rope, Cedar Floats, Lead, —
Anchors, Oars, Pumps, Boat Hardware.

WRITE FOR A CATALOG

John Leckie Limited

77 Wellington St. W. TORONTO, Ont.

January, 1922.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

EDITORIAL

Sane
—_—--—-
3
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e

SS

——

IS SEPARATE DEPARTMENT DUE?

It is a real pleasure to note that the Hon. Mackenzie
King in framing his cabinet, relieved the Minister of
_ Marine and Fisheries of the administration of the Naval
- Service Department. For a few years previous to 1920
_ Naval Service and the fisheries were united under a
ne single deputy minister. The association was grotesque;
_ it was ludicrous. It is doubted if the austere and intri-
_ eately technical naval documents and reports felt com-
ee eeeably at home with fish cook books on the same shelf.
| _ They were companions. of oil-and-water consistency.
_ Subsequently our fisheries were grouped under a single
deputy of marine and fisheries and the companionship
a _ is not a bit more appropriate.
‘« Bh ‘That the Hon. Mr. King has taken a big department
i from the minister of marine and fisheries seems to augur
oa for the ultimate segregation of the fisheries under
deputy minister. Those engaged in the fishing in-
‘dustry in all parts of the country are insisting upon this.
For the past year the Canadian Fisherman has _ con-
sistently argued the case, and prominent organizations

a ee

adian Manufacturers’ Association, Boards of Trade,
ete., have urged it forcibly. The general demand for
this reform and the logic of ‘the arguments advanced
cannot but appeal to the new prime minister. He has
vi alg made some commendable changes in the arran-

— So. i rs Civil Re-establishment ; and we feel quite just-
‘ified in anticipating his spnaidesatitin for the needs of
the fishing industry.
The new Minister, Hon. Ernest Lapointe, will have a
splendid opportunity of impressing the industry at the
_ National Fish Day banquet and what he will have to
say with reference to the future of fisheries adminis-
_ tration will have considerable influence upon affairs.

THE TRADE HAS A STAKE.

High hopes had been entertained for a happy solution
of the sockeye salmon problem of Puget Sound and the
_ Fraser River at the joint conference of Dominion gov-
ernment and Washington State fishery officials. After
nearly a quarter of a century of fruitless endeavors to

2 co-operate for the conservation df the valuable species,
_~ a definite basis of practical negotiation had been estab-

lished. The Fishery Advisory Board of Washington

such as the Canadian Fisheries Association, the Can- .

had secured plenary power and the Canadian delega-
tion was clothed with wide authority. It was natural,
therefore, that a solution should have been anticipated.
The two groups came together on December 12 in Van-
couver, adjourning the following day, and the only im-
portant result of the meeting was the tragic announce-
ment that no agreement had been reached on the vexed
question. The groups parted. Not only was the long-
hoped-for conference a miserable failure, but the sit-
uation at adjournment seems to have definitely closed
the door. There is little welcome entertained on either
side, apparently, for reopening the discussion in the
near future. And as time goes on the sockeye species
hastens on its course to depletion. The unpleasant
truth must be faced that the sockeye’s days are num-
bered. What a spectacle!

We are not in a position to definitely place the res-
ponsibility for the failure of negotiations, but there
are certain contributing factors which appear quite ob-
vious. Press reports declare the stumbling block to an
understanding was a difference of opinion as to what
methods of fishing should be employed five years hence
in Puget Sound. That the species needed immediate
protection for that length of time was an unanimous
view. It is understood that the assistant deputy min-
ster of fisheries at Ottawa, who headed the Canadian
group, maintained that unless the use of purse seines
in sockeye areas was permanently barred, it would be
useless from the Canadian viewpoint to forego the com-
mercial advantages of fishing during the next half
decade. This view is quite logical, the purse seine hav-
ing been condemned long since as being too destructive
to the species. At the same time a tremendous res-
ponsibility was assumed hy cutting off negotiations.

When the conference met the-problem was to devise
a joint understanding for the rehabilitation of the sock-
eye. When it adjourned this had been settled in prin-
ciple, but the new problem arose ‘as to methods of fish-
ing when it should be resumed five years from now. The
most important point of all—co-operation—had been
definitely achieved. Was the new problem absolutely
insurmountable? Was the industry on the Pacific
Coast consulted before it was agreed to disagree? The
salmon interests of British Columbia have many millions
of dollars invested. They have more at stake than any-
one else in Canada and its seems reasonable that their
wishes should have been consulted.

The foregoing point brings us to an elementary prin-
ciple in this and similar negotiations upon which the
fishing industry as a whole should seek an understand-
ing. The merchandizing of fish constitutes the indus-

*

a CANADIAN FISHERMAN

try. Without the business of fish merchandizing there
would be no occasion for fishery regulations and con-
servative measures. Everything hinges upon the com-
mercial branch of the industry. Laws and. regulations
are made for the purpose of improving conditions for
fish merchandizing and making the resource more valu-
able, and they will be necessary just so long as it is pro-
fitable for Canadian citizens to engage in the business.
Any legislation — whether it be an international agree-
ment or some domestic matter — affects the commercial
branch of the industry and it alone. As a matter of
principle it is logical that it should be consulted on con-
templated legislation and that it should be represented
on boards or tribunals which sit upon commercial fishery
matters. It is only by such a policy that the depart-
ment at Ottawa will have the entire confidence of the
industry.

There was no practical salmon canner on the Can-
adian delegation to the sockeye conference although the
Washington State group included three. The attitude
the Canadian group took may have conformed entirely
to the wishes of the canners who had millions of dollars
at stake. And then again it may not have. Would not
the Canadian delegation have felt a little more con-
fident had a representative of the salmon canners sat
on the board and endorsed its views; and would not such

a representative have inspired greater confidence all°

around? Nobody would doubt the sincerity and good
intentions of Mr. W. A. Found. His deep interest and
honest endeavor to administer the departement well are
thoroughly appreciated. It is merely the policy of ex-
cluding the commercial interests from these vital dis-
cussions which prompts ¢riticism.

We trust that the sockeye discussions will be resum-
ed in the immediate future. The species is too valuable
to retard strict conservatice measures a year longer. If
the issue now is upon methods of fishing five year hence
why not refer it to the cannerymen of British Colum-
bia. They have a lot at stake and may be depended

upon to find a means of striking a compromise. There

is no one who has a greater interest in the future of the
fishery than they.

&

INSHORE FISHERMEN TO RACE, TOO.

~The enthusiasm, not only of the fishing element of

the Nova Scotia population, but of people in all walks
of life as well, over the international schooner races, is
best demonstrated by the fact that an annual compe-
tition among the inshore vessels is now being organized.
The Morning Chronicle of Halifax has offered a trophy
and there is every indication that the event will be con-
ducted this fall as a preliminary to the international
elimination races. It is a good idea and we trust. that
nothing will happen to prevent its execution.

In a recent issue, the Chronicle explains how the sche-

me originated. It resulted from a discussion as to the
merits of these smaller fishing schooners from different
Scotian ports and an expressed desire upon the part of

January, 1922.

many interested to see them come into competition. No
committee has been yet appointed to draft rules, but it
is the intention of the donors to limit the size of ves-
sels competing to thirty tons. This ruling is obviously
fair as vessels of larger tonnage would be too severe a
handicap for fishermen much smaller. In drawing up
a code of rules it is our opinion that every inducement
should beprovided to encourage the construction of a
better class of vessels. While much interest is developed

and tremendous publicity gained from the sporting as-
pect of this and the deep sea fisherman race, a more

permanent good may be done by so regulating the
event that it will carry in its wake development and
modernization in fishing craft.

It is obvious that this race will not create the wide-

spread interest occasioned by the big event, but it is

pregnant with many progressive possibilities.
to the promotors to link up with the sporting element

We look ~

of the race strong inducement to build improved craft. i

This latter feature is even more important than in the

capital event. Nearly three-quarters of our Atlantic
sea fish is produced within twelve miles of shore. The
inshore vessels and the trawlers supply our fresh fish
trade. The whole continent of America offers a market

for fresh sea fish and improved methods of fishing and —

handling the catch mean a finer product on the mar-

ket and a satisfied consumer, which, in a nutshell, is A

the secret of increased fish consumption.

BRITISH OFFICIALDOM.

We have a good deal of interest in the announcement

elsewhere that Fishmongers’ Hall, London, has decided oie

to forego the elaborate and destructive system of put- —

ting metal tags on our frozen salmon, and be content ; :
with a signed certificate enclosed with each fish, We

must admit, though, that we are rather at a loss to ap-

preciate the reasoning of Fishmongers’ Hall in extend-

ing this liberty to British Columbia Salmon and not to —
Atlantic salmon. It is declared that our Atlantic sal- —
mon is the identical species caught in waters of the —
United Kingdom, while Pacific species are admittedly
Such being the case why is it ne-

distinetly different.
cessary to mark Pacific salmon-at all? They are read-
ily identified as strangers to the United Kingdom, and

why would not the suggested certificate suffice wes the :
Atlantic species?

/

It was breakfast time, and Private Jones was elo-

quent of disgust. The menu consisted of sausage.

Presently along came the orderly officer, asking

if there were any complaints.
**Yes, sir,’? said Private Jones.
sausage is meat and the other is wood.”’

‘‘Well,’’ replied the orderly officer, ‘‘these are hard

times, and I suppose the makers couldn’t make both
ends ‘meat.’ ”’

**T’m not complaining of the amount of meat, sir!??
retorted Jones. ‘‘It’s the amount of kennel I don,t
like.’”’ ;

**One end of my

q

January, 1922.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

A New Man*At The

on

Wheel

ae FREDERICK WILLIAM WALLACE.

_ The foot of the ladder of journalism and literature is
well placed in Canada for those who take to the business
of writing and authorship. The clear invigorating at-
mosphere, the rugged life and the wide expanse of coun-
try, coupled with the sturdy type of settlers that have
made this north country their home, make for condi-
_ tions that foster ideas and develop the desire to give
_ expression to them. Proportionate to the population
_ Canada has entered more than her share of writers and
— authors. el
But as the scribes begin to mount the above-mention-
ed ladder it leads them across the boundary into the
larger centres of New York and London. The last to go
_ over this road was Frederick William Wallace who left
_ Gardenwale a few days ago for New York City, and who
_ 4s the author of ‘‘ Blue Water’’, ‘The Shacklocker’’ and
“Viking Blood’’, three of the most popular volumes of
_ recent literature. At the same time the Canadian Fish-
erman lost a most competent editor. As a pot boiler Mr.
Wallace has edited the Canadian Fisherman for the last
—e@ght years and acted as Secretary of the Canadian
_ Fisheries Association. But while this work was a bread
winner Mr. Wallace gave it attention and achieved re-
sults in it which would do credit to one whose whole

_ purpose in life was to do this and nothing else. Under.

his editorship the Canadian Fisherman, in a compar-
atiwely short time, has taken its place among the lead-
ing and best edited educational and industrial maga-
gines published anywhere and the Canadian Fisheries

JAMES H. CONLON.

Association has become @ power among eduational
organizations and has accomplished a work for the com-
mercial fisheries equal to the most sucessful of such
organizations.

We are sure that Mr. Wallace will rise to eminence
in the field of letters, but we doubt if he will erect a
finer monument to himself than he has already estab-
lished in the hearts of the fishermen of the sea coasts
and shores of the inland lakes and rivers of Canada.

There can be no better gauge of a man than the cali-
bre of those he gathers about him and inspires with his
own ideals. A big man never leaves a position without
filling it with potential brain power capable even of
greater things than he himself achieved and in Mr.
James H. Conlon who assumes the editorship of the
Canadian Fisherman and the secretaryship of the Can-
adian Fisheries Association, the comme. cial fishe. ies
of Canada has an efficient and courageous sponsor,

Mr. Conlon, although still in his twenties has had
many years of newspaper experience and more recently
organized and directed the fish marketing division of
the Fisheries Department at Ottawa. Through this ~
work he has become well and favorably known to the in-
dustry. Under Mr. Conlon’s editorship we are sure that
the Canadian Fisherman will hold the same interest for
its readers that it has in the past and the same progres-
sive policies that have characterized this publication
and the Canadian Fisheries Association will be contin-
ued with even greater force.

THE PUBLISHERS.

6 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

January, 1922.

All Together Boys! Boost The Day!

“‘Few of our industries possess greater potentiality or finer possibilities than our vast fisheries. We have
the resources to place us at the head of fish producing Nations, and each and every one can play a part in

achieving this goal.

“Production just keeps pace with demand, and until consumption of our seafoods is increased at home and
abroad we must be content to utilize but a small fraction of the wealth our fisheries will yield.

**Each may contribute materially on National Fish Day,—February 1st,—by maintaining the spirit of the
time and by studying the tremendous possibilities of a consistent use of fish.”

The foregoing is the message which the new minister
of fisheries, Hon. Ernest Lapointe, has issued to the
people of Canada. It is a logical appeal and one which
presents the situation concisely and strongly.

J. A. Paulhus, first vice-president of the Canadian
Fisheries Association, has issued a statement to the
trade, calling upon all commercially interested in the
industry to put his whole heart and soul into the Na-
tional Fish Day movement and make the event this year
a greater success than ever before. His message fol-
lows:

‘*As the originator of National Fish Day and as yice-
president of the Canadian Fisheries Association, I beg
to ask every member of our organization and the trade
in general to give all the support possible and to devote
as much time and energy as they reasonably can in
order to make this coming National Fish Day the best
ever. There are many good reasons why we should go
into the affair wholeheartedly, but above all we must
convince the public that our aim is a patriotic one and
devoid of selfish motives.

‘‘No industry in Canada has had to depend upon its
own initiative and resources to such an extent as the
fisheries. None has been less favored by the powers
that be. It has been left to struggle with its problems
with very little encouragement or sympathy. Still no
industry possesses such vast possibilities nor deserves
more appreciation and support. It is a basic food source,
supplying the raw material for a multitude of sub-
sidiary industries. As a food purveyor the industry
has no peer. It surpasses in volume, quality and var-
iety our meat, cereal and fruit products.

‘‘Fish should be the breakfast of the Canadian people.
It is more palatable and more nourishing than cereals
and is a substantial diet for manual or mental workers.

‘“‘For the past few years as an association we have
tried hard to get a hearing from the Council of our Na-
tion. We have repeatedly knocked at the door of the
Department of Marine and Fisheries asking admittance
and that our industry be given official recognition in
the shape of a separate department, but always and
invariably our insistence has been ignored, our voice
muffled by indifference, our solicitations evaded by
subterfuge or diplomatic legerdemain.

‘Cannot they realize the possibilities and import-
ance of the fisheries of Canada?

‘‘The present government, we trust, will put an end
to this era of ruinous extravagance, building ships and
railroads which are a drain upon the people, and bend
its effort towards stimulating the development of our
natural resources, particularly the fisheries.

‘““Gentlemen of the Canadian Fisheries Association
and of the fish trade in general: Let us rally now to
make the coming event an outstanding success, not from
a selfish point. of view but with the feeling that we are
doing our duty towards ourselves and our country.’’

Preparations. for the Day..

In the city of Montreal the trade has organized to
boost the movement. Special street car advertising 1s
being done, the theatres are showing special fishery
films, wholesale and retail merchants are stamping their
correspondence with National Fish Day propaganda

and parcels are leaving the retail stores bearing cons- —
~ picuous labels. Sagi

A feature of the Montreal celebration is to be a ban-
quet in the Windsor Hotel in the evening, at which it
is hoped to have Hon. Ernest Lapointe as the guest of
honor, ss

‘\

From the standpoint of the Canadian Fisheries As-

sociation the day will be a red-letter one, as it will mark
the inception of a scientific and educational division,
instituted for the purpose of preparing pamphlets an d
industry for

other literature dealing with the fishing

use in public schools and libraries, in which institutions ©

such literature is badly needed. Among those expected
in Montreal to launch this movement are — Dr. RB. E
Coker, Bureau of Fisheries, Washington; Russell
mer, New York; F. W. Wallace, New

sell Pal
York; Dr A. Gy

Huntzman, Canadian Biological Board; W. A. Found

and J. J. Cowie, Ottawa; Professor John N. Cobb and —

Miller Freeman of Seattle and Dr. McLean Fraser of
British Columbia. . ka
The Pacific Coast. ee
The Vancouver Branch of the Canadian F isher
Association held a luncheon meeting on "

ne

to arrange for the celebration of Canada’s Nat nal

Fish Day, on Feb. 1st, throughout British |

was appointed Chairman of the Fish Day Committee.

After reading the report of Chairman R. R. Payne —

is tytn be

Mr. Frank E. Payson, Secy. of the Vancouver braneh, —

of the 1921 Fish Day Committee it was decided to

carry on along the same lines with the idea of making
1922 even larger than the previous year’s most sucess-
ful celebration when about 2000,000 Ibs. of fresh and
cured fish and approximately 100,000 Ibs. of fish were
disposed of. These figures show an increase of about
fifteen times more than a normal consumption in a
like period which thoroughly demonstrates that the
Nation Fish Day celebration is well worth while.

Every one at the meeting was enthusiastic in regard

_the celebration of Fish Day and expressed their hearty |
co-operation with the celebration not only in spoken

words but in a material way, so it may be said that

Vancouver is away to a good start.

Every town and city in British Columbia will be
cireularized and in Nanaimo, Victoria, and New West-
minster members of the Canadian Fisheries Association
will do everything possible to have fish eaten on
Febuary Ist.

January, 1922.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

~]

Our New Minister

Let us introduce to you Hon. Ernest Lapointe
who enters the Mackenzie King administration as
minister of marine and fisheries. Hie assumes the ad-
ministration of the fisheries with the very best wishes
of the commercial interests. To him we extend on be-
half of the trade a most cordial welcome.

Hon Mr Lapointe took over the direction of fishe-
ry affairs several weeks ago, but until he has tho-
roughly acquainted himself with the routine of af-
fairs and until he has passed the troubles and worries
attendent upon a bye-election; no great activity may
reasonably be expected of him. But when he has

HON. E. LAPOINTE.

passed this stage Hon Mr Lapointe will have many
important fishery matters pressing him for attention,
His career and reputed ability, however, justify con-
fidence that he will meet every situation in a manner
thoroughly satisfactory to the trade.

Our new minister was born at St Eloi, Temiscouata
county, Quebec on October 6, 1876, son of S. and
Adele (Lavoie) Lapointe. He was educated’ at

Rimouski College and Laval University, receiving .

from the latter the degrees of B.A. B.C.L. and L.LB..

In 1898 he was called to the Quebec bar and ten years
later was created K.C. For a short period after
being. admitted to the bar he practised his profession
in the city of Quebec, later going to Fraserville where
he formed a partnership with Adolphe Stein. Dur-
ing the following years he served as town attorney of
Fraserville and crown prosecutor of the District of
Kamouraska. In 1919 he moved to Quebee where he
igs still a member of the firm of Lapointe, LaForte,
Savard and Savard.

In 1904 he was elected to the House of Com-
mons, to represent Kamouraska and he was returned
from that riding each general lection until 1919
when he was chosen to contest East Quebec, the seat
formerly held by Sir Wilfrid Laurier. His career in
the House of Commons has been a brilliant one, He

- has shown himself keen in debate and was looked

upon by Sir Wilfrid Laurier as one as his ablest lieu-
tenants. Under the leadership of Hon Mackenzie
King he was foremost in the Liberal ranks and has
been generally recognized as the leader of the Quebec
wing of the Liberal party.

Along with ability that is undeniable and a genial
personality, Hon Mr Lapointe possesses the wonder-
ful and by no means common faculty among success-
ful politicians, of being approachable. Already he
has ben advised by a representative of the Canadian
Fisheries Association that the immediate ambition of
the commercial interests is to secure a separate de-
partment of fisheries-distinect from all affiliations,
and to be guided by a man with the rank of deputy
minister, who may have direct access to the minister
at all times. It was impressed upon him that it was
considered necessary that the man at the head of the
fisheries department should be a man with no other
worries upon his shoulders and one who is well versed
in the multitudinous problems of the industry ‘and its
complexities. The minister had a most sympathetic
ear and gave assurance that the matter would be given
immediate attention. Undoubtedly the government
must be economical to make ends meet, but that is no
reason for neglecting that long-standing want. It will
require not more than $5,000 or $6,000 a year to
create the new department. The entire machinery
is there. The reorganization is merely a matter of
shifting control.

This is the first and foremost want of the indus-
try and it is considered absolutely essential in order
that problems looming upon the horizon may be well
handled.

The case rests in the hands of "Hon Mr Lapointe
as such a matter of reorganization would undoubted-
ly be left to his discretion. The industry trusts to
his good judgement.

A REAL NEED.

A small boy in the visitors’ gallery was watching
the proceedings of the House of Commons.

‘Father, who is that gentlemen?’’ he asked, point-
ing to the chaplain,

‘‘That, my son, is the chaplain,’’ replied the father.

‘Does he pray for the members?’’ asked the boy.

The father thought a moment and then said: ‘‘No,
my son, when he goes in he looks around and sees the
members sitting there, and then he prays for the
country.”’

8 -CANADIAN FISHERMAN

January, 1922.

Erie Fisherman Affiliate With C.F. A.

Seventh Annual Convention at St. Thomas Marked —

by Progressive Move.

— Many Important Res-

olutions adopted. — Brown Again President.

As a result of the seventh annual convention of the
Lake Erie Fisherman’s Association, which was held at
St. Thomas on January 9, 10 and 11, that organiza-
tion becomes affiliated with the Canadian Fisheries
Association — the national body. The decision of the
convention is significant of the times, and the strong
support now coming from the lakes district is a sub-
stantial acquisition to the parent body. The Lake
Erie Assciation is to be congratulated upon its prog-
ressiveness, and in this regard much is due to the
wide-awakeness of A. S. Brown, president and H. A.
Short, secretary-treasurer.

While the atendance was not as large as in previous
years, the gathering was most representative. There
was a fine spirit of unanimity among the various in-
terests and business was executed with deapatch. Mr.
Brown, to whom the association owes much for the
success of this year’s meeting and previous prosperity
was induced to accept another term as president. He
has already served three terms, and while he felt he
should make way for someone else, it was impressed
upon him that he was the man for the job. In the re-
election of Mr. Short as secretary- treasurer the as-
sociation experienced more good fortune. With the
enthusiasm and energy of these two gentlemen, along
with C. F. A.. a.ffiliations increased prosperity may be
expected in the next year.

The other officerswelected were: Honorary president,
Hon. H. Mills of Toronto; vice-president, H. Drom-
gole of Wallacetown, and ’ secretary-treasurer, H. A.
Short, of Port Stanley.

The following were apointed members of the ex-
ecutive committee: A. E. Crewe, J. E. Pastorius, W.
D. Bates, H. Goodison, E. Koehler, W. F. Kolbe, B. G.
Westcott, H. Hales, A. B. Hoover, J. W. Grubb, W. F.
Conway, George Van Order, W. H. McPherson,

H. Taylor, George Oldrieve, M. McAuley, E. W. Moss,

W. H. Wheeler, A. Dougker, George Gorrel, 8. 8S. Bas-
well, A. Misner, Charles Ross, A. G. Anderson and N.
McLean.

Executive meetings were held on the afternoon and
evening of Monday, and on Tuesday morning. On
Tuesday afternoon and Wednesday afternoon open
meetings were held in the town hall. On Tuesday
evening the annual banquet was held in the dining
room of the Grand Central Hotel.

First Business Session.

Considerable business was transacted at the first
open meeting on Tuesday. It was unanimously dicid-
ed that the association should become affiliated with
the Canadian Fisheries Association. To cover the cost
of affiliation it was also decided to increase the annual
fee to $7.

The meeting voted to send letters to every fishing
license holder on the north shore of Lake Erie, ex-
plaining the aims and objects of the Lake Erie Fisheries
Association. The letters will be followed by a per-
sonal canvass undertaken in the various districts by

the following men: Pelee Island, W. P. Conway ; Wheat-
ley, A. E. Crewe; Cedar Springs, H. Goodison; Ridge-
town,” W. D. Bates: Clearville, E. Keohler; Port Stan-_
ley, H. A. Short; Port Burwell, George ‘Van Orden
and A. Misener; Port Dover, C. E. Barwell and Cap. F.
Kolbe; Dunnville, C. Ross; Maitland, “A. E. Hoover,
and Nanticoke, W. H. Wheeler.

The grievance committee will be as follows: Essex,
B. G. Westcott and W. P. Conway; Kent, A. E. Crewe
and N. McAuley; Elgin, E. Koehler and W. H. Me-
Pherson; Norfolk, G. Van Order and C. E. Barwell
Haldimand, A. E. Hoover and KE. W. Moss. °

Members of the advisory committee for the past
year were re-elected. They are: H. Dromgole, A. E.
Hoover, W. H. McPherson, J. E. Pastorius and George
Van Order.

In his opening address the president stated. that he
did not think that any man should hold office for
more than three years, and for that reason he intend-
ed to resign at the end of 1922. He regreted that
was such a small attendance. C :

There was, Mr. Brown continued, a cer
of the membership who had decided to wit
regretted the action, but stated that it -
vilege. He believed that the association
accomplished much more if the membership
together.

The president did not believe that the
Lake Erie were getting a fair deal from
government. The minister of fisheries, wh
vited to come, not only refused the invit
neglected to send a representative. It y
ond year, Mr. Brown said, that the invita
refused.

He attacked the government because

vilege of fishing in Lake Erie and then r fy
the customary grant of $500 which had
annually from preceding governnet :

no money to the eovernment.
The freedom of the city was given to the ae

_ by Mayor C. E. Raven in an address of weleome. — <a

delegates were also weleomed by Frank Harding, pr

sident of the chamber of commerce. Mr. Harding invit-

ed the delegates to come to the chamber for hey at.

any time they needed information, or assistance.
Tells Yukon Experience.

Two excellent addresses were given by J. J. Harpell |

of the Industrial and Educational Press who extended —

ereetings from the Canadian Fisheries Association, who
spoke on ‘‘Co-operation,’’ and by Rev. J. Bythel on
his experiences in the Yukon. j
Mr. Harpell outlined the activities planned by the
Canadian Fisheries Association for advancing the cau-—
se of the fishermen throughout the country. |
Realizing in common with other industries the need —
for educational propaganda, th» association, Mr. Har-
pell stated, was preparing literature concering the fish-

January, 1922.

eries and books for the public schools and libraries.

At the present time no textbooks on the subject could
be found in the schools or libraries, even in the towns
where the population for the most part is engaged in
fishing. To remedy the matter, one of the greatest
experts on fisheries on the American continent has been
secured to prepare and edit the needed literature.

By means of calendars and similar methods, Mr. Har-
pell continued, the housewives throughout the count-
ry may be edueated into the use of fish and to what
fish are in season month after month. The calendar
may also contain recipes for the preparation and ser-
ving of fish.

He dealt briefly with the Fordney bill, claiming that
the association was preparing to work hand in hand
with the government in fighting the bill. He did not
think that the time was ripe at present for definite
action.

Rev. Mr. Bythel gave an exceedingly interesting talk
on the Yukon, telling of the great hardships of those
who took part in the early gold rushes, describing the
wonderful scenery, and the many deserted cities, life
among the placer miners, for the most part, whom he

H. A. SHORT, re-elected secretary.

claimed, were men of strong characters, and then tell-
ing of the intense and maddening silence of the country
beyond the mountains.

The financial report of the association showed a de-
ficit of $230.

Second Business Session

“That whereas the fishermen of Lake Erie are pay-
ing very high licenses to the Ontario Government for
the privilege of fishing in the said Lake Erie, and
whereas the Government, in 1917, engaged in the fish
business as producer and dealer as a war measure, and
are now continuing in this business in direct competi-
tion with legitimate producers and dealers, although
the war ended-in 1918, and-have practicaly destroyed
the local Ontario market for these producers and are

CANADIAN FISHERMAN . ae

at times overloading the American markets with sur-
plus produce.

**And whereas the operating costs of fishing are much
higher on the north shore than on the south of the lake,
owing to the high price for coal, gasoline, licenses, ete.,
and that the fishermen of the south shore are $1 per
hundred pounds nearer the American market;

‘‘Be it resolved, that the Lake Erie Fishermen’s As-
sociation here assembled request that the department
discontinue the fish business forthwith, and also that
licenses for 1922 do away with all royalties.’’

Unanimously Adopted.

The foregoing resolution moved by Messrs. Barwell,
of Port Dover, and Ed. Koehler, of Clearville, was un-
animously adopted at the jexecutive meeting of the
Lake Erie Fishermen’s Association this afternoon, and
later in the open meeting was indorsed by an unanim-
ous vote of the entire gathering. There was little dis-
cussion at the open convention over the matter, but it
was among the most important of the entire conven-
tion.

Speaking briefly after it had been adopted, J. Kirby,
a representative of the F. T. James Company, of To-
ronto, wholesale fish dealers, declared that it was a
move in the right direction. He saw no objection to
the Government going into the fish business during
the war, because at that time some means of economiz-
ing and conserving food were absolutely essential. To-
day, however, the need had passed.

‘‘Somzone has asked why they never hear of the
F. T. James Company in this part of the country any
more,’’ declared the speaker. ‘‘This reason is that
we have been unable to handle fish from Lake Erie’s
waters with the Government in the business. I am not
stating that the carrying on of the fish business by
the Government was designed to ruin us, but it could
not have been done in a better way. The Ontario
Government has pretty nearly put us out of existence
as far as Lake Erie fish are concerned.”’

J. A. McLeod, of the department of mines and fish-
eries, Toronto, who arrived just that day following ob-
jections raised the previous day bv the president,
regarding apparent unconcern of the Hon. Harry Mills
over his fishermen friends, declared that it was with
regret that he had to offer apologies for the abs>nce
of Mr. Mills. He declared, however, that the minister
was heartily in accord with the association and its
aims and objects, and would have been in attendance
himself but for the fact that he did not know the date
of the meeting, except in a roundabout way.

Referring to the question of the Government aband-
oning the fish selling department, he could give little
information. He would not state whether the Govern-
ment would give this up, but he thought some amic-
able arrangement might be made between the depart-
ment and the fishermen. Hon. Mr. Mills and other
members of his department, said the speaker, were at
all times anxious to look after the interests of the
fishermen. Both he and the minister had intended be-
ing in the city for the opening of the convention, and
as soon as he (Mr. McLeod) had learned that the meet-
ing was in progress he communicated with Mr. Mills
and was ordered to go immediately to St.Thomas. He
arrived here this afternoon. He advised the associa-
tion to take their resolutions to the department and
back them up with reliable information. In this way,
he said, better arrangements could be made between
the Government and the fishing industry.

*

10 CANADIAN

Want Grant Reserved.

The convention also adopted a resolution asking
the Ontario Government to renew thie annual grant of
$500 to the Lake Erie Fishermen’s Association and a
committee, consisting of President A. S. Brown ;, Vice-
President Harry Drumgole, of Walacetown ; Secretary
H. A. Short and Mr. Barwell, of Port Dover, was nam-
ed to go to Toronto and present resolutions and peti-
tions to the Government. This committee will repre-
sent the association on any official visit to the Par-
liament buildings, either at Toronto or Ottawa.

Some good, sound advice on proper means of co-
operating and assisting each other in obtaining assis-
tance from the governments of the Dominion and the
province was given to the fishermen at the close of
their convention here this evening by Henry Heinrichs,
jr., of Chicago. Mr. Heinrichs has been a visitor at
the Lake Erie Fishermen’s Asociation each year since
the association was formed seven years ago, and his
advice has always been of value in instilling a little
enthusiasm into the organization.

In his address, which was very brief and to the
point, he urged the fishermen to unite at all times. If
thev put up a strong front when asking Toronto or
Ottawa for assistance, their legislators, he said, would
be bound to accede to their demands, and he said the
fishing industry certainly needed some improvement in
the way of legislation.

He cited an instance in the State of Ohio, where a
group of farmers, who had organized for political pur-
poses developed the belief that the waters of Ohio, be-
ing state waters, should not be used by the fishermen
for fish production. They attempted to create the be-
lief that the fish caught were entirely the property of
the citizens of the state.

With this end in view a bill was prepared and sub-
mitted to the Legislature, in which it was proposed to
impose a tax of one cent a pound on all fish caught
by legitimate producers in the Ohio waters. This tax
would be placed in the state treasury and used as a
fund to purchase fish at cost from the fishermen for
the purpose of reselling at cost and in competition
with those producers. The Dill, said the speaker,
would undoubtedly have passed and become law but
for the fact that the fishermen, through their associa-
tion, got busy and after strenuous efforts were able to
have it defeated. It would have meant the ruination
of the fishing industry.

“‘Tn unity there is strength,’’ declared the sneaker.
He said that in no industry was it more noticeable than
in the fishing business. A man who was in the fish-
ing business for commercial purposes must have the
assistance of his associates and co-workers.

Important Resolutions.

Some important resolutions were adopted before the
close of the convention this afternoon, among them be-
ing the following:

‘That, owing to the poor fishing season of 1921, and
the fact that the gill net fishermen have been unable
to use up deep nets, they be allowed to use during the
year 1922. their deep nets now on hand, but with the
understanding that: no new stock of deep nets is to be
purchased by them during the year.”’

Another, submitted by the executive and adopted by

_the meeting, is as follows: ‘‘That, inasmuch as there

are seyeral important questions pertaining to the fish-

FISHERMAN January, 1922.

eries, especially as to the size of fish, to be taken up
with or by the department at Toronto, and as this as-
sociation feels convinced that these can be handled
more satisfactorily for the department and the fisher-
men of the province by having representatives of the
federal fisheries department, who have practical
knowledge of the need, the advisory committee of this —
association requests that the Ontario fisheries depart-
ment appoint one or two representatives and the fed-
eral department to do the same to meet our advisory
committee at St. Thomas at the earliest possible date
and in ample time before the opening of the fishing
season.”’

Another resolution reads: ‘‘That the Ontario Gov-
ernment be requested to remove the five-mile limit in
the territory along the south side of Long Point from
the imaginary line, 80 degrees, where it touches the
mainland, east to the end of Long Point.’’

A similar resolution was passed in 1916 and the
fishermen were allowed to fish inside the limit. The
licenses issued, however, gave no permission to do so. —

Before the opening of Wednesday’s session the offi-
cial photographer took a group picture of the dele-
gates outside the city hall. : .

The Annual Banquet

The delegates and guests were royally entertained
at the annual dinner on Tuesday evening when nearly
a hundred sat down. The speakers of the evening in-
cluded A. E. Pontsford, Hugh McKillop, M.P. for West —
Elgin, MeVicar, M.P.P., for East Elgin, Peter Cameron, ©
M.P.P. for West Elgin, County Clerk McKay, repre-
sentatives from the town council and the Chamber
of Commerce, His Honor Judge Coulter, Rev. Wilfrid
Gaetz, Jas. H. Conlon, secretary of the Canadian Fish- —
eries Association, A. Hendricks, Jr., a gulest from
across the border, J.G. Gillies of the Bay State Fish-
ing Co. of Boston, and several others. re

Rev. Mr. Gaetz spoke most interestingly of fishing
on the Grand Banks of the North Atlantic and rela-

ted some of his own boyhood experiences. Messrs. _

Hendricks, and Gillies spoke of th» necessity for co-
operation among various branches of the fishing in-
dustry if they were to have a say in the direction of
affairs. Mr. Conlon expressed his gratification that
affiliation had been consummated and he congratu-
lated the Erie organization that it had seen beyond
the horizon of local issues to the national ideals. He
pointed out that members must not think that affiliation —
lifted any responsibilities from their shoulders. The
parent body got its life, its vitality from the energy
and enthusiasm of individual members and its success —
in achieving its ambitions would be measured by the
assistance from each individual member.

“The programme was interspersed with vocal num-
bers furnished by the Kiwanis quartetet, Guy Brown
of Kingsville and others. Members of the Kiwanis
Club led in choruses.

Some of Those Present.

Among those members who attended_the meetings -
of the convention were: 1 W. Grubb, Leamington ;
C.W. Barwell. Port Dover: Chas. Ross, Port Mainland; —
AS. Brown, Kingsville; W.R. Woollatt. Kingsville; |
Rod. Smith, Kingsville; L.H. Kennedy, Merlin; B.G.
Westcott, Kingsville; W.D. Bates, Redgetown ; W.H.

January, 1922. CANADIAN

‘Wheeler, Selkirk; A. McCallum, Redgetown; J.E. Pas-
_ tarius, Kingsville; G.W. Miller, Lowbanks; A.B. Hoo-

ver, Nanticook; H. Dromgole, Wallacetown; W. J.. Kol-
be, Port Dover ; D.L. Crewe, Merlin; A.E. Crewe, Mer-
lin; Geo. Van Order, Ft. Burwell ; Geo. Gray, Rodney;
W. Wilson Co., Toronto; Lusky Fulbruth, Dutton;
_ F.K. Rose, Morpeth ; Ed. Koehler, Wallacetown:; Kock-
ler Bros., Wallacetown ; Elgin Fish Co., St. Thomas;
4 Eagle Fishery, West Lara; Shippey & Dandey, West
Lara; W.P. Conway, Pellee Island; A.I. Misner, Port
= Burnwell ; J. Driver, Muirkirk; H. A. Short, Port Stan-
ley; S. Barbour, Toronto ; J.W. McEven, Toronto; Wil-
Hem Bates, Ridgetown.
s From a Visitor’s Newsprint.
<3 Say, boys! You’ve got to hand it to Art Brown for
making a success of the convention. Didn’t he keep
things moving all the time?
e are authorized to make the announcement that
Koehler enjoyed himself. For our own part we
-vouche. that he helped materially to make the
vention. enjoyable for others ag well.

_

he was eighteen years of age. His youthful
touches the scales at 492 pounds.

By the way, George did strike a bit of luck. He
ened to sit at the banquet alongside a chap who
olishly ate his supper at the usual hour. The
that the other fellow wasn’t hungry was George’s
tion.

t, getting back to business again.
tly think Bill Bates deserves credit?
AB. Hoover takes a big interest in the association

Don’t you

, Shifted spontaneously to 32 and thien sud-

- into many rooms.

ere was no occasion for a visitor from Quebec

ne lonesome.

‘ontsford, the prime mover is organizing the as-

jation, and an active spirit ever since, does not

to be thanked for ‘his interest. If he knew the

ce ng of the boys toward him, we he sure he would
fully compensated.

-BLUENOSE HAS ROUGH TRIP.

The champion schooner Bluenose, with Captain Angus
Walters at the wheel, made Lunenburg, N.S., Dec. 12,
fter a tempestuous passage from Turks Island. The
ssel was twelve days making the run to this port and
ncountered heavy weather practically all the way.
Leaving Turks Island on November 30th with 5,500
shels of salt Captain Walters expected to make a
ast run, but his hopes were shattered when the Blue-
lose encountered gales. Five days ago she was 500 miles
off Halifax and was blown off the coast. For ten
days he could make no observation by the sun and for
a considerable time the vessel was under storm stay-
_ sail. One night it was necessary to have to. However,
he staunch champion of the North Atlantic fishing
fleet proved her seaworthiness, acted well in rough
_ weather and demonstrated that she was excellent
sea boat . The Bluenose had taken a cargo of 600
@asks of dried fish from Halifax to Ponee, Porto
Rico, and after discharging there proceeded to Turks
_ nose encountered gales. Five days ago she was 500 mi-
Island to load salt.

George Van Order says that he weighed 275 pounds

dupoids no doubt accounts for the fact that he

FISHERMAN a2

ANOTHER MILESTONE

Nine years ago the CANADIAN FISHERMAN
opened its eyes and gazed optimistically about
the world. In its babyhood it was inspired by the
belief that our vast fishing industry was drift-
ing an aimless course, that our tremendous re-
sources were unorganized and the wealth that
is rightly ours geographically and strategically
was being neglected. Since 1913 we have witnes-
sed many progressive strides and it is our pride
that we have been able to wield an influence in
promoting the industry’s advancement. In ‘the
short period the industry has grown from swad-
dling clothes to mature manhood, and in the
course of the next nine years we may expect ac-
celarated development compatible with our
broader vision and deeper understanding. The
commercial branch has been welded into a single
unit and the policies which are being advanced |-+
by the CANADIAN FISHERMAN as the official
organ of the CANADIAN FISHERIES ASSO-
CIATION epitonize the feeling of the trade as a
whole and it will ever be our aim to justly and
correctly interpret the voice of the industry.

SPECIAL LOBSTER SEASON A FAILURE.

The special six weeks fishing season for lobsters, be-
ginning November 1, granted by the Dominion Fisheries
Department to fishermen on the southwestern shore of
Nova Seotia, is reported to have been a failure from the
standpoint of the majority of the fishermen engaged,
though in Halifax county, where the fishermen who did
not have their earnings offset by the loss of traps in the
heavy storms after the end of November, cleared about
$100 per boat for the month, it was a benefit, as many of
the boat fishermen engaged in fresh fishing during the
summer had been obliged to suspend operations owing
to lack of markets, and faced the winter with scant
resources.

A large percentage of the lobsters taken on the south-
western shore were not in proper condition for canning,
much less for the fresh markets; their season‘s shells
having hardly had time to harden and the flesh being
poor. The catch which at normal prices would have
been worth $500,000 only brought about $250,000.

One result of this special season was to glut the Am-
erican market, causing considerable loss to the fisher-
men of Maine and St. John and Charlotte counties, N.B.,
who ordinarily have the early winter market to them-
selves.

Owing to the immature condition of the lobsters few
of the factories on the southwestern shore attempted to
ean them, the pack being less than one-half what it was
expected to be, a fact which will be gratifying to can-
ners throughout the Maritimes who fear the produc-
tion of an extra pack which would tend to reduce prices.

It is said that the fishermen of the Southwest shore
will in future years be content to wait for the regular
open season for lobsters, beginning March 1, when the
lobsters they catch will be of greater value.

12 CANADIAN FISHERMAN January, 1922.

Need New Canada-U.S. Fishery Treaty

Since Convention of 1918 Has been Definitely
discarded, New Agreement is Necessary to
Avoid Reversion to Obie ne Features of

1818 Treaty.

Now that the draft treaty of 1918 between Canada
and the United States, which promised to bring to a
most satisfactory end all outstanding controversial
fishery questions, has been definitely discar ded, there
are rumors that an effort is being made between Wash-
ington and Ottawa to re-open the question. To revert
to ‘the treaty of 1818—and there is no alternative if mat-
ters are left as they stand — would provoke irritation,
and is something which our fishing interests do not
want. Nor does the present situation appear to appeal
overmuch to fishermen cousins on the other side of the
border. ;

A Canadian Press report emanating from Halifax re-
cently stated that Sir Robert Borden, Canada’s repre-
sentative on the Imperial delegation to the disarmament
conference, has, while in the American capital, been dis-
eussing with officials of the United States Government,
the question of a new fisheries treaty between Canada,
and the Republic. In view, however, of the Canadian
political situation it is believed that the discussions have
been of an informal nature, only intended to pave the
way for early consideration of the fisheries question at
issue between the two countries. At the same time it is
felt, that Sir Robert might with some propriety. bring
the ‘fisheries question to the attention of the American
authorities, because if Canada has to fall back on the old
treaty of 1818, she will be obliged as in former years to
employ armed vessels to patrol her coasts.

In 1918 the joint fisheries conference composed of
Sir Douglas Hazen, Chief Justice for New Brunswick ;
God. Desbarats, ‘Deputy Minister of Naval Affairs; and
Wm. Found, Supt. of Fisheries, representing Canada,
and Hon. Wm. C. Redfield, Secretary of Commerce ;
Hon. Edwin F. Steel, and Hugh M. Smith, Supt. of
Fisheries, representing the United States, agreed on cer-
tain recommendations concerning all phases of the fish-
eries question, and most of these were temporarily im-
plemented by proclamation of President Wilson, and by
Order-in-Council of the Canadian Government. But
the American Government some months ago abrogated
its part of the agreement, relative to reciprocity in port
privileges, and both Governments have discarded that
part of the draft convention of 1918 providing for in-

ternational regulations to protect the sockeye salmon.

fishery on the Pacific coast.
Basis of Settlement.

In their final report, the joint commissioners of 1918
recommended that the Treaty of 1818 be so amended as
to provide for the settlement of the major fisheries ques-
tion on the following basis:

1. That the fishing vessels of either country may en-
ter, from the high seas, any port of the other, and clear
from such port to the high seas and the fishing grounds.

2. That the fishing vessels of either country may dis-

pose of their catches and purchase bait, ice, nets, lines, .

coal, oil, provisions, and all other supplies ‘and outfits,
in the ports of either country.

3. That the repairing of fishing implements in the
ports of either country be allowed to the vessels of the
other country.

4. That the fishing vessels of either country, may
dress, salt and otherwise prepare their catches on board
such vessels in the territorial waters of the other country.

5. That the fishing vessels of either country may ship
their crews and tranship their catches in the ports of
the other country.

6. That the fishermen of either country may sell
their catches in the ports of the other country, subject
to local tariff if any.

The commissioners also unanimously recommend free
trade in fish.

At present Canada accords to American fishing ves-
sels practically all the privileges enumerated above, ex-
cept that when selling their fish to Canadians they must
pay the customs duty, if any, or secure an undertaking
that the buyer will tranship the fish in bond to the
United States. The costs of these privileges to Ameri-
can vessels is $1 annually.

On the other hand Canadian fishing vessels may only
enter American ports for the humanities. ‘

What Fish Men Think.

The terms of the treaty of 1918 were considered high-
ly satisfactory by those engaged in the industry and it
is regretted that the present situation has come to pass.
It is stated by some authorities in the industry that the
commission which drafted the treaty was the best that
ever sat on a Canadian fishery dispute. The opinions
of two outstanding Halifax men in thie: trade, which are
aod reproduced from the daily press, are signi-

icant

“Tf the Government of Canada and the United States.

will settle the fisheries question on the basis of the ar-

rangement made in 1918, in order to facilitate food pro-
duction during the war. I think the fresh fish trade of
the Maritime Provinces will be satisfied,’’ said Arthur
Boutiller, yesterday, vice-president of the Canadian Fish
Association and head of one of the largest fresh fish
firms in Eastern Canada. ‘‘We want an amicable set-
tlement and do not want to drift back to the old condi-
tions when armed Canadian vessels patrolled the sea-
bord, and an American warship cruised in the offing,

Mr. Boutillier added. The United States now only al-.
lows Canadian fishing such privileges in American ports
as they are entitled to under the treaty of 1818, which

rather expressed the spirit of the relations, existing be-
tween the British and Americans in the earlier years of
George III. So, if on top of this, the United States

adopts the proposed fish schedules of the Fordney ta-
riff bill, which would go far to shut the cheaper varieties

of Canadian fresh fish out of the American market, |

though it would not much affect our high grade fish

trade, as the Americaris would have to come to us for
supplies and pay the duty themselves—they will have
no cause of complaint, if American fishing vessels are _

i
4

January, 1922.

| . ;

| _ adian ports as Canadian vessels are in, American ports.
Of the American fishing vessels which make 700 entries
restricted to the same conditions of entry into Can-
in Canadian Atlantic ports and 1,700 entries into Can-
| - idian Pacific ports annualy, the great majority enter
| under conditions which, if the provisions of the treaty
of 1818 were applied would render them liable to seiz-
Fe ured and confiscation. However, we hope the two
| - governments will get together and removed the present
__— uneertainty,’’ Mr. Boutillier, conclude.

. Salt Fish Market.
| “Settlement of the fishery question on the basis of
_ the war time understanding of 1918, would be the happy
FE and natural solution,’’ said A. H. ‘Whitman, of Robin,
| Jones & Whitman, Limited, large salt fish dealers,
operating twenty-five establishments in Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick, Quebec and the State of Maine.
_ ‘The interests of the Salt fish trade and the fresh fish
trade do not always run parallel and the Fordney Tariff
_ Bill does not worry us, as it may do the fresh fish trade.
_ Doing business in both countries, we are satisfied that if
the proposed tariff schedules applying to salt cured fish
itime and Quebec production of salt fish offered in the
are adopted, the American will pay the duty. Our Mar-
American market is a mild cure, such as we put up for
the Italian market, and is mainly consumed by the Ita-
lian population of the States. America does not pro-
duce a similar cure of any consequence, and must im-
port or their foreign population will go without.
__ ‘*Moreover our prices on salt fish are not determined
_ by the American market, but by the markets of Italy,
oars Portugal, Brazil, the West Indies and other
countries.
_ “fA few years ago Gloucester, Mass., asked for free-
trade in salt fish, because its salt fish business had
windled to small proportions. "When the Gloucester
obtained free access +o our fish it attempted a revival of
the salt business on such an extravagant seale that it
over-reached itself. And now that the Gloucester salt
fish business is in a bad way, some firms want to go back
to the conditions under which the trade was already
‘dying. Before the Fordney Tariff goes through I have
no doubt Gloucester will wake up to the fact that it
would - a greater danger to its own interests than any
else.
_ “As for the question of port erinitages the fact that
Canadian vessels cannot now use American ports for any
fishing purpose is no particular reason why we should
gd the same policy to American vessels.
do any harm by coming to our ports to buy bait and
| other Bee ics. “a

‘
t
we ce

s SQUID TO EAT.

: Shy Spite of Its ge Appearance It Is a Delicacy
es If Properly Cooked.

_ There are lots of folks who never eat tripe, and
iP _ others who get ill even at the mention of raw oysters.
_Snail-eating Frenchmer. were objects of much amuse-
ment until an appreciative world sampled their de-
_ lieaey and- much the same tale is connected with the
popularity of frogs, legs, now an epicurean delight
in the United States. In this year of plenty many
_ inhabitants of Russia and eastern Europe are sub-
sisting on a diet of ground twigs and clay. Cruel
_ necessity foreed people during the world war to eat
food substitutes that few normal humans had ever
___ previeusly tasted. All this as an introduction to
te the squid. .

They do not

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 3 3 13

Now a squid is a molluks, strange as it may seem,
a miniature devilfish except that the squid hag ten
tentacles, where the octopus branch of the family is
endowed with but eight. Likely there are those who
read this who would squirm with horror at the thought
of eating a devilfish, but squids meet with a ready
sale on the public market. It’s hard to believe that
the soft, snaky squid is a shellfish, for the shell that
should form a protection armor is inside. In the
squid found on the Mediterranean the boney struc-
ture is the cuttlebone of commerce, so appreciated
by eanaries and other birds.

Squids are greatly esteemed as a delicacy in Port-
land, and those who have conquered a certain aver-
sion to their exterior appearance, when raw appreciate
their charms when fried. Twenty cents a pound is
the usual price and several tons are disposed of each
week. Most women shoppers shudder when they : see
the snaky carcasses and pass them by.

In the water the squid hag chameleon-like powers
of changing its colors to suit its backgrounds for pro-
tection and in addition carries an ink sack for added
camouflage, through which it discharges colored
water when threatened, and under protection of the
cloud darts to cover. These added defensive proper-
ties are likely provided by nature on account of the
fact that Mr. Squid was deprived of his shell.

The squid’s body is beautifully marked with iri-
descent spots and he possesses two large and perfect
eyes. Somewhat fishlike in appearance, his ten ten-
tacles terminate in cup-shaped suckers. His month
is shaped somewhat like a parrot’s beak with two
powerful teeth far back on the jaws. Active and
powerful, the squid is a terror to small fish, darting
into their schools and then right and left like light-
ning, seizing the small fish by the nape of the neck,
and killing them istantly—‘‘The Listening Post,’’
in the Portland Oregonian.

SECOND ‘‘SPEED’’ FISHERMAN LOST

The rescue of seven men from the Nova Scotia schr.
Ruby L. Pentz, while their vessel was afire at sea, was
reported to-day at Boston, January 5, in a radiogram
believed to have been sent out by the tank steamer
Muskogee.

The Ruby L. Pentz, probably bound from Turks Is-
land for LaHave, N. S., was destroyed, the message
indicated.

The position given was in the vicinity of Bermuda.
The schooner registered 133 tons.

The Ruby L. Pentz was bound home with a cargo of
salt from Turks Island. She sailed from Halifax on
Nov. 23 for Porto Rico and was about twelve days
making the run down. She left Turks Island on the
23d for La Have, and when she was abandoned afire
was in lat. 87N, and long. 67.33W, which is south-west
of Bermuda.

She was commaned by Capt. Harris Himmelman, of
Riverport, who is making his second trip as skipper.
Tenah Heckman, of Petite Riviere, was mate, and
Warren Bezanson, of Riverport, cook. One of her sea-
men, Kiah Tumblin, was from LaHave and the other
three from Riverport. ‘

In less than three weeks two schooners which com-
peted for the trophy offered for the Fisherman,s Race
have been burned. On Dee. 18 the Donald ip Cook,
from St. John’s Nfld., to Kingston, Ja., was burned
and abandoned at sea. To-day the Ruby L. Pentz was

~ reported burned.

14 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

January, 1922.

The Ciscoes of Lake Erie.

By WILBERT A. CLEMENS, M.A., Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Limnobiology, University of
Toronto.

Of Canadian waters Lake Erie is now producing al-
most double the quantity of ciscoes produced in all the
other Great Lakes combined. For example, in the year
1919, 7,425,713 lbs. of ciscoes were taken in Lake Erie
while 4,022,711 Ibs. were taken in the remainder of the
Great Lakes. In 1917 the catch in Lake Erie reached the
enormous amount of 14,157,839 Ibs., while the catch in
the remaining Great Lakes was 5,201,026 lbs. That the
fishermen of this lake realize the importance of the cis-
coes in their fishing industry is evidenced by the fact
that the Lake Erie Fishermens’ Association requested
the Biological Board of Canada to undertake an investig-
ation in-order to solve some of the puzzling problems in
connection with these fish. In response to that request,
the writer was requested to undertake the study. The
investigation was carried out chiefly in the summer and
fall of 1920 although some preliminary work was done
in the spring of 1919. The results of the study were
given before the Lake Erie Fishermens’ Convention at
St. Thomas Feb. 2, 1921, and the present article is based
on that address. A detailed report has been submitted
to the Biological Board of Canada and is now in press.
The writer appreciates the kind assistance given by the
following gentlemen in supplying material and in many
other ways: Messrs. A. E. Crewe; A. B. Hoover; W. D.
Bates; Charles Ross; Roy Ross; Wilson S. McKillop;
C. W .Barwell; and R. Kolbe, in particular to Mr. A.
KE. Crewe, who kindly provided accommodation for the
carrying out of the work during the summer of 1920.

Identification of Species.

In 1908 and 1909 Drs. Starr Jordan and Barton W.
Evermann made a detailed study of the ciscoes of the
Great Lakes in connection with the investigation of the
fisheries of these lakes by the International Fisheries
Commission. They distinguished five species of shallow
water, and seven species of deep water ciscoes, as shown
in the following table.

Shallow Water Ciscoes.

1.—Georgian Bay cisco. Lakes Superior, Mich., Huron,
Geo. Bay, Erie.

2.—Lake Huron cisco, Mich., Huron, Geo. Bay, Erie.

3.—Lake Ontario cisco, Ontario.

4.—LLake Erie cisco, Huron, Erie, Ontario.

5.—Jumbo cisco, Huron, Geo. Bay, Erie.

Deep Water Ciscoes.

1.—Lake Superior cisco, Superior.

2.—Lake Ontario longjaw, Ontario.

3.—Lake Michigan cisco, Mich., Huron, Geo. Bay.
4.—Blackfin, Michigan.

* The word cisco is here used instead of herring for
all the fresh wa‘er herring except for the tullibees in
accordance with the list of standardized names of North
American fish as agreed upon by the U. S. Bureau of
Fisheries, the Biological Board of Canada, and the Can-
adian Fisheries Association.

5.—Bluefin, Superior.
6.—Mooneys cisco, Michigan.
7.—bLake Superior longjaw, Superior.

It will be seen that four of the shallow water but none
of the deep water forms were reported in Lake Erie.

The first problem was to determine if these four
species were still present in the lake and if any others —
might be present. From June 14 to August 24, 1920,
the ciscoes taken in 20 pound nets of the Crewe Bros.
Fishery near Merlin were examined daily. In August
and November the fish taken at Port Doven, Nanticoke,
MecKillop’s Fishery (near Port Maitland) and Dunn-
ville were examined. Besides this, shipments of fish
from various points on the lake were examined in Tor-
onto in the spring of 1919 and the fall of 1920. Accurate
measurements were made of a very large number of in- _
dividuals, weights determined and scales removed for
age determination. As a result of this study the fol-

lowing species have been identified as occurring in Lake
Erie:

1. The Lake Huron cisco—(Leucichthys sisco Tauro
nus ).

This asice is readily distinguished by the long spin-
dle-shaped body. The body is slender and the tail very
narrow. This fish is taken rather abuntantly in the
pound nets at Merlin and vicinity.

2. The jumbo cisco (Leucichthys eriensis).

The outstanding characteristics of this cisco are 1)
The very deep body. 2) The more or less pronounced
hump at the nape. 3) The deep tail. 4) The relatively
large scales. It is noted for the large size attained as
compared with the other ciscoes. From Rondeau to
Point Pelee it is the most abundant species taken in the _
pound nets. It also occurs in large numbers eastward —
to Long Point but appears to become very much less

abundant beyond this point.

CANADIAN

| The Lake Erie cisco or grayback (Leucichthys ar-

species is distinguished from the jumbo by 1) the
hat narrowed tail 2) the body not as deep and very

Wt.

>
0
@

July 9

AAARAARAAVWHEY
MARMARA MATe A

103%
3 Jumbo Cisco.
? ‘Date : Wt.
_ duly 8

Length

: b>

4.— The Lake Ontario longjaw (Leucichthys profna-

both the pound nets and gill nets from Port Dover
Maitland a cisco occurs very abundantly which
arently come into the Lake from Lake Ontario.
‘ of Dr. B. W. Evermann to whom
for identification. The distinguish-

Fraatt,

FISHERMAN 15
ing features of the longjaw are 1) the long lower jaw
which usually projects beyond the upper and in extreme
cases almost hooks over it. 2) the long bony snout. 3)
the narrow tail. 4) the shiny appearance of the scales. 5)
the rather deeply forked tail fin. This species varies
greatly and in many eases is difficult to dis‘inguish
from the Lake Erie cisco. Only a single longjaw was
taken at Merlin during the summer of 1920 on August
24. However, a fisherman: at Point Pelee has stated
that he recalled having seen during one spring rather
large numbers of small longjaws taken in the pound
nets in that region, This would indicate a migration

during the winter or spring months when tempe: ature
water would be rather

conditions of the uniform

throughout the lake.

5. The Georgian Bay cisco (Leucichthys harengus).

A few individuals were taken which agreed closely in
measurements and description with the Georgian Bay
cisco. Since Jordan and Evermann report this species
in Lake Erie no doubt the above mentioned individuals
were of this species. Its numbers certainly are very
small. The Georgian Bay cisco in Lake.Erie is ap-
parently small and slender with a particularly narrow
tail.

Some of the above mentioned differences are shown
in the following table of proportional measurements.
These proportions have been calculated from the mea-
surements of from 60 to 150 individuals of each species.

22 3 >
a Tea fg
coe Se
Soa gas ans
gee Be" Bo*
| Hef ABS AES
Georgian Bay Cisco 4.2 4.3 3.1
Lake Huron Cisco .. 4.6 4.3 2.95
Lake Erie Cisco 2.20 3.7 2.86
Jumbo Cisco 4.4 3.5 2.44
Longjaw Cisco .. 4.22 3.88 2.87

Rates of Growth.

The scales of a fish may be used to determine the age.
When examined with a microscope a scale shows a suc-
cession of fine lines some of which are crowded together
while others are relatively well separated. It has been
shown that the areas of crpwded lines are laid down,
during periods of slow growth that is, during winters;
while the areas with well separated lines are laid down
during periods of rapid growth, that is, during summers
and falls. The scale therefore indicates with a fair de-
gree of accuracy the number of summers and winters a
fish has passed through. It may be recalled here that
the age of a tree is estimated in a similar manner.

Seales from approximately the following number of
fish of each species were examined: Jumbo 140. Lake
Erie cisco 55. longjaw 150. Lake Huron cisco 55. The fol-
lowing table gives the results obtained for the three im-
portant commercial species in Lake Erie. The length

16 CANADIAN

is from the tip of the snout to the end of the tail fin in
its centre; the girth is taken immediately in front of the
dorsal fin.

—= A 8.
seyoul us TD i5 et
AT
wtp ine
B so0uno ul cD <H Oo
3 VUSIOM co oO ri
3
wa 4
sououy ut rr swieo
09 1 I~ CO ONG
q33ue] aN
oO
=
seyour ur
QUssH
we ee
moe
co.N
Yo)
8
2 seouno ur Ww SAN
_ er
= WUSIOM co HIN Qa Nn
) te) = mi
7 ~
ca)
e
a.
=
4 Awe. WN
sou UW SaaS
y}sueT Onn
=
SeyoUur UT a —
a co & 0 onmnN
WED aQAanane
~
CI AW a LIN
seouno urSaN, We ware
MSPMH oo ae ANE REA
mermin MON Ho
N sH
° a QA A
aS, Pwo a a oe cee
3 yysueyT SS ee eo
° = ™
2
g
=
~

MAO HINOr-OHAOr
res

The difference in weight between the Lake Erie cisco
and the longjaw may be due in part*to the fact that the
latter were taken chiefly in November when the females
were feavy with spawn.

Conclusions.

1.—Three species form the bulk of the cisco catch in
the Canadian waters of Lake Erie, namely the jumbo
cisco, the Lake Erie cisco and the longjaw.

2.—The jumbo is the dominant species westward from
Long Point and the longjaw eastward from Long Point.
This statement holds in general, for the former appears
to prefer the shallower water, while the latter is ap-
parently a deep water form. However their ranges
tend to overlap and their migrations at times take them

FISHERMAN January, 1922.
into one another’s territory. For- example fishermen
have reported occasional schools of longjaws as far west
as Point Pelee and on the other hand the jumbo is re-
ported as abundant at times off Port Maitland. The
Lake Erie cisco occurs abundantly throughout the lake
but probably in greatest numbers west of Long Point.

SCALES OF LAKE ERIE CISCOES.

B. Lake Erie Cisco 10 in., 7 oz. and in its 6th summer.

3.—The Lake Erie cisco and the longjaw have rates
of growth and increases in weight which are practically
identical, while the jumbo increases 1 1]|3 times faster in
length and two to three times faster in weight.

4,—Hxamination of the tables shows that the optimum
size for the taking of the jumbo is from the fifth sum-

ry, 1922.

pward when they are at least 12 inches in length
pound in weight. For the Lake Erie cisco and
he longjaw a minimum length of about 10 inches and
a weight of 6 or 7 ounces when the fish are in the sixth
er would appear to be quite satisfactory.

Concerning the occurrence of smaller ciscoes in
eastern end of the lake, this much can be safely
that in respect to gill net catches, the fishermen in
estern portion of the lake secure a_ larger per-
of jumbo ciscoes and therefore get large fish,
e fishermen in the eastern end, particularly off
aitland, scure chiefly the smaller species, the
and the Lake Erie cisco. The same facts apply
pound net catches, with the addition that, since
ng inhabit the shallow waters, and the shallow
a east of Long Point is more limited, there ap-
a concentration of young ciscoes along the
icularly in Long Point Bay, and hence the
more apt to be a acca in large numbers
od nets.

‘information was obtained as to the age when
us species spawn for the first time. It is prob-
e end of the third summer, and, if so, the six-
ation protects the Lake Brie cisco and the
respect to being allowed to spawn at least
‘does not protect the jumbo since it attains a
of six ounces in its third summer.

irth measurements were taken around the

in front of the dorsal fin, that is, where the
ae cirt h occurs.
gulation is satisfactory for the Lake Erie
e longjaw since they do not attain a girth
until the sixth summer, but it barely pro-
‘ bo since this species attains a girth of six
3 years.

eudertaking for the artificial propagation:
oy Lake Erie, at least for the region west of
particular ‘attention should be given to the
: of its rapid growth and its excellent qua-

y has proved to be merely preliminary. The
Lake Erie form a complex association and it
impossible in this investigation to determine
-relations or to study the physical factors in
the various forms. Solution of the many
oblems must await a thorough study of the
sonditions of existence in the various parts of
‘such as distribution of temperatures, oxygen,
xide, currents, etc., and the relation of these
‘Spawning, » erowth, movements of the fish as
the production and distribution of their food

NEWS SCRAPS

fishing town of Liverpool, N. S. narrowly esca-
ruction on the night of Desember 30 when fi-
-oke out in the central part of the city. A north-
gale was raging at the time and it was due only to
ipendous effort of the firemen that the destruct-
limited to a single block.

Gloucester fisherman, Mariner, Capt Pat Shea,
- lost a propellor on Georges Bank and was
‘aimlessly about when picked up by the Break-
ich Shea’s brother John was skipper.
was towed into Boston where the two -bro-
another of the family, Michael, who brought
‘in with a good cargo of fish.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

The results show that the 3- inch |

The

a7

A CHANCE FOR GASPE TO GET AWAY FROM
SPECIALIZED FISHING.

Would seem to be opportunity for Gaspe to supply
fresh fish to interior markets without damaging
other sources of production.

Ig it practicable to build up on the Gaspe coast a
trade in fresh fish on something of the proportions
attained in Nova Scotia? There are two views on the
question. One’is that the Canadian market is well

supplied with sea-fish, which means that any increase

in fosh shipments from the Gaspe region would force a
corresponding decrease in the movement from es-
tablished sources. Another, the more logical, is that
there is room for both. While some of our interior
markets are adequately provisioned according to our
present standard. of fish consumption, there is a vast
population not yet within reach of a supply.. Fully
one-half of the Canadian people get little or no sea-
fish. At any rate it is not sufficiently regular to
warrant a consistent use of it. Therein appears to be
the opportunity of extending the home market and
enabling Gaspe fishermen to get a share in the busi-
niess.

‘It will be interesting to cite a few facts in connec-
tion with the Gaspe fishing industry. It is primari-
ly an export business. Using 1920 statistics, more
than eighty-six per cent (in value) is in dried cod.
Only 2.38 per cent of the total catch of all fishes is
marketed fresh, and only 7.9 per cent in value. In
reality, Gaspe fishermen are highly specialized. Cod
curing is their chief occupation and they are always
more or less insecure inasmuch as foreign demand
for the commodity may be suddenly cut off or rend-
ered unprofitable. From an economic standpoint it
is desirable that they should have an interest in some
other department of trade and the handling of fresh
fish suggests itself as the logical means of overcoming
the situation.

There is already a certain ‘ovement of fresh fish
from Gaspe, but it is*so small in proportion to the
total production, that it is not important. About one
seasonal shipments of salmon, smelts, markerel and
and one-half per cent of the cod is used fresh and
lobsters, make up the total of 2.38 per cent consumed
fresh.

The Fisheries Branch, Departement of Marine and
Fisheries, Ottawa, has arranged with the Canadian
National Express Company to run special express
equipment to Gaspe, giving a through service to
Montreal two or three times a week ag required. The
service will not begin until next spring, but announ-
cement is made now in order to give Gaspe fishermen .
a chance to prepare for the trade. The attention of
each individual on the coast in a position to engage
in the business is being drawn personally to the im-
proved transportation arrangement and the depart-
ment at Ottawa is hopeful of getting Gaspe fisher-
men thoroughly interested.

IRISH RETALIATION.

An Irishman was involved in an argument with a
Scotsman, and repeatedly called up ‘‘good old St. Pat-
-rick’’ to witness the fact that he was telling the truth.

Much annoyed, the Scotsman said: ‘‘To the blazes
with St. Patrick!’’

But the son of Erin promptly countered with ‘To
the blazes with Harry Lauder, then!’’

18 CANADIAN

DISASTROUS YEAR FOR LUNENBURGERS.
Record Catch per Vessel Although Aggregate Take
Was Not Big.

Lunenburgh. — From all quarters come tales of
strict economy, instituted by the people, who realize
that war wages, and war prices for farm products, and
the products from the sea have ceased, and it is gen-
erally understood that the house has to be put in order
to meet the changed condition of affairs, as sooner or
later things have to come down to normal. During the
war fish had attained the extraordinary high price of
$15.25 per quintal, our people increased their expenses
and up to the standard of their increased income, and
now that fish have dropped to $6.25 per quintal it
seems difficult to curtail much of the extravagance
created by the great upheaval. But all peoples are

doing it, and now it has come to us. —

As far as catch was concerned, the season was emi-
niently successful, the total number of quintals being
269,830 divided up among ninety-five sail of vessel,
making an average of 2840 quintals per Schooner. This
has been the largest number of quintals per vessel since
the Grand Bank Industry has been instituted. Ordin-
arily it would be considered a prosperous year, but with
the low price, and the high cost of outfits, the year is
not considered a prosperous one. While fish have drop-
ped over one hundred percent in price outfits have only
come down twenty per cent, so that it can be clearly
seen that many of the vessels have not paid expenses,
and others have not paid dividends.

Twenty cargoes or fifty thousand quintals still remain
unsold, the holders waiting for higher prices, without
much prospect of success. In this way a large amount
of capital is locked up and money is a scarce commodity.
Yet with all those interested in fishing are optimistic,
and are looking forward cheerfully for another pros-
perous year, when conditions will have dropped to a pre-
war basis, and our favorite industry will get back it its
proper status.

It has been a disastrous year for three-casters, and
coasters. Eleven three-masters, and coasters. Eleven
fishing schooners have been sold, as follows :—

Vessels lost during the year 1921:

Schooner Vogue, total loss, Nov. 17th, 1921.

Schooner Mildred G. Myers, total loss, Nov. 15th, 1921.

Schooner Impressive, total loss, Dee. 30th, 1920.

Schooner J. E. Bachman, total loss, Sept. 4th, 1921.

Schooner Bernice R., total loss, Aug. 22nd, 1921.

Schooner Innovation, total loss,, Aug. 26th, 1921.

Schooner Namara, total loss, Sept. 12th, 1921.

Schooner Con Rein, total loss, Aug. 29th, 1921.

Schooner Viccola, total loss, Dec., 1921.

Schooner Donald J. Cook, total loss, Dec. 19th, 1921.

Schooner Canadian Maid, total loss, April 12th, 1921.

Much of the foreign trade this winter is being con-
ducted by the ordinary fishing schooners, as it is con-
sidered that they can be operated more cheaply than
the three-masters, and it is easier to get full cargoes for
them than for the large type of vessels. The disposition
is to operate the old vessels, and save money and wait
patiently until the return of cheap wages, cheap canvas,
cheap sails and cordage before renewing the shipbuilding
industry to any great extent.

In connection with the industry’s vehement protest
against a continuation of the policy of keeping the
fisheries administration under a deputy minister un-
familiar with the industry can we depend upon
Premier King to come to the point and Lapointe to us?

‘tariff measure of the United States become effective

FISHERMAN January, 1922.

WHAT EFFECT WOULD FORDNEY. TARIFF —

HAVE ON OUR E FISH? |

Seems to be little justification for discow
rumours that producers contemplate

going out of business. |

Considerable speculation has been going on as to the -

future of the fish trade on our Great Lakes and in-—

land areas of the middle west, should the Fordney

E

without modification. The question is a vital one as
practically the entire production of our Great Lakes_
and- the major portion of the fish taken from our
northen lakes find an outlet across the American —
border. | 7

The situation in so far as the Great Lakes is con-
cerned is probably the most interesting. Nearly two |
years ago it was pointed out to the Lake Erie fish-
ermen in convention at St. Thomas that less than |
five per cent of their production was finding an outlet
in the home market. While there was a big market
to be served in Ontario, it was being neglected for the
more profitable and more easily supplied American
demand. Press reports state that certain lake fish
concerns contemplate going out of business in the
event of a high tariff being introduced, because of
the heavy cost of developing a local market to consu- |
me their production. Whether this information is
reliable it is impossible to say. First knowledge of
the effect of the Fordney measure on fish may have
taken fishermen off their feet, but a more sober
study of the situation would hardly seem to war-
rant such a drastic step. No doubt the cheap grades
of lake-fish which went to supply the lower classes
in American cities may lose their popularity by the
addition of a cent-a-pound duty, but whitefish and
other fine grades, in demand by a better class of
consumer, will, it seem, not suffer so seriously. They
are in demand and production on the other side of
the border is not sufficient to satisfy the demand.
Perhaps for the time Canadian trade will slacken, but
the ultimate effect may be, to raise the price of Ameri-
ean-produced plus duty. ae

No authority can state definitely how the tariff
may alter conditions, and it would seém producers
would be well advised not to be unduly pessimistic.
It must be remembered Canada has sold large quan-
tities of fish to United States prior to 1913 with a
duty handicap. Experience is the only guide and
trade statistics of the years prior to 1913 when the
Payne-Aldrich tariff was in force, should be of value
to students of the question. pte

TRAWLER’S STORMY TRIP.
After nearly three weeks spent on the Banks, dur-
ing which time she encountered continuous gales and
rough seas, the steam trawler Sir John French, Cap-
tain David Bachman, arrived in port recently with
only about 300 quintals of salted fish. The trawler
had a deckload of about three thousand pounds of
fresh fish and lost it in a heavy gale on Monday
night, when seas swept the small craft from stem to
stern.
CHINESE FISHERIES.
To facilitate the training of the students at the two
Fishery Training School at Tinghai, Chekiang, and
Haichow, Kiangsu, the Ministry of Agriculture and
Commerce has decided to purchase modern launches,
from which new methods of fishing by the latest pro-
cesses will be taught.

Ras Mi
ha

"January, 1922.

SALMON SEALING DISPENSED WITH.

ish regulation affecting Canadian frozen fish mod-
ified, but not in case of Atlantic species.

. regulation of Fishmongers’ Hall, London, which
led the tagging of imported frozen salmon during
son when it is illegal to fish for salmon in Seot-
has been greatly modified} according to word which
en passed on to British Columbia firms through
partment of Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa.

ofore when the salmon were taken from storage
Old Country they had to be unpacked and indi-
y unwrapped and the metal seals adjusted. Fish
strenuously objected to the practice as it tend-
iorate the quality of the fish and at the same
d its distribution and sale.

sealing was done in the Old Country Can-
ers on both coasts were not greatly interest-
he controve:sy. It had been proposed that the
pe done in this country under the supervision of
+ officers, but as it meant additional work
e shippers couldn’t see the proposition at all.
derstood the department at Ottawa recom-
Fishmongers’ Hall, that the cumbersome sys-
ne away with. In consequence Fishmongers’
that it will not now insist upon sealing,
British Columbia shippers enclose with each
salmon a declaration to the effect that it was
yht in Pacific waters. An anomalous situa-
in that Atlantic salmen’ must be tagged as
e reason given being that the species is
ame at caught domestically, while the Pacific
“ a aS “different.

proposal. — It will iiitats the marketing
i¢ Old Country, and as a matter of prin-
Teasonable concession should be made to

cent meeting of the Vancouver branch of
an. Fisheries Association, Mr. F.A. Goss

d that the Vancouver pitied Ge Association |

first class fisheries exhibit at the annual

which is held in August or September of
w. Many thousands of visitors from all over
attend the exhibition each year and such
e accomplished by having such an exhibit.
er has been wondering how many local
associations all over Canada could be uti-
e fishing industry to bring fish before the
“a time when the people are out to see
are manufactured and produced in Ca-

Soe window or on the exhibition grounds
ection with the sale of fish or the exhibi-
sh is Pagpd to attract a great deal af atten-

aquairum is always a source of interest. whether

CANADIAN FISHERMAN | 2 19

PACIF IC COAST SECTION

Every good source of publicity in connection with
the fishing industry should be utilized to the best of
advantage by those interested in the industry.

ORIENTAL PACK OF SALT HERRING.

It is estimated that there will be about 20,000 tons
of dry salt herring shipped to the Orient this season
at an average price of $40.00 per ton C.I.F. This is
below what the packers hoped to be able to ship.

There are very few herring being packed on the
West Coast of Vancouver Island at this time as most

of the packers are now operating at Nanaimo, on the

east coast.

There is some report around that Kobe will again
be the central distributing point in the Orient for
the British Columbia pack of dry salt herring but
the writer believes this is doubtful as the white
packer is getting a stronger foothold than ever each
year and will not allow the Japanese packer to con-
trol things at the marketing end.

‘‘A certain shipping journal in Vancouver says the
following in regard to the Japanese in ae dry salt
herring industry.

‘““The general trend of the trade seems to be ine-
vitable (no matter how much deplored) return to dis-
tribution through Kobe. The Japanese began the
trade and grew up in it. The trade is essentially an
Oriental one in every aspect. Kobe dealers can fi-
nance their shippers on the cost-plus-freight basis,

thus allowing the shipper to get the ruling prices on

arrival. The Japanese shipper plays this game well.
He ships on the cost-plus-freight basis to Kobe during
November and December and gets returns considera-
bly higher than if he sold outright. Then later in the
he sells outright.’’

There is one reason for distribution through Kobe
more than through some Chinese port (and it is well
to remember that the great bulk of these salt herring
are consumed in China although Japan, Formosa and
Manchuria are also heavy users), and that is because
the great majority of steamers now go direct to Kobe.
When direct lines go to China in larger numbers then
the Chinese merchants will, buy direct. The white
packer will deal as direct as possible with the Chinese
merchants.

The same journal also says:

““It seems a pity that unwaranted antagonism
should be offered the Japanese packers and shippers.
They have been found to be willing to work with
exporters and assist them in very way possible. But
if inexperienced packers drive the trade back to
Kobe, it is only a matter of time when the trade
will be done through Kobe entirely. It was only
the war that gave us the opportunity of dealing di-
rect with China. The industry means a lot to B.C. in
the shape of boxes, salt, wages, ete. and also to the
steamship companies”

The statement ‘ Tt seems a pity that anwareanted
antagonism should be offered Japanese packers and
shippers’’ does not somehow harmonize with the ge-
neral idea of conserving B.C. industries for Canadians
and why antagonism is unwarranted when Canadians

20 ‘ CANADIAN FISHEBMAN

wish to control their own natural resources does not
seem to be reasonable to the writer.

Another statement: ‘‘But if inexperienced packers
drive the trade back to Kobe, it is only a matter of
time when the trade will be done through Kobe en-
tirely’’. From what the writer has been able to find
out the packs of dry salt herring being marketed by
the white packers is improving each year as they are
studying the best methods of curing and grading
which most of the Japanese packers ignored, in most
eases the Japanese idea being to get as much weight
ag possible upon arrival in the Orient and sorting for
sizes not counting at all.

Without doubt the white packer is in the game to
stay and this is as it should be with the result that
ultimately the Canadiang will control their own na-
tural resource.

CANNED SALMON MARKET,

With-a small amount of canned salmon on the
market at the present time one would naturally think
that the salmon ecanners would be getting ready to
put up a large pack for 1922, but this does not seem
to be the case. Most of the canners are looking
forward in 1922 with an uncertain feeling ag to the
quantity it will be advisable to pack providing they
ean get the fish. Should prices stay at the level that
is now prevailling the packers claim it will not be
advisible to pack heavy, but if there should be a
firming up and more stability to the market then
they would go ahead with bigger ideas as to quan-

January, 1922.

~

tity, as it is now there is nothing moving and it is
1c ween seasons in the selling end.

FLOODS INTERFERE WITH PROCESS OF FISH
= PROPAGATION.
Salmon egg collection in British Columbia very
encouraging, however, in view of
extraordinary condition,

The recent floods in British Columbia have rather
upset the general order of things in salmon spawning.
The abnormal conditions undoubtedly interfered with
commercial fishing, allowing more than the normal
number of fish to ascend the rivers and seed the
spawning grounds. On the other hand the natural
beds have been seriously disturbed by Nature’s vio-
lence and the work of the government hatcherieg has
been hampered. On the whole it is doubtful that a
sufficient number of salmon above the normal has
escaped the fishermen to compensate for the large
number of eggs destroyed in the beds. . |

Despite this setback to fish cultural work, general
results in the British Columbia hatcheries have been
good. In connection, with the Pemberton hatchery,
for example, the run of salmon was not as great as
last year, but it was equal to that of 1919 and 1918,
and fully five times that of 1917 the last ‘‘big run
year,’’ which would appear to be a very encourag-
ing indication.

The total collection of eggs in this district while
not as large as last year, totalled 27,000,000, which
is considered exceedingly satisfactory in view of
conditions.

Are We Going to Retain Markets for Dried Cod?

Keen competition puts question squarely up

to fishermen—‘‘Are you going to make a
better job of curring?”

Canned fish exported from Canada is well recei-
ved in the markets of the world. Generally speaking
it meets competition in quality and price. The same
applies to our pickled fish. For this there is a reason.
Our canned fish must measure up to government stan-
dard provided in The Meat and Canned Foods Act,
while the Pickled Fish Inspection Act makes strict
provision for the proper curing, grading and packing
of pickled fish. But our dry salted fish and particu-
larly our cod on the east coast, free from any set
government standard, is under indictment. 7

The situation briefly is as follows. The markets
for our dried cod are chiefly the West Indies and
South American countries. Prior to the war we had
as competitors in these markets Great Britain and
Norway. During the war years European sources
of supply were cut off and we were given a wonder-
ful opportunity to build up a demand for our fish.
Statistics show in some cases a hundred per cent
increase in trade. With the return of normal condi-
tions, however, competition is reviving and it is kee-
ner than ever. Norway is making a tremendous
effort to not only recover her pre-war share in the
West Indies and South American trade, but to cap-
ture more. A tariff war has driven her from the
Spanish market—formerly her chief outlet—and tra-
de emissaries have been sent out from Christiana,
it is said, with instructions that the trade must be
secured. In the Cuban market a splendid quality of
Norwegian cod has been offered for fifty to seventy-

‘name to the: list of competitors. ,

five cents per quintal less than our product, admit-
tedly less carefully cured. On top of this Great
Britain is re-entering the field. France is lending
special energy to develop her fisheries, Japan is
searching for world trade and is placing cod on this

continent. Germany, likewise, promises to add her

Our business is to preserve the proportion of th
business we had in 1918. The markets are logicall
ours. We are close to the source of supply an
closer to the markets than any of our competito
excepting the United States. Supplies so readily
hand are a great convenience for West Indies buyers.
They may secure shipments from Nova Scotia in
three or four days, whereas movements from. Buro
are slow and the market may have changed com-
pletely before their arrival. 3g

But even with this convenience foreign buyers
not going to continue to take our inferior fish. c
have got to produce a better quality. Our fishermer
on the east coast have had the matter brought ve
forcibly to their attention and it is to be hoped they
will see the wisdom of making a better job of pte
They know exactly what is wanted and how to mee
the situation. They have not been obliged to exercisi
care with their cure during the war because sale
were easy. They must realize that sales are not s:
easy today, and if markets are permanently los
through continued neglect, they are the ones wh
suffer most..

Tonnary, 1922. CANADIAN

The Codfish Cure for Various Markets.

A Newfoundland fish exporter of wide experience
2 thus describes the kinds of codfish wanted in different
markets. For the South American Republics (except
_ Brazil) the fish must be large and medium, that is,
, from 20 inches up; it must be hard dried and have no
Ee _ dampness or moisture, and be packed in thoroughly kiln-
4 - dried boxes. The same fish is required for the Cuba
. market. Porto Rico will take large and small of not quite
a so good a quality. It must be hard dried, however, and
4 may be packed in casks like that which goes to Dem-
_ erara and Trinidad. For Brasil all fish must be thor-
ae oughly dried and packed in drums of 128 lbs. Fish
for Portugal must be well made,fairly well dried, but
not so hard dried as that which goes to the South
- American Republies; and Portugal will take large,
1edium, and small. Spain wants large and medium,

eat rs Fee

This is shore fish. Spain also takes

. After shore fish is out of the ‘<water-horse’?
e it should be first spread back up, and when taken

have it-a smooth-surfaced fish suitable for the Span-
a particularly if it is heavily salted, as the

vhen ‘taken in off the flakes. This is a departure
rom the usual process, but recent experience shows

young lady recently wrote to a country newspa-
asking if there were any editors in Heaven. The
r replied: “There is but one editor in Heaven.

con etured that he passed himself off as a ’ physician.
hen the dodge was discovered, they searched the
eth and breadth of the realms of felicity for a law-

to start ejection proceedings,but they couldn’t

one,so, of course,the editor holds the fort.’’

ot particularly hard dried; it must be a fat fish show-.

FISHERMAN 21
THE LUCKLESS FISHERMAN

They laughed when I came home last night,
And said Ididn’t get a bite,

They snickered an’ they joked at me,
And all the fellows asked to see

The ones I’d caught. ‘‘Oh!’’ said they,
‘*He’s been out fishing all this day

An’ hasn’t caught a single thing,

He never got a fish to string.

They laughed at me, but all their jeers
Travelled no farther than my ears,

‘Twas true I’d fished all day without
Snaring a single, speckled trout,

But what of that? I’d had a day

That I could loaf and dream away,

I’d chummed with birds and friendly trees

And been as ecare-free as the breeze.

I’d rested wheresoe’er I’d willed,

To me the hum of trade was stilled,

I’d let my thoughts go wandering far

To where life’s happier glories are;

I’d whistled like a boy once more,

And even stretched full length on shore

To watch the white clouds sail the blue,
The very way I used to do.

They laughed when I came home at night,

. An said I didn’t get a bite,

They seemed to think my luck was bad
They couldn’t guess the fun I’d had,
And couldn’t know that all that day
I’d been a free man, blithe and gay,
And though of fish I’d landed none.
I’d caught the joys for which I’d gone.
Edgar A.Guest.

Andrew Halkett, Naturalist of the Fisheries Branch,
Department of Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa, left
Monday, January 16 on a lecture tour which will take
him along the New Brunswick coast of the Strait of
Northumberland and Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Mr. Halkett’s address, which will be illustrated with
lantern slides, will deal with the natural history and
conversation of the lobster which has been the subject
of close investigation by him for several years past.

He will also discuss the cause of discoloration of
canned lobsters and the necessity for proper sanitary |
conditions in and around the various lobster canne-
ries.

This tour is designed as an educational campaign,
to create on the part of the fishermen and cannerymen
a greater interest in the care and protection of the
lobster fishery.

ANHYDROUS

CANADIAN AMMONIA ‘C0, LIMITED
TORONTO, ONT.

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THE
ai Siz DIAN

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

GARDENVALE, P. Q., FEBRUARY, 1922

NOTICE

Practice—Makes—Perfect

We have been manufacturing Cordage for ninety five years,
and we have spared no effort in consistently trying to better
its quality for the most exacting buyer.

To-day we are manufacturing Cordage that is better adapted
to the Fishing Industry than any other make on the market.
A trial will convince you of all we say about

“LION BRAND” CORDAGE

Also manufacturers of Manila, Sisal, Binder Twine, Jute
Cordage, Transmission Lath Yarn and twines of every des-

cription.
Made in Canada since 1825 by

i , : a i b, 4
Corisumers Cordage Co., Ltd.
Mills at: hes at
DARTMOUTH, MONTREAL. TORONTO, ST. JOHN.
Tees = Persse, Limited, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, Calgary, Moose Jaw,

dmonton and Fort William, Ont. James Bisset & Co., Quebec, P.Q.
Macgowan & Co., Vancouver, BC.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Meeting the Requirements of the Industry
The
House of Leckie

For over half a century has heen supplying the
commercial Fisherman of two continents
continuously in

Fishing and Marine Supplies :

A FEW OF OUR STANDARD LINES

Nautical Instruments, Linen Gilling Nets, Gilling Twines, —
Lamps of all types, Sea Island Cotton Gilling Nets,
_ Life Boat Equipment to _ _ , Side Line and Seaming Twine,
Board of Trade regulations, ' Pound Nets, Drag Seines, Dip Nets,
Life Jackets, Ring Buoys, Minnow Seines, Trammel Nets,
Blocks of all kinds, Hoop Nets, Fishing Rope,
Wire and Manila Rope, Cedar Floats, Lead,
Anchors, Oars, Pumps, Boat Hardware.

WRITE FOR A CATALOG

John Leckie Limited

77 Wellington St. W. - TORONTO, Ont.

Ee ee ee eee

February, 1922. CANADIAN

FISHERMAN

meee KR DITORIAL ies

_ NOTICE

The publishers of the Canadian Fishermen announce
gorge from April 1 subscription to this journal
Sage two dollars ($2) instead of one dollar ($1)
h is the prevailing rate. Those whose subscrip-
ions are about to expire and those desiring to become
1eV allay are advised to communicate with this
e before April 1.

WE WANT ACTION NOW!

he situation has now been reached where the in-
- would like to have some government pronoun-
ment as to whether or not a separate fisheries de-
a tment is going to be set up. From every fishing
n ns ituency in the country, from every centre where
. fish business is carried on, and from boards of
the Canadian Manufacturers’ Association and
other bodies that have the interest of our na-
industries at heart, the Hon. Mackenzie King
‘Hon. E. Lapointe have received urgent messages
this very modest request of the industry be grant-
Now it is all very kind of the Prime Minister and
Minister of Marine and Fisheries to express sym-
with the trade and promise the ‘closest consi-
ion.’ This stereotyped courtesy ceases to satisfy
What we want is action. There is nothing so very
ty to consider that should cause such undue delay.
he entire departmental machinery is already on the
All we ask the government to do is to place the
2 responsibility of administering the fisheries in
hands of fisheries officials and not leave the final
to a deputy head outside the fisheries department
ose interest in matters pertaining to the industry
very superficial, And we are not asking for this

sary reform with the idea of getting it ten years

s. We want it and need it and expect it now.
— ‘Canadian Manufacturers’ Association has ar-
‘ranged with the government at Ottawa to receive a
dep itation from that body on February 22, and unless
action has been taken in the meantime, a delegation
from the Canadian Fisheries Association will appear
the same time and present to the members of the
cabinet the case for a separate fisheries department.
rangements have been made, too, for the Minister of
‘ine and Fisheries to receive a deputation from the
ermen the day following and if there is any further
formation he requires to get quick and definite action
the cabinet it will be available to him. Above all,

JAMES H. CONLON, Editor

the Canadian Fisheries Association wants something
done at this sesson of Parliament. We can see no pos-
sible reason for refusing our request, not even on an
economy plea, because a separate departement will cost
not a single cent more. What slight salary increases
automatically follow may be secured, if the govern-
ment is averse to an addition of $5,000 or $6,000, by
cutting down on fish culture.

_ It may be that the Prime Minister and Mr. Lapointe
have not shared with their cabinet colleagues the news
of our insistent demand for a separate department.
Perhaps it is overshadowed by more weightly matters.
That may be. But from our standpoint it is of eminent
importance, and inasmuch as we are working one of the
greatest basic resources and are in a position to know

what is good for the industry, we feel entitled to con-

sideration.
?

LAUNCH EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENT.

National Fish Day went big. The idea of the move-
ment was splendidly conceived and we trust that in
our time it will not cease to be an annual institution.
It is not alone the immediate financial remuneration
due to the day’s increased fish sales, which makes it of
such value, but it furnishes an opportunity for the press
to turn the attention of our people to the vastness of
the wonderful food resource which is our heritage. Our
people must have greater knowledge concerning the
industry and until adequate means are found of educat-
ing them we must rely largely upon the power of the
press.

The lamentable lack of literature bearing. upon the
industry is a reflection not only upon our industry but
upon our libraries and institutions of learning. There
is not a single public or school library on the contin-
gent that can satisfy requests for fishery literature;
and the sad truth of the matter is that while we have
many, many volumes on fishes and fishing there are
very few of them denuded of scientific and technical .
verbiage to make them attractive and informative to
the layman.

It was this situation which was considered on Na-
tional Fish Day when scientists and educational work-
ers were brought together in Montreal to form a tech-
nical section of the Canadian Fisheries Association ;
and it is to fill this want that the new organization will
apply its effort. The task is tremendous and our be-
ginning is extremely humble. But how many similar

24 CANADIAN
noble undertakings have had a less auspicious begin-
ning!

Those who attended the meeting were J. A. Paulhus,
vice-president of the C. F, A., Dr. A. G, Huntsman of
the Biological Board of Canada, J. J. Cowie of the
Fisheries Department at Ottawa, J. J. Harpell, pub-
lisher, and James H. Condon, secretary of the TC. B.A.
Mr. Harpell was chosen president of the new section,
Mr. Cowie vice-president and Mr. Conlon secretary,
and the following were appointed a text book ecommit-
tee to select and compile literature suitable for con-
tinuation and ieading classes) and school and public
libraries — Dr. Huntsman, Dr. McLean Fraser, J. J.
Cowie, Capt. F. W. Wallace, New York, Prof. John N.
Cobb, Seattle, Dr. R. E. Coker, Bureau of Fisheries,
Washington, and J. T. Hoyle, professor of English and
printing, Pittsburg, who has been engaged to edit the
works put out by the committee.

The undertaking is a tremendous one and it is nat-
ural that the government should be expected to give
material assistance to the enterprise. It is a work

which was inaugurated in a small way within the de-
partment at Ottawa a few years ago, but the new move-
ment contemplates a much wider sphere and a more
penetrating propaganda. It will be some time before
the actual work of preparing literature will be com-
menced, but in the meantime i‘ is the intention to se-
eure a series of the most appropriate works now in
print and make them available for juvenile and adult
reading. As plans ripen the new body will be enabled
to place some concrete proposition before the govern-
ment, which has, heretofore, been very ready to lend
assistance to educational campaigns of this kind.

WHAT’S BEING DONE ABOUT IT?

As we remarked in our last issue, the sockeye situa-
tion in Puget Sound and the Fraser is too serious to
leave it stand for another year and we hope that our
authorities at Ottawa are doing their utmost to re-
establish negotiations for co-operative protection and
conservation of the species. But almost as vital to the
industry of the western coast is the halibut fishery and
unless similar drastic action is taken at once the Paci-
fic halibut will in a few years time figure among the

‘‘has beens’’ of our waters, in a class with the dino-.

saurs and mastodons which roamed our western plains
ages ago.

Like the sockeye problem this matter was admirably
solved by the Canadian-American Fisheries Conference
of 1918, and without impartiality we must recognize
that the government at Ottawa took every possible step
+o make the recommendations of the conference effective.
Not so at Washington, however. We are not in a posi-
tion to say what part politics had to play between the
State of Washington and the U. S. National Capital
but certain it is that the north Pacific states recognized
the necessity for conservation of the sockeye and halibut

FISHER MAN Fepruary, 1922
:

while the national government refused to affix its —
signature to the treaty giving effect to such measures.
This is putting the matter bluntly but, nevertheless,
truthfully. It is not our fault that the destruction of
the species continues, but that fact does not absolve us —
from future responsibility. International dignity is |
necessary in some cases, but, having a commercial turn —
of mind we are more interested in conserving these —
valuable sources of wealth and food, than in maintain-
ing diplomatic niceties. We exhort everyone interested, —
and that covers a great number, to bring very ounce of }
influence to bear to have a new international confer- —
ence on fishery matters set up immediately. We have
many outstanding problems and we imagine our cou-
|

oa

wn

sines to the south are just as anxious for an understand- —
ing on them as we are. a

Not that we hope for any better solution of the hali- :
but question than that recommended in 1918 which pro- :
vided for a close season between November 15 and Feb- 4
ruary 15 each year for a period of ten years. There
must haye been some other phase of the treaty, remote
possibly from the halibut issue, which caused the col-
lapse of he whole programme. If necessary deal with —
questions at issue individually, and do not let us risk
the future of the Pacific industry on any extraneous —
question. We are not interested in how results are
brought about; whether negotiations are with individual —
states or with the U. S. capital. What we are vaally@
interested in are results.

i lt ee ial

HOW NEWS DOES TRAVEL.

eee ee

News that hostilities have ceased on the battlefields | |
of France and Flanders must eventually have reached
Premier Drury of Ontario in his splendidly isolated —
sanctum sanctorum at Toronto. Why? Announcement
has just been made from the Queen City to the effect
that the government was making preparations to re-.
tire from the fish business and planning to get its nets
out of Lake Nipigon and Lake Nipissing. - When the
former government instituted the policy of att
and selling fish in competition with established trade|
it was under the pretext of a war measure, to supple-—
ment diminishing food supplies. The wonderful inven-
tions of the past century — the cable, the telegraph,

?

the telephone and the wireless — those magical ve-
hicles for transmitting new, have been of no oacrieed
to Premier Drury. His message that the armistice
was signed on November 11, 1918 probably came by
a courier who swam over with it. We figure that he
is due to learn of the Treaty of Versailles several
months hence. He is probably awaiting that news
before quitting the fishing game definitely,

The attitude the government of Ontario has main-
tained in connection with the fish business has been
most discouraging to the legitimate trade. Individual

producers along the—Great Lakes have found it well
nigh impossible to compete with the government in the

February, 1922.

home ‘market and not infrequently government-pro-
duced supplies have been exported to the United States
to glut that market and bring about lower prices. When
it is considerd that the Ontario government mulcts thee
fishermen of the lakes to the tune of $50,000 for the
privilege of catching fish, it is our idea of poor comedy
that it should turn around and produce and compete
with the same fisherman. In the words of the poet:
“This is too mutsh’’.

his >
FE

+ ane

- PISCATORIAL PARAGRAPHS.

Steam trawlers are not very much in demand just
| The beam trawler Gloucester was put under the
hammer by the U. S. Marshall at Gloucester on Jan-
ba 14. It was built in 1919 at a cost of $276,000 and
bas knocked down for $3,650. Almost down to the Tin

Lizzie class.

We are extremely interested to learn that J. J. Cowie,
is ery expert in the department at Ottawa, has pre-

pa ired a pamphlet on the different cures of cod required
1 various foreign markets. The work is now on the

5 ress. We trust it will get the widest distribution pos-
among cod curers and exporters and that the latter
give heed to the advice and the information it

Clubs, Kiwanis Clubs and Canadian Clubs to de-
. a meeting to National Fish Day and secure a
iker on fishery topics. And it is a pleasure, too,

ded to invitations to speak before these bodies.
8 what counts. Never lose an opportunity to tell

e to the Commercial ade esc Journal, is-

ich week by the Department of Trade and Com-
This is a valuable little bulletin and frequently

s information of extreme value to fish exporting

ses. It costs only a nominal sum but is worth while
ing. Furthermore there is a series of articles to be

blished soon giving a detailed survey of all. our
n markets and what we must do to meet competi-
Don’t fail to read these and keep them on fyle. It
Ns hoped to convince the department later that these
rts are sufficiently vauable to warrant compila-
in book form.

to the proposed amendment. to the tariff bill whereby
he landing of fish fares at Prince Rupert from Amer-
n bottoms and destined to American markets would
‘ stopped. There is very little sound reasoning to
om mend the suggestion. It appears to have emanated

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

. good deal of opposition has developed in Seattle .

2050

ment. Even these individuals would do well to look
thoroughly into the matter before giving it such en-
thusiastic support. The Fishing Vessels Owners’ Asso-
ciation of Seatle, who comprise ninety percent of hali-
but vessel owners operating in the north Pacific, are
unalterably opposed to it. They know a thing or two.

Hen. Mr. King’s government had a very unpleasant
duty to perform when it received a short time ago a de-
legation of M. P.’s. from the Maritime Provinces de-
manding that the Intercolonial Railway be taken from
the control of the Canadian National Railways and
placed under a separate management at Moncton, N.B.,
as was the case prior to a few years ago. The delega-
tion strongly insisted that the Intercolonial should no*
be set up as a unit of the national system because it
was not primarily a commercial proposition but one of
the conditions which brought the Maritimes into con-
federation. To say the least the Maritimes have not
prospered most as a result of confederation and it
would not appear a wise policy to unnecessarily cause
the people there to dwell upon that fact.

Mayor Wheeler of Gloucester, (Mass.) finds himself
in serious trouble. In the first place Mayor Wheeler

made. some unguarded and unealled for remarks about
the quality of fish passed on to the consumer by Glou-

cester fish distributors and then he is credited with
accusing the Gloucester race committee of fraud in con-
nection with the fitting of the Elsic for the international
race. In consequence the committee has engaged Hon.
Fred. H. Tarr to bring action against the chief magis-
trate. Mr. Tarr states that the committee, in fitting
the ‘‘Elsie’’ for the race, and in the conduct of the race

itseelf, was absolutely clean and honorable. There was
no violation of the terms of the deed of gift of the cup

in letter or in spirit; and that the committee felt that
the mayor, in saying as he had done and repeated, that
the committee had acted dishonorably in fitting the
‘*Hlsie’’ for the race, and acted in violation of the terms
of the deed of gift; had borrowed a main-boom yards
longer than the ‘‘Elsie’’ carried during the season, and >
had borrowed larger sails from other vessels; in in-
sinuating that the committee had acted secretly and
fraudulently, and saying that he (the mayor) proposed
to expose the fraud; was guilty of a malicious lie.”’

OUR TORONTO OFFICE MOVED.

Our readers and advertisers will please take note that
the Toronto office of the Industrial and Educational
Press has been moved from 1402 C. P. R. building to
Aladdin Building, 208 King Street west. The telephone
number remains the same. The tremendous increase in
our volume of business has made absolutely necessary
this change to larger quarters.

DIDN’T KNOW.

Vicar (at village concert) — Miss Jones will sing again
—‘‘T cannot Tell You Why.’’—Edinburgh Scotsman.

26 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

February, 1922

National Fish Day Went Big

From one coast to the other fish sales were
exceedingly large. — The day in many

centres.

Reports from all parts of the country indicate that
National Fish Day this year was an extremely success-
ful event, and equal to, if not surpassing, the achieve-
ment of other years. From Vancouver on the Pacifie
coast to Sydney, N.S., the day was properly observed
and the various means employed to attract the .atten-
tion of the public to Canada’s great sea food resources
and the value of fish as a food, were most effective. Al-
though it is impossible to state what the aggregate
consumption was for the day it is estimated that it was
not far from half a million pounds. Retailers in Mont-
real declared business was heavier than ever before, and
similar reports coming from centres all over the coun-
- try, show universal prosperity.

While the head office of the Canadian Fisheries As-
sociation did a great deal to advertise the day and se-
cured the active co-operation of the Publicity Division
of the Fisheries Department at Ottawa, the actual ad-
vertising and boosting was left to the different branches.
It is gratifying indeed that all the branches got enthu-
siastically behind the movement and it is trusted that
the brilliant idea of J. A. Paulhus in founding the Na-
tional Fish Day will never lack support and that the
day will be an institution for all time.

The two great centres of activity were Montreal and
Vancouver where the branches launched wholeheartedly
into the scheme and spent considerable money in boost-
ing and advertising. Both these centres supplied post-
ers, stickers and literature to other centres and con-
tributed materially to make the day outside their own
respective spheres, a success. The whole of British
Columbia was splendidly organized.

Montreal Celebration.

The Montreal members of the C. F. A. were highly
elated with the success achieved in the metropolis. They
had. planned a banquet in the evening at the Windsor
Hotel and had expected Hon. E. Lapointe, the new
minister of marine and fisheries, to be the guest of
honor. The latter was unable to attend, however. In
view of the condition of distress among the poor of
Montreal it was decided to dispense with the banquet
and donate 10,000 pounds of fish for distribution among
the poor. This worthy idea was carried into execution
and Mr. Little of the ‘‘Montreal Star’’ very kindly
gave his assistance to see that the food was placed
in the hands of institutions qualified to properly dis-
tribute it. The whole ten thousand pounds were dis-
posed of the day preceding National Fish Day and
many additional calls were received which, unfortunate-
ly, could not be attended to. The charitable idea was
highly commended by social workers and others in
Montreal and the ‘‘ Montreal Star’’ expressed gratitude
that the association had taken such a step.

An offer was made by some Ontario fishermen to
ship ten thousand pounds of Lake Erie herring into
Montreal for distribution among the poor at a price far
below cost, but the Montreal branch was not in a posi-
tion to take it up. It was appreciated nevertheless.

The wholesale and retail distributors in Montreal
spent considerable money on individual advertising and
secured many columns of free space in the local papers

‘ item on the long menu card consisted

which proved of much value. A contract was made with ~
the Montreal Tramways Limited to display National —
Fish Day posters on two hundred cars for five days —
preceding the event. Delivery trucks and wagons were ~
conspicuously bedecked. Window posters were widely
used and a surplus of literature was sent to St. John,
Halifax, Toronto and Winnipeg. Sam Mason, the ag-
gressive proprietor of tha Mount Royal Fish Market,
sent his little Shetland pony about the city for several
days bearing National Fish Day legends.

After a most successful business day, those prominent —
in the industry were the guests of J. A. Paulhus, vice-
president of the Canadian Fisheiies Association, at a
dinner at the Club Canadien. Included among his guests
were W. A. Found, assistant deputy minister of fisheries
at Ottawa, J. J. Cowie, chief statistician and inspector
of pickled fish, J. J. Harpell, A. H. Brittam, D. J.
Byrne, H. G. Connor, J. T. O’Connor, Joseph Stanford,
S. Mason and J. S. Eckman, assistant general manager
of the Canadian Fishing Company, Vancouver, Follow-
ing the dinner there were some short speeches by Mr.
Found, Mr. Cowie, Mr. Bryne, Mr. Eckman and Mr.
Paulhus. Mr. Cowie took occasion to make some per-
tinent remarks about the status of our fishing industry —
and illustrated that there was no occasion to hold up
Norway or any other country as a model for us to fol-
low. In a good many respects we were ahead of the
others. (Mr. Cowie’s remarks will be found in detail
elsewhere).

Mr. Byrne touched upon the necessity for a separate
department of fisheries at Ottawa and expressed the
hope that the next time Mr. Found came to be the guest
of Mr. Paulhus or of the association, it would be as de-
puty minister of fisheries. Mr. Paulhus, responding to
a call made upon him for a speech, also made reference
to the same point and expressed the conviction that the
hour was close at hand when the long-cherished hope of
the fish trade would be realized. Mr. Paulhus also
briefly referred to the success of National Fish Day.
While he felt some pride in the fact he had originated
the National Fish Day movement, its success, he said-
was due to the hearty support the idea received in all
branches of the trade.

THE DAY IN VANCOUVER.

The occasion was heartily observed by people on the
Pacifie coast. Fish was generally used at one of the
meals on February 1 and the sales for the day were very
large. A feature was a banquet at Hotel Elysium at
which the many problems of the industry in British Co-
lumbia were discussed.

Conservation of salmon and halibut and the import-
ance of co-operation between the Canadian and United
States governments were two of the outstanding points
urged by speakers. Fish men to the number of about
150, representing every section of the province, were in
attendance. With the exception of the dessert, every
of fish, which
proved how extensive is the. variety of the products of
the North Pacific. .

Frank Burke, president of the B. C. Canners’ Asso-

’ February, 1922. CANADIAN
ciation presided, and in addition to several interesting
addresses by prominent fish men on both sides of the
_ line, several items of entertainment were on the agenda.
_ At the head table with Mr. Burke were the following:
' Hon. William Sloan, minister of mines and commission-
3 er of fisheries in the provincial government; A. L.
' Hager, president of the Canadian Fisheries Associ-
ation; H. B. Bell-Irving, Frank Millerd, Major Mother-
well, inspector of fisheries for the Dominion govern-
‘ment.) Mayor Tisdall, M. Freeman and C. W. Frazee
of the Royal Bank! of Canada.
_ In his opening remarks Mr. Burke, referred to the
¥ _ growing importance of the fish industry. One person
' in every 26 in Canada today was directly depending on
_ the fishing industry for his living, he said. The salmon
' industry was closely interwoven with many others. The
fish industry was responsible for the curtailing of un-
_ employment, and in the last analysis lessened the burden
of the taxpayer. Despite this fact no other industry
_ was taxed as heavily as the salmon industry, and the
_ profits derived from the same were far less than popular
belief. This industry should not be allowed to be de-
pl , and if proper care were taken it would endure
Tor many generations.
In a well assembled address Hon. Mr. Sloan discussed
D sie fisheries from a national as well as a provincial
a si fandpoint. He dealt with the objects of ‘‘Fish Day’”’
pointing out the value of sea food as a nourishing art-
“of food. the demand for which would steadily in-

ene ee a es

Saray ere

“y He went into statistics, which proved that British Co-
| Earns was the banner fish province of the Dominion,

Dealing with the herring industry, he deplored the fact
that the dry salted article was mostly in the hands of
Orientals.
ie Grave Danger Exists.
Referring to the salmon ‘industry, he regretted the
“hat that the province was in grave danger of having
_ it wholly destroyed, and produced figures to show its
depletion. Packs of the big-year periods from 1901
to the present were as follows: 1901, 2,033,765 cases;
1905, 1,684,611 cases; 1909, 1,590,555 cases; 1913, 2.”
_ 401,488 cases; 1917, 559 702 eases; 1921, 115, 621 cases.
¥. — ** Due to the fact that the Fr aser-bred. sockeye salmon
_ pass through the territorial waters of the State of Wash-
ington, on their return to the Fraser as adults from the
"sea, and are there caught in vast numbers by Umited
ime fishermen, they cannot be afforded adequate
protection without legislation on the part of the State
ay of Washington,’’ he said. ‘It is well known that pro-
| ee has not been given them, notwithstanding that
repeated joint investigations established the fact that
| Protection was essential, and without it that the runs
ee be disseminated.
| “All negotiations between the State and the Dom-
inion failed. Two treaties between Great Britain and the
_ United States, which provided for joint and uniform
ie fishery regulations for a period of years, were drawn
and were endorsed by Canada. Owing to opposition in
the State of Washington, the United States senate re-
PP ecsed to approve of the treaties, notwithstanding the
fact that they were approved and signed by the pre-

:

He then referred to the failure of the recent conference
Bi aa reach an agreement on the subject of the Fraser River
i salmon... This meeting demonstrated, he said, that the

only way to deal with the subject was by treaty.
we He declared that the northern salmon fisheries also
_ demanded. ‘immediate attention. In this matter, as in

4 PRIS OG.

Cyne fs oe Fe sla see

a
ay

FISHERMAN 27

others, the provincial government had the power only
to petition. The records showed that there had been a
material decrease since 1912, that there was a great in-
crease in the area of waters in which fishing is carried
on and that a very great increase in the price paid for
fish had been recorded. This showed that fewer fish
are seeking entrance to the spawning grounds. Too
heavy a drain had been made upon the runs.

“The policy adopted in Ottawa in 1912,’’ he said,
“‘has seriously reduced one of our great natural assets,
If the’ government does not change that policy our sal-
mon fisheries will be wholly destroyed.’’ He believed
that the new government would take steps of value to

Mason’s Pony Campaigns.

the province along this lime.

Mayor Tisdall also deplored the depletion of the sal-
mon industry, declaring that it was time to eall a halt.
He doubted if the hatcheries were of any great value
and believed that a new system of propagation should be
devised. He pointed out that many varieties of fish on
the Pacific have, as yet, been unexploited and advo-
cated a twelve months’ period for canneries in the year,
instead of the three-month one, as is now generally the
ease. In conclusion his worship prophesied a big impro-
vement in industrial conditions during the coming year.
At any rate there should be much less unemployment.

Nothing Done.

Al. Hager, expressed the hope that next year ‘‘ Fish
Day’’ would be in a more favorable season of the year,
when a greater variety of fish would be offered the
public. Referring to the policy of the Canadian Fisher-
ies Association, he stated that for many years the en-
deavor had been to separate the department of marine
from that of fisheries and also to secure the appointment
of a deputy minister of fisheries. Although this had
been urged for years nothing definite had been done.
The new government, he believed, would not be unsym-
pathetic.

Mr. Hager went exhaustively into thie subject of a
closed season of three months for halibut, pointing out
that huge quantities of spawning fish were being taken
from the waters every winter. This he referred to as
nothing short of a crime.

In this connection he pointed out that even the owners
of fishing vessels who were operating in a small way
and dependent upon their catches from year to year
were wholly in sympathy with such a measure.

Mr. Freeman, proprietor of severad trade journals,
also argued that if the salmon industry was to survive
a sufficient supply should be allowed to go to the spawn-

28

ing grounds. It was a matter of regret he declared, that
the United States had not taken the proper steps in
this direction. He also advocated that all conferences
dealing with this matter should be open.

‘‘Our destinies are interwoven’’, he said, referring to
United States and Canada, ‘‘and there should be a co-
operation between the two nations to conserve an in-
dustry from which mutual advantages would result.’

Major Motherwell took issue with one of the previous
speakers on the subject of hatcheries, pointing out that
with limited funds at the disposal of the officials con-
siderable good had been accomplished. Retaining fish
ponds had also done much to conserve the industry. He
urged the curtailment of the catch of the sockeye, the
most valuable of the salmon species, particularly in the
northern waters.

Never before, he declared, had there been such whole-
hearted co-operation between the federal and provincial
govrnments. He predicted that in the future much would
be accomplished through the cultivation of this spirit.

Major Motherwell gave an interesting report from all
salmon- producing waters of the province, some of which
were encouraging and others the contrary. He deplored
the failure of the recent conference between Canada
and the United States regarding the conservation of
salmon on the Fraser.

H. B. Bell-Irving proved an interesting story-teller,
and in addition urged continued aggressiveness in de-
mands to the government for more favorable legislation
in the fishing industries. Ernest LeMessurier, World
cartoonist, entertained with appropriate sketches, being
assisted by G. Bottger, pianist.

AT PRINCE RUPERT.

Canada’s eighth annual Fish Day was fittingly ob-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

February, 1922

served and celebrated at the great fish luncheon put on
at the St. Regis Cafe on the afternoon of February 1.

-Two instructive addresses by W E. Williams and Fred

Stork, M.P., an appropriate musical program, the
bountenus spread of products of the sea from whales to
clams, and a large, enthusiastic and representative as-
sembly of citizens made the affair a complete success.
Mayor Harry Rochester was the chairman, and seated
at the head table alongside him were Fred Stork, M.P.,
John Dybhavn, James L. Lee, J. W. Nicholls, T. H.
Johnson, W. EK. Williams and W. J. Cash. Down the
two long tables among those present were: Milton Gon-
zales, Ben F. Self, R. V. G. Lenine, W. F. Roberge, Dou-
glas P. Stork, T. B. Hooper, W. D. Vance, Thomas Me-
Clymont, G. A. Woodland, W. C. Onahants Dan H. Me-
Donald, Theo. Collart, H. L. Landry, E. A. Woods, C.
Wy Evitt, H. Phillpott, J. H. MeMullin, A. Brooksbank,
S. H. Hoskins, (Smithers), J. A. Hinfon, Dr. C., Ae
Eggert, C. H. Orme, S. E. Parker, G. W. Nickerson,
Ralph Harrop, Dr. W. T. Kergin, C. C. Mills, Joe Greer,
George Kerr, Harry Wright, George Munro, Leo Waugh,
F.. G. Dawson, W. Viger, Col. 8. P. MeMordie, Dy.
Stewart, J. F. Maguire, D. C. McRae, E. A. Wakefield,
David Thomson, W. W. Wright, A. Clapperton, R. Ar-
thur, L. M. Fuller, Jack Woods, E. F. Duby, Rey. Dr. H.
R. Grant, W. G. Hughes, A. Akerberg, Hon. A. M.
Manson, Frank Davies, John McRae, R. E. Moore, W.
Sandison, Go uk. Hunter, Thomas McMeekin, J. Currie,
F. W. Hart, G. A. Bryant, J. J. Muldoon, J ack Venables,
J. P. Dunn. (Vancouver), S. King, W. Vaughan Davies,
S. K. Campbell, J. E. Davey, H. Lipsett, W. W. Knight,
T. Ballinger, George R. Tite, A. Norris and B,..0.
Oughton.

The need of good transportation and of a separate
fisheries department at Ottawa were the principal: points
dealt upon by the speakers.

Fishing Smack with Refrigeration.

«
es | |
ae
J

9 i

The Société Technique pour 1’Industrie, of Paris, has
installed a refrigerating plant and an insulated hold in
the fishing smack Minahouét, of Lorient, which is en-
gaged in the tunny catching industry, one of no little
importance in France. The tunny is a most difficult
fish to preserve: and during the first month of the 1921
season nine-tenths of ‘the French catch had to be thrown
overboard. The owners of the Minahouét had _ before
them the alternatives of adepting motor propulsion, so
as to.make frequent home calls; or of refrigerating the
fish on board; and they chose the latter.

The refrigerating plant includes a new type of com-
pressor working on ethyl chloride and operated by a
small petrol motor. Placed in the rear cabin, the mach-
inery is separated from the cold chamber by an insulated
bulkhead, through which is run direct expansion pipes.
the ethyl chloride emerging from the evaporator is skil-
fully transmitted to the condenser, and the working of
the system is controlled by two gauges and a dial ther-

Fs
ee ee a ne

mometer indicating the temperature of the cold cham-
ber, which is usually kept at — 5 deg. C. There is au-
tomatic lubrication for the compressor.

For insulation of the tiny store cork panels agglo-
merated with resin are employed to a thickness of 10cm
The fish are shot into the hold by a sort of water re
in order to keep them cool, and are then hung up for re
frigeration until the boat reaches land.

The system has been found to work fairly satistact=
orily, though some improvements are to be made during
the winter. In August fish was preserved in sound con-
dition for more than a week and fetched a good price
ashore when other cargoes of tunny were in a medium
to bad state. The experiment seems to open up great
possivilities in the fish smack industry generally.

In the accompanying drawing, the figures indicate :—

1, compressor; 2, motor; 3, condenser; 4, evaporator; 5,
fan ; 6, cold chamber ; 7, rear cabin, 8, fore cabin,

February, 1922.

Colony.

Sir Richard Squires, Prime Minister of Newfound-
jand, in a public statement recently, declared that
the results of the fishing season of 1921 had on the
whole been far from discouraging, and expressed the
view that the worst of the business depression had
Ibeen passed and that the outlook for the future gave
grounds for optimism. Predictions made last spring
t the merchants and fishermen of the Ancient
lony would greatly restrict their operations because
prospect was that prices had been very low had
been fulfilled; on the contrary, both merchants
fishermen had actively entered into the pro-
tion of the industry and the fish catch had been
dly absorbed by the fish merchants of St. John’s
‘the outports and speedily shipped to foreign
‘kets, Sir Richard said. Exports of fish during
ber and November had been the greatest in the
- of the Dominion; very little fish. remained
id in the hand’s of the fishermen, and a larger
yortion of the catch had been shipped to foreign
ets at the beginning of December than in any
ous year at the same date for upwards of a
er of a century.
Newfoundland Government early in 1921 se-
from the House of Assembly authority to borrow
000, and to make advances to merchants and
hermen to enable them to obtain supplies for the
eries. Up to the present the Government has not
ven out definite information as to the amounts
iced to merchants and fishermen under the pro-
s of the Fisheries Supplies act; but the Prime
ster has stated that in various cases where
its were made available to merchants and others
demand was made upon the Fisheries Supplies
ecount. According to Sir. Richard, the action of
government in making the credits available to
shase supplies had the effect of restoring con-
mee, and bankers who in the early spring were
*y of making loans came forward with the major
ortion of the loans necessary to carry on the
- the effects of the Government’s enabling
isure Hon, W. F. Coaker, Minister of Fisheries,
recently: ‘‘The spring conditions were very
e, chiefly because of the inability of suppliers
rywhere to advance supplies or open accounts.
enable those unable otherwise to secure supplies
prosecute the codfishery, half a million dollars
s placed at the disposal of the District Represent-
s, which was available in the shape of guaranteed
tance. All who desired secured supplies and
re men engaged in the fisheries than had been
ployed therein for twenty years or more.’’
cording to the Opposition, the Government in
ng allotments on Fishery Supplies account have
heen indifferent to considerations of party
ies, and there are suggestions that a goodly pro-
tion of the advances will continue indefinitely as
charge upon the public treasury, instead of being
id back. But pending a full statement as to the

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Coker Says Newfoundland Lost Millions

Thinks exporters suffer loss of $2 per quintal.
— Views on fishery policy of the Ancient

29

BY COLES McKAY

disposition of the account, the value of conjecture
of this character is problematical.
Loss of Five and Half Millions

' While the Government reports that the total eateh
of the Newfoundland fishermen was an average one,
the Minister of Fisheries observes that the ‘‘shore
fishery catch was the smallest for a quarter of a
century, and thousands of fishermen did not earn
sufficient to provide for present requirements.’’ Ac-
cording to Mr. Coaker one of the worst features of the
year was the big decrease in the price of fish as paid
to the fishermen. Shore fish, talqual, declined from
$11.00 in the fall of 1920 to an average of $6.50 last
fall, or a falling off of $4.50 on 800,000 quintals of
shore fish Labrador values, Mr. Coaker adds, declined
locally from an average of $8.50 in the fall of 1920
to an average of $4.50 last fall, or a loss of $4.00 per
quintal on about 450,000 quintals. Thus the Minister
figures that the Newfoundland fishermen lost nearly
151% million dollars through the drop in prices which
is perhaps a rather distributing method of book-
keeping.

Mr. Coaker argues that the abolition of the Fish
Exporting Regulations last January was a ‘‘great
blunder.’’ and also contends that the failure to ratify
the agreement he made with certain firms in Portugal
to handle the portion of the 1921 output required
by that country was another blunder. Apparently
the Export Regulations, which obliged the shipper
to show that he would receive a certain minimum
price before he was allowed an export licence, worked
well enough during the period of war-inflated prices;
but the exporters wanted and obtained a free hand
when prices began to fall, and the exchange situation
limited the purchasing power of the European
markets. As for the Portuguese agreement the
exporters claimed that it would establish a monopoly
of the fish trade with Portugal, controlled by certain
firms in that country and the Minister of Fisheries,
who is also the controlling factor in the Union Export
Company; and owing to their opposition, the Govern-
ment would not ratify the agreement. . But Mr.
Coaker now maintains that ‘‘the exporters are being
taught a lesson and are reaping what they sowed
last January when they lifted the Export Regula- —
tions.’?’ He adds:’’ There was not enough fish caught
in Newfoundland in 1921 by 250,000 quintals to supply
the market properly, and had simple horse sense been
exercised by exporters in October and November,
prices abroad would have stiffened -and been. main-
tained until next year’s new fish was ready. But
they foolishly rushed a six months’ supply into the
markets in a few weeks. leaving stocks in. this country
extremely small, while Portugal, Spain and Italy have
been swamped with supplies on consignment, that
should now be in our splendid fish-keeping’stores.”’

May Lose $2 per Quintal. |

Mr. Coaker thinks that exporters will lose ~$2° per
quintal on their consignments rushed to Europe,’and
argues that if the price-fixing -Exportation . Board

30 | - CANADIAN

FISHERMAN

February, 1922

French Sardine Pack for 1921

Reasons for very unsatisfactory results of

Sseason’s operations. — An

analysis.

interesting

By C. McKAY.

In France the sardine fishing this season has had med-
iocre results.

The packers did not encourage any special enterprise
on the part of the fisherman. They had large stocks on
hand from last season, and they were finding it diffi-
cult selling them. They had to face the competitino of
American packers, anxious to liquidate their stocks ;
and they found their market restricted by the fact that
the distributers were indisposed to liquidate prices.
While they were selling sardines at from 1 france 40
centimes to 1 france 60 centimes a box, retailers were
charging the public 3 to 4 frances a box. It apppears,
however, that the retailer was not wholly to blame. The
distributing agencies were evidently not all they should
be; the product passed through too many hands. And
as ‘‘La Péche Maritime’’ of Paris observes: ‘‘Le résul-
tat d’un trop grand nombre d’intermédiaires est dé-
-plorable.’’? The public does not buy because the retail
price is excessive, and the packer cannot sell even at a
low price because the product does not move. It is
a vicious circle by which all the world suffers and from
which it is necessary to sortie, says the principal fish-
eries journal of France.

Nobody in particular seems to be to blame for this
condi‘ion. It is not a question of the honesty or even
the completency of any of the intermediairies; it is
mainly the result of the inadequate and inefficient mar-

(continued from previous page)
had been functioning the Exporters instead of being
dependent on the consignees would have held the
upper hand, because, he says, ‘‘the markets have
been more favorable to us than at any time during the
past twenty-five years.’

However that may be it is interesting to note that
Mr. A. B. Morine, who has been the principal critic
of Mr. Coaker’s policies, has recently been advocating
an alternative policy which involves some regula-
tion on the export of fish. Mr. Morine has come ¢o
the conclusion that co-operation is necessary to
market fish abroad with reasonable success, but he
wants the co-operation to be of a voluntary kind, with
the control resting wholly in the hands of the mer-
chants and fishermen. The government, he thinks,
should confine its efforts to encouraging the pro-
motion of voluntary co-operation, and perhaps. the
supplying of information upon which the co-operative
agencies might base their export policies. He opposes
Mr. Coaker’s plan of a Government Board with power
to fix prices and regulate the flow of exports, because
it logically leads to nationalization-- a Government

Board purchasing at home and selling abroad and
falling back on the taxpayers if its transactions did
not turn out profitably. Mr. Morine, however, agrees
with Mr. Coaker that competitive selling abroad by
consignment is not calculated to secure the best re-
sults, though he holds that Newfoundland cannot
afford to abandon altogether the practice of shipping
fish on consignment, as to withhold cargoes until con-
tracts to sell at a fixed price have been made may give
foreign competitors an advantage in the markets.

keting facilities; and it is not a condition peculiar to
the fish business in France or other countries. In Can-
ada and the United States, where we hear frequent —
boasts of the efficiency of the organization of business,
the farmers, fruit growers and other primary producers
are continually complaining of the disparity between
the prices they receive for their products and the prices”
paid by the consumer. And even in the manufacturing
industries where organization is of a higher order than
is the case with the extractive industries, there is a big
spread between costs of production and consumer’s
prices:. Government statistics embracing the man-
ufacturing industries of Canada as a whole show that a
manufactured product valued at $100 represents $50
worth of raw material, and $15 to $19 of wages and
salaries paid for labor involved in the manufacturing
process. If, as appears to be the case, the government
figures as to the value of the product represent the
price received by the manufacturer, before the con-
sumer receives the product he has to pay transportation
charges and the expenses and profits of wholesaler and
retailer. But even so the spread in the man ing
industries is small compared with this prevailing in
some branches of the fishing or agricultural industry.
According to La Péche Maritime, the French pack of
sardines this year has been small. Packers were only
able to handle small quantities, and in some cases only
opened their factories for limited periods in order to
give some employment to the fishermen and others. In
some districts the packers were only willing to offer 30
franes per 1,000 fish (normal value $6.00, present about
$2.60) while the fishermen protested that they needed
a price of 60 franes per 1,000 at least, owing to high
cost of boats, nets and roque used as toll bait. Various
conferences under the auspices of the Fishery, Depart-
ment were held, but there was no general agreement,
owing largely to the fact that in some cases packers who
had disposed of their last year’s stocks and were anxious
to keep their factories in operation were obliged by the
pecae catches in their districts to pay what the fisherme
asked.
The packers in some parts then offered 110 franes
(normal value $22.00) per 100 kilos (220% Ibs). Hav-
ing always sold sardines by count the fisherman made
vigorous opposition to the’ idea of selling by weight; but
presently they were demanding 120 franes per 100
kilos. In some ports a compromise of these figures was
effected. ae
All these cireumstances, however, precluded the put-
ting up of a pack of any considerable importance.
In order that the sardine fishermen might make
decent living, they were advised to put their catches in
a fresh condition upon the markets of the interior cities,
But in most cases there was no organization for handling
fresh sardines. The transport of sardines in ice or re-
frigeration gives indifferent results, and though offi-
cialdom has designed special isothermie containers to
expedite the movement of fresh sardines to the interio1
their employment as yet does not appear to be com
mercially practical. Something, however, is hoped fron
efforts to. interest fishermen in devoloping a market for
sardines: slightly salted or treated with spiced pickle!
after the German and Danish methods. . |

it
.

| February, 1922.

eae

CANADIAN

controversy.

Some years ago Dr. A. X. Cligny, Director of the
iological Station at Boulogne-sur-Mer, from time to
me secured very important information upon the vex-
question of migration of the mackerel, and especially
r places of resort during the winter. His first ob-
ations were published in the ‘‘Annales de la Sta-
Agricole Boulogne’’ Vol. 1., published under the
istére de 1’Agriculture, and he has continued to add
our information for fifteen or sixteen years.

e of the facts which Dr. Cligny has published are
; well known as they should be: but he has always
ted that scientific knowledge, in his opinion, is
far from complete. The same ideas have prevailed
rope as all along our own shores respecting the
nents of the mackerel, but Professor Garstang (of
miversity of Leeds) showed that there were local
of mackerel which appeared not to intermingle.

the International Congress at Dieppe in 1898 Dr.

g strongly opposed the opinion of Chief Ins-
W. Spotswood Green that American and Euro-
schools of mackerel may cross over the Atlantic
intermingle. Dr. Garstang said that his examina-
of a large number of mackerel around the British
‘showed that Irish mackerel keep to themselves,
rere quite separate from the mackerel occurring in
glish Channel and in the North Sea. He even,
early date, asserted that the winter resorts of
e mackerel would probably be found off the
of the British Isles, in probably 50 to 100
He did not combat the idea which has pre-
that, in winter, mackerel altogether disappear
the coastal waters.

@ well known authority, Dr. Allen, of Plymouth,
led attention to the opinion expressed by old Brit-
h authorities including Couch, M. Dunn, Francis Day,
id others, that mackerel in small quantities were often
during January and February in the western
m of the English Channel; but no regular fishery
ar been carried on before the middle or end of

‘most important addition to our knowledge of the
kerel was made exactly twenty-one years ago, when
Boulogne steamer entered that port with a great

mtity of mackerel caught in mid-winter off the
thwest of Plymouth. The French fishery officials
not at first believe that these mackerel had been
cht at the time or in the place claimed by the skipper
his crew, and they had a suspicion that the fish had
n bought in England: and had been captured prob-
y some months before and preserved in cold, storage.
s steamer, having made the discovery as to where the
skerel were in winter, continued to make voyages
k to the same ground with the same profitable result,
and the fishing population began to realize that the
schools of fish were there in abundance. They were
found so crowded together that often 10,000 to 15,000
ekerel were taken in a single haul of the net in a
ple of hours. They appear in winter to be so crowd-
ed, and in such compact bodies of fish that two vessels
ishing within a short distance of each other may have
ntirely different luck. One may make a big catch, and
er may take nothing.

FISHERMAN | 31

Interesting Mackerel Observations

Discoveries and opinions of European author-
ities important in view of our mackerel

It has been found that every large school seems to be
constant in position, and some schools have been fished

for two months without having moved very much from
their original location, but towards the beginning of
spring the schools spread out and scatter, and begin to
move towards their respective shores.

Dr. Cligny states that they do not all occur at the
same depth in the sea. The French fishermen found:
south of Start Point, in Devonshire, mackerel at forty
fathoms, and they discovered other schools within reach
of Dieppe in about fifteen fathoms depth, and mackerel
have been also found in winter off the Boulogne shore
in ten to twelve fathoms. :

It is difficult to find a cause for this herding of the
fish together in a steady location. They are not found
to be blind as was formerly believed to be the case, but
are healthy, well-fed and in perfect condition.

The fishermen found that the schools rose from the
bottom during the night, and doubtless dispersed some-
what for the purpose of feeding, but night after night
they re-assembled in the same locality near the bottom.
Observations are not complete, but it will be probably
found that the mackerel schools along the south English
Coast all pass the winter not very far away at the bot-
tom of the Channel. and except for the period in spring
and summer when they are at the surface, and fishing
for them is in full operation, they have this habit of
retiring to deeper water.

- Dr. Cligny thought the same applied to the North
Sea and to the Irish schools of mackerel. He was even
prepared to express the opinion that the same may apply
to other migrating fish in the sea. Their migrations
are not very extensive, and their winter resorts are es-

tablished and resorted to winter after winter.

There seems to be no doubt that the French observa-
tions prove that mackerel do not descend to profound
depths in the open * ocean, as many authorities have
thought, nor do they always occur in areas where there
is a stated or uniform temperature. While temperature
does undoubtedly affect fishes in the sea, Dr. Cligny’s
conclusion was that theories based purely or merely on
conditions of temperature were undoubtedly erroneous.
He discredited the policy of adopting the simple theory
which so long prevailed that the currents and move-
ments of fish are so greatly influenced merely by tem-
perature. The conditions which influence mackerel in
their movements appeared to be in‘his opinion far more
complex.

PROGRAMME OF FISHERIES CONGRESS
. The International Fisheries Congress which last met
in Ostend, Belgium, in 1913, will hold another reunion
this year. It is reported that the government of Spain,
recognizing the importance of the work of the Congress
has made it a grant of 100,000 pesetas. The provisional
programme on which the secretary-general Alfredo
Saralegui is now working includes papers and discus-
sions on the following subjects:
Oceanography, biology and meteorology.
Technique of fisheries sea, and river.
Pisciculture, oyster culture, and mussel culture.
Industrial exploitation of products of fisheries.
Social questions surrounding lives of fishermen.
Statistics and legislation.

SE Obes

°

32 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

February, 1922

Our Fisheries and Norway’s Compared |

Fishery expert declares we have nothing to
learn from Scandinavians but caution.

J. J. Cowie, fishery expert in the department at Ot-
tawa, made some very pertinent and interesting re-
marks at the Na‘ional Fish .Day banquet in Montreal
upon the relative status of the Canadian fishing in-
dustry. His speech follows:

National Fish Day, the anniversary of which we are
celebrating to-night, is designed to promote the sale and
consumption of fish; and rightly so. Much of the liter-
ature printed in connection with this laudable object,
lays stress on the fact that our fisheries production is
not what it should or could be either in volume or
value; again rightly so.

While there is, undoubtedly, great, room for expan-
sion, there is reason to believe that many non-thinking
people and those who do not look closely at statistics
imagine that our fisheries are in a fearfully undeveloped
state.

We are frequently asked, for example, to look at what
has been done to foster fisheries development in Norway
and what has been accomplished thereby. To tell you
the truth, I am rather tired of having Norway thus held
up to us as a pattern in this respect. Just glance with
me for a moment at the facts concerning the output of
Norway’s fisheries in comparison with that of our own,
and I think you will agree that we really have just cau-
se for a very great amount of pride in the position our
production and value have reached.

Norway has two great fisheries which contribute
about four-fifths to the total output. These are the cod
and herring fisheries. Both are great because of the
fact that the fish come inside and amongst the ‘‘Skjaer-
gaard’’, a protecting belt of skerries or islands lying
along the coast—in great bodies and make inshore boat
_ fishing their chief fishery.

They have a mackerel fishery about equal to ours.
They also have a fishery for saith or coalfish, from which
stock fish is made. This is a fish somewhat like our
pollock, but much inferior to it. The volume of the
saith fishery is about equal to our haddock fishery.

They have no bank fishing fleet comparable to our
Lunenburg fleet. Their fishery is almost entirely an
inshore one, except for the vessels employed in taking
fall mackerel by hooks and lines in the North Sea.
There has arisen, in comparatively recent years, a fish-
ery for cod, ling, and halibut, on some of the offshore
banks, but its output is insignificant compared with the
inshore boat fisheries. Further, they have nothing to

compare with our Pacific salmon fishery or our lobs*er
and smelt fisheries of the Atlantic. —

The moderating effect of the Gulf stream enables
Norwegian fishermen to fish all the year round. As a
matter of fact their cod fishery, which is practically con-
fined to the Lofoden Islands and Finmarken in the far
north, begins in the middle of January and ends in
April.

The operations of the great majority of our Atlantic
fishermen on the other hand, are limited through cli-
matic conditions. On some _ parts of our Labrador
Coast, the fishing season is of not more than three
months duration, while on most other parts of our
Atlantic: Coast, it is limited to seven or eight months.

Only on parts of the south and west coast of Nova Sco-
tia and in the Bay of Fundy, do some fishermen oper-
ate all the year round.

Keeping this difference in the length of the season in
mind, a few figures comparing the production and value
of the fisheries of Norway and Canada in a pre-war
year and a war year, will suffice to enable you to realize
the fallacy of lauding Norway’s achievements and be-
littling our own. *

I have taken 1917 as the war year, as I could not lay
hands on a complete Norwegian report of a later date
before leaving home.
ed upon by some as.a rather unfair one for comparative
purposes, in view of the fishing and marketing diffi-
culties Norway experienced in that year as a result of

submarine activities. In any ease, the comparison shows ©

how the fishing industry in Canada is quite capable of
taking advantage of an opportunity for advancement
when it presents itself.

In 1913, there were landed in Norway 582,768 tons
of all kinds of fish by 99,659 fishermen. Its value, in
first hands, amounted to $13,442,000. In the same year,
there were landed in Canada in a much shorter season,
remember, 449,253 tons by 71,776 fishermen. The first
hand value amounted to $25,120,000.

In 1917, 69,888 fishermen in Norway produced 529,-
746 tons of all kinds valued at $33,873,000; in the same
year 68,516 fishermen in Canada produced 460,974 tons
valued at $38,497,000. You will notice that Norway’s
output was rather greater in both years, but the value
was much less; largely because about two-thirds of the

output consisted of herring, a comparatively cheap fish, -

the bulk of which went to the oil works for conversion
in*o oil and fertilizer.

The rise in value from the prewar to the war year
was relatively greater in Norway than in Canada, owing
to the competition between Germany, which strove to
procure Norway’s output in the latter year, and Great
Britain, which endeavoured to buy it up and keep it
from Germany.

In 1913, the production of cod in Norway was 224,-
791 tons, and in 1917, 102,225 tons, while in the former
year Canada produced 83,229 tons and in the latter

year 110,300 tons, or 5,000 tons of codfish more than

Norway, the great cod producing country.

Last year and the year before the fishing indvstry in
Canada passed through very trying times, wi’h values
of fish products decreasing and the cost of fishing equip-
ment and the means of production generally remaining

high. There is much encouragement, however, in know-

ing that we have not fallen back so far, nor had such a
hard experience, bad as it was, as some other countries.
For instance, the value of our fisheries in the past year
will probably be $20,000,000 less than the value in our
best war year, but note this, the value of the Norwegian
fisheries for 1921 will be almost $27,000,000 less than
that of their best war year. Besides, the difficulties
connec*ed with carrying on the industry in Norway last
year were so great as to necessitate very substantial
subsidizing by the Government. — ‘

<—*

The war year taken may be look-

Bas

_ February, 1922.

- Our really laudable achievements must be considered
4 only as an incentive to greater advancement. Most of
you here are concerned mainly with the development of
a home market for fresh fish. There is room for great
expansion along this line, notwithstanding our com-
paratively small and widely scattered population, and I
know that the men, who thus far have built up our fresh
ish trade, are capable of pushing it much farther. It
is growing and will surely continue to grow, but we
wust look for a steady natural growth rather than for
ything phenomenal.

Possibilities Extensive.

ish io Pacific salmon of certain varieties and lobsters
are at present being exploited, pretty nearly, if not
to their limit, _but we have the great never-fail-

1 it is now "taken, can give us a vastly more valu-
ble production, provided it is properly and carefully
ndied in the curing. Here let me say that if the Nor-

ieee in the ante business to learn that our tak-

ngs of cod from the Grand banks, which, comparatively
king, are at our front door, amount to not more
from 500,000 to 600,000 ewts., that is, unsalted ;
ile France sends vessels all the way across the Atlan-
and actually takes from these same banks from

00 to 700,000 ewts. of cod annually.

We hear a lot these days about the need for educating
hermen in the use of more modern means of capture.
s there not a little too much harping on this string? I
ink you will find that wherever there is on our ccast
y encouraging demand for fish, the most effective

is of capture are put in use.

e have modern steam trawlers; we have hook and
trawlers of all sizes; we have drift nets and seine
in use for mackerel, and there is no more effective
s of catching salmon, lobsters, or smelts, than those
resent used on our coasts.

ere is one kind of outfit that has, however, not yet
fully tried in Canada, that is gill-net for cod. There
much doubt, however, as to whether such nets would
effective in Canadian wa‘ers, for this reason, that
the United States, Norway, and the north of Scot-
land, where they are now in use, it has been found that
yy are effective onlv in mid- ‘winter or early spring
en cod are heavy with spawn. At that time of the
r, it would be next to impossible to use it on ovr

cht be found suitable.

__ I wish to add one word more to these rambling ob-
-Servations by wav of advice; it is this—do not worry
gut the producing end of our business. Concentrate

spect of a reasonably equivalent compensation, you
will find the producers ever ready to more than match
bas supplies,

, except on a limited stretch and where the bottom .

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 83

WEALTH OF FISHERY RESOURCES BASED UPON
FISH CONSUMPTION.

If we Eat no Fish our Immense Natural Property
returns no dividend. — The Industry in the
hands of the consumer.

Many, many people do not realize what tremendous
possibilities there are in our prolific fisheries. They
are limitless sources of riches. Each crop of fish is
newly-created wealth, just as substantial as that repres-
ented in grain and wheat, in cattle and similar food
products. But unlike the commodities with which it
has been compared, fish does not require any guiding
care on the part of man. The perennial crops develop
naturally, leaving to us the mere labor of reaping. The
natural potential resources of our young country in this
regard outstrip those of any other nation. Still we are
not at the top as a fish-producing nation. We do not
even take advantage of seafood here at home for our
annual consumption is but twenty-one pounds per head.

When the statement is made that each crop of fish is
newly found wealth, there are well-defined limitations.
The value of a fish cargo is measured by the amount of
money it will bring — not by the amount of nourish-
ment it affords. The law of supply and demand fixes
the gold value, which increases as the supply diminishes -
and falls to zero as the supply increases. Not infre-
quently boats laden with fresh fish come into eastern
ports from the North Atlantic Banks and fail to find a
market for their catch. Not a great many months ago
a. steam trawler failed to dispose of a cargo of 250,000
pounds at any price. So fish is new wealth ony when
it may be marketed.

The extent of the wealth we may acquire fonts the
sea rests then entirely upon the demand, so the devel-
opment of the industry does not rest with the fisherman
and the persistency and vigor with which he prosecutes
his calling. It lies entirely with the consuming public
in this country and elsewhere. It is economic folly for
the fisherman to take a single fish above the amount for
which he can find a market. Any additional labor is
wasted.

It is estimated that our waters are sufficiently fertile
to supply the markets of the world with fish. Last
year we caught close to a billion pounds, while the
neighboring republic doubled that amount. From the
great banks of the North Atlantic — literally at our
door — our American cousins take from two to three
times the quantity of fish we do. Is that not surpris-
ing?

Fish is undoubtedly becoming more popular. Statis-
ties prove it. But it is necessary for the speedy advan-
cement of the industry that it be used to a still greater
extent. Canada consumes about fifty per cent (in
value) of the fish she produces. It is the fishermen’s
most important market and their supply is controlled
largely by the extent of this market’s demand.

It is not necessary to dilate upon the individual econ-
omic and other advantages of a diet liberally provided
with fish. This fact is pretty generally appreciated.
One item of the greatest importance, however, is to make
use of our unusual variety of seafoods. Our waters
yield no less than six hundred edible species but not
more than twenty are popular on the Canadian market.
This means a national economic loss, because the fisher-
man’s catch is rendered only sixty to seventy per cent
marketable. The balance must be thrown back into
the sea.

Try any fish onee. It would not be placed on the
market if it were not a good, substantial and whole-
some fare.

34 . CANADIAN FISHERMAN

February, 1922

Are Fish Really Cold-Blooded?

Interesting observations upon the tempera-
ture of various dwellers of the deep.

By Professor PRINCE, Dominion Commissioner of
Fisheries, Ottawa. ris

The great historian, Professor J. A. Froude, once
wrote that he disliked fish because they were cold and
slimy. Fish, it is true, are cold, but as a matter of
fact, their blood has a certain amount of warmth in it.
All fish, so long as they are alive, possess some amount
of heat, and in certain cases they have quite a per-
ceptible warm temperature naturally. Little is known
-about this heat in the body of fishes, although scienti-
fic men have made occasional observations upon it for
a good ,many years. The famous Dr. John Davy
brother of Sir Humphry Davy, the eminent chemist,
described some tests (over eighty years ago) which
he had made with the thermometer upon living fish,
and he said that the common opinion, that fish were
cold-blooded, was not by any means correct. The sub-
ject has considerable practical importance for this
‘Canimal heat’? in fishes, must be taken into account
when fish are placed in a freezing apparatus while they
still retain vitality and some muscular irritability. Fish
vary in this feature. Certain species have life and ir-
ritability in their tissues for a much longer period than
others. Of course, every living or non-living body pos-
sesses a certain amount of heat, unless its temperature
be what is called absolute zero, that is when a body is
frozen below the freezing point of water to nearly 500
deg. Fahrenheit. Absolute zero, when every trace of
heat is extracted, is really 461 deg. below zero, or 493
deg. below the freezing point of water, on the Fahren-
heit scale. Many analysts explain cases of alleged re-
vival of fish, after freezing, to the presence of this
‘Conimal heat.’’ It is recorded that one experimenter
kept some fish in blocks of ice at 5 deg. F. and gradually
thawed them out: apparently unhurt. ‘‘Every part of
the body, all of the living substance of these fish’’, said
Dr. Starr Jordan, ‘‘was frozen, for specimens at this
temperature could be broken up and founded up into
fine ice powder.’’ It has been asserted by some scien-
tists that the temperature inside the body of a fish agrees
very closely with that of the surrounding water, but
that if the fish are made to move vigourously and the
rate of respiration in this way is greatly increased, the
temperature rises a little. This may be due to the quick
heavy breathing by the fish of the air dissolved in water.
Actual tests have shown that the river cel has a tem-
perature of 52.25 deg. F. when the water is 50.13 deg.
F., and that salmon in quiet water have a temperature
of 59 deg. F. when the water is 56 deg. F. In this last
case, the temperature named is that of the body-cavity,
but the temperature of the heart is one degree lower,
viz., 58 deg. F. When the water rises 2 deg. higher,
(i.e. 58 deg. F.) the inside temperature of the fish, near
the liver, is 60 deg. F.; but young salmon in the grilse
stage are slightly colder: 59.5 deg. F.

Have More Blood Than Others.

Strong swimming, active fish in the sea, such as the
tuna, bonito, and albacore, which have abundant blood,

more than most other fishes, so that the flesh has a very
red appearance, all possess a higher temperature than
common species. Dr. Gunther, of the British Museum,
said of these fish: ‘‘Their energy of muscular action
causes the temperature of their blood to be several de-
grees higher than any other fishes.’ A bonito of fif'een
pounds weight, examined immediately after capture, was
found to have a temperature of 99 deg. F. when the
thermometer was inserted in a cut in the thick muscles
of the back. The heart was seven degrees colder, pos-
sibly owing to the Tish‘s having ascended from deep
colder water, and it must be remembered that the ven-
tral body wall is very thin where the heart is located.
The surface water of the sea showed, according to the
record, a temperature of 80.5 deg. F. A: closely related
fish, the Mediterranean pelamys or frigate mackerel
(Auxis), about three feet long, was found to have a
temperature of 75 deg. F. when tested with a ther-
mometer: inserted in the deep muscles of the back, while
the abdominal cavity was 73 deg., and the sea’s surface
was 68 deg. F. The inside temperature of *hese fish
thus ranged from 13 deg. to nearly 20 deg. warmer than
the surrounding water in which they were living. The
large swift-swimming dolphin contrasts with the tuna
and bonito, and is much colder, viz. 74 deg. F. (in the
deep muscles of the back), but the sea was also ¢
71.25 deg. F. Experiments of the same kind with sharks
show interesting results. They have a blood-supply less
rich and red, but their temperature is 2 deg. to 4 deg.
higher than the water in which they live. Specimens —
of the large carcharodon, the ferocious, powerful, man-
eating species, were found to have a temperature of
82.5 deg. F. when the surface of the sea was 80.5 deg.
F., while in another case the thermometer showed 81
deg. F. when the sea was 79.75 deg. F., and a third was
found to have a temperature of 77 deg. F., in the tail-
muscles, when the sea was 74.75 deg. F. A case is on
record of a shark, which showed a lower temperature
than the surrounding water, viz. 77 deg. F. when the
surface of the sea was 81 deg. F., but it was possibly a
specimen which had just ascended from cold water at a
great depth just before capture, as often happens with
fish, and the body had not yet risen in temperature in
accordance with the warmer surface surroundings.

Exertion Jumps Temperature. —

Professor St. Fibich of Cracow, Galicia, has reported
the important observation that muscular exertion in
fishes not only raises their temperature, but raises it
to a much greater degree proportionately than animals
with warm blood. While’'the rise in temperature in-man
is only 1 deg. to 2 deg., it is in fishes 2.5 deg.-to 3.6 deg.
F. It is strange also to learn from this expert that while
hunger reduces the body temperature in man and an-
imals with warm blood, it has no effect whatever on
fishes. ‘The surrounding water, Dr. Fibich claims, is
so cool that the fish are prevented from cooling further
—a questionable opinion, et.

February, 1922.

In contrast with the foregoing facts is the discovery
that many fishes are able to endure very high tem-
= perature without injury. Near the voleanic springs in
New Zealand, and in other voleanic regions of the world,
“small fishes abound in streams which are of a very high
- temperature. Dr, Starr Jordan described, many years
ago, some small minnows or killifish, which he found
in the waters of a Yellowstone Park hot spring, of which
the temperature was 128 deg. F’., and he placed some
in a can, and kept them for two days, and although the
nights were very cold, yet they were quite lively in
spite of the changed conditions. They lost a good deal of
vivacity, it was noticed) when the water cooled down.
Professor A. F. Marion found in certain salt lagoons on
he northern coast of France, and in the Mediterranean,
‘at most of the fish inhabiting those inshore waters, es-
ecially sea-perches and basses, were immediately af-
scted by a reduced temperature in the water, and when
it fell to 44 deg. F. most of them died. He attributed a
reat loss of fish almost annually to the cold temper-
ature, but he found that many species went into deeper
ter and thus escaped the ill effects of unusual per-.
of cold weather during certain seasons of the year.

Ne

A. 8. BROWN,

Recently Elected President of Lake Erie Fishermen for
. oem the Fourth Term.

SHIP ‘‘DRY”’ OR ‘“‘WET’’?

ndon, January 21, — That the monsters of the deep
in groups, as well as engage in personal encoun-
is testified to by Captain G. Evered Poole, a com-
oner in the Gold Coast Survey, who writes the fol-
to his brother concerning an experience during

is voyage from England :

‘Between Sierra Leone and Sekondi we steamed
re ugh, for over an hour, a blood-red sea, and saw hun-
s of whales dead or dying on the surface of the
r. Some were just able to move slowly along; few,
y, could move quickly. There must have been a
uinary battle, supposed to have been put up by
d-fish. It was a most appalling sight, and the ex-
f the bloody expanse must have represented the
‘of many more whales than were visible.’’

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

35

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

The opinions expressed are not necessarily those of
the Canadian Fisherman, but the views of our readers
on current topics are invited.

- of their families.

SAYS SPECIAL LOBSTER SEASON PAID.

Editor Canadian Fisherman.

The story about the failure of the late extra lobster
season in Nova Scotia is a fabrication pure and simple.
It was concocted with a set purpose in view; and had it
been seasoned with a few grains of common sense, it
might have been swallowed more easily. I am asking
you to give publicity to the facts of the case as they
came under my personal observation, and very closely
scrutinized at that.

The extension was granted on the strength of a piteous
plea from an Anglican rector and a Catholic priest,
whose compassion was moved by the destitute condition
of their parishioners in West Halifax, supported by
petitions from the fishermen in many sections on the -
South Shore, who were asking leave to toil, for the sake
I seconded the motion of those humane
clergymen against the intrigues of some eastern corpo-
rations, and we prevailed, having the truth on our side.

Six weeks only were grudgingly allowed by the out-
going government. One fortnight of that time was too
stormy for tending traps. To begin with, I determined
to get an accurate account of all lobsters caught and
shipped to Boston during that period. All consign-

- ments from that one inspectoral district in Nova Scotia

(comprising less than two hundred miles) came by the

~ Yarmouth boat, with the exception of a few smack fares

from along the shore, and I took account of every ar-
rival, both the number of crates, and how the contents
weighed cut, also nothing the market price at each trip. —
For absolute certainty I checked up my tally with the
customs broker’s books. The agreement was complete.

At the end of the six weeks the Boston receipts of
those lobster shipments were valued at $320,000; and
immense lots were reserved in storage cars on the South
Shore for shipment when the market should be firnier.
These lots have been filtering into Boston ever since,
and the stream is not yet exhausted. Several times
the boat brought as many as 150 erates, all of which I
counted and appraised. It added fully $150,000 to the
above sum, making the total value of live exports $470,-
000. When the estimated value of the pack, about $200,-
000, is taken into account, the worth of the whole lobs-
ter product for that brief period runs up to the respect-
able sum of $670,000, which is, according to depart-
mental returns, about half as much as the whole of
Nova Scotia gets out of the occupation for the first nine
months of last year. If the fall*season was a failure,
what words can adequately describe that annual catch?

The soft shell bogey: may pass with softies and scien-
tis‘s, not with practical men in the business. Maine and
Charlotte County, N.B., were shipping at the same
time, and lobsters in their waters shed much later than
those in the South Nova Scotia littoral. Hence they are
more pulpy in November. Why should a Canadian pa-
per waste its sympathy on the State of Maine fishery
because some part of their previous gains went this last
fall to Nova Scotia? Moreover: how is it that the can-
neries farther east run through dogdays and no com-
plaint about soft shells is ever heard? Again, if the
canners feared a congested market, why did they keep

36 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

‘on packing? The lobster industry is not conscripted, —
at least not yet. Lastly, why is the said Charlotte
County permitted to fish lobsters nearly seven months
in the year, and South Nova Scotia be shortened to
three?
M. H. NICKERSON,
Director of Fisheries for N. 8.

MR, NICKERSON SETS COURSE FOR THE NEW
GOVERNMENT.

M. H. Nickerson of Clark’s Harbor, writing to the
‘‘Halifax Chronicle’’, sets forth a comprehensive pro-
gramme which he would like to see earried out by the
new government at Ottawa. His letter follows:

Sir:—I have prepared and submitted to the right
quarter the following fishery agenda for the solid pha-
lanx from Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island to
work on during the first session of the new Parliament.

1—Enquiry into the lobster industry in general with
a view to securing more suitable regulations for the live
export branch of the same, as 1egards open seasons and
means of transport. Future laws hearing on the occu-
pation or the trade to be enacted by parliament, not
determined by order-in-council as heretofore.

2—-Mackerel scouting during the fall run, or south-
ward mig:ation; the biological board to explore breed-
ing grounds and study movements of the fish when
schooling, and to collect all possible data on the subject
by using Port Hood as a base with a substation at
Souris, P. E. I.

3—Lifting of embargo on purse-seining by Cana-
dians within their own territorial waters, and exemp-
tion of fish boats from sales tax on material entering
into the construction or equipment of the same.

4A survey boat (steam or gas, not over thirty tons)
to locate with more exactitude feeding and spawning
areas of school and ground fish, and to secure for scien-
‘ifie purposes adult species therefrom; the boat to carry
ordinary sets of gear for fishing in both kinds by purse-
seine, drift net, setline, beam-trawl, handline and floun-
der-dredge; the use of these implements to serve prim-
avily in training a yearly shift of half a dozen youth or
so in different branches. of the pursuit; the catches to
be sold for the up-keep of the expedition, the surplus, if
any, to be paid to the apprentices ; such a boat would be
a self-sustaining marine college, where first-hand prac-
tical technology could be taught by actual touch and
sight, and from which future leaders in the occupation
could be graduated; It would also be a valuable acquisi-
tion for deep-sea research by observation and experi-
ment accurately recorded.

5—Official recognition of the claim put forth by the
Maritime Provinces with respect to the deferred fishing
bounty accuring from the so-called Halifax Award,
with the requisite procedure for guaranteein payment
of the same, whenever an equitable system of applica-
tion and allotment shall be agreed on.

6—Prospecting by the said survey boat for possible
scallop beds in the coastal waters, and for areas adapted
to experiments in oyster culture.

7—Measures fcr improving the means of transporta-
tion for all fish to be marketed fresh, by forwarding
with more despatch shipments by rail from producing
points to consuming centres, especially the Canadian in-
terior; and by reducing exorbitant express and freight
charges over lines controiled by the Federal Govern-
ment.

February, 1922

INTERNATIONAL EXPRESS RATES.
Editor Can. Fisherman :-—

In reply to yours of the 23rd inst., would say that
there was a hearing in New York on Monday, the 23rd,
before the Examiner of the Interstate Commerce Com-
mission in connection with the readjustment of the
international express rates. Evidence was submitted
by the express companies to support their position, but
it will. likely be a few weeks before a decision is
rendered.

Representatives of the fish dealers were present
but during the session a recess was proposed by the
examiner in order that the express companies and the

representatives of the fish dealers could_have a chat

on the subject of the fish rates. As a result it was
promised by the express companies that where the
second class rates had been increased from points
where large and continuous shipments of fish were
made, the express companies would undertake to file

special rates which would be substantially the same as ©
the second class rates in effect previous to the Ist of

January.

A further conference with the gentlemen represen-
ting the fish dealers was held the following day and
lists of shipping points were submitted as regards
shipments to New York, Boston and Chicago. Fur-
ther lists will be sent to the express companies in re-
gard to fish to Buffalo. When these are received the
express companies will submit lists of rates which
they are prepared to make on this class of traffie from
Canadian points to United States points.

The matter will have prompt attention by the ex-
press companies. In the meantime it is felt that no
very great hardship has been imposed on the shippers
from the fact that from points where there has been a
large and continuous movement heretofore commodity
rates have, with a few exceptions perhaps, been in
effect, and these commodity rates, you understand, have
not been changed. The only change contemplated by
the revision of the international rates was in the
class rates.

I think I can assure you that the matter will be
adjusted in a satisfactory way in a very short time.

W. H. Burr, traffic manager Dominion Express.

FISH PROPAGANDA IN NORWAY.

' One might think Norway was the last country in
the world to find it necessary to embark on a pro-
paganda to increase the consumption of fish, but it
appears that in many places fish is not by any means
consumed to the extent it might be. The sea fisheries
depend more upon the export trade than on home con-
sumption. The conditions of the foreign markets at
present, in particular .those for salted herrings, do
not allow the fisheries to be carried on in the usual
flourishing condition, and one of the means to be taken
to help them is the institution of an active campaign
to increase the use of fish amongst the Norwegians
themselves. Cookery courses, including herring din-
ners, with demonstrations, will be held in various
places throughout the land, especially in the valleys
along the south coast, and also in those adjacent to
the fjords, and in the northern parts of the country.
The work will be mainly in hands of a number of fish-
ery societies, controlled by the Central Department,
which has funds for the purpose.

, February, 1922.

Toronto: January 16. — The Ontario Government has
_ decided to discontinue the fish sales branches of the
Game and Fisheries Department, according to a state-
ment by Hon. Harry Mills, the minister. Representations
- along this line have been made by fishermen for a con-
' sideraable period, and in resolving to go out of the fish
business the Government has been chiefly actuated by
_ the views that the establishment of this branch was a
_ war measure, intended to encourage people to buy fish
at a time when meat was scarce, that it was found diffi-
- a ~ eult to control the supply, and ‘also by the fact that re-
_ presentations were made my fishermen all over the pro-
vince that the Government was interfering with their
sales by underselling them. Under the system which
has been in vogue, the government had 14 fishermen
under contract fishing Lake Nipigon and Lake Nipis-
sing, the rule of payment being 53, cents per pound for
the various kinds of fish, except sturgeon, in which case
the rate was 1114 cents on Lake Nipigon and 121% cents
on Lake Nipissing. At the close of the fiscal year end-
ing in October there was a surplus of approximately
$5: 000, but with outstanding unpaid accounts to take
re of, the net profits were over $23,000.
It has been decided to close Lake Nipissing for com-
mercial fishing for three years. No definite arrange-
ment has been come to yet in the other case, as to how
ke Nipigon will be operated, but it is likely to be on a
royalty basis, with restriction of the amount of catch
year to probably somethng like 2,000:000 pounds of
whitefish, salmon, trout and pickerel, and sturgeon about

40,000 pecinds.

, BRIGHT | OUTLOOK FOR NEWFOUNDLAND
LOBSTERS.

‘The outlook for the Newfoundland Lobster Fishery
coming season is very bright. At this date last year
was 2,800 cases of the previous year’s catch held
all Newfoundland, and about 1,000 cases additional
our 1920 catch in hands of consignees in the United
States. At the present time there is a complete. re-
versal of these conditions, and in all Newfoundland to-
y it would be difficult to gather up 50 cases of the
1 pack. The entire pack was about 8,000 cases.

It will be apparent then that with the growing im-
ovement in exchange and the reduced price of tin,
that the prospect for 1922 is particularly good, and
at the price of new Lobsters will be the best for many
ears, and considerably higher than last year. The
present price is $21.50 per case.

_ BAY OF ISLANDS HERRING FISHERY.

_ St. John, Newfoundland. — Complete returns for the
herring fishery of the Bay of Islands during the season.

just closed are not yet available, but, according to the
Western Star, the catch is estimated ‘at between 35 ,000
and 40,000 barrels for all kinds. Of this, amount about
one half were put in the Scotch style. Special efforts
_ have been made by the packers to put up a good qua-
_ lity, and a large percentage of the barrels used during
- the past season were hooped with iron. The fish have
_ been shipped in good condition.

_A problem which is worrying the fishermen is how to

make use of the small herring. Quite often nearly half

_ the catch has to be discarded, and few other industries
- eres e stand for such a drain on raw material.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN : 37

Ontario to Quiet Fish Business

HOW ‘‘LABRADOR STYLE’’ ARE MADE.

The following is the method adopted at Iceland in
the preparation of ‘‘Labrador style’’ according to
the account given by the Norwegian Consul-General
at Genoa. As soon as the fish is caught, and whilst
it is alive, its throat is cut, so that it bleeds to death.

This is described as most important. Ag soon as
possible after this the fish is gutted and the head re-
moved. The fish is split in the ordinary way, with
this difference, that the cutting does not go down to
the tail, but stops short about a hand’s breadth from
it, according to the size of the fish. The tail part
thus remains round; about a third of the bone is left
at the tail part. The fish is then thoroughly washed
(another important item,) and the washed fish are
piled with a thick layer of salt between each (salt
should not be spared) in piles from one and a-half
to two metres high; the first salting is often done
at Iceland in great vats. After five or six days the
piles are rebuilt, so that the uppermost fish become
the lowest in the new pile, and abundant salt is again
used. After ten or fourteen days the piles are taken
down, the loose salt is shaken off the fish, which are
then placed on a board and washed with pure water,
a fibre-brush (skurekost) being used. In contrast
to the process with ordinary split fish, the black
membrane on the nape is left. It is of great import-
ance that the outside or backside of the fish is
thoroughly washed, especially under the fins. If
there is a reddish appearance on the nape (vingerne)
it is again salted and again washed. After washing
the fish are piled ready for drying. But they have
to be dried only to a small extent. It is difficult to
state a time, as it depends on the weather. As a guide,
it may be said that with average good weather dry-
ing may be done for two periods of six hours each,
the fish being piled in the interval; in strong sun-
shine this would be too much. Then the ‘‘Labrador
style’’ is ready for shipping. In conclusion, the
Consul-General advises Norwegian eurers, if they are
thinking of preparing the ‘‘style’’ in Norway for the
Italian market, never to forget three things—first,
that the fish must be bled immediately they leave the
sea; second, never to spare salt; third, to wash the
fish thoroughly before and after salting. —By Klipfisk
in Fish Trades Gazette.

TRANSPORTATION RATES TOO HIGH
FOR CHEAP FISH.

The syndicate of wholesale fish dealers of France
have asked the Minister of Public Works to prevail
upon the railways to grant special reduced transport
rates on various varieties of fish when they are being
taken in abundance, comparable with the special rates
granted by the French railways on vegetables when
they are in season. The syndicate points out that the
freight tariffs are disproportionate to the low prices
which fish in the season of abundance command in the
interior markets. The adoption of a low freight tariff
on herrings or sardines during the special season for
these fish would, it is claimed, enable the dealers to
market surplus catches, which now quite often go to
waste, in the interior cities, thus assuring the distri-
bution of more money among the fishermen and assist-
ing in the solution of the high cost of living.

38 CANADIAN

FISHERMAN

February, 1922

Alarming Falling Off in Labrador Fleet

Upwards of forty small Newfoundland schooners from
30 to 65 tons were lost the past year. This reduces the
already small fleet of fishing schooners to such serious
proportions that the question of the. future prosecution
of the Labrador and Straits fishery is a discouraging
one to contemplate by all who have an interest in the
future welfare of the country. The exact figures we
have not at hand, but we do not believe that the entire
fleet is more than half of what it was in 1900, and that
as many have been lost every season and few have been
built, it would seem that the total between 30 and 65
tons to-day would not be much over 500 as against 1,400
to 1,500 in the closing years of the 19th century.

Thirty to forty years. ago building and purchasing
in Nova Scotia, kept pace pretty well with the yearly
losses, but all this has gradually changed, and since,
during the past twenty years, there has been every year
on an average ten lost to one built each year.

This certainly is an alarming state of affairs, and
shows the necessity for some legislative action, in the
way of encouragement that would lead to a resumpt-
ion in vessel building. If the bounties that are now
offered, are not sufficient inducement they should be
in creased.—Trade Review.

Six This Year.

St. John, Nfld., January 24. — Loss of two New-
foundland schooners was reported here today, bringing
the total of vessels lost since January 1 to six.

The schooner Rawlinson went down off Oporto with
a cargo of fish, according to news received to-day, while
the schooner Asquit, bound for his port with salt, sank
in mid-ocean. Crews of both vessels are reported ‘safe.

The casualties to the Newfoundland fleet this winter
and last have seriously reduced the tonnage available
for carrying fish abroad. During 1921 forty-two New-
foundland vessels were lost.

Bounty to Replace Loss.

St. John’s.—The Newfoundland Government has of-
fered to pay a bonus of $30 per ton on vessels of 25 tons
and over and up to 50 tons constructed on the Island,
and ready for sea by July 1, 1922. Vessels laid down
since Oct. 14, 1921 will be eligible for the bounty. The
object of the bounty is to encourage construction to re-
place the lost vessels and also help to relieve the unem-
ployed situation.

DR. HUGH M. SMITH RESIGNS.

A despatch from Washington announces the resigna-
tion of Dr. Hugh M. Smith, United States commissioner
of fisheries. Among the candidates prominently men-
tioned as his successor is Dr. George W. Field of Sha-
ron, former chairman of the Massachusetts fish and
game commission. Recommendations and endorsements
of Dr. Field from Senator Lodge and others have gone
to Secretary of Commerce Hoover who will make the
recommendation for appointment to the president.

SERIOUS FALLING OFF IN VALUE P. E. I.

FISHERIES.
Charlottetown, P. E.

I—The following tabulated

statement of the Fisheries of Prince Edward Island has
been furnished by Dominion Inspector Gullant:

Lobsters—311791% cases—Packers’ value... $629, 600
i Tomalley .. .. .. : _ 1,075

oe Sold in shell .. 18,624
Cod, Haddock and Hake .. 54,940
Herring and mackerel. . 59,506
Smelts .and. Trout «0... sc § 68,081
Caplin ad: Hels. 3.242) ny oe ee 4,837
Tommy Cod and Clams .. .. 494
Oysters vs Bes 25,669
$862,826

Capital Invested. | at
Vessels and Beats . Pg BRB OS $176,098
Nets .c.2) per eke 55,734
Trawls and Hand Lines.. .. .. . 11,380
Lobster Traps .. : 239,555
Piers and wharves .. . ees 68,000
Small Fish, Smoke and Tee. Houses . 23,350
Lobster canneries and equipment . 183,795
SST ae
Men and Women Employed.

Mem iat) SG De ihe re ia oe Got 2,189
Women .. ore SARIS bicker « Saree ee 714
Statistics for 1920,

Lobsters. 00. 60 26s a a

PRY OF a eae EN 22,
Herring . 61,566
Mackerel _ ; epee ry 29,440
Cod, Hake, Haddock .. epee 60,071 ~
Clams and Quahangs «... aie 388
Eels . ies 1,500
Smelts al 154,820

- $1,730,285

INQUIRY FOR OUR FISH.

The following trade inquiry is reproduced from the
Commercial Intelligence Journal, Department of Trade
and Commerce, Ottawa, and anyone interested may ob-
tain information by writing there and referring to the
index number.

3879. Dried and pickled fish.—Well-established firm
of Jamaican importers wish a connection with Canadian
exporters of dried and pickled fish. Will arrange
either for representation or to purchase on their own

account. Will only consider business with fishermen
or fishing company, and do not invite offers from
brokers. het

MARKET CONDITIONS IN CUBA.

J. L. Gonzelez-Hoyuela, Office of the Canadian
Trade Commissioner.

Havana, J anuary 15, 1922.—Codfish _—Following the
market of origin, in which this product has risen in
price from $9 to $10, the local market has also reacted.
The present price here is from $10.50 to $11, with more
firmness noticeable. It is stated that cod in-Norway

a eS ee yn ee eee " = et ee

is being quoted at from $12 to $13. This rise is due, it _

is said, to a better rate of foreign exchange.

\ BAD AA PAPDPAPAAA

— ~ — =

II SO7
=) —4— oa or

HALIBUT GETTING SCARCE.

Canadian Fisherman.
‘some steps should immediately be taken to con-
halibut, is of vital interest» and fully under-
the vessel owners and fishermen alike. Better
never, but as far as this season is concerned,
age is already done, as it is a well known fact
majority of the halibut are depositing their
between November Ist and the Ist day of

this period, the fish congregate upon the
banks in large numbers, while the fishing goes
continually, day and night, until the vessels

x boats of all kinds and descriptions can here
going and coming, in all directions, a great
urning to port with deck-loads.

indeed the harvest season for the fishermen,
also the season when the extermination of the
‘industry is in full swing.

are not yet any definite figures available, as
iount of halibut caught during this, 1921-1922
ng season, but I have before me a table showing
al number of pounds caught in the corresponding
of last year. Judging from this: I feel safe to
that the combined. American and Canadian
boats, have brought in to various ports, on
und and British Columbia, no less than eight
ounds of halibut, fish that had no chance of de-
ting their spawn. What an enormous loss to the
ure of the fish industry this will cause is surely be-
d human comprehension.

6 was a time still in memory of the fishermen of
hen the banks of the coast of Norway, were
pbountifully, but harvested in the same manner
No one thought of any closed season to protect
Now the halibut is almost extinct over there.

many years ago the annual catch on the Grand
the Atlantic was not very far below any year
Pacific in proportion to the number of vessels

ing to the ‘‘Pacific Fisherman’’ the halibut
at principle Atlantic ports for 1920 amounted
ignificant total — (in comparison with former
only 3,822,265 Ibs.
any longer ago than 1913, the big steamers like
ypora’’, the ‘‘Star’’ and the ‘‘Chicago’’ would
' attle on a fishing trip, and return within a
tnight with capacity loads.

t was not an unusual thing those days for the fish-
hooners—after arriving on the Southern Banks
few hours outside of Cape Flattery—to secure
cargoes inside of 48 hours.

s indeed, the fish were so plentiful that it did not
m to matter much where the fishermen planted their
awl, as long as they had the right depth and desirable
fom. There were halibut almost everywhere.

Times have changed.
times have changed and it thas not taken very

_e
4

Se
A

lage trips and the full leads are matters of the
utside of the season—when the fish is spawning.
banks are exhausted. Schooners leaving Seat-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

=. o—

39

EM LEVEES EEUU LLL EEA ED AEE

PACIFIC COAST SECTION >

OS SO) SO SO) SOI LOI LOI LOI SOI LO) SO) SO) SO) DO) SO) SO) SO] SO) SO) SO] SO) SOI SAI SBT SGI 0 ,
BECO S ESSEC SSESOBHSGGOGUULBWSEHS BRBSES

Bw
&
4

tle for the western banks have a journey of fifteen hun-
dred to two thousand miles ahead of them, although the
distance will vary, according to the market where the
catch may be disposed of.

_ During the spring and summer the fish is scarce.
Rather often after a long trip, when the vessel returns,
her cargo will not cover expenses, Still, there are men
who will insist that the annual catch has not diminished
to any extent for several years.

This. is in a way correct, but they forget to consider
the several reasons why this is so. The fishing fleet
fifteen years ago or so, consisted merely of a few wind-
jammers and three or four steamers. Since then, a hun-
dred vessels have been built, where there were only two.

Large ocean-going schooners with powerful engines
have been added. New and improved methods have been
adopted—new models—the ‘‘longliners,’’ vessels, that

- are operating successfully, day and night, have rapidly

Increased in numbers. It is therefore safe to predict,
that should this fishing go on uninterrupted, for the
next ten years, at the same speed as at present the ha-
libut would stand a fair chance of becoming extinct. You
may ask any fisherman, and if he is sincere he will tell
you that the fish is decreasing so rapidly that the halibut
fishing may soon cease to be a profitable occupation.

That something must be done to prevent the exter-
mination of the fish is evident, and the only remedy is a
closed season. But an agreement between the vessel
owners and fishermen to cease operation for a specific
period of the year, will absolutely not solve the problem.
No, it must be an agreement between the two interested
nations. Let the governments of Washington and Ot-
tawa come together, and enact a law or treaty absolutely
ferbidding any fishing of halibut or marketing of same
between November first and first day of February each
year, and if this is not accomplished in the near future
the halibut—the most delicious of fish—may soon be-
come only a memory of formed ‘‘good eats,’’

A FISHERMAN.

PLANNING TO RESUME WHALING OPERATION 5.

Owing to the conditions of the oil market whaling
operations were suspended in 1921 but this year the
Consolidated Whaling Co., of Victoria B. C. are plan-
ning to resume operations and it is. éxpected the first
steamers will get away about the Ist of April.- The
market has improved and it looks as if operations were
warranted.

SHIPPING FROZEN FISH VIA TH
PANAMA CANAL. :

The first shipment of frozen fish to New York via
the Panama Canal went forward on the Nawseo steam-
er Neponset which left Vancouver on Jan. 19th. The
New England Fish Co. shipped 200 tons of fish. This
is the initial shipment by this route and the result will
be watched with interest by all concerned, both by
the Pacific coast shippers and the Atlantic markets.
The Admiral Line, agents for-the Nawsco Line, have
announced that there will be monthly sailings of re-
frigerator ships,

40 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

SAVE SALMON FISHERY.
Situation Explained to Hon. Ernest Lapointe.

Vancouver, B.C., Feb. 2—British Columbia’s salmon
depletion problem has been laid before Hon. Ernest La-
pointe, Minister of Fisheries at Ottawa, according to the
announcement of.Hon. Wm. Sloan, provincial commis-
sioner of fisheries.

Hon. Mr. Sloan told a gathering of cannery men here
that failure of the United States Senate to ratify
treaties for the protection of the Fraser salmon run,
and failure of the Washington State Fisheries Board
to guarantee regulations, was having the effect of mak-
ing the famous salmon river, the Fraser, a thing of the
past, and unless action was taken immediately north-
ern British Columbia streams would suffer a like fate.
‘‘The situation in the northern waters is entirely up
to our own Government,’’ Mr. Sloan declared and said
that he had placed the whole situation before Hon. Er-
nest Lapointe, and hoped that a new fisheries policy
would be decided upon soon that would restore the sal-
mon fishing industry of the province.

TIN FOR SALMON CANS ARRIVING
FROM WALES.

The steamer Mongolian Prince arrived in Vancou-
ver from Swansea, Wales the last part of January with
2500 tons of sheet tin for the American Can Co. This
tin will be used .in the manufacture of cans for the
salmon canneries in British Columbia this year. Four
hundred tons were unloaded at Victoria for the salmon
canneries on Vancouver Island.

For many years the tin used in these cans was pur-
chased in the United States but conditions were such
this year that Wales secured most of the orders. The
Steamer Eastern Prince left Wales about the first of
February with another 700 tons of tin for Vancouver.
From all indications next year will see an even larger
movement of tin from Great Britain to Vancouver.
This is certainly trading in the Empire. .

JOHN P. BABCOCK TAKES A TOUR
OF EUROPE.

John P. Babeock, Assistant to the Commissioner of
Fisheries for British Columbia left Vancouver about
Jan. 19 for a trip he has been looking forward to for
the past forty years. Sailing from New York he will
tour the Mediterranean and go up through Italy and
France to Belgium and England returning to Victoria
in June. Mr. Babcock has been connected with the
British Columbia fisheries department for the past
twenty years.

S.S. NEW ENGLAND TIES UP FOR ANNUAL
OVERHAUL.

The steamship New England arrived in Vancouver
during the latter half of January for her annual over-
haul after a most succesful year in Alaska halibut
fishing. Although it was a short season, at the same
time the fishermen made an average of $1700.00 net
for each man. This, it is figured, was twice as much
as the fishermen made on the independent halibut
fishing boats,

February, 1922

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2 HALIBUT FISHING UNTIL MARCH 15th.
The Fishing Vessels Owners Assn., of Seattle, Wash.,
esnting 60 per cent of the halibut fishing fleet, at
ing held in Seattle the last January,. agreed

if)
var

ry until March 15th. Those owners of vessels
ented at the meeting who had ships at sea will
hem tied up ag soon as they come into port.

continue to fish but the number is limited and
;not amount to anything as to catch.

his is the first time such a move has ever been
ike Pacific coast.

figured that by tieing up at this season of the
halibut will have a chance to. spawn. Con-
o in the halibut industry on the Pacific coast
talked of but up to this time no concerted
; ever been made to put any practical opera-
ag such lines into eitect.

‘WE GOT $29,471.94 FROM SEALS.

x the month of December, 1921, there was turn-
the Treasury of the United States the sum of
.15, the proceeds of the sale of 10,060 Alaska
skins taken in 1919 and sold at public auction
ouis on May 23, 1921. In addition to this sum
s paid to the Governments of Great Britain and
P aach $29,471.94 as their share of this sale, as
ded by the North Pacific sealing convention of

ns LEAVE IT TO FATHER
ld: Dad, does ‘satisfied’? and ‘‘contented”’

Practically so, my son.

d:This paper says that Mr. G. Rich ‘‘is satis-
his wife has eloped with the chauffeur.’’
t mean he is contented?

very likely, my son.

. y — Mr. Chairman, Oi move , thot—
man — The gentleman is out of order.
erty - — Ye’re a liar! Oi niver felt betther in

SAFETY FIRST

hice —‘*Mama, you know that phonograph
that you had made of your voice?”’
Henpeck — ‘‘Yes.”’
ler Daughter. — ‘‘Well, whenever you’re away, pa
ts it on | the machine and sasses it something awful.”’

_- GANADIAN PISHBRMAN

n themselves to cease fishing from the lst of.

re may be a few seine boats (small type) that.

41

BIG INCREASE IN THE DECEMBER

FISH CATCH.
Eighty Thousand Cwts. More Taken as Compared With
Last Year, Despite Fact Weather Conditions
Were Unfavorable.

Weather conditions on both the Atlantic and Pacific
coast were-not very favourable for fishing, during the
month of December. Notwithstanding this, however, a
number of kinds of fish show increased catches over "the
same period last year. These increases are chiefly on the
Pacifie Coast.

The total catch of fish on both coasts during the
month was 553,026 ewts. valued at $1,213,625 as com-
pared with 473,716 ewts. valued at $964,143 during De-
cember, 1920.

There were 70,739 ewts. of cod, haddock, hake, and
pollock landed, compared with 75,679 ewts. during the
same period last year.

The extended lobster season closed on December 15th.
During that period in those districts where the season
was extend there was.a total of 33,704 ewts. taken.
This quantity produced approximately 6,953 cases and
19,789 ewts. for use fresh. In that part of the Bay of
Fundy shore of New Brunswick where the regular
season opened on November 15th, there were 2,357 ewts.

taken during December compared with 2.726 ewts. in

December, 1920. Since the opening of the new season
there have been 5,371 ewts. taken, compared with 6,336
ewts. during the same period in the preceding year. As
no canneries operate in this district, the whole catch,
was shipped in shell or used locally.

The catch of smelts during the month was 22 419,
ewts. compared with 15,299 cwts. in the same period last,
year.

On the Pacific Coast there was a great increase in the!
catch of halibut, 23,265 cwts. being taken against 9.060
ewts. in December, "1920.

The catch of herring on the Pacific during the month
was 382,278 ewts. while 349,639 cwts. were taken during

the same period in 1920.

British West Indies

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Re Gcod: Handled on Brokerage or Advances on Consignments —

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P.O. Box 258
Office and 51 WEST ST.,
cWatehonse SOS wets per

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CANADIAN FISHERMAN

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SMOKED FISH, operating in Middle-
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GOODS HANDLED ON BROKERAGE AND CONSIGNMENT

Offices and Warehouse: DETROIT, Mich.

When U Ship FISH, LOBSTERS or
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FOR BEST RESULTS ship to

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17 ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
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W. Irving Atwood, W. Elmer Atwood, Irving M. Atwood,
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wt ee ee a hoe) oe

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

GARDENVALE, P. Q., MARCH 1922 No. 3

| } i

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CAN Se _—

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Syrup Fish Paint tes ots
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Ue

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Sales o2 ReyalBank Bld¢., MON T REAL got Lindeay Bids.

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Phone Adel 3316 Representative

— i i } itit Ba)
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' NOTICE.
| he publishers of the Canadian Fishermen announce
that dating from April 1 subscription to this journal
‘will cost two dollars ($2) instead of one dollar ($1)
whic a is the prevailing rate. Those whose subscrip-
ons are about to expire and those desiring to become
aew subscribers are advised to communicate with this
ce before April 1.

_ WE FEEL WE’VE WON.

)

The Hon. Mr. Lapointe, Minister of Marine and
sheries, received with the utmost courtesy and at-
ion the deputation from the fishing industry which
ted upon him on February 23 and asked that a
rate department be created to administer the
sheries of Canada. Led By J. A. Paulhus, vice-
esident of the Canadian Fisheries Association, and
“who has played an exceedingly important role
the effort to develop our industry, the delegation
ucluded men of outstanding prominence on both
asts, such as the Hon. Alex Manson, attorney-
eral of British Columbia, F. E. Burke, president of
B. GC. Salmon Canners’ Association, A. H. Brittain
D. J. Byrne, both of Montreal, past presidents of
: 6 F. A. There were numerous others besides, from
h the east and the west, and it is doubtful if any
egation, heretofore, had the advantage of such tho-
gh representation.
he conference with the minister lasted less than
hour, but a strong array of arguments was ad-
need in that time. In consideration of the manner
n which this very modest request is being urged from
| quarters and from a multitude of organizations,
nd also in view of the fact that ways and means.were
vanced for granting the reform without extra ex-
ense, there seems little doubt that the minister will
ecede to our wishes.
This, at least, is our earnest wish, and we can assure
“the minister that, if he is progressive enough to see
the importance of our claim where his predecessors
have ignored us, his name will go down in the history
of the fishing industry as one who did something con-
erete for the trade. We have been soothed to sleep,
_ heretofore, by the platitudes and decorous convention-
-alities of previous ministers of the department, but
“we feel that we have in the Hon. Mr. Lapointe one
‘who has the courage to do right when he is convinced

JAMES H. CONLON, Editor

that it is the right and one whose convictions will
not be subordinated to unworthy considerations.

Needless to say, we shall be sadly disappointed if
the minister fails to measure up to our expectations.
We have gone to the extent almost of taking it for
granted that his ipse dixit has been given.

LET’S TIGHTEN UP.

We have for many years sold a considerable quanti-
ty of fish to. the United States. In one way it has
been a good customer of ours, but in a good many
instances, we regret to say, business transactions have
not condueced to very friendly relations on the part
of the seller and the buyer. From the shores of Lake
Erie, from the Lakes of the Middle West, from Gaspe

‘and from Nova Scotia the same story comes. Some

fish buyers across the border seem to have adopted
it as a principle of their business that they shall not
pay the stipulated price for the commodity they buy
of the Canadian fishermen. If the happening were
oceasional it might be charitably ignored, but the
system is altogether too general to escape attention.

The producers of Lake Erie-have been so hard hit
by losses on shipments, simply by a cutting down on
the invoice prices by unscrupulous buyers for some
manufactured reason, that it is understood they have
in mind a co-operative measure to control the buying
price of their commodity from this side of the border.
Producers on the Gaspe coast and in Nova Scotia and
elsewhere who are plagued with the same trouble
would do well to take the suggestion into considera- ,
tion. It should be a simple matter to blacklist buyers
who make a constant practice of this, and prevent
them from getting the supplies they need until they
have altered their tactics. There are reputable houses
across the border, and these shysters in the trade are
just as much a nuisance to the legitimate dealers as
they are to our producers.

We are very pleased to have the business of the
United States. It represents many millions of dollars,
but that conveys nothing to the producer unless it
leaves an adequate margin between the cost of produc-
tion and marketing and the price he gets from the
U. 8S. buyer.

44 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

TWO SMILING. LITIGANTS. .

in ae

A The transfer of the administration of the fisheries

Ut Quebec from Ottawa to the provincial capital, made

Neffective by o¥de¥-in-council the middle of: February, °

strikes us as a good business deal on the part of both
the. federal. and. the « provincial governments...
learn on good authority that it will effect a saving of

approximately $70,000 in federal administration, which -

Quebec is willing and quite capable of bearing in her
position of affluence. Only a week prior to the an-

nouncement of a setttlement to the age-old dispute, J.
F. Bugeaud, representing Bonaventure in the local

legislature, harangued the federal authorities about the

neglectful attitude they were taking toward the Gaspe
fisheries; and he presented facts and figures to sup-

port his contention that this portion of Quebec was
not receiving from Ottawa its just share of federal
appropriation for the development and advancement
of the fishing industry. .

Of course, with the new King administration ex-
erting every effort to cut down on expenses, it is hard-
ly possible that it should have felt disposed to increase

the $70,000 deficit on Quebec fisheries administration
for the purpose of developing Gaspe. On the other

hand, Quebec, which completed business last year with
a fat surplus, has the wherewithal to carry this deficit

and multiply it at will. Furthermore, Gaspe will have
a greater grip on the attention of the Quebec legisla-
ture than it could have on Ottawa and will enjoy
the advantage of a moneyed proprietor 1 in place of a
bankrupt one.

On the face of it, it may seem that a precedent has

been estiablished which may lead ultimately to the total
decentralization of fisheries administration. But how

many of the provinces are willing to relieve the federai
government of deficits?
bitious to take over the administration of the in-
dustry, but, as in Quebee, they cannot expect to take
over the revenue without paying the bills; and where
there is invariably a deficit we doubt that there will
be much clamoring at the minister’s door at Ottawa
about ‘Quebee favoritism. Quebec is in the fortunate
position where she is able to pay for luxuries. Dryer
provinees are struggling along with kneeless trousers
and elbowless sleeves, figuratively speaking, and their
coffers are dry enough without taking on new busi-
ness to soak up what little remains.

Generally speaking, Quebee will now collect all the
revenue from the fishing industry and pay all the
bills associated with administration; she must satisfy
all complaints which have heretofore been directed
to Ottawa. But. the federal government still has in
its hands the conservation of the industry. It rests
,with Ottawa to say when fishing shall and shall not
be carried on, and to provide regulations to properly
safeguard the resource.

So on the whole it cannot be said that either party

We.

Other provinces may be am-~

March, 1993.
in. the transaction: has. made a:bad deal. Ottawa rids }
itself of an annual bill of $70.000 and establishes bi .
dangerous precedent for relaxing its authority. Que

onthe ‘othervhand got what she wanted. A long”

dispute ‘has been: brought to an end and each of. the | 4
disputants smiles in the belief that it has =a
victory. . What an admirable climax!

Elswhere in this issue will be found the Stoel
the whole case from the time of Confederation to the
present. _

IS DANISH SEINE A CURE?

Elsewhere in this issue we publish a valuable article
from our British correspondent on the use. of t 7
Danish seine; and along with that we have an interest-
ing: Adan uatodiiete that James Dunne of North Sydney, ee
N. S., has purchased gear to experiment with t ;
new Painent in Canadian waters. His gear is d
signed for cod, haddock and mackerel fishing. Mr. a
Dunne, it is reported, is negotiating with aie
seine fishermen in the Old Country to operate the
nets, and he purposes using steam drifters held — yi
private owners in Cape Breton. yet

The trend of our special article and the faci: set
forth by Mr. Dunne indicate that there is a possibility —
that the seine net may prove suitable for many branches |
of our Canadian industry.” It may, as he says, do
away with the expensive steam trawler, and at the
same time produce in equal volume and quality cat
the minimum cost. Mr. Dunne is showing commen ]
able enterprise in launching into the experiment and
is placing a good deal of confidence in what is to
him from the other side. The results he achieves
will be watched with the keenest intanegt by ‘vena
fisherman in Canada. bag

The situation in the industry at the prbedlt tine),
with fish prices almost down to the 1914 level and—
in some cases lower, with overhead charges still hover-
ing close to the war maximum, presents a serious prob-—
lem to producers. They are looking for an escape

from their dilemma. Would it not be appropriate to
suggest to the authorities at Ottawa that the govern-—

ment take up the investigation immediately ; that it
purchase a set of gear and experiment in the various —
branches of our fisheries under all conditions ne
submit a comprehensive report of its findings to t!
trade?

While producers are seeking ways to cut, down, on’
production costs, most of them have not the means"
for carrying on extensive and: expensive experiments”
of this nature. But if there is any merit in the Danish
seine in regards to its application on this side of the
Atlantic, would the new. equipment not find almost
spontaneous introduction following a favorable report
from some expert in the department at Ottawa? In-
dividual experiments do not always prove satisfactory,
and their results are: not generally viewed with the
same confidence as, the results of official investigation,

“Mareh, 1922.
COMPETITION FROM ABROAD.

~

Must it be admitted that we are compelled to go to
reign countries for a brand of so-called sardines
at appeals to the higher class Canadian appetite?

Is it true that we are obliged to go to Scotland or
and to procure a refined quality of canned and

Ve reproduce herewith an item from the Fish Trades
e of London, which is self-explanatory :

4 result of inquiries in the autumn of 1920 as to possible
new outlets for Irish cured herrings indicated that a market
pertound in Ontario, Canada, for fish of good quality,
ly of the larger selections.
est, 100 half-barrels of Crown-branded fulls were pur-
and consigned on a commission basis to agents in
ito in November. They sold in January at 10.25 dollars
lf-barrel, duty paid, equivalent at the prevailing rate
ge approximately to 44s. 6d., cif. This price, it
appears to have been about 2s. 6d. better than the

ng at the time for similar fish of other origin. The
bsequently reported that: the Irish herrings gave sat-
and, although new to the trade;
d to others. The. duty on re secrnaad is 35 cents (ls.

With a view to a prac-

you imagine it! ‘Herrings from Ireland find-

negligible. But that is not the point. The
ch is most disappointing is that these imported
; should command more favorable patronage.

_ paragraphs in the recently published official report
Conditions and Prospects of British Trade in Canada:
e Sardines. — A certain proportion of canned sardines
‘similar fish come from the United Kingdom, and it is
widered that this trade could be developed, for the quality
of the sardines imported from foreign countries is
ly inferior.

Herrings. — The same applies to canned herrings,
those of the quality usually sold in the United Kingdom
Aifticult to obtain in Canada. ;

y if the producers of the Old Country find a

able market for such commodities as canned
es, canned and pickled herrings in this country,

not logical that the same markets are open to our
Canadian producers, provided they put the same
y into the goods?

‘ould one intimate that the young herrings caught
lentifully in the Bay of Fundy cannot be graded
packed in tomato sauce or olive oil and made to
e favorably with foreign sardines? Orvis there
‘Teason why our canned herrings cannot compete
lity with ‘outside production? Thére may be
aa of a ee a excuse for pickled herrings, but

appeared to be.

Fishery Board for Scotland direct attention to the fol-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN | 45

it nlust be admitted that if the advice of the expert
in the department at Ottawa*were heeded, a better
grade of pickled fish would result.

If we cannot gain these home markets, if we cannot

compete for quality right here at the source of produc-
tion, how may we expect to successfully compete in
the markets abroad? It may be that there will always

be a limited outlet for fish of indifferent quality at
an indifferent price, but it strikes us as unsound busi-

ness to be content with this class of trade while we
have the natural means and the ability to produce a
high-class and more profitable commodity.

Are we right?

a

PISCATORIAL PARAGRAPHS.

President Harding recently enjoyed a rare treat of
mackerel which had been sent to the White House by
the Frank E. Davis Fish Co,, of Gloucester. It would
be an easy matter to increase fish consumption if the
publie could procure at the same price.

Again we are impelled to ask: Are the sockeye
salmon and the halibut to be slaughtered ruthlessly for
another year before action is taken to protect the
species by international understanding? Or is it the
intention to let these most lucrative branches of the
industry die a natural death?

In view of the strides that have been made recently
in developing a fish trade with Australia, our ex-
porters should be deeply interested in the visit to this
country of the Hon. George F. Pearce, a member of
the Australian government, and his conference with
Ottawa regarding reciprocal trade concessions.

In England the fishing interests have had worries
very much akin to our own—that is, until we saw
the Hon. Mr. Lapointe. They have been trying for
years to separate fisheries from agriculture. The
fish men of Grimsby are hoping that the Geddes axe.
which has been cutting so viciously into government —
appropriations, will swing so hard that it will de-
finitely cleave fisheries from agriculture. Not bad,
eh?

The daily press tells us that definite action is being
taken to transfer the natural resources of the prairie

provinces to the control of the local governments. This
would include the fisheries, no doubt, but to what

extent the control of the inland fisheries will be re-
leased by Ottawa remains to be seen. The matter of
regulating fishing will, it is presumed, still remaiu,
under the jurisdiction of the federal government. The
industry will be interested in developments.

4

46 ‘CANADIAN FISHERMAN ~ Mareh, 1922.

Danish Seine in Canadian Waters

Nova Scotian imports modern gear to fish off
Atlantic coast — Merits of new equip-
ment deseribed by Old Country expert.

In connection with the introduction of the Danish
seine into Canadian waters, a report iecently appeared
in a British journal to the effect that James Dunne, of
North Sydney, N.S., was making attractive offers to
Nair fishermen to come to Canada and operate steam
drifters. His intention, the paper said, was to secure
the services of men helding skippers’ certificates and

experienced in the use of the seine-net. ‘‘The younger
fishermen in Nairn who do not possess drifters of their
own are finding the appeal attractive.’’ It is under-

stood that about seventeen have accepted the proposi-
tion.

Mr. Dunne was requested by the Canadian Fisherman
to corroborate the above statements, and in reply said:

‘*We have in transit the necessary gear to operate
seine-net fishing on this side, utilizing a number of
steam drifters. held here (North Sydney, we presume)
by private owners.

‘‘This mode of fishing has been in existence for over
fifty years, in various parts of the world, but perhaps
the Danish fishermen are piimarily responsible for the
very practical gear used to-day. Confining operations to
motor boats they have fished the Dogger Bank with tre-
mendous success, and it would seem as if their continued
good fortune in later years proved the incentive for
Scottish fisermen to go a step further and equip their
drifters with ‘gear’ in proportion to the size of the
boat. At least we find the experiment emerging at the
close of the 1921 herring fishery, with the various
drifter owners hoping to offset, by its means, the very
severe losses sustained through the failure of the
herring business.

‘It is hardly sufficient to say they have been suc-
cessful in the few Short winter months of experiments;
they have proven beyond doubt the method is the most
economical and bountiful of any fishing appliance yet
izvented, and its continuation marks an epoch second
only to that created by the introduction of steam for
fishing purposes. As one writer says: ‘‘it threatens to
render the huge steam trawler fleet of the British Isles
obsolete. ’’

‘‘Its chief advantages over the steam trawler are as
follow :

First: The actual fishing operation is carried on
while the vessels remains at anchor, fuel being required
only for steaming to and from the grounds.

Second: It has been proved that as much fish ean be
caught with the seine net as with the otter trawl in the
same time.

Third : The quality of the fish caught is much superior,
due to the lightness’ of the gear, and the slow speed of
hauling it in. The fish are not bruised or otherwise
damaged.

Fourth: Little or no damage is done to the fishing
grounds. The bag is not dragged along the sea bottom
so heavily or so quickly as in steam trawling. Absolutely
no inmature fish are caught.

Fifth: It is adaptable to all kinds of ‘ground fish,’
also mackerel; while any type of vessel that would be
suitable for carrying fish can be used.

Sixth: The initial cost of equipping a vessel is only
one-fourth the cos* of fitting out a steam trawler. ,

““Mhe gear consists of a small steam winch, with which
to haul in the net; a rope-coiling machine which when
connected with the winch automatically forms two coils
of rope on the deck at the same time; and rope rollers q
to guide the’ rope over the ship’s rail to the winch —
drums. There are three different kinds of nets, one —
each for haddock, plaice and cod. We are substituting —
the plaice for mackerel nets. The rope warp used. is of “
a small size, specially hard laid manilla. An outfit in- \
cludes two warps, each one thousand fathoms in length. —
The entire outfit can be installed for approxima‘ely —
$1,200. (This would include six complete nets, two of —
each kind). The nets can be replenished any time com- —
plete for $90 apiece. Compare this with the average —
cost of fitting out a modern steam trawler (at least
$4,500) and you have its first important value. .,
- ‘We are advised that the method is most suitable for —
shallow water, with flat, sandy bo‘tom. Opinion is yet —
divided as to whether it can be used in rough weather. —
It is generally conceded, however, that they can fish: in
most kinds of weather, so long as there is daylight and —
an absence of thick fog. er

‘‘Our locality offers unlimited scope for the sti¢céss- —
ful operation ofthis fishing. We have ‘numerous —
stretches of shallow water, with good sandy bottoms ~
abounding with) ‘ground’ fish of all kinds with little or —
no wreckage to contend with, as is the case with. the ;
Dogger Bank area, where war wreckage will more or less —
hamper operations for years. Indeed, it is not too much zl
to state that the majority of our choicest fishing grounds |
presents a fertile field for this novation, and its adop- —
tion must genuinely pave the way for the greater de-—
velopment of the fisheries by producing the volume with —
every regard for quality at the minimum of cost, and —
with the least possible damage to our bountiful fishing —
areas,’’ JOS8at Vali ;

Writing more recently, Mr. Dunne stated that this
gear had arrived from England, and tjaat he was await-—
ing the opening of the season to start his experimen‘s. —
Only four men from Nairn are under actual orders, but
Mr. Dunne is in touch with others in Scotland, as there

are nine steamers in the fleet. yhig sos

The Utility of the Danish Seine. bara.

(By Our British Correspondent.) =.

In our December issue we printed a statement about
the boom that has. been witnessed in the British fish-_
erles concerning the Danish seine-net. As this net is
now being used in other European countries and—
might be profitably employed in Canadian fisheries, —
it may be useful if it is more fully described. For over
sixty years it has been in common use in Denmark,
particularly for the capture of plaice, gradually being
improved, and it underwent special development dur-
ing the war, when it was employed not only for flat-
fish, but for haddocks, for which there was a keen de-_
mand in Germany. ms an ;

The Danish Seine, or Snurrevaad, to give it its pro-
per title, was invented in 1848 by a Danish fisherman,

Jens L. Veaver, who was later decorated by the Danish
government for the invention. It was, however, not

[ March, 1922. CANADIAN
until after 1880 that it was extensively employed in
the capture of flatfish, which were brought to port
alive in welled vessels. Two kinds of net, or even three,
are now in use—one for plaice, another for haddock
and the third for cod. While it is called a ‘‘seine’’, its
mode of working, and indeed its shape, convert it es-
sentially into a trawl. The net is not dragged at the’
stern of a moving vessel, as in the case of the beam or
otter trawl, but the same effect is produced by drag-
‘ing the net along the bottom to the vessel lying at
i mehor. For many years, in fact, up to the war, “the
“motor-cutter employing the snurrevaad, after anchor-
ing fore and aft, on a suitable ground, sent out a little
So isr auxiliary boat with the net on board, the end
of one of the hauling ropes being fixed on board the
itter, and this rope paid out by the small boat as it
‘moved away. When all this line was paid out, the boat
w over. the net and motored back to the cutter
oe the other seed rope. Both ropes were then

aes een keeland

Y

ed in together, and equally, by a motor-winch, and
yy an ingenious arrangement the rope was automati-
ally: eoiled in a pile. It seems a “‘lazy’” style of fish-
, for one may see the men standing about the dock
moking while the net is being hauled, merely keeping
an. eye on the operations.’ Perhaps it is too easy for
nadian fisherman !.

off again in another direction with a second net ‘and
p eats the process. Thus, in the ' course of a day, a
arge area of ground may be swept, or ‘‘trawled’’ over,
‘a profitable catch obtained.

When the German demand for’ haddocks. came - the
haddock is a favorite fish - the Danish cutters had to
farther to sea nee to encounter on occasion heavier

ning to the buoy, paying out the aaoand line ; and

h a the net dragged to the cutter. The next

: ~ CORK FLOATS mas pet
Ne rareeatetet ihe
eae BOK Seek eee, oe

) eS
SOR Ropes

The little boat, as soon as it has ...
prought back the erid of the second hauling line, goes’

n the buoy is reached, the two ropes are put on the.

FISHERMAN 47

haul may be made in another direction; indeed, the
‘whole of the ground around the anchored buoy may
be swept for a distance of over a mile from the buoy
as a center.

The dimensions and particulars of a net for plaice or
flafish are as follows, but many of them are larger:
The length of each wing is from 80 to 90 feet; the
length of the central bag, 30 to 40 feet; depth of wings,
50 meshes at near end; depth of mouth of central bag,
10 feet ; mesh of wings, 2% inches, of bag, 2 inches and
of tail-end of same 134 inches. The net used for had-
docks has a bag about half again as long, with the
mouth twice the. depth, while the meshes of the bag,
and about a fathom of the wings, are 134 inches (the
remainder of the wings being 214 inches), those of. the
tail-end of the bag being 1%% inches, all from knot to
knot. The special feature of the net is the length of
the hauling ropes. When fishing in water of 10 to 15
fathoms the usual length is about 600 fathoms; but in

ate Sea Co Ce ig Tent) Head lie only 900"

le0-O

“ “ av

a SEINE NET

deeper water longer ropes are used, about 900 fathoms
in water around 25 fathoms depth. Lately, the snurre-
vaad has been employed in deep water in the Skager-
rack, up.to at least 100 fathoms, mostly for ‘‘witches”’
(Pleuronectes cynoglossus), and the ropes then still
longer. .
Motor Cutters Described.

- The net is employed chiefly by motor cutters, the
general dimensions of the vessels being approximately
as follow: length over all, 48 feet, and on the water-
line 43 feet; beam, 1314 feet; draught, about 6 feet.
The gross registered tonnage of the craft ranges from
15 or 16 to 28 tons and over. The motor-engines, with
which they are equipped, (of Danish, sometimes Swed-
ish make) are from 30 to 45 h.p., which give speeds of

' from 5 or 6 to 8 knots, with a consumption of from 320

to 400 pounds of petroleum per day. The cost of a
seine-net is from £28 to £35. The seine-fishing is pros-_
ecuted from several Danish ports, but principally from
‘Esbjerg, the ‘‘Danish Grimsby, *? on tne North Sea
coast, where the motor-fleet is not far short of 400 in”
number, In 1919 there were 5401 snurrevaads in use

(Continued on page 61)

CANADIAN

FISHERMAN March, 1922.

Quebec Wins Long-Drawn Battle

Fisheries of province

turned over to loeal

administration by order-in-council —
History of dispute reviewed.

On February 14, the cabinet at Ottawa passed an or-
der-in-council which gave effect to the agreement. which
turns over to the Province of Quebee administrative con-
trol of the fisheries of the province. The ancient dis-
‘pute between the Federal and Provincial governments
has thus been definitely settled.

The Hon. J. E. Perrault, minister of Colonization,
Mines and Fisheries in the Quebec government, brought
general applause from the members when he announced
in the legislature on February 14 that the agreement had
been reached over the question of the respective rights
of the two governments in Quebec tidal waters. Mr.
Perrault had been to Ottawa to interview the Minister
of Marine and Fisheries, the Hon| E. Lapointe, and
gave assurance that the order-in-council had actually
been passed by the Federal Cabinet, and that the com-

plete control of all fishing in tidal waters within the ~

province, and consequently the right to levy license fee
on fishermen, had been handed over to the Provincial
government, as well as the two hatcheries at Tadousac
and Gaspe, which had been constructed and maintained
by the Federal authorities, and which cost in the neigh-
borhood of $150,000 each.

The question that has been at issue for many years,
and which is now so satisfactorily settled, was brought
to a head by the decision of the Privy Council last year.

This decision declared that the public has a right to
fish in all tidal navigable waters and in all waters that
are accessible by the way of navigation from the sea. It
also declared that the Federal authority has the exclu-
sive right of regulating fisheries, and also that if, in

order to exercise the right of fishing, it was necessary |

for the public to make use of the soil or the bed of the
navigable waters or the waters that are accesible by way
of navigation from the sea, then, seeing that the bed of
such waters belongs to the Province of Quebee, the pub-
lic could not attach their engines to the soil without a
license or permit from that province.

Under this decision the public therefore had the right
to fish in these waters provided they did not fix engines
to the soil, but the Federal government making use of
its power Of regulating fisheries passed an order-in-
council stating that the public could not exercise its
right of fishing without obtaining a Federal license.
Therefore, those fishermen who were fixing engines to
the soil had to pay a provincial and also a Federal li-
cense, totalling about $50 for salmon fishermen, which
they contended they could not stand.

Quebec Gets Jurisdiction.

By. the settlement that has taken place, the Federal

government has handed over the administration of all —

the fisheries within its territory to the Province of
Quebec. From a practical standpoint it means that the
fishermen will in future only have one license to pay if
they use engines attached to the soil, which license now
varies from $10 to $25 for net fishermen.

The settlement also does away with a big issue as to
what constitutes navigable waters and waters that are ac-
cogsible by way of navigation from the sea, Jn many

cases a the province the tide comes into the salmon
rivers and extends up ten or twelve miles. Before the
decision of the Privy Council, the Quebec government
in leasing its rivers for sporting purposes always claim-
ed that these waters fell under their jurisdiction. Under
the Privy Council decision the rod fishermen were liable
to have people come and fish in the water-leased by them
under their public right of fishing. As by the settle-
ment these waters again come under the jurisdiction of
the Province, the right to regulate them will fall within
the power of the Provincial government, and it is prob-
able the Provincial government will pass such regulations
as may be necessary to continue the status quo as it
existed before the Privy Council decision.

The Federal government itself had realized that such
regulations were necessary because if the public had
been allowed to fish indiscriminately in tidal waters the
salmon rivers would speedily have been ruined, and last
November they passed an order-in-council fixing a li-
cense fee of $10 for fishermen residing in the province
and $25 for outsiders.

Mr. Perrault, in his speech, outlined the difficulties |

that the fishermen had been experiencing in having
both Provincial and Federal authorities exercising con-
trol over them, and believed that with the new arrange-

ment there would be a big development of the fishing ~

industry in the province. He mentioned that the set-

tlement applied to all tidal waters within the boundaries —
of the province with the exception of the Magdalen —

Islands, which, however, were too far away to be pro-
perly controlled by the Provincial authorities, and which
would therefore remain under the jurisdiction of the
Federal Government.

The vote of $90,000 for the maintendade of fisheries .
and game was then passed by the House, this being the

item on which the debate had arisen.
: History of the Whole Question.

A brief explanation of the whole Quebec dispute will
no doubt be of interest to many.

There is hardly any room for doubt that at the time

of confederation it was the intention that the adminis-
tration of the fisheries as well as the regulation thereof,
in all public water—whether public in the Grown as
represented by the Federal government or by the Pro-
vincial government—should be handed over to the Fed-

eral government. That this was the intention is evi-
denced by the fact that iti was what was done, and it was
not, until-seven years later that any question arose. q

In 1874, the Federal government granted a lease of
the salmon angling privileges in a portion cf the non-

tidal waters of the southwest Miramichi River, N.B., ta

Christian A. Robertson of St. John. The land on eithe “4
side of this portion of the river had long before (1835
been granted to the Nova Scotia and New . Brunswick
Land Company. This company in 1875 gave authority
by virtue of its ownership of the land to certain othe
persons to fish in this part of the river. Mr. Robertson
prevented them from doing so, when they brought actic a
against him and recovered damages and costs. Mr.
bertson then took action against the Crown for recove

| March, 1922.

of expenditures and for damages. This became a test
case to establish jurisdic’ion. The decision of the Su-
'preme Court of Canada in it was given in 1882. This
decision was in substance that the ownership. of the
‘fisheries in non-tidal waters was not vested in the
Federal government by the B. N. A. Act, but that they
Were previously the property of the riparian owners,
whether such were the Provincial government or private
dividuals, and they so remained.

Following this decision, the administration of the non-
al fisheries in the different provinces, except in the
airie provinces, where the Crown lands were owned
the Federal government, was handed over to the
ovinces; but practically all the Provincial govern-
its began to press claims for greater jurisdiction in
fisheries.

To settle the whole matter it was finally decided to
mit certain questions to the Supreme Court of Can-
and to appeal from its decision to the Privy Coun-
~The reference to the Supreme Court was made in
, and its decision was given in the following year.
decision of the Privy Council was obtained in
3. The decision was in substance—except in those
ers that at the Union passed to the ‘Dominion
“under the third schedule of the B. N. A. Act—that
| whatever proprietary rights in the fisheries were
ted in the provinces at the time of Confedera-
remained their property subsequent thereto; but
xclusive power to regulate the fisheries, wherever
might be situated, is vested in the Federal gov-
ent. Immediately following this decision the dif-
erent seawashed provinces claimed jurisdiction over
Il the tidal fisheries, not only in the rivers and estu-
“but in the bays and territorial waters along
Sea coast as well. The Federal government on the
‘hand maintained that there is a public right of
ary in tidal waters and that as such it came with-
| the exclusive adminis‘ration of the Federal govern-
nt.

‘or years negotiations went on with the different
ices to Settle the matter amicably ; but this was not
und possible, and finally in 1913 a-reference to the
uurts was decided upon with British Columbia, in which
other provinces interested became intervenants. The
on in that case sustained the contention: of: the
eral authorities.

Settled All But Quebec.

his settled the question in all the seawashed pro-
S with the exception of Quebec, which contended
as the decision was largely based on Magna Charta,
nd that as Magna Charta did not apply to the Pro-
nee of Quebec, the decision did not affect the situa-
| there. In order speedily to settle the matter, it
finally agreed that a reference should be submitted
he Court of King’s Bench in Quebec, mnder author-
of a Provincial statute which was obtained for that

-
CS

ealed to the Privy Council.

eil was not given until November 30, 1920.

This decision was in effect that. while Magna Charta
eS NOt apply in Quebec, a public right of fishery there
m all waters that are navigable from the sea had been
tablished by certain statutes that were passed in Que-
*¢ before Confederation. The administration of this
2ht comes within the purview of the Federal Govern-
Went. On the other hand, there is a property right in
land under the water—excepting below low-water

Se, and that the decision in that court would be j
This was done, but 7
hg to war conditions the decision of the Privy Coun- 4

CANADIAN FISHERMAN | 49

e
. mark, where no answer was given—and the authority

to grant permission to use that soil by attaching stakes
or nets thereto in connection with fishing is vested in
the owner thereof.

It so happens that in the Province of Quebec nearly
all the regulated fishing is done by means of weirs or
engines attached to the soil wholly or partly where the
province claims it. Hence both the Federal and the
Provincial government have jurisdiction in such fishing
—the one in the water, and the other in the land under
the water. So it was that last year, when the Federal
government undertook the administration of the fisheries
in-all the navigable waters of the province, the provin-
cial -authorities also required a license for the use of
the land under the water; so the fishermen, through no
fault of their own, were forced to take out two licenses
and to pay two sets of fees. Also, should it‘happen that
the province would refuse permission to a person, who
had: a. license from the: Federal government to attach
his fishing engine to the soil, or vice versa, no one would
have proper authority, so that no fishing could go on.

The new Minister of Marine and Fisheries has suc-
ceeded in making an amicable arrangement with the
provincial authorities which will put an end to such an
iniquitous state of affairs, and which will, at the same

‘time, relieve the Federal government of a heavy annual

expenditure. The province makes large revenues from.
its leases of angling privileges in its many excellent sal-
mon rivers, to keep up which the Federal government
has been maintaining different large hatcheries. To
look after these rivers the province finds it essential to
maintain a staff of officers, and it was found that these
officers could attend to the administration of the shore
fisheries as well. The province consequently undertook
to arrange that its officers would attend fully to the en-
forcement of the Federal fishery regulations along the
coast, and it also agreed to take over the operation of
the hatcheries at its own expense. This arrangement will
enable the Federal government to withdraw its staff of
local fishery officers altogether.
The Fish Inspection Act and subsequent laws of like
character will continue to be administered by the
Federal government.

HERRING AT

50 ee : CANADIAN

FISHERMAN

Mareh, 1922.

Gossip About Fishermen’s Races

New schooners expected to take part in the

big event — Inshore races arouse en-
thusiasm of boat owners. —

In the New Year’s issue of The Morning Chronicle
announcement was made of an offer by this newspaper
of a trophy for a race or series of ‘‘boat-for-boat’’
races of Halifax next autumn, between vessels of the
‘‘shore-fishing’’ fleet of Nova Seotia. Since then we
have learned that the ‘‘shore-fishermen’’ have become
enthusiastic over the proposal, and skippers of seve-
ral of these small schooners have advised us that
there should be at least. twenty contestants for the
trophy. A number:of prominent Halifax yachtsmen
have become strongly interested in the proposal and
Ernest A. Bell, rear commodore of the Royal Nova
Seotia Yacht Squadron, is now engaged in aia:
inary arrangements. ‘

In view of the fact that virtually all the vessels

engaged in the shore fisheries are equipped with aux-
iliary engines, it is proposed that the race conditions
shall allow for the use of these, but in such a way as
to make the contest all the more interesting as a sport-
ing event. Following the plan already successfully
adopted in auxiliary yawl yacht races in the United
States, the schooners will each be allowed a sealed tin
of an equal amount of gasoline - say five gallons -
just about enough to take the smallest or lowest-
powered vessel over half the course of thirty or fourty
miles. This has been found a very effective handicap
in the yawl races, and should work out satisfactorily
in the proposed contest. The larger vessel, with lar-
ger engine, exhausts her ‘‘gas’’ before the smaller
boat, thus serving to counteract the superior sailing
speed which the larger schooner, with larger sail
spread, may have. Furthermore, the limitation in this
way of the use of auxiliary engines would furnish a
good test of seamanship, the honors of victory going
to the skipper who uses the best judgment as to just
when he should and he should not run his engine
during the race. Masters of various vessels fishing
out of Halifax have heartily approved of this scheme.
It is expected that Halifax,.Canso, Sambro, Ketch
Harbor, Pennant, Prospect, St. Margaret’s Bay, the
Tancooks and many other fishing centers,, including
Clarke’s Harbor, will send vessels to compete. —

Speculation on Schooner. Races.

Even at this. early . date, very intense. interest - is
aroused over this autumn’s fishing schooner races,
and speculation is ripe as to the ultimate international
contenders for the Halifax Herald trophy. Most
Nova Seotians regard the Lunenburg — “schooner
Bluenose, winner of the 1921 International Fisher-
man’s Championship Trophy,-as the logical Canadian
defender for this year.

As for the international races, which, in accordance
with the Deed of Gift; will be held off Gloucester this
year, probably in October, there is no such certainty,
thought many ‘<Bluenoses”’ prediet another Canadian
victory.

The Nova Scotia fisherman is prawerbially cautious
in his comment, And he is particularly’ canny when

However, there is much gossip.

it comes to comparing the know n sailing qualities of
the Bluenose, which spent a season on the Banks,.
raced and is now on her second cargo trip to the
West* Indies, with the unknown sailing qualities of —
the fishing schooner Puritan, now building at Essex
for Gloucester men. who wish to avenge the Elsie,
defeated by the big Lunenburg vessel in the Interna-
tional off Halifax last year. The exact dimensions of

the Puritan are not known here, but it is generally —
accepted that, designed by W Starling Burgess, she
will be capable of showing a clean pair of heels to —
most fishing vessels, and that Captain Angus Watters, —
Bluenose’s clever little. skipper, will find the new —
Yankee schooner a hard nut to erack.

It is generally admitted that the Bluenose is difte-
rent in some material respects from. the ordinary
Nova Scotia: fishing schooner. She has more “‘dead —
rise’’ (a sharper angle from keel to deck) than most —
of our fishermey, and is deeper and finer, True, the
Bluenose sports a decided bulge amidships, made ne-—
cessary by the space requirements for Nova Scotia
fishing craft, many of which go freighting in the win-
ter and. join the coasting trade the year round when —
no longer fit for the wear and tear of the Banks. But
her underbody is, nevertheless, so unlike that of other
vessels of the Nova Scotia fishing fleets that she has
been able to demonstrate a marked superiority in|
windward work, generally the supreme test in salle
races.

The Puritan, too; is expected to he much bate on
the wind than the ordinary fishing vessel. Like the
Bluenose, she is designed for speed as well as fishing,
and the ability of Mr. Burgess to produce fast sailing
craft.is recognized. The speedy Boston fishing schoon-
er, Mayflower, unfortunately barred from last year’s —
races, was built from his lines and ‘she has made the
plans for many swift yachts. Two of the boats flying
the United States flag, which competed in the six
meter class races in English waters last year, were
from his design. It is considered a certainty that the
Puritan will be fast. F

Whether she will be too fast for the Bluenose re-:
mains to be seen. . The Gloucester. boat, built for fish-—
ing only, will be of. smaller.dimensions than. the Blue-
nose. built: for both freighting and fishing, and the -
effect of this difference in size is problematical, though:
it seems logical to say that the advantage would be ~
with the larger boat in heavy weather and with the
smaller in light weather. a

While it is believed: at Halifax: that the Puritan: is
the probable challenger for the. International Trophy,
this is not regarded as a foregone conclusion. The

vessel has yet to. prove her worth and reports come”
from Gloucester that another schooner is being built
at Essex which may give ther a run for ‘her money.”
This second vessel is designed by Thomas McManus, _
also of Boston, who was made the lines for a large —
number of fishing vessels of both the New England
and the Nova Scotia fishing fleets. With at least two
new vessels’ as entries, the United States elimination
races next autumn should furnish some excitement. ©

Mareh, 1922. CANADIAN

Charlottetown, P.E.I.—S. T. Gallant, Inspec‘or of
Fisheries, in reviewing the industry in this province for

the past year, states that a great deal of work was done °

_ towards restoring the lobster industry to normal basis.
The cost of equipment and foodstuffs was somewhat
lower, fishermen were willing to accept lower prices for
a their ‘lobsters and consequently packers were enabled to
ope: ate, at a profit. Buyers informed him that there
were no losses for bad goods in 1921. This ean be at-
tributed to the fact that the packers put into practice
the advice given them by the inspector and H. W. Tid-
marsh before the season opened. They addressed meet-
ings throughout the province, and Mr. Gallant advocates
_ the holding of similar meetings this year, to remind the
te of the absolute necessity of putting up an even
etter pack than in 1921. Before these meetings a‘e
held the packers would like to know definitely, whe-

_ ther the department at Ottawa has anything to offer

5 from a biological point of view.

-Seallop fishing, which is something new in this pro-
vince, was attempted last year, but on account of the
extremely windy weather, it was impossible to make a
he tisfactory test. In Miminigash early in September a
oat dragged some ground and found the fish plentiful,

but after the fifteenth of October fishing could not be

J

In regard to cod-fishing, hake and haddock, the In-
ctor did not look for any improvement in the eateh

eatch of 1921 and the previous year is still o on hand.
. The Inspector was pleased to note vhs the lobster

(Continued from previous page)

Searcity of freights, plentitude of vessels and low
prices of fish have so affected the industry that only
one fishing schooner is now under construction at
inenburg. Smith and Rhuland are building for Cap-
‘*Paddy’’ Mack, who helmed the Delawana to
second money in the Nova Scotia 1921 elimination
races, a schooner modelled somewhat after the style of
the Clintonia, a speedy Nova Scotian vessel designed
ten years. ago by McManus, of Boston. George
Rhuland, of the pbuilding firm, himself a designer.
has adapted a nice set of plans upon which the vessel
is being: constructed, but he does not predict any
remarkable speed for the schooner. She will. be 130
_ feet over all, 107 feet waterline, 2514 feet beam, and
11 feet depth of hold. Captain Mack is a keen racing
enthusiast and there is no doubt that he will have his
vessel at the starting line for the Nova Scotia trials
next autumn.

The Boston schooner, Mayflower, which was barred
from competition in the International fishermen’s
races of 1921 by the Halifax trustees of the internation
al trophy, has already been entered for the trial races
as a challenger for 1922. A formal entry was sent to
Charles D.Brown, chairman of the American commit-
tee, recently and. the matter has also been taken up
ie panh William H. Dennis of Halifax, donor of the

ty prould she win the elimination ra¢e this fall.

trophy, seeking a’ ruling on the Mayflower’s eligibili-

FISHERMAN | 51

Review of P.E.I. Fisheries

with a good deal of optimism, and now that the cost of
living has gone down materially since last spring, there
will be a reversion to normal conditions.

Illegal fishing of lobsters out of season is as old as the
industry i‘self, but it has decreased to a very marked
extent during the last few years. Last year a determined
attempt was made to fish lobsters in the closed season
on two sections of the coast; namely, West Prince and
St. Mary’s Bay. The regular fishery officers, with the
aid of one of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, suc-
ceeded in supressing fishing to a very large extent. The
regular force, however, is inadequate to cope with the
situation. Special guards have been tried, but they have
failed miserably. The local force needs to be strengthen-
ed by four or five of the R. C. M. Police.

Although the total catch of lobster for 1921 in this
province was much smaller than that of 1920, ‘‘if we
take into consideration,’’ said Mr. Gallant, ‘‘the number
of canneries in-operation, the number of traps fishing,
and the unfavorable weather in the month of June, the
usual catch was well maintained.’’ Every precaution
should be taken to prevent the packing of berried lobs-
ters. his is a matter of vital importance. If the regula-
tions in this respect be well observed there will be
ample supply of lobsters for all time to come.

In mackerel and hake there was a fair increase from
the previous year. In haddock, cod, herring and smelts
there was a decrease. In eels there was a fairly large in-
crease. In oysters there was a fair increase, due to the
fact that the fishermen are taking a special interest in
liberating all small oysters. The weathe: too was favor-
able, and as.a result there was a large catch of spat.
Consequently, West and East Rivers, and their tribu-
taries, Orwell Bay and Seal River; are now full of small

oysters, The future looks bright and promising for this
fishery. It is expected that this season oyster fishing

will be prosecuted in parts of Richmond Bay and trib-
utaries. This last mentioned area contituted for many
years a great source of supply for the world-famed
Malpeque. But there was a serious decline in’ recent
years, the industry in that section being brought almost
to the verge of extinction, one of the causes being a
(dlisease, spread, it is thought, from oysters imported
f'cm the United States to restock depleted beds. This
(lisease seems to have run its course, and the expecta-
tions are that this once fertile eround will be restored’
to its old-time fertility.

QUINTAL NOT UNIFORM.

The following information as to the weights of

‘‘quintals,’’ ete., in the different markets (extracted
from ‘‘Fiskets Gang’ ’) is useful in considering the
prices quoted. In Spain the quintal at. Bilbao, San-
tander, Cartagena, and Malaga represents 50. kilo-
grammes (equal to 110144 English lb.), while at’ Barce-
lona and Tarragona it represents 40 kilogrammes, or
8814 lb. In Portugal, at Lisbon and Oporto the quintal
is one of 60 kilogrammes, or 13214 lb., while in Italy
it is 100 kilogrammes, or 220% lb. At Havana, in
Cuba a whole case is 45 kilogrammes, or 991/5 lb.;
this is also the weight at Buenos Aires, but at Rio de
Janiero the case weighs 58 kilogrammes, or. almost
128 Ib. -

on
bo

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

March, 1922.

Little Things That Interest All

NEW SARDINE CANNERY SEEKING

CONCESSIONS.

A $60,000 Establishment Planned for St. John. —
Will Have to Go to Legislature.

The ‘‘St. John Fisheries Limited,’’ of which the in-
corporators are Clarence R. Stickney, of Eastport, Me.,
Alva A. Ellis, of Mace’s Bay, N.B., and Charles N. Wil-
son, of St. John, have asked the City Council of St.
John to grant them such taxation relief as is provided
for new industries under the city regulations. As the
general fishing and sardine canning business, which
they propose carrying on, is not a new industry, it will
probably be necessary for the city to apply to the pro-
vineial legislature for permission to extend to them the
tax concession which they are asking for. Definite
action has not yet been determined on. The company
has in view the building of a plant that will cost be-
tween $50,000 and $60,000, and that will give employ-
ment to about 150 hands.

INVENTS HERRING TRAWL.

In a current report from Sweden some particulars
are given of a new type of herring trawl, invented by
L.Laurin, of Lysekil. The new device has created
considerable interest, and the Swedish government has
granted a subsidy of 2000 kroner for the purpose of
carrying out experiments with the new trawl. We
understand these experiments are to be earried out
forthwith. '

The new trawl consists of what is described as an
ordinary cod end with two wings, each composed
of five thin cables which are interlaced so as to form
meshes of one metre square. The large size of the
meshes permits the trawl to be drawn rapidly through
the water; and when the speed reaches 5 to 6 knots
the wings are said to act like a wall and to guide the
herrings into the cod end.

In the Baltic the trawl is intended to be operated
by vessels working in pairs, but if the principle is
sound there is no apparent reason why it should not
also be capable of employment as an otter trawl. It
is stated that the trawl ean be used both on the bottom
and in the intermediate waters between the bottom
and the surface.

LOBSTER BILL KILLED.

The Lobster Bill in the Massachusetts Legislature,
proposing a ten and a half inch measure for that State
was thrown out of committee in February, after a fair
hearing at a meeting attended by about a hundred
fishermen from along the coast, who were all strongly
opposed to the measure which would make it harder
for them to earn a living. Some members of the
Legislature also spoke against it.

The fishing sections on Cape Cod and beyond sent
delegates who ably represented the lobster men’s in-
terests. Other statements clearly proved how much
the law would cripple the Boston trade by excluding
two-thirds of live imports from Canada. The Bill
was finally squashed by a yote of the delegates, three
for and 110 against,

WHERE DO FISH GO?

From Seattle comes the information that the Strait
of Juan de Fuca and Puget Sound have been invaded
by rare and unknown species of fish. Perhaps the
descriptive adjectives should not be taken too serious-
ly. So far as the appearance of species not native to a
given region is concerned the occurence, though not
common, has been noted in pretty nearly every part
of the world. In some cases the cause of the invasion
is clear; in other cases it is not.

In several instances, predatory species have invaded
waters to which they were not native in such numbers
that the native species have been killed or driven off.
Mariners have encountered fish fleeing in immense
schools from pursuers.

It is probable that the sudden migration of species —

and also the appearance of strange species are due in
most cases to a change in the temperature of the en-
vironing waters and perhaps to a change in their
saltness. ‘The codfish of the Banks keep within cold
waters. The species found in warmer waters off the
southwest of Europe will not live in Mediterranean
waters. It is Geoaest that the boundary line is one
of salinity.

It occasionally happens that steady winds, long
continued, by their surface friction drag warm water

into regions where the surface water is normally cold —

and vice versa. In such cases the fish, or some species,
are apt to migrate. Perhaps this may be the explana-

tion of the visiting schools in Puget Sound. The hypo-

thesis that their instrusion is due to submarine carth-
quakes is interesting, but it cannot be substantiated
by any known facts.

Years ago, about 1879-80, the tilefish came to notice
along the northeast Atlantic coast waters. For a year
or two tilefish were abundant. They became a con-
siderable factor in the fish food supply of the com-
munity. Suddenly tilefish were found floating at
the surface, dead, in immense numbers; then the spee-
ies disappeared from the waters where for a little
while it had been plentiful. Nobody could explain
the cause of death in the cases of the tilefish that sue-
cumbed to disease, shock, unfavorable environment or
deep sea enemies. Nor could anybody explain the
reappearance of tilefish off the North Atlantie coast
when, a few years ago, they, were again encountered
by fishermen. Why did they quit these waters?
Where did they go? And why did they return? An ex-
planation wholly satisfactory is yet, to be found. —
New York Herald.

BIG U.S. ATLANTIC HALIBUT FLEET,

The 1922 fleet of Lalibatees operating from Glou-
cester promises to be ever larger than last year. So
far it.is known that twenty-seven will engage in the
fishery, with possible additions as the season advances.

The landing of Halibut at American Atlantie ports
for 1921 amounted to 3,868,000 pounds, most of -which
went to Portland and Boston.- Captain Carl Olson -of
the shooner Elk was high liner for the season, and on
the strength of this good fou he -has gone on a
visit to Norway..

Mareh, 1922.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN | oe oe

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EVIVES SEALING FROM PORTS OF
NOVA SCOTIA.

‘argo of Pelts. — A Reminder of the Prosperous
Days in the North Pacific.

Halifax sailing vessel, Eva June, has arrived at
ideo, after several months of seal hunting in
uth Atlantic, according to word reaching her
at Halifax. The vessel sailed from Halifax Sep-
1, and did not make harbor again until she ar-
at the South American port. She will make an-
ier trip to the sealing grounds, from which she will
to Halifax, arriving in June. The vessel is land-
r record number of pelts at Montevideo, she re-
These will be shipped to England.

Eya June is the only vessel which goes sealing
Nova Seotia now. In the latter years of the nine-
century, Bluenose skippers took a fleet of two-
ers to the seal hunt from the province port. The
Is, 100 tons or thereabouts, plowed their way
nd Cape Horn and north to the Behring Sea, or
s to Japan, and in the sealing grounds spread their
@ boats in fan shape from there. Each vessel
d about eight of these craft, and they were man-
by two men each, a hunter and a steerer. The
er carried a heavy double-barrelled gun. The South
mtie replaced the Pacific grounds in favor in the
ly years of the twentieth century. The industry be-
e less profitable, however, and in 1914, the last Nova
ia vessel engaged in it discontinued the hunt. The
June revived the industry locally in 1920, and has
ated profitably. She is commanded . by Captain
thew Ryan, of North Sydney, a veteran of the Pacific
s. Nova Seotia and British Columbia pooled in-
s in the old sealing days and Bluenose vessels were
mon sight in Victoria harbor.

number of Nova Scotia skippers never returned to
homes from the hunt but settled in the British Co-
a capital, and are to be found there yet,

FISHING RESULTS FOR JANUARY.

There were 305,004 ewts. of seafish valued at $729,083
landed on the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of Canada
during the month. During the same period last. year
there were 178,698 cwts. taken, with a value of $648,522,
the value given in each instance being the value of the
fish when first brought to land.

The increase was due almost entirely to large catches
of herring and halibut on the Pacifie Coast, the quanti-
ties landed of each being more’ than double that of the
month of January, 1921.

On the Atlantic coast the catch of smelts was 36,911
ewts., compared with 27,272 ewts. in the same period
last year.

The catch of lobs‘ers was slightly less than January,
1921, being 584 ewts., compared with 752. The total
landed since the commencement of the new season was
5,955 ewts., compared with 7,088 ¢wts. during the same
period last season.

On the Pacific coast 16,252 ewts. of halibut and 197,-
398 ewts. of herring were landed, compared with 7,956
“ach and 80,992 ewts., respectively, during January,

CANADIAN HADDOCKS SENT TO OLD COUNTRY -
ON EXPERIMENT.

Messrs. Charles Petrie & Son, Ltd., inform the Fish
Trades Gazette, London, that they have received cabled .
advice that an experimental shipment of Canadian fresh
haddock and Canadian fresh-cured smoked haddocks
and fillets is due to arrive by the ‘‘Dighy’’ at
Liverpool on February 23. The whole shipment. will
be in a fresh condition .

Sch. Hope Leslie, a famous old yacht, owned by
the late William Minot, has been purchased by
Lufkin &Tarr of Gloucester (Mass.) and will be used
for general fishing purposes, gill netting, mackerel
netting, seining, and swordfishing by the local firm.

CANADIAN, FISHERMAN

March, 1922.

Device Improves Steam Trawler’s Efficiency
7 | y

The trawl net used by the modern steam trawler is
kept distended when in use by means of two heavy
otter boards fixed at each side of the mouth of the
net, and attached obliquely to the two warps by means
of which the net is trawled. The Fishery Board for
Scotland have for some time been watching certain
experiments carried out in German waters with otter

boards of a new form, and the results now reported .

to have been attained suggest that a substantial im-
provement has been effected in this type of fishing
gear. ‘The new boards, which ‘are known as ‘the
Oertz patent trawl boards, are the invention.of Dr.
Oertz, of Hamburg, who is said to be a well-known
aeroplane and windmill constructor.

It is now a well-known fact that such a structure
as an aeroplane wing has a much greater lifting power
if ecuxved (in the. direction of flight) than if flat.
The ‘‘leading edge”’ of the plane is bent forward,
so aS to cut into the air with the least possible distur-
bance, while the rear portion is tapered off, inclined
slightly downwards, so that the deflected air again
leaves the ‘‘trailing edge’’
The deflection of the air of course causes a reaction
which produces the ‘‘lift.”’
of eddy currents, this cambered plane, as it is called,
is also more regular or stable in action. Dr. Oertz
has endeavored to apply the principle of the camber
to the otter board. At first the boards were made
strictly on this principle, with a continuous curve
throughout, but with a view to economy in construc-
tion, boards made of two flat pieces joined in a ‘‘knee
bend,’’ so as to approximate in plan to the curved
boards, were subsequently tried, and were found to
give almost the same result.

The preliminary investigations were carried out in

an experimental tank, but thereafter full scale trials
were made on fishing vessels at sea. The last of these,
of which details are to hand, and that most likely to
have a direct bearing on the Seottih fisheries, was
carried out in the North Sea on October 5 last by
means of the steam trawler Volker, which was lent by
a German fishing company for the purpose. Various
experts, including Dr. Oertz, were on board, and their
observations were made independently and published
separately. The boards were already known to be of
a. proper size in proportion to the net; and to be
mounted: at the correct angle, so that attention was
concentrated on a comparison of the results obtained
by the bent and the ordinary flat boards. Both are
operated in exactly the same manner, and the same
ground with a bottom of muddy sand was trawled
over in each ease.

The results of the various drags were made as
follows :—

1 ES ee ee

Boards: used2.i 2. Wo P08. Flat Flat Bent Bent Bent.
Ground rope—feet ...... 130 130 1380 130 = 130
Head Line—feet ....... 88 88°" 88°" S85 "RS
Maximum revolutions 123 80 123 80 60
Speed—knots _............ 2.4% 12-34 ~ Daly
Angle between warps at

vertex—degrees...... 7 9 9 —
Lengths of warps—

Fathome yest... dieses 190) Wa: fo Fh Gh
Opening obtained—feet . 55 55 71 71 —

as smoothly as_ possible.

Owing to the elimination.

In the last experiment a good opening is said to
have been obtained until the speed was reduced below
0.6 knot, when the boards collapsed, but they again
came into operation w hen the speed was increased.

The principal point of the results is that with the
same power a greater opening of the net is obtain-
able with the bent boards with no reduction in speed;
so that in the particular case reported the fishing ef-
ficiency is increased presumably in the ratio 55.71 or
by’ 29%. The opinion is further expressed that had
‘the net been larger a still greater openiNs would have
been obtained.

After the trials the Volker completed an eight day’s
trip, using the new boards, and a supplementary re-
port by her captain has been published, of which the
following is a translation:

‘‘During the voyage from 6th to 14th October I
fished with the knee-bent Oertz patent trawl boards,
and accordingly feel at liberty to make a» proper sta-
tement with regard to them as a. specialist.: When
we put the boards over and steamed ahead the boards
at. once swam free. After we had heaved in the light |
running line with the ship’s tackle, the greater sheer-
ing power of the bent boards as compared with the
ordinary was very apparent, so that it could be deter-
mined at once without further measurement, During

fishing I have also found that while, on account of —

wind and sea, the warps to ordinary boards worked
very irregulary, the warps in fishing with the bent |
boards remained steady. I have fished the. same

ground off Horns Reef with the ordinary, and also —

with the bent boards, and obtained with the latter

from one to several ewts: more per drag than with the —

former. I found also that with the bent boards not

so much mud, ete., came into the net as with the ordi- —
A few skippers were deceived by this, and said —
that if the boards did not bite in so deeply, then fewer ®
flat fish would be taken, and I therefore wish to state —
that on the contrary I have taken quite as many flat ©
Thus on the voyage refer-_

nary.

fish with the bent boards.
red to, I had 21 ewts. of soles, 15 ewts. of turbot, and —
a few ewts. of brill, in addition to plaice and round :

fish. For the whole voyage the catch was 30,000 Ibs.

The trawler Dankwart, of the same company, a sister
ship to the Volker, with which I fished for a few days,

tore her net several times, while I fished: clear, which
I attribute to the fact that through the greater side
sheer of the bent boards the ground rope is more. taut,”
not lying in such a slack loop on the ground as with.
the ordinary boards, and thus passes more lightly over —
In my opinion the Oertz
patent trawl boards are a great improvement, and I
do not think T shall ever go —— from — — tira

obstacles such as stones, ete.

ATLANTIC-PACIFIC VIA WATER.

An pareetterital shipment of two hunlnad tons of *
frozen fish, the first to go from British:Columbia to the —
Atlantic Coast by water, left Vancouver on the steam-
er Neponset for New York, via the Panama Canal, Fri-~
day, Feb. 3. Should the shipment arrive in good con-
dition, it is probable that much of the all rail fish traf-_
fic from British Columbia to the east will be diverted

to this route.

ae

]

¥

Mareh, 1922. CANADIAN

The Canso fishing year naturally takes after the
ireh year, the national fiscal year, and ,the busi-
ess years of many concerns in that it doesn't coin-
with the twelve-month as laid off on the Calendar.
comes easier and fits in more with the facts, to con-
r the end of the fishing year in this district as com-
with the winding-up of the winter haddocking,
ch usually takes place about the middle of,or
ttle later in January, that is so far as the shore
yoat fleet is concerned. After this, there is nothing
ng in. an active way, for a couple of months,
ape exception of steam trawler operations,
2. at. present are confined to one, the
- Or. So, to begin at the beginning, we

* aS active operations in 1921 are concer-
The reader must not run away with the idea,
r, that during the ‘‘off’’ period coming in
n the latter part of January and the month of
the men who man the shore fishing fleet are
her idle in fishing ~ ‘matters. On the conreny,

equiring attention at their hands, There are
things, and in most cases, much gear, to be put
e for the working season ahead.

reliable record of the past year’s work must,
lowever much regret, place it in the ‘“‘lean’’
1; it certainly has leaned decidely in that diree-
To start off with, the lobster fishing, which
‘April 20 and closed June 20, was one of the
in financial results to the catchers for many
and. contrasted sharply with the preceding
‘when the tiptop prices paid made this branch
profitable one to the producer. ‘he success
ng it in 1920 was doubtless the direct cause of
added number of fishermen fitting up for it
It is commonly said that ‘you can’t tell the
-a squid’’.

, to the average man, even though he be a
man of many years standing, the mind of the
arket is quite as much of a mystery, and the ex-
ce of one season in the matter of prices is not
ll a sure guide to the performance of the next.
quantity of these tasty shellfish around our coast-
ters is of a limited character ata best, and so,
an increased number of fishermen engaged, the
ruling not much more than one-third of the pre-
y season, and the total catch quite a bit smaller,
s not strange that individual proceeds made a
hoing in comparison. The one favorable fea-
as the entire absence of any destructive storms,
spite of the fact that Easterly winds were very
alent. Consequently, there were no losses of gear,
ci will be an advantage to the fishermen when
fitting up for the season coming.

‘ he disastrous depression in the fish markets of
world which developed since the close of the war,
ibly reached its lowest level last summer, and
ably reacted on the local industry. The low
for the hard won product received by the fish-
. with the high price of bait and gear, and the
cost of living, neither of which had lowered to
appreciable extent at that time, and to make mat-
worse, the prevalence of windy weather, all com-

~

FISHERMAN

Canso’s Fish Business For 1921

—CECIL BOYD—

5d

bined to make the pickings for the summer of very
slim proportions.

Thrills of Swordfishing.

The swordfishing, which is a sort of profitable mid-
summer division in the fishing routine, combining as
it does spoirt with moneymaking, worked out fairly
well on the average, though there were a few who
failed to find them. Quite a number of craft from
western points in the province and also from American
ports, fished for a time off here, while on the trail of
the schools. Our own big boats, and those from
Dover, Whitehead, and other ports’ along the coast,
after operating for a time off the home shore, followed

>. the frisky fellows on to Cape Breton shore waters,

making their headquarters at Louisburg and landing
most of their fares there.

We have spoken of swordfishing as combining sport
with profit, for the swordfish, at his home in the
sea, for all his bulk, is as sportive and gamesome as
a salmon, and sometimes when hard drivetn and har-
ried throws in a thrill to his pursuers for good meas-
ure. The schooner Dorothy Karl, fishing out of this
port last summer, had some exciting | experiences, of
this sort. While out on the trail of the swords one
day, they encountered a scrappy school, and brought
convincing evidence back with them to back up their
story. The writer of this article was taken down in
the fo’castle, and saw with ‘his own eyes ten inches
of the end of a sword projecting through the side of
the schooner, near the bow. This was ten inches
clear of the woodwork of the vessel’s frame, (which
was 5 inches in thickness, and half hardwood), through
which it had been driven. The fish had been stuck
as usual, but instead of making off away from the ves-
sel, turned directly back in its track, and charged
straight for the craft, with such force that it pene-
trated the frame as described, and broke off its for-
midable weapon in the struggle that followed. It
was only about a 190-lb fellow at that, so the men
said, and that would be merely a bantam-weight
among the tribe, as an average one will go 300 or more.
The same trip, one of the crew of this schooner, an
old and thoroughly seasoned salt, while out in a dory
following up a fish that had been ironed, got more
¥enuine thrills injected into him than ean be obtained
from the thrilliest screen serial ever released, when
Mr. Fish, after diving, came up right beneath the-
dory, and very impolitely and thoughtlessly thrust his
sword through its bottom. So the swordfish has good
claims to be considered something of a dramatic actor,
as well as a game sport.

The mackerel and other net fishing, both spring and
fall, thtough a few fair hauls were made, was on the
whole nothing to write enthusiastically home about.
As a matter of fact, however, it is only a small mino-
rity of the fishing population tthat go in for netting
and trapping to any extent.

The fall and winter haddocking, after the miser-
able showing of the spring and summer operations,
was looked forward to as the one remaining asset to
redeem the situation, as it is normally one of the most
profitable periods of the year; but alas for fond hopes
in the uncertain round of the shore fishermen’s oceu-

56 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

pation. As too often in the past, they were handed
out a raw deal, and the Weatherman had a lot to do
with it. During the fall and winter months, when-
ever they could get a good day on the grounds, fish
seemed plentiful; but to get a decent day at all was
like snatching bones from a pack of snarling dogs.
Changeable rough weather; wind, high winds, from
this quarter, and gales from that, was the program,
week after week. A week that permitted more than
one day’s fishing came to be considered a kindly one.
One spell, there were no boats out for over two weeks.
We were told by some of the old citizen-fishermen
that the fall and finishing months of 1921 beat the
record for wind, as far back as they could reliably
recall. One week in December three good days in
succession were obtained, and this was the cream of
the catch. With New Year’s came the big blizzard,
a real record-breaker, particularly for so very early in
the winter, and this help up the boat fleet, and filled
the water with snow, which, it is thought by fisher-
men observers, must have had the effect of hurrying
the haddock schools onward, for in spite of the fact
that a spell of exceedingly mild and fine weather fol-
lowed the big storm, scarcely any fish could be found
offshore, when the fleet got out again. So that the
laying up of the shore boats was earlier this year than
for a good many previous ones, the final fishing of
any account, being ‘towards the end of December,
Boat fishermen have now stripped their craft, and
‘‘finis’? has been written to .the operations of the
year, so far as they are concerned.

Steam trawling operations out of this port during
the year have been confined to one boat, the Rayond’-
Or, owned by the Maritime Fish Corporation. When

the market became so demoralized through falling ©

prices, she was" laid up in April, at the Company’s
Wharf here,.and did not resume operations until the
first of September. After a trip to Halifax late in
August for overhauling and repairs, she went out on
the Banks, under command of Capt. Magnusson; a
very young and energetic captain, and resumed her
weekly landings, which have continued since, and so
far as known, will continue through the winter.

The various fish-buying concerns have apparently
pulled through the year in good shape. While none
have branched ont extensively, some additions and
improvements have been noted, among these being
a large and convenient fish store, and a smokehouse
completed by A.W.Fader. It was thought at one time
that the Portland Packing Company might close their
branch here, but this turned out to be a false alarm.
This firm, which has been doing business at Canso,
prineipally in lobsters, since 1882, when they bought
ont the late Alfred Ogden’s lobster cannery, will con-
tinue to operate, Mr. E.P.White of this town, and son
of a former local manager, being in charge, since the
New Year.

SMALL FRENCH FLEET THIS YEAR.

The fishing fleet at. St. Pierre the coming season
will be quite small in comparison to that of 1921.
Last season there were 32 French trawlers engaged
there. They caught about 300,000 quintals at a value
of 80 to 90 franes per quintal, which was only half
the price.of 1920. The shore fishery was too poor in
1921, and averaged only 140 quintals per dory. The
big Cold Storage Plant. erected by the French Gov-
ernment at a cost of ten million franes is still idle.
—Trade Review:

March, 1922.

A KIPPERING MACHINE.

Invention Demonstrated at. Aberdeen Attracts
Widespread Attention and May Revolutionize |
Curing Business.

A demonstration and test of a novel machine’ in
the fish-euring industry has just been completed in
Aberdeen. It lasted over an entire week, and was an
object of deep interest to the industry, few of whose
members failed to put in an appearance on one or
other of the available days.

The machine is the invention of Messrs. Truslove
& Co., marine and general engeneers, Colchester, and
was designed for the facilitating of the process of
herring splitting for the kippering trade. It was
housed in the premises of Messrs. Davidson, Ltd.,
Deeside Curing Works, where commodious and excel-
lent arrangements were made for the exhibition,

During the week the ingenious nature of the labour-

saving appliance was the subject of extremely favour-
able comment, The chief feature of the machine,
which is driven by a %4-h.p. engine, is an endless
chain, on which aluminium hinged pockets are arran-
ged at set intervals. The chain drives through what
are known as ‘‘rubbing strips,’’ clutches which seize
the aluminium pockets as they move along. In the

_ pockets the fish are placed, and when the ‘‘rubbing’’

device closes upon them the fish is automatically com-
pressed, and a revolving knife, swinging at high speed,
sweeps along, splitting the fish cleanly from head to
tail. The split herring then passes over the top end
of the chain and drops into a tray ready for cleaning.

The manufacturers: had claimed that the machine
could do the work of several hand herring splitters
in half the time, that it could be worked by inexpe-
rienced hands, and that no fish were spoiled in the
process. All these claims were more than fully borne
out.
found that the machine did the work of more than

six hand splitters, accounting for almost 3,000 her- —
rings per hour, at a cost, so far as the running of the —
machinery was concerned, of something like 1d. an —

hour. The fish were beautifully split, the invention

easily handled, and all sizes proved equally readily

adjustable to the mechanical grip of the ‘‘rubbing .

strip.’’
There could be no doubt as to:the efficieney of the

machine in the. splitting process, and on all hands ©
compliments were paid it by the representatives of —
the fish-curing industry, many of whom pointed out —
that, even were its cost equal to that of the old hand ©
process,its economic value was established by the fact

that on West and North Coast stations especially,

where the railing of large numbers of girls to the —
scene of operations, and the securing of lodgings and —
comforts for them, were too troublesome a riee .

big expenses would be avoided.
It is understood that the inventors,as the al of

the test and demonstration in Aberdeen, have in view _
further developments and improvements which will —

render the machine even more successful in all the pro-

cesses of kippering—with special attention to eclean- t

ing—improvements which will’ undoubtedly find for

the invention an indisputable footing in the yards —

of every up-to-date kipperer. Messrs. Truslove’s en-

terprise has found a ready and hearty encouragement —

in Aberdeen.—Fish Trades Gazette.—

In a test of several crans of herrings it was

“March, 1922.

out extra cost.

A. delegation representing both the Atlantic and the
cific coasts, and having the support of freshwater
fishermen as well, appeared before the Minister of
iwine and Fisheries at Ottawa on February 23 and
ented reasons why a separate department should
blished to administer our Canadian fisheries. The
Mr. Lapointe, who had with him Alex. Johnson,
ty minister of Marine and Fisheries, and W. A.
und, assistant: deputy minister of fisheries, received
party most courteously and promised to give the
r his attention at a very early date.

president of the Canadian Fisheries Association,
J. Byrne, A. H. Brittain, all of Montreal, the Hon.
. Manson, attorney-general of British Columbia,
EK. Burke, president B. C. Salmon Canners’ Asso-
n, Olaf Hanson and J. N. Sinclair of Prince Ru-
rt, and James H. Conlon, national secretary of the
dian Fisheries Association. The case was very
presented by the speakers. Two points were made
clear to the minister; first, that the delegation
representative of the entire industry, which em-
“no less than two hundred thousand people in all
rtments of the trade; and second, that the industry
in entire accord in making the request for a. fish-
‘department. It was pointed out that industrial
mmercial organizations in all parts of the country
quested the Prime Minister to introduce the re-
nd that the total membership represented in all
bodies would be much disappointed if the modest
were refused. Means were pointed out of set-
the department and at the same time not in-
g fisheries appropriation a single cent. Nat-
therefore, when the delegation parted with the
r it felt that it had established a thorough, well-
ed and forceful case. The industry wanted it,
ad it essential to its progress, and pointed out
could be done without extra expense. The mem-
t that it would be difficult to present any logical
e for not acceding to the request.
he morning preceding the visit to the minister,
mbers of the cabinet received a deputation from
iadian Manufacturers’ Association, and mem-
that group took cecasion to mention the fact
fisheries delegation was meeting the Hon. Mr.
nte in the afternoon and that the matter to be
up received the complete support and endorsa-
the Canadian Manufacturers’ Association.
¢ individual members of the fisheries delegation
introduced to the minister by D. J. Byrne of Mont-
J. A. Paulhus, vice-president of the association,
the first to speak, addressing the minister in French.
e splendidly illustrated the handicaps under whieh
industry was laboring and pointed out progressive
isures that were required to enable the fishing in-
ustry to reach its proper stage of development. Two
thousand Canadians were dependent upon
ustry for a livelihood; and every section and
unity of the trade felt that the future depended
the setting up of a separate fisheries department.
that this was the fulerum upon which the com-

embers of the delegation included J. A. Paulhus,.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN | 57

Delegation Makes Plea to Minister

Fishing Interests tell Hon. M. Lapointe how
Separate department may be set up with-

mercial industry could place their lever to elevate Can-
ada to the foremost rank of fish-producing nations. In-
cidentally, Mr. Paulhus referred to the lack of atten-
tion ministers of the past had given to fisheries mat-
ters, and he trusted that the legitimate requests of the
industry would not find their way to the waste paper
basket, which was too often the case heretofore.

F. KE. Burke, of Vancouver, was frank in stating the
attitude of the trade on the Pacifie coast. Even with
a deputy minister of fisheries, the contact with the Pa-
cific coast was not close enough; but with the present
arrangement he felt it was entirely too loose to give
effective and satisfactory service.

The Hon. Mr. Manson. followed Mr. Burke and briefly
endorsed the views previously expressed. He thought
the request was a very modest one, and considering the
widespread demand he felt the minister should realize
there must be some very good reason for wanting a
separate department.

No extra appropriation needed.

Mr. Brittain took up the practical side of the case,
pointing out. where it was possible to create a separate
department, give a more efficient administration and
satisfy and encourage the trade without incurring ad-
ditional expense. In part, Mr. Brittain spoke as fol-
lows:

‘“What we are asking is that the administrative head
of the fisheries department be a man whose sole interest
is in the fisheries. You are aware, sir, of how the
present system works out in practice. The practical
head of the fisheries administration has no access to the
minister. However the minister may be disposed, eti-
quette and custom do not permit of this direct. inter-
course. Matters must be discussed through the deputy
head of really another department, and you can under-
stand how a case loses color and effect by traveling this
course.

‘Assuming, sir, that this government is pursuing a
policy of strict economy and would be loath to ineur
additional expense by creating a separate fisheries de-
partment, we would have this to say: We are in agree-
ment with the government that at this time economy |
is absolutely essential, but it is difficult to draw the
line where economy ends and waste begins. If the ef-
ficiency of fisheries administration is to be sacrificed
and the progress of the industry hampered, would it be
an economy to refuse an additional expenditure of a
few paltry dollars? I think not. But should the gov-
ernment have decided upon a strict rule, we are in a
position to show you where the money may be obtained
without increasing fisheries appropriation a_ single
dollar.

“In the first place, the whole machinery for the
proper administration of the fisheries department is al-
ready functioning, and it only remains to place the
whole authority in the hands of the fisheries officers.
Certain officers must necessarily advance in rank and

58 CANADIAN

receive increased !emuneraticn, but sueh natural in-
creases would not exceed $7,000 or $8,000 per annum.

‘‘The policy which the gover nment had adopted in
turning over certain fishery rights to the province of
Quebee will occasion, we under stand, a saving of some
fifty thousand dollars annually, due in large measure to
the fact that the expensive operation of the ‘‘Loos”’
will be dispensed with. Furthermore, if the fishevies
protection vessels, which are now under the contre] of
the Naval Service Department, were made a part of the
fisheries fleet, the fisheries protection service and the
fisheries patrol service could be combined, making a
reduction in the aggregate cost which should per-
manently care for the increases involved in creating
a separate department and leave much to the good
besides.

‘‘These suggestions are made to you, sir, as practical
means of providing the w herewithal to take care of the
trifling expense which would result from granting our
reques’. We feel certain that you appreciate the ad-
vantage of having a separate department. As repre-
sentatives of the Canadian Fisheries Association we have
been urging the matter fer several years.
we have no axe to grind nor any individual advantage
to gain, We are interested entirely in the industry. The
Prime Minister, the Hon. Mr. King, has received messa-
ges from all parts of the country
ciations, boards of trade, chambers of commerce, ind
from various branches cf the Canadian Manufacturers’
Association. “The urgent tone of these messages and
the multitude of sources from which they have come
should serve as an indication of the general feeling of
the people. This administrative reform, we assure you,
is considered by the trade to be absolutely essential to
the future progress of the Canadian fisheries. And
denied this small concession we feel that we shall be
laboring under a handicap which may seriously hamper
us in all branches of the business:

‘(We trust, sir, that you will give immediate con-
sideration to this matter. No doubt you have many
problems confronting you at this time. This, from our
standpoint, is of the utmost importance, and we shall
be sadly disappointed if this coming session of parlia-
ment passes without some legislative action being taken
to meet our very modest wishes.’’

Mr. Byrne effectively concluded the presentation of
the case, summing up the arguments and supplemen‘ing
a few strong points. He thanked the minister for the
courteous and attentive hearing, and trusted that the
nation-wide plea for this attention to fisheries had not
fallen upon unsympathetic ears.

Since the meeting with the minister, the national se-
erctary has been urged from various quarters for in-
formation as to the success achieved. The fact of their
deep interest and impa‘ience for an early declaration
was communicated to the Hon. Mr. Lapointe, and there
seems reason for confidence that he will give the matter
prompt and earnest consideration.

STRAY COMMENTS.

A delegation from the province of British Columbia
recently appeared before the government at Ottawa
and asked among other things that an export tax be
levied on all species of British Columbia salmon, ‘‘ex-
cept in a frozen, canned, salted, smoked or eured
condition, or fresh salmon shipped in ice and ¢on
tained in boxes weighing 200 pounds or less net weight

It is patent >

FISHERMAN March, 1922.,

and designed for fresh consumption only.’’ Briefly,
the Pacifie folk do not want their raw salmon exported
to the United States to be processed and manufacture
there. If there is a demand for our western product
in the canned or eured state, they take the justifiable
attitude that all profit accuring from the trade should
go to British Columbia. It just oceurs to us that
the people of New Brunswick might give a little bit
of attention to the quantity of young herring shipped
each yéar to our southern cousins to be manufactured.
Does not the argument of British Columbia apply
there as well?

In addition to an export tax on raw salmon, the
British Columbia delegation which, incidentally, was

headed by Premier Oliver, reiterated a request that —

the fisheries of the Pacific province be administered
by a complete and generally independent unit of

organization to obviate troubles that have arisen
through having the central organization at Ottawa,
nearly two thousand miles away.

,

In connection with the sealing of Canadian frozen.
salmon in Great Britain, a correspondent to the Fish.
ing News of Aberdeen writes a very pertinent letter.
In the first place, he points out that there is no legal —
authority for the regulation. The law merely demands

that a dealer having salmon in his possession during
the closed season must prove that he secured it legiti-
mately or suffer a penalty. The sealing regulation is

imposed by Fishmongers’ Hall, and was designed
originally to free traders from the onus of responsi-
bility. Recently the sealing regulation has been lifted |
on Pacifie salmon, but it still applies to Canadian —
Atlantic salmon. The writer asks why this barrier |
to trade should be placed against his cousins in Can- —
ada, while there is no such restriction on Danish —
salmon, which is, if anything, a bit closer related to —
the British species than is the Canadian Atlantic fish.
—And we, too, ask why.

ae a,

The Honorary ‘and Advisory Council for Industrial —
and Scientific Research recently advocated to tthe
government the need of a Canadian Research Institute —
similar to those established in other countries. We
heartily agree that this is necessary. What we should ©
like to see in our industry, however, in the first place, — |
is a closer union between the fisheries administration, —
the Biological Board and other scientific branches, —
and the commercial industry. Science and commerce —
are more or less as Longfellow said about man and
woman — useless each without the other, Science —
needs close contact with commerce and industry to —

insure that its investigations and researches are of
practical value, and commerce and industry need —

science to promote development, improve efficiency, —
overcome waste, and for a hundred and one one s
reasons.

— —= — —o— oo = = ~ —

— — ——| = o- o— —= — —

CANADIAN FISHERMAN rs 59

PACIF IC COAST SECTION

EEUU YUU UU YUU YUU DD UE,

_ New Wrinkles for Fish Day.
uch credit for the public enthusiasm over National
Day in Vancouver is attributable to Frank E.
on, who was chairman of the Fish Day Committee.
worked indefatigably. The work of his commitee
‘some time before Friday 1. The work of its
ers first began to show by the news notices ap-
y in the daily papers, and these were kept up
p to Fish Day. Street-car banners appeared on
t cars four days previous to Fish Day and
on the carg continuously. The provincial gov-
t had special slides prepared to be shown in
picture theatres for five days previous to the
Speeches were made at public service organiza-
ait retail grocers, butchers and fish shops were
ed; transportation companies were asked to
Seacial fish menus, and hotels and restaurants
iso asked to do this. Delivery trucks and stores
supplied with banners and posters. An innova-
as sprung this year when three men were out-
1 in yellow oilskins with a black sou’wester on
ir head and an oar over their shoulder, and a ban-
attached telling about Canada’s National Fish
ey paraded up and down the principal bus-
ets. This attracted a lot of. comment and will
‘be a part of the future celebrations. By the
( ary 1 arrived, every one in Vancouver
fact all over the province was pretty well
on why they should eat fish on February 1.
Rupert put over a fine celebration in that
New Westminster did some special work, as
wannis Club in that city were holding a ‘fair
helped out on fish day.
were several original and interesting displays
fresh and canned fish by Vancouver merchants
ada’s National Fish Day.
prizes donated by the British Columbia Salmon
s Association were awarded as follows:
rize $25. Merritt & Beeton, 2350-4th Ave., West.
prize $15. A. & C. Grocery, 530 Granville St.,
prize $10. J.W. McTaggart & Son, Ltd., Cor.
& Robson Sts.
e two prizes awarded by the Canadian Fisheries
ation, Vancouver branch, were won by the fol-

e $25. P. Bunrs & Co., Ltd., Granville Mkt.

Pranville. St,
prize $15. P. Burns & Co., Ltd., Mainland Mkt.
Plastings St., West.

“MEAN CHANGE TO A CANADIAN
REGISTER.

should the proposed amendment to the U. S. tariff,
American fishing boats must land their fish
merican port for shipment, go into effect, there
trong talk of American boats altering their regis-

m to Canadian register. It is not sure that this

dment will go into effect, but if it should the mat-
altering registration is being discussed and with

ood reason for it. The halibut fishermen now
jout of Prince Rupert and Ketchikan, Alas-
IV er their catches at Prince Rupert and they
ped in bond to points. into the United
( d the suggested amendment go into effect,

all these fish would have to be shipped from Ketchi-
kan by ferry to Prince Rupert and then transferred to
the refrigerator cars at that point or else be shipped to
Seattle, re-boxed iced, and culled at that point, then
shipped east. Such a move on the part of the authori-
ties at Washington does not assist more than two or
three interests and the greatest number interested in

_ the fishing would be the fishermen. Those that would

benefit would be possibly the cold-storage firm at Ket-
chikan and the transportation companies, much of the
supplies now being purchased at Ketchikan by the
fishermen,’ even though they do land their eatch at
Prince Rupert.

MAY WORK BOTH WAYS.

Should the proposed tax of 8c. per pound on Can-
adian fish shipped into the U.S. go into effect, it has
been sugyested that the Canadian tax on U. S. fish be
increased from le. per pound to 3e. per pound.

Those interested in the industry on both coasts are
watching with interest the tinkering with the tariff.

District No. 2, British Columbia ‘Has New Closed

Season Regulations.

an the interests of conservation the Dominion Fish-
eries Department recently issued new regulations ex-
tending the weekly closed periods for sockeye salmon
gill-net fishing in District No. 2 as follows:

Naass River— The weekly closed period for sockeye
fishing is to be extended six hours and if the number
of gill-net licenses issued exceeds 350, an additional
six hours are to be added, making a total additional
period of twelve hours.

Skeena River.— The sockeye weekly closed season
is to be extended 6 hours, and a further 6 hours added
if the nuniber of salmon gill-net licenses for the dis-
trict exceeds 1100.

Dean Channel, — The weekly closed period for sock-
eye fishing is to be extended 6 hours, and if the num-
ber of gill-net licenses issued exceeds 100, an addition-
al 6 hours are to be added.

Burke Channel.— The weekly closed period for
sockeye fishing is to be extended 6 hours, and if the
number of gill-net licenses issued exceeds 150, an ad-
ditional 6 hours are to be added.

Fitzhugh Sound— The weekly closed period for
sockeye fishing is to. be extended 6 hours, and if the
number of gill-net licenses issued.exceeds 140, an ad-
ditional 6 hours are to be added.

Rivers Inlet. — Six additional hours are to be added
to the sockeye weekly closed period for this area, and
if the number of salmon gill-net licenses issued exceeds
1000, an additional 6 hours are to be added imme-
diately.

Smith’s Inlet. — Six additional hours are to be add-
ed to the sockeye weekly closed period for this area,
and if the number of salmon gill-net licenses issed ex-
ceeds 215, an additional 6 hours are to be added im-
mediately.

It is the intention that the 6 hours additional are to
be enforced from the first of the sockeye fishing, no
matter how many licenses are issued.

In the event of the 6 hours only being added, which
would make a total of 48 hours weekly closed period,
such will commence at, 6 P.M. Friday and continue up
to 6 P. M. Sunday. In the event of the closed period

=

60 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

being 54 hours, such period will commence at noon on
Friday and continue to 6 P. M. on Sunday.

GRAYFISH LICENSES NOT LIMITED IN BRITISH
COLUMBIA.

With the idea of assisting in the elimination of the
grayfish in British Columbia waters, the Dominion
Department of Fisheries has issued instructions that
the 1919 limit of licenses as applying to other than
white British subjects will not apply in the ease of li-
censes for the purpose of taking grayfish.

JAPS CUT HEAVILY INTO SALMON TRADE.

American and British Columbia salmon canners are
feeling the result of Japanese competition, .according
to the figures recently published on imports by Great

- Britain in 1920:—Sweden, 81 ewt.; Norway, 102 ewt.;

Germany, 87 ewt.; Belgium, 1675 ewt.; France, 8473
ewt.; Portugal, 498 ewt.; Spain, 24 ewt.; Italy, 1484
ewt.; China, 873 ewt.; Japan, 354,248 ewt.; United
States of America, 325,455 ewt.; Channel Islands, 1
ewt.; Malta and Gozo, 50 ewt.; Dominion of Canada,
156,638 ewt.; Newfoundland and Labrador, 225 ewt.
Total, 849, 944 ewt.

There were 849,944 ewt. at 112 pounds, or 95 193,728
pounds; an average of 76 pounds per case equals 1,
252,549 cases. Canadian imports were 156,638 cwt.,
or 17,543,456 pounds or 230,835 cases, which equals
18.4 per cent of the total imports.

Imports of canned fish from Japan, on a basis of
76 pounds to the case, would be 322,070 cases, or 42
per cent.

Imports from the United States were on a basis of
76 pounds to the case, being equal to 479,618 cases, or
31 per cent.

LABRADOR FISH AND ICELANDIC ‘‘STYLE’’
ON THE ITALIAN MARKET.

I recently referred to a report by the Norwegian
Consul-General at Genoa on this subject. With regard
to the assortment and packing, it is said: that the fish
both from Newfoundland and from Iceland come loose,
‘‘in bulk,’’ in the hold, without being made into bun-
dles, and thus all sizes and qualities together; it is only
exceptionally that they are in bundles. The French
‘‘Lavé,’’ on the other hand, come in bales, though not
stitched up in linen but in straw mats. The fish from
Newfoundland comprises very little large fish (diffi-
eult to sell in Italy), only some 5 to 10 per cent. of the
total weight. The vessels from Iceland carry large
fish, but it is always landed in Spain—its proper mar-
ket—on the way out. It is the smaller fish that are
suitable for ‘‘Labrador style.’’ On arrival at Genoa
the fish are sorted out according to the wish of the im-
porter and are made into bales sewed up in linen; they
are weighed after packing, and are usually between 50
and 60 kilos. each. Both the true Labrador and the
Icelandic ‘‘style’’ are assorted as follows for the Ita-
lian market: (1) large fish (Newfoundland only) ; (2)
medium fish, called ‘‘mezzano,’’ 45 to 50 centimetres
(16-18 inches); (3) small fish, called ‘‘Regolarge’’;
(4) hand fish (Haandfisk, so called in Iceland) or
‘‘Piceolissimo’’; (5) second grade fish, somewhat
dark; (6) tertia fish, tainted or damaged. KLIPFISK
in Fish Trades Gazette.

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CANADIAN

arch, 1922.
(Continued from page 47)

Denmark, valued at over £224,000; last year (when
fishery in Denmark, as elsewhere, was not so prod-
ive), the number was 4986, and the value £183 ,000.
13 there were.only 3704 of such nets, which shows
greatly this method of fishing has expanded in
ent years. Denmark has neverhad asteam trawl
hery as most ofits neighbours have had for many
The snurrevaad has taken the place of the trawl,
indeed might becalled appropriately the Danish
1, for its action is much more that of a trawl than
ordinary seine. ©

- it is a fishing apparatus which may successful-
ete with the trawl has been well proved by the
es of last year. Barred from the German

kets by the enormous fall in the value of the mark
d high railway rates, the Danes began to develop
ir connections with the markets in England, send-
thither larger and larger quantities of fish. At

ese went by the ordinary steamer routes from
, but later, in order to save freights, the cut-
an to run with their catches direct to England.
were appreciated from their excellent qual-
as they came on bare markets-it was at the

rs - the business was very profitable.

hen another step was taken. The cutters began to
; rom English ports, and in this way they gave a
cal demonstration, both to the owners of steam
ars and to trawl fishermen, of the value of the
The fishermen naturally resented this

stop to it. The trawler-owners, however, rec-
the importance of the system and saw how
re profitable it was than steam trawling.

Cheaper and More Efficient.

quires only four hands (one looks after the
but helps otherwise), and ¢an be worked at
d the expense; it captures as much fish as a
rawler in the same time, and not infrequently
d the fish bring a better price, as they are not
h knocked about and are landed sooner. Not
ve several owners arranged to procure Danish
and seine-nets, but many small trawlers and
herring drifters have been fitted out with the
lish gear and winches, and have been making prof-
» fishing. The system has, however, some disad-
es compared to steam trawling. The nets are
ighter and there is no great ‘‘ground-rope’’

1 the trawls, which enables the trawlers to work on
mparatively rough ground, for which the seine is
suited. Then in bad weather, as in most of the
ter, the motor-cutter is a poor substitute for the
verful steam vessel. Nevertheless, now that neigh-
g nations have found out the virtues of the Dan-
ar, they are rapidly adopting it. Holland, Nor-
, Sweden and Germany all now have numbers of
or eraft pursuing this method of fishing.

well worth trying it in Canada where condi-
re suitable. Any one wishing information as to
the gear can be procured, the costs, etc, should
to Mr. F. V. Mortensen, Director of Fisheries,
agen, who will be able to furnish names and

the great coal strike which tied up the steam

FISHERMAN 61
. FINISH THE JOB AT HOME,

Apropos of our editorial reference to the processing
of raw fish instead of exporting it for manufacture
elsewhere, we note that H.R.Silver, a prominent Halifax
fish exporter, made appropriate reference to the point
in adressing the Commerce Society of Dalhousie Uni-
versity recently. We reproduce a few extracts touch-
ing upon this question, and also another very live
issue—exporting on consignment.

‘‘T have referred to the bulk of the exports from
Nova Scotia as being either raw materials or semi-
manufactured products, and it is unfortunate that this
continues to be the case;.for until we have learned to
convert our raw materials into the highest form of
finished product, we will not have done our full duty.
Why should we export pulp wood in the form of logs
as they come from the forest, instead of converting
them into proper products, and thus distribute the cost
of manufacturing among our own people; or why
should we export spruce deals instead of box shook or
‘finished building material, birch deals instead of fur-
niture stock, coal and steel ingots instead ‘of ‘the
thousand and one articles of hardware necessary to
the daily existence of very civilized community
throughout the world, which is not so favorably situ-
ated as we are for their economical production, and
then use our coal to manufacture more steel. I ask
you to let our mind rest on this for a moment and
realize whaat it would mean to Nova Scotia.

‘The list might be extended almost indefinitely,
but these few items will demonstrate what I mean
and, until we have developed this principle to the ut-
most limit in our export business , we will not have
fulfilled our duty to ourselves or to our country,

which is so wonderfully blessed with a great variety
of natural products ready at hand for the benefit of
ourselves and the rest of mankind.

‘‘One of the first principles in building up an ex- -
port business is that all goods should be sold before
shipment and proper financial arrangements made
for the payment of them by the foreign buyer.

‘““When goods are shipped to a foreign agent on
consignment, that is, to be sold by him for the account
of the shipper, the shipper is practically powerless to
prevent a joss on the transaction.

‘‘The prime essential in any export business is to
ship the buyer exactly what he wants, and many good
accounts have been lost by lack of attention to this
important point. You as a shipper may think that
when a buyer orders two cheeses of 25 lbs. each, it is
the safe thing if you send him one weighting 50 lbs;
or if he orders afew casks of medium sized fish and you
do not happen to have anything but small and large
fish that you can mix them in the. casks and it will -
amount to the same thing; but-it does not, and you
tannot get away with it. There are good reasons why
he orders the 25 lbs. cheese and the medium sized fish,
and he won’t accept anything else. It must also be
borne in mind that, if you do not ship your buyer
what he wants, some one else will and you not only
lose’a customer but most probably will have the goods
refused and thrown back on your hands in a foreign
market, which always means a loss.”’

AERIAL SEAL HUNTING.

The Martinside airplane, with which Major Cotton
planned to make an aerial mail trip to Halifax, N. S.,
will be used this spring in connection with the seal
hunt. She will act as a scout, reporting the location of '

the seal patches*to the steamers engaged in the hunt.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

“oun wel Obed de
| (nut ptt

se aa : E 4
kg i =e Fm. .
it iN eG sds eee snes ie ees peaM AGREE RASH vaase

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jaan ss ans se

UNITED STATES FISH FIRMS Specializing in the HANDLING
OF CANADIAN FISH

When U Ship FISH, LOBSTERS or
SCALLOPS to the Boston Market,
FOR BEST RESULTS ship to

R. S. HAMILTON COMPANY

17 ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
FISH PIER, BOSTON, MASS.

On the Boston Market over 25 years

“ONPANY, A. E. HALLETT

=
Ae NON MU ZZ vn Vr" PANY, ios
Cc CHa RLE Wy :§ NOBLE: ce J.C we Nas NY a BROKER
cS N FRESH AND FROZEN FISH

fey

\\ 5 ys aX \} DE (UL

Corres, d.
— up phlercna he an
Ref., Corn Exchange National Bank, or any Chicago: |

FRESH CHILLED, SMOKED, SALTED LAKE AND OCEAN wholesale fish concern.

FISH OYSTERS» CLAMS || | N. Clarke St, 3 CHICAGO as

Wholesale
. FRESH AND SMOKED FISH

209-211-213 N. Union St., CHICAGO, Ill.

Phone Monroe 3623

BUFFALO,.N.Y,

W. Irving Atwood, W. Elmer Atwood, Irving M. Atwood,
President. Vice-President. Treasurer. -

2 ce AEM Ss ‘fo
See

ALL
U
eld ao ta yd _ VARIETIES
a OF THE
FINNAN HADD - SEASON

31 Boston Fish Pier

Boston, Mass.

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THE
CANADIAN

DS we ee

sa

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

GARDENVALE, P. Q., APRIL 1922 No. 4

NOTICE

Practice—Makes—Perfect

We have been manufacturing Cordage for ninety five years,
and we have spared no effort in consistently trying to better
its quality for the most exacting buyer.

To-day we are manufacturing Cordage that is better adapted
to the Fishing Industry than any other make on the marke
A trial will convince you of all we say about

“LION BRAND” CORDAGE

Also manufacturers of Manila, Sisal, Binder Twine, Jute
Cordage, Transmission Lath Yarn and twines of every des-

cription.
Made in Canada since 1825 by

Consumers Cordage Co., Ltd.

Mills at: Branches at:
DARTMOUTH, MONTREAL. TORONTO, ST. JOHN.

Tees & Persse, Limited, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, Calgary, Moose Jaw,
Edmonton and Fort William, Ont. James Bisset & Co., Quebec, P.Q.
Macgowan & Co., Vancouver, B

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

wine

KNOX’S SALMON TICKET |
“LINEN GILLNETTING — |

a

We are now in a position to supply Knox’s Salmon Ticket Quality Netting equel
strength to pre-war material, free from split knots, true to number of thread and size of

mesh,
We absolutely guarantee every pound of Netting that bears the ghons well known |
Knox label. ~ aan

Order Knox’s netting and be convinced of the better quality and more yardage per
yound than any other netting on the market.

WRITE FOR PRICES

JOHN LECKIE LIMITED

77 WELLINGTON ST. TORONTO, ONTARIO.
7 “THE HOUSE OF QUALITY AND SERVICE” 4

CANADIAN

FISHERMAN 63

—s nae

eOITORIAL ~!-

_ ~~ ——

” PIS ‘PROPERLY’ TARIFFED

MeCumber tariff measure recently presented to
_ senate is even a bit more violent than the
proposal of a year ago, and we are pleased at

an ‘Powers-that-be’ as merely a political move
cate the agricultural party at Washington which
ly developed a pronounced spirit of inde-

ssion has made us a bit high strung.
r happens it appears altogether likely that
‘business is to be ‘properly tariffed’. We can
hope for conditions as favorable to Canadian fish
‘those which have been maintained since 1913.
the trade are familiar with the terms of the
proposal, but the details of the McCumber
wall have not yet arrived. Press reports in-
vever, that, whereas Fordney was content with
tax on all fish fresh, frozen or packed in ice,
- demands two cents a pound on halibut, sal-
swordfish and one cent on all others. Press
do not furnish sufficient detail to indicate the
f alterations in other particulars but sufficient
is given to justify the statement that there are
any, ameliorations.
have already said, the whole thing may be a
; the perpetrator, in our opinion, has a poor con-
of humor. We have heard of men performing
é robbery stunts for a hoax but that sort of
y is altogether too vigorous for nervous indi-
is. We learn, too, that the McCumber bill em-
rs the president to increase the tariffs as much as
per cent at will. It looks as though our best move
‘ pesarna ee boxes of fish of epicurean
¢ The Frank E. Davis Co. of
it we flood

ee that it is due for a strenuous razz in the

A congressional election is due soon and it —

JAMES H. CONLON, Editor

But, getting serious, it looks as though we are in for
it. Undoubtedly there will be a smaller quantity of fish
sold to the states if these tariffs are introduced,—at
least, for a time. About fifty percent of our exported
fish commodities have gone to Uncle Sam. Will they
continue to go as soon as the readjustment is effected?
That is the question. Some hold the view that our fish
is required by the United States consumer, and if that
is so they will buy just the same and pay the tax. Others
hold that American fish producérs will accelerate pro-
duction and meet the entire demand. We know the
latter is impossible. For instance they have not got the
production of fresh water fish and they must look to our
sources of supply. Whether it applies to salt water pro-
duction, too, is a horse of another color and we doubt if
anyone can definitely answer the question.

But we Canadians are not the people to lose heart.
We have the most productive and most valuable fish-
eries in the world. If Uncle Sam doesn’t want to buy
fish from us, someone else will. We have no right to
complain of any U. S. fiscal policy. It’s their business.
Nor have we any justification to feel offended. But we
will do our damnedest to make up our loosess, if there
are any, in other marts of the world.

SHOULD STUDY COMPETITORS’ METHODS

On reading J. J. Cowie’s pamphlet on the dried cod
fish trade issued recently by the Department of Marine
and Fisheries we were forcibly struck with the evidently
great need for something being done to ensure the pro-
duction in Canada of a product of high quality in order
that we may keep pace with our competitors in foreign
markets. '
- As Mr. Cowie truly points out the consumption of
dried fish in large quantities is confined to a few coun-
tries to which, broadly speaking, all producing coun-
tries ship their product. And it is equally true that the
largest share of the business and the highest prices go to
those who produce fish of the most dependable size,
grade and quality. It is not surprising, therefore, to
find that the Norwegian government is bringing into
foree on the first of May this year a law which provides
for standardizing dried fish by a system of compulsory
official sorting or grading. This official inspection or
sorting is to apply to fish sold in the home markets in

64 CANADIAN

lots of over 300 lbs. as well as to fish for exportation. An

official certificate of classification will accompany each
shipment.

In view of this, especially, it seems to us that the
Minister of Marine and Fisheries would be well ad-
vised to send Mr. Cowie, of the department, to Europe
during the coming summer that he may not only renew
and add to his knowledge of Norwegian and British
methods of fishing and fish curing, but investigate at
close quarters the operation of this new Norwegian law
which is sure to affect our export trade. In the event
of some inspection system being considered advisable
for us, we would be in a position to confidently make
use of so much of the Norwegian system as will suit
our somewhat different conditions.

Apart altogether from these considerations, however,
we feel that someone should, once in a while, visit offi-
cially the European fish-producing countries to secure
first hand knowledge concerning changes and develop-
ments in either fishing methods or fish euring practices,
for the information of the industry at large.

We know of no one better able to accomplish this

than Mr. Cowie. His previous knowledge of European
fisheries and his intimate acquaintance. with ours on
all parts of the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, together
with his ability to set down his observations in clear,
forcible writing, peculiarly fit him for such an under-
taking.

SLEEPING ON THE JOB

We have carefully watched proceedings in the House
of Commons and have found very little discussion so far
on fishery matters dnd none of it constructive. Hon.
Charles Marcil threatened to start something when he
asked for information about the transfer of the admi-
nistration of Quebec fisheries to the local government,
but when the question finally came up for discussion
the details of the transaction were successfully evaded by
everyone. The most interesting development so far has
been the request from Mr. Martel, a new member. from
Nova Saotia, for all papers, documents, etc., concerning
the demand for a separate fisheries dsparunent, These
have already been brought down but up to the time of
the Easter recess Mr. Martel had not discussed the issue.

The fishing industry which has been laboring so
energetically for this obviously needed reform could have
no better one to foster its cause than the same Mr.’ Mar-
tel. He has been an officer of the fisheries service and
knows the weaknesses and shortcomings of the present
arrangement. Furthermore, he is extremely energetic
and has the gift to express himself clearly and forcibly.
We hope that he will start something. The members
from both coasts declare they are behind our request.
Lack of action, then, is due to the fact that none of them
is forcing the issue. Let those in the industry bring

FISHERMAN April, 1922.
pressure to bear upon their representatives in the hotse
and stir them into action. If the government can avoid
making the change just now it will do so, but it will be
a difficult proposition to sidestep the question with two
dozen members pressing for its attention, We must —
bear in mind that if we do not get what we are after
this session it will be more difficult to arouse the en-
thusiasm of our M. P.’s next. year.

“GOING, GOING—!”’

Elsewhere in this issue we publish extracts from a
speech made by A. L. Hager at the National Fish Day —
banquet in Vancouver. We trust it will be read in the
proper quarters as it sets forth invineibly that the
future of the halibut fishery on the Pacifie coast is
utter extinction if the present lethargic policy bec the 4
federal government is continued. vig

When it is considered that the product of the halibut —
fishery is about equal in value to that of the lobster, 4
and is exceeded only by salmon and cod, does it not seem
astonishing that something is not done to conserve itt
The burly flatfish is in a plight even more serious than
that of the sockeye salmon, for the simple reason that an
effort is made to continue the salmon species by a cer- :
tain regulating which allows parent fish to reach the
spawning grounds and perform nature’s duty of re--
production. With the halibut not even this pretense is —
made. As a matter of fact it is during the season when ;
the fish is spawning that catching seems most intensive. —
It is nothing short of a scandal that this is tolerated. It —
is shameful to contemplate the vast number of potential
halibuts aborted.

An element which makes the attitude of the govern-
ment still more difficult of comprehension is the fact
that every interest concerned with the halibut fishery
wants legislative action to perpetuate the species. It is
true that four years ago the federal government drafted _ 4
a convention with the United States providing such pro- —
tection, but it never became effective and, obviously, —
never will. But because this effort was made four years
ago, is that any reason why efforts should not continue
and still continue until ultimately something satisfactory
is achieved? Ottawa seems to be in much the frame of q
mind of a friend of ours who dropped into his tailor’ $5
and renewed a note for $100 remarking as he came out

—‘Thank God that’s paid’’.

THAT SALMON EXPORT TAX

Concerning the oft-repeated request on the part of —
British Columbia salmon canners that an embargo or an —
export duty be placed on raw salmon so that if intended
for manufacture it may be processed in this country, it
is learned on excellent authority, while a strong ease :

CANADIAN

‘and on behalf of the fishermen. In view of this cir-
umstance the Minister of Fisheries, Hon. Mr. Lapointe,
s not purpose taking any action until he has had an
portunity of investigating the issue first hand while
is on the Pacific coast this coming summer.

In the interim, however, the American government
1s fair to settle the whole controversy for us by placing
a duty of two cents a pound on all fresh salmon. This is
‘ided in the tariff revision bill, recently overhauled
the senate finance committee and reported back to
nate. Whether that will serve the purpose of
nting the export of salmon is difficult to say, but
ossible, too, that it may be a trifle more far-reach-
at is desirable.

PISCATORIAL NOTES

J. C. Elliot, distingwished lecturer, author,
r, noted food and health specialist, in the course
eture at St. James’ Methodist Church, Montreal,
ay afternoon, March 31, 1922, on ‘Foods for
Energy and Strength’’, stated that the people
h America, especially of Canada, ate far too
meat. In our use of meats, he said, he would re-
d them in the following order: Fish, Chicken,
, Belgian hare, Wild rabbit, Mutton, Beef ; and that
bacon, etc. is too heavy to eat for health.

said that fish is more easity digested spe meat
: just as wholesome.

a unusually gruesome vein of humor that
someone to publish an undertaker’s advertise-
. new fishermen’s journal recently launched in

the Minister of Marine and Fisheries gives as-
hat the transfer of the Quebec fisheries creates
langerous precedent, it is interesting to observe that
Province of British Columbia is seeking information
- the details of the transaction. We, hear, too, that*

heries-in other provinces?
iZation of fisheries administra‘ion prove a sound
considering the fact that our fisheries are not
cial property but a national asset?

Our readers will recall that in our last issue we re-
editorially to the praec’ice among a certain class
oy merican fish buyers of deliberately cheating Can-
an 1 producers. In this issue we publish-an article
nee! ning the association of Lake Erie producers to
f their fish co-operatively. We are glad to hear
enterprise: and trust that it succeeds at least in
ing the eens tactics referred to.

) wings have their ears cocked. While the Hon.’ ‘
inte-may be right i in his contention. how should .
rnment treat applications for provincial control -
And would the de-

FISHERMAN 65

FISH BRIEFS

The Newfoundland seal catch this year is reported to
have succeeded expectations, the total to date being
109,000. The Terra Nova is high liner with a total of
22 000.

The newly launcred American schooner Henry Ford,
built as a challanger for the international fishermen’s
race, went aground on Essex Bay, Mass, April 12, short-
ly after being launched and it was four days before she
was pulled off during which time she was in constant
danger of complete destruction. She will have to un-
dergo extensive repairs.

Nova Scotia’s harvest from the sea last year was
valued at $9,000,000, according to a report made by M.
H. Nickerson, fishery commissioner. The previous
year’s yield was worth $15,000,000. Big decreases were
recorded on the catch of cod and lobsters, but gains in
mackerel, halibut, sfordfish and smelts. The primary
industry employed 15,000, while several thousands
more were engaged in subsidiary industries.

The Fishmongers’ Company of London has finally
decided to discontinue the tagging of all Canadian
frozen salmon.- A certificate enclosed with each fish de-
claring its source of origin will hereafter suffice, both
for the Atlantic and the Pacific species,

Nova Scotia fisherman have decided to ask the Can-
adian government to assign airplanes to aid them in
finding fish schools, according to a dispatch from Hal-
ifax, following a plan of the seal-hunters of Newfound-
land who will use airplanes to locate seals on the ice.
The success of French experimenters in spotting shoals
of fishes from the air is cited by the Nova Scotia fish-
ermen. It is claimed that French aviators assigned to
this work by their Government were able not only to
find fish, but to distinguish the variety.

Walter D. Sweeney, of Yarmouth, N. 8., who was
arrested recently as he stepped off the Yarmouth boat
at Boston, charged with having lobsters in his posession,
was fined $48—$2 for each lobsters.

The bark Greyhound, second oldest whaler afloat,
has been lost at sea off the coast of Guinea, says a cable-
gram from St. Vincent, B. W.'I. All the crew was saved.
» The Greyhound, which has hitinted whales in every sea,
had been opentiie since’ 1920 as a packet.

. Cig ey

The schooner Bluenose, champion of the North At-
lantic fishing fleets, made a profit of $6,386 during her
first year, according to the statement submitted to the
Bluenose Schooner Company today. She cost $35,580 to
build. Her fishing voyages last summer netted $1,862,
and her profits on two freighting trips to the West
Indies were $2,020. In the Nova Scotia fishermen races
and the international races, she won prize money

‘amounting to $5,000, of which $2,503 was profit.

The Frank EK. Davis Fisheries, Ltd., has decided to
close its Yarmouth offices in the building, which it pur-
chased, on the corner of Water and Central streets, and
is putting its business under two separate heads, one of
which will be at Clark’s Harbor, with Arthur Swim in
charge of the office, and the other at Freeport and New
Edinburgh, with Ray W. Emerton, in the office.

66 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

High Transportation Beggars

April, 1922.

Industry

Lower fish values and diminished cost of hand-
ling commodity reasons advanced before
railway commission for reducing express

rates.

The transportation committee of the Canadian Fish-

eries Association has made application to the Board*

of Railway Commissioners for Canada for the removal
of the increase of twenty percent in express rates on
fish granted by the board in February 1921, and hear-
ing was set for April 20 when the express companies
are called upon to show cause why the increase award-
ed last year should be continued. There is every rea-
son why our request should be granted because fish
values have diminished since that date, sales have
been much smaller and, which is more, express compa-
nies have improved their position by reason of a dimi-
nution in freight rates upon which their payment
for hauling is based. The association has circularized
its members and hopes to secure information that will
adequately present the true situation and D’Arcy
Seott of Ottawa has been engaged to guide the case
before the commission.

Coditions in the fishing industry have altered tre-
mendously since November or December 1920 when
the express companies made the application for the
20 percent inerease and there is much available data
to prove it. One distributor in Montreal has compiled
the following yearly averages, which it appears, re-
present the situation in general:

1919 1920 1921
Haddock 5413 5.03 4.68
Steak Cod 7.61 7.03 5.36
Mackerel 5.89 4.34 3:19
Halibut 19.82 18.31 . 16.76
Salmion 20.44 20.33 18.69
Dore 13.79 16.05 14.20

On the Pacific coast, we are advised, business con-
ditions are even less favorable. Prices are down to
rock bottom and in numerous instances below the levels
of 1914. Conditions generally are very bad, this apply-
ing not alone to fish packers but to meat packers and
produce men as well. The situation has been induced,
no doubt, by the general economic reaction from the
prosperous days of the Jate war years when money

was plentiful and people were liberal, in their pur- °
The buying people throughout Canada and '

chases.
the United States are using less food.’ Unemployment
and the high cost of marketing are the chief elements
in precipitating this condition and unless some imme-
diate relief is given many people are liable to suffer
commercial extinction.

Offering Below Cost

‘‘We are offering our frozen fish’’, states a Van-
couver dealer, ‘‘at cost, and in some cases at less than
cost. While it may be argued that our fish was accu-
mulated at too high a cost I may say that such is not
the case. The average buying price of halibut for
storage purposes was less in 1921 than for a good
many years. Undoubtedly one of the principal dif-
ficulties is the continued high cost of express and
freight service.

‘‘Referring to our records I present the following

information which is correct and which may give some

food for thought in consideration of the depreciation — 1

of fish values to 1914 levels: :

‘‘Frozen Canadian haddies—In 1916 and years
previous we were able to bring carloads of finnan had-
dies from Digby, Canso, Mulgrave, Point Tupper,
Hawkesbury and Halifax on a freight rate basis of
$1.10 per ewt. This was the Halifax rate and from
the other points a small local charge was added. In
1918 we paid $2.28, and in 1921 $2.6614. We have thus
far in 1922 received three carloads at $2.46 per ewt.

‘‘Following are comparative express charges on fresh
fish from Vancouver to eastern Canadian and United
States centres.

date effective

Place rate

Chicago $2.75)

Boston . 8.00) May 20, 1916
New York 3.00)

Chicago 3.12)

Boston 3.40) Jan, 25, 1919
New York 3.40)
Chicago 3.93) 4
Boston. 4,28) Jan. 15, 1921)

‘‘F'rom the above it will be noted that the freight
rate on frozen fish to eastern Canadian cities has ad-

New York 4.28) :
Toronto 3.00) October 1, 1915
Montreal 3.00) aca
Toronto 3.40) Sept. 1, 1919
Montreal 3.40)

Toronto 4,28) May 23, 1921
Montreal 4.28)

‘The above weights are for 100 pounds, net weight,

¢

minimum twenty thousand pounds per ear.

_ “In connection with freight rates covering carload
lots of frozen fish from Vancouver to eastern Canadian __

and United States centres, prior to 1919 we were able
to reach Toronto and Montreal for $1.25 per ewt. The —
rate advanced to $1.87144 and then to $2.50. : Ey:

‘‘Prior to 1918 we were able to ship carload lots of
frozen fish to Chicago and the cities of the middle west —
for $1.25 per ewt. In 1918 this rate advanced to $1.5614
and later to $2.0814.

‘Prior to 1918 we were able to ship earload lots
of frozen fish to Boston, New. York and other cities
in the east for $1.50 per ewt. In 1918 this rate ad-
vaneed to $1.871% and in 1920 to $2.50.

‘Freight rates are figured on the gross weight, or
fish plus paper, boxes, ete.

pounds.

The minimum freight al- a
lowance has also been increased from 24,000 to 30,000

April, 1922.

buy.

Halifax—tThe fact that Nova Scotia has sent to the
ng fishing a large fleet of bankers than in any year
e the war indicates that this branch of the fishing
dustry considers the outlook for the year decidedly
rable. A further encouraging sign is that the
fishermen are preparing for an active season.

ifax fish merchants are inclined to take an op-

Since the first of the year the prices of salt fish

(Continued from previous page)

eed exactly 100 percent whereas the advance in
states has not been so great.
Icing and salting en route charges on both east-
id and westbound freight have advanced tremen-
‘and in greater proportion than have express
id freight rates.’’
The writer concludes his letter as follows: ‘‘Now
t can be done under such conditions to get our
le to eat more fish and to further capitalize one
‘janada’s great national resources? Some business
‘suggest that the government at Ottawa should
by a broad, comprehensive advertising campaign
the absorption of a portion of freight and express
es. In brief, to give a little less attention to
ure and a little more attention to fisheries.’’
Another Angle of Question
figures from the Montreal and Vancouver mer-
izers have been given to illustrate that the fish
are in many eases back to 1914 levels whereas
ortation charges are as high as a hundred per-
more than they were six years ago. Does that

her point from the standpoint of the express com-
mies which must be observed. Since the increase
1921, operating costs have diminished appreciably.
thermore the cost of hauling express is based on
shtage insofar as the Dominion Express is con-
erned, the express company paying to the C. P. R.
e and one half times first class rate. Now since
1921 increased freight rates have dropped 7.4 per-
so that the Dominion express is required to pay
t much less to the C.P.R. As a matter of fact there
no justification for this scheme of paying one and
half times first class rate, as has been pointed out
he railway commission upon former occasions. The
nadian National Express arrangement with the pub-
icly-owned railways is to pay one-half of gross re-
eipts, which is the scheme in universal practice.
h the Dominion Express and the C. P. R., which
really one and the same institution, it is merely
transfer of money from one branch to the other
he fact is that the C. P. R. is taking too high a
from its express branch, thus enabling the latter
ut on a poor mouth before the commission. ©
This, in a general way, is the case as we see it, and
sented to the commission in that form we see no
| why our request should not be granted. Even
iping out of the twenty percent express increase
an much to the consuming public. It will be
ement in the right direction.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

_ Outlook For Fish Trade Brightens
: Old stocks almost cleaned out and merchants

anticipating return to normal conditions
this year — Markets in better position to

le view of the immediate future of the fish bus-

2 a square shake to the industry? And there is

67

By Colis McKay

have been firm, and in most eases have advanced ;
something very unsual, and indicative of good market
prospects.

Comparatively few Canadian merchants now have
salt fish in any quantity in stock. Newfoundland is
in the same category. About the only fish producing
country having salt stocks of any importance on hand
appears to be Norway, which was unable to make its
usual sales to Spain, owing to the prohibitive tariff
adopted as a reprisal by Spain for the loss of her
wine market in Norway. ‘

Last year the production of salt fish in Canada and
Newfoundland was comparatively small, and the mer-
chants who last fall were carrying hundreds of thou-
sands worth of stock in fear and trembling sold out
sooner than they expected. Some merchants now
wish that they had held on longer, as they would have
been able to command better prices. Other factors in
the situation indicate a prospect of a good demand for
fish at firm prices; and the fish business having been
one of the first to go to pieces may very well be the
first to recover. In France and Norway the fishing
business as a whole last year was unsatisfactory ; both
these countries are handicapped by the possession of
expressive craft and gear, acquired at peak prices, and
they are more likely to curtail than to enlarge their
fishing operations this year. Another consideration
is the possibility of the Genoa Economic Conference
devising some scheme to make Russia an effective
factor in the world’s markets. Before the war Russia
offered one of the greatest markets for fish; and if
some arrangements is made whereby Russia is en-
abled to absorb fish again, European competition in
the markets with which Canada and Newfoundland
are mainly concerned should be negligible in the near
future.

Again, an improvement in general business condi-
tions is about due. Some business men are prophesy-
ing a return to normalcy. Of course, there is no such
thing as normaley. Since 1825, the industrial and
commercial world has moved in cycles—periods of
progress and general prosperity alternating with pe-
riods of stagnation and depression. ‘The war inter-
rupted the cycle; the Russian Revolution, and the Rus-
sian famine accentuated the depression when it recur-
red. The general opinion seems to be that the nadir
of the depression has been passed. The general bus-
iness recovery is not likely to be rapid, owing to the
huge burden of war debts, but any recovery will help
the fish business. One of the effects of the depression
was to reduce the price of meats, and this affected
the demand for fish in this and other countries. At
present the farmers and cattle raisers, are not re-
ceiving prices calculated to encourage them in raising
meat animals; and the prospects are that in the near
future the production of meats will decline, and prices ~
increase. This will tend to increase the demand for
fish.

Again, Cuba and other tropical countries are likely
to be the first to recover from the effects of the gen-
eral depression.

68 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

April, 1922.

Walker by Name; Hustler by Nature

Interesting biographical sketch of Stanford

J. Walker

alists in country.

Born within a stone’s throw of the first fish hatchery
operated by the Canadian Government, and of which his
father was at the time superintendent, brought up in its
environment, later to make fish breeding his life work,
there is probably no individual on this continent who has
as much practical knowledge and experience on the sub-
ject of fisn culture as Stanford J. Walker, Ottawa.

Mr. Walker, although his worth is well- known and
appreciated by those connected with fish cultural oper-
ations in Canada, has not received the introduction to
the world of artificial fish breeding to which his ability
and experience entitle him. But the fault les with that
peculiar quality ‘of human nature, so strongly pro-
nounced ir him, of shunning publicity. His work at the
present time is the inspection of fish hatcheries and the
supervision of egg collection, which takes him each year
over the major portion of the Dominion. To attempt to
induce M1 Walker to recount, in the manner of an in-

terview, his early experiences and associations in con-.

nection with the work of fish breeding, would be as fu-
tile as to try to wheedle Woodrow Wilson into a discus-
sion on United States foreign relations.

The writer, who for some years has been connected
with Canadian fishery ma‘ters, and familiarly acquain-
ed with Mr. Walker, was induced to write this brief bio-
graphy by 4 little incident which occured when he visit-
ed Mr. Walker’s office in Ottawa a few weeks ago. Over
his desk is 1 large painting of the first fish breeding es-
tablishment operated by the Federal Government, at
Neweastle, )ntaric. The work is by H. Shrapnel, A. R.
C. A. 1884 It is a work of art and is wonderfully true

in detail. Being somewhat interested in art and also in .

fishery topies, the writer asked Mr. Walker some ques-
tions about xt. This apparently touched the strings of his
heart for he inadvertently divulged information which I
never before heard escape his lips.

‘‘That’’, he said, pointing to a spot on the picture, ‘‘is
the place where I was born—yjust over the brow of that
hill’’. Undoubtedly the picture awakened recollections
of his childhood, and the writer takes occasion to apolog-
ize if he tonk advantage of this sentiment to acquire ad-
ditional information concerning him.

Let me first describe the oil painting. In the fore-
ground cattle are browsing. To the left and farther back
is the fish Xatchery located on a stream, with nursery
ponds adjaeent. A gently sloping hill forms the back-
ground, and over the crest in the distance is the town of
Neweastle,

Eight or ten years before Mr. Walker had his introdue-
tion to this world of ours, his father, John Walker, went
to Neweastle to superintend the work of egg collection
and nurture, in the first government hatchery operated
in Canada Some years before this Samuel Wilmot, a
prosperous resident of Newcastle, who was exceedingly
interested in the study of fish life, began experimenting
in the cellar of his home with fish eggs. He removed and
fertilized salmon trout eggs, put them in clay pans, ar-
ranging a eonstant circulation of water through them,
and in due course they showed signs of development.
The first year, however, Mr. Wilmot made a fatal error.

, one of best- informed fish cultur-

e

He picked over the eggs to select the good from the bad
just as every hatchery man must do to-day. But in sep-.
arating the ehaff from the wheat he kept the chaff and
destroyed the wheat. His mistake was soon apparent and
the next year and succeeding years, instead of keeping
the white egzs he dumped them, and retained the trans-
lucent ones The humor of this mistake will be appre-
ciated by men associated with fish cultural work to-day.

Mr. Wilmot, enthused over the success of his experi-
ments, prevailed upon the Government to take up the
work, ‘and about the year 1873 the Neweastle fish hateh-
ery was built.

STANFORD J. WALKER

During these years when Mr. Wilmot was experiment-
ing, Mr. John Walker was operating extensive plaster —
mills in St, Rocks, Quebec. He had contracted to furnish —
plaster for use in the construction of the parliament —
buildings, but unfortunately a strike on the boat on —
which he was depending to transport the plaster. occa-
sioned him serious financial loss. Just at that time the —
Neweastle hatchery project was launched and he was ~
prevailed upon to take up the work. He remained at —
Neweastle until 1890, and during that period his work
accounted for considerable progress in the science. Re-

taining ponds were built to keep the fry after they had _
hatched, to watch their grewth, and also to demonstrate

the practicability of retaining the fry. Experiments
were conducted with fish food, and it was discovered
that beef liver was the most suitable. These and other
equally valuable investigations were instituted and car-
ried on there.

Laid Foundation Early

In 1882 Stanford J. Walker, the subject of this biogra-_ ;

phy, was born. During his childhood years. he played
about the hatchery, and. his early interest in the work

CANADIAN

from St. Pierre.

_ While the results of the fisheries-of France as a
whole were disappointing last year, the French
id Bank fleet is reported to have done very well.
fleet was small enough compared with pre-war

(Continued from previous page)

» him almost a constant fixture there. The basis of
owledge was early laid,—and it was invaluable,

al experience.
and close connection with the progress of fish breed-

1890 Mr. Walker, Sr. came to O‘tawa and opened
e fish hatchery there. It was located at the corner of
een and O’Connor streets, on the very site now occu-
the monumental Hunter building in which the
Department is housed. Soon other establish-
rang up in Quebec and Ontario, and the work
rapid progress. Mr. Walker’s valuable contribu-
to the science received material appreciation in the
years of his work when the Dominion Govern-
’s fish breeding exhibit at the World’s Fair in
was awarded the gold medal.

‘anford Walker’s entrance into the civil service
employ of the fish cultural branch was largely ac-
_ He had had a hankering for it, but his father
too highly enamoured of the civil service as a
and attempted to dissuade him. In 1900 a ship-
‘one million salmon trout eggs was received at
from Georgian Bay. Mr. Walker, Sr. was away,
vas found that the assistant he had left behind
‘sufficiently experienced to look after them. It
that the subject of this article volunteered to
ge. Already half the shipment had been lost,
laboring night and day Mr. Walker managed to
‘balance. His success on this occasion brought
to closer contact with the federal officials, and he

itely became attached to the service, working in
operation with his father, until the latter died in

nee the year 1908 Mr. Walker has been inspecting
ries throughout Canada and during that time he
many establishments and instructed new officers
work. He has also introduced numerous innova-
hatchery equipment, the most recent of which is
lua*ed incubating jar which facilitates the measur-
eggs. In every way he has been faithfully carry-
1 the work so successfully inaugurated by his father
y half a century ago. He has been intimately con-
d with the science of fish culture practically since
inception in Canada. His first interest was in the
eastle establishment, —the great experiment,—and
there are thirty-six such hatcheries and eleven sub-
ies sca‘tered across the country, all of which he
en come into being. Undoubtedly none has contri-
more to the advancement of the science in Canada
Mr. Walker and his paternal predecessor.
Walker has an intense interest in the subject and
putation for sincerity and frankness, along with
ual capacity for work. In addition he has a
faculty. for story-telling. He is today approach-
: oo year:

European Fleets to Banks Grow Again

French fleet much smaller than that of pre-
war days, however — None operating now

Few, if any, have had such cons- |

FISHERMAN 69

days, but was considerably larger than the previous
years. Since the war the number of vessels crossing
from France to fish on the Grand or Lesser banks
off the coast of Newfoundland have been:

Sail Steam
1919 65 44
1920 73 81
1921 96 26

While the number of steam trawlers shows a fal-
ling off the total tonnage of these craft has not been
greatly decreased, because large trawlers have taken
the place of smaller craft.

The Island of St. Pierre which at one time owned a
eonsiderable fleet of fishing vessels did not fit out
a single craft for the banks. All the fishing done by
the native population of St. Pierre is now carried on
by motor boats.

The Freneh steam trawlers operating in western
waters did little during July and August, but made
fine catches later, and are reported to have been
fairly satisfied with the season as a whole. The sgail-
ing vessels had a particularly favorable season, doing
much better than in 1920—a fair year. Nearly
all had a good crossing in the spring; most were able
to return to France in August with full catches; and
they next returned in September. Some landed big
catches at St. Pierre, and then filled up again before
returning home. In the squid season most of them
operated on the Grand Banks, south of the Virgin
Rocks. Those which tried the Bank of Saint Pierre
earlier had good luck. |

Most of the steam trawlers operated on the south-
ern part of the Grand Banks. Others tried Middle
Ground,Cuerean, and St. Pierre banks with varying
success.

Fifty Portuguese Bankers ,

In 1921, Portuguese sailing vessels to the number
of fifty engaged in the Grand Bank fisheries, as comp-
ared with thirty in 1920. They arrived on the banks
somewhat later than the French vessels, anid: also re-
turned home later. They worked only on the Grand
Banks, mostly north of the Virgin Rocks. Their catches
were in general very satisfactory.

While the French did well on the Grand Bank
trips their vessels engaged in the Icelan 1 fisheries had
a very poor season. Twenty-nine stea. trawlers and
eighteen sailing vessels were engaged in the Iceland
venture. The catch as a whole was small, but the
fish of an excellent quality. Bad weather interfered
greatly with the fishing especially during the first
trip. The steam trawlers, of course, did not suffer
so much on this account as the sailing vessels did.

Before the war France had forty-seven steam trawl-
ers and sixty-six sailing vessels engaged in the Ice-
land fisheries, as compared with twenty-nine and eight-
een respectively in 1921.

In the six years preceding the war France sent
across the Atlantic an averge of 226 sailing vessels to
the fishing, while St. Pierre outfitted a local fleet
averaging forty-three sail. In that time the number of
French steam trawlers crossing the Atlantic had in-
creased from eight to twenty-five.

70 CANADIAN FISHERMAN
Extinction of Halibnt the Only Outcome ~

A. L. Hager points out why valuable species
cannot endure under present conditions —
Everyone wants closed: season.

Speaking at a banquet in Vancouver in celebation of

National Fish Day, A. L. Hager, president of the Can-
adian Wisheries Association, reviewed at considerable
length, the regrettable situation in connection with the
Pacifie halibut resources and demonstrated quite con
clusively that unless effective measures are taken at
once the future of this remunerative branch of the
fishing industry is in grave peril, Mr. Hager, having
been interested in the halibut business for many years,
is intimate with the true conditions, and what he says,
merits the closest and most serious attention. Here-
with we reproduce his remarks:

You are all more or less familiar with the continual
decline in the halibut fisheries in the North Pacific
waters, and this decline is far more serious than is an-
parent, even to those engaged in this particular branch
of onr industry. The annual tonnage of halibut taken
from North Pacifie waters makes good reading, but
the tannage shows so well because of the fact that new
areas are being fished, and fishing vessels are going
further afield to virgin grounds each year. We can
probably do nothing to avoid an annual shrinkage in
tonnage because of the fact that modern fishing vessels
and modern methods can eatch the halibut faster ‘
the fish can grow. We learn that the halibut is twelve
vears old before it can reproduce.

An authority tells us that the continental shelf. or
the 100-fathom mark, extending from Astoria to the
Behring Sea, gives us a total fishing area for halibut
equa) to less than the North Sea fishing area. From
this you will see that our halibut fishing banks are
not as extensive as is generally believed, and some of
you may be surprised to learn that halibut fishing
vessels travel from Seattle or Vancouver a distance of
2000 miles to make a catch. Figure the return distance
and vou have a voyage longer than from Victoria to

Halifax.

Abont 1912 halibut fishing vessels ventured as far
north as Yakutat, Alaska, a distance of 1200 miles from
Seattle, which up to that time was the farthest north
that, halibut had been taken in commercial quantities.
It is in reference to the fishing banks of Yakutat and
Yakataga that I desire to particularly dwell this
evening. These banks are approximately 600 miles
north and west of Ketchikan, Alaska. which latter
city is approximately 600 miles from Seattle. These
banks are therefore approximately 700 miles from the
port of Prince Rupert, and under present day fishing
arrangements they are considered quite near. After
one or two trips of fish were taken from these banks
it was easily discernible that they were what is known
as “‘spawning”’ fish, and were in poor condition. Since
that date the halibut in waters closer to the shipping
ports have been pretty well cleaned out, with the result
that during the winter months the halibut fishing fleet
centres on this bank, I have personally never visited

branches many, many millions of thése fish. Many

poorest kind of trash. The heads of the halibut ¢

April, 1922.

e

this fishing area, hut my company has handled at i
Ketchikan, Prinee Rupert, Vancouver and Seatt

millions of pounds of these fish have’ come under my —
personal observation and examination at Vancouv

Spawning Fish unfit to use

We know as an ictual fact that every halibut tak
from this great spawning area assists most materia
in the extermination of the supply. When fishe
stick a knife into the belly of the fish for the pu
of dressing it, the spawn and milt just pour out.
fish themselves are really unfit for use and are

large, the napes and pokes are flabby, and the flesh
the fish little more than skin and bone. I term
the crime of crimes to permit this fishing to continu
About the time these fish were first taken I appea
to the authorities for a closed season and to prohi
the catching of al) halibut in all areas for, say, a thr
months’ period each year. A scientific investigati
was made by Professor Thompson under authori
from the British Columbia Government, and his y
was most valuable, In the meantime the years roll
by and April 1918 the International Fisheries
mission appeared jn the cities of the North Pacifi
hear evidence in connection with several matte
International concern. I appeared before this ¢o
mission at its sitting in New Westminster in early Mav
1918, and made the best plea that I was eapa’
making in behalf of a closed season. I pointed out he
necessity of enacting legislation that would forbid t
landing of any halibut in any port in Alaska, Unit
States, or Canada, caught during the three wint
months. It is apparently improper and not feasible for
one country to adopt a closed halibut fishing season
without the other doing likewise. Practically
halibut caught are taken beyond the three mile li
and if American and British vessels alone were °
hibited from catching halibut during the winter mon
then it would be an easy matter for a vessel of s
other nationality fo operate and defeat the object
the closed season The only practical way there
would be the way suggested. Baka
Now what was done? A treaty known as the Con
vention between the United States and Great Britain
having reference to the regulation of fishing in f]
waters contiguous to the State of Washington and —
the Fraser River basin was submitted to the Canadis
and United Stater governments. This treaty was r
cently withdrawn from the United States Senate
President Harding. The other portion of the trea:
is known as the Treaty between the United States ar
Great Britain concerning port privileges and deals with
the halibut fishery and the tariff on fresh fish. '
treaty, I understand,-is still under negociaton. Un-

5

2 7 April, 1922.

~ fortunatly this proposed treaty deals with a variety of
bE matters some of which are decidedly cotentious. I am
__ of the personal opinion that this treaty will never be-
come effective, and that we are only wasting further
E iq time by waiting.

Everyone Wants Closed Season

Let us examine the proposed closed season for halibut
fishing and see how the men interested feel about it.
Tt will prove a surprise to you to know that every
_ producing and distributing concern in Alaska, Brit‘
2 Columbia, Washington and Oregon are in favor of a
- closed season; that every supply house, that every
mpany operating halibut fishing vessels, that the fish-
ing vessel ownerg association composed of over 90%

acific waters, and that every branch of the Fisher
n’s Union on the Pacific Coast. are strongly in favor
the proposed closed season. Here we have an un-
cdntd situation of everyone concerned being un-
nimously in favor of a conservation measure.
IT may tell you that a few days ago at the invitation
the Fishing Versel Owners’ Association I addressed
largely attended meeting and at the conclusion of
ame every vessel nwner present, some forty in number.
signed a petition to discontinue further fishing this
yinter until Mareh 15. The Deen Sea Fishermen’s
nion passed an nnanimous vote in favor of a closed
son. The association has already prepared an agree-
t and is now securing signatures whereby all fish-
ing vessels operating in North Pacific waters irrespect-
of nationality will suspend fishing next winter
mo november 15 to February 15. Was there ever be-
within your knowledge such a situation?
To give you conerete figues supplied by the Dominion
vernment as to the quantities of halibut taken during
the winter monthe I submit the following :
During the month of November in 1919, 888,000
pounds; in 1920, 2.169.000 pounds; in 1921, 3,133,100
pounds. In December 1919 1 404,400 Ibs. ; 1920, 906,000

bs.; 1921, 2,326. 400 Ibs. In January "1919, 959,700
.; 1920, 899,600 Ibs. In January of this year just
sed the "figures are not complete, but 2,000,000 lbs. of
ibut were landed last week alone—in the last week
Ja wary.alone And every one of these fish was a
spawning fish.
_ Tt has been some eight or nine years since I first
endeavored to seeure a Halibut Closed Season, and it
has— been four years since the International Fisheries
y ions at in Pacific Coast cities and took
nee, and I regret to say that nothing whatever
een done up to this moment.

~The ‘Company that I represent engaged in producing
and distributing fish principally Halibut for over fifty.
four continuous years.
“organization and aur capital employed I believed I can
fairly expect you to accept my statement when I say
that we are most vitally interested and thoroughly
Halibut.

?

_ Sardine Supplies used up |

A Sardine eanners of Maine are feeling optimistic
about the sardine pack this year. Last year’s output
_ was rather short and there is now no surplus on hand.
ee presnn opened April 15.

all of the independent vessels fishing for halibut in.

With our organization and our

_ Sineere in our en@eavours to perpetuate the supply of ©

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 415

Harvest of the Sea

By A. B. Klugh

The ‘‘Harvest of the Sea’’ is 1 phrase which has
frequently been used in referring 10 the fish and other
marine organisms which are brought ashore for man’s
consumption, but it is only within very recent years
that any definite knowledge has been obtained of the
productiveness of the sea which makes this harvest
possible. Yet a knowledge of the productivity of the
sea is of considerable economic importance, since it is
the only real basis for intelligent regulation of fishery
operations and for all efforts to maintain an undimin-
ished supply of marine products.

It can readily be seen that it is no easy matter to
estimate the productivity of the sea, since all such di-
rect methods as are used in estimating the yield of
the land are naturally out of the question. In the
case of the sea the estimates are based chiefly on
quantative plancton investigations and on commercial
fishery statistics. ;

Before any idea can be obtained of the productivity
of the sea it is necessary to have some conception of
the nature and importance of the planeton. The word
plancton is a collective term for all the minute free-
Swimming and free - floating organisms found in water.
Most of the plants and animals which make up the
plancton are microscopic. We look out over the ocean
and we are likely to regard it as a ‘‘waste of waters’’.
but as a matter of fact it is nothing of the kind, it is
a ‘‘sea of life’’, every drop of which has its vegetable
and animal inhabitants. The plants of the plancton,
chiefly the peculiar little plants with shells of silica
known as diatoms, are the ultimate basis of all life
in the sea, just as pasturage is the basis of all life on
land. Just as we say ‘‘all flesh is grass’’, so we can
quite as truly say ‘‘all fish are diatoms’’, for if we trace
the chain of food- relations of fishes backwards we
find that one fish may eat another, this fish may feed
on still smaller fishes, these in turn on small erusta-
ceans, which live on ‘the plants of the planeton. If
the chain leads us through other organisms, such as -
the shell - fish, we arrive ultimately at the same funda-
mental food - souree—the plancton. The plants of the
plancton, then, are the ‘‘pasturage of the ocean’’,

Biologists have accumulated a considerable mass of
data concerning marine plancton, especially in regard
to the North Sea and the Baltic, and some very in-
teresting estimates of the amount: of food - substance
produced annually by the plancton have been made.
Thus Hensen has shown that in the Baltic the plancton
produced 150 grams of dry organic matter per year
for each square metre of sea surface.

Fishery statisttics show that in one year 951,900 tons
of fish were caught in the North Sea, this yield being
at the rate of 15 pounds per acre. In the ease of inshore
fisheries the yield is greater, being 79 pounds of fish
per acre for Morecombe Bay on the west coast of
England, representing a value of about $4 per acre,
while the mussel fisheries of the same locality bring
in a revenue of about $70 per acre.

It is interesting to compare the amount of flesh pro-
duced per acre on cultivated land and in the sea.
Bliebahn states that an average of 66.8 pounds of beef
are produced per acre. ‘The inshore fisheries of More-
combe yield 71.2 pounds of flesh per acre, while the
mussel beds produce 6400 pounds per acre per annum.

72 CANADIAN

Does Giant Squid Explain Serpent Yarns? 2

Authority tells of peculiar characteristics of
monster sea dweller and deals with serpent

stories.

Squid swimming at surface of water

By A. B. Klugh

The belief in the existence of sea-serpents is of
great antiquity. Aristotle, writing about B. C. 320,
mentioned serpents on the coast of Libya which upset
vessels, Plmy tells of some encountered in the Persian
Gulf which were thirty feet in length, and among the
Norwegians, Swedes, Danes and Finns the existence
of a sea--monster of prodigious size, known as the
Kraken, was believed in for many centuries,

Coming to comparatively recent times we have num-
erous records of the appearance of sea-serpents.
Egede, known as the ‘‘Apostle of Greenland”’ says,
‘‘On 6th July, 1734, there appeared a very large and
frightful sea monster, which raised itself so high out
of the water that its head reached our main-top. It
had a long, sharp snout, and spouted water like a
whale; and very broad flippers. The lower part was
formed like a snake. After some time the creature
plunged backwards into the sea, and then turned its
tail up above the surface, a whole ship’s length from
the head.’’ In 1809, Mr. McLean, the minister of
Eigg, in the Western Isles of Scotland, said that he
had seen, off the Isle of Canna, a great animal which
chased his boat as he hurried ashore to escape it,
and that it was also seen by the crews of thirteen fish-
ing boats, who were so terrified that they fled to the
nearest creek for safety. In 1817 a huge marine an-
imal, having the appearance of a serpent and various-
ly estimated to be from fifty to one hundred feet in
length, was reported from Gloucester Harbour, Mass.
In May, 1833, a party of British officers crossing
Margaret’s Bay, off the coast of Nova Scotia, saw at
a distance of two hundred yards, ‘‘the head and neck
of some denizen of the deep, precisely like that of a
common snake in the act of swimilming’’ and estimated
its length at eighty feet. Three residents of Christan-
sand, Norway, in 1847, reported a marine animal
‘‘about six fathoms long, the body as round as a ser-
pent’s, and two feet across’’. In 1848 the captain,
and some of the officers of H. M. S. Daedalus, saw in
the Atlantie ‘‘an enormous serpent, with head and
shoulders kept about four feet above the surface of
the sea, sixty feet of the body being visible, the body
being about sixteen inches in diameter, dark brown
in colour and yellowish-white about the throat’’. In
1857 the captain of the Castilian reported a sea-ser-
pent with a head eight feet in diameter seen off St
Helena. In 1875 the officers and crew of the bark
Pauline saw a sperm whale which was ‘‘gripped around
the body with two turns of what appeared to be a
huge serpent. The serpent twirled its victim round
and round for about fifteen minutes and then sudden-
ly dragged the whale to the bottom, head first’’, and

?

in the same year Lieutenant Haynes of the Royal

FISHERMAN

_ of sea-serpents, of which there are many more,

‘those who believe that such an animal exists

-of more recent geolgoical periods, and neither

April, 1922,

Yacht Osborne reported a marine monster off Gib
tar, seeing ‘‘the head, two flappers and about, thi
feet of the animal’s shoulder’. In 1905 two ger
‘men on the yacht Valhalla reported that off the coe
of Brazil they saw ‘‘a great fin about six feet lon
standing up out of the water, and than eam x
front of the fin a turtle-like head shot up on a
eel-like neck”’.

Imagination or Reality

Aa

The above are some of the reported appeara:

those mentioned are typical. Now is there, or is th
not, such an animal? Opinion is much divided on t
matter. First, there are those who scoff at the id
and who deride all such reports as due to an ov
active imagination or as fabrications. But before
adopt such an attitude we must bear in mind that
persons who have made these reports were men
customed to the usual sights of the sea, and that
were men of integrity and sincerity. Next, there

that it is one of the huge reptiles, such as Plei
which has survived in the depths of the ocean
the secondary geological period. Such a theoded an-
not be banished as an impossibility, but the proba-
bilities are strongly against it in view of the fact thé
no remjins of any of these animals occur in the 1

‘any remains been cast up on the shores of any of
oceans. Thirdly, there is the view of Dr. Ouder
that it is a huge mammal closely allied to Zeugle
of the tertiary period, which had a small head,
neck and more or less whale-like body. This. i (
it must be remarked, is founded on the sum of
recorded appearances of sea-serpents, and not on @
specimens or. remains. Finally, there are those wl
believe that all the records of sea-sepents can be
counted for by the appearance and habits of s
known animal,

Some of the vesords | are, in all probability, foun
on the well-known habit of porpoises of swimmin
line, and leaping from the water, thus furnishing
vertical undulations which suggested serpentine m
tion, though it must be noticed that the movement
the body of a snake is from side to side and not 4
and down. ;

Giant Squid The Explanation

The animal, however, which undoubtedly forms t
basis of most of these records is the Giant Squid.
early days the existence of these creatures was wu:

CANADIAN

; Keating, fishery overseer at Egerton, P. E. 1.,
tes to the Canadian Fisherman an interesting
s the mysterious home of the mackerel when
isappear from our shores. Mr, Keating has
me practical observations of the mackerel, too,

| Continued from previous page

FPernetty, describing a voyage made in
apparently the first to mention these gigan-
fish The Danish naturalist Steenstrup in
sibed a Squid with a body twenty-one feet
tentacles eighteen feet in length. In 1861
steamer Alecton encountered a Squid with
s'xteen to eighteen feet long near Tene-
he crew succeeded in roping it, but the
rough the body near the hinder end and
was secured, Since that time many spec-
ese Squids have been obtained, and the
y attain may be judged from the fact that
fifty-two feet in total length, and another
feet long, were stranded on the coast. of
nd and that about a thousand pounds of
for bait from one found dead near the

of Sweden. Iceland, Ireland, Chili, New
Alaska, and in the Indian Ocean, showing
distribution is practically world-wide.

etly the appearance of one of the Giant
aming at the surface of the water would
st of the descriptions of sea-serpents was
‘until careful studies were made of the
ome of the smaller species of Squids. When
@ the Squids propel themselves backwards
st of a stream of water from the siphon,
‘points in the contrary direction to that
: animal is going. The tail, therefore,
vance and the body tapers towards this.
‘at the surface in calm weather, and ‘it is
thai practically all accounts of the appea-
‘sea-serpents refer to the fact that this was
on of the weather. The arrow-like tail
t of the water, and as it. precedes the rest
, moving at the rate of several miles an
of course, looks to a person who has never
‘an animal going tail-first at such a speed, like
e’s head. The appearance of this ‘‘head”’
in accordance with the lateral fins being seen
ile or in showing more or less of their flat ex-
‘he elongated tubular body gives the idea
-neck -and the upper tentacles, floating In
lations behind, resemble a serpentine body, while
rrent stream, pouring aft from the siphon, 1s
mistaken for an indefinite prolongation of

of these facts it seems altogether probable,
practically certain, that the Giant Squid Is
mal whieh has for ages figured as the ‘‘sea-

s. Other specimens have been found off.

FISHERMAN aa 7B

~ Mackerel Migrations

Some interesting observations and theories
advanced by fishery officer.

but his speculation as to their whereabouts when they
are not visible, at least merits the credit due to origin-
ality. We have not heard scientists advance a simi-
lar opinion, and, inasmuch as the mackerel have never
been followed to their lair, Mr. Keating’s explanation
seems to have as much to commend it as any yet ad-
vanced. Mr. Keating writes as follows: (Ed. of C. F.)

_ There is much discussion and difference of opinion-
at present regarding the movements of mackerel dur-
ing the annnal migrations from somewhere in south-
ern waters, toward the Gulf of St. Lawrence. I use
the expression ‘‘somewhere in southern waters’’ be-

~eause a definite location has never been stated and,
_in fact, is not known. We are told it is off Cape Hat-

teras, and that covers a lot of ground, or water, rather,
but I have seen mackerel far south of Hatteras, and
so far from *and as to be outside of any shore move-
ments.

I grew from boyhood to mlanhood in the belief that
the fish made a straight journey from some locality
near Cape Hatteras to the Gulf St. Lawrence. Older
men taught me it was so, and old opinions do not
change readily, especially with fishermen. A little
study of fisr caught in various localities showed some
difference im eolor and markings. This was explained
by older men as being due to. changes in the water,
as the fish proceeded north. But the reasons:given
from time to time never quite satisfied or |con-
vineced me. The lecture given by Dr. Prince of the Bio-
logieal Board, at Charlottetown in 1921, fully con-
vineed me that much I had learned was of little or no
value. While Dr. Prince did not say much of macke-
rel, his remarks were very interesting. They referred
principally to the annual migration of herring to the
coast waters of the British Islés, where the prevailing
belief among fishermen was that the fish came from
the north. This belief held for many years, in spite
of all that learned men who studied the matter an-
nounced from time to time. We have held the same
idea in regard to the mackerel and will no doubt
hold it until close study and experiment prove the
contrary. ‘

Where then do the iarge schools of mackerel go’
To the Gulf of St. Lawrence? No, a portion go there,
but not all. Take a chart of the Gulf and let any fisher
of mackerel go over it carefully marking the areas
where mackerel are found in the season. Strike a
line from East Point, Anticosti to twenty miles North
of St. Paul’s Island, at the mouth of the Gulf, anothe:
line from North Cape, P. E. I. to Birch Point, Miscow
Island, and another from Cape Bear, P. E. I. to Cape
George, N.S. This leaves about one third of the Gulf
where the fish are found in the fishing season. Grant-
ed that a few mackerel are taken in the parts elim-
inated, but only a small quantity, and there is not suf-
ficient room or feeding ground in the area defined
for all the fish which eross the Bay of Fundy. As to
where the fish stay in the winter months I beg to
submit my opinion of which I am convinced.

74 CANADIAN
Gulf Stream The Playground

There is a mighty river wide and warm, flowing
north east from the Gulf of Mexico with a bed and
banks of much colder water. We eall it the Gulf
stream but it is a river, none the less, with the northern
bank well defined. Along the banks and under the
bed of this mighty stream is the southern home of the
mackerel . In the layer or straturn of water beneath
and close along the banks the fish find the plentiful
supply of food that the stream carries along, for the
fish is always a heavy feeder, except when the breed-
ing instinct calls on it to make the long journey
north. Why does it not spawn there? The abun-
dant food which it lives on would in turn be the death
of the fry, in its first stages of growth. I believe the
fish extend the whole length of the stream, the [rish
mackerel being the ‘‘tail enders’’, if I may use the
term. And the mackerel furthest south in the Gulf
stream are the first to leave on. the journey inshore,
the movement being taken up by those further along
or down stream. And the movement is direct on shore
the fish not showing on the surface until soun/ings
are reached. Now we know the fish would be cros-
sing a colder current of water from the start which
accounts for their not showing on the surface, and so
the course ends in a turning motion to the east, to
make up the ground lost on the journey. No doubt
they follow a known route or routes, and avoid cer-
tain areas of the ocean. With the instincts of many
other fish, they are seeking the spawning ground
where they themselves were deposited as spawn. Mac-
kerel do not spawn on the bottom, though the stratum
of water in which they spawn may be near the bot-
tom. And the location is along the Nova Scotia coast,
as well as in Gulf of St. Lawrence.

The mackerel taken in summer along the Nova Sco-
tian coast have never been in the Gulf of St. Law-
rence. And quite often small mackerel are plentiful
in the aarbors along the same coast. The instinct of
propagation satisfied, the first need is food and plenty
of it, so the fish scatter far and wide, covering miles
of bay and ocean, and when food cannot be found
inshore on the Nova Scotian and New Engiand coasts
they return to the Gulf Stream. The return of the
fish from the Gulf of St. Lawrence is more clearly
defined as a movement along shore. This may be due
to natural enemies which have followed the fish north.

Is Not Inviting Controversy

To sum up briefly: (1) The Gulf stream is the winter
home of the mackerel, and perhaps of the salmon and
polloek also; (2) The mackerel does not spawn on the
bottom but in stratum of water free from natural
enemies, and near the bottom; (3) The spawning loc-
atior is anywhere between Hatteras and Bank Brad-
ley. Me

This article is not written for the purpose of invit-
ing discussion, or criticism, from able writers who,
to use a nautical expression, can ‘‘sail rings around

e.’’ Much of what I have read on the subject refers
to the mackerel when we can see it and follow the ap-
parent course of the schools along shore. My letter
is chiefly an opinion of the fish and its location, when
we do not see it. A guess, perhaps, but a gue«s that
study and experiment properly directed may prove
a certainty. The question of where the mackerel is
in winter reminds me of swapping fish stories with a
man from New Jersey. His story was ‘‘that in his
locality there was a small fish in the drains anJ mar-

-revaad, to give it its proper name, in catching plaice, | .

-eerned, and is being placed on the market here

FISHERMAN April, 1922,
USE OF DANISH SEINE “a
RAPIDLY EXTENDED

The great success of the Danish seine, or Snur- a

haddock, and all sorts of bottom fish, has led to its —
increasing use in recent years in neighbouring coun-—
tries, Norway, Sweden, Holland and Germany. In
1918 the Swedish fishermen employing it caught 557,-—
259 kilogrammes of fish; in 1919 the quantity was 3,-—
407,931 kilogrammes and this was increased in 1920
to 5,197 411 kilogrammes. It is announced in Sean- —
dinavian papers that a great fleet of between 500 and —
600 motor boats using the snurrevaad will probably —
work on the Dogger Bank and vicinity during the
coming season for the supply of the English markets
As the fish are in better condition than those tak
by trawls, it is evident that the plight of the Engli
trawling industry is likely to be worse this summer
than it was last.

Some years ago Mr Austen ‘Chamberlain was Post- —
master-General, and he often tells with a smile how, on —
taking up his duties, he entered the room of one depart-
mental head who was taking an afternoon nap. An em-
barrassed clerk woke him up, announcing—*‘*The Post
master-General, sir’’ Ina sleepy way the official re
plied—“‘*‘ Ah, how do you do, Mr. Raikes?’’ The point i
that Mr. Raikes had been dead 10 years. Fishery
News, Aberdees. i

EQUIPPED WITH DENSIL ‘ENGINE

The Revillion Freres Trading Co. Ltd. have ‘purchase :
a wooden three masted schooner of 400 tons dead-—
weight capacity, now under construction at Liverpool,
N.S.” This vessel will be used to take supplies to the
company’s trading posts in the Arctic, and will be
away for about four months on this service. She will —
be installed with a Densil semi-diesel engine of 100
B.H.P., which should give her a speed of seven or —
eight knots. *

The Densil is a new engine so far as Canada is

~

The Crude Oil Engine Co. of Canada, 14 Place Roy
Montreal. It is of the two cycle low compression ty
and this particular model will operate on a consumpti
of about six gallons of crude oil per hour, which °
certainly make this vessel a very economical job to run.

That this engine has been chosen for such a stren
ous service, which entails a strict schedule with no —
allowance for delays, is a distinct compliment to the
Danish makers, and there seems every reason to be-
lieve that this will be an attractive type of enging toy
the Canadian fishing industry. ae

shes so cunning that when the drains and bogs dried ©
in summer the fish sprang upon the back of the —
first frog that happened along with the certainty
that it would reach water.’’ I countered with a story ~
of the tom cod which ascends the short rocky brooks
along the coast of Nova Scotia to spawn. i"

This occurs in January when the brooks are coven
with ice. In telling my story I gave the local name
of the fish which is ‘‘Frost fish’’. He repeated thee
name over several times and then asked me; ‘‘Sayw —
what happens to them frost fish of yours when way
weather comes?”’

pril, 1922.

Weather conditions were not favourable for sea fish-
@ during the month of February, with the result that
there was a falling ff in the quantities of salt water fish
nded.

The total catch on noth the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts
151,585 ewts., valued at $423,218 at the vessels’ or
ts’ side. During the corresponding period in the
ceding year 166,751 ewts. were landed valued at
1,030,

The total quantity of cod, haddock, hake and pollock
led amounted to 28,351 ewts., while during February

year 32,207 cwts., were caught.

he catch of smelts on the Atlantic Coast was slightly

ter there, being 18,498 ewts taken compared with

47 ewts. in the same period last year.

ery few lobsters were taken and most of the traps

e hauled up owing to the rough weather. Since the

encement of the season 6,175 ewts. have been taken

7,448 ewts. *n the same period last year.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

| Poor Fishing Results in February

15

On the Pacific Coast decreased catches are shown. 14,-
232 ewts. of halibut and 76,970 ewts of herring were land-
ed compared with 22,468 ewts. and 79,196. ewts. respect-
ively in February of last year.

One man was reported drowned on the Atlantic Coast
during the month,

HOUSE COMMITTEE ON FISHERIES

In the House of Commons on March 23 the following
were named members of the standing committee on
marine and fisheries, William Duff of Lunenburg being
subsequently named chairman: Bancroft, Cardin,
Chsholm, Delisle, Dickie, Duff, Elliott (Waterloo),
Fournier, Gauvreau, Grimmer, Hatfield, Hoay, Hubbs,
Hughes, Kennedy. (Port Arthur and Kenora), Kyte,
Lapointe, Leger, Le Seur, MacLaren, Maclean (Prince)

_MecKenzie, McLuarrie, Marler, Morrisy, Munro, Pelle-

tier, Putman, Ross (Simcoe), Savard, Spencer, Stansell,
Stevens, Stewart (Humbolt) Turgeon and Wood, num-
bering thirty-six,

[t will, no doubt, interest the fishing industry of this
try who are such large users of cooperage stock, to
a brief description of the method of manufacture
e facilities of one of the largest tight cooperage
ries in Canada, the Canadian Barrels and Kegs
ed of Waterloo, Ontario, who were formerly known
ears as The Charles Mueller Co., Limited, of that

s firm owes its origin to a little hand-shop which
Started by Charles Mueller Sr., in Waterloo in 1872
which was extended from year to year until to-day
* have one of the best equipped and most modern
ats to be found anywhere in America, with a capacity
500 to 2000 barrels per day.

| the Canadian Pacific Ry., and the Grand Trunk
way have sidings right at their doors, which enables
to serve the large territory they cater to, in the
expiditious manner, having facilities in fact to load
earloads of barrels simultaneously.

ve developed an elaborate dry-kilning system,
y they can dry eight carloads of material simul-
, and in addition have storage sheds where they
y maintain a reserve of dry material of any-
rom 50 to 100 cars of staves and heading. Cut-

Makers of Barrels and Kegs Well
Known to the Industry

tomers can always rely on receiving barrels made from
material which has first been thoroughly dried.

In looking over their plant, the most economical and
labor-saving methods are to be seen. For instance, when
their material is loaded out of the cars, it is placed on
trueks running on steel tracks, and these tracks form a
net-work throughout the entire plant. Once the material
is placed on these trucks, it can be easily transported
wherever it may be required, be it in the yards, through
dry-kilns, or in storage sheds, until the trucks find them-
selves beside the ma~hines which turn them into finished ©
containers.

In spite of reverses which most cooperage firms have
met with in recent years, this concern, has continued to
improve their facilities for making barrels,and is still go-
ing strong today, They are particularly proud of their
well known, harwood mackerel and herring barrels and
maintain that if the entire fishing industry were to use
these sturdy containers, the packers would have far
fewer troubles and be better off in the end.

In recent years quite an extensive export business has
also been developed, and special methods of packing bar-
rels in knocked down form have been devised whereby
barrels can be transported on ocean liners with a mini-
mum of space occupied.

They report a fair increase in orders since March 1,
and are leoking forward to a very fair year’s business.

76 @ANADIAN FISHERMAN

Erie Fishermen to Sell Co-Operatively

Company formed with $40,000 capital to look
after marketing of fish produced along Lake
shore — Plan has many possibilities.

Fishermen and fish merchandizers in all parts of the
country will be interested in the action that has been
taken by a certain section of the fish producers of Lake
Erie. A s‘ep has been made for the formation of a co-
operative selling company and application has been sub-
mitted for a charter under the co-operative section of
the Ontario Companies Act. The company, which will
be known as the Fishermen’s Co-Operative Association
Ltd., will be eapitalized at $40,000, divided into four
hundred shares at $100 each and the head office will be
located at Windsor, Ontario. Space has already been
procured in the new premises of the Essex Provision Co.
Ltd., for a distributing warehouse and freezer.

_ Those making application for a charter are A. S.
Brown, president of the Lake Erie Fishermen’s Associa-
tion; Harry Dromgole, Wallacetown; Ed. Koehler, Wal-
lacetown; George Van Order, Port Burwell; A. Misner,
Port Burwell; E. E. Haviland, Ed. Shipley and A. E.
Crewe, Merlin. The company has already engaged as
manager, A. Danto, who carried on a wholesale and re-
tail fish business in Detroit for a number of years.

It is understood the action taken by Erie fishermen
has been the upshot of conditions referred to editorially
in the March issue of the Canadian Fisherman. For
many years individual shippers have been suffering
considerable losses in dealing with unscrupulous buyers
across the border. It seemed that-there existed an un-
derstanding among a certain class:of purchasers there
to ‘do’ the Canadian producers as freely and as exten-
sively as possible. The result was a heavy toll upon in-
dividual profits and, inasmuch as the practice was more
or less general, individuals were incapable’ of coping
with the situation.

During the convention of the Lake Erie Fishermen’s
Association at St. Thomas in January last the question
of co-operative organization for mutual protection was
discussed at length. Naturally there was not unanimity
on the question because a few producers have established
trade connections on the other side which are reliable.
Those connected with the new movement are deserving
of credit for taking hold of the situation promptly and
their undertaking will prove worth while if it accom-
plishes: nothing more than breaking down the present
system ‘of controlling the business from the pur¢hasing
end rather than the producing end. Of course ¢0-oper-
ative selling has much more to commend it and the ex-
periment is fraught with many possibilities. For exam-
ple there was.a great variation last season in the price
received by producers for their whitefish. This may be
overcome and the business properly stabilized by reg-
ula‘ing the supplies going into the different United
States centres. Without some understanding producers
may be dumping their fish into one market, glutting it
and automatically depreciating the value of their com-
modity.. At the same time some other market may be
short and only the one thoroughly in touch with the
laa ean take advantage of higher prices prevailing
there

If a man is extensively engaged in the fishing busi-
ness it requires. his whole attention to look after his pro-

April, 1922.

duction. He has not the time nor the facilities at
disposal to ‘study his markets. Consequently he
more or less dependent upon chance, which inevita
means that he is at the merey of buyers across —
border—or a certain class, at least—who obviously he
some understanding among themselves. . It will be -
business of the company’s office at Windsor to keep
touch with the different markets and make sales to
very best advantage. Last year, it is reported, there y
a difference of as much as ten cents per pound in -
price paid to different producers, for whitefish.
naturally, means an aggregate loss to the fishermen
an aggregate gain to the U. S. buyers.

Returns Control of Markets

There seems to be every reason why the project sh
succeed. Theoretically, at least, it provides the in
ment for recovering control of the markets. Cooper
undertakings in other branches of industry such as f.
ing, dairying, fruit marketing and in numerous 0
directions, have met with unqualified suecess. This
particularly true of the fruit growers in British Col
bia, California and the Niagara Peninsula. Stati
published some time ago by various western Un
States co-operative organizations have shown wha
markable development has been accomplished as regat
increasing and stabilizing prices and improving the
dividual position of members.

The Lake Erie movement, it appears, is merely a
ing proposition. At the present time this is the «
interest, but. elsewhere the co-operation is extended
buying ‘of material required by the individual memk
and in this respect results seems to have been as ef:
as in selling. Whether it is possible to apply this fee
in a fisheries co-operative movement, it is diffic
say. Many things have to be taken into conside
chiefly the divergent needs of different localities.

As far as the writer knows, the step taken by th
people i is the first co- operative selling movement ad
in any branch of the Canadian fishing industr
cluding the loose arrangement among the British
bia salmon canners when they sent Lt. Col. Cunn
ham to the old country to stimulate demand for.
pinks and chums and accelerate the movement of
stocks of these varieties from their ‘warehouses. _
less fishermen and fish merchandizers in all parts of t
country will follow with interest the progress of
Fishermen’s Co-Operative Association Ltd.

An Element Worth Noting

An element that is worthy of attention is that
particular co-operation is for the purpose of impro
the situation of the Canadian industry in a fo:
market. We do a considerable fish business abroa¢
having no fewer than forty-three buyers who tak
high as two-thirds of our annual. production. 0
selling countries, particularly Norway, have adopted
operative schemes for getting into outside markets. Not
long ago Norwegian canners carried out an extensive
publicity campaign in South Africa which, by the
is a market of considerable importance for our ean
fish. What nature of co-operation the canners emplo ved
in the actual selling, the writer is unable to say. aus 1st

CANADIAN

e past week, following the Good Friday trade in

ario markets has been extremely quiet, as was ex-

. None of the dealers expected heavy sales, but

iid not very well have been any quieter and sup-
were very light.

the present time, there is no prent: quantity of
being produced, with the exception of: Pike
Perch, which are mostly consumed by the Jewish

Whitefish but there is practically nothing arriving
and what few fish have been delivered to the
ario market, have brought fancy prices.

2 Winter’s business has been rather a failure.

high and just at the time of the year when
‘the wholesale houses should have been making
‘prices slumped until they were selling on a
or less than cost basis and as the margins at no
me were vry large, it did not leave very much sur-
to. work on. However, one healthy condition is
most of the fish are cleared up and that there is
my very great hang-over in the hands of the
's, which means that they will start out in the
of 1922, with a fairly clean sheet.

worst condition, apparently, remarked by the
dealers, was the fact that the country trade
y poor throughout the Winter. This was very

The public demand seems to be for fresh Trout —

first place, prices at producing points were-

(Continued from previous page)

the South African campaign the Norwegian can-
bristlings and other small species popularly styled
nes’’ carried out an effective publicity campaign
tralia. Previously the Australian people used
uantities of Portugese sardines, but as a result
campaign, Norway captured the entire business
is said by trade authorities that today the Port-
yrands are not on sale at all. Men in the export
ss are familiar, too, with the effort being made by
rogressive Scandinavians to get more buginess in

a good measure of co-operation on the part of Nenvegian
sroducers.

ese instances are cited ter the purpose. of indicating

trend of affairs. While we may or may not agree
the principle of co-operation as applied to every
¢ business it is well to know what our competi-
are doing. If they are joining forces and pooling
resources, there is a question whether their system
‘effectively combatted by individual action. Pos-
"a good many in various branches of the industry
> been attracted by recent developments of this na-
id many may have given time and study to the sit-
_ A thorough airing would certainly do no harm,
e Canadian Fisherman would welcome contribu-
, pro or con, bearing upon the issue.

FISHERMAN 77

“Fish News from the Great Lakes Area

eens Merchant ascribes much of post-
Lenten slump in trade to inability of coun-
try folk to make purchases.

readily accounted for by the fact that the rarmers were
forced by prevailing conditions to sell their product
at less than cost in a good many instances and they
were in no mood to buy anything more than absolute
necessities. It must be remembered that the farm
communities are fairly heavy buyers when times are
good and their absense from the market made a big
hole in the possible outlet of frozen fish.

Another feature of serious proportion was the ex-
tremely low cost at which meats were being sold. There
were times in the Winter when the finest stewing beef
could be bought at almost any retail store around
10 cents or 12 cents per-pound and it is not very hard
to figure out that the working man, hit by prevailing

conditions and working on part time or not working

at all, would find no difficulty in deciding that he could
not afford to buy. fish when he could have meat at
these prices.

Freight rates are still too high. It makes a tremen-
dous difference in the cost of bulk products, like fish,
which have to be carried from the two Coasts to this
market. In this respect the meat packers have a great
advantage as their goods are produced fairly elgse at
hand.

Generally speaking, however, the trade is rather
cheerful when it contemplates other industries that
have met with absolutely shocking ‘losses, and are
looking forward to something like normal conditions
in the near future.

PROPOSED MINIMUM SIZES FOR FISH

As a result of a conference at St. Thomas between
Commissioner Prince, representing the Federal Govern-
ment, A. W. McLeod for the Province of Ontario, and
H. A. Short for the Lake Erie Fishermen’s Association,
the following recommendations were agreed upon
among, others:

_ Fishinot to be taken below these ‘sizes: if

ed codfish markets of. the West Indies aitd North | _
i. The tactics employed quite clearly demonstrate: ....

Blue Pickerel . 11 inches
‘MeHowiPerch ..:e.05. % 9 inches
White Bass . 9 inches
Sheep heads... .. 12 inches
ye Qarp. 3 pounds

‘Ciscoe and Lake Herring in Lakes Erie and Ontario
to be not less than 8 ounces. This is now 6 ounces and
the suggested higher limit is for the two lakes only.

The provincial regulation of 42 inches minimum for
sturgeon to become a federal requirement,

Gill nets to be not less than 3’’ mesh for ciscoes and
herrings.

The report of agreement signed iy the three con-
ferees is now under consideration by the Dominion
government.

78 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

PORT STANLEY FISHERMEN PUT NETS IN
TOO SOON, IS CHARGE

Seven prominent fishermen of Port Stanley, Lake
Ontario, were recently summonded to appear before

County Police Magistrate Hunt on charges of violating:

the Ontario Game and Fisheries Act in commencing
operations without first having obtained the neces-
sary commercial fishing license.

The plight of the fishermen was brought to the
attention of the Ontario legislature on March 27 by
Hon. G. Howard Ferguson who said he understood
from a Press despatch the men were to be prosecuted
because they went fishing before their licenses ar
rived, though the money for them had been sent in tc
the department long before. ;

R. L. Brackin, West Kent, supplemented this in-
formation by saying that the money had been sent in
on March 14 and acknowledgement received by the
fishermen from the department on Mareh 16. They
started to fish on March 16, and licenses arrived on
the 17th or 18th.

Hon Harry Mills stated it Was not the intention of
his deparement to press charges against fishermen at
Port Stanley who placed nets out after March 15 of
this year, but charges would be pressed against two
fishermen who are said to have placed out their nets
on March 15. The Minister emphasized the ruling of
the department that the fishermen must be in _ pos-
session of fishing licenses before they placed the nets.

SALE OF FISH UNDER MUNICIPAL LEGISLATION

Bill No. 117 entitled ‘‘An Act to amend the Munici-
pal Act’’ was introduced in the Ontario Legislature
by Mr. Homuth of Waterloo and ig now in the com-
mittee stage.

The object of the act is to bring the retail sale of
fresh fish under the control of this municipality. Mr.
Homuth assured your correspondent that the only in-
tent of the bill is to enable the municipality to super-
vise the eonditions under which fresh fish are sold,
having due regard to cleanliness and sanitation.

The bill seeks to amend paragraph 1 of section 419
of the Municipal Act to read as follows, the added
words we place in italies —

(1) For regulating the storage, handling and sale
of fresh meats and of fresh fish and prescribing the
equipment and appliances necessary to conduct such
business under sanitary conditions, and for granting
annually or oftener licenses for sale of fresh meat.
in quantities less than by the quarter carcass and

of fresh fish, and fixing and regulating the places
where such sale shall be allowed, and for prohibiting
the sale of fresh meat in less quantities than the
quarter carcass and of fresh fish unless by a licensed
person and in a place authorized by the council.

(a) The power conferred by paragraph 1 shall
not be affected or restricted by anything in section
402.

(b) Nothing in paragraph 1 shall affect the powers
conferred by paragraphs 3 and 4 of section 401.

(ec) The fee to be paid for the license shall not
exceed $50 in a city $25 in a town or village,

INTRODUCTION OF PACIFIC SALMON IN THE
GREATLAKES _: 4

The fish Culture Branch of the Department of Marine _
and Fisheries at Ottawa has been endeavouring to es- _
tablish the spring or quinnat salmon of the Pacific, —
the largest species on that coast, in the waters of Lake —
Ontario, since the spring of 1919. a

Last antumn as a result of the planted, the first —
specimen of this species, so far as the Department is —
aware, was taken in the Bay of Quinte. It was 33”
long, weighed 3% pounds, a male, and in spawning
condition. An examination of the scales showed it to —
be in its third year, which would indicate that the
fish was the result of the first distribution made in
1919 The indications are that this splendid food f
will hecome established in its new environment, a~
will be a great addition to the already valuable fish:
eries of Lake Ontario, which are being largely main-
tained by batchery work. , a

.

ISLANDERS PREPARE FOR LOBSTER SEASON
By ‘‘Bud’’ set ree

The fishing centres of Prince Edward Island pre
ent a very busy appearance during the months
April and May, and indeed, the same might also
said of the previous months, as it is then that
fishermen are getting out their lobster-trap material, —
cutting trap bows, building traps, and, with the ai
of the women folks, knitting lobster-trap heads.

On April 26, they run their lobster-trap lines. —
This is a gala day ‘among the fishermen, each one —
trying to get his lines on a certain part of the fishing
grounds first, but as they are not allowed to run —
their lines before day light this gives each fishe
an equal chance although they do occasionally get
left, and have to seek new ground, sometimes, in their
hustle and hurry, they run their lines over someone

else’s, and ‘this causes no small amount of ill-feeling
especially among rivals. As a general rule, one <
them is willing to shift his line, but when stubborness —
instead of fair-play rules, then the line is very often —
cut clear, and let drift with the tide. shee

The successful Fisherman, must be, up and awa
at break of day, and must attend to both lobster tra
and herring nets, Thus he is kept on his tack.

Much good is being done in demonstrating to t
fisherman, the indiscretion of catching spawn (b¢
ried) and small lobsters. There are some, throu;
few, I am glad to say, who are not yet, farsighted —
enough to see, that by so doing; they are killing their —
own futures and depriving themselves of their liveli
hood. Time was when the lobsters, when brought —
in to the canning factories, were at once dumped right |
into the boiling vat, and when turned out into the
cooler, it was no unusual sight to see from three to
half a dozen large spawn lobsters on the cooler. But
this is now a thing of the past. The lobsters when
brought in from the boats, are now picked over be: ore
being put into the boiler vat. And if any small or
spawn lobsters are found, they are removed and the —
fisherman’s name is taken. | ea

The lobsters thus picked out are then weighed, and
this amount is deducted from the fishermans catch, and
the spawn and small lobsters, while still alive, are —
again returned to the sea. ie

BYE. AAA AAK

Taylor, of the division of fish industries, re-
visited and inspected at the wharf in New York
‘steamship, Neponset, a large refrigerator ship of
x Steel Steamship Co. and a sister_to the steamer
d, which landed a cargo of frozen fish, from
the Panama Canal in January. The Neponset
ruary 22 with a cargo of frozen fish, mostly
on, steelheads, halibut, mild-cured salmon, with
perishable freight, including apples, lemons, etc.,
ng representing the second trip made in this
ituted trade.
‘eponset (and also the sister ship Deerfield) is
oss register, or 11,500 dead-weight tonnage,
00 cubic feet capacity, all insulated with cork

She can make 12 knots, and has an average of
date of 1014 knots, the trip from Seattle to
requiring about a month, including stops. She
y about 6,000 tons of frozen fish. Fuel oil is
our boilers, one of which is sufficient to op-
rigerating ‘machinery.

el’s refrigerating equipment anita of three

double-expansion steam driven. The conden-
copper tubes submerged ‘in sea-water tanks.
cooler evaporators are identical with the con-
ept that iron pipe is used instead of eopper.
of caleium choride brine is provided in such
each section of coil in each room is indepen-
n be operated and controlled -from outside
id each section has its own thermometer. The
ped for brine overhead and on all sides, it
le to maintain a temperature of from—20deg.
F. Temperature at the time of visit was about
Bane weight of the refrigerating machinery,
n, ete., is about 1,700 tons. The fish cargo was
Piand appeared to bein first-class condition, the
cold, dark, and dry. The fish, so far as ex-
ed no drying or rust.

7 ht charges on fish from Seattle to New York
‘cents per pound, or $35 per ton, plus certain
which bring the total to $37.20 per ton. Corres-

ailroad charges between the same points, in-

ing en route, are said to be $57.83, which, if

OWS an apparent saving of $20.63 by steamer

tion. The disadvantage is, of course, in the

ne of delivery, which must be considered in con-
ith the very safe preservation en route. Trans-
yn at reasonable rates is a matter of acute inter-
the fisheries at present, and for that reason the in-
icn cf this new service is timely and important.

1. F. H. Cunningham Returns from England.

Tter spending a year in England putting forth his

est efforts on behalf of British Columbia salmon and

ly in connection with the marketing of the can-
variety, Col. F. H. Cunningham, formerly

pector of Fisheries for the Dominion govern-

| British Columbia, has returned to Vancouver.

Cunningham accomplished much in his en-

to place pink samon before the British public.

p ys at food exhibitions and moving pictures

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

__ PACIFIC COAST S SECTION,

wool. She is 450 feet long over all, with 57- .

gle-acting carbon dioxide compressors, direct- |

ZY E

—

YMA MME MVE DUI L ULL UU YY AYA A UE Os

— Water Route A Big Money Saver

of the British Columbia fishing industry kindly loaned
to him by the kindness of Hon. Wm. Sloan, Commis-
sioner of Fisheries for British Columbia, attracted enor-
mous crowds who were very attentive to the lectures,
and the pictures commended a great deal of attention.
Much educational work was also accomplished among
the retailers as well as among the general public.

That this work should be carried on there is no
doubt in the minds of those who are interested in mar-
keting pinks and it is to be hoped that the canners
will keep Colonel Cunningham on this work for at least
another year, and back him up with publicity that will
result in a permanent market for pink salmon in the
British market.

Finish of Welsh Tin Shipments Almost in Sight ©

When the Holland-America S/S. Noorderdijk arrives
in Vancouver the latter part of April the shipments
of Welsh tin into British Columbia will have been near-
ly. completed. There were about 10,000 tons of Welsh
tin ordered at the first of the season for the fish and
fruit canning in the province and with the arrival of
2000 tons on the*Eastern Prince and S/S. Noorderijk
with 2500 tons, this nearly cleans up the order.

Spring Halibut Season On The Pacific
Coast to Open Soon.

The Pacific Halibut fleet is getting ready and out.
fitting for the 1922 fishing season. The outlook is
anything but bright for good prices this year. There
has been a big catch of halibut during a season when
as a usual thing fresh halibut are scarce and the re-
sult has been that prices have been low accordingly.

Vancouver Visitors.

Jack Sinclair, of the Sinclair Fisheries Ltd., of Prince
Rupert, passed through Vancouver about the middle of
March after a business trip through the United States
and Canada.

Harry Numan, Resident Manager of the New Eng-
land Fish Co’s., plant at Ketchikan, Alaska, was in
Vancouver the middle of March on his way South for
a holiday.

R, J. Davis, Superintendent of ‘the New England
Fish Co., on the Pacific coast, ‘has just returned after

‘spending three months at Ketchikan, Alaska, where

he has been superintending the building of an addition —
to the company’s-ice plant.

Spring Salmon Scarce On West Coast
Vancouver, Island.

Up-to-date the catch of spring salmon on the West
coast of Vaneouver Island has been small but those
who have followed the catches during the past years
state that prior to the year 1920 the season did not
really start until about April 1st, during 1920 and 1921
the season started right after the first of the year. It
looks as though this year the season would start about
the 1st of April as in previous years.

Oriental Salt Herring.

The Oriental salt herring is practically off the mar-
ket and although this season has not been any better
than 1921 as to actual results there is.no doubt that
a large share ** *~ hysine=- was handled by the white

80 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

firms than was the ease last year. It is to be hoped
that this share will be increased yearly from now on
and that the white packer may ultimately control this
branch of the industry in British Columbia. Approxi-
mately 15,000 tons were packed, including Barcley
Sound and Nanaimo herring. The average price was
40 CLI. F.

Vancouver Wholesale Fresh Fish Market.

Halibut.—Has been in good supply and selling: at
14e. for chickens and sixteen for mediums.

Cod. — Closed season on this variety for Gulf of
Georgia ended on March 15th. During the closed
season there was a considerable quantity brought in
from the West coast of Vancouver Island and other
points outside of the closed area. This supply was
sufficient to keep the price at a reasonable figure but
now that the closed season is over there has happened
to be some bad weather and the price on fresh caught
fish is 15e. The average price has been 8c.

Soles. — This variety has been fairly plentiful with
the price at 8c.

Herring.—Closed season for herring. Fresh off the
market.

Oolachans. — Fresh Columbia River oolachans are
selling at 8e. per lb.

Salmon. — What few salmon are coming into the mar-
ket are selling at-25c. per lb., dressed heads on.

Fish Meal and Oil Market.

The market for fish meal and fish oil is looking more
healthy than it has for a long time and there is a de-
mand that is increasing in ‘a most encouraging manner.
The Rendesvous Fisheries Ltd., is the only rendering
- plant that is in operation at the present writing.

New Fish Meal and Oil Plant About
Ready to Operate.

The Nanaimo Fish Meal and Oil Company which is
operated by J. Jardine has nearly finished its new plant,
which will replace the one that was burned some time
ago. The new plant is up-to-date in every way and
will be turning out a finished product very soon.

Rendezvous Fisheries Ltd., Have Added
to Their Plant.

Having just added materially to their plant equip-
ment and with a new wharf just finished the Rendez-
vous Fisheries Ltd., are in a better position than ever
to turn out fish meal and oil. .The new wharf has a
500 foot approach with creosoted piles and is built ‘to
last a long time. This plant is located on Rendezvous
Tsland in a first class locality for the securing of dog
fish and, when the salmon canneries are running, for
the securing of a large quantity of salmon offal.

Mr. Victor Johneox, general Manager of Rendezvous
Fisheries Ltd., was in Vancouver during March on
business.

Mr. J. W. Nichols of Prince Rupert in Australia.

Mr. J. W. Nichols, Comptroller of the Canadian Fish
and Cold Storage Co., of Prince Rupert, left on a holi-
day trip to Australia during February.

Fresh Halibut Catch has been Averging Good
Each Month at Prince Rupert.

An interesting item in connection with the year’s
eateh of halibut of 24,000,000 Ibs. is that every month
sustained a good average and this even held good in
January and February this year. Fortunately the re-
frigerator car service has been brought up to the point
where this large catch can be taken care of properly.

To take care of the increased business, the Canadian

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April, 1922..

, 1922. CANADIAN

and Cold Storage Co., Ltd. is enlarging its ice
in it to enable it to turn ‘out 30 tons more ice per
7. This will be completed by June: and then the
pacity will be 100 per day.

Canneries In North Beginning to Get Ready

for Season’s Operations.

1¢ British Columbia Salmon Canning firms who
-eanneries in Northern British Columbia are now
aring for the season’s work. At all the Vancouver
es these are busy days getting the crews lined up
in some cases they are already heading north.

‘8 tically every company will operate the same
ment that was in operation last year and if any-
y there will be a larger pack of pinks than last
ar, Sockeyes will be packed to the limit and prob-
ly springs. As to chums it is uncertain what will
e done as this is a fall fish and there is a tendency
tech conditions before deciding on any large. in-
in the pack of any variety other than sockeyes
course the canneries will pack all they can get

Trolling Licenses West Coast Vancouver
Island Reduced.

the West Coast of Vancouver, in District No. 3,
amber of licenses for trolling that will be issued
ear to other than resident white British sub-
nd Indians will be reduced by one third that is,
umber to be issued will be 330 instead of 495 as
ssued in 1921.

_ F.E. Burke, Represented B. C. Fisheries

my Interests at Ottawa Recently.

. E. Burke, Managing Director of tlie Wallace
es Ltd., and Chairman of Vancouver Branch of
nadian. Fisheries Assn. was in Ottawa during
1 along with other British Columbia: delegates on
relating to the Pacific Coast.

-~petaua To See A Revival of Scotch Cured

i Herring Industry.

vans Island, Alaska, near La Touch, a hew
-eured herring plant will be opened this year and
lants will be in operation when the season opens

As Seimated that the output of Scotch cured her-
ing from Seotand will be way below normal this season
for this reason it is expected that there will be a
nd for the Alaska product.

___ New Zealand Will Use B. C. Salmon if it is
More Widely Advertised.

ior: from New Zealand, who was in Vancouver

ly, was W. A. Boucher, who stated that more
lighter grades of B. C. salmon would be used
Zealand if they were more widely advertised.
a suggestion for the salmon canners of British
mbia and it is to be hoped they will get together
eee jobbers in New Zealand and try out a little
ity.

_ Hon. Wm. Sloan Interested in Transfer
of Fisheries of Quebec.

William Sloan has communicated with the
n Government regarding the recent order-in-
. transferring the control of the fisheries of
vinee from the Dominion-government to that
. The British Columbia Commissioner of
S$ was very much interested in the order and
to know just its meaning and scope.

FISHERMAN. 81

Japan Big Salmon Competitor

The Japaneese salmon industry is of great interest
to Canadians owing to the fact that Japan is now put-
ting up a large pack every year and becoming a
formidahle competitor in the British salmon market.
The waters where, the largest quantities of salmon are
caught are a long the shores of the northern Saghallen
and ot the mouth of the Amur River, where it is said
that in the year 1913, the last for which reliable stat-
istics have been published, some 47,600 tons of salmon,
raw weight, were caught. The northern waters off
Kamchatka are, however, more abundant in salmon,
and can show a greater variety than any other. The
fishing season usually lasts from June to September.

WHERE TROUT MAY BE SCOOPED UP WITH
HANDS,

Tells of fishing in Northeastern Ungava where Eskimos
use net of five-inch mesh to take trout!

How prolific in fish some of the rivers in our north
country must be! What a paradise for sportsmen! Can
you imagine catching trout in nets of five-inch mesh?
Can you think of picking big beauties up in handfuls—
two barrels in two hours? Yet away up in the virgin
waters of Ungava near the Labador frontier, where the
hand of commerce has but slightly troubled the natural .
movement of pristine life, such are the conditions.

Sergeant J. E. F. Wight of the Royal Canadian Mount-
ed Police, who is stationed at Port Burwell, Ungava, re-
cently visited a bay in this district which the Eskimos
eall ‘‘Ikubliayok’’ or Calm Bay on account of its being
well sheltered from the wind by high encircling hills.
But let him tell the story himself.

*‘On landing to make camp we discovered two Ks-
kimo families camped on the beach. They had been
employed for a few days fishing trout and had twenty
barrels salted down.

‘As it was then quite dark we made camp. Next day
being Sunday and raining heavily I did not move about
much but on Manday I visited the natives where they
were gathering trout. They fish with nets set out in the
lake and each woman attending the nets kept a man on
shore busy splitting the fish brought in.

‘‘The nets are of a five-inch mesh and only catch the
larger fish and all are of a uniform size. Ford and my-
self took a small flat boat and went up’ one of the streams
which terminated at a-small lake of fresh water about
a mile and a half from the bay where we made camp. All
the way along, the stream was filled with trout on their -
way up to the lake. The water ranged from eight inches
to three feet deep.

**At a shallow place are still the remains of Eskimo
fish traps made from stones, which were used previous
to their obtaining nets. The traps could still be made
serviceable. These traps do not interfere with the trout
going up stream but one can drive the fish among the
rocks along the sides.

“On landing to make camp we discovered two Eskimo
boast on a rock and caught two barrels of large trout
in Hy? than two hours with our hands among the
rocks

BLESSED ARE THE MEEK
They were enjoying a motor ride and had just
entered a country road. ‘‘May I kiss your hand?’’
he asked a little confusedly. She removed her motor
veil.

. CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Sania

UNITED STATES FISH FIRMS Specializing in the HANDLING —
OF CANADIAN FISH

When U Ship FISH, LOBSTERS or
SCALLOPS to the Boston Market,
FOR BEST RESULTS ship to

R. S. HAMILTON COMPANY

17 ADMINISTRATION BUILDING |
FISH PIER, BOSTON, MASS.

On the Boston Market over 25 years

a7 oMPAN ||| E HALLETT
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“HAR AidisG ya “ > FRESH AND FROZEN FISH

Correspondence solicited
WHOLESALE PRODUCERS, IMPORTERS AND SHIPPERS OF }
Ref., Cor- Exchange National Banka. or any Chicago

L FRESH CHILLED, SMOKED, SALTED LAKE AND OCEAN wholesale fish concern

FISH oF (STERS AND CLAMS N. Clarke St, © 92 CHICAGO
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FRESH AND SMOKED FISH

209-211-213 N. Union St., CHICAGO,

Phone Monroe 3623

BUFFALO.N.Y,

W. Irving Atwood, ‘ W. Elmer Atwood, Irving M. Atwood, - a
President. Vice-President. Treasurer. ste

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ay

‘A

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“a OF THE
FINNAN HADD iE SEASON

31 Boston Fish Pier Boston, Mass.

4

eel

cyt Me ee ey

THE
CANADIAN

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

‘|— VoL. ix GARDENVALE, P. Q., MAY 1922 No

On

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UPUUOUUVOGOQQQOOUUNOOQEQ UOOGGQUOROOOOQGUUUUOON frez

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~EUTAUUUNV.0V00000000 00030 00N0AEUARUAEUAUUOOGSNOUUOEOGEOOOEOOUAOOASUOOEUAE ALAA

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CANADIAN FISHERMAN

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LINEN GILL NETTING

We are now in a position to supply Knox’s Salmon Ticket Quality
Netting equal to pre-war material, free from slip knots, true to number
of thread and size of mesh.

We absolutely guarantee every pound of Netting that bears the
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Order Knox’s netting and be convinced of the better quality and
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CANADIAN

FISHERMAN 83

Rw1 TT ORTAL a

TOO MANY LOOSE ENDS

§ always been our contention, and in that rega rd
1 certain that we reflect the attitude of com-
fishing interests generally, that proper contact
established between those who administrate the
1irs of the industry from a governmental standpoint,
who employ their time and knowledge invest-
scientific problems, and those engaged in the
of catching and merchandizing fish. Speaking
y, these various departments pursue their
independently and frequently, all too fre-
they do not take the same direction. We

’ the Westinghouse and Edison plants were the:
ents of administration, production, sales
ce permitted to expend their energies and
; as they desired and without proper cog-
ace of the doing of the others? In the case of
at industrial institutions is it not obviously
_ that everything depends upon sales; that
on follows and that the laboratory staff is main-
or the sole purpose of improving the utility
sales appeal of the commodity or facilitate
on? The scientist, in other words, is an
factor to enable the industry to maintain
competition with other plants in the same

ig exactly the relationship which should apply
fishing industry. The success we make of the
resources placed at our disposal will be

each year depends upon the success with
‘we meet competition. How are we meeting
Ts our cured cod of as good a quality as that
by competing states? Is our pickled herring
f 1? Are other varieties of fish the acme of qual-
Have we materially developed the industry in
years—that i is, disregarding inflated war prices
ated war demand? May we hope to improve
onditions with our administrative soa naleenae

Gass puts it, ‘‘of bringing ed stoaee

what suecess would result in such establish- -

by the cold hard cash they produce, and the

JAMES H. CONLON, Editor

contact than previously was the case the practical,
scientific and technical sides of the fishing industry.’’
A. director was appointed, a museum and library
established, weekly demonstrations and many: lectures
arranged for, and other measures adopted to bring
the various sides of the industry closer together and
to disseminate useful information. In November of
1920 the institute held a ‘‘sample exhibition’’ of art-
icles in connection with the sea fisheries, the fish trade
and the fishing industry generally. It wag in all
respects successful and resulted in many business
transactions to the mutual benefit of those concerned.
It was in part owing to thig success that it has been
decided to hold annually a German Fishery Fair,
which will include not only an exhibition of .com-
mercial products, but addresses and demonstrations,
trawling expeditions, visits to the Fishery Biological
Institute at Heligoland and even a regatta on the
Weser.

And in connection with the progressive attitude of
those people concerned it is extremely interesting to
observe that the fish production of Germany in 1920
was greater than in 1913 despite the loss of coastal
territory involved in the surrender of Danzig, Memel
and Schleswig under the terms of the peace treaty.
In 1921 there was a considerable falling off but even
then the total volume was but slightly below that of
1913.

It is interesting, too, just here, to note what other
countries, particularly in Scandinavia, are doing. Norway
is meeting losses on cod cured according to standard
quality in order to assist producers to meet com-
petition until international economic affairs are
adjusted. Sweden is assisting her fishermen to get
boats equipped with the Danish-seine in order that
they may reach the English market. France and
Denmark bonus exports under certain conditions. These
observations by way of diversion. ;

Now for our system. The fisheries administration
has an extremely loose connection with the Biological
Board of Canada which investigates scientifie problems.
It is even more nebulous than that which exists, in
a practical way, between the administrative officers
and the trade generally. The chances of our scientists
coming in contact with the practical problems of our

_ producing and _ selling organizations are, therefore,

84 CANADIAN
very remote, and too frequently, it appears, scientific
explorations have but a hazy association with the things
that are worrying the commercial branches of the
industry. Would a closer co-operation not be to the
advantage of all? Could the knowledge and ability of
our laboratory not be more profitably applied? And
would the administrative problems which crop up so
frequently not lend themselves more readily to solution
by a little light from the practical fish producers and
merchandizers who are most intimately concerned with
their consequences ?

COLD STORAGF THE GOAT

After hearing certain speakers on parliament hill and
after perusing a certain type of proposed legislation we
are frequently impelled to ask ourselves the question: Do
some of our parliamentarians talk as a feeble effort to give
the country $4,000 worth in the form of clap-trap liter-
ature officially recorded in Hansard, and submit bills
simply to give constituents the impression that they are
really doing something? If the thousands upon thousands
of words spoken each year in the House of Commons and
senate were classified, what proportion, we wonder, would
be found to be reasonable, logical and justified by the cir-
cumstances of the time or occasion? A great defect in
our system of government seems to be that our parliamen-
tary representatives spend too much time playing politics,
usually trivial, and too little in serious affairs.

If the bill recently introduced in the senate to amend
the Cold Storage Warehouse Act was the product of a
careful and serious study of conditions, then those re-
sponsible for it should leave investigations of this sort to
The bill referred

to shows evidence of having been constructed on theoretical

people more familiar with the question.

notions with an ear and a half cocked to hear the boisterous
plaudits of the multitude who are egged on to believe that
the cold storage is a demon which robs money from their
purses and food from their stomachs. This has long been
Were it true we should be among the

first to demand redress for we pride ourselves that we are

the popular fancy.

“com-
Such being

far from the case one may be excused for losing patience

of the class variously referred to, sometimes as the

2? ° “es J >”?
mon people,’ sometimes as “the consumer’.

with legislators who attempt to agitate this misunderstand- ©

ing. No doubt there are certain evils existing, but they
are the exception, not the rule. ‘The cold storage has been
a boon to civilization, but it is-not surprising that the
masses of the people still regard it with disfavor when
those who should know better cling to the same opinion.

It is not necessary here to speak of the merits of refrig-
eration as a preserver of food. Elsewhere one of our
correspondents has discussed the issue from the stand-
point of fishery products. With slight variation the ar-
guments apply to other commodities which utilize this
agency of preservation. We can hardly be as liberal as
the editor of the Montreal Gazette who says, in effect,
that the honorable gentleman who brought in the bill
meant well and that, at any rate, it would afford an op-
portunity for honorable gentlemen to discuss the ques-
tion.

When a citizen of this country reaches the stage

FISHERMAN May, 1922.

where his political confreres consider him eligible for the
red chamber he should have passed the period where his
judgment leaves him exposed to such a rebuke as the
Gazette’s. In other words, when a fellow grows up he
shouldn’t have to be spanked and put to bed.

STANDARDIZED COD

Reference was made in our last issue to legislation in
Norway, effective on May 1, compelling the curing of cod
according to fixed standards and under government inspec-
tion. More recently the government of Iceland has pass-
ed a law prohibiting the export of fish from that country
except under government inspection. There is no restric-
tion as to price but exporters must have all shipments
inspected and branded as their quality merits. During
the past winter emissaries from Iceland have been sojourn- —
ing in the various markets of Europe making a study of
the requirements of each and the legislation above refer-
And
the government was enabled to move with confidence in
view of the fact that these investigators were all thor-
oughly practical men including two .long-trained in ~
export business and ten expert cullers.

Heretofore Norway and Iceland have been formidable
rivals for trade in the markets which consume salted cod=

red to has been the outcrop of their representations.

fish, and it has been no secret, at least to foreign buyers,
that their product, as a general rule, has shown a higher
standard of quality than ours. Logically Canada should
have been the very first to compel her curers to prepare ©
and grade their product according to fixed standards.
Not only have we neglected to do this but we continue to —
delay that action which Norway and ~ Iceland, already —
producers of a superior quality to ours, have found ne- 7
cessary. ae
It is too often urged in Canada in connection with pro- j
posed legislation that “the people are not ready for it.” —
It is difficult to comprehend just what that means. If —
we are to wait to introduce standardized cod until each
and every fisherman and curer in the business sees the ur- —
gency for it, our fish is going to present a pretty spectacle —
in competition with standardized Norwegian fish. Legis- —
lation is, or rather should be, designed to do the greatest
good for the greatest number. ‘There will always be found —

A :

individuals who will suffer in pocket for the time being, but
this trade is valuable to Canada and we must exert an-
effort to retain our legitimate proportion. _ 4

It may be advanced that the compulsory standardizing a
of our competitors’ fish may have the effect of improving 4
the quality of ours. We doubt if that contention will hold 4
water. Since the return of Europeon competition in the — .
West Indies and South American markets, has the quality —
of our fish improved to meet that of other countries? Is. :
it likely to improve in the future unless a strong hand is —
used? Our very system of marketing does not place this —
moral tesponsibility on the man who must sell the fish, :
The responsibility comes where it is just a matter of
dollars and cents—indifferent cure, just good enough to
get by—where the policy seems to be to get the max-
imum of return for the minimum of care. The actual ex-—
porters are alive to the situation and even a reward in the ~

CANADIAN

m of fifty cents to a dollar per quintal more has failed
stir those responsible.

he course is clear. There is no alternative to obscure
path, Our exporters who handle our foreign trade
nust be armed with a superior commodity if they are to
rotected from discouraging rebuffs.

They are incap-
‘of overcoming the evil themselves except in a few
nees where the curers are employees of the exporter.
are a bit late with our standardized cure but better late
never.

PISCATORIAL NOTES

possibility of a winter mackerel fishery is suggested
. A. G. Huntsman.
7 should be undertaken because the theory, if cor-
t, will develop a new and valuable source of fisheries

The offshore investigations he

ttawa was no doubt inspired by good intentions in ex-
the lobster fishing season. The extra days at the
prove of great assistance to the fisherman, but,
nately, in some instances notice of the early open-
me too late to permit fisherman to take advantage of

Canadian Fisheries Association appeared before
rd of Railway Commissioners for Canada on April

asked for a reduction in express rates. Witnesses
.ded in establishing that fish values have materially
‘since the last increase was given, and also that

ement of fish has diminished considerably. Judg-
as not yet been rendered.

ime members of parliament have decided among
ves to continue giving to American vessels the
t use our Atlantic ports despite the fact that our
D = have been debarred from theirs. Fishing mer-
in Halifax have also mooted the question and are
atic in their decision. They are satisfied to con-
in so long as the tariff barrier is down,

y are dubious of submitting to the modus vivendi
in the face of an impregnable tariff wall.

government of Quebec has begun to organize her
s which were recently taken over from the federal
rities. Mr. A. Gaudet of Magdalen Island, who for
y-five. years has served as inspector for the depart-
Ottawa, has been appointed general inspector for
vince. Congratulations. Fishermen are being en-
ed to go after lobsters and mackerel, both valuable
and plentiful in Quebec, especially along the Gaspe
but heretofore not sought extensively. Good stuff!

up. |

noa has its interest, too, for the fishing industry. Rus-
vas once a big consumer of fish and will be again as

; her frontiers and her institutions are open to com-

FISHERMAN 85
merce. Canada has not been a competitor in the Russian
market but European countries, particularly bordering
states and Great Britain, did considerable trade and, hav-
ing been forced out, now come into keener competition
with us in other fields. So a general repair of Europe
will help us all one way or another. Norway is the first
to get her fish to the Soviets. She has sold a good quan-
tity of cod but it was business that Canada and Newfound-

land refused to touch last year because of the uncertainty
of payment.

The minister of marine and fisheries has half promised
Mr. Duff of Lunenberg that he would provide a grant to
boost the international fishermen’s race this fall. Subse-
quent to the discussion of the matter in the House of Com-
mons a press despatch from Halifax attempted to throw
cold water on the scheme by intimating it would encour-—
age the building of sailing vessels which should be now

giving way to power craft. The idea of the correspondent
or whoever inspired it seems a bit far-fetched. At least

it was very ill-timed. A good many interested seem to
have overlooked the fact that invaluable publicity has ac-
crued to the Province of Nova Scotia from the international
race, and publicity, also, which is worth a good deal to
the fish business.

The condition of the salmon fishery of the Pacific coast,
along with various other British Columbia fishery prob-
lems, is to be considered by the parliamentary stand-
ing committee on marine and fisheries at Ottawa, and, ac-
cording to Hon. Mr. Lapointe, if the situation warrants,
witnesses will be brought from the coast. It is hoped that

something material and constructive will develop from this
the umpteenth hearing on these questions. If “hearings’’

always meant something British Columbia’s problems would
have*been settled ages ago.

Notes on the Fishing Results for March, 1922.

The total catch of sea fish on the Atlantic and Pacifie
Coasts for the month was 116,866 ecwts. vaued at
$515,869. In the same month last year 100,833 ewts.

The eatch of cod, haddock, hake and pollack was
37,667 ewts., and in March, 1921, was 27,830 ewts.

The catch of lobsters on the Atlantic coast was small
compared with the catch in March, 1921 there being
7,064 ewts. and 19,898 cwts. landed during the respect-
ive months. Since the opening of the season, there
have been 13,239 ewts. taken compared with 27,346
ewts. during the same period in the preceding year.
Of the former quantity there was packed 1,154 cases
and 10,929 cwts. were used fresh. In the same period
in the preceding year there were 4,220 cases packed and
18,901 ewts used fresh.

On the Pacific Coast there was a big drop in the
eatch of halibut, only 10,208, cwts, being taken
compared with 20,268 ewts. in March 1921. The catch
of herring on the other hand shows a considerable
increase, 46,898 cwts. le taken against 18,304 in
the preceding March.

- One fisherman was_ reported ‘drowned on the
Pacific Coast.

86 CANADIAN FISHERMAN :
Would Kill Frozen Fish Business —

Bill proposed in senate would absolutely des-
troy utility of cold storage—Everyone

would suffer

Not only the fish trade but every branch of commerce
and industry affected by the cold storage was aroused
during the past month by the re-introduction into the
Senate at Ottawa of a bill to amend the Cold Storage
Warehouse Act in such a way as to utterly destroy the
utility of this indispensable institution. The bill was in-
troduced by Senator Bradbury and was given a first
reading on March 17 and a second reading on May 2,
following which it was referred to a special committee
for further consideration. The honorable members of
the Senate comprising the committee include Senators
Belcourt, Casgrain, Daniel, Foster (Alma), Laird, Mich-
ener, McCoig, McHugh, McLean, MeMeans, Pope, Tan-
ner, Taylor, Turriff and Bradbury.

The proposed amendment called forth a storm of
protest from all sections of the country and the objec-
tions advanced are so vital, so far-reaching and so ob-
vious that it does not seem possible that any sane body
of men would convert it into law. When the bill was
debated upon the oceasion of its second reading in the
Senate many of the senators expressed themselves in fa-
vor of the restrictions the bill would impose and it was
patent from their remarks that they were considering
the purely theoretical side of the question. For example,
the limitation of the period for holding fresh fish in
cold storage for local consumption to three months, did
not strike them as being inpracticable, but in reality
such a measure would mean that the fishing business
could make practically no use of the cold storage. It
did not occur to them that most of our species are sea-
sonal, that the supply when the fish is in season is too
great for immediate consumption and must be carried
in cold storage sometimes as long as nine and ten
months to make it available to the consumer. The Gaspe
salmon is in season about a month or a little more. This
would mean that the delicious article of diet would be
available for the Canadian epicure only during that
- month and three months thereafter. This is but one of a
multitude of objections others of which shall be later
mentioned.

The Provisions of the Bill

1-No article of food which has been taken out of cold
storage shall be returned to cold storage except in such
eases and subject to such requirements and conditions
as are specified by regulation.

2-No article of food shall be placed in cold storage
unless there is attached to the article or to the package
containing it a label setting forth in black letters and
figures at least half an inch high, the following partic-
ulars: description of the article; name and address of
the person or firm on whose behalf it is being stored;
the date of killing, taking, packing, manufacturing or
otherwise procuring or producing; the net cost of ar-
ticle on date of storing, per pound, package, dozen or
other unit of price.

3-When an article of food is placed in cold storage
the manager or other person in charge of the warehouse
shall cause it to be plainly printed on the aforesaid
label in black letters and figures of the same size as the
previous information, the following particulars: the

May, 1922

number of the license under which warehouse operat
the name of the person or firm operating it; the date
which the article was delivered for cold storage;
date on which the article was placed in storage.
4--When an article of food is removed-from cold sto1
age the manager shall cause to be plainly printe
stamped on the label already mentioned, in red li
and figures at least one half an inch high, the follow
particulars: the date on which the article was remo’
from cold storage; the name and address of the firm ¢
person to or for whom the article was delivered by tl
cold storage warehouse; the date of such delivery
name and designation of person furnishing particu

5--Every person who offers, exposes for sale, or
in his possession for sale, any article of food which
been in cold storage must inform, upon inquiry, :
person proposing to buy the article that it has been
cold storage, and, if so required, produce the label
tached to the article or to the package which contai
it when the article was removed from cold storage.
6--All parcels of food which have been in cold stor
and are exposed_for sale shall be marked with a e:
attached so as to be plainly in view of the public,
which shall be printed in red black letters at least
inches high upon a white ground, the words ‘‘col
age goods’’, eee
7--The act shall be amended by,adding the folloy
schedule, longer than whch the articles designated
not remain in cold storage, unless the minister of.
culture can be satisfied that such article which has
ready been in storage may be further stored wi
undue risk of its being unfit for human consumpti
The schedule includes the following:—
Fish (not for export) not to be held longer tha
months. Fish (for export) not to be held longer
nine months. :

* — ae

Just how it would operate with Fish |

Were the terms of this impossible bill ever mz
would mean that no producer or merchandizer
could hold fresh fish designed for consumption
ada in cold storage for a longer period than
months. Furthermore, each parcel of fish (and as’
fish are almost invariably stored in bulk that
maneach individual fish) must be labelled, an
that label must be printed in half inch letters, the

the net cost of the article to date in the usual un
price. The proprietor of the eold storage ware
must see to it that other information must be add
the label as a check. Finally, when the fish is t
from storage the proprietor of the warehouse must
ignate in half inch red letters upon the label, the
it left storage and others particulars as to whom i
delivered. ] ‘
Nor is that all. Every retailer or wholesaler who
fers the fish for sale must inform his customer upon
quiry that the article has been in cold storage and, f
thermore, if requested, must produce the document:
label which was attached to the article in storage. A

y, 1922.

en that is not enough. All parcels of food offered or
posed for sale after leaving cold storage must be
rked ‘with a card in letters at least two inches high
Cold Storage Goods’’.
Now whaddy ya know about that?
The writer feels quite sure that our thousands of
hermen would offer no objection to mulling over
' their fish after pulling in nets, trawls, hand lines or
long lines, or emptying their weirs, traps, ete. and in-
seribing on each individual herring, whitefish, salmon,
ibut or whatever other species it may be, large sr
nall, preferably on its snout, in neat Gothic letters the
and hour upon which it expired. It is possible that
grave yard’’ crew may have to be employed for the
ose to let the fishermen fish, but the plan may of-
‘unlimited sales possibilities. Enterprising mer-
§ May accompany each salmon or halibut with a
iature tombstone bearing neat inscriptions. It will
be anticipating a few- years anyway for the sal-
m and halibut of the Pacific, it appears, are due for
mbstone before many years.
hen when the man who receives the fish at the cold

e warehouse inspects each fish and finds that his
ath record has been properly affixed he will transfer
mformation to a label in letters and figures of suit-
Size that a blind man may feel them, and then he

have data from the storer to show the net cost of

me, these poor little fishes will be forcibly ejected
hree months time andif there isnobody around to
| them just at that time it is proposed to give them de-
urial on the municipal dump. It is rumored that an
dment to the Bradbury bill was proposed to the ef-
that several carloads of monkey glands be kept on
d in cold storages and if the poor litthe fishes can-
€ eaten and are too good to be thrown away, each
to be equipped wth a perfectly good one-hundred
power monkey gland and returned to his natural
t and allowed to cavort and caper at will. There
be some wireless or telepathtic influence through

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 87

the agency of the monkey glands and they are to be
called home to roost when we are ready to eat ’em. We
have heard later that the senator was induced to with-
draw his amendment because a certain section of the
red chamber had secured a corner on the monkey gland
market.

Finally some of the fishes, bedecked with a Gothic-
engraved snout and carrying a large tag resembling a
cireus banner in black and white, find their way into
our retail stores. Of course it would be impossible
under these conditions for buyers to know whether or
not they were cold storage fish so a street banner must
be strung across in front of the store with index finger
pointing in display window, reading—‘‘ Don’t let us fool
you in any way. These fish have been frozen to death’’.

Thus during the fishing season and for a term of
grace three months after date, the philanthropic and
long-suffering fish vendor is enabled to dispense goods
to his patrons, After.that he is obliged to close up shop
and go hunting, shooting, swearing, or whatever his
particular form of recreation may be, turn his street
banner on the other side and advise the public ‘‘in red

A death certificate for each one, please!

letters at least two inches in height on a white back-
ground”’ that the fishing business is on the hummer for
a spell beause Senator Bradbury had given all the pis-
eatorial tribes a holiday.

Senator Bradbury’s avowed lofty purpose to protect
the consumer, the writer is sure, would be appreciated
by said sonsumer when he came looking for fish and
found none available. No doubt there are endless pos-
sibilities for the extension of trade and the speeding up
of business which has been in the Doldrums for months
and months. In fact it is possible that our fish merchan-
dizers will get together and secure General Coxy to lead
them on to Ottawa that they may weep on the neck of
the Hon. Mr. Bradbury and acclaim him: ‘‘ What has he
not done to keep the fish in the sea, that we may not.
eat them! Hail, hail to the Great Big Fish’’.

A few facts; not theories
(Continued on page 100)

Is Winter Mackerel Fishery Possible?

Theory advanced that fish simply move off
shore and may be had by going after them
—some interesting observations.

By A. G. Huntsman
Biologist to the Biologicul Board of Canada

Perhaps no subject connected with the fisheries has
aroused more interest and provoked more discussion
than that of fish movements. The fisheries depend
upon these movements, which, as they take place in
the water, can rarely be followed in any detail. The
available evidence is largely circumstantial, and in few
cases is it so overwhelming as to ensure general convic-
tion of the truth of one view only among the many that
are usually advocated. Increase in knowledge has
brought very different results in different cases. The
common eel, that the ancients considered to be bred
from the mud of the bottom of the fresh waters in which
it swarmed, is now shown to have a romantic history
including birth in the depths off the central Atlantic,
a slow migration of several years to the coasts of North
America and Europe, frequently an ascent of great
distance into remote and relatively inacessible bodies
of fresh water for a sojourn and slow growth of years,
and finally a return for spawning to the place of its
birth. On the other hand the herring or army fish
was at one time fancifully thought to swim south yearly
from its home Arctic seas to spawn on the coasts of
north-eastern Europe and then to hurry back north.
It has been shown, however, that this is but a fairy
tale, as these fish can be found throughout the year
comparatively near the places where they spawn.
Their movements are for the most part merely on and
off shore depending upon the season, that is, the water
conditions. ae

The mackerel has been the subject of a great deal
of controversy, and we have not yet sufficient infor-
mation concerning it to put an end to disputes regarding
its migrations. Not a few theories have been advanced
to explain the regularities and irregularities in its
appearances. In 1851 Moses Perley of St. John, N. Bb.
wrote in his excellent report to the New Brunswick
Government, ‘‘It is now considered settled, that the
mackerel ig not migratory fish, but draws off into
deep water, at the approach of winter, and returns to
the shallow water near ‘the shores, at the beginning of
summer, for the purpose of depositing its spawn.”’

Where the Point Meant Much

However, at the meeting of the Halifax Fisheries
Commission in 1877, the matter of the mackerel s
movements played a prominent part in the dispute
between the United States and Canada in connection
with the contention of the former country that its
fishermen chad a right to fish in the Gulf of St
Lawrence. The Americans claimed that the mackerel
moved to the south as far as Cape Hatteras during the
winter and in the spring and summer migrated north
and.east to the coasts of the New England States and
the Maritime provinces. If this were correct, the
mackerel of the Gulf of St. Lawrence would not be
distinctly Canadian, but merely part of a large
multitude that lived for a considerable part of the year
off the coasts of the United States. The Canadians
maintained that the mackerel is a local fish, wintering
in deep water near or partially buried in the bottom

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

insufficient to prove either theory.

-son has been the chief, and a very eloquent, advocate

May, 1922,

‘a

aM

in the neighbourhood of the coast where it is found
during the summer. The data then available were

The American view has gained very considera
currency among our fishermen, and with many h
become so ingrained in their thinking and woven toget
er with their experience of the mackerel, that th
consider it proved, and consider any doubt east u
the theory as a heresy. This view was taken as t
basis for the mackerel scouting done by the Fisheries
Branch of the Department of Marine and Fishe
last year, and it has figured as something unnecessa
of proof in a number of articles published last year
the Canadian Fisherman. Those who uphold the theo
fail frequently to realize that the evidence, which
them is conclusive, is in reality circumstantial o
and capable of other interpretations. Mr. M.H. Nick

this theory.

What has been the trend of the new evider
obtained in comparatively recent years. The princi
new facts come from European seas. There
winter fishery for the mackerel has come into bei
in this century, and the steam trawlers which take p
in it have added considerably to our knowledge of t e
whereabouts of this fish. At one time the European
mackerel were thought to come yearly from the Pola
seas, as was believed of the herring. Later the
was held that they wintered in the central and eas
Atlantic. It was known, however, that mae
could be obtained somewhere in the English cha
at all seasons of the year. The catches of the tra
have now shown that in the North Sea the mae
are near the bottom in deep water to the north du
the winter, but move toward shore to rise to the sur rac
at spawning time. After spawning they disperse
swim at all depths, to make their way northward ani
to the bottom again at the approach of winter. From
the coasts adjacent to the Atlantic, they likewise si
to retire to deep water, in this case to the west, pro
to the continental slope. In European waters, the
the extreme migratory view has not been supp
by the facts. |

On our coast we have not as yet such full inform
concerning the mackerel’s winter habits, alth
occasional specimens have been found along the
or on off-shore banks at that time of the year. If
keep far below the surface in deep water and d
feed during that period, there is little likelihood ¢
their being taken unless many steam trawlers a
operating 4

It has been claimed that the mackerel appear in
spring along our coast first at the southern end 0
Nova Scotia, and that as the season advances they a:
found farther and farther north, eventually im t
Gulf of St. Lawrence, and that at that time they
absent from the more southern parts of the coast; a
that in the fall they appear again but in the revers

4G

1922. CANADIAN
r. We have available a considerable body of unpre-
ced testimony of people onthe spotto test this
m. Forsome fifteen years atthe close ofthe last
ury and at the beginning of the present one the
adian Government conducteda Fisheries Intel-
nce Bureau, with reporters at a large number of
ts along our Atlantic coast. A considerable part of
records furnished were published with the Report
he Fisheries Branch and these are available to any-
for an investigation of this question. The mackerel
fish of particular interest, and the date of its ap-
nce and the times of its visits to each part of the
ere generally noted.

2 Theory not Borne Out

in have I examined these records to find a
stration of such a regularity in the appearances
the mackerel. At first it might seem as if there

» such a regularity. For example, in 1894, the
wing dates for the first appearance of the mackerel
noted: Yarmouth, Map 16; Lunenburg, May
quodoboit, May 25; Canso, May 28; Gabarus,
Further search showed, however, that they
orted from L’Ardoise, C..B. May 5, and Gaspe,
and that while they were at the Magdalen

y 4, and at Cheticamp until July 17, together
ny other irregularities. In some years it would
t possible to get a good series in the opposite
first at Cape Breton and then successively
Pubnico near Cape Sable,
there any evidence as to the mackerel not
n the southern part of the coast during the
while they are being taken in the Gulf of St.
e. For example in 1900 they were caught at

_ Mysterious Mr. Mackerel

h from May 14 to August 8; at Lunenburg
y 18 to November 15, with good or fair catches
month; at Cheticamp from June 2 to October
e Magdalen Islands, from May 30 to some time
‘and from July 24 to the end of September;
b I., from May 19 to May 24, and
ly 3 to August 6. 1e
there should be only spring and fall fishing at the
‘on going toward the north this should be con-
‘into purely summer fishing, at least it should be
ous. However, the records show that there was
nd summer fishing at Yarmouth, continuous fishing
ing to fall at Lunenburg and at Cheticamp, and
nd fall fishing (as they consider it) at the Magda-
ds.

n these extensive records fail to substantiate the
ut forward by the advocates of the theory upheld
Americans in 1877, do they show any regularity
nsidering? As to the first appearance of the
e there is no regularity that would indicate a
astwise progress, as a general rule the mackerel
t at the southernmost end of Nova Scotia as at
1d Yarmouth, and shortly afterwards almost
usly at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy and

n May 26, they were not seen at Port Hood

FISHERMAN 89

along the whole outer coast of the mainland of Nova Scotia
and of Cape Breton Island. Usually a few days later they
appear either at the Magdalen Islands or at the northwest
end of Prince Edward Island. At variable times, but
usually much later they appear at other points along the
north coast of Prince Edward Island and at points on the
Gulf coasts of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.

What regularity is there in the duration of the fishing
periods? As with the crops on land, so with the mackerel,
the fishery season is on the whole shorter at the north.
As the fish usually appear at intervals only, definite runs
are often mentioned. The most usual separation of the
season at the north as well as at the south is into a spring
run and a fall run. Of these two, the spring run is the
more constant and dependable on most of the coast.
Sometimes a summer run may be spoken of, or the runs are
named after the months, which shows how irregular they
are.

Deductions from Evidence

What do these general results of the analysis of the rec-
ords of the Fisheries Intelligence Bureau indicate? In the
first place, the first appearance of the fish sometimes at
the north or at intermediate points, and also the almost
simultaneous appearance of the fish along almost the whole
extent of the coast, fail to support belief in a migration
from far southern waters. These facts agree better with
what has been demonstrated for European fish, namely, a
movement into and from neighbouring deep waters. They
seetn to show that some at least of the mackerel of the
Gulf remain in the deep water of the Laurentian channel,
perhaps between Anticosti, Gaspé, and the Magdalen
Islands. It might be expected that they would also occur
in the Laurentian channel where it runs out through Cabot
Strait and finally between Banquerean and Green Bank;
also that they would occur on the side of the continent
outside the Banks, and in the deep part of the Gulf of
Maine. These are the situations that are most similar
in character of water to the places where they have been
discovered to live during the winter off the coasts of
Europe. This view does not preclude there being a def-
inite or even quite considerable movement or spreading of
the fish toward the south when they retire to deep water.
It may be noted that this view does not differ greatly from
that advanced by Mr. Robert Keating in the April issue
of the Canadian Fisherman. Along our coasts as well as
in European waters, such definite and direct evidence of
the mackerel’s movements as would be afforded by the’
recapture of tagged fish is much to be desired.

The somewhat regular differences in the times of the
appearance of the fish, being on the whole later at the
north; indicate that the late coming of spring at the north
affects the fish. The spawning is likewise delayed. The
greater regularity in the spring run fits in with European
experience that the mackerel are more regularly in schools
and at the surface near the coast during the spawning
period of the spring than during the summer and autumn.

The Spawning Area Known

The spawning area of the mackerel, as has long been
known, is very extensive and coincides with the distri-
bution of the adults during the spawning season, namely,
off the coasts of New England and the Maritime provinces.
In the southern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence spawn-
ing is very general, and also successful, seeing that the
minute fry can be obtained in large quantities in the latter
part of the summer nearly everywhere. In the Bay of
Fundy mackerel are irregular in their occurrence, and we
have failed to obtain any fry. We believe that such eggs
as are spawned there from time to time (and we know

(Continued on page 101)

90 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Cod Reddening Traced to Sea Salt

Both Canadian and U. 8. authorities recom-
mend use of mined salt instead, or sterili-

zation process.

The red discoloration in salt fish which has been the
cause of considerable financial loss each year among cur-
ers of cod in Eastern Canada, has for some years been
under scientific investigation. This evil is not one pecul-
iar to Canada, but obtains wherever the business of salting
fish is engaged in. Just recently a very interesting re-
port has been made upon the subject by Dr. F. C. Harris-
on of Macdonald College, Quebec, and almost simultaneous-
ly comes another report from Dr. W. W. Browne, a United
States authority. It is worthy of observation that both
these eminent gentlemen reach the same general conclu-
sion that the vegetable growth to which the discoloration
is attributed prevails only in sea salt and they recommend
that its usage for fish curing purposes he discontinued
unless sterilized, and mined salt be employed instead.

The full text of Dr. Harrison’s report is not yet at hand.
It was submitted only recently to the Honorary Council for
Scientific and Industrial Research, Ottawa, under whose
auspices Dr. Harrison worked, and it is now’ in the hands
of the printer. According to news reports the following
facts are culled from the text:

The pink or red discoloration of green salted, cured or
dried codfish on the Atlantic coast was due to the salt
used in curing. This discoloration affected the market
value of the product and sometimes affected as high as
forty per cent. of the output. The value of these prod-
ucts exceeded $5,000,000 in 1921.

The result of Dr. Harrisson’s experiment showed that
the sea salt usually employed contained organisms causing
discoloration, and that if no other was available, the salts
should be sterilized by heating in a kiln at the temperature
of boiling water for thirty minutes, otherwise only mined
salts should be used. Establishments in which sea salt
has been used should be disinfected by steam and all
parts and ustensile washed with fresh water.

The recent report of Dr.
condition is caused by the growth of two micro-organisms,
whose probable origin is the sea salt with which the fish
are cured. The pale pink colouration is produced by the
growth of a “spirochaete” and the deep red by a “bacillus”
form. The former term is applied to micro-organisms of
a corkscrew shape; the latter to those of a rod shape—both
forms are the cause of many diseases in man and animals.
The optimum (or best) concentration of salt for the growth
of these micro-organisms seems to be saturation. They
grow well on heavily-salted fish, in brine, on salt piles,
and fish agar saturated with salt. No growth appears on
media containing less than 15 per cent. salt, by weight.
The most favourable temperature for thé growth of both
is between 50 deg. and 60 deg. C. (122 degrees to 172
degrees F.) this a very great degree of heat, indicating
the salt lagoons of the tropics as the probable source of the
infection. Sunlight does not kill these organisms, ordinary
bacteria are killed by ten minutes’ exposure to bright sun-
light. This difference also points to a tropical origin,
where the red pigmentation is required as a protection
against the bright sunlight.

All the results indicate that the causative agents of this
troublesome and costly colouration of the salted fish have

Browne indicates that the

same either through the Fish Marketing Division
the Marine and Fisheries Department or directly to

May, 1922,

been discovered, and that their original sources is the solar —
evaporated sea salt with which the fish are cured. Mined —
or domestic salt seems to be free of their presence. Any ‘
method devised for eliminating reddening must be based —

either upon the proper disinfection of the sea salt before
it is used, or the substitution of mined or domestic salt, —
which is free of infection. But in either case a thorough —
disinfection of the salt-fish plants and equipment is essen- —
tial, since at the present time all are highly infected. (Dr.
Browne is speaking of American plants.) It would be use- —
less to dump sterilised salt, or even mined salt, into a—
highly infected plant, or to ‘bring unsterilised salt into a
thoroughly disinfected plant. The. U. S. Bureau are con-—
ducting experiments to determine the best and most prac-
tical means of eradicating this most troublesome factor
from the fish industry. It may be added that the follow- —
ing recommendations were made by Inspector A. W- Bit-
ting, of the American Bureau of Chemistry, in 191
Floors, dressing-tables, washing-tanks and all appara
and implements in use should be frequently washed by
stream of water under high pressure; the butts should
thoroughly cleaned inside and out and steamed for twe
minutes, or sprayed with sulphurous acid, as also shov
the racks and walls, posts and floors be sprayed in t
same way twice a week in summer. All refuse and ru
bish should be promptly removed from the room.

CANADIANS ARE GETTING AFTER SPANISI
TRADE.

It is learned that several eastern exporting: hoe
have become interested in the possibilities of Spain
a market for our cured cod. A very valuable report
the cures required by different parts of the country I
been recently received by the Department of Trade
Commerce at Ottawa from an overseas trade com
sioner and those interested should apply for a cop

Commercial Intelligence Service, Department of T
and Commerce, Ottawa.

Spain should offer a particularly favorable ma
just at this time. Norwegian cod is denied the m
by reason of a high tariff and French exporters :
much worried at the present time over a propos:
place the same tariff against France, namely 72
tas per 100 kilogramms. This, it is feared, would
hibit France from engaging in the business on ac
of the adverse rate of exchange of the French frane.

Newfoundland has developed a big Spanish trade i
recent years but Canada lost what little business she ¢
have. There is no reason why Canadians should 10
make a bid for the trade. Norwegians are maki
mighty effort for our trade in Cuba and North B
The distance of the market from them and its proximi
to us appears to be no discouraging factor. Why
then, in our case in canvassing Spanish trade?

Phe following is offered for public consideration as a
in behalf of the Canadian lobster industry :
Neither the B.N.A. Act, nor the subsequent de-
f the Privy Council clearly define the provincial
supervise and regulate the local inshore fisheries.
The federal authorities have exercised full con-
iallenged except by Ontario and Quebec, and
modified with respect to British Columbia. As
ec, that province has lately acquired practical
in all matters relating to its local fisheries.
sion is admittedly based on considerations of
in accordance with all economic interests.
point being granted, there is no valid reason
Scotia, or any part of the Maritimes, should
wed to enact laws and lay down rules for the
of its own fishery affairs, and to administ-
subject to addition or amendment, as occa-
quire.
the sake of clearness, the question here raised
ee wholly and solely to lobster fishing and the
its products. There is no federal interference
branches of the fisheries, except as regards a
kinds in the near inshore waters. For over
"years past, the lobster pursuit at large has been
ed not by laws passed in the federal parliament,
order of a cabinet council, sometimes advised by
f the Commons with an eye to his particular
more often by a delegation whose viewpoint
e in the whole extensive territory. It some-
1s, also, that by this mode of engineering,
of one province are advanced to the detri-
ne other province, or all the rest.
evident that valuable marine resource can
fairly and equitably developed under such a
and clandestine system of administration.
erations take place mostly in quite deep water,
d the shore belt, the calling no more comes

y

2 the gathering of cockles or the scoop-net-
ves stemming up the little streams flowing
ind lakes. Yet every lobsterman pays yearly
dollar into the Dominion treasury for the pri-
t ding his traps in fair weather or foul.
assuming the lobstermen’s burden, Nova

_of responsibility would be extremely light.
ges could be reduced to less than one-fourth.
es no cognizance of size. The legal seasons
y not co-terminus) could each be more effi-
forced by visits to the various canneries, -in-
trolling the coast in search of traps; and hav-
to live experts, the carrier-lines by land or
e easily looked after at the point of exit. Three
art officials, in the honest performance of
would soon show more satisfactory results
thus far been achieved. And the wherewithal
hi going could be almost, if not quite, made
e Sum-total of the said license fees. The blue-
are nearly twenty thousand lobster

ould be under the expense of overseeing it; but .

tia. ape above levy must amount to

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 91

Well known authority points out how fishery
could be handleed more economically and
to better advantage.

By M.H. NICKERSON

$5,000 a year. That sum would no doubt cover all costs.

7, — Provincial supervision of all lobstering activities
would effect a considerable saving to the national ex-
chequer every year. Protective cruisers are not needed
for this branch. Neither are the several patrol boats
which ereep out every spring like flies in the first sun-
shiny days. Of course, it is not good policy, it is not
neighborly, to curtail any essential employment and thus
displace labor of any kind. But the men so engaged
could be transferred to some other sphere of usefulness
in the same connection on shore, without a cut in the
salaries but with the elimination of coal and oil bills as
well as the large expenditure for the upkeep and repair
of boats. The force of this contention is self-evident, and
needs no_specia} pleading to convince all thoughtful

-minds. Parties who keep a tolerably fair run of what it

takes from the public chest to carry the several lobster
seasons through will readily admit that local oversight
could do it much better and cheaper.

Supplementary :—The duty of a fishery department,
or such division of governmental functions, consists in
so regulating sizes and seasons that there shall be no un-
due waste of available resources, no wanton destruction
of any species, exactly on the same principle as the var-
ious game laws are framed. If this reasoning is sound
(and just criticism is invited) then the task of the -fish-
ery officer ends when the lobsters are landed in the legal

‘season, and strictly speaking he should not be commis-

sioned to follow up the disposal of lawful catches, wheth-
er they go to the eanneries or are shipped abroad, save
only for detective purposes, as stated above, and that
would be neither laborious nor expensive. There is al-
ready, I believe, a local statute proving for the inspection
of factories in general, and certainly lobster shops should
be ineluded. As for the matter of packing and exporting
the tinned goods, that most certainly comes within the
pale of the department of commerce, just as the lumber
export business in all countries is widely sundered from
the laws of forestry. The whole complex machinery
should be revised and simplified for the general benefit.

If lobster laws, “ike the ordinary game laws, could be

handled in the local Assembly, what an immense im-

provement might Se expected! What a keen interest
would be awakened among the members in one of the
chief natural resources, and that, too, free from all
strikes, lockouts, disputes and conflicts between so-called
labor and capital | It is also of common appeal, and’ not
sectional, thus easily leading up to unity of opinion,
without envy or prejudice. All the counties are more or
less concerned, and every member as a matter of course,
would be well informed as to every phase of the question
from being in close touch with the important interests
of the same. And representation, in case of needed
change, or amendment to the regulations, would have
prompt attention, »pen debate and a decision by vote,
like any other constitutional measure....Conditions at
present are chaotie, The people’s earnings are likely to
suffer unless wiser eounsel prevails. Let the newspapers
and magazines thoroughly ventilate the question, and
the boards of trade deal with it on its acknowledged
merits.

92 CANADIAN

Many Fishery Matters Aired at Ottawa

Modus Vivendi license to U. 8. vessels will
continue—Grant to boost international race
urged by Mr. Duff. —

April 21.—That he would prefer to employ white
fishermen, except for the fact that the average white
man on the west coast of Vancouver Island would not
fish, and, therefore, it was necessary to employ Japanese,
was the declaration this morning before the House Com-
mittee on Fisheries, of ‘W. R. Lord, a Vancouver Island
salmon canner. Mr.Lord wanted an embargo against
the export of raw fish from Canada to the United States.
American buyers, he said, could outbid the Canadian
canners and pay higher prices here than they did at
home.

W. G. MeQuarrie, Conservative member for New
Westminster, whose resolution from the House was be-
fore the committee, claimed that in some section, the
salmon fisheries of British Columbia were so greatly
controlled by Orientals that white fishermen were not
being allowed to enter the business. This was an im-
- proper state of affairs in Canada.

Mr. McQuarrie believed the committee could profit-
ably consider the whole fisheries industry of the Dom-
inion.

W. R. Lord declared the salmon fisheries in British
Columbia were in a serious state. Traps in the Puget
Sound had reduced the Fraser River salmon catch
severely.

These traps were operated by Americans. Some Can-
adian traps were operated on the south coast of Van-
couver Isand. Mr. Lord suggested the best soution
woud be to close down the Fraser River Fisheries for
eight years. This would necessitate conclusion of a
treaty to have American traps stopped also.

He had come to Ottawa to ask for an embargo or
export duty which would give Canadian packers an
equal chance with Americans. The export of fish in
the raw state should be prohibited. Answering Mr.
McQuarrie, witness admitted this would prohibit fish-
ermen from selling to anyone but Canadian packers.
This would compel American buyers to process their
fish in Canada.

Mr. McQuarrie:
the fishermen ?”’

Witness admitted that this was the case.

Mr. McQuarrie said he had fought this for years.
Mr. Lord added that Japanese were being employed
““because the white men would not work. They wanted
to sit back and curse the Government because it did
not start public works.”’

Japanese fishermen received just as high prices as
white men. Witness would like to get Scotch settlers
there to farm and fish, but the farm lots were tied up
by people who would neither farm nor fish.

If there were no Japanese fishermen there would be
no canning business. Witness would buy from a white
man in preference to yellow, but white men would not
fish. He would keep Japanese out altogether if he
could get whites. He had lost $30,000 last year because
there was no market for low-grade fish.

Answering Mr. McQuarrie, witness said an embargo
would reduce the price to the canners in Canada.

Chairman Duff called Mr. Lord’s attention to the

‘‘Then you could fix prices to

FISHERMAN May, 1922,

proposed American tariff, which puts a duty of two. ‘
cents a pound on fish. Be
‘‘Would you need an embargo if that goes into ot
fect?’’ asked Mr. Duff. fe
**No,’’ replied Mr. Lord. -
‘When will that duty go into effect?’’ asked a com-
mittee man.
“‘T hope never,’’ replied Mr. Duff, who is interes
in east coast fisheries. Set

To Continue Modus Vivendi

April 25.—The fact that the United States peaoaien
last year the reciprocal privilege extended in its waters
to Canadian fishermen did not cause similar action |
Canada at the time. At a conference here on Saturd.
between Nova Scotia members and the fisheries’ Dep
ment it was agreed to continue to extend fishing rights
to the Americans. Efforts will be made to revert
the old reciprocal arrangements.

Lobster Season Extended

April 27.—Unemployment which is causing distre
along the Cape Breton coast, has prompted the Gover.
ment to amend the lobster fishery regulations so as
open the fishing season on the first of May this ye
instead of May 16, as usual. The amendment appli
to that portion of the Cape Breton coast from Re
point, Richmond County, to Cape St. Lawrence,
verness County, including St. Paul’s Island. The
son this year will extend from May 1 to June 30, bo
days inclusive, instead of May 16 to July 15, as in p
vious years. The amendment expressly sets forth t
the change applies to this year only.

The Salmon Embargo

April 28.—The suggested embargo on the export
fresh caught fish was strongly advocated by Bell | F
ving, a British Columbia canner, before the Marine ai
Fisheries Committee of the House of Commons.
morning. He cited evidence that in 1916, sixteen
lion pounds of fresh fish were exported ‘from Bri
Columbia to American canners,.and that the net
vantage to Canada of having that fish put up in
country would have been half a million dollars.
admitted that American competeition gave Cane
fishermen a better price than the Canadian ea
would pay, but claimed that the public advantag
having the work done in Canada was paramount.
attempt to operate the canneries without the Japan
Mr. Irving said, would cause a‘‘ domestic upheav
But no canners would object to a policy which wi
bring in white fishermen.

Asks Grant for Fishermen Race

May 3.—‘‘It is advisable,’’ moved William Duft
Liberal member of Lunenburg, N. 8. in the House 0
Commons today, ‘‘that every possible assistance /e
given to the promotion and maintenance of inte :
national deep sea racing between Canadian deep s
fishing vessels and dep sea fishing vessels of othe er
nations. e

CANADIAN

House cheered when Mr. Duff spoke of the
ladian victory in the international races last year.

two more boats for the elimination contests, the
ricans also had another two boats ready. It had
me an international matter now, the interest
ng far exceeded the local or provincial sphere.

fon. Ernest Lapointe, Minister of Marine and
es, said it had appealed to his sporting and
spirit to know that Canadians were holding
wn against Americans and other foreign com-
s. If a small grant would help the fishing
ipbuilding industries, he was of the opinion
‘was deserved; but he did not feel free to say,
rms of the resolution, that.the race should be
“every possible assistance.’’ He promised to
ae matter careful consideration, and for this
e moved adjournment of the debate. This was
at once by Mr. Duff and carried without
ee

passing reference to the debate on ‘‘flag flap-
the House the other day, Mr. Duff said that
e fishing fleet set out for the Banks they put
xy topmast as a symbol. ‘‘We do not believe
flapping”’ he said. ‘‘We do not hoist it every
let it get ragged. But it is a symbol.to the
d sweethearts on shore, and we use it only for
al occasions.”’

uff asserted that to make a small grant to the
of the Canadian boats in this international
would be a stimulus to shipbuilding and to the
ng industry. The Government granted $1,000 for
ie climbing; they might well make a small grant
for this purpose. He recalled the prediction
h Howe that in fifty years there would be
fishermen in the Maritine Provinces. That
not been realized, and he appealed to the
it to take advantage of the present oppor-
to help to realize it. ’

To Stop Fishing Outside Limits

—

* 3

- Hon. Mr. Lapointe moved for leave to
a bill to amend the Fisheries Act of 1914,
penalties for any who, without a license
minister of marine and fisheries, leaves any
ce in Canada to fish for salmon or lobsters
beyond the territorial waters of Canada,
owingly brings into Canada any salmon or
ep or caught in the sea beyond territorial
contravention of the provision mentioned.
ointe explained that the object of the bill is
proper protection to our lobster and salmon
Both these fisheries are conducted beyond,
I as within, territorial waters. Heretofore
ons which applied to both have never been
. ‘But we have been informed ‘that they
allenged in some part of the country, especial-
sritish Columbia;-and the department of justice
inion that the regulation should be implemented

Aon

*

Fishing Vessels Exempt

A resolution was passed in the house this
provide for the exemption of Canadian
els from pilotage dues. Hon. Mr. Lapointe
d that it had been customary to exempt fishing

there was no legal authority for doing so.
vas read the first time.

year, he said, the fishermen of Nova Scotia had |

FISHERMAN 93

On Tuna’s Trail

One of the events of great interest to fishermen and
canners, as well as scientists, was the recent launching
of Captain George Farnsworth’s yacht, the ‘‘Gypsy
Girl’”’ in which Mr. Farnsworth expects to navigate the
remote corners of the Southern Seas in search of the
Spawning grounds of Southern California fish and
other varieties,

It is a well known fact that a specimen of. the Tuna,
(of the species that enters tin cans labeled ‘“‘Chicken
of the Sea’’) of the length of a man’s hand has’ never

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been found. It is now at least ten years since the. Tuna
has been canned, but there is still the reward offered ~
by the United States Bureau of Fisheries for a speci-
men of Tuna of that size. When the fish appear off the
Southern California coasts about the first of June,
there are no small fish among them. They are found
only in the locality extending from Monterey in the
north, to San Diego in the south, and on down toward
Sata Cruz in Mexico. As they are usually found later
in the season toward the southern part of the coast, it
is thought they go on southward in the fall. But
where they spawn is still a mystery.

It is to find out the secrets of this and other species
of fish that Mr. Farnsworth and his party have em-
barked on the first lap of a cruise that is expected to
last seven years. Their first stopping place will be
Magdalena Bay.

The ‘‘Gypsy Girl’’ has both power and sail, and is

~modeled after the older types-of the Gloucester fishing

craft. Captain Farnsworth will be accompanied by
his wife, who is also a good sailor, and as Captain
Farnsworth is an experienced navigator as well as an
authority on fish, the expedition is watched with in-
terest. The “‘Gypsy Girl’’ sailed from'San Pedro Jan-
uary the twenty-eighth.

. THINGS WE USED TO SEE.

A girl, a great lover of nature, went to the seashore
for a holiday and approaching a typical fisherman,
said:

‘‘Ah, sir, how well you must know the face of
nature, and know it in all its moods! Have you ever
seen the sun sinking in such a glare of glory that it
swallows up the horizon with fire? Have you not
seen the mist gliding down the hilltop like a spectre?
Have you never,’’ she went on impassionately, ‘‘seen
the. moon struggling to shake off the grip of the
ragged, rugged storm-clouds?’’ |

‘“No, Miss,’’ responded the fisherman; ‘‘I used to
see them things, but not since prohibition.’’

94 7 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

News Notes from Far and Near

Striking decline noted in number of vessels.
and men engaged in Oo A ae fish-

eries

Newfoundland Fisheries Show Decline

Statistics published by the Trade Review of New-
foundland throw some interesting and indeed startling in-
formation on the condition of her fisheries on the banks
and on the Labrador. Custom House returns show that
whereas in 1913 there were 104 schooners, aggregating
7,7551 tons, carrying 1,803 men, with a total catch of
152,374 quintals, in 1921 there were only forty-one
schooners with a total tonnage of 2,847 and 697 men, and
the total catch was but 94,461 quintals.
steady from year to year. The average catch per man,
it will be noted, however, was increased in that period
from 83 quintals to 135 quintals.

On the Labrador, too, the decrease in vessels em-
ployed and men engaged, has also been steady during the
same period. In 1913 vessels in this fishery numbered 884
and 2,518 men were engaged, while last year there were
579 vessels and 1,798 men employed. The Trade Review
points out, however, that these figures may not be com-
plete as many of the Northern planters never take the
trouble to enter or clear their vessels from one end of
the year to the other. - The great falling off in the number
following the fishery may be accounted for, the paper
observes, by the fact that many now reach the Labrador
by regular passenger boats whereas formerly they all went
in the fishing schooners.

Sealing Statistics

The 101,452 seals taken by the Newfoundland steam
sealing fleet in 1921 brought a revenue of $171,242.76.
In the past ten years there were only three years when the
catch was smaller and only three years: when the revenue
was below that of 1921. The total catch for the ten-year
period from 1912 to 1921 was 1,534,327 and the total
revenuein that period was $4,041,488.29.

Father and Son Lost

Frederick Banks and his son of Yarmouth, it is believed,
have lost their lives by drowning. They went out in their
motor boat on April 27 with the mosquito fleet to fish
about fifteen miles off shore. Due to thick weather the
balance of the fleet returned, but not the Banks’ boat.
One resembling it was later picked up fifteen miles south-
west of Cape Sable.

Prices Should. Be Good

Very little is left of the 1921 Newfoundland fish catch
and it is believed a record has been established for an
early clean-up. The markets have pretty well absorbed
supplies so that the prospects for good prices this summer
are bright indeed.

Another New Trawl

In recent issues we have made extended reference to the
Danish seine which threatens to revolutionize fishing meth-
ods in the Old Country, improved curved trawler boards
and also a new herring trawl. Recently, says the Fish
Trades Gazette of London, trials have been made in
France with a new style of trawl. It appears to be a
combination of a trap-net and a Mediterranean trawl slung
between two boats. It has been tried between two steam
trawlers and about double the quantity of fish was taken
compared with what ordinary trawlers were getting on the
same grounds. Owing to the diminished resistance in
the water and the reduced burden of the vessels the con-
sumption of coal was reduced to about two tons a day.
The contrivance is to be tried in other grounds.

The decline was -

May, 1922.

Cattle Census Shows Little Change a
A recent table issued by the United States Piven 0
Markets and Crop Estimates, shows that the world’s s
ply of -cattle has changed little as compared with pre-war —
days. Estimates place the country in all countries, ex-_
cluding Bulgaria, Russia, Czecho-Slovakia, Palond, Serbia —
and some smaller countries, at 383,784,000_while the po
war totals, with the same ng loahiio, amount to 384,39
000. The number in the United States has increased f
56,592,000 in 1914 to 66,191,000 in 1921. In Canada
total has jumped from 6,656,000 in 1913 to 10,206,000 i
1921. There had been no falling off in the cattle census it
the western hemisphere, up to 1921, but undoubtedly ther
has been a considerable decline in the past year and y
be in the next year in the process of economic readjustm
Under present conditions, it is said, cattle raisers find
unprofitable to feed and unprofitable to sell and a g
many are liable to suffer until things reach a normal be
once more.
Dried Cod Bonused
In view of the effect on the exportation of Norweg
dried fish by the attitude taken by Spain and Port
on Norway’s prohibition question the government at Chr
iana has decided to continue the guarantee respecting s
fish, which was originally adopted as a war measure.
covers losses on graded qualities under certain conditi
and the object is to raise the quality of Norway’s split
and enable it to compete better in foreign markets. Co:
pulsory inspection and branding of split fish began
May 1. Much is expected from this measure. 3
Fish Check Fever .
The pacific coast of South America is free from yel
fever for the first time in history and a little fish le
known as ‘life’ has been the most efficient agent in
battle to rid Peru of the dreaded disease. It is a v
active destroyer of the mosquito larvae and more
700,000 of them have been distributed in twos and thr
in water containers in private dwellings.
Sold for $12,000

The tern schooner Favorian built three years ago &
cost approximating $90,000, was sold recently at auct
at Halifax and realized only $12,000. The pavsieaar :

: E. Campbell of Summerside, P.E.I. Bidding started
7,000.

Drift Ice fas: Fishermen
Drift ice which had been hugging the Cape Breton
Canso shore about the first of May seriously ham
fishing operations. The lobster season particularly
off to a bad start. Due to rough and windy weather
produced practically no results and drift ice made the ¢
look for May discouraging.

World’s Biggest Trawler

The steam trawler Jules-Elby is reputed to be the
largest in the world. It belongs to the firm of Poret a n¢
Co., of France and was especially built for the cod fish
ing at Iceland and the Newfoundland Banks. It m a
227 1-2 feet in length and is 1300 tons gross, havi
crew of seventy. It can burn coal or oil indiffer
though it is intended to use oil as a rule. Thé v
cost 2,500,000 francs. It is equipped with a refrigerator
plant intended to maintain an even temperature “of 3
degrees F. in the fish-holds. 5

Experimental Shipments in Poor Shope

~The London correspondent of one of the Montreal papers
tes that recent attempts to inaugurate trade with Eng-
d in fresh Canadian haddock have not met with favor-
e results, to put it mildly. One shipload, he states,
signed by a vessel sailing direct from Halifax to
Lon =n, was delayed and on its arrival was seized by the
itary authorities of the port of London and destroyed
fit for human consumption.

earlier shipment to Liverpool was only slightly
successful, the correspondent adds. The importing
of Charles "Petrie and Son of Liverpool informed him
the fresh haddock which were carried in ordinary un-
1 ated cargo space, arrived in fair condition, but
- the smoked haddock had been roughly split, while the
3 were too large for the English market. The net
ealized from the shipment did not cover the freight
8.
Schooner Founders

thirty-one ton schooner, Lucy A., Captain John
, of Yarmouth, foundered near Varmonth May 4

and had just been overhauled for hand lining.
1921 Poor Fishing Year

year 1921 was one of scanty receipts and low
for the fishing industry of both the New England
and the Maritime Provinces, according to the annual
of the Boston Fish Bureau. The mackerel fishing,
bed as the barometer of the deep sea trade, was the
t on record. Ground fishing was not so badly hit;
hooner Frances S. Grueby, most successful of those
d in this trade, earned $90,000 during the year,
w pares amounting to $1,975 each.

ie Heavy Fall in Values

showing the deflation in prices of fish, the total
or March on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.
h 16,000 ewts. larger than in March last year, was
1 at over $200,000 less.—Halifax Chronicle.

A New Fish Species

species of fish hitherto unknown to science was
y caught by a Japanese fishermen thirteen miles
re from Honolulu in a depth of 1,200 feet of water.
fish weighs 150 pounds and is flat and almost cir-
Silver predominates in the coloring with fins and
of scarlet and the dorsal fin, about eighteen inches
spotted with white. The head is mottled with dark
and black and the eyes are round and about four
es in diameter. The ichthyologist of the University
waii declares the species is not classified in any
fic work. Not many months ago several new spe-
sre discovered in the same area lear molten lava
into the sea.

Lunenburgers Do Well.

"4 About twenty-five Lunenburg bankers have returned
m this ‘spring trip and report catches ranging from
to 1,000 quintals, considered good for this time of the
‘The rest of the fleet are expected in port soon and
make ready for their second trip to the banks.

Good Prospects for Year

ke Winnipeg i is expected to produce upwards of 1,500,-
pounds of whitefish this season, in addition to a large

f pickerel, jackfish and tulibee. The coarser fish
ptionally plentiful this season. Lakes Manitoba
soi a are also being fished extensively.

was one of a fresh fish fleet belonging to Mayor

‘MAN congratulates Mr.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 95

CHANGE OF PERSONNEL IN JOHN LECKIE LTD.

‘There is probably no firm better known to all the

fishing interests on the Great Lakes than that of John

John Leckie, Limited, of Toronto, and while the lines
handled by the company have established a reputation
for the ‘firm from coast to coast, it is to the personnel
that must be attributed the ereat strides made in the
expansion of the business. Since 1914 and up to a
month ago, the reins of ‘management of this firm of
half a century were in the hands of Mr. Samuel Bar-
bour, who received valuable training and experience
in the netting mills of the Old Country and the United
States, had made a great success of the business, so
much so, that he has been called to a position of larger

J. A. MACAULAY

responsibility, and has undertaken the management of
the eastern business of The Linen Thread Company
with headquarters in Boston. Canada has lost a valu-
able man to the industry. The CANADIAN FISHER-
Barbour on his new and im-
portant appointment.

The management of the company has been taken
over by Mr. J. A. Macaulay who was office and sales
manager under Mr. Barbour. There are few men better
known to the industry than Mr. Macaulay. For the past
fifteen years he has been associated with John Leckie, —
Limited, starting in as office boy’ and working up
through various executive positions to his present re-
sponsible post at the helm. For many years Mr. Mac-
aulay personually covered the fishing interests, and his
intimate knowledge of the requirements, coupled with
his exceptional executive ability augur well for the con-
tinued growth and expansion of this old established and
reliable fishermen’s outfitting firm.

ENGINE WRONGLY BLAMED.

A very nervous man bought a motor car and a friend
asked him to give him a lift. They found themselves in
a crowded street.

The friend said:
badly.’’

~“*Ton’t be a fool,’’ was the reply. ‘‘That’s my ee .
—Exchange.

‘‘Jim, your engine is knocking

96 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Our Salmon Planted in Antipodes

Success finally crowns effort to stock rivers
and streams of New Zealand—Interesting -
story of how it was accomplished

The Domonion Commissioner of Fisheries, Professor
Prince, has just received a very interesting communi-
cation ‘from the Chief Inspector of New Zealand Fish-
eries giving important information on the success at-
tending the planting of Canadian salmon in rivers at
the Antipodes. There were originally no salmon or
trout, as is well known, in the fifty or sixty beautiful
rivers of New Zealand. Some were introduced many
years ago, successive shipments of eggs being donated
by the Canadian and United States Governments. The
results seemed doubtful until last year when the largest
run of Quinnat, or Pacific Spring salmon, sometimes
called King salmon, ever experienced, came up several
of the most important rivers. Chief Inspector Ayson,
in his letter, informs Professor Prince that the fish
not only ascended in greater numbers, but were of a
larger size, than ever known before. Quite a consider-
able proportion were fish of forty pounds weight,
several of the specimens were found on measurement
to be over fifty inches in length. In 1920 the run of
these fish became so alarmingly small that the New
Zealand authorities were in great fear lest all their
efforts at stocking their rivers with North American
salmon had proved a dismal failure. Hardly a fish
was seen, and there was widespread criticism of the
Government’s action in spending money on hatchery
operations, and wasting time and energy in attempts
to establish salmon. Some critics were very severe,
dissatisfaction was general.

Professor Prince, in 1914, as is well known, at the
request of the New Zealand Government, and with the
permission of the Dominion Government, made a com-
plete inspection of the marine and fresh-water fisheries
of both islands, making lenghty tours and cruises, more
extensive than any man had ever done, probably, before.
His opinion was asked as to the apparent failure of
salmon propagation, but from his large experience
he was able to reassure the New Zealand Government,
and he suggested that a hasty conelusion should not be
reached. He suggested that, by waiting a year or two,
a sounder judgment could be formed as to wether or
not this scarcity of salmon, after several seasons of
plenty, was not merely one of the usual fluctuations com-
mon to all fisheries. Professor Prince,s opinion has
been amptly justified by the news just received that
the run of salmon has been very large last season.
Indeed it has been pronounced unparalleled. The
famous Waitaki river was crowded with fish in January
and February a year ago, and other rivers, like the
Clutha, Rangitata, and Rakaia, also experienced fine
runs of fish. When the Canadian Commissioner of
Fisheries visited the salmon hatchery himself, in 1914,
on the Hakateramea, he saw some dozens of fine Pacific
salmon, large Spring or Quinnat salmon, fifteen to
thirty pounds weight, lying dead upon the gravelly
shallows for several miles. To Professor Prince it
recalled a spectacle familiar to him on British Columbia
‘ rivers at the annual Quinnat spawning time. These
New Zealand fish had matured and spawned naturally,
and afterwards died, as is the rule among Pacific
salmon of various species.

May, 1922.

ey:

Atlantic Species Still a Mystery.

The Atlantic species of salmon in New Zealand 1
still an unsolved problem. The experiments made y iy
eggs shipped from England and the. United Sta

earried on systematically over a long period of year

have not proved successful. Nearly sixty years”
elapsed since the Otago Provincial Council voted
to cover the cost of importing Atlantic salmon
from England, and the attempts have been conti
at intervals ever since. The conditions, judg
results, are clearly unfavourable at the Anti 3

sibly it is a combination of conditenle
Prince, when in N ew Zealand, expressed iy

but that probably aye descending to the shy
lost their bearings owing to the vast depths
distance from the estnaries, depths which to tk

_ descend to 3000 or 4000 ea and th

hatched. Moreover, Inspector Ayson |
pointed out, the snow-fed rivers of New .

by Inspector Ayson, has been followed, an
its superiority by its results. Indeed, Prof
in a report to the New Zealand Governme
stead of distributing fry piecemeal amo
number of rivers, Mr. Ayson has wisely
same waters year by year, and has thus |
acclimatizing the fish. <A fish new to
such as the Pacific salmon in the southern hem
can only be established by contiuous and
stocking of the same waters until the introdue

Pry

iety is secure against its many natural enemi

The shipments of spring salmon eggs, fi :
1875, and continued for the five following y
no result because they were scattered over t
a series of waters, and often in unsuitable local
and at unfavourable seasons of the year. In ’
new policy was followed and since then, up to }
shipments of Canadian and U. S. eggs, from
were hatched in New Zealand, no less than 2,
young salmon, have proved successful. Inspecto
son claims that ninety per cent of the eggs
Quinnat fry, and these were successfully plant
the New Zealand rivers.. Nowhere are the va
operations in fish-culture more efficiently carrie
than in that beautiful Dominion waters a
veteran and world-famed expert, Inspector L. F.
Most were planted as soon as the yolk-sack was abso
bed, but a few were kept through the ‘‘fingerling
stages, for experimental bn ote in ae, ‘antil he
were two years old.

ay, 1922. CANADIAN
In 1905, four years after the new policy had been
opted, anglers caught large Quinnat salmon in May
d June in considerable numbers. May and June, it
ay be noted, correspond to the months of November
1d December.in Canada. The New Zealand winter
mmences then, and the conditions are those of the
ate fall in the northern hemisphere.

Yielded Supplies of Eggs.

1 1907 some of the fish which had lived all their
‘and matured in New Zealand rivers and seas,
d supplies of eggs. The hatchery officers secured
80,000 eggs in one river, the Waitaki; and between
and 400 salmon spawned naturally on the gravel
ows. In 1908 there was a similar excellent run
the fish were distinctly larger and heavier. Some
e found on measurement to be thirty-six inches to

Dr. E. E. Prince

y-six inches in length. Many were found dead
‘spawning, and as the weather was unfavourable
Securing eggs for the hatchery, on the Hakatere-
not more than 50,000 were obtained. Large num-
of young salmon, two pounds weight, have been
rved off some of the wharves, while fishermen
ed having caught Quinnat salmon in the open
in 1909 and 1910, and since. More are not taken
ets offshore because, in the opinion of the fisher-
the large fish do not appear until the netting
n is over,and the small fish must pass through
meshes,
British Columbia the spring salmon. are sought
Sportsmen from all parts of the world, trolling with
-bait, and using also the fly. Very large fish are
ght, in July and August, near the mouths of such
as Campbell River, a little north of Cape Mudge,

. FISHERMAN

97

and at points all the way round Vancouver Island to
the City of Victoria. Spoon-bait fishing is carried on
as late as December. Anglers have also been success-
ful with this tackle in New Zealand, and in1910 a num-
ber of salmon, from six-to ten or twelve pounds, were
caught on the Otago shore, many being taken on a reef
ten miles off the coast.

The phenomenal run af these fine salmon in New
Zealand waters in 1921, now reported, is very encou-
raging, and has caused widespread delight. It shows
that the Government’s persevering éfforts are bearing
fruit. Enthusiasts are hoping that Chief Inspector
Ayson’s policy will continue to be encouraged, and
extended to the Westland rivers. He has already
transferred batches of eggs and fry from the eastern
rivers where they are now, it is demonstrated, esta-
blished, to the rivers on the west coast and emptying
into the Tasman Sea. The conditions there are not
less favourable. Great benefits are in store from the
numerous shipments of salmon eggs, in past years, from
the Canadian and the United States’ hatcheries,

The valuable Sockeye or Blueback Salmon, on which
our salmon canning industry has largely relied, is also
proving a success in New Zealand rivers. Its value
ig purely commercial, and as New Zealanders are
essentially sportman, there has been less interest in
the. more moderate success which has followed the
planting of this smaller species. It is practically des-
titute of game qualities, and ranks go high commercial-
ly owing to its deep red flesh, from which it often
receives the name Redfish or Red Salmon, or more
commonly Sockeye. :

" THE AGE OF A FISH

How can one tell the age of a fish? Some one may
say by its size or weight, but length or avoirdupois has
nothing whatever to do with its age. Just as a tree
tells its age by rings, so does the fish, which has its
annual rings, not on its body, but on the scaleg which
protect the body. If a fish scale is put under a mag-
nifying glass it will be found to be covered with little
rings, some almost together, and others farther apart.
In times of scarcity of food and cold the fish grows
slowly, and the rings are close together, but in times
of plenty and when the weather is warmer the growth
is more rapid, and the rings are wider apart. The
rings represent one year in its life. Another way of
tracing the age is by following the markings on what
are called the carstones of the fish—the little hard
things got in its inner ear. When these stones are put —
under the microscope they will be seen to have tiny
light and dark rings. Each light ring represents one
year’s growth.

SEINES AND POUNDS RESTRICTED

A bill recently introduced into the legislature of On-
tario to amend the Ontario Game and Fisheries Act,
provides among other things that:

(1) No license or permit shall be granted author->
izing the use of seine nets for commercial purposes in
any of the rivers or streams of the Province other than
rivers and streams that are international or interprovin-
cial,

(2) No license or permit shall be granted authorizing
the use of pound nets for commercial purposes in any of
the waters of the Province other than in the waters that are
international or interprovincial, and in Georgian Bay.

98 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Our Advantage on Atlantic. Bankes a

Though many fleets seek fish there, Canada A Sia
has the bulge on 1 eompetators by pene Bee

of ports

Con Cregan, Lever’s roving character, was disap-
pointed on crossing the Atlantic that he could not see
the Grand Banks. It had been his notion that the fish-
ing banks of the North Atlantic consisted of mounds of
sand sloping into the sea. Perhaps he was even en-
tertaining the idea of escaping to one of these ‘‘sandy
islands’. A good many outside the industry are pos-
sibly just as ill-posted on the subject as the irrepres-
sible Con Cregan, but are not so willing to admit their
ignorance. The fishing banks are not exposed above
the surface. They are actually banks or mounds on
the bed of the ocean but are perceptible only by the
aid of sounding devices.

The Grand Bank of Newfoundland, the largest, lo-
cated south-easterly from the Ancient Golony, covers an
area about 330 miles north and south and 390 miles
east and west and it is generally traversed by ships
crossing the North Atlantic ocean between European
points and ports in Nova Scotia or on the Bay of
Fundy. .The general depth of water on the Grand Bank
varies from thirty to forty-five fathoms and the bot-
tom is usually sand, gravel, or broken shells. The water
surrounding drops ‘oft to anywhere from sixty to one
hundred and forty fathoms. The only dangers to nav-
igation on the Bank that have been verified are the
Virgin rocks and banks and the Eastern rocks. The
area covered by the Grand Bank really ineludes $t.
Pierre and Green Banks, which are separated only
by narrow channels.

The approach to the Grand Bank is generally evi-
denced by an increasing number of sea-fowl around the
vessel. The great shearwater, well known to the fish-
ermen as hag or hagden, is seen all across the Atlantic,
but on the banks it, as well as divers and other sea-
fowl, becomes very numerous. The shearwater, by the
way, derives its name from its skimming or shearing
the water when flying.

One will observe by studying a chart of the North
Atlantic how close our maritime ports are to the chief
fishing banks as compared with American ports, yet it
is an actual fact that our neighbors to the south take
from these areas between two and three times the
quantity of fish we do, and are serious competitors in
our foreign trade. It seems logical from an economical
and geographical standpoint that the business should
be centralized in our maritime provinces, excluding
possibly supplies destined for consumption in Portland,
Boston, New York and Américan centres conveniently
at hand. Undoubtedly fish may be landed sooner in
our ports and if intended for the fresh fish trade will
be on the way to interior markets much sooner than
when travelling circuitously via Boston. Furthermore,
the proximity of the port gives the fishermen more
actual time on the banks. Naturally, when the distance
to port is shortened the fishermen can produce more
in a stated time and consequently should be able to
meet all competition profitably.
Georges Bank the Americans are at a disadvantage.

Our Position Most Favorable

There seems to be a big opportunity for profitable
investment. The fresh fish demand in Canada is de-

acity of 200,000 in twenty- four hours and storage cap )-

With the exception of -

Pe

May, 1922,

agoine rapidly and fish consumption generally is
the “incline throughout the Dominion and the Uni
States, as well. In addition, our foreign trade has
grown tremendously in recent years. We should be
able to produce cheaper than anyone else and the
mium on the American dollar at the present time handi-
caps the United States’ producer further in compe ng J
for foreign trade. Canadians have everything to hel
them but our neighbors are still doing a large propor-
tion of the business. 4
The North Atlantic Banks are fished by fleets from
the United States, Canada, Newfoundland, France and
Portugal and Iceland. Large French fleets ‘operate wi ch
the French island of St. Pierre as a base. <A cold stor-
age plant costing $1,200,000 having a freezing ca p-

has recently been built there by the French Govern-
ment and especially equipped steamers are pubes
carry the supplies to Europe. The Parisian — —gove
ment is lending great assistance to the fishing Siiduste
looking, apparently, in that direction for = fon 01
her navy. -

signe

Using Fish Waste

Investigations in the utilisation of fish waste have
been carried on in Nova Scotia under the direction
of the Council for Scientifie and Industrial Researe
at Ottawa. The experiments led to the establis
ment of a company in this Provinee which is now
engaged in working up this hitherto discarded stony }
into eattle food, fertiliser and fish oils, thus. estabis
ing a new industry.

a2

N.S. Makes The Start

Halifax, April 25.—The Nova Seotia Legislature ty
made a preliminary grant of $5,000 to provide technica
instruction in the fishing industry. It is Proposed @
give instructions in the handing and repair of g
engines and in curing and packing fish. The gran
will be increased if interest is shown 1 in the classes.

In Other Words, She Did

‘‘Once a charming young woman presented a smal
check at my window,’’ said the speaker at a recen
bankers’ convention. ‘‘She was transparently honest
but had no acquaintances in the bank nor any letter
or other papers with her. I asked her if she had
handkerchief or some article of jewelry marked wit
her name or initials. After a moment’s deep 2 thoug h
her face brightened and she asked: Ng

‘‘Would an initialed garter buckle do?’’

“Did she get the money ? asked a voice of de
tached scientific inquiry frem the back of the room. |

“‘T must remind you,’’ said the speaker, judicial
“that a bank’s relations with its clients often
slightly confidential.’-—Anglo Bank Notes.

;
a |
q
|

vo ‘questions of vital interest to British Columbia
| their way to the pages of Hansard during the past
h and both of them have been thorns in the side of
hing interests of the Pacific province for years back.
‘irst was with reference to Japanese immigration and
econd was a demand for an investigation generally
e fishing industry of British Columbia with partic-
ention to the sockeye salmon.

iderable acrimonious discussion was aroused by the
issue. Members from the Pacific province point-
what a strong grip Japanese and Chinese, the form-
icularly, were getting on the industrial life of the
. They had a devil-fish grip on the fisheries and

ce was pointel out. The more nymerous they be-
e the greater became the colony of Orientals. A
w generations hence would not see a disappearance of
ental characteristics by intermarriage because inter-
jage is not feasible nor desirable. The increase in
ers means simply an increase in the grip the Orient
British Columbia.
It was pointed out by the government that Oriental im-
‘ation was not developing at any alarming rate. A
olution by Mr. McQuarrie proposing exclusion of
sntals was amended by the government to “restricted
ation’’ and passed.

Fisheries Investigation Urged

House on April 10, W. G. McQuarrie; M.P., rep-
ng New Westminter, moved—
, in the opinion of this House, it is advisable that

ered to investigate and consider fisheries conditions
ish Columbia, and more particularly, but not so as
the generally of the fore-going, the depletion
salmon fisheries of the Fraser River district, and
e suggestions for the restoration and conservation
e same; also to investigate and consider fish hatcheries,
ding the proper system to be adopted, their value as
ns of propagation, the methods of operation and the
obtained therefrom; with power as to all the
ein before mentioned matters to call for persons, papers
records, to examine witnesses under oath and to re-
from time to time.

McQuarrie spoke at length upon his resolution,
1g out the importance of this great industry in Brit-
lumbia, referring particularly to the falling off in
production. He was particularly anxious that
ling should be done to restore the valuable sockeye
s in the Fraser. He quoted an eminent American
ity that this was possible of accomplishment with the
cation of federal, provincial and state authorities in
re effort. — ;

ers who spoke on the question were T. W. Caldwell
ia and Carleton, N. B.), William Duff (Lunen-
A. W. Neill (Comox-Alberni) and W. J. Ward

hold on fruit growing and other departments of
ture was extending rapidly. Then again the diffi- ~

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 99

(Daulphin). The latter took occasion to extol the virtues
of fresh water fish, and illustrated the tremendous pos-
sibilities of the whitefish trade in the interior lakes and
of developing a market for goldeyes, which, he said, were
as delicious as the brook trout. He declared that fisher-
men of Lakes Winnipeg and Winnepegosis were being rob-
bed by two big American concerns. The latter regulated
the prices from the fishermen. They not only controlled
at the source of production but were also the buyers when
the fish were sold to the highest bidder in Chicago. He
thought the minister should remedy this evil. “After pro-
ducing 5,000 cardloads of fish in the last twenty years
the fishermen of the Winnipegosis district find themselves
today almost destitute.”’

Hon. Mr. Lapointe stated, in connection with Mr. Me-
Quarrie’s resolution; “I do not know whether the work
of the committee as suggested will bring any improvement
of conditions, but I have no objection to such work being
undertaken. The only possible objection would be that
rather large expenditures in witness fees might be in-
volved. However, the committee .can start to work hear
the experts of the department at Ottawa and be the ‘Fudge
whether other witnesses from British Columbia should al

summoned. I have no objection to the resolution
honorable friend.” ay he

Scots In Alaska

Because of the fact the great shoals of herring abun-
dant in the North Sea prior to the war have since shown
signs of depletion, some Scottish firms are making ar-
rangements to establish packing plants in Alaska where
they propose to put up herring in exactly the same style
as in the Old Country. Already a gasoline tender has
sailed from Taconia to Evans Island near LaTonche
Alaska, where a plant is to be built. When the season
opens in May Scottish lassies experienced in the business
will go there to do the packing in regulation style. There

is also to be a fertilizer plant at Evans Island to absorb
the offal. :

Fisherman and Wife Drows

George Doughty, a prominent fish dealer of northern
British Columbia, and his wife, met death by drowning
early in May when their motor boat capsized. Doughty
was located on North Island, Dixon Entrance, in prepara-
tion for the salmon buying season and went recently ‘to
Massett, Charlotte Island, to meet his wife who had been
visiting in Prince Rupert, and was returning home. They
have not since been heard from.

Opens Fish By-Products Plant

Prince Rupert, B. C.—George Bushby, of Victoria, has
arrived to open up the fish by-products plant at Tucks
Inlet for the manufacture of fish fertilizer and meal and ~
the extraction of fish oil. It is expected to produce 1,000
tons of fertilizer and meal and 100,000 barrels of fish oil
this season. The plant will operate all the year round
and at the height of the season will keep four tugboats
busy, as well as a large gang of men.

100 (20)

(Continued from page 87)

When the writer discussed this matter with fish pro-
ducers there was no indication of humor in their com-
ment. After perusing the bill they invariably charac-
terized its terms as being impossible of fulfilment and
if carried would put the cold storage, at least insofar as
applied to fish, completely out of business. —

The head of a Prince Rupert firm commented as fol-
lows :—

‘‘Tt is customary, as well as necessary, to commence
freezing fish sometimes as early as February and carry
it in storage until the following winter which means
that such fish are kept in storage about fifteen months
before being shipped. If the demand is such that we are
unable to market our total pack during the winter
months owing to the fine weather prevailing on the
fishing banks and the consequent heavy deliveries of
fresh fish, we have no alternative but to hold such fish
until the following season. In such eases frozen fish
‘ would remain in storage for twenty-four months.

‘*We cannot choose the time when we would freeze
and store fish in cold storage. From time to time there
is more fish delivered than the market requires and
when this happens we must either dump the surplus or
preserve it by freezing. To place a limit of three
months on fish held in storage would mean that we
could not freeze any fish before autumn, and usually
at this time of the year halibut is in such demand that
there is comparatively no surplus for freezing and
spring salmon and cohoe salmon are no longer avail-
able. You will readily see that such a measure would
put us out of business.”’ .

Said the head of a Winnipeg firm:

Wisse For another thing the method of marking is
impossible. One can mark a package all right but the
sale of fish in Canada as between wholesaler and retail-
er is not confined to transactions consisting of the
entire original package......

‘‘As for the time schedule it is preposterous. Fish
may be caught in the northern waters of the province
in the early days of December and not reach, say Win-
nipeg, until January. The winter production generally
ends in January and one would be permitted to carry
these fish until March or April according to the time it
was caught. The law does not permit of fishing for
whitefish here until June 1. What are we to do from
May 1 to June 1? How are we to correctly estimate con-
sumption and demand?

‘‘The same applies to summer caught fish. The sea-
son is June and July, operations usually ceasing about
the first week in August. Thus June fish would have
to be consumed by September and July fish by October
and there is no possible chance of obtaining new stock
from October until the winter production comes in the
following January.’’

A Splendid Dlustration

H. A. Short, secretary of the Lake Erie Fishermen’s
Association, gave a very pointed illustration of the
grave possibilties of the measure:

‘“The time schedule is particularly objectionable. If
it became law it would practically kill the herring
fishery on the lake. Probably seventy-five percent of
the herring caught on this lake is used for smoking pur-
poses and about ninety per cent. of this is for the Amer-
ican markets. The fish are caught during the months
of July and August, frozen and stored, and the smokers
do not commence to use up this stock until January,
shipments being made then monthly from the freezers
until the late summer. That is, the summer catch this
year will not be used till January to September of next
year. The three months’ limit for the Canadian Smok-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

‘ tifa a Wy,

. : _-Wetanege we
(cow IPLE A
MVTTERY CJ

ATT
ON
a

O NLY a few years ago no one even
_ dreamed there could ever bea _

dry battery whose current would be —
best and cheapest of all for both light- _
ing and ignition. j
Equipping their craft with Columbia _
‘‘Multiple’’ Dry Batteries and Mazda _
Lamps in preference to any other me-
thod of lighaing. ae

Go to the electrical, hardware, auto :

accessory, or general store now and

equip your boats with this easily in-— q
stalled, wonderfully useful, low-cost —
ignition and lighting battery. :

Made in Canin
Canadian National Carbon Co. q
Limited

Montreal Toronto Winnipeg —
Vancouver er

Fahnestock Spring Clip Binding Posts on ;

.Columbia Cell No 6 without extra charge 4

- Columbia
| Dry Batteries

May, 1922,

_ May, 1922.

43
u

ers would absolutely kill our trade with them, and
would certainly have a very detrimental effect on the
American trade. The cold storage limit in New York is
ten months and fhe fact that this is too short a time has
riven a great deal of the trade from American smok-
ers to Canadian producers, If our limit is to be less than
theirs it simply means that the American smokers will
) back to the American producers. Our production
1 be lost and theirs increased, but, on account of the
months’ limit in New York the smokers must use
er herring and must use chubs, tulibees, ete, which
inferior to the herring for smoking purposes.

The production on the Canadian shore of this lake
920 was a little over 16,000,000 pounds. At the very
t fifty per cent of this was herring. In my exper-
e I do not remember selling for less than seven cents
king it five cents, the annual loss to the Lake Erie
ermen would be in the neighborhood of half a mil-
dollars in addition to that represented in cold stor-
charges, etc.’’

How frozen fish are stored

ine o voluminous
was a host of other comment too vo

ablish here, although if the situation warrants ps

ter will take the liberty of further presenting the

s of the trade.

Association Takes Action

; i f the Canadian Fisheries Association
ee rectines a Montreal considered the cewpe
and, among other things, a resolution was adopted an
: a copy forwarded to ania of the Bradbury com-
mitt resolution follows:
g css in the opinion of this meeting the se stor-
age warehouse is an institution indispensable to - e ue
ssful prosecution of the fish business in Canada, pk
Whereas, it provides supplies of fish to the o ia
nsumer when actual fishing is impossible, and — a
Whereas, furthermore, it tends to stabilize prices
e actual fisherman and make his livelihood Soa a
re by taking care of his surplus in times when
oduction is plentiful and OD aging a consump
n when fresh supplies are no available,
Therefore Pkalved: that this meeting do Apia ed
ppose the impossible restrictions of cold storage de-
ied in the bi in the Senate by
sig ned in the bill recently presented in the
the Hon Mr. Bradbury, because they defeat the vere
irpose for which the cold storage plant was sath
; fostered, namely, to protect the _producer a
ste of his commodity when output is in excess ol de-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

101

mand and provide the consumer with his commodity
when the immediate output is insufficient, and, further-
more, because said restrictions are absolutely impos-
sible of fulfilment, at least insofar as the fish business
is concerned, inasmuch as the various species of fish are
seasonal and business would be halted except when the

fishing season was at hand and three months thereafter,
and further,

Resolved, that each member of the Senate committee
on the the bill be advised of the condition of affairs as
set forth in this resolution and impressed with the fact
that the principle of cold storage is not inimical to the
interests of the, consumer but, on the contrary, is very
much to his advantage, economically and in comfort.

Is Winter Mackerel Fishery Possible?
(Continued from page 89)
that they are) almost entirely perish, as in the case with
so many floating eggs in that region. The occurrence and

fate of the mackerel eggs on the outer coast of Nova Scotia
requires investigation.

We are greatly in need of more information concerning
the mackerel. More facts and a critical sifting of the
evidence are desirable. Accurate records of the occurrence
of the fish and of the conditions in the water at the time
should be made. Tagging of fish should be attempted.
A search for the winter haunts of the mackerel should be
undertaken as soon as feasible. This could best be done
with trawlers and in connection with a fishery for herring;
or else occasional exploratory hauls in promising places
could be made by trawlers out for bottom fish.

On the whole, therefore, the available evidence sup-
ports the view stated by Moses Perley in 1851 and up-
held by Canada against the United States at Halifax in
1877, namely that the mackerel retire in winter to deep
water off our shores. Consequently we can hold out to
our fishermen the prospect of the development of a deep-
water fishery for mackerel off our own coasts during the
‘winter season, when these fish are at their best, and
when conditions for keeping them fresh during transport
to market are all that could be desired.

NAUTICAL VERNACULAR.

The sea supplies some of the most picturesque phra-
Ses in modern slang, with the most interesting deriva-
tions. There is no present-day reason why a British
sailor should be called a ‘‘limey’’, and more than that a
Nova Scotian should be called a ““blue-nose’’. ‘‘Limey’’
does not come from ‘“‘Blimey’’, the cockney ‘eorruption
of the London slum oath ‘‘Blind me’’ as many suppose.
Half a century ago, scurvy, a serious illness caused by
a diet of salt meat, was common on many ships. The
British government enacted a law requiring that an
allowance of lime or lemon juice should be distributed
among the crews of all British naval vessels as a pre-
ventive. From this, British naval shops came to be
known as ‘‘lime-juicers’’ and when the same regulations
were applied to British merchant vessels, the use of the
term was spread. Lime juice is not apportioned among
seamen to-day because it is no longer necessary; but
sailors are slowest to change their mode of speech and
the expression is still current. ‘‘Blue-nose’’ was origin-
ally applied to Nova Scotian fishermen by their Amer-
nean competitors for the ostensible reason that their
noses were blue from the climate of their country.
Spreading in its application, the word is also applied to
the vessels and products of the Canadian province,

GANADIAN FISHERMAN

) * : ‘ s
ET ITTTEYT TET CCHTI LT ehT| ‘

ES et ey hee

UNITED STATES FISH FIRMS Specializing in the Sitka: -
‘OF CANADIAN FISH |

=F
eee eer ‘

2 MD nck) =. ae
AAAS MS Pe

W. J. VHAY, Detroit, Mich.

Importer, Broker, Commission Merchant,
Specializing in

CANNED LOBSTERS FAT SALT HERRING

CANNED CLAMS SMOKED FISH
Have the market of the big Middle West. Willing
to develop any staple food product of Canada. Have
been handling Canadian Products for 20 years. Bank
and mercantile references.

Correspondence Solicited.

When U Ship FISH, LOBSTERS or
SCALLOPS to the Boston Market,
FOR BEST RESULTS ship to

R. S. HAMILTON COMPANY | F

17 ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
' FISH PIER, BOSTON, MASS.

On the Boston Market over 25 years

|

WY
ye YD |
\: \ \\N NFA ABL -
KHARLE, ‘S NC Ves »\

WHOLESALE PRODUCERS, IMPORTERS AND SHIPPERS OF
FRESH CHILLED, SMOKED, SALTED LAKE AND OCEAN

FISH OYSTERS~©CLAMS

" ~ < A nN
CHARI ES NOBLE Jr! The
y Vi

Les AS

Cc

BUFFALO,.N.Y,

it SV ZZZAKy COMPA A vo @
: Jn COMPANY in,
AD

A. & HALLETT

BROKER
FRESH AND FROZEN FISH

Correspondence solicited
Ref., Corr Bechara National Bank, or any Chicago

esale fish concern.
N. Clarke St, CHICAGO

{209-211-213 N. Union St., CHICAGO, ml) i

H. GRUND & SONS S|
Wholesale iF
FRESH AND SMOKED FISH

Phone Monroe 3623.

W,° lewing Atwood,
President.

WACHUSE
BRAND =|
FINNAN HADDI

31 Boston Fish Pier

W. Elmer Atwood;
Vice-President. Treasurer.

ALL
= VARIETIES

> OF THE Re
SEASON “s

~ Boston, Mass.

oe 1 ES fy é ereatiiaaitnaaalll
Fe LL: Yt AACe ee

. - FHE
| Fim

a | Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

» VOL. Ix GARDENVALE, P. Q., JUNE 1922 No. 6

NOTICE.

Practice—Makes—Perfect

We have been manufacturing Cordage for ninety five years
and we have spared no effort in consistently trying to bet
its quality far the most exacting buyer.

To-day we are manufacturing Cordage that is better ada 1 PR
to the Fishing Industry than any other make on the ma ke
A trial will convince you of all we say about e

A.G.

“LION BRAND" CORDAGE %.

Also manufacturers of Manila, Sisal, Binder Twine, Jute
Cordage, Transmission Lath Yarn and twines of every des-

cription.
Made in Canada since 1825 by

Consumers Cordage Co., Ltd.

Mills at: Branches at:
DARTMOUTH, MONTREAL. TORONTO, ST. JOHN.

Tees & Persse, Limited, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, Calgary, Moose Jaw,
Edmonton and Fort William, Ont. James Bisset & aati Quebec, P.Q.
acgowan & Co., Vancouver, B

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

KNOX'S
SALMON TICKET
LINEN GILL NETTING

We are now in a position to supply Knox’s Salmon Ticket Quality
~ Netting equal to pre-war material, free from slip knots, true to number
of thread and size of mesh.

We absolutely guarantee every pound of Netting that bears the |
above well known label.

Order Knox’s netting and be convinced of the better quality and
more yardage per pound than any other netting on the market.

WRITE FOR PRICES

JOHN LECKIE LIMITED

77 WELLINGTON ST. TORONTO, ONTARIO.
“THE HOUSE OF QUALITY AND SERVICE”

CANADIAN FISHERMAN WwW

-ANADIAN FISHERMAN

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

A Monthly Journal devoted to the Commercial Development of the Fishery Resourses of Canada,
’ and Technical Education of those engaged in the Industry.

GARDENVALE, P. Q., JUNE 1922 No. 6

CONTENTS

: Editorial
International Fishery Issues .. .. .. ........ 103
Fielding Befriends Fishermen .............. 103
Cod Reddening Conquered ................ 104
emeeratime lndiuvenation... .. 0.0... 66 dec. os we 104
@aaow to Sell More Fish’’.. .. ......... 52+. 105
Beecetorial Paragraphs .. .. 0 034.) 108
General —
Nova Scotia Starts Technnical Instruction .. .. 106
Stanford’s Store Sets Fast Pace .. .. .. .. 2... 107
Tells How to Stop Cod Reddening .. ........ 109
Adheres to Migration Idea.. .............. 11
Eenempure Ficets Do Well .. oo auc ccs se 212
Why Fish Prices are Never Stable .. .. ....... 118
A Few Things for Retailer to Consider .. ...... 115
ame petal Delivery. Problem .. .. 2... .:..... 117
Many Dependent Upon Fisheries............ 119
The Pollock is Much Maligned .. .. .. .. .. :: 120
rest Something About Haddock Fishery .......... 121
: News Notes From Far and Near... .......... 122
‘Finest Food Resource of Empire’’.......... 124
- The Herring Situation in Alaska ............ 124
° ast OCCLION .. 65 44s a yee ewe be es 2 127
4 SUBSCRIPTION : The Industrial & Educational Publishing Co.
Canada, Newfoundland and Great Britain - $2.00 Limited
een tence. — __ J. J. HARPELL, Presidentand Managing Director,
ve —_ GARDEN CITY PRESS, Gardenvale, Que.
shed on the 24th of each month, Changes of adverti- Telegrams and Express - - - - Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.
Ong ag oe fa Ge cat pio pelaneny Eastern Manager, A. S. Christie, Gardenvale, Que.
bhp ees orcad ree ti terns ot Western Manager, H. W. Thompson, Aladdin Building
a} cation these will be paid for at our regular rate. 208 King St. W., Adelaide 3310

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

ADMUNDSEN HAS GONE NORTH!
in the ice-breaking schooner “MAUD.”
She is equipped with a crude oil engine
though unfortunately not a DENS L.
cE
The ice-breaking schooner “Albert Revillon”
is leaving for the Arctic.
He is equipped with a

DENSIL CRUDE OIL ENGINE.

CE
The POINT is that where SERVICE IS REQUIRED

under the most exacting conditions-where failure would be fatal
to plans and possibly to life itself -

The CRUDE OIL ENGINE is chosen.

sS58

We believe the DENSIL to be the most attractive : :
CRUDE OIL ENGINE on the market. |

WRITE US FULLY AS TO SERVICE REQUIRED AND WE WILL BOTH ADVISE AND QUOTE YOU. |#

The Crude Oil Engine Co., of Canada

14, Place Royale . MONTREAL

A BUYERS OPPORTUNITY -

Our prices are attractive anyway, but we will make a special price on the first
engine sold in each County for bona-fide ci service.

|

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

103

me EDITORIAL ~

NTERNATIONAL FISHERY ISSUES

-Fordney-McCumber tariff barrier is not receiving
pport today that it did some months ago. People
had a chance to study the effects of the proposed
y and the popular sentiment in the United States at
t is reflected in the increasing opposition to the
4 is in the senate at Washington. Important modifi-

; have already been made and we should not be
d to find duty-free fish as a provision of the
here is a definite movement in the east to cancel all
eges to United States fishing vessels in our ports
¢ barrier as it stands be enforced. In
r event of the latter, strong pressure will be brought
ar upon Ottawa to revoke all privileges not specifi-
Sere by treaty.

Canadian vessels in American ports is regarded as a

The abrogation of privileges

Bo faith on the part of the Anierican government.
> the administration of the day takes the stand that
rangement of 1918 making the ports of either coun-
> to vessels of the other, was a war measure and
ed to facilitate the movement of food supplies, such
t the idea or intention of the men who made the
nt. Many will recall that Secretary Redfield on
- of the United States and Sir J. D. Hazen on
of Canada stressed the point that it was the an-
ry of the unsatisfactory treaty of 1818 and that
sion was most appropriate to come to a lasting
on fishery issues which had been a source of warm
ersy for a century.
ty indication given at that time that the arrange-

It is doubtful if anyone can

as simply a war measure. On the contrary there

lence that the understanding was to be later im-

ted by law and that the arrangement was to be

tinued as per verbal agreement until the necessary
ation was enacted.

ould seem a pity if the effort of the fisheries com-
of 1918 went for naught, if the high ideals which
ht a final peace on all controversial issues, be for-
ten. No one wants a reversion to the treaty of a

y ago and the danger
If the agreement of 1918 is not satisfactory
- not seem wise to discuss the question again and
plan that is? It seems difficult to separate the
e from the tariff and that is why the present ap-

of misunderstandings _ re-

-fishing industry, it appears.

JAMES H. CONLON, Editor

pears so appropriate for a reopening of the question. An
effective way of settling matters might be for the fishing
interests of both countriés to confer and attempt to form
a policy which would be acceptable in both countries.
Subsequently this policy could be carried to the respective
governments as a basis of international agreement.

FIELDING BEFRIENDS FISHERMEN

Mr. Fielding’s budget deals rather generously with the
While the general sales tax
is increased by fifty per cent, exemptions from this tax
have been extended by the finance minister to include:
fibre for use only in the manufacture of rope not exceed-
ing one and one half inches in circumference for the
fisheries ; articles and materials used in the manufacture
of boats bona fide built for individual fishermen for their
own personal use in the fisheries.

In addition to relieving from the sales tax articles in-
cluded in the above provisions, the budget amends the
tariff to the fishermen’s advantage in the following terms:

Gasolene over .725 specific gravity and not exceeding
.750 is reduced from 21% cents per gallon to one cent under
the general tariff.

Manila rope not exceeding 714 inches in circumference
is made free of duty to all fisheries. (Heretofore it was
free only for holding traps used in the lobster fisheries.)

Oiled clothing is reduced 5 per cent. under both tariffs.

Oiled hats are reduced 214 per cent. under the pre-
ferential and 5 per cent. under the general tariff,

‘It is difficult to even approximate what saving will be
effected by reason of the exemptions and tariff reductions,
but whether large or small, the industry has cause to
feel satisfied. The country is carrying a’ national debt of
more than two billions and a quarter. ‘The government
must raise money to meet its obligation and pay _ its
operating costs and it should be gratifying that the finance
minister has seen fit to come a bit lighter on the fishing in-
dustry. And God knows he grants this consideration not

without cause.

The Ottawa Citizen says regarding these features of
the budget:

“Tariff revision to remove obstacles to the development
of this great natural industry should commend itself to
It would be better for Canada
workers could find the opportunity to maintain such

parliament. if more

104

homes (the editorial previously describes fishing villages
along the Atlantic coast) for themselves, by their own in-
dependent labor, beyond the ranges of factory whistles
and time clocks.”

COD REDDENING CONQUERED

One would be a fool in this enlightened age to under-
It has

been the kernel of our industrial and commercial expan-

estimate the value of science as an aid to industry.

sion since the time it first shook hands with the captains
of business, and it is destined to play an exceedingly re-
sponsible role in the future. It is not without regret, how-
ever, that we are compelled to note that the contributions
of science to the fishing industry have been out of all
proportion to the service it has given other branches of
industry. Why? Well, the industry itself is a lap or two
behind everything else so it is not unnatural that it should
Whether that situation is
the fault of the commercial interests or the scientists,

be behind in this particular.
opinion may differ. For ourselves we feel both are to
blame.

There are a few exceptions to this general statement as
there are to every generality. Conspicuous among these
is the report recently issued by the council for scientific
and industrial research on the causes of reddening in salt
cod and the means to overcome it. Inasmuch:as trade in
commodities affected amounts to $5,000,000 or $6,000,000
annually and as sometimes the discoloration renders un-
marketable forty per cent. of the output, the report is of
the highest practical value to the industry. Dr. Harrison
of Macdonald College is to be congratulated on the suc-
cess of his investigations, the accuracy with which he
has located the trouble, the definiteness of his corrective
measures and last, but by no means least, the simplicity
with which he conveys his message to the industry. <A
technical report on Dr. Harrison’s investigations is to
be published by the Royal Society of Canada, in which
the trade and commerce is not the least bit interested. It
was wise to issue a simplified version because, after all,
that is what makes it valuable.

We strongly advise those interested to study the report
carefully and to follow the suggestions made by Dr. Har-
rison. Of course if his findings and advice are simply
noted they will be of no economic value. There is a big
difference between offering a remedy for an evil and
eliminating the evil. A physician can only advise a pa-
This is one instance, at any rate, in which our
physician has been attentive to us.
take the medicine he prescribes?

tient.

Now will the industry

MARITIME REJUVENATION

The knowledge. that the maritime provinces got the
short end of the deal in 1867 has not burst upon the people
of the east until only recently. Ever since the consummation
of confederation the truth of the situation has been gain-
ing support.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

‘the former we have already expressed it quite frequently

It was Timothy Warren Anglin, father of.

5 une, 1922, | .

Margaret Anglin, and anti-confederationist candidate, who
predicted that the maritimes would be robbed of their “a
industries should they link up with the other provinces —
of the dominion. His prophesy has come true. Year —
after year young men and women who should be training —
to take control of affairs in the years to come, are ae
ing to the western provinces or to the New England states.
The movement is not spasmodic nor is it caused by any
parochial condition. It is difficult to point to a village,
however obscure, whose natives are not today finding em- :
ployment elsewhere than in the maritimes. a

The natural outlet for the product of_maritime indus-
tries was in the New England states; and when the popu-
lation of this territory offered a free market the mar
times prospered. When the market was lost the indus-—
tries which existed could not shift their outlet to Quebec, -
Ontario and the west because they could not compete —
with the industries already established there. Conse-
quently we beheld, among other things, the boot and shoe —
industry, which was one of the former mainstays of the:
City of St. John, transplanted to Lynn, Mass., and =
general exodus of industrial plants and native workmen.

This, as we have said, has not only recently dawned
the people of the east, but it was comparatively few years _
ago that the three provinces realized the necessity of |
close co-operation to protect their mutual interests, ’
recover their former prestige and avert any further mi-
gration. The prime mover in maritime co-operation h s
been Hance J. Logan, M.P. for Cumberland, N.S. an
another who has been almost equally active is Hon. J.
M. Baxter, M.P., for St. John city and county. T
movement has had considerable development of late «
we find Mr. Logan touring the New England States ad-
dressing former residents of his province and appealing:
“Will you noo come back again?” ;

The realization of their loss has been latent among t
people in general and it has only required leadership :
start things going. We now find the various boards «
trade subscribing to the movement. Only a few wee
ago representatives from the St. John and Halifax boar¢
of trade met at Hallfax to mend their differences, to qu
further bickerings and petty jealousies and co-operate f
the general weal. It has been forced upon them th
while they have been quarrelling among themselves.
have both been neglected.

Among other things for the rece

on the aggenda
meeting were the following:

(a) Appointment of a deputy minister of fisheries at O
tawa and establishment of a separate bureau in some
tral point in the maritime provinces.

(b) Privileges to American fishermen at Canadian port

We are not venturing our opinion on these topics. ©
and most vigorously. But the spirit which is demon-
strated by getting together and offering a united f oat
inspires the highest commendation and we trust it will
bring to the provinces in the east greater consideration
from the seat of federal administration than it has been
their fortune to receive in the past.

, 1922,

| “HOW TO SELL MORE FISH”

_ The following appeared as a. leading editorial in a
mt issue of the Fish Trades Gazette of London, Eng-
, under the caption — “How to Sell More Fish.”
ause it applies to the trade in Canada just as much
it does in England, we reproduce it. We could not
ove on the way the editor has set forth the situation:
e crying need of the fishing industry to-day is to
ore fish, and in this special number of The Fish
Gazette is a variety of articles which are designed
ve this useful end. No one, however experienced,
read these contributions without some gain. This

2 of its produce, so its problems are peculiar. It is
to increase production—that is, to increase the
ch unless the cost of distribution is lowered. In
ost industries increased production means lessened over-
ud charges and more profit; but when your produce
s to be sold for what it will fetch at the moment, and
re is little or no opportunity of holding back for a
ter market, many factors have to be considered. The
et to-day is a buyers’ market. It is a poor world,
hanks to excessive taxation, the old rich are the new

in the memory of man, or in his wildest imaginings,
he situation been so difficult and the prospect so
The trade should concentrate, then, on how
sell more fish, for failure spells bankruptcy.

‘It goes without saying that the cost of production and
‘cost of distribution must be reduced, and the time has
ne, we think, for active measures. Meanwhile salesman-
has become a science or a fine art, and it will need
tering more and more. Advertising, too, has advanced
c estimation. The fish trade as a whole does not
1 itself to advertising on the grand scale. The late
n Mackintosh, who died a young man as ages go now-
ays, built up a twopenny-halfpenny business into one of
id-wide fame almost entirely by lavish advertising.
are say the huge sum spent by Messrs. Angus Wat-
1 “Skipper” goods has proved a profitable invest-
but, of course, only preserved goods could stand
cket. Advertising in our trade, except in our pages,
are indispensable (we say this in modest con-
*¢), is mainly a matter for the retailers, and to them
commended the study of signs. Signs, which were
ch use of by traders all through the world in
times, have been unduly neglected. The proverb
wine needs no bush” may be partly responsible;
it contains only a modicum of truth. Advertising
a fine field for the utmost ingenuity. The fish-
er may advertise his goods by advertising his own
qualities in public life. Some old-fashioned people
‘ every moment wasted that is.not spent in the shop.
t is a great mistake. Now, if ever, the trade should
lly to its trade organisations—especially as a general
on cannot be long postponed, with all its opportuni-
fisheries politics, the only politics with which our
ms are concerned. There is one well-known com-
7, not in our trade, that despatches one of its directors
is, indeed, this gentleman’s main business—to trade
ngs all over the country. He thus travels hundreds
les, and once he told me that he seldom found a
y entirely profitless.

¢ public must have this or that, but it can, and does,
thout fish when fish is dear. Very foolish, no doubt,
public ought to know better. But have. we all done
t as instructors? Does the average housewife know
A is beyond her means, B affords an excellent sub-
e? She has learnt a good deal during the war, but

iexing.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

y is differentiated from others by the perishable’

The new rich, too, are a diminishing quantity.

105

is only partly educated. Fish should be as irresistible to
her as the apple was to Eve. There is one means which
might be considered, and that is the institution of a
Fisheries Week. The Americans have tried this plan in

other fields with conspicuous success. At the end of J uly

last the experiment was tried in France, where, in co-
operation with the State Railway Company, those in-
terested organised “The Rochelaise Fishing Week.” The
programme provided for a visit to the port, sailing and
steam fishing-boats, the fish auction, the ice factory, the
cold stores; a demonstration of fish-preserving on board
the vessels; and a “congress,” at which, among other
topics, the value of fish as food, the application of refri-
geration, and the reforms needed in the trade were dis-
cussed. This scheme attracted a good deal of attention,
and it contains the germ of what might be developed in
very different soil in this country. Any way, no avenue
should be left unexplored if the trade is not merely to
develop, but to hold its own. It is to the interests of the
nation as a whole in these difficult times that the fisheries
should flourish.

PISCATORIAL PARAGRAPHS

The Middle Atlantic branch of the United States
Fisheries Association is raising a fund of $50,000 for a
fisheries advertising campaign. Subscriptions are being
solicited among the members but the plan will be carried
out only if the $50,000 is raised. Wonder if it would be
possible to raise a fund among the fresh fish dealers of
the Atlantic and Pacific for a similar purpose, or among
canners?

Fishermen of Nova Scotia are much encouraged by the |
The fish set in
around the first of May and have, contrary to the record

success of the mackerel fishery this year.

of the past few years, followed a course close inshore
with the result that big catches are being made. Fisheries
experts who have been observing the course of the mackerel
for decades declare that a series of years of big catches is
at hand.

Remarkable cures recently in the hospitals of London,
England, are attributed to cod liver oil, and the Imperial
government and British Universities are sending chemical
experts to Newfoundland this year to make a study of
the oil and investigate its medicinal possibilities. It is
not stated in what class of cases the oil has had such
wonderful curative results, but is is suggested that it may
be applied to a vast number of bodily ills which have here-
tofore offered more or less serious resistance to the science
of the doctors.

United States Congress is beginning to take note of the
hazard caused by polluting coast waters by oil waste and
The United States Fisheries
Association has been persistent in urging the matter upon

similar refuse from ships.
the attention of the house. Bills are now being prepared
to correct the evil which menaces the fishing industry,
but local legislation will, of course, apply only to vessels
A resolution is now before both
houses requesting the president to call a conference of

of American register.

maritime nations with the view to adopting some interna-
tional regulations to overcome the situation.

106

Nova Scotia Starts Technical Instruction

Seope of curriculum to be decided by fisher-
men themselves—Classes will not open until
bankers are all home

By Our Own Correspondent

The Government of Nova Scotia is making arrange-
ments for the opening of special courses of instruction
for the fishermen of the Province. The first classes
will be opened at Lunenburg, Canso, and Clark’s Har-
bor. Complete plans for these classes have yet to be
worked out, but they will not be opened before all the
fishermen are home from the banks, and possibly not
before January next.

The grant made for these classes is: $5,000. In ask-
ing the Legislature for this amount, Hon. Mr. Arm-
strong intimated that further sums would be asked for
as the classes developed, and the fishermen indicated
an interest in the courses of instruction. Mr. Arm-
strong thought a demand existed among the fishermen
for technical instruction of various sorts, but as the
proposed courses were a new departure in this province
it was planned to proceed in a tentative manner. It
was not proposed to teach the bluenose fishermen how
to catch fish, because they were already experts in that
game, the minister said. Nor was it proposed to teach
Angus Watters how to sail a schooner, ‘as he had prov-
ed his ability to teach the best of sailing skippers in
New England and Nova Scotia. But there were sever-
al kinds of instruction that the fishermen would doubt-
less profit by. As a ground work they would have
classes in general edueation, and book keeping, and
there would also be instruction in first-aid, a thing that
would often serve the fishermen in good stead. An-
other course of instruction would have to do with the
economical handling, upkeep and repair of gasoline
engines. In addition there would be lectures and dem-
onstrations on the curing and packing of fish. While
a start would be made in a small way it was the in-
tention to extend the classes to other parts of the pro-
vinee, and organize courses of instruction to meet what
demands might be made by the fishermen themselves.

Fishermen Will Determine Scope

The organization and direction of the proposed
system of technical instruction for fishermen, will be
under the control of Professor F. H. Sexton, principal
of the Nova Scotia Technical College, whose work on
behalf of general technical education in this province
has been of outstanding importance. During and for
some time after the war Professor Sexton was director
of the work of training disabled soldiers in the Mari-
time Provinces, and in that ‘the also made a notable sue-
ces. His qualifications, and his enthusiasm are guar-
antees that the project to establish a system of tech-
nical instruction for fishermen in Nova Scotia will be
worked out in an able manner, and with every assurance
of success.

Speaking to your correspondent, Professor Sexton
said that the plans were still in process of formation,
and details of the scheme would require some time to
work out. Whether the classes would be held in the
evening or afternon will depend on the fishermen them-
selves. Asked if there would be any additions to the
classes and lectures provisionally determined on, Pro-
fessor Sexton said: ‘‘Our aim will be to give the fisher-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

June, 1922

men any kind of instruction they want, subject
limitation of our resources. The development
system will depend upon the interest of the fisher
themselves. We hope to have the co-operation
branches of the fishing industry; that indeed is
dition of suecess.”’ ;

While the federal and provincial government he
devoted large sums for the technical instruct
industrial workers and farmers, and also —
grants to colleges for the professional ins u
lawyers and doctors, very little so far has been
this direction for fishermen. At various

districts to deliver lectures and give demons
of curing and packing fish; but the instru
provided has been intermittent.

government represents a definite a to.
real system of technical instruction for fish
Canada and the experiment will be watel .

interest. PO.

The U. S. Technical Course

In connection with the launching of this
templated project in Nova Scotia it is inte
refer to recent remarks on the success attain
technical fishery school on the U. 8. Pacifie

Much interest was manifested by fishermen, e:
motor boat owners, etc., of the Northwest, Alasl
British Columbia ‘with respect to the “sho
offered by the College of Fisheries, University
ington, Seattle, for the period beginning
and ending March 15, 1922.

Prof. Cobb reports that he had four or fits
many inquiries from prospective students as he
the same tome in any previous year, and cons
as a most favorable sign of an upturn in the ¢
the fishing industry of the country.

The following courses are offered by the colle
prospective students may take as few or as-
them as they can find time for. No prelimi:
amination is required and no distinetioa is m
respect to the state or country from which t
cant comes. ,

The fisheries of the Pacific.

Canning of fishery products.

Curing of fishery products.

Scotch and other methods of curing neeriil

Classification, ‘habits, ete., of Pacifie

aquatic species. is

Fish and pond culture.

Fresh water plants.

Study of food laws.

Elements of navigation,

Gas and oil engineering for fishermen, ete.

* First aid to injured.

A eireular describing the courses and giving
mation as to cost, time required for each course, é@
may be obtained by etfian © direct to the college.

Organization And Good Service

are the essentials to develop a profitable fish
in the opinion of Joseph S. Stanford, of Stan-
jimited, Mansfield street, Montreal. And Mr.
‘is qualified to talk thus because he is one of
ny in Canada who have developed the retailing of
into a fine art. He has proved that the application
und business principles to the merchandizing of
a n make the fish store a vastly different institu-
‘rom the sloppy ‘shop’ which has too often offend-
2 senses of prospective fish consumers. He has
c Wo the people will eat fish if it is offered to

nder attractive conditions and hence, conversely,
le development of fish consumption in Canada is

Ȣ d by the employment of shoddy methods among

t me iukenduce Mr. Stanford to those of you who

= 10w him. It was back in 1905 that the owner of
. Catherine street store in Montreal decided to
e meone to take charge of his delicatessen counter,

was then that Mr. Stanford got his opportunity.
wo years he applied his energy and ingenuity to
epartment of the business and it so prospered that
Bend of that time he bought the stock of the en-
ore and became its sole proprietor. It wasn’t
of an establishment in size but it was a business
, and a few years later it again outgrew its shell.
rn ch store was opened but the business continued
yw. Then came reorganization into a stock com-
n which Mr. Stanford secured a controlling in-
and in February 1916 Stanford’s Limited moved
sent home in Mansfield street. There one is
ed to pause and admire the fine four-storey ed-
an ornate marble front. It has the outward
e of a fashionable hotel for living apartments
mental iron grilles before the windows occupy
upper floors. A glance through the street
Teveals the error, but the sight that meets the gaze
t with less appealing than the exterior of the fine
. The store is finished in Italian marble and
h shining glass counters behind which are dis-
various assortment of delicacies—meats, pro-

poultry and fish.

‘slightest odor of a repulsive character. Step-
from a warm street one is first impressed by the
s of the atmosphere, thrown off by the refriger-
ipes used to preserve the various foods in the
There is a freshness in the air, and one is un-
sly put in good humor because his senses of
nd smell have been pleased.
e steps to the fish counter there is further reason
avorably impressed. The various wares are en-
a glass case, protected from flies and the de-
z effect of exposure. Cold pipes keep the tem-
within the cases to a low degree. This pre-
es not slow the work of the clerk for an open-
‘ in the rear of the case that he has only to
a what is desired... -And within the

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Stanford’s Store Sets Fast Pace

Proprietor of progressive Montreal establish-
ments discloses secrets of his business suc-
cess—System the keynote

s noticeable as one enters the store that there is _

107

ranged on enamelled platters, delicately garnished with
green
g :

Always Served Promptly

Perhaps the most striking feature of one’s experience
in the store is that he is served without delay. There is
no loitering about waiting for the attention of a clerk.
No matter what. hour of the day one enters, there will
be found a clerk ready to look after his or her require-
ments, and in this, Mr. Stanford has accomplished what
has been largely instrumental in making his business
successful,

_The writer drew this fact to Mr. Stanford’s atten-
tion. Mr. Stanford stated that it was the first difficulty
he had to solve, and it is probably still a difficulty with
agood many fish merchants. There are always busy
hours and slack hours. Special ,\help was required to
wait upon customers during the busy hours and during
the balance of the day there would not be enough work
to keep them busy. In Mr. Stanford’s Mansfield street
store there was invariably a big rush inthe afternoon

Gs

Interior of Store

after the theatre performances. Customers would come
in and want a certain fish. The fish would be put on the
seales and weigh, possibly, three or five pounds. Then:
‘‘Would you please fillet it for me?’’ The clerk would
have to stop and spend a good many minutes filleting
and trimming the fish, while a line of customers waited.

Mr. Stanford ealled his clerks into conference and
pointed out that this work of slicing, filleting, cleaning,
trimming, ete., should be done prior to the serving of
customers and the price of the commodity should be
regulated according to the amount of time required to
prepare it. Being long accustomed to the old methods,
of course the ‘boys’ couldn’t quite see it. However the
scheme was tried. For a time customers preferred to
have their filleting done in their presence, but gradual-
ly they came to prefer the improved system for very ob-
vious reasons. Today none of this filleting or ‘trimming
is done before a customer, and the efficacy of the

108

scheme of organization is demonstrated in the fact that
the sales of haddock increased four or five times in
a remarkably short time. The same is true of other
fishes.
During the slack hours the clerks are busy with the
preparation of the fish so that during the rush hours

they are relieved of any work other than giving —

attention to customers. In this way not only is the pa-
tron satisfied but there is a tremendous economic sav-
ing in being able to utilize one hundred percent of the
clerk’s time in necessary employment.
How Telephone Orders Are Filled

The major portion of Stanford’s business comes over
the telephone. Anywhere from 3,500 to 3,800 orders are
taken each week. These orders may contain a variety
of requirements—meat, fish, provisions, ete., ete., What
is done with them? Six trained girls who receive the
*phone ealls in the office, classify the articles. There are
five distinct departments and the order is broken up
and distributed to the departments concerned by means
of a carrier system. The departmental clerk is supplied

The Home of Stanford’s

with two copies of the order. He prepares his parcel
attaches one copy to it and the other he puts on his own
file. The parcel is put on a conveyor above him and ear-
ried to the shipping room where experts arrange par-
cels for expeditions delivery.

A patron who sends in a variety order may receive
portions of his or her order in different deliveries. This
does not mean poor service in the last delivery but ab-
solute perfection in the first. The parcels are put up and
despatched as quickly as it is physically possible to at-
tend to the orders.

In the central part of the city there is a delivery each
hour; in a zone further removed a two-hour delivery,
and so on. From ten to fifteen vans are kept constantly
busy and each driver is kept on a specific route. A
driver concentrating his attention on one route becomes
acquainted with patrons and performs his duties with a
maximum of efficiency.

Has Cash and Carry Store, Too

In addition to his Mansfield street store, Stanford’s
Limited operates another store in St. Catherine street
only a few blocks distant. This is run on the cash and
carry system. Incidently it was the first cash and carry
store in Montreal and one of the first in the country. It
was opened in the fall of 1917 about six months before
the Canada Food Board. suggested this basis of doing

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

trade. They disclose the possibilities that exist and

June, 1922

business to curtail the mounting cost of living. During —
the first twelve months of operation, Mr. Stanford says, —
December 1917 was the only month the business made a —
profit. In the next twelve months the firm just broke —
even. But the third year the store began to pay and ©
business since then has been expanding by leaps and
bounds. Mr. Stanford was confient of the ultimate sue--
cess of the cash and carry system and he had the utmost
faith in his organization, so that he did not figure h
was gambling at all. To achieve the success he desir
merely meant courage and stick-to-it-iveness, which
characteristics Mr. Stanford has in any amount.
In his two stores Mr. Stanford handles between
000 and 30,000 pounds of fish a week. Last year 160,000
pounds of salmon were sold, one hundred thousan
pounds of which was handled across the counter. |
Since the time he started in the business seven
vears ago Mr. Stanford has had success upon succ
It cannot be said that he started with any special
vantages except those of character. His achievem
should be an inspiration to others in the retail —

unerring truth that people will buy fish if you

ca
them properly. Fig

A Store Worth Visiting

It is well worth while for anyone visiting Mon
to see Stanford’s store, especially the Mansfield
one. The genial proprietor is always pleased to
you about. There is nothing in his system that he wil
not gladly explain. He is not in the least bit jealous 0
others, but on the contrary would feel himself doing
service to the industry if he could help to bring
general improvement in the present widespread
of doing business. ae

He will show you his ammonia refrigerating
which preserves his stocks of meats, poultry, fi
in storage in the basement, in the reserve stores
ing the main store and in the glass case displ
will show you the secret of his sales organizati
the manner in which he keeps his store attracti
does not neglect his front store display, either.
generally the case with fish merchants. Iea
windows are always so artistically arranged as -
the mouth of an epicure water. ee Me

And this, as Mr. Stanford says, is all the re
organization and service. Probably there is no
way of gauging his achievements than by the ju
ment of his fellow citizens. He has recently been
ed president of the Kiwanis Club in Montreal.
use flippant language, that says a mouthful.

FISH IS BECOMING POPULAR IN THE

DINING CAR. BY)

Probably no indication of the growing dema
seafoods is more noticeable than the increasing
ularity of fish on the dining cars of the Canadian Na
tional Railways. Close to two hundred thousand poun
of fish were consumed on Canadian National trains du
ing the year 1920, and during the past year there w
evidence of a big increase. : ee

Statistics of the varieties of fish served on the tr
tell the same tale as s‘atistics of our general fish co
sumption. During the year 1920 thirty-one differe
varieties of marine food were offered for sale on tl
Canadian National Railways but the great bulk of sale:
was confined to whitefish, lake trout, salmon, halib
and cod. Mackerel was popular in its season.

ne, 1922. CANADIAN

Salt blamed

0 extremely valuable report on investigations into the
of the pink or red discoloration which has been a
“menace to trade in green salted and dried codfish

fie and industrial research, Ottawa. Reference to
d vegetable growth, for such it is, as a “menace” is
ithout ample justification, to which fact a few fig-
ill bear incontrovertible evidence. Next to salmon
yields the greatest returns of all Canadian fishes. Ap-
ximately sixty percent. of the species is marketed as
» Sreen- -salted or boneless and these varieties brought
enue in 1921 of $5,169,266. These are the very
ms of treating the cod which make it subject to the
liscoloration and it is estimated that sometimes as high
} forty percent. of the output is affected, and once af-
ed it is next to impossible to find a market for the fish,
Lif possible, only at a fraction of the original value. So
is obvious that the report in question is of vital eco-
ic interest to the country and particularly to those en-

d in the manufacture and export of cod treated with

‘he report is a popular account of experiments conduct-
m behalf of the council by Dr. F. C. Harrison, prin-
V Bp of Maedonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue. A
hnical report on his investigations has also been pre-
red and will be published by the Royal Society of Can-
. Dr. Harrison was assisted in the work by Miss Mar-
LE. - Rees assistant in bacteriology at Macdonald

been discovered that the discoloration is due to
ised in curing, as was anounced in the last issue
Canadian Fisherman, and a simple and practical
ss wo been worked out for avoiding losses in future.
s the publication of the complete report but
owing extracts give the salient features:
* * *

> infection, though comparatively new to the Canadian
has existed at various times, and in different coun-
r,-at least, the last forty years, during which time
ations as to the nature of the discolouration have
earried on rather from a scientific, than from an
ic, standpoint. In the past the fish was marketed us-
during the colder months of the year, so that there
not so large a percentage of spoilage as prevails to-day ;
whatever loss dealers did experience from reddening
arded more or less as incidental and unpreventable.
to-day. Progressive civilization demands not only
reasing attractiveness in food displayed for sale, but
) a product procurable at all seasons of the year—
bly out of season. This necessitates infinite care
paration, requiring additional labour, and adding to
pense of production; but more than that, fish mar-
during the warmer months of the year seems more
tible to the red infection than that marketed during
der months. To-day, dealers are alarmed at the
m this source, and anticipate a satisfactory remedy.
uently, we are confronted with a problem of con-
> economic importance. A

her factor which must be mentioned is the increas-
oem from Norway in the world’s markets.

FISHERMAN

Tells How to Stop Cod Reddening

Dr. Harrison traces souree of evil and gives
practical suggestions to eradicate it—Mined

109

Where such competition is keen, it is of utmost importance
to provide a fish which is well cured, attractive in appear-
ance, and which is not affected in any way by any kind
of discolouration. The country which succeeds in putting
up the best article, and keeping it uniform from year to
year, will undoubtedly, secure a larger trade and obtain the
higher prices. :

The occurrence of. red colouration on foodstuffs is of
extreme antiquity. Down through the ages we have many
references to foods, such as bread, beans and meat, be-
coming red or bloody. And about fifty years ago the
presence of pink or red color was noticed on codfish
coming from Newfoundland, Canada, and Norway. A
number of investigators made it the subject of special
study, and from their numerous experiments, proved that

. this discolouration was due to low forms of plant life. The

present investigation has been attempted in order to find.
the cause of the reddening, to learn something of the con-
ditions favouring its development, to ascertain the source
of the infection, and to suggest a means of prevention.

Salt Source of Discolouration
Whence comes the organism? How does it come in
contact with the fish? If there were no red organism
present, most certainly no red colour could develop on the
fish.. Undoubtedly the source of the trouble is found in
tropical salt, that is, salt obtained by the evaporation of

sea water in tropical or semi-tropical regions.

The estimated quantity of salt used annually in East-
ern Canada in fish curing is 40,000 tons, valued at $480,-
000. This salt is produced in many places. It may be
divided into two classes :—

1. Mined Salt, coming either from deposits in crys-
talline form, or from areas underground where
sufficient moisture is present to produce a
strong brine, which is pumped to the surface

and then evaporated. Examples of this kind

of salt are known to the trade as Liverpool
(English salt coming from the Cheshire and
Yorkshire mines); Windsor, from Ontario; and

Malagash, from Nova Scotia.

2. Sea or Solar Salt, Salt obtained by the evapor-
ation of sea water, coming, as a rule, from
countries having a seaboard where the climate
is dry and the summer of long duration.

Portugal, Spain, Italy, Austria and the West Indies
produce the largest amounts of sea salt, and the brands
most commonly used in the Canadian fish trade are known
as :--—— °

Setubal (Portugal), Cadiz, Torrexiela and Iviza (Spain).

Trapani (Italy), Turks Islands (West Indies).

This salt is obtained by evaporation of sea water in
shallow areas or basins. The method of preparation is as
follows :—

Sea water at about 10 degrees saline strength is admit-
ted through flood gates, by tide pressure, into the main res-
ervoir, where it remains for from ten to twenty days,
according to weather conditions, increasing in salinity from
two to four degrees per day in dry weather. During this
stage, the vegetable matter is deposited in a sort of mossy

slime, on the bottom of the reservoir, where it is killed as
the brine reaches a strength of 40 to 50 degrees, which
oceurs after about two weeks’ standing.

From this main or “weak” reservoir, the brine is turned
by surface water wheels into smaller divisions, and during
the second stage of evaporation, when it increases to a
saline strength of 80 to 90 degrees, the lime and other im-
purities are eliminated. During this process, a coating of
scale and mud is formed on the bottom of the pans or
ponds, the deposit containing a high percentage of lime
and other impurities.

When the brine reaches a hundred degrees saline strength,
the point at which crystallization begins, it is again turned
into other areas or ponds, the bottoms of which are of firm
marl carefully scraped and cleaned from time to time, and
which, from being constantly worked over and exposed to
the sun, are nearly as solid as an asphalt pavement and
quite impervious to water. The salt crystals form in cubes
on the bottom of these pans and grow into one another,
forming a cake of salt varying in thickness from one to six

FISHERMAN

June, 1922.

from the ponds, as loss from rain is avoided, and there is
less handling and storing. On account of the large demand
from Canada and other countries, much newly made salt
is shipped, and in consequence it has been largely infected
with the red organism.

It would be advisable to check, by proper laboratory
methods, the contention of the salt manufacturers, that the

red organism will die in salt stored from three to six’ ~
In any case, it @

months under semi-tropical conditions.
would seem advisable for our importers to insist on being

furnished with old salt that has been stored for a period ~

of at least three months.

Fisherman Differ

Pure salt should contain only sodium chloride, but all
commercial salts contain a. certain amount of impurities,
sea salt, as a rule, a larger amount than mined salts.

There is a difference of opinion among fishermen as to
the best salt for curing fish, but undoubtedly the majority
of them favour the use of sea salt, as they consider that
fish cured with sea salt are more evenly “struck,” and that

Reddening May Have Ruined Forty Per Cent. of This

inches, according to the length of time the process con-
tinues. When the salt is’ gathered, the surplus brine is
drawn off, and the cake broken up and carted out to the
points of shipment.

* The salt, when first gathered, usually has a decidedly
pink cast, but this disappears as the salt is stacked up and
exposed to the strong glare of the sun and a hot dry wind.
Most of the brine shows a very pink colour during the time
the crystallizing is going on, but this disappears from the
salt after it is dried out. . According to the statement of
the manufacturers of solar sea salt, there should be no
pink colouration in salt properly cured by three to six
months storing after gathering. In other words, time is
the principal factor in rendering the salt free from the
red organism. It is, however, more remunerative to grind
and ship salt within a few days or weeks after coming

the fish are more moist and there is no hard crust on the
surface of the fish. The mined salts are usually in finer
crystals and when used the fish are more quickly “struck,”
but the salt does not penetrate to the interior so well. It
has been suggested that the quick coagulation of the sur-
face protein prevents the penetration of the salt to the
interior.

Undoubtedly sea salt is more hygroscopic (absorbs mois-

ture), and cured fish, if not well dried, will often sweat or ky

become very moist, due to the solar salt taking up water
from the atmosphere. Such substances as calcium and
magnesium chlorides, are very hygroscopic, and their pres-

ence in ground salt produces caking when moisture is

present.

(Continued on page 129)

P

—Fall Fishery a fact

trary to the received opinion, an absurdity does
ways cease to live when knocked effectually on
ead. For instance, the notion that the ways of
erel are altogether ‘different from those of other
‘g , Seems to have more lives than a cat. Though
Ly > refuted by undisputed evidence and first hand
ence, some few people, who ought to know better,
ntend that mackerel remain in deep water dur-
winter, like hibernating bears, and approach
sin the spring after the manner of rusticators.
it is now considered settled that the mack-
t a migratory fish.

as the idea seventy-five years ago, long be-
ner was in existence, and the dwellers on any
where the fish showed up supposed the same
around in the offing all summer. But

d the trips to southern waters demonstrat-
id the shadow of a doubt that the northern
of mackerel in spring began near Pimlico
ided for the most part in provincial waters,
ulf of St. Lawrence. The drifters, com-
er, put into practice the knowledge gained
on, and set their strings across the in-
rrent, alternating every six hours. On
no schools are ever sighted steering
trand, or going nine ways for Sunday,
a course paralled to the coastline, in
often far apart but following the same
y as an army on the march. The
< as it sweeps nortih is practically the
1outh to Malpeque.
e theorist is not aware that mackerel,
dic movements, swim most of the time on
the water, and consequently can be
ore certainty than game in the wilds.
mpted me to recommend the scouting
is just now doing wonderful work on
Both the ‘Arras’ and the ‘Arleux,’
ple. and are acting as pathfinders to direct
and drifters which are daily putting out
Scotia south shore, and returning with
t. The experimental stage is past; prac-
now paying very well. The Yarmouth
rives in Boston this morning with 3,000 iced
_As I write these lines the telegraph ticker
the Oann steamers is chartered to bring
_ And again, scouts report many schools
nd beyond the three mile limit, all moving
ree succeeding messages bring the same
s. All sections of the shore are getting their
ae pound of those fish is better than a ton
The price is ten cents this morning. Boston
from Yarmouth the last ten days amount to

Fall Fishery Actual Fact

E: i iicies furnish no criterion. Conditions
and results vary accordingly. -When the
arring-drifter “#33”? came some years ago to
f Cape Sable, I engaged a nilot for her at
the management. On the winding up
ae man. told me the captain insisted

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Aheres to Migration Idea

Declares practical experience clearly refutes
theory that mackerel simply move offshore

men had already arrived at the right con- .

111

By M. H. Nickerson

on making his sets eighty miles from land, as did the
boats out of Aberdeen.

Consequently all his voyage consisted of fourteen
sharks, and the shore boats had to supply him with
samples from their set nets! It is of the utmost. im-
port to understand the situation aright. The south-
ward run in the fall has never been chased by Nova
Scotia seiners or waylaid by the drifters, because learn-
ed men told them there was no such trek, and the
schools do not show up in the same manner as in the
earlier migrations to the spawning grounds. I econ-
stantly urged that the scouting should be continued
at that season of the year. It was not done; but
publicity put others on the track, and one Boston
boat last October stocked $18,000 in three days’ cruise
out of Hawkesbury where the fare wag landed. About
the same time an American seiner with a Nova Scotia
skipper landed 50,000 prime fat mackerel at the Boston
Fish Pier, all taken fives miles off Shelburne while
native netters were not in commission!

The increased activity in this branch can be direct-
ly traced to the work of the mackerel scouts, which
have been-on service at this season for the last three
years. Unwisely they were taken off duty when the
summer swarming was over, but I am assured by the
department this same patrol system will be extended
the coming fall. At the very hint of it expectation
is on tiptoe is the eastern sections. North Sydney: is
preparing’ to do some seining on a great scale. Its
success can be almost safely predicted. Now if the
log-book of the scout ‘Arras’ had only been given to
the public last year, it would have settled the mi-
gratory question beyond all eavil. For some reason
hard to guess, only some extracts were given in the
blue books, and these made confusion worse confound-
ed by a manifest endeavor to fit them into the basic
theory aforementioned, by hook or by crook, mostly the
latter. Let us have the whole truth.

All of the big mackerel traps on the South Shore,
which fill up with the passing fish every day, are set,
not with their doors opening seawards, as if to take
any on-coming schools; but directly the opposite. The
whole contrivance, leader and all, is often three hun-
dred yards long, costing thousands of dollars. The
door faces the beach, at right angles to which the deep
web of pole—hung twne, called the leader, runs to the
said door to guide the mackerel into the heart of the
trap, a huge enclosure, partly overlapped by the bowl
connected with its outer part. The mackerel are in-
variably trimming the shore and strike the leader near-
ly head) on. They never turn right about, but follow
along the leader as a flock of sheep does a fence, till
they find the opening and enter the trap. What fur-
ther proof can be reasonably demanded as to the mi-
gratory habit?.. Exact knowledge in this case, as in
all branches of enquiry, must be founded on personal
observation and experience. I should not venture an
opinion here, nor seek a line of space, had I not taken
part in handling the drag-seine, purse-seine, set-net
and drift-net for good many years. By nature IT am
not too credulous; but in daily life I feel compelled
to accept the evidence of my own eyes, much like other

ordinary mortals!

Seventy-six vessels of the Lunenburg fishing fleet
on the spring trip caught 44,625 quintals of fish, or an
average of 573 quintals per vessel, which is very
good for the first trip. This does not represent the total

eatch, as a number of vessels had not reported when
these totals were compiled. However, the amount of
fish landed for the spring trip was considerably in ex-
cess of last year. The price obtained for the spring
catch was $8.00 per quintal, being the same price as last
year. The weather was not favorable for the drying of
this eatch. Practically all the fleet on the first trip took
frozen bait and got away early.

When this was written the reports from the vessels
on the second trip were very unsatisfactory. Twenty
vessels were lying at Queensport without a quintal of
fish to their eredit, while they had only two weeks to
complete the trip, return home and get ready to start
for the Grand Bank fishing at the usual time.

Following are ehe catches of some of the vessels on
the first trip:

Qntls.
Araueania, Conrad . 400
Arcola, Knickle .... . 550
Aleala, Knickle .... . 750
Alicante, Romkey . 500
Aronaka, Hyson .. .. ais Bian eR.
Dorothy "Adams, Berringer . Yeaiee St mee eat) oc OAN Negeh
Marion Adams, Parks . Tah Beco ti 700
Madeleine Adams, Heisler rapa 550
Ruth Adams, Decoursey . ret ey 400
Bluenose, Walters .......... 700
Arthur J. Balfour, Grouse. i352 on ee: 400
Grace D. Roehner, Mossman .............. 460
Frank Baxter, Burgoyne. 66 oy le 50
Grace P. Brown, Knickle .. .... . 500
Selma Creaspy; Creager i608
Clara Creager, Creager P4505) No ot 4a 000
Kugene Creaser, Creaser.......... 300
George M. Cook, Cook . <a 650
Kathleen Creaser, Creaser .. .. 409
Lucile M. Colp, Bushen .. . 450
Uda A. Corkum, Corkum ..... 800
Doris L. Corkum, Corkum .. .. 400
J. E. Conrad, Corkum..... 400
Lois A. Conrad, Conrad ........ 400
Harold Conrad, Conrad .. ...... 500
Norma L. Conrad, Conrad ........ .: 500
Norma P. Coolen, Andrews .. . 350
Delewana, Cook . ae 250
Democracy, Deal geet Cae fees 700
Daisy Marguerite, Mossman og ae es eG ce ot
J. Duffy, Spindler... 2325" 25 2s 450
General Haig, Backman ..-... 600
Glacier, Knock . ie obra 750
Annie B. Gerhardt, Gerhadt a eS 900
Hermada, Corkum ..... 800
Madelyn E. Hebb, Hebb . 550
Elsie M. Hart, Corkum 5... 21a aaah oe 750
Hazel E. Herman, Sperry. i Re eee Oe
Vera E. Himmelman, Wagner...... | 500
Mary A. Hirtle, Hirtle oe 50) *y Dhaka: 500.
Marjorie E. Hennigar, Riteey. .3.i.¢s2 Baas 5 sO
Hilma Fawine, Lohnes .. .. 150

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Lunenburg Fleet Does Well

Landings for Spring catch in excess of last
Year—Price same as obtained in 1921, but
conditions more favorable

June, 1922. —

Freda M. Himmelman, RC a +n: See as oa aad
Independenee, Himmelman . :
Jennie Hlizabeth, Riteey ..065 2.00.3. ee
Sadie E. Knickle, Jorgensen .. .. .. .. .. 4...
Lauretta Frances, Spindler ...............
Marian Elizabeth, Westhaver 00/0. 2) @.7aa
Mahaska, Mack . ee ey are ee ars ek
Mona Marie, Ritcey . Uttar CoM
Manuata, Risser . ey :

Mary Pauline, Romkey . (A OSes
Gladys M. Mosher, Mosher aes ic cdc
Agnes G. McGlashen, Wambace :..iccsaaee
J. Henry McKenzie, Whynach:

Neva Belle, Wentzell . i «5 «: eee | a ae
Edith Newhall, Schnare . es Ee

Ocean Maid, Himmelman eat
Patera ‘Wentzell .. oA euee ets.
"GAS Rbtiand, Myra: ose.
Lueille M. Smith, Beek .. .. .. .
Vivian P. Smith, Wharton .. ..
Jean E. Smith, Selig . 0. ee
Benjamin C. Smith, Wentzel ia

Frances W. Smith, Mosher . . jee > oie eee
Joyce M. Smith, Maxner .. eae so Ue
Frances Spindler, Spindler .. .. .. .........%
J. H. Sinclair, Crouse .........

Shepherd King, Himmelman ..°.. .. .. .. Vga ae
Lois J. Thomas, Himmelman .. .. . ee 2
Gilbert B. Walters, Walters .. ...

Bertha Walters, Spindler .: .. .. .. 2... :
Ada M. Westhaver, Westhaver .. .. .....
Muriel Winters, Winters ..
Bernice Zinck, Zinck 2 ee ee at
Marguerite Zinck, Lohnes .. .. .. 2.) ..°....

Second Trip

Aleala, Knickle .... Lae nate
Joyce M. Smith, Maxner .. oes a. ee
Muriel W. Winters, Winters .. ..

PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THE PRESERVAT
OF FISH BY SALT

Pravin February the U. S. Fisheries: Bureau isi
document No. 919 with the above title. This is a p
tical paper of interest to the commercial salter of
ery products. Among the subjects discussed are the ft
lowing: How salt preserves; how salt extracts wate
factors affecting permeability of fish; flavors of
fish; dry salting and brine salting compared ; loss 0:
nutrients in brine; influence of method of cleaning fish
on salting ; improved method of salting fish, especially
for warm weather; behavior of fat during salting ;

cess; accessory chemical agents and other factor
salting, ete,

Persons interested in the subject may obtain cop
upon request as long as the Bureau’s- limited editi
lasts, or by purchase for 5 cents a copy from the Superin
tendent of Documents, Government Printing Om
Washington, D. C.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

_ Why Fish Prices are Never Stable

Advice from practical man is for industry to
co-operate—Education for consumer and

113

standardization for

‘Thanking this paper in advance for space allowed, and
pping I may “start something” along proper lines, I ask
to go along with me patiently. The impetus for this
iting is the outcome of a few visits and observtions in
s of your great coasts.

I am looking at it as an outsider, who is keen for the
are of all products of great Mother Ocean, and much
sted in the industry’s development.

Jome along on this little journey with me and have
ticket punched right through to a station called
-operation”’, which should be on the main line of our
iness life, and not a side tracked station or “off the

ne of the things that struck me forcibly on my first
visits to the coast towns was the lack of understanding
» price or cost among a great many producers. ;
It was a common question with many of them: “what do
ou pay?” and I also get the same inquiry by letter.
_ You will say this is a custom as fish folk in small towns
nd outlying places are not in a position to keep posted.
lile I agree with you this might have been the system
fears ago there is no excuse in this advanced age of tele-
Ta ph, telephone, radio-phone and fast service by rail and
e iboats besides the vehicle of trade papers.
The whole trouble lies in some kind of a unit system
4 community to gather and condense this information.
government is keen for co-operating with all our
ustries in matters of research, transportation and any-
needed to help the industry, but what is the use
h information unless there is some central point to
sive same and distribute it. Otherwise it is “shot

. few years ago the fruit growers of California, the
ple growers of the western states, the banana growers
e tropics, the green truck gardeners of the south, and
berry growers of the central middle states were in much
e state of chaos that exists among you to-day.
hey started intelligently to remedy this, and by co-
ration made their business a really profitable one, and
-day the small grower and the large grower market their
s by different concentrated methods which are profit-
to themselves and also to the dealers.
Shipping on Consignment Evil
‘years gone by it was the custom among the
wers of fruit to ship goods on consignment, and it also
he custom, I believe, among the fishermen. The lack
-operation among the shippers causes the ruination
many well-intended shippers. It would happen this
: Bill Jones of Anchorville made his shipments to Sure-
and found a good market. His neighbor started
yping to the same town. Pretty soon old Sam Eagle-
+s Snooping around the depot stole the name of the con-
ee off the package and he started shipping.
etown woke up with double the quantity of goods
ould consume and it went to smash, and the trio of
ers could never figure it out. How much better
it have been if the shippers had got together and
1 things over. But no, petty jealousy seems to per-
- small town people and this‘is the réason the town
all

fish producers are not all flounding as you might
am trying to make out. Good broad business men

BY Wad:

packer
VHAY

exist everywhere among the Canadian fisheries as well as
in the States, but the fish business surely does not grow
as it should, and there is something wrong somewhere.
Hundreds of millions of human beings are in need of this
food, and are in reach of it, but take your own statistics,
of the amount of fish sold, and figure on the basis of a
hundred million human beings who might eat fish one day
a week and you will find that it compares favorably with
a doctor’s perscription that is labeled ‘‘Poison, with care”.

What is the trouble? I have heard this question put
hundreds of times by fish dealers, and in fish trade papers,
and I do not think any one has answered it yet. However,
I will try my luck, as it will do no harm to make a stab at
it.

Prescribes Treatment

I prescribe education for the consumer, standardization
by the packer. To handle both these things the fishing
interests will surely have to work together or the business
will stand just as it is to-day. The lemon growers of
California are a close community body. They have a
standard of pack for every box of lemons that is shipped,
and if not packed correctly it is thrown out and sold for
junk. Every man in the organization knows this and lives
up to the rule. The next step is to make people eat more
lemons. A small tax of probably ten cents per box puts
their product before a hundred million people, asking
people to make more lemon pies, use lemon juice for mak-
ing soft skin, the soap manufacturers are advertising
lemon soap, soft drink parlors are buying lemon juice by
the gallon and consequently the lemon growers are produc-
ing more lemons and planting more lemon trees.

Co-operation does not mean opening up your private ac-
counts to your neighbor or that it is necessary to get social-
ly thick with him. There is difference in business be-
tween co-operation and consolidation. In the former you
have control and your individuality, in the latter you lose
both.

The stock raisers of the country have the everlasting
feed proposition to battle with, the food growers and
vegetable growers have the soil to+till, weather conditions,
and the deadly insects to contend with, and with all these
troubles they have time to give to business interests and get
together for their common good.

The trouble is not only with the fish producers, but as a
rule it pervades also the jobber and retailer of fish. It
seems that the whole fish business has a tendency to go
against the course of least resistance. A small fish store
as a rule never thinks of having a clean, bright, well-kept
store, clean scales or clean uniforms, and I would not be
surprised that the consumer feels that this is the proper
way of doing business. The wholesale grocers carry a
certain amount of salt fish as a side line. Very few large
wholesale grocers have an intelligent fish buyer. I have
seen many a time one buyer trying to pass the buying of
the fish to another person, and sometimes it would make
you dizzy to find out the right man. The grocery sales-
man has the price list of fish somewhere in the back of his
price book and only refers to it if there is an urgent call.
Down the whole line from the producer to the consumer it
seems to be a business that a well-dressed man would be
ashamed of, and I attribute a great part of this to the

(Continued on page 128)

114 CANADIAN FISHERMAN June, 1922.

_—— we YS % OD IRON. +. mm ha a mm mm orm OY
x SDR ON OO OOOO OOOO RIOD NIOO NOOO OOS OOOO NMIODRROD OR EOONE =i

Keep the

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

coming, to you.
AON

HOSE who receive this issue of the Canadian Fisher-
man as a sample copy—and we refer particularly to
retail dealers throughout the country—are requested

to peruse it carefully and decide whether or not it is of value
to them. We would draw the attention of retailers especially
to the article describing the success of Stanford’s Limited in
Montreal by the application of sound business principles.
There is another article which submits some very pertinent
questions to the retailer regarding his duty to the industry.
Mr. Vhay, who is a practical fish man, in another article,
also treats of the retail phase of the fish business; and there
is a paper dealing with the safeguarding of fish orders in
transit from the retail store to the consumer.

In addition there will be found a fund of information on
the fish business in general and we think you will agree with
us that for the sake of two dollars ($2) a year you cannot af-
ford to be without it.

Fill in the form below and mail it immediately and your
name will be continued on our mailing list. Aet now. Don’t
risk the loss of a good thing by putting it off.

The Industrial & Educational Publishing Co., Ltd.,
Garden City Press, GARDENVALE, P. Q.

Dear Sirs:

Please send me the Canadian Fisherman beginning with
the next issue, for which I agree to pay two dollars ($2)
yearly. (Three dollars outside Canada, Great Britain and
Newfoundland.)

INOM0 ws... ss. ee a
Mddreas -. 0... ae eee toe eee
Vessel owner
Vessel fisherman Please indicate by lining through
ote abel others, under what classification you
oat risherman fall. If you fall under more than one
Manufacturer oe
Th aleasior please so indicate.
Retailer

ve hoo ELE IR RED ED CN 4
BOO ROO OO ROOM OORIOS LOCO SSS IOO IO OOD OOO NEON OON ONO

Ss = termed Acentomel S /

— June, 1922.

press people?
Without doubt the most important link in our system
fish distribution is the retail merchant. No matter
at steps others may take to educate the public as to
. nutritive and economic value of a diet liberally
ioned with fish, the actual development of our fish
sumption rests almost entirely with the retail dealer.
hether or not people will eat fish depends on whether
he service the fish dealer gives is good or bad. In so
far as the local market is concerned the welfare of the
‘industry is in his hands. Each time a sale is made
ross the counter let him consider :—‘‘Is the quality of
he goods worthy of me? Am I doing my full duty to
the country? Is this sale liable to encourage a greater
ise of fish or may it discourage its use entirely?’’ A
ew sales of fish of doubtful quality may lose more pa-
tronage than is to be gained by spending twenty times
he profit in these sales, Every branch of the fishing
idustry must co-operate to develop the Canadian mar-
et. Your contribution in this co-operative effort is
sential to the development of the industry.
a -Your Business
- Do you know how your business for any stated length
f time compares with the corresponding periods of pre-
ious years? Do you keep a record of the volume of
fferent species sold over your counter? Could you
ell, for example, if the species for which you have the
reatest sale today were the most popular five or ten
years ago? ‘This is data which would not only be in-
eresting but may be of material assistance to you; and
Suggests other information which may be readily com-
and used to advantage.
_ Are you making any special effort to popularize new
species? As you probably know, there are upwards of
six hundred species of fishes in our waters of which
ore than two hundred are not only edible but palat-
and nutritious.
ty-five find a regular place in the Canadain mar-
and the popular fishes may be counted on one’s
ver tips.
Phere are substantial economic reasons why the va-
by of fishes on our market should be increased. The
pness of the commodity is and will continue to be
‘inducement to purchase fish, and it is a feature
cannot be ignored. Do you realize that only 70 per
of the fishermen’s total catch is marketable? Good
le species such as flat fishes are tossed back into. the
There is a 30 per cent. waste, which if marketable,
ild return fishermen a bigger profit on the whole
make possible a reduction in the price of ‘‘select’’
Do not concur in the prejudices of your patrons
new species which come on the market. Urge
to sample the food qualities and ignore the imma-
ferial characteristic which have been the foundation of
heir prejudices. Do not encourage patrons to re-
trict their fish list to a few popular species. Variety
appeals, and this applies more to foods than anything
se. No other food source can offer such a variation.
woman’s problem is to keep her meals from becom-
a monotonous repetition, If she is familiar with
erous fishes she will be more liable to introduce sea
frequently on her table.

¥ Your Store
at many dealers are so preoccupied with bus-
ails that they frequently overlook some of the

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

_ A Few Things for Retailer to Consider
| The most important link in system of distri-
bution is the corner store—How does it im-

Of all this number not more than ~

46

larger and more important matters. Did you ever pause
to think whether your place of business was attractive?
You may possibly recall numerous instances: of being
lured to making a purchase by the neatness of a store
or its smart window display. Is your store so enchant-
ing or is it liable to drive passersby to the opposite
side of the street? Probably it was never put up to
you in this way before. Just go into the matter now
and see how your store inside and out would appeal to
you as a stranger. All successful business men must be
students of psychology. To achieve results that appeal
they must put themselves in the other fellow’s place
and cross-question themselves from a purely imper-
sonal viewpoint.

First of all, the store should have not necessarily a
pretentious but an attractive front. There should be a
liberal use of paint, clean window glass and neat win-
dow displays—if it is your policy to make such displays.
If you dress your windows at all do not be half-hearted
about it. Use clean porcelain or white enamel trays
chopped ice and where appropriate use greens to gar.
nish. Above all things do not use dirty containers of
any description, not only for fresh fish but for any
class of fish. A window containing boxes of smoked
fish or any similar display is seldom attractive. Original]

Mecca for Flies Unless Covered

containers are for protection in transit and have served

their purpose. Usually the exterior is soiled and marked

and proves a mecca for flies. A well decorated window

is a bigger asset than many of our. fish vendors seem -
to imagine.

' Within the store the walls and floor first meet the

eye. Are they clean and are they readily kept so?

Not only should they be clean but they should have the

appearance of immaculate cleanliness. Are your fix-

tures bright and clean? »

If you have your place free of offensive odors vou
have made an impression on customers thus far. But
a pure atmosphere is an important element. A fish -
odor is not offensive but a stale fish odor, to which
many species have contributed, is anything but pleasant.
Good ventilation is always essential.

Now how is your customer impressed as he approaches
your counter? Is your fish exposed on slabs and with-
out ice? You know that fish has not the keeping qual-
ities of other foods and in your own interest you should
see that putrescence is delayed as long as possible. Fish
should be displayed under glass and on clean platters,

116

A liberal use of chopped ice will suffice to preserve the
commodity and keep away flies. Refrigerated pipes
are preferred, but comparatively few have the advantage
of an ammonia plant.

In connection with displaying fish it is exceedingly
interesting to study the results of a survey made in
Pittsburg, Pa. It was found there that thirty-three
firms displayed fresh fish in glass-covered cases cooled
with chopped ice, twelve in glass cases cooled with re-
frigerated pipes, nine in original containers cooled with
chopped ice, and twelve kept their entire supply in
ice boxes, no display being made. Ice was used in con-
junction with all the displays and 86 per cent. were
made in enclosed cases.

As far as the writer knows, it is not a general prac-
tice of Canadian fish vendors to display fish under
glass, but it should be adopted as a general standard.
Larger dealers in big cities have elaborate equipment,
but no matter how’small the store nor how small the
patronage, it is always possible at very little expense

Window Display Counts a Lot

to adopt the principle of keeping the fish display pro:
tected.

Just one more point about the store. What do you
do with scraps and offal? Have you made arrange-
ments so that this waste is not left exposed to the gaze
of customers and do you dispose of it regularly to pre-
vent contamination of the air?

Your Patrons

Is there a close relationship existing between you and
your patrons? Do you make any special effort to in-
crease their ration of fish? Have you ever impressed
upon them, either verbally or by means of literature,
the many advantages of their more frequent use of
fish?

Do you go after new customers or do you leave your
business to the mercy of chance visitors to your store?
Do you advertise? If so, do you do your best to make
it telling ?

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

June, 1922. 4

. q
There are just two ways of increasing your business
and developing the Canadian market—first, by induc-
ing people to eat fish and to eat more of it; and second,
to eause others who arenot already using it, to introduce
fish in their diet. These general principles apply to
our whole system of fish distribution, as well as to your
business. Do you know that only about one-quarter —
of the Canadian population is within reach of a fish
supply? It is largely a problem of transportation and —
distribution to improve the situation. But how many —
in your loeality are taking advantage of your fish sup-
ply? The industry depends upon you to develop your
particular field.

Mr. Retailer, do you give reliable telephone service? ~
As you know, people are depending more and more upon |
this vehicle to do their day’s ordering. Are you just ~
as honest in meeting their requirements as in the ease ~
of call customers? <A firm in Montreal, which the writer
has in mind, does about 75 per cent. of its business by —
‘phone and has established an enviable reputation for —

reliability. A satisfied phone customer will call again.
A displeased one will call elsewhere to order her meals
and nine chances out of ten she will not call a fish store.
Have you been in the habit of unloading left-over
inferior goods on your customer? Do you believe it is”
good business’ Do you not run the risk of losing your :
customer, or if your sale is to a casual buyer, do you not
forfeit the chance of making him or her a regular buyer
of fish? Is it not more economical business to take the
loss directly and dump the goods?
There is a word to be said about frozen fish. — An you. 3
know, the buyer must handle it differently from fres
fish to get satisfactory results. People are being taugh a
that frozen fish is good and wholesome, but they must”
have an opportunity to test it properly to verify this —
statement. Do you distinguish definitely between fre

unintentionally or wilfully, is it conducive to the s
cess of your business or the welfare of the industry?

CANADIAN

cess but question a
make it practicable

The delivery of fresh fish from the store of the retail
er to the home of the consumer during warm weather
hout destroying or deteriorating the appearance and
atability of the commodity is a problem that has not
been satisfactorily solved in Canada. Unless there
ne specific case of which we have no information, none
retail fish stores in the country make any pretence
eserving fish during delivery and there is no doubt
consumption has been checked on this account and
ich valuable business lost. With the hope of starting
me movement to rectify this very serious deficiency the
anadian Fisherman herewith reproduces a paper read
me time ago by Miss N. E. Pennington of New York
fore the American Society for Refrigerating Engineers
the subject of small insulated containers. It is not
izgested that the use of these containers would be econ-
mmically feasible in the fish business but the paper is in-
fective and more economic means of solvy'ng the problem.
d. of C. F.) i os

the passage of refrigerated perishabl-s from packing
use to consumer has frequently been ccraplicated by our
bility to maintain refrigeration when the unit package
ched the retail size. The problem of refrigeration for

‘carload quantity, or large shipment, to the middle man
s been fairly well solved; not so the maintenance of
eration in the small package, such as required by the
consumer, nor in the small package to be shipped
express or motor truck.

‘he distribution of food from producer to consumer ap-
rs to grow more and more complicated with the growth
ties and their broad environs now devoted to residential
where formerly the small dairyman, orchardist
k grower produced his crops and then sold them in
sarby city markets. Now the population of these
s.is provided with supplies shipped by express or
from the wholesale market of the city. Such ship-
are usually less than carloads and refrigeration or-
ly ends with the breaking of the carload unit. Speed
ake the place of refrigeration if deterioration is to be
a most undesirable exchange from the viewpoint
d conservation. While the routine for the refrigera-
‘the carload unit has been laid down, it is not always
e to ship perishables in carload lots. Neither is it
s feasible for railroads to provide less-than-carload

rator service. aa
meet such a situation, shippers have tried various ex-

s varying from the packing of ice in contact with
mmodity, or around the commodity in a double-walled
ner, to wrapping in many folds of newspaper. Oc-
ally some shipper has been driven to the use of a
ve with more or less insulation in its wells, but such
ges have ordinarily been expensive to build, bulky and
to handle.
the need for such packages is to be filled—and un-
edly the need exists—they must be, according to
ercial standards, strong, light, thermally efficient,
e and not more in cost than the traffic will bear.
ing the past two years an endeavor has been made
ide such packages, using balsa as a combination
tion and insulating material. A sufficient diver-
types of box construction has been studied and a
nt variety of commodities has been shipped to pro-
rmation of interest not only to the distributor of

ing and may inspire someone to contvive an equally.

FISHERMAN 117

The Retail Delivery Problem

Insulated container already used with suc-

rises whether cost will

foods, but to the economist as well, since it opens possi-
bilities for the distribution of perishables in smaller units
than have heretofore been commercially practicable.

For example, the shipment to a select and high-class
trade of such products as new laid eggs and fresh butter
direct from the hennery or the creamery can be continued
throughout the entire year, since the maintenance of refrig-
eration in summer time insures protection against freezing
in winter. Much of this trade can move by parcel post.

Accordingly, a box especially adapted to such ship-
ments has been made. Its walls are one inch thick, and
the bottom and lid one and a half inches. The corners are
of tongue and groove construction and both top and bottom
plug in one-half inch. Because balsa is resilient, this plug
fits into the body of the box like a cork into a bottle. It is
the only way found, so far, to make an efficient lid. One
of the great troubles with small insulated packages has been
leaky lids—felt strips, rubber gaskets and screw clamps all
fail. The plug insert of this slightly compressible wood
gives efficiency. Of course balsa must rest against balsa,
else the full benefit of the resiliency is not obtained. The
box.chambered to take four dozen eggs in cartons of stand-
ard size or twelve pounds of butter in one-pound cartons
is 6 7-8 inches high by 8 5-8 inches wide by 12 1-8 inches
long inside; 10 1-8 inches high by 10 5-8 inches wide by
14 inches long outside, and weighs approximately 4 lb. and
7 oz. To protect the surface of the box in transit, as well
as to facilitate the matter of outgoing and return address,
a canvas cover is provided with an open pocket for an
address card.

Fish Handled Successfully

Such boxes are proving satisfactory for butter, eggs,
dressed poultry and fresh fish. Butter, well hardened, is
safe for at least 48 hours; dressed poultry, chilled to below
35° F., to 36 hours, and fresh fish, if dry packed, 24 to
36 hours, all under summer temperatures. Naturally, all
sorts of commodities from cut flowers to medicinal sera are
sporadically shipped in such a package.

For shipment by express a stronger package is necessary.
Therefore, the box is surfaced on the outside with a light
weight metal sheet and, sometimes, lined with galvanized
iron. The balsa panels fitting into the metal sheathing are,
like the parcel post box, tight at the corners and the top
and bottom ordinarily involve the plug or some modification
of that form of construction. These boxes are carrying
such commodities as butter in 80-pound lots from a dis-
tributing warehouse to retail stores more than one hundred
miles distant and bacon in 50-pound lots from a packing
house to retail branches a night’s haul away.

If motor truck or wagon deliveries are contemplated and
the thermal strain is not very great, as in the case of pressed
yeast, a box of balsa approximately one inch thick is sur-
faced with plywood. This makes a very desirable pack-
age for general use where protection from heat is desired
and the handling is not very rough.

It is but seldom that such packages as have been dis-
cussed require more than two inches of balsa in their walls.
Ordinarily, the continuance of temperatures below 32° F.
is not required; the freezing or hard chilling of commodities
being simply a means of providing reserve refrigeration to
be drawn upon during the calculated transit period. A not-
able exception exists in ice cream where 14° to 18° F. is the
upper safety and where the initial temperature may be zero

118 | CANADIAN

or below. Such a difference as exists between the temp-
eratures inside and outside these packages necessitates un-
usual precautions to check the heat flow. The amount of
insulation required for the work to be done must be care-
fully adjusted, joints must be absolutely tight and every
precaution possible must be taken to eliminate heat leak-
age through the lid.

It may not be amiss to. call attention in passing to the
phenomenal growth of the ice cream industry. The Bureau
of Markets estimated a production of about 230,000,000
gallons in 1919, while in 1909 but 80,000,000 gallons were
produced. While the freezing of the cream mixture and its
subsequent hardening are accomplished by mechanical re-
frigeration, ice and salt have been depended upon for pro-
tection during distribution. If the total output of ice cream
be compared with the total amount of ice and salt used,
it will be found that each five gallons of cream represents,
on an average, 150 pounds of ice and salt mixture, generally
at a cost of over 10 cents per gallon. Even more objec-
tionable than the visible expense of the ice and salt is the
deterioration of equipment which it causes and the annoy-
ance of handling it.

Ice Cream Distribution

A study of ice cream distribution cooperatively with the
industry indicates that it is commercially possible to dry
pack and gradually to eliminate ice and salt from the entire
routine.

Starting with high-class house delivery trade, which is as
rapidly as possible being shifted from the manufacturer to
the retail dealer, it has been found that balsa boxes with
walls two inches thick will hold four quarts of brick ice
cream, hardened to approximately zero, in a firm condition
for six hours. The ordinary tub-with ice and salt is us-
ually packed for a life of four to five hours. A box of
one quart size will keep the cream about four hours. While
it is advantageous to chill the boxes before filling, the
above statements are made not the basis of boxes not
chilled.

While the auto truck is playing a large part in ice cream
delivery, express service is stil! depended upon for long
hauls. The big, heavy, sloppy ice cream tub is a very
undesirable package to mix with bales of silk, fine furni-
ture and milliners’ packages. Neither is the ice and salt
to be depended upon for long hauls. A tub insulated with
three inches of balsa will answer for a short haul without
additional protection for the cream. However, when a
shipping period of 24 hours is required, experience shows
that about six inches of insulator is necessary, which makes
the package too bulky to be commercially desirable. There-
fore, a sealed vessel containing a solution of compounds
freezing at selected temperatures and with as great a
latent heat of fusion as possible is inserted into the tub
with the can of ice cream. With such a refrigerating pad
and 3 inches of balsa,, cream can easily be held for 24
hours. The usual five-gallon ice cream tub packed with
ice and salt weighs about 150 pounds. The balsa tub,
loaded, weighs about 100 pounds.

One of the problems of the ice cream industry is the
keeping of the cream in the shop of the retailer. Ordinarily,
this is accomplished by placing the cans of cream in a box
—or “cabinet,” as it is called—and packing ice and salt
around them. Repacking must be done every 24 hours at
least. The actual expense for material and labor is great
and from every viewpoint the process in undesirable.
Cabinets are now being made of balsa, suitably sheathed for
protection against surface wear, from which ice cream can
be served for 24 hours under such conditions as ordinarily
prevail in ice cream parlors and at soda fountains.

The great variation in the environment and the require-
ments of the retail distribution of ice-cream make the
adaptation of such a container a matter of careful exper-

‘horse are generally required to make a quintal di

‘a
cr
F:

FISHERMAN June, 1922,
imentation and exact observations. While, for a 24-hour —
service, balsa alone can furnish the protection desired, there _
are various practical reasons for the use of refrigerating
pads. A balance should be struck between the economical
thickness of wall and the practical amount of heat absor-
bent, just as one strikes a balance between thickness of in-
sulation and the refrigeration to be supplied to any pro-
tected space. Ordinarily, four-inch wall and approximately
60 pounds of the frozen liquid of the desired melting point
are required for a cabinet holding four cans of five
lons_each. a TE

HEAVY LOSS IN WEIGHT IN CURING OF CC
FISH 0 He

The loss in weight, dressing and curing eodfis
ranges from 50 to 65 per cent. according to the
of the yearand extent of the salting and drying.
loss is greater in the case of cod than any other fish,
erally large fish decrease more than small ones, a
large shore fish more than that taken on the Bar
Four hundred and forty pounds of round fish and
pounds of fish from the knife, and 210 from the v

pounds). Fresh split cod ready for curing ec
abut 80 per cent. of water and one and a quart
cent of salt. :

A large percentage of this water is drawn out
ing, some more by drying, and a smaller quai
compression, the latter process also removing
quantity of salt in the form of pickle. The r
product when prepared for market in the shape
cae contains 51 per cent of water and 1914 pe
salt. .

The stock fish of Norway ‘which is the hard
of dried cod contains 17 per cent. only of water
and a half per cent. of salt. One hundred ;
codfish as they come from the water will w
pounds, dressed ready for salting, of which |
represent water and one pound weight of natu

‘The process of curing tor the market adds 6.2
of salt, and removes 34.1 pounds of water, of w
pounds are removed by salting and 3 pounds
ing and drying. This results in 38.8 pounds
ed fish, of which 18.9 pounds represent wat
pounds salt. By continuing the process and
more water by drying, the keeping qualities of the f
are improved, but the quality of the flavor
with the weight and this is not desirable exce}
is destined for warm climates where it may
a long time. a

_ To make a quintal of soft-cured fish such as
in the American market requires 193 pounds s
288 pounds round, and for export to Brazil re

pounds split— Trade Review

EASY a

The conjurer was producing eggs from a top h
addressed a boy in the front row. ae

‘Your mother can’t get eggs without hens, ean sl
he asked. ; .

‘‘Oh, yes,”’ said the boy.

‘“How’s that?’’ asked the conjurer.

‘She keeps ducks,’’ answered the boy.—

pik

AS JUST A WORD OR TWO
She : Just think of it! A few words m

the minister and the people are married.
He : Yes, and, by George, a few. words mumb’

snore husband and people are divoreed.—
ow.

s here for about $50,000 worth of second-grade.

n0n annually.

_ Approximately one hundred thousand people are
iaged in the catching and processing of fish in Ca-
ada, and at least fifty thousand more are occupied

sh merchandizing. It is difficult to say how many

receive their means of livelihood indirectly from
industry, but it would not be an exaggeration to
the total, wholly or partly dependent on the

“ies for a living, at 400,000. On the basis of an

‘million population this would mean that one in

twenty receives his or her maintenance from the

stry — that is, five per cent of our total population.
fact is quite astonshing in itself, but when it
dered that our fishery resources have only been
htly scratched, the tremendous possibilities of the
tuation are obvious. Could we but find an outlet for
| the fish we may produce, there would be room for the
nployment of many times that number and millions
rht trace their livelihood to the humble fish.

)f the one hundred thousand engaged in primary

secondary fishery operations, fully forty-five

ousand are in Nova Scotia, and close to thirty thous-

d in British Columbia. While the Pacifie province

in the value of production, the industry is more

tal to the province of Nova Scotia, and seems to

‘esent greater possibilities. The salmon has been the

iainstay of the western province, because of its won-

food qualities and the high price it commands
markets of the world. In the matter of quan-

y caught the humble cod of the Atlantic outstrips

> British Columbia salmon which last year was also

‘ceeded by the modest herring. Nova Scotia and

Columbia are the rivals for supremacy, but

the other provinces contributes to the output

amercial fishes. Generally speaking, our inter-
ters contribute about one-tenth of the total out-

In this connection it is of interest to point out

within our Dominion we have one-half the fresh

ater of the globe, so the possibilities of fresh-water
shing have not been reached by any means. The pro-
ess of man is extending northward and today we are

‘curing supplies of whitefish, trout, etc., from the basin

_ Mackenzie River. As transportation develops

s supplies farther northward will be accessible.

Another way of fixing the value of the industry 1s

e capital invested. It is estimated between fifty

nd sixty millions, of which one half is in primary

perations — that is, vessels, nets and fishing gear

—and the balance is invested in canning and curing

establishments ashore. There is an erroneous impres-

ion in certain sections that our fishing industry 1s
sontrolled by foreign capital. Statistics furnish no

justification for this view, although it would not be a
bad thing if we could induce some millions of outside
to contribute to the boosting of the industry.

10 there were eighty-six*fish canning and curing

ms in Canada organized as joint sto¢k companies,

3, stocks and other securities of these aggregated

1,681, of which $15,169,305 was held in Canada;

D1ta

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

: Many Dependent Upon Fisheries

Estimated that one in every twenty traces
his livleiihood to the humble fish of the sea
—Can support many more

119

$7,641,641 in the United States and $3,120,635 in Great
Britain. ;

To secure some idea of the various methods employed
in fishing and the comparative importance of the dif-
ferent branches, the following is of interest: in 1919,
35,905 sail, row and gasoline boats were engaged, val-
ued at $7,011,120. Sailing and gasoline vessels num-
bering 1,091 were valued at $5,243,795, and steam
vessels, numbering 172 were valued at $1,449,365. Ten
steam trawlers were in service, valued at $1,075,000.
The first item — sail, row and gasoline boats — repre-
sents the equipment of the inshore fisheries, while the
others are equipment for offshore. The former employ-
ed 55,410 men, while only 8,708 fished offshore. So
it will be seen that our fishing inshore is the most
valuable. In fact nearly three-puarters of our fish
taken in Atlantic waters is secured within twelve
miles of land.

CANADA MAY DEVELOP FISH TRADE
WITH JAMAICA.

G.R.Stevens, Canadian Trade Commissioner in
Jamaica, recently wrote the following about the de-
mand for fish there: 3

Canned fish is a comparatively minor foodstuff in
Jamaica. Dried fish is a staple of diet, and when the
mass of the population can afford to indulge their
tastes for canned foods, they: ordinarily will choose
meats, fruits or vegetables in preference to fish. How-
ever, Canada’s share of the present imports of canned
fish is only 10 per cent, as compared with 50 per cent
from the United Kingdom and 40 per cent from the
United States. It is questionable whether Canadian
eanned fish can cut into the United Kingdom sales
to any extent; the British prices are low, their quality
is excellent, and a large proportion of the British fish
consists of specialties, such as bloaters, anchovies,
skippers, and kindred fishstuffs in which Canada is
not a competitor. In regard to United States supplies,
the chief item of import is salmon, and the very sal-
mon which British Columbia has in abundance, the
second grade ‘‘chum.”’

The reason for the American preponderance in this
product lies in: (1) Low prices. (The present selling
prices represent large sacrifices upon imported costs.)
(2) The present stocks were largely bought during
the boom years, not from the canners, who were too
busy to consider minor markets, but from brokers.
As these brokers were largely from New York, Ame-
rican fish was furnished. Excepting British canners,
there has been little effort by canned fish manufact-
urers to obtain permanent representation in Jamaica.
(3) The two or three houses at present distributing
canned salmon in quantity have American instead of
Canadian connections.

Should Jamaica be included in Vancouver route as .
proposed, it would pay the British Columbia canners
to give some attention to this colony, as a market

CANADIAN

The Pollock is

120

Atlantic variety caught in great abundance ~
—A splendid food but publie must be edu-
cated that name is not everything

The pollock, captured extensively by our deep sea
or bank fishermen, along with cod and haddock, is, for
unaccountable reasons, not popular as a fresh com-
modity. It is closely allied to the true cod, is of fine
flavor, and may be readily and cheaply procured in
our Canadian markets, especially during the months
of June, July, August and September. One authority,
endeavoring to locate a reason for the apparent deep-
rooted prejudice, considers it due largely to the fact
that the pollock destroys better fishes. It is true that

the pollock is very destructive to the young cod, sur-.

rounding the schools and driving the fish to the sur-
face where they fall a prey to the voracious pollocks
attacking below and hundreds of_sea gulls which, with
astonishing voracity and precision, pounce upon them
from above. But this cannibalistic tendency is not con-
fined to the pollock alone. It is a trait of many of
our sea fishes.

Pollock, sometimes known as the coal fish or green
eod, is common northward on both shores of the At-
lantic. It is eaught abundantly on our North Atlantic
banks, and also along our Canadian coast where inshore
fishermen capture it along with cod and haddock. Fre-
quently the pollock come close in shore and become en-
snared in nets fixed for herring and other fishes. It
ranges as far south as France on the European coast
and Cape Cod, or even New York on the American
side.

It reaches a length of more than three feet and a
weight of twenty-five pounds or more. It is exceed-
ingly productive. According to an eminent authority
a fish three feet three and a half inches long, weighing
twenty-three and a half pounds, contained approxi-
mately 4,030,000 eggs, and one thirteen pounds pro-
duced about 2,570,000 eggs. The eggs are, of course,
very small, and are produced in such tremendous quan-
tities in order to provide for enormous destruction by
predatory fishes, and guarantee adequate continuation
of the species. It obviously is not the intention of
nature that all the eggs should mature. The eggs are
buoyant, floating at the surface where they hatch in
five or six days.

The pollock is darker than the cod and more lustrous
and the lower jaw is more extended, with a smaller
barbel at the tip. There is a good deal of similarity
between the true pollock and the whiting, so common
on the British coast. Two closely related species of
pollock are found in Pacifie waters. The Alaska pollock
is found in Behring Sea and as far south as Sitka. It
swims near the surface and furnishes the main item
in the diet of the fur seal. In the waters of the Can-
adian Pacific is found the wall-eyed pollock. It is
quite abundant about Puget Sound, but is not fished
commercially.

As a game fish the true pollock or Atlantic pollock
has not been fully appreciated. In some localities it
is a voracious fish, taking the hook freely and fighting
viciously. In Massachusetts Bay great numbers are
caught with a surface bait, but larger fish ‘must be
sought at the bottom.

Those who eat polleck fresh esteem it highly. The

FISHERMaN

Much Maligned

limited experience the writer has had convinces him
that the general antipathy to the fresh pollock is largely —
associated with the name and not with its inherent
qualities. Some months ago pollock were brought i
a certain Canadian city and offered for sale. The
mand was discouragingly small, but a few days later
the resourceful dealer offered the same fish for sale as —
‘‘Boston bluefish.’’ On the first occasion the price
six cents and subsequently as ‘‘bluefish’’ it was o
for sixteen cents. The ‘‘bluefish’’ was extremely DOpl
and the stock was soon sold out. The writer doe
intend to justify the business morality of the dece
but it illustrates clearly that the aversion to po
is not a sensible one. Incidentally it proves once |
that Barnum had the right conception of human ni
Any method used for preparing cod for the tab
be employed with the pollock -with equally g
sults. ;
The official returns for the year 1919 disclose
the total pollock catch of 128,023 ewts. only
cwts. were used fresh. The value of the total
was $428,469, and the quantity consumed fresh §
The great bulk of the fish was dried or green
Kighty-five thousand ewts. were thus treated, valt
considerably more than half a million dollars. —

al

ees
Lr

DRS Gee

FISH FROZE IN THE LIFT.

The steam trawler, Sir John French, Captain ]
arrived in Halifax a few months ago from the
well coated with ice and had encountered very
weather on the Banks and running to port. &
a catch of eighty thousand pounds. The ere
fishing craft reported that fish caught in the
were frozen stiff in the few seconds required
them from the surface aboard the vessel.
it was a catch of frozen fish that she broug!
port. It does not take long to haul a fish fr
surface to the deck of the trawler and the fa
the fish could be frozen in this short time is s¢
dication of the severe weather encountered on
ing grounds. 3 rear 3

The Sir John French, which was out about a
encountered continuous bad weather with the
that she returned to port with a catch of about
thousand pounds. Running to port she also m
vy weather and on arrival was really an icebe
presented a sight similar to that of’ the Le
which arrived a few days earlier thickly coated
stem to stern with ice. The Sir John Frene
salt fishing last fall and her recent trip was th
she had made since before Christmas, having
laid up for a month.

. Resourceful Irishman gives this way to weigh
out scales: ‘‘To weigh a pig all ye have to do is
a plank across a sawhorse, place a big stone on |
end of the plank and the pig on the other, then sl
the plank until the two things balance. Then
guess the weight of the stone and ye have the weig
of the pig.’’ Mea her

22, CANADIAN

‘Something

ways

various traditions we learn that the European
ermen were lured to the great fishing banks of the
tern Atlantic‘a century before Columbus discovered
The predominating fishery of these early
s for cod, but it was not long before the had-
began to be caught in far greater numbers. To-
housands and thousands of people are engaged ni
ling this fish. It has grown so in favor with the
lic as a food that now it is one of the most im-
int of deep-sea edibles.

1e haddock is a quiet fish, with very little life in it
| taken from the bottom. To catch haddock the
employs a hand-line equipped with two or
» hooks baited with herring, squid or capelin, or
times clams with a lead sinker to weigh the line
eA fisherman is adept in manipulating these
and may operate several at a time from his dory.
oeck when caught by this method is considered by
‘as superior even to the cod. A long-line some
feet in length, commonly called a trawl, is used
he deep sea fishermen with perhaps as many as
ooks. But in recent years steam trawlers have
‘into use on this side of the Atlantic and this has
| in a tremendous increase in the take of had-
he fishing apparatus of a steam trawler is a
‘bag of heavy netting shaped like a cone. This
s drawn slowly over the bed of the sea and great
tities of bottom-dwelling fishes are trapped in it.

ring the months of April, May, June and the last
is of the year the haddock is very abundant off
tie coast and it is then that the largest catch-
e. The haddock is seldom seen at the sur-
r it is a bottom feeder. Although a bottom-
the eggs, being lighter than the sea-water, rise
face and are scattered over a vast expanse of
ring the spawning season which is from April
n our coasts.

| Move in Large Schools

ock swim from place to place in large dense
is. They usually weigh from four to five pounds
and are distinguished by lateral black lines on
and a dark spot on either side just behind the
Ss peculiar spotting has led to the belief that
mon in different countries that the haddock is
ish from whose mouth St. Peter, at the command
hrist, took the tribute-money, these spots being
osed to be the marks made by the apostle’s thumb
finger as he held it.

0 many, haddock is better known as ‘‘finnan had-
? one of the most delectable fish prepared in Can-
. The name finnan haddie originates, according

otland. This village was swept by fire at one
id a single fish house containing the season’s
haddock escaped damage, although it was
1 dense smoke. The villagers were greatly
) find that the smoke had given’an added
the haddock. This resulted in the new pro-
sh took its name from the village.
are also cut into fillets. The fillets have

rend, from the quaint little fishing village of Fin-

FISHERMAN 121

About Haddock F ishery

Fish rapidly developing in popularity and is
served to the public in variety of palatable

the Skin and bone removed and are necessarily higher
In price as there is no waste, but at the same time they
are comparatively more nutritive as the food is con-
centrated.

There has been great variation in the abundance of
the haddock according to Dr. Jordan. Some years it
abounds while in others it is scarce, but scientists have
failed to discover the cause of this. Nevertheless the
supply exceeds by far the demand. This is not due to
any inferiority of the fish, but because most consumers
have not been familiar with its merits of quality and
price.

In the matter of quantity taken by Canadians, had-
-doek gives place only to cod, salmon, herring and hali-
but, while the value of the catch is exceeded by salmon,
cod, lobsters, halibut and herring in the order men-
tioned. In 1919, 564,574 ewts. of haddock were landed,
having a first-hand value of $1,363,147 and a marketed
value of $2,048,745. The greatest quantity was used
fresh, but a large quantity was smoked, dried and ean-
ned and went into local and foreign consumption,

CARE IN ICIN G NECESSARY

Says the house organ of the Atlantic Coast Fisheries:

This is the time when shippers should give the ut-
most attention to packing. Use plenty of ice, and keep
the temperature of the fish as low as possible from the
moment it is caught. Proper handling means better
prices. Don’t blame the commission house for making
low returns if your goods arrive in poor condition.
This paper has for a long time preached the doctrine
of heavy icing in warm weather, and is pleased to note
that-its advice has been generally followed, with excel-
lent results to its shippers. ©

As a concrete example of the effects of keeping

geo at a proper temperature, the following should be
noted:

On Monday, May 8th, our Experimental Department
barrelled two lots of haddock weighing 250 pounds
each. One barrel was sent to the cooling room of our
refrigerating plant and was held at a temperature of
31 degrees above zero. The other barrel was iced but
not re-iced, and was held in Chesebru Bros. & Rob-
bins annex. On May 11th, both packages were opened,
and the report of the Examining Committee was as
follows:

1—The barrel of haddock which was sent to the
cooling room of the refrigerating plant was found to
have kept in excellent condition after three full days
under a temperature of 31 degrees above zero. These
fish would have kept in practically the same condition

2— The fish which were iced and placed in our an-
nex, and not touched till today were found to have
deteriorated considerably, and while not entirely spoil-
ed were unfit for purposes. Wea F

HERRING FAILURE BLAMED ON WAR

The failure of the herrings shoals to make their regular
appearance in the North Sea has been the source of much
speculation. So serious is the situation in such places as
Lowestoft that seaplanes have been sent out to locate
the tardy shoals, and a special boat has been sent from
Lowestoft to study conditions and make a report. The
Manchester Guardian attributes to David Young of Lowes-
toft, who has ad forty-five years’ experience in the indus-
try, the theory that during the war the spawning grounds
were affected by the mine fields and that when explosions
occurred huge numbers of potential herring were slaught-
ered. The herring takes four to five years to mature, and
if the spawn was disturbed during the war the evil results
would be noticeable just now.

Another reason advanced is the abnormally calm weather.
The fishing grounds require winds just as much as the
ground ashore, and the herring feels the warm weather and
keeps to the bottom. Only those of poor or what is known
in the trade as of an ‘oily’ quality have come to the top.
When the herring keeps to the bottom it becomes fat and
lazy and indisposed to the necessary exercise involved in
coming to the surface.

FISH EGGS SENT TO SWITZERLAND

Advice comes from Switzerland that shipments of fish
eggs to the Swiss Federal Department of Interior, Berne,
Switzerland, were received in excellent condition. The
shipments consisted of 50,000 lake trout eggs from Char-
levoix, Michigan, and 50,000 rainbow trout eggs from
Wytheville, Virginia. Each lot of eggs was sent to Wash-
ington, D.C., there packed in specially constructed cases
and forwarded to destination.

NEWFOUNDLANDERS INCLUDED

A recent amendment to the fish bounty regulations makes
no change in the method of collecting or distributing claims
thereunder. The fisheries department at Ottawa advises
that in recent years a number of Newfoundland fishermen
have been coming over to Canada and have been employed
in fishing on Canadian vessels. Indeed in numerous cases
it would be impossible to send the fishing vessels to sea
with full crews if these fishermen were not employed. As
they are British subjects and fulfill all the general require-
ments for the bounty there seemed no good reason why
they should not share in it. Hence the amendment to the
regulations. Previous regulations restricted the bounty to
resident Canadian fishermen.

RACE COMMITTEE WINS VERDICT
An award of one dollar each was made in the District
court at Gloucester (Mass.) recently to twelve members of
the American Fishermen’s Race Committee in seperate suits
against Mayor Wheeler of Gloucester for insinuating dis-
honest or unsportsmanlike practices in equipping the
American contender last year in the international race.

STANDARDIZED BOXES

The Lake Erie Fishermen’s Association has recommended —

the standardization of boxes used for carrying fish by ex-
press. It is advised that eighty pounds of fish should be
put in containers of less than 5,400 cubic inches and ninety
pounds when the contents is greater than this. Now that
the co-operative selling association among the Erie fisher-
men is functioning it is likely that box standardization
will be general. '

- CANADIAN FISHERMAN

News Notes from Far and Near

June, 1922,

RUSTLESS PLATES

Experiments are being conducted at Swansea, Englar
having for their object the substitution of nickel for t
with which tinplates are coated. A company has be
formed to commercialize the invention. The production
rustless plate is aimed at.

FIRST TRAWLER TO SEINE oe

For the first time a steam trawler is being use t
season in the mackerel fishery. The steamer Surf
from Boston to the south to meet the schools. She
equipped with seine and boat.

INCENDIARY FIRES
Fire, believed to have been of incendiary origin, on
18th destroyed fish houses at Pembroke, Yarmouth
N. S., belonging to Leslie Bain and George and
Cushing. Boats close by were saturated with oil
saved. Another fish house near by had been broken

and soaked with gasoline.

VANCOUVER ISLAND RECORD —
Vancouver Island’s fishing fleet caught sea ~
to the value of $2,700,000 during 1921, which
cellent record and demonstrates that the people of
section are making more practical use of the won
resource than some other parts of the counutry.

ASK FOR RECEIVORSHIP
A petition was filed last month at Boston in the U.
district court asking for a receivorship for the G
Company of Gloucester, Mass. The complaine
W. McMulkin of New Jersey, alleges that he
of $5,304 for which he has not received payment.
allegations are made respecting the financial
the concern.

EUROPEAN FLEETS LARGER ~
European fleets coming this season to fish cod or
North Atlantic banks will be larger than for any yea)
the war. The French fleet will number a hund
craft and thirty or more steam trawlers. Pri
however, the French sent an average of 225 sailing”
while a fleet outfitted at St. Pierre averaged 43 5;
Portuguese fleet will likely number sixty sail.

COD FISHERIES OF EUROPE .
Reports from the north of Norway state that sue
masses of codfish as are now assembled off the Fim
coats, have not been found there during the past t
five years. Fishermen in Iceland are also repo
doing remarkably well. On the other hand, re
dicate that codfishing around the British coast ¥
so bad, and up to date the fishery has been an
failure.

HENRY FORD GOES TO BANKS
The schooner Henry Ford, built as a prospective
States challenger for the international fisherman
sailed on her-first fishing trip on June 2, Captain Ch
Morrissey, her owner and skipper, has been assured bh
Nova Scotia trustees of the cup that his vessel wot
lose her standing as a challenger because of her late st
to the banks, The Ford went first to Sydney for bait ¢
boats. : ae

"June, 1922.

FOUNDERS NEAR PORT
The fishing schooner Loren B. Snow of Yarmouth, N.S.
undered ten miles off Lurcher Lightship in the Bay of
Fundy on June 1, while homeward bound with 20,000
ounds of fish. Captati LeBlane and his crew took to
the dories and rowed ashore in a dense fog.

CRAB IMPORTATIONS CRABBED

Uncle Sam imported canned crabs from Japan in 1920
the value of $2,013,617. They are much bigger than
e crabs taken in ‘Adlantic waters, weighing from eight
to thirty-two pounds as against one to four pounds. A
wenty-six per cent duty against crab meat is causing quite
a stir in the States. The domestic supply from Alaska is
nadequate to meet the demand, and the proposed Ford-
xey duty would boost the Japanese commodity to $34 per

so VERMIN ATTACK FISH

‘The Berry Castle recently returned to Yarmouth, Eng-
id, reporting all her fish covered with lice the size
‘cockroaches. The fare was ruined and much time was
t ridding the deck of the vermin. The menace is being
tigated.

MUST USE SALT ONLY ONCE
order-in-council recently passed at Ottawa makes it
essary that all fish to which the Fish inspection Act
plies shall be cured and packed with fresh clean salt.
ult which had already been used in curing fish of any
d must not be used again. The government was moved
take this action because of reports from certain parts
| the coast that those who cure and pack herring for sale
€ in the habit of using salt which had previously been used
or Foring cod on vessels engaged in the bank fishery.

MAY PUT STEAMER ON

certain quarters there is believed to be a possibility
€ government’s placing one of its steamers on the run
ones Nova Scotia to points in New England.
1er a steamer would pay there it is difficult to say
ut it the service would certainly be of immense value to
ermen along the shore.

ANADIAN TRAWLER SEINING MACKEREL

Canadian vessels are out seining mackerel this year.
ofore our fishermen have been content to trust- to
< that the fish will come inshore and they were satis-
d fo let the American seining fleet get the booty if they
eered offshore. The schooner Helen M. Coolen and the
eamer trawler Lemberg have been equipped. The gov-
nt boats ““Arleux”’ and “Arras” are directing the fish-
“ to the schools. .

NEWFOUNDLAND LOSING MARKET

ording to statistics compiled by the Trade Review
Newfoundland that country is fast losing ground in the
razil market. In 1918 she supplied eighty-four per-
a of the codfish imported and in 1921 she put in less
thirty percent. of the requirements. The govern-
lent is cognizant of the situation and is being urged to
nd ‘exhibits of fish and other products of the island to the

B agg exhibition which opens in Rio de Janeiro in
mper

f

ae
2 ae
A.

SPANISH FIRM BUYS PLANT

is reported that the firm of Lind and Couto, Oporto,
ain, has purchased all the fish establishments of Robert
ou. ton, Ltd., west coast of Newfoundland.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

_exporters to exhibit there.

123

LIVE FISH TO CONSUMER
Chas. F. Mischler of Sandusky, Ohio, is said to have
invented a container which makes it possible to deliver
live fish to all parts of the country. He is keeping the
secret to himself until he has secured patents.

BOYS FISH PEARLS !

At London, Ontario recently, two boys diving in the
Thames secured two splendid fresh-water pearls. A local .
jeweller valued one at $500 and the other at $300. The
find has caused a bit of excitement.

CREW SHARES $575
The Digby schooner, Clarke L. Corkum, Captain Ansell
Snow, has stocked $25,500 since March 24 in fresh fish-
ing. The crew shared $575.62 for the two months.

FISHERIES EXHIBITION

Arrangements are well advanced for a Deep Sea Fish-
ing Exhibition to be held in the Agricultural Hall, Lon-
don, next month, and through the secretary of the Canadian
Fisheries Association has come an invitation to Canadian
In addition to the display of
goods there will be a series of conferences on topics of
current interest which will include the importation of
frozen salmon as an adjunct to the nation’s food supply.

COMMISSIONER O’MALLEY
Henry O’Malley, who for some years has been head
of the fish culture branch of the fisheries service at Wash-
ington, D.C. has been appointed commissioner of fisheries
in succession to Dr. H. M. Smith who resigned last fall.

3,000 QUINTALS IN TWO BAITINGS
The Marion Belle Wolfe, Captain John Thornhill of
LaHave, N.S., is said to have taken 3,000 quintals of fish
from two baitings, recently.

LOBSTER FISHERIES FIRE
All the supplies for the lobster fishermen along the
Newfoundland coast for two hundred miles, and fifty-
eight wooden buildings were destroyed by fire which swept
Woody Point, Bonne Bay, early in June.

CONTROVERSY WITH RUSSIA

Great Britain and Russia are involved in a fisheries
dispute which may vitiate recent efforts to conciliate dif-
ferences between the two powers. In May 1921 a soviet
decree fixed a twelve mile limit to territorial waters in-
stead of three which is generally fixed among nations.
Fishing by foreign trawlers within twelve miles was for-
bidden, and on the northern Russian coast British trawlers
have been seized. International law gives no definite prin-
ciples exactly defining territorial rights of a coast, and
each side interprets its right differently. In April of this
year Britain handed a note to Russia threatending to send
a warship to recover the seized trawlers and protect Brit-
ish interests. More recent developments would indicate
that the issue is still being discussed diplomatically.

INTERPRETATIVE DANCING.
‘*What is the name of this dance?’’

‘* According to the program, it is called ‘‘The Peni-
tent.’’

‘*T see. The lady is supposed to be repenting in cheese-
cloth and sashes.’’—New York Sun.

124

The Fishing News of Aberdeen, Scotland, in a re-
cent issue reviews the fisheries of Canada, and the
following extract is of interest:

Canada’s Fisheries Sound

In her fisheries, comprising the waters off both her
coasts, and the vast aggregate area of inland lakes,
rivers, and streams, Canada possesses a prolific and
permanent source of wealth and one of the greatest
food resources of the British Empire. No resource has
greater or more lasting value; none can be exploited
so easily or so profitably; and none merits greater
attention at the hands of the Canadian people. It is
perfectly clear, however, that all that might be done to
inerease the development of this almost limitless re-
source is not being undertaken, and this has to be
explained to account for what is undeniably a decline
in the fish catch of 1921 when compared with previous
years. With the exception of the salmon packers of
British Columbia, fish producers are making little
effort to establish themselves on foreign markets, re-
lying on chance orders, and very often losing out to
competitors. On the other hand the Canadian publie

A.J. Buhtz, head of the Western Cooperage Compa-
ny, is in an exceptionally good position to take a
broad, impartial view of the Alaska herring situation,
as his house furnishes a large part of the cooperage

used in packing this commodity, and he keeps closely
- in touch with both packing and marketing conditions.

Sizing up the outlook for the coming year, he says:

‘‘The past season has been one of prosperity for the
Alaska herring industry, and has brought some growth
on a substantial basis; and from all indications there
will be a further growth next season.
- however, is actually in a critica] position, and market
conditions as well as the technique of packing should
be fully understood by all’ who think of going into the
business. In view of the uncertainty of the market,
and the disposition of many packers to ruch into the
business, there is grave danger that the collapse of
1918 may be repeated. That year over 100,000 barrels
were packed, and the result was that most of the pack-
ers went broke, and most of the pack was sold below
cost, a great deal of it being unsaleable at any price.
From the reckless attitude taken by many packers,
I am afraid the same thing will happen next year.

‘‘Of course, if the tariff bill, bearing the rate of
duty asked by the herring packers, can be made effec-
tive before tthe packing season, it will be possible to
go ahead with a little more confidence; but the tariff
will by no means eliminate competition. It will mere-
ly give the Alaska packer something like an even
break, and he will have to manage hig business eare-
fully and keep his costs down if he is to make any-
thing. The incompetent or careless packer will have
little more chance with the tariff than without it.

‘‘But there is still much uncertainty about the
tariff bill, and it is not safe to count on its aid. If
the Scotch herring fishery should have another bad
year, there might be a market for an increased herring’
output even without the tariff; but what ground have

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

“Finest Food Resource of Empire” —

present time is for an aggressive campaign abro |

The Herring Situation in Alaska .

The industry,

_ basis and with due regard for the actuz el
ia

is consuming a great deal of foreign fish which
aggressive foreign packers have managed to ins
the Canadian market.

The erying need of Canada’s fish industry at

develop wider and newer export markets 1
With the encouragement of greater home const
of the domestic product, to the exclusion of fo1
goods. There is no doubt but that this alone is n¢
to rectify a situation brought about by a su
organisation of the industry resulting from
den cessation of war demand together with th
upheaval which has existed in foreign trade re
The situation is purely temporary; the indt
sound and will resume its progress in adding ye
crements to this valuable resource of Canadian 2

Of equal or greater importance to the dey

of markets is the need for wise and sound le es

for the conservation of the fish in Canadi
their adequate protection during the breed
and the retention of their spawning groun
channels of access to them.

we for expecting two bad years in succes:
land. With conditions there anything
Scotch herring for the American market can
ed more cheaply than Alaska herring, and th
atlantic freight rate is the lowest on recor
would mean a flooding of the market wit!
goods in the midst of the Alaska packing
a resulting drop in prices; and money inye
Alaska operations would be practically lost. —
‘‘Buyers have said that there is an assure
for a limited quantity of Alaska herring ¢
quality, regardless of competition. That is is
true, but with an abundance of good impe
available the demand would not be large
a price that would give the Alacka packer a
And if the pack is increased over that of Ia
it goes without saying that prices will be fo
to a competitive basis with imported goods.
We are all vitally interested in the Al
industry. We want to see it grow—it
business for us. But its -growth must be «

or it will mean a loss to everybody cor
it.’’—Pacifie Fisherman.

WELSH TINPLATE GAINING GROT

Additional mills are to be started’ in the ¥
plate industry.

Those at the Western Tinplate Woshe L
sume recently, after being idle for almost a year ii
quence of the slump. The prospects are now bri
some of the foreign works, notably those in N 0
shut down owing to Welsh competition.

Welsh tinplate manufacturers are sending
to 23 different countries, and have beaten
States out of the European market.

i June, 1922.

Little Laughs

A Waltham in a gold-filled case was removed from a
codfish at Howard. Hodgkins Company’s wharf at
- Roekport yesterday afternoon.
_ After dressing fish, the men were cleaning up when
one of them saw something shining. On investigation,
- they found it was a watch. It was in the poke of a cod-
fish, and in dressing the fish the poke was cut suffici-
- ently to have the gold case show.
_ This is the second time that a timepiece has been
_ found in a fish landed at this establishment within a
"year. The other was a round alarm clock which was
- taken from a 60-pound cod some time ago.—origin
_ witheld to protect papers reputation.

CANADIAN

‘% Mrs Harry Taup of Detroit is sueing for divorce
because her husband doesn’t like fish. He came home
recently, she explained in court the other day, and
finding she had fish for dinner, poured kerosene over
. This she contends constitutes crueliy ti justify a
separation. If the order is what-he objected to, Mrs
Taup would do well to contemplate the consequence
of putting oka cheese on the table and be guide ac-
cordingly,

“The acquisition of wealth doesn’t always gratify a
an’s ambitions,’’ remarked the Wise Guy.

**That’s right,’’ agreed the Simple Mug. ‘‘By the
me a fellow is rich enough to buy a lot of things he
ants he doesn’t want them.’’—Philadelphia Record.

Rasper :I think married men are more imaginative
han single ones.

Harper : Why do you say that?

Rasper : It has been estimated that during a married
fe of fifty years a man will answer the question,
Where have you been?’’ 18,898 times. Surely that
gnifies the marvelous fertility of a married man’s
ind.— Answers.

In reply to a query yesterday as to ‘‘How’s fishing?”’
e newspaper man was informed that fishing had gone
o——,and that every day a fisherman went out the
rther behind he was. ‘‘ What is the good of fishing
hen the railroad is getting the biggest portion of our
gross earnings and the fisherman is going further in
ebts?’’ we were asked ‘‘It cost $9 to ship a crate of
bsters to Boston and $2.83 for a barrel of clams—
‘where does the fisherman get off at. The railroad has
got the fisherman and farmers of this province by the
‘throat and times will never pick up until they come
down to more reasonable rates.’’ And they are not far
wrong at that. —Digby Weekly Courier.

_A bill has been presented to the General Court, in
1e U. 8. which, if enacted, will make it unlawful for
hy person, firm or corporation to buy, sell or have
1 his possession, any fish known to the trade as
ackerel which is less than one-half pound in weight;
Striped or sea bass which is less than two pounds in
eight; bluefish which is less than two pounds in
eight; or butterfish which is less than one-quarter
ound in weight. It is stated that is not intended that
his law should apply to salt mackerel.

FISHERMAN

125
OUR PORTRAIT GALLERY

A. E. PONSFORD

Former President of the Lake Erie’s Fishermen’s Association

and the one who is largely responsjble for its success.
Ponsford lives at St. Thomas.

Mr,

NEW FISH PRESERVING PROCESS.

A tank containing a special solution—the secret of
which is likely to become a valuable patent right—will
soon displace the unwieldy and expensive slabs of ice
now necessary to every fishmonger. This is the expecta-

.tion not only of the inventor, a London engineer, but

also of prominent members of the fish trade who have
seen the tank. :

The tanks would not be installed at the fishmongers’
shops, but at the great fishing centres and markets.
where the fish would be placed in the tanks before
going on the rail, and kept fresh for at least fourteen

- days.

‘“This process, if widely adopted, will revolutionise
the fish trade,’’ is the verdict of the secretary of the
Fish Fryers’ Association. ‘‘It will save thousands of
tons of fish in a year. Fish will be cheaper, because ice
iS expensive.”’

‘“‘The cost of the process works out at, roughly, a
farthing per ton’’ (said the inventor to a ‘‘Daily Ex-
press’’ representative last week). ‘‘I have given ten
years of study to the problem of preserving fish, and I
have got back to nature. Results prove that my labours
have not been wasted.’’

126

STEAM PLANTS FOR FISHERMEN

The recent remarks of A. L. Hager, accentuating the
tremendous distances which have to be covered in going
from the home port to the fishing grounds under
modern: conditions, emphasize one of the principal dis-
abilities of the steam plant as applied to fishing vessels.

All fishing vessels are small in tonnage and the large
proportion of space occupied by a boiler and an engine
has undoubtedly limited the application of mechanical
propulsion to them, but when it is necessary to carry
fuel sufficient for a week’s voyage or more, the cost,
weight and space occupied render the problem almost
impossible of solution.

Fortunately, the development of the crude oil engine
of diesel or semi-diesel type appears now to have reached
a stage where dependability, the first asset of mechanical
propulsion, is unquestioned, There are now available
records to convince the most sceptical that the modern
examples of tihis type of engine can be relied upon for
constant unvarying service under all conditions.

Of the many varieties of internal combustion: engines
on the market, it is generally conceded that the semi-
diesel or hot bulb engine is the most suitable for the
fishing industry, because it is the simplest, and within
the range of powers of say 30 to 509 horsepower, it is
the most economical, having regard to first and oper-
ating costs. For powers below 30 some authorities con-
sider the kerosene engine more applicable, but on the
other hand it is probable, that more hot bulb engines of
less than 30 H. P. are sold than above.

It may surprise many to know that of the hot bulb
type more than one hundred makes are now on the
market in different parts of the world. It has been
largely used in Europe for the past twenty years. One
firm thas turned out 25,000 engines and the first: one
is still running.

In Canada the position is quite different, and the
adoption of the crude oil engine has been very limited,
due to the interference of war conditions.

One of the most popular makes of engines with the
Scandinavian fishermen is the densil, this engine having
been developed with special regard to their require-
ments. Its main features include, starting by com-
pressed air gases, engine speed control by varying the
stroke of the pumps, foreed lubrication by separate
pumps and the possibility where wanted of arranging
control by the steerman from the deck. In most small
fishing vessels, reveysible propellers are used, which
permit of slow hull speed without reducing engine
speed. In many eases also, a countershaft under the
deck is driven by a belt off the forward end of the
main engine, and operates the trawl winch, while the
anchor windlass is d?tiven by a messenger chain from
the trawl which.

The installation of an engine of this type, as against
_a steam plant, means a reduction of fuel weight of from
four to one, a reduction of machinery weight of from
two to one, a reduction of machinery and fuel space
of from two to one;
give the same service; a substantial: reduction in fuel
cost; elimination of stand-by fuel losses; no engineer
or firemen required —.the densil can be operated by
any conscientious man; increased radius of operation;
cheaper purchase, installation and running costs.

Owing to the general unsuitability of a steam plant
for a fishing vessel, owners fave hitherto frequently
used gasoline and kerosene type engines, but the erude

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

a smaller and cheaper vessel to

June, 1922.

oil engine has several substantial advantagges even over |
these, particularly for the larger powers, and which ~
may be summed up as follows: greater. degree of safety,
owing to use of high flash oil; greater economy, due to—
use of cheaper fuel; greater simplicity, due to elimina-
tion of electric ignition ; valve gears, etc; slower rate of
propeller revolutions and more sturdy construction, .

The Densil engine, ig being placed on the Canadian
market by THE CRUDE OIL ENGINE CO. OF CAN-.
ADA, Montreal. The engine is built over a wide rai
of powers and adapted for both marine and stationary
purposes. Responsible agents are being appointed in
all important centres and a central ~ part reserve
is being established in Montreal.

NOTES ON Boosts G RESULTS FOR
| R

? .

The total quantity of sea fish landed on the Atlantic
and Pacific coasts during the month of April was 25
333 ewts., valued at $1,121,445, compared with 144,43
ewts. valued at $1,006,673 landed in the same period la
year. The increase in landings was chiefly due to. the
large catch made by Lunenburg Banking fleet. —

The cateh of cod, haddock, hake and pollock ana
159,987 ewts. compared with 36 ,230 ewts. in April,
1921, The Bank fleet returned from their spring trip
during the month with one of the best catches in recent —
years. The catch of cod shows an increase of 116,561
ewts. and haddock an increase of 6,978 e¢wts. whe
compared with the same period in the preceding ye

The catch of alewives in New Brunswick was 7,:
ewts. compared with 6000 cwts, landed in April, 1921

The catch of lobsters during the month was lea ‘v6
half that of April, 1921, being 21,024 ewts. eo
with 48,270 ewts.

Unfavourable weather conditions and ne
lobsters would seem responsible for the small e
Since the opening of the lobster season the total ¢
has been 34,263 ewts., compared with 75,616 ewts.
the same period in the preceding year. Of the «
this season there were 21,416 ewts. shipped in
and, 6422 cases packed. In the same time last
44,824 ewts. were used fresh and 15,659 cases packe

On the Pacific coast the catches of halibut and
ring were slightly greater and salmon less than
in April, 1921.

Five fishermen on the Atlantic coast lost their
during the month.

NEW USE FOR WARSHIP.

French Cruiser Makes Admirable Fish
Factory. :

M. Albert Sarraut, French Minister for the C
who is now at the Washington Conference, |
able, if consulted, to gie useful hints a to
do with the old battleships.

Just before he sailed for America he made a
of the French West African colonies, and at
Etienne he visited the former French cruiser Ch
loup, which now surely serves a useful purpose. —
ing at anchor in the bay, it serves as a fish-d1
factory. On its decks sixty tons of fish ean be
at one time. me

Port Etienne is the centre = a steadilyeeel
dried fish industry, and to the Chasseloup Loubat a
fishing boats bring the cargoes to be cured and dri

June, 1922.

DD BBBABAS GSE

Several Seizures of American Vessels

ecently there have been several seizures of American
ing vessels by Canadian Government patrols; this has
esulted in the fishing vessel owners of Seattle getting
er much interested and it brings up the old story about
the fisherman being caught in the storm and having to
‘un for shelter but it almost always develops that his fishing
ear is still in the water when he is caught. This applies
0 seizure of the halibut fishing boats. There are of
such seizures as that of the Clarion, a gasoline boat,
ich was seized on the West Coast of Vancouver Island
ithin the three mile limit for selling gasoline to and buying
sh (salmon) from the fishermen, where there is no possi-
- argument.

e newspapers always carry a certain amount of pub-
on this question but usually there is more or less talk
e storm element every time such seizures are made.
would be interesting to hear about the Canadian vessels
ng seized in the past. It may be true that Canadian
sels put into ports in Alaska but if they do so and break
law and are seized then it is to be expected they would
ve to stand the consequences.

Col. Cunningham Enters Business

_ F. H. Cunningham, formerly Chief Inspector of
1eries for the Dominion in British Columbia, has opened
offices for the transaction of insurance, and allied lines
business, and also to act as representative of mercantile
s who wish representation in British Columbia and
mn Canada. The firm name will be F. H. Cunning-
ind Co., Ltd., and he is situated in the Duncan Bldg.,
ouver. With the large acquaintance which Col. Cun-
sham has there is no reason why he should not build up
business. With Col. Cunningham is Mr. Reed, of
a, who is an experienced insurance man.

Canned Salmen Market

though there is a comparatively bare market, at the

ses. None of the packers in British Columbia will
they are putting up any more than a regular pack
eason. They may take courage and pack more as the
n goes on but just now they do not feel they are just-
fied in taking any chances. It is a case of a burned child
eads the fire. Their past losses have caused them to be
cautious in their present year’s pack.
at is left of the 1921 pack is fast disappearing and
e time the salmon begin to run this should be fairly
out of the way.
ere is nothing that may be said about prices as there
hing definite. Unless there is a firm offer no quo-
n is worth repeating and by the time a firm offer
s through the price may have jumped and then that
is off. It is a case of the packers feeling their way.

Spring Salmon Fishing in Fraser Poor

fo date there has not been anything to speak of in the
y of spring salmon fishing on the Fraser. There have
some fairly good fresh fish shipments to eastern mar-
ith fair returns but such shipments are more or less

i a MO oe

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

time the canned salmon packers are not taking any

127

CRE

LONGER NETS ARE PERMITTED

Amended fishery regulations for the Province of British
Columbia give authority for the use of longer nets for the
capture of sockeye salmon on the west coast of Vancouver
Island. This provision is restricted to Juan de Fuca Strait
and its object is to enable our fishermen to get a greater
opportunity than they now have to obtain a fair share of
the run of salmon making for the Fraser River. This
run passes over to the United States side of the interna-
tional boundary after it reaches the end of Vancouver
Island and does not again emerge in Canadian waters
until near the boundary line in the Gulf of Georgia. Else-
where in southern British Columbia a gill net or drift net
for taking salmon is limited to a hundred fathoms in length,
with a maximum vertical breadth of sixty feet and a
minimum extended mesh measurement of five and three
quarter inches.

OBJECTS TO B. C. SALMON IN ST. JOHN

Thomas F. Allen, superintendent of the Tobique Sal-
mon Club in New Brunswick severely criticizes the federal
fisheries authorities for stocking the waters of the St. John
river last fall with two hundred thousand fingerlings of
British Columbia species of salmon. Mr. Allen states that
the fish are ‘cannery’ salmon and are absolutely useless
as a game fish. He férther states that there is danger
that this salmon, should it become thoroughly acclimatized,
as the federal authorities apparently hope will crowd out
and eventually exterminate the Atlantic salmon which is
native to the waters and which for many generations has
furnished anglers all over the world with a thrilling sport
and on that account made the waters of New Brunswick
famous.

MAY BUY FROM U. 8. VESSELS.

The customs department at Ottawa has been persuaded
to alter its interpretation of legislation affecting the im-
portation of American salmon at Prince Rupert. Occasion-
ally merchants at the northern B.C. centre find it necessary |
to take American salmon from Ketchikan to complete
orders. The customs officers maintained that while this
was all right it was illegal to buy from American vessels
landing, even on the payment of duty. It was a rather
ridiculous situation and Ottawa has been made to see it with
the result that hereafter purchases may be made from
American vessels.

BUSINESS TRIP TO EAST

John Dybhavn of the Royal Fish Co., Prince Rupert,
was on a tour of the east last month, visiting Chicago, New
York, Montreal and other centres.

GASOLINE FROM FISH WASTE

The Japanese are said to have discovered a process for
making synthetic gasoline from fish waste. If it is true
then they have solved in large measure the problem of
recovering the wealth represented in fish offal.

128 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

(Continued from page 113)

producers themselves. It is only in recent years that a
decent, clean looking package was used for fish products.
The labels on canned fish have improved some, but are still
far behind the labels on other canned commodities. A
well-printed uniform box for salt fish is a rare thing, and
so on down the whole line.

I would grant that it is hard for small packers or
producers to handle this matter by themselves but why not
co-operate in a community to market the entire output under
a uniform, clean, attractive package, just as the fruit grow-
ers are doing to-day, and take a fixed amount from each
one for the purpose of advertising and telling the con-
sumer what you have to offer. If you want to educate the
public you have got to concentrate on a uniform quality
of goods and a standardized package, and then you will
have something to offer.

Producer Must Lead Way

You can readily see that it is up to the initial hand-
lers to make their goods presentable in order to insure
faith in the parties who handle them. The broker, jobber
or commission merchant will then feel that he is building
up something, and not selling job lots from time to time
as he is doing now.

The biggest asset that an individual, a corporation, or
a community can have is a business built up on quality
and a mark of distinction that the public demands. Banks
do not loan money on old wharfs, vessels and equipment,
and if they do they discount them to almost nothing. But
let a bank know that you have orders and repeat orders
for your goods and this is the biggest asset you can have.
I never advocated putting up private brands for any con-
cern. Dealers that use private brands are ‘shoppers’,
and you are never sure of the business. The retailer and
consumer demand a brand that is backed up by the packer
himself. So you can see that any branch of the fish business
can be promoted to almost any extent by getting together,
cutting out all feeling of jealousy.and eliminating in your
midst the “don’t care” man.

You will find there-are always men in your employ that
use the “good enough” phrase. They are infected with
that ‘don’t care’ disease, and need a walking ticket to that
big broad walk of Ease and Failure. In conclusion now
that we have arrived at this station “co-operation” and
we find the surroundings can be made more pleasant I
will admit that it is still more or less hazy as we have
taken this trip with the going down of the sun. Let us
sleep over these different points and with the rising of the
sun, shedding its bright lights and warm rays through the
foggy mists we awake to see our competitors and fellow-
producers in a different light, the same as he will see you.
The fish business is going to be just what you want to
make it, and the distributor of your products is going to
rise to just such heights of enthusiasm as you can elevate
yourself.

COD LIVER OIL 200 TIMES RICHER FOOD THAN
BUTTER, HE SAYS

Professor Harden, of the University of London re-
cently lectured to an audience of London teachers on
vitamines, the mysterious and unidentified substances
which, he said, had in recent times been found so
necessary to life.

He described the experiments at Cambridge by Pro-
fessor Hopkins on rats. On a certain diet the rodents
would not grow, but wasted away and died. This was
due to the absence of vitamines from the food. Given
butter and yeast, however, they began to thrive and
grow.

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connection with the experiments, two Eastern
s had come to the fore. The chief of. these was
ri-beri. A medical man in Java was greatly struck
oticing that chickens, when fed on boiled rice,
veloped a form of paralysis which was similar to the
symptoms of the beri-beri patients in the hospital. He
then found that when he gave the fowls raw rice, which
ad not been milled, they recovered. This led to the
usion that the husks and germs of the rice con-
d something which would prevent the disease.
edical men accordingly found that beri-beri was
d through the absence of the outside of the rice
and of the germ. When, however, the rice was
d by modern methods, in order to give the food a
appearance, the disease developed. Thus the
tie demand for white rice and white flour was
ded by the sacrifice of a vital property, or prop-
in the food.
» second disease, found to be due to faults of
tary, was scurvy, and the remedy was discovered in
sh milk, fruit, and vegetables. cae
uard searcely ever contained vitamines, while cod
oil might be two hundred times as potent in vita-
as butter. In green vegetables they were present
iderable quantities. They were also to be found

re entirely absent from margarine, except oleo-mar-
rine, which contained a certain amount of the fat of
imals which had been fed on vegetables. ee
ther foods the lecturer enumerated as containing
‘amines in greater or smaller quantity were oil seeds,
rrots, orange and lemon juices and tomatoes, while
vedes and turnips in particular contained a certain
nd of vitamine. The place of honour, however, in the
ar ity of vitamines was taken by cod liver oil and
t, as some imagined, by butter.

_~——-_-—s (Continued from page 110)

“4 yparison of these two different types shows that the
ar salts contain greater quantities of impurities, such as
cium-and magnesium chlorides and magnesium sulphate.
the econoniic standpoint the exclusion of solar salt
e fish trade might cause hardship to the fishermen,
reasing the prices of mined salts and perhaps cur-
ling the supply. We suggest as a remedy that the salt
ers equip their establishments with a kiln and run
Beopicn salt through this machine, thus sterilizing or
ny rate causing the death of the red organism which
relatively low thermal death point.
- solar salts dissolved in water, boiled and recrys-
did not contain the red organism. ?
results of experiments show conclusively that all
solar or sea salts, such as Iviza, Trapani, Torre-
and Turks Islands contain the red organism which
uces the pink discolouration of codfish.
‘On the other hand, the mined salts such as Liverpool
c | Malagash have never produced the pink discolouration
we have never been able to find any red organism in
ned salts. ;
We have frequently checked these results by microscop-
al examination and cultural tests, and find the same or-
ism in the solar salt as in the discoloured red fish.
_ Inspection of Curing Establishments
he amount of infection found throughout the curing
varies: considerably. Where cement is used for
and tanks, it is easily scrubbed and cleaned, and,
e is little absorption, it is, naturally, free from red-
. But all wood, such as puncheons, tanks, tables,
walls, and even wood around the top of cement tanks,
less infected. A few firms have tried whitewash-
tbéad work and wooden utensils, and claim that it is

3

ees

<

ee

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

g yolk, but not in the white of the egg, but they.

129

fairly satisfactory; although samples taken from white-
washed articles showed the presence of the red organism,
probably the result of reinfection.

Pickled cured codfish i
boneless and shredded cod.

ment of red discolouration.
not be detected until after th
the market. Neither fillets,
entirely free from

the locality
Fishermen claim they
nd warm seasons than

season of the year,
have more trouble during the damp a
during the clear and cool.

Remedial Measures

The most important point arising out of these experiments
is the fact that tropical or solar salts carry the red organ-
ism, and so long as they are used in their present form,
red colouration of fish is bound to follow.

Curing establishments that use thi
using it, have their tanks, floors, storage places, punch-
eons, kench racks, carrying boxes, utensils, etc., impregnat-
ed or inoculated with the red organism.

Therefore, all measures taken to deal
must provide for :—

1. A supply of salt free from the red organism ;

2. The destruction of the red organism in the curing
factories wherever it has infected buildings,
utensils, etc.

1. Recommendations Regarding Salt. Mined salt of

s salt, or have been

with this problem

suitable size of grain should be used until a supply of solar

salt free from the red organism can be secured.

Measures should be taken to ascertain the duration of life
of the red organism in tropical salt. Some of the manu-
facturers claim that such salt stored for three to six
months is free from red organism. This contention ‘should
be subjected to laboratory control.

Importers of solar salt might sterilize this product by
kiln heating. A comparatively low dry heat is necessary
—100°C. for thirty minutes.

2. Recommendations Regarding Cleaning of Curing
Establishments. All curing establishments which have
used solar or tropical salts should clean and disinfect

thoroughly all material which has come into contact with |

salt or fish. ,

Steam, if available, may be used for this purpose. Punch-
eons, tanks, etc., should be steamed inside and out, also all
utensils, racks, etc.

All parts of the factory that have become infected
should be washed well in fresh water. This will have two
results: the removal of salt from woodwork, thus prevent-
ing the organism from growing, and the fresh water causes
the disintegration of the red organism, breaking it down
into_a slimy mass.

All places infected, and all utensils may be washed in
a disinfecting solution of one part sulphurous acid in 50
parts of water.

A good whitewash should be applied as soon as the
cleaning up has been effected.

Care should be exercised to keep the premises and
utensils clean, all refuse and offal should be frequently
removed, and the floors scrubbed and washed often.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

wet 4quuiee seas
| Scraper

- Wie tee ton ey

epee, sem oe

UNITED STATES FISH FIRMS Specializing in the HANDLING
OF CANADIAN FISH .-

A935 specks eeshaaanasans (ESS ASAS

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Se erers “ert tte TT 4 6

W. J. VHAY, Detroit, Mich.

Importer, Broker, Commission Merchant,
Specializing in

CANNED LOBSTERS FAT SALT HERRING

CANNED CLAMS SMOKED FISH
Have the market of the big Middle West. Willing
to develop any staple food product of Canada. Have
been handling Canadian Products for'20 years. Bank
and mercantile references.

Correspondence Solicited.

When U Ship FISH, LOBSTERS or

SCALLOPS to the Boston Market, ee

FOR BEST RESULTS ship to = —si(‘CSCS”

R. §. HAMILTON COMPANY ;

17 ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
FISH PIER, BOSTON, MASS.

On the Boston Market over 25 years

h

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xs y NU WSS WS \’

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WHOLESALE PRODUCERS, IMPORTERS AND SHIPPERS OF
FRESH CHILLED, SMOKED, SALTED LAKE AND OCEAN

FISH OYSTERS“°CLAMS

BUFFALO,N.Y,

A. E. HALLETT

BROKER
FRESH AND FROZEN FISH

Correspondence solicited

Ref., Corr Exchange National Bank, or any Chicago

wholesale fish: concern.
CHICAGO | |

N. Clarke St,

H. GRUND & SONS|

Wholesale
FRESH AND SMOKED FISH

209-211-213 N. Union St., CHICAGO, IIL

Phone Monroe 3623

W, leving Atwood,
President.

WACHUSET
BRAND ~—

31 Boston Fish Pier

W. Elmer Atwood,
Vice-President.

Irving M. Atwood,
- ‘Treasurer.

ALL
VARIETIES

OF THE
- SEASON

Boston, Mass.

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

VOL. Ix GARDENVALE, P. Q., JO ARiio its

Meats Vesetables Milk
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with Solder-Hemmed Caps

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CANADIAN FISHERMAN : ) i

Fishermen's Supplies
| and

Marine Hardware

We carry in stock a complete line of :—
Linen Gilling Nets, Gilling Twines,
Sea Island Cotton Gilling Nets
Side Line and Seaming Twine
Pound Nets, Drag Seines, Dip Nets,
Minnow Seines, Trammel Nets.
Hoop Nets, Fishing Rope,
Cedar Floats and Leads.

Boat Hardware,
Nautical Instruments,
Lamps of all types,
Life Boat equipment to
pass Board of-Trade regulations.
Life Jackets, Ring Buoys,
Blocks of all kinds,

Wire and Manilla Rope,
Anchors, Oars, Pumps.

It is our aim to ship all orders the same day as received.
WRITE FOR A CATALOGUE

JOHN LECKIE LIMITED

77 WELLINGTON ST. w. TORONTO, ONT. || ~

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 4

>9o

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

A Monthly Journa ‘devoted to the Commercial Development of the Fishery Resourses of Canada,
and Technical Education of those engaged in the Industry.

GARDENVALE, P. Q., JULY 1922 No. 7

CONTENTS

mS Editorial
‘ ie ae Fish and Tariff-Makers Nocatee ees REARS WA ae
é Montreal’s Disgrace Meer as tse sh. Lt wala aeR
Nicees, ow oneeis In OUS Ports: os ee ae OS Be
. An Unworthy PSUIOMROR 65. odo ' 3 ee ae Oe
actarmity of Wien Prmes .c 22, wee . 18d
5 ESS Piseatorial Paragraphs $e Tile Gi ee ee rig sO
: ‘ : General
ae oe Fisheries Convention in September .. .. .. .. 180
5: aes ’ Mr. Duff ag Minister of Fisheries .. ..... .. .. 186
‘ Extending Use of Danish Seine .. .. .. .. .- 187
Freight Rates, Parliament and Fish .. .. .. .. 189
Maritime Fish Corporation .. .. .. ets our aD
Speculation on Fishermen’s Races.. .. .. .. .. 145
In Parliament—Culled from Hansard... .. .. .. 148
Bish ‘OCotfure-... 65.0 26. Ve se oe we eee
ae News Notes From Far ana eae fc) Sas aa: 1 i
lee ambit Const Méction ik ec ee ee te ee | 158
Crab-Canning Growing Industry... .. .. ...... 155
ore SUBSCRIPTION The Industrial & Educational Publishing Go.
Canada, Newfoundland and Great Britain - $2.00 Limited
ee es ges vd ne J. J. HARPELL, Presidentand Mariaging Director,
a = cnet GARDEN CITY PRESS, Gardenvaie, Que.
the 24th of each month, Changes of adverti- Telegrams and Express - - + - Ste. Anme de Belleyue, Que.
ee haere #4 blishers hands van age al Eastern Manager, A. S. Christie, Gardenvale, Que.
dilly invited to send the ets SOO : Western Manager, H. W. Thompson, Aladdin Building
these will be paid for at our regular rate. 208 King St. W., Adelaide 3310

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

DENSIL SEMI-DIESEL ENGINES 7---520 BHP.

FACTS — speak louder than — FANCIES

We KNOW of manufacturers who have built

FIRST ONE is still running.

THE CRUDE OIL ENGINE OF CANADA

14 Place Royale Montreal

Keep the

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

coming to you.

HOSE who receive this issue of the Canadian Fisher-
man as a sample copy—and we refer particularly to
retail dealers throughout the country—are requested

to peruse it carefully and decide whether or not it is of value
to them. We would draw the attention of retailers especially
to the article describing the success of Stanford’s Limited in
Montreal by the application of sound business principles.
There is another article which submits some very pertinent
questions to the retailer regarding his duty to the industry.
Mr. Vhay, who is a practical fish man, in another article,
also treats of the retail phase of the fish business; and there
is a paper dealing with the safeguarding of fish orders in
transit from the retail store to the consumer.

In addition there will be found a fund of information on
the fish business in general and we think you will agree with
us that for the sake of two dollars ($2) a year you cannot af-
ford to be without it.

Fill in the form below and mail it immediately and your
name will be continued on our mailing list. Act now. Don’t
risk the loss of a good thing by putting it off.

The Industrial & Educational Publishing Co., Ltd.,
Garden City Press, GARDENVALE, P. Q.
Dear Sirs:
Please send me the Canadian Fisherman beginning with
the next issue, for which I agree to pay two dollars ($2)

yearly. (Three dollars outside Canada, Great Britain and
Newfoundland. )

MOMS keel yas. se ee. . ee
Rddress.. ea... 2
Vessel owner
Vessel fisherman Please indicate by lining through
my Aue ta: others, under what classification you
Man eactcnke * fall. If you fall under more than one
Wholesaler please so indicate.

Retailer

But we have been TOLD that semi-diesel
over 25,000 semi-diesel engines, and the engines are finished after two years’ service.
This may be, but NOT the DENSIL!

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

131

DEF O RELA L nin

FISH AND TARIFF-MAKERS

; bee he tariff issue in the United States is the nightmare of
Republican party. It apparently launched upon the
»y with consideration only for the party’s political

on, it finds to its sorrow that the people are not in
pathy with the high tariff scheme. This is not the
pinion of importing classes alone, but of the vast voting
1ence known as the consumer.
ee indications that the cost of living will mount; in other
yrds, that the increased duties will be paid at home.
Sith are a shrewd lot. They do the family buy-
i. Now they are to vote as well, and a full purse or a
lat purse is a greater influence with the fair sex than
‘most consistent and forceful oratory of the republic’s
The Republicans see all this,
They must

mpion platform artist.
have gone too far to retrace their steps.
the music and there is the possibility of a Democratic
ress after the people have their say at the polls.
: 3 ‘Trade with Canada is one of the important considera-
io 1s in the tariff and with us trade in fish and fish products
s of the greatest concern. For months and months the
easure has been passing from congress to the senate and
m0 senate ot congress and on each occasion amendments
B icade. The senate has just recently adopted the latest
es.on fish, namely 11 cents a pound on dried fish; 214
‘ents a pound on smoked herring; 1 cent a pound on pick-
led or salted herring and mackerel; 2 cents a pound on
r ay frozen or iced halibut, salmon and swordfish; and
30 per cent. ad valorem on fish in oil.
he high duties on North Pacific fish are designed to
t catches by American vessels through American
Pacific ports instead of via Prince Rupert, which is the
. shipping point, both geographically and economic-
ll ly. To accomplish this an amendment by Senator Jones
as adopted whereby the tariff will be levied on fish land-
‘ at British Columbia ports by American vessels, packed
here, and later shipped in bond to the United States.
Senators McCumber and Nelson rightly pointed out,
senate is “interfering with the convenience of the fish-
ng fleets and telling the owners and operators of fishing
raft that they must go to a port that is not convenient for
© purpose of selling their fish and which may not have
e proper facilities for furnishing the fleet with required
u :pplies”. Furthermore it puts American fishermen at a
3 dvantage in the American markets because of the ad-

c) ples and now, with the approach of a congressional~

The people generally ~

JAMES H. CONLON, Editor

jacency of Prince Rupert to the fishing banks as compared
with Seattle. It is doubtful whether in practice the fish-

ermen would really use Seattle as against Prince Rupert.
They may be tempted to transfer to Canadian registry and
accept the full penalty and compete with Canadians on an
even basis. It is impossible to overcome natural condi-
tions and when the United States senate attempts to place
Seattle ahead of Prince Rupert as a port for landing North
Pacific fish it may just as well try to make the moon per-
form the functions of the sun.

_ Our Canadian policy as regards American fish has been

much discussed in the tariff debates and in some cases, at
least, with the idea of imputing unworthy motives to our
government. There is nothing confusing or underhand in
Ottawa’s policy. It is both good business and fair treat-
ment to our competitors. Americans are given the pri-
vilege of shipping in bond through our ports and those who
use this privilege are further entitled to buy bait, ice and
supplies in Canada. The latter privilege is not extended
to vessels of American registry which do not land their
fares at our ports. Is that not a fair proposition? It
gives our cousins fishing in the North Pacific every facility
to compete with us an even basic. Of course they cannot
dispose of their fish in Canada without the payment of duty
because fish landed from an American fisherman is in the
same category as fish imported from Boston or any other
United States centre and it is a part of our fiscal policy to
levy a duty on fish. :

The trend of the tariff discussions on fish discloses con-
troversial issues on the west coast equally as serious as
those on the Atlantic coast. In 1918 a commission at-
tempted to straighten matters out but since that the time
the government at Washington has changed and the official
policy as well, so that these issues must be discussed again.

The seriousness of the questions brooks no delay and the
sooner overtures are made for a new international commis-

sion or its equivalent the better for all concerned. We
want to live on terms of the closest cordiality with our
neighbors and we know they feel the same toward us, but
constant misunderstanding is bound to wear down the most
intense friendship.

With reference to the proposed tariff it is too early yet
to accept it. In will be August before the senate and
house come together to compromise differences and it will
be some time later before effect will be given to the ultimate
tariff policy of Washington. In the meantime the con-
gressional elections may alter the complexion of things

132

entirely, and the defeat of Senator MeCumber in the prim-

aries in North Dakota is significant in view of the fact that
he was in charge of the tariff bill in the senate.

MONTREAL’S DISGRACE

A movement is on foot in Montreal, and we trust it
will gather irresistible momentum, to make the Bonse-
cours market a place worthy of such a city. Traders,
farmers, truck growers and others who assemble in the
market to meet the consuming public, have had numer-
ous meetings recently at which the present intolerable
eonditions were discussed. Of course, all Montreal
knows what the market is like and the object of the
meetings, apparently, was not to attract public atten-
tion but to bring a material pressure to bear upon the
city fathers who, as a general rule, lend little attention
to complaints of this character unless there is a con-
siderable number of votes at stake to force it upon them.

In recent years things in the market of the metro-
politan city have been going from bad to worse and
those traders engaged in the sale of sea foods are being
driven into remote quarters, that are not only ungainly
and unwholesome but absolutely unsanitary. It is not
only an imposition on those citizens of Montreal who
earn their daily bread from the sale of sea foods and
kindred products, but, in allowing conditions to con-
tinue as they are, the city fathers are absolutely neg-
lectful of the public interest. A great deal of time and
attention is devoted to civic comfort in improving the
general appearance of the city, in providing recrea-
tional areas for old and young and in other ways in
themselves quite commendable. But is there any way
in which the city council may subscribe to the comfort
of its people in greater measure than by furnishing the
means to make its food wholesome and palatable? If
one is not well fed the other material comforts above-
mentioned are of little or no avail.

The aldermen of Montreal are reputed to have great
pride in their city. After seeing personally the condi-
tion of the Bonsecours market we can hardly justify
the pride. They either know the situation and feel the
market is sufficiently obscure to evade the notice of
visitors, or else they do not appreciate the vital neces-
sity for sanitary environments where food, especially of
a perishable nature, is offered for sale for human con-
sumption. If the former be the case then they aspire
to only a superficial refinement, something that will
impress strangers regardless of the comfort of citizens.
Just the sort of refinement attempted by a country lass
who tries to fall into city ways by confining herself in
tight shoes and generally insufficient raiment, to make
an impression, at the same time suffering the excru-
tiating tortures of the damned. On the other hand if

the aldermen do not appreciate the seriousness of the
situation let them consult their health department; let
them have an investigation made, especially in the fish
section,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

July, 1

It is the ambition of the fish trade i in general to
vey the ‘products of our lakes and seas to the consv
in the best possible condition. The consumer expects
of the trade and the trade deems it a moral obliga
It is discouraging, to say the least, that in Montre
the chief fish-consuming centre of the country, th
authorities should be so remiss in their responsibilitie
as to be a hindrance rather than a help in the dist
bution of foods. This is a serious matter and the 001
that strikes us most forcibly is the appalling ignor,
or the downright negligence of those who oceupy sea
around the civie council table. > Sia

U. 8. VESSELS IN OUR PORTS

In view of the cancellation by the United States a
ities of privileges extended to Canadian fishing y

their Atlantic ports, there are a good many who |
understand the present situation with regard to the li
given American fishing vessels in our ports. f

If conditions imposed by treaty were enforced, tl
provided in the Treaty of 1818 would rule.
fishing vessels from the United States have the li

fish in common with Canadian fishing vessels in
torial waters around the Magdalen Islands and

north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence east of Po
at the mouth of the Natashquan river. They also he

liberty on the north shore to land for the purpose
their fish where there is no interference with th
of the coast. On all other parts of the coast the
mitted to enter our ports and harbors for the pur} r
securing wood, water, shelter and repairs and f
purposes only.

Conditions, however, do not revert to the treaty 0
at least, not just now. The Modus Vivendi arrai
which is now covered by section 3 of chapter 7

Revised Statutes of Canada, 1906, applies. Un
vessels taking out licenses under this arrang

granted concessions not provided by treaty. It is in
ing to learn how this Modus Vivendi came into
the reason for its continuance. .
The Treaty of Washington of 1888, which is
monly referred to as the “unratified Treaty of |
ton”, was signed on the 15th of February, 1888.
realized by the negotiators that it would not be pos
have the treaty considered and ratified by the differ
ernments in time to be effective for the fishing | 4 .
that year and in order to prevent the irritation an
that would undoubtedly follow the limitation of
to United States fishing vessels under the Treaty 0
the British plenipotentiaries attached as a protoce ;
treaty a document in which, in view of the circum:
they expressed their readiness to make the follow i
rangement for a period not exceeding two years, in

to afford a modus vivendi, pending pe ratification
treaty:

1.—For a period not exceeding two years from a
ent date, the privilege of entering the bays and harbor
the Atlantic coast of Canada and of Newfoundla nd

asica to United States fishing vessels be annual li-
} at : a fee of $1.50 per ton, for the following pur-

The purchase of bait, ice, seines, lines and all other
plies and outfits.

‘ranshipment of catch and shipping of crews.

—If during the continuance of this arrangement the
ited States should remove the duties on fish, fish oil,
ale and seal oil (and their covering, packages, etc.) the
. ‘id licenses shall be issued free of charge.

3.—United States fishing vessels entering bays and har-
of the Atlantic coast of Canada or of Newfoundland
an ae of the four purposes mentioned in Article 1 of the
ion of October 20, 1818, and not remaining therein
ian 24 hours, shall not be required to enter or clear
custom house, providing that they do not communicate
he shore.

Forfeiture to be exacted only for the offences of fish-
preparing to fish in territorial waters.

er
ne

5.—This arrangement to take effect as soon as the nec-
ry measures can be completed by the Colonial author-

American plenipotentiaries also attached a protocol
ssing their satisfaction with this proposal and inti-
ng that they would convey the communication of the
tish plenipotentiaries to the President of the United
tates with a recommendation that it be made known to the
ral together with the Treaty, when ‘the latter was sub-
tted for ratification.

s recommendation was approved by Canada and this
he start of what have subsequently been called the
: vivendi licenses. While the treaty was not ratified
da, as a matter of grace, and with the hope of obtain-
yme satisfactory settlement of the whole question con-
n aed the authority for these licenses, first by special act
om year to year, and later on the Statutes were amended
to give the Governor-in-Council the authority to re-
the licenses, which authority now forms section 3 of
ter 47 of hte Revised Statutes.

Ss) ee ee

AN UNWORTHY EXHIBITION

NTC FM HY,

1. H. Martell, K. C., who represents Hants, N.S. in
: House of Commons, was for some years in the service
the fisheries department at Ottawa, and for that reason
expected he would offer valuable constructive criti-
m in parliament on fisheries matters. Whatever good he
omplish in this regard was more than offset by the
Tiolic attack he made upon Andrew Halkett, naturalist
the fisheries department. When Mr. Martell gave the
pression to the house that Mr. Halkett was practically
10 rant of scientific matters and that he was more or less
useless appendage to the department, he disgrace-
misrepresented the true situation and in view of the
iter’s knowledge of true conditions, we cannot but feel
at M Martell’s attack was inspired by animosity to-

SPEER EE COTM HT Se a al ih ad

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

133

ward Mr. Halkett, and that he used the privileges and pro-
tection of parliament to vent his feelings, where Mr. Hal-
kett or the administrative head of the department had no
opportunity to refute.

When Mr. Martell intimated that Mr. Halkett was with-
out scientific knowledge and rather a hanger-on, he must
at the same time, because of his previous association with
the department, have known of the warm tributes paid by
many scientific authorities to Mr. Halkett for compiling
his Checklist of Canadian Fishes. Furthermore when he
led the house to believe that Mr. Halkett was more or less
of a nuisance to the lobster fishermen of the Maritime
Provinces by lecturing to them on the conservation of the
species, he is as far away from the truth as the north pole
is from the south. Mr. Halkett’s work in this regard has
been of particular value and is warmly appreciated by the
industry. He has labored assiduously year after year with
the conservation of the lobster as the goal and any insinua-
tion that he has not accomplished results cannot be prompt-
ed by ‘an honest recognition of facts.

None in this country has the welfare of the industry .
more at heart than we. The discussion of fisheries matters
in the house fas been watched closely and we have no
hesitation in giving credit where it is due. At the same time
we feel we should be shirking our duty and doing an in-
justice to Mr. Halkett, if we allowed Mr. Martell’s state-
ments to go unheeded. ‘

UNIFORMITY OF FISH PRICES

In all the countries of Europe there has been, and
there still continues to be, a slump in the demand for
fish, Norway, Holland, Denmark, France and Germany
are devising means of stimulating demand. Germany is
particularly active in this eonnection and no doubt sees
the necessity for maintaining a seafaring population if,
even in the very far-distant future, she is to have a
navy again. Herr Lubbert, director of fisheries for the
state of Hamburg, is leading the German propaganda.
He is an eminent authority on fishery matters and dur-
ing the war held an important post in Berlin in connee-
tion with the distribution of fish foods throughout the
empire.

:Y

At a recent meeting in one of the taking centres Herr
Lubbert pointed out that increased production was use-
less without increased consumption, and the scheme
submitted by him, which he said was originally taken
up in 1911, but was interrupted by the war, was sum-
marized in the phrase ‘‘Sell cheaper fish.’’ The traw-
ling fleet was now greater than ever it was, and but-
cher meat was dear, and the circumstances provided a
suitable opportunity for developing the trade in fish.
The preliminary part of the scheme was similar to that
inaugurated in Canada during and since the war.

The high food value and comparative cheapness of fish
were to be emphasised in the newspapers, and cookery
books were to be placed on sale at the cost price of one
mark. The main proposal, however, was that two days

134

in each week should be boomed as ‘‘Fish Days,’’ and
that a committee of officials and traders should fix the
prices a day in advance for the Fish Days. Retailers
were to be asked to give a written undertaking to ad-
here to those prices, which would be published officially
in the daily press, with a list of the shops in which such
prices would obtain. After considerable discussion Herr
Liibbert’s proposals were carried unanimously, and a
price committee, consisting of two officials and five
dealers, was appointed to deal further with the matter.

The latter point referred to above, that is, uniform-
ity of prices among retailers in a given centre, strikes
us as being of the utmost importance. Here in Canada
in any community one will note a variation of : fish
prices which the consumer finds it difficult to under-
stand. He immediately jumps at the conclusion that
some of the dealers are ‘robbers’ and this naturally
inspires a doubt as to the honesty of methods employed
throughout the industry. Anyone who gives a little
thought to the matter will realize that the fish business
is not one of big profits, but if the demand for fish is to
be increased confidence must be created in the minds of
the publie that it is being given a square shake.
realize that many things enter into the fixing of the
retail price of fish but some such scheme as that pro-
posed in Hamburg would, we feel, go a long way to-
ward removing a prevailing suspicion of the business
morality of retail fish dealers.

PISCATORIAL PARAGRAPHS

While many Canadian products have lost their war-
time hold on the English market, British Columbia
salmon is not among these, according to the Montreal
Gazette’s correspondent in the old country. Im-
mediately following the close of the war the product
of the Pacific province suffered many vicissitudes
from which it has now largely emerged. The British
Columbia eanners were no doubt wise in sending
Colonel Cunningham across to represent their interest
during the perilous period.

Though we are much concerned about our fishery prob-
lems, both domestic and international, we at least have
consolation in the fact that they are on the minds of the
highest authorities. Premmier King, accompanied by Hon.
G. P. Graham visited the United tates capital this month
to discuss many things with President Harding and Sec-
retary of State Hughes. Among the matters our chief
executive talked about was the necessity of fish conserva-
tion in the waters of the north Pacific and also in the North
Atlantic beyond the three-mile limit. There are other is-
sues, too, but we may feel assured that the premier is well
advised about them.

Strong sentiment prevailg in the West Indies, ac-
cording to Hon. W. L. Me Kinstry, treasurer of British
Honduras, for a form of confederation among the
various island of the West Indies group and ultimate

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

We :

July, 1922 .

union with the Dominion of Canada. In view of the

market offered for our fish in this region, such a union —
would. be eminently desirable from our viewpoint and — 4
we only trust that Hon Mr. McKinstry reflects the —
actual thought of the people and was not inspired in —
his declaration by being on Canadian soil. Whatever —
happens we trust there shall be no more suggestion of
transferring the property to the United States to
redeem war debts. While the islands are the propenty
of the empire to keep they are not the property of t
empire to give.

FISHING RESULTS FOR MAY

During the month there were 839,455 ewts. of sea
landed on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts val
at $2,464,899, while during the corresponding pe
last year 667, 380 ewts. valued at $2,062,107. were lan

The catch of cod, haddock, hake and pollock was 96
759 ewts. compared with 112 ,657 ewts. in May, 1921

The quantity of herring landed shows an increase
170,188 ewts. when compared with the catch in 1]
1921, there being 467,481 ewts. and 297,293 ewts. le
in these respective months. '

The spring mackerel fishing shows 19,899 ewts. tak
compared with 12,354 ewts. in the same month |
year. Ree

The catch of 14,305 ewts. of alewives is nearly do :
that for May, 1921; there being 8, 343 ewts. land
during the latter period.

There were 169,545 ewts. of lobsters token a compe
with 155,266 ewts. in May, 1921. Owing to drift i ice
that part of the coast where the season opened on May
Ist, the fishermen were not able to set their traps unt
the middle. of the month or later, but average cate
were made and much better prices obtained than at
same period last year. Since the opening of the lo
ter season 203,808 ewts. have been taken compare
230,882 cwts. during the corresponding period
preceding year. Of this season’s catch 47,
were consumed fresh and the remainder packed
78,117 cases. In the same period last year 45,6.
were shipped in shell and 78,098 cases packed. —

On the Pacific Coast the catch of halibut sh
decrease from 33,286 cwts. landed in May, 1921, to 2¢
222 ewts. in the month under review. The ¢a
salmon shows a good increase from 9,050 ewts. in
1921, to 17,533 ewts. for May of this year.

Two fishermen lost their lives while fishing,
the month.

SUMMER BANK FISHING DISCOURAGI

The two spring fares of the Lunenburg grand
trawling fleet totalled 119,325 quintals, figures
Eighty-three vessels were engaged. Eight dollars a
tal was paid the schooners for the first catch of
quintals and the same price for two cargoes of the s
trip which have been sold. This price is expected to

The vessels are now on their summer trip and r
are that so far they have met with utter failure. It is
early yet for a pessimistic outlook, it is pointed ou
some of the vessels at this time last year had 1,000 q
tals of their summer fares. The summer trip normally
looked to as the big one of the season,

July, 1922 CANADIAN

proposed

Montreal, September 18 and 19.

That is an entry for members of the Canadian Fisheries
ssociation to make on their calendars. It’s important that
ey should bear the occasion in mind-

After first referring the matter to the membership at
e the executive at a recent meeting definitely decided
upon the above dates as being the most suitable and most
convenient for all concerned. Particular care was taken
selecting the dates as it is hoped to have large delega-
ti ons from all branches of the association and from affiliat-
bodies. Sub-committees have been formed among the
embers of the Montreal branch and preparations are al-
y under way for the reception and entertainment of the
ting delegates and for the items on the business pro-
mme. :

beer

ome weeks ago the executive selected A. H. Brittain
shairman of all convention committees and he has se-
the following to assume chairmanship of the sub-
ittees:

A. H. Brittain, general chairman and programme com-

W. R. Spooner, finance committee.

J. T. O'Connor, hotel and sepisteation.

mm. J. Byrne, entertainment.

. A. Paulhus, reception.

. H. Conlon, publicity and information.

I. G. Connor, golf and banquet.

Irs. J A Paulhus, convenor ladies’ committee.

y the middle of the month these various committees had
n formed and a budget of the requirements of each had
n submitted to the chairman of the finance committee.

‘Mr. Spooner forthwith launched upon his campaign and
success he has achieved to date is a tribute to this ability
ings of this nature, but above all, an indication of the
e on the part of eastern members to give the delegates
yal welcome and a memorable time.

The programme has been pretty well arranged and will,
y likely, be announced in the next issue of the Céiiadian
herman, as well as in the bulletin to members of the
ociation. It is the endeavor of the committee to make
h item on the schedule of practical interest to the
legates and to achieve this the various numbers are being
selected with the utmost care. A high value is placed upon
information produced by discussion on addresses and papers
and the programme is to be published well in advance that
members may be put in a position to discuss the issues in-
telligently.

The Convention will be the first.since June, 1920 and
‘that reason there has been an accumulation of business
| likewise there must be accumulation of interest and en-
siasm. Inquiries from all parts of the country indicate
t a good many members are postponing their vacations
m business to take in the event and there is every reason
te anticipate the most successful gathering in the associa-
ion’s history, both from the viewpoint of numbers attend-

z and the profit accruing from the meetings.
Sought to Make it International

arly in the year a movement was launched on both
o the international line to make the forthcoming

FISHERMAN

Fisheries Convention in September

Large gathering in Montreal is anticipated —
Impossible to make event international as first

135

convention not only a national but an international event.
It was proposed that the United States Fisheries Association
should hold its business meetings concurrently in Montreal
and that the two bodies should unite in general meetings for
discussion of problems of mutual interest and also in the
recreational features of the programme. The United
States organization, however, found it impossible just at
this time to adopt the suggestion and at the same time be
reasonably assured of a liberal attendance of their members
and for this reason the project was abandoned for this year
and the American body will convene in Atlantic City in
September.

There were a great many features which would have made
this international gathering most desirable. Jt may even
have been the means of building a foundation whereupon
the governments of both countries could confidently build
an understanding on controversial fishery questions. How-
ever, the project was impossible this year but perhaps
next year or some time in the not distant future an inter-
national gathering may be possible.

_.“Get-Together”’

That is the slogan that has been adopted for the con-
vention. There has been, and there still is, lacking in the
fishing industry that quality of cohesion among the various
interests which has made a tremendous success of other in-
dustrial associations. As the slogan indicates, the idea is
to impress upon-members that close co-operation is the
secret of the organization’s success and unless each con-
tributes something more than his annual fee the strength
and influence of the C, F. A. cannot be developed as we
hope.

The get-together spirit has sprung up simultaneously in
the west and in the east. While the executive was meeting
in Montreal and planning the convention several of the
directors suggested that the spirit of co-operation should
inspire the gathering. About the same time the president,
A. L. Hager, Vancouver, wrote suggesting the “Get-To-
gether” slogan. It epitomized the feelings of all. It hit
the nail squarely on the head.

So members are asked to get together in Montreal at
convention time and also to bring along with them that
“get-together” spirit which is the vital factor of any organ- |
ization. Get keyed up and pepped up to the occasion.
Come with the view of contribbuting something of value
and of learning something of value. While much is being
done for the entertainment of the delegates the gathering is
essentially for the discussion of matters of common inter-
est. But don’t run away withthe idea that fun-making is
to be neglected. All work and no play makes Jack a dull
boy. And Montreal offers many facilities for entertain-
ment not readily located elsewhere on the continent.

TRAWLER DID NOT HAVE SUCCESS

The Canadian trawler that joined the mackerel seining
fleet this spring did not meet with success. The fish ap-
peared plentiful but they were difficult to get, due perhaps
to inexperience on the part of our fishermen. Next year
they may do better. The inshore fishing was very good,
however. a

CANADIAN

Mr. Duff as Minister of Fisheries

Opportunity may present itself for Premier to
satisfy the insistent demands of the fishing

industry

Never before since the fishing industry in this country
began to assert its rights has a better opportunity been
offered to secure ministerial representation of our inter-
ests in the federal government, than just at. this pres-
ent time. The occasion is opportune for more reasons
than one. From the industry’s viewpoint there is con-
siderable to be thankful for in that one of its leaders is
prominent in the front rank of the ministerial party.
This is no illusionary advantage, either. During the
recent session of parliament the fishing industry has
received more consideration than it has enjoyed at any
period of its history, excepting that recognition forced
by the exigencies of the war. Nor has this consideration
been accidental. It has been largely the result of the
presence in the house of William Duff, Lunenburg, N. 8.
_ The industry has watched Mr. Duff during the five
years he sat on the opposition benches. It watched him

because he gave promise of being faithful to the interests.
he represented and being at all time a fearless exponent |

of policies and principles of benefit to the industry.
When by the turn of the tide in December last, Mr. Duff
was returned to Ottawa to a seat among the ministe-
rialists, the industry became even more watchful. It was
anxious to learn whether Mr. Duff in power would be
as keen for the progress and development of the fish-
eries as he appeared to be when in opposition and when
his position was logically that of a eritic. Be it to Mr.
Duff’s everlasting credit that he measured up to the in-
dustry’s expectations. The record of proceedings in
the House of Commons and in committees of which he
was a member, bears ample testimony that he is not
merely a figurehead but an active, honest and vigorous
agent of the industry in parliament. His influence on all
occasions when the opportunity arose has been whole-
heartedly with the industry. Nor have his actions been
of the nature of gallery play. In the limelight of the
House of Commons and in the seclusion of committee
meetings he has been equally frank and earnest.
have watched proceedings with the closest scrutiny and
it is our firm conviction, and we pass it on to everyone
engaged in the fish business from coast to coast, that
Duff is the man to secure for us during the present
political regime those considerations and concessions
that we have failed to secure in the last decade by every
artifice and plea the industry could command.

The Chance is Here

We focus the industry’s attention upon Mr. Duff
just at this time, because, as we have said, the occasion
now presents itself to give Mr. Duff cabinet rank. We
do not for one instant think that the Hon. Mackenzie
King needs proofs of Mr. Duff’s qualifications. He has
long since respected the advice and suggestions of the
member from Lunenburg and had sufficient confidence
in his ability to take him along ag a platform companion
in his victorious political crusade. But we should like
to have the Prime Minister impressed with the fact that
besides the natural claims which may his by virtue of
ability and political considerations, he has a pre-eminent
qualification in that he holds the greatest confidence

We

FISHERMAN oan

Hon. D. D. Mackenzie is slated for it, ponding dome
acquiescence. That means a vacancy in the eabi
presentation from the bluenose province: Other mij
terial changes are talked of and the Hon. Mr. Lap

is said to have wearied of the portfolio of marin
fisheries and to have fixed his eye on something
to his profession. The two points that combine to
the situation so propitious are, first, that Mr. Dui
eligible for promotion to the cabinet, and, second,
he is supported by the entire fishing industry.
having obtained a seat in the cabinet there is onk
logical portfolio for him.

Has A Good Record

It seems superfluous to recite what Mr. Duff
during the last session. First and foremost
firm stand in the Crow’s Nest Pass controvers
sisted that if parliament should accept the co
offer of the railways, fish must be included am
commodities to have a reduction in rates. It
too, who was responsible for the grant. of $5,000
the international] fishermen’s races. In fact
erally understood that he is consulted on all
policies but the difference between Mr. Duff
Hon. Mr. Duff will be that instead of being ¢
on policies he will be in a position to initiate
and being a practical fish man who has demo:

| July, 1922 ~ CANADIAN

produce good results.

The conditions on the Atlantic coast are excellent as
pared with the previous two years, and the prospects
that the revival of fishing and trade will be permanent.
ne three fisheries of greatest interest thus far this
were,— the lobster, mackerel and cod. The markets
canned lobsters were poor at the opening of the can-
, season, consequently every effort was made to fill
s for early deliveries. The western Nova Scotia sea-
ending June Ist., was a great disappointment, and
catch and pack will hardly be more than one-half that
@ previous year. Many of the fishermen attribute the

eatch to the special fishing season of six weeks grant-
st fall, as they claim the operations carried on during

contention appears to be quite reasonable in view of
act that in nearly every instance the catches fell off
re the close of the fishing period for each district. It
ould therefore appear that the available yearly catch
‘or each district is limited, consequently extensions to the
hing seasons are finding little support from the more in-
ligent fishermen. : .
‘The season on the Gulf coast of Prince Edward Island
id Nova cotia closed June 26th., and was quite satis-
actory. Chief Inspector Fisher has recently returned
tom Prince Edward Island and reports that the catch was
bly larger than last year, the pack being increased
t 8,000 cases. He was particularly gratified at
t proved canning conditions. While some of the can-
nery buildings were not satisfactory they were all immac-
late sanliness and sanitation. The canners plan ex-

(Continued from previous page)

d who enjoys the unlimited confidence of the
stry, we feel assured we would get action. However
illing others have been in the past they have lacked
iat comprehensive understanding of our difficulties
Which is the big attribute of the minister we hope for.

_ Mr. Duff has spent his whole life in the atmosphere
of the industry. He was born in Newfoundland in the
1872 at Carbonear. He was educated in the pub-
schools there and later at Falkirk, Scotland. After
completing his school education he engaged with his
father in a mercantile fish business until 1895 when he
same to Nova Scotia to shift for himself. He first lo-
cated at Bridgewater, remaining there for five years.
Then he moved to Lunenburg where he has actively en-
gaged in the fishing and shipping business ever since.
He was first re-elected to the House of Commons in 1917
d he was re-elected last December. He was elected
or of the prosperous town of Lunenburg in 1916 and
“has been re-elected by acclamation each year since then.
_ Today Mr. Duff has numerous interests in the fishing
‘and shipping business. He is managing director of
the Lunenburg Fish Co.; director of the Acadia Gas
_ Engine Co.; director Chester Basin Shipbuilders, Ltd.;
‘director Acadia Stationery Engine Co.; ditector Nova
Scotia Trust Co.; director Lunenburg Outfitting Co.;
director Ritcey Bros., Ltd.; director Lunenburg Marine
tailway Co.; director Ernst Shipbuilding Co.

.¢

4 Extending Use of Danish Seine

Fishing conditions on Atlantic Coast excellent
— Lobster, mackerel and cod fisheries all

pecial season depleted the available catch for this year.

FISHERMAN 137

(From Our Own Correspondent)

tensive improvements in accomodation and equipment, and
reconstruction will be much in evidence, in preparation for
next year.

In Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, the catch was the
greatest for some years. Ten canneries operated, or three
times as many as in the previous year.

The fishermen of Port Hood, Cape Breton, from Broad-

- cove to Port Hawkesbury had gratifying success, notwith-

standing ill conditions made operations impossible until
about the middle of May. Lobsters were unusually plenti-
ful, and the price double that of last year The catch
was 936,000 Ibs. as compared with 553,000 lbs. the previous
year. The value of the catch increased from $23,497.00
to $75,508.00. .

Beyond question the great improvement in canning oper-
ations and in the preservation of the seed lobsters is largely
due to campaign carried on by the Department the past
three years. Dr. Knight has been the leader in this work
and much of the success must be attributed to his energy
and interest. He was ably assisted by other gentlemen
well qualified for the work.

The importance of the lobster fishing and canning in-
dustry cannot be overestimated. It is the one big industry
where the cash returns to the fishermen are unusually gener-
ous and instantly available. Prince Edward Island alone
has about 190 canneries, and the industry is second only to
that of agriculture. The fishermen are taking a very lively
and intelligent interest in the preservation of the fishery,
and the prospects are that not only on Prince Edward
Island but on the whole Atlantic coast lobster fishing is
taking its proper place as an industry of prime importance,
warranting every effort and expense to preserve it from
harmful exploitation, and to extend its possibilities.

Mackeral Fishing a Success

The mackerel fishery occupied the centre of the stage
during May and June. It is estimated that over three
million pounds were landed by our fishermen. The land-
ing in Halifax alone were about two million pounds. Con-
siderable catches continue to be made.

The schools were first located by the cruisers “Arras’’
and “Arleaux” in the channel between Georges and Browns
Banks on.May 10th. Catches of any considerable quantity
were not made until about May 20th., after which date
the landings were heavy. The fish struck close inshore
and gave exceptional opportunities to the nets-men.

It is to be regretted that the Canadian seining fleet of
eight vessels did not meet with much success, due in some
measure to the fact that seining is practically a new busi-
ness to our men, and they were therefore not familiar with
the signs and operations. Large catches, comprising about
10,000 bbls. were taken in the Magdalen Island during
June.

The cod and haddock fishing has been good, with prices
to the fishermen about thirty per cent. better than last
year. The Lunenburg fleet has landed the catches of twe
trips, totalling about 70,000 quintals, and has recently re-
turned to the Banks. The market prospects are encoura-
ging, as very _mall supplies were on hand at the beginning
of the year.

138

Scallop Fishing Profitable

Investigations carried on the past three years to locate
new scallop areas have resulted in new prospects for
development at a number of points along the coast. The
most important discovery has made in Digby Basin and
the Bay of Fundy. Recently, in the Bay, one boat with
two men took 8,000 scallops in one day, having a value
of $88.00. : :

The big salmon catch of last year for New Brunswick
and Nova Scotia bids fair to be repeated, as large catches
are again being reported. The total salmon catch last
year on the Atlantic coast was over 2,650,000 lbs., with a
marketed value of over $500,000. Northern New Bruns-
wick was responsible for the greater portion, over 1,500,-
000 Ibs. being taken,—valued at $304,000. The catch for
Charlottetown and St. John Counties, New Brunswick was
over 400,000 Ibs. valued at $75,000. The catch for Nova
Scotia was over 600,000 Ibs., valued at $128,000.

Danish Methods Being Extended

Considerable interest is being taken in the proposed in-
troduction of the Danish method for deep-sea fishing which
is fast superseding the beam or otter trawling in the North
Sea. Mr. W. N. McDonald, Sydney, C. B., is outfitting six
trawlers purchased from the government at the close of the
war, and will operate them under the Danish method this
fall.

Capt. John Smith, Halifax, formerly in charge of the

government herring steamer “Thirty-three’’, recently re-
turned from Scotland, where he secured equipment and
proposes outfittting for the purpose of carrying on opera-
tions under the Danish system. Capt. Smith reports the
steam trawlers are fast being superseded by the introduc-
tion of the Danish method of fishing in the North Sea, as
it is far superior to the trawler method. The vessels used
are much smaller than the trawler, carrying only about five
men each, and as they remain at anchor during the fishing
operations they require only about one-third the fuel sup-
ply. Further, the catches are taken from the seines much
more quickly and in better condition than those taken by
the steam trawler. Also, the actual fishing gear is com-
paratively inexpensive. He is of opinion that there are
great possibbilities for our fishermen by the adoption of
the new method, as many of the smaller fishing vessels
of forty tons or over may be utilized.

The operations proposed to be carried on by Mr. Mc-
Donald and Captain Smith will be watched with interest.

MEETING OF INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE

The International Committee on Marine Fisheries
Investigations met in Montreal, Canada, May 26. The
full delegations for the United States and Canada
were present, comprisinb, for Canada, Wm. A. Found
Dr. A. G. Huntsman, and Prof. J. Playfair MeMurrick,
and for the United States Drs. H. F. Moore, R. E.
Coker, and H. B. Bigelow. The temporary interrup-
tion of transportation between Newfoundland and
Canada prevented the attendance of James Davies,
member of the committee for Newfoundland.

To insure the preservation of continuous and per-
manent records of the work of the committee, it was
deemed advisable to designate a member of the com-
mittee to be permanent secretary, and Dr. A. G.
‘Huntsman was elected to that position. While the
original records will be maintained in Canada, com-
plete copies of all minutes will be filed with the U. S.
Bureau of Fisheries and the proper office in New-
foundland.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

July, 1922 —

Standard Cures

Last fall the Norwegian government enacted a law
providing for compulsory inspection and grading (vrack-—
ing) of all split fish exported and all sold domestically in
lots of more than 500 kilogrammes. The following sum-
mary of the act is interesting. a

Fish of 1921 or earlier are excepted, and the law does
not become operative as regards “exports to Europe until
May Ist of next year’; while in any case fish under
second grade exported to Europe are meantime also to |
excepted from its provisions. Split fish not liable to co
pulsory inspection, and also wet-salted fish (i.e., fish mn
yet put through the drying process), may be presen
for inspection voluntarily. A special staff of sk i
practical curers, consisting of a travelling inspector, :
or more chief “vrackers”’ (with districts), and a suffic
number of vrackers and of assistant vrackers is be
created under the Director of Fisheries to undertake
work,

Charge for Grading

A charge ranging from 1d. to 3d. per cwt. is to be m
for vracking, except apparently on the first presenta
of split fish for inland sale. ;

The grades into which the split fish are to be 5
are: Norsk No. 1, the finest fish, properly treated
first to last; Norsk No. 2, good fish slightly damag
preparation, cured within two days, properly —
although perhaps unevenly salted; Norsk No. 3,
torn, or discoloured, ‘cured within four days, pi
dried, and not burned by sun or artificial heat; No s]
4, poorer than No. 3, but properly dried to keep, and
passable as split fish for export. Small (‘“‘smaafisk”’)

te

40-50 centimetres (1534 to 1934 inches) from fork
to line of shoulders. Extra small (“Smaasma’”’),
to 40 centimetres (13% to 1534). .

Other Fish Included

The foregoing refers to cod only, but the asso
ling, torsk, coalfish and haddock is essentially —
same principles, but different sizes are specified. —

For export to South America and Cuba certain -
cations are allowed (not published, but communicz
the chief vrackers), forming five classes, viz., Rio
ordinary prime, and inferior quality; La Plata, and
vana. All fish for Cuba and South America must
cases or boxes; those for La Plata and the Pacific
must be in a wooden case with a metallic lining.

Need Not Be Dried

Fish of new season’s cure exported not later than
15th need not be dried for storing, but only sufficie
dried for shipping. Wet-salted fish to be sorted in 4
classes, viz., mixed (not poorer than second grade ;
fish) ; inferior (not poorer than fourth grade); and sn
The fish must have lain in salt for at least four we
The result of each inspection is to be entered in a e]
icate, which, in the case of exports, is to be attached -
the shipping documents. In the case of inland sales
copy is to be retained by the vracker and one handed
the owner of the fish.

If practicable, the packages containing the goods are
be marked officially to show that they have been inspect
but such marking is not to indicate the quality of the f
The law is to be reconsidered not later than 1925. The
above, it may be added, is only a summary. The “in-
structions” contain 10 sections and 58 paragraphs.

fon. F. B. Carvell, chairman of the
d of Railway Commissioners, announ-
ed recently in connection with a complaint
e Connecticut Oyster Company, Lim-
»f Toronto regarding the eapress classi-
on of oysters in jars, that express rates
generally would likely be investigated

"hat’s encouraging. The sooner the bet-
The industry has been bullied out of
tful reductions in the iniquitous freight
idjustments, along with nwmerous other in-
ustries, and it is trusted that “investiga-
on” at least means the prospect of return
transportation charges compatible with
condition of the industry.
he board has not yet handed down a de-
on on the application of the Canadian
ies Association for a twenty percent
tion in express charges. The hearing
“A pace’ in March. :

of the most important issues of the session of par-
just closed had to do with railway freights rates
decision as to whether or not the Crow’s Nest Pass
ent with the Canadian Pacific Railway should be
I > suspended or restored. The question was one in
h the fishing industry had an intimate interest because
the prospect of lower rates and a recovery of trade
has been discouragingly dull for months. The final
ent, which was a much confused affair in which par-
nent thrust responsibilities upon the railway commission
the latter tossed them back, displayed absolutely no
ard for the fishing industry. With the exception of the
aries restored in the Maritime Provinces and which
ly ly only on shipments west of Fort William, not a single
E was lowered on fish. Apparently no one has a bit of
ird for the development of the natural resource nor
cts the fact that the people of this country have be-
en fifty and sixty millions of dollars invested in it and
ngaged in the industry as a means of livelihool to the
ib er of 150,000.
se latter points bear no significance apparently be-
: of the fact that those engaged in the industry are
0 abe in a political way. If parliament’s decision
ie controversy is typical of its future policies then either
st work for the abolition of class domination or jump
€ political field ourselves and wield a political power.
se days it is obviously not a question of the justice or
ustice of a project, but its politica] expediency. But
ti expediency can be carried to a limit and I am not
in connection with the adjustment of freight rates
ended beyond the limit.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Freight Rates, Parliament and Fish

Commodities of Fishing Industry share all the
raises in rates but fail to enjoy the reductions

139

(BY PISCATOR)

The outstanding facts of the situation are:’The Crow’s
Nest Pass agreement between the government and the
C. P. R. obligated the railway to maintain certain rates in
a specified area in the west in return for financial assistance
in building the Crow’s Nest Pass. Because of unforeseen
conditions the agreement was suspended in 1918 until July
of this year and the railways were permitted to enforce
rates which paid for the traffic handled. Now this year
the railways (both were affected by the agreement) asked
that the agreement be further suspended and offered as a
compromise a general reduction on certain basic commodi--
ties (fish not included) amounting to, generally, 16.66 per
cent. in the west and 20 per cént. in the east.

General Percentage Increase in 1920

Now I will leave that just there for a moment. Recall,
too, that in September, 1920, the Board of Railway Com-
missioners ordered a general increase in rates amounting
to 40 per cent. in the east and 35 per cent in the west,
stipulating that five per cent. should be lopped off on
January 1, 1921 and another ten per cent. on December
1, 1921 and the balance on July 1, 1922. The first two
reductions did take place, but the last — no.

And why? Well there is in the House of Commons a dom-
inating factor in the Progressive party. The ministerial
party is not secure without assistance from either of the
parties on the outs. It appears the government particu-
larly wants the support of Crerar’s contingent from_the
middle west. That is why, when parliament was asked to
decide upon the issue of the Crow’s Nest Pass agreement,
it was agreed to further suspend it, except—and pay at-
tention to this—as regards the rates on grain and flour.
There was no logical reason why this exception should be
made. Considering the issue by itself and in a sound
business way, the point to be decided was this: have ab-
normal conditions sufficiently abated to enable the railways
to restore the agreement rates without disastrous results,
or is it advisable to further suspend the agreement be-
cause of the inability of the railways to bear the loss of
revenue its enforcement involved?

Parliament agreed, and I believe every one in the coun-
try agreed as well, that it would be a dangerous course to

hold the railways to the written agreement. But why in
the name of justice and common sense should that decision
not apply to grain and flour among the other articles and
commodities. If the railways could not afford to move
everything on the agreement rates they certainly couldn't
afford to haul grain and flour on the basis of those rates.
But that didn’t matter.
of grain and flour had an important following in the house
and the government found it expedient to accede to their
The other interests must pay the piper.

What Railways Offered
As I have said, the railway in

These interested in the movement

demands.

I will show you how.
presenting its compromise arrangement. offered a reduction
on certain basic commodities amounting to 16.66 in the

140

west and 20 per cent in the east. This of course was con-
ditioned upon the suspension of the whole agreement. But
parliament didn’t suspend it as applied to grain and flour.
Everything, excepting these, was left to the railway com-
mission, which decreed that in view of these special con-
cessions to the farmers the railways could not withstand a
greater reduction than seven and one-half per cent. on the
other basic commoditiés the railways stipulated (fish again
excluded).

The point we arrive at now is this: with the suspension
of the whole agreement the general cut on stipulated basic
commodities would have been 16.66 per cent. in the west
and 20 per cent. in the east. Because of the concessions
parliament extended to the farmers, all other interests con-
cerned must be satisfied with a seven and a half per cent.
cut. In other words they are contributing to pay the de-
ficit which the railways will suffer by handling grain and
flour at a rate far below actual cost.

It may be good government policy but it’s pretty shaky
_business policy. Apparently both the government and the
railway commission realize this as they have both refused
to accept reponsibility for the final arrangement. Par-
liament says it merely stated a policy as to grain and
flour and referred the balance of the question to the com-
mission. The latter maintains that while the balance was
referred to it, it came with a recommendation which it felt
was really government policy and should be carried out.
The buck is passed with the apparent object of confusing
the public until the thing peters out.

Government Chiefly to Blame

Neither the government nor the commission, I feel, is
entirely to blame. The government is responsible, however,
for taxing other industries to pay freight on grain and
flour, and cannot shirk it. On the other hand I do not
believe the commission was bound to accept a suggestion
from parliament nor that it felt itself so obligated,
but it found the excuse to extricate itself from a disagree-
able situation.

The increase granted by the railway board in 1920 was
a general percentage increase and the two reductions since
then have been on a general percentage basis. Why
shouldn’t the cut be on the general percentage basis on
July 1? The original order of the board ‘in 1920 pro-
vided for this. I doubt if any industry in the country re-
quires the reduction more than the fishing industry and it
seems impossible to understand why a few articles are
picked out for a reduction. How did the railway board
select the commodities to get preferred treatment? It is
striking that they follow the list of “basic commodities”
submitted by the Canadian Pacific Railway. And why the
C.P.R. picked them is just as obscure, unless it was that
they in print conveyed the idea of a substantial reduction
which was not borne out in practice.

MAY CATCH FISH WITHOUT BAIT

During the Quest’s recent Antarctic cruise gigantic
marine forests were discovered and new fishing grounds
located. The Antarctic waters were found to be alive
with edible fish. Fish in the Antarctic were so plenti-
ful that it was unnecessary to bait the hooks. The
deepest soundings were taken about 500 miles east of
the South Sandwich group, where a depth of 2,700 fa-
thoms was registered.

Approaching Tierra del Fuego the Quest ran into kelp
(seaweed) at an unusually long distance from the shore.
Soundings showed a depth of 100 fathoms, so these
marine trees, whose tops were just visible above the
water, exceeded the height of the tallest land trees by
150 feet.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

_ two cents per gallon on Newfoundland fish oils”

Tuly, 192

Odd Fishes

The angler, or fishing-frog; with its mouth almost
wide as its body is long, is one of the very queerest |
fishes. On its back it has a number of threadlike ar
ages which others think are the small organisms
form their own food. | Faas

Before they have discovered their mistake they
fallen a prey to the frog, which does not miss
with such a capacious mouth. Its appetite, too, is |
mous; for in the stomach of one as many as 75 her
were found! oo i

The sea-horse of Australia lives amongst
being camouflaged by a floating fringe resem
weeds, which enables it to lure its prey close
be captured. <r

Another instance of camouflage for the sak
taining food is that of a prawn and a small
live inside the mouth of a gigantic anemone
both white, with red lines, and these col
snare to numerous sfall creatures which t
kills, and all three have a share in the spoils.

There is a curious family of fish to whic
ing perch of India belongs. They are conste
out of the water, and _often travel overle
rainy season they pass from stream to streé
pool to pool. When the hot weather comes the; )
selves in mud, from which they emit a gurglin
If put in an aquarium they will escape it they
covered in, es

The callicthys, found in the rivers of trop
and the West Indies, cannot live for more th
of an hour under water, and has to rise to tl
to breathe. It has been known to live for five
tirely out of water. :

The periopthalmus, common on the shores «
amd Australian seas, frequents roots of mang:
When at rest it lies with its body out of the»
tail only being immersed, and it goes ashore
of food, Ae

The blenny quite commonly leaves the wat
rently liking plenty of air. ao”

In South African waters swims a fish so:
a toad, and rejoicing in the name of billy-b
is derived from its practice of puffing itse
caught. Another of its peculiarities is tk
poisonous.

Pilchards—to come back to our own —
wonderful sense of smell, and can detect a fav
consisting of the spores of olive seaweed, fu
miles away, especially after spawning, wh
thin and ravenous. :

It is a curious fact that, if food is abundant,
appears in shoals; but when it is not particular!
ful, they do not arrive in such great n mber:
some instinct told them just how far the suppli
go round.

Y

=

CANADA TAXES FISH OILS
This week a Water Street business man receli

ter from his agent in Montreal informing him 1
Ottawa government had decided to levy an impor

Canada. In view of the fact that the local gov
exacts a similar export tax from the local trade, :
oils are materially penalized before they can be
ed in the neighboring Dominion.—Trade Review
foundland. a

is
be
We
y

July, 1922 CANADIAN

| Fishing Industry
Nh ' By ROY.

The Maritime-Fish Corporation Limited became an
_ entity on the 23rd of April, 1910. Previous to that date
the growing popularity throughout Canada of fresh and
_ mildly eured Atlantic deep sea fish was being omtered

| inces. Those pioneer engineer
the present day industry in fresh ie mildly el ay fish
' from the Atlantic coast to the interior and they did it
without cold storages, steam trawlers, government
mackerel scouts, wireless telegraphy, special selling
| staffs, ete., etc., which now are considered necessary
for successful operations. The principal factor in their
| success was just plain, hard work without adherence to
an eight-hour, ten-hour or any-hour day, but when the

next day and perhaps another night and so-on until
_ either they or the fish were ‘‘all in’’. Next they packed
a few fresh in barrels for Upper Canada and then, some-
what on the principle of the man in the lobster canning
“factory who said ‘‘I eat what I can and what I can’t I
_ e¢an’’, they smoked as many of the remainder as they
| could and the rest were split, salted and dried for con-
|) signment to the West Indies and South Ameriva.
| Usually these consignments netted for their shippers
' fair returns and the consistently fortunate ones blos-
- somed into the ‘‘codfish aristocracy’’ of Nova Scotia;
_but frequently these consignments had unhappy end-
| ings, much to the discomfort of their shippers, and the
| eonsistently unfortunate ones were overwhelmed with
losses.

Those early small shipments of fresh and smoked
’ fish to the distributing centers of Quebec and Ontario
B taught the people of Upper Canada the desirability as
well as the advisability of incorporating fish in their

- diet and especially the finely flavored Atlantic varieties.
_ The demand gradually increased - until an acute need

_ was felt for more regular supplies on the coast and be*
1 i transportation service to the markets. The former
need called for modern steam trawlers which were able
| to run in and out of harbors and to and from the fish-
ing grounds in all kinds of weather, ignoring ‘‘head
| winds’’ and ‘‘dead calms’’; and the latter need requir-
| ed specially refrigerated freight cars and fast express
|. Service. Steam trawlers usually catch a lot of fish and
oe factories with cold storage facilities are required
_ to handle their landings expeditiously so that they will
_reach the consumer in first class condition. Necessary
elements in the construction and operation of large fac-
. tories, cold storages and steam trawlers are vision, cap-
| ital, executive ability and practical experience. All
these conditions and requirements were first appreciat-
ed and successfully treated by Mr. A. H. Brittain (in-
troductions unnecessary!) who organized a company
eg apparently possesses all the requirements, for,
since its birth more than twelve years ago, it has been
functioning quietly and uninterruptedly in the per-
_ formance of its task of supplying wise Canadians with
- first class fish products which, like the general man-
_ ager, need no introduction from the Atlantic to the Pa-
| cific. Some of the products have attained even wider
, popularity, having been well received in the United

FIS

fish were ‘‘running’’ they worked all day, all night, all”

HERMAN 141

Maritime Fish Corporation

| History of wide-awake institution whose foun-
fk dation marked an epoch in the Canadian

M. WHYNACHT

States, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia
and New Zealand.

In the organization of the company everything seems
to have been anticipated and provided — modern plants
on the coast nearest the most important fishing
grounds; ample means of catching fish, consisting of
steam trawlers, sailing vessels, motor boats and all their
many accessories; the inauguration of the quickest
means of shipping all varieties of fresh fish to their
various markets, spacious smoke houses for the produc-
tion of finnan haddies, fillets, kippers, ete.; natural and
artificial driers for the preparation of fish for export to
foreign countries; a modern canning plant for the pro-
duction of ‘‘echicken haddies’’ and ‘‘codfish flakes’’; a

A. H. BRITTAIN, General Manager

glue factory which uses the skins and fins from the fish
factories in the manufacture of the stuff which ‘‘sticks
everything hut the buyer’’; and another factory which
utilizes the only thing left of the briny denizens — the
bones — for the manufacture of fish meal which is as
popular in the country’s barnyards as the other ‘* Mari-
time’’ products are in the country’s dining rooms.
While much eredit is due the general manager who
planned and promoted this complete organization and
to those who showed their faith in it by practical mone-
tary support, yet probably the most effective achieve-
ment was the amalgamation and incorporation of a
number of the most progressive firms on the coast,
which turned the theories into facts and made possible

142 CANADIAN
the elaborate plans conceived at Montreal. These coast
firms represented the industry of the pioneer producers
who theorized little but worked much and whose prac-
tical experience left very little for them to learn about
the production and preparation of the commodity with
which they had been familiar-from the cradle. These
firms, who were well known to the trade throughout
Canada, were:

The Canso Cold Storage Co,, Ltd., Canso, N. 8.

The Whitman Fish Company Limited, Canso, N. 8.

The Pioneer Steam Trawler Company, Halifax, N. 5.

Messrs. Short & Ellis, Digby, N. 8.

Mr. Howard Anderson, Digby, N.S.

Messrs. A. H. Brittain & Co., Montreal, P. Q.

The combination of these firms and the Montreal
head office with its efficient sales staff and agencies
throughout the country, made a very effective organ-
ization and the new company started its operations in a
most auspicious manner, A strong directorate was
formed of the following well known business men:

Mr. James W. Pyke, president

Mr. Alfred H. Brittain, vice-president and general
manager

Mr. Harold G. Connor,

Mr. H. B. Short

Colonel Chas. W. MacLean

General Chas. A. Smart

Dr. Milton C. Hersey

Mr. C. E. Archibald

Mr.

The main producing centers were eatablished at
Canso on the east end of Nova Seotia and at Digby on
the west end, the former being the most convenient
operating point to the shore fisheries of eastern Nova
Seotia and Cape Breton and to the important grounds
of Canso Bank, Middle Bank, Banquereau, Sable Island
Bank and Misaine Bank; and the latter being adjacent
to the extensive shore fisheries of the Bay of Fundy and
but a short distance from Brown’s Bank, Georges Bank,
Roseway Bank and La Have Bank.

Canso Operations Described

The Canso branch exemplifies the acme of efficiency.
Every known applicable device for the expeditious
handling of fish is brought into play at this well equip-
ped plant.

It draws its supplies from four main sources, (1)
small shore boats, (2) trap nets, (3) sailing vessels, (4)
steam trawlers.

The small boats are equipped with gasoline motors of
from five to fifteen horsepower and they fish close to
the shore where they catch their fares on long strings
of baited hooks which ‘‘set’’ an hour or two and are
then hauled. After running in to the factory and land-
ing their catch, the boats bait their strings of gear
again and go out for another set whenever conditions
are favorable. The bait they use is strictly fresh her-
ring or squid for the fish they go out to catch have most
fastidious tastes and always demand the best or they
absolutely refuse to bite.

The traps consist of long nets which are set out close
to the shore every spring and taken in toward fall
whenever the shore fish become too searce or rough
weather too frequent. They are anchored off the shore
on a large circular pattern with a long arm or leader
reaching out to intercept the schooling fish and direct
them into the centre of the trap. When the trap is set,
all that is visible is an irregular circle and an extending
line of small floating kegs to which the top of the per-
pendicular net is fastened, while its bottom edge is held
down by small anchors. Whenever the fishermen tend-
ing thetrap, who live temporarily in shacks nearby,

secretary-treasurer

Robert Bickerdike .

FISHERMAN . July, 1922

wish to make a haul, they close the one opening and.
purse the bottom of the trap together with a line ar-
ranged for that purpose, and then bail the imprisoned
fish out into their boats to be carried to the factory. A
very advantageous feature of this method of fishing is
that any excess of captured fish, which cannot be hand-
led at once, may be held without additional expense for
ice and containers by simply letting the fish swim
around within the trap’s enclosure until the boats are
able to accommodate them.

The -vessels sail from fifty to five hundred miles away
from the shores and fish on the ‘‘banks’’ using similar
equipment to that of the small shore boats. Tihis method
is the oldest practiced in. America. Long before Cabot
or Columbus braved the Atlantic, it lured the Northmen
from their homes to fish the identical areas frequented

H. B. SHORT, Manager at Digby

by many Canadian vessels today. In the present age
of speed, however, it is slowly but: inevitably being re-
placed by more modern methods especially for the pro-
duction of fresh and mildly-cured fish for domestic
consumption such as the company, which is the subject
of this article, requires for the major portion of its
business,

The steam trawlers, the most modern and reliable
source of supply, work night and day, winter and sum-
mer, dragging their mighty nets over old Atlantie’s
prolific floors, four hundred feet below the surface, and
haul pure and wholesome from the dim depths a myriad
fare of haddock, cod, flounders and many other finny
delicacies. The great bag net is opened on the trawler’s
clean upper decks and, gleaming like silver in the light
of electrics at night, or as gold in the sunshine by day,
the glittering, living fish pour into the pens, protesting
vigorously at their ruthless introduction into light and

et ds

ae

Suly, 1922

open air. While yet unmarred in form and color, alive
and unbruised by hooks or handling, the fish are be-
headed and thoroughly washed and cleaned in salt wa-
' ter sprayed from hose pipes and stored away upon

' shelves of crushed ice down in the steamer’s frigid fish
| rooms.

From all these sources of supply many millions of

_ pounds of fish are landed here annually and one can ap-
' preciate the fact that an elaborate factory is required
' for their proper reception and disposition. Such a fac-
_ tory is the one at the corporation’s Canso plant, which
' iscomfortably adequate for all the demands made upon
_ it by their well developed methods of production. The
' fish are received, washed and buried in crushed ice in
- numerous compartments, and prepared for shipment

_ fresh, canned, frozen, smoked and pickled.

4 The fresh fish department is the simplest one, its
- chief requirement being speed. Speed in cleaning,
_ washing, re-icing and packing the fish in standard box-
| es which are loaded in special refrigerators and sent
' rolling by fast freight to the distributing centres of
a _ Quebec and Ontario.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

143

imately 12,000 tons of ice annually which they harvest
themselves every winter.

The smoking department is conveniently planned.
The fire-proof houses are well constructed and are idle
only during extremely warm weather, when it would be
impossible to smoke the fish without overheating them.
All the haddies, fillets, kippers, bloaters, etc., must un-
dergo a thorough examination before being packed and
those found not up to the ‘‘Maritime’’ standard are
packed and disposed of in plain boxes at a less price
than is commanded by the standard brands.

All the scrap from the fish plant goes over to the fac-
tory of a subsidiary company, the Robinson Glue Com-
pany, Ltd., where the skins and fins are manufactured
into a high grade glue and the bones are treated and
ground into meal which is purchased by the manufac-
turers of chicken and poultry foods. The demand of the
glue factory cleans up all scrap immediately it is made,
thus keeping the main plant free from any accumula-
tion of this material and assuring the smaller plant of a
continuous supply of freshly produced raw stock which
enables them to turn out a sweeter and purer olue and

¥

aT

plicated. The small, young haddock are selected and
‘transported to the canning room, where they are again
\ washed and trimmed of fins, skins and bones. They are
then cooked in steam retorts and packed by modern ma-
ehinery in sanitary enamel-lined cans and each can 1s
again lined with a pure vegetable parchment paper.
“Women, attired in white smocks and clean cotton
" gloves, pack the fish and, knowing that their product is
for the critical inspection of their sisters in the purchas-
ing market, they exercise a similar discrimination and
_ pack only those fish which are perfect in color and
quality. The company takes much pride in this depart-
- ment as it is one of the most modern canning factories
in America. - .

Much experience is necessary to the successful freez-
_ ing of fish and their proper treatment after being froz-
en. This department at Canso is equipped with a cold
_ storage with a storing capacity: of 65,000 cubic feet and
fitted with a 95-ton York compressor. In addition to
all this chilling equipment, the company uses approx-

_ The canning department is obviously much more com-

Maritime’s Trawler Badly Iced Up

fish meal than would be possible without such co-oper-
ation. This subsidiary plant with its equipment and
original patents, which are the oldest in America and
which have since run out, was acquired from glue man-:
ufacturers in the United States.

The directing genius of all this activity and who has
surrounded himself with an efficient staff, is Mr. H. F.
Robinson, who has successfully managed the Corpora-
tion’s Canso branch since it was established. He has al-
most a personal acquaintance with every fish landed at
his plant and with all the many intricate operations
which transform them into food for the nation. -

The Plant At Digby

The Digby branch is situated on the shores of the
beautiful Digby Basin, which is the attraction for
thousands of the tourists. who go to Nova Scotia every
summer and few of whom fail to visit the well kept
wharves and other extensive premises of the company’s
Digby branch. Although ‘‘keep out’’ signs are dis-
played at various points about the place, nevertheless
the local management enforces them only when the cu-

144

rious visitors become too numerous and threaten to
hinder proceedings, for it is real musie to the superin-
tendent to hear their exclamations of pleasant surprise
and the volleys of complimentary remarks which the
fine appearance of the busy plant seldom fails to elicit ;
however, an undesired sequel. of these annual visita-
tions, your correspondent is informed, is a flood of tiny
orders every fall from households in every state be-
tween and ineluding Florida and Washington for a
small box of the fish, ‘‘such as we saw at your plant
last summer’’. The manager says that they usually try
to accomodate those from territory which is not covered
by their agents and retail dealers.

Seeing the plant through the tourists’ eyes, one first
vets an impression of an orderly and well-planned
group of buildings, all painted uniformly in dark red
with white trimmings. Closer examination reveals the
fact that the characteristic feature is cleanliness, for
the grounds surrounding the plant are never marred by
rubbish and the fish-cutting rooms are treated to a
spraying and drenching of clean, fresh water at the
close of every day’s operations. Four well-built and
well-kept wharves receive the landings which are auto-
matically hoisted out of the boats in hundred-pound
baskets, dumped into large tubs of clean, running wa-
ter, washed thoroughly and, those which are not imme-
diately shipped in the fresh state, are buried in crushed
ice for a short interval awaiting the various processes
by which they are transformed into the finished prod-
ucts. The tourist has a fleeting glimpse of many-tiint
ed, gleaming cod, haddock, hake, pollock, cusk, halibut,
mackerel, flounders, herring, smelts, skate, scallops,

mussels, winkles, etc., as they come up from the sea in.

an amazing, endless procession'and are hurried over
the warf and under the ice, preliminary to their di-
versified journeys in transformed conditions to various
parts of the globe. Some of them have to en-
dure a brief sort of purgatorial period in the smoke
houses before they are released for their journey to the
market; but this treatment should not dismay them as
the houses are the finest it is possible to construct and
the smoke is generated from specially selected hard
woods from the slopes of Nova Scotia’s North Moun-
tain. Other varieties, after being split and laid in strong
pickle for about three weeks, are exposed to the re-
freshing atmosphere of the tourist country on what is
undoubtedly the finest natural fish-drying plant in
North America and which has been the subject of many
stationary and motion pictures. The drying racks are

constructed entirely over a clean grass field keeping *

the fish free from dust; they are never touched by the
heavy coast fogs which prevail in the Bay of Fundy just
a few miles away; they are constantly fanned by the
cool breezes of the adjacent land-locked salt waters of
Digby Basin; and they are protected during exception-
ally hot weather by specially provided cotton shades-—
conditions which constitute absolutely ideal treatment
in the preparation of export fish. The spreading capac-
ity of this plant is a quarter of a million pounds and in
conjunction with it the Company operates two artificial
dryers, one by the hot water piping system and the
other by the circulating hot air system, in which the

fish get their ‘‘finishing’’ treatment before shipment to

the countries near and south of the equator. The com-
pany also operates on the premises a well-stocked gen-
eral store for the convenience of their fishermen and
factory workers.

The site of the Digby plant cannot be passed over un-
noticed. In comparison with the expansive basin con-
fronting it and the high hills surrounding it, especially

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

requirements. The company’s traffic expert, Mr.

economy of the corporation.

~ July, 1

Mount Beaman (Ben Lomond) sitting in calm dignij
just across the vessel channel, it seems to nestle ec
in its little corner and to look out upon the world
quiescently, satisfied with its luck of being refresh
twice daily by the cool fringe of the mighty and un
ing tides of old Fundy; of continually dwelling in
land of romance and refining airs, and of having
very flavor of its famous products permeated by
charm of its environment. a

+ 4

Mr. H. B. Short, the Manager, is so well known
the Bay of Fundy to the Strait of Georgia that
logize him in this article seems unnecessary. Mr.
Anderson, the superintendent, is a close second
manager in his popularity and supervision of th
merous activities of the Digby industry.

‘Head Office In Montreal

The Head, Office, Montreal, although located
the ‘‘fields’’ of production, is nevertheless in
of complete information regarding current |
along the coast, and naturally occupies a m
able marketing position. Its coast informati
the movements and fares of its steam trawler
vessels and motor boats, the general movements
fish, the paths of storms, temperatures, ete., a
messages are usually transmitted from the hk
head office in approximately fifteen minutes, »
ing it possible for the Montreal sales staff to
customers practically up-to-the-minute i
about conditions on the coast which would
affect the market. *

The head office silently performs another
the many dependents of the industry by
watching developments adversely affecting ot
the restless and somewhat refractory expre
freight tariffs which are being amended constan
usually without much apparent regard to the

Welham, keeps himself well posted on these m at ;
many adverse regulations which might retard
dustry ’s progress are exposed and corrected. _

Mr. H. G. Connor, the Secretary Treasurer,
reliable and conscientious official in the adminis
of his departments and is largely responsible — rt
remarkable system which characterizes the i

No history of this company, nor, indeed, of
try, would be complete without a reference te
Captain Howard Anderson, who was the head
the old amalgamated coast firms and the first
tendent of the Digby branch and manager of the
poration’s vessels and property. Much of the
pany’s suecess can be traced to his sound judg
the result of experience first as a fisherman and t
an independent operator, and he contributed mu
the present eneviable record of the ‘‘Maritim e”?
ducts. a

ey
?

CANADIAN FISHERIES CONVENTION —
Montreal, September 18th and 19th
Keep it in mind

8

July, 1922 CANADIAN

ination races and
encourage others.

_ Thanks to the effort of William Duff,
_M.P., for Lunenburg parliament has grant-
a. bed $5,000 to aid the international fishermen’s
race this fall. During the discussion of fish-
_ eries estimates early in the session Mr. Duff
brought forth the suggestion. It received
: vigorous support of members from fish-
| constitutiencies and the Hon. Mr. La-

inte promised to give the matter attention.
pihe supplementar y estimates the minister
f marine and fisheries asked parliament to
ke the grant. As would be espected, a
» landlubbers in the house whose most in-
ate experience with the sea has been the
Sh fi of a salt cod or the casual reading of
ishermen’s misfortunes in the columns of
é press, raised a little objection, but they
ere soon quelled by the overhelming appro-
ion of those who knew something about

2 affair and its significance.

It is announced that the fisheries depart-
t has decided that the whole amount will
given to the winner in the Canadian elim-
tion contest to enable it to fit cut ade-
ately for the international event.

The International fishermen’s races which will be

id off Gloucester, Mass., this fall for the Halifax Her-
up, emblematic of the championship of the North
tie fishing fleets. are bound to create more inter-
an the previous races, because during the past
r two vessels have been built in New England and
) in Nova Scotia, which were intended by their de-
gners to capture the blue ribbon. The New England
e Puritan designed by Mr. Starling Burgess and the
Ford, designed by Captain Thomas McManus.
Nova Scotia vessels are the Mahaska, designed by
sorge A. Rhuland of Lunemburg, and the Patriot built
it Mahone Bay, a large craft about which little inform-
; ti on has been given the public; too large, some say, to
mply with the conditions set forth by the donors of
ie International. trophy.

4 he Boston schooner Mayflower will no doubt be de-
" Beet eligible as a candidate for the International
s this year. She will, in any ease, be entered, bar-
z accidents, in the elimination races for American
al t, and if half the tales of her prowess are true will
ive a good account of herself. The Mayflower was de-
gr ned by Burgess, and is slightly larger than the Puri-
mM, phe Harare model built last winter.

ISHERMAN 145

Speculation on Fishermen’s Races

Four, at least, will participate in Canadian Elim-
government grant may

By COLIN McKAY

The Bluenose of Lunemburg, present holder of the
blue ribbon, will no doubt be in the Canadian elimina-
tion races which will be held off Halifax. The Can-
adia, the Shelburne built craft, will also be entered in
the elimination races, though she did rather poorly last
year. The captain of this fine looking eraft expects to
do much better this fall.

The Mahaska and Patriot, the two new schooners
built in Lunenburg County during the winter, have
made trips to the banks, but little or nothing is known
of their performances under sail—except perhaps
among a limited number of close-mouthed fishermen.

- This is not surprising. The Lunenburg fishermen do not

brag about their vessels unless they have special ocea-
sion. Last fall after Captain Angus Walters had made
the usual number of fishing trips for the season in the
Bluenose, her designers, W. J. Roue of Halifax, asked
him how she sailed.

‘“Well, she sails a little,’’ said Captain Walters.

‘‘That does not tell me a great deal,’’ said Mr. Roue.

‘Have you been in any races during the season, and
if so how did she make out?

‘“Well,’’ said Capt Walters, ‘‘she passed Sirius one
night’’.

Going Some To Pass Sirius

‘What kind of sailer is the Sirius? Don’t think I ever
heard of her’’.

‘Tis the dog-star I was referring to — not a vessel’’,
said Capt Walters. ‘‘One night I left a youngster at the.
wheel and as he did not know the compass very well I
told him to keep her head on to the dog-star and he
would be all right. But I hadn’t been below very long

before I heard a hail from deck.’’

bP ie

‘“¢ “Hi, skipper’ ’’ sang out the youngster, ‘‘ Come up
here and find me another star. I’ve passel that one.’ ”’

“And sure enough when I went on deck the dog-star
was right astern and the youngster was sure he had
steered a straight course and not let the vessel turn
round on him. So I think she ean sail a wee bit’’.

The Mahaska, the new Lunenburg contender, is the
122nd vessel built under the direction of George A.
Rhuland, of Smith and Rhuland, in whose yard the
Bluenose was built, and the 110th vessel which Mr.
Rhuland has built to his own designs. When she was
launched Mr. Rhuland was asked if he expected her to
show exceptional speed.

‘*Yes, I think she will sail,’’ answered Mr. Rhuland.
**T don’t think she will beat the Bluenose by the wind,
but running or with a free sheet she should beat the
Bluenose, for I think the Mahaska will be more lively.
However, we cannot tell what she will do, we gave her
a lucky name, launched her wet and she may be a lucky
sailer’’.

The Mahaska was built for Captain Emiel C. Mack, a
veteran fishing skipper, better known as ‘‘Paddy’’
Mack. She is ten feet shorter than the Bluenose over-
all, two feet shorter on the water line, and has one foot
four inches less beam. Her mainmast is six feet shorter

146

than that of the Bluenose and her mainboom is seventy-
two feet compared with eighty-one feet of mainboom
swung by the champion. The new vessel will spread 2,-
100 yards of duck, compared with the champion’s
spread of 2,800 yards.

The Mahaska cost -19,000, a little over half the coast
of the Bluenose, which could be reproduced today for
about $30,000. She gets her name from an Indian vil-
lage in Alberta, and Captain Mack hopes that in the
races the superstition among the fisherban of Lunen-
burg that a vessel having three A’s in her name will be
lucky, will find justification.

The Mahaska has a sharper bow and lighter stern

than the champion, and carries her breadth of beam -

farther aft. Her underbody is more concave that of the
Bluenose, giving her a harder bilge.

U.S. Craft Last Word in Design

The three American candidates for the honor of rac-
ing for the blue ribbon of the fishing fleets are the
latest words in designs combining the demand for speed
with seaworthiness. These two qualities were the prin-

cipal requirements that the designers of the older type

\

The ‘‘Elsie’’ of Gloucester which unsuccessfully defended
trophy last year

of New England fresh fishermen, such as the Esperanto
and Elsie, had to meet, and in this respect the American
designer had, and still has, a freer hand than the Can-
adian designer. The New England vessels are built for
fishing the year round; they are able to carry a large
quantity of permanent ballast, because their max-
imum catches of fish only make a limited demand upon
their hold space. On the other hand the Nova Scotia
schooners are only intended to carry on fishing oper-
ations for a part of the year, and are expected during
the winter months to engage in the coasting trade, or
make voyages to the West Indies, Brazil, or Portugal.
This means that their designers must make cargo-carry-
ing capacity an important consideration; in fact cargo
earrying and ability to withstand the winter storms of
the North Atlantic are the supreme considerations,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

prices paid for salt fish are not subject to variations de-

contest with the Mayflower unless they get caught ;

July, 1922

which must take precedence over the demand for speed. .
Again as the majority of Canadian fishing vessels of
the size and type eligible for the international races are
salt fishermen, speed is a minor consideration even
when engaged in fishing. Whether they are a day or a.
week late in reaching port with their fares of salt fish
makes no difference in their earning power, as th

pendent on daily or weekly arrivals. The New Englar
craft of the type entered for the races are all fresh fis
ermen; and for them speed is a consideration of i
portance, because the first arrivals usually comma
higher prices for their catches.

The intention of the donors of the International tr
phy was to encourage races between genuine fisherm
constructed primarily for commercial purposes, b
with as much speed as could be obtained without sae
ficing the real mercantile purpose of fishing craft. B
in February of last year, as soon as the Mayflower w
in frames and her body lines observable protests aro
in Gloucester that she was a departure from the spirit
the conditions laid down in the deed of gift of the
Some time later R. C. S. ‘Kaulbach of Lunenburg, \

The ‘|Bluenose’’ of Sapentus which last year wrested
Dennis cup from the United States :

had watched the construction of the Bluenose,
Essex, inspected the Mayflower on the stocks, a1
returning gave an interview to the Halifax pages
which he said: Bee

Mayflower Outclasses All

__ “The Bluenose is not in the same class as the NV
fiower and never can be made to win in any

gale with heavy seas, which is not likely to ah
fourteen miles of harbor sailing in the official ¢
laid down for the races of 1920.

‘<The Mayflower is a schooner designed on perh
the finest racing lines that were ever embodied in
vessel of her class i in the U. 8. A. She is the last 5

CANADIAN

as that tye of aiae goes — and speed lines pre-
nate. She possesses a symmetrical, delicately and
y-lined wine-glass underbody, and her designer,
William Starling Burgess, her syndicate and her
ers are to be congratulated on her production.
The question, however, remains: Is the Mayflower
1 fisherman as intended by the promoters of the
ernational Fishermen’s races? That question must
yon be settled by the International committee. In my
nion the difference in the lines and construction of the
wer and those of the latest of the Gloucester and
urg fleets is so great that a race between them
_be of little interest (after the first day) unless
in command of the Mayflower chose to make it
sting to the public. The Mayflower is not a fish-
chooner, according to the Nova Scotia conception.
der the conditions laid down by the donors of the
‘the only vessels which can compete for the trophy
ll be bona fide fishing vessels which have been en-
in commercial deep sea fishing for at least one
previous to the race’’. And it is provided that
essel competing must have actually sailed from
* last port of departure for the fishing banks not
er than April 30th of the year in which the race is
The Mayflower sailed from Boston before April
year, but she called at a number of Nova Scotia
and it was after the time set that she sailed on her
» for the fishing banks.

International Committee barred the Mayflower
A race because of her failure to comply with

+P

l I this technical point if there had not been a pro-

feeling at both Gloucester and Lunenburg that
1ission would be a serious damper upon the en-
m of both ports, and that if she walked off with
there would be no more International races so
she was available as a defender. The Mayflower
‘mg the summer acquired a redoutable reputa-
d rightly or wrongly the belief had spread that
10derate weather she could show her heels to any
’ eraft out of New England or Nova Scotia.

-Beatable In Heavy Weather

Sueaver, both N ova Scotia and Gloucester
ely admitting the prowess of the Boston flyer
moderate winds believe that there are two or
shooners which would beat her in heavy weather.
the race between the Bluenose and Elsie, when
ere lugging all sail to a thirty knot breeze, the
ower appeared off Halifax harbor and started to

5 Pa

It is possible that the committee might have

FISHERMAN 147

follow them over the course, but although she had her
topmasts housed she could not stand up to the breeze as
well as the contestants, and soon gave up the idea of
following them around the course. True, she was not
then in racing trim, having ice in her hold and twenty
or more dories piled on her decks. At the same time she
had more than twice the weight of permanent ballast
which the Bluenose carries, and might have been ex-
pected to carry her four lowers in a thirty knot breeze
much better than she seemed able to do.

The Mayflower followed the fishing all last winter,
and, according to various accounts, behaved, admirably

The ‘‘Mayflower’’ as she appeared on the course last year

in all kinds of weather. It is said, too, that she has been
a financial success, though her first cost was undoubt-
edly high for a fishing schooner. She is still as much of
a yacht in her lines as ever, but if there are still objec-
tions to her admission to the races on the grounds that
she is more of a yacht than a fishing vessel they are not
now vociferous. The International Committee may
have to deal with protests that she is not in her design .
a bona fide fishermen, but in face of her performances
in the winter fishing it is not likely much weight would
be attached to them. The probality is that no protests
will be made. Gloucester now has schooners more or less

» specially designed as racers; and for the two interna-

tional events of Halifax she had to rely on old vessels,
because in the last decade most, if not, all, the fishing
vessels built had been equipped with auxiliary motor
power and had neither the speed lines nor the sail area
of the older types. Nova Scotia, too, is fairly satisfied
that in heavy weather the Bluenose would beat the

(Continued on page 157)

**Bluenose’’

Canadian Elimination, 1921
leading with ‘‘Canadia’’ on weather port and ‘‘Alcala’’ astern

CANADIAN

In Parliament--Culled from. Hansard

Fishery Act and Canned Foods Act amended
during recent session — Hon. Mr. Baxter asks
about separate department

Certain amendments to the Meat and Canned Foods Act
affecting Fish and shellfish, were adopted by the House of
Commons on June 17. The amendments, the Hon. Mr.
Lapointe explained to the house, had been previously sub-
mitted to and discussed with fish canners in British Co-
lumbia and the Maritime Provinces and met with their
approval. They were chiefly for the purpose of remedy-
ing defects in the act as it stood. The law is made more
stringent, however, in regard to the importation of canned
fish designed for export only.

The minister of marine and fisheries explained to the
committee the reasons for the various amendments and his
remarks are herewith reproduced:

Mr. LAPOINTE: Paragraph j section I of the bill
was intended to make clearer what was meant by “dry
lobster meat’. There was already a definition, and some
words are added to it.
in the length of time for draining the liquid from a can
before the meat is weighed. The time is at present fixed
as one minute, -either more nor less. By the new bill we
extend it to one minute and a half.

Section 2. At present under subsection 1 of section 12
A, canned fish and shellfish are subject to inspection during
the course of preparation and packing only. The amend-
ment provides that such fish and shellfish may be inspected
at the cannery any time after they have been packed or
at the first purchaser’s warehouse, if he so desires. It is
also proposed to substitute the word “labelled” for “mark-
ed,” as being more in line with the intention of the section.
The word “fish” in paragraph (a) is the result of a mistake.
It is, therefore, being replaced by the word “first” as orig-
inally intended—the “first” dealer instead of the “fish”
dealer.

Subsection 4 of section 12A provides for the exemption
from the labelling requirements of canned fish and shell-
fish exported to foreign markets or the markets of the
United Kingdom. That is the law as it was. This does
not include Australia and New Zealand; it says only for-
eign markets and the United Kingdom, hence the change in
the wording of the subsection to “markets outside of Can-
ada.”

Section 3. Section 12C, which is to be repealed, pro-
vides for the seizure of unsound fish or shellfish before
packing, but does not make any provision for so dealing
with unsound fish or shellfish when in the cans. As fish
and shellfish found to be unsound prior to canning are
amply provided for in section 12B, the amendment to sec-
tion 12C is intended to cover unsound goods in cans. That
is, we have the same right even after they are canned.

Section 4. The amendment to section 12D is intended
to fix definitely the size of each of the five sizes of cans
at present legalized. They are the same sizes as before.
As a matter of fact, is is especially to empower inpecting
officers to seize and hold lightweight cans, pending a de-
cision as to their disposal. We have not that right under
the law as it stands.

Section 5. Section 12E at present simply designates
the different varieties of British Columbia salmon. As
there has been and still is a more or less insistent call
for the official grading of the different varieties of salmon
when packed in the cans, the amendment provides for such
being done if and when it is deemed necessary.

It was also to give some latitude |

~how the amendments would operate, all of which

Also, the

FISHER ese

amended section provides for transferring the nam
the varieties to the regulations, because of anticipated
ges when grading takes place.

Section 6. Section 12F gives the minister sole poy
to close a cannery in the event of the provisions of
act not being complied with. That is the section. 2
was. It sometimes happens that an inspecting officer
a cannery operating under such a state of filth as to~
for the immediate stoppage of operations. Delays in
porting to and receiving instructions from Ottaw
canning to go on under undesirable conditions fr
for too long a time. The amendment consequently
to give power to the officers to take immediate a
such conditions are discovered and, of course, to
Ottawa. .

Section 9. Section 12G is deemed to be enti:
necessary and, therefore, apt to lead to confusi
sequently its deletion is proposed. All that is pr
in section 12 G is already provided for in other se

Section 10. The proposed amendment to sul
of section 12 H is, in the first place, to provide th
fish or shellfish imported into Canada to be again
must show the name of the country of origin, in
they may not be mistaken for Canadian goods. ‘ft
ond place it is to provide that no misleading ma
concerning the kind or variety of canned fish or sh
imported for sale in Canada be used. The last p
is intended chiefly to stop the practice of Alas
sending Alaska red salmon into Canada labelled
eye, as this meantime permits them unfairly to ¢
with British Columbia sockeyes, a much superior
think that covers all the amendments. ., 3

There was considerable discussion among mem

have been satisfied with announcement of the
the amendments met with the approval of can

Fishery Act Amendment

Upon whom should rest the onus of proof
of fisheries regulations, aroused some discussi
House on June 12, when amendments to the
Act were under consideration. Hon. Ernest
Minister of Marine, explained that the amend
to ratify regulations already existing. They
give control by legislation of fisheries both 1
outside territorial waters. A challenge of th
ment’s authority in respect to extra territo i
was being made by certain fishermen, and t
Department recommended that .this legislation
be passed.

Hon. J. B. M. Baxter objected to a sub-secti
ilege that the onus of proof, under the Act,
rest on the defendant.

It was too much to ask of anyone that he pz
absolute innocence to the satisfaction of some magis
If a man were going before a judge and jury he 1
be able to prove a satisfactory case for acquitta
some magistrates appeared to take the stand ‘that
a man. was charged with an offence he was. undo |
guilty.

4 July, pe eee CANADIAN

—L. H. Martell (Lib.,Hants) said he blushed to say
that there were in Nova Scotia many magistrates who
were unfit to try a case. It was going too far to place
the burden of proof upon the defendant. He said he
would move that the clause be struck out.

LL. J. Ladner, Conservative, Vancouver North, said
if. the clause were struck out it would make the bill use-
less for dealing with certain classes of foreigners. Under
- some circumstances it was absolutely necessary to make
e defendant prove that his intentions were lawful.

T. W. Caldwell, Progressive, Victoria and Carleton,
_B., protested that the clause was not in accordance
ith British law and tradition.

Hon. J. B. M. Baxter remarked that on second thought
he would suggest the committee rise until there was time
» go over the bill and lay down certain acts, which
rht be eed as prima facie evidence of unlawful

ing the burden of nodal upon defendants > aa
wever, this appeared to be a special case which must
given special treatment. Progress on the bill was
orted.
. Separate Department

ollowing is an interesting bit of discussion in the House
Commons on May 23 during the consideration of fisheries
mates :
Hon Mr. BAXTER: Has the hon. minister given any
sideration to the advisability of putting the fisheries
er a deputy who will have sole charge? It is a subject
very great importance with us in the maritime provinces
with our friends on the Pacific coast, and it seems to
that the country cannot give too much intensive consid-
tion to the development of our fisheries and to the mar-
ing of our fish. A predecessor of my hon. friend, now
Chief Justice of New Brunswick, did much during the
period to have people, as far west as Toronto at least,
zht to consume more of the products of our fisheries.
h is a good, palatable, wholesome food, and it seems
me much may be done by providing the means of trans-
rtation to bring the fish to our people inland while it is
1 fresh, and so teach them to rely on it as a substitute
other forms of food which are more expensive and can-
really replace fish as a diet for mental and bodily ef-
ency. ‘To do that it seems to me you need to appoint an
cial who can devote his whole time to the fisheries alone
a separate department.
Hon. Mr. LAPOINTE: Since I have taken charge of
department I have received many resolutions from as-
iations and individuals making the same suggestion.
f course, I have not had sufficient time to make up my

furthermore, as strict economy has to be practised, the for-
tion of another department might involve expenditure
ich would not be altogether welcome. But the matter is
gaging my attention.

Hon. Mr. TOLMIE: I am very glad indeed to hear that
hon. minister is interested in this subject. The fisheries
both our coasts are of great importance. As has al-
dy been pointed out, the fishermen on the Pacific coast
ve long felt that the fisheries there would be much more
idly developed if a separate department were created
d placed under a deputy minister. I am sure the minister
find on further investigation that the little extra ex-
nditure perches will be well spent and give excellent

; "Hon, Mr. LAPOINTE: I must admit that this suggestion
s to have the support of all those who are interested
our fisheries.

mind as to the desirability of the suggested change, and,.

FISHERMAN.

Fish Culture

Ontario

149

The fishermen of Lake Huron will be interested in the
satisfactory increase over recent years in the number of
pickerel fry hatched out and distributed from the Dominion
Government hatchery located at Point Edward.

The eggs were obtained from the commercial pound-
nets. In recent years the water has remained at such a
low temperature that the fish did not ripen in the nets
This reason a portion of the catch of three nets was trans-
ferred to retainers that were located in the warmer water
of Sarnia Bay. The results justified the change and the
collection and distribution of fry was larger than it has
been at any time during the last five years. Fully 14,-
000,000 pickerel fry were distributed in a vigorous con-
ditions on the spawning grounds in the lower end of the
Lake.

The department was successful this spring in distributing
nearly 100,000,000 pickerel fry, and over 35,500,000
whitefish fry from the Fish Hatchery at Kenora, Ontario.
This is the largest distribution of pickerel fry turned out
from Kenora Hatchery since pickerel was first propagated
therein in 1915. The best previous distribution was made
in 1919, in which year over 88,500.00 pickerel fry were dis-
tributed. The number of whitefish distributed is also in
excess of that distributed during the last two years.

The season’s operations at the government hatchery,
Wiarton, Ontario, have been brought to a successful close
with the distribution of 7,500,000 salmon trout fry.

A successful season has recently been brought to a close
at the Collingwood hatchery with the distribution of over
seventy-two million whitefish fry, and nine and a quarter
million pickerel fry.

A notable increase in the number of small whitefish
and pickerel in the southerly end of Georgian Bay in re-
cent years is attributed to the operations of the Colling-
wood hatchery.

Manitoba

During the season that has just been brought to a
close the hatcheries located at Gull Harbour and Dauphin
River distributed over 10,000,000 pickerel and 163,000,000
whitefish fry in Lake Winnipeg waters.

The beneficial results of the hatchery operations in this
lake are quite apparent in the increased catch of the com-
mercial fishermen which a few years ago was per net petiee
than in any previous year.

British Columbia

The eyeing station for Kamloops trout eggs that was
opened this season on Lloyd’s Creek, near Kamloops,
British Columbia, was attended with success, and over
750,000 eggs of the Kamloops trout were collected in Paul
Creek, in the vicinity of the station.

After an adequate return in fry is made to the waters
where the eggs were collected, the balance will be utilized
in stocking other suitable waters of the district.

A successful season has been brought to a close at the
Pitt Lake Hatchery on the Lower Fraser, British Columbia.
Notwithstanding the conditions caused by the unprecedent-
ed waters in the Fraser River last-autumn, upwards of 2,-
000,000 sockeye eggs were collected in this comparatively
small area. Of the product from these eggs, 745,000 were
distributed as free-swimming fry, and upwards of 1,500,000
have been placed in the ponds where they will be retained
and fed until they are from 214 to 3 months old.

150

CANADIAN FISHERIES CONVENTION
Montreal, September 18th and 19th
Keep it in mind

Cheap Boxing Substitute

A substitute for cardboard and wood in boxes is a chem-
ical composition of sawdust and ashes. The finished boxes
are light, washable, sanitary and non-poisonous. They are
waterproof and as fireproof as asbestos and can be made
in any degree of flexibility or texture, either as hard as
oak, tough as metal or pliable as cardboard. A pound of
the substance from which the boxes are made costs not
more than five cents:

-

Mackerel Visit Ancient Colony Again

Mackerel are again putting in an appearance in several
places around the Newfoundland coast after an almost
complete desertion of sixty-five years. Previous to that
time they were almost as abundant as herring, when in
1858 they completely deserted the shores and have not
been seen in any worth-while quantity since, till this
season.

Champion Fish Skinner

Everett White was recently hailed as champion “fish
skinner” at Gloucester, Mass. In the Independence Day
fish-skinning contest, White hung up a record of 87144
seconds for skinning a five-pound cod. The previous re-
cord, was 46 seconds. White received a cup emblematic
of the championship.

Had Terrible Time

By chewing raw fish and drinking water wrung out of
their fog-soaked garments, two Portuguese fishermen kept
themselves alive four days and four nights, during which
they were lost in an open dory off the banks of Newfound-
land. A third member of the tiny crew was lost overboard.

The men were taken on board the oil steamer Chiton,
and landed in Montreal July 4, for tais vessel picked them
up about 150 miles east of Cape Race a week before.

Canned Tomatoes Travelled Far

Two cans of tomatoes put up by a well known canning
company were carried to the vicinity of the South Pole in
the “Fram,” and were finally cached in the Antarctic re-
gions for future use. Then they were taken by Amundsen
in the “Maud.” He sent them back to the New Jersey
canning company, and when opened théy were found to
- be as good as when put up in spite of all their travels.—
Gloucester Times.

Mayflower Does Well

Advices from St. Pierre, Miquelon, received at Boston
recently, from Captain Larkin of the Boston schr. May-
flower, stated the vessel was there for bait, having caught
100,000 pounds of fish since leaving here a month ago,
and would continue fishing till the vessel was full or salt
used up.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

News Notes from Far and Near

than ten inches long. : =

July, 1922

Fisherman Adrift Three Days

After having spent three days in an open dory with
food, a fisherman, said to be named Peterson, and to hai
from Shelburne, was picked up in a state of-exhaustion in
the fog-off Whitehead on June 23 and brought to Canso
N:S. by the coastal steamer Chedabucto. 4

Boat Takes Fire

Michael Bransfield, Jr., of Hardwick, N.B., had a nai
row escape June 28, while drifting for salmon in the Mira
michi Bay. His boat took fire and burned to the wate
edge. Other fishermen saw the flames just in time t
him.

Place Doesn’t Agree with Shad

Each year a bank of dead fish piles up along the
of Lake Ontario. This year it was alarming in
tent. Officials are much puzzled over the heavy
rate and it is said to be 31 years since anything like
curred before. The ill-fated finny tribe are shad
therefore not quite at home in fresh water. They 1
troduced into Lake Ontario in 1873 as a food fish
been little used for that purpose as they seldom g

Makes a Monkey of Himself

Further proof that man is a descendant of so;
of animal is established by the following facts: Man
calves in his legs, frogs in his throat, swallows in his
hare on his head and bull right on the end of his tong
Exchange. —

Schooner Total Loss

The three-master schooner Win The War, of
burg, is a total loss at Bon Portage Island, near Shag H
bor, Shelburne County, according to word at Hal
July 6. The Win The War was bound from Bosto
Lunenburg in ballast, and went ashore during the fi
Monday. Her crew were saved. The vessel s
149 tons net, and was built at Liverpool in 1917.
Kenneth Iversen, Lunenburg, recently purchased

Lobster Season Extended

With a view to ameliorating the condition of u
ment, the lobster fishing season on the east coast |
Breton was extended to the 15th of July. This
second extension of the lobster season made on
of the coast this summer by the fisheries departme
tawa. :

Butter from a Fish in B. C.

Butter from a fish sounds ridiculous, but it is tr
March the oolichan, or butter fish, comes in fr
Pacific Ocean and swims up the freshwater rivers of B
ish Columbia to spawn, and during the three weeks of
visit the Indians levy such a toll on the immense shoa
that they get a full year’s supply of the fat which serve:
them as butter. Having spawned, the butterfish vanis
but, unlike salmon, it does not die © +

Will Take a Wife

Captain Magnusson of the steam trawler Rayand’or is
on a vacation to the Old Country and he has informed his
friends that when he returns about the middle of August
will be no longer a single man.

ae Cannery Men Strike

Demanding an increase in the price paid for sockeye
imon by Rivers Inlet cannery men, white and Indian
jhermen employed by the eleven canneries there went on
, and additional police were being sent into the dis-
, according to information received at Vancouver June
“he present price paid for salmon is thirty cents, and
hermen are demanding fifty cents a fish. The fisher-
ventually accepted the canneries’ terms.

Trawler Lands Mackerel Fish

1e Maritime Fish Corporation’s trawler, the Rayand’or,
tt. Magnusson, put into Gloucester the latter part of
e with 130,000 pounds of fresh mackerel and struck
arket when prices ranging from ten to twelve cents
d were obtaining.

Line Proposed to Connors Bros. Plant

n agitation has been going on for some time in New
nswick for the construction of a line of railway from
k’s Harbor, one of the deep water harbors of the Bay
Fundy coast, in Charlottetown county, to connect with
e Shore Line division of the C. P. R. at Peenfield. It is
arned now that surveys for the road are to be made at
wee and Lewis Connors, president-of Connors Bros., fish
ners, has engaged A. E. Hanson, civil engineer in con-
ion therewith. Recently representations were made
the provincial government by a Charlotte county delega-
for the guarantee of bonds by the province with
understanding of the ultimate operation of the road by
e C. P. R. Premier Foster, however, did not appear to
ard the proposal with enthusiasm.

A Peculiar Fish

The Dutch fishing drifter Adriaan (Schweningen) —
<ipper Jan Gelderent—recently reported a very peculiar
arrence. While engaged fishing in 33 east 57.50 north
ff the south coast of Norway—the crew were awaken-
ed by a strange noise, apparently alongside the ship. The
oise resembled a moan and ended with a shrill whistle.
Somewhat alarmed, the whole crew “turned out,” but
night was dark and nothing could be seen. The noise
ontinued, however, and when daylight made it possible,
) erew were astonished to see a large fish—some eight
t long and with a girth of about three feet and a half
about a yard from the vessel. .

_ The fish had a ball-shaped protruberance at the back
its head, but none of the crew was able to discover any
race of eyes. It was bright yellow in colour, and had a
ail shaped like that of a halibut. Herrings were thrown
to it, but it paid no attention, but it devoured the waste
oil which the engines gave off when they were started.
‘The fish remained with the vessel—always about a yard
tant, moving when the vessel moved, and remaining sta-
iry when the vessel hove to—for nine nights and days,
bt Thursday, before reaching Lerwick harbour, a thick
fog came down, and the fish and the vessel parted com-
pany somewhere, near Mousa (a few miles from Lerwick
), the fish having thus followed the drifter all the
oss the North Sea.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

151

Ford’s Fish Catch

The McManus designed schooner Henry Ford, Captain
Morrisey, built as a possible challenger for the Inter-
national Fishermen’s Trophy, held by the Canadian
schooner Bluenose, landed her first fare, consisting of 2,000
pounds of halibut, at North on June 20.

Handle 1,500,000 lbs. Mackerel

It is estimated by persons competent to know, that the
National Fish Company handled 1,500,000 pounds of fresh
mackerel during the spring run. The amount of money
spent by this firm in wages and other disbursements total a
considerable sum. Taking the case of the quantity of new
barrels necessitated in the shipment of the fish it may be
stated that one Chester cooper alone supplied 6,000 new
barrels. The receipts of mackerel Tuesday were the smal-
lest since the season opened, not amounting to 2,000
pounds, which came up from points along the shore in
motor craft. The National Fish Company’s steamer Lem-
berg. Capt. Hanson, which left here with 150,000 pounds
of fresh mackerel, arrived at Morton on Monday.—Halifax
Herald.

Shad Fishing Permitted

_ Notice was given in June by the Department of Marine
and Fisheries that the regulations for the province of New

-Brunswick have been amended to authorize shad fishing

in the tidal portion of the Bay of Fundy and its tributary
waters, above a straight line drawn from the southern
end of the boundary line, between the counties of St. John
and Albert, N.B., to Cape Chignecto, Cumberland County,
N.S., and above a straight line drawn from the said Cape

Chignecto to Longpoint, King’s County, N.S., from 16th

day of June to the 15th day of August, following, in each
year, both days inclusive.

On Booze-Fishing Trip

With forty-eight ten gallon kegs of Demerara rum in
her hold believed to have been taken aboard at St. Pierre
the small auxiliary schooner Annie B., which left Halifax
“on a fishing trip’, failed to make a successful run into
Halifax Harbor Saturday morning. Between one and two
o'clock on June 17, as she was proceeding up the harbor
she ran foul of a party of Customs officials, who ap-
parently were in waiting for her, near the “Hen and
Chickens“ buoy, off Point Pleasant, with the result that
she is now held at the Dockyard and her overproof rum is
resting within the caged detention room in the Customs
House. The value of the rum is about $5,000, according
to prices paid in St. Pierre, but when retailed it would
probably be worth $15,000.

Trawlers Destroy Fishing Gear

Fishing skippers returning from the Grand Banks re-
port that French steam vessels are dragging their beam
trawls through the gear of Newfoundland fishermen, caus-
ing considerable damage. Rrepresentations should be made
to the British government, the Trade Review adds, with a
view to having the promotion of an international agree-
ment which will prevent the beam trawlers fouling the gear
of other fishermen on the neutral grounds of the Grand
Banks with impunity. The United States Government
would doubtless assist in the promotion of such an inter-
national agreement because American Grand Bankers are
liable to similar interference and loss, the Trade Review
further says.

‘

CANADIAN
Catching Sea-Turtles

Green sea-turtles, the raw material for turtle soup and

tortoise-shell eyeglasses, are caught in the Gulf of Lower:

California, where they abound, by stretching strong rope
nets of 19-inch mesh across the mouths of small lagoons
just as the tide starts to go out. The turtles drift in
with the tide, and as it ebbs they are entangled in the
nets, says the Popular Science Monthly.

From the nets small fishing vessels carry them to a
larger, specially constructed vessel lying further out at
sea, where the turtles are placed on their backs on racks,
to lie helpless until they reach the cannery. Here they
are placed in shallow pens that keep them fresh until
needed.

One of the principal canneries slaughters about two
tons every day. The size and weight of the turtles is so
great, that overhead conveyors, inclined runways and
similar equipment is necessary for handling the car-
casses.

Turtles are extremely difficult to kill, not so much
because of their protective shell as because of their ex-
treme tenacity of life. Incidents have been reported
where a turtle’s head that had been severed from the
body for nearly twelve hours closed its jaws upon a
man’s hand. The explanation is thought to be that
practically all the turtle’s movements are so-called Bex
flex actions,’’ in which no higher nerve centres are in-
volved. In consequence, individual muscles sometimes
continue to function long after life appears to be extinct
in the body as a whole.

100-Year-Old Sturgeon

Fish stories are naturally looked for at this time of the
year and sometimes strong evidence is required in their
support. Frank Lapointe, a Sault Ste. Marie Fisherman,
brought his evidence to Toronto, where everybody could
see it, in the shape of a monster sturgeon weighing 310
pounds, caught at Batchewana Bay on June 29. There
was a tentative move to have the fish preserved for Can-
ada’s museum, but nothing seems to have come of it, and
Lapointe finally sold it to a New York firm, realizing
$279.00 for it. Experienced fishermen were of the opinion
that the sturgeon was about 100 years old. It was eight
feet in length. Dr. Ida Secretan, of Toronto, did not get
quite so big a fish as this. But she did land a maskinonge
weighing 1714 pounds while fishing in Pigeon Lake, Co-
boconk. She did it without the assistance of any other
member of her party.

Express Classification Questioned

Judgment was reserved by the railway commission re-
cently in an application made by W. R. Spooner, fish agent
of Montreal, who asked for a revision of express classifi-
cation on shipments of fish, so that they would be delivered
by the express companies to different persons, though
shipped to the one consignee.

A complaint has also been made by the Connecticut
Oyster Company, Limited, of Toronto, upon which judg-
ment has been reserved by the Railway Commission.
Oysters in glass jars are classified in the Canadian clas-
sification as first-class. The company asked for a change
_to second-class, which they asserted was the American
practice. Express companies claimed that as the oysters
were shipped in glass they were properly subject to first-
class rates because of extra care necessarl.

CONVENTION OF REFRIGERATING ENGINEE

FISHERMAN July, 192:

The dates for the thirteenth annual convention an

exhibition of the National Association of Practical Re
frigerating Engineers have just been announced. T
important convention will be held on November 1,
and 4, 1922, at the Planters’ Hotel in St. Louis, wi
the entire second floor of that well known hotel, w
is one of the largest in St. Louis, has been engaged f
exhibition and meeting purposes. ?
The National Association of Practical Refrige
Engineers is an Association composed of chief and 0
ating refrigerating engineers, for the purpose of fi
ther educating the members of the profession in t
and science of refrigerating engineering.
The National Educational and Examining Boa
the Association, after much labor, several mont
commenced to furnish the members with a 1]
course on the fundamental principles of refrigera
The lecture course is in twenty-two parts and is con
ed by many of the best minds in the proféssion -
the most complete of anything ever written on
ject. This, along with the other educational feat
fered by the association, is available only to memb
The cost of joining the Associatioh is so s
every refrigerating engineer should become a:
The initiation fee is only $5, and the dues at the 1
fifty cents a month. For further particulars
pleased to refer you to Edward H. Fox, Secretary,
West Lake Street, Chicago, Illinois.

Investigating Currents

The Biological Board of Canada began in 1919 a
of experiments with drift bottles for the purpose
tecting the most constant currents of the Bay of |
Some of these bottles went across the Atlantic =
picked up at the Azores, around the British Is
within’ the Arctic Circle at the north of Norwa
international committee on deep sea fishery investiga
has arranged for an extension of these experiment
and down the Atlantic coast. Newfoundland, Can
the United States will co-operate in a common plan
involves the setting adrift this summer of over 3,00
tles along seven lines.

Each bottle contains a postcard, for the return
a reward is given. It is expected that evidence
obtained for or against the belief in there being along
ada’s shores an Arctic current that keeps the climate

The Dried Fish Markets Of Italy

Mr. W. McL. Clarke, Canadian Trade Con
ner in Milan, has forwarded under date 19th
1922, a letter from one of the principal impo
dried fish in Italy, who states that an event o
considerable importance has taken place in the
gian dried fish industry, which has a dilrect bea
the Italian market -for dried fish. This in
writes as follows :—

‘“‘A fact of great importance has taken place d
the past weeks, viz., the sale made by Norway to
sia of 400,000 quintals of klipfish in salted cond
As klipfish constitutes a serious competitor in
against other qualities of hard dried fish as Icelan
small cod, shore fish, Gaspe fish ete., it is eviden
the great reduction in the quantities of klipfish
able in Norway for the Italian market will me
considerable chance of business for the Canadian
porters. ’’ = a

CANADIAN

mouncement: is expected from the Dominion govern-
: very shortly as to the composition of the parliament-
royal commission to investigate British Columbia
sry matters. It is expected that the committee will
Jer the chairmanship of William Duff, M.P., chair-
of the marine and fisheries standing committee.
re will likely be three additional eastern members and
western members. It was announced at Vancouver
‘the meetings were due to commence there July 19
will likely be well on in August before the commis-
egins operations.

ny problems of an extremely important character are
the attention
among which is the influence of the Orientals in
Pacife fishing industry. The proposed embargo on
salmon is another issue demanding consideration. These
some of the major matters, but the commission will
hat there are numerous others of a lesser order that
‘serving of close consideration.

e appointment of the royal commission is regarded
ith fayor, but it is hoped it will not prove to be a mere
tical move to quiet British Columbia protests for the
being. The western province is eager to have the
mmission visit the coast and see and hear its problems
: hand, but if the investigation is to end there we can-
ope for much. What the industry expects from the
ission is a report to the government based on the
nee it will see and hear. Not only that, but it ex-
the government to act on the report.

the other hand let the industry take advantage of
opportunity afforded to present all its problems, and
present the real facts. Any disagreement or ill-feel-
mong various interests may tend to confuse the com-
on and may result in a report adverse or, at least, un-
‘factory to all. Let minor misunderstandings be set
and let the commission be presented with non-con-
dictory evidence.
fhe personnel of the commission has since been definitely
xed. William Duff, Liberal member for Lunenburg, is
irman, and others are A. W. Chisholm, liberal member
yr Inverness, N.S., 1. H. Martell, liberal member for
mts, N.S., Alfred Stork, liberal, ‘Skeena, BC. -Aa. W.
e > ipdeptndent, Comox- EAihernt: Hon. H. H. 'Siovens;
srvative, Vancouver centre, and C. H. Dickie, con-
ative, Nanaimo.
: | te |

J apanese Competition

Imon packers from Puget Sound, Vancouver, Victoria,
ind Northern British Columbia met at Vancouver, B.C.,

“¢ Buy to compare the qualities of Japanese-Siberian oe
with those of Alaska, Skeena, Naas, Rivers Inlet,
1s get Sound, and Fraser River Canneries.

: ring the past couple of years the Asiatic goods have
en going heavily into the British market; and no careful
arative test was ever made before. The result of the
stigations of the packers was that the North Pacific
swag and Canadian canners had nothing to fear from

FISHERMAN

PACIFIC COAST SECTION |

Fisheries Royal Commission Named

of the investigating committee, |

153

the quality of the Asiatic commodity. It was not so firm,
its oil was good, but not superior, it possessed a different
odour, and some cans indicated that the fish had been car-
ried long distances before going into the cans.

Japan, according to recent reports from the Canadian
Trade Commissioner in Yokohama, is putting up an in-
creasing pack every year and is becoming a formidable
competitor in the British salmon market.

Close attention is being paid on this coast to the devel-
opment of the Japanse-Siberian fisheries. It is under-
stood that the fish are taken for the most part along the
shores of northern Saghalien and at the mouth of the
Amur river. The season apparently lasts from June to
September, which is about the same as the season on this
coast. As in British Columbia waters, there are several
varieties of salmon caught in Japanese waters. They are
known as Humpback, Dog, King, and Silver. The average
catch at present is said to average from 70,000,000 to
75,000,000 equal to about 150,000 tons. Seventy-five per
cent. consists of Dog salmon and 20 per cent. of Hump-
back. At present the largest part of the catch is salted
for the Japanese market, but exports have increased
greatly in the last few years. For instance, in 1913, 120,-
000 cases were produced, while in 1917 the total was 750,-
000 cases, of which 277,000 tins were exported, Great
Britain taking 191,000 dozen, valued at 382,000 dollars.

The extent to which Japanese fishermen have gained
a hold on British Columbia fisheries is shown by the fact
that their nationals have shipped from this coast many
thousands of boxes of Canadian salted salmon during the
past year. The fish are caught in British Columbian
waters by Japanese fishermen who salt and ship them, in
Japanese ships, to their connections in Japan. Some of
the shippers are able to visit Japan once a year, going
over in November or December, selling the cargoes they
have brought with them. They remain for a prolonged
holiday in their native land and then return to this side of
the Pacific to prepare for the following year’s shipments.
The Canadian Trade Commissioner reports that one Ja-
panese arrived recently in Japan witli 1,500 cases, ap-
proximately 300 tons, of salted salmon. This he sold for
72 yen a case and returned to Vancouver.

Will Kill Sea Lions

When the Government patrol steamer Givenchy left
Vancouver for the north recently, she carried machine-
guns for service against the sea lions, marauders of salmon
and smaller varieties of fish. The campaign is to be
waged on rookeries on the islands off Smith’s and Rivers
Inlets and commences about the time the baby sea lions are
able to scramble for the water. There has been a consider-
able increase in the population of the northern rookeries
lately, and when the machine-guns get into action a mas-
sacre may be expected. On the Fraser River a Japanese
was recently employed by fishermen to kill sea lions with
a shotgun, and he accounted for nearly a hundred.

154

Salmon and Herring Fees Revised

A resolution proposed by Hon. Ernest Lapointe, Minis-
ter of Marine and Fisheries, which revised the fees in
connection with salmon curing, and provided a new scale
of fees for establishments engaged in the dry salting of
herrings, was put through all its stages and the bill based
thereon was likewise put through all its stages in the
House of Commons June 15. Some doubt was expressed
by A. W. Neill, Independent member for Comox-Alberni,
in regard to the provision exempting from the payment of
fees, the dry salting operations of a cannery engaged in
canned or pickled herring industry. On being assured that
the exemption applied only to canneries engaged in the
canning of herring, however, he waived his objections and
allowed the measure to pass.

Privileges Are Renewel

The Canadian government has recently ste an
order-in-council, under which the privileges granted to
American fishing vessels in British Columbia ports are
renewed for the year 1922. Under this order, foreigners
or foreign corporations bringing fresh fish in American
vessels to British Columbia ports are permitted to land
such fish free of duties, and tranship in bond to the
United States, or to sell such fish in bond for export, or
to sell the fish for Canadian use on payment of duty.
They are also permitted to buy bait, ice and supplies,
and ship erews; and to purchase bait ice in a British
Columbia port ‘before landing fish: upon undertaking
that catches of fish with such bait shall be landed at a
port on the mainland of British Columbia.

F. E. Burke Leads C. M. A.

F.E. Burke, of the Wallace Fisheries, Ltd., Vancouver,
B. C., has been elected president of the British Columbia
br anch of the Canadian Manufacturers’ Association, in
which capacity he will have an opportunity to do im-
portant work for the advancement of the industries of
the province.

Oriental Immigration
From Hansard June 17:

W. G. McQUARRIE (New Westminster): May I be
permitted to ask the Prime Minister if he will make an an-
nouncement before the House prorogues as to the Gov-
ernment’s policy regarding the effective restriction of
oriental immigration, and also as to the result of his nego-
tiations with the Chinese Ambassador, who was lately in
Ottawa, and with the Japanese Consul General?

Hon. MACKENZIE KING: I may answer my hon.

friend at once that the policy of the Government is to
bring about effective restriction. As these negotiations
have not yet been concluded, I doubt whether it will be pos-
sible to make an announcement to the House before the
session is over.

Spring Salmon Scarce

The run of spring salmon on the west coast of Van-
couver Island this year has been disappointing. The
first of the season there was a very good spurt of fish

’ but since then there has been a very light run and no |

money has been made either by the fishermen or the
canners. :
Mild Cure Pack Good

It is reported that the mild cure pack of spring sal-
mon will be fairly good when the total is finally made.
This means that in Northern B. C. there have been more
springs than in the south of the province.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

course the market is limited here in compa wit

. South of the Skeena have not begun to show what :

July, 1922
Salmon for ‘“Hot Dogs’’

A Vancouver Island aalmion packer tells of mild oie
salmon being used as filling for ‘‘fish hot dogs’’ an
sold to workers in industrial cities in eastern Unit
Ga between-meal delicacy and gaining great populari
a between meal delicacy and gaining great popularit
with workers who receive small wages and cannot aff
elaborate lunches.

If this is the case there must be some other filling
the ‘‘fish hot dogs’’ as mild cured salmon have —
selling at wholesale round 25 to 80 cents per pound f.o.
the Pacific coast. However, if fish is being made
‘‘hot dogs’’ there is one outlet for this variety of
and no one will gainsay the kind of fish as long as
use is found for the finny food. In British Colun
fish sausage has been made for several years b

eastern market.
R. C. M. P. Arrest Fishermen

There was a reduction in the number of Japan
fishing licenses in British Columbia this year. Whe
some of the Japs on the West Coast of Vancouve
land heard of this they were somewhat indignant
a result a Japanese paper published a bulletin t
the disgruntled fishermen to fish outside the three
limit.

The fishermen, | however, reckoned withoe
Motherwell, Chief Inspector of fisheries for Brit:
Columbia, who as soon ag he heard that unlicensed boa
were fishing got in touch with the R. C. M. P. who
mediately sent constables on the job. In their »
businesslike way they went fishing themselves to
the evidence and as soon as they had it they
rounding up the Japs. After they had all
they could handle they instructed the Japs to s 3
for Port Alberni but this the prisoners a fwal 0

There was some show of rebellion and one of
ermen was dipped in the briny until he cooled off; 1
they refused to start up and the constables said:
right, you won’t get fed.’’ This lasted twenty-four he
when the prisoners decided they would like som
to eat and all went well thereafter. Major Mo
and the R. C. M. P. are being praised for their
and effective rounding up of the law-breakers.

The Salmon Pack for 1922

It is yet too early to give anything definite in
of an estimate of what the salmon pack will be :
but in the Northern Districts of the Province
a very good outlook for a fairly good year. The F
will probably be small but as it is too early for the
there no one can tell what will happen.

The Naas has had a very good season so far an
Skeena is very good. Rivers Inlet and cther di

sults will be. The strike at Rivers Inlet may an
not make a difference with that section.

In interviews with different cannerymen your ¢0!
pondent finds a general feeling that if they get a fe
good run this season the industry as a whole vmay a
age up fairly well with the past three years’ poor |
unsatisfactory markets which it has experienced. _

There is nothing to be said as to prices as they
more or less in the air at the present time.

Despite the fact that the fish packing business is
ecidedly one of the most important industries of this
evince, British Columbia being justly famous the
rorld over for its canned salmon, it is surprising what
comparatively few people there are right in the dis-
rict where the fish are put up, who have actually seen
he entire process of putting up a can of fish and learned
he life story of the finny denizen of the deep, in its
omewhat chequered career so to speak, ‘‘from the cradle
o the grave.”’
Up to the present, although there are a great number
of varieties of fish to be found in the waters of the
acifie Coast practically the only fish that are marketed
m any appreciable quantity, are salmon and halibut.

f crabs in cans for the world markets has been success-
uly launched and it will not be very long before canned
sab will be well known as a delectable delicacy, vying
with canned lobster in its popularity amongst picknickers
md those addicted to late and recherche little suppers
fter the theatre or opera.

Saw it in Process

_ The writer being at Naden Harbor, which is situated
m the Northerly coast of Graham Island, the largest of
he group of Islands knows as the Queen Charlotte, was
ortunate enough to be able to spend a day at the can-
ery located there, which puts up the famous ‘‘Naden
rand’’ of crab meat. He was also in luck that the day
f his visit, a full day’s pack was in process of being
andled. It might be of interest to a number of people
ad an eye witness’ description of the whole pro-

the first. place of course, it is necessary to catch
erab. At the time of the writer’s visit, about ten
men (Indians) were attending to this, necessarily the
nost important part of the whole business. They are
the fishermen. They use crab pots and hoop nets, two
distinct ways of luring the wily crab into their clutches.
Crab pots of course are similar to the lobster pots used
n the Atlantic and in Europe. It is a case of ‘‘it’s easy
0 get in but quite another question when it comes to
etting out.’ :

ie The Nets

_ Hoop nets are cone shaped nets attached to a hoop of
half inch round iron, which are sunk to the bottom with
bait reposing enticingly in the net. A float attached
y a line to each net denotes the location. In some cases
e fishermen place the pots and hoop nets in circles
and in others in straight lines, the latter being the most
usual way. Each fisherman has a string of pots and
nets and goes backwards and forwards lifting them to
he surface to harvest his crop.

_ On the particular occasion being described, the day’s
catch consisted. of 1600 crabs, which were piled on the
annery deck by 8 o’clock in the evening. Now a start is
made in preparing the crabs for the pickers and pack-
Ts, who commence work at 8 o’clock the following morn-

ee

yy

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Crab-Canuing Growing Industry

Process of preserving delicious crustacean de-
scribed — Supply of raw material plentiful
and demand slowly increasing

BY G. 8S. FITZMAURICE
In Prince Rupert, B. C., Daily News

fithin the last couple of years, however, the putting up

155

First Cooking

First process ; plunging the live crustaceans about 130
at a time in iron crates, into vats of boiling water, which
partially cooks them, as they are kept in the water for
fifteen minutes. Upon being taken out, they are washed
and cooled under a stream of ice cold water. ‘Next
the crabs, which by now have assumed a bright red
color, are dismembered, the legs and claws being placed
in piles on tables ready for cracking, the bodies being
washed and placed on draining tables. This finishes
the evening’s operations, and now all is ready for the
workers the next morning. .

Hight a.m. has arrived, and the first on the scene are
the ‘‘crackers,’’- Indian men and youths, five in number
to erack the legs and claws. Interesting data may here -
be given, to show at what speed the men can work:
each crab has eight legs and two claws, and these five
men and boys cracked 16,000 actual limbs by 12 noon
an average of 800 per hour per man. Each limb requires
five actual operations if there are no misses.. Taking
it, up, delivering three blows, and placing it again on
the pile, which means 4000 actual operations per hour.

Skill Required

_The instruments used for cracking are small lignum
vitae mallets. The blows have to be gauged so accurately
that when a change was made from the ordinary wooden
mallets to the lignum vitae ones, it takes the men several
days to get on to the exact strength of the blow required
with the new mallets. At 8:30 the pickers start on the
limbs and bodies. They average from 9 to 10 pounds
per hour. Half an hour later the fillers commence put-
ting the meat into the cans.

_One must dwell for a moment here to describe this
filling of cans which is a most delicate and particular
performance. There are five distinct operations. First
a piece of oiled paper is placed in the can, then a laver
of legs or claws, the centre is filled with a piece of the
body of the crab, and another layer of legs or claws is
placed on top. The paper is then folded nearly over
the contents ready for the lid to be put on.

Domestic Science Kitchen

The cannery by this time has begun to assume more
the appearance of a Domestic Science kitchen, than the
ordinary fish cannery. The girls are all neatly dressed
in blue frocks and white aprons, the tables and fish
trays are all spotlessly white and clean and all the metal
utensils shine brightly. By 11 o’clock the first batch is
ready to start to run through the exhaust box to take
the air out, and from there, are carried along on carriers
to the double steamer, when they are ready for the final
cooking in the retort.

During the noon hour the picking and filling tables are
scrubbed and cleaned with boiling water. At 1 o’clock
the pickers and fillers return to finish their work: it
takes the former until between 3 and 4 and the latter
until around 5.30 before they are through.

156 | CANADIAN FISHERMAN | July, 199

Last Act of Drama

The last act of the drama is the placing of the cans
which are on trays containing five or six dozen each,
piled one on top of the other on little trucks, in the re-
tort for cooking, which takes some three quarters of an
hour. This marks the finish of the crab’s hectic career,
since it fell for the fisherman’s wiles, until the can is
pryed open by some hungry mortal who is figuring on

a particularly juicy and succulent tit-bit.

After the last ean is filled, the busy hive becomes des-
erted, only one or two helpers remaining, who thorough-
ly wash and scour the whole plant, ready for the next
delivery of crabs from the fishermen. Dutch cleanser,
salt, and the steam hose play an important part in the
cleaning up operations.

No Orientals

Altogether the whole process of the putting up of
the fish is most interesting and illuminating. No Orient-
als whatever are employed, the work being done almost
entirely by Haida Indians, who as everyone knows are
the aristocrats of the native population of the north.
They are well educated and highly intelligent people,
who speak excellent English. At present the number
employed are in the neighbormood of 30, with only a
very few whites. The payroll is quite. a consideration,
coming as it does in the off months between October and
May.

It is the intention of the company later if possible
to employ entirely white help, they having in view in-
ducing immigration to the island of families of fisher
folk, either from the Atlantic seaboard or the Old
Country.

CALIFORNIA HAS BIG SEA FOOD MERGER

To give an idea of the development in the fish canning
business in Southern California during the past few
years the recent merger of several firms into what will
be known as the VanCamp Sea Food Company Inc.
embracing assets of four large companies aggregating
$5,000,000 is a good illustration.

This will insure a nation-wide exploitation of South-
ern California sea foods. The merger was not made
simply with the idea of economy of plant operation but
also with the idea of standardization of pack of tuna
and sardines. It is a big step forward and Southern
California sea food development will be watched with
interest.

SERVICE IN FISHERIES DEPARTMENT

Those cannerymen who have been in the Northern
British Columbia district for many years will miss see-
ing Inspector Williams as they have in the past twenty-
seven years. Inspector Williams has had a long and
faithful career with the Fisheries Department in Brit-
ish Columbia and well leserves his superannuation.

District No. 2 of which Inspector Williams was head
included the Skeena River, Naas River, Rivers Inlet
and Bella Coola. It also included the halibut fisheries
by both Canadian and American trawlers.

Mr. Williams was one of the commission which was
appointed at his suggestion to investigate the salmon
fisheries in Northern B. C. and he with John P. Bab-
cock were on the commission which came to be known as
the Williams-Babeock Boat-Rating Commission, as they
in their finding limited the number of boats to each can-
nery.

Mr. Williams has been superannuated at his own re-
quest and will be missed by his associates and the fisher-
men and canners alike as he has always played fair and
is well liked by all.

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y, 1922
(Continued from page 147)

_ Mayflower, and stand a fair chance against her in mod-
vate winds. And if the races should turn out this year
o be drifting mateches—well, victory under such cir-
umstanees is a matter of luck.

Of course the Mayflower may not be the challenger,
s she will have to meet in the American elimination
aces the two schooners built at Essex, Mass., last win-
, both of which are reputed to be craft of exceptional
ibre. The Puritan was built especially to uphold the
onor of Gloucester, and her owners are no doubt as
n to have her beat the Boston-owned Mayflower as
have her win the international trophy. She is owned
a syndicate of race enthusiasts which had its incep-
n at a meeting of Gloucester men at Halifax, follow-
the victory of the Bluenose over the Elsie. She was
built by F. J. James & Company of Essex, Mass., from
igns prepared by Burgess, and it is expected that she
| be sailed in the elimination races by Captain Jef-
7 Thomas. Slightly smaller than the Mayflower, also
surgess model, she has the general characteristics of
Boston flyer, and is said to be even finer in appear-
than the larger craft. She has high, slack bilges
a whittled-away stern, which gives her long clean
s. She is not expected to do as well as the May-
wer in a thresh to windward, but old salts believe
off the wind she may be the faster of the two, as
‘long bottom and chopped-off tramsom are calcul-
d to ease any tendency to gripe and drag her rudder.
_- - Henry Ford Possible Contender

_ The other possible challenger, the Henry Ford, built
yy A. D. Story of Essex to the design of Captain T. F.
Manus, is a handsome craft, and believed to be abler
an either the Puritan or Mayflower.
She has the general characteristics of the Mahaska of
: nenburg, and is about the same size. Her bilges are
‘harder than those of the Puritan, and her after-body
$ proportionately more beam. She has less rake to
nsom than the Mayflower. Her general appear-
suggests power rather than grace, and she is not
crowded with canvas. Apparently she would carry
sail with the best of them, and the opinion is freely ex-
essed that in heavy weather she would outmatch the
irgess boats.

The McManus vessel, however, began her career with
bit of bad luck, and luck counts a lot in the life of a
ip as well as of a man. At her launching she ran

es. Apparently she did not sustain any material
mage; but her voyage to the banks was delayed.
owever, the International Committee have decided

lay in sailing was due to an accident.

f the Henry Ford wins the American elimination race
id is selected as challenger she will enter the interna-
onal races under the command of a native of Nova
2otia, Captain Clayton Morrisey, a man who was mas-
at twenty-five, and who has long been known as one
of the most successful fish killers out of Gloucester. °

_ Although the Bluenose now holds the cup it is not
cessary that she should defend it in the international
races this fall. Just prior to the races the cup is return-
ped to the trustees. Probably the successful contestant

GANADIAN FISHERMAN

round, and was high and dry for a number of ebb -

that she is eligible for the international races, as her.
ay

in the Nova Scotia fishermen ’s race which will be held

CANADIAN FISHERIES CONVENTION
| -—s- Montreal, September 18th and 19th
De a Keep it in mind

157

off Halifax this fall will be selected to defend the eup
against the Americans. This may be the Bluenose, the
Mahaska, or some other eraft.
How The Vessels Compare
_ The proportions of some of the possible entries in the
final events are interestingly compared

Q
Rooke eg
pe ee aig eae
ra. uh te
2 8 :
=
ft.
Length over all 143 141 138 131
Waterline it Daa Ts ee 108
Beam 25.9 27 25 25.8
Depth of hold 119-2" 11 12 11.6
Depth of keel 16.10
Bowsprit 14 17.5 13 12
Mainmast 100 96 93 90
Mainmast-above deck 88 81
Foremast 83 79 71 78
Maintopmast 52 53.6 52 48
Foretopmast 42 48.6 43 40
Mainboom 72 81 84 72
Maingaff 45 46 50 45
Foreboom 39 33 32 30
Foregaff 34 33 50 30.
pe “ sq. ft.
Mainsail 4.292
Maingafftopsail 700
Foresail 1.8382
Foregafftopsail 520
Staysail 1.025”
Jumbo 715
Jib 870
Jibtopsail 750

Total Sail area 10,707 10,937 10,546

Since the writing of this article, the Puri-
tan, Gloucester’s pride, built at a cost of
$38,000 to wphold the honor of that port, has
been wrecked. On the night of June 23 the
vessel ran ashore on Sable Island sand bars
and very soon pounded to pieces. It was
first feared that her entire crew of sixteen
was lost but on Monday the schooner Coral
Spray reported having fifteen survivors on
board. The only one lost was Christopher
Johansen who was drowned when his dory
capsized.

The Puritan was launched only last spring
and was looked upon as a likely opponent to
other American aspirants. She was on her
third fresh halibuting trip when she ground-
ed and en route from Gloucester made a rec-
ord run to Booth Bay where she took on ice

_and left for the banks on June 19.

The vessel was insured for $33,000 so the
monetary loss to the owners will not be se-
vere. Naturally the people of Gloucester
feel the matter keenly as they were antici-
pating a great deal from her in the fisher-
men’s races. Canadians, too, are sorry that
such a worthy contender has passed out.

We ES 4 eS Beh ea eH le - woke e ee Sees esse eee 5+ eee een

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I VOL. Ix GARDENVALE, P. Q., AUGUST 1922 No. 8
.

NOTICE

Practice—Makes—Perfect

We have been manufacturing Cordage for ninety-five years,
and we have spared no effort in consistently trying to better
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“LION BRAND” CORDAGE

MARK

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Mills at: Branches at
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Tees & Persse, Limited, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, Calgary, Moose Jaw,
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CANADIAN FISHERMAN

”ANADIAN F ISHERMAN

A Monthly Journa devoted to the Commercial Development of the Fishery Resourses of Canada,

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

and Technical Education of those i in the Industry.

GARDENVALE, P. Q., AUGUST 1922

No. 8

CONTENTS

Editorial:

Convention Is Postponed . . wae” nie Se
Must Consider Future Races .............
Tell Our Story ...... ge hg eee

We Can Help Administration reels «s

Harness Fish Power .. ..

Consignment Business Condemned .

Piscatorial Notes .

General:

Co-operation In Lobster Industry .

Illegal Lobstering Threatened .

Gaspe And North Shore Need A Market .

Work Of The Fish Hatcheries . a

New Regulations As Season Opens eee

Fish Waste Not Being Utilized .. Sd
Better Quality — Better Markets ........
Replica Of The Newfoundland Banks .. .

Fish Inexhaustible — Species Not So ..

Some Queer Seafoods One Strikes ....:.....
How Ontario Benefits By Fish Culture... ......
Hydras In Lake Erie Present Problem .. .... ..
The Trek Of The Mackerel . Le ae a
The ‘‘Crerar’’ Of Newfoundland .

What Is A Boat? .

News Notes From Far And N ear .

Pacific Coast Section .. .. a ae
Salmon Industry Bound For Destruction i a

159
159
160
160
161
161
16]

162
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
181
182

ati

SUBSCRIPTION

The Industrial & Educational Publishing Go.

Canada, Newfoundland and Great Britain - $2.00
_ United Statesand Elsewhere - - - - - $3.00
_ Payablein advance.

shed on the 2th o of eachmonth, Changes of adverti-

: Poin is blisher’s hands ten days before
A should be sent by mail, not by express.
ers reco y apne arp send to the editor items of

news, articles of practical interest. If suitable
ice mice these will be paid for at our regular rate.

Limited
J. J. HARPELL, President and Managing Director,
GARDEN GITY PRESS, Gardenvaie, Que.
Telegrams and Express - - - - Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.
Eastern Manager, A. S. Christie, Gardenvale, Que.

Western Manager, H. W. Thompson, Aladdin Building
208 King St. W., Adelaide 3310

18

i

ea

&

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

EEE a ee eee eee Tee

5! per cent Canada’s
Victory Bonds

Issued in 1917 and Maturing Ist December, 1922.

CONVERSION

HE MINISTER OF FINANCE offers to holders

of these bonds who desire to continue their

investment in Dominion of Canada securities the

privilege of exchanging the maturing bonds for new

bonds bearing 53 per cent interest, payable half yearly,
of either of the following classes:—

(a) Five year bonds, dated 1st November,
1922, to mature 1st November, 1927.

(b) Ten year bonds, dated 1st November,
1922, to mature lst November, 1932,

While the maturing bonds will carry interest to Ist
December, 1922, the new bonds will commence to earn
interest from lst November, 1922, GIVING A BONUS
OF A FULL MONTH’S INTEREST TO THOSE
AVAILING THEMSELVES OF THE CONVERSION
PRIVILEGE.

This offer is made to holders of the maturing bonds
and is not open to other investors. The bonds to be
issued under this proposal will be substantially of the
same character‘as those which are maturing, except
that the exemption from taxation does not apply to the
new issue.

Dated at Ottawa, 8th August, 1922.

fa}

- themselves of this conversion privilege

-payable by cheque from Ottawa, will re

. bonds.

laa ePaper ar eeertee eee a2eee s2e2e2e2

PROPOSALS

Holders of the maturing bonds who wish

their bonds AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE,
LATER THAN SEPTEMBER 30th, to a
any Chartered Bank in Canada and receive
an official receipt for the bonds surrendered,
an undertaking to deliver the corresponding
the new issue.

Holders of maturing fully registered bo

December 1 interest cheque as usual.
coupon bonds will detach and retain the last
coupon before surrendering the bond itself a:
purposes.

The surrendered bonds will be forwarded |
to the Minister of Finance at Ottawa, whee ®

registered, or coupon registered or coupon
carrying interest payable lst May and Ist Nove
of each year of the duration of the loan, the first int
payment accruing and payable Ist May, 1923

of the new issue will be sent to the bar
delivery immediately after the receipt of the suz

The bonds of the maturing issue which |
converted under this proposal will be paid off in
the lst December, 1922.

W. S, FIELDING,
Minister of Finance.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN ;

i EDIBORIAL

_ CONVENTION IS POSTPONED

regret exceedingly having to announce to members
Canadian Fisheries Association that it has been
“necessary to postpone the convention which had
planned for September 18 and 19, until May or
next * ooaf We are sorry to convey this disap-

pia: the course taken. At the next ghia}

of the year, spare time from their. busi-

rest tative gathering, rather than to hold the
as proposed with an unrepresentative attend-
r how large or how enthusiastic. After all
business to attend to and such matters as
be considered. The entertainment our good
ontreal were preparing will keep. It will
iated by delay. Every day letters have

to the chairman of the convention commit-

‘It would have been possible to proceed on as-

scess from the standpoint of numerical at-
; as we have said, that is not everything. Next
n ently anticipate numbers, representative-

thusiasm, pep, ginger and zip, and, socially, a pip-
a ‘Here, you know, we must say serious

is ‘the time to prepare for the meeting next year.
dates will be fixed before the end of this year to
every one of the members a chance to arrange his
s so that he can attend. You will have no excuse
you were rushed into a decision.

‘MUST CONSIDER FUTURE RACES

the Mayflower of Boston, deprived of the right
sipate last year, has been adjudged eligible to con-
American elimination races during October, there
‘uncertainty as to whether the Dennis race com-
will allow it to compete in the international events,
ning that it should be selected to represent the United

“members age are some ; Seed im-—

advisable to postpone the event and as-_

g material assistance or guaranteeing at-

ae assure you you will not have to pull long

JAMES H. CONLON, Editor

States. Because of this uncertainty and the apparent un-
willingness of the race committee to voice a decision, there
is a chance that the Mayflower will withdraw altogether.

The entries so far accepted for the American elimination
races include the Elizabeth Howard, rejected last year
by the committee, the Henry Ford, always in trouble, the
Yankee of Boston and the L. A. Dunton of Boston. It is
safe to say that the winner of the elimination races will
be chosen by the American race committee to meet the
Canadian contender but the matter of eligibility is not in
the hands of the American race committeé, but in those
of trustees of the trophy. It cannot be considered un-
reasonable, therefore, that American aspirants for the
speed trophy should demand a ruling as to whether or not
they may enter the finals. That is their goal and if they
are to be balked after winning in the preliminaries, they
will have been put to a lot of unnecessary expense and™
trouble.

Whether or not the Mayflower should be permitted to
She has without doubt proved
herself to be an able fisherman and in that respect quite

race is still a question.
within the terms specified by the donor. His object, pa-
tently, was to improve the class of vessel fishing on the
banks. If it has sacrificed nothing in seaworthiness, in
accommodation for fishing, then the Mayflower as an im-
proved fisherman owes its existence to the trophy and is
actual proof that the contest would produce a superior
class of craft.

But there is another angle from which the situation may
be viewed. It has been pointed out time and time again
that Canadian fishermen must be cargo-carriers as well as
fishermen, so that they cannot be constructed on yacht-
On the

other hand the American fishermen are built for tripping

like lines and still remain bona fide fishermen.

to the banks and nothing more and consequently may
conform to the contour of a yacht and still remain bona
Au-
thorities seem to agree that our Canadian fishermen are no_

fide fishing schooners from the American viewpoint.

match for the Mayflower, at least, in the comparatively
calm water where the finals will be raced. That is not an
admission that we are not capable of building a schooner
that is, but should we do so it would not be a practical
fisherman from the Canadian viewpoint. In other words
it would be built specifically for the international races

and could not be self-sustaining.

160

That being the case would it not appear a wise policy
for all concerned to eliminate the Mayflower? We are in
terested chiefly in having this friendly competition en-
dure and it is quite obvious that Canadians. will not con-
tinue interested when they realize they are outclassed

and that the possibility of bringing the trophy back to_

Nova Scotia is remote.

It is likely the elimination races on both sides of the -

line will take place about the middle of October and the
finals will be sailed off Gloucester, October 21, 24 and 25.

“TELL OUR STORY

Although for a short time it appeared that the Royal
Commission to investigate British Columbia fishery mat-
ters would be indefinitely delayed, the eastern members
finally got away from Ottawa on August 8. Unfortunately
Dr. Chisholm, M.P., for Antigonish was unable to accom-
pany the party because of illness in the family. William
Duff, M.P., chairman of the commission was accompanied
by L. H. Martell, M.P., for Hants, N.S., and Mr. Nichol
of Lunenburg, who will act as secretary of the commis-
sion. On the west coast they were met by the four British
Columbia members of the commission and they started at
once upon a tour of the province to collect evidence. It
is anticipated that the hearing will consume from six weeks
to a month and by that time the seductive climate of the
west coast may have “got” the eastern members.
is no telling when they. will finish their work.

However, we should repeat the advice we gave in our
July issue which was, that our interests on the Pacific
coast should take full advantage of the opportunity to
furnish these members of parliament with the true condi-
tions. Heretofore bickerings and petty differences among
various sections of the industry there have only tended
This
If there are differences let compromises

_ to confuse the situation from an impartial viewpoint.
is not desirable.
be effected in private.
ties.

The hearing offers many possibili-
It must be assumed that the government was honest
in appointing the commission and, likewise, that the com-
mission is honest in its purposes. Such being the case we
and

Whatever individual opinion may

may expect a valuable report to the government
prompt action thereon.
be the situation is too serious to doubt the efficacy of a
It will cost little effort to furnish
the commission with data to influence the report for
good. When that effort has been made it will be plenty

early to speculate on the practical results of the hearings.

commission’s inquiry.

WE CAN HELP ADMINISRATION

The recent experience of the fishermen at Lake St.
Clair in having new regulations sprung upon them on the
eve of the opening of the fishing season, suggests the
many advantages which may accrue to a closer and more
sympathetic co-operation of those who work the industry
and those who administer it.
must be admitted, fishermen

In too many instances, it
regard administrative au-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

So there - vance any particular department at the expense | of

thorities as overbearing, intolerent, janpieacties) ta
whose sole purpose is to make life more difficult fo:
On the other hand there are instances where administrati
officers. regard fishermen as grasping, immoral and en-
tirely unreasonable people who should be ruled. Now,
a matter of fact, neither has a true understanding of
other and it would behoove all concerned to be a bit
consideraté of the other fellow.
The Canadian Fisheries Association was established
the purpose of looking after the welfare of the ind
and it has, since its organization in 1914, acted as”
mediary between the government and the industry,
many, many occasions. It must not be assumed
association is attempting to usurp any of the powe
rights to administrate. Nothing of the kind. I
to absorb the views and opinions of those who e
fishing and give the government the advantage

service.
ae
Naturally no government wants to do anything g

fully ruin an industry, but the danger lies in the
not knowing conditions and the views of ‘the peopl
commit some act damaging to the interests of the ‘
Unintentionally, mind you, but damaging just
The Canadian Fisheries Association represents
retailers in the industry, but jobbers, wholes
ducers and actual fishermen. So it is patent it
approach the authorities with any policy which wo

Its policy is to help everyone in the industry,
that by so doing it is developing the industry as wl
and, logically, improving the position of individu i
The government is committed by our constitutio 4
cept the will of the people. It is not its functio
it its desire, to contravene the verdict of the peo
unless it is well advised, is there not danger |
may occur? And how could any government be b
vised on the wishes of the people in respect of ‘fish
ters than by the opinion of the people engaged
industry, expressed through their organization?
On the other hand the industry has not the ri,
improperly the great natural resource which is the ‘pro
of the people, not of the fishermen, either as individu
as a class. It is the function of government to d
use with discretion. Now if fishermen are intem)
their demands, it may not be wise policy to igno
views entirely. Through their organization they
least present them, and hear the views of the gov
And fishermen are as reasonable and as amenable
promise as any other class.

We have a tremendous natural resource, unpa ‘a
anywhere else in the world and it cannot be adec
developed without the co-operation of those in the
try and those who administrate. The men who constit
the Canadian Fisheries Association know the game.
body’s membership represents all departments of _ he
dustry and the accumulation of their views and expe
furnishes the information upon which the governme
move with confidence.

CANADIAN

e association asks is for the authorities to consider
point here expressed and try to find anything that
rmonious with the best interests of government. If
e on our hand will not stint in our co-operation.

HARNESS: FISH POWER

ie Canadian Press was credulous enough to carry a
pf om Saskatoon about a certain Dougal MacKenzie,
Fgeon fisherman at the mouth of Torch River, who,
nted by the non-arrival of a collecting
his catch of twenty-six sturgeons together and
rove them to market.

steamer,

‘loucester Times tells another about an Indian
Lake Hanna, one of the Nipigon system, who
on crossing the lake recently, in company

| Hardy, by the appearance of a monstrous

The potential
lirty or forty thousand cods_ or haddocks
t a solution of the fuel problem this winter.
ugh to get to the pane cage — you will

rd way under fish-power.

that s same . trip we shall be terribly disappointed
no see ‘giant reptiles and various mammoths of
snooping about and peering through the ports
the secrecy of our sanctum sanctorum.

wonderful place the water is beginning to be.
wonderful sights people are seeing since they
a eoeniang but water. My word!

NSIGNMENT BUSINESS CONDEMNED

an countries are endeavoring to induce exporters
Lop to the practice of shipping on consignment
suggest compulsory inspection and standardiza-
important element in making this possible.
yest that shippers this year apply the principle
t sales to Italy and Greece and if the plan is
to all, they would request that the Newfound-
1 Commissioner in London be asked to com-
» with Iceland and Norway to make the plan uni-

ependent inspectors be placed at the ports of
‘Ttaly to pass upon the quality of the goods
give assurance ‘to buyers that they may pur-
confidence.

who represent ‘Newfoundland dodfieh exporters ©

ing the adoption of this scheme the agents.

FISHERMAN 161

The suggestion made for the benefit of Newfoundland
shippers regarding compulsory inspection, standardization
and outright sales applies equally as much to Canadians.
There is no doubt that the necessity for retaining the con-
signment system is due only to the lack of confidence in
foreign markets as to the quality of goods they may re-
ceive. Buying outright would, it must be admitted, be a
risky proposition on their part unless they had dealings
with a firm of reliable standing. But would not govern-
ment action remove this doubt on their part and equip
exporters to regulate more accurately the selling price of
their fish?

*

PISCATORIAL NOTES

“During the month of June there were 534,571 ewts. of
fish landed on both the Atlantic and Pacific shores of
Nova Scotia,” says a recent issue of a Gloucester (Mass)
paper. Well! Well! How the fish province does grow.

“Stick out your chests, you bluenoses!

It is announced that the government of Newfoundland
is to institute a freight and limited passenger steamship
In. the
initial stage a steamer will leave every six weeks and

service between St. John’s and the West Indies.

should conditions warrant another steamer will be put on.
in 1923 and a run will be made every three weeks.

:

On their recent visit to Washington, Premier King and
Hon. George P. Graham discussed with the U. S.
thorities various fishery problems of the Atlantic and

au-
Pacific. They report that their views on these issues were
received with sympathy but they were told that it was not
deemed advisable to attempt to get a treaty through the
American senate at this time owing to the strength of in-
fluences which have been opposed to it. The treaty re-
ferred to is the agreement of 1918, which is more or less
of a panacea for all our international fishery troubles. It
has been accepted at Ottawa and has been hanging fire
at Washington for four years By the the
senate sees fit to pass it it will be as a relic of antiquity for

now. time

preservation in the national archives.

Certain influences at Washington, ignoring the hand-
writing on the wall, are bent on putting through the tariff
bill immediately. On the other hand we have Premier
King, the
Americans reciprocity whenever they choose to accept it.

speaking at Leamington recently, offering

' Surely the fishing industry is on the horns of a dilemma.

And as far as we can size up the situation the industry is
safe as long as it hangs to both horns, but let it get impaled
on either one and the future is cloudy. Speaking about
horns naturally suggests bull. This is a case where we
want the bull, the whole bull and nothing but the whole

bull.

162

Co-Operation in Lobster Industry

With co-operative scheme employed, two
hundred canneries could do the work of six
hundred and with better results.. —

By C. McKAY

A normal pack of about 140,000 cases of canned lobsters
was put up in the Maritime Provinces during the past
season, according to the estimate of Mr. Williams, manager
for Simpson, Roberts & Co. Ltd., one of the important
firms engaged in the lobster business.. At the outset of the
season a decline in prices was anticipated, but instead the
packer’s price had by the end of the season appreciated by
nearly $8.00 per case. This was very gratifying to the
packers, as well as a good thing for the fishermen. Whe-
ther the exporters who now have a large part of the pack
in stock will make a profit on the basis of the packers’
price remains to bé seen; but they appear to me confident
that they will be able to dispose of the whole pack at
satisfactory prices. Considerable shipments have already
gone forward to the British and American markets, and
the consuming markets now are reported to be well stock-
ed. But although for the present the demand is quiescent,
prices are holding firm.

On the southwestern shore of Nova Scotia the lobster
catch during the season was poorer than usual. This is
attributed to the fact that during the special fishing
granted this district last fall the fishermen caught many
lobsters that they would otherwise have captured during
the spring. If the results of the special fall and regular
spring season are combined, the quantity of lobsters taken
was about equal to a normal catch in the regular season.

In eastern Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, the catch was
an average one, and on the north shore of Nova Scotia the
catch was also normal. In Prince Edward Island the
catch was somewhat above normal. In New Brunswick
while varying in different districts the catch on the whole
was a good average one. |

The distribution of the lobster canneries is indicated by
the following figures showing the number of licenses to
pack lobsters issued in 1920: .

Nova Scotia . cigs 165
New Brunswick .. .. .. 184
Prince Edward Island .. 186
Quebee ees 5 71

Total .. 605

Have Lobster Production Cornered _

The Maritime Provinces and Quebec have the only
canned lobster industry of any importance in the world.
When this fact is taken into consideration, along with
the fact that an average annual pack is only about 140,000
cases of 200 pounds each, it is not surprising that lobsters
are a luxury. If the whole pack were sold in Canada it
would give each person. about three pounds a year. As a
matter of fact, only about one-sixth of the pack is mar-
keted in Canada. The principal market is Great Britain
which takes from one-third to one-half of the pack. The
United States is the next important. market, absorbing
about one-third of the pack. Before the war, France and
Germany bought quite large quantities of our tinned lob-
sters. France is still buying limited quantities, but the ex-
change situation is against large sales there now. Ger-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

_ to the traps, as well as shutting down their fact

many has taken some small consignments since t
but at present the market there is out of the questi
case of lobsters would mean a fortune in marks.
takes a small quantity, as do Belgium and Holla
balance of the pack goes in small consignments
countries. ay
With a limited source of supply and with the world
market, canned lobsters cannot be considered a s
article of food; they are necessarily a luxury, with
in accordance. Taking everything into account, it is
markable that-the packers are not able to command
prices than they do — prices which some people sa
high, though they are a fraction of the prices:
sumers, especially in the so-called lobster pa
people buy canned lobsters in such small quan
infrequently that a few cents on the pound is
no moment. ee
The canned lobster industry is an important one
Maritime Provinces; but as carried on at presen
not be said that the best possible results are being «
While perhaps on the whole fairly profitable t t
gaged in it, the industry has its up and downs.
vidual packers may make good money one sea:
serious losses the next; many of them supp
used by the fishermen and a storm may do 1

new traps are being made. As for the firms > °
lobsters for export, they may encounter price f
which leave them nothing or less for their yea
tions. a

200 Factories W. ould Do .

Some firms, in a large way of business, ©
factories as well as attending to the selling en
doubt made fairly respectable fortunes. But
tions of the industry are not conducive to fortu
and the net returns to packers and fishermen a
they might be. Six hundred and five factories
in canning lobsters, and this number is said
large by authorities in the trade. It is tru
605 factories are scattered around about 5,
coast line; but it is estimated that 200 factor
sufficient. These 605 factories on the avera
cases of lobsters each. As some pack more z
than the average, the smaller packers evid
make profits which represent a livelihood, an
other occupations when not engaged in lobst
these numerous factories, while usually not
establishments, entail a burden of what
largely unnecessary overhead expense. AK

Another consideration is that the small fae
not afford to install the best equipment made a
science and invention. Dr. A. P. Knight, cl
the Biological Board of Canada, has recently
pertinent observations on this subject in
urging the importance of the installation o
place of ordinary boiling vats. Scientists we
his direction have demonstrated that one kind
is not killed by five hours of continuous boiling

CANADIAN

undreds of different kinds of bacteria. And since
: ordinary boiling vats, used for boiling lobsters and
thing the cans do not kill all the bacteria, the lobster
at becomes discolored and unfit to eat. According to
. Knight, the packers, or at any rate the exporters, lost
9 years ago the sum of $375,000 on account of blackened
sters. In order to kill all the bacteria, it is necessary
tt the lobsters and cans be placed in steam or water
d to a much higher temperature than can be obtained
an ordinary boiling vat. To obtain the desired tem-
ture tube boilers and retorts are necessary.

Too Much for Little Fellow

‘real good boiler will cost $400 or $500, and a cor-
mdingly efficient retort will ‘cost from $200 to $300,
x to Dr. Knight’s estimate; but some packers say
onably efficient equipment could be installed for a
smaller sum. Be that as it may, and despite the fact
the Dominion government is sending men around to
nstrate the need of boilers and retorts, the smaller
s are not likely to be in a hurry to expend $500 or
$300 to install modern equipment to improve the smal!
hey put up, and that notwithstanding the statement
‘Knight that the industry two years ago lost through
ened lobsters $375,000, a sum that would have put a
equipment in each of the 605 factories.

large number of lobster canners is presumed to as-
‘competition and good prices for the fishermen. That
§ so is a very debatable question. These numerous
rs, doing a small business with a relatively large
ad expense, cannot afford to pay the fishermen, as
ptices for their catches as few packers doing a big
could afford to do. Of course, the concentration
packing operations would not automatically
itee the fishermen better prices. Whether the larger
would do what he could afford to do is another
able question, or one that can only be determined by
nee. But the displacement of small scale produc-
y large plants is a characteristic feature of modern
y; and the big garment making establishment pays
kers better than the little sweat shop did. And
cipal reason is that it can afford to do so.

tless the small packers could put in the necessary
ent — for it is a relatively simple process that the
are subjected to — and turn out a product always
_ But they have not done so. It is seldom that
‘seale industries are progressive or economical.
e there are advocates of a drastic reduction of
licenses, no material reduction is likely in the near
ture. The small packers have acquired vested rights,
_ they usually have neighborly: relations with their
n. Whatever the Dominion Fisheries Department
of the situation, it is unlikely to take action to
e number of licenses, because of the probability
utcry from local politicians.

What May Be Done

if the installation of tubed boilers and retorts will
e a better and reliable product, the government may
il take measures to force the hands of the packers.
may be done under The Pure Food Laws, against
neither the packer nor his politica) friends can
ly protest. The results would be beneficial to the
Ker! the trader, the fishermen, and the consumer. By
on the installation of approved equipment, it
gate to standardize the product, and put it on
t under conditions which would stimulate de-

FISHERMAN 163
mand, and enable better prices to be obtained. Since the
Nova Scotia fruit growers learned to pack apples properly
under the jurisdiction of large co-operative associations,
the unfavorable price differential they had to face in the
past has largely disappeared. And the possibilities of
improved lobster packing with respect to pricé would seem
to be much greater, because Eastern Canada has a mono-
poly of the canned lobster business. When the quality and
condition of canned lobsters can be guaranteed there is
bound to be a greater demand for them, especially for
dressing other dishes. Little or nothing has been done in
the way of advertising its possible uses in this respect. In
fact, it should be possible to create such a demand for
tinned lobster meat, that it would only be available as
“dressing” for epicurean dishes of the well-to-do, a
luxury par eacellence commanding much greater prices
than at the present time.

\

H. F. ROBINSON

Popular Manager of the Maritime Fish Corporation’s
branch at Canso, N.S.

FISHING INDUSTRY OF JAPAN

The fishing industry is one of the most promising in
Japan. Its greater development will not only contribute
to the country’ s food problem but to the str engthening
of the nation’s financial position, stated the Japanese
Minister of Agriculture and Commerce at a recent con-
ference of officials in charge of fishing and its allied in-
dustries. These industries are of great importance in
Japan, said the minister, and their promotion must be
helped by all available means. Of late years they had
achieved marked developments, but still stand behind
other leading industries in this country. i

Explaining the Goverment policy, the minister said
that the Government would push forward ‘its plan of
encouraging and urging self-control of their own af-
fairs,

164

Coast.

The general condition of the fishing industry con-
tinues to be a great improvement over the past several
years. The large catches of mackerel have been: fol-
lowed by excellent catches of halibut and swordfish,
while the cod and haddock fisheries have been well sus-
tained. The searcity of herring, notable the past two
years, continues. For some reason, yet unexplained, the
usual large spring and summer runs have not mate-
rialized, consequently the supply of bait has been a se-
rious handicap to the fishermen of many important dis-
triets. :

There is unusual activity on the part of the American
summer fleet, and a much larger number of vessels than
usual has arrived off our coasts. The seiners are work-
ing toward Prince Edward Island, and the swordfish
fishermen, toward Cape Breton. The Fishery Protection
Cruiser ‘‘Arras’’, Captain Barkhouse, is following the
movements of the fleets and will render any assistance
required, and also prevent any international irregular-
ities.

Revival On West Coast

It is gratifying to report that the revival of the indus-

try in Western Nova Scotia continues with encouraging

_ results. This is particularly noteworthy in Yarmouth,
Shelburne and Queens. Yarmouth Town is becoming an
important centre, and the Pubnicos, where in former
years a fine fleet was supported, is showing much ac-
tivity. As an evidence of what may be down by a com-
petent captain and crew, it may be noted that Capt.
Simon Theriault, in charge of G.R. Earls’ Schooner. ‘‘ W.
G: Robertson’’, recently arrived at Yarmouth with a
stocR valued at nearly $7,000. For the seven weeks
Capt. Theriault made an excellent showing, landing
103,000 pounds of fresh halibut, besides considerable
catches of mixed fish. About $13,000 was stocked in the
seven weeks. - ;

The lobster fishing and canning industry, which was
prosecuted with remarkable vigor during the spring

» and early summer, will see a continuance of this marked
activity. The fishermen and canners are planning for
big things for the late summer season opening Aug. 16.
A number of new canneries will be ready for operation,
and there ‘will be a very considerable increase in the

- number of traps.

The activity is due to the high prices paid for the
spring catches and pack. The competition among the
buyers, while greatly to the advantage of the fishermen
and canners, may prove not to be very profitable to the
dealers, particularly in the event that a large pack is
put up this fall.

Season’s Lobster Pack

It may be of interest. to note that the Prince Edward
Island pack for the season ending June 25, was 37,755
cases as compared with 27,582 cases for the spring of
1921, or an increase of over 10,000 eases. The‘value of
the pack, at the average price paid of $30. per case, was
$1,123,000 as compared with a value last season of $556,-
000. If the increase in the pack for the season opening
on the 15 is at all comparable with that of the spring
pack, it will be seen that not only is the industry a most
valuable one to the Island, but that the decrease in the

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Illegal Lobstering Threatened

Intense activity in Fall fishing is outlook—.
Good mackerel catch followed by splendid
run of swordfish and halibut on Atlantic

(By Our Own Correspondent)

fellows who offend in this respect. Indeed

me:

beng: f

August, 1922

Western Nova Scotia pack will be nore than mé
by the increase in the Island pack. ag
The Western Nova Scotia pack for the regular seas
which closed June 1, was only 18,817 cases, a deerea
of over 10,000 cases as compared with the pack for t
same season last year. The falling off in the e
pack in this usually most protective district is
buted to the special season which was granted —
vember last. Special fishing season or extensio:
isting seasons are of very doubtful value, an
have a demoralizing effect on the industry. —
The pack for the six Eastern Nova Scotia
Halifax, Guysboro, Cumberland, Colchester, ]
Antigonish for the spring season was 27,320
compared with 20, 873 cases the previous year.
the counties show an increase, Pictou, Antig
Cumberland leading. In Pictou the pack iners
7,707 eases in 1921 to 11,088 in 1922. x
Threaten Illegal Fishery
Reports are to the effect that determined e
be made to engage in illegal fishing and ¢
fall, particularly on portions of the Prince
and coast and of the New Brunswick. The f ;
cers have been advised of the reported intention of
fishermen, and are taking precautions to prev
operations. The industry has become too vi
economical point of view to permit any uny
ation, and while the more intelligent fis
taking strong grounds against the danger @
fishery, there is a class of fishermen diffiew
They live for the present only, and have no
care little for the protection of this most vs
ery. . .
On the other hand, it is gratifying to
large and growing body of fishermen who
the necessity of the observance of the regu
erning the fishery. It is particularly notewo
the districts where there is little or no po.
where the seed lobsters are protected, the -
excellent condition. As an evidence of the inte
in the protection of the seed lobsters, it has’
that the number of berried lobsters taken
the past several years has very greatly incre
these berried lobsters are quite generally libera
to be regretted that there are some fisherm 1
troy the eggs and endeavour to sell the mot
better class of fishermen soundly condemn

instances they have driven the offenders

trict. Similarly with respect to other wilf
of the regulations, drastic action has been
fishermen who are determined to prevent,
possible, any attempts to despoil the fishery

operations.
Magistrates Too Lenient

In conversation with the chief inspector,
formed that a number of the local magistrates al
alive to the seriousness of the offences, and frequ
Impose a very small fine or else suspend the enfi
ment of the penalties. This has the effect of - bri
the enforcement of the regulations into contemp

x

dn Ye A
a wy
ie

he

discouraging the officers and outraging the t

gust, 1922

of the fishermen who are interested in the protection of
the industry. It has frequently been suggested that pro-
vision should be made in the Fisheries Act for an ade-
quate minimum penalty for all offences of a serious
nature, such as fishing during the close seasons, des-
truction of berried lobsters, and illegal canning,
In talking recently with a prominent New Brunswick
dealer in canned lobsters, it was pointed out that the
danger from illegal fishing and canning could be
avoided if the dealers would refuse to participate in any
ay with the illegal traffic, and in particular refuse to
urchase any illegally packed goods, as without doubt
ie illegalities can only be carried on with the con-
ance of certain of the dealers. The dealer referred
. while strongly condemning the business, which, he
states, is not only demoralizing to the fishermen, but
ardizes the good name of the pack as the conditions
‘which the illegal goods are put up must be un-
able to quality, stated that the dealers who also
e canneries were often placed in a most awkward

legally packed, are offered for sale by certain of the
shermen who supply them with their catches during
egal season, and without whose assistance they
ud be unable to secure supplies for canning. A re-
to buy the illegal goods is met with the threat that
s they do take the goods, disposal will be made to
buyers, and the fishermen refuse the next season
h for the cannery operated by the dealer who de-
to buy the illegal pack.

lilarly offending canners informed the buyers that
they purchased the illegally packed goods they

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

on, as goods, which they are fairly sure have been -

-

165

will break off all relations with the buyer and engage
to sell their illegally packed goods to the buyer who
will accept their illegal goods. ig

While the dealer alluded to stated the quantity of the
illegally canned goods offered for sale has greatly de-
clined the past several years, there still continues to be
offerings of small quantities from time to time. The
total offerings made to him the past three years was not
exceeding three hundred cases. Further, that the illegal-
ities are now confined almost entirely to small districts
in Prince Edward Island and Northern New Brunswick.

Aware Of Conditions ;

Chief Inspector Fisher advises that he is fully aware
of the conditions complained of but is hopeful that with-
in a short time to have the situation completely under
control. He gave many instances of the difficulties the
officers have to contend with in fully enforcing the reg-
ulations, and explained that the illegal canning oper-
ations are carried on secretely in the homes of the of-
fenders or in remote places along the shore, but rarely
or never in any of the cannery buildings. Further, the
activities of the officiers is making it increasingly dif-
ficult to continue the business with safety or profit.
The patrol system is gradually being perfected, and it is
confidently expected that the illegalities existing in the
districts alluded to will be stamped out by the adoption
of a more adequate patrol system, and much more
stringent action against any offenders that may be ap-
prehended,

The prevention of boot-legging in lobsters is appar-

ently as difficult as bootlegging in rum, and largely for

similar reasons.

ee eee eee mp y+

. J. E. Perrault, Minister of Colonization, Mines
‘isheries in the Quebee.government, recently made
of the Gaspé Peninsula and the North Shore of
t. Lawrence for the purpose of getting first-hand
rmation as to the needs of the population in these
s. Judging by a report he made on his return to
lebee he has sized up the situation pretty accurately
that we may confidently expect a little bit of enter-
e injected into these naturally endowed districts.

on. Mr. Perrault isedeserving of congratulation for
effort he has made to get at the root of the situation
ascertain causes for the lack of progressiveness in
h the Gaspé Peninsula and the North Shore. Here-
wre ministers of the crown, charged with the admin-

ent with hearsay evidence that the people there are
aturally backward and slow to adopt twentieth cen-
methods. Hon. Mr. Perrault has gone beyond
He has endeavored to ascertain the cause and
t is the first step in the way of a change.
he people in the territory investigated have access
valuable fishing fields and citizens elsewhere in the
atry have been at a loss to understand why fish sup-
s from these waters should not be entering Canadian
‘kets. That they have no outlet to justify a vigoruous
king of the industry, is the view of the Quebec
ter and he states that ‘‘means of opening a good
et for the North Shore will be one of the first mat-
9 be taken up by my department as a result of my
tion tour. The fishermen may have abundant
as was the case this year’, but unless immediate
are taken to allow them to sell their fish they can-
aprove their situation. |

ion of fisheries in eastern Quebec, have been:

{

Gaspé and North Shore Need a Market

‘‘The 17,000 inhabitants of that beautiful section of
the province have the right to share the advantages of-
fered to others and the Government will be asked to co-
operate.

“‘Though laboring under difficult conditions, resi-
dents of the coast have prospered, but there has been
hardship, which is now slightly relieved through the con-
struction of coast roads, to which the Government has
contributed.

Ask for Education

‘“‘Among the requests made by the inhabitants was
one to’encourage public instruction, showing the spirit
existing.

‘‘The Eudist fathers, who are in charge of the Catho-
lie community, report that moral conditions are. ex-
cellent. The same state is also noted by the Protestant
clergymen, who, out of 17,000 inhabitants, have one-
third under theri jurisdiction. The Indian population,
estimated at 2,000, sent delegates to meet the party.

‘‘From Quebec the palatial 8S. 8. North Shore, of the
Clarke Steamship Company, took us to the extreme
northeastern limits of the province, Notre Dame. We

attended divine service on Sunday last at Pointe des

Esquimaux. His Grace Mgr. Leventoux, apostolical
vicar of the North Shore, was received on board the boat.
Though only in charge of the vast diocese for a short
time, he made interesting suggestions. ”’

Hon. Mr. Perrault and party were the guests of Mr.
Johan Beetz, where they visited an important fox ranch.
They also were entertained by Senator Gaston Menier,
of France, on Anticosti Island. The pulp plants at
Clarke oe where 200 tons of ground pulp are produced
daily, and plants at Pentecost River, wefe visited.

166

Nova Scotia

After one or two poor years, a record run of salmon
has entered the Margaree River this season. The angling
far exceeded that of recent years, and it is reported
that 100 salmon were taken on the fly early this month
from a comparatively small stretch of the river. A good
run of salmon almost invariably ascends the Margaree
with the autumn rains towards the beginning of the
spawning season. This year the water remained high
and the run of salmon has been large and steady
throughout the whole spring season. _

The season’s operations at the Dominion hatcheries at
Bedford, Middletown and Windsor have recently been
brought to a successful close with the distribution in
the best possible condition of over 4,500,000 Atlantic
salmon fry. )
being retained and fed. These will be liberated during
the course of the summer when they have reached a
length of from three to four inches. The salmon rivers of
the Atlantic Coast are in excellent condition, as is evi-
denced by the act that record catches have been made in
practically all the streams by the commercial fishermen
as well as the anglers.

New Brunswick

Over 2,755,000 Atlantic salmon fry were distributed
from the Miramichi fish hatchery this season; 129,000
were retained for feeding, 1,000,000 eyed eggs were ex-
changed with the United States Bureau of Fisheries for
an equal number of trout eggs, and 300,000 were given
to the Department of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries
at Quebec, making a total output of over 4,184,000,
which is an increase of over 20 per cent. on last year’s
distribution.

The Dominion Fish Hatchery located at Grand Falls,
N. B., this season distributed 1,585,000 salmon fry and
retained 1,129,000. It also retained 4,000 Ouananiche,
making a total of 2,718,000. This is an increase of some
373,000 over last year’s figures. Tobique, which is sub-
sidiary to Grand Falls, distributed 1,152,000. This is the
largest distribution from that establishment since it was
first opened in 1915.

The St. John Fish Hatchery produced more’eyed eggs
and fry this season than in the last two years together.
Some 2,027,600 Atlantic salmon fry hatched and in ad-
dition 1,150,000 eyed eggs were shipped to New Hamp-
shire in exchange for an equal number of rainbow,
speckled and brown trout eggs. Other species as follows
were also hatched:- Brown trout, 97,000; Landlocked
salmon, 73,000; Rainbow trout, 64,000; Speckled trout,
274,000.

The Dominion Fish Hatchery located near Flatlands,
N. B., distributed this season 1,434,900 Atlantic salmon
fry, and retained for feeding 110,500, making a total of
1,545,400, which is an inerease of over 21 per cent. on
last year’s figures. The Nipisiguit Hatchery, which is
subsidiary to this hatchery distributed 383,100 salmon
fry, which is also an inerease of 16 per cent. over last
year’s figures.
Quebec

The salmon anglers have experienced a splendid sea- °

son in the rivers of the Gaspe and Tadousae districts,
Quebec. Weather and water conditions were favourable
and many high scores were made, The salmon runs of

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Work of the Fish Hatcheries

Reports from stations in various provinces
disclose gratifying results for the season.

these streams compared favourably with the best of

In addition to the above 300,000 salmon are.

oe
y
ape

vious seasons after the poor year of 1920. |
‘The angling and commercial fisheries of th
tricts have been very largely maintained by the
eries operated by the Dominion Government, whie
season distributed nearly one and three-quarter n
young salmon in the Tadousae district and over ¢
one-quarter million in the Gaspe district.
British Columbia
Cutthroat trout eggs were for the first ti
1915 collected locally at Skeena River Hatcher
70,000 eggs were taken and many more would h
available had not the freshet washed out the f
allowing the trout to ascend to the upper reac
river. i :

The Dominion Fish Hatchery located at E
this season was successful in distributin
sockeye salmon fry and retained for experi
poses 1,375,000 fry, making a total of 5,05
is an increase of over 14 per cent. on last ye

The hatcheries operated by the Domin
ment on the Fraser River watershed during t
season have already distributed upwards of
eyed eggs and fry in the free swimming sta
dition to the above 10,500,000 are being fed
taining ponds at the various establishments
liberated as fingerlings after they have
length of from three to three and one-half inche
a) beg — season, including fry dist
and placed in the retainin re
51,500,000. eee ae

Over five million sockeye eyed e nd
oped in the Dominion Fish Hatchery loeutalll
Lake last spring. Some five hundred thousan
were planted out as fry, approximately two
half million as eyed eggs and the balance ret:
rearing to the fingerling stage. This hateh
million greater than last year. a

A temporary eyeing statign for Kamloops tr
was this season opened by the Department of
and Fisheries on Lloyds Creek, near Kamloops.
and was attended with a satisfactory mez
cess. The parent fish were caught in Pav
where they were present in large numbers. T
ery troughs were filled to capacity, and 776
were taken. This number could have been excee
a considerable extent as the fish were p esent in
cient numbers. After the hatching troughs
the trout were allowed to ascend the stream,
way the grounds were abundantly seeded i
way. The greater part of the eggs were
stocking the waters of the neighbourhood, }
were transferred to the hatchery at Cowi
Vancouver Island. a

The three hatcheries operated by the Domir
ernment on Vancouver Island, and located
on Anderson, Kennedy and Cowichan Lake
output during the current season of over 14,00:
this number 4,490,000 were distributed as eggs,
000 as fry in the free swimming stage and t
of 647,000 are being fed in retaining ponds,
will be liberated as fingerlings after they have
a length of from three to three and one-half inek

CANADIAN

= embers of the Lake St. Clair Branch of the Canadian
Sheries Association turned out in force at Tilbury,
rio, August 4, to discuss new regulations pertain-
0 fishing in the waters of Ontario. About ninety-
re per cent of the total strength of the branch attend-
‘some coming a distance of thirty miles, so this will
mish an indication of the importance which they
ed upon matters at issue. W. ©. Cartier, the ag-
e president, directed the meeting, and George
ville, secetary, was with him. E. G. Odette, may-
of the town of Tilbury, was on the platform, R. L.
n, M. P. P., and James H. Conlon, national see-
ary of the Canadian Fisheries Association, who had
ited to hear the discussion.
‘he fishermen were particularly incensed because just
ntly they were furnished with new regulations
ch placed intolerable size limits on the most profit-

ing and naturally felt alarmed as their season
s the first of September. Among other things the
uded regulations prohibit the taking of yellow perch
vhite © under nine inches in length, sheep-heads

nee

e it was quite possible that the size-limits fixed
meet with the satisfaction of fishermen elsewhere
Lakes they certainly could not apply to
the latter are entirely different from elsewhere.
lake does not yield any whitefish, ciscoes’ herring
out, species which are of vast economic importance
Ontario areas. The fishermen are compelled
their livlihood from species which are elswhere
as lower grade. Furthermore the waters of
e are Shallow and consequently the fish very
quently attain the size which the same species
h in other lakes. It was maintained that the limit,
eh was considered at all necessary in Lake St. Clair,
d not exceed 614% inches on pickerel and white. bass
reason could be found for any limit whatever
-heads or carp. The latter are not considered

New Regulations as Season Open

Fishermen at Lake St. Clair get bad scare— |
: Government threatened to make business
ee unprofitable far them.

ecies Lake St. Clair produces. They had no prior-
er twelve inches or carp less than three pounds in

It must be borne in mind that econdi-

le tenents and should they be protected the fish- ,

FISHERMAN 2 167

ermen fear that the better species would be sacrificed
to the predatory carp.

The fishermen also entertained fear that they may
be compelled this year to substitute a new-fangled hoop-
net for the improved pound-net which they have been
using for the past twenty-five years. The authorities at .
Toronto last year ruled that the equipment came under
the scope of trap-nets which are banned, but upon re-
presentations being made the old equipment was per-
mitted until further notice. In view of the manner in
which Toronto sprang the amended regulations upon
them they appear to be justified in their fear that the
authorities may spring anything.

Objection to the proposed hoop-net and the reasons
therefore have already been submitted to the authori-
ties at ‘Toronto and the fishermen state that the minister
sent them away with the idea that the federal govern-
ment is responsible for regulations. While this is true
it was made quite clear by correspondence from Hon.
KE. Lapointe, Minister of Marine & Fisheries at Ottawa,
that the regulations were made only upon the suggestion
of Toronto. .

’ The improved pound-net in use in Lake St. Clair is
adapted to the shallow waters and other special condi-
tions and is an evolution urged by the necessity to meet
conditions. In recent years the fishermen in the lake

have had their license increased from five dollars to

twenty-five per net and the size of the equipment cut
by half. To foree upon them this hoop-net would mean
to deprive the fishermen of a livlihood or force them to
resort to illegal means, neither of which the department

‘of Toronto could desire.

The national secretary, Mr. Conlon, was requested

to take the matter up immediately with the responsible

avthorities and andeavor to secure an adjustment to
enable the fishermen to prosecute their calling on a
normal basis when the season opens on September first.
Mr. Conlon spent the entire day with the branch to se-

‘cure the full details to acquaint himself with the true

facts of the situation and promised to take up the issues
at once.

the month of June there were 934,571 cwts. of
ded on both the Atlantic and Pacific shores valued
53,118,376. This compares with 721,928 cwts. valued
881,190, landed during the same period last year.
e quantity landed this year 535,558 cwts. were cod,
Idock, hake and pollock. The quantity of these kinds
‘ish landed in June last year was 429,291 cwts.
1e run of mackerel on the Atlantic coast this spring has
e best for a number of years. During June 132,-
s. were landed, while only 70,120 cwts. were
in June of last year. Up to the end of June 152,-
s. of this fish have been landed, compared with
for the first six months of 1921.
he catch of alwives, especially in some parts of Nova
a, was very good. There were 31,938 cwts. taken
ng the month compared with 7,724 cwts. in the same
year.

pster catch on ‘that part of the coast where the

ye - Fishing Results for Month of June

season has not closed was very good. Along the north
shore of Prince Edward Island and in parts of Cape
Breton Island poor catches were reported, but the quantity
taken, 101,529 cwts., is much greater than that taken in
June 1921, viz., 62,367 cwts. The fishermen were paid
more for their catches than last yaer, too. Since the open-
ing of the lobster fishing season in November last, 305,337
ewts. have been taken. Of this quantity 54, 478 cwts. have
been used fresh or shipped in shell, and 125,407 cases have
been packed. During the same period last season there
were 293,249 cwts. taken, of which 80,585 cwts. were
shipped fresh, and the remainder packed making 106,788
cases,

On the Pacific coast the catch of halibut was slightly
less, and the catch of sa!mon slightly greater than in June
of last year. :

One fisherman lost his life on the Atlantic coast duriug
the month.

168

Along the Atlantic seaboard little use is yet being made
of the vast amount of fish waste which is capable of pro-
ducing many by-products of value. Intimation was given
in the press recently that unusual progress had been made
in the last year or so to reduce the waste profitably and
the Canadian Fisherman communicated with Ward Fisher,
chief inspector of fisheries in the east, to ascertain the
true facts. Unfortunately, they do not bear out the hopes
the press item inspired. Mr. Fisher’s letter follows:

“In reply to your inquiry of May 31, as to the extent
fish waste is being utilized for commercial purposes, I am
to report that little is being done to reduce the large
quantity of ordinary fish waste into fertilizers or fish
meal products. It does not appear that there will be any
developments of value in this respect until a simple and
inexpensive reduction system is placed on the market so
as to permit economical operations to be carried on in
comparatively small fish waste producing areas.

The cost of collecting the waste is too great under
present methods, and forbids the successful operation of
the reduction plants for any considerable portion of the
year. . .

The plants established by the Government some years
ago at Shippegan, N.B., Clarks Harbour and Canso, N.S.,
while primarily for the purpose of eliminating the dog-
fish pest, and therefore operated only during the run of
dog-fish, undertook also the reduction of ordinary fish
waste, but notwithstanding the heavy receipts of dog-fish
supplies the plants could not be profitably operated, and
therefore private enterprise could not be enlisted to en-
gage in the business.

It was found that the cost of collecting supplies and
transportation to the plants, together with the first cost
of the fish, was too great to meet operating expenses, and
the plants had, therefore, to be closed and disposed of.

Small inexpensive plants located in the centres of the
chief fishing districts are required for successful opera-
tions. While the fisheries cover a very large extent of
coast line there are few -if any points where the available
supplies of the waste are sufficient to keep plants of the
present methods profitably in operation. .

Operations. at Canso

The chief, and practically the only plant giving spe-
cial attention to the utilization of fish waste is conducted
by the “Marine Fish Production Company”, at Canso,
Nova Scotia, where the company has acquired the old
government reduction plant and has engaged in the
manufacture of fish meal and oil from dog-fish. Fish
meal, which contains a high percentage of protein (about
80 p.c.) is used mixed with other brands of meal for
cattle feed, and has a ready market at a fair price. Fisher-
men were paid $6. per ton for dog-fish landed at the
plant. A sufficient supply, however, could not be ob-
tained the past year to make the operations the success
anticipated. The lack of raw material was due to pre-
vailing weather conditions during the run of dog-fish, as
well as to the lack of a sufficient number of fishermen en-
gaging in the catching of the dog-fish.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Fish Waste Not Being Utilized @
Tremendous economic waste continues along. 4

Atlantic Coast because fish waste and offal a
cannot be profitably reduced. a

August, 1922 E

ha

Ba

The Robinson Glue Factory, at Canso, utilizes the o
dinary fish waste at that port for the manufacture of co
mercial glues. i

The reduction plant of “The Canada Feed and Oil
pany’, Lockeport, Nova Scotia, which has been e
in utilizing the fish refuse of that port for the pro
of fertilizers and fish meals ceased operations last

Fish Scales and Dulse

Hitherto unlooked for opportunities are ec
arising for the utilization of little known products |
sea. “For instance, a side line of considerable p
veloped in Grand Manan the last year in conn
the smoked herring industry. In this trade, -
large one, it is necessary to remove the scales
fish before salting for the smoke-house. The
a waste until last summer,, when a New Y,
engaged in the manufacture of artificial pearls
operators into the district and purchased large
of the scales, for which .05c. per Ib. was paid.
amount expended was $17,000 and it is conte
very greatly increase the business the coming
scales are processed and the residue forwarc
United States for manufacture into pearls. I
that the best quality of artificial pearls is p

Also, inquiries have been made 4s to the p
securing large quantities of dulse, for which a
ket is assured. For some.years past consider:
have been gathered, chiefly at Grand Manan
Digby, N.S., although a good quality of di
easily secured at many points along the At
About 1,000 ewt. was prepared for the marke
year, the value of the catch at Grand Manan b
It is reported that prospects of developing a
least $50,000, is probable. The usual met )
and preparing dulse for market is to strip at f
rocks at low tide, and sun-dry for several |
method of preparation is crude, as the productio
best quality depends upon perfect weather co
Doubtless with the probable development of
artificial drying methods will be introduced. _

GIFTED DISCOVERER.

Belcher — Columbus was a prophet.

Crane — No: my son, Columbus was a d
discovered America. :

‘““Yes, but when he first saw it didn’t he
dry land!’?’’—Answers. ny

STILL AN OPEN QUESTION.

‘Doesn't your mother object to your stayin e tu
2 or .38 o’clock in the morning?’’ the vou
asked. :

__ ‘I don’t know,”’ the young lady replied, “She.
if she knew about it, but I always beat mother
Exchange.

3s

‘ August, 1922

' This is the sort of propaganda needed among fisher-
men, It is a circular letter distributed by S. R. Griffin

_ & Sons of Guysboro Co., N. S. to fishermen of that dis-
trict. Other buyers along the coast would do well to
emulate the Griffin firm in spreading this class of liter-
ature. It is only by constant repetition that fishermen

wal be impressed. Editor of C. F.)

_ This pamphlet is being sent out with the hope that
Fishermen of Guysboro County will so improve the
-euring and packing of their mackerel and herring that
' their brands will command the very highest prices in

local and foreign markets. A little extra work and care
will accomplish this. Being the largest buyers of salt
sh in the county, we are naturally much interested in
wing a first class article to sell our customers. | Some
shermen are careful in handling and curing their fish,
ers are not. If we expect our Nova Scotia fish to
pete successfully with fish from other countries, we
+ exercise more care in handling and curing all our

fackerel is the most profitable fishing we have in
district and it is about the curing and packing of
e we will speak first.

[ackerel should never be taken out of the boat with
rk.* If possible, hoist them out in a tub or throw
m out on stage by hand. Split carefully (be sure
r knife is sharp). Some say, to drop in tub of water
gib out of tubs, changing water frequently ; others,
. it is as well if one can keep up with splitter, to gib
and then drop in tub of clean water. Mackeral will not
tain so badly if either way is followed. After gibbing
efully throw in tub of clean water and do not put
in tub or puncheon than can be well covered with

er thorough splitting and gibbing, if at all pos-
serape most of blood off back bone, and be careful
all the gill and heart are off every fish, then rim
m and drop into tub of clean water, face down, If
is large and has to remain in soak over night,
hange them into clean water again, putting some salt
n each tub of fish. Fishermen who have no wharves
or stages, and dress their mackerel on the beach, would,
think find it a splendid idea to split and gib their
ekerel out of their boats into a crate at side of boat.
ckerel would then be easily soaked clean without
anging them into tubs of clean water. After mack-
4] are cleaned and rimmed, and allowed to remain a
while soaking, draw the crate ashore and carry them
into store where salted. We believe it best to salt mack-
-erel face down, so, any sediments or dirt in salt will not
tle into meat of fish. The sediments will wash off
e backs of fish easily before packing them for ship-
t. Handle mackerel as carefully as possible so face
bs be smooth when cured.
_ Every fishermen should take pride in his work and
e how well he can split his mackerel, not how many he
m do in a minute. Mackerel always look better if
lted in barrels instead of puncheons. We might add,
ackerel that remain in nets too long are usually belly
burnt, and are more or less ragged when cured. When
king these up, the bones should be clipped off, it

©
*

greatly improve the appearance of a poor fish.

yi

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Better Quality--Better Markets

Cireular.puts it up to fisherman that he must
be more careful if business is to return big-
ger profit—Some good propaganda.

<

169

To avoid having rusty mackerel see that every fish is
well submerged in the brine. When packing up mack-
erel for sale cull out all ragged, rusty and dog-fish-
bitten ones. Don’t spoil your good name by putting
them in with good fish, pack these inferior fish by
themselves or take them to-your dealer, loose.

About the mackerel purchased from Nova Scotia, by
American dealers are repacked into smaller packages.
On several hundred barrel shipments we made last sea-
son to U. 8. A. we had to take the loss of half price for
some ten barrels out of the hundred that were culled
out, as they were rusty, ragged and bitten, and should
never have been packed in with the good fish. To have
a good, clean looking barrel of fish, it is necessary to
have clean pickle. Do not use the old pickle if it is dark
in color, make new pickle—it will improve the appear-
ance greatly. Last season some fishermen who always
put up first-class fish in every respect, said to us,
‘‘What inducement is there for us to put up a good
article, when you pay my neighbour who puts up an in-
ferior article as much as you pay me?’’ We may say
here we have always paid the price fora first-class ar-
ticle and when we do not get it we lose money. So this
season we expect to pay the best price for the best fish.
Fish that are not up to a certain standard we cannot
pay as much as those that are. _

Herring

If we are to increase the demand for this good fish,
we must put more care in the curing and packing of
them. The majority of fishermen know quite well how
to put up a nice package of herring but only a few do
The Government is doing its part to improve this
branch of our fishery, by insisting on a good tight,
standard package, but, the fishermen must co-operate
and do their best if we are to inerease the demand and
find larger markets for our herring. —

It is impossible to make a good herring out of a stale
herring that has been in the nets from twenty-four to
thirty-six hours. These should all be put up for lobster
bait, which will pay as much profit as good salt herring.
There always is a demand for lobster bait. To have
good herring they should be as fresh as possible and put
under salt as quickly as possible consistent with being
well cleaned. In dressing the herring use a sharp knife
and see that all blood and guts are earefully cleaned
out, then pass them through two or three clean waters
after salting in packages, (half bbls. and whole barrels
preferred), be sure and put pickle in each package if
you want the herring to look plump and fat, you will
save also in weight. If salted in larger packages be sure —
the pickle floats the herring, otherwise they will be a
poor looking article and not nearly so good to eat.
When packing up herring for market; have your pickle
as clean as possible— strain it; nothing looks so bad as
a lot of dirt and scales on the top of package when
opened.

Only dealers like ourselves realize what it is to try
and sell inferior and poorly cured herring. As with
mackerel, so with herring, some men are careful, partic-
ular and honest, and put up splendid fish that make
herring lovers anxious to buy them, while we regret to
say, some men are careless, lazy and should we say dis-

170 CANADIAN
honest, and pack up any old herring whether they are
fit for human consumption or not. These last named
have done a great deal to decrease the demand for her-
rin

We know we could extend our market eonsiderably
if we always had a first- class article to sell. People who
like herring will always be willing to pay a good price
for a good article, while a poor, dirty, ragged rusty her-
ring is practically unsaleable at any price. So now,
fishermen, it is up to you whether we get the best mar-
ket and the best prices for our fish, or not, surely you
will do your part.

Cod, Haddock and Pollock

~As these are now mostly all sold fresh from the knife
we would ask every man who splits a fish to use more
care in doing so and see that all are split properly. In
this district about all the medium and large cod are
white-naped and eventually made into Boneless Cod
and unless properly split there is a loss. Every fish

ing dried fish either. We would therefore ask all

ISHERMAN

should be split out to the tail, following the beak el
ly, also most splitters when taking out the back bo
leave one inch or more too much bone in, this causes
ereat lot of extra work when cleaning fish before s
ing. Unless properly split you cannot make good lool

ters who have slighted fish this way in the past,

more careful as it only means a few minutes ext
the day’s work to do it right.

Last season this district paid the highest :
fishermen for mackerel, herring, and cod, of a
trict in the Maritime Provinces. This proves t
are doing our best to give the fishermen the best
ble prices, for their fish, and we should have
fish that can be cured.

We hope every fisherman who reads this
will receive it in the spirit in which it is sent
alize that by all doing our best we will even
ne best markets and the best prices obtainab:
‘ish.

Replica of the —— Bank

Colonel Louis P.Bowler, who wrote the accompany-
ing letter to the Financial News, London, forwards a
copy to the Canadian Fisherman and suggests that
it would be a playing proposition for some Canadian
fishermen to handle:

Our colonies are our best markets, and for this
reason alone should be financially supported m deve
loping their resources, to increase the purchasing power
of their European and native population. In this
respect, West Africa especially appeals, as it is the
nearest Colony to the Homeland, with a huge native
population, eager to exchange its products, and pur-
chase our manufactured goods.

Among one of its productive opportunities, ealeula-
ted to assist in improving the export trade of this
country, is the establishment on the West ‘Africa
Coast of a large fishing industry, especially as there
lies on the Sierra Leone coast. a replica of the New-
foundland fishing banks, containing a prodigious
quantity of saleable fish, combined with cheap na-
tive labour, and an unlimited demand Yor ‘‘split,
salted, and eured fish’? among the millions of fish-
eating people in Western Africa. It is quite possible
for a well-organised loca] fishing industry to produce
dried fish, and sell at half the present cost of impor-
ted fish, which wholesales at 9d. per pound, and se-
eure over 100 per cent. profit, in selling at 4d.

The most abundant fishing area is situated off the
Sierra Leone and Sherbro rivers, extending over 800
square miles, enclosing the turtle banks 45 miles in
length, and two other banks 40 to 60 miles, where
anywhere in 10 and 15 fathoms of water over sand
and shells abundance of fish ean be caught, besides
on extensive flats, channels and estuaries at depths
varying from 6 to 20 fathoms. It is worthy of note
that along the West African coast from Morocco
to Sierra Leone there exists a submerged shelf,
or extended plateau, upon which the mainland of
Africa rests. It commences north of St. Louis,
where it juts out about 60 miles wide, increasing in
width until abreast of Sierra Leone, where it is about
200 miles wide. The narrowest part is a little south
of the Straits of Gibraltar, and abreast of Cape Verde.

This ledge constitutes the fishing ground. The mar-

attractive bait to a multitude of ground ant

. depths, and flock to these narrow and s

‘Sierra Leone coast, bring down the no

' amounted to $19.583,195.00.

kets of Milford Haven and Fleetwood _ are
supplied with fresh hake by their trawlers, wh
south to the Moroceo coast.
A Rich Feeding Ground For Fish
It is on this ledge, or shelf, where the
African rivers deposit vegetable maltter,s
worms; and a profusion of marine edibles
ads of a small species of shrimp, thus pr

fish.
Two factors cause the fish to ecageon
—one is, that these shelves, or banks, lik
N ewfoundland, terminate abruptly on the
the great Atlantic abyss, where fish arse ;

teaus for feeding and breeding pire
The other is, that the cold currents
Stream, which sweep down the Morocco

such as hake, ling, rocked, and ordinary cod
turbot, pollock, mullet, skate, mackerel,w
chards, herrings, gurnet, soles, plaice, and
to intermingle with the southern fish, such
tunny, barracouta, grouper, bonitos. ma
nish and flying fish. —

There is also a large supply of shell fi
lobster, crayfish, large prawns, rock and pe
clams, and cockles,

As an indication of the value of Shad
fish trade, Newfoundland exports in~ 1920
Britain, America, Spain Brazil, Italy,

(Note-While no doubt Cusudiaie fisherme
interested in the facts disclosed, it is doubt
could be greatly enthused in a ‘commercial
have virtually limitless supplies of fish ri
doors. We are not interested in seeking n
of supply, but in finding broader outlets,
writer could furnish some information on
we vouche that he would quickly arouse in

Miss Angelina (to Captain Brown, who had :
in Alaskan waters)—I suppose, captain, that
of the year the sun doesn’t set till 5 ai a whil
in those northern latitudes.

t, 1998

ence on prices.

_ The supply of seafoods which may be obtained from
ir fishing areas is literally inexhaustible. When it
; known that scientists estimate the quantity caught
r human consumption is but five per cent of the
otal annual destruction by natural agencies, the truth
this will be more readily appreciated. It is caleu-
ted that about 7,000,000,000 herrings are captured
r food each year throughout the world. Cod is
also in great abundance. The aggregate of
ties taken by fishermen in all parts of the world
be inconceivable. These tremendous numbers
> agitate a fear for the future of the industry,
t is dissipated upon closer investigation. Marine
es propagate in vast numbers, some depositing

u

> below 25,000 potential, descendants. Nature
res provision for wastage and destruction by nat-
enemies, so that man’s utilization of the vast
od resource inappreciably affects nature’s balance.

mie might be tempted to ask why it is necessary
vernment to maintain artificial fish hateh-
“eonserve certain valuable species. This is

plained. The statement of exhaustibility
’ species of the sea collectively. Such
Imon, though they spend much of their life
h maturity in the sea, must get back to the
retehes of the rivers to spawn. Indeed they
ily be caught when they are on their way to these
1 to reproduce. Also the fish in all our exten-
fe interior fresh waters are of limited reproductive
and so can readily be overfished. The gov-
nt in such instances employs close seasons when
. fish are spawning and supplements this by arti-
al methods of developing eggs. To appreciate the
ieacy of the latter a few additional facts must be
own. In nature it is estimated that from five to
per cent of the eggs laid by the female fish are
ed and matured. By the artificial system the

mr

ies can produce an infinitely greater number of
sprir a eould be relied upon in nature. —

The Department at Ottawa operates thirty-six hateh-
ies across Canada, and eleven subsidiary stations.
ch year more than a billion eggs are hatched.
may seem small in comparison with nature's
ation in general, but when it is considered that
lion is confined to commercially valuable spe-

‘

ie work is better appreciated. '
Are due to Consumer

point to which all this leads is that the res-
> regulations of the government and a costly
of conservation, are due entirely to the fish
sers’ limitation of species for the table. The
on has suffered seriously from this cause. There
‘danger of the Pacific salmon disappearing in the

se of a few years. The halibut is being pursued

her afield. In street parlance these and some
ecies are being ‘played t doeath’.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

= Fish Inexhaustible--Species Not So

ns of eggs each season, comparatively few fal-

tage is increased to as high as ninety-eight per:
ent. With the same number of parent fish the hatch-

171

Fact that only sixty to seventy per cent. of
‘ catch is marketable has considerable influ-

It is timely to reflect upon this situation. Why will
our people not take advantage of the vast variety
of fishes? Hundreds of delicious edible fishes caught
by our fishermen never reach land. These men must
make a living and it is useless to bring the food ashore
if people will not buy it. At the same time the vast
economic waste is deplorable. Only sixty to seventy
per cent of our total catch is merchandizable. The
specially selected species must bear the expense which
otherwise would be carried by a great number of
species. In other words consumers are compelled to
pay higher prices because fishermen must spend time
to pick out the species their epicurean tastes demand.

‘A great variety of fishes now unknown to the. con-
sumer could be readily placed upon the market in
abundance. If the people would utilize this food, it
eould be procured cheaply. The trouble seems to
be that consumers will not experiment with natural
foods, although they do not hesitate to sample all
manner of prepared foods, some of dubious value, at
incomparably higher prices.

$400 A NIGHT ISN’T BAD

The smelt fishermen are reporting good catches down
river, especially those operating on the North side. The
big catch of one night, Saturday night last, was 4,700
pounds, by two men working together and who are
said to be operating six nets between them.

The prevailing price for fish is 8 cents and 9 cents
per pound, according to whether the fishermen will sell
all hiscatch to one byer or devide it up. The big
price is, of course, paid to those who will sell all to one
buyer, as in this wag the byers gradually stifle com-
petition. At any rate these men made a nice haul. wor’h
about $400 in one night. That pretty nearly approaches
gold mining in its results.

- This smelt industry is a big one, for it employs prob-
ably 3,500 people in the winter season. It would take a
nice big factory to give employment to 3,500 hands.—
Chatham (N.B.) Gazette.

THE ORDER IN COUNCIL THAT STOPPED FISH-.
ING WITHOUT A LICENSE OUTSIDE THE THREE
MILE LIMIT

The following Order-in-Council was issued at Ottawa
on the 29th of April, 1922:
‘“No one shall engage in salmon or lobster fishing,
nor shall any one leave any port or place in Canada
to fish for salmon either inside or outside territorial
waters of Canada excepting under license from the Min-
ister of Marine and Fisheries.’’

This order will show the reason why the R. ©. M. P.
were able to arrest the Japanese fishermen who thought
they could get by if they fished outside the three mile
limit. Hereafter they will know better.

172

of other people.

By L. LODIAN
(Reproduced from Scientific American) ~

‘‘Pishermen’s yarns, especially ones from those who
pose before camras, are sometimes of such Munchau-
sen veracity, that the very announcement of them be-
gets an incredible smile. By fishermen, we mean here
anglers, who fish for a pastime. But there are also
many thousands, who, by force of circumstance, ‘‘Go
down to the seas in ships’’. They too, have their
‘‘varns’’ but here truth is stronger than ficton — and
stranger too. Their ‘‘yarns’’ can be read, so to speak,
in the different fish-marts or markets of Manhattan, in
our foreign colonies. Here you see the purely commer-
cial in fishdom; and what you would scarcely believe if
told, you can see with your own eyes almost every day
of the year. We refer to the many queer fish-products
on daily sale in old Gotham town; and we illustrate a
few of them direct from the actual exhibits as rounded
up ‘‘one fine morning’’. But the present writer was fa-
miliar with all of them—and more—during' multi-globe.
circuits in the years past. (It should be noted that most
of these fish ‘‘queers’’ are also on regular sale among
the foreign colonies of big European cities like Paris
and London, and ean be rounded up by diligent effort).

The devil-fish tribe, big and small, dried and fresh,
are never missing from the stores of the Italian, Greek,
Spanish, Turko-Espanol, and Mongol colonies of Man-
hattan. They range in size from small squid to giant
euttlefish—some of the latter are so huge that their
tentacles or ‘‘suckers’’ reach out more than a dozen
feet, and could encompass an ordinary row-boat.

The cuttlefish (or kalamar, as internationally known
among the exotics) can also always be obtained, from

one year’s end to another, pickled and canned in its

own ink. Opening a container, reveals a murky, inky
mass; but it is quite delectable—as choice as potted.
lobster. In fact, devil-fish is at its best served up in this
canned form, having already been steam-cooked and
can be partaken of cold as it is or reheated. The liquid
is a reliable conservant; it is the same sepia which, in
more concentrated form, has been in use since remote
periods all over the globe, being particularly valued by
architects and draftsmen for its permanency :—The idea
of eating a fish-product preserved in ink.

Sun-dried Oysters

Sun-dried oysters are always obtainable at Mongol
stores throughout the country . They never use canned
oysters. The bivalves are sold either loose or in wreath-
form, spitted on ratan, and ericled (after drying) for
hanging up in stores. They are never so satisfactory as
fresh oysters. They are ‘‘mounted’’ dry, as they are, or
stewed.

There is also a curious oyster-oil sold, but this is in
cans, necessarily. There is some oil m the oyster; and
the modus operandi is to take the mollusk in heaps,
when all but dried out, and subject it to the ordinary
oil-press. It is really an oil in emulsified form, since the
natural juice of the oyster much concentrated, is there
too. It is a dingy, brownish liquid of a decided oyster
flavor. It is used in the preparation of instant oyster-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Some Queer Seafoods One Strikes

Trip through foreign districts of big cities
will give one education as

August, 1922 4
to fish tastes

broth—just add boiling water to a teaspoonfull—be
sides its uses as a condiment for salads, soups, et al
residual oyster ‘‘cake’’ from the presses is brais
oil while still moist, and used as food. ~ —
Oyster flour, in impalpable farine-form, of a ¢
white color, is a most creditable product, and is
obtainable. It is convenient for instantly-made si
or oyster-gravy ; or for sprinkling on thin brea
butter sandwiches. (A product of Virginia).
Lobsters, tails, sun-dried, are a great delicacy
the Greeks, and are imported regularly. There —
reason why they should not be prepared.and mark
by American lobster-concerns, but our own folks k
not this demand. gies
A capital, cleanly, and tasty kaviar is import
the Hellenes and all along the Asia-Minor seak
is the roe of the bashra — corresponding to our
fish—which is salted down, mild-cured, and s
to a firm compactness which makes the article
as hard as wood. Then it is steeped in and give
fective coating of beeswax. This will preserve
years, and the slightly fragrant beeswax-film wil
its faint honey-like odor for as long. This is’
original Turkish kaviar (from the Arabie kabj
Russian ‘‘kaviar’’ is just a name borrowed from
Arabic, and the word is only used by the Russian
conversation or correspondence with aliens. An
themselves, they call it ‘‘ikra’’ which simply means
With its yellow beeswax film, this kaviar res
somewhat a flattened banana. The interior hs
freshing odor and taste, and is ideal when cut into
slices and served with sliced bread and sweet butte:
Then there is the giant single-piece kaviar-ro
southern Italians and Sicilians. This is made f
big tuna fish. This big red-fleshed fish, with
often the size of the body of a percheron or Oly
horse, it is often seen in the Mulberry-plaza r
since it is too unwieldly to take into the store
piecemeal from the wagon or truck kept ste
the curb. ee
The tuna-kaviar is sun-dried to a point where n
would ever recognize it as a dainty relish for th
table. It resembles a piece’ of sun-greyed
wood, appears as hard as wood, and falls with
like heavy wood. The interior is dingy, yellowisk
most delectable and refreshing taste. The k
bought as a whole roe, at a price of about three do!
a pound. It is never cut in retail-sale., The price
according to the size, from four to twelve dolla

more.
Fish Almost Petrified .

A Japanese mackerel-steak, as imported, resemb
petrified article. A box full of them would pass fo
assortment of whet-stones just like those used by r
ers. One would never suppose that these stone-like
jects could be converted into juicy fish-steaks. The
however, the telltale flesh-markings ; and a few pa
of a penknife from the boxwood-like substance —
you, on tasting, that you are in the presence of adel

’
t

Dae

=

nito-steak for which the Niponese in America
o dollars a pound. It is used sparingly, however,
Orientals, who grate it for use in soup and sa-
n American business man would be apt to keep it
desk as a useful paperweight and a constant
of mystery to his friends. Each bonito yields
eh ‘‘steaks’’. They are sun-dried without a par-
0 f salt, then smoked thoroughly. The result is a
-like product. It is perhaps the chief fish-product
“queer” of the globe.

r queer marine-product from the inland-sea
clams. They are sold loose, or spitted on split-

**bombai duk’’—so much used by Orientals as a
1 rice-dishes—is a regular Niponese product. It
“*ripened’’ to the point where the cellular
ks down through decomposition. Then it is
‘and put up in cans. The odor is disgustingly
z—so much so that one gets a whiff of it
gh the supposedly impervious sheet-metal

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

or ratan, when fresh, and thus dried. The so- |

173
container. In use, the Asiasties take up a little of the
light-brown substance and powder it between the fin-

gers over their plates of cooked rice. It leaves a cling-
ing skatol-like nauseous odor on the hands.

It is a singular commentary on the many faiths and
creeds and notions prevailing amid the uneducated of
Manhattan — and many of the part-educated for that
matter—that a-gertain fish-product should be on daily
sale here as a8 pposed cure for rheumatism. This is
the eel-skin. It is sold in various sizes. The skin is tied
around the arm, elbow, wrist, ankle or thigh, or else-
where near the affected part. And there are those who
swear by its effectiveness!

The frog-legs (fresh, and dried) on sale at fish ba-
zaars, are omitted: also the braisel earth-worms and
snails ‘‘on the shell’’, and canned stewed-snails. There
are of course hundreds of fish ‘‘queers’’ in the fish re-
public of the globe; but this article is limited solely to
the fish queers in commercial demand.

ring x salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, is the
nd most valuable of the Pacific species of salmon.

Norton Sound, Alaska, and on the Asia-

far south as northern China.

oe the body is silvery, the back, dorsal fin,

fin having more or less of round black spots,
of the head having a peculiar tin-colored

ped. The fish has an average weight of

a, in 1909, which weighed 101 pounds
head. The ‘Yukon River is supposed to
the finest examples, although this supposition
ed on very reliable observations.
aces the flesh is of a deep salmon red, but
es many of the fish, the proportion being
S$ as much as one- ‘third of the catch, have white
few examples have been taken with one side
y red. and the other white, while some are found
tled flesh. No reasonable explanation of this
n has yet been given.
almon are persistent in ascending rivers to
o matter how far the head waters of a spring
r are from the ocean, some of these fish will
itil they are stopped by impassable obstructions,
ater is too shallow for them to swim in. Spe-
been found in the Yukon river over 2800
the sea.
bility to new surroundings is demonstrated
ss that has followed its introduction into
and rivers. Ag a result of vigorous and
orts inaugurated in 1900, after previous
failed, the Government of New Zealand
in firmly establishing the spring salmon
ry, and it is now found in large numbers
ts rivers.
Now Thrive in Lake Ontario

umn of 1918, the Department of Marine
es in conjunction with the Bureau of Fish-
ashington undertook the acclimatization of
in Lake Ontario. As many as 825,000 eggs
were furnished by the United States and
the hatchery at Cape Vincent, New York.
ing from these eggs were distributed in

through the region from the Ventura River,

In the fall the color is, in some places,

ounds, but individuals weighing 70 to 100
re occasionally taken. One was caught near -

How Ontario Benefits by Fish Culture

suitable tributaries of Lake Ontario by the Department
River in 1919 as follows :—
_ 484,500 fry and 149,500 fingerlings in Lake Ontario.
192,300 fry in the St. Lawrence River near Cape
“Vincent:
The icllowitte fry have been distributed in the most
suitable tributaries of Lake Ontario by the Department
of Marine and Fisheries, namely,—

1919 374,500
- 1920 433,200
1921 125,350
1922 194,500

The results from this distribution were first brought
to this Department’s attention in September, 1919, when
it was reported that spring salmon from 5 inches to 7
inches long were quite plentiful in the Credit River.

In October, 1920, two specimens taken near Youngs-
town, New York, 914 inches and 10 inches long respect-
ively, were identified by Field Assistant Willis H. Rich
of the United States’ Bureau, as spring salmon. He
stated that both specimens were apparently of stream
grewth, and their small size indicated that they had not
been 1o sea; that they were in their second year and that,
the growth in general was unusually vigorous as indi-
cated by the wide space between the rings and the
strength of the rings on their scales. The number of
rings in the first year was considerably greater than
usual, showing that the fish were well above the average
size when they were one year old, and indicating that
the conditions of the lake where they had undoubtedly
spent their lives, were better than is usually found in
their native streams, although not as favourable as those
Zound in the ocean.

In October, 1921, a spring salmon was taken in the
Bay of Quinte. It was a male fish, 33 inches long,
weighed $14 pounds and was in a spawning condition.
An “examination of its scales made by Dr. A. G. Hunts-
man, of the Biological Board, showed it to be in its
third year, and would indicate that it was one of the
fry distributed in 1919.

The indications are that this valuable food fish may
become fully acclimatized in its new environment and
that it will be a great addition to the already valuable
fisheries of Lake Ontario, which are now maintained
very largely by fish cultural work carried on on both
sides of the boundary line.

174

Doubtless destroy nets and may be cause of
poisoning to fishermen and a menace to

_Hydras In Lake Erie Present Problem

young fish.

WILBERT A.

University of Toronto

We seldom think of Hydra as of outstanding econom-
ic importance. However, in this connection some inter-
esting data were obtained by the writer during the sum-
mer of 1920 while staying at a pound-net fishery on the
north shore of Lake Erie near Merlin, Ontario. The fish-
ery is located about midway between Rondeau and
Point Pelee, and from it are operated 20 pound-nets in
four strings, 5 pound-nets in a string. The strings are
approximately three miles apart and this would mean
about nine miles from the most easterly string to the
most westerly. In midsummer all the nets were taken
out of the lake, some replaced from a reserve stock, the
others simply reset after being washed, dried, mended
and tarred. This midsummer cleaning is necessary be-
cause of the algal and other growths which accumulate
on the nets making them heavy as well as putting con-
siderable strain on the nets, especially in stormy weath-
er, through the obstruction of the free flow of water
through the meshes.

All of the nets when lifted in late July and early
August were loaded with a very conspicuous brownish-
orange growth in addition to the bright green algal
growths. At first sight diatomaceous 00ze or a bacterial
production was suggested but microscopic examination
showed it to be composed of innumerable living Hydras.
The nets were lifted into the characteristic flat-bottom-
ed pound-net boats and brought to the dock. The boats
were anchored 100 to 150 yards from the dock and the
nets dragged through the water to cars on the dock in
order to wash off some of the loose material, especially
mud. In addition to the mud many Hydras were wash-
ed off and these gave to the water a brownish-orange
color quite distinct from the lighter color of the mud.
The bottoms, seats, ete., of the boats were covered with
Hydras to the depth of from 1-8 to 1-4 in. and a quart ~
jar was quickly filled by simply running a hand along
the seats. A fisherman eight miles to the west and an-
other seven miles to the east reported Hydra in ap-
parently equal abundance. This means a distribution of
at least fifteen miles along this part of the shore. The
beach is sandy to gravelly with some large stones. Very
little life was found on the bottom out as far as one
could wade. However, out beyond the region of strong
wave action there must be places of attachment for the
Hydras other than the nets in order to account for the
existence of the species from one fishing season to an-
other, since in 1920 they had not reached sexual ma-
turity by the first week in December when the nets
were removed for the season.

Specimens of this Hydra were submitted to Professor
Frank Smith of the University of Illinois who kindly
stated that they without doubt were Hydra oligactis
Pallas although absolute determination could not be
made in the absence of gonads. He stated that the large
size and numerous buds indieated optimum conditions
of food and temperature. ‘

Fishermen had frequently spoken about a poisoning
which often affeeted them while handling the nets dur-

CANADIAN FISHBRMAN

CLEMENS

xg. Ne

see

dad
Ag,

»

ing the process of cleaning and mending.
this occurred eriefly after the nets had drie
covered with a fine dust which they called ta
poisoning was observed during this summ
men stated that. their hands and faces becam
and swollen especially if there were any ¢
were often affected also. Lack of time preve
ing out any experiments but it seems quit
that the poisoning could have been trace
dras. The dust was composed of dried sedi
vanie matter and certainly must have con
percentage of Hydra remains,

This account has been written to call atten
economic problem in relation to the fishing iz
which awaits study. There would appear to be
four points for investigation. sare yet
* (1) The amount of interference and inj
the nets by these great growths.

(2) The question of the poisoning of th

(3) Do these Hydra destroy young fish to ;
ciable extent in open water? Beardsley in 190
U.S. Fish. Comm., vol. XXII, pp. 157-160, re
destruction of trout fry by Hydra in a
Leadville, Colo. ; on ee

(4) To what extent do these immense n
Hydra reduce the entomostracan food supp
fish and of mature fish such as the ciscoes?
in Lake Erie feed almost exclusively upon E
ca and if the Hydra are as abundant thre
lake as they are along the fifteen miles Es
scribed above they must be very serious con
these fish in the matter of food.

Since the above was written Professor Pau
of the University of Michigan has informed
has been making a special study of Hydra it
of Northern Michigan.

K

BRAZILIAN EXPOSITION
The Service Bulletin (U. S. Bureau of F
June referred to the preparation of a fishe
for the exposition which opens in Rio de Ja
tember 7, 1922. With the hearty co-op
trade and other interested persons, exce
has been made in the assemblage of exhi
As planned, the xhibit will include displa
ing the New England offshore fisheries,
dustry, the sardine industry of Maine
the oyster industry, the fresh-water mus:
fish-eanning industry, the by-products o
and the bureau’s relations with the indus
of limited allotments of space and funds the ex
of necessity be small. A report on the fisheris
United States, the organization and fr
bureau, educational opportunities afford
fisheries in the United States, ete., has
for publication in English, Spanish, and
directed by Congress,

_ Editor Canadian Fisherman.—The mackerel scouts had
' ample occasion this spring to trail the schools to their
ding grounds. They appear to have done so, with a
sion never attained before. The run was uncommonly

ring up well during most of the northward trek, and
ything as a rule favoring accurate observation.

of those markings, from the perusal of which it
difficult to form a workable idea as to the main move-
nent of those valuable fish in the migratory season. The
n who go down to the deep in seiners, and even those

re about it by actual experience than those who never
me in contact with the occupation at all. The scouts
ze done well in tracking the numerous bodies of fish as
ey sweep along the shores of the Maritimes, and the in-
ution gleaned is worth more to the provincial fisher-

am asking you to publish the appended account, taken
the Halifax press from time to time, as the trailing
eded on its course along the coast, around Cape
and into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The general
will note the good and sufficient reasons which, in
m to my first hand knowledge on the subject, make
| “adhere to the theory” of a coastwise migration of
‘kerel from the southern waters to the northern spawn-
g areas, which need to be protected from destructive in-
sions by set-net, purse-seine or any other apparatus
the breeding season.
. M. H. NICKERSON,

Bie Oark’s Harbor, N. S.

Japt. Milne, of the scout Arleux, wirelessed yesterday

‘that he sighted several schools of mackerel off
Island, working the eastward...Capt. Barkhouse, of
e scout Arras, sent in the following message yesterday
ning: “9.30 a.m. Little Hope bearing N. N. E. 18 miles,

DAIRY PRODUCTS GRADED

he Dominion Dairy Commissioner announces that the
Produce Act has become the law of the land and
g of butter and cheese will be. en-

= “just as soon as the regulations could be drafted.

sterest in this is chiefly as a consumer and we look
n against that rancid mass for

; y-five to forty-eight cents. The Dairy Produce

1 henceforth
all get butter.
saci suppose that the need for grading in dairy
s is any more necessary that in fish? The argu
which proved the necessity for legislation in this
ht with very little alteration be applied to an act
rly affecting cured fish. Yes, and smoked and

Mig”. os

real money than the result of any other marine re--

175

sighted large schools of mackerel working northeast and
moving fast.’ Later in the day Capt. Barkhouse wirelessed
the following: ‘4 p.m. Coffin’s Island bearing north 12
miles, one small school of mackerel sighted. Mackerel
taken in nets (drifters) off Liverpool. Fish now approach-
ing coast.’

“Capt. Milne, of the scout Arleux, wirelessed the fol-
lowing report yesterday afternoon: “The large body of
mackerel rushing towards spawning grounds have arrived
and are being caught by the seiners at Ship Bar Light,
north eight miles. Five seine boats are now engaged
taking fish.’ Later in the afternoon, Capt. Milne wireless-
ed that the mackerel are moving eastward, and schooling
off Egg Island.’ Saturday afternoon, Capt. Milne sent in
a wireless message which read: ‘Several schools of mac-
kerel now showing eight miles south of Port Beckerton.’
Capt. Barkhouse, of the scout Arras, wirelessed as fol-
lows Saturday afternoon: ‘Large schools of mackerel
showing four miles off, Country Harbor. Several schools
working east close along the coast to White Head. Fish
are holding the coast waters as they go east, and nets are
getting large quantities of them.

“The mackerel schools have reached the Magdalen
Islands according to wireless received from Capt. Milne,
of the scout Arleux, sent via North Sydney. Capt. Midne’s
message reads: “The large body of mackerel have now ar-
rived at the Magdalen Islands, and are proceeding to-
wards Prince Edward Island and Bay Chaleur.’

“Yesterday morning Capt. Milne sent the following
wireless: ‘Mackerel schooling in Ingonish Bay. Fifteen
thousand in one trap. Have been here in large numbers
during the past week... The first run of large sized
mackerel have now passed the southern Nova Scotia coast
and are proceeding towards the spawning grounds in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence. The second run of mackerel, the
small fish, are now due to arrive. Possibly the two bodies
of fish have followed each other closely, and the spring
run is nearly over.’ ”’

NOVA SCOTIA FISH DISLIKE PULP.

During a visit of a representative of the Pulp and
Paper Magazine to the mill of the Sissiboo Pulp and
Paper Co., at Weymouth, N.S. there was an investiga- |
tion of a complaint from fishermen that the white
water, bark, slivers, ete., from the pulp mill inter-
fered with fishing further down the river. Two Gov-
ernment inspectors were detailed to look into the prok-
lem. The complaint stated that rubbish from the
mill hada tendency to fill up the nets and otherwise
interfere with the smelt fishing industry. The inspec-
tion carried on by the Government men delegated by
the Department of Marine and Fisheries found after
an investigation lasting two days that the mill officials
were doing their utmost to prevent anything from
going down the river that would interfere with the
fishing; in fact Mr. Frank Ouellet, manager of the
Sissiboo and Clyde River mills spared no expense in
improving the situation. The Government inspectors
made some suggestions which the management was
glad to carry out.

176

Hon. W. F. Coaker, president of the Fishermen ’s pro-
tective Union of Newfoundland, and Minister of Marine
and Fisheries, it to the fishermen of the Ancient Colony
all that Hon. T. A. Crerar is to the farmers of Canada—
and more, in the opinion of many of his followers. The
man from the Backwoods’’, as Mr. Coaker is called, is
the bogey of some business circles in Newfoundland and
the storm centre of its polities. In thirteen years he was
organized a powerful fishermen’s union, built up a
chain of co-operative stores, founded an export trading
corporation, created a fishing port, established a daily
newspaper, furnished with the most modern equipment,
of the conditions complained of but is hopeful that with-
formed a political party, and, according to his political
opponents, made himself master of the administration
of Britain’s oldest Dominion. A man eapable of such a
list of achievements in a short time is a force to be reck-
oned with; he is still in the prime of life, and seems des-
tined to become an even more important factor in the
affairs of this Dominion— unless, as his enemies hope
and pray, his star sets as swiftly as it has risen. And his
endeavors to help the fishermen achieve a greater meas-
ure of economie independence and political power have
stirred up powerful and bitter enemies. In Newfound-
land polities quarter is never given or asked, and Mr.
Coaker is the chief target of the acrimonious attacks of
the Opposition speakers and press. On the other hand
the Fishermen’s Leader commands the ardent admira-
tion and enthusiastic loyalty of his followers. In the
union meetings he is hailed as the ‘‘great emancipator’’.
A writer in the Evening Advocate, signing himself
‘“‘Fisherman’s Son’’, compares him to Lycurgus, ‘‘the
great legislator of Sparta, who, inspired by the political
conditions of Lacedaemon determined to free its op-
pressed sons from their thraldom.’’ And this writer,
who admits he is carried away by his enthusiasm, pro-
ceeds: ‘‘In the face of opposition, prejudice and
hatred, Mr. Coaker has done more, much more, than
Lycurgus did for the Lacedaemonians, and his name
will adorn the pages of history, and live until the
stormy billows of the Atlantic cease to foam against the
impregnable cliffs of his beloved island home.’’

History Of The Union

When a young man Mr. Coaker settled on a lonely
Island in Notre Dame Bay on the north shore of New-
foundland, and in the intervals of shore fishing hewed
a farm out of the virgin forest— one of the best farms,
it Is said, in the Ancient Colony.

Here, during the long winter nights, with his nearest
neighbor miles away achoss the packed ice, he read
farm journals, learned something of the co-operative
movement among farmers in various parts of the world,
and eventually decided to launch a similar movement
the fishermen of his native land. In the early winter of
1908 he left his Island farm, and in a few days gathered
together nineteen fishermen of the obscure little harbor
of Herring Neck, and formed the advance guard of the
army of fishermen who constitute the Fishermen’s Pro-
tective Union, now, it is claimed, the greatest single pol-
itical, commercial and social] power in the land. ‘‘The
Man from the Backwoods”’ then went from bay to bay,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

The “Crerar” of Newfoundland .

History of Fishermen’s Union story of
achievement closely intertwined with ¢a-
reer of Hon. W. F. Coker.

By COLIN McKAY

_Sent their fish abroad on commission, got very

there to be sold on commission, gluts the markets, at

from tickle to tickle; but his message often fe
stoney ground— and his first year’s work was di
aging. But he persevered, and in 1910, with s
thousand men in his organization scattered aro
rugged shores, opened an office in St. John’s t!
ital. In this year the Union members demande
tained an increase in the price of cod-oil fro
$110 and some slight increases in the price of f
through their co-operative distributing agen
obtained fishing gear and provisions somewha
than the merchants were supplying them. In
two years the union grew rapidly and by 191
distriet councils with a total enrollment of 15,
bers. ‘ea

It had also 14 co-operative stores, a trading con
for marketing fish, and a company publish
paper in St. John’s. Mr. Coaker for three ye:
had received the sum of $325, according to t
cials; but of course on his numerous tours he
boarded by the fisher folk and had mostly
fishermen’s boats. j

Launched Into Politics

In the general elections of 1913 Mr. Coa
fishermen’s union into the fight as a_ politi
and, though the introduction of religious ques
the contest resulted in the return of the Morr
ment, Mr. Coaker and a number of fishermen
in the house of Assembly. In the next few ~
Coaker’’ the ‘‘Man who must be Obeyed.”? _
as a result of an interesting combination of
forces, he became Minister of Marine and oe
the government led by Sir Richard Squires,
soon being referred to by the Opposition press
Coaker, the ‘‘Man who must be Obeyed.”? —

During the war the Squires Government
Board to market fish, which functioned ‘ons
to the Canada Wheat Board. Its operatio
been satisfactorry while prices were high, an
of all kinds of food stuffs was an easy matte
deavored to carry on for some time after the
it could not hold up prices, and, at the dema:
fish merchants, it was presently abolished. _
when the fish merchants began to market th
a competitive basis, and without regard to
neighbors were doing, prices continued to d
though some may have done well enough, m

lost on their trading. a
Mr. Coaker has urged the re-creation of a
Fish Board, under government supervision, to.
the shipment and sale of the island’s staple
This proposal is vigourously opposed by ma.
fish merchants, but seems to have many s
among the working fishermen. On the other han
are influential fish merchants who are now adv
the formation of a voluntary association or poc
merchants to regulate the export of fish and in as fa
possible to regulate the price. Something of this
is likely to materialize, for the old practice of indi
ual merchants rushing their fish to foreign mar

brings down prices.

CANADIAN
WHAT Is A BOAT?

ugust, 1922

Boston epipner gets ‘Hot under volar over misuse of
3 the Term.

By Captain CHARLTON L. SMITH,
Transcript.’’

‘* Boston

Newspapers, and the public in general, have a ten-
ency, of late years, to call every sort of a floating
~ t a boat.

is makes us sad. It makes us hark back to the days
of ow ace “We see in memory’s mirror the water side
a Yondor and Border streets, East Boston, crowded
h shipyards, spar yards, establishments with ‘‘rail-
ys and blocks,’’ coopers’ shops, caulkers’ hoa
riggin lofts, ship painters’ shops: mould lofts,
‘0 vin places and junk dealers’ dingy cellars
nelling of tarry hemp.

e was a dry dock off Atlantic avenue, at Fort
then, and ‘‘The Avenue’’, as well as Commercial
on the town side of the harbor, was plentifully
led with the above-named businesses — all but
wrds where they actually built ships.

Forests of masts met the eye. So many of them were
are ringed that each pier had numerous signs ad-
hing captains to cock-bill their yards before trying
i < “The Peabody Packets, ships mostly, could near-
Aebe4 be found at Lewis wharf. And the pretty lit-
painted barks, hailing from Portland, Maine,
Yemen lying at Union wharf. National Docks, at
Boston, always had a large fleet of fine, full rig-
Bahine of that beautiful style that came immediately
fte the clipper days. A full-rigged brig and a topsail
er were occasional sights, while brigantines and
ntines were very plentiful. .
mg ® t we must get to our theme. I cannot remember of
aring, in those days any misuse of the word boat.
resent loose habit seems to the sailor man ridi-
s. Let me spin a yarn.
my deep-water days I happened to be an officer
ship Paul Revere on her passage from Baltimore
n Francisco. We had shipped a nondescript crew,
them signing on as A. B.’s, but many of them fresh
the plow, or from riding rods under freight ears.
e first mate, a typical Yankee marinet, had the
< one afternoon. I had just ea‘en dinner and was
r an open window in my room.
at on the starboard bow, sir!’’ hailed: a well-
ing inlander, whom the mate had nicknamed ‘‘Jack

ee her oo sir?’’

Vou ding-blasted fool, don ’t ever announce any-
ig that way so long as you’s in this ballyhoo. Calla
a ship, a bark a bark and a steamer, a steamer,
ll break every bone in your tarnation body. I
zht a vessel had been abandoned and you had sight-
her boat.’’

is shows how the professional mariner values pre-
of speech. He is always methodical (until paid
has a certain place for everything, for his very life
nds on it. He never belays royal gear on ope

that LeviBlecitie, insidious little word of ie
is: at first thought, used indiscriminately by the

FISHERMAN

177

seafarer. And it is—to a certain extent. For although, |
generally speaking, a boat is an open craft, small enough
to be rowed or sculled by oars, long years of custom
have modified the use of the word. Even Mr. Stewart
would have said that the Paul Revere was ‘‘a fine sea-
boat.’’

One says ‘‘mail-boat,’’ though the steamship named be
nearly 1000 feet in length. He says ‘‘Fall River boat,
pilot-boat, tugboat’’; yet these are large craft. Surely,
the occasions when it is ermissible to say boat are ar-
bitrary to a marked degree.

Amateur yachtsmen of great skill in the handling of
their speedy toys, are nearly all of them given to this
same misuse. In their case it does not surprise the sea-
man; for the gentlemen tars illtreat, or misname, most,
every nautical term.

A publication, in New Englaba: that has an immen-
se circulation, persistingly, and irritatingly, offends.
So much SO, and in 80 many different columns and de-
partments, that the writers evidently have been ordered
to do so from higher up. A heading appeared like this:
**Boat Sinks, the Crew Take to the Boats.’’

DEMONSTRATIONS IN PREPARING OF FISH,
FOR MOVIE SCREEN.

Fisheries Department Also Issuing Fish Cook Book
to Help Housewives to Bring Out Good Qualities of
Sea Food

The secret of making fish thoroughly palatable lies
in the ability of the cook. Many, many times delicious
fish are spoiled because of Slip-shod or absolutely im-
proper methods employed in the kitchen. If a well-
prepared fish dish were placed before those of us who
have very little respect for this variety of food, there is
no doubt our aversion would be at once dispelled. The
route, therefore, by which to develop an appreciation of
sea food lies in the education of housewives in the secrets
and tricks of purchasing, preparing, cooking and serving.

Realizing the all-importance of training housewives
to do justice to this cheap and abundant commodity, the
Fisheries Branch. Department of Marine and Fisheries,
has on the press a cook book, which covers much of this
ground and in addition gives good practical recipes.
is to be circulated through the retail fish trade. .

The department is supplementing this work with a
moving picture giving very detailed instructions to the
cook. Government photographers visited Ste. Anne de
Bellevue, Quebec, recently and the domestic science staff
and pupils of Macdonald College staged extensive de-
monstrations. Dr. H. C. Harrison, principal of the col-
lege, very generously co-operated and provided every
facility to make the film thorough and complete.

The film version explains the fundamentals which
apply to the cooking of virtually every variety of fish
on the market. About a dozen different kinds of fish
are prepared—baked, boiled, fried and planked. It tells

’ how to select fresh fish, how it should be wrapped by

the retailer and cleaned for cooking. The preservation
of left-over fish is particularly interesting and invalu-
able hints are furnished as to what to do and what not
to do in cooking fish. The film is the most comprehen-
sive thing of the kind that has ever been undertaken and
experts in the work have given liberally of their time
and energy to make it interesting and informative.

Doris L. Corkum Ashore

The fishing schooner Doris L. Corkum is ashore at Cape
Ballard, Nfld., and is likely to be a total loss, according
to advices to her managing owners, Zwicker and Company,
Lunenburg, on July 18.

Commission Refuses

The Railway Commission has refused an application by
a fish merchant of Montreal to allow him to re-address
boxes of fish at the railway station and have the express
company deliver to several addresses instead of his place
of business. In refusing the application, the board says
that if it were granted, the same principle would have to
be applied to all commodities handled by express, and “‘the
railway companies stations would become simply a clear-
ing house for commission merchants in holding their goods
for re-addressing before express companies would com-
plete the contract of delivery.

Given up as Lost

Captain John Powers, of Rockport, and the crew of five
men of the Malica Enos, a 16-ton fishing schooner, have
been given up as lost, the Interstate Fish Corporation,
“owners of the vessel, announced July 26. Nothing had
been heard from the [Malian Enos since she left for the
Georges Banks, July 3.

Shark in Shad Net

A full grown shark weighing 575 pounds, was caught
in a shad net belonging to Mr. Card, of Burlington, off
Boot Island, Minas Basin, on July 22.

Eat Herring Food

Vast quantities of small jelly-like organisms, called
salps, have made their appearance in the North Sea.

They have come from the Atlantic and have been found
in millions in the herring grounds off the coast of Scot-
land. It is believed that the salps eat up most of the
herring food within the limits of the invaded area, and
this may account for the poor condition of the herrings
caught in the drift nets.

From one Whale

From the hide of a single whale two hundred pairs of
heavy boots, over a score of shoes, several yards of belt-
ing, and shoe-laces were made recently.

Government Buys Morgan Yacht

David W. Simpson of Boston has sold to the Canadian
government, the former J. P. Morgan steam yacht Saga-
more, for a sum said to be around $11,000.

The Sagamore will replace the Canadian coast patrol
ship Restless, another former American craft, that saw
service in the Spanish War. She will be engaged in the
suppression of rum running off the Sydney coast.

The Sagamore is capable of doing 16 knots an hour.
She is 161 feet overall,-and has a beam of 26 feet. She
will have mounted guns on deck and be well equipped to
carry out her new boda 3

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

News Notes from Far and Near

rammed and Sunk

Sch. Elva L. Spurling, Capt. George Perry, Glouce:
Mass., was run down and sunk off Nauset, Cape
August 2 during a thick fog by the collier, Lake Flo
Patrick Powers, one of the crew was killed and
was recovered some time afterwards.

Life-saving Station Closed

tay

It was announced from the Department of M
Fisheries August 1, that, taking effect at once
partment had closed the Bayview life-saving st
is immediately inside the gut at Digby,
saving station at Westport, Briard i Peend, was
cially closed today.

a

Thirty Sperm Whales

The fishermen of Keels, Bonavista Bay, Ne
secured thirty sperm whales out of a school which
off that place early in August, and were still | ly
harpoons vigorously and successfully.

If the fishermen can dispose of the wha
make big profits, but they are faced with —
finding a market, as all of Newfoundland’s \ w
have ceased operation.

A 400-pound Swordfish: b

A three-hour battle between a giant ran
Boutilier Brothers, of Seabright, which took —
Shut in Island, N.S., August 9, ended with victo
fishermen, and the four hundred pound monst or
ped to Boston next day.

American Fisheries Society Meeting

The next annual meeting of the American |
Society, will be held at Madison, Wis., Septem
and 8. Plans are being worked out for a nu
teresting features.

French Trawler Wrecked

In a message via | Cape Rees to the Naval $
fax, August 5, St. Pierre advises that the Fren |
André-Pierre, ran ashore on Miquelon Island |
ing and is a total loss. Her crew was saved. —

How Chinese hss

“The European of the Middle East,” says th
Trade Commission, “buys an article on its re
the other hand the Chinese and native races
on the “chop” system. A “chop” is the mark
known brand of goods imprinted on the label, o:
other container. It is of no use to attempt |
Chinese or native races anything with merely
name on the wrapper. Overseas exporters 1
ercise great care with regard to labels and wra)

“For example, a consignment of salmon arri
gepore some time ago, and turned out very

ust, 1922

bel on the tins in this consignment was that of a fish
ith the tail turned down. For some considerable period
fterwards it was quite impossible to sell salmon through-
uit the territory under any similar label, no matter what
he reputation of the packers and importers might be.

Fisheries value decreased in 1921

The total value of the product of the fisheries of Can-
da in 1921, was $34,930,935, compared with $49,-
1,839, as 1920, a Pokrcake of 14,310,404, or
: er cent, Wott ding to a preliminary schierie isan
y the bitresu’ of statistics. -Decreases from 1921 are
jown in average values of nearly all kinds of fish mar-
ted fresh and prepared. The quantity of salmon caught
nded dropped from 1,284,720 ewt. in 1920, to 878,-
. in 1921, and the total value as marketed in the
t forms Hein $15,595,970, to $9,305,763.
catch of lobsters decreased from the previous year
6,360 cwt., but the decrease in total marketed
is $2,009,052. Cod, halibut, whitefish, mackerel,
-tullibee, perch and oysters, show increases in
decreases in marketed value. Herring, had-
, , sardines, pollock, hake and cusk and pilchard show
reases in catch as well as in total marketed value.

May Take Over Booth Plant

empt is being made to form a company com-
f St. John N. B. capital which would take over
big Booth Fisheries Company sardine factory in St.
n. This plant, which: is the biggest sardine-packing
in the maritime privinces, has been idle most of
mmer, although an announcement was made that
nt ‘would be utilized all through the sardine sea-
St. John fishermen are of the opinion that the
could be operated at a profit this season and are
avoring to secure sufficient capital interested to
ttiate the transfer of the property. The Booth fac-
sin good condition having been recently renovated.

Lower Express Rates

xipiec Traffic Association recently issued a new
e of rates on fish from shipping points in the
ie Provinces, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and
Columbia, to American destinations. The new
which as a general rule are reductions, become
e September 11.

annot Tax Others and Remain Untaxed Herself

_A. Munn, St. Johns, Nfld., supports condemna-
m of the Newfoundland Government’s export tax on
nj products. ‘In a letter to the St. Johns Telegram

é isda has threatened retaliation on us, but we
d thank her Government for this timely warning.
be an easy matter for us to arrange the ‘‘Status
with our sister Dominion, but it will be a very dif-
ent matter when our foreign buyers start their retal-
on for our mal-administration.
“We are breaking our Reciprocity Treaty with Greece,
‘in spirit and letter.

‘The Spanish Government have increased their duties
fish, and are now negotiating reciprocal arrange-
with France, Norway and Iceland, which are ex-
to come into operation next month.
Board of Trade has been protesting against the
ve charges recently put in force against our ship-
for Portugal. The British Ambassador at Lisbon
that the Portuguese are perfectly within their
8, and he cannot promise any expectation of relief,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

_ our folly?

179

“‘The whole matter boils itself into a nut shell. We
have not a leg to stand on in negotiating for reciprocity
or reduction of any foreign taxes while our Government
places an export tax on our fish shipped out of this coun-
try. If our fish can stand an export tax, it can stand
any amount of taxes that foreign countries like to pile
on us.

‘‘The last mail from the Mediterranean markets
brought the news, that the French merchants of Bor-
deaux are pushing the scale of the St. Pierre Lave
(soft cure codfish) and promise it $1.25 per quintal
cheaper in Spain, Italy and Greece, than our genuine
Labrador codfish, and this they are enabled to do owing
to the bounty given by the French Govt. on all their cod-
fish, shipped to these countries.

‘What a comparison between the Newfoundland Goy-
ernment, that: places an export tax on our fishermen,
and the French Government that gives the St. Pierre
fishermen $1.25 per quintal. Where do our Exporters
fit in under such cireumstances?

We recently heard what ‘‘Idiots’’ the Canadian Gov-
ernment are for increasing their postage rates on us,
but let us first consider how far we have proceeded in
There is little wonder that our exporters re-
fused to give out supplies this spring, and the end is
not yet.’’

Swordfish Puts up a Terrible Struggle

How an infuriated swordfish, maddened with pain
after being harpooned and seeking to escape from its
tormentors, attacked the little fishing steamer Nyoda
and drove its sword into the bow, then led its pursuers
a merry four-hour. chase before succumbing, was told
last week when the vessel reached the South Boston Fish
Pier. In the starboard bow was a puncture, a foot above
the waterline and an equal distance from the stem. Be-
fore the Nyoda leaves again, the damaged plank will be
replaced.

Captain Charles Nelson, the skipper, in telling the
story of the fight to conquer and capture the 350-pound
fish, said the adventure took place last Thursday on
Georges Bank. The big fish, lazily sunning itself on
the surface proved an easy target for the harpoon
which was hurled from the pulpit of the Nyoda
with deadly accuracy, lodging in the back. Diving
the fish swam under water for a short distance and
came up near the steamer, lunged at her and the sharp
sword buried itself into the wood to a depth of three
inches. A lily iron, with fathoms of rope attached, was
then thrown and found its mark. Frank Miles put off
in a dory, armed with a second iron and thought he
would close up the affair.

He was destined for a surprise, however, for the now —
enraged monster, bent only on getting away and suffer-
ing untold agony, darted away at full speed dragging
the dory along at a speed of six miles an hour. Through
mile after mile of blood-stained water, the fish drove on
an erratic course, vainly trying to shake off the eruel
irons. The Nyoda followed, with her crew shouting en-

_eouragement to Miles, who seemed to be enjoying his

unexpected ride. At the end of four hours, the unequal
contest ended and the swordfish yielded to the terrific
pain. Death came quickly and the fish was eaptured.

Replaces Stevens

W. G. MeQuarrie, Conservative member for New
Westminster, British Columbia, has been named to aet
in lieu of Hon. H. H. Stevens the commission recently
appointed to investigate the condition of the fisheries
in British Columbia.

180 CANADIAN

Swordfish More Important Than Sydney -
Steel Industry

Swordfishing out of Cape Breton ports bids fair to
become a temporary rival, as an industry, of the steel
manufacture in Sydney, according to the Sydney Post
in an article forecasting record breaking shipments of
swordfish to Boston during the season now commencing.
Last season the shipments from Louisburg to Boston,
alone, amounted to well over a million pounds and this
volume will likely be far exceeded, during the present
season if the expectations of fish buyers in Cape Breton
from New England are fulfilled. It has been said that
the people who engage in the swordfisheries in Cape
Breton outnumber those employed by the steel plants.
The fish are caught, cleaned, iced, boxed and shipped in
a special fleet of refrigerator cars by the most direct
route to Boston. Louisburg is the starting point of the
Nova Scotia fleet of one hundred sail which will go after
the swordfish this season, but there will be many other
crafts engaged in the fishery including a few from
American ports. —

Nova Seotia fishermen have, during the past, few
years, made Cape Breton ports their headquarters, as
it has been found that the fish strike that coast in larger
quantities than in any other locality during the migra-
tion from the southern banks. The first kill is generally
made the latter part of July in the waters between Scat-
tarie and Guoin Island. The season lasts about five
weeks then the fish disappear and are seen no more un-
til next season when they commence to run off the
American coast. Already American fishermen have
made large catches and in four days, July 10 to 14, 31,-
000 fish weighing on an average of 250 pounds each,
were landed at the Boston wharves. A steady market
for this enormous catch was found at 13 cents a pound
on board ship,

Eels Breed in Western Atlantic

Eels breed in the western Atlantic and the young come
into the Mediterranean through the Straits of Gibraltar.
This fact is said to have been definitely established by the
Danish Biological Expedition on board the Dana, according
to a report sent by one of its members, Dr. Johannes
Schmidt. In the long stretch from Algiers to 300 miles west
of Madeira the expedition, he says, caught a great number
‘ of young eels which proved to decrease in size gradually
from east to west, which was to be expected if their breed-
ing-place is the western Atlantic.

Another Competitor Arrives

Fishermen in England have been worried over the in-
roads upon their home market made by Danish fisher-
men employing the seine-net. They are hardly likely to
be consoled” on learning that Swedish craft have been
equipped with similar gear to help supply the same mar-
ket. Undoubtedly this competition will revolutionize the
fishing methods of the Britisher.

Ottesen Patent Not Profitable

Much has been said in recent years about the Ottesen
method of brine-freezing, although it has had little com-
mercial use on this side of the Atlantic. Considering the
very favorable results obtained from the system it is sur-
prising to learn that the Danish company which bought
the patent rights and incorporated with a capital exceed-

ing $2,000,000, suffered a deficit last year of more than
$25,000. ?

FISHERMAN. I
COURSES AT FISHERY COLLEGE

In view of indefiniteness in connection with the
culum to be adopted in the technical school for fishes
for which the Nova Scotia government has made a ¢
of $5,000, the following announcement of short co
next year at the College of Fisheries, University of W
ington, Seattle, is of timely interest. The school ops
on January 4, and continuous to March 1, 1923. Whi
it is primarily for the benefit of persons engaged or
terested in some phase of the fishing industry ar
desire to increase their efficiency, none who y¥
take the course is excluded. The college is equip
the necessary equipment for practical demonstra
illustrations in all courses. 7

The Fisheries of the Pacific. — Two lectur
Professor Cobb. The history, extent and me
fisheries of the countries bordering on the P

Canning of Fishery Products — Two le
laboratory period per week. Prof. Cobb, M
and others. The theory and practice of cann
with demonstrations on such species as ar

Curing of Fishery Products — Two 1
laboratory period per week. Prof. Cobb
and others. The mild-curing, pickling,
smoking of fishery products are treated of
gether with demonstrations on such product
able. ee

Scotch and other Methods of Curing H.
lectures and laboratory work. Mr. And

Classification, Habits, etc., of Paci
tic Species. — One lecture and one lab
week. Prof. Kincaid. — A

Fish Culture —-Three lectures an
period per week. Prof. Crawford. TI
tice of hatching salmon, shad, trout, w
and other marine and fresh water specie:

Pond Culture — Two lectures and one labe
per week. Prof. Crawford. The location ¢
fish ponds; the proper stocking of same;
feeding of the fish, ete. oa

Fesh-water Plants — One lecture and
atory period per week. Prof. Frye. The
pagation, and relative merits of those pla
important bearing on fish culture.

Bacteriology of Foods — Two lectures and o
atory period weekly. Dr. Weinzirl. A brief stud;
of the technique of handling bacteria, but mo:
time is given to the bacteriology of fermentat
faction, sterilization and sanitation. Of espe
cannery owners, superintendents, foremen and

Food Laws — Study of federal, state and fc
regulating the sale of food products. One
week, ‘ r

Elements of Navigation—Two lectures per 1
pass and compass corrections. Charts and t
Location positions by soundings with the aid
Plane sailing and coast navigation. Use of
table and dead reckoning. Use of the alm
sextant. Latitude from noon sight on sun. An
course requiring no mathematics beyond a kn
arithmetic. .

Short Course in Gas and Oil Engines for
etc. — Two lectures per week. Prof. Wilson.

Emergencies—First Aid to Injured —
Dr. Hall. What to do in case of accidents;
bandages; the treatment of shocks, bruises,
and poisoning. Demonstrations. ae

Further information may be obtained by communic
with Dr. J. N. Cobb, director of the college,

4

ete
a
‘s

August, 1922

CANADIAN

ne ee ag Sets al

J. A. MOTHERWELL

partment of Marine & Fisheries, Ottawa, and Major
A. Motherwell, chief inspector of British Columbia
heries for the federal department, have been assigned
) advise the Royal Commission which is now on the
ast to investigate fishery matters generally on the
Pacific. Mr. Cowie is well known throughout the coun-
try and shares with Major Motherwell the confidence
the entire industry.

‘The fishing industry as a whole in the maritime pro-

ices this year promises to be a tremendous success. Re-
is to hand indicate that fishermen are in splendid

irits and are very optimistic for the future.

: 4 J. Cowie, fishery expert at headquarters of the

FISHERMAN 181

LEME GEE MEE De a re re

PACIFIC COAST SECTION

LLL ULLULE ULLAL LY ELLE UU YY UE YI oh
Advisers to Royal Commission

E
BERRY

J. J. COWIE

‘‘Alaska Red”’

The Department of Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa, has
ruled, under authority of the Meat and Canned Foods
Act, as amended at the last*session of Parliament, that
eanned Alaska Red Salmon imported for sale in Canada
after the first of September next must be sold under the
name of ‘‘ Alaska Red’’ only. The name ‘‘Sockeye’’
must not be shown on the label in addition thereto.

All eans of such fish imported prior to the date men-
tioned above may be sold as at present marked.

Halibut Supply Scarce

The halibut catches on the Pacifie Coast are not at all
large so far this season. There may be several reasons
for this; want of demand, the fact that independent
small boats are after salmon and the facet that halibut
are really scarce and the fishermen have to go long dis-
tances for them. In any event the fresh supply is not at
all large.

182

Salmon Industry Bound for Destruction

Northern rivers following the
Fraser, declares Dr. Gilbert—1921_ pack
only fifty per cent. of previous 10-year

average.

The Report of the Hon, William Sloan, British Colum-
bia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year 1921 has just
been issued by the King’s Printer. It is a concise but
comprehensive paper. As usual it deals principally with
the salmon fisheries of the province, contains statistics for
the years 1920 and 1921, reports from the principal salmon
spawning areas, and a valuable “Contribution to the Life
History of the Sockeye Salmon” by Dr. C. H. Gilbert. ‘Too
much cannot be said of the forceful manner in which it
deals with conditions that threaten the destruction of our
salmon supply. It is a report that will prove of value to
the Dominion Fishery Commission that is to sit in the
province this fall.

The value of the fishery products of Canada for the
year 1920 totalled $49,241,339, of which B. C. produced
$22,329,161 or 39 per cent. For the tenth consecutive
vear British Columbia again leads all the provinces in the
value of her fishery products. Her output for 1920 ex-
ceeded that of Nova Scotia by $9,586,502, and it exceeded
that of all the other provinces combined by $8,160,742.00.

The catch of salmon in 1920 was valued at $15,129,348,
a decrease from 1919 of $2,407,818, and $2,077,897 less
than in 1918. The price received for the pack of 1920
was relatively considerably higher than in 1918 and 1919,
but the total pack was much less than that made in those
years.

Only 50 per cent. of Average

The total salmon pack for 1921 was less than 50 per
cent. of the average pack for the preceding ten years, and
totalled but 603,548 cases, compared with 1,187,616 cases
in 1920, 1,393,156 cases in 1919 and 1,626,738 cases in
1917. The catch in every district shows a decline.

The total catch in the Fraser District of the province
gave a pack of 107,650 cases, of which sockeye produced
but 39,631 cases as against that of the preceding fourth
year of 148,164, and 719,796 eight years ago. The total
pack of sockeye in the entire Fraser River system, which
includes that of the State of Washington, in 1921 was but
142,598 cases as compared to 559,702 cases in the pre-
ceding fourth year and 2,385,524 cases in the preceding
eighth year. The pack of sockeye in that system in 1921
was less than 6 per cent. of that of the big year 1913. The
full effect of the blockade in the Fraser Canyon at Hells
Gate in 1913 and the heavy drain made on the remnants of
that run in 1917 is now fully manifest. The run of former
big years has dwindled to less than the average of recent
lean years. The Fraser is fished out of sockeye. The big
run has been destroyed.

There was a marked decline in the catch of all species
of salmon on the Skeena, the catch of sockeye being the
smallest ever made there. It totalled but 41,118 cases.
The catches of sockeye at Rivers Inlet and the Nasa River
were also the smallest ever made.

Northern Rivers following Fraser

In commenting on conditions in northern waters the

report states: “It becomes more and more apparent from

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

for the run, exhibited a wide disparity. The

Ne

August, 19: -
course of

a study of the records of the catch of sockeye ane
reports from the spawning areas that the runs of s
to our northern waters are being rapidly deple
that unless greater protection is given them than _
afforded in recent years they will go the way of
to the Fraser. They cannot stand the drain
been, and is now being made upon them. Whe
that in District No. 2, our Northern wat
there has been since 1912 a material decrease in.
notwithstanding that there has been an ine
amount of gear used, (2) a great increase i
waters in which fishing is conducted, and
increase in the price paid for fish, it is evide
fish are seeking entrance to the spawning
the escapement is less.” oe
The report states that the record of the
on the Skeena for the ten years 1902-1911 s.
was 26 per cent. greater than it was in the
ten years, notwithstanding that in the latter |
amount of gear used was increased from 12
per cent. and the price paid for the fish wa
250 per cent greater, and the waters fished
extensive than in the first period. ea
The sockeye catch at Rivers Inlet. for the
1902-1911 produced a pack 26 per cent greate
made in the following ten years, notwithstan
the later period there was an increase of 27
the number of nets employed. Up to. 1912 the
for sockeye did not exceed 10 cents. From 19
it was increased to 1214c. and for 1916-191
creased to an average of 24 cents, and in 192
men were paid 30 cents. Pie

Analyses Situation

The seriousness of the situation in our n¢
is further made manifest by the evidence su
C. H. Gilbert’s analysis of the sockeye r
Inlet, the Skeena and Nass Rivers, in 1920
which is to be found in the appendix of the pr
In his 1919 report on the Rivers Inlet run, D
commented on the prospects for 1920, calling
the fact that the brood-years which would. be

fish in 1920 would be derived from eggs laid
1915, when the pack of Rivers Inlet sockeye
130,000 cases and was the largest ever put up in
trict. The four-year-old fish, would be dese
1916, with a pack of less than 45,000 cases,
of any recent year.” The results during 1920 will
more than usual interest for in the two brood=
that season we find contrasted, as above stated, |
and the very richest years of which we have a
will be interesting to observe whether the five-
group will appear in 1920 in overwhelming pr
His study of that run disclosed such to have be
The run was gratifyingly large, after a series 0:
very poor years. It was practically all derived fro
the proportion of four-year fish was but 5 per.
the total run. That means 115,000 of the 121,000.

~~
ie
oe

August, 1922 CANADIAN FISHERMAN 183

of 1920 were the results of the 1915 brood. “If we as-
sume,” he states “that the packs of these two years give
Teliable indications of the size of the runs, then the four-
year fish that developed from the 1915 brood represented
is per cent. of the total progeny of that brood. It is
facts of this nature that lead us to call the Rivers Inlet
ee predominantly one of five years, in contrast to the
‘Fraser cycle, well known to be one of four years.”

Dr. Gilbert shows that the Skeena River sockeye run

Bt 1920 agreed with that of Rivers Inlet in being derived

n part from a good brood-year and in part Fram a very

5 poor year. Like the Rivers Inlet and the Nass River
‘Meolonies of sockeye, the Skeena is dependent more on its
five than its four-year old members and thus approximates
five-year cycle. The average percentage of the five-year
‘group in the eight years from 1912 to 1919 is 60 per cent.
Wand the highest attained in any year was 75 per cent. But
‘Vin 1920, the five-year group comprised 82 per cent, and
\mnust be attributed to their favourable brood-year, in con-
| junction with the very poor brood-year for the four-year

Eventual Destruction Inevitable

The salient features of the sockeye run to the Skeena in
1921, Dr. Gilbert states, are best brought out by a com-
parison with the run of 1920. The latter was produced by
: Ft the good brood year 1915, and the poor one of 1916. The
result was a run of aediaes size, over four-fifths of which
w ere the progeny of 1915. The run of 1921 had as ante-

edent two extremely poor brood-years, the worst, with a
* exception, that has hitherto occurred on the Skeena.
The result of this portentous combination was in 1921 a
‘| still lower level of production than the Skeena has pre-
; fiously attained. That pack of only 41,000 cases in 1921

| sgistered a further decline of 35 per cent, compared with
‘the extremely meagre yields of the two brood-years that

Produced it. Discussing this feature Dr. Gilbert states:

“Tf the salmon runs were enemy forces that we were
: desirous of annihilating, no more certain method could be
evised than destroying them thus in detail. The detach-
ents appearing each year operate wholly independently
f those that immediately precede or follow. If we suc-
ed in destroying only one or two annual detachments in
five-year cycle, the result becomes cumulative, and the
v entual destruction of the run is assured.”

“It cannot too often be urged that a rational policy of
; ¢onservation must prescribe a large annual safety factor.
We must continue each year to provide for the escape of
lar ger numbers of spawning fish that are necessary to en-
ire adequate production during the seasons in which con-
tions are favorable. A rationally controlled stream will
how its spawning grounds each year seemingly over-pop-
lated. This is nature’s method of preventing serious de-
jetion during the not infrequent years when. conditions
are unfavorable for successful propagation and growth,
‘ = there is no other safe method. Failure to observe this
fious precaution must be held responsible in no small
“me asure for the certain depletion with which all our
1 mon streams are threatened.

Occasional Good Years a Deception

fi, “The appearance of occasional good years in the course

fa declining run is customary and to-be expected. They
Should not serve in any degree to allay our apprehensions.
Foor years also, it is true, have occurred during the most

prosperous periods of productivity in our streams. But in
a declining salmon run the poor years become more
numerous, they infallibly in the long run produce their
kind, and they fall to lower and lower levels. The average
production for a series of years can always be depended
on to tell the tale. With these facts in mind, no one can
doubt the serious condition we are fast realizing on the
Skeena and, it may be just to remark, on all the great
salmon rivers of the province.”

“It is impossible to know in advance the utmost extent
of the drafts that can safely be made on the run of any
stream. Cannery restrictions and adequate boat- rating
must always be considered tentative measures. The situa-
tion is one that calls for solicitous inspection and constant
watchfulness. Regulations should be subject to annual
revision on the part of responsible officials closely in
touch with conditions as they develop.”

The appendix of the report contains detailed reports
from the principal salmon spawning areas of the province,
the salmon pack in detail and the record of the pack in all
waters since 1915.

Copies of the report may be obtained on application to

the Provincial Fisheries Department, Victoria.

SYMBOL OF SUPREMACY

-

Tt = .ophy for which American and Canadian fishing schooners
\ ... compete this fall off Gloucester — Now held by Canada.

184 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

More White Fishermen Will Cooperate on the West
Coast

The fact that the number of Japanese licenses was
reduced this year will see a larger number of white: fish-
ermen working the boats on the west coast of Vancou-
ver Island next year. There are quite a few new white
fishermen this year and this number will be increased
next year and those new ones who had not the exper!-
ence this year will be in better shape to produce during
future years. This is certainly encouraging.

Canned Salmon Competition

During the month of April, in Vancouver, B. C., a.
Gosse and Co., that progressive firm of canned salmon
brokers, afforded the canners and brokers of British
Columbia, Puget Sound and Alaska an opportunity to
compare the quality of Japanese-Siberian red salmon
with Fraser River and Puget Sound Sockeyes.and Alas-
ka Reds.

A large delegation gathered in the cutting room of
F. A. Gosse and Co. when the samples were cut. These
consisted of both flats and halves of the Siberian pack
and halves from Puget Sound, Fraser River, Smith Inlet
and Skeena River, also Alaska talls. This inspection
was confined to the contents of the can and not to
weights or lacquering.

The results showed without doubt that the quality of
the Siberian pack was not as good in several respects as
the coast pack but this does not mean that the Siberian
pack will not sell. This is the first time there has been
a comparison of these packs made so that all would
have a chance to see the fish.

The Siberian pack is not as good in color as the coast
pack and does not have the oil that the coast pack has.
There is also a slight crab-like flavor and the packing
is not as good as the coast pack.

With all these points in mind it is just as well, how-
ever, that the canners on the Pacific coast do not loiter
on the job but keep pushing their goods in every way
possible as the Kamchatka people have secured a good
foothold with their publicity methods and certainly will
not stop at what they have accomplished in so short a
time.

The start made by Col. Cunningham should be fol-

lowed and the publicity he accomplished on behalf of -

the pinks should be continued with a strong selling cam-

paign to secure a solid footing for this brand of canned

salmon. :
Marketing Canned Salmon on Prairies

The Wallace Fisheries Ltd. are pushing their KIL-
TIE BRAND on the prairies just now and getting a
ready response to their publicity. This progressive firm
have been pushing their canned fish for some time now
and using farm papers to bring their brands before the
rural publie with good results.

Mr. F. E. Burke, the Genl. Mer. of the Wallace Fish-
eries Ltd., believes that when you are putting up the
best fish on the coast that you should tell the public
about it and they will make the right decision when
they make their food purchases.

Close Season Curtailed

The Government has curtailed the weekly close sal-
mon fishing season at Rivers Inlet, B. C., from mid-
night on Friday to six P. M. on Sunday for the balance
of the 1922 fishing season. This step was taken as the
result of a request submitted by the canners and fisher-
men. The need for the curtailment arose out of a dis-
pute between the canners and fishermen at Rivers Inlet.
During the dispute fishing was suspended for several

days, and as a result a number of fish escaped to the
spawning grounds.

FoR MOTOR IGNITION
ae
Ee sen

i (Cole TIPLE A Ds
fess) MVATTERY c=

This Columbia ‘‘Multiple’’ Igni-
tion Battery gives full power
starting, when your engine nee
it most. ©

That’s one of the several adv.
tages the Columbia. ‘‘Multiple
Dry Battery has over any substi-
tute that has ever been tried f.
motor boat ignition. a

No cell connectors to fuss ove
no machine parts to keep tink-
ering with, or to call for expensive —
replacement every little while

Get a sure-fire Columbia ‘‘Mul-
tiple ’’ Ignition Battery for your
motor boat today.

Columbia Dry Batteries for
tor boat ignition and lighting
for all other purposes, are
everywhere at marine sup
houses; electrical, hardware, :
auto accessory shops; garag
general stores. @

Insist Upon Columbia :

CANADIAN NATIONAL CARBON CO.,
LIMITED .

Montreal Toronto Winnipeg i:

~~ THE
CANADIAN

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

_ GARDENVALE, P. Q., SEPTEMBER 192d Sate No. 9

a
Pate
7 ON \ od
KY id

J During this period the consumption of all varieties of FRESH WATER FISH
| is much greater than ordinarily, which naturally creates a greater demand.

We have made extensive preparations for the handling of unlimited arrivals
| of consignments for this period and our shippers will be assured that each return
Hii] will be a legitimate expression of actual market conditions preyeiane here-at_
| | time of selling.

SEPTEMBER 18, 19, 20, 21 and early 22nd.
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, and early Oct. Ist.

OCTOBER 3, 4, 5 and early 6th. bs eT
- 9, 10, 11, 12 and early 13th.

Special care should be taken in packing and icing your fish. Good stock al-
_ ways bring the best prices.

Notify us in advance by letter or wire of each shipment.

Stick to the LAKESIDE and be on the RIGHT SIDE.

| LAKESIDE FISH COMPANY, Ine

Wholesale and commission dealers in

. FRESH WATER FISH |
43 Peck Slip ~ - Fulton Market - New York

OUR MOTTO:---A SQUARE DEAL AND PROMPT RETURNS |

i

|

|
is

A

i}

l|

i

|

1]

yA ail bd 4
: : ee 8 | \
SENIE ab
BY
2 G.H Ui NTSN |
\

UTI TT
OTD

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

REGISTERED.

SALMON TICKET QUALITY
Gilling Twine Nets

GENUINE NUMBER.

The quality of Gilling Nets and Twines are now of the finest, and our stock
well assorted in all lines.

When ordering Gill Netting, Pound Netting, Drag Seines, Dip Nets, Hoop Nets, —
in fact any kind of Netting for commercial fishing, give full description of net |
question, with size of mesh, size of twine, length and depth of same.

We carry in stock a complete line of Fishermen’s supplies, such as Oiled Clo
ing, Rubber Boots Cedar Corks or Floats, Leads, Ice tools of all kinds, Lead Moul |
Down Haul Blocks, Fishing Rope and Seaming Twine.

Cutch, Coal Tar, or Reducer for preserving Netting, Sealkote for making €01
waterproof.

We also manufacture Tents, Flags, Tarpaulins, Pack Sacks, ae diehies, Life Jac
ets and Fenders. :

Our stock of Brass and Galvanized Marine Hardware is very complete and ~
solicit your inquiries.

WRITE FOR CATALOGUE

JOHN LECKIE LIMITED

rie Wellington St. W. Toronto, Ontari

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 17

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

A Monthly Journal devoted to the Commercial Development of the Fishery Resources of Canada,
and Technical Education of those engaged in the Industry.

VOL. IX GARDENVALE, P. Q., SEPTEMBER 1922 | No. 9

CONTENTS

Editorial:
Commission Favors Reforms ..; ..... ........ 185
Get More out of Equipment .. Ri Cae ees fe OO
Standardization Coming Gradually Ate o er eeeme I.)
Fishing Areas as Fish Dumps..... .. .. .. .. 186
Piseatorial: Paragraphs 5. <i ftaces 02... a. 186
General:
Packers Standardize Voluntarily .... ..-.. .. 187
Salt Herring Standardized, By Law .. .. .. .. 188
_-Best Methods of Preserving Nets... .. ........ 189——
Rules for Fishermen’s Races Amended... .. .. .. 191
Fisheries Development Scheme for Anticosti .. .. 192
: The Season in Prince Edward Island... .. .. .. 193
: Practical Brine-Freezing of Fish .. .. .. .. .. 194
Says Fish Saved Europe During War .. .. .. 195
Invention Simplifies Packing in Glass .. .. .. 195
News Notes from Far and Near .. .. .. .. .. 196
Atlantic Salmon Established in Pacific .. .. .. 199
Briefs from British Columbia .. .. .. .. .. .. 200
SUBSCRIPTION The Industrial & Educational Publishing Go.
Canada, Newfoundland and Great Britain - $2.00 Limited
- United Statesand Elsewhere - - - - - $3.00
Payable in advance. J. J. HARPELL, President and Managing Director,
ae : —___— GARDEN CITY PRESS, P Gardenvale, Que.
af Published on . the 24thof each month, Changes of adverti- Welegrams and Expres - - - - : ,
dha should be in the publisher’s hands} ten days before ey So. fone ee
Cuts should sent by mail,’ not. by ——— Eastern Manager, A. S. Christie, Gardenvale, Que.
diall t d to the editor items o
ae ee also ph tage pricucal interest: If suitable Western Manager, H. W. Thompson, Aladdin Building
for publication these will be paid for at our regular rate. 208 King St. W., Adelaide 3310

18

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

THE DENSIL OIL ENGINE

If given a change, will solve the chief problem —
of the Industry to-day, namely a
The Gost of Production. ;

It will operate to best advantage on fuel costing from te
to twelve cents per gallon, and the consumption is on
about half pint per horse power per hour. In an emergence
it will run on any liquid oil having fuel value.

No electricity is required for sparking; it is the simpl
and safest possible engine to run, and construction is

the sturdiest..

It is made in powers from 7 H.P: up and, if requir
speed and reversing can be controlled on deck by adjusti
propeller blades. | 3 a

For prices, deliveries, etc., apply to

The Crude Oil Engine Co., of Canada

14 PLACE ROYALE MONTREAL

stember, 1922

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

COMMISSION FAVORS REFORMS

ng by information which reaches us from the
‘coast, our British Columbia friends have not ne-
‘to properly and forcibly advise the Royal Com-
: which, during the past month, studied numerous
roblems there.
commission completed its hearings in Vancouver on
wii.
Association, appeared there as a witness, along

A. L. Hager, president of the Canadian

r members, and ‘strongly urged the separation of
reries department from the marine department at
and the appointment of a minister of fisheries, or
1 alternative, the appointment of a deputy minister.
gratifying to learn that every member of the com-
m was strongly in favor of the recommendation and
ypears every likelihood that the government will
sed to adopt it. .
her subject on which the commission was unanim-
agreed was the establishment of a close season for
We hope that the commission’s
26 in time to have a close season this year.

report is sub-
As we
ited more than once in these columns the lethargy
has characterized the administration of the halibut
is nothing short of criminal. A halibut takes
ears.to mature and during the propagating season
cking in the rich qualities of food which make it so
ar at other times.
‘waters of halibut we could not do so more ef-
y that by allowing the present system to continue.

If we were trying to rid the

ne Royal Commission is still in the west preparing its
t to the government and the daily press advises that
include among other matters the creation of a sep-

bargo on fresh salmon entering the United States,

of the Frazer river to all fishing by agreement

g interests have done everything to pro; aii post
Bes Now it is hoped the government will take

oad

ee EDITORIAL ee

JAMES H. CONLON, Editor

GET MORE OUT OF EQUIPMENT

It would be difficult to suggest anything of greater ©
practical value to fishermen that a few hints on extending
the life of their gear. Though the prices of twine and the
numerous other items of their equipment have declined
considerably they have not dropped in proportion to the
shrinkage of fish values. This means that their overhead

. is relatively much heavier than it was during the peak-

price period just following the war, and if they are com-
pelled to renew and renew their gear with the existing
ratio between the cost of equipment and the market price
for their commodity still maintaining, they are not going
to tuck many dollars of profit into their jeans.

Hence we were moved to investigate the situation and
in a report recently issued in France we found valuable
information. The article published in this issue has been
denuded of unnecessary scientific verbiage and has been
rewritten more than once to make it as simple as possible
to understand. The advice contained in the article is the
result of many years of inquiry and has been acquired
from many sources. Fishermen would do well to go into
the matter thoroughly. If you are too busy at this season
of the year to test the efficacy of suggested treatments
put this copy of the Canadian Fisherman in some safe
place and go into the matter when you have time.

The importance of the question of preserving twine is
best illustrated by government statistics. Do you know
that we have nearly nine millions of dollars invested in
nets and twine? That is a tremendous item and consider-
ing that-it is possible to extend the life of equipment one
hundred percent in many instances, you will need no fur-
ther urge to apply the suggestions to your own business.

A penny saved is a penny earned. Cutting down over-
head is increasing profit. Good management means not
only making good sales but using your equipment to the
very best advantage. Make it pay every dollar it can
produce.

STANDARDIZATION COMING GRADUALLY

The standardization of fish containers on the part of
Canadian exporters establishes confidence in our buyers
and stabilizes prices. Government inspection of the com-

modity so packed is an absolute guarantee of quality and

186

supplements standardization to the extent of making the
foreign buyer as sure of his purchase as though he were
buying a long-established and reputable non-perishable
article.

A most significant sign of the times
adoption of a standard container by Grand Manan expor-
ters of smoked herring. Our news columns tell of an
agreement -between them and American buyers to establish
a standard box and maintain it, to pack it honestly and
thoroughly with the object of establishing a fixed weight
basis, and finally adopting it as a reliable unit with a
fixed price per box.

As the president of the Seaboard Trading Company
points out, the trade in small boxes of smoked herring has
dropped away almost entirely for the simple: reason that
the dimensions of the container have done likewise. The
dimensions of the larger container were falling away at

is the voluntary

an alarming rate, too, but packers were so impressed with
the loss of the small box trade that it was not a difficult
proposition to arouse them to the danger of a similar ca-
tastrophe in the larger boxes. _

It is extremely encouraging to find packers voluntarily
adopting standardized containers and it is hoped that this
instance will be but an entering wedge to general stand-
ardization in all branches of the industry both in con-
tainers and in packing.

On the Pacific coast the federal government has taken
a hand to overcome the numerous and serious deficiencies
-which have in the past characterized the salt herring trade
with the Orient.
sioners have frequently written from far eastern points

Canadian government trade commis-

complaining of the unsatisfactory cure of the commodity
and of the frailty of the containers. It was a black eye
not only to the fishing industry but to Canadian trade in

general.

The federal department had an order-in-council passed °

on July 24 instituting regulations to become effective Oc-
tober 1 making it obligatory on the part of the salt her-
ring packer to case his commodity in substantial boxes that
will guarantee arrival at destination in good condition and
also to submit his product to inspection. If it falls below
standard he will be liable to penalty.

This may appear to work a hardship on those who have
been accustomed to the slip-shod methods which ‘got by’
before, but, obviously it will work ultimately to their own
advantage. The department at Ottawa is to be congra-
tulated on the step it has taken. No doubt it was well
advised of its necessity by its Vancouver office.

FISHING AREAS AS SHIP’S DUMPS

A question that has been engaging the attention of ma-
ritime nations since the advent of the oil-burning ship is
the pollution of navigable waters with oil refuse. The
practice of exuding this waste from ships must be dealt
with at an early date.

It concerns the fishing industry
directly.

In Great Britain, the United States and on our
own Atlantic coast complaints have been numerous. In

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

. land, last month, attracted wide attention and,

‘September, 192:

Great Britain a bill is being considered to make the dis 3
charging of oil into navigable waters liable to a fine of—
five hundred dollars. =
There has been some talk among United States fishi
interests recently of calling a conference of maritime
tions for the purpose of discussing the situation and fin
ing, if possible, a remedy for the evil. While it mu
agreed that it is necessary to extend all facilities to sh
for the handling of commerce, it is unfair and unwise
carry concessions to the extreme of injuring an impo
industry. Reports from all quarters indicate that
waste is destructive to fish and bird life.~ It is disa,
able to human beings as well and when present in h
always exposes a community to unnecessary fire he
This is one of the subjects which must be taken
the annual convention of the Canadian Fisheries /
tion next May. ae

“PISCATORIAL PARAGRAPHS

A pamphlet recently issued in Germany dilates
the many advantages of fish as a food, and draws
Dr.
Hutchinson, an authority on dietetics, in a recent
Collier’s tells of its value while train travelling
same reason that the German authority claims its

attention to its benefits as a diet for gout.

for gout, that is, its ready digestability.
A Deep Sea Fisheries Exhibition held in Lond

opinion of authorities resulted in much practical
to the industry. About the same time there was a
fair at the great German trawling port of Gee
having a similar purpose as that held in London. —
fair was held at Kiel the middle of September.

J. King Kelley, K.C., secretary-treasurer for t
of St. John, N.B., at a recent convention of
Brunswick Union of Municipalities, criticized
versity of New Brunswick for not making its c
greater practical value. “The ordinary citizen :
inquire”, he said, “why he should be taxed to
salary of a professor of Greek when a professor
culture, mines, forestry or fisheries would app
utilitarian in a new and undeveloped country.”

In an interview which he gave in Vancouver, |
Duff, M.P., chairman of the Fisheries Royal Ce
declared that means must be found to change fish
a seasonal occupation to a year-around one, if the indv
is to be developed. He said something. If he ean f
the means to accomplish that, his work for the welfz
our fisheries will not soon be forgotten.

As a result of representations made by the centt
cutive of the Canadian Fisheries Association the
regulations for Ontario have been amended so that se
tion 12, putting minimum restrictions on the size of
caught, shall not apply. to dake: St. Clair. — a

mber, 1922, CAMA DEAN

FISHERMAN 187

Packers Standardize Voluntarily

Progressive movement on part of exporters on
Grand Manan to maintain market for smoked

herring.

ie New York, August 25

1 the interest of the industry, we enclose you copy
eement recently made by the shippers of smoked
g for export in Grand Manan, N. B. We think
fort is in the right direction and in the interest
industry and the community and also is a plan
ould be followed and adopted on the main shore.
think this is a constructive and beneficial effort
highest kind and should have your support. We
e you should publish this letter together with the
nt at an early opportunity and will be pleased
eive a few copies of the paper containing the same.
trust this will meet with your approval as it is
y due to our personal efforts that this agreement
s made and we feel that it is not only a step in the
) direction but absolutely necessary to save the in-
y from a complete moral collapse and disintegra-

he production and sale of herring in small boxes
dwindled from the original net weight of five
s per box to a claimed standard of 114 lbs. per
present. The business has disappeared, as the
ers finally, and naturally enough, became com-
disgusted and there is no outlet or call for pack-
of the kind compared to twenty and twenty-five
ago. —Seaboard Trading Company.

Pledge to Maintain Standard

Seal Cove, Grand Manan, N. B.
August 1, 1922

Bader to establish a uniform standard of measure-
and contents the shippers of smoked herring in
| Manan have adopted the following unit of
irement and contents for so-called bloater boxes
ked herring for export, viz:—

1914 inches Width 1014 inches Depth 5 inches
se measurements being the inside dimensions of
box, which will therefore hold on the above basis
cubic inches of contents.
is Standard to be enforced beginning with the her-
f the catch of the fall season of 1922. Due notice
adoption of this standard to be sent to the Depart-
of Marine & Fisheries at Ottawa, the Preserved &
Fish Dealers’ Association in New York, the various
ook mills, the fishermen of Grand Manan and to
ers of these herrings in New York and elsewhere.
soon as it can be determined an average weight for
size and measurement box, packed full of smoked
ng of the catch of 1922 well cured and smoked shall
rived at and established for that season, and there-
the boxes shall be branded to contain that average
t. The fishermen, packers, and dealers to engage
intain that standard of weight and contents for the
of 1922. Thereafter the average weight of a
box of herring shall be determined and arrived at
‘same fashion each year, and boxes to be there-
marked with such average weight of contents each
on according to the size and degree of. fatness of
g well cured and smoked.
agreed and understood that it is the intent and
of this agreement to continue to maintain the
ndard size of the box and that in each year, re-

his is precisely what has happened in connection:

gardless of the size and fatness of the herring, the boxes
shall be well and full packed, and this shall be the rule
by which the average weight for each year shall be
determined.

Boxes that do not comply with these specifications as
to dimensions and weight of contents, or that do not
contain sound well-cured and smoked herring through-
out, shall not be a good delivery and we pledge ourselves
not to accept, trade in, or ship such goods, and agree to
co-operate and advise each other if such boxes inferior
as to measurement or contents requirements are packed
or offered and to do all we can to prevent and suppress
such practices, which shall be a violation of this agree-
ment, and of persisted in, to report such violations to
the Department of Marine & Fisheries for action, so
as to uphold the standard hereby established, and that
we respectfully ask the support and co-operation of the
Department of Marine & Fisheries and all others con-
cerned to establish rules and regulations for the maim.
tenance of this standardization, so as to promote fair
and equitable trade in this commodity for the benefit
of this industry and the welfare and prosperity of this
community.

In witness whereof, We have pledge our support to
this agreement by affixing our signatures, on the day
and date stated above.

(Signed) — MeLaughlin Brothers
Fletcher N. Harvey
Albert E. Cook
Irvin Ingalls
W. D. McLaughlin

Container Shrinkage Fatal To Trade

Minister of Marine and Fisheries,
Ottawa, August 25, 1922.

We refer to our correspondence last spring with re-
ference to an effort of the Preserved and Salt Fish Deal-
ers’ Association of New York, to establish a standard
measurement box for smoked herring packed in so-called
bloater boxes for exports, and take pleasure in enclosing
you a copy of an agreement reached on August 1 by the
writer with the shippers and dealers in Grand Manan
and no doubt they have sent you the original agreement
signed by them.

We are very much interested in the establishment of © ~

a standard measurement and content’s box. It is not
so much that it be any particular size box, but that there
be a FIXED standard that will be maintained and pre-
vent the continued changing and cutting down of di-
mensions which finally brought about a box, last spring,
containing only about eleven pounds net.

We have seen the contents of these boxes shrink from
twenty-five pounds net so that today we are perfectly
willing to accept a box containing from eighteen to
twenty pounds net as a standard and full delivery.

If this effort is not sustained, we fear that the same
consequences may be seen as developed in the trade for
so-called small boxes which twenty-five years ago con- -
tained about five pounds net each and today Eastport
and Lubec, Maine, are shipping as standard delivery on
such orders, boxes containing one and onequarter pounds
net each.

188

It is natural that as a result of that practice the trade
and demand for herring packed that way, i.e., herring
packed in small boxes, has dwindled away to practically
nothing at all. In other words, the ultimate consumer
finally would not be fooled and cheated any longer and
therefore through this dishonest practice of one packer
and shipper trying to outdo his neighbor in cutting down
the size and contents of the box delivered, the consumer
has gone on record that he will not any longer be deceived
this way. Therefore there is no demand to speak of
for boxes of that kind.

To prevent a similar breakdown of business we appeal
to you for ‘your wholehearted and forcible support. —

Salt Herring Standardized By Lawl

Government steps in to improve cure and pack-

ing of herring sent
Orient.

The following regulations for the curing and packing
of dry salted herring and the standardization of the
container in which same are exported were adopted by
order-in-council, July 24 last, and will become effective
October 1. They apply to British Columbia waters to
which this branch of the industry is-confined.

Water to be drained from fish |

1. Any water that) may have accumulated amongst the
fresh fish in a boat or scow shall be allowed to drain
away when the fish are being discharged therefrom and
before salting takes place.

Method of salting

2. The fresh fish shall be thoroughly salted into tanks
or other water-tight receptacles in such a manner as will
permit of each fish coming in contact with the salt. All
fish shall be sound and they shall be salted within
twenty-four hours after being taken from the sea. If
the tanks or other receptacles stand in the open when
filled, they shall be covered and protected from rain and
snow.

Length of time fish to remain in salt

3. Fish taken on the west coast of Vancouver Island
from the beginning of the fall season up to the end of
the first week in December, shall remain in salt for a
period of not less than five days of twenty-four hours
each. Fish taken on the west coast of Vancouver Island
after the first week in December and all fish taken on
- the east: coast, shall remain in salt for a period of not
less than four days of twenty-four hours each before
being boxed for shipment. All fish boxed for shipment
shall be sound, thoroughly cured, and in good condition.

Size of boxes

4. Boxes for shipment of dry salted herring to the ~

Orient shall be forty-two inches long, twenty-four and
onethalf inches wide, and fourteen inches deep, outside
measurements. The side, top and bottom shall consist’
of good sound board one inch in thickness. The boxes
shall be strongly made and well nailed.

Packing, filling of boxes and marks
5. The fish, on removal from the tanks, shall be well

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

September, 1

You will find the dealers unanimous in support of
arrangement and we believe that there will be no fu
trouble once this box is established and shooks cut ac-
cordingly by the mills and that in a short time the
entire trade will be so accustomed to the standard
no further questions will be raised.

We anticipate your favorable consideration aa
that you will see our efforts to be in the interest o
community and the industry and that you will gi
the benefit of your co-operation, for which we th
Srey and remain:

Seaboard Trading Company

from Pacifie coast to

drained of pickle, firmely packed in the |
sprinkled -with salt. Each box shall be fi
utmost capacity with fish at the time of shi
mark or number shall be plainly marked on
to indicate the packer of the fish. ;
Mie: 4 : aa
Time and place of inspection

6. The fish, at the place of curing and pack
be subject to inspection during the process of
ing from the boats or scows, and thereafter ui
are boxed for shipment. The boxes also shall = ub
to inspection at the same time and place. s

Shipments may be detained

7. An inspector may detain for the time ne
complete his inspection any shipment: in respee
he has reasonable grounds for believing that the
or fish are not such as the regulations Be

Certificate of inspection.

-8. If an inspector is satisfied, after inspecti
the fish and boxes are such; as. the regulation
he shall furnish the packer with a formal ce
inspection, and no shipment shall leave the
place without such certificate.

Fish or boxes below standard | a

9. If an inspector finds, after inspeationil t
fish or boxes are not such as the regulations
he shall state on his certificate wherein the
boxes fail to comply with the requirements,
packer of such fish shall be liable to the penalty
ed by subsection 2 of section 11 of the Act (7
1920).

Re inspection on appeal

10. In the event of a packer or owner
against the. decision of an inspector, and 0:
inspection being ordered, the inspector who ea
the second inspection shall proceed in such mai
will thoroughly satisfy him as to ones, th
boxes comply with the regulations, a

These regulations will become effective — on i
first, —

yor val

a recent number of the Notes and Memoirs issued
2 scientific and technical branch of the French
ries Department, Fillon gives the results of experi-
‘carried out in various countries in order to deter-

=

ne the best methods of preserving nets from rotting.
__ Blue-stone

t at Ostend in Belgium experimented with blue-
blue vitriol (i. e. copper sulphate), the copper in

immersing them, without drying, in sea water.
t used half an ounce of blue-stone for each pound
and let the solution act for 4 hours. _ He then com-

after 90. days in foul water daring the winter, then
r 25 more days in foul water in May, and finally after
more days in foul water in the summer. ‘The tests
e were to find out how much the net would stretch
- breaking (elasticity) and how great a strain was
to break it (strength). The treated and untreated
re equal at the beginning, but differed greatly after
re to the rotting water. For example at the end of
ond period (115 days in all), the untreated net
when tested with only 1/30 of the strain it originally
, while the treated net did not break until 1 of

ie original amount before breaking, while the latter
ed even more than it had at first. At the end of the
period both nets were useless, but only the treated
d any strength and elasticity left. The general re-
that the blue-stone preserves the net well, except
i periods and in the warmest weather.

er result is obtained by using soap as well as blue-

s and lasts longer. Ordinary soap is dissolved in
h water (one-to two-thirds of a pound to the gal-
using a galvanized vessel. The clean netting, which
ist have been carefully rinsed in hot fresh water, is
pt in the hot soap solution until it is thoroughly pene-
It is then taken out and wrung by hand. The
one should be dissolved in cold water in a wooden
taking about two-thirds of a pound to cach gallon
. The netting while still hot is plunged into the
e solution, and takes on a fine green tint. When
tion becomes weak, the netting is taken out and
in cold water. It is worth while to treat the net-
ain in this way from time to time.

Sa linseed oil, and creosote

“ ring is the chief method of preserving nets used in
* United States. It is a simple and in-expensive me-
od. The tar acts by virtue of covering the fibres of the
by being insoluble, and by containing antiseptic
-killing substances similar to carbolic acid. Its
tage lies in making the netting 100 p.‘c. heavier,
jeans much prea wear, . and also more tae and

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

: Best Methods of Preserving Nets

Extensive researches in Many countries to find
means to extend life and service of twine — A
question worthy of study.

nal strain was used. The former stretched only.

A copper soap is formed, which is insoluble, covers ~

189

time in hauling and handling generally. It also makes
the netting stiffer, which lessens the catches in the case of
gill nets. Better results are obtained by first tanning
the net, as described later.

Linseed oil is very dear and difficult to apply. If used
in combination with tanning, it does not protect the net-
ting better than does the latter in combination with sodium

‘bichromate and blue-stone.

Trials have been made also of creosote, which is used
so successfully for railroad ties and telegraph poles, and
the results are good, the netting undergoing very little
shrinkage, and not becoming stiff. Unfortunately, the
creosote does not last, being partly evaporated and partly
washed away by water.

Tanning Methods
Tanning is extensively used in the preservation of the
skins of animals, converting them into leather. When
used for the vegetable fibres of which nets are made, it
does not produce quite the same results. The netting,
after being treated with the tanning liquor, does not re-
tain the tanning materials so firmly as does leather. In
water, even when cold, the netting rapidly loses these
materials, and preservation is very temporary. It is ne-
cessary to use some method of fixing the tanning mate-

rials in the substance of the netting. |

(A). Tanning followed by tarring..—In France tan-
ning is generally done with cutch. After the new net has
been cleaned, boiling cutch liquor is poured over it, and
the vat covered and left overnight. The next day the
liquor is removed and the net put out to drain. This ope-
ration is repeated, as often as six times, until the net is
well coloured. When the net is dry (if too dry, it is
moistened slightly to prevent too much tar penetrating
and stiffening the net) it is immersed in a bath of boiling
tar consisting of four parts of coal tar to one of carbonyl.
After this, it is drained and dried. The tarring is not
usually repeated, but the tanning is done again after some-
what long use.

(B). Tanning followed by treatment with sodium bi-
chromate and_ blue-stone.—Bull recommends this method

‘as being much superior to the last one, and gives the fol-

lowing directions for carrying it out. The net must be
perfectly clean and in particular free from all fatty or
oily matters. For 100 pounds of net (either cotton or |
hemp, but cotton gives better results) 15 pounds of solid
quercitron extract, 65 pounds of oak bark, or 25 pounds of
catechu extract are used. Half the quantity is dissolved
(or extracted in the case of oak bark) in water, and this
may be hastened by using a jet of steam or by frequent
stirring. When solution is complete water is added to
make the volume up to 50 gallons, and the temperature is
raised nearly to the boiling point. The net is put in and
kept below the surface with something heavy (not iron),

After 48
hours the net is taken out, wrung, and left to dry. The
other half of the extract is added to the liquor that is left
and the operation repeated.

and the bath left covered so as to cool slowly.

190 CANADIAN

The subsequent treatment with bichromate and __ blue-
stone is carried out as follows: For 100 lbs. of net 2 lbs.
of blue-stone and 114 lbs. of potassium or sodium bichro-
mate (the latter is cheaper) are dissolved in cold water
in a wooden barrel and the volume made up to 50 gal-
lons and well stirred. The ‘net is put in, and left for two
or three hours, being moved occasionally with a wooden
rod. Then it is taken out, rinsed in cold water, and dried.
It is worth while repeating the treatment from time to
time. In place of quercitron extract, oak bark, catechu
or hemlock bark may be used, but they are not quite so
good. Cunningham’s experiments show that true catechu
or cutch does not give as satisfactory results as mangrove
extract or red cutch. Quebracho may be obtained more
easily, and gives rather satisfactory results, though not
so good.

A test of this method, using quebracho, was made at
Ostend. Treated and untreated nets were placed in a
large shallow vat containing brackish water fouler with
sewage, and left for 77 days in the heat of summer, being
stirred frequently to let the air have a chance to act.
While the untreated net lost nearly fifteen-sixteenths of
its original strength, and some of its elasticity, the treated
net was considerably stronger, and more elastic to begin
with, and lost only a little of its strength in the rotting
water.

(C). Tanning followed by treatment with ammoniacal
copper sulphate—Dr. Olie of Utrecht recommends. this
method for these reasons: (1) the tannin and other mat-
ters from the first bath are fixed; (2) the tanning matter
is made more permanent, and to its protective action is
added the very effective bactericidal action of the copper;
(3) the ammonia neutralizes the sulphuric acid formed by
the action of the blue-stone on the tannic acid and makes
it possible to put the net away in storage at once. When
the previous method is used, the net must be put out in
the water at once so that the sulphuric acid may be wash-
ed out (which takes place slowly); otherwise the net is
ruined. By this method it is possible to put the net in
storage directly after treating it.

Dr. Olie carried out experiments with this method in
1919, using cotton net, and treating it with various tan-
ning materials, in each case both with an without blue-
stone. The variously treated pieces of net, as well as un-
treated net, were exposed to the action of water during
four different periods, from August to November, and
tested as to strength after each exposure. His results
show that the tanning materials, when used alone, do not
appreciably lengthen the life of the net, except in the
case of Black Wattle Extract. When subsequently treated
with ammoniacal copper sulphate (blue-stone and ammo-
nia) the net shows greatly increased resistance to rotting,
losing less than a third of its original strength when un-
treated net has lost eight-ninths, that is, nearly all. Net
tanned with Black Wattle Extract and then treated with
the ammoniacal copper sulphate was under the same con-
ditions practically unaltered in strength, proving the
great superiority of this tanning material, which comes
from the bark of a species of Mimosa or Acacia that is
abundant in Australia.

The exact procedure in this method of treating nets is
as follows: For each pound of net a little more than three
ounces of the catechu is used, dissolved in a gallon of
water. The net is boiled in this solution for half an hour,
and then left in it to cool slowly for twenty-four hours.
The net is then dried and the operation repeated. After
having become dry for the second time (it should not
have been rinsed) it is weighed. For each 100 lbs. of well

oe

FISHERMAN = September, 1
tanned net take 5 lbs. of blue-stone and 19 lbs. of 20 pe
cent solution of Ammonia and dissolve in 50 gals. of col
water, the ammonia being added only when the blue-ston
is all dissolved. A wooden vessel must be used, also
wooden stick for stirring thoroughly. The final sol
is of a very deep blue colour. The entire net should
put in very quickly and either the net or the solution key
in constant motion. When the colour of the solution
gone, or after not niore than. fifty minutes, the net
taken out, rapidly rinsed, and dried. For made-up n
it is better to take twice as much water. @

Use of analine dyes

The Utrecht laboratory has also experimented ~
aniline dyes for the preservation of nets. It h
found that they do not penetrate the net so quick
thoroughly as do the tanning materials. The amm
copper sulphate, when used after the dyes, is not f
well as when it follows tanning. The dyes are effe
preserving the net, but less so than is tanning. —

Care of nets 3 ee

As is well known, if wet nets are piled up, th
particularly if dirty with mud, blood and greasy
and this may even go as far as spontaneous combus
This is most harmful to the nets, even if well tann
Much gear lasts only a short time because it has been -
“burnt.” The rule should be to thoroughly wash th
and to dry it very quickly. rie

If this is not possible, salting may be res
which acts as in salting fish by extracting the :
and preventing growth of bacteria. If the
greasy with fat, as in the herring fishery, this is
cient, for heating results from the action of air «
Bull recommends in such a case that the nets be
mersed in water or brine in a vessel with a
until they can be thoroughly cleaned. In this
are kept out of contact with the air. ee,

There is no doubt that the proper preservation
is of the greatest importance to our fishermen.
present time with low prices for fish and high
gear, it is difficult for many to make fishing pa‘
could be made to do double duty, failure would
cases be changed to success. The care now giv
is far from what it should be, and the better
vocated above should be adopted by our fisher
would welcome inquiries as to procedure, or in
concerning failure or success with the methods ;
in use in our country.

THE SMALLEST SWORDFISH

What is probably the smallest swordfish ev.
is now on exhibition in the offices of R. §. FB
Company, 17 Administration Building, Boston
It weighs but seven pounds and six ounces. T
of the species was caught by the American swo:
schooner ‘‘Anna’’ and was the cause of consi
curiosity when it was landed at the Boston pier
Hamilton company has received several offers — ‘Or |
fish but has turned them all down. This firm is. )
the largest handlers of swordfish in the country bei
of that fact places a greater value upon the f
collectors of marine species who have been ende
to acquire it.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 191

mber, 1922 :
ee = hae |
Rules for Kishermen’s Races Amended
| International Committee Trying to keep event

purely fishermen’s battle——'The outlook at

* present.

n the course of time the International Fishermen’s
s will be an ins‘itution attracting worldwide atten-
The trustees of the Dennis trophy are exerting
y effort to enforce the obvious intentions of the
onor and keep the races strictly honest. ‘The building
‘the May flower is considered by many a breach of
1¢ rules, if not in actuality, then at least in spirit, but

ted that the races must continue to be honest-to-God
ermen races. :
idea of an international fisherman contest was
ed more or less by the ludicrous display of seaman-
in the international yacht race a few years ago—
ent that seems to be perpetuated for the sole pur-
of affording Sir Thomas Lipton an inexpensive
m of advertising. That event was not a compe.
of seamen representative of either Great Britain
‘United States and that they were tolerated and
ed so long induces a feeling of disgust akin to
at inspired by that odious spindle-legged lap dog that
lilady totes around with her.
Whether or not the trustees, of whom H. R. Silver of
wlifax is chairman, will eliminate the Mayflower from
e international event, yet remains to be seen. While
Mayflower has proved her seaworthiness and her
to catch fish on the, banks, few will argue, even
United States, that she would have been built on
present plans were it not for the attraction of the
s trophy and purse. The trustees know this but
ust also feel the ticklish position they are placed
ecause of the Mayflower’s adherence to the letter
he rules. te

The Rules are Amended

Tnatever may be their decision in the matter they
aking provision for the future. Changes in the
were adopted at a meeting of the international
ttee held in Portland, Maine, July 22, and recom-
ions forwarded to the trustees indicate a strong
sion to preven: these contests from developing into
sporting events.
we of the most important of the new regulations
S the crew on each schooner taking part in one of
races to thirty members, exclusive of the observer,
prc vides that all of them must be men who gain their
elihood as fishermen. The shortening of the time limit
e race to seven hours instead of nine, as formerly, is
chance tending away from sport and toward sea-going
ficiency. The new division of the prize money, by
hich the winner will get $3,000 and the second boat
2,000, instead of $4,000 and $1,000 respectively is an-
r evidence of a strong desire on the part of the
ees and the committee members to preserve a whole-
balance in all the aspects of the races.
e same spirit was shown in the adoption of a sug-
on that a displacement rule be worked out and
nitted for coinsideration that will tend to prevent
building of extreme types of schooners which could
result in the trophy races becoming sporting events
ad of races between real sea-going fishing vessels.
defect of a displacement rule is that it offers the
tation to designers to try to evade it, but after the
rience of the Bos‘on syndicate which built the May-

trustees, in the face of a difficult situation, have in-_

flower nobody is likely soon to attempt another such
evasion by building a fishing schooner with the line of
a yacht.

Mr. Silver has stated that the question of the eligibi-
lity of the Mayflower has not yet been considered by
the trustees, but in justice to all concerned there should
be a decision one way or the other before the American
elimination races are pulled off. If the Mayflower wins
in the primary event and is then ruled out she will have
been put to a lot of useless expense and, furthermore,
the situation across the border will be complicated, for
what schooner would then compete? Possibly the Glou-
cester race committee has come to an understanding on
this point else there may be forced upon it the necessity
of conducting another series of elimination races.

In the meantime the Mayflower’s plans have been for-
warded to the trustees at Halifax, having been requested
‘hy that body for examination,

The U. S. Elimination Races

The American elimination races are to be held off Glou-
cester October 12, 13 and 14. The vessels that will fight
it out for the responsibility of wresting the trophy from
Nova Scotia will be the Mayflower, Elizabeth Howard,
Yankee, Henry Ford and L. A. Dunton. The Glouces-
ter folk are lamenting the loss of the Puritan upon
which they were pinning their faith. Now they are turn-
ing to the Henry Ford but they wish she was a bit longer.
The Elizabeth Howard, they fear, is too heavy.

In the races of the last two years some of the con-
tenders have utilized the services of amateur sailors for
starting and light sail handling but this will be prohi-
bited by the amended rules, which, as stated above, call
for 100 per cent. bona fide fishermen.

The Canadian Preliminaries

The races in Canadian waters are to be run between
the fifth and tenth of October outside Halifax harbor.
Meetings have been held recently in the Board of Trade
rooms, Halifax, for the purpose of arranging details.
It is not known definitely what vessels will be entered
but the chief contenders will be the international cham-
pion Bluenose, and the new Mahaska, launched from the
yards of Smith & Rhuland, Lunenburg, this spring, and
which gives much promise. There is some newspaper
talk that the recently launched Margaret K. Smith from
the Smith & Rhuland yards, may be entered, but she does
not appear to be eligible because of having not yet stood
the test: of a practical fisherman.

The question was raised at Lunenburg whether the
Bluenose should compete with all comers in the elim-
inations this year. The view was advanced that she was
the champion and should only be called upon to contest
the right of defending the cup with vessels she has not
already beaten. Mr. Silver, however, definitely re-
jected this idea. The cup, he said, is held only tem-
porarily by the winner and, as a matter of fact, the
Bluenose owners had already been requested to return
the trophy to the trustees. There must be elimination
races each year, says Mr. Silver, and the winner of these
events will be the one to represent Canada in the inter.
national contest. That’s right. That’s ag it should be

192
The Race Committee

Benj. A. Smith, Gloucester Capt. Charles H. Harty,
tloucester.

The chairman of the interna‘ional committee is al-
ways selected from the country where the race is held
and the Hon. W. W. Dufferin collector of the port of
Boston was chosen member of the committee and chair-
-man.

The committee will sherefore be constituted as follows:

Chairman, Hon. W. W. Dufferin. American Members;
Benj. A. Smith, Capt. Charles H. Harty. aOva Seotia
Members; J. J. Kinley, M. P. P. Lunenburg; Casey
Baldwin, Baddeck.

BIG FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT SCHEME FOR
ANTICOSTI ISLAND |

It is rumored that Mr. Gas‘on Menier, ower of Anti-
costi Island, who is now sojourning there with his son
and Mrs. Meunier, Jr., and the Governor and General
Manager, Mr. Martin Zede, has evolved a very big pro-
gramme for the further development of the island and
its na‘ural resources. Mr. Meunier believes, and he is
quite right in coming to this conclusion, that the Island
of Anticosti is in the midst of a rich, virgin fishing area,
the development of which can be made into a very flour-
ishing Industry. It is said that some fifty fishermen
and their families will be located on the eastern end of
‘the island, with the most modern fishing paraphernalia
at their disposal. Cold storage houses will be erected
and two fine boats will be purchased to carry on a ferry
system between Gaspe Basin and the island, which ser-
vice might even be prolonged into the winter months,
as one of the ferries will probably be an ice-breaker. By
connecting with the mainland at Gaspe, the distance for
the transportation of fish, freight, passengers, etc., will
be reduced to a few hours. If this proportion is carried
out, it will certainly inaugurate another large industry
for the Gaspe coast and bring Anticosti into closer tuoch
with the Canadian mainland.

If these ferries are established be‘ween the eastern
end of the island and Gaspe, it means that the distance
between New York and the island can be made within
forty hours, which would afford Mr. Menier an ‘oppor-
tunity of forming one of the greatest hunting and fish-
ing preserves in the world. There are thousands of deer,
bear and other big wild game on the island, the shooting
of which would prove a huge attraction for thousands of
American sportmen. It would not be a case of shooting
big game, but paying for the privilege of picking out
your heads from herds of thousands of deer, bear, eari-
bou, ete., not to speak of the salmon and other deep sea
fishing attractions of the surrounding waters.

The purchasing of two new boats will probably result
in the disposal of the present ship now engaged in service
between Quebee and the Island.

It is said that Mr. Menier’s inability to find a market
for his fish in Quebec has had much to do with the
change of transportation facilities for handling his fish
and other products to be shipped via Gaspe, providing
a proper terminal site for a cold storage plant and other
warehouses can be obtained in Gaspe harbour. —Quebee
Chronicle.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

organized at St. John, N. B. to produce films o

_ season opened in November last, the total ca

September, 1

FRED WALLACE’S SUCCESS

The very many friends of Calan F. W. W: :
former editor of the Canadian Fisherman, will be bo
pleased and interested to learn of his recent li
suecesses. Two of his books have. been prepared
the sereen. The New Brunswick Films Ltd. has be

province and the company is already at work o
dramatization of Wallace’s ‘Blue Water’. The H
fax. Films Limited will film his ‘Viking Blood’
year.

A new and revised edition of his ‘Shack |
and a new book of short stories entitled ‘Salt
Sailormen’ are now on the press in Canada an
Britain and the publishers are anticipating
Sale for them.

The skipper has recently made a depart
novel and short-story writing. He has been
ing data for the work of many, many months
announced that he has just completed the first
of a Canadian seafaring history—Wooden Sh
[ron Men—The Story of the Square-rigged —
Marine of British North America, the Shi
builders and owners, and the Men who Sailed Th
This is a record of all the data regarding wooden
building in Eastern Canada from earliest tin
1895, particulars of the ships, their passages
cord runs, incidents regarding them, their:
owners and skippers. It is the first time t
mation has been fully compiled and Walle
pen should make the work not only of tre L
nistorie value but of extreme interest. =

Friends will join with us in congratulating

May his work earry him to the ecg:
fame.

FISHING MUCH BETTER THAN LAS'

During the month of July, there were 873,
fish landed on both the Atlantic and Pacifie C
at $2,596,219. In July, 1921, there were 6
caught with a value to the fishermen of $2,28

Some 520,457 ewts. of cod, haddock, hake
were taken compared with 288,409 cwts. in the
of the previous year. The catch of cod was
that of July 1921 while the catch of hake was
as great.

Mackerel are still being taken in latger qu:
in the previous year, 32,486 cwts. being caug
with 18,384 ewts. last July. This brings the
for the year up to 185,278 cwts. against 1
the same period last year. :

There were 9,440 ewts. of lobsters caught
month compared with 10,900 cwts. last July

314,777 cwts. Of this quantity 54,540 ewts.
Bee fresh and 130,096 cases cansaue In the
in the preceding year, 304,149 cwts. were taken
80,617 cwts. were used fresh and 112,222 cases

On the Pacifie Coast the catch of halibut wa
in July last, 23,529 ewts. and 32,637 ewts. b
during these respective months.

The catch of salmon was also less, there bei
ewts. taken compared with 194,026 cwts. last .

One fisherman lost his life on the Atlantie Cc
the month.

properly protected.

late lobster fishing season in Prince Edward
which applies to only a small section of the
hern coast from Tuyan to West point, a distance
fty miles, will open August 16 and will close two
ths later. tS

the fishing turns out to be equal to the average
season, then the whole catch for the early and
sons will be very satisfactory. Ward Fisher,
ax, Chief Inspector for the Maritime Provin-
made a tour of the Inland factories, the latter
June, near the close of the early season, which
to the whole Island, with the exception of the
les referred to, said that he was gratified to
the fisheries in general had greatly improved
ularly during the past three years and this
‘improvement has been very marked.

atch on the Island this year will be from 7,000
) eases more than last year or about 30 per

ase.

mneries, which will compare quite favourably
ein Western Nova Scotia.

uildings and equipment as a general rule are
lately clean. This improvement is the result
educational campaign which has been carried
the past three years by Dr. Knight and others.
ger from blackening and smut has greatly de-
and he expected that these will be eliminated
ext few years.

remedy for blackening ‘‘is exercising greater
handling the lobster from the time it is taken
he water, until it is fully processed, and par-
y, eare from the time the fish is boiled until
- in the tins for the last processing. It has
d that where operations have been carried
quickly as possible after the lobsters are
the danger of contamination is almost entire-
ed. The result of the progress made in that
in this province, is that the quality of the
pack has increased about 50 per cent.

Lobster Shows Recuperation

“

what do you attribute the increased catch this
7? Mr. Fisher was asked. The lobster has
n wonderfull recuperative powers from time to
he said. There was formerly great fear that
ery would go to pieces. In some districts the
was only too apparent, caused largely by care-
and wilful violation of fishery regulations.
estruction of seed lobsters and illegal fishing
ted the chief danger, particularly in the

fishermen and packers have learned that if
ndustry is to ‘be a permanent one of ever increas-
ilue, there must. be a strict observance of the
utions, including the preservation of seed lob-
Some packers are still careless, and will not

y examine the catches landed by the fishermen
ept, some unwittingly, others knowingly,
of seed lobsters.

Potion. (aan cocired. the offenders

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

ie emeon in Prince Edward Island

Lobster shows wonderful recuperation — Per-
manent and prosperous future for industry if

is a great improvement in the operation of -

193

paying $30 each, including costs.

The penalties, imposed by Justice of the Peace, said,
Mr. Fisher, for destruction of seed lobsters, are too
light. The maximum pentlty is $1000 and closing
down of the factory. It is now proposed to have a
minimum penalty of $250, and the closing down of
the factory for a season.

The lobster fishery in the Island, next in importance
to farming, has a permanent and prosperous future
if the industry is properly protected.

Mr. Fisher said that the run of size varied greatly

in different localities. SSome very quite small, and
others fairly large. In some districts they were really
too large for the best pack of three ounce tins.
. Mr. Fisher also commented on the way in which the
supply of small lobsters kept up from year to year.
[t was thought that packing lobsters of a certain size
would soon deplete the fisheries but the experience
of the past three years has shown that until a fair
measure of protection, the supply of canned lobsters
ig Inereasing.

It is held by careful observers that the reason for
this is, that the large breeding lobsters are not caught
in traps; and are therefore preserved for breeding.

Must Protect Heavy Breeders

It is quite probable that steps will be taken to pre-
vent any inerease in the normal size of the rings in
the traps, through which the lobsters crawl. Any such
increase would mean a greater proportion of large
breeders being taken, thus resulting in a decrease in
the annual production.

The great care that the majority of canners have.
taken on the Island in the past three years has had
the result of increasing the confidence on the part of
the buyer.

Speaking of sport fishing Mr. Fisher said that trout
fishing has kept up remarkably well. The protection
and development of such fishing on the Island can be
greatly advanced by acquiring proper fish ways
through dams, across streams.

In many instances the best spawning grounds are
above the dams, therefore the need of proper facili-
ties for the unobstructed ascent of fish to the spawn-
ing grounds is of prime importance. In the other
provinees, this matter is well in hand, and every dam
on all important fishing streams is now provided with
proper fishing ways.

SCOLLOP FILMED IN ITS HABITAT

A remarkable triumph has just been achieved by’
the. well-known nature Kinematographer, Mr. H. M.
Lomas, F. R. G. S., F. R. P. S., F. R. S A, who on be-.
half of the British Instructional Films, Ltd., has suc--
ceeded for the first time on record, in making a film
study of the habits of that interesting but little known
shellfish, the scollop. The film was taken in co-opera-
tion with the Marine Biological Association, but as the
methods employed are a, trade secret at present, we
are unable to give particulars of how this was accom-
plished.

194 CANADIAN

Practical Brine-Freezing of Fish a

Firm in Finland seems to have developed plant
on commercial basis — Building and Plant

described.

The use of cold brine in the freezing of fish has been

adopted on what seems to be a practical commercial

basis in the eity of Abo, Finland, a very important -

centre in the Baltic Fishing industry. The Ottesen
Freezery, as the establishment is called, consists of two-
storey brick building provided with reinforced concrete
floors.

The freezery was designed for a capacity of 20 tons a
day and a storage capacity for 400 tons of fish. From
the harbour the catches of fish are taken in through
the front door to the washing and dressing-room, locat-
ed on the ground floor. Goods can also be taken in and
delivered to the desired floor by means of a basement
tunnel and an electric elevator.

Lay-out of the Freezery

The building and plant: are minutely described in the
June issue of Ice Refrigeration (Chicago and New York)
by Mr. Achates W. Gripenberg, who lhas been personally
concerned in their arrangment. He says that to the
right of the entrance is the boiler-room for a low pres-
sure steam heating plant, and on the left side below the
concrete platform is the pump house. A store-room for
pipes and oil is provided below the concrete platform,
with entrance from outside.
south-west corner of the building, runs through two
storeys; while in an annexe are the engineers’ and
transformer rooms. On the roof of the annexe space is
provided for the condensers and transformer tower.

Adjoining the engine-room is a shop provided with a
complete set of tools for repairs about the plant and of
fishermen’s boat motors. On this floor are also located
the office and toilet rooms. The north-east part of the
building is reserved for the storage rooms, of whieh
there are five on the ground floor. These rooms are

located on each side of a corridor, which is separated _

from the shipping room by means of an insulated door.

The cleaned fish are placed in galvanized iron baskets
and passed through an opening in the ceiling of the
washingroom by an electric hoist. Then the baskets,
held together by a frame, are sunk into the brine and
kept submerged until frozen, when they are removed to
the packing-room and dipped into cold water for glaz-
ing. The frozen and glazed fish are packed in boxes
lined with parchment paper and transferred to the

storage-rooms, where a temperature of 14° F. is main- -

tained.
Insulation

The protected location and the climatic conditions
are very favourable for the insultation of the building.
All the outside walls of the storage-rooms and the ceiling
in the second storey are insulated with two layers of 2144

inch board of expanded cork, impregnated with asphalt. —

The ground floor and the ceiling of the first storey are
insulated with two layers of 2-inch, and the inside walls
with 2-inch cork boards, and the freezing and packing
rooms with 2-inch boards on the inside and 21-inch
boards on the outside walls. The floor and ceiling have
two layers of 2-inch cork. The storage-room above and
the washing and dressing rooms are insulated for a
temperature of 32° F.

The engine-room, in the -

FISHERMAN { September, 2:

The Freezing Tanks

In the freezing-room space is provided for two
but only one is built at present. The tank already
place is of wood, on a foundation of concrete pi
and a section of it is shown in one of the illustratic
The bottom, sides and inside partitions are bui 0
inch planks, bolted together by 1-inch iron rods.

The tank, which measures 12 feet 9 inches by
6 inches by 9 feet 10 inches, is divided into three
each provided with two freezing cells and equipp
two cylindrical cooling coils and agitating pr
Each cell contains seven fish baskets, which rest
angle iron frame provided with a wire screen.
direction of the brine flow is such that the co
enters the cell at the top, and the heated brine 1
at the bottom. This as Mr. Gripenberg admits
rect from an engineering point of view, but it
sary, as the fish has a natural tendency to fl
this reason the brine flow must be reversed t
the fish from being pressed against each othe
basket-covers, which would damage the fish and
uniform freezing. :

The partition between the two cells is remo
the brine is cooled down below its saturation
will form on the cooling coils, but the icing can
ed to some extent by keeping the mean ter
difference between the brine and the refrigerar
as possible. For this reason the coil surface is
considerably above the normal. For removin
from the coils the compartment is pumped 0
the bottom connexion by means of a centrifug

Cold and Hot Brine

While most of the brine charge is stored in
ry tank, some of it is heated by means of
from the condenser and pumped back over
The heat loss is small, as the force of the br:
allows the ice to be removed by a very low br
erature. The pump used for forcing the brine’
charcoal filter if needed. :

By means of the centre compartment the tem
in all parts of the tank is equalized. This com
can be used in off seasons as an auxiliary c¢ell
ing articles occupying considerable space as t
ters and hogs. Provision is made for supp.
compartment with a removable vertical cen
tion, so as to improve the circulation for freezi
during off seasons. The brine level in the
compartments is regulated by means of vertic
ers..

Refrigerating Machinery a
The refrigerating machinery is of .the am
compression type. There are two horizontal ¢
acting compressors driven by belt from
h.p. electric motors. Each compressor is conne
a double pipe condenser built up in two section,
high, and 20 feet long. The compressors are
up in such a way that both can work on the
tanks at the same time. e

ee September, 1922

CANADIAN

' Lord Norris, K. C. M. G., P. C., former prime min-
. ister of the Ancient Colony, on his way to London in
' connection with the British Empire Exposition of 1924,
_ gave the following interesting interview to the New
_ York Tribune:

_ “The fisheries question is, to my mind, one of great
interest at present to the British Empire,’’ he said.
“Great Britain itself possesses the greatest sea-fishing
industry in the world. It also has potentially magni-
ficent salmon and fresh water fisheries, but most of
these, I regret to state, have been willfully destroyed
y unrestricted pollution.

“Great Britain does not produce, and can never
ope to produce, within its boundaries the food neces-
sary to maintain its population. Much of it must come
_ from outside, and the sea fisheries can and do make
"a substantial contribution to the food supplied. It
is a contribution moreover which nature supplies, and
- which man has only to take. It is an import for which
_ payment by corresponding exports is not required, and
he cost of it is chiefly represented by the earnings of
nroducers and distributors.

‘‘Most of the countries of the Empire contain fish-
bearing rivers and lakes and have sea fisheries within
their reach. None are richer in that respect than New-
- foundland and the Dominion of Canada. For all of
' them it is a matter of moment to develop and to ex-
loit their fisheries on rational lines, for fish is a valu-
_ able food supply which, being constantly replenished
by nature, is practically inexhaustible. That is why
we on the Council of the British Empire Exhibition
think that no display of all the resources of the Em-
pire can be complete which does not find a place for

FISHERMAN 195

\ Says Fish Saved Europe During War

the products of the rivers, lakes and seas, which must
be taken to include not only edible fishes but such
objects of commerce as sponges, pearls, corals, and
valuable shells.

‘While the direct economic significance of the fish-
erles is therefore great, their indirect significance is
even greater, for ever since man first became a hunt-
er (which was long before he became a farmer), the
fisheries have been the first and the best nursery of
seamen, and ultimately the cohesion of the empire
( not to mention the existence of the small island which
is its heart), depends upon the maintenance of our
splendid breed of seamen.

‘“‘To the population of Great Britain of course the
maintenance of sea communication is absolutely vital
and every part of the empire in a greater or less de-
gree has occasion to recognize the influence which has
been evidenced again and again throughout the his-
tory of sea power and national prosperity. Sea power
does not depend primarily upon capital ships of war
and their armament but upon that familiarity with
the sea, that spirit of enterprise, and that resourceful-
ness which is expressed in the term ‘sea sence,’ and is
nowhere more evident than in those* who are fish-
ermen.

“It is a question whether the British nation, or for
that matter the British peoples, have ever understood
or appreciated how much they owe to their sea fish-
eries. Not even in the great struggle of 1914-1918,
when it may be said without exaggeration that the
British and Dominion fisheries saved Europe, did the
people grasp the real meaning of the efficient service.’’

A new method of packing in glass which promises to
‘yeyolutionize the industry, if it fulfills the expectations it
m has raised, has just been patented and placed on the
market.
_ The new process is the product of the experience of
_ J. M. Giffin who spent nineteen years with Burnham and
a ‘Morrell of Portland, and the past seven years with Roberts
_ Simpson and Co., of Halifax as travelling examiner of their
lobster packs.
_ The tendency of tin to discolor and blacken its lobster
_ contents and the superiority of glass as a substitute en-
gaged his attention, packing in glass by previous methods
calling for too expensive and too complex equipment for
~ ordinary commercial use.
' Asa result of extended experiments carried out on the
_ job Mr. Giffin succeeded in originating a sealing mixture
_ which applied to the inside of the cap made the latter
_ grip the glass while being processed, and then hermetically
sealed the contents.
4 Lobster put up under this method as long ago as 1916
' remains in perfect condition today, keeping its original
color and attractiveness. The process is equally ap-
plicable to the canning of all kinds of foods and opens uf
| _ a wide range of commercial possibilities.
George E. Roberts of Halifax, Canada, is marketing the
new method after using it in his own packing business. The
"covers are sent, users ready to go on the glass, or the pa-
- tented formula is supplied on a royalty basis. The cover
is placed over the tumbler which is then immersed with its

~

abt &

Invention Simplifies Packing in Glass

contents in the cooking bath. When removed the seal is
airtight. No machinery, rubber gaskets or crimping is re-
quired and the cover can be removed readily with a can
or bottle opener.

LS STL |

J. M. GIFFIN

196

News Notes from Far and Near

Collide Twice

The Gloucester schooner Corinthian, Captain Jeffrey
Thomas, and the Nova Scotia schooner Nellie J. King
were in collision twice at the mouth of Halifax harbor
on September 4. The latter suffered serious damage.
It is reported that the Corinthian, following ‘he first
erash, pulled about to ascertain the damage when the
second collision resulted.

Herring Cood on Labrador

According to Capt. Norman of ‘he coastal steamer
Home, which arrived recently at Sydney, N. 8. from a
trip north of Bell Isle Strait, there is a good sign of
herring on the Labrador side. The fish are of large
size, and one man had about four barrels in his codtrap
last Friday. Fishermen are getting three to four
quintals of cod daily by trawl and handline along the
coast from Blane Sablon to Lewis Bay, but the trapping
season is about over.

A Good day’s work

Captain Sylvester Dunphy, of the Ingonish schooner
Ive‘ta captured a 170-pound sword-fish in 20 minutes
off Pomt Aconi N. 8S. August 31. In the evening while
unloading, the skipper finished up a good day’s work
by rescuing Walter Butler, a young boy who had fallen
over a wharf and was completely exhausted when brought
ashore.

F’sh Plant Burned

The fish plant of R. Hendsbee & Co., of Half Island’

Cove, fourteen miles from Truro, N. S., was destroyed
by fire at a loss of about $40,000 when it was struck
by lightning on Friday night.

Canned Foods Act Amended

Amendments to the Meat and Canned Foods Act res-
pecting the marking of importations of fish or shell-
fish have been brought into effect and a memorandum
covering the terms of the amendmen‘ has been issued
by the Department of Customs and Excise to officers
of that depar‘ment. The amendment provides that
canned fish or shell-fish imported into Canada to be
exported need only be labelled to show the country of
origin, and also providing that no false or misleading
mark or designation of the kind of variety of the con-
tents shall be shown on any can of fish imported for
sale in Canada.

Customs Ruling on Fish Roe

Sustaining a protest of Carey & Skinner, of Buffalo,
the Board of United States General Appraisers ruled
recently that the application of brine and drying, wash-
ing and packing for shipment does not make fish roe

“preserved” for food purposes, but leaves it free of
duty as eggs of fish under the provision in Paragraph
478 of the Tariff. Act of 1913. This suit, Judge Brown
explains in the board’s conclusions, was ‘brought under
the customs judicial remedy to test the classification
by the Collector of Customs at the Port of Buffalo’ of
certain fish roe which was assessed for duty at the rate
of 30 per cent ad valorem under Paragraph 216 of the
tariff law. Judge Brown, in reviewing | all of the facts
in the issue, determines that the fish roe in question
Pa ai have. been admitted through the customs duty
ree

CANADIAN FISHERMAN .|

September, 1922 ‘f

Fish Found in Odd Places

An Ontario reader referring to our account of the
fish seen in Saskatchewan in the cattle foot-holes 2 ‘te
a rain, says he had a similar experience several year
ago. He says that he saw numbers of fish on
ground in foot-marks immediately after a heavy war
rain. The fish were about two inches long and n
have come down with the rain. He was living in
mountains in Tennessee. It was in the year of 18
1887.—Toronto Globe. ‘

Salmon Anglers Do Well

The salmon anglers have experienced a splendid
son in the rivers of the Gaspe and Tadoussac
Quebec. Weather and water conditions were far
and many high scores were made. The salmon rur
these streams compared favorably with that of } PK
seasons after the poor year of 1920. ¢

The angling and commercial fisheries of es
tricts have been very largely maintained by the
eries operated by the Dominion Government, whic
season distributed nearly one and three- quarter 1
young salmon in the Tadoussae district and over on
one-quarter million in the Gaspe district. °

Sockeye Pack Short

‘Based on our records, which have been an ae
guide in past years, the sockeye pack on Puget
this year will be only about one-tenth of what it was
years ago, when it was the smallest on records,
President E. B. Demning of the Pacific
Fisheries.

Two years ago ‘he total Puget Sound pack
62,000 cases. President indications promise
between 6000 and 7000 cases. The so-called ‘
the sockeye run occurs between July 28 and
After August 5 there is a sharp drop in the ea‘
stops entirely by August 25. The hardest
dealt the Puget Sound sockeye salmon fishery:
Austrian purse seine, starting in 1912, it was s

- Some idea of the terrible depletion is gained
Bases of the sockeye pack for the 11 years fre
to 1920, inclusive—1910, 248,014 cases; 1911,
1912, 193,442; 1913, 1,662,942; 1914, 338,786
85 430; 1916, 90, 865 1- 2; 1917, 454, 336 ; 1918, 2,
1919, 67, 087 ; 1920, 62 751.

Landings at U. S. Forts During jue :

Fish of all varieties landed at Portland, M
Gloucester (Mass) during July, 1922,
543,504 pounds, fresh, valued at $569, 529 and
pounds salted valued at $33,221. For the corres
month of the previous year the figures were: 11
pounds, fresh, valued at $469,281 and 952,008
salted, valued at $42,670.

An appreciable decline in the value of salted fis
be noted.

Landings at Seattle, Washington, during
amounted to 1,557,000 pounds, landed by Am
vessel and valued at $153,453, and 2,637,700 pe
valued at $246,786 landed by collecting vessels,

~

mber, 1922

Maritime Charters New Trawler
Tn order to make absolutely certain of a continuity
fresh fish supply, the Maritime Fish Corporation
chartered the Grimsby trawler ‘Offa’, Captain
rtin Olsen. The new vessel is now operating from

), alternating trips with the Rayond’or which is
hout doubt one of the finest steam trawlers afloat.
neidentally Captain Olsen, who has had much ex-
nce on the North Atlantic banks and in European
*s, is well and popularly known in eastern Canada
many friends will be glad to know that he is traw]-
in North Atlantic waters again.

Swordfish Won Fight

empty boat towed by a gian‘ swordfish was
rht to tell of the death of a hunter of these vindic-
inhabitants of North Atlan‘ic waters, when it was
last evening off Prospect, Halifax county, about
to sea. The boatman had harpooned the fish and
thought the captive jerked the man overboard and
towed the boat out of his reach. The swordfish had
ay fo fifty fathoms of line when found.

ie twenty-foot flat-bottomed boat was moving
rough the water without apparent motive power when
hted about six o'clock by William and John Hardi-

n, fishermen ofProspect. —As they approached, the
sh plunged and tore through the water, but eventually

is judged that but one man was in the boat, because
was only one pair of rowlocks in use. A water
and a pair of mittens were the only other things

Iceland Catch Good

cod fishing in the district of Fakse Bay and the
Coast of Iceland goes on from January to May
Fishing News. It is carried on by steam trawlers,
» vessels, motor boats and open boats, and within
eriod named there is caught a quantity of fish
‘represents more than half the Icelandic klipfish
ction. ©

‘or all classes of fishing craft employed, the present
r has yielded very good results. The trawlers in
uary and February took their catches to Great
ain; later on they salted on board, and after a big
h landed at Icelandic ports. The trawl catches were
e mixed than usual more coalfish and haddock were
zht than is customary. _

_ Thirty-one Icelandic Trawlers took part in the fishing
being stationed at Reyjavik and the rest at Havnef-
jord. The quantity brought into Fakse Bay and south
coast ports were 12,400 tons of large fish, 2,600 tons coal-
fish and 1,600 ‘ons haddock, all wet salted, the relative
quantities of dried fish may be reckoned at 8,000, 1,600
and 1,000 tons respectively. .
or the Westmann Islands the total is 4,300 tons,
sh is more than the average. The totals given made
a quantity. which is more than half what the total
duction of 1922 can be, allowing for a normal fishing
the rest of the vear.

Crew shared $624

he little Gloucester schooner Zilpha was the high-line

rdfisherman ou‘ of that port this season. The craft’s
stock was $7,307 and the crew shared $624.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

_vessels for the Newfoundland fisheries.

197

_ Big Swordfishing Fleet

More than one hundred sail were included in the
Lunenburg swordfishing fleet this year.

Smelts on Free List

Because of a strenuous fight before the authorities
at Washington by Edward Born and William Fellows
Morgan, jr., representing the Middle Atlantie Fisheries
Association, the tariff bill as passed by the United
States_senate and now pending before the conference

committees of the senate and house of representatives,

has placed fresh and frozen smelts on the free list.
Small favors gratefully received, says the Canadian:
exporter of fish. By the process of attribution the status
quo may be attained before the tariff ultimately be-
comes law. — 5

License Fee $1 per Vessel

While the terms of the original modus vivendi license
authorized American vessels to use our Atlantic ports
for stipulated purposes on the payment of a fee of one
dollar per registered ton, it has been reduced by Ottawa

- to $1 per vessel as was the case from 1918 to 1921. The

original license was restored this spring but the fee was
modified after a few months.

Hull Trawlers to Fish Here

Says the Fish Trades Gazette , London (Eng):

A new venture at Hull has been the equipment of
The experi-
ment is being made by Messrs. Hellyer Bros., whose
forbears were pioneers of the industry of that port.

Trawlers which have been employed in the Icelandic
and White Sea fishing are being reconditioned, and
the first two were due to leave Hull on Thursday on
their long voyage across the Atlantic. Splendidly ap-
pointed and equipped, they have wireless installations.
How many other ships will follow is not clear.

The ‘‘Karl Kitchener’’ and the ‘‘King’s Grey’’ are
not the first vessels to leave the Humber for the New-
foundland fisheries. What was claimed to be the
largest vessel despatched on a similar enterprise left
Grimsby some years ago.

It is a branch of the fishing industry, however,
which French trawling firms have exploited for many
years, and specially adapted vessels have been built
on the Humber and the Ouse for it.

The course of Messrs. Hellyer’s enterprise will be
followed with the greatest interest at Hull and else-
where. It opens out a new era in the fishing annals
of the port.

The European fishing fleets coming to take cod this
season on the banks off the coast of Canada and New-
foundland will, it is reported, be larger than in any
year since the war started. Many of the vessels of
the French metropolitan fleet are now on their way
across the Atlantic, and they will be followed within
1 week or two by the Portuguese fleet.

Boston Fish Pier

Boston has the largest pier in the world devoted ex-
clusively to the fish business. It is 1,200 feet long, 300
feet wide, and is paved with brick and concrete, and in
such a manner that it can be cleaned easily by flushing
with water. It cost $3,000,000 and 80 vessels can dis-
charge their cargoes at once.

198
REDUCTIONS IN FISHING LICENSES IN B. C.

The Fisheries Department has decided upon a reduc-
tion in the number of fishing licenses to be issued during
1923 in British Columbia to other than resident white
British subjects and indians. So that those interested may
receive the earliest possible notification the following
notice has been issued:

Salmon Gill-Nets.—In district No. 1, the number of
salmon gill-nets issued to other than resident white Brit-
ish subjects and Indians for the seasagn 1923 will be re-
duced 15 per cent.

In district No. 2 the reduction will be as follows:

Nass River 10 p.c.; Skeena River 10 p.c.; Rivers Inlet
and Smith’s Inlet 50 p.c.; All other portions of the dis-
trict 15 p.c.

In district No. 3 there will be a general reduction of
15 p.e.

Salmon Trolling. —It has been decided that salmon
trolling licenses issued for the east and west coasts of Van-
couver Island will not be issued for small areas but there
will be one license for the West Coast and covering the
area “From Victoria to Cape Scott’ and one for the
second area covering and East Coast “From Victoria to
Cape Scott”.

Herring Fisheries—The reduction in the case of her-
ring purse-seines and herring gill-nets will be a general
one of 15 p.c. covering the whole province.

Details as to the manner of allotment will be available
later.

Applications wlil be received only from those who had
similar licenses in the season of 1921 and the date limit
for receiving applications has been set for December 1,
owing to the fact that the licenses in future will be issued
for the calender year, and the setting of the above date
will leave one month for the allotment and the advising
of those interested.

All applications must be received in the Office of the
Chief Inspector of. Fisheries in the Molson’s Bank Build-
ing, Vancouver, on the above date and any received after
December 1, will not receive consideration.

SAYS NOT SEATTLE MOVE

The Poindexter Alaska fish amendment to the tariff
bill is not designed to force the shipment of Alaska
halibut through Seattle at all, and, if it becomes the
law, it probably will not do go. Alaska fish may con-
tinue to go east over the Grand Trunk Railway, but
it must be put in cold storage and bonded ‘at an
American port if it is to avoid the two cents a pound
duty. It would bring the buyers from Prince Rupert
to American towns, affording similar competition
among buyers as now prevails. In fact it would im-
prove the situation because all buyers would be
brought into direct competition in the bidding, where-
as now, when the fish are taken to Prince Rupert,
buyers in Alaska towns are really barred by the fact
that fishermen, having their boats there, are prac-
tically forced to sell to some of the buyers at that
place. The Poindexter amendment would bring the
buyers for Seattle and other points at the south and
those who purchase to ship East over Canadian lines
up against each other—Juneau-Empire.

Brown started out without a cent;
He’s rich now and still rising,
Some say *twas luck; others say pluck;

He says ’twas advertising.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

. nurse and take care of themselves thereafter.

September, 1922
BREEDING BUTTONS 7

So anxious are the button manufacturers to per-
petuate the supply of a material indispensible to —
industry that the National Association of Botton
Manufacturers is co-operating with the government
fisheries bureau in efforts to propagate artificially the
pearly mussels in streams and lakes of the Middle W

The fisheries bureau now makes a regular busines:
of rescuing millions of fishes which each year are lef
stranded in drying-up pools by the retreating overflow
waters of the Mississipi and Illinoig rivers.
umbers of them, before being restored to their nat
element, are inoculated with the larval glochidia
pearly mussels. The Button Manufacturers Associat
is furnishing men to help in his work.

During last October and November seven age
of the button makers accompanied for this pur D
seven rescue crews sent out from the fish hatel
station at Homer, Minn., and nearly 6,000,000
were inoculated with about half a billion gloc
The latter fasten themselves upon the gills o
fishes (this accomodation being necessary to e
them to pass through a stage of their developr
and some weeks later drop off. They quit the

The inoculated fishes were liberated in Lake
kegama, Minn., and at several places in the Miss
river. It is worth while to all that only the spa:

exceptionally fine varieties of mussels is used

as the river mucket and Lake Pepin mucket.
cost of planting mussels in this way is less
cents per thousand.

ALASKA RED TO BE LABELLED —

Beginning Sept. Ist, all canned Alaska Red Sa
ported into Canada must bear the label “Alaska Red
and cannot bear the word “Sockeye” on the label.
is according to the amendment of the “Meat and Ci
Foods Act” of 1922.

All canned Alaska Red Salmon imiported: prior
1, 1922 may be sold as at present marked.

This means that the lower priced fish cannot
sold as sockeyes at a scokeye price which was the case
iously. This is a condition which should have k
medied a long while ago as the canners did not get a
deal while previous conditions existed, but now the soc
eye will sell at its proper price and the Alaska Red w
also sell at its proper price. It may be that the pub
may have to be told the difference between the |
the two varieties of fish so that they will not be m
It is up to the salmon canners to see to this.

Turtle Starts Something

The little Gloucester fishing schooner Gorilla: a
nearly overturned by the struggles of a huge
the black diver type, which members of the crew
pooned southeast of Nantucket south shoals lig
recently. The vessel brought the turtle to Bost
weighed 1,500 pounds, it was seven feet long, te
across from flipper to flipper, and nine feet in cir
ference. Though badly wounded the turtle lived
last night. It is of a Ronee usually found in the
of Mexico. ;

The blue whale is the largest creature alive today.

aber, 1922 CANADIAN

——/ — —i—| oo

AS Ey Sy AE 3757 BBBEGSBAGS

Atlantic salmon has been successfully established
waters of the North Pacific. John P. Babcock,
mt Commissioner of Fisheries, believes this has
omplished and makes the announcement, con-
at the achievement will be appreciated by an-
| all interested in the improvement of the pisca-
actions of the waters of B. C.

L. C. Rattray of Sahtlam, has presented to the
wial Fisheries Department, the heads of two adult
itic salmon (Salmo salar). These fish, one of seven
s and one of nine pounds, were caught in the Cowi-
ver by Major Rattray and by a friend. The
of these fish in the Cowichan is a noteworthy

is subject Mr. Babcock makes the following state-

r as we can learn no other adult Atlantic salmon
been taken from any other river on the Pacific
during the last thirty years, repeated efforts have
de to establish these fish on the Pacific coast of
California has made repeated attempts to accli-
hem in her waters by planting the young, hatched
eggs sent to the coast from hatcheries in Maine, and
£ of fry have been made in Oregon and Washington.

“specimens furnished by Major Rattray are the
uthentic evidence furnished the Department of their
ce in the waters of this Province. Several times
ng the last two years we have been advised that adult
s of the Atlantic salmon had been taken from
ichan, but conclusive evidence to establish the
not previously been furnished. The taking of
‘fish establishes the fact that the waters of the
ian and the estuaries and salt water reaches adja-
» its mouth meet the requirements of the Atlantic
These captures warrant continued and extended
ts to establish a run of this great game and food fish
ur rivers. For unquestionably these fish came from
ants of fry of Atlantic salmon, made from the hat-
on the Cowichan.

Best Fish in the World

ie Atlantic salmon is one of the best known and
]; prized game fishes in the world. Many experienced
lers assert that meant for weight it is the gamest of

The Atlantic salmon (salmo salar)—the Burcoewe
n, the salmon of the Atlantic streams of America—
rue salmon, the only fish scientifically entitled to
salmoa. Pliny first used the name salmon over

FISHERMAN

*PACIF IC COAST SECTION —

199

~— = ——/ —

tlantic Salmon Established in Pacific

British Columbia jubilant over successful trans-
planting of famous game fish — Effort will
be made to develop species.

By ROBERT DUNN

nineteen. hundred years ago when he wrote. ‘In Acqui-
tania the river salmon surpasseth all the fishes of the sea.’
The. Normans took the name to Britain. Cabot on reach-
ing Newfoundland in 1497 recorded that salmon were
abundant in the rivers there. These fish are not, how-
ever, indigenous to the waters of the Pacific Coast of
America. The fish in our waters that we call salmon are
strictly speaking not salmon at all. Scientists place them
in another genus, known as Oncorhynchus, because they
differ both in structure and in habit from the fish to which
the name salmon was first given. Early settlers on the
Pacific who were familiar with the Atlantic salmon on
finding a fish so closely resembling them in our coast
rivers, called them salmon. They failed to note the dif-
ference in structure and in habit. The canning of the
Pacific fish for the last forty years under the name sal-
mon, has made them the salmon of the world. Pure
Food Boards recognize them as salmon, and the men who
tell us that our salmon are not salmon have been termed
‘hair splitters,’

“The Pacific salmon differ structurally from the Atlan-
tic salmon. They have an increased number of rays—12
to 14—in the anal fin, an increased number of folds
beneath the gill-covers, termed branchiostegal rays, an in-
creased number of gill-rakers, and a much larger number
of pancreatic glands attached behind the stomach.

Different Habits, Too
“The Pacific salmon differ in habit from the Atlantic

salmon, in the fact that their young, after migrating to
the sea do not return to fresh water until they are sex-

_ ually mature, and all die after spawning... The Atlantic

salmon in structure and in habit more closely resemble our
steelhead trout than our salmon. The young of the Atlan-
tic salmon may return to fresh water before they are sex-
ually mature, when they do so they commonly return to
the sea before spawning, and when mature, again return
to fresh water for spawning, and then again enter salt
water. Atlantic salmon have been known to spawn several
times during their life. Comparatively few Atlantic sal-
mon die after spawning once.

“The catching of adult Atlantic salmon in the Cowichan
River is certainly a notable event, a most pleasing and
promising fact. It establishes that conditions in the Co-
wichan and in the nearby sea are favourable to the life of
these famous fish. It establishes that by persistent efforts
our rivers may be stocked with these great game fish.

“The Cowichan has long been recognized as one of the
best fishing streams in the Province. Its value is be-
coming more and more recognized. It is a great drawing

200

card. One of our great sports-fish assets. It is there-

fore in the public interest that the Cowichan should re-
ceive from the fishery and local authorities, and the an-
glers of Vancouver Island, the closest attention and pro-
tection. Every care should be exercised to safeguard its
fish. Every effort made to main its game fish and to in-
crease their numbers. ‘

“TI have fished the Cowichan for twenty years and de-
sire to testify that water conditions there are improving.
Now that logs are no longer floated down the river to
market, the channels are becoming more and more favour-
able to the production of aquatic life on which fish prin-
cipally feed. The deep pools that were filled with sand
and gravel by the scouring of logs are being restored to
their natural depth and conditions by floods. Fish food is
_ increasing. The formation of log jams, that are deplored
by some, are improving conditions from a fish point of
view, by increasing the stretches of deep water and by af-
fording shade and shelter for big and little fish, and the
many forms on which they feed. Every prospect but one,
-on the Cowichan favors an increase in its finny inhabitants.

> Weirs are a menace

“The weirs placed in the river by the Indians, alone,
in my judgment are a serious menace. The time has come
when the government should step in and acquire any right
the Indians may have to place weirs in the Cowichan,
or to take fish by other means than by hook and line. The
Indians living on the Cowichan can possess no more right
to place weirs in the river than the Indians living in the
Fraser River basin had to catch salmon with dip-nets and
spears. Two years ago the Dominion Fishery authorities,
with the approval, we are told, of the Indian Department,
issued orders prohibiting the Indians of the Fraser from
taking salmon above the commercial fishing limits. By
their order they indicate that they have the power to pro-
hibit the construction of weirs in the Cowichan. If they
have that power it should be exercised. If they lack the
authority to do so they should purchase from the Indians
the rights they may possess. The Cowichan Fish and

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

’ Commercial fishing in Cowichan Bay is prohibit

Game Association may well give this matter atten
their statements to the Fisheries Commission, that
.at Duncans in September. No other question on t
wichan is of such pressing importance to the f
that river.

“Angling for salmon and trout on the Cowich
branch of productive activity. It may be classe
industry. It certainly should be treated as an

may be taken there only by hook and line.
nets and weirs is not permitted in its waters.
cessary, and it is necessary, to prevent the use of
weirs in Cowichan Bay in order to protect the fish
ing the Cowichan River to spawn it is manifest th:
necessary to prohibit their use in the river,

Not Suited for Commercial Fishery

“We are frequently told that in the interests
mercial fishing, the trout of our streams should be
minated. There are some streams in the provi h
rightly be set aside exclusively to the production
mon, but the Cowichan is not one of them. The
was never a great producer of salmon. Soe
enter its waters and the runs of the other fe
Pacific salmon were never very extensive.
chan is an ideal angling stream. It should
and all commercial fishing prohibited. _

anes

ee

“Reverting, however, to the Atlantic salmon, p
to tell the anglers who fish that river, that
Museum has no specimen of an adult Atlan
want an unmultilated specimen. If an
fortunate enough to catch an adult specir

the fish in dry hay and pack it in a crate and fe
the Provincial Museum, charges collect, it
fully received and the name of the donor
exhibit and a painted cast of the fish re
with the compliments of the Commissioner o
the Hon. William Sloan.” pats

Briefs From British Columbia

The arrangments by which the Fishmongers’ Com-
pany(London, Eng.) is making an accompanying cer-
tificate of origin signed by the exporting firm the test
of a legally-caught fish injthe close season were recently
referred to in these columns. The method by which a
salmon could be simply wrapped in a cover containing
a certificate has been.naturally greatly welcomed by
the trade as an alternative to the fixing of three leaden
seals in the fish for the purpose of attesting its legal
origin. We understand that good progress has been
made in this direction, the Canadian Ministry ef Marine
and Fisheries and the Government of Newfoundland
having agreed with the Fishmongers’ Company upon a
form of certificate for both Pacific and Atlantic caught
salmon. In future this certificate will be accepted dur-
ing the close season by the Fishmongers’ Company as
sufficient indentification of origin, and the necessity
sealing will thus be obviated.

Apparently there is some doubt as to recognition
being accorded to his revised form of ‘‘marking’’ by
the French Government, but it is hoped that as the
British Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries has, to-
gether with the Canadian Ministry, endorsed the revi-
sion, there will not be in the way of thus facilitating

an overseas trade in which many Fren
course, interested. : /

Until the certificates have been arranged
to any section of this important oyers'
sealing will be continued in that direction.

The arrangements outlined above do
case of salmon caught in home waters.
placed in cold storage before the close seas
view to sale during the close season, they m
by the Fishmongers’ Company as heretofore

It was apparent: to a representative of C
who interviewed Mr. C. N. Hooper, the
Fishmongers’ Company, that authority has
doing everything in its power to expedite
so that the certificate system of identif
become universal as soon as possible. —

John Dybhavn, manager of the Royal
Prince Rupert, B. C., announces that his ¢
bovght the plant and business of the Sinclair
Limited. The company is now occupying th
plant and has closed up its former es‘ablish

be , 1922

Booth Company Seeks Damages

commission has been ordered in an action of the
soth Fisheries Canadian Company Ltd. vs. the Can-
jan Express Company. The commission will issue in
icago, head office of the plaintiff company. Evidence
| be taken there regarding a shipment of halibut from
Rupert three years ago. Damages of $6,206 are
ned by the Booth Fisheries because of alleged delay
the part of the transportation company. Instead of
ng on the market as fresh fish, it is declared, it was
essary to freeze the halibut and take a loss.

B. GC. Salmon Pack for 1921

The salmon pack of British Columbia for the year
1 amounted to 603,548 cases, composed as follows:

Sockeyes 163,914
Kings 49,452
~ Cohoes 124,348
Pinks 192,906
(iim 71,408
Steelheads 1,220

Alaska Salmon Prices

he Alaska Packers Association set their opening
es the latter part of August as follows: (These
es are per dozen cans) Reds in tall one pound cans
}; flat halves $2.00; flat pounds $2.75; Chinooks
ings pound talls $2.00; half flats $1.75; one pound
s $2.25; medium reds, one pound talls $1.35 ; half
ind flats $1.10; one pound flats $1.60; pinks, one
nd talls $1.15; half pound flats $0.85; pound flats
10: chums, one pound talls $1.05; half pound flats

Buyers Should be Watchful

you buy a can of sockeye salmon this year you
-sockeye. Alaska Reds will be sold ‘‘as are’
as the Government has decreed that when an
Red is sold in Canada it shall be sold as such
nnot bear the stamp of ‘‘Sockeye’’ on the label.
name sockeye was originated by the British Co-
bia salmon canner and there are no ‘‘just as good’’
ned salmon as the Fraser River or British Colum-
ekeyes.

wholesaler and the retailer should see that when
mned sockeye salmon are ordered that their custom-
gets what they ask for every time.

No Purse Seines in Columbia
, Washington state fisheries laws were upheld at

ch decided that purse seine fishing in the Columbia
er is illegal. Three federal judges, including Judge
B. Gibert of the cireuit court of appeals at
Francisco; Jeremiah Neterer, of Seattle, and
‘4 E. Cushman, of Tacoma, reachel a unanimous
on in favor of the state fisheries board at the hear-
yesterday.

B | srt: sh Columbia Fish Carrier Destroyed by Fire

Phe fish carrier Tashmoo, owned and operated by
ssrs Grant and King, of Vancouver, B.C., was burned
ile at Cypress Island, near Kingcome Inlet, on August
The Tashmoo was a gasoline power boat 45 feet long
d 13 feet beam, built in Comox, B.C., in 1919.

The officers and crew of the Tashmoo were picked up
brought into Vancouver by the Gasoline fish carrier
stle No. 6, owned by Ode Bros.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

aa recently in the United States district court.

201
Tourists Interested In Salmon Canning

Many tourists from the east and the Old Country are
making the trip to Steveston from Vancouver to see the
salmon canneries in full operation this season. In the
days of the big runs it was a wonderfully interesting sight
to go over to Steveston and see the salmon fleet put out on
a Sunday night, after the week-end closed season, and set
their nets at the mouth of the river. Those days are passed
and now it is a case of finding out if the canneries are
going to run on the day you wish to see the cannery in
operation as there are not always enough fish to make it
worth while to operate.

Opening Prices on Canned Salmon

The opening prices as issued by the B. C. Fishing and
Packing Corp. are as follows:

1 lb. Talls 1% lb. flats
Socke@@sip cys. +. 18.00 19.00
Extra Red Spring . 13.00 14.00
Standard Red Spring.... 10.00 11.00
Cohoe . + 4a G 8.00 9.00
Pink . 5.00 6.75
Chum . 4.00 6.00

No quotations are being made on one pound flats this
season.

The Canned Salmon Market

With the issuing of the opening prices the sellers of
canned salmon are getting busy and there should be some
movement in the market from now on.

There are some reports of sales of chums and pinks
and in fact it is understood there are as many pinks and
chums already sold as were packed the entire season last
year.

Cohoes are not being packed this year, except as they
are brought in with other fish, owing to the poor demand
last year. :

The new ruling regarding the marking of Alaska Red
Salmon will without doubt create a larger demand for
sockeye in Canada than last year. There is a demand for
the sockeye direct from the public and if the label does
not say sockeye they will not take the can. This has been
proved by surveys of market conditions.

Pinks Running In Northern B. C.

It looks like a good pack of pinks on the Skeena and
at some locations on Queen Charlotte Islands. Reports
are that the fish are running well and that catches are
good. .

Well-Known Buyer For Northern B. C. Fisheries
Passes On

Gerald Barry, buyer for the Northern B. C. Fisheries
of Vancouver died at Prince Rupert on August 6. Mr.
Barry who was only 29 years old, was a veteran of the
late war, and was well and favorably known in the salmon
canning industry. His father has been with the Wallace
Fisheries for a good many years.

Mild Cure Pack
The mild cure pack of spring salmon in British Colum-

bia will be larger, as a total, during 1922 than in 1921,
but is put up by a larger number of firms.

210 (20)

Good Smelt Run

The silver smelt run’ came in earnest and the fishermen
vot very good hauls. The supply was quite sufficient. for
the needs of the fresh fish market in Vancouver and also
for shipping. The cold storage supply was taken care of
also.

The run starts about the first of July and continues
until the latter part of August.

TWO SPECIES PACIFIC HERRING

During last year the Bureau of Fisheries, Washing-
ton, issued a memorandum dealing with the distribu-
tion, migrations, sizes, and spawning times and places
of the Pacifie herring in southeast Alaska and British
Columbia, based upon the observations of D. R. Craw.
ford, seientifie assistant.

There are apparently two races of herring (Clupea
pallasii), one of which resides in the bays and inner
waterways along the coast from Puget Sound north-
ward to British Columbia and southeast Alaska. The
other, which is composed of larger individuals, passes
along the outer coasts where it is taken off Vancouver
Island in June, July, and August.

The smaller race of herring is found to be sexually
mature in the summer, but no milt or roe is found dur-
ing the winter. Sexually mature individuals vary in
size from 6 to 10 inches. The probable spawning time
is late summer or early fall. The larger race of her-
ring reaches sexual maturity in the fall and winter,
the individuals varying in size from 9 to 12 inches or
longer. The probable spawning time is winter or
early spring.

DAKE’S
“Best on the Lakes”

Steam Stearing Gears.

We want every fishing tug now steered by hand to
have one of the celebrated DAKE steam = steering
gears.

It saves time, trouble, worry and delays, safe-
guards the tug against many unavoidable accidents
and eliminates the consequent items of damage ex-
pense and repairs.

The DAKE steering gear is safe; simple to operate
and reliable. No mechanical skill required to op-
erate it.. Noiseless fabroid driving pinions impart
smooth running qualities. Combined hand or steam
steering at your will. Takes up less room than the
hand wheel.

Don't forget we also manufacture the ATWOOD
Improved NET PULLER, which is known as the
best- on. the market.

Write for our Complete Catalogue and Liberal
terms.

Manufactured by

The DAKE ENGINE Co.
GRAND HAVEN, MICH.

CANADIAN OFFICE:

45 Adelaide Street E.,
TORONTO, ONT,

Capt. Wm. J. STITT, Can. Mer.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

This Columbia ‘Multiple’ Igni-_
tion Battery gives full power at

starting, when your engine needs
it most.

That’s one of the several advan- |
tages the Columbia ‘‘Multiple’’
Dry Battery has over any substi-
tute that has ever been tried for
motor boat ignition.

No cell connectors to fuss over;
no machine parts to keep tink-
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replacement every little while. —

Get a sure-fire Columbia ‘‘Mul-
tiple ’’ Ignition Battery for your
motor boat today.

The peppy, snappy current that
comes from this single solid pack-
age is ideal for motor boat light-
ing, too. It is an advantage to use
a separate battery for lighting.

Columbia Dry Batteries for mo-_
tor boat ignition and lighting, and
for all other purposes, are sold
everywhere at marine supply
houses; electrical, hardware, and
auto accessory shops; garages;
general stores.

Insist Upon Columbia

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LIMITED
Montreal

Toronto Winnipeg

September, 1922

anne

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\

THE
CANADIAN

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

\ GARDENVALE, P. Q., OCTOBER 1922 No. 10

«pI
ei a se Be) ies *
aw AAiG F id; leg,

NOTICE’ fs

Practice—Makes—Per et “g

Ye
We have been manufacturing Cordage for ninety-five {Krs,
and we have spared no effort in consistently trying to bette

its quality for the most exacting buyer.

To-day we are manufacturing Cordage that is better adapted
to the Fishing Industry than any other make on the market.
A trial will convince you of all we say about

“LION BRAND” CORDAGE

MARK

Also manufacturers of Manila, Sisal, Binder Twine, Jute
Cordage, Transmission Lath Yarn and twines of every des-:
cription.

“Made in Canada since 1825 by

Consumers Cordage Co., Ltd.

Mills at: Branches at:
DARTMOUTH, MONTREAL, TORONTO, ST. JOHN,

Tees & Persse, Limited, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, Calgary, Moose Jaw.
Edmonton and Fort William, Ont. James Bisset & Co., Quebec, P.Q.
_Macgowan & Co., Vancouver, BC.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Fishermen’s Supplies

Knox’s and Barbour’s
Linen Gilling Nets
Sea Island Cotton Gilling Nets
Pounds Nets, Hoop Nets, Dip Nets

Drag Seines, Minnow Seines, Trammel Nets.

SINGLE DOUBLE DOUBLE
SELVAGE |

SELVAGE

WE ALWAYS USE STRETCHED

2 INCH MESH,OR
a2

ake Ae.

MEASUREMENT OF THE MESH

In ordering state number of thread, size of mesh

(stretched), number of meshes deep, and selvage.
WE CARRY A COMPLETE STOCK OF
Gold Medal Seine Twine in Medium and Soft Lay

It is our aim to ship your order the same day as received.

WRITE FOR A CATALOGUE q
John Leckie Limited]

| 77 WELLINGTON ST. WEST, TORONTO.

r a inate Or
ne RR Em CAS

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

SANADIAN F ISHERMAN

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

A Monthly Journal devoted to the Commercial Development of the Fishery Resources of Canada,
-and Technical Education of those engaged in the Industry.

ix: GARDENVALE, P. Q., OCTOBER 1922 | No. 10

ee | CONTENTS

Editorial:

New Tariff May Wake Us Up.....00.5.5 2.5... 211
a Save Salmon By Killing Dogfish... .. .. .. .... 211
. Quebec Law Needs eres sashes a piece Opa te ae
Our Move Next... 2. 2. 43 SR CNet aE bln Ra ee
Fisherman Carpentier .. es Rees ey eho
Features Of Annual Fisheries Report. Se tea oucaiie: Bs.
Piscatorial Paragraphs.. .. i iverson ede

: General: ‘ar
Bluenose Will Again Defend Trophy.. .... .. 214
National Fish Day — October 1922... ....... .. 215
Devéloping Canada’s Fisheries... .. .. .: .. ..° 216
Unitéd States Clamps On Tariff... .. 2... 6... 217
Fish Problems Discussed. . ican.” BEG
Fisheries-Revenue Slumps Thirty ‘Per: Gent Puan ae
Round Up School Of Sperm Whales... -2Psj2e6 221
News Notes From Far And Near.. .. .. -. .. 222
Cod Liver Oil Rich In Vitamines.. ..... .. .. 224
No Extended Lobster Season... ..... ..... .. 225
Refrigerator Men To Meet.. .. ad iere, (ee
How Fish Shrinks In Drying And Curing. . .. 226
Fishery Orders-In-Council .... Ries eae
News From Fundy Area.. .. Swe, Gi Dad
Would Exploit Lobster Industry Again. te eee
Biologists’ Work For The Industry... .. .. .. 230
Fisheries Of China Are Neglected.. .. .. .. .. 234
Newfoundland Fisher Folk Suffer... .. .. .. .. 285
How Fish Hear.. .. ; MabMS sao Peed < 236
. Iie Deceive Pearl Experts. sFeuit oe Balad aes okt Sheer 1

‘SUBSCRIPTION

Canada, Newfoundland and Great Britain $2.00
United States and Elsewhere .. $3.00
Payable in advance.

tisements must be in the publisher’s hands ten days
ore that date. Cuts should be sent by mail, not by
ress. Readers are cordially invited to send to the
tor items of fishery news, also articles of practical
srest. If suitable for publication, these will be paid
our regular rate.

| Published on the 17th of each month. Changes of ad-

The Industrial & Educational Publishing Co.
Limited
J. J. Harpell, President and Managing Director
GARDEN CITY PRESS, Gardenvale, Que.

Telegrams and Express Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.
Eastern Manager, A. 8. Christie, Gardenvale, Que.

Western Manager, H. W. Thompson, Aladdin Building,
208 King St. W., Adelaide 3310

18 Beane! SG CANADIAN FISHERMAN

THE DENSIL OIL ENGINE

CAN BE INSTALLED IN EXISTING VESSELS
with the minimum of trouble and expense.

Illustration showing how this has been done will appear in ||
an article in the next issue of “Canadian Fisherman”

The following are our local agents in fishing vessel centres

A. D. Bruce, Shelbourne, N. §. H. L. Woodman Digby, N.S.

Halifax Shipyards Ltd. Halifax. N. §. M. A. Nickerson Clarkes Harbour, N. S.

M. C. Hemeon, Yarmouth, N. §. McMillan & Heighton, New Glasgow, N. S.
J. M. Hogan, Amherst, N. 8S. Oils Registered, Quebec, P. Q.

Geo. E. Frost, Balmoral, N. 8S. J. W. Thellab, Amherst, Magdalen Is. P. Q.
James Gallant, Little Lorraine C. B. N. S. D. G. Dobson, Midland Ont.

Other Agencies are in process of negotiation.

The Crude Oil Engine Co., of Canada

14 PLACE ROYALE MONTREAL

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 211
: =
es —
-!- eOFrTORLA'E -!-

NEW TARIFF MAY WAKE US UP

rhe fact that the movement of fish to the United States
wa greatly stimulated when the adoption of the Fordney-
McCumber tariff law became imminent, seems to relieve
as to the future of our fish trade with the United
tates. The new tariff wall was shot up on September
MH. Two weeks prior to that our distributing houses were
ot busy filling surplus orders. American buyers, ap-
ntly, were storing Canadian fish to the limit of their
y y before the tariff bolt struck.

; ny? Why did these buyers lay in any extra supply if,
a some would lead one to believe, they may always obtain
a % adequate supply from domestic sources? Why let the
ariff worry them, if it is true they need not buy Canadian
h and pay the duty, but may simply transfer their busi-
ness to American distributing houses or producers? The
ruth is that the United States does not and cannot produce
fish in sufficient volume to supply its populatoin and must,
chooses to eat fish, buy from its neighbors.

st bear in mind a few facts. During the past ten
s Canada’s fish production has averaged in value $40,-
000. Our production was not limited because of
e of supply but rather because of limitation of
ts. We have now only nine millions of people to
and only between one-third and one-half of our fish

umed at home.

or present purposes let it be assumed that the per
a consumption of fish in Canada is the same as that
e states, although in truth we consume a few pounds
, eee, capita. The production in the United States is
) between $70,000,000 and $75,000,000, but our
erican friends in the fish-producing business
,000 people to feed where we have only 9,000,000.
er words they have less than twice the volume of
to supply a population more than twelve times as

have

he United States is a wealthy nation, probably weal-
r than any other nation since the dawn of history. Its
ple are prosperous and do not stint themselves while
r pockets are full. Does it seem logical that for the
sake of a cent or two per pound. Mr. American is going
7 deny himself fish that he likes? Hardly. And, mind

we have species of fish, particularly those from our
h water areas, for which the American people have a

endid appetite, and which, while available, are procur-
in but irifinitesimal quantities in their own country.

JAMES H. CONLON, Editor

It is folly to suppose that the tariff is going to ruin
the American market for our fish. It has been taking
about twenty or twenty-five percent of our total produc-
tion simply because the country requires it. We expe-
rienced a duty on fish between 1909 and 1913 but statis-
tics show that we still did a fish business with the United
States. |

The usual result of a tariff of the nature of the present
one in the states is to make its own citizens pay. For a
few months or a. perhaps longer period there may be a
falling off in our business across the line until prices reach
the:new tariff basis, but it should not discourage us. Such
a situation may prove a blessing in disguise by forcing
upon our producers the necessity of developing the home
market to absorb the surplus. There has been a good deal
of talk in all quarters in the last few years about develop-
ing the domestic market, but: unfortunately it has stopped
at talk. Certainly. there is a tremendous opportunity to
develop the industry by getting our people to eat more
fish. They are now consuming but twenty pounds where
in Great Britain people eat fifty-six pounds each year. But
it can’t be done by simply talking or by depending upon a
few paltry dollars spent by the government. Do as any
sensible business man would do when he wants to develop
a market. The sooner
producers do this and get down to brass tacks the sooner
will they reap the benefit. Out out jealousies and- pica-
yune affairs. Get shoulder to shoulder and heave. If you
won't do it who do you expect will?

Spend some money on propaganda.

SAVE SALMON BY KILLING DOGFISH

before
the Royal Commission in British Columbia, recently, in-
timated that restrictions on salmon fishing were more or

D. Saunderson of Vancouver, giving evidence

less a farce as long as the dogfish were permitted to prey
He declared that dogfish destroyed
more salmon each year than carineries and fishermen com-

upon the species.

bined and attested to seeing schools of the marauders from
three to five miles long moving in salmon areas.

If what Mr. Sounderson says with reference to the
extent of the damage done by the dogfish is true then his
remark about the futility of restrictions on fishing is quite
logical. Assuming it to be true, and judging by the state- ~
ments of other witnesses before the commission, there is

little reason to doubt it, then it behooves the department

212

at Ottawa to concentrate for a time on eliminating this ex-
travagance. We are now endeavoring to restore the sock-
eye to its former prolificacy by artificial propagation
and nurture and the results are questionable. The salmon
harvest each year is worth millions and millions of dollars
and if it can be doubled by ridding the waters of the
Pacific of the destructful dogfish then Ottawa would be
quite justified in eeene millions of dollars in the en-
terprise.

Mr. Saunderson explained to the commission a system
he had devised to manufacture dogfish into good animal
feed and Mr. Duff was much interested and promised to
give the matter serious consideration.

It is strange that just at this time a firm at Prince
Rupert should be launching a project to commercialize
the dogfish. A trawler has been secured to fish off Ste-
The marketable fish are to be
sold through regular channels and the dogfish will bé

vens and Dundas Islands.

taken in scows to the reduction works.

The government. itself a few years ago experimented
with reduction works in the east with more or less disas-
trous results financially. But on the Paficic coast, insofar
as the government is concerned, the saving of the salmon
should not be a matter of financial consideration. If
private capital, having the enterprise to launch upon the
scheme, finds it commercially unprofitable, then it would
appear good business on the part of the government to
subsidize and offer every reasonable encouragement to
continue the molestation of the dogfish.

Witnessess before the commission offered various sug-
gestions to eradicate the pest, such as paying a bonus of
$2 a head, but it is doubtful if any plan will prove as
effective as private enterprise on a large scale stimulated
by the urge to establish a paying business.

QUEBEC LAW NEEDS AMENDING

Because of the altered arrangements as regards juris-
diction over Quebec fisheries it is altogether likely that
the Quebec Fisheries Act will be amended. Reports to
this effect are strengthened by the visit recently to Que-
bec city of W. A. Found, assistant deputy minister of
fisheries at Ottawa, who was in conference with Hon. J.
E. Perrault regarding relations between the federal and
provincial fisheries departments.

The Canadian Fisheries Association has suggested to
Hon. Mr. Perrault that there are many provisions of the
‘present provincial fisheries act in need of amendment and
the advise of the association has been placed at his dis-
posal. It is presumed that the minister will realize the
advantage of utilizing the expert opinion within the asso-
ciation and it is hoped. to have amendments introduced
during the next year which will permanently remove cer-
_tain nuisances with which. the trade has been contending
for some time. The weaknesses and injustices of the pre-
sent law were not fully realized until overzealous offi-

-cials attempted to enforce it to the letter.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

ins feel disposed to use that weapon is Ca

_ October, 1922
OUR MOVE NEXT 3

When the United States decided early this year ne
allow Canadian fishing vesssels free access to their p
considerable agitation was created in Nova Scotia for
revoking of special privileges given American fish
in our ports. As a compromise between two scho
thought the government early this year restore
modus. vivendi license which began in the early ei
under which thé Americans may use our ports freely
the payment of a fee of $1.50 per ton. This policy
ed scarcely two months, however, when, due to the
turbance raised by small storekeepers and others wh
fited by calls from American fishing vessels, the
rangement of 1918 was restored and vessels we w
the use of our ports on the payment of a nomin
$1. The quick change of policy showed a we
the part of the government, a too ready assent
whinning of a few suffering in pocket, and a ;
skinned disregard of our national dignity. a

With the passing of the U. S. tariff law: the
becomes vastly altered. No objection was raised
Scotia fishing interests to the government’s pol
ing Washington’s decision on the tariff issue.
it has gone against us, we must take steps to p:
own interests. Obviously the purpose of the ney
is to protect the American fishing industry and if. ov

justified in using her natural advantages to p:
own. fishing industry? Our friends across the 10:
with quite pardonable pride, advertise to the world
Gloucester is the hub of the fishing industry
tinent, but analysis of the true situation discle
that Gloucester prospers as its does very lars
it has been able to attract to her service,
brawny fishermen from Nova Scotia, who now

the cream of New England’s fisher folk. We ci
fact, not in any spirit of unfriendliness, and we
neighbors are sufficiently broadminded to kno
are too closely related to maintain drawing re
Rather do we consider ourselves of the one fe
se and sisters are “not restrained from
out,” but at the same time are able to do so w
de and sisterly affections. ies

Now the question confronting Canada is
sound national policy to grant a competing
same use of our ports as we ourselves enjoy, °
deprived a reciprocal privilege in theirs? if
policy is to stifle our competition we as a busin
are bound to look for an antedote. I
survive and now is not the time for weak-kneed
jugglery. We believe opinion will be twenty
favor of protecting our industry, utilizing ou
geographical advantages and instituting a policy
will offer sufficient inducement to keep our fishe
home.

The industry will await with deep interest the

tober, 1922 CANADIAN
the government. It is hardly possible it will maintain
present arrangement. That would scarcely be in
sping with the circumstances. Anything but a sound,
ll-considered policy may prove serious to the industry
d to postpone consideration of the problem may have

y disastrous results.

FISHERMAN CARPENTIER

rges Carpentier, the former French idol of the ring,
as so effectively deposed from the pugilistic throne
negalese Siki, is going into the fishing game. If he
cing for a rest after the terrible punishment from
nds of the negro, he’s making a beautiful mistake.
intimates to any fisherman the world over that there
; to be had in the fishing game he may expect a dose
to the one Siki handed out.
re, there ain’t no such thing in the fishing game as a

To use classic lan-
berth. A professional pugilist’s job is a joke to a

ver, Carpentier has bought two new trawlers, ac-
e to a Paris report to the London Daily Chronicle.

‘has christened Jacqueline — the name of _ his

nore battles for the sake of satisfying his many ad-
s, and incidentally acquiring a few more “roots of

-
“

. Then it was his scheme to retire an undefeated

ish. Siki rudely upset the programme so that Carpentier
rt right in spending his money. We hope he suc-
nd, frankly, we admire his courage. On this side of

ae Atlantic opportunities in the fishing industry are
ce y as compared with those in France yet it is about
s to pry capital from our moneyed men in Canada
‘investment in fishery enterprises as it is to light a
on wet seaweed.

r TURES OF ANNUAL FISHERIES REPORT

: annual fisheries report for the year 1921 is out
ithout doubt it is the most informative, the most in-
g and the most valuable that the department has
sued. It contains just the information those in the
ry desire to know and is stripped of all lack-iustre
ils which usually encumber and destroy the interest of
ernment reports. From year to year the department
; been improving the compilation of its report and its
ers are deserving of congratulation upon their ac-
plishment this year.
quarters of the world and we own with frank pride that
ours is the most complete and the most useful document of

We receive fishery reports from

character compiled.

The blue book is crowded with worth-while material.
It would not be doing justice to the report nor to our

FISHERMAN 213

readers to attempt to review it in a single issue. In the
present number we have reproduced the review ‘of the
fisheries for 1921 and, although the facts themselves are
far from pleasing, the manner of presenting them is ex-
cellent. Our readers would do well to secure a copy of
the report from the King’s Printer, Ottawa, or from the
Fisheries Department, and we would draw special atten-
tion to what it has to say about the compulsory inspection
of pickled fish, the distribution of the fishing bounty and
the artificial rearing of fish eggs.

In propose to discuss various
features of the report, and that which deserves the most
serious consideration, we believe, is the fishing bounty.
There is serious fault to be found with it, not with the
report, but with the policy upon which this piecemeal dis-
tribution of money is based. That this waste, literal waste,
of $160,000 per year is permitted and has been tolerated
for more than a quarter of a century when the industry
as a whole is crying for more money for necessary de-
velopment, is nothing short of criminal, and the sooner

succeeding issues we

some definite action is taken to have it properly and sen-

sibly applied, the better. The game of petty politics may
render it difficult to take this pass-out from the fishermen,
but any man with ordinary intelligence should not find it
difficult to persuade them that it could be used to better
advantage in lump than by shredding it into pattry por-
tions. The only issue which arises is whether the money
should be applied for developing and improving the in-
dustry generally, or whether its application should be
limited to the Atlantic district. That does not appear to
offer a very grave obstacle, at least not serious enough
that $160,000 should be wasted annually in preference to
facing it.

As we have said, later on we shall have more to say on
the question.

PISCATORIAL PARAGRAPHS

The fishing industry will rejoice with ‘others that Hon.
J. A. Robb is going to Australia for the purpose of nego-
tiating a reciprocal tariff arrangement with the sister
dominion. Judging by preliminary correspondence there
is every likelihood of a friendly trade agreement with our
blood relatives in the antipodes. During recent years our
fish exporters have made considerable progress in the
Australian market and with the assistance of a preferential
tariff their advance in the field should be accelerated
greatly.

At the same, time we are interested in the efforts of Hon.
W. S. Fielding and Hon. Ernest Lapointe to secure a trade
agreement with France. The dominion had an under-
standing with France which worked satisfactorily, but it
was cancelled a year or so ago. There is room for opti-
mism that the new scheme will be even more advantageous

to Canada than the previous one.

214 C

Bluenose will again defend Trophy

Extremely likely that Gloucester fisherman
Henry Ford will represent the United

States.

The Lunenburg fishermen Bluenose, Captain Walters,
which wrested the championship of the North Atlantic
from the United States last year, has won the right to
defent the Dennis trophy off Gloucester this month. On
Saturday, October 7, in competition with the Canadia,
Mahaska and the Margaret K Smith, of Halifax, the
Bluenose readily demonstrated her prowess. On the
Monday following conditions were so bad that the race
could not be finished within the specified time limit.
On Tuesday similar conditions prevailed, but the Blue-

nose in each of the events, satisfied the race committee -

that she was the speediest vessel.
Awards for the preliminary races were made at a ban-
quet at Halifax as follows: ~*

First—Bluenose, Lunenburg, Captain Angus Walters,
$500 and Nova Scotia championship trophy.

Fee ee i
' }

Champion ‘‘Bluenose’’

Second—Canadia, La Have, Captain Joseph Conrod,
$1,000.

Third—Mahaska, Lunenburg, Captain Emil Mack
$800. .

Fourth—Margaret K. Smith, Captain Frank Why-
nacht, $700.

’

Looks Like Henry Ford

The Henry Ford won the first of the elimination races
off Gloucester and, although the second of ‘hese con-
tents had not been run at the time of writing it seems
very likely that Ford will represent the United
States.

ANADIAN FISHERMAN

latter part of April. They were apparently chasec

October, 1922

The Mayflower of Boston, which was eliminated f
the international event by the trustees, has been endea’
ing to arrange a race with the winner of the big
but at present the prospects for this do not seem
good. If the Mayflower is not consideréd a fislie
eligible for the international race we doubt if any
purpose would be served by a later race between
winner and the Boston schooner. If a purse suffici
large is put, however, one cannot blame the skip pers
making a stab at it.

STRANGE FISH WANDER IN

Puget Sound and neighboring harbors have k
vaded by mackerel, cod, halibut and other kno

unknown species of fish: Thirty thousand pound,

plaice were taken in a single haul, and a thirty |

cod was caught from a wharf; near Bremerton
Yard seiners discovered huge quantities of a
resembling the Norway sardine, This inshore moy
of fishes, says the Scientific American is laid to a
earthquake that disturbed the floor of the P
caused an abrupt: change in the currents of the
west coast.

PORPOISES TRAPPED

Half a dozen big fish, declared by some to be
and by others “‘pot head’’ or pollock whales, were
in a shallow pond of sea-water off Glace Bay

unfriendly species and were later unable to get ou
of the monsters was shot and dragged ashore
found to measure thirty feet in length. Much o:
and blubber were removed for various purposes 1

and other portions were taken by souvenir collect
effort was made to Tahop one of the creatures and |
ashore alive,

WHITEFISH PLANTED IN B. ©.
Ay attempt to introduce Tak Supedie

into British Columbia was made last February
seven million whitefish from Port Ar
transferred to Lilloet Lake for release in
fishing center of the province.

The Royal Commission which sat recently
Columbia to straighten out its fishery problems,
sented its preliminary report to the acting mi
marine and fisheries. We know it contains m
structive recommendations, but we are haunted
recollection that previous commissions have stué
came or similar questions and their reports haye b
posing peacefully in pigeon-holes ever since. It s
be up to members of the commission themselves to a
their good work bears fruit.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

tober 31 is National Fish Day. The executive of the
nadian Fisheries Association decided upon this at its
ober meéting and members of the organization were
ptly notified. The fall season of the year is con-
ed preferable to the spring and that the view of
execu‘ive is generally approved is demonstrated by
jumerous letters received.

; Hager, president of the association, and J. A.

‘idea, invite the trade to take full advan‘age of the
n to bring home a message to the people. With
emporary loss of the United States marke! theré is
than ever a necessity to increase local consump-
All branches of the industry will profit by co-
erative effort and each and everyone may render
able aid by exer‘ing additional individual effort.

president rightly points out that the industry is
in our trust and besides increased prosperity
May accrue to each and everyone of us, there is
dustry—‘the property of the nation—which must
eloped. Leaders in ‘he industry are doing their
but until everyone—from the source of supply to

us, vice-president, who conceived the National Fish

National Fish Day--October 1922

Do your Share to make it a success

the retail de.ler—takes a like interest the prosperity
and development we hope for will be deferred.

There is an opportunity for exercising initiative. The
Canadian Fisheries Association has organized publicity
in a national way, but it must be supplemented in a
local way. Advertising mediums are strongly recom-
mended to individual dealers and where the population
of the centre warrants, dealers are urged to co-operate
in their publicity schemes. Through the Fisheries De-
partment, Ottawa, the entire country is being personally
canvassed, insofar as public eating establishments are
concerned, to duly recognize the occasion. Railways
have promised to feature the event. Newspapers through-
out the country are being supplied with literature. In
Montereal a co-operative newspaper advertising cam-
paign is being conducted and various other means are
being employed to attract public atten‘ion. These facts
are conveyed to you to furnish some hint as to what you
may do.

Don’t fall down on the job. If everyone shirked we
would get nowhere, and can you honestly expect others
to shoulder the burden while you merely participate
in the benefits? Get the spirit. Show some pep.

tremendous catch of fish, amounting to nearly
000 pounds, was landed at Prince Rupert, B. C.,

ulk of the salmon catch was taken directly
canneries in the Prince Rupert district, but
being taxed to capacity, were unable to handle
quantities and thousands of pounds of the fish
e thrown away during the month. Over 2,000,000
ands of halibut, flounders and cod were netted.

_ PLENTY OF SARDINE HERRING

h of all kinds are plentiful in the waters of Char-
county N. B. ‘The supply of sardine herring is
er than can be handled in the factories at eastport
Lubec and the price has again dropped to $5 per
ad. The catch of hake is larger than it has been
several years.

erring have been so plentiful recently that several
stport factories have been running evenings to take
€ of the perishable fish. The average sardine worker
t object to this extra night work as it will bring

a
a

ng July. Of this nearly 6,000,000 were salmon. |

in a larger weekly pay envelope after many weeks of
short time and limited factory work while fish were
searee in all parts of Passamaquoddy Bay. The sardine
factories are now having their busy eanning season.
Signs are promising for the fall catches and there are

indications of steady employment in the canneries. Lu- — .
‘bee and other sardine centres also report fish plentiful

and the factories busy.

U. S. FISHERIES ASSOCIATION

Intense enthusiasm marked the annual convention of
the United States Fisheries Association held at Atlantic
City September 21 and 22. The a‘tendance was large
and representative of the American industry from coast
to coast. A courteous invita‘ion to attend was extended
to the executive officers and members of the Canadian
Fisheries Association and D. J. Byrne, past president,
was invited by the association to extend greeting ‘*o our
American cousins. Mr. Byrne was royally received.
The warm friendship that exists between the two asso-
ciations was very apparent and the desire is strong on
the part of each that this should endure,

216

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

October, 1922

j bed 9 e e
Developing Canada’s Fisheries
By Professor Edward E. Prince, LL.D., F.R.S.C.

Dominion Commissioner of Fisheries, Ottawa.

The fisheries of Canada are not the fisheries of a
single country of kingdom, but of half a continent.
Sarried on in the waters of two oceans, the Atlantic
and Pacific, and along vast territorial stretches inshore,
as well as upon a system of great) lakes and inland
waters without parallel, they easily rank among the
leading fisheries of the world. Their amazing produc-
tiveness has been known for over a thousand years,
The Norse Saga, telling of Erik the Red’s voyages, or
rather of his son Leif, speaks of seafish and salmon as
abundant. 5s uidle: CABS RPED SAMIR o 3 cSt ca Foca aa eee bce

‘fevery brook’? (it states) ‘‘being filled with fish in
Vinland,’’ and, five hundred years later, there are
records showing that a fleet of ships, English, French,
Spanish, and Portuguese, annually exploited the Atlan-
tie ‘‘ Banks’’ off Canada’s shores, while in 1535 Jacques
Cartier saw numerous fishing craft, and testifies that
‘‘fishes of all kinds ever heard of’’ abounded in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence. To this day vessels, flying the
flags of many nations still exploit these prolific waters.

Comparison With Other Countries

Compared with the fisheries of leading nations our
fishing industries rank third, being exceeded by Britain
(value about $94,000,000), and by the United States
(value about $76,000,000), but they are double the value
of the Norwegian or the Danish, or the Japanese, and
five times the value of the Dutch fisheries, and over
seven times the annual value of the fisheries of New-
foundland ($4,700,000), or of Italy, or Portugal (each
about $4,270,000).

Value and Weight of Annual Catch
During the last decade the weight and value of our

catches have fluctuated, especially during the war, as
the following totals show :—

1912... Pare 33,389,464
1919. ae 33,207,748
IOIA. sl eee ig a eB) Se
1915. oe ei en oa Dae
1916" oS See 39,208,378
191%: foe 52,312,044
1918255215 60,250,544
1919! © tigate oi sae ae ee e 56,508,479
1920: 5 Sees 49,241,339
1994. ae 34,930,935

Thus the average value during the last ten years has
been about $40,000,000, and the total weight of fish
taken from the waters of Canada, inland and marine,
yearly, amounts at the present time to no less than
340,000 tons. This appears a large amount, but it is
not one-half the quantity which our prolific waters
could readily yield. In spite of the fact that capital,
vessels, gear, and a large body of Canadian fishermen
are employed in the industry on the Atlantic and Pacific
coasts of the Dominion and on the inland waters, the
number employed being about 70,000 and the capital
invested in vessels, nets, canneries, stores and curing
houses, exceeds $45, ‘000, 000, yet it must be granted that
the fisheries are capable of great expansion. Indeed,
the complaint of the non-progression of our fisheries,
frequently made, is fully justified.

_ each weighing from 200 to 400 pounds, are being brought

Domestic Demand has Great Possibilities
The Canadian home market has been very inadequately
supplied and the export market is world-wide. With — 4
the ending of the tragic conflict of the Great War, the —
need of vaster supplies of food products is urgent, and
Canada is in a better position to supply the nations —
with fish than any other country, and on a greatly
expanded scale. Our domestic demand for fish could
be doubled or trebled if better supplies in a fresh
condition, and at/ reasonable prices, reached our
centres of population regularly. No one who las —
seen the large catiches of fine cod and haddock, brought
almost daily into our fishing ports along the coast from
Gaspe to Grand Manan, can question the possibility of —
enormous expansion. :
To take one example of the growth of fish business
in one county where enterprise has been general. In —
Digby county, Nova Scotia, fifty years ago, the smoked —
fish business did not exceed $120,000; now the sale of
smoked haddock, kippered herring, shredded and bone- . .
less cod, ete., in that county alone, reaches nearly $1,- —
000,000 each. season and in some seasons the orders reli
ceived from various parts of Canada exceed the supply. ;
Excellent Kinds of Fish Wasted
Experts claim that of over six hundred different Kinde
of fish native to our waters, very few are not of value
as food, and yet not more than fifty species have ever |
beén utilized, and only fifteen kinds are in demand in~
our markets. The Canadian people could readily use :
one hundred and fifty different kinds of fish. A strik- :
ing example of the waste of valuable fish is afforded by —
the sword-fish and tuna, or tunny, both exceptionally —
fine food on the table. Until ten or twelve years ago :
these fish were accidentally taken by our fishermen, and :
as there was no systematic fishery for them, they were |
caste upon the beach to rot. ‘They were not appreciated,
but in recent years as many as 5,000 fine sword-fish, —

x
ra
2
“
‘

to market: In 1913 there were captured in Nova —
Scotia alone nearly one and a half million pounds of © a
sword-fish, which prings usually from twelve to

eighteen cents per pound. a

A similar development has since 1908 taken place in —
the tunny or tuna, fishery, the shipments being made —
to the United States at very remunerative rates—9 cents —
to 12 cents per pound; many tuna weigh 500 to 700
pounds each and a day’s catch sometimes reaches 70
80 of these fine fish.

It seems incredible that within the memory of many
fishermen still actively at work, lobsters were regarded —
as a pest, though the fishery now brings from $3,000,-
000 to $5,000,000 per annum, and the delicious smelt —
were thrown on the land as fertilizer, though they now —
yield $700,000 to $900,000 yearly to the smelt fishermen
on the Atlantic coast. =

Fish Oil and Fertiliser Unutilized an

The great fish-waste and fish-oil industries in Canada —
have been little developed, though it is claimed that —
240,000 tons of fish waste are annually produced on the ~
Atlantie coast, and 60,000 tons on the Pacific, which —
could be made into fertilizer, glue, oil, and, a large part —
of it, into good food for the people. In the United States” 4
at least 125 000 tons of finished material in the shape |
of serap and meal is produced in addition to nearly i
8,000,000 gallons of oil: ‘

.

ober, 1922 CANADIAN FISHERMAN 217
Levies on fresh fish from cent to two cents
per pound—Comparisons with old rates and
those of Payne-Aldrich tariff.
he United States high tariff policy has become an All fish (except shellfish, and fish
complished fact. The famous much-wrangled-over in oil), pickled, salted, smoked,
ordney-McCumber measure became law on September eg peat PSE Ai 18H sete
nd became effective at midnight. The Underwood not more than 15 Ibs. each .. se Free or 259% ad
of 1913 exempted fresh fish from an import levy EK ORS
the new law exempts nothing but sea herrings and Same in containers Delgnine more,
3, fresh, frozen or packed in ice, shrimps, lobsters Rep RUC: ov nits - _Free or
ther shellfish, (except erab meat) fresh, frozen, 721 Crab meat, packed in {ce or AIR Ay ad val. 1%; Ib.
d in ice or preserved in any manner, and fish im- or prepared or preserved in any
for other use than human consumption. All manner, ad valorem, - Free 15%
n fish, with the above exceptions are ‘axed with en nae ane oneraaartn ad val. 25% 30%
ing severity. Canned and cured fish were mod- SoheAD ced “an oe ta |
ly taxed in the old tariff, but in many instances this prepared or preserved, by the
n augmented tremendously. Probably the most addition of salt in any amount,
s increases from the viewpoint of Canadian trade or by other means, ad valorem, 30% 30%
e tax of 21% cents per pound on herring and other Note:. (d) means not exactly same classification.
skinned or boned, which heretofore had to pay only : ;
a cent per pound ; ‘pickled herring and mackerel, Fish Oils
fore free, now taxed 1 cent per pound; fresh 53 Cod, herring and menhad
n, halibut, mackerel and swordfish, previously en- = ~~ Whale : fee a Set aa
free, now ‘taxed 2 cents per pound. The one cent Seal ’ 30. eal: ax
ound tax on all other varieties of fresh fish will be Sperm Bn Cal’ 10.
us problem where the cheaper varieties of fish are All other n.o.p. 8c, gal. 5a.
rhea, ° ,
Free List

he levies provided in the new tariff are most severe,
east insofar as fish is concerned, and establish a
rd in Canada-United States ‘rade relations. _ The
ne-Aldrich tariff of 1909 was considered more or less
tic at the time but that imposed a tax on fresh fish
one-quarter cent per pound; on mackerel, halibut
salmon, whether fresh, pickled or salted, one cent
ound ; ‘and on herring, pickled-or salted, smoked or
red, ‘one-half of a cent per pound.

eo only levies we can find in the Payne- Alrich tariff
are not incorporated with violence in the new law
fresh herrings, one-fourth cent per pound; eels and
Its, three-quarters of a cent per pound.

Lereunder are set forth the items of the new tariff

ee Commodity, Old New
f Fish, fresh, frozen, or packed in
ice: halibut, salmon, mackerel,
_ swordfish . .. Free (a) 2c. ‘Ib.
Fish, fresh, frozen;:« or packed in

ice, other, n.s.p.f. Free (d) tes ip:

Salmon, pickled, salted, aimoked:
‘kippered, or otherwise prepared

or preserved; finnan haddie . Free (d) 25% ad val.

‘We of ook 48" EEA 19,7 OO ©

Dried fish, salted or unsalted .. . Free (d) 144c. Ib.
moked herring, skinned or. poned Ac. 2c.
Jl other fish skinned or boned in
_bulk..or in containers of more ~
than 15 Ibs. each .. .-. 34c. 2c.
rring ‘and “mackerel, ‘pickled or
salted, boned or not; in bulk or in
containers -of | more. than 15 lbs. ; :
cab. wes pee am eee .. Free %c. 1e. lb.
i ory . lb. or 15%
( fein {elicsipt shellfish) by what-
= leyer name known, rece oil,
a i and other” substances, :
oo atone 25% - 80%

All items appearing in the free list were there in the
old tariff.

1575. Fish imported to be used for purposes other than
- human consumption.

1576. Fishskins, raw or salted.

1658. Fresh sea herring and smelts and tuna fish, fresh,
frozen, or packed in ice.

1664. Shrimps, lobs‘ers, and other shellfish, fresh, |
frozen, packed in ice, or prepared or preserved i in any
manner, and not specially provided for.

1684. Tar and pitch of wood.

1692. Turtles.

Accesories and Supplies ?

There may be considerable interest as well in the duties
on accessories and supplies and for this ‘reason | the se
lowing items are reproduced :

Par 334 Fish hooks, fishing rods and reels, artificial
flies, artificial baits, snelléd hooks, leaders or ‘casts, and
all other fishing tackle and par'‘s thereof, fly hooks, fly
boxes, fishing baskets or creels, finished’ or unfinished,
not specially provided, except fishing lines, fishing nets
and -seines, 45 percent ad valorem: Provided that any
prohibition of the importation of feathers in this act
shall not be construed as applying to. artificial flies: used
for fishing or to feathers’ used for. the’ manktecnurg of
such flies.. ; a Sie

Par 1004 Single yarns, in the gray, ‘made of flax, Henin
or ramie, or a mixture of any of them not finer than
twelve lea, 10 cents per pound; finer than twelve lea
and- not finer than sixty lea, 10 cents per ‘pound and
ane-halt of one cent per pound eee ae for each: Tea

ote “ee

218 CANADIAN

or part of a lea in excess of twelve; finer than sixty
lea, 35 cents per pound; and in addition thereto, on any
of the foregoing yarns when boiled, 2 cents per pound ;
when bleached, dried or otherwise treated, 5 cents per
pound: Provided that the duty on any of the foregoing
yarns shall not be less than 30 nor more than 40 per
ecentum ad valorem. Threads, twines, and cords, _com-
posed of two or more yarns of flax, hemp, or ramie, or
a mixture of any of them, twisted together, the size of
the single yarn of which is not finer than eleven lea,
1814 cents per pound; finer than eleven lea and not
finer than sixty lea, 1814 cents per pound and three-
fourths of 1 cent per pound additional for each lea or
part of a lea in excess of eleven; finer than sixty lea,
56 cents per pound; and in addition thereto, on any of
the foregoing threads, twines, and cords when boiled, 2
cents per pound; when bleached, dyed or otherwise
treated, 6 cents per pound: Provided, that the duty
on the foregoing threads, twines, and cords shall be not
less than 40 per centum ad valorem.

Par. 1005. Cordage, including cables, tarred or un-
tarred, wholly or in chief value of manila, sisal, or other
hard fibres, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound; cordage,
including cables, tarred or untarred, wholly or in chief
value of, sunn, or other bast fibres but not including
ecordage made of jute, 2 cents per pound; wholly or in
chief value of hemp, 3 cents per pound.

Par. 1006. Gill nettings, nets, webs, and seines, and
other nets for fishing, composed wholly or in chief value
of flax, hemp, or ramie, shall pay the same duty per
pound as the rate imposed in this Act upon any of the
thread, twine, or cord of which the mesh is made, and,
in addition thereto, 10 per centum ad valorem.

FISHERMAN October, 1922 —
Par. 1412. Cork bark, cut into squares, cubes, or
quarters, 8 cents per pound; stoppers over three-fourths
of one inch in diameter, measured at the larger end and —
disks, wafers, and washers over three-sixteenths of one —
inch in thickness, made from natural cork bark, 20 cents ~
per pound; made from artificial or composition cork, —
10 cents per pound; stoppers, three-fourths of one inch
or less in diameter, measured at the larger end, and
disks, wafers, and washers three-sixteenths of one inch —
or less in thickness made from natural cork bark, 25
cents per pound; made from artificial or composition
cork 121% cents per pound; cork, artificial, commonly
known as.composition or compressed cork, manufactured —
from cork waste or granulated cork, in the ro
not further advanced than in the form of slabs, blocks
or planks, suitable for cutting into stoppers, disks, liners,
floats, or similar articles, 6 cents per pound; in rods
sticks suitable for the manufacture of disks, wafers,
washers, 10 cents per pound; granulated or
cork, 25 per centum ad valorem; cork insulation, who
or in chief value of cork waste, granulated or grow
cork, in slabs, boards, planks, or molded forms; co
tile, cork paper, and manufactures, wholly or in e
value of cork bark or artificial cork and not specie
provided for, 30 per centum ad valorem.

Free List

1559. Cork wood, or cork, unmanufactured, and co
waste, shavings, and cork refuse of all kinds. ;
1625. Nets or sections of nets for use in other trawl fish-
ing, if composed wholly or in chief value of mani
or vegetable fibre. ,
1629. Oakum.

*

Fish Problems are Discussed

A series of papers prepared by members of the de-
partment of biology of the Toronto University deal
with various phases of fish problems. Each of the
articles has more or less of an economic bearing and
the volume forms a valuable contribution to fishery
literature.

The first paper by Professor B. A. Bensley, head of
the department, presents a plan for the biological in-
vestigation of the waters of Ontario. Professor Ben-
sley states that a definite organization has been estab-
lished in the department for the study of the scientific
aspects of fishery problems. This work will be car-
ried out under the title, ‘‘Ontario Fisheries Research
Laboratory.’’ Considerable equipment for field work
has been purchased, and Dr. W. A. Clemens has been
appointed limnobiologist to supervise field operations
and laboratory work. Much work has already been
done in Lake Erie and Lake Nipigon, and a serious of
reports is being published. Dr. Bensley emphasizes
the importance of the inland waters as fish-producing
areas, reviews the development of research in fresh
water biology and outlines some of the lines of investi-
gation to be followed.

In the second paper, Dr. W. A. Clemens reports the
results of his study of the ciscoes or fresh water her-
rings in Lake Erie, carried out at the request of the
Biological Board of Canala. Four kinds of ciscoes
were found to occur, namely: the jumbo, the longjaw,
the Lake Erie and the Lake Huron, all extremely im-
portant commercially. The Jumbo attains the largest
size and a study of the scales show that it grows much

more rapidly than do the others. The third paper by —
Dr. Clemens and N. K. Bigelow shows that the ci )
in Lake Erie feed largely upon microscopic swimmi
anl floating animals known as etomostraca. The
tiny animals are strained from the water as it pass
in at the mouth and out the side of the neck over tl
gills. The enormous numbers of these small organ-
isms which must be present to support the millio:
of ciscoes is amazing. In the deeper water of the eas-
tern end of the lake a shrimp-like animal known
mysis relicta is a very important food item. J.
Dymond, in a fourth paper, says Lake Erie is one
the ie important fresh water fishing areas in #]
world.

Another paper by N. K. Bigelow deals with the oc-
currence and distribution in Southwestern Ontario
of a group microscopic animals commonly known
water-fleas (Gladocera). These are extremely impo
tant as food for fish, particularly for ciscoes and t
young of practically all kinds of fish. z

Professor A. F. Coventry in the concluding paper
gives a very interesting account of the nest-buildin
and spawning behavior of the land-locked sea lamp’
m the Humber River, which empties into Lake O:
tario at Toronto. The lamprey is very abunlant—
Lake Ontario and is a serious menace to our food fist
in that it attaches itself to these’ fishes by a suckir
disc surrounding its mouth. The dise is lined with
chitinour teeth by means of which it rasps the body —
of its prey, and sucks the blood anl body fluids. aa

at i er; 1922

| fisheries for 1921.

5: st year was an extremely bad one for the fishing

adustry. No doub: about it. It is hardly possible, how-
er, that even those in the game could realize how
‘ious the slump really was. The annual report of the
epartment of Fisheries, Ottawa, for the fiscal year
1-22 discloses that ‘he marketed value of all our fish
3 the lowest since 1914 and represented a falling off
$14,000,000 from the previous year, or thirty percent.
were two contributing causes, first, falling off
» catches of valuable species, such as salmon, lobs-
and Atlantic herring and poor market conditions
her prolific varieties.

There is one encouraging feature in connection with
lis disclosure in the annual fisheries report and that is
it it refers to a year we have left behind. People in

are slowly improving. In fact in all branches of
y this appears to apply, but for some unaccount-
ason the fisheries seem to lag at the rear of the
ering movement. Undoubtedly things are improv-
and, as the depratment’s report declares, we have
hed rock bottom and there is every indication that
€ are to experience natural progression until in a few

rs we have a normal business on the scale which made
the industry so prosperous during the latter years of the

a.

_Herewith we reproduce from the department’s report
ts review of our fisheries for the year 1921. It will be
oted from the comparative statement of each province’s
h with last year that not a single province escaped
low. British Columbia was hit the hardest. Her
. pack was little more than fifty percen‘ of the
bus year and the total marke‘ed value of all her
lropped $8,365,000. Nova Scotia’s revenue from
ndustry declined three millions, and New Bruns-
about three-quarters of a million. Other prov-
lost proportionately.

Review of Fisheries for 1921

he fishing industry was carried on during the year
921 under the most trying conditions. The marketing
f fish and fish products was found to be difficult, and
fell to a figure which made it unprofitable for
men, in some districts of the A*lantic coast espe-
, to carry on. Production was thus much less than
srwise would have been. It is not very surprising,
‘ore, to find that +he marketed value of all fish
fish products for the year under review amounted
0 $34,931,935. This total, which is the lowest since 1914,
s over $14,000,000 less than for 1920, and $25,000,000
less than the peak value which was reached in the year

the face of it this big decrease is a very serious one,
there are already abundant signs of improved mar-
x conditions for the product of the 1922 season,
may be confiden‘ly assumed that: the annual value

our fisheries has not only touched rock ‘bottom, but
Will begin to rise steadily if more slowly than under the
ficial conditions brought about by the late war. The

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

_ Fisheries Revenue Slumps 30 Percent

Every province feels depression but British
Columbia hardest hit—A review of various

anches of the fishing business declare that condi-—

219

total value for 1921 and that for 1920 was contributed
to by the various provinces as follows :—

Nova Scotia .. $ 9,778,623 $12,742,659
New Brunswick . .. .. 3,690,726 4,423,745
Prince Edward Island .. 924,529 1,708,723
Qwebae is 30 ee 1,815,284 2,592,382
Ontario : 3,065,042 3,336,412
Manitoba . 1,023,187 1,249,607
Saskatchewan 243,018 296,472
Alberta .. os 408,868 529,078
British Columbia 13,953,670 22,329,161
ON oe 28,988 33,100

$34,931,935 $49,241,339

Atlantic Fisheries

Cod, Hake, Haddock, and Pollock—Owing to low
prices and poor marketing conditions the aggregate
catch of the four kinds named for 1921 wag 2,509,928
ewts., against 2,707,059 ewts. for the preceding year.
Hake, pollock and haddock, chiefly the last named, were
accountable for the decrease. The landings of the Lunen-
burg Bank fishing fleet were rather less than in the
preceding year. This was due to the fact that fewer
vessels were engaged in the fishery. The average catch
per vessel was actually greater than for many years.

Mackerel, Herring and Sardines.—Mackerel were gen-
erally more abundant than in the preceding year. The
quantity landed in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and
Prince Edward Island, in the aggregate was approxim-
ately 18,000 ewts. greater, but this increase was almost
neutralized by a decrease of 15,000 ew*s. in the Quebec
catch, mainly at the Magdalen islands.

Low prices and a poor demand for smoked round her-
ring adversely affected the herring fishery. The total
catch amounted to 637,414 ewts., against 935,122 ewts.
for the preceding year. All the provinces shared in the
decrease.

The sardine catch of the Bay of Fundy was the small-
est for many years. As a result of the still disorganized
state of the canned sardine trade the packers had diffi-
culty in marketing the packs of the three preceding
years. Consequently, prices were low and fishermen
found it unremunerative to opera‘e their weirs.

Other Sea Fish.—The halibut catch was greater by
7,600 ewts., while the catch of swordfish was more than
double *hat for the preceding year. Albacore, flounders
and tomeod were taken in about the average quantities.

Shell-fish.—The lobster fishery suffered considerably
from inactivity as a result of the low prices, which caused
a number a number of fishermen to cease operating.
While the to‘al catch was 6,360 ewts. less than that for
the preceding year, some of the provinces actually pro-
duced a greater quantity. There was a decrease of 19,000
ewts. in Prince Edward Island, and of 8,000 ewts. in
Quebec. Nova Scotia on the other hand produced 17,000
ewts. more, while New Brunswick also had an increase

220

of over 4,000 ewts. It should be noted, however, in con-
nection with the Nova Scotia increase that had it not been
for the special fishery season allowed at the end of 1921,
which produced 33,000 ewts., there would have been a
decrease of 16,000 ewts. as compared with the regular
fishing season in the preceding year.

There was a gratifying increase in the catch of oysters.
All the provinces show greater catches, New Brunswick
especially so. The inerase amounted to 4,000 barrels.

Clams also were taken in larger numbers in all the
provinces a Nova Scotia. The ‘total increase
amounted to 2,777. barrels.

The eateh of seallops was approximately 1,500 barrels
greater than in the preceding year.

River Spawning Fish. —The salmon fishery, which
had been showing diminished ca‘ches for some years,
suddenly produced an increase of 14,000 ewts. over the
catch of 1920. That year, however, was much below an
average one.

_ The smelt fishery was successfully prosecuted, and re-
sulted in an increase of 25,000 ewts. as compared with
the preceding. year’s catch.

The fishery for alewives or gaspereaux gave very
meagre results. The catch was not more than abou‘ one-
third of that of the preceding year. In the Harbour of
St. John, New Brunswick, where the bulk of the total
catch is usually taken, the fishery was almost a failure.

In'end Fisheries

The lakes of the Prairie Provinces produced in the
aggregate a somewhat greater quantity compared with
the production in the preceding year. There was a
decrease in value, however, of $400,084. Notwithstand-
ing a smaller number of men engaged in fishing, “he
catch in Alberta for commercial purposes showed a slight
increase. An establishment for canning, smoking and
salting fish was erected on the shore of lake Athabasca
in the summer of 1921, and put in operation daily during
the last half of September.

Fewer fishermen opera‘ed in Saskatchewan owing to
the depressed condition of the markets in the first half
of the year. The commercial catch, consequently, was
slightly less.

There was an increased catch in the lakes of Manitoba.

The St. John River distric' in New Brunswick pro-
duced a slightly greater catch with a considerably greater
value.

Pacific Fisheries

Salmon. —The salmon pack of British Columbia
amounted to 602,657 cases of all kinds. This is a little
more than half the number of cases packed in the pre-
ceding year. The grea‘ly decreased pack was due in a
large measure to the lack of demand for the cheaper
grades, such as pinks and chums, as a result of the over-
supply in recent years. Unfortunately, however, the
pack of the more valuable sockeye wag a very poor one.
Not only was this the case in the Fraser River distric*,
where dwindling runs of this variety are now noted with-
out surprise, but it was equally, so in Naas, Skeena,
Rivers Inlet, and outlying dis‘ricts of the north. Spring
salmon were fairly abundant in some of the northern
districts, and the pack of this variety was greater. It
was much less, however, in the Fraser River and Van-
eouver Island distric' Ss.

Halibut. —This fishery resulted in the landing of
325,868 ewts., against 938, 770. ewts. for the year 1920.
Nearly two-thirds of the total landings in British Colum-
bia were made by United States vessels, mainly at Prince

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

“October: 1922.

Rupert, where catches were disposed of and the vessels,
outfitted before returning to the fishnig grounds. .—
Herring. —These fish were as abundant as ever on the e
west and east coasts of Vancouver island. The quantity
landed annually varies as a rule with the condition of the
markets, and the demand. The catch for 1921 was some
what less than that for the preceding year owing to thi
temporary slackness in the demand for dry salted herrin;
from the Orient. The demand for herring cured in th
Scotch style was bet‘er in the eastern part of the Uni
States. Efforts were made to pack a much larger quan
ty. A sufficient quantity of fish of the right quality y
not secured, however, and the pack, although double
for the preceding year, fell far short of what was pre
pared for. Several companies operated purse-seines
herring at places within thiryt miles of Prince Rup
during the season, and a very considerable quantity. 3
taken. The fish were mainly disposed of for bait.
Pilchards. —These are very abundant on the west 00
of Vancouver island. ‘They are mostly canned.
pack of 1921 was only 16,091 cases, whereas the one {
the preceding year amounted to 91 929 cases. The sm
pack was due al‘ogether to poor market conditions.
outlets have been recently found for the canned prod
however, and it is anticipated that .the pack will ine
in volume annually. nih
Other Sea Fish. —In addition to the foregoing, w
cons‘itute the chief kinds landed in British Columbh
such varieties as cod, flatfish, smelts, sturgeon, oys
clams, etc., were landed in the usual quantities. —
taken ‘together contribute a considerable part +o. the:
annual value. ¢
Whales. —The market conditions were not such ¢
warrant the operation of the British Columbia wha
stations during 1921. Consequently there were no w
reported as having been landed. ay i ar

The ‘ Giant King” Es

The schooner ‘Giant King’ docked at San J
‘msular dock unloading fishstuffs for Mendez & ©
pany, of San Juan, Porto Rico. This firm is a
importer of Canadian fish and is well known by
exporting houses in the east. It is said that ful
sixty percent of the fish entering the Porto Rico mai
ket is tbiapitrat by this aah: isvestio! and snterrey
tipm. +?

October, 1922 CANADIAN

n event of more than passing interest to the people
f Newfoundland was the recent landing of sperm
vhales at Keels, Newfoundland.
the early part of August, a boat leaving Keels
the purpose of hauling a cod trap encountered
w miles off land about seventy large fish which the
thought to be pot heads or to use its scientific
ame, Globicephala Melas, which fish have a habit of
hooling around, the fishing grounds during July and
jugust and when attacked by the fishermen are easily
riven to land and are quite profitable for oil.
of few boats, seven or eight in all, attacked these
in pot head hunter fashion and decided to drive
a to land. This was accomplished with surprising
The fish having headed for land proceeded
orewards like a flock of sheep. The motor boats
vided in two rows, three in a line, while one with
p powerful motor kept continually blowing off exhaust
, having ‘a sound like that of a very large gun,
7 ied the purpose of searing the fish and keeping
em in line.

he men tell me that they often ran the boats upon
he tails and the backs of whales and not once did they
how the least resistance.

_ Passing over the harbour shoals they became: uneasy

Be secing the white ground but they still kept on for
pjand. The cliffs around the harbour of Keels are
y high and square and when the whales saw that
y were being entrapped they put up a terrible fight.
ving reached the land the men set to killing or
er trying to kill them and if ever an animal had nine
; then I think these mammals can elaim that dis-
tion. Grealt hawsers and steel cables were made
to the whales - which were now sending up a
torrent of sea like a fearful storm, only ‘o be broken like
. sewing eotton. It was a thrilling sight ‘to see twenty
yr thirty boats out among those great fish, sea foaming
nm the air, the waters red with blood and at each
erash of the great tail of a fish one would think that
the whole of the settlement had tumbled down.

_ Hatchets,knives guns and every instrument known to
a fisherman were used in an effort to kill the monsters.
perce posts were driven into the backs and into the
eads but to no purpose. Every kind of a bullet was
sed and one man informs the writer that he fired
L ag forty-eight bullets of high calibre into the head

ee “The “whales evidently became tired of such treatment
and commenced swimming with great fury, many of
them heading for the square cliffs dashing themselves
to death. In all thirty were killed.

& The great wonder is that some one wasn’t killed as
the men inform me that they were often on the backs
of the whales. One small boat received a blow which
‘smashed it in pieces. One man received a cut hand
y hich was the only accident recorded. The great tails
of the monsters flourishing in the air swept men into
‘the water many were to be seen-upon the backs of
whales shopping with axes while spectators thronged
every available hill.

a 3

FISHERMAN

~ Round Up School of Sperm Whales

Newfoundland fishermen,
boats, have thrilling experience with levia-
thans but come off victors.

BY FRANCIS KELLY

221

in small motor

The service of a man who had spent ten years of his
life as foreman at a whale factory were procured and
he broke the news that the monsters were sperm whales
and were extremely valuable.

Many of the creatures had escaped taking with them
signs of battle in the form of great sticks into them.
Where these wounded fish will wind up no one ean say.

The writer visited Keels and saw the men at work.
Wells had been made in the heads of the whales and
great quantities at pure oil were being dipped. At
times. barrels with holes board in the bottom were being
sunk and as they filled the man kept dipping. From
one pucheon to four puncheons were taken from each
head. Unfortunnately the whale factories were all
closed and this goes to show that there is something

‘lacking in the way of government encouragement.

Had proper steps taken, by the authorities the men at
Keels would have reaped a valuable harvest. They did
well as it was and they certainly deserve it for their
fearless courage in attaching the monsters and hang-
ing on to them even after they found out what they
were up against.

[Ed. Note: Authorities on whales declare that the
sperm whale is the most valuable of all the species
and is said to be valued at $2,000 when all its commer-
cial products are used. The mode of capture described
above is unique and thrilling. The usual method is
by harpooning and they are attached singly. These
Newfoundlanders certainly showed courage. Their
experience reads like some of Swift’s imaginative
writings. |

HOW TURTLES ARE CAUGHT

Green sea turtles, the raw material for soup, are
caught in the Gulf of Lower California, where they
abound, by stretching strong rope nets of 19 mesh
across the mouths of small lagoons just as the tide
starts to go out. The turtles drift in with the tide and
as it ebbs they are entangled in the nets. From the
nets small fishing vessels carry them to a larger, speci-
ally constructed vessel lying further out at sea, where
the turtles are placed on their backs to lie helpless until -
they reach the cannery. Here they are placed in shol-
low pens that keep them fresh until needed.

One of the principal canneries slaughters about two
tons every day. The size and weight of the turtles
is so great, that overhead conveyors, inclined run-
ways, and similar equipment is necessary for handling
the carcases.

Turtles are extremely difficult to kill not so much
because of their protective shell as because of their
extreme tenacity of life. Incidents have been reported
where a turtle’s head that had been severed from the
body for nearly 11 hours closed its jaws upon a man’s
hand. ‘The explanation is thought to be that practi-
cally all the turtles movements are so called ‘‘reflex
actions’? in which no higher nerve centres are in-
volved. In consequence individual muscles sometimes
continue to function long after life appears to be ex-
tinct in the body as a whole.

Landings at U. S., Ports

During the month of August 14,115,293 pounds of
fish were landed at Boston, Gloucester and Portland,
valued at $487,425, of which 433,877 pounds were
salted, valued $17, 030,

The total landings at Gloucester up to the end of
August amounted to 35,916,590 pounds, an increase
of nearly two millions and a ‘half over the landings of
the corresponding period of 1921.

Fifteen Fishermen Drowned

Fifteen members of the crew of the French fishing
vessel Pierre Bernardo of St. Malo are believed to
have been lost when the vessel sank off the Newfound-
land coast early in September. The crew of twenty
six took to the dories as the vessel was sinking. Two
of the men rowed fifty miles to shore, nine were pick-
ed up by a British steamer. The scene of the disaster
was searched but the other fifteen could not be found.

To Commercialize Dogfish
Another attempt is to be made at Prince Rupert B.
C., to commercialize the dogfish, which is abundant on
the Pacific Coast. A boat is now being outfitted for
trawling off the banks of Stevens and Dundas islands.
A fishing station is to be established at Stevens Island,

where scows will be kept on which the fish will be:

dumped and towed to a fertilizing plant. The mar-
ketable fish will be sold and the dogfish and other ref-
use handled at the reduction plant.

There is a good market for dogfish oil and fertilizer
if it can be sold at low price, and it is hoped that new
methods will make the venture profitable.

No Scotch Cure Put Up
It is reported that the Labrador herring fishery for
the Scotch method has been practically a failure.
Herring were plentiful there during the last half of
August but had passed along the coast by the time
the season had opened for Seotch curing.

Foreign Trawlers do Poorly

Recently two Icelandic trawlers, the Moroflur and
the Skallagrimur, arrived on the ‘‘banks’’ prosecu-
ting the fishery the past seven or eight weeks. They
were in company with French steam trawlers most
of the time and report that all this steam fleet have
done poorly during September and August, although
some of the French reported good catches early in the
season.

The ‘‘Skallagrimur’’ had on board 1500 quintals and
the ‘‘Moroflur’’ 2000 quintals of codfish.

Hits Nova Scotia Hard

The Nova Scotia fishermen, particularly those in
mackereling, are hard hit by the new United States
tariff, which went into effect at midnight Thursday
and which includes heavy duties on fish imported into
American ports from Canada. As a result of this tariff
the fishermen will, starting today receive five cents a
piece less for each mackerel, and this is a big drop.

The new duties on fish are very high, and as usual
it hits right at the Nova Scotia fishermen, who depend
on the American markets for good prices for their
mackerel.
shipped into Boston from Nova Scotia ports every
year.—Halifax Chronicle.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

News Notes from Far and Near

‘a feat has been accomplished.

stand out on stalks, but you might search for

Hundreds of thousand of mackerel are -

a

October, 1922

Areoplane Fishermen

Johnny Green, aviator, and David W. Budd of § St
Petersburg, Fla., were flying over the Gulf in a hy.

_ dro-areoplane when Mr. Budd hooked and ‘landed’

an 80-pound tarpon. It is said to be the first time

Fishermen Strike — ace
Word came Port Arthur, Ont., on October 2 thai
fishermen at Rossport who have been selling then
eatch to the Nipigon Fish Company, have gon
strike and tied up their tugs, since the the announ
ment that they would be paid seven cents per pov
for their fish, with heads off, instead of aught
straight, as formerly.

Areoplanes to ‘‘spot’’ Herring — :
Announcement that the Scotish Fisheries Bo
with the co-operation of the Air Ministry, is to ¢
out a series of herring ‘‘spotting’’ experiments
the East Coast of Scotland has created some mild
citement among fishermen and in fish trade ci
generally.

Shrimp’s Ears in Knees
Are shrimps insects? The question is often ¢
by those who see these active little creatures aliv
the first time.

Insects have six legs, but the shrimp has no fe
than twenty-four. He ig a crustacean—first co
of the erab, the lobster, and the crayfish. .

Many of the ‘‘shrimps’’ that one sees in shops
prawns. You ean tell one from the other by loo
at the head. The prawn has a long sharp-pointed
edged with teeth like those of a saw. The shri
horn is small and smooth. Prawns turn pink
thev are boiled but shrimps become ‘brown in colo

The eyes of a shrimp are easy to see since t

time if you wished to discover. his ears, for he k
them in a very odd place.

His ears are in his knees. At the first joint o
pair of legs, which by the way, are not used for v
ing, is a little bag which contains a minute drop of 7
ter, and this water-filled bag acts as an ear-drum

School of Sea Monsters

‘Sea monsters which are reported to be from fo
sixty feet long, have attacked boats engaged in
ing out of British Harbor, Trinity Bay, Newfound
and fishermen are afraid to go the grounds. A la
school of these monsters, of whieh no deseription _
been received, appeared off the coast a few days ago
and are still in the bay. An organized expedition wil
be sent from the settlements off which the school lie
in an effort to capture or disperse this strange menace
to the prosecution of the fishery. Several boats whiel
went out recently narrowly escaped being swampe
bv these huge denizens of the deep. The min
of the school has been reported to the department 0
marine and fisheries by the telegraph operator a
British Harbor.

CANADIAN

‘Salmon Pack Better

According to the latest available returns the B. C.
almon fishing returns this season will be much bet-
er than anticipated. Up to September, 16, 5,077,584
pounds of salmon had! been packed in 105,783 cases,
each case containing 96 half-pound tins of salmon.
Although sockeye was the principal catch, 43,344 cases
“being packed, 37,830 cases of pinks or hump-backs
went to swell the pack. There are three varieties of
springs, red, pink and white, and they filled 11,389,-
958 and 4,016 cases respectively. Cohoes supplied the
lling for 6,202 cases, blue backs 622, and chums 1,422.

er, 1922

% Fishermen Damaged by Fire
amage variously estimated above $100,000 was
ed at Liverpool, N. S., October 4, by a fire which
oyed the plant of Thompson Brothers, including
wmill, foundry, machine shop, two warehouse,
ne three-story structure and several other buildings.
A quantity of lumber on the adjoining property of
IeLearn, Limited, was destroyed, the upper rigging
f the schooner Harold Corkum, at McLearn’s wharf
adly damaged, the schooner Lillian Hodges blister-
| and the box factory of Millard Brothers and the
ine Hospital scarred. Three Canadian National
Way box cars were burned.

. Fires Shot Across Bow

stermen on the North shore tell an exicting in-
cident which occurred recently near the mouth of the
Miramichi River. The Canadian government fisher-
les protection cruiser Arleux commanded by Capt.
William Milne, is engaged vigilantly guarding the
obster fishery . At one point where there is a close
season fishermen neglected to take up their traps,
nd after being warned about 100 traps were destroy-
One schooner attempted to defy the cruiser and
away with lobsters illegally caught and in illegal
ession, but when Captain Milne fired a shot across
the bow of the fisherman, the latter decided to obey
ie order and comply with the law hereafter—yYar
th Herald.

ze Chilled Salmon Exported

. Grenfell, the well-known medical missionary,
arrived in the old country from Labrador. In an
‘view he said that last year they began a new in-
try in Labrador and Northern Newfoundland—
chilling of salmon, of which they: sent a million
ids weight to England. It is not frozen. The
are placed in water, and ice is laid about the ves-
but the salmon reach the table without having
actually frozen. Dr. Grenfell thinks this indus-
will absorb all their salmon in time. The great
of these countries for all purposes is better com-

ications with the outside world both by road and
and sea.

Bella Coola Submerged

_ Bella Coola, a town of 175 inhabitants on the north
east of British Columbia, was completely submerged
in a flood from the Bella Coola river September 29
md was under a blanket of four to six feet of mud
and water, according to officers of the steamer Camo-
un. Many of the residents are homeless and it is be-
Heved other towns along the river suffered from flood
conditions following a heavy downpour of rain Friday
ight and Saturday morning.

FISHERMAN 223

Say Corby!

(Canadian Press)

New York, Oct. 4.—A fish that whistled and blew
itself up when tickled is to be presented to the New
York Aquarium. It wag scooped out of the water
at Bluepoint, N. Y. by Clarence Seamen of Patchogue.
It was about four inches long, had one eye, a head like
an owl and three tails which it waggled all at once, and
its body was covered with horns. Seaman said it got
so angry when he pulled it out of the water it blew
itself up, whistled three times and expired.

Whale Tore Hole In Vessel

Capt. Sam Paresi and five members of the crew of
the Italian boat 872-C limped into Gloucester one even-
ing about the middle of September with a gaping
hole in the side of their boat and the tale of a thrill-
ing experience with a whale.

The accident happened about & o’clock. The eraft
had made a set and was about ready to bail the fish
into the boat when the whale, chasing the fish, butted
headlong into the boat striking amidships on the port
side. The blow sent the boat reeling over and nearly

‘turned the eraft buttom up.

Paresi and the other fisherman, standing near the
port rail, were pitched overboard. Paresi struck on
the back of the whale. He grabbed the gunwhale of
the seine boat and climbed to safety. 'The other man
did likewise.

The whale tore a hole about three feet square amid-
ships just below the water line. The blow apparent-
ly stunned or killed him, for the fishermen saw the
whale turn over and sink from sight.

The craft was seining for mackerel with others of
the fleet and were on Salvages about eight miles from
Thacher’s when the mishap occurred. The sea was as
smooth as a lake and these ideal conditions enabled
the other boats to save the punctured craft. They
got lines about her and started for port.

1921 Poor Year In B. C. |
Following is a comparative statement of the quan-
tity and value of the chief commercial fishes of Brit-
ish Columbia 1920 and 1921:

Total Value Marketed 1920 1921

Salmon $15,129,348 $8,591,724
Halibut 4,104,869 3,636,076
Herring 1,228,131 963,407
Cod “/ 322,737 232,638
Black Cod 181,202 142,558
Pilchards 540,265 101,945
Crabs 90,898 82,403
Clams & Quahangs 33,363, 41,390
Oysters 73,664 42,272

Of the total value of fisheries production for 1921;
salmon and halibut together contributed 87 per cent.

Value of B. C. Fisheries. 1910 — 1921

1910 $9,163,235
1911 13,677,125
1912 14,455,488
1913 13,891,398
1914 11,515,086
1915 14,538,370
1917 21,518,595
1918 27,282,993
1919 25,301,607
1920 ~ 22399 161
1921 13,953,450

994 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Cod Liver Oil Rich in Vitamines _

Newfoundland aroused over possibility of |
increased trade as result of discovery made
by Old Country experts.

Some time ago we told our readers of the visit to
Newfoundland of Dr. 8S. S. Zilva of the Lister. Insti-
tute, London, a medical authority of world-wide emin-
ence, along with Mr. M Graham, of the British Board
of Fisheries, also a conspicuous figure in his line of
work, for the purpose of determining the food and
medicinal values of cod liver oil. These gentlemen
have completed their observations in the sister domin-
ion having secured samples of oil from fish of various
ages, from fish partaking of different foods, and from
fish in various physical conditions. They now return

to the Old Country to study more closely the specimens ~

they have taken and this country will watch with
interest equal to that of Newfoundland what the
ultimate verdict of science will be. We are interested
in securing a market for our present.and potential
resources of fish oil and if science finds in cod liver
oil those properties which we are led to beleive they
will find, then the discoveries will produce an addition-
al source of wealth from our fisheries, and one of no
mean economic importance.

‘‘The liver of the codfish is recognized as the trea-
sure-house of the vitamine’’, says the Trade Review
of Newfoundland in discussing Dr. Zilva’s work. In
a later issue, reporting an address delivered by Dr.
Zilva in the Grenfell Institute, it says that ‘‘he gave
it as his unqualified opinion that he had proved that
cod liver oil contained two hundred times more vita-
mines than butter,’’ and making deductions from this
declaration, adds: ‘‘The finest quality of butter may

be purchased at about fifty cents per pound. There.

are about nine pounds of cod liver oil to the gallon
so that an equal value cod liver oil should be worth
$4.50 per gallon, but taking Dr. Zilva’s valuation cod
liver oil should be worth nine hundred dollars per
gallon.”’

As Long as They’re There

In talking of vitamines we feel ourselves in very
much the same position as when we attempt to present
Enstein’s theory of relativity. Frequently we hear
commercial and travelling men on the train talk about
this abstruse principle of the famous German and for
the sake of peace and happiness and to avoid a dese-
eration of science we refrain from arguing pro, con or
in the middle’ Same with vitamines. Judging by
newspaper advertising you find them everywhere. But
just what are they and what are they supposed to do?
Scientists tell us a vitamine has never been isolated.
It puzzles us to understand how they know there is
such a thing. But this is all beside the question. If
the vitamine-value of cod liver oil is found to be two
hundred times that of butter and if in the years to
come the world is going to buy food and medicine
on the vitamine scale, well we’re interested in our vit-
amine resources and, apparently, we will have a de-
positary of wealth that will surpass all our other natu-
ral products combined. Gold mines would be jokes.

This may appear a bit visionary but it’s an effective
way of demonstrating the possibilities disclosed by
Dr. Zilva’s findings. Some day we shall be saying

October, 1

to our neighbour : ‘‘Come have a vitamine on me,”’ ar
them you will proceed to pour a nice slippery fing
or two of cod liver oil. Yoy, Yoy! What prospects,
After having relieved ourselves of this doubtful b
of humour, let us get back to Dr. Zilva’s work in
nection with the matter, and the manner in wh:
selected samples to ascertain where, when and vu
what conditions the highest vitamine-value oil
be procured. The following is also from the Trad
view. a

Gave Him Every Help

On arrival in Newfoundland Dr. Zilva was
Alan Goodridge, the obliging deputy minister of
and Fisheries who together with members of the
of Trade placed every convenience at his disr
The government inspectors were prepared to fol
instructions and to manufacture the oil in a
factory. Bie

Dr. Zilva expressed his appreciation, and also
that there was no question but that Newfo
oil was manufactured by the most approved
and showed results of merit far ahead of many
but his real research was not in the manufactt
to get the actual merit and quality of the livers.

The liver of the codfish is recognized as the tr
house of the vitamine. “

These vitamines are not found in any appr
quantity in other parts of the fish with the e
of the roe and milt of the female and male fi
proves first that the oil produced in the spaw
son cannot be equal in merit to the oil produced
the fish have recuperated. ete

Interesting Experiments

Now comes the experiments to find out whe
livers of the male fish contains more vitamines
the female fish? Whether a young fish conta
vitamines than an old or middle aged fish? Whi
the food on which the fish feeds has some sf
merit to produce vitamines?_ eek:

The selection of the fish was the special work.
Graham, as in his years of experience with the
Board of England, his work was connected +
life and habits of all fish frequenting the Englis

In the past there has been little or no dise
made in selecting the livers when making the
the Newfoundland Coast the fishery is almo:
composed of cod fish, but on the Nova Seotian
and also in Finmarken, Norway, there are all
the (Gradus) species, such as haddock, hake,
ling and e¢usk which have livers, but the oil ¢
does not compare in quality for color, taste or
with that produced from the pure livers of codfis

_ Dr. Zilva’s first request is to place 100 or me
fish on a table. A

Mr. Graham then makes the selection between t
male and female fish. From experience he can deté
mine which is an old or young fish from the rings 0
the scales, as the small fish are not always the young

est. He can tell by measurement whether a fish is
4, 8 or 12 years old.

The livers are then separated and a boiling made
. _ from each.

E*
P
[
f October, 1922

Has Exact Knowledge

_ Dr. Zilva then secures sufficient oil for his exper-
iments, and has the exact knowledge that this oil was
manufactured at a certain harbor in Newfoundland on
“a given date from the livers of pure healthy male or
' female codfish of 4, 8 or 12 years old, with any special
remarks as to the condition of the fish, which he may
think proper.

. This oil has been rendered out by heat and will be
- utilized in experiments in many ways. He may find
that the livers of all these fish are alike, but it is
_ possible that he may not find them all alike. This will

¥ explain to our readers in a small way the work now in

) progress ‘to determine the actual merit of certain oils,

- and may lead to many changes in its manufacture in

the future.

7 “deal to do with the production of the vitamine.

Is it during the caplin, the herring or the spuid
‘season that most vitamines are in the oil, or does it
come from the kelp or sea anemonies that the fish feed
Dont And it may be found that the fish from certain
districts have very much more vitamines than others,
‘and it would simplify matters very much if it was
found that fish caught in southern latitudes are better
‘than that caught far north, as our friends’ abroad
should know that our coast line extends for over one
_ thousand miles.

Bs. Investigation Will Help

ae These are questions that this investigation will help
to solve, but it certainly shows the need of a thorough
up to date scientific department for the study of our
- fish in all its many intricacies, and shows that we
ened little or nothing about this today.

‘The visit of Dr. Zilva and Mr. Graham to Newfound-
E jend has started the leaders in all progressive work,
and great hopes are expressed, as there’ was no secret
_ that both these. scientists were amazed at the wonder-
ful and unique conditions in Newfoundland, which
adapt themselves to fishery life on the coast. We must
now wait with patience for the practical result of these
investigations before any definite facts can be known
of the several hundred samples that he has taken with
‘ua a his laboratories in London.

‘NO EXTENDED LOBSTER SEASON

Bt Np additional lobster fishing season wil be granted
in Western Nova Scotia this year. In a statement
¢ oa issued, the Department of Marine and Fisheries
gives reasons for the refusal of request that a fall
4 ‘Season for lobster fishing be granted on the South
western coast of Nova Scotia, which extends from St.
— Mary’ s Bay, Digby County, to Cole Harbor, Halifax
ao: The regular lobster fishing season for the
above section is from the first of March to the 31st
of May, but last year an additional season was grant-
_ ed from November 1 to 15th of December. The ill-
4 effects of this additional season are manifested, says
the statement. During the regular season of last year
wee ewts. were taken and during the additional

ss

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

se: The food that the fish feeds on must have a great

225

fall season 32,733 ewts. The result was that during
the regular season this year the catch was only 62,-
100 ewts., while in practically every other district
around the coasts, it is said, there have been good in-
creases.

Another reason for the refusal, according to the
statement, is that the lobster fishing and canning in-
dustries are carried on all along the coasts of the
Maritime Provinces and Quebee and an extension of
the season in one district affects the busiteas4 situa-
tion in all the others.

One of the unanimous recommendations at the con-
ference of lobster fishermen and packers ‘at Halifax
in 1918 was that there should be no extensions of the
lobster fishing season in future, the statement says.

It is said that the campaign of education which the
Department of Fisheries has been carrying on with
the object of protecting the lobster fisheries and
bringing them up to the highest possible point, is bear-
ing fruit on almost all portions of the coast.

REFRIGERATION MEN TO MEET

The Thirteenth Annual Convention and Exhibition
of the National Association of Practical Refrigerating
Engineers is to be held at the Planters Hotel, St. Louis,
Missouri, this coming November Ist, 2nd, 3rd and 4th.
The association expects a registration of at least five
hundred members of its various subordinate chapters
located in all parts of the United States, so this presents
an inducement and the opportunity for every refriger-

~ ation and ice-making plant owner to have his manager,

engineer.or someone else in contact with others simi-
larly occupied and interested.

In this way much ean be learned of what is going on
in other plants in other cities and knowledge obtained
and valuable to employees and employers. Through
coming in contact with others, the knowledge of their
experiences would be taken up, the circle of their ac-
quaintanees extended and friendships formed that
would he enjoyable and of benefit. A

~ It should be kept firmly in mind that the first object .
of the Association is to further the education and worth
of its members in the art and practices of refrigeration
engineering. The principal means toward this end
is the holding of sessions for the reading and discus-
sion of appropriate papers and for craft fellowship.
Each member subscribes to the belief of community of |
interests of employer and employee, and the Association
is never used for the furtherance of strikes or anything
that will interfere with perfectly harmonious co-oper-
ation between them,

The Association at no time takes partisan issue with
rival interests in the refrigeration and_ice- making
business, nor is it used for political or religious pur-
poses. Its meetings are devoted to the business of the
Association, and at all times preference is given to
topies relating to the instruction and education of its
members.

Any white employee of a voteipenations or ice-making
vlant who is an American citizen and who is of good

moral character is eligible for membership in this

association and invited to attend and register at the
of new things and new. methods that should be useful
coming convention.

226

How Fish Shrinks in Dying and Curing —
Valuable information compiled as to losses in | a

different processes — Boneless cod loses
seventy-four percent.

All those who have attempted to bring into relation
the quatities of fish landed from the fishing vessels with
the quantities exported and the quantities retained
for home consumption have been met with the
difficulty of determining what weight of fresh goes to
a certain weight of eured. There are the statistics of the
fish landed fresh, on the one hand, and the figures for
the weight exported of dry, pickled, smoked, &e., but
the ratios between the one and the other are not: supplied.
Recently, however, eytensive and important information
of the kind referred to has been furnished for the
American fisheries, and also for those of Norway. A
statement compiled by Mr. Lewis Radcliffe, Assistant in
Charge of the Division of Fishery Industries under the
Fiheries Bureau of the United States, says many factors
enter into the subject, and those determined for one
species of fish may not be applicable to another species.
With regard to the loss of weight in dressing fresh fish
for the market, it is said the weight is diminished by
from 15 to 20 per cent., and even more. The average
shrinkage in gutting cod, haddock, ‘‘&c.,’’ is put at
15 per cent. The loss of weight in dressing cod in one
ease mentioned was: Whole weight of fish, 1,200 pounds;
dressed by removal of head, viscera and backbone, 720
pounds; loss 40 per cent.

Shrinkage in Drying

The following is a summary of the information given
on drying—mostly from Stevenson’s ‘‘Preservation of
Fishery Products for Food.’’ The loss of weight in
dressing and curing cod and other ground fish for the
domestic (American) market ranges from 50 to 65%,
according to the species, the season, and the extent of
the salting and drying. The loss is greatest in the case
of haddock and cod, and least in torsk )‘‘eusk’’) and
hake. Generally, large fish decrease more than small
ones. From a number of records in different reasons,
the following summary is obtained, showing the average
quantity of fresh required to make a gross quintal (‘'114
pounds’’) of dried fish suited for the New England
market :—

From the From the
Round knife butt
Lbs Lbs Lbs
Haddock 299 206 133
Cod 288 193 131
Pollock (Coaldfish) 280 184 130
Hake 258 190 131-
Cusk (Torsk) 246 178 132

Fresh split cod ready for curing contains about: 80%

of water and 114% of salt. A large percentage of water —

is withdrawn by salting, some by drying, and a much
smaller quantiy by compression, the latter process also
removing a small quantity of the salt in the form of
pickle. The resulting product when prepared for the
domestic trade contains about 51% of water and 1914%
of salt. The stockfish of Norway contains about 17%
of water and 1144%of salt. One hundred pounds of
cod, as they come from the water, will weigh about

CANADILAN FISHERMAN

weight of salt.
trade adds about 6.2 pounds of salt and removes ab

October, 1922

Rete " Te
a

66.9 pounds dressed ready for salting, of which ab out
53 pounds represents water, and 1 lb, represents the
The process of curing for the domesti

34.1 pounds of water, of which 31.1. pounds are re-
moved by the salting and 3 pounds by the pressing and
drying. This results in 38.8 pounds of dry-salted fish,
of which 18.9 pounds represents water and 7.2 pounds
salt. : #

Boneless Sacrifices 74 Percent

By continuing the drying process and removing m
water the keeping qualities of the fish are improved
since it decreases the quality of the flavour as well as
the weight of the fish, and adds to the cost of curr
it is not desirable, unless the fish are to be shipp
a warm climate and held there for a long time.
make a quintal of domestic-cured codfish requires
pounds of split fish, or 288 pounds of round
whereas to make an equal quantity of fish suitable
export to Brazil requires about 350 pounds split, am
for 114 pounds of Norway stockfish about 474 pound:
of split fish, or 708 pounds of round fish are requires
The loss in drying on the flakes is stated thus:
weighed 515 pounds when put out and 468 pounds
taken in; loss, 47 pounds—4% of gross weight, or
of salted weight. The ‘‘round’’ weight of the abo
cf fish was 1,200 pounds; dressed, 720 pounds,
salted 515 pounds. With regard to the loss in pr
ing ‘‘absolutely boneless’’ fish, the following is g
Fish weighed 468 pounds before removal of skins, boi
trimmings, &c., and 311 pounds afterwards—loss, 15'
pounds, or 13% of gross weight, or 33.3% of the di
weight. The total loss in weight from the catch to
finished product is about 74%. .

To Ascertain Costs

The following conversion factors are cited: To
gutted fish, such as cod and haddock, whose ;
shrinkage in gutting is about 15%, into weight of
fish, multiply weight of gutted fish by factor
To convert weight of salted cod and haddock, ex
into fresh gutted fish, for large cod multiply we
salt fish by 1.90 for market cod multiply by 1.
for “‘snapper’’ cod multiply by 1.98; for lar
docks multiply weight of salt fish by 2.06 and
haddock by 2.10. It is said the following cor
factors are understood to be employed in Canada.
cod, 200 lbs, fresh produces 1 ewt. of smoked, or
of green salted; 300 lbs. fresh produces 1 ewt. of
With haddock, 200 lbs. of fresh produces 1 ewt of
finnans, and 300 lbs. produces 1 ewt. of dried; so al
300 Ibs. of fresh pollock (coalfish) or hake produce
1 ewt. dried; 300 lbs. produces 1 ewt. of fillets, Wi
regard to salmon, 125 Ibs. fresh produces 1 ewt. of dm
dry salted ; 150 lbs. produces 1 ewt. of pickled or 1 ewt
mild cured, and 170 Ibs. produces 1 ewt. smoked. Wi
regard to herring, 200 lbs. fresh produces 1 ewt,
smoked ; 300 Ibs. produces one barrel of pickled, anc
170 Ibs. produces 1 ewt. of dry salted. The same applies
to pickled and smoked mackerel. a

a

ber, 1922

Norwegian Figures Differ

Norwegian figures for the representation of fresh
cured are not quite on the same style, since a mea-

eparation of a certain weight of the final product.
following shows the number of litres of the raw
ial required to produce 100 kilogrammes (220.-
s.) of the prepared product :—

Dry Dry split Stockfish Stockfish
salted Pickled Fish (round) (split)

160 150 270 430 485
ish 150 140 250 400 435
idock 170 160 300 490 560
ie: - 150 140 240 435 455
155 145 250 400 435

re, which is the French measure of capacity,
one kilogramme of water at 4°C., and 41%
es are roughly equal to a gallon (one litre equal to
20097 British imperial gallons. Another table gives
er of litres of fresh raw material required to
one barrel of the cured product, as follows:

‘great herrings (110 kilos), 137.5 litres; salted
herrings (110 kilos), 143.6 litres; salted small
ss (100 kilos), 133 litres; salted split herrings
ilos), 300 litres; salted roes (120 kilos), 170 litres
alted) ; salted roes (120), 150 litres (salted in
- The Norwegian figures are official, apparently
ection with subsidies, and they stand in need of
explanation. The tables quoted are given in
s Gang.’’ Wether the American or Norwegian
would apply in this country is perhaps doubt-
It would be an advantage if similar conversion
S were made available here, and it should not be

hs
( ult to do so—F ish Trades Gazette, London.

se HITCHED SALMON TO TREE

Here’s a good fish story and the best part of it is that
like a ecod many of fish stories it’s absolutely true.
McLecd and Bartley Edwards of this town were
¢ at Margaree about a week ago, Mr.McLeod with
takle and Mr. Edwards with salmon tackle. Mr.
od was using as bait a common worm and hooked
e fish. He had only 25 yards of line which was
enough to play the fish with. Fortunately the fish
yk a sulky fit and went to the bottom of the pool,
ereupon Mr. McLeod unfastened his line and tied it
ound a tree then ran about a quarter of a mile to
Mr. Edwards was fishing borrowed his salmon
hastened back and taking the line from around
ee tied it to the borrowed line and after the usual
‘landed a 10 pound salmon. The most curious
f the story is the fact that the salmon would take
bait although anotlher such case occurred about the
ime at Margaree. It is the first time known that
ve heard of anyone tethering a salmon: to a tree.—
ey Post.

AND ADVERTISING IS RESPONSIBLE

inancial authority has given out some figures of
mual business done by the ten largest stores of
rid, measured by the total trade in Dollars. The
for the year 1920. Like all figures of imposing
ses, they are intersting:

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

of the fresh raw material (vizt litres) is taken for

herrings (100 kilogrammes), 125 litres; salted .

227

Marshall Field & Co., Chicago, $65,000,000;

Carson Pirie Scott: & Co., Chicago, $50,000,000 ;

Bon Marche, Paris, $40,000,000; Snellenberg, Philia-
delphia, $40,000,000 ;

Lit Bros., Philadelphia, $33,000,000; :

Selfridge, London $30,000,000. Manamaker, New York,
#28,000,000; Wanamaker, Philadelphia, $27,000,000;

R. H. Maey & Co., New York; $25,000,000 ;

Franklin Simon & Co., New York $21,000,000.

Three countries and five cities are represented in this
list of leaders, Different policies govern the different
stores Some emphasize thigh quality ; some feature pop-
ular priced wares.

But all have one thing in common.

And this is the thing that every merchant here, as
everywhere, has at his command.

All are consistent, persistent and emphatie advertis-
ers. :

FISHERY ORDERS-IN-COUNCIL

Following is a summary of orders-in-council affecting
the finishing industry, which have appeared in recent
issues of the Canada Gazette:

The regulations governing the inspection of canned
fish and shellfish and the operation of canneries, as
adopted July 24 last, amended so that hereafter it will
not be necessary to attach to cans of fish or shellfish
destined for export a sticker bearing the name of the
canner and the number of his license.

The special fishery regulations for British Columbia,
section 15, is amended so as to provide that no license
shall have the number of this license on more than one
boat at the same time.

Public notice is given that Wiheaton Lake in’ Charlotte
county, N. B. is set apart: from all fishing for a period
of three years from September 15 for the natural pro-
pagation .of fish.

The specialy fishery regulations for the Province of
New Brunswick are amended to permit of salmon an-
ling in certain rivers and streams according to the con-
ditions of the salmon , decision as to which shall rest
with the inspector of fisheries for the locality.

NEWS FROM FUNDY AREA

St. John, N. B—Summing up the salmon fishing
season in the Ray of Fundy and continuous waters, it
is believed by may prominent fishermen and wholesalers
in the Fundy district, on both New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia sides, the 1922 catch equalled in importance
the 1921 catch. Some are inclined to believe however,
the volume was greater for last year than this year.
The -general opinion is however, that at least in the
matter of value, the salmon catch for this season is
about on a par with that of last season.

A new fish curing plant will be established near
Digby before the snow flies of present: plans nature.
A number of fishermen are combining to build a small
building in which salmon, herring, cod and mackerel
will be cured, and salmon, haddock, mackerel and her-
ring, smoked and eured.

Sardines dropped to five dollars a hogshead the middle
of September, there being a large run of the little he-
ring in the Bay of Foundy. The price went up some-
what at the factories in Eastport, Lubee, North, West
Lubee, Robbinston, Black’s Harbor, Grand Manan, later,
when the run diminished.

Certain element endeeeacne to secure fall »
season again—Fishery officers in confer-
ence—Opinion on U. 8. Tariff. .

(From Our Own Coresspondent)

Your scribe had the privilege of attending a number
of the sessions of the third annual instructional ¢on-
ference of fishery officers of the Atlantie Coast, which

was held this year at Shediac, New Brunswick, begin- —

ning September 20, and was greatly impressed with
the importance and success of the gathering. |
Four addresses on ‘‘Sanitation in Lobster Canneries’’

were given by Dr. A. P. Knight, Chairman of the

Biological Board. These addresses were most timely,
as the revised regulation governing the subject had
recently been adopted afiter close ipyesueelon by Dr.
Knight and his assistants.

The lobster fishing and canning industry of the
Maritime provinces is valued at about seven million
dolars annually. Efforts to improve the quality of the
canned product and to ascertain the best methods to
be adoptéd to avoid discoloration of the contents of the

tins have been under investigation by the department

for some years, as the annual loss to the dealers and
exporters has been heavy. The systematic and persis-
tent experiments and investigations under the leader-
ship of Dr. Knight were taken up some three years
ago, and ag the result of the adoption of many of his
suggestions, a very decided improvement in the quality
of the goods has taken place.

The lectures and demonstrations given at the con-
ferenee on the need of providing the highest possible
sanitary equipment of the canneries and methods of
packing and processing elicited the keenest interest
and debate and will be of undoubted value to the
officers in administering the provision of the ‘‘Meat
& Canned Foods Act’’ and regulations.

The adresses by Dr. Hunstman on ‘‘Conditions in
the Water’’, and ‘‘How Typical Food Fishes Live’’

were unique not only in the method of presentation but

also for the manner in which they were illustrated. It
was shown that in studying conservation of fish life,
propagation or re-stocking of waters to be of value,
must be based on a knowledge of water conditions, and

of the character and variety of the foods essential to—

life in the water.
Without doubt the adresses and demonstrations given

by Doctors Knight and Hunstman, with the assistance

of Andrew Halkett, the naturalist of the department,
were the most systematic, important and interesting
ever given in Canada for the training of fishery officers.

It was especially noted that the conference was of
a most serious mind, and the intentness with which
the work was followed gave evidence that the officers
fully appreciated the need of the special training being
given.

Among the visitors present, who on invitaton of the
presiding officer, Chief Inspector Fisher, assisted in
the dicussions, were W. F. Tidmarsh, Charlottetown,
and R. H. Williams, Halifax, both of whom expressed
well considered views on the reciprocal obligations that

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

should be expected on the part of the admir
officers and the trade.
The second part of the program dealth wi
ministration’’ and ‘‘Methods of Work’’, and
fined wholly to discussion and interpreta
provision of the regulations, and better
supervision and protection. The presence
Found, Assistant Deputy minister, was mi
ciated, and his addresses not only to &
highly illuminating.
Special emphasis was placed both i Mr.
Mr. Fisher on the attitude that should
the officers in dealing with the fishermen
engaged in the industry. Co-operation, en
and good judgment were shown to be ess
fiquations for efficient service. ae ;
years a much better understanding hag be
at, as the officials and the trade have
conclusion that their interests are ide1
encouragement of the industry and the be
the trade must always have first place. —
tion of the fisheries and the enforcement of th
matters largely of detail in conservation |
but are both of great importance if the ind
be wisely administered. Without adequat
of actual conditions and the requirements
try confusion is bound to result. It was_
fore, that it is important that the office
in a position to intelligently discuss any p
might arise, in order that the departm
advised as to the best methods to be ador
regulation and administration of the. fi
Maritime provinces. e
Without doubt the conference was of
The interest was noteworthy and called fo
limentary remarks, both by the citizens of
visitors.
The conference closed with a ‘‘Get Toge i
given by the officers at their own expense, to
a number of local residents were invited. Am
speakers were Mayor Kelley, W. A. Found, F
Fred Magee, Doctor Jameg White, Fred )
several members of the town council, an
tor Calder of Campobello, N. B., and Inspe
Prince Edward Island. &
The ladies of St. Joseph’s Providence, who
and served the dinner, are to be congratula
efforts. The toast list was enlivened
orchestra and singing by a selected body o:
bers of the conference, and solos by Officer
Magdalen Islands. By
The Sister in charge of the Orphanage, t
which was used for the sessions of the confe
greatly pleased with the thoughtfulness if
in presenting a generous donation to a
for the orphan children.

= CANADIAN
__ The American Tariff on Fish
ut doubt the heaviest blow given the fishing
; for many years was that dealt by the recent-
yted American McCumber-Fordney Bill. Al-
ere has been a heavy slump in the business,
as not only been hard on the dealers but has
| in a decline in the prices to the fishermen.
e consequence that many of them have ceased
ns.
w of the heavy duties imposed by the American
is not surprising that the privileges granted
fishing vessels in our waters are being closely
and quite severely criticised. It will be
ed that the only rights to which the Ameri-
ven are entitled by treaty are those under
of 1818, which provides that American
all be entitled to enter our waters and
for the purpose of shelter and repairing
E purchasing wood and obtaining water, and
her purpose whatever.
lal privileges of purchasing provisions
pping crews and trans-shipping catches
for in the Treaty of 1888. This treaty,
not become effective, as it failed to re-
yroval of the United States Senate. Not-
, however, these privileges.were continued
-ealled Modus Vivendi licenses on payment
.50 per ton.per vessel. And these privi-

ae

ave been further extended so as to provide

steam or auxiliary driven, and the fee
the nominal sum of $1.00 per vessel. ;
her, and particularly, under the provisions of
angement of 1918, American fishing vessels are
d to use our ports as bases for operation, and

of the .0le per Ib. duty. These privileges
value, as they virtually give the American
vessels equal rights with Canadian vessels in
orts and waters, thus placing them directly
n with our own industry. On the other
anadian fishing vessels are practically outlaws
cican waters and ports, as all the reciprocal
s intended under the unratified Treaty of 1888,
given under the arrangement of 1918, have
sed or withdrawn by the United States. As
ation of the apparent unfairness it is only
yy to note that Canadian fishing vessels cannot
1 American port from the fishing grounds and
f their catches, even on payment of duty,

trading vessel to the United States before they
et their catches in that country, while, as
intimated, the American vessels ‘can use our
bases of operation, and can trans-ship or sell
tches.

ally there is a good deal of indignation expres-
by the dealers and the fishermen of the Atlan-
t, and this indignation is, of course, only to
ted. The fishermen state that under the spe-
privileges of taking on supplies the American
lermen secure large supplies of bait at our ports,
equently are able to continue operations while
. fishermen are laid up, owing to the fact that
rican fishermen have secured. all the- available

it would doubtless have been unwise, pending
me of the McCumber-Fordney discussions, for
ernment to take any action withdrawing the

+ return to a home port, trans-ship either by’

FISHERMAN 229
valuable special privileges alluded to, there is a strong
feeling that our own fishermen and the industry gene-
ralley should be protected by serving notice on the
American government that we will revert to the Treaty
rights of 1818.
Another Attempt to Unwisely Exploit
The Lobster Fishery

It will be remembered that last year, notwithstanding
the protests of a large body of fishermen of Western
Novia Scotia, and of the whole body of packers of that
distriet, a special lobster fishing season of six weeks
from November 1., was granted, regardless of the fact
that the catch of the regular fishing season was the
higest and most renumerative for some years. While
the department may have acted wisely so far as Halifax
County was concerned, where the needs of the fisher-
men were acknowledged, there was absolutely no such
excuse for the big producing districts of Yarmouth,
Shelburne and Digby. This year, owing largely to the
heavy toll of fish taken in the more western counties
during the special fall season, the catch was consi-
derably below that for the regular season of last. year.
Many of the fishermen recognize that the annual
‘ferop’’ due this year was so largely harvested during
the special season last fall, that a comparatively small
cathch this year was to be expected, and therefore
oppose having the special fishing season repeated. -
It appears, however, that the self-same agitators, who
are largely engaged in the live lobster trade, are again

seeking to give this most valuable fishery a ‘‘knock ~

out’’ by the under-the-belt blow of another special
fishing season this fall. It is claimed by the agitors
that the half million dollars received for the catches last
fall was clear gain to the fishermen and that the goose
ean again lay the golden egg for their special benefit.
They apparently forget that the half million dollars:
would have been secured with interest during the
regular season this vear, and without the hardshin
and danger to gear that usually accompanies late fall
fishing. They also forget that the vast majority of
the fishermen do not favor late fall fishing, as experi-
ence has taught them that the regular spring season
is by far the most desirable. It should be further
noted that the fishery cannot stand the. inroads of
additional seasons or extensions. -The fishery is too
valuable to be permitted to be endangered by the
unwise exploitation in favour of certain American deal-
ers in live lobsters.

Neither should it be forgotten that any such special
fishing season has a bad effect on the canned lobster
trade. by disturbing the limited markets of this high
priced canned food product. and also interfering with
the reasonable exceptation of the fishermen of St. John
and Charlotte eounties, New Brunswick, where the
fishing season opens November 15. lTLast year, as a_
consequence of the special season granted western
Nova Seotia, the prices received for New Brunswick
eatches dropped several dollars a hundredweight, and
it should be noted that the whole catch of Charlotte
and St. John. were an export size limit obtains, are
marketed in the United States. .

It would also appear auite-clear that if the present
regulations for western Nova Scotia do not permit a
safe quantity of the annual erop to be taken each year,
the proper course is obvious, namely: Amend the regu-
lations. And as it is probable that the revision of the
lobster fishing regulations will be undertaken in the
early winter, the agitation for fall fishing can be
thoroughly considered. In the meantime, the jeopard-.
izing of the fishery should be avoided.

230

Biologists’ Work For The Industry

Summary of season’s investigations conducted
at the Biological Station at St. Andrew’s,
N. B.—A medical discovery of importance
By Dr. A. G. Huntsman.

BY DR. A. G@. HUNTSMAN

The Biological Board of Canada is in many ways an
unique organization. It was intended to bring the bio-
logists (scientists studying life in all its aspects) into
touch with the problems connec‘ed with life in the sea
and water generally, with the expectation that facts
would be discovered of importance to the fisheries. The
Board has indeed been very successful in achieving the
desired object, and “he extensiveness and importance of
its work are increasing year by year. The chairman of
the board is Prof. A. P. Knight of Kingston, whose ex-
tensive labours in connection with the lobster industry

are known throughout the maritime provinces. The

secretary-‘reasurer is Prof. E. E. Prince, the Dominion
Commissioner of Fisheries, and the other members are
representatives of the various universities.

It is a necessity from the nature of the case that few
people, even among those in the fishing indus‘ry, should
appreciate the importance of the special work done by

the board. The man in the city or elsewhere, who eats

fish, is not interested in the details or difficulties of
ea‘ching, canning or curing, transporting, storing, and
marketing of fish, although he may realize vaguely that
such things are needed and have their place. All his
interest is to get good, cheap fish when the notion strikes
him. If the fish are not good, if “he price is not right,
‘or if no fish are to be had, he beging to complain and
think that something should be done, and his sugges-
_ tions are rarely pertinent and practicable.

So with those in the fishing indus‘ry. So long as fish
are plentiful, and the canning and enring turn ou‘ satis-
factorily, the man in the fisheries is for the most part
not in‘crested in scientific work and at best considers
that it probably has its places. But, when the fishery
fails, or the product snoils, then there is a demand that
something be done. What is never fully realized is *hat
the persons with the training and ability to discover the
needed facts are always rare and cannot be picked up
a‘ will like an employee in a business, and also that the
new knowledge is built up but slowly, this man adding
one thing, that man another, a third perhaps bringing
the two things together with a little connec‘ing link con-
tributed by himself, and further realizing and demon-
strating the impor‘ance of the whole matter in a certain
economic process or situation. For these reasons it is
important that, if and when a capable man ig available
for a certain investigation, he should be given the oppor-
tunity and facilities for carrying it through, and that
our scientific men should be encouraged to add inces-
santly to knowledge concerning living things in the sea
and methods of making them of use for food. Such is
the specialization in science at the present day that it
not infrequently happens that, when a certain investi-
gation is urgently needed, there is not at the time avail-
able a man of the proper training and calibre to under-
take it with a fair likelihood of success. The problems
investigated i In any one season at the Atlantic Biological
Sta*ion are determined by the fact that certain indiv-
iduals are available, as much as or more than by the fact
that certain problems urgently need investigation. Prob-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

' a considerable part of the work on this we

October, 192 2

Ne

lem and man, wrongly mated are barren of resu
While it is ordinarily supposed that inves*‘iga
chosen to fit the problems, it- is more the ti
investigators being few and problems many, the p
are chosen *o fit the investigators. ee
While the details of the investigations at the
St. Andrews, N. B. would be appreciated y
specialists who make use of them, it may |
to the fishing industry to know somethin ke
and bearing of the problems investigate
however, the place, nor the oceasion to mor
outline some of the results obtained in
of which is still in progress and not
definite pronouncements, Also lack »o
our explaining, except in the briefest m
cation that is likely to be made of such re
been obtained. Each of the various
calls for separate fuller treatment.

Mackerel Investigations

At the suggestion of the fishing interes
tic coast of Nova Scotia, the expedition p
Biological Boat. “Prince”? along that co:
summer was devoted largely to an investigé
mackerel. It was expected that knowledg
gained as to any spawning of ‘he mackerel
‘o whether such spawning was or could be
Also it was planned to collect informati:
the life history, habits, and occurrence of th
Margaret’s bay and the coas‘al waters
repeatedly from Cape Sable to Country
Dr. P. Cox of Fredericton undertook the |
of the occurrence of the mackerel and of i
conditions locally near Hubbards. Mr. MI.
Toronto examined microscopically the material
fine nets in order to determine when and where
eggs were spawned and whether or not th
in hatching out in those cold waters. ©
material for this and other problems was colle

though it will require considerable time to
inarily complete the work. Some points are,
already. clear. The mackerel (as was foresha
the expedition of 1915) certainly shed only a ;
eggs along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia,
is no indication that any of these survive
young mackerel. However, the conditions fo
head of St. Margaret’s bay are such that the
fishes like the blue perch or cunner, the witeh

plaice develop successfully and produce large
of the young of those fishes. As these eggs de
cessfully with those of the mackerel in the Gulf
Lawrence, i‘ is reasonably certain that if mack
spawn at the head of St. Margaret’s bay, (whie
ing may occur in some years), the eggs woul:
successfully. Elsewhere along the coast the con
are in large part, or wholly, unsuitable for such de
ment, chiefly because of the low temperature. It
clear that St. Margaret’s bay and adjacent waters

etober, 1922 CANADIAN
important and successful breeding ground for the
ster because of the highey temperature there. The
ater abundance of smallish lobsters in those waters
dicates this.

The Shad Problem

The decrease in the catch of shad has been a
e for complaint for many years and has brought
mut first of all the establishment of hatcheries
later abandoned) and latterly of the _ institution
‘a close season of a period of years. Compar-
ively little has been known of the life of shad

DR. A. P. KNIGHT
Chairman Biological Board

h in its fresh-water and marine stages, so that it has
m very doubtful as to what means would be best to
ing about an increase in the catch without interfering
‘much with the fishery. Mr. A..H. Leim of Toronto
; been studying the life of the shad on the Shubena-
die river and in Minas channel and intermediate
aters. He finds that in the river mentioned the great
jority of the eggs spawned perish ow ing to the natural
dity of the water being +00 great. It is not unexpected,
fore, that he finds the shad fry in that river to be
few. This clearly indicates that the eggs should
eared for. He finds also that in i‘s sea life (the most
portant growing period, which lasts several years)

FISHERMAN 231

the shad feeds upon small spec ies of shrimp, similar to
but distinct from those (‘‘shrimp’’ and ‘‘red feed’’)
which form the chief food of the herring.

Important Medical Substance in Fishes

Within the past year or so Prof. J. J. R. Macleod and
his colleagues in Toronto have discovered and investi-
gated the properties of a remarkable substance, which
is to be found in the pancreas of animals, and which they
have named insulin. This substance hag the remarkable
property of taking away the symptoms of diabetes and
may be of enormous value in controlling this disease. A*
the station Prof. Macleod this past summer has found
this substance in the skate and dogfish, and in a parti-
cularly concentrated form in sue fish ag the sculpin and
monkfish. These fish, now thrown away may prove to
be of considerable importance in this connection. Dr.

S. Jackson of Montreal has co-operated with Prof.
Macleod in locating this substance in fishes.

Experiments on Currents

The greater currents of the ocean have long been
‘known, owing to their importance in navigation. The
lesser ones, which nevertheless modify climate and affect
the distribution of fishes, are still in large part unknown.
In 1919 Dr. J. W. Mavor of Shenectady was asked to
determine with drift bo‘tles the constant currents of
the Bay of Fundy. This work was done from the station
in 1919 and 1920 and has cleared up the matter of the
general movement of the water in that bay and in the
adjacent Gulf of Maine. Some of the bottles were caught
up in the Gulf Stream and carried to the Azores, the
British Isles and +o the north of Norway in the Arctic
ocean. The International Committee on Deep Sea Fish-
eries Investigations has this year planned an extension
of this work along the coast. The Station has had four
sets of drift bottles put out. One lot by the assistance
of the Newfoundland Government was set adrift on a
line from St. John’s out to sea across the Grand Bank.
Another lot was dropped by Mr. G. F. Sleggs of Halifax
from the Steamer ‘‘Kyle’’ across Cabot strait from
Sydney to Port aux Basques. A third lot wag put out
on a line from €anso to the north of Sable island from
the C. G. S. ‘‘Arras’’, and a fourth on a line from near
Cape Sable out to sea across the fishing banks from the
Biological Boat ‘‘Prince’’. The United States Bureau
of fisheries has put out bottles along three lines run-
ning out to sea from points on the coast, the most south-
ern of which is New York.

The returns are still incomplete, but they indicate (1)
that the Labrador or Arctic current comes west along
the south coast of Newfoundland to a negligible extent
only and does not reach our shores, (2) that there is an
immense eddy North of Sable island and into the Gulf of
St. Lawrence through Cabot, strait, the water moving
from east to west on the north and from west to east on
the south side, and (3) that the water around Cape Sable
is largely moving into and around the Gulf of Maine and
Bay of Fundy.

Freez-ng and Fresh Fish

Fish can be available at all times and in all markets
in a fresh condition only by freezing. When the freez-
ing is properly done, the frozen fish are indistinguish-
able from fresh in tests that have been made at the sta-
tion. Although it is the ideal method for distant mar-
kets and for ‘other seasons than that in which the fish
are caught, freezing is rarely carried out in an ideal

232 CANADIAN

fashion. Consequently frozen fish have not had the
reputation they might enjoy. -Dr, E. G. Hood-of Mae-
donald College has begun an enquiry into the deterio-
ration of cold storage fish both before and after freez-
ing. He finds already that the chief damage is done
before the fish are frozen. Fish that have stood only
for a few hours before being frozen are decidedly in-
ferior and go utterly bad in a very short time when
thawed. If the demands of tlfose who like really fresh
fish are to be met, the greatest care and speed must be
used from the death of the fish up to the time i: is fully
frozen.

Dr. Jackson has nearly completed a study of the
effects of varying the rate of the freezing itself and has
found a very great difference in such fish as hake and
cod, depending upon whether ‘hey are frozen rapidly
or slowly. Rapid freezing gives a perfect product, while
slow freezing utterly ruins the fish for food purposes,

Some Voluntary Workers at St. Andrew’s Station

as it becomes tough, spongy, and tasteless. Other
fishes are affected similarly, but not to the same degree.

The principal part of the flesh of the fish consists of
chemical substances called proteins. Little is known of
their nature and of the changes they undergo even when
no bacteria are present to decompose them. Dr. C. C.

Benson, Professor of Food Chemistry in the University ©

of Toronto is making pioneer s‘udies of these substances,
and the results to be obtained will undoubtedly enable
us to devise more perfect methods of keeping the flesh
of the fish in as nearly like the fresh condition ag pos-
sible.

Lobster Canning

iuxtensive losses in lobster canning were reported to
the station in 1918, and Miss J. McFarlane of Toronto
began in that year a study of the causes of the discolora-
tion that spoiled the pack. She found that certain bac-
teria would produce the discoloration and that the bac-
teria in some cases at least had not been killed in boiling
the cans. The subject, as so often happens, proved to
have many angles, and later Dr. F. C. Harrison of Mae-
donald College took it up with the result that a detailed

' to indicate the probable cause of discoloration in eanned

FISHERMAN October, 1922-
report of extensive work on deficiences in lobs‘er cane
ning will shortly be available. The conclusions will apply
in large measure also to the canning of clams and finnan
haddie, where similar trouble has been experienced. a
Prof. Knight has been studying the sanitary condition

in general in connection with lobs‘er factories as th
have important effects on the quality of the output.

has inaugurated a thorough educational and inspec ‘ional
campaign in the direction.of improvement of the con”
ditions found to exist. Dr. G. B. Reed of Kingston,
Ont., who has been associated wi‘h Prof. Knight in this)
work, has just made at the station a study of the bae-¥
teria ‘present in lobster meat in commercial canning fac*-—
ories, and has determined the source’ of the principal —
species of these organisms that are involved. His chem-7
ical investigation of the action of these important spe-~
cies upon fresh lobster meat has advanced sufficiently

these bacteria start to decompose the lobster meat before
they are killed in the canning process, and as a resul® of
this slight decomposition there later comes the blacken-
ing. This emphasizes the fact that for lobster as =

through with the greatest speed, particularly in wai
weather, in order to ensure a good product.

Salting of Fish

Salt is extensively used in the curing and preservation
of fish, its chief action being to prevent the growth 0
the bacteria ‘hat rot the fish. Salts differ and bacteri
differ, and the best procedure in all cases is not yet”
known. Mr. J. M. Luck of Toronto has entered upon a
study of the effect of various salts on the growth and ~
action of the bac‘eria that decompose fish. This stud
which will take several- years, will be pursued by Mr
Luck under a travelling fellowship which he recen
obtained, and will to a considerable extent supple
the investigation (already made public) of Dr. Harr
on the causes of, and the means of preventing, ‘he re

discoloration of dried fish. :

CANADIAN

f Increasing the Smelt Fishery
Vhy does the smelt furnish the most valuable fishery
in the Miramichi estuary, and oeeur in practically
ible quantities in such a bay as Passamaquoddy ?
d not they be made abundant in the latter? We
found one condition that explains in part the small
bers in the latter region, namely the failure of the
’s eggs to develop as spawned in the Magaguadavic
below S*. George. The salvaging of these eggs
2 next problem. Mr. Neil Macleod, Jr. of Summer-
P.E.I. has worked out the abundance of the smelt
the Magaguadavie and the St. Croix rivers and
» life history of one of the two kinds of smelt in
Itopia, which is connected with the Magaguadavic,
things being necessary in conection with the prob-
is expected that means will be found to make
elt fishery of considerable value along sections of
st, where at present it is of no moment.

ee Fish Raising

n we speak of fish culture, we do not mean as
ich as when we say plant culture or stock raising. } ish
re in nearly every case has meant merely the getting
le eggs, the caring for them until they ha‘ch out,

cases to care for the fish (provide them wi‘h suit-
ood and protect them from enemies) during the
fry stages and during the later important grow-
yeriod. Such a venture bris‘les with difficulties,
e time is coming when it will and must be done.
. B. Klugh of Kingston, Ont., has undertaken
vely experiments in cultivating a serise of plants
animals that can be used for ‘he food of fresh-water
He has already succeeded in growing experiment-
both microséopic plants that form the living basis
ish food, and also the small shrimp that live upon
plants, and that serve themselves as the food of
‘or of other animals eaten by fishes. When suc-
obtained in the controlled growth of all
s in such a necessarily long ‘‘food chain’’,
e possible to raise fish in as certain and efficient
lion as cattle are raised on a farm.

; Growth of Shellfish

e shellfish that do not move about and that can
ted, as for example the oyster, no mat*‘er is of
importance than that of the effect of varying
conditions on their growth. What condi‘ions
‘is the question that needs answering. We have
hat light is very detrimental to the mussel, full
ht stunting it to less than one-third of the size
ed in the dark. Mr. H. S. Coulthard has been
‘the effects of varying amounts of light, of vary-
sitions in the tidal zone, and of various tempera-
on the growth of the mussel, and the resul‘s ob-
will be in part applicable to other more valuable
sh. ,
f. A. D. Robertson of London has been investi-
ting the growth of the oyster under various na‘ural
ditions as they occur in Richmond bay and in the
orough estuary, P.E.I. His results form a basis
e rational planting of oysters.

Z ‘Rearing Experiments

t the fisheries-are being depleted and that the
} should be restocked in some way is a never ceas-
. Unfortunately we still have all too little knowl-
re as to what are proper conditions for successful
or artificial restocking, and also as to where
nditions are to be found. We have discovered

FISHERMAN

e liberation of the fry. No attempt is made in’

233

an enormous contrast between the Magdalen shallows
(southern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence) and the
Bay of Fundy as breeding places for many fishes and
other forms of life. Why should the breeding of cod,
mackerel, lobs‘er, oyster, ete. be such a failure in the Bay
of Fundy? In this connection we have just finished
artificially rearing lobster fry under various conditions
in the laboratory. The rearing of these fry is a method
extensively used in some places for restocking waters.
We have found that lobster fry are killed by several
days exposure to full sunlight when all other conditions
are kept right. We have reared them successfully in the
shade or in the dark at various temperatures, namely
77 deg., 68 deg., and 59 deg. F. from the time of hatch-
ing up to and even beyond ‘he fourth stage, but at 50
deg. they all died before or when going into the second
stage, while at 41 deg. they did not develop at all. This
explains the lack of young lobsters. in the Bay of Fundy,
whose waters in large part never go above 50 deg. even
for a short time. These and o‘her results demonstrate
that certain changes should be made in the lobster reg-
ulations, and that rearing of the fry is necessary for the
cooler of our coastal waters, if an adequate supply of
young lobs‘ers is to be ensured.

The total absense of the fry of many fishes in the
Bay of Fundy even when the eggs are spawned there
has been explained by other experiments. Miss E. M.
Taylor of Toronto found that the eggs of the blue perch
or cunner develop successfully, hatch ou‘ into larvae, and
the larvae develop until the yolk is used up, if only the
temperature of the water be high enough, as for example
59 deg. or 63 deg. F. But at 50 deg. the eggs develop very
slowly, and though they may ha‘ch out, the larvae rapid-
ly perish. This explains why the cunner is found in
Passamaquoddy bay only as individuals of relatively
enormous size, which must be very old and have in the
course of years wandered from their successful breeding
grounds such as St. Mary bay, N. S. where the tempera-
ture is (at the head of the bay) high enough for the ~
eggs and fry to survive at least in favourable years.
Like those of the cunner, the eggs of the rockling and
witch are spawned in the Bay of Fundy, but none of ‘he
larvae are ever found. We have recently taken. these
eggs from the bay and found no difficulty in hatching
them and rearing the larvae until the yolk was used up —
if only the temperature were raised to about 60 deg.
At 50 deg., however, though some might hatch, they
were usually misshapen and perished.

Must Join Forces

The importance of the scientist and the man in the
fisheries get‘ing into touch with other so that important
economic applications may come from the scientist’s
investigations, has many times been emphasized. It
will be abundantly evident from the outline just given
of the work done in connec‘ion with the Atlantic Bio-
logical Station that the scientist is in touch with prob-
lems of vital economic interest and tha‘ he is solving .
them, although never as rapidly as he and others could
wish. Will the man in the fisheries do his part in a
rapprochement with the scientist by going to the latter
about subjects that require investigation, not expecting
that ‘he matter will necessarily be cleared up in an ins-
tant or even in a year, and by assisting him in his work
whenever the opportunity arises? It is only natural
that the investiga‘or should consider those problems of
importance of which he hears most, and that he should —
continue to explore along fishery lines only when his
labours are appreciated and assisted. :

Does the man in the fisheries understand how such
work as detailed above is accomplished? If he ig merely

234

a hard-headed busines man, he probably never will un-
derstand how it is done, even though he realizes its
value. The work owes its origin to the foresight and
enthusiasm of certain Canadian scientists, who at the
close of the last century pressed upon the attention
of the federal Government the importance of facili-
ties for such work being provided in Canada, while
the Government provides a grant, used merely for actual
expenses in enabling the work to be done, this money is
insufficient in amount considering the magnitude of
the interests involved. Also it should be known that
this grant is not alone responsible for the work accom-
plished. The members of the Biological Board give their
time and attention to the work without remuneration.
The investators receive no monetary compensation for
their labours, but only ‘he credit of work well done.
They devote a large share of their vacation and often no
inconsiderable part of the remainder of the year to the

CGANADIAN FISHERMAN

problems on which they are engaged. The various co
and universities represen‘ed deserve credit for m
it possible for members of their staffs to take p
this work, and for providing facilities for such me
continue the work while a‘tending to their academic
ties. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Res
is assisting by granting scholarships (living ex
only) to permit promising young men to prove
ability in these investigations.
What will the fishery interests do for work, of
the results benefit them chiefly? Much they cou
Already various individuals and firms have assist
furnishing material and facilities. We ask for a
nuance and an extension of such assistance, ev
it means money and inconvenience. The scien
Governmen‘, and the universities are giving ti
money for this work; why not those engaged in {
eries? fs

Fisheries of China are Neglected © “

Fisheries have been neglected in China. Though the
lack of interest of the authorities is one reason, the
principal drawback to any scheme of development is
the activity of pirates and local bandits. Many fisher-
men are obliged to pay Government taxes to the pirates
who infest the territorial waters along much of China’s
3,000 mile coast line. The navy gunboats afford a slight
measure of protection, it is true, but the menace re-
mains unchecked, and so militates against the introduc-
tion of modern methods of fishing.

It is very difficult, owing to the confusion in the in-
dustry and the lack of any centralizing medium, to gain
statistics of production. Hupeh claims an annual catch
of 92,000,000 catties valued at $9,000,000. The fish in-
clude carp, herring, perch eel, whitebait, shad, bream,
tench, and sturgeon among others. The rivers in Heil-
ungkiang yield a wealth of fish and fishery products,
the principal regions being Hailun, Payen, Lansi, Ta-
tung, Tangyuan, Talai, Shaochow, Kikiang, and Noho.
This provinee, according to one report, yields 27,479,000
catties, but the figure is by no means the limit of its
productivity. The fishing districts are very thinly pop-
ulated and could maintain a much larger number of
people, who, if freed from the superstitions of the local-
ities, could earn a very comfortable livehood. It is im-
possible to supplement the statistics for Hupeh and
Heilungkiang by figures from other provinces as no
tables are obtainable, and even the records for the two
provinces named are based only on private investiga-
tion.

In view of China’s neglect of her own resources, she
- has to rely on imports to supply the wants of the popu-
lation. The main exporters are Hongkong, Macao, and
Japan, whose trade with China for the last three years
is given below:

Imported from Quantity in Piculs Value in Hk Ts.

1918
Hongkong .. .. .. .. 604,795 6,716,487
Macao ; 242,285 3,455,030
Japan ..... 469,538 3,408,084
Imported from Quantity in Piculs Value in Hk. Ts.
1919
Hongkong :..... .. 563,845 5,637,798
Macao 267,526 1,434,489
Japan 349,770 2,570,359

‘promoted and organized by individual mereha

1920 : ne
Hongkong... ...... 684,665 a
Macao -.. 0. i. os. Bao 0ee .
PEPER oo ae eS ee 8B

(The total imports as given in the Customs ret
1,749,203 piculs, valued at Haikwan Taels 13,30
These values represent eight to twelve times
value of China’s exports, which show a continu
cline. Russia is the principal customer (its sh
about 50 per cent). by reason of its contiguity t
of China’s main sourees of supply. og
In order to remedy a state of things which
from bad to worse, the Ministry of Agricu
Commerce has drawn up a scheme, which is |
lined :
1. The Introduction of Modern Methods. ©
nical schools for the fishing industry have b
lished in Tinghai, (Chekiang, and Kuangyun
su), with the object of introducing modern
methods to these two provinces. A trawler has
been built in Tinghai, where the students will
conduct experiments, This year another trawl
constructed for the use of the Kuangyun schoc
2. The Establishment of Fish Markets. Mo
dozen fish markets will be established in the seve
al provinces, which will be divided into fishing ar
this purpose. Each area will have one fish mar

subject to the direct control of the Ministry of
ture and Commerce. The methods adopted in
and Dairen will be copied, and arrangements
made so that the fishermen, fish dealers and b
receive mutual benefit. The Ministry of 4
and Commerce is drawing up a set of regulat
will shortly be promulgated. Individual mere
be invited to form companies and establish fish
and the Ministry will levy a small contribution, t]
ceeds from which will be used for the education
fishing people and the relief of the poor. :
3. The Fishing Association. The Ministry is
vinced of the necessity for organising an ass
representative of all the fishery interests, and
regulations governing the working of such an
tion will soon be published in order to hasten its pr
tion. 3 a

‘gOtembor, 1922

CANADIAN

A story of semi-starvation and nakedness among
any of the fisher folk of northern Newfoundlond
“was told by Dr. Wilfred Grenfell, of Labrador fame,
n the log of his hospital ship Strathcona, recently re-
‘ceived at St. John’s, Newfoundland. The log was
written while Dr. Grenfell and his party of twelve

octors, nurses and teachers were making the first part
of their summer’s trip along the east ‘coast of New-
‘founldand, from Twillingat northwards. Of the trip
as far as Westport Dr. Grenfell wrote:

_ “‘There was so much sickness and poverty in all
this section of the coast that now, after two weeks, we
are only at Westport, having treated over three hun-
dred sick people, many cases the result of semi-star-
vation, for dry white flour and molasses will not main-
“tain life even if there were enough of it. Besides two
who died of beri-beri, another name for starvation, we
_ found one young man crawling up from his stage to
: his home on his hands and knees because he was too
weak to walk.

‘‘Pleur-de-Lys kept us two full days. Here also was
much need and many patients. Here we have tried
to start a branch of industrial work in the form of
building model schooners. A fleet of seven awaited
us, three of which were perfect beauties. We hope to
_ advertise these boats in the United States and Canada
and get good prices for them. Nothing is more ur-
rently needed on this coast than the development of
the excellent native talent along remunerative indus-
. trial lines.

“‘The facts we have observed so far tally entirely
with the letters and telegrams we received in America
during the winter. Semi-starvation has been the rule
rather than the exception, actual starvation has not
been absent. Nakedness is the pre-dominant note, for
when food was unobtainable clothing was not even to
be thought of.

‘*My last patient to-night was a widow, thirty-four
years of age. She looked fifty. With two barefooted
naked children, she has come for cough and pain in
the chest. Pale and haggard she sat in my cabin with-
out one word of complaint. She had been on dry white
flour and molasses all winter, her little girl of two
years showed it only too clearly. At times she had
been even out of dry flour, and pathetically told how
her poor neighbor, a very poor neighbor, had loaned
her one of his two barrels, which as yet, she had not
been able to repay. Her two elder boys had worked
at pulnwood—the form of relief given by the govern-
ment this winter—but had been unable to earn enough
for sufficien‘ food and clothing of the coarsest kind
and had, like many hundred more, to face the winter
eold utterly inadequately protected. The experience
of every one has heen that the working man cannot
support even a little family, not even feed them, at

‘nit propping’ at the prices. paid, unless under very

FISHERMAN

Newfoundland Fisher Folk Suffer

Dr. Grenfell deseribes conditions of distress
in northern section of the country—Semi-
starvation and nakedness.

favorable circumstances, such as having one or two
lads with the father.’’

Extortionate Prices Demanded

“At La Scie to Round Harbor and in Confusion
Bay the people got $5.00 per cord, rinded, sawn and
piled, while at Westport and Middle Arm $4.25 was
paid. In Round Harbor flour sold at $11.00 per bar-
rel and molasses at $1.00 per gallon. At Westpoint
$13.00 was paid for flour and $1.20 for molasses. But-
terine has been very scarce and Sterling Oleo cost
from 37 1-2 to 40 cents a pound. The laborers have

.no chance of cash payments, and had to accept the

prices or go without .

‘“The most serious disaster of all will be, however,
if, now, the material is not utilized. The immense
amount of unutilized pit props cut in past years, and
now rotting in piles under the eyes of the men, who
often went through so much misery to cut, stack and
haul them, are a serious source of discontent. Our
northern woods cannot stand the drain well; they re-
forest slowly and everyone grudges the cutting of
them unless they are really used. The relatives of one
of the men who died of beri-beri told me he worked
almost until the last moment, still going to try to ‘‘do
his bit,’’ after his half paralyzed limbs had swollen so
that he could hardly drag one after the other over the
snow and until his belt would searcely circle his wa-
lerlogged body, and all for pulp-wood. I forbear to
describe here other cases, but our records are avail-
able to anyone who is really interested in this vital
problem,’’

‘‘How about the chance of these people earning
enough this summer to enable them to tide over next
winter. Alas, their chance is seriously imperilled by
the depreciation of all they owned last year, and have
no chance to replace. Several men have come to us
who have not even a line with which to catch fish, a
grain of salt to preserve it, or a boot or oilskin to pro-
teet them while on the sea at work.. Warm garments |
are equally conspicuous by their absence and nets in
many cases are useless because of lack of twine to
repair them. ‘Oh, someone will supply them,’ is the
usual reply. But the smaller and only merchants say
‘We are not able to do it.’ ”’

If these terrible times are a death blow to the whole
supply system, a vicious heritage of the colony, even
the price paid will perhaps not have been too great.’’
(Under the ‘supply system’ the fishermen get their
outfit from the dealers and pay later with their catch.
There are few cash transactions except when settling
up times come. It has been charged, in connection
with this system generally, that buyers are especially
liable to be charged excessive prices and that it lacks
the moral benefits of cash transactions).

236 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

HOW FISH HEAR

Very few people could say off-hand what a fish’s ear
looks like. And those who could say would explain
that: it looks like nothing because there is no ear-piece
visible.

Sounds have to be transmitted through the unbroken
surface of the skin and flesh, by way of three auditory
nerves, to the exquisitely-fashioned little sounding
boards which lie near a fish’s skin.

This much a press representative learnt from Mr. G.
Allan Frost, F. G. S., of Farnborough, Kent, who has
devoted years of his life to the study of the dedicate
mechanism which enables a fish to hear, and which also
provides it with a sense of balance. Mr. Frost lent his
wonderful collection of otoliths for exhibition at the
Fisheries Exhibition, where it has attracted much
attention.

Fairy-Like Bands

What is an otolith?

An otolita is the substance looking like bone, but
compounded of the same materials as a pearl, which
forms the receiving boards of a fish’s hearing apparatus.
Up to a certain number of years, after which the
‘“nattern’’ is often rather confused, experts can tell the
age of a fish by the rings delicately graven on his oto-
liths.

A pearl accumulates its substance round a kernel-like
centre. A growing fish adds a flat ring of calcium
carbonate to his otoliths from time to time.

Finely fretted, exquisitely curved, and ringed with
fairly-like bands, the otoliths look as if they might be
serious rivals to their cousins the pearls should some
Philistine seize them and turn them into a necklace.

Lying among them are fossilised specimens, which
were all that remained of the fish they once. belonged
to when the curious scientist dug them up from their
age-long bed.

Other otoliths, now part of the stone in which they
are embedded, so far as lay eyes can see, tell stories to
scientists of fish that swam before men walked. — Fish-
ing News.

AUGUST SPLENDID FISHING MONTH

The quantity of sea fish landed on both the Atlantic
and Pacific Coasts during the month was 1,242,316
ewts. valued at $3,161,044, while for the same period
in the preceding year 757,378 cwts. were taken valued
at $2,241,701.

There were 477,434 ewts. of cod, haddock, hake and
pollock taken compared with 350,805 ewts. in August
1921. The catch of hake was three times as great as
during the same month last year. 17,873 ewts. of
mackerel were taken during the month compared with
15,836 ewts. in the corresponding period last year. This
brings the total catch for the year up to 203,151 ewts.
compared with 116,694 ewts. last year.

During the month there were 16,921 cwts. of lobsters
taken compared -with 11,544 cwts. in August 1921.
Since the opening of the season in November last, there
have been 331,698 ewts. Of this quantity 59, 785 ewts.
were used fresh and the remainder canned, making
135,934 cases. In the corresponding period last year
315, 693 cwts. were taken of which 83,206 ewts were
used fresh or shipped in shell and the remainder can-
ned, making 116,697 cases.

On the pacific Coast the catch of halibut was less in
August 1921, while the catch of salmon was more than
double, there being 471,200 ewts and 224,010 ewts
taken during the respective months.

One fisherman lost his life off the Atlantic Coast
during the month.

October, 19 29

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FOR MOTOR 16! mene

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Use a Columbia a
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HE sharp frosty air of October and
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A Columbia ‘‘Multiple’’? Dry Battery
with its 15-cell power gives a fat, hot
spark that ignites the gas with the first
turn of the crank. Save yourself from
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Columbia Dry Batteries are famous —
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at all.
-everybody knows, pearl oyster fisheries in the Per-

CANADIAN

FISHERMAN

237

Japs Deceive Pearl Experts

Cunning Orientals assist nature in growing

precious stones
California waters.

Owners in Paris of valuable strings of pearls have
been thrown into something like consternation by the
published opinion of Dr. Louis Boutan, professor of

seience at the University of Bordeaux and an expert

in pearls, that he and other pearl experts are unable

Eto distinguish between real pearls and those artifical

ly grown by the Japanese. The statement of Dr. Bou-
tan, made at the French Academy of Sciences, re-

" _ moves the last hope concerning Japanese pearls, which
have been grown in quantity since M. Mikimoto, the

Japanese scientist made his discovery.
Pearls normally are grown by accident, through a
fine grain of sand entering the shell of the oyster. The

_ white substance, called a pearl, grows inside the oyst-
-_ er and is a secretion caused by the effort of shell-fish
to get rid of the foreign substance. {
-_ eeived the idea of opening oysters and inserting the

Mikimoto econ-

foreign substance, or grain of sand, that formerly

came there accidentally. eee
- Since Japanese began to grow pearls artificially,

there has been much discussion as to whether these
new pearls would affect the value of the accidentally
grown pearls. The only difference would appear to

be in the pearl seed, or grain of sand, and now it is

elaimed by Dr. Boutan that even this difference can-
not be detected. ;

The statement of Dr. Boutan is categoric: ‘‘If I
did not have a certificate of origin when sections of
pearls were shown me, pearls cut into sections for test-

er ing purposes, I would not be able to say which pearl

is artificial.’’

BREEDING PEARL OYSTERS
Nearly all. of the pearls that go to make up the
gorgeous and expensive ‘‘ropes’’ now so much affec-

ted by fashionable women and chorus ladies are der-
ived from a bivalve mollusk called the pearl oyster;

though, as a matter of fact, it is not a true oyster
But never mind about that. There are, as

sian Gulf, in certain Japanese waters and in various
other parts of the world.

It is only in the Gulf of California, however, that
a successful effort has been made to breed pearl oys-
ters, the plant established for the purpose being lo-
eated in San Gabriel Cove, Espiritu Santo Island.

There a lagoon is cut off from the waters of the

! gulf by a massive barrier of masonry, and behind the

latter is a long zigzag canal built of concrete. The
canal is used for rearing baby pearl oysters, and its
entrance is screened by gates of wire net to keep out
mollusk-eating fises, starfishes and other enemies. —
During the breeding season heavy framed wire-
covered crates containing lattice trays of wood are
placed on the bottom of the lagoon, in order that the

free-swimming bivalves may attach themselves there-

upon and proceed to grow. To make sure that there
shall be plenty of such ‘‘spat,’’ a number of spawning
oysters are put into each crate.

The bottom of the lagoon is cleaned of plant growth

\
4

Pearl Oysters bred in

and has been paved with stones by divers in armor.
When the young oysters are an inch or two in dia-
meter they are brought into the canal, cleaned of
any seaweeds their shells may have acquired and
placed in shallow wire trays in lattice racks, being
thus supported above the bottom and exposed to the
tidal flow of the water.

Through the canal the tide flows and ebbs, carrying
mulitudes of minute plants and animalcules to feed
the growing oysters. A thatched covering runs along
the whole length of the zigzag ditch of concrete, af-
fording a shelter to protect the bivalve against the
heat when the water is low.

After eight or nine months in the canal the oysters
are returned to the lagoon, in the crates and left there
to grow until they are three years old. Smooth in-
clined planes of concrete along the sloping beach faci-
litate the manipulation of the crates, which are drag--
ged over them into and out of the sea.

By this ingenious method the pearl oyster, hitherto
a wild animal, has been reduced to a sort of domesti-
cation; and fishing for it, under ordinary conditioris
« hazardous business is deprived of its dangers. The
production of pearls is necessarily more or less acci-
dental, but the shells, so highly valued for buttons and
articles of ornament, yeild the bulk of the money
income derived from the enterprise. ,

The business of breeding pearl oysters is an industry
in itself, though this is not generally known.

FRY AND FINGERLINGS DISTRIBUTED

This season over 266,000 Atlantic salmon advanced
fry and fingerlings were distributed from the Banff
Hatchery, Banff, Alberta. This is an increase of 100
per cent on last year’s figures.

The number of Atlantic salmon advanced fry and
fingerlings which were distributed from Margaree
Hatchery, located at North East Margaree, Cape Bret-
on, was 138,500. Although not quite as high as last
year, it is a very creditable showing.

At Windsor, some 3,700 Atlantic salmon advanced
fry and fingerlings and some 3, 500 speckled trout and
fingerlings were planted out in the lakes and streams
in the vicinity of the hatchery. This is an advance of
20,000 on the number distributed in 1916, which was
the last previous year that fry were retained for feed-
ing at this establishment. .

To date some 362,000 Atlantic salmon advanced fry
and fingerlings were distributed from the St. John
Hatchery. This number is not quite as large as the
distribution figure last pear, but there are still spec-
kled trout, rainbow and brown trout and landlocked
salmon to be distributed from St. John this fall.

At Cultus Lake 3,732,500 sockeye salmon fingerlings
were distributed. This shows a tremendous increase
on 1921, during which only 10,000 sockeye fingerlings
were distributed.

29 : CANADIAN

FISHERMAN

ede ope Mae oe ee

UNITED{STATES.FISH FIRMS Specializing in the HANDLING
OF CANADIAN‘ FISH

o Wemeenws & FS) a. 8 8 bee
ri MITTIN TTL eee ee tel od lel HKSAR SEO SEBS

W. irving Atwood, W. Elmer Atwood, Irving M. Atwood,
President. Vice-President. Treasurer.
———— s \
#
ALL
WACHUSET = VARIETIES ‘
BRAND ~— OF THE ;
FINNAN HADD SEASON i.
31 Boston Fish Pier Boston, Mass. é
4
4
| : W. J. VHAY, Detroit, Mich. | —
[ag = AT WN WY WS! Importer, Broker, Commission Merchant, a
<A = me i SE IC wy (OM APANY. lV ’ Specializing in a
Le | ES Vi \ °<\ ae re »* UE WA NA ine CANNED LOBSTERS FAT SALT HERRING ~
uy, ik \ LES Nt fe 1) \\ ~- Ls RASS SUMS CANNED CLAMS SMOKED FISH ng
ARE Le i Addons soy» Have the market of the big Middle West. Willing | —
to develop any staple food product of Canada. Have 7%
WHOLESALE PRODUCERS, IMPORTERS AND SHIPPERS OF been handling Canadian Products for 20.yaaun ae a
| FRESH CHILLED, SMOKED, SALTED LAKE AND OCEAN and mercantile references. ‘ t!
FISH OYSTERS*=CLAMS cemeteries ae
:
A. E. HALLETT
BROKER 4
FRESH AND FROZEN FISH - 4
Correspondence solicited 4
BUFFALO.N.Y, Ref., Corr Exchange National Beek or any Chicago ha
wholesale fish concern. _ a
N. Clarke St, CHICAGO
Phone Intervale 720 Ss. Rosenberg

SWORDFISH

FOR THE BEST RESULTS SHIP TO

R.S. HAMILTON COMPANY

17 Administration Byijding, Fish Pier,
BOSTON, Mass.

On the Boston Market over 25 years

PHENIX PACKING CO.
837 Southern Boulevard, - Bronx, New York :
We buy WHITE FISH and CISCOE ROE
STURGEON CAVIAR any quantity

Best Market Prices.
(For reference Cosmopolitan Bank of the Bronx, N.Y.)

ly. SANADIAN_ ae

AS) rll

VOL. IX GARDENVALE, P. Q., NOVEMBER a y No. ll
a % > ed

YATIONAL FISH

NATIONAL FISH COMPANY LIMITED-
Wholesale FISH MERCHANTS = /) Pe = *)

Largest Producers of Finnan Had-
dies Fillets and Kippers on the
Atlantic Seaboard of
North America

f LLL LEER LILLE Bp ‘

LUMITED EA SCH

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sad Office & Plants: HALIFAX, N.S. Canada. Branch Office & Plants: Port Hawkesbury, N.S.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Fishermen’s Supplies|

Knox’s and Barbour’s
Linen Gilling Nets
Sea Island Cotton Gilling Nets
Pounds Nets, Hoop Nets, Dip Nets

Drag Seines, Minnow Seines, Trammel Nets.

2. INCH MESH,OR are
q 62 i

In ordering state number of thread, size of mesh

(stretched), number of meshes deep, and selvage.
| _._ WE CARRY A COMPLETE STOCK OF
Gold Medal Seine Twine in Medium and Soft Lay

It is our aim to ship your order the same day as received.

WRITE FOR A CATALOGUE

John Leckie Limited |

77 WELLINGTON ST. WEST, TORONTO.

, =
‘ 3 ‘
sae : i aa bs mal at : 4 ? - ne p \ < : ;
en Ee earl en Re Pe, es a? ee | a ey ae eee, ge) Bee Se res OR ee oe ee a eee le ee ee ee Or ee el A eee, eee

CANADIAN FISHERMAN.

\

bad
Cf

=.

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

A Monthly Journal devoted to the Commercial Development of the Fishery Resources of Canada,

and Technical Education of those engaged in the Industry.

_—, THE
CANADIAN FISHERMAN

GARDENVALE, P. Q., NOVEMBER 1922

No. 11

CONTENTS

Editorial :
When a Bonus is not a Bonus ..
Government Policy re Dogfish :.
Hon. Mr. Perrault and Fisheries ..
Where Co-operation Would Pay
Inspiration From Sweden
Piseaforial Paragraphs

General:

Interesting Items From Old Country
Bluenose Once More the Champion
National Fish Day is Becoming Popular ..
What’s to be Done to Sell More Fish? ..
More Fish and Much Bigger Revenue ..
News Notes from Far and Near

Trade Makes Remarkable Recovery

Wants Dogfish Supply for Reduction Plant ..
Disposition of Groundfish Catches ..

Babcock Criticizes Fraser Report ..

A Novel Auxiliary Installation .. .. ..
Sardine Herring Industry Needs Help
British Fish Man Visits Pacific Coast

siemiemented

SUBSCRIPTION

_ Ganada, Newfoundland and Great Britain car

United States and Elsewhere .
Payable in advance.

Published on the 17th of each month. Changes of ad-
vertisements must be in the publisher’s hands ten days
before that date. Cuts should be sent by mail, not by

express. Readers are cordially invited to send to the.

editor items of fishery news, also articles of practical

| interest. If suitable for publication, these will be paid
_ for at our regular rate.

The Industrial & Educational Publishing Go.
a Limited
J. J. Harpell, President and Managing Director
GARDEN CITY PRESS, Gardenvale, Que.
Telegrams and Express Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.
Eastern Manager, A. S. Christie, Gardenvale, Que.

Western Manager, H. W. Thompson, Aladdin Building,
208 King St. W., Adelaide 3310

18

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Why buy GASOLINE when CRUDE OIL, at a
quarter the cost will do the same work
with increased safety and efficiency

We have recently received instructions to replace a
highclass gasoline engine on a schooner with a

DENSIL CRUDE OIL ENGINE |

See article on page 254 howing how engine can be installed in a
boat, not designed for auxiliary power,
with the minimum of expense and trouble.

7BHP. & UP
FOR PRICES, TERMS AND DELIVERIES APPLY TO

The Orie Oil Engine Co., of Canada }

14 PLACE ROYALE “MONTREAL

_ WHEN A BONUS IS NOT A BONUS

der authority of ‘‘An act to encourage the de-
ment of the sea fisheries and the building of
x vessels,’’ the government distributed $160,000
hermen and vessel and boat owners on the Atlan-
gen last year. It has been doing the same thing
1 1882 and in the same way. Keeping in view the
bject of the expenditure as defined in the title of
e act authorizing it, it is illuminating to study the
ectiveness of its Giktetbution,

. ach vessel owner got a bounty of $1 per registered
yn payment on any one vessel not exceeding $80.

ach owner of boat measuring not less than thirteen
keel, $1 per boat.

h vessel fisherman, $7.

ach boat fisherman, $5.30.

together, bounties were paid on 586 vessels and
8 boats; to 4,273 vessel or deep-sea fishermen, and
boat or inshore fishermen.

Ve can imagine the enthusiasm stimulated among
young gallants along the Nova Scotia coast to ‘‘go
own to the sea in ships.’? Who would not be impelled
to weather the elements on the banks and even risk
ii life, with the prospect in view of a $7 bonus at the
d of the year? Why by laying that aside each year
‘or a thousand years one will have built up a tidy fund
to provide for his old age. Of course if he has the
nis ortune to live only a few hundred years, why he’s
iply out of luck.

And as for inshore fishermen, we can imagine the
folk scampering about in kittenish glee over the
spect of a $5.30 bonus, the wherewithal to: procure
new pair of suspenders, some wollen socks, some
trong shag and a few plugs of chewin’. What, say!
Bh sason' work should justify such dissipation.

d Mr. Duff and other prosperous vessel owners in
he east must chuckle mirthfully at the gratuity of a
ar a ton to make sleek swans of their homely fish-
eraft. We can imagine Angus Walters gazing spe-
tively at his cracked and weathered spar and cal-
ating what his vessel bounty of $70 or $80 will do
owards replacing it. With his bounty in one hand he
s about his vessel studying what he can do with it
finally, in absolute surrender, he calls the boys
her and invites them ashore to have a ham sand-
and a cup of coffee—just a little mug-up.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

0 ¢ ¢ ¢

SOND ECHOLS

paid us $4,500,000 for certain

YOLGNOL GOL ovotovotovotovotcvrotcvotovotovotovotow Yotovotoy

EDITORIAL cut

Pee ears arr ae

JAMES H. CONLON, Editor

Mr. Boat-owner on receipt of his one dollar gratuity
straigthway proceeds to bedeck his craft and sally
forth in splendor to stupify with amazement the fishes
of the sea and dip-net them in their bewilderment.

Scattered over forty years the government has spent
six millions and a half, excluding interest, and it has
just drifted through the sieve in dollars and five dol-
lars. Originally it was said to be the interest on the
Halifax award of 1877 by which the United States
concessions. Imme-
diately someone conceived the brilliant idea of in-
stituting a waste fund and he certainly accomplished
his purpose. Six millions and a half shot to the devil
in forty years! And the unconcern with which the
matter is being regarded by politicians gives promise
of another few odd millions being shot before the
country wakes up.

We perhaps would not be so critical if the industry
was provided with all the money necessary for its
honest expansion and we were rolling in the wealth of
Croesus. But such is not the case. The government is
erying for economy, and up to the present a matter of
$25,000 is denied us for the very essential reform of
instituting a separate fisheries department. We have
little reason to doubt that the fisheries administrative
officers realize the utter futility of the fishing bounty
and would, if nothing but the facts of the situation |
were to be considered, make other use of the money.
Responsibility would seem to rest with the politicians.
They see the danger of creating a bit of criticism among
a few interested people and shy clear of the issue. Be-
cause a wrong exists is no reason why it should con-
tinue. Let those people in the House of Commons who
are interested, or profess to be interested, in the de-
velopment of our fisheries, show some initiative in the
matter. One who hesitates because he fears to lose his
seat at a subsequent election lacks the backbone re-
quired by men who are safe to trust with our affairs.
We are not averse to the government’s paying each
and every fisherman $1,000 a year. God knows they
could make good use of it, But we frankly feel that it
is not a square deal to anyone to have the impression
abroad that the Atlantic industry is bonused to the
extent of $160,000 annually when, in effect, it gets
nothing. A pound of flour is of practical use and one
may make a loaf of bread, but when that pound is
seattered hither, thither and yon, there is not enough
for anyone to employ usefully.

240
GOVERNMENT POLICY RE DOGFISH

Elsewhere in this issue we have reproduced extracts
from an address before the Prince Rupert Board of
Trade by George G. Bushby, general manager of the
Rupert Marine Products Limited, on the industrial op-
portunities arising from the reduction of dogfish and
sharks, and the various reasons why such an enterprise
should receive material assistance from the govern-
ment.

In connection therewith two facts brought out at
the hearings by the Royal Commission on the Pacific
coast recently, stand out clearly, first, that the future
supply of salmon and halibut is menaced by overfish-
ing, and second, that the predatory dogfish, and, like-
wise, the shark, take a heavier toll on salmon than do
the fishermen. Two logical deductions may be made
from these facts, first, that it is behooveful to the gov-
ernment to rid the waters of predatory fishes, and,
second, that if over-fishing has been the means of re-
ducing the supply of salmon and halibut a stimulation
of fishing for dogfish and sharks would have a similar
effect on these species.

Another striking statement by the chairman of the
commission may be applied to this dogfish enterprise.
He declared that the business of fishing must be made
a twelve months’ occupation instead of a seasonal one
if fishermen are to prosper and the industry progress.
The Rupert Marine Products Limited at Prince Rupert,
B. C. has been depending for its raw material on the
waste and refuse from the salmon and halibut fish-
eries, but about this season of the year fishermen are
laying up their boats and preparing for a winter’s lay-
off. Consequently the reduction plant must also close
up, despite the fact that the seas roundabout are alive
with the raw material it requires. The proposition now
is to keep the fishermen busy catching dogfish and the
plant busy manufacturing them into commercial pro-
ducts, and thus give practical effect to Mr. Duff’s con-
viction.

As Mr. Bushby points out, however, the present mar-
ket for the commodities manufactured from marine
waste is remote and the competition so keen that it
would be impossible to pay*the fishermen enough for
the dogfish they catch to make the business worth while
for them. He asks that the fishermen, therefore, be
bonused by the government to the extent of $3 a ton
or thereabouts and that it be paid them on the same
tally upon which the reduction plants pay them. This
would enable the government, as we pointed out edi-
torially last month, to inaugurate a policy which would
have ramified advantages. In the first place it would
tend to remove a menace to more valuable fisheries,
second, it would assist a new industry replete with
many possibilities, and, third, it would provide em-
ployment for fishermen when they may otherwise be
idle.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

November, °

Let it be understood that the Canadian Fisherm
making no particular appeal on behalf of this comps
It is viewing the matter entirely from the standpo. n
of the industry and the benefits that may accrue, Ne
is the company making any request of the governme
for special treatment. It is not intended that the b ont
should be paid to Prince Rupert fishermen alone, }
to any fishermen in any part of the country wh
the opportunity in the same or similar lines,
years ago the government opened reductions wo?
the Maritime Provinces, with the object, we belie
inducing private capital to launch into the field.
failure of the plan from a commercial viewpoir
urally did not inspire the necessary enthus
bonus policy, however, may do the trick. At.
comparatively trivial in proportion to the go
may result, the government may do a tremer
vice to the industry and to the people engage

We understand that the government at Ot
being approached by Fred Stork, M_P., Prince |
to assist the new industry, or, to put ‘* ano
to help finance the destruction of marine species *
are robbing the country of millions each year.
all angles of the question into consideration
that the project should receive the wholeheart
port of Ottawa and we honestly believe aug
the case.

HON. MR. PERRAULT AND FISHERI

Hon, J. H. Perrault, minister of mines, co
and fisheries in the Quebee government, gave
teous and most encouraging hearing to a del
from the Canadian Fisheries Association re
A. Paulhus, and the secretary of the assoe
terviewed the minister with respect to overze
on the part of certain fishery officers which
seriously interfere with retail trade, and 2
gards desired alterations in the fisheries act
provinee.

The minister took immediate steps —
grievances and promised to take into serious |
tion amendments proposed by the association, @
thermore, to consult the association on
changes in legislation and on fisheries policy

Hon. Mr. Perrault took advantage of the
to secure advise on the condition of the in
what steps should be taken to develop the ve
resource in the Province of Quebec. He wags
frankly that the chief need was a bigger m
that the most effective means of creating this
educate the people to eat more fish. The m ini is
much interested and intimated that more w.
heard from him. He has proved himself a
action and we confidently anticipate some p
steps to make more of the fisheries in this p
Quebec is in the fortunate position of having mo:
spend and the government is showing a_ disposi
to spend it on improving the province, ee i

ember, 1922 |
- WHERE CO-OPERATION WOULD PAY

National Fish Day, October 31, was a distinct suc-
Reports from all sections of the country indicate
a marked stimulation of trade. Undoubtedly the ce-
lebration of this annual event is producing results.
ople are becoming more familiar with our sea and
h water fishes and are becoming cognizant of their
it as food. Our domestic fish requirements are
easing, slowly, but growing nevertheless. This
be attributed entirely to the efforts of the Can-
1 Fisheries Association, supported by the fish-
; authorities at Ottawa, and the fact serves as
actical demonstration of what may be accomplished
1 little effort. Instead of relaxing now, the proper
hing would be to increase the effort and encourage a
ree ter and greater demand for seafoods to a degree
ompatible with the extent of our great resources.

lsewhere in this issue we have enlarged upon the
me of expanding the home market and the reasons
make this necessary. Co-operation is the imple-

ease demand, but how much more effective would
effort of Mr. Paulhus, and others like him, be, if
- joined forces instead of spending their money
-e or less blindly. Some centres are oversupplied
h fish, others are fish-starved. Any amount of
cation will not induce a man to eat fish when it is
available to him except by journeying to Montreal,
onto or some other centre.

the Canadian Fisheries Association has served the
pose of uniting the industry in a good many ways
t has accomplished many things which could not
e been accomplished without it. Now that this
meer work has been done it should not be a tre-
n¢ ous task to organize the industry for the purpose
of undertaking a systematic development of trade at
ne and a proper expansion of the geographical area
ched by our system of supply.

itation. Another way of accomplishing the same
amercial effect would be to increase the number of

In view of the very meagre results from our repeat-
ed requests for more substantial government aid to the
dustry it is interesting to observe what the authori-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

241

ties in Sweden are doing. Both state and local au-
thorities there are taking steps to advertise to the pub-
lic the advantages of increasing its fish fare. Fisher-
men are being encouraged to improve their boats and
gear to attain maximum efficiency and modern fish-
ing ports are being built by the government. Scien-
tific research is being stimulated. In modern parlance,
the Scandinavian government is shooting some pep
into its fisheries. Reflecting upon the fact that the
fisheries of Sweden can in nowise compare with our
prolific resources, could it be said that the Swedes are

showing unjustified energy? Or may it be that we are
falling down on the job?

PISCATORIAL PARAGRAPHS |

All the elements of the human body, if reduced to
commercial commodities, according to scientific cal-
culation, would not bring more than ninety-eight cents.

: :
In one way we’re poor fish. The carcass of a sperm

whale is worth $2,000.

Extensive gold discoveries are reported in the La-
brador district and a big rush of prospectors is ex-
pected in the spring. What effect this will produce
upon the economic condition of Newfoundland and the

development of other natural resources remains to be
seen.

It isn’t the fishing industry alone that is objecting
to the ever-tightening grip of the Orientals in British
Columbia. Just recently the Retail Merchants’ Asso--
ciation, alarmed by the increasing numbers of Japs
and Chinese and their destructive competition in all
branches of trade, has petitioned the government for
an effective restriction of Oriental immigration. The
easterners are crafty and they appear to possess an
unusual faculty for evading the law.

Angus Walters talks sense when he proposes to the
Mayflowers skipper a race from Newfoundland to the
West Indies with equal cargoes of fish, then to Turk’s
Island to load an equal cargo of salt and return to New-
foundland. The Boston Post says it’s a good sporty
proposition and suggests that the Mayflower owners
think it over. The incident merely emphasizes the
fact that the Bluenose and the Mayflower were not
built for the same purpose.

Courage Failed

The worried countenance of the bridegroom disturbed
the best man tiptoeing up the aisle, he whispered:
“What’s the matter Jock?” Have ye lost the ring?

“No,” blurted out the unhappy Jock. “The ring’s safe
eno’. But mon, I’ve lost ma enthusiasm.

242

Paris, France.—The oyster season has opened here,
but the “R” months this year will be marked by a serious
shortage of this succulent food throughout France. Some
plague, which so far seems to have puzzled the scientists,
attacked the oysters last year, and its ravages instead of
decreasing have multiplied, and some of the large French
oyster enltivators have been almost ruined. The strange
malady caused a high mortality among the oysters last
year, but this year the disease has attained the propor-
tions of an epidemic. The death of the oysters takes
place just when they have attained full growth and are
ready to be dredged for the market. Various theories
have been advanced to explain the mystery, the latest be-
ing that the oysters are attacked by a sort of fungus
which grows with the rapidity of a mushroom in the af-
fected waters.

Owing to the mortality among the flat oysters, in
which the French specialize, prices have increased from
50 to 100 per cent over last season, and may go higher.
Marennes, which last year cost 9fr 500c per dozen, now
cost 14fr 50c; and Americans, which last year cost 8fr
50c will, this year cost 10 to 12 francs. Portugese oysters,
which last year cost 2fr 75c, this year cost 3fr 25c.

Comparatively little work was done on the oyster beds
during the war, and many were abandoned. This, com-
bined with the epidemic, makes it unlikely that there will
be a plentiful supply of oysters in France at moderate
prices for at least four years. One year must elapse be-
fore new sprat can be planted, and it takes three years
for the sprats to develop into full-fledged oysters. So
even if the epidemic does not further deplete the oyster
beds, lovers of this luscious dish will have to pay high
prices or wait patiently for the return to normal condi-
tions.

Shortly after the war, fishermen of Boulogne, France,
were making 18,000 francs a year, equal to $1,500 to
$1,060. This year their best earnings have been: 457
francs per month, equal to about $45. Many have only
earned 350 francs per month. They are guaranteed 250
francs per month.

Prices on Paris Market

Fine lobsters are selling in the central markets at Paris
for 8 to 10 francs per kilo. This is 40 to 50 cents per
pound. Retail fish shops charge consumers much great-
er prices.

Salt Cod at the central markets is selling for 2 to 3
francs per kilo—9 to 14 cents per pound— a big drop
from prices prevailing just after the war. Haddock
brings 5 to 6 francs per kilo—24 to 28 cents a pound,

French Salmon sells for 14 to 16 francs per kilo, while
cold storage salmon range from’5 to 12 francs.

At the central markets in Paris, the sale of 200 tons
of fish represents a big day’s operation. At Billingsgate
London, the handling of 800 tons is a good day’s work.

Interesting Ceremony

An interesting ceremony, which is an annual custom,
took place recently at the Church of St. Magnus the
Martyr, London Bridge. In connection with the annual
service of thanksgiving for the harvest of the sea, all
sorts of fish, contributed by the dealers at Billingsgate
were exhibited on a specially constructed stand. extend.
ing the whole length of the central aisle of the Church.

= these exhibits were later contributed to Guy’s Hospi-
al.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Interesting Items from Old Country —

By COLIN McKAY

portation of lobsters, as part of its policy of rest

November, 1

Germany Bars Lobsters
The Government of Germany has prohibited the i

the consumption of lobsters. Before the war, a ce
quantity of Canadian canned lobster was sold in ¢
many, but the market there was not of great impo ta
Fisheries Congress
The 7th National Congress of the Maritime
Association of France was recently held in M
The last was held at Tunis in 1914.
Dantzig Develops Herring Trade
Since the war there has been great activity in
herring trade at Dantzig, due to the lack of oth
stuffs in Eastern Europe and the enterprise of
and England in disposing of surpluses. In 19
quantity of herring landed at Dantzig was 522,
compared with 240,601, in 1921, and 242,597
during the period 1911-1913. The imports for
made up as follows: England 308,000 tons; No
465; Sweden 7,247 tons, Denmark 2,633. It is
that in the future, Dantzig will be a very impo
tributing centre for salt herrings. Special port
for handling this trade are being created. D
been placed at the disposal of the Dantzig
Salt Herring’s Importers, and these docks will
connected with the railway lines running out of
This port expects to supply Russia with salt
and Russia, before the war, was the greatest r
salt herrings in the world. i
Kight-Hour-Day Abrogated
The action of the French Government in abi
law adopted in 1919 for an eight hour day
apply to the crews of fishing vessels with the
of engine staffs. This law was adopted at a -
it was thought all the maritime nations wou
an eight hour day at sea. Of course on ste
the deck force worked irregular hours, but,
certain exceptions, the men were able to claim
for effective labor over the eight hours. The
ers protested that this law placed them at a
as compared with fishing vessels of other cow
London.—One of the curious features of
ordinary summer is that no mackeral harvest —
reaped by the fishermen, says a report from
Usually shoals of mackeral are caught in Sep
only a few hundred had been landed this y
weather is blamed for the non-appearance of the
ME Sun, Moon and Herring
According to Prof. O. Petterson, herring a
mum abundance in the North Sea at inte
years. The schools wax and wane over periods
From 1875 to 1896, they were so abundant that
were established to convert them into fertilizers.
Lyingman thought the years of “miraculous fis
which occurs every 111 years, were due to
but Prof. Petterson says this periodical variation
to the moon in conjunction with declination of th
caosing unusual states of tide. .

ALL KINDS |
Orator : ‘‘I want reform! I want reform! I w.

form! I want labor reform! I want governme
form! I want—”’ ae

Voice in crowd: ‘‘Chloroform!”’

November, 1922

' comment of the Ameri-

that ill-feeling is being
‘in the apparent confu-
ag broadening of interest

dicted that it

In the three years the

ae ay TM

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

243

Bluenose Once More the Champion

Tremendous interest in this year’s races off
Gloucestor — Captain Walter offers a real
race to the Mawflower.

(Written for Canadian Fisherman)

The international fisherman’s race for 1922 igs now a
thing of the past, and the Bluenose of Lunenburg, cham-
pion for 1921, still retains the trophy which is emblematic
of supremacy among North Atlantic fishing vessels.

| The races off Gloucester (Mass) between the Bluenose
' and the U.S. Contender,

the Henry Ford of Glou-
cester, between October
21 and October 26 ecar-
ried no end of thrills
and excitement. The

can press on the events
varies greatly. Some
papers accuse the inter-
national committee of
bungling and intimate

bred, while others saw

sion a deepening and

in the meet, ‘and pre-
would
within a few years ab-
solutely displace the
American Cup Races
(by yachts) as the pre-
mier international sport-
ing event.

In this last view your
correspondent whole-
heartedly concurs.
While serious mistakes
were undoubtedly made
in the management of
the race this year, they
were magnified many
times, not by their inhe-
rent importance, but by
the publicity, they were
given. Across the entire.
continent the public was
interested in the races.

races have been run the

-. attention they have at-

tracted has broadened universally. There is positively
no danger of ill-feeling being bred between Gloucester
and Nova Scotia. There is, as there always has been,
a good-natured rivalry, and this is just what everyone

hopes will continue. The object of the deed of gift was

to develop an improved type of-fishermen and the num-
ber of excellent schooners that have laid down on both

sides of the international line since 1920 is undeniably
indicative that the races have served a useful and pract-

ical purpose.

The Victor ‘‘Bluenose’’ and her Skipper

The cause of the trouble

Much of the dissatisfaction created by the year’s
event is attributed to the fact that a bona fide fisherman
in the United States and a bona fide fisherman in Canada
are not the same. In the
former instance the
schooners fish and do
nothing else. The Can-
adians, on the other
hand, are salt fishermen
and when not actually
engaged on the banks,
must serve as cargo car-
riers in order to make a
profit for their owners.

There were, rumors
about Halifax during
the last week that W. J.
Roue, designer of the
champion Bluenose, was
the keystone of an or-
ganization to build a
fresh fisherman and op-
erate it from Halifax.
There are some who see
great possibilities for a
fresh fishing fleet out of
Halifax and there is
room for optimism as to
the success of the pro-
ject. It is said that Mr.
Roue believes he. can
build a fishermen of the
Bluenose type which can
clip the Bluenose’s time
over the regular forty-
mile course by fifteen
minutes. This may be
possible by sacrificing
cargo space and only by
putting such a schooner
on a fresh fishing basis ~
could it be made profit-
able. To go to the banks
for a few months during
the season and remain
idle the balance of the
year would hardly be profitable and there is grave doubt
that under the circumstances it could be considered a
bona fide fisherman from the angle of being economically
practical.

The Boston fisherman Mayflower had challenged the
winner of the international events to a contest with a
side bet of ten thousand dollars. It is fortunate that
Captain Angus Walters saw fit to turn down the pro-
position. Such a race, as you have said in your columns
before, could serve no good purpose, as it has been offi-

244

cially stated the Mayflower is not a bona fide fishermen.
In fact few Americans will deny that the Mayflower
was built for the sole purpose of capturing the interna-
tional trophy and purses.

Walters Gets

Captain Larkin of the Mayflower, endeavoring to
arrange a race with the Bluenose, intimated that Wal-
ters had been twice beaten by the Ford and that he was
afraid to run a fifth race, provoking the following ironic
reply from the Lunemburg skipper:

‘‘For two years the master and owners of the May-
flower have been studiously ignoring our offer to race the

Caustic

Bluenose against the Mayflower for a side bet of $10,000,
vessels to sail from Newfoundland to the West Indies,

with equal cargoes of fish, discharge, proceed to Turk’s
Island, load equal cargo of salt, and return to New-
foundland. We have never sought a race with the May-
flower; the seeking has been all on your side. You con-
tend that the Mayflower is a bona fide fishing schooner,
capable of doing what the Bluenose can do and going
_ where the Bluenose can go. If you are still of this
opinion, we suggest that, instead of writing the sort
of wires received by me today, you recognize that our
share of the side bet. I have mentioned has been lying
here ignored since last year. You say the Bluenose
was twice beaten by the Henry Ford. My only reply to
that is, if the performances of the Ford meet your idea
of what a fishing schooner should do in a twenty knot
breeze, I suggest you race the Ford and forget all about
the Bluenose, a vessel, by the way, that can win from
the Henry Ford any time a fishermen’s chance offers.
But if you are looking for a race with a real working
fisherman, in real fishermen’s weather, over the sort fo
triangular course fishermen believe in and work on,
then the side bet you have ignored for two years is here
for your taking any time you care to take it. Let us
stick to the original proposition of 1921, the proposition
that appeals to fishermen with red blood in them. After
that is disposed of, and if you are still as keenly inter-
ested as you appear to be now, we will consider your
Hollywood proposition. j

‘‘Congratulations on your new title, ‘Master of May-
flower, undisputed champion schooner of the world.’
You will be able to add ‘fishing’ to it after you have
won the fishermen’s race we offer you.

““ANGUS WALTERS,

“‘Master Schooner Bluenose,
“Champion North Atlantic Fishing Fleets.’’

U. S. Elimination Races

The Henry Ford had little trouble to win the honor
of contesting the cup as United States representative,
defeating the Yankee of Boston, L. A. Dunton, also of
Boston and the Elizabeth Howard of New York. In
both elimination races the Ford showed that she was
the best of the aspirants, although the Howard may
have given her serious opposition in the second race had
she not been put out of the running by a broken trestle
tree which unstepped her main topmast.

The Final Events

The rivals, the Bluenose, Captain Angus Walters,
and the Ford, Captain Clayton Morrissey, first met on
the course Saturday, October 21. Unfortunately both
vessels made a false start, and though they both went
over the course, the race committee declared it ‘no race’.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

defender Bluenose defeated Captain ‘‘Clayte’’? Morr

‘conditions, despite the times taken by the official tir

November,- 1922

The Ford demonstrated her undoubted superiority in
light airs and crossed the finish line thirteen minutes
ahead of the Bluenose.

An unfortunate situation arose over the ‘no race
ruling and, according to press reports, the Ford skippe
threatened to withdraw. However he was eventually
prevailed upon by Secretary Denby and the wife of a_
part owner to resume the contest and regard the affair
in a sportsmanlike light. Rie.

First Official Race

°

Before the first trip over the course and also bef
the first official race the Ford was obliged_to reduce
sail area to comply with the provisions of the deed of gift.

When the racers crossed the line together the wind
was favorable to the Ford. The latter took the lead
once and maintained in throughout the course. '
details of the race and the manner in which the ves
were handled have been dwelt upon in the daily p
and need not be repeated. The Ford crossed the finis!
line 2 mins and 26 seconds ahead of the Bluenose. The

PIMONORE Ek roa ok a

Ford .. :
Bluenose .. .. ..

BG a. ac ea oe 2 ee
PMUON OBE Boe...) ee rede res

PUNE VR ee gy
Bluenose .. .. .

Peed
Bluenose ..

Ford ..
Bluenose ..

~

Although not generally known, this race, too,
under protest, Captain Walters having filed of:
notice that on account of being aground at dock his 1
may have received serious damage. ee

Second Official Race

The third race, second official, was pulled off o
25.—Sailing a hair raising race from start to fi:
Captain Angus Walters in his doughty Cana

and the American challenger Henry Ford, by a ma
of seven minutes, twenty-three seconds. It dei
strated officially that the defender is a faster v
than the challenger on the wind in anything
lady’s breeze. It demonstrated unofficially that
Bluenose is slightly faster off the wind under sin

after the Lunenburg schooner had sewn up the race.
‘“Clayte’’ Morrissey stated after the race, that B
nose was too much for him in the weather conditic
offering, the wind varying between eight and eighte
knots, and Angus was disposed to agree with him. Fach
had congratulations for the other on the sailing of
wonderfully fine race. :

Fal Fish Day was particularly successful.
that the affair is being taken hold of by the public occurred
in Montreal.

| November, 1922

a fast race.
until 11 o’clock. The Bluenose beat the Ford nearly
half a minute across the line and finished seven minutes
and fifty-one seconds in the lead. Official time at the
_ different marks follows:

Third Official Race
‘The Bluenose retained the cup by her second defeat

a of the Ford on October 26 and although protest was
made, it was officially decided that the Bluenose had
been the winner of the series.

A stiff breeze early in the morning gave promise of
For various reasons the start was delayed

Start
0 11.01.09
ae 11.01.36
: First Mark
EP ce 37 ot, ee IP Bitae AdceO.ee
i oS S12029
‘ Second Mark
es 12.27.56
es. 12.28.34
“ss Third Mark
Sa SN 121-92
DMR ek 1.22.03
sas Fourth Mark |
eReMIOHIOSG .. .. .. 1... 3.24.40
re 3.32.45
4 Finish
Bluenose . 7 mins 51 secs ahead of Ford.

Unfortunate Sequel
ra unfortunate sequel to the thrilling events was

the death of Bert Demon, one of the crew of the Blue-
nose, whose body was found i in the water at Gloucester.
_ A jury found that death was accidental.

The Canadian
Government Cruiser Patriot was ordered by Premier

_ King to convey the body to Lunenburg and it was ac-
companied there by Captain Walters and H. R. Silver,

Halifax, chairman of the trustees of the fisherman

4 e cephy.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

245

The crew of the destroyer stood at attention while
the casket, draped with the British ensign, was borne
ashore by eight of the Patriot sailors. It was received
from them by eight members of the Bluenose crew and
placed in a waiting hearse. All flags in Lunenburg
were at half staff and the fishing town displayed the
deepest sorrow. The people, so proud of the conquering
Bluenose and her crew were robbed of the pleasure of
their victory by Demon’s death. To his family the deep-
est sympathy is extended. And the loss is not only domes-
tic as Lunenburg loses a most capable skipper.

How Schooners Compared

Sch. Bluenose of Lunenburg, N. S., Capt. Angus
Walters, holder and defender of the Trophy emblematic
of the sailing championship of the North Atlantic.
Owned by A. Zwicker & Co. Built at Lunenburg, N. S.,
in 1921, by Smith & Rhuland. Launched March 26,
1921. Designed by W. J. Roue of Halifax. Measures
141 feet overall, 27 feet beam and 11 feet, 6 inches in
depth. Spreads 10,9387 square feet of canvas.

Sch. Henry Ford of Gloucester, Capt. Clayton Mor-
rissey, challenger for the International trophy. Owned
by Capt Morrissey and others. Built at Essex in 1922
by Arthur D. Story. Launched in April, 1922. De-
signed by Thomas F. McManus of Boston. Measures
137 feet overall, 25 feet beam and 12 feet in depth.
Spreads about 9700 square feet of canvas.

It is stated that before another international race is
sailed, some changes will have been made in the deed
of gift. Within a short time, it is expected that a meas-
urement recommendation by W. J. Roue of Halifax,
designer of the Bluenose, will be acted on so that con-
struction of new vessels may proceed and be eligible
for the International trophy. This recommendation
will come as a result of a conference with W. Starling
Burgess and Thomas F. McManus, leading American
fishing vessel designers.

National Fish Day is Becoming Popular

In important fish centres throughout the country Nation-
An indication

Certain prominent visitors to the city were

being entertained by a local club on October 31 and the

chief item on the menu was fish. The presiding officer

_ drew attention to National Fish Day and spoke at some

length on the significance of the occasion.
_ tion was entirely unsolicited on the part of the Canadian

The co-opera-

Fisheries Association, and it is gratifying evidence that the

_ impression we have been endeavoring to make upon the pub-

lic is meeting with response.

In Montreal the members of the Canadian Fisheries As-

sociation co-operated in street car and newspaper advertis-
ing and other publicity schemes.

In Vancouver the celebration was of a public nature and

| Fe fish sales are said to have been greater than on any prev-

9 gy

ious National Fish Day. A. L. Hager, president of the
- national organization, addressed the Rotary Club at a fish
_ dinner and, of course, he spoke on his favorite topic. A

g ; ie member was included among the Rotary songs, as

- follows: :
(To the tune of ‘School Days’)
Fish days, fish days,
More Al Hager fish days,

Hal-i-but, salmon and big black cod
Caught with a net or a line and rod

Many a salmon’s laughing yet, to

Think how she dodged a “Lipsett’’ net, she
Went on up stream, and now, you bet

There’s MILLIONS and MILLIONS of kids.

At Prince Rupert, the northern B. C. metropolis, the day
was equally successful. The public celebration of the oc~
casion culminated-in a banquet in the evening, attended by
alarge number of prominent citizens. John Dybhavn,
president of the local branch of the association, occupied the
chair. The speakers included Mr. Dybhaven, Fred Stork,
M. P. and J. W. Nicholls. Among the matters discussed
were the heavy taxation burden on the salmon industry, the
effect of the U. S. tariff of two cents a pound on halibut,
direct exportation from the port of Prince Rupert, and the
pospecting for fat herring to establish that fishery com-
mercially.

And Spoon?

Gentleman escorting lady (to roadhouse proprietor):
Have you any good mush-rooms?

Proprietor: Waiter, show this gentlemen to one of our
private dining rooms.

246

What’s to be Done to Sell More Fish?

Some systematic progran:me must be followed if
fishing industry is to take full advantage of
opportunity offered by domestic market.

(By JAS. H. CONLON)

How to sell more fish and sell it with profit is a
question that is engaging the serious attention of the
fishing industry in Great Britain. I refer to the sale
of fresh fish in the home market. The reason why the
problem is so urgently seeking solution at this time is
that the producing interests cannot much longer stand
a profit report represented by a cipher or a substantial
figure preceded by a minus sign. For the past two
years, it is said, producers on an average have barely
made enough to cover expenses. Many of the export

markets have been cut off because of the chaotic ex- ,

change situation and, spurred by necessity, these mar-
kets have been producing on their own behalf or have
begun purchasing from energetic countries with avail-
able supplies but previously unable to compete, who
are in a much more favorable position than Britain as
regards exchange. Thus there is the danger that the
old markets will never be reetored in toto and fish
which previously went into export must be consumed
at home if fishing equipment in which millions of
capital are tied up, is not to remain inactive and non-
productive. It is realized that the development of
the home market affords the brightest opportunity and
this despite the fact that the population is now con-
suming at the rate of fifty-six pounds of fish per
capita.

In no respect does the situation in Canada differ from
that in Great Britain except that it is less serious and
that we have means of overcoming the difficulty which
are not available to the same extent in the old country.
The new American tariff threatens a large portion of
our export business, while we suffer equally with Brit-
ain as regards exchange. We have the home market
as a means of escape from the dilemma. While we
have not the density of population Britain has, neither
have we as great an amount of capital invested in pro-
duction equipment. Even our population is sparse
and scattered, our opportunity lies in the fact that our
people today are eating only twenty pounds per capita
where the Britisher is consuming fifty-six. That is a
strong advantage and suggests a field of expansion
which all departments of our industry are ignoring
with striking unconcern. Furthermore we have com-
paratively good railway service though troubled by
high transportation charges.’. Under present conditions
the latter may be remedied only through the handling
of increased quantities and deriving the benefit of
earload rates.

What Is Proposed In Britain

Our statistics prove conclusively that the domestic
market offers an unusually fine opportunity for trade
expansion, one which should inspire the keenest opti-
mism in comparison with what the trade is proposing
to undertake in the old country. There is a strong
movement on foot there to institute a national adver-
tising campagin to stimulate public demand and also,
which seems a necessary adjunct to such an enterprise,

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

. the suggestion for an advertising expenditure involvi

November, 1922 |

some form of co-operation to maintain reasonable stab-—
ility in retail prices.

An anonymous writer, contributing both to the F
Trades Gazette of London and the Fishing News
Glasgow offers suggestions which, if not altogether
practicable in this country, are at least extremely
teresting and may be means of indicating a feasi
course of action to achieve the object in view.

He says that it would seem to stand forth very ob-
viously that at times the average household does 1
consume fish in sufficient quantities. Three reason
occur :-—

(1) Hither fish is not regularly desired or required
or ae

(2) It cannot be readily obtanied, or
(3) It cannot be obtained reasonably.

‘“‘Just recently there has been collective advertising
to popularise home-grown, or rather British-grow
vegetables, the sum of £12,000 being suggested as
advertising expenditure. ra

‘‘To some members of our trade, perhaps to m

many thousand pounds at the present juncture m
seem like so much stark lunacy, but we are told by
prominent advertisers that when trade is bad ~
money tight, then is the time to open or extend
advertising campaign, and more especially if the ad
vertising is for the purpose of indicating how econ-
omies in purchasing may be effected. ah

‘“With reduced expenses and wages the present cost
of running a modern steam trawler for twelve months
may be somewhere between £8000 or £10,000, so that
surely if £10 per vessel were set aside for collecti
advertising the expenditure per ship would har
be felt; yet, if there were 2,000 steam fishing vess.
contributing this £10 amount per annum the sum
£20,000 would be available for collective advertisi
of the fish trade.

Stimulate the Demand

‘The advertising would be mainly for the purpose 0:
stimulating the demand for fish.

‘‘The stimulating of demand automatically means
the building up and strengthening of the wholesale a
retail means of supplying to the eventual consumer,
therefore a benefit conferred upon the distributing
branches of the fish trade, through advertising con-
ducted firstly by the steam trawler owners, would per- —
haps eall later for a ‘‘quid pro quo’’ from the whole-
sale and retail distributing branches of the fishing in-
dustry, which assistance might take the form of agr
ableness to offer fish to the public at prices varied fro
day to day on a basis carefully arrived at by the e
perts of the producing and distributing branches of the
industry, the daily variation of prices to be made by a

November, 1922

duly appointed committee or staff, and the prices list
_ published broadcast daily by the Press Association.
*“Any article offered to the public nowadays must,
_ to ensure a ready and regular demand, be priced rea-
' sonably in relation to costs of production and distri-
_ bution, and in the case of fish, where price fluctuations
are many and violent, there must be accompanying the
advertising a means of publishing the correct variation
_ of prices from day to day, always providing that the
prices published allow for the cost of production plus
reasonable average distribution charges, as it would be
q an economic fallacy to advertise to the publie that fish,
Aging periods of temporary slump, could be obtained
‘at a price per lb. which would not remunerate the
catcher let alone the distributor.”’ .

a SF TI

ET TT eae Sis eh aie

The writer states that accountants dealing with the
books of wholesale and retail distributors agree that
100 percent is required to be added to the price
realized for fish at the port of landing before the dis-
is _ tributors’ expenses are provided for, which means that

_ fish offering for a certain price at point of landing
_ should be offered at one hundred percent advance re-
tail, as a basis of general advertisement to the public.

Then again, he says, arises the question of the pro-

oh

a a0 total quantity handled by the wholesale or retail
. distributor. If the trade done were entirely in prime
or selected stock the 100 percent increase would net a
handsome return, but the same percentage return on
5 aheaper varieties would be totally inadequate in com-
_ parison. He,- therefore, suggests that instead of a

general jump of 100 percent, it should be lessened as

_ the value of the fish increased and proportionately in-
- ereased as the value diminished, thus attaining a gen-
eral average of 100 percent. In publishing prices they
- would, of course, be dependent upon the price at the
P ae of landing on the date in question.

In the first place, however, the actual cost of land-

nig must be ascertained as a basis by careful caleula-
tion from the catches of different boats and the pro-
Bt - portion of different varieties in relation to the whole.
_ Of necessity this basis must be adjusted at specific
periods according to whether the cost of production
_ increases or diminishes.

E-

AS

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

_ portion of weight which each of the varieties bears to

247

We Really Have No System

The present system of marketing fish in Canada
makes the business more or less of a gamble and, be-
cause of extremely keen competition, there is a rivalry
which is not altogether wholesome. Legitimate com-
petition is desirable and healthy, but when price-cut-
ting reaches the extent of doing business without a
profit it is not human nature that those engaged in
the practice should bear a deep-rooted friendship for
one another. Producers and distributors, both whole-
sale and retail, would, I think, weleome some system
of co-operation which would eliminate financial pre-
cariousness and open up bigger opportunities. The
present day order of things is not a system, it is a
rut, and the sooner it is abandoned for a plan that is a
system, the sooner may we expect improved conditions
and a more congenial atmosphere in the industry.

Today about ninety percent of our sea fish is going
to a few centres which could be counted on the fingers
of two hands, for distribution within a small radius
about these places. Producers and’ fish brokers are
battling to get this business with the result that noth-
ing is being done to open up a broader market. Of
course these established markets require no pioneer
work and no individual firm feels disposed to spend
money pioneering to have others jump in and share
the reward when there is any reward yielded. That
is the crux of the whole situation and until there is
some scheme of practical co-operation devised there
can be no reasonable or logical expectation of increased
local demand. If fish cannot be readily obtained
people won’t -buy it; if the supply is not continuous
people will not buy regularly. But if you educate
people, through advertising, to eat fish and then make
a supply available regularly and at a reasonable price,
there is no reason in the world why consumption of
fish in Canada should not increase three hundred per
cent. But a more general scheme of distribution, as I
have said, is essential. When that has been brought
about co-operatively then there will be left only that
healthy competition which stimulates good service and
guarantees the public a good commodity and the in-
dustry a reasonable return on the money and energy
it expends.

Bi “Weather conditions were favourable for fishing on
_ the Atlantic Coast during the month of September and
during the first half of the month on the Pacific Coast,
_ with the result that larger catches of fish were landed.
_ The total quantity of sea fish landed on both coasts
Biases the month was 1,317, 935 ewts. with a value to
; the fishermen of $2, 906, 527, while during September
_ 1921 there were 1 026, 553 ewts. landed valued at $2,520,-
, 047.

3 eo “The catch of eod, haddock, hake and pollock during
~ the month was 778, 379 ewts., compared with 653,889
_ ewts. in the same ‘period last year. The Lunenburg
_ banking fleet arrived during the month from the Grand
- Banks with a good catch. There were 57,789 ewts. of
hake taken compared with 19,998 ewts. in September,
1921. There were 17,129 ewts. of mackerel taken com-
_ pared with 9,742 ewts. This brings the total catch for
_ the season up to 220,280 cwts. compared with 126 ,426
wie. last season.

tea eee

More Fish and Much Bigger Revenue

The catch of lobsters during the month was 13,519
ewts. compared with 16,753 cwts. in September, 1921. -
Since the opening of the season in November last 345,217
ewts. have been taken of which 63,595 ewts. were used
fresh and the remainder canned, making 140,786 cases.
In the same period in the preceding year there were
332,446 ewts. taken from which 86,323 ewts. were used
fresh and the remainder canned, making 123,515 cases.

There was a large catch of herring during the month,
160,789 ewts. being taken compared with 64,383 ewts.
in September, 1921. The bulk of the catch was taken
around Grand Manan Island.

On the Pacific Coast the catch of halibut was slightly
less. 8

The run of British Columbia salmon was very good,
and resulted in a much larger catch during the month.
There were 196,339 cases packed compared with 62,585
cases in September, 1921.

.

248

News Notes from Far and Near

The succesful transplantation of plaice from poor to
rich feeding grounds in the North Sea, by the
marine biologists of the Ministry of Agriculture and
Fisheries, has been extended in principle over an
finitely wider range, embracing the experimental in-
troduction of European herrings, turbots, crabs and
lobsters to New Zealand waters, a distance of 12,000

miles.

$650,000 Seal Pelts Auctioned

Sale of 17,195 Government seal skins by the Fouke
Fur Company at St. Louis Oct 9 brought $650,000.
It was the largest amount of skins ever sold for tlhe
Government at one time, it was said. The range was
from $7.50 to $62 a pelt, the prices being about the
same as those of last April’s sale, when $500,000 worth
of skins was sold for the Government.

Reducing Oyster Waste

London Daily Chronicle: A scientist, attached to the
Fisheries Board, has discovered that by breeding oysters
in huge concrete tanks the stupendous waste of baby
oyster-life is reduced from two survivors in the million
to several hundred thousand. Commercial firms are
taking the matter up. ‘Tanks are being erected, and
the results will shortly manifest themselves in the fish-
mongers’ price-list. Truly an epochmaking discovery.

Rowed Eighty Miles

Exhausted and hardly able to get out of the dory in
which they had sailed and rowed about eighty miles,
the five members of the crew of the Gloucester fishing
vessel Marshal Foch, wrecked on Sable Island in early
October, who were missing for nearly two days, landed
at Larry’s River. They were brought to Canso and later
forwarded to their homes.

_ $1 Extra for Good Care

The trip of Cape Breton mackerel of sch. Catherine
Burke, Capt. Lemuel Firth, consisting of 40 barrels,
sold to the Consumer Fish Co. at $36 per barrel to be
packed. The fish were rimmed, large fat, and of an
extra good color. For the good care of the fish the
crew received $1 per bbls. more than the last sale. —

Gloucester Times

Sold to Americans

The Lunenburg knockabout schooner Aleala, recog-
nized as one of the fastest and finest speciments of
Nova Scotia fishing vessel, has been sold to American
interests, it Is announced. It is understood that she will
be withdrawn from fishing banks. The Alcala sailed
by Captain Roland Knicle, finished third in the Nova
Scotia schooners of 1920 and 1921, establishing a superi-
ority over the other non-bowsprits vessels of the
Province fleet.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Storage.

St. John’s, Nfld., October 27,—Twenty-two men
lost, with 26 dories, from a Portuguese fishing ~
(name unknown), during’the North Atlantic ge
early October, according to the French steam traw
Fleurus, arriving at St John’s Newfoundland from t
Grand Banks. The trawler stated that the news
her -indirectly. The Portuguese vessel, it was
remained on the fishing grounds for several
the hope of finding at least some of the missin
but finally gave up the search and made for P.

ay $F ie
(i

with barely enough crew to work the vessel back.

Newfoundland High Liner

The Newfoundlander Marian Belle Wolfe
was high liner of the Lunenburg county flee
total catch of 6,500 quintals, Captain Thorr
all records as a fishkiller, both for Newfoun
Nova Scotia. His crew was composed of 1m
Grand Bank and vicinity. He works and shai
count system, which means the more fish any
catches the more they share. There was a
of over 6,000 fish between the high and low b
made a difference in the shares. ;

Unfrozen Fish Preserved One mon es

In connection with the Marseilles Colon
tion a National Congress of Sea Fisheries w
month, and had a sub-section devoted to re
M. Lescarde communicated the results, so
go, of experiments in the cold storage of
he has been and is still carrying on at Os
interest lies in the fact that he has the fish mere
ed at 0 deg. C. without freezing. By his metl
has been preserved for a month, and the resi
further experiments are awaited with inter¢

Investigating Canning Problems “ i

Research work that may result in disco
great value to commerce is being done at
versity by three women graduates. Condit
ing the canning and the pulp and paper
form the subject of their investigations, an
ed with success thousands of dollars will be sa
nually in these industries. ~ 6

Miss J. Symons, demonstrator at MeGill,
in trying to solve a problem which has be
much worry to canning firms. When clams
ned they often turn to an inky blackness. ©
cess is not confined to clams, but has also
served in other canned products, and is very
in the case of lobsters. Miss Symons is we
bacteria that is associated with this blacke
cess in the case of clams. She began her expr
the Biological Station at St. Andrew’s, N
wick, and about a year ago she published a ]
paper on the subject when she took her
Science degree. Oe

-

| sec gee Fish Warehouse Burned

Damage estimated at $15,000 was caused by a fire
which wiped out the fish warehouse of L. L. Belle-
_ fontaine, Eastern Harbor, N. 8S. on October 13.

New Schooner Launched

' Wm. MacMillans new schooner, the Tessa Aubrey, was
successfully launched from the shipyard at Allendale
_ N.S. the latter past of October. She is now at Shel-
'_ burne where she will be sparred and rigged. This
winter she will engage in fishing from Lockeport.

ge

13 Years a Fisherman

_ . Mareus Aurelius Hitchcock of Sarnia, Ont. on Octob2r
__ 18 celebrated his 82nd birthday and the 73rd gear of his
notable career as fisherman on Lake Huron ‘‘Old Mare’’
-____as he is familiarly termed, has never missed a season
_ ___ on the lake since he was nine years old; has saved 14
Be people from drowning; was a champion figure skater,
' and states that he will be on the ice again this winter.

ee

Heavy Exchange of Fish Eggs

Bt More than 1,112,000 fish eggs of the different species
were collected by the hatcheries branch of the Depart-
. ment of Marine and Fisheries during 1921, according
to a report made by the Deputy Minister of Fisheries
to Hon: Ernest Lapointe. In Addition to the eggs col-
_____ lected by the department, 600,000 rainbow trout eggs
' _ and 980,000 speckled trout eggs were purchased from
commercial firms; 507,000 rainbow trout eggs 200,000
_ eutthroat trout eggs 800,000 speckled trout eggs, and
ee 85,000 brown trout eggs were received from federal
and state departments of the United States in exchange
for Atlantic salmon eggs.
Under an arrangement with the Department of Game
and fisheries, concurred in by the federal Department
___ of Fisheries, the officers of the federal hatchery at Cape
Vincent, N.Y., collected whitefish and Lake herring eggs
in Canadian waters on the Ontario side of the inter-
- national boundary line. These eggs were placed in the
Kingsville hatchery. Tihe federal department is also in-
‘debted to the Ontario Department of game and Fisheries
for 18,750,000 pickerel eggs collected in Hay Bay, Bay
of Quinte. These eggs were placed in the Thurlow
hatchery and a portion of the resulting fry were placed
at the disposal of the provincial department for stock-
___ ing waters that are not as readily accessible from its
own hatcheries.
A surplus collection of 1,568,000 salmon trout eggs,
included in the above statement of federal collections
- from the hatchery at Wiarton was turned over to the
__ provincial hatchery at Sault Ste. Marie.

ay me; RT

ihn gb, 14

cae Two Record Fish

— --—~—s-' "Two record fish were caught in the 1922 Winchester
Fishing contest. 0. C. Donehey of Estis, Fla., caught a
large mouth bass weighing 18 pounds 8 ounces, measur-
___ ing 33 inches in length and 28 inches in girth in Lake
____ Sarpentine, Fla., the largest bass ever caught and W.
__ W. Reynolds of Driggs., Idaho, brought in a brown
trout that weighed 1014 pounds, was 28 inches, in
Jength and 17 inches in girth- the largest brown trout
on record.

FISHERMAN 249

English Trawlers at Sydney

There is a possibility that next summer Sydney, N.S.
may become a base of supply for a fleet of English
trawlers. A Hull firm last year sent out two trawlers
to try their luck cod fishing on the Grand Banks and
they succeeded in some 7 weeks’ fishing in. securing
about 200 tons of cod. The expansion of such under-
taking depends on the report of the two captains who
have expressed themselves optimistically. Should the
scheme materialize additional trawlers will be sent and
accommodation for storage provided at Sydney.

Fishery Laws Violated

Following the close of the salmon fishing season
fishery officials on the north shore of New Brunswick
have been engaged in attempts to trace large quantities
of salmon which have been taken illegally and shipped
in wholesale quantities to various dealers throughout
the province.

Already two large consignments of salmon have been
seized, and every effort is being made to trace the ship-
pers in these cases. A shipment is reported as having
been made recently from districts along the Miramichi
in which the fish have been packed in pork labels. A
large consignment, which was seized in St. John, is said: .
to have contained almost two tons of fish, while a local
seizure made here resulted in over 100 pounds being
taken.

Nesting Sea Birds Attract Tourists

The many thousands of snow-white Gannets, dark
Cormorants, graceful Gulls and other strange sea-
birds that inhabit the bird sanctuary at Pereé Rock
and Bonaventure island on the southern shore of the
Gaspé peninsula, in Quebec, are attracting increasing
numbers of visitors each year according to the report
furnished by the Chief Federal Migratory Bird Offi-
cer for the district to the Commissioner of Canadian
National Parks. During the season just closed 767
guests registered at Percé’s two hotels and it is es-
timated that these visitors spent upwards of $16,000
for hotel accommodation, boat and motor hire, ete. In-
cidentally this does not take into account the many
transient visitors who come to watch the myriads of
nesting sea-birds along the coast. ,

Fishermen Suffer Heavy Loss

Sydney, N. S., Nov. 7—Damage amounting to many
thousands of dollars was suffered by northshore fish-
ermen during the violent gales of last week, according
to advices reaching this city from isolated points. Nine
gasoline fishing craft were reported washed away.
These were lost at Wreck Cove, along with boathouses
owned by John Donaghue, Joseph T. Burton and John
W. Capstick. While working in the latter house. John
Capstick and his brother Thomas were caught by a
huge comber, which drove them through the rear of
the building and left them stranded in a pool beyond.
A third man, John Kanary, who saw the big wave com-
ing, saved himself a ducking by grasping a rope and
hauling himself up to the rafters. Hugh McEachern,
Paul McLean and Simon McLean owned the motor boat
lost at Wreck Cove.

At Ingonish the old government pier, repaired this
summer, was totally destroyed and Joseph R. McNeil
lost his boathouse.

250 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

One-half of loss sustained in 1921 is reeovered—
1922 may be the best normal year in the his-

tory of industry.

As was quite conclusively demonstrated by statis-
tics published in the last issue of the ‘‘Canadian Fish-
erman’’, the year 1921 was an extremely unfortunate
one for the fishing industry. The feeling of con-
fidence and optimism which prevails at the present
‘time, however, tells the story of better times and this
‘is borne out by statistics from the Department of
Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa, covering the first nine
months of 1922. With the single exception of halibut
the catches have all been heavier than:during the cor-
responding period of last year and the revenue has
been proportionately increased.

Statistics published in these columns last month in-
dicated a thirty percent slump in the marketed value
of fish for the year 1921 in comparison with 1920. Sta-
tistics for nine months of the current year show an
inerease in value landed, of eighteen percent in com-
parison with the same stretch of 1921. In marketed

value the percentage of gain would be greater, so that .

it is safe to say that one half the loss sustained in
1921 has been recuperated.

The percentage loss last year was thirty, which
means that a gain of about forty-three percent must
be made on the 1921 figures to again attain the level
of 1920. But we are recovering rapidly and with con-
tinued good fortune during the last months of the year,
it would not be surprising if the industry. this year
‘would yield around $42,000,000. This, of course, will
not approach the revenue of the latter war years and
the period of post-war inflation, but the fact which
attracts attention is that the upgrade movement has
started. The year 1918 was the most prosperous the
industry ever experienced and since then the revenue
has been declining, with the greatest and most serious
slump last year. This year we are making a mighty
comeback. Rock bottom has been reached and it was

Summary of the quantities and values of sea fish caught and landed in fresh or
green state for nine months ended September 30, 1922.

Kinds of Fish

fe et ae te ARS ol hs a ..Cwts
Blaek “Won fos 5 Pas ea eee. dae a « A
Red and Rock Cod .. o
Fadi oe ecm ft ag ke SE
Hake“and Og. qe bo oe ek ec s
POQUGCE va 'ip cere ee ae Sa wy TEE
WE ng Fe ren eee Ce i ne aw ee te
FIQHGE fos oo ae igs ara cette $4 ay Roe
Wiounders, Bry BUG See ai nes Wie s'n
RGB ca. pe) iy ce eee ee eee ones eiskls
SOLGG eg Se oe ee a ee att ce a” aay Oh
HOG os ees ye phe a tae ee ieee Wee
MaGhetel io Nin pg hee iy ae ee eas
Sarqinéa:ss Cae. * .. Bbbls.
Pilehards .. .. .. Cwts.
Alewives .. pepe TU aS: ey a
Salmo. <4 3) Sea ee st. tanta eth ee
Shade 25 Se ae Pye ees a pes
Smelts-s.: <. Wipes epee hay skeen Cees

reached with such a thud that we have rebounded inte
With the exception of t

comparative affluence.

very abonrmal years of 1917, 1918, 1919 and 1920,
‘year 1922 will, we expect, produce a record total.
normal trade these four years cannot be taken.
The trade was stimulated by unu
demand and unusual prices. We may be said t
back to normal again, so that actually 1922 may

consideration.

record normal year.

ago.

The one disturbing factor in the entire situa
the possible adverse influence of the new A
tariff. It is the belief of the writer that while th
ket in the United States may be temporarily disl
there is no danger of losing
serious extent, but during the period of adjus
until prices in the United States attain the new
level, there is bound to be some loss. Very fortu
National Fish Day came at an opportune time an
may have served the purpose of stimulating local
mand more or less k
noticeable, too, that fish dealers, in
larger centres, are showing an inclination to ady
more. This is bound to produce results and
regrettable thing is the apparent difficulty to
various local advertising campaigns into a ¢

Lean Years Have Passed

It is not designed here to delude anyone that
‘years of plenty are returning, but facts prove that 1
lean years have passed. If we cannot live in lu
we may be assured of moderate comfort and t
much more than could have been said honestly

tional movement.

The following statistics a
should be encouraging. »

permanently.

it permanently

re of no little val 0

November, 1

It is : man

especially

Totals for the a

months ended
30, T92E: ke
Quantity ~ Value Quantity
2,107,208 $4,008,372 1,592,828
3,886 18,021 7,103
1,356 5,812 1,188
219,051 - 351,486 179,211
246,827 - 178,649 93,041
139,946 © 113,941 111,244
133 bpm 3} & | 49
228,744 2,048,259 272,782
8,632 15,261 2,050.
655 2,188 606
2,756 16,380 A Fa
1,142,935 852,703 — 721,584
222,381 1,060,441 126,436
131,091 181,506 103,295
1,120 2,240 7,343
53,828 58,690 - 17,150
946,326 - 4,580,230 619,830.
1,461 - 15,633 955 —
55,171 - - 862,255

S amchka i

a dealt ene

LIT ee

a - Oysters ....

eee eee

ESTE
ai

November, 1922 CANADIAN
Mippeore: . 6. es
Caplin used as bait .. .
oS Eee
SMRIMGNOUS *.. 2.0%. Ge
Squid, used as bait ..
Swordfish :
OO Oe rr
Clams and Quahaugs .
MST Sg Sg Sigil dae cette as hs 8
a
MT se

Clg he DIN:
. Cwts.
(a4

ae ees oh

y ..Cwts.
“e

..Bbls.
ce

. .Cwts.
ce

.Bbls.

Shrimps .. . ' ..Cwts.

-Winkles ..

SI ee Se ese ee ee rg fee

I ate eta me) ee
EERSTE Bas tis a oe

Total value .. .

FISHERMAN 251
2,343 5,487 2,017 4.611
7,586 11,258 7,280 3,770

289 2,454 178 1,767
180 941 177 855
6,066 10,4800 7,138 16,812
10,165 74,238 6,786 74,755
5,135 5,132 9.953 ‘ 14,108
22,089 79,142 20,932 50,569
6,851 29,934 3,947 25,197
3,433 21,260 4,176 20,956

_ 342,972 3,066,909 326,110 2,452,873
1,578 9.075 821 5,421
281 3,916 511 7,405
3,136 5,738 711 1,332
181 452 “AGT 522
49 30 467 327

6 12

$17,184,704 $14,561,882

Wants Dogfish Supply for Reduction Plant

At a recent meeting, the Board of Trade of Prince

Rupert, B. C,, adopted a resolution calling upon the fed-
eral government to pay a bonus to fishermen who took
__ dogfish and sharks from the waters of the Pacific. George
- G. Bushby, general manager of the Rupert. Marine Pro-

ducts Limited, which plans to use these fishes for the man-
ufacture of various commodities, addressed the meeting

and following are a few extracts from what he said:

-“T presume that you all are aware of the nature of the

plant which I am operating, and that you realize the use-

fulness of such a plant as a complement to the fishing in-
dustry, providing, as it does, the means of disposal of the
waste which is inevitable in the fishing business, and in

the disposal of that waste the reducing plant converts it

into most useful and valuable products, namely, edible
fish meal, suitable for supplying the protein element in
the feed of domestic livestock suchas poultry, swine and
cattle, fertilizer, for the enrichment of the soil, especially
as regards fruit and vegetable cultivation, and oil, indis-
pensable in the tanning industry and also used in the soap
and paint manufacture as well as in other branches of

the arts and crafts.

“You will readily understand that, in order to make
such a plant remunerative, it must be kept in practically
continuous operation during the entire year, for when the

steam cookers and dryers are allowed to cool considerable

loss ensues. Under present circumstances the plant here
operates under the disadvantage that when the salmon
canning season closes the plant has only the waste from
the halibut fishery to depend upon for raw material, a
very insufficient supply in proportion to the capacity of
the plant to absorb raw material.

“Any reduction plant operating in this province com-
peting for business in.a very close market, and the larger
the output of the plant the keener the competition, for the
reason that difficulty is generally experienced in finding
ready buyers for large lots of goods, and the placing of

such large lots upon the market always has a tendency to

sag the market.
“Our market in Canada is extremely limited at the pres-

_ ent time, for the consumer has not awakened to the advan-
tages of utilizing our products as stock feed and fertilizer,

but this market will grow in proportion to the knowledge
which is dissemmated regarding the use of these commodi-
ties.

“Our market for oil is in the state of New Jersey, away

on the Atlantic coast, in direct competition with the men-
heden and oher well established oil supplies. In this case
we face a transcontinental freight rate of $1.05 per hun-
dred, handling charges and a duty of 20 per cent ad va-
lorem, and face keen competition into the bargain.

“Our market for edible fish meal and fertilizer, as re-
gards at least 900 per cent of our sales is in the United
States, with a coast-wise freight rate and a duty of 15 per
cent ad valorem, and this market, not being very large,
cannot absorb large shipments without feeling the effect
and affecting the prices.

Raw Material

“Now, in order to operate continuously, we must have
raw material. To operate successfully we must obtain
our raw material at a price which will enable us to oper-
ate at a profit. We cannot pay a large price for raw ma-
terial, we should not pay anything for it at all, and make
a profit after paying cost of manufacture, overhead, hand-
ling charges, transportation and duty. If we cannot op-
erate at a profit it would be foolish to operate at all upon
a large scale, but we would cut down our staff to a mini-
mum and content ourselves with taking care of the waste
from the halibut fishery during the winter.

“The outstanding feature of this matter is that the
permanent establishment of a successful industry devoted
to the conversion of sharks and dogfish into useful com-
modities, will be the means of utilizing the natural re-
sources of the particular locality concerned. |

“In order to make possible the: establishment of this
industry and in order to develop the shark and dogfish
fishery there must be assistance derived from the Do-
minion government, and I am, therefore, asking you to
consider the advisability of approaching the Dominion gov-
ernment, through the proper channels, with the object of
impressing upon it the necessity of offering a bonus to
the fishermen for the destruction of shark and dogfish as
a means of ridding the waters of these destructive pests
and as a means of producing national wealth in the form
of manufactured commodities, having as a base of raw
material the carcasses of such shark and dogfish as ma
be destroyed under the bounty. :

Must be General

“I am referring to all fishermen and all reduction plants
wherever situated, either on the Pacific or on the Atlan-
tic. It would be a poor policy to ask the government to
give special privilege to any one part of the country. This
matter is not sectional but distinctly national.

*
252

“The winter is upon us and many of the fishermen who
own small boats have begun to lay them up. Possibly some
of them have the necessary savings upon which to live
during the winter months and possibly many have nothing
to live upon, but all must be in a position of facing the
winter with feeling not unmixed with a certain amount of
anxiety.

“Boats and gear depreciate rapidly when not in use, and
the same applies to men. Work must be found for boats,
gear and men, and please include the plant up the inlet
when discussing this matter, for we have a heavy invest-
ment in machinery and employ a number of men.

“With a bounty and with what we can afford to pay
for the fish there will result a very considerable amount
of activity in the fishing part of the community, a fresh
avenue of opportunity will be opened up, and, without a
doubt, the experince of this winter will amply demon-
strate that with a due amount of thought given to the
means of handling the trade, a permanent addition will
be made to the fishing occupation and a lucrative busi-
nss built up for all concerned.”

(It is understood that the plant of the Repeil Marine
Products Limited is prepared to handle fifty tons of fish

per day and with additions to plant can take care of -

seventy-five tons a day.—Ed. C. F.),

Japs Work Together.

At the hearing before the Royal Commission in Van-
couver one of the white fishermen stated that’ the Jap

anese fishermen knew when the fish were running and.

they had some method of transmitting ‘information to each
other so that they fished in the best locations. He fur-
ther stated that if the white fishermen would co-operate
to better advantage in such things they would be able to
be the high liners’ Everyone wants to see British Co-
lumbia a white fishermen’s country but co-operation is
cetainly essential.

CANADIAN.

‘brands (labels) on Kamchatka salmon, packed b

FISHERMAN

Packing More Chums

More chums are being packed by British Columbia
ners this season than for several seasons past.

English Camouflage Salmon

Sockeye salmon have not been moved as fast as the
packers would have liked owing to the holding off- o
the part of the buyers for what they hope will be a le
er price. It may be that the canners opened at a hi
price than may have been waranted but at the samé
it is also to be remembered that in several cases canr
ies have been operated at a joss for two or three season
past. It is also possible that it was bad judgement

have asked for prices that were so high the buyer w
stop buying altogether. Then when some canners
may have been compelled to realize at once on their
had to accept an offer much lower than the price
packers were holding at, created the feeling among ~
buyers that by holding out still longer they might get |
prices than they had hoped for. Another fact is
remembered and that. is that it is known that
handlers of salmon have been placing their s

anese, which they have been able to get at a much
er price than the genuine sockeye from British Col
This is a risky thing for the English firms to ta
chance in as it is known that although the Kam«
salmon is very similar to the British Columbia
at the same time there has never yet been a salmon
that can stand up beside a British Columbia sockeye
sooner or later these British firms will not have the |
dard maintained for the brand of salmon that th
taken so long to build up under their labels.

There is a fair demand for pinks and prices a
maintained for these reasonably-priced canned —

DISPOSITION OF GROUNDFISH CATCHES —

Following herewith is a summary of the quantities and values of the catches of cod, haddock,
eusk and pollock in Atlantie waters, together with an estimate of quantities marketed or intended
marketed, fresh, dried, pickled, canned, etc., for the first nine ee 1922 ; and also comparative;

for the corresponding period of the preceding year.

Nine Months 1922
Caught Fresh

Kinds of Fish Quantity

Go@ 5460050 (eee Cwts 2,107,208
“* ubed fresh’ .. 5=3. : Eien POA AEN: |

6 @amMneg go> 2; ATRIOS | Se in cra ce

* green-salted . yb ee ATE
“boneless ‘“ SMa Eee « ae PE ee ey tale Be
$6) SEMOKEE 7 LIIGES: sc ates MERE 2 GS eT ewes So
SF 2.. “MUNORGG = as oe Mece eepaeS aye ere a) ht: SS aang eae
Shas Fi RA a. os pea Pe ee RE aii wire Bene Ys Sk a ol Pee tates
Hmddocls =o SAL pene ee aes ee 219,051
“8 used, fresh Serio! ea ee

a canned .. Cases": ., tiny

“s smoked .. pee Sari ae CwWis. 3s .canaaskes

as smoked filletei28 =o Se 6 hy Spat vee ate

me Breen=salted) 56 Bee ee te eos Sere ee

*% OTIC 66h Ee te Bee oe ome
Hake and Cusk... 725% ab Fae ey ees 246,827
used fresh aD ephaciebarg unk «RROD ORS eke See

a BGAN MR es ia 8 aha oe

= BEMIMO hs Wares eel eee Leese Hee

abd BENOMCE ~ TOUR 5 Se ee ce . Nee eee

iy OP Ake eh eG eee Te Shee as
Pollock Sein Se Rae eeie . sd wlioente AE 139,946
= Used - PORE iescs. ea wise Se eee oo ee ee

* STSCH <SAR SG oases See eine se ea a ee

ss Smoked \TEMats ee sa” ete” & ecru cede

+ Orie: =. Aid ea kg. aide aee ar

eee eeeee

4,008,372-

see w ewes
eee eens
eee enw ee
see ewes
ey
eee eeeee

ee ey
eee eee ee

a

eee ee eee

ee eeeeee
eee eeees
oe ee eeee
eee eeree

eee ee eee

eereeeas

Caught Fresh

Marketed MW
Quantity. Value Q

Value Quantity

eeeeeeee

$
2,089,848 ae

1,592,828 __

eee eeeee
eee weere
© 0-0/6, 6 ace bit AS ee eae i
ee
ee eeeses
Co oe a re |
0 00 6% 0.a'e) > he Sb ae are
Bee eee 86s) ict eae epee
gi 0.90, 69) 010 Bra Re ae eae
tee ew ene

27,109

ee eee eis Vy ke os

23:40 6 0 esr. oh Gu ae Poe
seeeenee
See eeeee wesseees
00090 0 0 6)! o) nie ele tae eae
ee ad
see eeeee

eeeseeee

18,577

icomier, 1992 : ‘CANADIAN FISHERMAN oy

een, ©

The “Canadian Fisherman,”

-Gardenvale, P. Q.

Gentlemen:

TI enclose you herewith a copy of a letter addressed to
the State Fisheries Board of Washington, in re condi-
tion in the canyon of the Fraser River above Yale, which
replies to statements made in a report to that Board by
Mr. W. H. Pugsley.

_ There has been so much misunderstanding as to condi-
tions in this canyon that we will appreciate it if you will
_ publish the enclosed letter.
eee Yours truly,
Ns Jas. P. Babcock
eae Assistant to the Commissioner.

STUDIED SITUATION HIMSELF
Oct. 27th, 1922

~The

pi
"State Fisheries Board,
~ Alaska Building,

_ Seattle, Wash.

© Gentlemen:

I have the honour to acknowledge with thanks you

_ fayor of the 23rd inst. enclosing a copy of the “Report om
Observation in the Fraser River,” made to your Board
by Mr. W. H. Pugsley. I very greatly appreciate being
furnished with the copy.

Having made a close study of conditions in the Fraser
River basin yearly since 1901, and having devoted many
da

ys each season during the salmon run to observing con-
ditions in that rivers channel at Hell’s Gate Canyan, ]
have read Mr. Pugsley’s report with, much interest. Mr
Pugsley describes natural conditions there accurately, and
I fully agree with him when he states that “the fish have
little difficulty in negotiating the west of the rapids ai
Hell’s Gate.” I do not, however, agree with the state-
- ment “that the river’s channe! has never been cleaned out
properly and that the upward migration of the fish is
considerably hampered yet by the slide.”

I had much to do with the removal of that slide and
hold the opinion, and have many times stated officially
that all the rock thrown into the channel just above
Hell’s Gate in 1913 has been removed and that conditions
in that canyon today are as satisfactory as they were in
_ the twelve years. before the railroad was constructed.
- With few exceptions the salmon that have reached Hell’s
- Gate since 1913, like those that reached there previously,
_ have passed through that swift rapid by hugging the
_ right or west wall. Few salmon can, or ever have, negiati-
ated the rapid on the left or east side, except at excep:
* tional stages of water. The wall on the left bank is bed-
- rock and not rock thrown into the channel. Photographs

i

' reproduced in the British Columbia Fisheries Report for

_ 1913 and 1914 display conditions at Hell’s Gate before

_ during, and after 1913. They clearly show that the
channel on the left bank is the same now as it was pre-
yious to the great slide. Salmon do and always have
_ made attempts to pass up on the left side. During cer-
' tain stages of water many have succeeded but in all
years since 1901 the bulk of tie run has only succeeded in

passing up the right or west side.

a Real Blockade in Rapids

At no time this year, or in any year since 1914 have
_ salmon been seen in numbers in the channel a quarter of

a mile below Hell’s Gate rapid. If the run in any year
- since 1914 had been blocked by conditions at Hell’s

E Gate the fish would have massed below the Gate, as they

Babcock Criticizes Fraser Report

did in 1918 and been in view for a considerable distance
below. At no time this year were salmon to be seen in
numbers to exceed a hundred in the eddies immediately
below Hell’s Gate. Almost every day this year salmon were
seen passing up on the left bank. In the great run of
1913, notwithstanding the blockade, vast numbers suc-
ceeded in passing above Hell’s Gate every month during
the run. The real blockade in 1913 was in the rapids in
the channel above the mouth of Scuzzy Creek, some three
and a half miles above Hell’s Gate proper. If you will
refer to the British Columbia Fisheries Report for 1914
you will find this clearly stated.

No other section in the Fraser River basin has been
under such close observation as the Hell’s Gate canyon.
Conditions there during the salmon run have been under
almost daily observation by one of the most careful fish:
ery overseers, since 1913, and for the twelve years pre-
vious.

There has been no blockade since 1913 and no unusual
assembly of fish in any of the eddies a short distance below
the Gate. All the rocks thrown into the channel of the
Fraser by the collapse of the tunnel at Hell’s Gate and
during construction, that in any way obstructed the up-
ward migration of salmon, has been removed. Conditions
in Hell’s Gate canyon are as favorable to the passage of
salmon as they were previous to 1913. Of this I am
convinced.

As to the run of pink salmon in the Canyon. Previous
to 1913 vast numbers of pink salmon passed through the
rapids at Hell’s Gate every second year. They run in
the Fraser only every second year. 1913 was a pink sal-
mon year and the usual numbers appeared in the Canyon
at Hell’s Gate that fall. Owing to the blockade none of
this species were able to pass through. None were to be
found in the wates above and none have been seen in
those waters or at Hell’s Gate any year since. Evidently
the families of pink salmon that formerly spawned in
such vast numbers in the Thompson and Nichola rivers
and at Seton Lake were destroyed by the blockade ot
19T3.

Considering the publicity that has been given Mr.
Pugsley’s report.a copy of this letter will be furnished
the “Pacific Fisherman” and the “Canadian Fisherman.”

Yours truly,
. Assistant to the Commissioner.

U. S. STUDYING DANISH SEINE

Late in September, the ‘‘Carnegie,’’ from Hono,
Sweden, carrying a crew of six, including the captain,
and equipped with the so-called Danish seine, entered
the port of New York with the expectation of engaging ~
in American fisheries. The vessel is 60 feet long, 21
feet beam, draft about 8 feet, and of 25 tons net
tonnage.

As this afforded an exceptional opportunity for Am-
erican fishermen to learn of the merits of this gear at
relatively little expense, the Bureau of Fisheries, Wash-
ington, co-operating with the Bureau of Navigation,
immediately interested itself in the case, endeavoring
to secure the temporary waivure of the legal obstacles
and afford interested fishing companies an oppor-
tunity to send out observers on trial trips. The assis-
tant in charge of fishery industries proceeded to New
York and Boston immediately to perfect the necessary
arrangements. The details are being completed and
observers will be afforded an opportunity to witness

the operation of this gear, handled by men familiar
with its use.

254

Th ee ee

Ste Dea Nt 93 for

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

A Novel Auxiliary Installation

Ocrans of Srexw Fitts

| November, ‘19

PLAN

———

Note =

390 GAWLONS Capacity

See Dae Nt 94 FoR
DETAILS OF ENGINE SEATING

Plan of Machinery Space Showing Angle of Shaft to Horizontal

An installation of some interest has recently been
carried out in the three masted schooner ‘‘ Albert Re-
villon’’, owned by the Revillon Freres Trading Co.,
Limited.

This vessel was purchased in the spring for the pur-
pose of conveying supplies to the company’s various
posts in the Hudson’s Bay and Labrador. The period
of open navigation in these parts being short, and
winds fickle, a reliable auxiliary engine capable of
giving the vessel a speed of at least 7 miles was ne-
cessary, and after some investigation it was decided
to install a two-cylinder 90/100 B. H. P. reversing gear
model ‘‘Densil’’ crude oil engine, which engine is made
in Denmark and marketed in Canada by The Crude
Oil Engine Co. of Canada, of which company Mr. Wal-
ter Lambert, the Montreal naval architect, is principal.

This engine operates on the well-known semi-Diesel
or hot bulb principle, it being necessary to preheat a
portion of the cylinder by a blow lamp for a few
minutes. The initial impulse is given by compressed

air, which is generated by the engine and stored in a
small tank, after which the oil ignites without assis-
tance by reason of the heat generated by compression
in the cylinders.

f
H Fue, STORAGE TANK over
1
|

1
Natta oes seed

: ; Hint ae
Nena Sie Y BS
VE BENCH YNOER
» 4
Fue Srofser Tanne y Ste |
——

— tal,

420 GALLON® Capacity

This particular installation is somewhat oilt: te)
ordinary inasmuch as in order not to disturb the
ing deadwood, sternpost and rudder, the shaft
led out at the side, so that the propeller is pla
about the same position as in the case of a twi
installation, while the engine is about on the
keelson, the shafting being given a horizontal a we |
as a vertical rake to suit it. At first sight it wouk
seem that this transmission alignment would give
permanent turning moment, but as a matter of fa
the vessel carries no helm whatsoever when :
atrsieht ahead. ;

Owing to owners’ anxiety to place vessel in ser
with the minimum of delay, no formal trials were h:
in fact the work was completed one day and a «
trial run, and vessel proceeded to sea the foll
morning at 6 a.m. We are advised, however,
speed of 714 knots was attained with a cargo of |
tons aboard, while the fuel consumption was 61% §
lons per hour, at a cost of 12¢. per gallon, which am
demonstrates that this type of engine is about the
economical marine prime mover obtainable for
vessels.—Canadian Benne: and Marine ea
News. .

a gee :

ap a t
i i

\

+
' HY . eo dius weep er
Bl Lise Bl chat eee pe

NOTE - WHEN SHAFTING 13 LINED UP
THE CLEARACE OCTWEEN BOTTOM
OF ENGINE # Le auras KeELson
1970 Be

Elevation Showing Arrangement of Engine and Shaft

FLEVATION

The water was literally alive with fish. “T'was nearly
nidnight and the tide was high when, recently, I accepted
invitation of a fisherman at St. John, N. B. to walk
ie head of Sand Point Slip, where he promised to show
omething of interest.” On arriving at the edge of the
he pointed downwards, without comment, and there,
the rays of an arc-light, I saw the flashing of tiny
orms, thousands of them, as sardine-herring incessantly

rted about, with frequent jumping from the surface of
water. _

- Food in abundance was to be had, but not a boat moved.
ish were in by the millions, right up to the mooring posts

tess

Fehool.

ot only in St. John Harbor, but all along the shore of
ohn county, sardine-herring have been plentiful this
coming in wonderful floods of silvery-food-wealth,
1 and clean and most appetizing. And all the gener-
et Nature has gone for naught, under the present
n of demand. i
lates at the mercy of the American canners, the
ority of St. John sardine-herring fishermen, have, since
, conducted their local and downshore operations with
or no gain; frequently there has been a big loss. The
ot ‘Season has been the poorest on record in recent

) "the price should be te less than $3 a hogshead, it is
nt the industry has proved disastrous to those who

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

- Sardine Herring Industry Needs Help

e fisher fleet, but no corks bobbed across the path of -

255

Plenty of fish this season but not profitable for
fishermen to take it--Remedies suggested.

By THOMAS O’LEARY

Weir Must Yield $$,000

Under present cost of twine, etc., a new weir cost this
year, according to a weir operator, from $2,000 to $2,500,
and the replacing of an old weir, with repairs and additi-
tions, cost $1,000. To make a weir a financial success,
including labor cost of assistants,
returned $5,000 gross.
had taken in that amount, merely grinned. They are not
given much to words at the best of times, but when adver-
sity comes, they are silent but game losers.

each weir ‘should have
Operators who were asked if they

Briefly, sardine-herring fishing here is purely a gamble
as at present conducted. The fishermen invest, each fish-
ing season, money which they earn during the winter at
‘longsore work, at lumbering etc., so that when the fish
ing fails, the whole year is a failure. That sort of thing
happens too frequently to be good for the men, for the
industry and for the country. Fishing is a dominant in-
dustry in Canada and deserves better from the people in
general than it has received.

The lure of the “big year,’ which occurs once every few
years, is all that keeps the men in the game, and once that
beacon light fails to shine through the darkness, the sar-
dine-herring industry in these parts may be wrecked for-
ever.

The crying need at present is a market at home, not
only so far as packing and canning is concerned, but also
as regards consumption. The sooner that market is devel-
oped, the sooner will Canada derive benefit from the sil-
very schools that annually crowd her Fundy shores. A
campaign of education in the food value ‘and low cost of

the sardine-herring would help appreciably.
Further, the fishermen of this district should be made

ey 4% 8

An Investment of $2,000 or $2,500

ef 10 gs

independent of the American canner. The system now in
vogue makes the American buyer the master of the situa-
tion. He has no competition and dictates the price. Only
when the Eastport canners are compelled by market condi-
tions to fight among themselves for local fish, do the local]
fishermen get anything approaching a fair return for their
catch. Another factor which militates against the welfare
of the local sardine industry is that the buyers always
take the catch nearer home when that suffices, so that the
local weirmen have a host of difficulties to contend with.

New Market Needed

A new market, a Canadian market, is essential to the
continuance of sardine-herring fishing here. ‘That market
should consist first of a factory at St. John with a capa-
city of at least 300 hogsheads of fish daily; and, second-
ly, of a Dominion-wide demand for the product.

The Booth Fisheries, Ltd., fitted. up a factory here se¥-
eral years ago, but the factory was used only during two
seasons and since its capacity is only thirty hogshead a
day, its effect on the supply was not appreciable.

Sardine-herring permit of several varieties of pre-
serving. The fish are best known in the canned variety,
in oil, mustard, etc. Then there are the famous “Digby
Chickens,” a smoked class, which are delicious. The
fish are also packed in salt and are disposed of in a frozen
state in limited quantities.

Canada as a whole is not at all acquainted with the
sardine-herring. The maritimes, a portion of Quebee and
a small portion of the Canadian West, know the fish but
the country has yet to give it proper recognition.

Co-operation of the fishermen and distributors, with ,

government assistance in a national advertising campaign

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

- which should go into the pockets of the

November, 1922.

would no doubt achieve satisfactory results as regards p
ting up the catch and getting it to Canadian homes
consumption.

The fish, the boats, the gear, the experienced men
all available and as a matter of common sense, it is h
time that. some measure of proper effort should be

to get the sardine-herring industry out of the gam

stage and put it where it belongs, on a sound basis a
the dominant industries of the country...

: Of Pertinent Interest

A despatch from Gothenburg, Sweden, of recent dat
is of interest. An excerpt follows: “

Sweden is making a determined effort to stimulat
deep sea fishing industry of the west coast, and at ~
same time to increase the national consumption of —
throughout the country.. The state and local authori
are helping and encouraging fishermen in the purehasin
of new boats and fishing tackle, and they are constru
up ‘to-date fishing ports.

The government fisheries board is extending its rese;
work on the habits of the fish and the whereabouts o
largest schools. A campaign to stimulate the publie d
mand for fish as a more important part of the daily
has been inaugurated, and certain newspapers are ca
attention to the exploitation of fishermen by the mi
men. The latter are taking large profits, the majori
fishermen, or

shared by the public in lower prices.

The system of government inspection has been perfee
ed, inspectors being detailed to the several ports whe
mackerel is packed for the American market. These r

will see to it that mackerel of the highest grade only goe
to the United States. :

Interior Sardine Cannery, Black’s Harbor, N. B.

JAPS FINED $400 AND COSTS

Replying to reports that boats of Japanese fisher- |

men recently arrested on Vancouver Island for fish-
ing without a license, had been returned on payment
of a nominal fine, Major Motherwell, chief inspector
of fisheries for British Columbia, says:

soe view of the wide publicity given this breach of
the regulations I think it desirable to correct a misap-
prehension and to advise that in each of the fifteen
cases the magistrate levied a fine of $100 and costs,
which amounts were paid promptly. The boats and
contents were confiscated to the Crown and _ before
they were released the previous owners were required
to pay an additional sum of $300, making a total in
each case of $400 and costs.’’

NEW ICE PLANT

The new ice tank and machinery of the Ca n
Fish and Cold Storage Company at Prince Rupert
B.C., was completed and put in operation abot
middle of September, and is expected to furnish
abundant supply of ice for all requirements in the d
trict. W. J. Nicholls, comptroller of the compar
Says also that the quality of the ice is mueh imp
The new equipment, costing about $25,000, gives”
ducing capacity of over 100 tons daily. Re

A BAIT CONCESSION. ie
It is understood that the recent federal - ord ay
council has been amended whereby American fishi
vessels may take on bait at our Pacific ports on pa
ment of a $1 fee without engaging to land the fis
Canada. ; :

CANADIAN

: ‘Sir Thomas Robinson, K.B.E., fish merchant, steam
trawler owner, fish salesman and oyster and ice mer-
- chant of Grimsby, England, and director of the Can-
dian Fish and Cold Storage Company of Prince Ru-
rt, B. C., spent several weeks around the first of
September visiting the Pacific Coast. Sir Thomas was
at Prince Rupert at the beginning of the great war,
‘and this is his first trip to the Pacific Coast since
Sine coming to the Coast he called on the Dominion
ery officials at Ottawa, and visited his daughter
‘in the interior of British ‘Columbia, after which he
spent some time looking over fishery affairs at Prince
Rupert and conferring with T. H. Johnson, manager
of the Canadian Fish and Cold Storage Company.
From there he went to Vancouver and Seattle, visiting
; principal people in the fish business at each point.

- Sir Thomas had had a remarkable career, having
‘spent his early life as a fisherman on the banks out
0 Grimsby, and starting as a merchant when 28 years
of age, since when his interests have greatly expanded.

e assisted in financing the Prifice Rupert develop-
ment, and in 1917 was knighted for notable service to
t - country in the war. Though 67 years of age, he
ks much younger, and still takes an active part in
ivie as well as business affairs of his community, hold-
ng office as county councillor and justice of the peace.

Referring to the Prince Rupert establishment, he ex-
esses complete satisfaction with the conduct of the
usiness, and believes it has a promising future, The
‘recently completed addition to the ice-making plant,
A says, was Sadly needed, and the present daily rail-
srvice has been a great help. The trawling opera-
w regularly conducted by the company, he says,
irly productive, the catch consisting mainly of

He states that the English market during the last
year or two has taken a great many frozen Steelheads
from Prince Rupert and Vancouver, but of late this
ss has suffered from the competition of St.
rence River salmon. No Pacific halibut is being
| in England at present. The British trawling in-
try he declares is in poor shape, as the fish seem
e depleted, perhaps because of explosives and poi-
ns discharged during the war. Producing costs are
gh, and the market will not absorb the catch at
rices that will yield a profit. Large catches are being
made by Danish seines, and a good many of the Seoteh
rifters are taking up this gear.

_ He notes a marked depletion of Pacific halibut since
his last visit, and believes that as halibut grows
-searcer, other varieties will gain in popularity.—Ex-

wocege

_BOOTH’S ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN

ie pains in September the F. E. Booth Company
began a big advertising campaign to popularize the

California sardine as a staple food. Full page adver-
tisements for nine months are being run in four of the
foremost American journals which reach the house-
holder. The campaign is even more elaborate than
that conducted a year or more ago by the Norwegian
canners of crossfish.

K E SHERMAN

E British Fish Man Visits Pacific Coast

cl Ae
25]

DUTY ON FISH IN BOND

Although there is a feeling on the west coast that
halibut landed at Canadian ports by American vessels
and shipped in bond, will ultimately escape the new
American tariff, a good authority informs us that the
act particularly taxes this class of commodity, the
ostensible object being to divert the trade to American
ports.

chmriccealy HAS. LITTLE EFFECT

“The tariff éf Qe nae Ib. on fresh salmon came too
late to affect Puget Sound mildeurers, who work
mainly on fish from Vancouver Island. They do not
believe it will interfere greatly with their operations,
as it is expected that most of the duty will be taken
off the primary price of the fish—Pacifie Fisherman,

COURSE IN REFRIGERATION

The Siebel Institute of Technology, Chicago, an-
nounces the fact that it will conduct another regular

‘three months course in refrigeration engineering, start-

ing Tuesday, Jan. 9th, 1922. As in the past the class
will be limited to a small number of students to per-
mit the instructors to-devote personal and individual
attention to each student.

DAKE’S
“Best on the Lakes”

Steam Stearing Gears.

We want. every*fishing tug now steered by hand to
have one of the celebrated DAKE steam steering
gears.

It saves time, trouble, worry and delays, safe-
guards the tug against many unavoidable accidents
and eliminates the consequent items of damage ex-
pense and repairs.

The DAKE steering gear is safe; simple to operate
and reliable. No mechanical skill required to op-
erate it.. Noiseless fabroid driving pinions impart
smooth running qualities. Combined hand or steam
steering at your will. Takes up less room than the
hand wheel.

Don’t forget we also manufacture the ATWOOD
Improved NET PULLER, which is known as the
best on the market.

Write for our Complete Catalogue and Liberal
terms.

Manvfactured by

The DAKE ENGINE Co.
GRAND HAVEN, MICH.

CANADIAN OFFICE:

45 Adelaide Street E.,
TORONTO, ONT,

Capt. Wm. J. STITT, Can. Mgr.

22 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

UNITED, STATES FISH FIRMS Specializing in the HANDLING
OF CANADIAN FISH

W.irving Atwood,
President.

WACHUSET
BRAND —
FINNAN HADD

31 Boston Fish Pier

‘W. Elmer Atwood,
Vice-President.

Irving M. Atwood,
Treasurer.

OF THE
- SEASON

Boston, Mass.

lo]

Ming

7

AY RN CSV Z ZZ N\ “i COMPAN vo \
CHA AR LFS NOR DT | SLE J) ‘iC a FANYing
At ARLE LL NU DE SS A\

WHOLESALE PRODUCERS, IMPORTERS AND SHIPPERS OF
FRESH CHILLED, SMOKED, SALTED LAKE AND OCEAN

FISH OYSTERS“=CLAMS

Ey

W. J. VHAY, Detroit, Mich

Importer, Broker, Commission Merchant,
Specializing in

CANNED pm FAT SALT HEREING
CANNED CLAM SMOKED FISH
Have the market ye the big Middle West. Willing —
to develop any staple food product of Canada. Have
been handling Canadian Products for 20 years. Bank
and mercantile references. %

Correspondence Solicited.

BUFFALO.N.Y,

A. E. HALLETT

BROKER
FRESH AND FROZEN FISH

Correspondence solicited
Ref., Corr Exchange National Bank, or any Chicago

wholesale fish concern.
N. Clarke St, CHICAGO

When You Ship FISH, LOBSTERS
or SCALLOPS to the Boston Market,
' FOR BEST RESULTS ship to

R. S. HAMILTON COMPANY

17 ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
FISH PIER, BOSTON, MASS.

On the Boston Market over 25 years

Ss. Rosie “

PHENIX PACKING CO.

837 Southern Boulevard, - Bronx, New York if

We buy WHITE FISH and CISCOE ROE
STURGEON CAVIAR any quan

Best Market Prices.
(For reference Cosmopolitan Bank of the Bronx, N Ap gi

Phone Intervale 720

THE
CANADIAN

Official Organ of the Canadian Plibevies Association

GARDENVALE, P. Q., DECEMBER 1922 No. 12

Ny °s
AL

_

98% U
S i
“7 PRESENTED Sm

a
oS

CURT . G. HUNTSMAN

2
> —
74 Sy

oe NOTICE
Practice—Makes—Perfect

We have been manufacturing Cordage for ninety-five years,
and we have spared no effort in consistently trying to better
its quality for the most exacting buyer.

To-day we are manufacturing Cordage that is better adapted
to the Fishing Industry than any other make on the market.
A trial will convince you of all we say about

“LION BRAND” CORDAGE

Also manufacturers of Manila, Sisal, Binder Twine, Jute
Cordage, Transmission Lath Yarn and twines of every des-

cription.
Made in Canada since 1825 by

Consumers Cordage Co., Ltd.

Mills at: Branches at:
DARTMOUTH, MONTREAL, TORONTO, ST. JOHN,
Tees & Persse, Limited, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, Calgary, Moose Jaw.

Edmonton and Fort William, Ont. James Bisset & Co., Quebec, P.Q.
acgowan & Co., Vancouver, BC.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Fishermen’s Supplies

Knox’s and Barbour’s
Linen Gilling N ets
Sea Island Cotton Gilling Nets
Pounds Nets, Hoop Nets, Dip Nets

Drag Seines, Minnow Seines, Trammel Nets.

i ech ee rer ee a
r ie fe ee i pe ee a ava
Al Ts {he DY ae Se we See

In ordering state number of thread, size of mesh

(stretched), number of meshes deep, and selvage.
WE CARRY A COMPLETE STOCK OF A
=!

Gold Medal Seine Twine in Medium and Soft Lay

It is our aim to ship your order the same day as received. - :

WRITE FOR A CATALOGUE

John Leckie Limited

77 WELLINGTON ST. WEST, TORONTO.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Y\
Kf

THE
ANADIAN FISHERM

Official Organ of the Canadian Fisheries Association

A Monthly Journal devoted to the Commercial Development of the Fishery Resources of Canada,
and Technical Education of those engaged in the Industry.

GARDENVALE, P. Q., DECEMBER 1922 No. 12

CONTENTS

Editorial
PEE WV OCT Os RBar Re a eee ae hs ee a Oe
PLAGEN 6: ViACtANY ee Gon 4 ot. Fee Fe a 259
Our Export Business Slipping .. .. ..... .. .. -. 260
= Demand Precedes Production .. .. .. .. .. -. .- 260
ae Piscatorial Noten sola: aus) ey ok aces
:. General
a Pisherman’'s: PRYAGIRO: oo se a a ae UK Se eg
ie No Winter Lobster Fishing .. .. .. .. .. .. -- 261
Warning to Codfish Exporters .. .. .. .... +. ++ 262
Fisheries Reservation in Alaska .. .. .. .. .. .. 268
French Experiments in Refrigeration .. .. .. .. 264
Effective Net Preservative .. .. .- .. -. +. ++ ++ 265
Poor Outlook in Cod Markets .. .. .. ..'.. -. +. 265
News Notes from Far and Near... ...... .. .- 266
ae Review of Events in Maritimes .. .. .. .. .. -- 267
os Ills of Fundy Herring Industry .. .. .......... 286
a New Spanish Treaty Aids Newfoundland .. .. .. 269
New York, Lakefish and Tariff......... ...- +. 370
Fried Fish Shops are Big Consumers .. .. .. .. 271
Lunenburg Fleet Had Record Catch... ........ 271
Review of October Fishing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -. 271
wm... 1. Fisheries Review..: 0. 2. 66 2 4% seen B12
Racing Rules Amended .. .. .. .. -- -- «+ «+++ 2972
Royal Commission Submits Report .. .. .. .- .. 278
U. S. Unofficially Favors Treaty .. .. .. .. .. -. 275
Happenings on the Pacific Coast .. .. .. .. .- .. 276

SUBSCRIPTION The Industrial & Educational Publishing Co.

Canada, Newfoundland and Great Britain $2.00
United States and Elsewhere .. .. .. .. $3.00
Payable in advance.

_ Published on the 17th of each month. Changes of ad-
_ vertisements must be in the publisher’s hands ten days
ore that date. Cuts should be sent by mail, not by
ess. Readers are cordially invited to send to the
ditor items of fishery news, also articles of practical
erest. If suitable for publication, these will be paid
at our regular rate.

Limited

J. J. Harpell, President and Managing Director
GARDEN CITY PRESS, - Gardenvale, Que.
Telegrams and Express Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.

Eastern Manager, A. S. Christie, Gardenvale, Que.

Western Manager, H. W. Thompson, Aladdin Building,
208 King St. W., Adelaide 3310

18 CANADIAN FISHERMAN
Densil Logic :

In buying an engine, there is only one comparative

factor which is indisputable.—

That is Price

We, or our competitors may
CLAIM superior qualities for our

engines, but our respective >

claims can only be proved by
experience.

In the meantime OBTAIN and
COMPARE PRICES of the
““DENSIL’’ and other makes of
Crude Oil Engines and Act
Accordingly.

FOR PRICES, TERMS AND DELIVERIES APPLY TO

The Crude Oil Engine Co., of. Canale

14 PLACE ROYALE

MONTREAL

Or any of our Agents.

1 Sh Cag

Se. oe aaa TN
Ss ae he b ATs eae

. oe S

Rs mts ,
oe er

F December, 1922

Bs oe. I ICIL ICICI Jee

ALL’S WELL SO FAR

Be The Royal Commission which inquired into fishery
problems in British Columbia sprang no surprise in
ts -repert to the government, unless it be its suggested
™ ethed ef handling the Oriental issue. A department,
se and distinct from the marine department, is
ngly urged, together with a reorganization of the
n rinistration at Ottawa and in British Columbia. A
season for sockeye salmon for five years in the
rae and its tributaries and all coast waters leading
thereto is recommended, also an international convention
for the protection of halibut resources. The commission
feels the necessity for the establisment of practical
ifie research stations on both the Atlantic and
Paeific coats, and makes minor recommendations which
are dealt with elsewhere in this issue.
Frem information to hand we feel the preliminary
Eas should prove satisfactory to the Pacifie province
‘though it is a far ery from the submitting of a report
the adoption of its recommendations. There have
been royal commissions before and there have been
‘recommendations touching upon the same or similar
issues. These may be found, by removing a quantity
‘of dust and must, ensconed in some pigeon-hole where
there no doubt repose numerous other documents that
suffered a similar fate. This thing is sort of an off-
Stage play in politics. The thing that will please
the west more than a favorable report is giving practical
effect. to it. The government must have anticipated
the problems to be considered and, therefore, must be
prepared for such a report. It sent the commission west
lke appease agitation and if it fails now to take cogni-
zance of impartial recommendations, instead of allay-
ing dissatisfaction it will only have augmented it. In
other words the government is in the position now where
it eannct very gracefully refuse what are not only the
demands of the industry, but in the opinion of impar-
tial judges, are the righteous demands of the industry.
Not least among the recommendations is that for a
‘separate department at Ottawa. It has long been the
feeling that this reform is absolutely essential if the
government: is to have the confidence of the 100,000
thousand people or thereabouts who are very intimately
eoncerned with fisheries development.
it will be some time yet~ before parliament meets
t Ottawa and action on the various questions may of

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

A MERRY CHRISTMAS

JAMES H. CONLON,

a

Editor

necessity be deferred until then. It is regrettable that
something practical could not have been done on the
matters that cannot afford to wait, such as halibut
protection, but. we must check our impatience.

HAGER’S VICTORY

Judging by developments from the ‘hearings of the
Royal Commission in British Columbia there is a fair
prespeet of a joint convention between Canada and the
United States for the conservation of the North Pacific
halibut industry by instituting a close season from
November 15 to February 15 following. A. L. Hager,
president of the Canadian Fisheries Association, who
has been advocating such a measure for many years,
presented a flawless case before the commission and it
is, therefore, not surprising that, in its report to the
government, the commission recommended a_halibut-
protection convention.

Mr. Hager -has shown commendable energy in fore-
ing this matter upon the attention of the authorities
and if a close season should be introduced the Can-
adian Fisheries Association and the industry in general
will have no one to-thank but our genial president.
Everyone who has been following the halibut situation -

‘will reeall that it was through the effective presenta-

tion of the case by Mr. Hager that the international
commission of 1918 incorporated a halibut treaty in the
draft convention submitted by that commission to: the
governments of the two countries. The recommenda-
tions of the report, while approved by Ottawa, were
held up by the senate at Washington and have never
been retified. It is believed by some that the various
individual subjects incorporated in the single conven-
tion militated against its adoption and it was later ad-
vised that the issues involved be dealt with separately.
Mr. ‘Hager urged particularly that the halibut issue
demanded immediately attention and, apparently fail-
ing to get satisfactory action on the part of Ottawa, had
eminent American counsel employed who: personally
interviewed Secretary of State Hughes at Washington,
Secretary of Commerce Hoover and Mr. O’Malley, Com-
missioner of Fisheries. A rough draft of the proposed
treaty was presented to each and the report came back
that all of them were not only willing but anxious to
enter into the proposed agreement.

.

260

Following upon this, Mr.
minister of fisheries at Ottawa, telegraphed Mr Hager,
dated August 23, as follows:

‘‘Only method for adequate protection halibut
is by treaty. Canada has already asked United

States to enter into treaty dealing with the halibut

fishery only.’”’
For some time following the rejection by Washington

of the draft convention of 1918 Ottawa hesitated to-

approach the United States government with a new

proposal of a separate convention, feeling that in cour-—

tesy the United States government should re-open the
issue. Apparently, however, Ottawa has realized the
futility of riding a high horse at the expense of the
industry. It is not to be assumed, though, that official
action at Ottawa began in August. We feel we violate
no trust in stating that we were advised in confidence
some. time earlier that advanees to Washington had been
made.

In view of the expressed opinions of the interested |

authorities at Washington, together with the fact that
every individual and organization on the Pacifie coast
having a share in the halibut fishery, wants a close
season, there is little room for doubt that.an agreement
will be reached. We can hardly blame our western
friends for skepticism, however, because they have on
' more than one oceasion been within an inch of their
goal only to suffer disappointment. Mr. Hager may very
well have been the means of reopening the question.
If Ottawa had not had some assurance of the favorable
attitude of Washington it is doubtful if it would have
broached again an arrangement that was rejected in
1918.

OUR EXPORT BUSINESS SLIPPING

Just a short time ago we had occasion to remark
upon the failure of dried codfish exporters to maintain
in foreign markets the strong advantage which came to
them as one of the fruits of the war. During the

years of turmoil in Europe Canadian codfish had a.

pretty clear field in the West Indies and South Amer-
ica and it is possible that because of the facility with
which they captured trade in those years, exporters
became a bit lax and callous to the requirements of
ovr foreign buyers. The West Indies and South Amer-
: 4 were more or less obliged to take Canadian codfish
rig the war years and if there was any detail in
the cure that they did not exactly like, they simply
had to put up with it or go without codfish. The
other normal sources of supply were put out of com-
petition.

As soon as world cowaitiogs started on a course to-
ward normalcy our pre-war competitors in the fields
set out to recapture the trade. Mind you, Canada had
the markets gripped right by the roots. But other

“CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Found assistant deputy —

December, 192
producers came along and by endeavoring to give 1y-
ers exactly what they wanted, have undermined th
market: for Canadian goods and threaten to put us ot
of the running entirely. }

In this issue of the Canadian Fisherman one of th
Canadian government trade commissioners gives ste
tisties to show that Canadian shipments of cod to Oub
dropped more than fifty per cent. in a year. Du rin
the same year Norway increased her movement of f: is
into the market as did also the United States. D esr it
all her natural advantages in the way of proxi
the market, cheapness of transportation and facil
communication, Canada lets the prize slip. And >
According to the trade commissioner there is no
reason. than that our fishermen will not remngys
black nape from the fish. There is absolutely no infer
rity in quality. Our cod will stand the test with any
But the people of Cuba want fish without the black
nape and if we persist in putting fish into the m 2
without the nape removed, why Cubans will simp]
elsewhere and get: the accommodation they, want. —

This is not a new question by any means. We
been hearing about these black napes for years and y :
The exporting houses declare they cannot induce fi:
men to remove the objectionable portion, even on.
surance of a higher price for their commodity. That
the case it is plainly the duty of someone in au
to correct the trouble.

The fishermen have no direct connection with
market and consequently may not fully realize th
gency for conforming to the market’s requireme
is useless to attempt to force it upon then
very few exceptions they are not interested.
interest ceases when the goods leave their. vases
exporters are to be protected and if Canadian t: Bt
to be fostered, the government must step in and :
these things which are now, apparently; no one
ponsibility.

Our foreign trade, no matter whether it be in.
in cheese, is not the exclusive conern of the imm
exporter. It concerns the entire country and it
nature affects very directly our economic
with the outside world. This is an age of prog
ness and we must keep abreast of the times ifs
to maintain our trade status.

The fishermen have the knowledge and the |
to produce a commodity that will compete succe;
in any market. Then, to’ put in baldly, a bira :
can sing and won’t sing should be made sing. An ¢
tension of the principle of standardisation and g
ment inspection is inevitable.

DEMAND poachers. PRODUCTION

_A writer in a recent-issue of the Fishing News, d
deen, Scotland, expounds a truth when he says: ex
majority of people engaged in the fishing inde a

E December, 1922
‘ often think more about catching fish than catching
_ eustomers. The sale of an article depends very largely
| on the creation of a demand, and the appetite of our
- millions of populations can only: he whetted by novel-
ties.’’

CANADIAN

That is the situation in Canada very aptly put. Our
dominion has unparalleled fish resources and we re-

_ peatedly hear and read of the urgency for increased

production to develop our national wealth. Undoubtedly

the only way to wring a greater revenue from the
B Fisheries is to capture more fish and turn them into
3 the coin of the realm. But that is not looking for
enough. In order to turn fish into money there must
a be people who are willing to exchange money for fish.
_ When fishing reaches the stage where there are no cus-

tomers available then any production above that is sheer
Baste of the commodity and waste of time and labor.
~The first step to make our dormant capital pay a divi-
dend is to create a situation where people will buy

_ more fish. Production will increase in exact propor-.

tion to the increase in fish purchases and not a bit more.
- If our authorities desire to make our fisheries the great-
2 est in the world as their prolificacy warrants, their
_ first step is to stimulate demand. If there is any more
peice analysis of the situation we should like to hear
a it.”

a 4

PISCATORIAL NOTES

ei the old Country fresh fish trade distributors ex-
perience great difficulty in securing a return of empty

containers. One Fleetwood merchant, apparently believ-

ing Jhis instructions will have an effect similar to the

hed ‘wet paint” warning, has stenciled on his boxes: ‘‘This

box is given free with the fish’’. No doubt he stands

F as great a chance of getting the boxes back as he did
- before,

The ‘United States government has decided to come to
the, aid of the livestock industry and do what it can
to. stimulate the use of meat. A decrease of more than
B ioverty-tive pounds in the annual per capita consump-

~ tion, as shown in late statistics, trikes authorities as

B. alarming. The fact that fish consumption is calculated

’ by an authority in the industry to be not more than
~ fourteen pounds per capita must strike the government

1 unconscions—too far gone to take any action.

Plate Tin May Advance

ii seal Rea ons
Se

Until recently plate tin remained at the base price
‘of $4.75 but those in close touch with the situation
- predict a raise of 25 or 30 cents on 1923 deliveries. No
shortage, however, is feared as a result of coal and
rail strikes.

FISHERMAN 261

FISHERMAN’S PARADISE

Waters of Great Slave Lake Abound in Fish of
many kinds

C. S. Maedonald, D.L.S., of the Topographical Sur-
veys Branch, of the Department of the Interior, Ot-
tawa, who has been in charge of the survey of the
north shore of Great Slave lake during the past sum-
mer, states that the country bordering the north shore
of Great Slave lake from the North Arm to the site of
old Fort Reliance is mostly covered with rock, the
timber being very small and sparse and in some cases
entirely lacking. The lake itself contains thousands
of uncharted islands, varying from mere rocks
islands over thirty-five miles long. :

The water in the easterly end of Great Slave lake is
extremely cold and abounds in fish of many kinds.
The principal kinds are whitefish and salmon trout.
The latter is red in colour, very firm and delicious to
the taste. In many places, very little knowledge of
the angler’s art is required in order to obtain a large
catch. As many as twenty, weighing from thirty to
fifty pounds each, have been caught in a single after-
noon with a medium sized spoon troll. The Indians
of this district usually catch these fish with nets.
Throughout the greater part of the year fish forms
the main and in some cases the only article of diet for
these Indians.

to

NO WINTER LOBSTER FISHING

The Department of Marine and Fisheries at Ottawa,
states that the decision given out a few weeks ago by
the department, re no lobsters fishing this fall, will be
strictly adhered to. This decision had apparently been
arrived at immediately after the return to Ottawa of
J. J. Cowie,who, a few weeks ago, visited the South
Shore from Halifax to Yarmouth and also up the
Bay Shore, making an enquiry as to the feasibility of
allowing an extension this fall. In talking over the
situation while in Yarmouth, Mr. Cowie said there was _
a great variety of opinion on the subject, consequently
the Department was quite at a loss to know just what
action to take. He thought, however, before another
season should come around, that the Department would,
no doubt, send out a lobster commission to make an
enquiry of a very searching character, regarding the |
lobster industry, after which the change in boundary
lines of some sections would likely follow.

In speaking of the winter fishing or a short open
season this fall Mr. Cowie said that in many places he
found the fishermen very anxious for either one or the
other, but most preferred and argued in favor of the
former. When, however, that official told them that,
should a season be allowed this fall, there would be
a size limit put in the ruling and it would be strictly
adhered to, there would, at every section, come a per-
ceptible change over the fishermen and it was quite
apparent that with that knowledge many did not care
whether they did or did not catch lobsters during the
fall or winter. It is probably due to the divided at-
titude shown by the fishermen that the Department has
not seen fit to accede to the prayer of the petitions
which have been sent from many sections to the capital.

262

ness.

(By Trade Commissioner G. R. Stevens)

Havana, oeonuee 12, 1922. — The statisties of
imports of codfish into Hav ana during 1921 and 1922
make discouraging reading. They are as follows :—

Cases of 100
Canada
Month 1921 1922
January .. 10,808 2,982
February 8,258 9,850
March red 7,808 6,175
ori. poe 8,771 2,099
May . 4,723 1,270
June .. 7,932 1,823
July .. 6,300 4,673
August .. .. 8,505 2,700
September 5,060 1,625
October . 2,025 930
November .. 4,885
December 5,062
80,137 34,127

These statistics record the falling off of a natural
market which came to Canadian exporters as a war
legacy — which they had every opportunity to hold,
and which is in danger of returning to Norwegian
firms through the failure on- the part of Canadian
fishermen to meet Cuban requirements.

Before leaving for Jamaica last November, the writer
discussed the limited but steady encroachments of
Norwegian codfish with the agents of several Can-
adian fish houses. At that time, the competition was
admitted, but was not considered to be dangerous, as
nearly every advantage rested with the Canadian ex-
porters. Such advantages still remain with the Can-

adian exporters, but the market is in danger of pass-
ing from them to its former ‘suppliers, and from pre-
sent indications the Canadian share of the codfish trade
of the northern half of Cuba will soon become as ne-
eligible as before the war.

Norway’s Adverse Conditions

The success of Norwegian exporters in the face of.
They -

Canada’s favourable situation is noteworthy.
are several thousand miles further from Cuba than
Canada. They are forced to rely upon a monthly
steamship service, which necessitates bulk deliveries;
the release of such cargoes weakens the market and
diminishes their net returns. Their freight rate is 65
per cent higher per case than the rate from Canada.
Each ease is subject to a landing charge which most
Canadian fish escape. It is almost impossible to cancel
or reorder from Norway; mails are slow, and cables
are much more expensive. The agents of the Norwe-
gian fish houses are no more aggressive, nor have they
better connections with the trade than the Canadian

“CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Warnlis to Codfish Exporters

Trade Commissioner Points out that Canada —
is losing Cuban market through careless-

December, 1

7
representatives, who usually carry potatoes and
agencies as well — lines which are cogtriggtems

junction with codfish.

0 Ibs. net
Norway United S$

1921 1922 921
100 ath is 400
2,157 1,259 1,121
3,032 5,467 2,720
4,952 3,084 2,016
253 2,383 209
a a 150 400
1,797 3,710 | 1,015
2,808 1,063 1,185
6,830 6,513 1,220
850 7,597 325
Deed A a ae eee is 750
BOT ees ee *. 92
34,041 31,226 11,453

The Matter of Black Nape

There are only two influences favouring
fish, and of these only one is important. —
advantage of the Scandinavian fish lies in
ness of some Norwegian exporters: to for
upon consignment. This is an attractive
merchandising for the importer, and with
signees, the returns from such shipments
ably be satisfactory. But consignment b
almost any line of export tends to run i self
ground, and it is particularly apt to do s oii
American countries. On the other hand, so
Norwegian shippers are demanding moval
terms of payment than the Canadian shi
although their fish keep no longer, is not be
ed, nor superior in any way except appea
are beginning to command the market. 1
and its solution are simple: the Canadi
have been trying to make Cuban importers
nape fish; and they will not touch black
while white nape are to be had. ee

A visit to any bodega (small retail groce:
minatory. The proprietor has no idea of th
his bacalao, but he is quite willing to talk a
pays $13 per case for it, cash on daliverl
and he earries stocks for about three weeks
The interviewer shows some surprise; he me
at $12.50. Yes, but that is aleta negra
The interviewer does not know much about |
if he thinks fifty cents difference will land a §
black nape when white nape is available. Tl
nape are admittedly good fish, well cured, Bo
vour, well packed, and come every week ;
dealers sometimes wait for their money until |
is sold. But, it is black nape. And that is tl
ning and the end of it. a

| December, 1922 CANADIAN

| ae Quality

In so far as the quality of the fish is concerned, there
is little or no distinction made between any of the
, eodfish. The Alaskan is a harder and perhaps a little
whiter cure; some dealers declare that the cure is so
_ hard that the flavour suffers. In regard to endurance,
the Alaskan is probably a little superior to the others
although there are no complaints against Canadian
fish upon such ground. A few years ago Canadian
_ shipments occasionally softened in the summertime,
but no such complaints have been made in late years.
In appearance, Canadian fish is supposed to have im-
_ proved. Before the war, the Canadian fish did not
| possess the clean and fresh appearance of competing
fish; due in part, it was believed, to a poorer quality
of salt and also to the small percentage of Canadian
- fish that are kiln-dried.. At present such complaints
are not made; the presence of the black nape is the
_ only objectionable feature.

'

THATS

reTaTe

Packing

Pe ee

sessing the neatness or strength of the Norwegian con-
_ tainers. The burned trade mark upon the box is a
- feature of many Norwegian shipments, and this iden-
- tification is a valuable sales agent.

ORES E

“4 Shipping

_ The Maritime Province fish have all the best of de-
liver:es. Alaska fish are subject to transhipment either
at San Francisco or Seattle. Norwegian deliveries are
monthly, via Philadelphia. Canadian deliveries are
weekly, via Boston.

Bes Transportation and Landing Costs

| Canadian fish land in Havana at about 80 cents
freight charge per 100 pounds of fish. Norwegian fish
come in at about $1. per case, and Alaskan fish at
anywhere between 90 cents and $1.10. Landing charges
/ amount to slightly over 10 cents per case, but such
| charges are included in the Canadian freight rate. In-
‘suranee is negligible. Norwegian and Canadian fish
pay a duty of approximately 60 cents per case, and
- Alaskan fish about 45 cents per case.

PPE PEE TE

—

Salesmanship

Norwegian firms enjoy no advantage in this de-
partment. Canadian agents are live and aggressive

OPES F Te TCL NGS

count of the presence of Canadian banks, payments are
easier to arrange. The United Fruit Company are im-
terested in the success of Canadian fish to the extent
of well over $100,000 in freight returns annually while
’ Ganadian fish predominate. There has been little or
no advertising of Norwegian fish as such, nor any

| systematic exploitation of trade marks. In salesman-
| ship, the prox.mity of Canada is the key factor. Can-
adian fish at present are more successful in the country

. districts, but as all sales are centred in Havana, the
rural districts take whatever fish is supplied to them.
» In the east end of the island the Pickford & Black
| service from Halifax retains the market for Canadian
| fish, but for the other five provinces of Cuba the white
nape is the determining factor. It is unfortunate that

LIEGE,

Canadian packing is very good, although not pos- -

and very well connected with the local trade. On ae- |

FISHERMAN 263
distributors, particularly retailers, believe the Nor-
wegian fish to be better fish simply because of the pre-
ference that is shown by their customers for white nape
fish. Importers agree that there is no ground for
believing that the flavour or cure of the Scandinavian
fish is superior. It is therefore apparent that black
nape fish are associated both with Canada and with
inferiority in the minds of the purchasers, and that
Canadian fish will never be recognized as of prime
quality until the black nape has been removed. If this
operation is sufficiently intricate to cost several cents
per fish, it would be interesting to know how the napes
are removed from Norwegian and Alaskan fish with-
out such undue cost.

It is understood that the fishermen usually are not
paid wages, but share their catches. Also that the
large exporting houses finance such fishermen through-
out their season. With such relationships in the cod-
fish industry, it would seem that some arrangement
might be made to preserve a market worth a million
dollars per year. There is every reason to believe that
Canadian fish need not undersell Norwegian fish if
the black nape is removed, but can drive them from
this market through advantages of freight and prox-
imity, and at the same time obtain higher net returns
for the Canadian exporters. The local agents of the
Canadian fish exporters, the steamship companies
which carry the fish, and many foodstuffs distributors
believe this, and they are really in a position to know.
Yet year after year this matter is unremedied, and in
so far as northern Cuba is concerned, Canadian ex-
porters may soon be counted out of the market if this
indifferent attitude toward Cuban requirements con-
tinues.

FISHERIES RESERVATION IN ALASKA

President Harding on November 3 upon recommenda-
tion of Secretary Hoover of the Department of Commerce
and Commissioner O’Malley of the Bureau of Fisheries,
signed an executive order establishing a government
fisheries reservation including Bristol Bay, Cooks Inlet
and the waters adjacent to Kodiaec and Afoguak Is-
lands in Alaska, for the purpose of protecting the salmon
fisheries in that district until such time as legislative
action can establish more affective control.

During the past twelve months successive steps have
been taken for the preservation of the Alaska salmon
by the gradual extension of fisheries reservation. The,
salmon industry, which produces a food supply valued
at $35,000,000 per annum, is now in serious jeopardy due
to unrestricted fishing.

Restrictive legislation has been bitterly opposed by the
fishing industry for many years. Recently, however,
secretary Hoover, in conference with reprensentative
canners, secured unanimous agreement to the necessity
of such legislation if the industry is to be preserved.
Through the results of scientific investigation during
the past summer, Commissioner O’Malley has determined
the necessity cf the reservation which is now being
ereated as a temporary measure pending an opportunity
for Congress to act.

264 : :

French Experiments in Refrigeration

Brine-freezing process proved to be most ef-
fective — Contrary to general belief, no a
shrinkage found from freezing.

(Specially written for

In connection with the big effort being made by France
to stimulate the development of its fisheries, Government
officials have been making an extended series of experi-
ments at the refrigeator and cold storage plant at Lor-
ient, the object being to determine the best methods of
freezing and subsequently thawing fish of various species
and sizes. At the outset it may be said that while the ex-
periments appear to have solved a number of interesting
technical problems, which have worried the French fish-
ing industry, the principles established will not perhaps be
readily reconciled with commercial practices or household
customs. For instance, it was found that to thaw out various
important species of frozen fish the best results were ob-
tained by soaking them for six hours in water of a tem-
perature of 20 degrees Centrigrade, or about 68 degrees
Fahrenheit. At this temperature the fish emerged pre-
serving a taste indistinguishable from fish fresh from the
sea, but raising the temperature in order to produce quick-
er thawing modified the taste. Obviously, to meet this
condition fish dealers would have to install thawing vats,
and change their system of sales. Or housewives would
have to be taught to soak fish for six hours. Where the
housewife goes to market to buy fish for lunch, this
is not easy, but when fish is bought for dinner, the prin-
cipal meal of the French, it presents no difficulties. The
French officials, however, consider this an important prob-
lem, and are experimenting in the hope of finding a meth-
od by which frozen fish can be thawed in a short time
without loss of flavor or taste. ; .

The plant at Lorient where the experiments are being
carried on is able to manufacture 120 tons of artificial ice
per day, and has a storage capacity for ice of 1,200 tons.
It is able to freeze 1 3-4 tons of fish per hour, and to
provide cold storage for 2,000 tons of fish or other food-
stuffs. ;

The method.of freezing fish found most satisfactory
was to immerse in brine containing 27 per cent of sea
salt; brought to a temperature of -17 degrees Centigrade,
or to zero Fahrenheit. Two brine vats were used, the cir-
culation of the brine being maintained by a pump which
forced the brine from the lower to the higher, while a

_ siphon carried the brine from the higher to the lower vat.

_. The fish were disposed on crates arranged in tiers, with
“an apparatus for lowering them into the vats or raising
them.

In some of the experiments hake and haddock were kept
in the brine bath for ten hours. But in spite of the long
cold bath these fish weighing from eight to fifteen pounds
were not thoroughly frozen, tests showing that their in-
terior temperature was only 11 degrees Centigrade, or six
degrees Centigrade higher than the temperature of the
bath. After four hours in the bath the brine penetrated
the flesh of the fish, especially if they were gutted, and
the flesh presented an appearance and had a taste similar
to salt dried cod, after it had been soaked to prepare it
for the cooking pot.

Hour and Half Sufficient

After numerous experiments the experts concluded that
it was not necessary to thoroughly freeze the fish in the

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

Canadian Fisherman)

December, 1922 4

brine,“and they decided that an immersion of one hour and
a half was sufficient for haddock, hake, cod and fish of a_
similar description. On this basis the plant was able to —
congeal 1 3-4 tons of fish per hour, its contemplated ca-
pacity.
When taken from the brine bath the fish, without being
submitted to a glazing process were placed in a cold stor-
age chamber, the temperature of which was maintained at
between -8 and -12 degrees Centigrade (17 to 10 degree
Fahrenheit.) Later at various intervals samples of the —
frozen fish were given to many persons who were requil red —
to write their opinions as to the quality and taste of the
fish, a consensus of these opinions may be summarized as
follows: a
1. The results of the experiments with mackerel and
dories were not really satisfactory. Undoubtedly, after
four months in cold storage, these fish are healthy foo
and by no means unpalatable, but the taste is modified, anc
this modification is noticeable one month after freezing. —
The dories become insipid, the mackerel show a concen-—
tration of fatty substances in different parts, and gradual-—
ly develop a rancid taste. es
2. The results obtained with all the other fish were
judged excellent by the large number of people who ate
them. a
3. Certain fish were gutted before being frozen in the
brine bath; a larger number were placed in the bath with
no other preparation than a vigorous washing. Contrar
to expectations, gutting the fish offered no advantages,
but, on the contrary, presented some inconveniences.
Gutted fish absorbed too much salt and did not prese
as wholesome an appearance as the whole fish. Gu
or whole, no difference was observable in the fish
kept for equal periods in cold storage. This may ap}
paradoxical, since the entrails contain the matter most li-
able to corruption; but the same thing has been observec
with respect to frozen poultry. as
4. Frozen fish present a compact appearance, and us-
ually it is only by this compact appearance that even a_
fish monger can tell that a fish has been frozen. _
Is No Loss In Weight Bie”
Among some fish dealers the belief prevails that freez—
ing fish involves a loss of weight. The French experi-—
menters at Lorient gave their attention to this point, and.
they report that fish held in cold storage for 4 1-2 months
showed no diminution or increase of weight. ‘Perh: Ds
they say, “these results, which are in contradiction wi
others we have read, may be due to the fact that at To
ient the cold storage chamber in which the fish were con-
served contained a quantity of ice, and was not wholly
dependent on artificial refrigeration. If so, there is an
advantage in placing a certain quantity of ice in chambers”
where fish are conserved.” ae
In passing it may be said that private experim en ors
in France have advised the keeping of a quantity of ice
in cold storage chambers, because it helps to maintain an
even temperature if there is a temporary break down of
the refrigerating plant. Another consideration worth not-
ing is that brine frozen fish placed in a cold storage cham-
ber containing a quantity of ice soon take on that glaze
which improves their appearances. 2

ag

be
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i

TT Lee
me eee

SO ee IT a a Te er ae

SORE TS SS EST ERS = FEE RETRY

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ie

December, 1922

RES YT

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‘

_ those which do not contain it.
_ vatives for a period up to two months, but they fall off

-

- mercial practice.

a

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_ pleted in 1 1-2 to hours.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 265 —

Effective Net Preservative

American investigation discloses copper oleate
treatment produces best results in extend-

ing life of net.

In the September issue of the ‘Canadian Fisherman’
was set forth a review of experiments conducted in
many parts of the world over a wide range of years
in order to locate the best means of keeping fishing

_ nets from rotting and getting the maximum of service

from twine. Authorities in Belgium seemed convinced
that the most effective method involved treatment

with copper sulphate, one favoring direct treatment
and another after tanning.

H. F. Taylor, chief. technologist of the Bureau of
Fisheries, Washington, and Arthur W. Wells, his as-
sistant, have been conducting experiments along the
same line for some time and have arrived at the con-

- elusion that treatment with copper is the most effective

means of extending the life of nets and strongly re-
commend copper oleate.
Summarizing their experiments, ete., they state:
“The principal results of practical interest are that
those preservatives containing copper are superior to
Tars are good preser-

in value after that. time, and besides they greatly in-
crease stiffness and weight of the lines and are not
suitable for gill nets. They do not protect against. ma-
rine growths, barnacles, sea moss, ete. Copper paint,
while preserving tensile strength well, is objectionable

in producing great stiffness and increase in weight,

and greatly reduces the ability of the lines to resist

mechanical wear.

**As an all round preservative in salt water, copper
oleate undoubtedly leads, at least as far as laboratory
experiments go. It produces no objectionable increase
in weight or stiffness, resists mechanical wear, holds
tensile strength well, and no marine growths fouled
the lines preserved by it. It is suitable for any kind

_ of line or net—gill nets, pound nets, traps, ete. The

copper oleate was applied very sparingly in the lines

_tested—there was only about 1-15 as much copper as

in the lines treated with copper paint. Of course the
quantity can be made suitable for any purpose.

(Continued from previous page)

But the appearance of frozen fish is of little impor-
tance if, as the French experimenters believe, the fish
should only be sold after they have been thoroughly
thawed. This, however, would require a change in com-
The experimenters insist on the impor-
tance of the fish being completely thawed, as fish thrown

_ into the pot on par with their interior still frozen were

very unsatisfactory. Five pound frozen fish soaked in
fresh water at a temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit
for three hours did not have the taste of fresh fish. An
immersion of six hours, however, gave excellent results.

With salt water of the same salinity of the sea and at a
temperature of 70 degrees, Fahrenheit, the thawing process
was completed in 2 1-2 hours, the water being kept in cir-

_¢eulation; when the frozen fish had been twelve hours: in

_ the open air—corresponding to an average train haul in

France—the thawing by the salt water method was com-

What it is

‘“Copper oleate is a green, waxy or stiff pasty sub-
stance soluble in gasoline, kerosene or benzol. It is
dissolved, preferably in gasoline, in which solution the
nets are to be dipped and dried. Drying takes about
30 minutes to an hour. If kerosene is used 24 hours
will be required to dry. One pound of copper oleate
should be dissolved in a gallon of solvent for gill nets,
linen or cotton; for heavy gear that is to remain in
water for long periods, such as pound nets, traps, ete.,
two pounds of copper oleate should be used to each
gallon of solvent.

‘‘Copper oleate is not patented nor trade-marked,
and is free for anybody to manufacture or use. Any
chemist will know what is meant by the name. It will
be more expensive than tar, but probably considerably
less so than copper paint, and it appears certain that
the saving in the nets will much more than pay for its
cost. It is very much easier of application than any
kind of tar, is not messy, and all of it can be used
without waste.

“It is now being made in the Fishery Products
Laboratory in Washington, D. C., for trials in com-
mercial application to practical use.

‘‘In addition to the tests reported, new series are
in progress at Woods Hole, Mass., and in fresh water
at Put-in Bay, Ohio, on Lake Erie. It is planned to
start several other series in different localit.es, in-
cluding the Pacific Coast.

‘*The lines in fresh water show much greater dete-
roration than those in salt water. It is therefore not
advisable to make any definite conclusions or recom-
mendations for fresh water until more definite results
are available.’’

POOR OUTLOOK IN COD MARKETS

The Maritime Merchant considers the outlook very
blue in the dry codfish markets. The chaotic condi-
tion of Greece eliminates that country as an extensive
buyer, says the journal, and it is possible that her im-
ports will be reduced by several hundred thousands of
quintals. Brazil, also formerly a heavy buyer, is being
flooded with Argentine beef which is available to the
consumer at one-ha]f the price of imported cod. Add
to these difficulties the muddled exchange situation
and the outlook cannot be regarded as rosy. Lunen-
burg will have about 180,000 quintals of fish to sell.
Recent consignments to Porto Rico returned $5.50 per
quintal which is not very assuring, the Merchant con-
cludes.

BUILDING NEW RACER

A contract for the building of a new fishing schooner,
the Columbia, to be completed in time to qualify for the
elimination races next year to decide the United States
challenger for the international fishermen’s trophy
now held by the Bluenose, Lunenburg, N.S., has been
awarded to A. D. Story, of Gloucester, Mass.

266

Vessel Abandoned

The Weymouth schooner Lucille B., 67 tons, dragged
her anchors at Port la Tour in an easterly gale early
on the morning of November 28 and ran ashore. Two
hours later the seas were breaking over her forcing
Capt. Leander Pothier and his crew to abandon her.

Lots of fish but few buyers

The herring fishery of the west coast of Newfound-

land-is in full swing with lots of fish available, but a.

dearth of purchasers. The latter condition is badly
restricting the operations of the fishermen. A couple
of American schooners landed at St. John’s recently
with salt bulk and barrelled herring which were im-
mediately shipped to market. _

Fish for Currants

Two cargoes of Labrador fish shipped by W. A.
Munn of St. John’s, Newfoundland, and awaiting in-
structions at Gibraltar have been sold at satisfactory
-prices to Italian and Greek merchants. One cargo
with 11,200 quintals goes to Italy, and the other 15,200
to Greece. —

In the case of the latter sale, as money is scarce in
Greece and exchange is at its worst, the taking of a
cargo of currants in exchange for part of the cargo,
was the factor that concluded the sale.

Fisherman Drowned

Charles Dortt, 19, of Cole Harbor, a fishing village
near Whitehead, Nova Scotia, was drowned while re-
. turning home from American Harbor about mid-night
November 24, when he fell over board from his dory.
A northwest gale was blowing at the time. The young
man was one of fourteen children of David and Lilla
Dortt, five of whom have met death in the ee five
years.

Hangs up Record .

Hanging up a record for the passage of seven days
ten hours, the fishing sehooner Margaret K. Smith
has ar rived at San Juan, West Indies, from Lunenburg
with a cargo of fish. The Smith was launched at Lu-
nenburg this summer, and her first trip was made
to Halifax to take part in the Nova Seotia schooner
races.

Good Fishing in Lesser Slave

Good catches are reported in the Lesser Slave Lake,
near Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, which closed on Sep-
tember 30. Only half of the fisheries, regulation al-
lotment of 500,000 were caught in the Lae la Biehe. A
total of 1,750, 000 pounds of whitefish and 100,000
pounds of pickerel were shipped to markets in Can-
ada and the United States.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

News Notes From Far and Near

December, 1922

Angling on the Margaree

It is said that more than a thousand salmon w
taken by anglers in the Margaree river, Nova Seo
during this season. The run was exceedingly go
the fish reaching as high as twenty-five pounds.
angler secured forty-five salmon.

Capt. Conrad Retires -

Capt. Joseph Conrad, skipper of the schooner
adia, which was runner-up in this year’s Nova
elimination series, has decided to give up fishing
will retire to his farm at Clarence, Annapolis Coun
from whence he emerged two years ago from
ment to command the Canadia and qualify he
the races. At a meeting of the shareholders o
Canadia in LaHaye on Tuesday, it was denidegs
offer the vessel for sale.

Close Season For Herring

The Canadian Government has prohibited the
ing of herring under the Scotch Cure Method pri
September 15th or after January 15th; and No r¢
Pack prior to March 1st or after May 10th south
Cape John (Latitude.50). North of that latitud
new rule shall apply at the discretion of the Mix
of Marine and Fisheries. i Np

Express Rate on Oysters in Jars

The Railway Commission of Danaie recently "u
against the application of the Connecticut Oys
Ltd., of Toronto, to have oysters shipped in gla
carried second class as are oysters packed in tin.
present rate is first class. The commission t
view that oysters in jars are a higher priced
than oysters in cans and could not see adequate
son for departing from the prevailing rate. —

Then the Trouble Began

Johnny is the son of 1 prominent manuf.
One time he went to a poultry show with his mother.
his mother tried to get him to go home, he said,
stay until they let the animals out.”

His mother answered, “They don’t at Mion out :

ay.

“Yes, mother,” said Johnny, “last night Dad told Un
Bill that they would wait after the show and tee. 0
couple of chickens,”’

~*

A Strong Suction

Johnny came back from the circus very much ex
“Oh, mamma,” he cried, as soon as he got in the h
“Kate spilled some peanuts, and what do you thin
elephant did? He picked ’em all up with his vai

cleaner.”

ey

CANADIAN FISHERMAN~ | BAe
cc Review of Events in Maritimes

4 From Our Own Correspondent

Deceniber, 1922 ~ eee
> -- ’ ‘ 7

* Co ti, 2

Bi are al th

Shediae-Buctouche district have been small.

ge oe

Fh a 23 |

and grading
adopted and
coming ‘year. | provi eq)
- ment, sanitation and methods employed in putting up
this. class of canned goods. Bs BS
Chief Inspector Fisher, Halifax, who was present,

The sardine industry has very greatly improved in the
past two months. The markets revived, with the result

_ that large quantities of the canned product earried over
- from 1921 were disposed of. The pack of the present

year is in a favourable position.
The fishing season was not generally profitable, as

little activity was shown by the packers during the

greater part of the year. ‘The consequence was that
the prices’ paid the fishermen ranged from $3 to $5

_ per hogshéad. With a quickened market for the canned

product the prices for the catches increased to $12 per

; hogshead. A few of the weirs made a good profit but
a number of them did not clear expenses. wade

The smelt fishery is being vigourously operated and

- good prices prevail, —.07 cents per lb. being paid on

the.ice in New Brunswick. Thus far the catches of the
In. the
Miramichi district the catches are heavy and the mar-
kets welll) supplied. For Nova~ Scotia and Prince

- Edward Island large shipments have gone forward and

profitable prices received, ranging as high as .28 cents

per lb. for Extras. The average price for shipments to

the Boston Market was about .20 cents per Ib.
_ The lobster fishery of Grand Manan, which opened

_ November 15th, has been disappointing, as the catches
have been much smaller than for some years. Similar

conditions are reported on the. coasts of Maine. The
prices, however, are high, —.47 cents. at the opening of
the season, with subsequent: increases. the past two weeks.
The value of the first three days eatch for Grand

Manan was $30,000. The demand is active; as the sup-
plies available for the American markets are. much
smaller than usuail. ‘

J. J. Cowie, of the Department ‘at Ottawa, was in
Western Nova Scotia some days, looking into the repre-

-sentationg requesting another special lobster fishing
- season for that district, and found that the opposition
was so pronounced as to make it undesirable to grant

the request for a special season. It is quite apparent,
therefore, that the action of the Department some

weeks ago in announcing that requests for a special sea-

son could not be favorably considered,—was founded
on correct information of the facts.

Lobster Packers meet
he Fish Section of the Manufacturers Association ‘met
at Moncton on November 29th., to consider proposed
regulations affecting the lobster canning industry and

also. to-hear an address by Dr. Harrison of. Macdonald
College, Montreal, on his experiments and investigations.
in connection with the discoloration of eanned lobsters.

Dr. Harrison’s address was most. timely and valuable
and elicited strong expressions of approval. It 1s prob-
able, as a result of the investigations, that the danger
from dicoloration will soon be overcome. ‘
Dr. A. P. Knight gave two addresses, one on sanita-
tion and the other on a well-devised plan for classifying
eanneries. ‘The-latter proportion was
the initial grading will be made in the
“Tt is confidently improving the equip-

‘tion of the Western district.

reported on the unusual activity of the lobster fishing
and canning industry of the year. The increase in
the number of fishermen and traps was the greatest for
any single year in the history of the industry. The
danger was that the activity of the past year, if con-
tinued, would result in too great a burden on the fishery .
under present regulations. .

He further reported that the pack for the year was
146,442 cases. New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island
and the Magdalens showed an increased pack, that for
New Brunswick being about 4,000 cases and Prince
Edward Island about 12,000 cases. While. Western .
Nova Seotia showed a decrease of over 17,000 cases as
a result of the special fishing and packing season of the.
winter of 1921, and also as a result of unfavourable
weather conditions during the season of 1922, the total
decrease for- the whole province was less than 4,000
eases. It is apparent, therefore that the increase in the
pack wags gratifying im every district with the excep.
For Yarmouth and Shel-
burne Counties, in the Western district, the decrease
was about 14,000: cases. It should be noted that while
the total pack for the Spring season of 1921 is included
in the statistics for that year, the season actually in-
cluded the month of January, 1922. ;

As already noted, the total pack for the regular season
of 1922 was 146,442 cases, as compared with 134,844

eases for 1922, Western Nova Scotia.

GRAND MANAN LOBSTER FISHERS WILL
, _'. PROSPER
Lobster fishermen of Grand Manan report that they
have enjoyed a fair catch off that island and are finding

a ready market at high prices.

There is a strong demand in Maine for lobsters and it
is said that there are only 400,000 lobsters in the Maine
pounds in comparison with 2,000,000 live lobsters usual-
ly reserved for the cold weather trade. The Maine short-
age is proving a great benefit to Grand Manan _ lobster
fishermen.

New York, Boston and the Middle West makets are also
strongly demanding shipments of live lobsters and a con-’
siderable portion of the Grand Manan catch will be routed
to those centres by way of Maine. One Boston firm is re-
ported to be investing in lobsters at the rate of $100,000 a
month.

The lobster fishing season at Grand Manan opened on~
November 15 and will close in June. However, the industry
is usually suspended just before Christmas and the traps
landed for the winter.

The western Bay of Fundy grounds will open on Janu-
ary 5 and the Digby Coast fishermen are urging that the
season open next year on December 15. Last year, the
Digby lobster men had a very good year, but do not re-
gard the next season as having a particularly broight out-
look on account of the shortening of the period.

; Our English
This startling advertisement recently appeared in a

town newspaper :.
‘<The ladies of the Plum Street Church have dis-
carded elothes of all kinds. Call at 44 North Plum

- Street and inspect them.

268

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

December, 1922 _

Ilis of Fundy Herring Industry

Correspondent explains why sardine-herring
fishery is unprofitable—Fishermen suggest a

remedies.

By THOMAS O’LEARY

St. John, N. B.—Constructive critisism by fishermen of
my article on the Sardine-herring industry, published in
the Canadian Fisherman, November issue, determined
a second contribution more fully dealing with the catch-
ing and marketing of small herring of the Fundy.

One error cropped out in the preceding article. It oc-
curred in a paragraph having to do with the minimum
price per hogshead at which sardine-herring fishing can be
made to pay. The minimum price is $5.00, not $3.00, as the
published line read.

St. John harbor is peculiarly favored in the size of the
sardine-herring which visit its waters annually, in that
the comparatively smaller fish always seeks its shores.
This condition is so marked, fishermen assert, that if there
is a particularly good grade of fish elsewhere, St. John
is visited by “Britt,” the highest grade of sardine-herring,
and a type which compares favorably with the Mediter-
ranean variety. The “Britt,” however, are delicate, will
not withstand the rough going of lengthy transportation
in the raw state, and are adapted only for canning in St.
John. “Britt” packs from 15 to 20 fish to the can, or 33
cases to the hogshead.

Rarely do net herring visit St. John waters, and only
twice in the last ten years have mesh herring been report-
ed.

In order to keep their factories operating, Americans
prefer to purchase half-grown herring from their own
waters, at $3.00 a hogshead, rather than come into Cana-
dian waters and buy real sardine-herring at $10.00 a
hogshead. Having set a $3.00 rate by using larger fish,
the American buyers are able to get Canadian fish at that
figure, owing to lack of proper organization among the
Canadian weirmen.

In the past two or three years, the fish have run large- -

ly to the westward of St. John, and some of the packers
have secured the herring from their own traps. A con-
siderable wastage has resulted from use of larger fish,
half to two-thirds often going to the fertilizer, in cutting
the herring to canning size, and finally the canned pro-
duct is tnfetior to the Canadian fish.

The American packers admit that $10.00 is a fair price
per hogshead for sardine-herring, but point out that, from
their viewpoint, there is no reason why they should pay
$10.00. for fish when Canadians sell the fish for $3.00.

Local fishermen assert that present conditions will drive
weirmen out of the industry, until, eventually packers will
have to put the price up again to re-establish the catching
of sardine-herring.

Six-Inch Herring Ideal :

The six-inch herring is said to be regarded as ideal for
packing, on account of the minimum of waste, and, since
it is most pallatable, gives satisfaction to the consumer.
For those reasons, it has been suggested that no fish smal-
ler than five inches be allowed to be taken for any pur-
pose.

A brief account of the experience of a St. John fisher-
man with the herring industry might be of interest, es-
pecially as it has a bearing on the quality of the fish
caught in these waters. .

Explanatory of the presence of the small sardine-her-
ring in St. John County, he said the schools sought the
dark waters of the largest river flowing into the Fundy

(the St. John River) in order to escape from their en-
emies, the dog-fish, silver-hake, squid and pollock.

In the past twenty years, the larger herring have been
so scarce that the fishing of that grade has ceased to be
profitable. The larger fish stay off-shore. The scarcity
of larger herring is due to the enemies previously enumera-
ted, the fisherman said. He recalled that twenty years
ago, a spawning ground for large herring extended from
Black Point to the entrance to St. John Harbor to the
Head of the Bay of Fundy.

A quarter of a century ago, both larger herring and dog- —
fish were plentiful in June and July, the spawning period;
now we have neither during those months.

Instancing the destructful nature of the dog-fish, he
remarked that he knew of a net 300 feet long and 20 feet _
deep, having been stripped during a night, so that only —
the lines were left, after the dog-fish had completed their —
onslaught on the herring emeshed in the net. “cies

Improved the Situation

The driving of the large herring from the spawning
area referred to above, while eliminating the big fish, has .
re-acted as a benefit in the sardine-herring industry, as
fish containing spawn are seldom caught here. Further,
shrimp and other tiny fish which furnish food for the sar-
dine-herring do not frequent St. John waters. Hungry
fish, the best for canning, are the fish caught here.

The duration of the sardine-herring season is deter-
mined by the American packers, and extends from April _
15 to December 15. The best months, locally are June, _
July, August and September, but in the last named
month, there is danger of storm damage, owing to the ex- —
posed position of the traps. as

There are 50 weirs operated in St. John County and
several hundred in Charlotte. Bele

Suggestions of fishermen for improving conditions in
the Sardine-herring industry include: ee

1. Fixing by the government, of a minimum price per *
hogshead of $10.00 and the imposition of an export tax.

2. Federal assistance in taking care of and marketing _
the catch in a Canadian Market. s

3. Erection here of a canning factory, with a capacity
of 300 hogsheads each day. ;

4. Providing of special refrigerator cars for the rapid _
transportation of frozen fish to the large centres of dis-
tribution. aa

An excellent example of how the American market af-
fects the Canadian fishermen is available in a recent call
for sardine-herring, following activity in the New York
market for canned fish. Downshore fishermen were of-
fered from $16.00 to $18.00 a hogshead, and, there wasa
bid to local fishermen of $9.50 a hogshead, but the local __
weirs had been dismantled after a disastrous season. =

The St. John factory, which was not operated this year, _
has now begun to ship goods on hand. ae

Where Eloquence Is Futile a

“A man ain’t goin’ to feel better because ’e’s always
doin’ wot other people says ’e ought to do,” says Bindle,
“while ’e wants to do something else.. If a.cove’s got a
rotten ‘heart, a silver tongue ain’t going to ’elp ’im to get
to *heaven.” - Bees:

Sir Richard Squires, premier of Newfoundland, who was
ie Montreal recently, states that his country will effect a
aving of about $150,000 annually as a result of a new
reaty between Great Britain and Spain concerning duties
fish. The actual saving, he says, will be sixty-two cents
every hundredweight of fish, representing a-twenty-five
reent reduction on the former tariff. The treaty went
0 effect on November 6. Its application to exports of
from Newfoundland dates from December 6 and Sir
Richard ; assures his. people that all duties put on New-
ndland fish after that date in excess of the new treaty
te, will be refunded by the Spanish government.
_ Newfoundland is a heavy shipper of dried codfish to
ee markets and this new arrangement should in-
her advantage over donipetitors.
2 The Seandinavian countriés ‘have all been engaged dur-
ing the past year in a fight'to get their fish into the mar-

ibition laws in order to achieve this end. This struggle
‘shows what Newfoundland is up against.

~The millions of peasants scattered throughout France,
)pain, Italy and Portugal drink wines that they manufac-
ure from grapes that they grow. in their own vineyards.
Fully ten per cent. of all the people of France are connect-
ed with the wine industry. Four per cent. of the tillable
land consists of vineyards which produce a product valued
in 1921 at three quarters of a billion dollars.

In Northern Europe the farmers do not grow grapes or
mt yroduce wines. They use beers which are manufactured
3 capitalists and beyond the gain consumed in the way
_ neither the farmers nor the city workmen have any finan-
cial interest in the manufacture.

Progress of Movement

_ The prohibition movement consequently made rapid pro-
_gess and a few years ago resulted in the enactment of laws
that made these countries more or less abandon the im-
“portation of wines from Southern Europe. Finland be-
came bone dry, except for the operations of the audacious
_bootlegger. Iceland went bone dry with a limit of 2 and
a half per cent beer. ©

_ Norway prohibited the sale and manufacture of all dis-
tilled spirits and of wines and beers over 12 per cent. al-
ohol content and granted all cities and towns the right
‘to vote themselves dry if they chose.

Sweden, since 1914, has been selling spirite only under
“the Blatt system, which gave to responsible sober adults
“the right to purchase a small proportion of spirits month-
y by the coupon system. The individual was licensed to

restricted to a smal! allowance.
“ tricts could refuse the renewal of licenses and under this
law 175 districts voted themselves “dry.” Temperance en-
thusiasts were prophesying that in a few years the whole
of Northern Europe would be dry when suddenly a bolt
as launched at them from the wine-producing countries
f Southern Europe.

_ It was practically declaration of war by these countries.
. wet “General Staff” was organized with headquarters
t Paris and a plan of campaign was formed to protect the
_vine-growers and dealers in wines. The propaganda was
_ extended to all the capitals of — and reciprocal trade
was the lever.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

a New Spanish Treaty Aids Newfoundland

Will mean big annual saving, says Sir Richard
Squires — What prohibition has done to
upset codfish markets.

<ets of Southern Europe and have had to modify their pro-

buy instead of the publican being licensed to sell and was._.
-.on December Ist, is most promising along the Kent Coun-
Denmark adopted a local option system, whereby dis-: '

269

Pressure to Revoke Policy

Iceland, a fish producing country was asked why she had
taken the suicidal trade policy of going dry and refusing
to import wines. Spain said in effect: “If you remain un-
der prohibition you will have to sell your fish elsewhere
or starve.”

Iceland used to export to Spain 400,000 quintals of cod-
fish yeary. Her commercial treaty with Spain had just
expired and the Spanish government refused to renew it
unless Iceland took Spanish wines. The catch of Iceland-
ic codfish was then in the warehouses and to keep it there
would have meant the ruin of Iceland’s trade and Iceland’s
fishermen.

Negotiations took place from month to month until fin-
ally Spain grew impatient and put up the bars against Ice-
land’s fish. Result: Iceland suspended her prohibition
laws for one year and her fish began to move to Spain.

Meantime Iceland voted 20,000 crowns to find new
markets for fish.

Norway was notified that unless she removed the pro-
hibition law against French wines, her fish would be ex-
cluded from the French market. Further pressure, by for-
bidding the chartering of Norwegian steamers was added
to this. Result: Norway agreed to import 400,000 litres of

- French spirits, wines and brandies for medicinal and scien-

tific purposes.

The temperance advocates declared the move was bad,
but that it was necessary to enable Norway to keep on
friendly terms with France, even if the country had to pour
the spirits into the North Sea.

Spain then came on the stage and said to Norway, “We
buy four million dollars worth of your fish every year, and
if you want us to keep on buying from you, you will have

‘to take five hundred thousand litres of our wine.

Portugal then came forward and aslo told Norway that
she must take two hundred thousands litres of port winc
or else there woud be no Portuguese exportations of fish
from that country.

Norway sells 60 per cent. of her catch in Spain and |
Portugal and she had therefore to agree to the proposals
of these countries.

Sweden a few months ago had a referendum on prohi-
bition and 950,000 voted wet against 900,000 dry.

GOOD SMELT HARVEST EXPECTED
. The outlook for the smelt fishing season, which opened

ty coast, according to reports from Richibucto, N, B. The
hand liners and gill-net men have had a fair season to date,
but their catch has been only a fraction of what the big
netters expect to take.

Richbucto is provided with only one fish freezer but
the cold storage situation there is relieved by the use of
refrigerator cars.

A report from Chatham indicates that smelt fishing in
that district is now in full swing and that the fishermen
who are equipped for operating in open water are mak-
ing big catches. The smelt harvest is expected to be the
best of recent-years and fishermen are referring to their

catches-in terms of tons.

New York, Lake Fish and the Tariff _

United States merchants not at all sympa-
thetic and possibility of changes rumored.

By F. DUPUY

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

December, 1922,

The new tariff of .01 cent per lb. upon Canadian lake
fish coming. into New York market, has met with strong
disfavor among importers in this large city, and some fig-
ures showing the large amount handled tell that the in-
dustry is one to be regarded seriously. The waters of a
large area are fished for this purpose, and it will be of
interest to know the localities that furnish such a supply,
to enter the market where salt water fish of all sizes,
shapes, odd colors and varied flavors are to be found.

Lake Erie is a large contributor. Roughly speaking the
north shore, from east to west side, ships 1,000 boxes per
day, four days in the week and leads in quantity from this
area. The north shore of Georgian Bay is another factor
to swell market gains, principal fish being blue pike, white-
fish, perch and black bass; then the waters of Lake of the
Woods near Kenora district, an extensive area, are fished
for yellow pike, jack fish and whitefish. Superior adds a
quota of salmon-trout, though in lesser numbers, and white-
fish. An estimate as close as reliable sources can furnish,
is 6,000-boxes per week, setting the weight of boxes as 100
to 125 lbs: ;

Dealers and fishermen claim the Fordney-McCumber
tariff to be an additional expense, and unwarranted from
the fact that expenses were already great and gains too
small to allow of the added tax.

Tariff may be Altered

An effort is:strongly urged to get modification of this
tariff. That this is possible in some cases is an unusual
feature of the tariff, foregoing ones having had a fixed
and unalterable price. It looks as if in this case the len-
ierit clause was an apology for a measure meant to fit in
with the rich man’s desires while grieviously hampering
the poor man.

American fish dealers claim they have the union to reck--

on with to their detriment in the. procuring of fishermen,
while the Canadian producers are not so handicapped in
choice of labor. Be that as it may, it can scarcely come
under the rules or arguments in setting a tariff.

To. judge of conditions right on the spot, I refer to the
market places here in New York, the average supply will
continue to come in, but sentiment is strongly against the
tariff, and action is likely to be forced in the matter of a
reduction of the levy.

Men who go down to the sea in ships and ply a trade
with nets are credited with a store of patience, but some
arguments of late in the Mart of Commerce on this tariff
question, or rather discussions, for no one backed the tax,
hit this patience theory hard. One even went so far as
to say that those in authority to enact the measure knew
little of fishing. That must be wrong, Senators and _ pol-
iticians are only elected on their merits, and knowledge of
subjects they voice an opinion upon( :)

AT ST. JOHN HATCHERY

The St. John salmon hatchery at Little River recently
forwarded to the Grand Fall’s hate’hery 1,500.000 eggs.
It is expected that the St. John hatchery will produce in
this year’s stripping a total of 5,000,000. Last
year St. John supplied Grand Falls with 4,500,000 eggs.
The work of preparing and transporting the spawn has
been carried on by Paul Parent, superintendent, and W. A.

McClusky, assistant superintendent, respectively of the
Grand Falls’ hatchery.

‘cember was practically all blue pickerel, the

Scotch minister. The subject of the sermon was Jon

f

ERIE FISHING SEASON EXTENDED ee

The fishermen of Lake Erie have had an extren
bad year and, through the assistance of the Cana
Fisheries Association, with which the Lake Erie I
ermen’s Association is affiliated, the government
granted an extension of the fishing season to those -
ermen operating West of Long Point until Deeen
31. The license to fishermen east of Long Point alre
permits them to fish until the last of the year.

Early in November fishermen, particularly
located at Port Standley, submitted a petition to
provincial government, but the response was not
ducive to optimism. The Canadian Fisheries A
tion was appedled to as the normal closing dai
proached and it succeeded in securing the concessi
behalf of its members. ee

It is a fact that the fishermen absolutely need
assistance the extended season will provide. They
had the worst year in a decade and are withou ee
means to finance their obligations. The spring and —
summer seasons were not up to normal and fisher
had been relying upon the fall season to make up
average year. The weather up into December w:
succession of gales, resulting in very small catches.
heavy destruction of nets. The catch up to ear

selling fish produced, for which there is a very
market in Canada, and, on account of the United
duty of one cent a pound, these fish have nette
producer only from one to three cents per pound
many cases have not realized transportation char,
the American markets. The fishermen usually rely
the run of herring, which generally sets in ear
December, to recuperate earlier losses, but t
even the herring double-crossed them. They w
in putting in an appearance and up to a few
December 15 there had been no good catches.

The situation was very serious, not only for
ers but for the employees as we. They are
daily wage and percentage of their catch so that out
the extension of season they would have been ace aie
with a difficult problem to struggle through the winter. —

THE STORY OF THE FUSH

Admiral Sir Charles Dundas tells a good story

An old lady in a front pew was most interested.
‘“‘Now, what kind of a fush do you suppose i
that swallowed Jonah?’’ he cried. ‘‘Aiblins it we
herrin’? Aye, but it was no’ a herrin’. Aiblins it
a cod? Aye, but it was no cod. Then, dearly beloved
brethern, what sort 0’ a fush was it? Was it a shairk?”’
The old lady could keep silence no longer.
‘Maybe it was a whale,’’ she said, ope
The minister rose. in fury and banged her on the
head with the ‘‘gude buk.’’ . S i ae
‘Ye daft, bletherin’ bizum,’’ he roared ‘‘Ye’re takin’
hog: 0’ God oot o’ the mooth o’ ane o’ His Mi-
nisters.

| December, 1922

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

- Fried Fish Shops are Big Consumers

By COLIN McKAY

The United Kingdom is full of fried fish shops—tiny
restaurants serving “fish and chips,’ the chips being
French fried potatoes. Their number, it is said, exceeds
26,000. They are as popular with certain classes of the
population as a quick lunch counter in a lodging house dis-
_ trict in Canada. They do a considerable business in the
_ late evening. If one wants a light repast before going to
bed fish and chips fill the bill; they are quite as tasty as
the pies or sandwiches served at a Canadian quick-lunch
counter—and they are more readily digestible. Another
consideration, which is important when you have to count
the pennies, is that the price is more modest.

_ The fishing industry appreciates the value of these fried
fish shops. In the aggregate they constitute an impor-
tant market; moreover, they utilize a variety of small
fish which otherwise could not be handled profitably.
More than one big captain of the fish industry, who has
been honored by the King, has advanced money to found
some of these modest establishments. They would not
boast about it. But they would not deny that loans made
to assure the establishment of the little fish and chips
counters brought their some good business.

Not to Canadian Taste?

The Canadian Fisherman has sometimes expressed sur-
prise that fried fish shops have not made their appearance
in Canada. One reason doubtless is that people do not
have to be so careful of their pennies. But that is prob-
ably not the only reason. One wonders sometimes why
restaurants in Montreal or other interior cities do not
serve a fish chowder, such as you can obtain on Atlantic
_ avenue, Boston, Mass. It is not a question of cheapness,
for Boston is a wealthy city, with a highly paid working

people. Also, the men who find an Atlantic fish chowder
a satisfying meal, are mostly accustomed to heavy labor.
All of which suggests that the fried fish shops has not
‘made its appearance in Canada for the same reason that
' the real fish chowder remains a New England institution.
The culinary art everywhere exhibits local peculiarities
—is a product of past conditions and customs. Canada,
rich in cattle and game, has not had the same incentive as
Britain to develop highly economical methods of prepar-
ing for the consumer its food supplies from the sea. The
power of the Dantzig League was founded on fish; the
Netherlands, Motley tells us, derived from its fisheries
_ power to resist the might of Spain; and Britain in the great
war learned thats its fisheries and fishermen were a tow-
er of strength. But to Canadians the fisheries are, if not
_an inconsiderable trifle, at most a minor asset of a coun-
_try rich in natural resources. And cooks, being conserva-
_tive, even if they sometimes vote for Liberals or farmers,
have not sought to develop a culinary art, calculated to
make the most effective use of our supplies of fish?

REVIEW OF OCTOBER FISHING

Notwithstanding the unfavourable weather econdi-
tions which obtained on the Atlantic coast during the
_ month, there was an increase in the landings of sea
fish in Canada. 679,697 ewts. were taken compared
with 490,206 cwts. in October, 1921. The value of the

catch to the fishermen in the past month was $1,493,-:

_ 365, compared with $1,467,324 in the previous October.
The total catch of cod; haddock, hake and pollock
during the month was 156348 ewts. compared with 127,-

939 in the corresponding period of 1921. Pollock was
the only one of these varieties to show a falling off in
the catch.

The quantity of mackerel taken was 20,501 ewts. com-
pared with 15,429 ewts. in the previous year.. This
brings the total mackerel catch for the year up to 240,-
331 ewts. compared with 141,855 ewts. in the previous
year

During the month 4,298 ewts. of lobsters were landed
which is a slight decrease from the landings in October
last year. The total catch since the opening of the
season in November last is 349,515 ewts. of which 65.-
055 have been used fresh and the remainder canned,
making 142,206 cases. The figures for the correspond-
ing period in the preceding year were 338,172 ewts.
caught, 87,864 cwts. used fresh and 125,611 cases
canned.

During the month the smelt and oyster fishing
seasons opened. There were 2,346 ewts. of the former
and 10,630 bbls. of the latter taken. These quantities
are slightly less than for October, 1921.

‘On the Pacific Coast good catches of fish were taken.

The catch of halibut was 23,835 ewts. compared with
20,360 ewts. in October, 1921.

There were 114,184 ewts. of herring taken against
14,325 ewts.. There fish were especially plentiful
around Vancouver Island.

A large catch of pilchards, 13,714 ewts. was taken off
Vancouver Island.

There was a decrease in the quantity of salmon taken,

98,176 ewts. being caught compared with 118,576 cwts.
in October, 1921.

LUNENBURG FLEET HAD RECORD CATCH

In comparison with former years, 1922 is a banner
year for the Lunenburg County fishing fleet, as far as
the quantity of fish landed is concerned. The total
eatch for the year is 312,075 quintals, 47,800 quintals
more than last year, and 16,925 quintals more than the
catch of 1919, which at that time was the largest in the
history of Lunenburg fishing.

With 99 vessels in the fleet the average catch per
vessel of 3151 quintals is also the highest on record.

In 1919 there were 105 vessels in the fleet, six more
than this year, and the average of 2810 quintals per
vessel at that time was considered quite high. Last
year there were only 33 vessels in the fleet, and the
average was 2842 quintals per vessel.

In the spring of 1921 only five vessels left here in
March on an early trip. These vessels returned in
April, and landed a total catch of only 3300 quintals.
On this account, the catch was short and Lunenburg
fish were very much in demand and the catch moved
rapidly. This year practically the entire fleet took
frozen bait and left here in March on an early trip.
These vessels did exceptionally well and 76 came home ~
and landed a catch of 44,625 quintals. The second
spring catch amounted to 88,200 quintals, but°on the
summer catch some of the vessels did‘ not do so well,
and the catch amounting to 179,250 quintals, is 12;650
quintals short of the summer catch of last year.

272

P. E.I. FISHERIES REVIEW

The total value of the fisheries of Prince Edward
Island for 1922, will be upwards of $1,500,000 an increase
of $100,000 over 1921, according to an estimate by Mr.
S. T. Galtint, Inspector of Fisheries from the returns re-
ceived for ten months ending October 31st.

At time of writing, the middle of November, oyster fish-
ing was in full swing, with a fortnight yet to run: a few
cod were being taken when the weather permitted and
smelt fishing for gill nets was in progress. At the end of
the month, fishing will be over for the season with ex-
ception of smelts, and it is in the early winter months, that
the bulk of these are netted.

It is on the lobster, however, that the fishermen of the
Island mainly depend, and the catch this year, for the

early and late seasons was 41,611 cases, valued at $1,248,-

450 plus 2606 ewt sold in shell, $26,060, making a total
of $1,274,510 compared with $645,548 for 1921, about
a hundred per cent increase.

The yield and value from other branches of the indus-
ty are estimated, as follows, boatside prices being quoted:

Herring, 88918 cwt 5... 64 SP PR eT
Mackerel, 6573 cwt .. .. .. 40,493
Hake, 16614 cwt .. Rit od FERC ON Bets ae 16,614
Haddock, 626 owt). sai ees oe 1030
Kee 17 at. oS ee 102
Salmon, 19 cwt .. .H 4. .. 228
A POM, DOW... i5). aE ae) we 1 350
Alewives, @0-cwt : . S055 . ceteris Gee 50
Oysters S000 bbls. 50. Sisk ais se ee nc sues res ec
Swielts 10,000 ewt' =. 0 oe ee
Herring 38,918 cwt .. .. . 31,152

The above totals $236,311 and the grand total
ing lobsters is $1,510,821.

An Oyster Revival

An encouraging feature of the fishing situation in gen-
eral is the revival of the oyster—Years ago as many as
60,000 barrels were shipped annually, mainly from Mal-
peque Bay and the Malpeques were famed the continent
over. Though over-fishing and lack of protection, the once
famous Malpeque beds became almost barren and a few
years ago a disease almost wiped out the few remaining—,
after an attempt had been made at artifical propagation
on barren bottoms leased by the Provincial Government.
The disease, however, has apparently run its course and
there is evidence that the beds are starting to bear again,
but as many have been sitted over with soft mud which
affords no clinging place for the spat, there must be a
general cleaning up, before the lost fertility of the beds
can be expected to be réstored. Some arrangement too,
should be made between the federal and parliament goy-
ernments—with a view to better protection. Whilst the
Malpeque beds are yielding little or nothing and making
an heroic effort to get on their feet once more, good
catches are being made in the East River and West River
and tributaries, also in Vermon, Seal, Orwell, Percernal
and other waters, with the East River
ty per cent of the total catch which is expected to exceed
that of 1921 by 1300 barrels.

Owing tothe fact that the beds are laved by the.
salt sea with each tide and that they are free from the
pollutions which find their way over oyster beds in other
parts of the continent the Prince Edward Island oyster,
has a delightful saline flavour all its own. There has
been a good demand this year the market holding well,
boatside prices ranging from $6 to $8 per barrel. Some
fishermen have already landed fifty barrels each giving

them a nice little return for less than two months’ work
with trap.

includ-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

of the internation fishermen’s trophy and adde
“St would be interesting to know if the Bluenose

- Sel Trophy, declared it to be arbitrary and ali

yielding about eigh- —

a caleulation from the hull design. by means of a §

- gular muddle.’’

~

December, 15

_ BRACING RULES AMENDED
Rules covering displacement and sparring have been
incorporated in the deed of gift of the International
Schooner Race trophy, according to a statement m ade
public by H. R. Silver, chairman of that body. In this
statement the chairman states that such regulations
have been made to prevent the development of ra
machines under the guise of fishing vessels, atthe
pense of safety and utility. Having in mind the »
deney toward building extreme types of vessels
ing the short time the trophy has been up for co:
tition. the Board of Trustees have, after consul
with competent designers, added the following t
Deed of Gift:
DISPLACEMENT: The cube root of the
placement in long tons shall not be less than f
and eight-tenths per cent. (5g per cent.) of
measured waterline, and in order to ensure
proper freeboard the area of a cross section ab
the water line by the vertical distance from
water line, at the lowest point of the freeboar
to a point half way between the top of the mai
deck and the top of the break-deck, shall not
less in square feet than the length of the wat
line in lineal feet. oe
SPARRING — In order to prevent overspar:
the limitation of height shall be the extreme h
of the mainmast, from the deck to the maintop-
mast halyard, band shall not. exceed the sum
half the waterline length, plus twice the g eat
breath at the waterline, plus ten feet, anc
highest position of the main throat craingle
not be more than half the total mainmast 1
above the deck. This rule does not affect the
per cent area rule, : ae

Duff Critical |

William Duff, N.P., of Lunenburg, a large oy
fishing vessels, in @ letter to the Halifax press
tioned the wisdom of the new sparring and di
ment regulations recently announced by the t

e

be qualified to.enter the races under these new ru
| What Burgess Thinks be
Naval architect W. Starling Burgess, or |

Mass., commenting on the displacement rule ;
down by the trustees of the International Fishin

possible, of application. Mr. Burgess design
Mayflower, Puritan and the proposed Columbia.

Speaking of the displacement rule, Designer E
said: ‘‘I doubt if one fisherman out of ten has
built sufficiently close to the lines or model to
one to caleulate her displacement within five
or even fifteen per cent. : af

‘“‘Our small yachts under the universal rule
readily weighed, but this, of course, will be imp
in the case of fishermen. The Only method we

veying instrument. The process is a tedious one,
pensive, and must be done by a man who thorou y

understands his business, __ sia -

‘Then, too, the displacement. and free board rm
quired by the trustees’ new regulations call for a
entirely too high-sided-and too. cumbersome for ¢
fresh fishing. The whole matter seems to be in ;

&

the limit.

December, 1922

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

273

Royal Commission Submits Report

Separate Fisheries Department, halibut treaty
and modification of license system strongly
urged—Report in Detail.

Printed herewith is a complete copy of the preliminary
report of the Royal Commission which recently in-
quired into British Columbia fishery questions:

The Committee appointed pursuant to the provisions
of the Public Enquiries Act on recommendation of the
House of Commons realizing that the matter of the
British Columbia fisheries, which was submitted to them
for investigation, is ~f great importance, and having in

mind the fact tha! all interested in the industry are

entitled to the earhest possible notice of impending
changes affecting the industry, beg to submit, pending
the final submission of a full report, the following re-
commendations in which they have unanimously con-
curred, except as hereinafter mentioned.

It is of course to be understood that the Commission
‘are absolutely unanimous in the following and recom-
mend their adoption without any avoidable delay, never-

theless the Commission will at a future date submit for
the approval of Parliament a comprehensive report of

their finding, together with the reasons therefore.

1. Gas Boats in District No. 2. — Your Commission
have fully considered this matter, and recommend for

adoption that on the opening of the fishing season of

1924 in District No. 2 the use of motor boats be per-

2. Japanese Licenses. —The Commission find that
the number of white men and Indians holding licenses
is not in any way commensurate with the number of
Orientals, and as a consequence the Commission recom-
mends that there be a reduction on all licenses issued
to fihermen other than white fishermen and Indians of
40 per cent. in 1923, this to include all methods of fish-
ing, and that licenses issued in District No. 2 to others

- than whites and Indians be attached to the canners pro

rata. Local residents and returned soldiers to be given
preference in all districts.

3. License Fees. — The Commission are strongly of
the opinion that the present system of exacting license
fees is of such a character as to eliminate progressive
citizens from engaging in the industry and also bears
heavily upon an industry which is already taxed to
the The Commission feels that a person should
not be called upon to pay extravagant license fees with-
out being assured of an adequate return, and to that
end it unanimously and energetically recommends the
following :—

The fee for an abalone license shall be .. $ 1.00
For crab license shall be .. .. .. -. -- -- 1.00
Herring or pilchard drag-seine license .. 5.00
Herring or pilchard purse-seine license .. 5.00
Salmon drif or gill-net license . 1.00
Salmon drag-seine license... ......-. -- 20.00
Salmon purse-seine license .. .. .- -- -- 20.00
Salmon trap-net license .. ..... -- ++ - 50.00
Sturgeon gill-net or drift-net license .. .. 1.00

Annual fee for salmon cannery license, we recommend

it shall be $20 for said license and in addition 10 cents
for each case 48 1-pound cans, or the equivalent thereto,

of sockeye salmon, and 5 cents for each case of any other
species of salmon.

4. Drag and Purse Seines. — Your Committee sub-
mit and recommend for your approval that drag and
purse-seines should not be permitted to be operated save
where demonstrated to be the only practical effective
and reasonably economic method of catching fish, and
in cases where purse-seines and drag-seines are per-
mitted, the boundary to be moved out to not less than
Y% mile from the mouth of the creek or stream, or fur-
ther if in the discretion of the Chief Inspector it is
deemed advisable. The Commission most strenuously
urges and recommends that in cases where drag or purse
seines are permitted, none other than white British
subjects and Indians (natives) be employed. This re-
commendation to be most imperatively enforced.

5. Cowichan District— Inside of a line drawn in
Cowichan bay, from Separation point to Cherry creek,
that no fishing be allowed by net, except as provided
for Indians. Neither in all waters south of the line
drawn from Graves point to Erskire point, and to a
point drawn from Separation point to Musgrave point,
including the waters of Sansan narrows and Bourgone
and Maple bay, shall any fishing be allowed in these
waters by net or live bait.

6. Licenses for cod fishing for commercial purposes
to be issued without fee.

7. Close Season for Salmon.— That all the words in
clause 8, on page 10, of the Regulations as found in the
last five lines of said paragraph, commencing at the
word ‘‘provided’’ in the said fifteenth line, be struck
out.

8. Weekly Close Time— The Commission recom-
mends that the close season for salmon fishing be in all
parts of British Columbia from 6 a.m. Saturday to 6
p.m. on the following Monday of each week, provided,
however, that this shall not apply to salmon trolling
as provided in subsection D of section 27 of the Regu-
lations,

9. Fines for Illegal Fishing.— In this connection the
Commission feels that penalties as provided for in the
laws at present extant are unduly oppressive and harsh.
in many instances, and they therefore recommend that
the law be amended so as to make confiscation or for-
feiture for a violation of the laws a permissive rather
than an imperative act. The Commission have found
that there is a great deal of fishing done during the
close season and in closed areas, and also the use of
more apparatus than that permitted by law, and we
recommend that drastic action be taken to prevent such
abuses of the law.

10. Herring— Your Commission are strongly of the
opinion and recommend that no purse or drag seine be ©
permitted to be operated for the catching of herring in
Nanaimo harbour and Departure bay. Your Commis-
sion after investigation realize the possibilities for the
development of the mild-cured herring industry, and
would strongly recommend that the Government en-

274

courage said industry by making experiments with
steamers equipped as drifters, and make any other ex-
periments which may be necessary.

11. Halibut— We strongly recommend that a close
season on halibut be enforced dating from about the
15th of November to 15th of February in each year,
and that experiments be made to ascertain the move-
ments of said fish, the banks where said fish are to be
found and as to advisability of closing certain banks
for certain periods.

12. Embargo.— Your committee recommends that no

action be taken on the proposed embargo. ii

13. Life-Saving Patrol— We recommend that in
order to help fishermen in distress, that one or more
boats be placed in readiness on the coast so that they
may proceed to the assistance of fishermen in distress.

The said boat or boats can aso be used in studying the

habits of all classes of fish and prospecting with regard
to habits of said fish.

14. Practical Scientific Investigation.— We strongly
recommend that such a Board be established and which
shall consist of practical scientists who shall be located
one on the’Pacifie and one on the Atlantic coast.

15. Hatcheries— Your commission has gone ‘into this
matter very thoroughly and heard a great deal of evi-
dence both from employees of the said hatcheries and

men engaged in the fishing industry, both as fisher-

men and purchasers of fish, and we are of the opinion
that most: of the hatchery operations could be suspended
except that two hatcheries be kept in operation to: ex-
periment with the new proposed system and that a

certain amount of the moneys now spent in hatchery

operations be used for the cxearing of streams, obstruc-
tions in rivers and improving. the spawning grounds
for natural propagation. We also recommend that ‘the
bottom of the river near Hellsgate Canyon be cleared of

_ obstructions as the evidence goes to show that that work

was not properly completed.

16. Dog Fish— Your Commission strongly recom-
mends that every available means be used for the exter-

mination of this pest, and with that end in view it .

submits that dog fish should be permitted to be taken
with all sorts of contrivances without any restriction.
of any sort whatsoever. Further, the Commission re:
commends that a bounty shouid be placed. upon the
catching of these dog fish and encouragement should
be offered by way of financial.or other assistance to
those engaging in the extermination of this pest. and
the utilization if at all possible of the same.

17. Clams—— Your Commission recommends — that
there be a close season on clams either for canning, the
selling fresh or any other purpose, the said close season
to be fixed as to the time deemed best for the protection
of said fisheries.

18. General Observations— Your Commission Case
had the privilege of a conference with the Fishery.
Board of the State of Washington and have discussed
with said board matters generaily advantageous to our.
joint fisheries.
discussed in an extensive manner and in a spirit of
International comity and good-will.
your commisioners were able to arrive at a tacit under-

standing with these commissioners,. subject to the ap-'

proval of the proper authorities, and: we have authorized:

the Chairman of the Commission to set before the proper.

authorities the results of our deliberation; owing to the
fact that this is a short memorandum of our conelusions.
However,
majority of your commissioners, consisting of Mr. Chair-

CANADIAN: FISHERMAN

The Fraser river matter was thoroughly

‘The majority of

to speak tersely and: comprehensively, -the:

December, 1922

man Duff, M.P., Mr. H. C. Dickie, M.P., Mr. Alfred
Stork, MP., and Mr. A. W. Neil, MP., have agreed: to
recommend to the proper authorities that a close season
of five years for Sockeye salmon fishing on the Fraser
river and its tributaries and all coast waters leading
up to the same be instituted for a term of five years,

provided Americans do the same on Puget Sound, and —

that an International Commission be appointed consist-
ing of representatives of the state of Washington and

ofthe Dominion of Canada to govern the matter of
regulations during the said period and during the term

thereafter, this to embrace the right to deal with all —
kindred subjects. Commissioner W. G.. McQuarrie and
Commissioner L. H. Martell, M.P., dissented from the
foregoing and. reserved the right, to submit alternative —
proposals.

Your Commission ‘also had the bariefit of a content
with Mr, C. E. Garfield, representing the Alaska Fish-
eries Commission in re the Naas and Alaska salmon

fisheries and as a reult of aid conference your Commie,

Wm. Duff, M.P., Chairman of Commission _

sion recommends that steps be taken with a view

having this matter dealt with between the parties ae a

terested.
In re Halibut Fishing — + one

The Commission strongly depreciates the action of the
department in issuing regulations and taking action —

after the Commission has started work, dealing with mat-
ters coming within announced scope of the Commission,
and they cannot but express the opinion that such de-
partmental action was unfortunate, ill-timed, and ¢al-
culated seriously to hamper the commission in their con-
sideration of several matters, notably the halibut -situa-
tion, in its international aspect, and also the question
of reduction in license to others than whites and In-
dians. The Commission also deplores the fact that. when
this Commission began its operation any fishery ma

in the way of regulations or other matters apart from

eae Geet Satire eS

: quately deserves.

Désember, 1922

routine should have been given to the press during the

_ Commission’s operations. The Commission has, however,

thoroughly considered the halibut industry and it re-
commends that a close season be placed upon halibut.
The said close season to begin November 15 and end on
February 15. The Commission further recommends
that an international arrangement be made towards
the securing of the said close season in extra territorial
waters, and we have the assurance of the Washington
Fisheries Board that they will render aid towards as-
sisting the said arrangement being arrived at on the

part of the United States Federal authorities.

- Organization.— In all parts of British Co.umbia there
is a demand as is. felt obtains in all places in Canada
where the fishing industry is of paramount importance
that ever since Confederation, the fishing industry has
not reeeived the consideration its importance so ade-
Witness after witness prominent in
the fishing industry, both from the standpoint of mer-
chant and fisherman, strongly accentuated the fact that
there should be a Minister of Fisheries, with an rogani-
zation under him thoroughly qualified and so organized
as to give the fishing industry the consideration which

‘it properly deserves. The Commission will subsequently

submit a fulii and comprehensive report but suffice it
to say for the purpose of this memorandum that all

persons intimately connected and associated with the
fishing industry demand that the matter of a minister
with practical knowledge of the fisheries, and a thor-

oughly competent staff be no longer temporized with

or unduly delayed. A new Department of Fisheries,
separate and apart from the Department of Marine and

Fisheries, should be established without delay, and
thorough reorganization of the fisheries both in Ottawa
and British Columbia should in the public interest be

‘undertaken instanter.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN 275

Re Orders in Council.— It is felt by the Commission
that having regard to the exigencies of the service that
no Order in Council should be promulgated without due
notice of its effect upon the fishing industry and those
engaged in it first having been given as far as reason-
ably possible.

Naturalization Papers—— Whilst realizing that the
method of granting naturalization papers is beyond the
scope of this Commission, yet your Commission have
found that there has been a flagrant abuse of the same
in so far as Orientals are concerned. The Commission
therefore recommends that all naturalization papers in
the province of British Columbia in so far as they
affect Orientals, be ca.led in and revised, and that in
future whilst it is not desirable to naturalize Orientals,
yet if this is done the papers be not granted to them
without a photograph first being attached as well as
finger prints, in accordance with the usual conditions
approved by law. No Oriental should receive a return
of his naturalization papers unless he complies with the
provisions that should be made by the department to
protect wholesaife fraud.

In conclusion your Commission submits that the fore-
going is but a meagre outline of the matters which came
before them,—the foregoing is respectfully submitted
as an interim memorandum.

(Announcement has been made by the fisheries
branch at Ottawa that the government will not make
effective during the 1923 season the majority recom-
mendation to close the Fraser to sockeye fishing for
five years.

The number of Japanese ticenses issued in 1922 was
2,614, a reduction of 200 from the previous year. If
the forty percent reduction recommended is put into
effect a number of Japanese ‘ticenses will be reduced
next year to 1,045. —Ed. C. F.)

| Following is a copy of the draft halibut treaty which
A. L. Hager, president of the Canadian Fisheries Asso-
ciation, submitted to interested authorities at Wash-

ington to ascertain the attitude of the United States

government providing Ottawa suggested a_ special
halibut treaty. The perseverence of Mr. Hager has
been the means of bringing the two governments into
a discussion on the issue.

DRAFT

Treaty between the United States of America and
_ Great Britain concerning halibut fishing

The United States of America and His Majesty
George the V of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, and of the British Dominions beyond the
Seas, King, and Emperor of India, being equally de-
sirous of ‘seeuring the preservation of the halibut fish-
eries in the Pacific Ocean and waters tributary thereto
lying off the westerly coast of the United States, Brit-
ish Columbia, and Alaska, have resolved to conclude
a convention for such purpose and have named as their
plenipotentiaries : 4
The President of the United States of America.
His Britannic Majesty,

who, after having communicated to each other their
- respective full powers, found in good and due form,
have agreed upon the following articles :

U.S. Unofficially Favors Treaty

Article I

(a) It is agreed by the high contracting parties that
the inhabitants of the United States, and British sub-
jects residing in the Dominion of Canada, respectively,
and vessels and boats. of the United States and the
Dominion of Canada, shall be prohibited from fishing
for halibut in the waters of the North Pacific Ocean
on the westerly coast of the United States, of British
Columbia, and of Alaska from the sixteenth day of
November,1922, to the fifteenth day of February, 1923,
both dates inclusive, and during the same _ period
yearly thereafter until the fifteenth day of February
1937.

(b) It is further agreed by the high contracting
parties that nothing contained in this article shall
prohibit the citizens or subjects of either country from
fishing in the North Pacific Ocean for other species of
fish during the periods when fishing for halibut in
such waters is prohibited by this article, and any ha-
libut that may be incidentally caught when fishing for
other species of fish shall be returned to the, waters
from which the same shall be taken, and shall not be
frozen, canned or cured, and no portion of the same
shall be used for any purpose whatever other than for
the food by the crew of the vessel taking the same.

(c) It is further agreed by the high contracting
parties that any vessel or boat of the United States or
of the Dominion of Canada that may engage in halibut

276

fishing in violation of this article may be seized and
detained with the persons thereon by a naval or other
duly recommended officer of either of the high con-
tracting parties, except within the territorial jurisdic-
tion of the other, and shall be delivered as soon as
practical at such place as may be agreed upon to an
authorized officer of the country owning such vessel
or boat; that the authorities of the country to which
such persons, vessel or boat belongs shall alone have
the jurisdiction to try the offense and impose penal-
ties for the same; and that the witnesses and proofs
necessary to establish the offense, so far as they are
under the control of the other country, shall be fur-
nished with all reasonable promptitude to the proper
authorities having jurisdiction in the matter.

(d) It is further agreed by the high contracting
parties that any boat or vessel so seized for violation of
the provisions of this article shall be condemned by
the courts of the country having jurisdiction, and for-
feited to the United States or to the Dominion of Can-
ada as the case may be. Any person arrested for a
violation of the provisions of this article shall be tried
by the courts of the country of which he is a citizen or
subject, and upon conviction shall be fined any sum
not exceeding one thousand (1,000) dollars or by im-

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

December, 1922

prisonment not exceeding six months, or both, at the |
diseretion of the court having jurisdiction.

(e) It is further agreed by the high cbiebrectiais
parties that no halibut during such closed season shall
be permitted to be landed or imported into either
country, whether taken by citizens or subjects of
the United States or by ¢itizens or subjects of the
Dominion of Canada or Great Britain, or whether
taken by the citizens or subjects of any other nation
or government.

This eonvention shall remain in force for a period
of fifteen (15) years, and thereafter until two (2)
years from the date when either of the high econtract-
ing parties shall give notiee to the other of its desire
to terminate this convention. The present convention
shall be duly ratified by the President of the United
States, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate thereof, and by His Britannic Majesty, and the
ratification shall be exchanged in Washington as soon
as practicable. In faith whereof, the respective ple-
nipotentiaries have signed the present convention in
duplicate, and have hereunto affixed their seals. Done
at Washington this ay 0
the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and
twenty-two.

Happenings on the Pacific Coast

F. A. Gosse & Co., Ltd., Vancouver, B.C., have
opened an office at 401 Colman building, Seattle, under
the management of A. W. Peterson. This step has
been taken in order to better take care of the require-
ments of the company’s customers in the Lp eamagy States
and abroad.

Big B. C. Salmon Pack

Valued at $11,500,000, the 1922 British Columbia
salmon pack aggregates 1,290,326 cases.
exceeded on only four oceasions since statistics have

been compiled during the last twenty-six years and the ©

most recent was in 1919, when the total was 1,393,156
cases.

Halibut Boat Burned
The Canadian halibut schooner Bartalome of Prince
Rupert, was destroyed by fire off Cape Muzon, Alaska,
early in October. Capt. Selig and crew were saved.

20 drowned; 4 Vessels Lost

A score of men probably are devoted and four fish-
ing vessels are given up for lost, following the return
to Prince Rupert, B.C., on December 6, of Govern-
ment and fishing vessels which have been searching
for three United States and one Canadian fishing
boats long overdue.

Not the slightest trace had been found of the four
small craft which put to sea more than two weeks ago
and are long overdue. The weather recently in this
vicinity has been such that there is little likelihood
that the boats are still afloat. The only hope for the
rescue of their crews, which average six men to the
boat, lies in the possibility that they have been picked
up by some large vessel which hag not reported.

The Canadian boat Valorous and the United States
boats Morengen, Washington and Convention are the
missing boats.

It has been —

AVERAGED 3,151 QUINTALS

The Lunenburg fishing fleet landed a record catch
of 312,075 quintals of fish during the past season, it is
announced. This is 16 925 quintals in excess of the
1919 record. The estimated value is over $2,000,000.
The average catch per vessel was 3,151 quintals. The
‘‘Marian Belle Wolfe,’’ with 5,600 quintals, headed
the fleet.

SALTED WHALE TAILS FOR JAPAN

Ten tons of salted whale tails were shipped during
the week to Japan. This food is a popular delicacy in
that country.

TRIALS OF DANISH SWEEP NET

Through the cooperation of the Bureaus of Naviga-
tion and Public Health, it has been possible for the
Bureau of Fisheries to arrange for trial demonstra-
tions about the Swedish vessel Carnegie for a short
period of time, with waivure of certain restrictions, to
enable American fishermen, to determine the suit-
ability of the Danish sweep net for use in our waters.
Preliminary trials made off the coast of New Jersey
were not productive of commercial species in at aie
able quantities.

PACIFIC HERRING MAY RIVAL NORTH SEA

The herring hauls of the Pacific Coast may yet rival
the North Sea. According to Gosse-Millerd, there have
been some very large catches of herring made off the
coast of British Columbia. In fact, the firm says that
they themselves have caught as much as 200 tons of
herring in one day, which would probably mean one
and a half million fish. Their total catch during the
last season, which begins about the middle of October
and ends about the middle of February, was in the
neighborhood of 50,000 tons — about 400,000,000 fish.

/

December, 1922

Canning Pilchards

' Gosse-Millerd, Inc., state that they are at present
canning pilchards at San Mateo on the west coast of
Vancouver Island, mainly in 1-lb. tall salmon cans.
While the market is more or less a limited one, they
say, they ship the product to practically all parts of
the world except to countries where the tariff is pro-
hibitive.

Up to the middle of October their herring canning
season had not started, and a small pack was anti-
cipated, owing to competition from the English pack,
produced at much less cost. This company packs both
kippered and tomato herring, the principal sale being
for herring in tomato sauce.

Booklet on B. C. Salmon

A ‘‘Treatise on British Columbia Salmon’”’ by W. D.
Burdis, secretary of the British Columbia Salmon Can-
ners Association, has just been published by the asso-
ciation for distribution to the trade. It is neatly gotten
up as a booklet of 16 pages, containing a number of il-
lustrations showing various phases of the industry,

and a list of the British Columbia salmon canners, with

addresses.
The treatise itself contains considerable information

of general interest as to the more important phases of
the industry and the canning process, developments in

British Columbia, the species and habits of the salmon,
food value of the product, etc. Some discussion is also

given to frozen salmon, and to British Columbia pil-

chards and herrings.

Good Run of Cohoes

In the Vancouver Island district in the straits and West
Coast sections it is reported that the cohoe salmon un is
the best that has been experienced for the past twenty
years. On the mainland there have been very few of this
variety of salmon packed but the Island canneries are
packing a good quantity of them. Apparently from this
report the run of cohoes is holding out very well.

Discusses U. 8. Tariff

At a recent meeting of the Prince Rupert, B. C.,
Board of Trade, the position of the Canadian fishing
fleet at Prince Rupert in view of the American tariff
on halibut, ete., was discussed at length by John Dyb-
havn, of the Royal Fish company, and others. Mr.
Dybhavn said the Canadian fleet had been built up
during the last eight years by local investment, during
which time Canada levied a duty of Ic per lb. on Am-
erican halibut coming in, while Canadian halibut en-
tered the United States free. It was felt that the
enactment of a 2c duty by the United States was in
retaliation for the le Canadian duty; but the result
was that the local fleet was handicapped, and might
have to give up altogether. Mr. Dybhavn thought it
possible that if the Canadian duty were removed, the

United States might do likewise.

Mr. Stork, member of Parliament for the district,
said he had promised to investigate the matter and

_ try to have the duty removed. He added that, on pre-

text of the American duty, buyers had been paying
Canadian boats as much as 4e per lb. less than Am-
erican boats. He also brought up the demand of sal-
mon fishermen for a duty of more than 2¢ on American
salmon.

CANADIAN FISHERMAN

277
Billion Fish Eggs Collected

Fish eggs of different species to the number of more
than 1,122,000,000 were collected by the hatcheries
branch of the Department of Marine and Fisheries
during 1921, according to a report made by the Deputy
Minister of Fisheries. In addition to the eggs collect-
ed by the department, 600,000 rainbow trout eggs and
980,000 speckled trout eggs were purchased from com-
mercial firms; 507,000 rainbow trout eggs, 200,000
cut-throat trout eggs, 800,000 speckled trout eggs, and
85,000 brown trout eggs were received from federal
and state departments of the United States in ex-
change for Atlantic salmon eggs.

Under an arrangement between the Canadian and
United States Governments, the officers of the United
States hatchery at Cape Vincent, N.Y., collected white-
fish and lake herrings eggs in Canadian waters on the
Ontario side of the international boundary line. Of
these eggs, 28,215,000 were placed in the Kingsville,
Ontario, hatchery. The Dominion Department is also
indebted to the Ontario Department of Game and
Fisheries for 18,750,000 pickerel eggs collected in Hay
bay, Bay of Quinte. These eggs were placed in the
hatchery at Thurlow, Ontario, and a portion of the
resulting fry were placed at the disposal of the pro-
vincial department for stocking waters that are not
as readily accessible from its own hatcheries.

A surplus collection of 1,568,000 salmon trout eggs
included in the above statement of Dominion collec-
tions, from the hatchery at Wiarton, was turned over
to the provincial hatchery at Saut Ste. Marie.

These eggs were hatched in the fish hatcheries in
different parts of Canada and the fry distributed in
the waters which are in process of being rectocked or
where new species are being introduced.

Letting Opportunity Slip

It is again noticeable that the Americans come into
British Columbia (and in most cases these are brokers

~ who buy for export to Holland or Germany) and buy

up a large part of the mild cured salmon. With refrig-
erator space now available for shipment of this pack of
salmon through the Panama Canal there is no reason why
this condition should prevail. The packers themselves
should be in a position to get the highest possible re-
turns from the natural product of the province and it is
poor business to allow others to get the extra profit
which might be had by the producers.

The New Brunswick Cold
Storage Co. Ltd.

ST. JOHN, N.B., CANADA

750,000 CUBIC FEET.

STRICTLY PUBLIC WAREHOUSING. NO TRAD-
ING IN LINES HANDLED.

SWITCHING TO ALL RAILWAYS. THE ONLY
COLD STORAGE WITH SIDINGS LOCATED AT
A CANADIAN WINTER PORT. :

BETTER FACILITIES FOR ACCUMULATING LO-
CAL GOODS FOR CARLOT WESTERN SHIP-
MENT OR WESTERN GOODS FOR EXPORT
FURTHERANCE THAN ANY OTHER HOUSE.

WIRE US YOUR PROPOSITIONS PLEASE. RATES
ALWAYS AVAILABLE.

22 CANADIAN FISHERMAN

, mT ;
Tate os TOOT To ai ipe we)

i ore | Heer

UNITED STATES FISH FIRMS Specializing’ in the HANDLING
OF CANADIAN FISH

W. irving Atwood, W. Elmer Atwood, Irving M. Atwood,
President. Vice-President. Treasurer.

ALL
WACHUSET - VARIETIES
BRAND OF THE
FINNAN HADDIE =

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ed

W. J. VHAY, Detroit, Mich.

Importer, Broker, Commission Merchant,
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holesale fish concern
N. Clarke St, gna oH CHICAGO
: : Phone Intervale 720 | : Ss. Rosenberg
When You Ship FISH, LOBSTERS
or SCALLOPS to the Boston Market, PHENIX PAC KING CO.
FOR BEST RESULTS ship to . ' 837 Southern Boulevard, : Bronx, New York
R S HAMILTON COMPANY We buy WHITE FISH and CISCOE ROE
oe STURGEON CAVI i
17 ADMINISTRATION BUILDING : ea bases bameabe
FISH PIER, BOSTON, MASS. saa en sas Sets
On the Boston Market over 25 years ‘ (For reference Cosmopolitan Bank of the Bronx, N.Y.)

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