< Canadian forestry lournal Vol. Vril. JAN'.-FKB. 1!)12 No. 1 'M OTTAWA. CANADA yf "^ "Science, Sense and Satisfaction" Long Life Trees 20,000,000 of them now growing. Trees of health and vigor. The product of American seed and American soil, adapted to American living conditions. \A/e fill orders from the field, from growing plants, and not from cellars and store-houses. Drop Postal for "Book About Little Trees." American Forestry Company, Theodore F. Borst, Forest Engineer. Box 58. South Framingham, Mass., U.S.A. Near Boston. ^: J) THE CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. is the national organization for the in- forming of public opinion in the effort to secure a rational development of the Can- adian Forests through the co-operation of national, provincial and municipal organi- zations and private enterprises. The ob- jects of the Association are: (1) The exploration of the public domain, so that lands unsuitable for agriculture may be reserved for timber production. (2) The preservation of the forests for tlieir irtfluenco, on climate, soil and water supply. (;i) The promotion of judicious methods in dealing with forests and woodlands. (4) Tree planting on the plains, and on streets aud highways. (51 Reforestation where advisable. (6) The collection and dissemination of in- formation be ring on the forestry probcm in general. To promote these ends the Association publishes the Canadian Forestry Journal, issues bulletins, arranges for the delivery of free illustrated public lectures, and holds conventions in different parts of Canada. The Association desires as members all (both men and women) who are in sym- pathy c^'ith this work. The membership fee, whicl/ entitles the member to tlie Journal, t^ie annual report and other lit- erature issued,yis one dollar per year, (life membership $/o)^ Applications for mem- bership or request!^ for information may b'i addressed to the Sp".retary, Canadian Forestry Association, Canadian Building, Ottawa, Canada. CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Patron, H. R. H. the Governor General. Honorar}' Pres., Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden. Honorary Past President, Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier, President, John Hendry, Esq. Vice-President, Hon. W. A. Charlton. Secretary, Jas. Lawler, Canadian Building', Slater St., Ottawa. Asst. Secretary, F. VV. H. Jacombe. Treasurer, Miss M. Robinson, Directors: Wm. Little Hiram Robinson, Aubrey White, E. Stewan, H. M. Price, W. B. Snowball, Thomas Southwoith, Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y. Chown, Hon Sydney Fisher, R. H. Campbell, J. B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B E. Fernow. Ellwood Wilson, Senator Bostock, F. C. Whitman, G. C. Pich6, Alex. MacLaurin, Carl Riordon ; Mgr. O. E. Mathieu, Bishop of Regina ; A. P. Stevenson, Wm. Pearce, Wm. Power, C. E. E. Ussher, Denis Murphy, C. Jackson Booth, Wm. Price. J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve, M.P., W. C. J. Hall, J. S. Dennis. Territorial Vice-Presidents : Ontario— Hon. W. H. Hearst. Quebec — Hon. Jules Allard. New Brunswick — Hon. J. K. Fleriimiiig. Nova Scotia — Hon. G. H. Murray. Manitoba— Hon. R. P. Roblin. Prince Edward Island — Hon. J. A. Matheson. Saskatchewan — His Honor G. W. Brown. Alberta — Hon. A. L. Sifton. British Columbia — Hon. W. R. Ross. Yukon— Geo. Black, Commissioner. Mackenzie — F. D. Wilson. Keewatin — His Honor D. C. Cameron. CJngava — His Grace Mgr. Bruchesi, Archbishop of Montreal. Canadian Forestry Journal VOL. VIM. # 1912 PUBUSMED AT OTTAWA ^ BY TMC "^ . CANADIAN FO«eST«Y ASSOCIATION \. \ 7*^ Table of Contents. I'ACK AppoititiiK'nts liv Mciit 104 Aspt'ii 'I'l-cc it) the Northwest . . KM* r-5(»(»ks Hcvit'Wcd. Some liccciit Foi't'strv 156 Honl.ii. k\. Hon. U. L. (Pre- mier). Assoeiiitioii Directors' Interview willi Ifif) noulejiu a Papier, les I'.saj^es dii 1L''. Thirteenth .\nnnal 1 Donj^las Fir vs. Yelhtw Pine . . .'>3 Dnnes et les Ijantles de (Jns- <'opne. lies 14'.' Kxperiin<'nt in Wood nsini: In (lustries in F\|)eriment Needed ui Paper .Makin Fires. Measures for the Prev«'n- lion of Forest *^ Fires. Sonn- 1!I12 Forest l'>- I'AGI. I'oicsl K.niL'i 1 (.^ii;ditir;it iMii.". (U.S.). -.0 Fonst Seiio«il .\oli-« ... la*J Forestation on .National Fore«.t.s in the Inited States ]^'A^ Foret, la Temperature el U- Ke ^'inn- lies Pluies. hi 2i» India, l-'orest Ke.s«-areii in . . . , 14> Insects and Forest Protection. Investigations on Fon*st . .'15 Insects, Assistant Knt<>molo(fiMl for Forest, Appointment i)f . 26 Insect (Forest) Conditicms in Killing .Mouidains. Manitoha 152 New Hrunswiek Shade Tn-e Lil>^ .Vl NorV«'^e. If Pudiret des Fnret.v en 9h Notes HI. ^2. i;{t.. i:{7. IMS. 140. 145. 147. 14h. 154 Ontario Forest Survey. An >1 O.xford Ilon.si- District ( Manj Forests of th.' -11 I'uhlieationsof F(»restry Hriiiich 1 1 1 Pnl|tw(i(id Consumption. Cun ada's P»ll :•.» l^Uehee Provuie. ^f^iifv Fi.r.*t Planlinjf ^i Kailwav ( iitiiiiiisMinn iieairm^' (FelK. i:»12 . . 2r. IfcsiTve Prolilem. Our Fi' *>6 .>!. .Manner ^ " '' ti'i'tlVl" .\««- fion «»f >•* Saxony, (loverinnenl Knt' U*^ Staphs. Oti.v <»♦• ^^ StationR i!*< 'i et !« Telephon**?! . StiP: • - '•- !•■ • ^' PAGE Telephone Lines, Use of, in Fighting Fire 72 Treasurer's Report, C. F. A., 1911 54 Tree Planting in Southern Al- berta 42 Victoria, B.C.. Forestry Con- vention 113 With the Forest Engineers .... 27, 55, 83, 112, 139, 163 Annual Meeting C.S.F.E., 27 ; Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve, Note on Organi- zation of, 27 ; Notes from the Schools, 55 ; Dominion Forestry Branch Notes, 83 ; New Foresters, 112 ; In the British Columbia Forest Service, 139, 163. Woodlot, Value of, to Farm. . PAGE 51 Zavitz, E. J., Appointment of, as Ontario Forestry Commis- sioner 155 Index of Authors. Blackford, J. T. PAGE PAGE 31 ]\rcDougall, E. G 47 Miller, R. B 59 Craig, R. D 39 Mitchell, A 42 DeCew, J. A. Dickson, J. R. 48 66 Payne, W. F 51 Perrin, H 98 Hewitt, C. G 35 Swaine, J. M 152 Kienitz, M 74 Knechtel, A 109 Wilson, Ellwood (translator) . . 74 Woolsey, T. S 160 MacMillan, H. R 92 Wright, W. C 105 Canadian Forestry? Journal Vol. Vlir. Ottawa, Janlaky-I-'khruarv, 1912 No. I 'T'HE official org-an of the Canndian Forestry ■*• Association. A magazine ilL-votod to tin- ii.terests of ton-stry and in K^L-neral t*> the advocacy of the wise and conservative use of the natural resources ot Canada. Annual Subscription, Single Copy, $1.00 2Sc addrcn*. and advrrtiarmrnia nhoulJ b« tent lo ihr Secretary Canadian Forckiry A*tt>ciation, Canaduin BuildinK, Ottawa, Canaua. The Canadian i'orestry Journal U ■ good aJvcrtlsing medium. Ad\crtislng rates on application. Literary I'ontrlliutions and communications regardiiig editorial matters together willi com- mimications regarding suhscriptions, changes ol ElflTOKIAI. CO.MMITTKF : J»». I awlr tor : O. C. Plihe, .\ssM.laie Hditor ; Tb.^ worth, K. H. (.'ampbt-ll, J. ,\l. ,Macuun. A. i F. W. II. Jacombe. -'i\\h\c of (L'ontcuts Thirteenth Annual Convention Introduction, 1; Wednesday Morning Ses.'*ion, '>; \\'v>i nesday Afternoon Session, S; The Banquet, 10; Thursday Morning Se.'^sion, 12; Thursday Afternoon Session, 14; Offieers, 14; Kosolutions. l~>: Letters of Hej,'ret. 17: Thow Present, 19. Conservation Commission Meeting, 1912 . . La Foret, la Temin'-rature et le Rt'gime des I'luies Rules Will Be Framed Will Stiuly Forest Insects With the Forest Kngineers . Annual Meeting C.S.F.K., J7; Notes on KuiJiv Muuntutii Reserve, L'7; Personal Notes, "JS. Pago I F.t, The Thirteenth Annual Convention. ■ With a larger attendance and more evi dent ellthu^in^lM than at any previous g:ttli ering in the interests of t'orest eonservat inn ever held in this rountry, the thirtoi-nth an nual convfiition of the Canadian Fon • Asso\ iirii lit in r< th« i. d 1 \ Canadian Forestry Journal, Jan.-Feh., 1912. of those forest reserves which the different governments in Canada, federal and provincial, have set apart. It did this and more. It demonstrated to the man in the street, that forest conservation is now a matter which must be dealt with. Even to those in touch with the work it revealed greater ad- vances than they had dared to hope for. But to speak as if this convention were a thing apart, and a success by itself would be entirely wrong. There could have been no convention of value had the foundations not been laid in the past. Not only must one refer to the great convention of 1906, which brought home the national character of the work, but there was the patient work from 1900 Avhen the Association was organized. Even further back than that, as the Mont- real Gazette reminds us in a most thoughtful article, there was the meeting in that city of the American Forestry Association in the year of its organization (1882) 'when the Houghs, the Littles, the Jolys, the PenhalloAvs and other wise men warned us against the assured nemesis of long generations of in- difference.' On that occasion ]\Ir. William Little chartered a large passenger steamer and held her at the wharf for three days that the delegates might have sleeping ac- commodation. In 1906 Mr. John R. Booth took the delegates out in a special train to see operations in his Madawaska limits. And the labors of Senator Edwards, and IMessrs. Herbert M. Price, "W. B. Snowball, Aubrey "White, E. Stewart, Hiram Robinson. Thomas Southworth, R. H. Campbell and the late rector of Laval University, IMgr. Laflamme, are too much in mind to need recapitulation ; work that was generously endorsed and supported on the governmental side by Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Hon. Clifford Sifton. Hon. Sydney Fisher, and by Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden, Hon. Frank Cochrane, Hon. Jules Allard and Hon. W. C. H. Grimmer in their respective spheres. Then, too, the generous aid of the leading banks of Canada helped to make progress pos- sible. Those who promoted the con- vention of 1912 often had occasion to say to themselves, 'Other men labored and ye have entered into their labors.' Coming to the convention held, a review of its leading features shows that the effort was to follow the ad- vice of Hon. Clifford Sifton given at the last meeting at Quebec to 'get something done'. In a word the whole aim was to be as practical as possible. This aim was furthered l3y the fact that for the first time in the history of the two organizations the Forestry Association and the Lumbermen's Association met at the same time and place. Some fearful ones, ])elieving that the Forestry Association thought the Lumbermen selfish and careless in their opera- tions, and tliat the Lumbermen deem- ed the Foresters a body of doctrin- aires and impractical theorists, con- sidered it inevitable that there would be a clash and an explosion that would injure the work of both. In- stead of this, however, the conven- tion proved a clearing house of ideas and showed that lumbermen and for- esters are practically one in aim, and with not nearly so much divergence as to method as had been supposed. Instead of mutual recriminations there were mutual confessions, with the result that because of better un- derstanding tliere will be better work on the part of both tlian ever before. The meetings were held in the Railway Committee Room, which, next to the Commons Chamber, is the largest hall in the building. It seats comfortably somewhat over 250 people and during most of the sessions so many were standing as to bring this number considerably over 300. Viewed from the present mo- ment it might have been better to hold the Imsiness sessions in some larger liall down town, but this would in all probability have pre- vented the attendance of the Right The Thirteenth Annual I uuiention. :i Mr. (i. \. Chown. Ven. Archdeacon R J. Kcnison. Hon. K'. \j. Bortl.Mi. I'niiiitr, ;iinl Sir AVilfrid Lauricr. who in tin* iiii«lst of tremendous pri'ssurc of their wnrk in the lieat of tlic |iarlianientary ses- sion were .still aide to .si(»iiary of liftccn \- its • in .N'ortherii On' shores of Hudson Hay. ployment of t ' <- ' - ers. |iesid«-s ited deletfatcs from honrtiv •ity col, >■'> i.ltiollH •• Ml. I turn! coll.' ,••••'. and ^anie The wtdcHpread «p|»«ftl est den« . .. that d. fronj n< li: IVin ': tho y at done no • ■! n. as well w •n the Canadian Forestry Journal, J an. -Feb., 1912. number of the states of the Union, including, in addition to IMr. Gitford Pinchot of Washington, My. E. A. Sterling, Forester of the Pennsyl- vania Railroad, Dr. J. T. Rothroek, of Pennsylvania, ]\Ir. C. R. Pettis. Superintendent of State Forests, of New York; Dr. E. 11. Hall, of New York, j\Ir. Harris A. Reynolds, Sec- retary of the Massachusetts Forestry Association, ]\Ir. W. R. Brown, President of New Hampshire For- estry Commission. The aim of the program commit- tee was as far as possible to have ■one paper for each of the four busi- ness sessions with the object of de- voting the remainder of the session to discussion. Here again many be- lieved that a dangerous experiment was being tried, but the full and frank discussion participated in by forest engineers, educators, admin- istrators and lumbermen gave a large amount of valuable informa- tion that could have been secured in no other way, and besides brought about a better understanding by each of the aims of the other than lias heretofore existed. At times the divergence of view seemed to be •great but before the discussions end- ed in every case the participators were much nearer agreement than ^when it opened. The banquet in the Parliamentary Restaurant on Wednesday evening was one of the most successful fea- tures of the convention. Covers were laid for 200 guests and nearly every seat was occupied when the assemb- ly sat down. The speaking was of a very high order, and it is safe to say that the Premier and Sir Wilfrid Laurier have never been heard to hetler advantage. Mr. Pinchot made a most striking speech, which, while it dealt with the general principle of conservation, did not cover any of the ground of his address on the fol- lowing morning. The speeches of Mr. Alexander IVlacLaurin and ^Ir. Wm. IMcNeil for the lumbermen, and Mr. Nathaniel Curry, President of the Canadian IManufacturers Asso- ciation, showed how the conception of the need of forest conservation lias gripped the leaders of industry in this country. Here again the un- ited character of the meeting was in evidence. The lumbermen, in addi- tion to the seats allotted to their leaders at the head table, filled two out of the five cross tables, while one side of one of the remaining tables was occupied by graduates or under- graduates of the Forest School of Toronto University. A striking feature of Thursday morning was, of course, the great address by Mr. Gifford Pinchot on 'The Groundwork of a Forest Ser- vice." The four points necessary to a successful forest service were (1) no politics, (2) enough money, (3) trained men, (i) federal control. A number of those present declared it was the finest address on practical forest conservation and administra- tion that they had ever heard. Mr. R. H. Campbell. Director of Forestry of the Department of the Interior. Canada, in a few words following Mr. Pinchot, told of a visit he had made to some of the national forests of the United States after the reforms made by Mr. Pinchot, as Chief For- ester of the United States, had been put into force. He found enthusiasm, intelligence and faithfulness — men with a pride in their work and a de- termination to keep out fire and other enemies of the forest, and to make it as useful as possible to the people. He hoped to see like results in the Canadian service. In the afternoon Mr. E. Stewart, first secretary of the Canadian For- estry Association and one of its past presidents, gave his paper on the aims of the Association, holding that it should be an educative and agitat- ing force but should not take up po- litical questions or do administrative work. The various items of the ne- cessary routine business of the As- sociation which showed its finances to be in a healthy condition were The Thirteenth Atiuudl ('onunlinit. rapidly cU-alt with, tlu» report of the resolutions and iioniiiiations cominii- tee presmtfd and adopted and tin- 13tli annual convention eon(duded. Wednesday Morning. At ten o'(doek tlie ['resident of the Assoeiation. .Mr. (J. Y. Chown. li.A.. Kejristrar of (Queen's rniversity, Kin«,'ston. ealied the assend»ly to or- der, and introdueed the Premier. Rijrht Hon. \{. L. Uorden. ^Ir. I5oi'den. aftei* weleoininj; those present to Ottawa, briefly leferred to the convention of li)l)(i and tiie progress of the Association's woik since that time. 'We have lieeu haj^pily blessed in Canada.' he con- tinued, 'witli not only a great abund- ance, but a great variety of reso\ir- ees. and nerhaps none of the natural resources of Canada whi(di are at tlie command of our i)eople are more im- portant than those of the forest. We should all bear in mind that a na- tion, like an individual, nuiy be pro- digal. A young man comes into a vast estate ; he sees no object more worthy of his attention than dissi- l)ating that estate as rapidly as pos- sible. Similarly a young nation like Canada is apt to be reckless of its heritage. T think that every man who has given consideration to the subject will agree that, up to the present time, there has been a lack of thrift on the part - i and must have regar«l to the inter- ests, not only of those of the ji - "t day, but of the interests of tho?*<' u ho eoujc after us as well. 'Hurke has well said that t' 'in- tion is a partnership, but not '' nership of the living nlone. bu' a partnership lii \ It) arc living. those who are dea«l and '' arc yet to be b<»ru, Jt in \u ; ;.- -, of these wordH, it secinN to nu*. ; the question of conHcrvation Khotild be approachi'd.' Aftei- referring to the hick of di«- crimination betwe<-n soil (it f)ir fai!:i ing and that lit only for growing for- ests u]» to the prcs. • ' ' ' ICveryone who is slightest power of observation i realize that the lands have I «-leare(| and settlement mad*- '' in many jtlaces in Canada wl. soil would have been infinitely more valuable if the forest had been ; ■ served and the annual crof) of forest used from that land iij.st'-ad of the attcmfif being made to r the ordinary crops of agricultur*'. Referring then t«> the «picstion of forest fires, lie concluded: * No bet- ter work couhl be pt>'d in Aft.T pat by \ tion. and w. the rr< i> aiitir-*" Canadian Forestry Journal, Jan.-Fcb., 1912. The president then called upon Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laui'ier, leader of the Opposition, to address the convention. Sir AVilfrid opened with a refer- ence to the 1906 Convention and to the sympathy and co-operation he then received from Mr. Borden. He also gave a. word of welcome to those present. 'It has taken us a long time to real- ize,' Sir Wilfrid went on, 'that the forest is one of the greatest assets of our country. Of course, we know that one thousand acres under till- age will support a larger population than one thousand acres covered with forest. But we have com- menced to learn also that, unless cer- tain portions of the country are cov- ered with trees, remain under forest, the soil as a whole will not be as pro- ductive as it Avould be otherwise. There are certain portions of the earth's surface in every country, and particularly in Canada, which were designed and intended by nature to remain in forest.' Sir AYilfrid then referred to the destruction of the forest by the early settlers, and the present awakening to their value. 'In the nature of things everything has an enemy.' he continued, 'but besides these enemies which attack the forest as part of the work of nature, the forest has three enemies of whom I desire to say a word. These three enemies are the settler, the railway and the pros- pector. I repeat what I have just said that there are certain parts of the country which ought to remain under trees. But the settler cannot always appreciate that. If he sees two hundred acres of land in a small valley which he thinks suitable for tillage, he very often does not care though, by clearing the soil on that two hundred acres, he destroys, per- haps, a hundred thousand acres of timber. I wish your convention would give attention to the sugges- tion made by my right honorable friend the prime minister a moment ago when he suggested that there should be a survey of the whole country made to distinguish what is forest land and what is tillable soil. If tlie Conservation Commis- sion which Avas appointed some years ago. and which has been do- ing some splendid work, were to ap- ply itself to making a survey of the whole country, to carefully point out which part should remain in forest and which should be given to the settler, I am sure that the Prime ^linister would not hesitate to put an appropriation in the estimates in order to have this map distributed over the whole countrj^ so that every man should know what land ought to remain in forest and what could be given over to the settler. I think we are all agreed that the hillsides and all the plateaux which are the sources of rivers should be conserved sacredly in forest, for. if these hill- sides and plateaux are denuded of their forests, the rivers will sutfer and even the climate will be affected . . . Then I Avould be prepared, for my part, to join in an effort to induce all governments and parlia- ments and legislatures to have these plateaux for ever reserved, and never have the axe of the settler in them, but only the axe of the lumber- man.' Sir "Wilfrid then referred to the railways as the cause of forest fires. AVhile giving them credit for their efforts in this direction, he thought nuich more could be done. 'The third enemy of whom I have spoken is the prospector,' Sir Wil- frid continued. 'I am afraid he is not always as careful as he ought to be to put out his camp-fire. And this may be particularly true of some who realize that a forest fire un- covers the rocks in which he is seek- ing the find for which he so eagerly searches. I am told (I have no per- sonal information on the subject) that the terrible fires of last season were largely caused by the prospec- tor.' The Thirteenth Annual Convention. AVilli a few words of ciKlorsution of wliat the I'rt'inirr had said and (d* welcome to the (h-h'^'at^-s Sir Wilfrid resumed his seat. The [(resident then didivcred his annual address. lie revifwed the work of the society for the year and the proj^rt'ss of eonservation work generally, lie advocated the asso- ciation takinj^ a more a^'^'ri-ssive at- titudf. and su^'«,'('st('d three lines alon^' which they should aizitate, viz., (1) the taking; or tlie forest ser- vices out of polities, (2) a i)erman- ent forest poliey for Canada, (;{) tlie adojition of efficient ineaiis of deal- ing with slash. lie ur^'ed the em- ployment of a trained forestei- l»y the A.ssoeiation. A Progressive Forest Policy. ^\t. Tr. K'. MiirMillan's pai'or, eiititl.-.l 'A I'rojjro.ssivc Forest I'olit'V Kequires an Investment of Capital', was then rend, in the al)sence of the writer, hy Mr. H. H. Cani|ihell, Director of Forestry, wlio, in readiii;;: it. made many valuable eomments. Mr R. M Campbtll. Mr. Mai'Millan drew nttontion fnct that the settii> ' • of f- serves was but the ntf of Proper administratiuii wl thco rt-M-r must III nifii and Hiijiiii; .Mountain tor<>>t r< tobn would produce . . . . i ... ;.. ply in perpetuity tl of OtluA i and Hull, and yd ' Hands of settlers. .\ tain forest reserve v\ timber than in now \u: two provineen of Ontario : lumbia, the two forenioHt lun.i.ir j i... luri-n of the Dominion. Centuries of fore«t nianai;enieiit Kuropo proved that t! ' per acre from fori-sts to the amount spent in prut' aj^ement of the crop. I (|Uoted in proof of the utatemont. The first need for < fori'sts was to m;tl ■ Fires nlonj; rnilwa;. Iiv jiatrol and meat, and by n these distrit'ts. Tlie r.-si-r^. accessible in all parts b\ ' (•(mimunicntion must b the use of telephones, plemented by lookout phone connections. .*^uch c\ittinir re- . . » . fon-ed that tlie I<- fire trap and that • naturally. ."^la-h Scientific study mu.st \ termine the proper met each district, and ex; nuule in, an tion of sa« i sible cxtention of • many other i|ui««ti< utilirntion of the ' Above all, the fart rou«l b borne in min«l. that » ' |iul into for«-slry will in futur< of rhurch ot Northern Hi,*.- nn,- III 8 Canadian Forestry Journal, J an. -Feb., 1912. Mr. Aubrey White, Deputy Minister of Lands and Forests for Ontario, then spoke briefly. He defended the use of college students as fire rangers, claiming that in dealing with parties of sportsmen and campers a young man of education was more capable than the average woods- man or 'lumber-jack.' Other speakers of the morning were Rev. Dr. Geo. Bryee of Winnipeg; Lt.-Col. J. W. Harkom, of Melbourne, P.Q.; Mr. A. Knechtel, Inspector Dominion Forest Re- serves, and Mr. W. H. Berry, Assistant De- puty Surveyor-General for New Bruns- wick, St. Stephen, N. B. Wednesday Afternoon. Wednesday afternoon's proceedings were opened with the reading by Dr. Fernow of the Report of the Committee on Forest Fire Legislation. This committee was composed of Dr. Fernov/, chairman, and Messrs. Thos. Southworth, of Toronto, W, C. J. Hall, of Quebec, P.Q., Ellwood Wil- son, of Grandmere, B.Q., Dr. Judson F. Clark, of Vancouver, B.C., Frank Davi- son, of Bridgewater, N.S., and G. C. Piche, of Quebec, P.Q. The committee, the report stated, had collected all the existing forest fire legis- lation in Canada and most of the United States. They also received expressions of opinion from competent persons and upon these they based their report. They found that while the Dominion and all the pro- vincial governments had passed legislation to protect forests from fire, these laws varied greatly in detail and in efficiency. They reviewed the laws of all the pro- vinces, and having taken all things into consideration they stated that the law of Nova Scotia was probably the most effi- cient for the conditions there. New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario had laws which were good in many respects, but they were all primarily designed to pro- tect unorganized territory and they needed to be supplemented by provisions looking to the co-operation of county and township authorities in the organized districts with the officers of the province and the rangers of the lumbermen in the unorganized dis- tricts. The laws of the prairie provinces were designed in the first place to stop prairie fires and needed to be very consid- erably supplemented. In British Columbia and the Dominion, fire protection was largely a matter of executive administra- tion. The committee reported that legislation to be effective must be carried out by a thorough organization backed up by pub- lic opinion. Different sections required different laws and the reason the Nova Scotia system was efficient was Ijecause all parts of the province were organized ter- ritory. Preventive measures were need- Dr. B. E. Fernow. ful, uad pul)lic opinion must be so aroused that persons guilty of causing fires might be properly punished. The three main causes of forest fires were railways, settlers and persons, like sportsmen and prospectors, passing through the forest. Regarding railways, safety should be sought in improved equipment 'of locomotives, clearing of the right of way and i^atrol. In regard to settlers the first suggestion was an educative cam- paign. Quebec was congratulated in that the clergy under the direction of the bishops read letters of caution from their pulpits. Times should be fixed in which settlers must burn the slash from their clearing operations and in each case a per- mit to burn the same should be secured from the fire warden of the district. Re- garding those whose business takes them into the woods, it was suggested that per- sons like tourists and prospectors passing through the woods should not be allowed to start fires for any purpose without hav- ing a permit from the proper officer. Such permits should be for a short time only and renewable upon good conduct. To re- duce the danger from lumbering opera- tions the report recommended the burning of the slash, while the logging operations were going on, or the 'downing' of tops and branches so that they might lie close to the ground and rapicll- decay. Upon the important question of organisation the committee report that it should be central and permanent, and should at fhe same time co-operate with municipalities and timber limit holders. The organisation le- ti- ll- The Thirleenih Annual ConveuUon. g should liave an cxpfririin-.l hoa.l wan Hon. Sv.ln.'v 1 lar;,'o discretionary luiwers, and a l>ody of fiation n^ainHt tl permanent j.aid ran;;ors. During' the dan- nothin>,', and ren. ger season this body slioulil he assisted hy hec in 1011 tin- .\ additional i)atrolnien. The country should main requests, fir be divided into inspectoral districts and on the east h1<.|m' , each officer an. I i)atrolnian must he hehl |,o Het asidi* hy law, responsible for his unit. Tlie e<|uipnient railways should he , of districts at jirojier points with lookout trol of the Hailwav'. r'j stations, trails and telephone lines was to the work of >! )i« recommended. lirFt had been i Dr. E. IT. Hall, Secretary of the Society '"'«'*'"" '""' ' for the Protection of the Adirondacks. |'"'. railway c New York, outlined the methods adopted 'at'/"'" r''pr.i in that re;:ion. especiallv oil burning,' loco- \9 "*' "7'' '"'';' '"' "' motives and the 'lopping' of tops. ""'*? ""'''.'"' ""V ' "" ' ' " used the liest and in. Mr. T). B. Kochester, of Ottawa, severe- for the contn.' \y criticized the ])rovincial jjovernnient in mission were . i rejrar.l to its ran;,'er system, claiming; that latin;; re;;ulationH for th- many of the ]>resent appointees were quite llnu W A (" useless, and that experienced woodsmen ,„nre irenerous tf' should be appointed. ,^.^,i,.,. f^^ce. S«.n.in,K Mr. Elhvood Wilson said the lumber- woods to have a pic ni r men must jirotect themselves and j)rovide time was the best way • efficient men. Tlie best results were yi^oi burned up. '(Jet ni. from sendinjr the men out in jiairs, one a hest men yioi nin .j«>f stu.lent (i)referablv a forestry student). ;.'ive them • • * I I the other a woodsman. He advocated the vice, lie lumbermen formin^i protective associa- <'o1umbia lumberman of tions, but the ;,'overnment must stand back who every sf.rinp, of of the li.ence-holilers. an.l jiroHvute of- burned the dcbrix left in • a- fenders resj>onsible for fires. ter's 1 » Mr. A. MacLaurin, Treshlent of the }'i,|Ii'pr ' j„ onturi.. .lunnu' t 'T Canadian Lunibermen's Associati\i\>X by several members, who jiointe.l to the .>f Woods < >; - •• • '■ ol r»c part the Association had iii aKitatin;; for Paper Co., qu- »• the repulations un.ler consideration bv the to the co^t i«f Kaihvav Commission. " I»r. Kernow •" ■•• tual figures jjiven by tl" 'O ^fr. N. S. Dunlop spoke in defence of the railways. The C. 1'. K. spent very lar^jc i>I)erntion on a' " "' •■ • sums in fiKhtinfr fires, many of w'hich it Minnesota, was not in the least responsible for. For Mr. C. 1: • fiphtinf.' one fire alone thev had paid out Forester. ;;.. , ^" $8,000 in wapes. Spark arresters in the the rout of lopping to|>« on • -4 front of en<'ines, he claimed, were not ' " ' " "- •• practicable. . In answer to a question from T>r. Ilnll .,. he said that not one per cent, of the fire«( i „_ „» .._.. were causcil from ashes dropped from inc firebox, an.l in this was corroborated b Lt.-Col. llarkom. Prof. John Macoun described th«« or -.i panization which he had fi>unil ■ ■ ^^ jl^^ H P. K. lines in the Kootenay di^' fiphtinjr fires alonp their lines. Th<" pie's neplect of fires in the for-' ^ very blameworthy, and often Inr ». such as that at Feriiie, ' q this neglect. Hestrictionx - n on settlers burning brush. I'lii- should be freed from political coir . j. j ,^j lonp as politicians apj.oint fire- ^ ^^ ^^ he said, 'there will be fires.' ->*»■■ ^^ •" " 10 Canadian Forestry Journal, Jan.-Feh., 1912. his own experience in installing telephones on his limits and the benefit they had been. He thought it would be worth while for the government to bonus lumbermen for building such lines. The fraudulent taking up of lots by so-called settlers must be put a stop to. On motion of Dr. Fernow, seconded by Mr. Little, it was resolved to accept the committee 's report and continue the com- mittee for the purpose of reporting on or- ganization. The Banquet. On Wednesday evening a banquet was held in the Parliamentary Restaurant, at which about two hundred guests were pres- ent. The chair was occupied by the presi- dent of the Association, Mr. Chown, at whose right were seated Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden and Mr. Alex. MacLaurin, presi- dent of the Canadian Lumbermen's Asso- ciation, and on his left Rt. Hon. Sir Wil- frid Laurier and Dr. Gifford Pinehot. Others seated at the head table were Hon. G. E. Foster, Mr. Wm. McNeil, Director of the Canadian Lumbermen 's Association, Hon. G. H. Perley, Hon. T. W. Crothers, Hon. Sydney Fisher, Sir Frederick Borden, Hon. F. Oliver, Dr. B. E. Fernow, Hon. J. G. Foster, U. S. Consul, Major R. W. Leon- ard, Chairman N. T. R. Commission; Dr. Rothrock, of Pennsylvania, Dr. E. H. Hall, of New York, Mr. W. R. Brown, of New Hampshire, Hon. Speaker Sproule, Mr. Haughton Lennox, M.P., Hon. J. A. Mathe- son, Premier of Prince Edward Island. The vice-chair was occupied (in the un- avoidable absence of Senator Edwards) by Mr. H. M. Price, and at his table were seated Messrs. N. Curry, President of the Canadian Manufacturers Association, Geo. Burn, General Manager Bank of Ottawa, Dr. F. C. Harrison, President of Macdon- ald College, Prof. W. J. Black, president Manitoba Agricultural College, Aubrey White, Deputy Minister of Lands and For- ests for Ontario, Jas. White, Secretary Com- mission of Consei-vation, Dr. J. W. Robert- son, Chairman Commission on Technical Education, Rev. Dr. Geo. Bryce, Member of the Commission on Technical Education, Wm. Little, Wm. Power, M.P., Lt.-Col. Har- kom, E. Stewart, R. H. Campbell, Senator Bostock, Wm. Pearce, S. Kydd, of the Mont- real Gazette, H. A. Reynolds, Secretary of the Massachusetts Forestry Association, and N. S. Dunlop, of the C." P. R. The toast to 'The King' was proposed by the chairman, and honored in the us- ual manner. The toast to 'The Parliament of Canada' was proposed by Hon. Sydney Fisher, who, in opening, congratulated the present par- liament on having brought down a larger appropriation for forestry than had ever been provided before. He enlarged upon the importance of the reserve made of the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, and commended to the parliament of Canada the figures given that morning by Mr. Campbell, Director of Forestry. Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden was the first to reply. In opening he made appreciative reference to Hon. Mr. Fisher's faithful work as Minister of Agriculture. Mr. Borden referred again to his expression of the morning, that conservation consisted in the wise and prudent utilization of the country's natural resources, having regard to the fact that they were the property, not alone of those living to-day, but also of both those who had passed away and those who were to come. After a brief complimentary reference to Dr. Pinehot, Mr. Borden expressed his gratification in realizing that Canada had started the work of conservation earlier in her national history than had the United States. The work was only beginning, as was shown by the difficulty experienced in obtaining reliable information in regard to the natural resources both of Canada and the United States. He suggested that Can- ada should immediately begin a stock- taking of her great natural resources. Sir Wilfrid Laurier, after some humor- ous references to the changed positions in Parliament of himself and Mr. Borden, re- ferred to the unanimity shown by both parties in putting through the bill creat- ing the Commission of Conservation. The idea of the commission had come to them from their neighbors of the United States, and, among them, Dr. Pinehot had been foremost in pressing the idea. He was welcome with them on that occasion, and would be welcome if he decided to live permanently in Canada. Sir Wilfrid paid a high tribute to the chairman of Canada's Commission, Hon. Clifford Sifton. He (Sir Wilfrid) hoped the Forestry Association would become a permanent institution. No life was more pleasant, he thought, than that of the lumberman. Mr. H. M. Price proposed the toast of ' Our Guests '. He referred especially to Dr. Pinehot, and alluded to a passage from Mr. O. W. Price's book, 'The Land We Live In', to the effect that the natural re- sources of the country were resources in which a man's children were even more interested than he himself. He advocat- ed the prosecution of forestry instruction among the boys and girls of Canada. Dr. Pinehot, in reply to the toast, after thanking the convention for their compli- ment, gave an inspiring speech, clearly showing how forestry had branched out into the conservation movement, and that again into an alliance with the forces fighting against child labor, unfair condi- tions of work in factories, poisonous foods and many other abuses. Forestry began Tfie Tfiiihi'ntli Annual Cutnenliou. II with tryinfj to make tlio best use of the forests, lidth for the jireseiit and tlio fu- ture, for the welfare of tlie nation. Tlie conservation movement sim|>l_v inclmleil in this formuhi, alon;^ witii the forests, the nation's other resources. Dr. I'inehot gave in^tancos of wooillamls and other lands fraudulently a|iiiro|>riated l>y |>ri\ati« con- cerns in the I'nited States. They found they had to ask two (juestions: not only 'Siiall the resources continue to exist f but also 'For whose l)enefit shall these re- sources be used?' Then they struck the question of monopoly, and found them- selves allied with s(»me of the forces men- tioned, with whom they at first seemed to have no relation. 'There we came to a question which at first si;jht is not related to conservation at all, the question of monopoly, l»ecause we had disco\ereil, wlien we came to work at these matters, that every monojjoly of every kind, when you follow it down to its source, is based somewhere on the control of a natural re- source or a natural condition.' The mo- ment they be^^an to act in conservation they found themselves confronted by the political power of some particular inter- est to whose advantajre it was to prevent the active execution of the conservation jiolicy, or, in other words, by monopoly maintained through politics by a few men for their private advantage. It was at this point that they saw their common in- terest with the other forces. The whole question of conservation coulil be reduceil to the elimination of waste, not only of waste of forests, but of waste of the na- tion 's jiroperty when a water-power was grabbed by a special interest, of waste through strikes and lock-outs, of waste of luiman life and all that goes to make life worth living. All these were waste to the nation, wai-te of the j>ower to make the nation better. lion. (Jeo. K. Foster then jiroposed the toast to 'The Lumbermen". In opening he expressed his appreciation of the con- servation jirinciples as laid down by I'r. I'inchot. The bounds of conser\ ation, he thought, were not simply national, but world-wide. Turning then to the lumber men themselves, he thought the day of the 'predatory' lumberman, who Inokeil on the forest as something' to be got out of the %vay, w;is jiractically jiasscil. and that he was gixinu way to the lumberman of fore sight. While the present generation had a right to the use of the nation's pr««sent re- sources, they hail no right to dev:isf:ite or destroy. The 'predatory' should be disciplined by his ' bermen and by the governments. In ■ ing Mr. Foster endorsed the idea of ' education of the boys and girls of t^ along the lines of conservation. Mr. Alex. MacT.aurin, after f • the convention for the toast, on 1 the lumbermen, n«kod thvir aiuiiataare in having th ,t reservM ti ••id* l>y act of t ! ^ ,re. .\!r. \Vm. .McNeil abu n-j-onlr) on th« lumbermen's l.idialf. Il«' tioii of the audti-ui-e %>< > tho moment before tl ;.'uvernment, puttir their policy of I it ion. Mr. t>. W. Tf. 1 >r. l'in<-hot 'm, wn«t t ing forester, and they wore the benefit of Mr.' Tin ' Special provision was her act for fire protection Dr. B. K. Fernow t! the toast of 'The F.. brief and witty •■; f which he compar> i jdiagocyte, the forester being r I orrect bad conditions in a lumber ness as a phagocyte correetM ba tions in the blood. Mr. H. II. Campbell, in rei.I\ iii'_«. i-nint ed out the fact that ' har.-; s|>ecial study of her fore*tn and n trained men to tiia' ■ ' " ' ' iiiily of s| iai ill >l I'liiiditiotis, so that a ) - •* forniulate people must b<> Mlaratpd to look t future. Mr. Aubrev White n\-*n f.-.iw.nd*x1 ♦« »•»• toant. lie •» oil th- -" and ' hM own i-try ri>iit. mil the ill \'\\ in ■ -lir Y 1 .mI t tk^ 12 Canadian I'c-t-'i'rij Journal. Jan.-Feh., 1912. their cars, were forced to go to the south- ern states for most of it, and also send a man to follow the order up. He thought the forestry movement should have been started years ago, and criticized the gov- ernment in regard to its attitude to forest fires, especially along the line of the In- tercolonial railway. His efforts to get the Intercolonial to assist in the protection of his lands from fire had been without re- sult, and as a result they had burned ujd about half of his timber. In the Maritime Provinces the railway's were the most de- structive agency, then the fishermen and then the settlers clearing land. He had himself ordered trees from Germany and was about to try reforestration work. Mr. N. S. Dunlop replied on behalf of the railways. He believed the C. P. R. would co-operate in any measures that would tend to keep down the fires along the railways. He had been himself try- ing to instil ideas of conservation into the employees of the C. P. E. The singing of the National Anthem men closed the banquet. Thursday Morning. The session of Thursday opened at ten o'clock. Mr. N. M. Ross, Chief of the Tree Plant- ing Division of the Forestry Branch, open- ed the program with a short account of the work done by the Forestry Branch in the free distribution of trees to the farmers on the prairies. He explained the regula- tions and touched on the results of the dis- tribution. He favored the establishment of a Dominion laboratory especially with a view to the conducting experiments in wood preservation. Mr. R. D. Prettie, Chief Forestry In- spector for the C. P. R., touched on the question of the work being done by the C. P. R., especially at the timber preser- vation plant connected with that corpor- ation. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt outlined the work being carried on by the Department of Entomology of the Central Experimental Farm, with special reference to the Larch Sawfly and the Spruce Budworm. Mr. Gifford Pinchot's Address. Dr. Pinchot was received with hearty applause. In the commencement of his address he referred briefly to the anomal- ous position which the IJ. S. Forest Ser- vice occupied before 190.5, when the for- ests were all administered by the Depart- ment of the Interior, while the foresters were all in the Department of Agriculture. Prior to the change political influence had played a considerable part in appointments to the executive force controlling forests. Mr. Gifford Pinchot. The first mistake they had thus made was to allow political considerations to enter into appointments. Under President Roosevelt, however, entrance to the Forest Service was made subject to passing an examination. The first jsrinciple on which a successful forest service must be based was that of absolute freedom from political control in the making of appointments — a point he had been glad to hear the Premier favor on the preceding evening. The second principle to be followed in forming an efficient service was that the men must be trained. The most practical men in the end were those who came into the service with scientific training and then got the practical experience. The third principle was that the admin- istration of the forest must be given enough money. Even yet the U. S. For- est Service had not obtained an appropria- tion sufficiently large to carry out neces- sary work. In the United States they had to meet a demand for the surrender to the states in the west of not only the forests, but also the water-powers within their bound- aries. Men with offices in New York and Chicago were especially anxious that the natural resources of states such as Nevada, Oregon and Colorado shoiild be turned over to state control. From the conservationist standpoint federal control was preferable because the smaller legislatures were more easily controlled by the special interests. 'Federal control of national resources Tin TlmUenlh Annual Connnti'm. seems to me to he jilisoliitcly fSMcnti;!! in the work you are uniU'rtakinj:. In or','anizin;Lr a forest, lire (.ruiii i mn must be the first aim of all, ami the ^'reiit thing was to make the forest aecessible with trails, telephone lines and otln-r means of communication. The funda mental princi|>le.s on which an ellicient for- est force was to l»e built up were thus four in number: (1) No politics; _' i Trained men; {'.\) l*'nmi;,'h n.oney; (I) 1,1 eral control. In the orjjanizal Kill of such a inrre the line of responsibility from man to man must be iibsolutely clear, and each man must know tlu' extent of his responsibil ity. Younj,' men coulil successfully hear three or four times as mucii responsibility as one would expect of them. Then the man must l>e '^i\en his head.' An organization wiiere a man simply work- ed under orders, not even signing the let- ters he wrote, might ruin the man for high-class executive work. An organiza- tion built e and given to the field men. The V. S. Forest Service exists, not for the oflice end, but for the field end. In the U. S. Forest Service men were frcfjuently given a change from the one class of work to the other. ' We have a definite order that the recommemlation of the field man mu^t not be turneubli strong that tlie men who stroy the service could not fight th: ment.' Publicity was »bsidn»' tial, and it should be a regular daily duty of the service to let inc jui' know what is going on. itiiiiiMii \f i f 1 1 1 dry Hon. .Martin liurrdl. [>.. ter of Agriiulture, vx\ in hearing Mr. I'inrhi.i - ferred tu the immenHf |> his own pro\ ii forest fires, ,11 tion of thi< gf' tion of the fori ; sake of the water | belt, for irrigation. Mr. U. Ii. Campbell renKir!.. 1 l<»yalty of the staff of th Forest .'s.r, ;. i ... . ►. ence th:i | a ser\ ice. 11, ( the trained mei f Forestry of thr ■» turning out) I" look. A much 1 the one now gi\ of which is as fo; Although doubt lt*fi» uvrr ontimatcd. th* number of !'■ •• lives is lar f the railways toward i bilities of re domain and the imdusion in for- est res-crves of lands unsuitod for aurietil- turc or \vh<>re the forests are re on the federal and provincial novernment-« that such a policy be carried out at the earliest possible date; and that when stinh reservations are created they should J"* made of a pernuiiu-nt niitnre by Act of Parliament and adeipinte provision should be made for a proKressi'-- ^i innin-tritM... on permanent lines. Rcsitlvifl. that this Convention ha.** note.l uith pleasure that the Parliament " "' Dominion has during the j-ast year . lepislation «hich provides for a alon^ lines of railway, under re;; be formulated by the Hoard of 1. Commissioners; and abn a derinn Railway ('ompniiic to any property, including tiiiil. rnents the n- of examinationH to t appointeen and <■* maiiciit iliirin^ in the ca-c nf' • this purpo"!- apj ed in the humN of mission. li'hrrtim, thi' lii nient in coin lleVldOped llflmui-i ; the ►tati- from the p. to thi II >nt. A nd. wheretu, II >'nt in lc one c. lands, while the avi ranges from two ■ ■ i.; Pnited State" to MX India, nine cents \' $I.SMi |KT acre in Pr eiency of administration wil larger expvn!*"- •'••■ — in Canada. Tin re/t>r< . Fore'try As , bled urce upon ' the k- hity i as to ensure inerea*inK pr.,,; Canada. litsnh,,!. that sal i- f;i, t loll the tktr to All, and th. it ha« IT. that t» fore't are ex|>cnditure tut ria>i*tit the i>s|i«>n on fi.-. -• in on ■ :i, re ., • \ nr in I . I la la^ . ther bn ro of tl ,/. ■•\ and plarr^l on a thnr f»- u|M>n init. .-I'Mi- ■ o tion with the 1 t» iM* • Canadian Forestry Journal, Jan.-Feb., 1912. and recommends legislation to prevent such practice. Besolved, that the Canadian Forestry As- sociation, in convention assembled, wishes to place on record its deep sense of the loss which has been sustained by the Associa- tion and the cause of forestry in general by the untimely death of the late E. G. Joly de Lotbiniere, a past president of the Association, and who, following in the foot- steps of his distinguished father, was one of the most active and faithful advocates of forest protection in Canada and a strong and earnest supporter of the work of this Association. The services of the late Mr. Joly de Lotbiniere to forest conservation cannot be overestimated. By voice and pen and by the publication of his own practical studies in the forests he did important work in the campaign of public education, and his enthusiasm and kindly help were a great in- centive and support to those who had the plearure of working with him in the great cause which he had so much at heart, and his passing from our midst leaves a keen feeling of personal loss. To his widow and family we wish to convey our heartfelt sympathy with them in their bereavement, And that the Secretary be instructed to transmit a copy of this resolution to the family of the late Mr. Joly de Lotbiniere. Eesolvcd, that the thanks of this Associ- ation be tendered to those who assisted in making the convention a success, and par- ticularly to the Et. Hon. E. L. Borden, Et. Hon. Sir W. Laurier and Mr. Gifford Pin- chot. Besolved, that the Canadian Forestry As- sociation desires most respectfully to con- vey its thanks to His Eoyal Highness, the Duke of Connaught, for the gracious exten- sion of his patronage to the Association. Besolved, that the thanks of the Canadian Forestry Association be tendered the Do- minion Government for its continued assist- ance to the Association in the grant of $2,000 per year; also to the Government of Ontario for its grant of $300 to the Governments of Quebec and British Colum- bia for their grants of $200 each, and to the Government of New Brunswick for its grant of $100; and that the Secretary be instructed to endeavor to secure a grant from the other timber owning provinces of the Dominion. Besolved, that the thanks of the Canadian Forestry Association be conveyed to the General Managers of the Bank of Montreal, Bank of Commerce, Merchants Bank, Mol- sons Bank, Bank of British North America, Imperial Bank, Eoyal Bank, Traders Bank, Quebec Bank, Bank of New Brunswick and Bank of Hamilton, for their con- tinued assistance by making their Branch Managers, or such of them as reside in lumber districts, members of this Asso- ciation. This assistance is not confined to the amount received, important as that is, but it also introduces the subject of Fores- try into communities where it would not otherwise have a footing. The Secretary is instructed to bring this matter before other Banks, particularly those largely interested in timber districts, that this plan may be further extended. Besolved, that the thanks of the Canadian Forestry Association be tendered to the rail- ways of Canada for their kindness in grant- ing special rates to the convention. Besolved, that the thanks of the Canadian Forestry Association be tendered to the Press of Canada for its continued support of forest propaganda in publishing extracts from the bulletins and other litreature sent out, and in giving prominence to the meet- ings of the Association. Besolved, that the Association desires to express its appreciation of the faithful and efficient work of the Secretary and staff of the Association. Besolved, that, in accordance with the notice duly given. Clause VII of the Con- stitution be changed to read as follows: — VII. The annual meeting of the Association shall be held during the month of February in the City of Ottawa, unless otherwise de- termined by the Executive Committee of the Association, and a notice of one month of the date selected shall be given to each mem- ber by the Secretary. Besolved, that the members of the Com- mittee on Forest Fire Legislation be thank- ed for their report, that the report be adopted, and that the Committee be con- tinued and requested to work out a scheme of organization. Besolved, that the minutes of the last meeting, having already been printed and published in the Association publications, be taken as read. Besolved, that the rej^ort of the Treasurer, as audited, be received and adopted, ancl that the accounts therein are hereby ordered to be j)aid. Besolved, that the Auditors, Messrs. Haw- kins and Clendinnen, be paid the sum of $10 each and thanked for their services, and requested to act for the year 1912. Besolved, that an honorarium of $100 be paid to the Treasurer for her services. It was then moved by Lt.-Col. Harkom, seconded by Mr. Stewart, that the thanks of the Association be tendered to our re- tiring President for the able manner in which he has conducted its affairs during his term of office. This was passed by a standing vote. The retiring President thanked the memblers for their kind resolution, but said that anything he had done had indeed been a labor of love. The Thiiiccnfh Annual CunvenUon. Mr. E. Stewart tlicn road his paper on ' The Aims aiul Oltjects of tho Canatlian Forestry Asyoeiation. ' Mr. Stewart jMiinted out the objects fur ■whicli tlio Association liad been formed; it was intended to be, first, educative, and, second, advisory. No administrative work had been contemphiteil, and, if the asso- ciation liad en;,':i;,'ed in controversial top- ics, it would liave imp:iired its inlhn-nce. Its streni^th lay hirj^ely in the fact tli:it it was entirely non-political. The Association's first aim was to arouse public interest iu forestry. One result was seen in the fact that opposition to forestry appropriations had died away. By conventions and literature much in- terest in forestry had been awakened in the public mind and the jiublic of Canada had much need of awakening to the prob- lems of forestry. The Association had done mucli f,'ood and advanced forestry in- terests by its recommendations to tho var- ious governments. One point in whi<'h the Association might still do much good work was in inducing the Dominion gov- ernment to distribute in other countries fuller information r(>gardiiig the dilTerctit species of Canadian woods and their cpial- ities. The Association had been jiarticu- larly fortunate in its Patrons. Another respect in which much success lunl been attained was in securing the co-operation of the lumbermen. Mr. Chown wanted more progressive measures, and thougiit tho Associatiim should consider the employment of a train- ed forester. Lt.-Col. llarkom agreetl with ^fr. Stew- art, that the Association should be only advisory, not executive. Mr. J. A. Gripton, of Toronto, suggested the formation of commercial museums and bureaus of information. Dr. C. D. Howe, of the Faculty of For- estry, University of Toronto, urged th« need of further educational propaganda, espei'ially in tho lower grades of public schools. Dr. A. Blue then read a short paper on 'Maple Sugar as a Hvproduct of the For- est '. The convention then .i.lj..urneil. LE1TKR.S OF RKtiRET. Following are extracts from tome of tht letters of regret: — John Hendry, Vicp-r- Forestry Association, Van in Kur'oi>e) — "I am leaving i Tuesday next for but have left ini'tr forwarded to n:c. I nrn vrrv ^rirrr I not attend tl> but ho|'e the tho banipiet ■ Sir Kdmund Walker, I' dian Bank of ' your letter oi cecdingly render it at the meetingn of the ' Association on the 7th 1 ha\e been Honorary 1 years . nual ' includes tho dates referred lo. ' Hon. Clifford Siftoii, • ' hion of Conservation, Ot much regret that I »t away from OttaAa a: . being called away by ment**. It is a i "" me that I <-anM< ceed:.. 'ur »<.>ii ■ at th. , f I which your in i>ast year- vi.i remitting vigor in th. ta' be wishes to the bers of the A---- ni^'Mi. .-an- lift- and Mrm- Henry S (Jmvis Washington, I ' to have f. for me to end of t)i portant ii will preclude the ing in time * Febriiarv. I to ai; and i«houid like can. ' • Ciii!. ! Sf:i>. ■ I*..-. •{• «»J I \f Hoi.. of ApiK*!, (>! A w. *o It the I- u. nil- e-! r« b. a* II.' •(H'vt.^ ii.ay U; iJU-1 lu L< ia li*; %ff . t* .. ^ 1* vr^ti.^...*^ the aaaoal t> XXiCCUOI •"•r- a»- It 18 Canadian Forestry Journal, Jan.-Feh., 1912. would give me the very greatest interest and pleasure to attend both, but I fear that I cannot get away at this season of the year. The preservation of our Cana- dian forests and the spreading of trees on our prairies commend themselves to me very strongly indeed. In fact, some of my farmer friends in the country think that I am a crank on the subject. I am always exhoi-ting them about the matter. I shall be interested in hearing of the results of the meeting. Kindly convey to the Asso- ciation my regret at not being able to be present. " ' J. S. Willii-on, Esq., Editor-in-Chief The News, Toronto. — "It will be quite impos- sible for me to leave Toronto during next week. I should like to attend the sessions of the Association, and can only hope that at some future time I may have the privi- lege of doing so. ' ' J. S. Brierly, Esq., President The Herald Company, Montreal. — ' ' I regret very much to say that ^iressing business engagements will prevent my being present, as I ap- preciate very, much the work your Associa- tion is doing for Canada, and I would like very much to have the opportunity of testifying to that appreciation by being with you on Feb. 7. ' ' Sir William Whyte, Vice-President Cana- frlincui»iT LuuiU-r C . i<-ii... ■ . .;„.„ St. Paul, Minn. an K. 1 - A»», 0^ Kiil)lin, lion. K. 1'.. I'remiiT of Munitolia, Wini.i peg. W. K Roc-lio, Hon. \V. .1., Secretary of Slate, Canada. ... Kratik ■4.« Holers, Hon. Uohert, MiniKtcr uf the Interior, kivmitj, W. K., Cotonisi Cuniida. Onl. Roosevelt, Hon. Theodore, Nrw York <'il}. Midi, W. .1, Hpantth KUrr lp of, and I'riinati- of M' II. ■>. M , Anglican Church in Canada, (Dr. Mathesun). M<•*• Con.scrvation. ! llarr>. I Smith, E. Norman, Editor Free Preim. Ottawa. U. Vv . Snowball, W. B., Past Pres. Canadian Forestry Uui' k, \V. J., B ». \ . rnnriiiai ilsn'twi-t •' ■: .-\ssn., Chatham, N.B. tural Collece. Soutliam, \V. M., Editor The Citizen, Ottawa. .... ... . . .. . ^^^ Southworth, Thomas, VicePres. Deloro Minine k Reduction Co., cxSupcrintendent of Forestry - • and Colonization for Ontaiio, Toronto, Pa*: President Canadian Forestry Association. i..... :,jii» Dcpt. Ol- Stevenson, B. B., General Manager, Quebec Bank, inwn Quebec. Blur. C. 8„ Comniitlw 8Uff. H ■ m^ -f Cooiaao**, Stikeman, H., General MannKcr, Bank of Britiah Ottawa. North .America. Monlreal. BIyth, .\ W. Mut.-fimr.r <«♦ , • Strathy, Stuart, General Manager, Traders' Bank, Booth. • Toronto. Bordi-n, Tarte, L. .1., President La Patrie, Montreal. Borden, Ui. llou. II. U, i'ttmitt of C*a*da. 0» Tourney, Prof. .1. \V., Director Y-li- I'niversily tawa. Forest School. Bo«lnrk, Hon. Hevill • -" Turnbull. .1.. General Manager, Bank of Hamil- it C ton. Hamilton. Boitm. K., Ottawa. AVainwriiiht, Wm., Vice-President Grand Trunk My. Mm. Harrjr. 6SS > Railway. i >.. . •• . AValkcr. Sir Edmund. President Canadian Bank of Commerce. Toronto. i; White. Hon. W. T.. Minister of Finance. Whitman. F. C., Lumberman and Director C.P..\., .Vnnapolis Royal, N.S. Wilkie. D. R., (ieiural Manager Imperial Bank of Canada. Willison, .1. S.. Editor in Chief The S'etei, To- ronto. Whylc. Sir William. Vice-President Canadian Pa cific Railway. Bowman, H Oni W. Guv II Boyd W Br. Br:. \ iir NAMES OF THOSE PRESEM . Br. Kxplanation of tonus: F.K., 1" Rinoor; M.K.. Maxtor of Forio-trv . Ma.stor S.ipnco of Foros-try; H.S.-.F., Ha. I dor Scionco of Fonutry. Br. Abbott. Stephen .\ . 110 McLaren St.. Ottawa Airest, H.. Fort William. Ont. Alexander, R.. 17 M .nk St Oflfiwa Alford. Wolter. 1' ., , Allan. GillH-rt. Evi iMIawa. Allan. .F. B.. Rob. rl I ..x ."i. * •. "Mwa American I.unilH-rman. Chuai:". r.pri» 20 Canadian Forestry Journal, Jan.-Feh., 1912. Campbell, R. H., Director of Forestry, Dept. ol Interior, Ottawa. Campbell, Roy L., Toronto University, raculty of Forestry. Cane, .J. «., (J. G. Cane & Co.), Toronto. Carr, W. N., Woodstock, N.B. Carroll, W. F., 210 Slater St., Ottawa. Carufel, L. E., 82 St. Antoine St., Montreal. Cassels, Hon. \V. G. P., Exchequer Court, Ottawa. Cauchon, N., C.E., 164 Waverley St., Ottawa. Charlton, Hon. W. A., M.P., ex-Minister of Crown Lands for Ontario, Lumberman and Limit Owner. China, Consul General of, (Hon. Mr. Wang), Ot- tawa. Chipman, W., 346 Frank St ..Ottawa. Chown, Geo. Y., President Canadian Forestry As- sociation, King.ston. Chri.stie, H. R., School of Forestry, University of Toronto. Chubbuck, C. E. D., 350 Somerset St., Ottawa. Claire, R. K., 230 Clemov^^ Ave., Ottawa. Clark, A. E., Toronto. Clark, J. A., Expt. Sta., Charlottetown, P.E.I. Clark, Dr. Judson F., Lyford, Clark & Lyford, Vancouver, B.C. Clarke, Chas. S., 407 Somerset St., Ottawa. Cochrane, R. J., 112 Lisgar St., Ottawa. Cole, T. B., Ottawa. Collins, J. R., Fassett Lumber Co., Fassett, Que. Conloy, Rev. T. B., 27 Gwynne Ave., Ottawa. Cook, Fred, Ottawa, rep. London Times. Coohcan, P. T., 419 Daly Ave., Ottawa. Conn, H. .S, Ottawa. CorTiellier, L. P., Ottawa University. Costiean, Hon. John (Senator), Edmundston, N.B. Cote, Louis, St. Hyacinthe, Que. Cottloe, Herbert, 3 Cathcart Sq., Ottawa. Cotton, A., 1133 Pacific St., Vancouver, B.C. Coupal, Geo. F., Ottawa University. Coutlee, Lt.-Col. L. W.. 136 Bay St., Ottawa. Crawford, M., Campbellville, Ont. Cream, Daniel. 308 Pine Ave. West, Montreal. Creighton, C. D., Toronto. Crombie, W. R., of E. H. Lemay, 81 New St., New York City. Crothers, Hon. T. W,, Minister of Labour, Ot- tawa. Crowe, W. -J., 906 St. Catharine St. East, Mont- real. Cummings, M. M., River Desert, Que. Curry, Nathaniel, President Canadian Manufac- turers' Assn., Montreal. Davidson, Hugh, (Hastings Shingle Mfg. Co.), Vancouver, B.C. Davis, A. M., McAuliffe-Davis Lumber Co., Ot- tawa. Davis, L., 94 Chapel St., Ottawa. Davison, Prank, Member Com. of Conservation, Bridgewater, N.S., and 117 Spadina Road, To- ronto. Day, James R., 172 O'Connor St., Ottawa. Denis, Leo G., Com. of Conservation, Ottawa. Denison, R. Seldon, Breeze, Denison & Co., saw- mill mfrs., Napanee, Ont. Dick, W. J., Com. of Conservation, Ottawa. Dionne, G. L., Amqui, Que. Doherty, T. K., Chief of Publications Branch, Dept. of Agriculture. Dolan, Dominic J., University of Ottawa. Donnelly, Thomas, Deseronto, Ont. Doucet, J. A., Forestry Branch, Dept. of the In- terior, Ottawa. Bowling. D.B., Geological Survey, Ottawa. Drake, E. F., Irrigation Branch, Dept. of In- terior, Ottawa. Driscoll, D. J., 143 Gloucester St., Ottawa. Dufresne, Thomas, 452 Pie IX Ave., Maison- neuve. Que. Dunlop, N. Stewart, Claims Agent Eastern Divi- sion Canadian Pacific Railway, Montreal. Dwight, T. W., B.Sc.F., Forestry Branch, Dept. of the Interior, Ottawa. Dyer, Mrs. W. E. L., representing Montreal Wo- men's Club, 310 Grosvenor Ave., Montreal. Eadie, Rev. Robf., 1321 Wellington St., Ottawa. Eastcott, A. L., Pembroke Lumber Co., Pem- broke. Eastcott, W. M., Ottawa. Edsar, F. G., Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto. Edgar, N. N., Arthur St., Ottawa. Edwards, C. M., Watson & Todd Co., Lid., Ot- tawa. Edwards, Gordon C, Ottawa. Edwards, Hon. W. C, Ottawa, Past President Canadian Forestry Association. Egan, H. K., Hawkesburv Lumber Co , Ottawa. Ellis, L. M., C.P.R. Forestry Dept., Winnipeg, Man. Elmitt, T. F., Otawa, Ont. Engrem, E. M., 112 Fourth Ave., Ottawa. Evans, A. Kelly, Ontario Fish & Game Commis- sioner, Toronto. Everist, R. E., SaskatcheM-an Exper. Station, Scott, Sask. Fairfield, W.A., Lethbridge, Alberta. Penton, J. W., 359 Cooper St., Ottawa. Ferguson, P., Tate, Sask. Fernow, Dr. B. E., Dean of the Faculty of Fores- try, University of Toronto. Filion, W. A., of E. H. Lemay, 683 St. Denis St., Montreal. Finlayson, Ernest H., Forest School, University of Toronto. Firstbrook, W. A., of Firstbrook Box Co., Toronto, representing Toronto Board of Trade. Fisher, Hon. Sydney, ex-Minister of Agriculture. Fleming, W. J., 49 Brooke Ave., Westmount, Que. Fogarty, W., 374 Slater St., Ottawa. Foster, Hon. Geo. E., Ottawa. Foster, Hon. J. G., United States Consul General to Canada, Ottawa. Fox, Geo. M. (ex-Warden of W^ellington County), Drayton, Ont. Fraser, J. B., Lumberman, Ottawa. Fraser, M. F., 279 Arlington Ave., Ottawa. Fraser, Rev. R. Douglas, Presbyterian Publica- tions, 60 Bond St., Toronto. Fream, Edward J., 608 Leeson & Lineham Block, Calgary, Alta. Gagne, Phillippe, Ste. Luce, Rimouski County, Que. Gardner, Geo. C, Manager Bank of Toronto, Ot- tawa. Garratt, R. S., Wellington, Out. Genest, Arthur T., 519 King Edward Ave., Ot- tawa. Gibb, Lachlan, J.P. , Montreal. Gilbert, A. V., 383 Albert St., Ottawa. Gillies, D. A., Braeside, Ont. Gilmour & Hughson, Hull, Que. Gillmor, John M., 522 Rideau St., Ottawa. Godfrey, Ernest H., Census & Statistics Branch, Ottawa. Goodevo, A. S., M.P.. Kootenay, B.C. Gordon, Geo., ex-M.P., Cache Bay, Ont. Gordon, P. D., 80 St. Francois Xavier St., Montreal. Gosselin, D., 977 Wellington St., Ottawa. Gow, John, 140 Parkdale Ave., Ottawa. Graham, E. J., Buckingham, Que. Graham, James, Teuton, Man. Graham, Martin, 23 Forest Hill Road, Toronto, Ont. Graham, W'., Fortune, Kamloops, B.C. Grant, Sir James. M.D., Ottawa. Gratton, N., 410 Nelson St., Ottawa. Gripton, James, 153 Victoria St., Toronto. Guy, Stanislas, Sandy Bay, Matane County, Que. Guendon, Romeo, University of Ottawa. Guppy, Harry J., 502 Ijyon St., Ottawa. Gussow, W. T., Dominion Botanist, Ottawa. Hall, E. H., L.H.D., Sec. of Association for Pro- tection of the Adirondacks, 154 Nassau St., New York City. Haney, F. R., C.P.R., Montreal, Que. Hanley, Denis, Read, Ont. Hardv, Edgar D., 42 Central Chambers, Ottawa. Hare, W. A., 38 Preston St., Ottawa. Harkom, Lt.-Col. J. W., Director Canadian Fores- try Assn., Melbourne, Que. Harris, .T. A., Ottawa L^niversity. M II-' -i.ii K ■ • 1 1 M V M M III iiml Hou lull "•y < 1 • • 1 w n >' >; \! M .> , •V 11 c Till' Till dee itth Annual ^' i,,ni. 21 Harrison, Dr. F. C, Pre«. Macdunald Collt'fe, I I' \.., ¥ Ji««r4 •! QuiU-f. i.. m.I.- M Harlt, T. A., M.P., St. Andrews. N.B. i, , ■ \' Hnrvfv, \V. II., Uesuroiilo, Out. I'M W, Hawkin.s, Frank, Secretary Cuniidian Luinl>ermcn'i Ma<'lii>tti, W. J., ymrtj toonad Absii., Utiiiwu. rofto Hoin.s, DuiiaUl, Ottawa. M ■ Hellyer, A. \V. E., 09 Belmont Ave.. Ottawa. .\l Heroltl. Otto, Brantford. Ont. Hewitt, l)r. ('. liordoii, Doiiiiniun En'omolosiil, C'i'ntrul K.\|HriiiieMt«l Farm. Ottawa. .11 1 Higinan, Orniond, Chief Kleetrieal Engineer, In- .Mii. I. nn, land lievcnue l>e|it., Ottawa. .MiKnuii, Holyoke. E. 1)., Woodstork, N.B. .Mnioun, i Horsey, Alfred J., 114 Elfjin St., Ottawa M.i ■• Hosterninn, F^rnest H., 159 Nepean St., Ottawa Howe, Dr. C. D. Iceturer Fueully of Fori-^lrv, .\l University of Toronto. Mmr, K Hudson, .Iosei)li (J. S., Mines Branrli, Ottawa. .MnlL-iir. 1 HufT, A. D., Ottawa. Mi.II.m. \' Huglison, F. C, Albany, N.Y. Mnr^-"l n ■! of Hugli.son, ^Vard ('., Ottawa. Hulse, A. E., The Sali.shury, St. Antoine St., Mont V I.«aiber C*„ B « real. ■. . ■ ■ Hurteiro, D., 92 Britannia St., Hull, Que. Hutton, G. H., l..aeombe, Alberta. JacomlK?. F. W. H., M.F., Forestry Branch. Dept. of the Interior, Ottawa. Jacorabe, Mrs. F. W. H., Ottawa. Jamieson. Thos., 115 Stratheona Ave., Ottawa. ■^' . ., i ^ ^ < t^. Jones, tieo. M.. Fas.ett Lumber Co.. Fa.sett, ""•"»' »»""'»-'-y f«r,r. «< l- Quebec. .Johnson, E. V., 479 Cooper St., Ottawa. Johnson, .'^ydni'y B., "J-'i Fourth Ave., Ottawa. Judd, J. C, Ottawa. Keefer, C. H., C.E., 4!) M.l.alf.- St., Ottawa. Kelly. .lolin, Knikland Koad. St. .lohn, X.B. Que. Ketclieson. Chas., Member Committee on Keforcs ^1 < 1 ..• . i- • -•ia«ll«a ' tation of Hastings County Council, Wallbridge, Ont. \' -.^mwm'-' Kieff.r, H.F., C.E., 1439 St. Urbain St.. Montreal. ^, g. q., B.be.r^ Fo^ Kinsman. Miss M. A., Forestry Branch, Ottawa. Kins, G. W'.. 11 NeiH'on !^'-. Ottawa. >, J. J., ■ Kingston. A. G.. Dept. of Public Workii. Ottawa. yy Chax . . || Knechtel. A.. F.E.. Inspector of Dominion For.itt .1 Reserves. Forestry Branch. Dept. of the In \,\ Rrid. I ^ terior, Brandon. Man. \' " " M . . ,.■,..... ........ - .-t. •! Knechtel. Mrs. and Miss, 159 Frank St.. Ottawa. Kydd. Samu'-I. Editor The Gazeltt, M ri-r.jil ,, ...»j»ni Can«'U Pow»f C.> V«« Labelle. J. O., Ottawa University. mntrr W <' Laidlaw, Walter ('., K. Laidlaw Lumb. r < o . i-"i . ^, V ti Toronto. i! Laniliart. Frederick. 7 Hid-au Gate, N.K., OUawa. jj) Ont. ., Lambarf, O. H.. 7 Rideau Gv vv ........ \i . j i, 1 Lambe. Mrs. A. B.. 110 Ca.: \i"/,.rt» j" 1 Eaneu.doc, Gd-. G.. C.E.. . -- .. .- . «" Mor„rtv Laur^er. Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid. O.C.M G . Ottawa I.,each. \V. \V (irological Survey. Of I.*elbom, E. S. lin W.-llington St.. <' Lefaibre, F.. Manairer. I.uke Bro«. Co. IiiUrna ^, tional Xurs.Tiis, Montrrnt, Qup. liPgri."., Hon. .1. H. (S.nntor). LouliK-Till*. Que ^^^^^ — j l.K'ma\. E. 11.. Montr.nl M . V Hon • LcniKMix. Hon, Uodolph.'. Ottawa I.#nno\. Hnughlon. MP. Ghmrman Railway < .^ Ot»T*» ' niittec, llon>.«' of 1 Leonard. Maj.r K >n Tran tincntat Railway ' ' Leopold. Fnth. r O. ' I^eSu.ur. WD Eightfoot. F ( y Liguori. Rev. I . ' v Trappe. P.Q. ; Linghan. I... Rtmon^kv Q>'' Little. Williani Assn.. -iW W Locke. Miss B . -M ^ „ ■ lAJUghced. Mr« N. r. BC. j" Loughe«>d, N.S.. N> - 11 Lumsdcn. Geo.. 19 ' .... Lvford. C. A.. For '•^'•'1 '^ " _ Trade BIdg.. Montn-al. TrtPV 22 Canadian Forestry Journal, Jan.-Feh., 1912. Ogilvie, Robert M., 4G4 Besserer St., Ottawa. Ogilvie, William, Mackenzie Apartments, McLeod St., Ottawa. O'Leary, P., Strong Lumber Co., Orillia. Oliver, Hon. Prank, M.P., ex-Minister of the In- terior. O'lNeill, Frank, Kouleau, Sask. Osier, Sir Edmund B., M.P., Toronto, Out. Ottawa, Anglican ArchbLshop of. (Dr. Hamilton). Parker, Rev. W. F., 257 Bronson Ave., Ottawa. Patching, R., Forestry Branch, Ottawa. Patterson, Capt. Joseph, 293 Echo Drive, Ottawa. Pearce, Wm., O.E., C.P.R. Irrigation Dejjt., Cal- gary, Alta. Pelletier, Louis E., manufacturer, St. Donat, Countv Rimouski, Que. Perley, Hon. G. H., M.P., Ottawa. Perreault, Edward E., 192 Osgoode St., Ottawa. Pettis, C. R., Superintendent of State Forests, Al- bany, N.Y. Piche, G. C, M.F., Chief of Forest Service, Dept. of Lands and Forests, Quebec. Pillar, S. A., 149 Second Ave., Ottawa. Pineliot, Gifford, President American Conservation Association, Washington, D.C. Plant, E. C, Mackarell & Co., Ottawa. Plant, Frank J., 179 Patterson Ave., Ottawa. Poliwka, H. B., Burstall & Co., Quebec. Power, Stephen, 69 Baird St., Ottawa. Power, Wm., M.P., Qiiebec. Power, W. Gerard, Manager and Secretary River Quelle Pulp & Lumber Co., St. Pacome, Que. Prettie, R. D., Forestry lu.spector, C.P.R., Winni- peg. Price, Herbert M., Past President Canadian For- estry Assn., Quebec, Que. Printz, Carl .J., Vice Consul for Norway for On- tario, Toronto. Ranger, D. V., 395 Dalv Ave., Ottawa. Rankin, W. D., M.D., Woodstock, N.B. Read, Chas. E., Jr., Riordon Paper Co., Merrit- ton, Ont. Read, Rev. W. A., 760 Somerset St., Ottawa. Reaume, Allan, 107 Echo Drive, Ottawa. Reid, James, Montreal, Que. Renison, Ven. Robert .T., Anglican Archdeacon of Moosonep, Moose Factory, Hudson Bay, Canada. Reynolds, Harris A., Secretary Massachusetts For- estry Assn., 4 Joy St., Boston, Mass. Rheault, J. E., Disraeli, Que. Richardson, R. T., "Woodroffe, Ont. Riley, Hon. Geo. (Senator), Victoria, B.C. Roberts, Everett H., Forestry Division, Laurentide Co., Grand Mere Que. Robertson, Dr. J. W., Chairman Commission on Technical Education, Member Commission of Conservation, Ottawa. Robertson, R., Dominion Experimental Farm, Nap- pan, N.S. Robinson, Hiram, President Upper Ottawa Im- provement Co., Past Pres. Canadian Forestry Assn., Ottawa. Robinson, Miss M., Forestry Branch, Ottawa. Rochester, D. B., 145 James St., Ottawa. Rochester, J. F.. 87 Britannia St., Hull, Que. Rosamond, .James, Almonte, Ont. Ross, A. H. D., M.F., Lecturer in Forestry, Uni- versity of Toronto. Ross, H. C, Dept. of Indian Affairs, Ottawa. Ross, Norman M., Chief of Tree Planting Divi- sion, Forestry Branch, Dept. of the Interior, Indian Head, Sask. Ross, Walter M., J. R. Booth Co., Ottawa. Rothrock, Dr. Joseph T., Consulting Forester, West Chester, Penn., Secretary Penn. Forestry Com- mission, one of the pioneers of forestry in North America. Routhier, Joseph, 162 Waller St., Ottawa. Rubridge, Miss, 291 Stewart St., Peterborough, Ont. Scandrett. W. L., Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto. Schreiber, Collingwood. 192 Argyle Ave., Ottawa. Sexsmith, Jno. A., M.P., Chairman Committee on Agriculture, House of Commons, Ottawa. Shepherd, R. W., Proprietor Greenwood Orchards, 118 Notre Dame St. W., Montreal. Sheppard, N. B., 157 McLeod St., Ottawa. Shore, J. Willoughby, 225 Dalv Ave., Ottawa. Shultleworth, E. I., 29 Euclid Ave., Ottawa. Simard, J. F., Ottawa University. Simpson, E. R., Summerland, B.C. Sinclair, Dr. S. B., Dean of the School for Teach- ers, Macdonald College, Que. Sneyd, R. E., 168 Cobourg St., Ottawa. Smith, Henry, 69 Primrose Ave., Ottawa. Smith, Thomas, 35 Somerset St., Ottawa. Souttor, Alex., 159 Daly Ave., Ottawa. Spencer, J. B., 154 Carling Ave.. Ottawa. Spencer, Chas., Third Ave., Ottawa. Sproule, Hon. T. S., Speaker of the House of Commons, Ottawa. Staniforth. S. ,1.. Fasset Lumber Co., Fassett, Que. Stanlev, M., Perth, Ont. Staples, Miss Lillian M., Wycliffe, B.C. Staples, Otis, Wycliffe, East Kootenay, B.C. Steckel, Rene, 303 Cooper St., Ottawa. Stephenson, Robert, Laurentide Paper Co., Grand Mere, Que. Sterling, E. A., F.E., Forester, Pennsylvania Railroad Co., Philadelphia, Penn., official re- presentative of the American Forestry Assn. Stevenson, T. J., Sales Manager, Riordon Paper Co., Montreal. Stewart, E., F.E., ex-Superintendent of Forestry, Dept. of the Interior, Canada, Past President Canadian Forestry Association, Toronto. Story, J. A., Frasor-Bryson Lumber Co., Ltd., Ot- tawa. Stuart, William, 180 First Ave., Ottawa. Sunderland, J. T., 22 West Hancock Ave., De- troit, Mich., U.S.A. Sunstrum, John, Montreal, Que. Sutton, W. S., Woodstock, N.B. Swaine, J. M., Asst. Entomologist, Central Ex- perimental Farm, Ottawa. Svmes, P. B., 326 Lyon St., Ottawa. Taggart, C. H., D.L.S., 25 Patterson Ave., Ot- tawa. Tilt, L. C, Faculty of Forestry, University of To- ronto. Thomas, H. I., J. R. Booth Co., Ottawa. Thompson, Wm., Farmem' Advocate, London, Ont. Thomson, Miss M., Forestrv Branch, Ottawa. Thorburn, Dr., 211 Daly Ave., Ottawa. Thornton, Geo. W'., Almonte, Ont. Thornton, J .W., C.P.R., Montreal. Thrall, J. H., 66 Park Ave., Ottawa. Tilston, W. S., Manager Trans. Board of Trade, Montreal. Towslev, E. D., 161 Nepean St., Ottawa. Trask, Mrs. A. L., Oyama, B.C. Trask, Egbert, 0\ania, B.C. Tully, John, 487 Laurier Ave. W^, Ottawa. Tummon, W. E., Chairman Reforestation Commit- tee, Hastings County Council, Ontario. Turner, J. .1., .Jr., Peterborough, Ont. LTssher, C. E. E., Gen. Passenger Traffic Manager, Canadian Pacific Ry., Montreal, Director Cana- dian Forestry Association. VanDusen, W. J., Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto. Viens, Ephrem, Chemist Dept., Public Works, Ot- tawa. Wadsworth, G. F., 86 Carline Ave., Ottawa. Walker, P. C, Shephard & Morse, Ottawa. Wallis, V. Brown, Forestry Branch, Ottawa. Watson, Neil, Mull, Ont. Webb, S. .1., 39 Belmont Ave., Ottawa. Webster, F. T., Billings' Bridge, Ont. Whitcher, Arthur H., Secretary Geographic Board of Canada, Dept. of Interior, Ottawa, White, Aubrey, Deputy Minister of Lands & For- ests for Ontario. Past President and Director Canadian Forestry Association, Toronto. W'hite, .T. B., Manager Woods Dept. and Sa^vmills of Riordon Paper Co., Calumet, Que. White, James H., B.S.F.. Lecturer, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, White, James. F,R.G.S., Sec. Commission of Con- servation, Ottawa. Whyte, R. B., 60 Rideau St., Ottawa. Wilson, Ellwood, Forest Enginper, Laurentide Paper Co., Director Canadian Forestry Associa- tion, Grand Mere, Que. Wise, E, O., 143 Queen St., Ottawa. Witten, Stewart, Forestrv Branch, Ottawa. Zavitz, E. J., B,.A.., M.S.F.. Forester Ontario Dept. of Agriculture. Prof. Ontario Agricultural Col- lege, Guelph, Ont. Conservation Commission Meeting, 1912 The Comiiiission of Consorvatioii hflil its Mr. M. J. I*nif..ii .-t;. tliir;, rural sanitation, inspec- tion of meat, the Ottawa typhoid epidemic of 1!>11, bovine tubercuhisis. aiin of coal mines made under t' the Commission, makin;,' n- for tho botterinjf of ^fovernment rev,'uin- tions in re;;aril to natural yaM, rec' '- ■■'" tlrill holes and jdans of abandoned and recommending a Koyal «'iiii ■ ^ investijs'ate the hi;;h ileath rri" mines of Canatla. Tho chairman then brt>iii;lit :; ter of peat fuel, reading; a in- prejiared by tho Superintendent <'t on the estalilishment "f" ' • ' w,.l i Canada. ''r TiiK .Ni.vv 8l t!i *' ri' idv noted II .luurnnl, 1S»'>;». !• tc rentinjf fa" • w •rk of the 1 t 1, 1 ' n V IK t . e ..r "mo • „ '■ run t Tt «| 4 -ifNi n 24 Canadian Forestry Journal, Jan. -Feb., 1912. exhausting the supply of merchantable timber in twenty years. The chairman also discussed the work of the commission in forestry matters. It had taken an active part in getting the Kocky Mountain forest reserve and the obtaining of legislation in regard to the measures to be taken by railways against forest fires. Afternoon Session. In the afternon the first item on the program was an address by Dr. J. W. Eob- ertson, who gave a report in some detail on the agricultural survey of the Domin- ion. ITe discussed also seed-selection, weeds and plant diseases and illustration farms. The Eocky Mountain Forest Eeserve. Mr. E. H. Campbell, Director of For- estry, then addressed the Commission on the Eocky Mountain forest reserve. He referred to the boundaries of the reserve as first set apart by Council and exjdain- ed how it had been necessary to enlarge these. The general principle laid down in marking out the eastern boundary of the reserve was to include all land lying at an elevation of 4000 feet or over, above which agriculture could not be carried on. Timber line was, generallv speaking, at an elevation of 6000 to 7000 feet. The chief trees were Engelmann spruce, Douglas fir and lodgepole pine. The supply of timber was very important for the coal mines of the Eastern slope, and the reserve was also important on account of its including the sources of the chief streams watering the prairies, and hence was important for irri- gation, domestic water supply and power. Mr. Campbell then summarized the pro- visions of the Forest Eeserves Act of 1911. He then went on to treat particularly the provisions of the Act. Only portions of the reserve were made into game preser- ves, but in these a very fair amount of protection had been given and the results were noticeable. The two great objects of the adminis- tration of the reserve, however, were the protection of the timber from fire and the protection of the water supply. The cost of administration of the forests in Ger- many was at least one dollar per acre, and in tiie United States two cents per acre were allowed for the administration. So far, the government of Canada had not granted even one cent per acre for the ad- ministration of the Eocky Mountain re- serve. There were many sources of dan- ger from fire within the reserve. The greatest of these was the railways. The administration must be got into shape at once, so as to be effective when danger should come. Trails must be built to points commanding a view of the sur- rounding country, so as to discern fires, and also all through the forest so that men can get quickly to the scene of a fire. There should also be a system of tele- phones, so that help could be quickly sum- moned. The disposal of the debris after lumbering was also important. A para- mount question was tliat of the reproduc- tion following lumbering. In the admin- istration of the reserve there must be one man at the head, called perhaps an inspec- tor. The reserve must be, for administra- tive purposes, broken up into districts, probably four in number, with a scientific- ally trained man in charge of each. Un- der these there should be a staff of fire- rangers, probably a dozen rangers for each division. After resolutions favoring the exten- sion of certain portions of the work of the Committee on Lands and for the establishment of a Dominion Laboratory had been agreed to, it was moved by Dr. Geo. Bryce, seconded by Mr. McCool, and carried; — That Dr. B. E. Fernow be ap- pointed as the special representative of the Commision of Conservation to co-oper- ate with His Honor Judge Mabee, Chair- man of the Eailway Commission, in the granting of regulations, under the law re- quiring railways to protect from fire for- ests through which they pass, and that Hon. W. C. Edwards, Dr. Fernow and the Chairman of the Commission be a com- mittee to further the general purposes of the work in connection with the Eailway Commission. It was also moved by Hon. W. C. Ed- wards, seconded by Eev. Dr. Bryce, that in view of the enormous importance of this subject the Commission of Conservation recommends that an appropriation of not less than <:f^l 10,000 be provided for forest protection in the Eocky Mountain forest reserve during the fiscal year 1912-3. The motion was agreed to. Dr. J. G. Adami was, on motion, ap- pointed the representative of the Commis- sion, in conjunction with representatives of tlie province of Ontario and the city of Toronto, on a commission to secure a more complete organization of agencies for the suppression of tuberculosis. Eesolutions were also passed directing the Committee on Public Health to repre- sent the Commission on questions regard- ing town ]ilanning, approving the experi- ments regarding the use of peat for fuel and urging their continuance, making cer- tain changes in the personnel of the Com- mission in accordance with certain changes in the Dominion and yirovincial ministries and appointing Dr. C. C. Jones and Hon. H. S. Beland as chairmen of the Fisheries, Game and Fur-bearing Animals Commit- tee and the Water-powers Committee respec- ti\ely, and adding to the personnel of cer- tain committees. The meeting then adjourned. La Foret. la Temperature et le Regime des Pluies. I L 'articU' litit le a celle de la nier dont la lenipt'-rafure heaueoup plus oonstante que eelle de la torn* tantol rccliaufVe. tantnl refroidit s. . rivap's. .Ic n'ai pas liesoin d«' dii oomhit'u cette re^r" '»'■•■'*"'••*" ♦'" '^'** mut est favorable a la santo de riiom- me au.s-si l)ien qu'a la pi-nspi'rite de ses cultures. ('«'lles-ei out n...i'is a redoutor la j;el«''e et los anl soleil. La lur'MH' influence ■•.'.....t,..-;^..f^:. ,. est o,xoreee par les i' jrimo des pluies'. DauH U-h ri'irioiui twi- si'es, les pliii.s sont plus f- |»lus proloni;igee8 est au eontrairo d 'avoir tUm pluies rares, mais tori h. \,'v\- plication de ces fails i-.; - ' • ' • liiospliere qui entoun- 1< - presipie toujoiirs liuiiiiile. Apr^ U pluie, I'eau Sejounif hlir li- >n\ am- Itrap' «*t ne s'evapor<- ■ '■ ' -tp. nient. D'autre part. nt cliort'lier ju.squ'a une (frande pnifon- deur I'eau neccvwiire a la f (Ics tissuH de I'arhre. I'n. ^,„ partio tlo cotte eau ost n-iidue |m-u a peu par la tranN(>irntion (!«• feuilUii a I 'atmos[>li('-re )pii aii r(''to un dcjfre triiuii : .. mellt plus eleve qu'eli terrain diV'OU- vert. Or. on sait <|Uo riiniiiidit«* at- m«>s|)lierin(|amment eliari;e dc '. et qii 'ainsi il appriHln- d. the present staj,'.- of developm.>nt of forestry in Canada heeanse tl" n ;i jority of forest. rs in the Doi were iloini; nmi)pinj; mid estiuiatnuJ work almost «'.\elusively Oil motion a (ommili" pointed to invest i^rale the | of standardizing the maps lines suggested. Mr. Wilnon wan appointed t" veHtigate the praetieahility of the formation of an international Koricty of foresters. '{'he meeting then adjourned. Notes on Rocky Mountain Reserve. The plans under eiiUHidiTatinn for the managemttit of the \i ' • ^1oun• tain ftirest reserve nt- , .the division of the whole renon-p into four districts, viz.: (1) from the In- ternational l)oundnry north to the lliirh Kiver district; (2) from the High Kiver '»*» a start* of rang.'rs. The will prohahly he I from which th- ' Cypress Hills others that may. and m ity, will he est ' ' ' d til ' w ill he admini Trails will he put throuRh t^ pOH.Hihle Hpeetl and ti lahlishetl. IJoii ran gel-?* will niimhor of important | rangi-rs nn: A COllMih forest ern V out the oriram dition t |eH.H«'" Mr \i U J- New " of N at the late t Oll\CllU'J!i 27 28 Canadian Forestry Journal, Jan.-Feb., 1902. Mr. E. H. Cami)bell, Superintendent of Forestry, Ottawa, was the host at a very pleasant and informal dinner given to the professional foresters in attendance at the convention on Thursday evening, February Sth, at the Laurentian Club, Ottawa. The guests comprised Dr. B. E. Fernow, Dr. J. F. Clark, Dr. C. D. Howe, and Messrs. E. J. Zavitz, N. M. Ross, Ellwood Wilson, A. H. D. Ross, L. M. Ellis, H. R. MacMillan, T. W. Dwight, E. G. McDougall, D. R. Cameron and F. W. H. Jacombe. Mr. J. R. Dickson has been hard at work all season at his work of technical assistant on the Rising Mountain forest reserve, with headquarters at Dauphin, Man. Mr. F. W. Beard has been assigned to duty as technical assistant on the Duck Mountain forest reserve, also with head- quarters at Dauphin, Man. McDougall, T. W. Dwight and D. Roy Cam- eron. Mr. P. Z. Caverhill has been given the duties of technical assistant on the Cypress Hills reserve. Mr. G. H. Edgecombe is making his head- quarters at Edmonton this winter. His ad- dress is c/o Commissioner Dominion Parks, Edmonton, Alta. Messrs. G. C. Pichc and A. Bedard, forest engineers of the Quebec Department of Lands and Forests, were in attendance at the convention. Their many friends among the forest engineers regretted that pressure of official business compelled their cutting their stay short. Many of the students of the University of Toronto Faculty of Forestry visited Ot- tawa for the convention. The forest engineers who have been dur- ing this winter at headquarters at the For- estry Branch, Ottawa, include Messrs. E. G. THE SMITH STUMP PULLER This photoCTaph shows the work of the Smith Stump Puller, puUinestuippswithone horse, stumps that run from 4 to G feet through, atanaveraec cost ot 5 cents per stump. Write for our free Catalog. W. SMITH GRUBBER CO , Smith Sta., La Crescent, Minn. R, ©. SWEEZEY, CIVIL & FORESTRY ENGINEER Timber Surveys, Lumbering and Water Powers. Metropolitan BIdg. QUEBEC, Canada. FOREST ENGINEERS. | Forest Surveys Logging Maps 1 TIMBER ESTIMATES | Water Power Water Storage. 1 ]Vc are prepared to examine and report \ on Forest P ■ope^ ties anywhere. CLARK & LYFORD, LYFORD, CLARK & LYFORD, 403 Crown Bldgf. 206 1 ioard of Trade Bldgr. VANCOUVER MONTREAL To the Secretary, Canadian Forestry Association, Canadian Building, Ottawa, Ont. ; I hereby suggest the names of the following persons as likely to be- come members of the Canadian Forestry Association: Name. Address (Signed) CanadianToR$trv3ournal \()L. \111. .MAU( ll.-Al'liii,. 1012 No. 2. On the Way to lb« Lumber camp OTTAWA. CANADA /T ^ " Science, Sense and Satisfaction » J Long Life Trees 20,000,000 of them now growing. Trees of health and vigor. The product of American seed and American soil, adapted to American living conditions. \A/e fill orders from the field, from growing plants, and not from cellars and store-houses. Drop Postal for "Book About Little Trees." American Forestry Company, Theodore F. Borst, Forest Engineer. Box 58. South Framingham, Mass., U.S.A. Near Boston. ^: J) THE CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. is :the national organization for the in- forming of public opinion in the effort to secure a rational development of the Can- adian Forests through the co-operation of national, provincial and municipal organi- zations and private enterprises. The ob- jects of the Association are: (1) The exploration of the public domain, so thai lands unsuitable fur agriculture may be reserved for timber production. (2) The preservation of the forests for their influence, on climate, soil and water supply (3| The promotion of judicious methodH in dealing with forests and woodlands. (4) Tree planting on the plains, ai.d on streets and highways. (5) Kcfore-tation where advisable. (6) The collection and di-semination of in- formal on be ring on the forestry prob em in general. To promote these ends the Association publishes the Canadian Forestry Journal, issues bulletins, arranges for the delivery of free illustrated puljlic lectures, and holds conventions in different parts of Canada. The Association desires as members all (both men and women) who are in sym- pathy with this work. The membership fee, which entitles the member to the Journal, the annual report and other lit- erature issued, is one dollar per year, (life membership $10). Applications for mem- bership or requests for information may \ 1 addressed to the S<''».retary, Canadian Forestry Association. Canadian Building, Ottawa, Canada. CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Patron, H. R. H. the Governor General. Honorary Pres., Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden. Honorary Past President, Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier. President, John Hendry, Esq. Vice-President, Hon. W. A. Charlton. Secretary, Jas. Lavvlcr, Canadian Building, Slater St., Ottawa. Asst. Secretary, F. W. H. Jacombe. Treasurer, Miss M. Robinson. Directors: Wm. Little Hiram RoRinson, Aubrey White, E. StewMr., H. M. Price, W. B. Snowball, 1 homas Southwo th, Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y. ( hown, Hon Sydt.ey Fi.her, R. H. Campbell, J . B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards. Dr. B E. Fernow. EUwood Wilson, Senator Bostock. F. C. Whitman, G. C. Pich6, Alex. MacLaurip. v arl Riordon ; Mar. O. E. Mathieu, Bi'ihop of Regina ; A. P. Stevenson Wm. Pearce, Wm. Power, C. E. E. Ussher, Denis Murphy, C. lackson Booth, Wm. Price. J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve, M.P.. W. C. J. Hall, J. S. Dennis. Territorial Vice-Presidents : Ontario— Hon. U'. II. Hearst. Quebec — Hon ■ !■ \"ard. New Brun--wick — Hon. I. K. Fleniming. Nova Scotia — Hon. G. H. Murray. Manitoba— Hon. R. P. Roblln. Prince Edward Kland — Hon. J. A. Matheson. Saskatchewan — 1 li- Honor G. W. Brown. Alberta— Hon. \. 1,. '^Ifton. British Cohimbi.i Hon. W. R. Ross. Yukon *'eo. Bl.-ick, Commissioner. Mackenzie — K. ' ' ^Viknn Keewaiin— Hi- 'ion."- ii.trre-'tH ul li• ih-- of the wise and i'>>ii!K-rvuli«c uftc of iti. resources ol ('af)aJa. Annual Subscription. Single Copy. *I.OO i5c HuiHiin«, OUa««. i.«naa« The C>nalr> Journal U a g**4 ailtrrlliinK mcJium AJtrrll»ln( rale* un ap(>lt«.ali*a>. i.itrrar> ^\>nlriliinion» ;in'l ciii'tn ■■ regarJinf; t-ditorial matlrrv togellicr » municationH n-i^ardini; 1>ll^%lri|lti>•n^. i) . i'nblc of (I' on tents CollMtltlllioll mill \i\ IhW« iif Korfi>l« iif till- (Kfiird lion-. ('uiia)lian l.tiiiilMTiiiftrK I nvi-hlieulionx on Kon-nt i Slatioiii d'OI'M-rviilioii rt ><• Sliiin|>n;;<- I'rirr* in llrili«.li ' TriT I'hiiitinK in .StiutliaTii A <'iitiM'r\ atioii H>nin: K. << ''' Canadian l'ul|i Woodi : -I '. I '• ' Tlif Hrown tail Molli in ( ana. (Vaic MiKhrll Constitution and By-laws of the Canadi.in Forestry Association CorrrcUd to Ftb. S, I I. .\AMl-. Tlii> iiaiiM' of tin- A»!««i«-ii»«l.>M .'• Thf CntiiKliaii Kort-wtry A' II nlUKiT It.H objfi tx hIuiII J"': (1) To n«lv(M-jit«' nml onrourw. mcthoiN in drnliiiK »*'•'» ""'^ wooillamN. 1.1:. ;..t.-t«.i i. r ..t 2U 30 Canadian Forestry Journal, Mar.-Apr., 1912. cultural, timber and mineral lands, with a view of directing immigration and the pur- suits of our pioneers into channels best suited to advance their interests and the public welfare. With this accomplished, ft portion of the unappropriated lands of the country could be permanently reserved for the growth of timber. (4) To encourage afforestation wherever advisable, and to promote forest tree- planting, especially in the treeless areas of our north-western prairies, upon farm lands where the proportion of woodland is too low, and upon highways and in the parks of our villages, towns and cities. (5) To collect and disseminate, for the benefit of the public, reports and informa- tion bearing on the forestry problem in general, and especially with respect both to the wooded and prairie districts of . Canada, and to teach the rising generation the value of the forest with a view of en- listing their efforts in its preservation. (6) To secure such forestry legislation from time to time from the federal and provincial governments as the general interests demand, and the particular needs of the people seem to reqiiire. III. MEMBERSHIP. Its membership shall include all who pay an annual fee of $1.00 or a life mem- bership fee of $10.00. IV. OFFICERS. (1) The officers shall comprise an honor- ary President, a President, a Vice-Presi- dent, a Secretary, an Assistant Secretary, a Treasurer, the editor of the official or- gan of the Association and thirty direc- tors. (2) In addition to the above all past presidents of the Association, from (and including) the Association year 1909- 1910, shall be ex-ofpcio members of the Board of Directors. \. ELECTIONS. These officers shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting of the Association, and shall serve one year, or until their successors are elected. Vacancies occvir- ring during the year may be filled by the Executive Committee. VI. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. The officers shall constitute an Execu- tive Committee, and five of the same shall be a quorum, and they will appoint a Vice-President for each province and as far as possible for each provisional dis- trict of the Dominion. VII. ANNUAL MEETING. The annual meeting of the Association shall be held during the month of Febru- ary in the City of Ottawa, unless other- wise determined by the Executive Com- mittee of the Association and a notice of one month of the date selected shall be given to each member by the Secretary. VTIL SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special meetings shall be held at such times and places as the Executive may decide, a sufficient notice of which shall be sent to each member by the Secretary. IX. AMENDMENTS. Amendments of the Constitution can only be adopted by a two-thirds vote of the members present and entitled to vote, and at the annual meeting of the Asso- ciation, and a notice of such intended amendment shall be given with the notice calling the meeting. BY-LAWS. President. The President shall preside at all meet- ings of the Association. Vice-President. In the absence of the President a Vice- President shall preside at all meetings of tlie Association; and in the absence of all of them a President pro tempore shall be elected by the meeting. Secretary and Assistant Secretary. The Secretary shall keep a record of the ]iroceedings of the Association and of the Executive Committee and shall be cus- todian of all documents, books and collec- tions ordered to be preserved. He shall conduct the correspondence of the Association and shall keep a list of members with their residences and shall notify members of the time and place of meeting of the Association, and in his absence his duties will be discharged by the Assistant Secretary. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall have the custody of all moneys received, and shall deposit or invest the same in such manner as the Executive Committee shall direct, and shall not expend money except under direction or approval of the Executive Committee. The financial year of the As- sociation shall close on December 31st of each year. Order of Business. At the regular meeting of the Associa- tion the order of business shall be that ))roposed by the Executive Committee and announced by the Presiding Officer. In the absence of such prepared order of busi- ness, the following shall be observed: — (1) Calling to order. (2) Reading and referring or disposing of letters, accounts, etc. (4) Reports of Committees. • (5) Inquiries and notices of motion. (6) President's address. (7) Papers, addresses and discussions by members and others invited by the meeting. (8) Nomination and election of oflfi,cers. (9) Unfinished and miscellaneous busi- ness. (10) Adjournment. Forests of the Oxford House District. N.W.T. I in till' :iimii:il report of the Din-.tor of Forestry for 1!»11, re»eiitly Ilubli^heci, an ac- count is fjiveii of work carried on by one of the Dominion fire-rangers, Mr. J. T. Black- ford, in the Oxford Honse district of the ^'orth\\e^t Territories, some distance to the northeast of the present limits of the pro- vinee of Manitoba. This is a district whosro forest conditions are not well known, and the account is therefore reproduced here. — Fd.] Mr. J. T. Blackford, an experi- enced woodsman acMiuaiiitcd witli conditiou.s in tlie north, was appoint- ed to explore, estimate and map tlie timber, and act as lire-ranj^'cr in the di.strict surroundinii the islands, wliich have been naturally protected from fire, are dense stands of trees two to three feet in diameter, and around some of the lakes are blacken. 1 stumps two to three feet in «lia' A rclialile Indian, between - five and seventy years old. said tl. ' *lonf» akjo there used to be lota "t tine laru'c tiiidtcr. Kvery sw there have been fires, mori* oi lionpr ajjr> (abotit twenty five > there was one terrible tire which r i for many dnNs We could ii' the sun, and th.- only way I iouM pet my bn-afh was by ] - n piece of tlannd ovi-r my m..,,,.i i t . fire started at Kobin.son Porlatre a- I ran from that .-ast to Oxford l;i and West as far as Deer lake. I'p • , this time there were lot- ■'" ' ■•• : deer by thonsands, bu we have not had nuieh fur nor ha\. I known one deer to 1.. three or four davs p.... . ,. ,. here. Before the fire we saw only an occasional moose, liut now there are lots.* • • • Two su apo we had larpe fires all arou;. . . The Indians say that many of the fires started iidand where there are no people, ami that many <»f theni are caused by York boat njen. The bip fire of twenty five years apo wan started by Indians working on a a York boat.' Hunters on their way to the wint- er hunting grounds are carelew with their camp-fires and are resp. for many f»ucst tires. Mr. foril found that in this >: freighters and trappers are very careful. The Indians. " leaving camp-tir«'s, .start (•-■. in the Oxford House distrii-t eN.rN seasorj. After tire has destroy.. 1 tl iiuil forest tlh-rc is nearly "' dense scconil growth in n^ pine, poplar and bird r m a greater propnrtion tliaii tii u iiuil forest. Tl - ■• "i"t wotdd in fifty or a valuable forest it it wvrv ] ed from fire. T' '" ' ' the tirst tire thei. due of dry rejiinoiw wooil. wl gether with the of th«* youne '• a s»M'ond fire . Travellinif betwi.-n Kox lake and Ni>rway H' ' that dav alter ua> w i ;iu i<> >u- n"» 31 32 Canadian Foredry JounuiL Mar. -A pr., 1912. Forest of the Oxford House District, V.M' 7'. 3;i w.iy lliKtu^'li liic-killrd liii'licr. Fin-s < 'n il;.- ^l , . Mmiiiliik lak<'. ari- (liivtii with siicli t'uiy in tliis wImmt ii has hi-i-n iiHtiirally protfi-t- couiitiy thill even th.' livn-s nn- in- t-d t'roni tiif. is alumt two hun;rov«' oi tindMT ncur Viw liver. Uepeated tires destroy Kat lak<' contained spruce trges all seed-ti-ees. all seed and much or thirty ciuht inches in diain. f.r and all trees per acre <»ver seven > valiiahle forest to sta»t raturall.\, in fliameter. and S44 trees over ...... except after a lone; period of time. inches in diameter. On a ja«'k pine .Mr. HIacdvford ohserved that this rid«re there w«Me 77.') trcfs per aer had licen the case over lar^'e areas over five inches in n. country was hurned to i)rairie. Tani- Oxford llnii^e there is a Ktrip of tin, ara(d< seems not to he c(Miiinj; in her. nmstly spruce with some ja.i, after tires, hut where fires have not pin.- and very little taiiuya.-k ai; I been fretpicnt there is jreod t'atuial balsam lir. averajrinu from eijfht '" reproduction of spruce a!!d .iarh t.mb. Ir low-.Thv tlir V/uU boats than cK MlackfonI fo.ind only a ^^1,,.,,,. frinu'c nf tret's abmir th' Theinii.ke-s ca-rv lir- ami l;;r. '""•' '''•"^:;."'«; ••;"'""-.^- ' nearlv all been burne.l over. burned. The Ind DiiVint: the summer Mr. I'.l - K say that as far as i r. > !.. f.u-d found no commercial timb. r ..' '" ''".^ '<"•;■' ""•;•" anv oiiantitv. but he states that, c^ burned. 1 11 <»> ..,.pt for lire, the whole coiintrv »«i«l Norway Ibnise the '■ would be coveiv.l with timber tun larger ll,..n ..ON • u- three feet in diameter. V'! '•"""•■. ' ' , An.iind Knee lake, alonw' I.'..' «»f •» »'«^ »"•«•" ' river. avou.Ml Nest lake. Mossy In! .• "'Ueh poplar nhmK I . and (ind's lake, there is timi ^Ir. I'' to six inches in dianii-ter — sioui ■ eil meet.;...- . tamara 4U('stion of coiitrolliMi; the destructive invest ij»at ions of the I ,,, agencies. Of these tii-e, beinjr so oh- Bureau of Hntomohjtry. may Ik? in- vions in its ouhreaks and spread, is lioiied. The l)ouj;laK fir tlirouKhoiit iTceivin}? inei-easiii^ly jji'eat attention the retrioii of the Hoeky .Mo' in Canada. Not less serious, tiiouyh from New .Mexico to ItritiNh ' usually unnoticed and very fr(M|uent- hia has sulTered severely from t ly attiihuted to othei- causes, are the ajjesof the l)ouKhi« *ir In-etle. with the (lepredations of forest insects which i-esidt that a lar^'c pen-c up to the present time have received tiud»er is found, much < ;. . practically no attention in Canada, he a total l(».ss. Duriujr the past tiitv We have studied the outhrealTs of the years the Hnjrleiiiiinii spiu<«- Uftle larch sawHy and the spruce hudwoi 111, has caused u idi-spit-.-id -! it is true, hut the injury caused l>y the jiocky .Moiuit.uu ic;:. ... these insects is sli«rht compared with of Kn^demann spruce, in whuc .v < the destruction which is ^oin«: mi tions killinjr from 7."i to \H) per rout. from year to year owin«; t<» the .iil' "f ttu '.vi.rk fire and are often ndstaken for it. of the hiaek Hills I ^VIlcn they do not kill the trees before of the Kastern sprur ll<>p the advent of fire, theieby i-eiulering kins states that durinij the i ' areas more cond)Ustiltle. they wcakcFi tween iSls and lIKM) th< ». them beyond the i-eciiperative sta^.''. eral outbitaks of thlH i or they may follow tire any til>^c af;irrej;atf Mian\ in.sects. owiiij; to t!ie fa«'t that n<» ;<; the 1"^' ' ' • r ^ tention has been paid to these .!r>tt n - ihr 1. i« of 5 tive aj;enci«'s; conse»|uently. in >! furnished tuel Hum this <|Uestion. it is impDvsil.i, lo tires with the i give actual instances. We }• > • .>"ly there was .i t. to go into the neighbouring 'f for the '^r the Cnited States, however, uii' • considerable attention has b. .n ami is being paid to the deprcdatmns of forest insects, to find evidcr.iivi <>f tn v. in i •"** i"- great destruction by them. The pi «!ipn«;oiiij; iT|i(»i-tH <»f Kiicfi*MNfiil roiilrol I>t'ii() ininir that lar»;e areas ran hi- pi'oteeted. K\- drawn up and is heinj; sent !•> c't'ik'Mt (U'lMOMstration work of this lis possihie of the pei-Hons who are kind is hein^ eari-ied on in the I'nited en>,'ay:ed in forestry w !a. States hy Dr. llo|)kins in co-operation Mr. K. 11. Caiiiplieli, hn. with the I'nited States Forest Ser- Forestry I'.ranch of the I )i \ i( e. private ownei-s and other bodies, of the Interior, who !i(f In on«' locality in .Montana 1<».<»(I() with the Division of V. in trees wei-e treated in !!»<)!) with the n-- this wm-k, is i.ssnint; this ■ ... .,.., to suit that in llMO instead of the foi-mer all the .()()() trees , .,., n-.-.: # l- . i . annually, only 2.0(>() trees reipnred .|iu-tH yoiip as'iMan.-o an.J • m tl'eatmellt within an area of over one "-i..ns t.. woi-k cost nothni''. as the ntdi/.atinn of the treated trees for fuel and lui , ,^1, to U' iiytilii-.l of any oi • .»r Iter more than I'epaid the cost of treai - nirfj't in-<'""• '" •'"«' '"">' '' the Kocky Mountani retrion. I'r. Ibtward st.ntes that since 1!K)'J (»\i' Thorr havf Iuhmi u.I ir».'),4(>() trees have been treated at ; >r«' at |.n"<- • 't ultimate cost of .$;n.'_'l 1 ; 1 14.«ii»T 1 n ■ ^ ^'•"•<'* "^ '' •»• liavni trees wei'c treated at a cxM'iitial to . direct expense of $:{(».!>•_'.'). It is cs- ••ontrol. ax r timated that the limber savcti Jis the prrM-nt direct result of this control Woil • hmhI.-iMi- o|hiii • presents a stumpa^re value of ovei - •' ' \.. .,<... 00(1. IMK). • it is si;;nilicant,' Dr. II ai'd says, 'of the practical natui the methods of control recommeiel* >1 ||„y , by the r.ui'cau ami of the prae''' ■' or i.. demonsti'ations that have U'cn "' ried on that no complaints of dcpr' dations havi- come to the Miircan in*: the yejir from the areas in < ■ rado and .Montami, where eoii»r.»I work was «'arried on in previous \ aceordinj; to the instructions >;- Bureau.' To tho.se who are ;■ ''• ed with the extent of the d«'pi of b;irk beetles in Canada I' T Stations d'Observation et les Telephones. (Extrait ilu Kapport du Ministre des Terie^^ et Forets de la Province de Quebec, 1911.) La 'River Onelle Lumber Company' i-apporle que son service telephoiiiqiie a ete constamment en usage et que cela a ete extremeraent utile. Cette compagnie, vu probablement que ses concessions- forestieres occupent un terrain coniparalivenient plat, trouve que le service teleplionique est plus pratique et plus utile que le systeme d 'observation. Dans tons les eas cela lui (lonne satisfaction. La compagnie Jno. Fenderson, qui a installe I'annee derniere une bonne station d 'observation, rapporte qu'elle en a oblenu de tres bons resultats cette annee. La ' Charlemagne and Lac Ouareau Lumber Co.' a erige un tres bon poste d 'observation sur la montagne du Lac Ouareau, et le rapport que fait le chef des gardes-feux de la compagnie est si clair que j 'ai cru a propos d 'en don- ner ci-dessous un resume : 'Suivant des ordres recus de mon- sieur A. MacLaurin, j 'ai construit du- rant I'ete que nous venons de passer, une station d 'observation au sonnnet de la montagne du Lac Ouareau. Le poste est situe sur le cote ouest de la baie, a I'extremite sud du lac et a une elevation au-dessus du lac, de 800 pieds, d'apres les calculs de 1 'honorable juge Fortin. Vers Test on pent voir loin dans le comte de Berthier, au nord, a une grande dis- tance (pii n'a pas encore ete deter- minee, au sud et au sud-est on pent voir de I'autre cote du fleuve Saint- Laurent, et meme, dans un temps clair, on peut distinguer la montagne de Beloeil ; a 1 'ouest on peut voir sur toute la largeur du comte de Terre- bonne, en certains endroits la vue au nord-ouest est la moins etendue. Le poste d 'observation est divise en sections, la partie inferieure est em- menagee comme une habitation pour le garde residant, les deux etages au- dessus sont des apparteraents, et en haut la tour d'o1)sei-vation. Chaque etage a dix pieds de hauteur, la hau- teur totale du posle est de 55 pieds, et la superstructure est disposee de maniere (|u'un homme peut monter sur le toit si c'est necessaire. A la base les dimensions sont de 24 pieds carres, montant en retrecissant jus- qu'a neuf pieds carres. Toute la structure est solidee par des etais en cables d'acier, partant des coins au dernier etage. Un escalier relie cha- ciue etage avec I'etage superieur. Un monsieur, de Welmington, Del., E. U. A., (pii a visite le poste, disait (ju'il n'avait jamais vu de point de vue comme celui f|ue I'on peut avoir du haut de la batisse; (lu'elle etait admirableraent situee et que cela serait d'un grand avantage pour la protection des forets. Le poste est a environ un mille et demi du chemin principal, et I'appa- reil teleplionique qui doit le relier avec les centres est tout pret a etre installe; quand il sera en operation nous pourrons communiquer avec plu- sieurs points, entre autres, avec le bu- reau chef de la compagnie, a Mont- real. Je crois ne rien exagerer en disant que ce poste vaut (piarante hommes stationnes comme doivent I'etre nos gardes, et que Uon ne saurait trouver de meilleurs moyens de proteger les forets . Truitr. 1- . i,. Tlirif ;ir<' 1\v<) ways of dctprmin \}\tZ tln! \iiliH' of stmiipiivr*'; one is IIh' |)ri('(' for w liifli standiiij; liniln'r may i)e l>oiJ|t|y and demand. Canada and the Tnited States are so interdependent that what affects the one nnist affect the other, and we must consider the inci'easint; de- mand \shi(di the Kepnhlic is hound to make on us. It is estimated that at the |)resent rate of cutting (ahout one hundred billion feet. inelu«linir all forest i>i-oduets) the I'nited States has suflHcient wood to last only twenty-five yeai's. and. accord- intr to the estimate of tin- Hon. Clifford Sifton, we have in Canada only 500 hillion feet, oi- enoutrh to supply that dennind for five years. Further e\|)loration may. in tl!<- opinion of the writer, hrin^ this esti mate up to about 700 billion feet. Of this amount, about MH) hillion feet is in liritish Cobnnbia. With the rapid tjrowth of poptda- tion ami development of indiistrien, tht> consumption of wood \h inen*aM- intf rapidly. Tin- inereas«- in the cut «»f 1!M»!» over that of I'.HH) in the Cnited Stales was 27 per cent. It is estimated that le.ss than one third of the consumption is beintr replaeed by new fjrowth. so that w«' must ex- pect to I ailed upon to supply an increasing; demand. .Not only e in each year assumintr laru'er propor- t ifins. The only inferetn-e is that stunip- ajrc values must continue to riBe, and that British Coluiidda timber, which is .so exceptionally well situ- ated to supply the niarketH of the world ami is at the same time the eheapest to buv and carry. otT«'rs an unparallil" il opportunity for invest- nn>nt. Booms of Logs. Tree Planting in Southern Alberta* By A. Mitchell. Of all the prairie provinces, Alberta has the greatest variety of climate; and it is well worth the while of anyone who con- templates planting to endeavor to get a thorough understanding of the particular f-et of conditions which will apply to his locality. The thorough preparation of the land previous to planting is necessary every- ^vhere, as in the other prairie provinces, and so, too, is the after cultivation; only, in southei-n Alberta, witii a somewhat lesser rainfall and more dry winds, there is a greater need to conserve the moisture, and consequently the value of cultivation at the right time is more apparent. The kinds of trees suitable vary in the several districts, and when a man is planting it will pay him well to plant only a\ liat is likely to suc- ceed. The 'Chinooks.' The warm Chinook winds coming over the snountains from British Columbia are the cause of many a pleasant gap amid the rigors of winter, and tdey have been blamed for a great deal of t vvc killing they never were guilty of. The I rouble usually arises ifrom faulty cultivation. The influence of the Chinooks is usually considered to ex- tend from the boundary liue to a distance of about fifty miles uorlii of Calgary. North of this, the winters are steady and differ little, if at all, from tho^e of the other prairie provinces. The rainfall in the Chinook country is, as a rule, a good deal less than it is in the iiorth, and ranges from about thirteen and a half to nearly eighteen inches. North of the Chinook belt the jjrecipitation runs from eighteen inches up to as high as twenty-seven inches in some years, and, as a great part of the country is bush, a set of conditions prevails which differs very nuich from that met M'ith in the south. The Chinooks have been blamed for doing damage to trees in this part of the country by inducing an untimely flow of sap in the late winter or early spring, which, when fol- lowed by a sudden drop of the temperature immediately afterwards, ends in disaster to tiie trees. This may be true, but the writer has never seen it. What looks like it, and is often mistaken for it, is the fact that some- times the buds swell toward spring, but ad- vance no further, and the branches bear- ing them die, 1 ecause there was not, at the roots of the tree, moisture enough to enable them to supply what Avas necestary to keep rp the growth. It is only a question of moisture, and where trees are irrigated pro- perly or cultivated thoroughly, there is never any trouble from this source, and in the Chinook country, as in all the rest of the prairie, it will be found that the man who cultivates bes-t in the summer is the one whose trees best survive the winter. This has been proved over and over again. The 'Higher District.' But the Chinook is not the only thing that influences the climate of southern Al- l)erta. Another feature bears very ma- terially on this subject, especially in relation to tree-growing, and that is the rapid slope up^vard as you approach the mountains. I'^'rom Medicine Hat, at a height of about 2,171 feet above sea level, to Calgary (only about 150 miles west) there is a rii-e of 1,2.57 ft., and from Macleod westward the rife is even more rapid, for the altitude of that tow'n is about 3,208 feet, while Pincher Creek (only thirty miles further west) is some 600 feet higher. Conditions like these cannot fail to have an influence on the cli- mate, and not infrequently these higher re- gions are visited by a touch of frost s^everal weeks earlier than the country further east. This ' higher district ' of the province may lie defined as lying frou\ the boundary line north to about Olds, a distance of some 200 miles; and includes all the country west and f-outh of Spring Coulee, Pincher Creek dis- trict, west and south of the Piegan reserve, the Porcupine Hills, and west of a line from Staveley on the Calgary-Macleod line, run- ning NNE, to Namaka on the main line of the C.P.R. ; thence we^t of a line between ranges twenty-three and twenty-four till the bush country is reached. All the country included in this area may be classed as the 'high country' from an arboricultural point of view, and it will be found that trees which do quite well further east do not always succeed here. The sudden rise from the Pacific, as is well known, causes the moisture-laden breezes from the ocean to lose their moisture almost entirely as they come over the mountains; so that the western slope is very wet, while east of the Rockies the rainfall is very small. Not all of the rain-clouds are deposited on the v.estern slope, however, for frequently during the summer the skirt of a cloud may be seen coming over the summit to fall in vain on the higher prairie and the foot- hills, which are in this way usually blessed \vith a considerably better rainfall tham the flat country further east. (The prairie 42 Tree Planting in Southern Alliertu. 43 '■ ' — — rrrr 1 -/ P,r« , . f. Map of the 1 Thf Itrokon line n^•^k^ Th- District'. Alberui '>iinlily, >ef< it it «ili i>ay even to run a roller ••■^•■r i» in it best to leave well alone ami let nature onier to lay it ri^ht doMn. remove the branches anil ijeveloii a ilcan |t vhouM not b«' "I bole in her own way. bn-akniK'. ThiH ih a , .. Mixing the Trees, *" ^^^y "*'" ^^' winter Hh<-at, but it makM ' . .a verv jioor preparation for treen. *' t Although maple {Acer Negiindo), Amen- ^j, ,,^.^.^^^ ,j,-,,., ,,„. ^,,., j^ |,r„k..n it ►• can elm ami j,'reen ash are not the sm-icss (niite well rottnl uu'l ' in the higher districts of Alberta that they ^ml the plow --houM n.' are further east, it .loes not follow that th.-y deeper than the breaking. The Mil thu» shouM be left out entirely from the plan- i.roken up hhoul.f at on.«. U- .|i«k#«l and tations. They are very god trees, an.l, as „orki-.| up, an-l. as hoon a« it t^» worke.l. hardwood timber is very useful on the farms, l.ack set. I.«-Hviiig it even f it will always be worth while planting a tbe escape of far too much • .. i few in with the others. As the plantation jj, „„„.h „,„r<- difficult to work aftcrwardi. grows up and alVords them the necessary ^ ,^^,^,^, |,i„„i„^, and further working in ih^ shelter, they will no doubt ultimately sue- f^n „j|, ,,.„^.,. ^^ ;„ ,j„^. ^y^^^^. f^^ tak,i,{ eeerin^'. especiallv, should alwavs be included in a rr r\ \. rt l.lantation, even in the hi^'her districts of Keep Out the Gras«. Alberta, for it furnishes tlu- soil shade so When back -ettinK' is left \oihvt than »u necessary for good growth. weeks, the little spears of |HTennial tfdi^ Tn examining some plantations recently in roots which iiiav be unr • -t a chu ■,■ this district, the writer found its soil- to grow, and later on -e a l«.r : shading advantages brought out very well in ..^tra work in the plantation. If any ©f several places. Timothy seed had blown in these little grass patches do app«>ar aiii'-np from the neighboring hay-fields and in every the trees, it will always pay wtdl to f.rk ease, where the ma|)le was in its normal them right out and destroy them. T' bushiness, the grass had made no headway. „„t deep, only about four in. he-. > but was choked out by the shailing of the fjvator or a hoe is of no ufe in trees; while all around, among the elm, them. A fork or a spade is tl.- ash and cottonwood, it was quite flourish- ,.,,re. an done at the i RP.M.W.M.W.M.M. Kvery sixth tree of the per time. If this in not le provision for soil vantage of, ;i shade and a few of the more \alu;ible a^h winter mellow and •■ and elm would be introduced >n that they dry and har>l witli might byand-lty work their way up a.s they the growth folio found themselves >heltered i>y the other the iilea th:i' trees. The Russian poplar would be well lowing the <■ insiile the plantation and away from any them un>ier danger of -iickerin^' i?i the :iil joi run;; land. >iiit Tlnf Preparations for Planting. |^ The question of water cupply is the real low • crux of the ^-ifiiatiou in regard t. ■ ing, as it is in all other crop>< on ir ; ami in southern .Mberta, with such a low i rainfall, its con-ervation is of tir«-t ■' ance. This makes neces^ary the the .-oil previous to |danfiii,. and l>ack setting anil thorough '. i* f.. on raw- sod land, or summei i.i ■ -■■- stubble. This preparation mellow •> • reducing it to a fine tilth --o that the maximum of moisture o\er t>' ing year when the trees are plan'' nf J The time for breaking i^ the best time for bn-aking ii :> being in the ' flush of the growing i.e., from about the miilille ''^ '''c • I... 46 Canadian Forestry Journal, Mar.-Apr., 1912. keep the moisture from escaping. Cultiva- tion (luring the suniuier to loosen the surface soil anil destroy weeds uuist ah\ay.s be done. Cultivation of the Trees. After the trees are jilanted, they should at once lie cultivated to loosen the soil and keep in the moisture. This is a matter that is often neglected and the trees suffer. It does not take long to do, and it pays well, for often one fin(]iially tnio tliat if it i^ never lie^jun it will iievi-r be a(•l•oIllpli^h^•(l, and tliire are plenty of fanners in the coun try able to be^jin ri};lit now. Summary. On the ■ lu;^li hunl of All'iMta, i)l;iiii:i' ^lioiilil conf-ii-t chii'lly of maples, Kii- ' ]io|ilar ami willow ( Aciite-h-avcd varirtyi. The jioplars anil willows ripen up earlier anil snflCr less from early frosts. The owner of sm-h plantation nied feel f^rt-atly (li^appointol if the Mam: maple is killcil back repeateijiy ami bei-omc.-' a nieie bu.>-h. It is intenileil to shaile the gronml in the plantation in order that the lietter trees will ^row rapidly. It is in the plantations for this ]inrpo>e, and will do it (piite as well as a ltii>h. Hy and by the more raj)itl jjrowin^ trees will 'Im-Hit it un,! give it a ehanee. If a tree or two dies in a plantation ot 1,0(MI trees, the owner need not worry, lie does not grow imiividiial s-talks of wheat but whole fields, and he (-hould think of the plan tation in the ^ame way. One or two tree^ le!-s or more makes no difference in a large ]dantation. Kemeinber that jtroper previous prepara- tion is half way to success, and it means far less work later on. Cultivation done at the ri;^ht time only takes about half the time it does when ne- glected a few days, and the re>ults are never so good. Hreak in the llu.-h of the growing foiuon. Always back set soil, and never leave it over six weeks after it is broken. The finer the tilth the better the growth. Half a day with a fork digging out *' jiatclies of blue joint grass the summer a the tree-'are planteil \»ill save many a swejit afterwards. The 'blue-joint' should never be all to spread in from the soil at the Hide-- •" the plantation. In the <'hinoiik country as everywl the trees that are cultivated best i' through the winter. Investigations on Forest Insects, etc. (Continued from page .'17.) 'Free' Ity parcel jiost. Ijirgor p»r < should be sent by pxpre^'*'. With colle lection is given. .Vdult 1 killed in a vial of alcohn' bottle, and should \t« »toro the n^ t'sl |)i-Mt»'etinii, which of all .i.i;>i lU ui furi'sti-v is ih"' MiiKt itiit">'f;iiit CONSERVATION HYMN K. a. v-n.uf^ma. W'hni r!iitl )ir«f? mn'l'- » CT«»». At lla.l \lul 1. Tu man I Til is t' 11 r 1 1 • I . I Hut if MJili II It To Kiinrit il Xn- < M> • .1. • •■,\|| I.. ,..!. ..II l.ir.t. I,,r <)..r- T*«r ' w My • IliiW lllltr I atk I'Ul t> Krniii With l.ii i ••»•< And ta*U< M> ^tfu lu luia^u ir.,.» , .,: ^ , • i..l I A I In twval and irar* he thm4r. Kr. II T.. O. } Th.' f 'i Canadian Pulp Woods* The Species Useful for Paper Manufacture and their Qualities. By Judson A. DsCew, Chemical Engineer. The classification of certain species of timber as jtuljiwood, in contradistinction to otlier kinds of wood, is but an arbi- trary nomenclature based upon the com- mercial application of these particular woods in the pajjer trade. The I'ulp woods of North America are quite distinct sjiecies from those in common use in Europe, and were it not for the more or less free interchanoe of these products on this continent, these dis- tinctions might eventually deve]o[i with as. (Since the increased necessity for a more economical use of available woods Ihas forced investigations, resourceful work- ers have evolved methods for converting practically any kind of wood into good pulp and ])aper. The problem resolves itself into one of total cost, the cost of wood and the cost of conversion being variables for each species of wood used. Since the sjiruce woods have proven to be the best adapted for the manufacture of a good paper at the least cost, these woods have become the standard from which all others are judged, and have be- come invested with such values as the best raw material always brings. The use of the other woods for making pulp is a matter of trade knowledge rather than public recognition, although the practice of the future in this regard will likely alter the popular viewpoint. There are a number of woods which from their properties and use juay be eas- ily classed as pulp-woods, a goodly por- tion of these being inhabitants of Eastern Canada, while others are found only in the Far West. EASTERN WOODS. White Spruce — Picen ciiiiftdciisis. Black S]n'uce — Picra uKirinmi. Balsam Fir — Ahies hnUumea. Hemlock — Tsiif/a Cfniddeiisis. Jack Pine — Pifiiis BaiilfiiaiKi. Poplar — Popiiliis treiiiiiloidrx. Balm of Gilead — Poinihi.s hiilxaiiiifrra. White Birch — Brtiihi ixiimlifolid. Canoe Birch — Bctiihi alhn, var. iminf- r if era. WESTERN WOODS. Engelmanu (White) Spruce — Pirca En- (/elmdiiiti. Sitka (Tideland) Spruce — Pifva .v//- chen.^is. Western Hemlock — Tsiifia Jicieroiiln/IId. White (Balsam) Fir — Abies coxeoior. Lowland (White) Fir — Abies firdiidis. Amabilis (Red) Fir — Abies* diixibilis. Bull Pine — Piiiiis ixnulrrosd. In studying these woods in their rela- tionship to paper making, let us first con- sider those properties which make the spruce wood so suitable for tliis purpose. Eastern Conifers. The white spruce, Piced aiiiddoisis, wliieh is the most imjiortant tree north of the 60th degree of latitude, is some- what larger in size than its near relative, the black sjiruce. Its wood is light, soft, straight-grained and satiny. The bands of summer cells ^re thin and the resin passages few. The color of the heart and sap is hardly distinguishable. The resin C(.'ntent may vary from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent. Tlie specific gravity is 0.40.51 and asli O.o2. In this wood the structure of the S[»ring and summer growth is more uni- form than in most of the coniferous woods, the fibres are long and regular, and there- fore it is found to grind easily, giving a pulp of light yellow color and a fibre that readily forms in a sheet of paper. The black spruce, Pieea vuiriana, gen- erally occurs with the white spruce, and its wood is very similar in character and structure, although the summer cells are more resinous and there are fewer medul- lary rays. The color of the wood is from light red to white, the specific gravity is 0.4.584, the ash 0.27, and the resin from 0.3 to 0.5 jier cent. It is noticeable that the black spruce is heavier than the white [■.])ruce, and the yield of pulp from it is therefore jiroportionately larger. The Balsam Fir, Abies brilsamea, is found with the spruces above described and is used in greater or less quantities, mixed with the spruce pulp wood of com- merce. The only noticeable difference in its character from the above, is the fact that it is lighter in weight, slightly more coarse-grained and a little more resinoUs. Specific gravity 0.3819, ash 0.45. When ground a somewhat smaller yield is ob- tained, and the i)ul]i is a little rougher in its character. Hemlock, Tsiii/d caiKKleiisis. This wood is found in greatest abundance in Canada, although it occurs also in Michigan, Wis- consin and in the Alleghany mountains. Its wood is soft, not strong, brittle, coarse and non-resinous. It shows broad sum- mer bands, and the color varies from light brown to white. Its specific gravity is 0.4239 and ash 0.46. The Vesin content is very low, being about 0.2 per cent. Chiefly owing to its color and large sum- 48 Cnnndinn I'nlp Woods. 40 iiii'i' liiiixls, it is iiiui'li It'ss suitalilc tHi ;;rourul wood tiiaii s|irufe or lialsniii, Imt. owiii;^ to its noM-r*>sitious cliarai-tfr, it i^ tjuitt' suitalilc for tlic pioiliirt ioii of Mil {•hito fil»r<'. Tin' liciiilock fihro is lar;icr anil coarsor tliaii the spruci', and sinii- the wood is niori' li;;nifu'd there is u lower lierfentaire vicM of i-i'lluhisc .lack I'inr, I'iinis liitiihxUinn. ThiH is u Bjieeies of conifer which siiould lie of iin- portance in i>nl|>niakin;i, for there are very hir;;e (juantities "jrowinf; in some ilistricts. ami tiie tree is really too small to l>e of much importam'e for lumlier. Thi^ woiiil, which is locally called Jack IMne, ]»resents some iniportant technical ditl'culties in its use, hut it will no doulit in the nejir future lie ^.'enerally utilized. The wood is li;j;ht, soft and rather close ^.'rained. The medullary rays are iiiimer ous, and these are ^^enerally very much in evidence in any low ^jraih* suljdiite made from this wood. In comparison with other pulp woods, this wood is very resi nous, the resin content proltaldy avera;; in^' aliout - per cent. The heart is li;,'lit hrown in color and the sap white. Spn-i fice {iravity, l».47(51, ash ^^:l^.\. This wood is now bein;,' used to some extent for railway sleejiers and pulji, there liein;; no unsurmountalile olijections t makinj:, when jiroper workinj; ]>ro cesses are employed. The (ilire of the jack jiine resemldes the hemlock in struc- ture, hut the wood is of softer nature, althou;,'h heavier in wei<;ht. Amon;:>t pul|i woods, therefore, these two woods, with some others of similar eharucter, mij:iit easily he placed in a class by them •selves, a s(>cond f;r;»de. Hardwoods Used for Pulp. Amongst IJic liro:.d leafed trt'es we hav<' tiie poplar and white birch, which are (lestin«'«l to take a place of considerable im|>ortance in the manufacture of pulp. Poplar, or aspen, J'niniliis tmniilniilri. This is the most widely ilist rihuted NMrti. Amerii'an tree, and it occurs in alm<'-t any place where virj;in tindier is bein;; replaced by a younger growth. It is » small tree, barely lnr;,'e enough for lum her. and its wood is liyht, soft, clo«.«' grained and compaet. The i-olor heart is a lijiht brown, b»it it h.i- sapwnod whiih is nearly wt wood is also non-resinous and ii~ frravity is 0.4ut one-half the len^jth of t and this is the factor wt largely the use of these pu , balm, however, is a lijrbtor wood thau tliv p-ij^ir, -Mil.,- li ,|j,. gruvitv of i».:i«>:ilJ, its asli I Of th. allied sp. able for m.'ikiii:,' pulp. The White Itirch. Hrhi» ' ' is a short lived tree of ^ sometimes feet. It ^'i. dotted or burned lands. I i lijjht, el"-' '•'■ned and n ity of thU \\ iMid i- ' per cent The laj-'-r liiri-ii, >•< ' This is a very widely •! throu;.'liout tlie whole of < very common in the iior- re^iion, and arrows fart' other deciduous trc> hard, iKni-resiiious heart has a is white. > tLlM pi'r cent. The Jibre of the hi' i ' Hli;;htly loii;;er thnn tl can be used t- with it or repl to .">0 per cent, he ever, they are more .. the fort»st, a8 they nr- ^'reen and *< ii ailvanta;;e in \ ••«>rd, on)> that should luily fur tti«» exfr.a cost of r!ri\ iti^' • Wcftcrn Conifers Kn^elmanii, or Whit' iirliiiiinni. ']" the i-entral the I'ea.e I; it form-. e\ ' over tree, . \. . ji HOOil is soft. HilllM. ..r nnd fevt ■ r\< i-ciui: ai"'u; 50 Canadian Fore>'tnj Journal, Mar. -Apr., 1912. eastern spruce. The maxiimun length would be about G.7 nun. as against 5 mm. iu the eastern species. The cellulose made from this wood should be very desirable for the manufacture of strong papers, providing it is not weakened in the ]>ro- cess of conversion. Western Hemlock, Tsmia Jieteroplijjlla. This wood is found in British Columbia and the Pacific States, growing along with the other large trees of the country. It is somewhat heavier, harder and darker than the spruce, but it is superior in many Avays to the Eastern Hemlock. This wood can be satisfactorily ground, but owing to the blackness occurring in some trees, its average color would be a disadvantage. It is non-resinous in character, however, and Avell adapted for the manufacture of sulphite fibre. White, or Balsam, Fir, Abies concolor. This is used with the spruce for sulphite and ground wood, but, like the eastern woods, the balsam is the more resinous. Its wood is soft, coarse-grained, and eom- jiact. The summer bands are narrow and the color is from light brown to white. The gravity is 0.3638 and the ash 0.85 per cent. The fibre is almost as long as the tideland spruce. Lowland, or white. Fir, Abies grcnidis. This is a large tree found all along the Pacific slope. It is hardly suitable for ground wood except in young trees, and then the resin content is a disadvantage. Owing to the broader summer bands, it is harder than the other woods described, but it has a long strong fibre, and will make excellent cellulose by any alkaline process. Amabilis, or Red, Fir, Abies amabilis. This is another species of fir, which is found in the valleys of the Fraser and Columbia, and on the mountain sides. In the valleys it is a fairly large tree, but on the hillsides, it exists very largely as a scrub, with a very close-ringed growth. This scrub growth is very little use for anything except pulp, for a tree from 50 to 60 years old would have a diameter of about 6 inches. It contains about 1 per cent, of resin, which is about the same as the species of black spruce, which also grows as scrub in these mountain regions. The specific gravity is 0.4228 and ash 0.23. The color is not too dark for ground wood, and some day it will probably be used for that purjiose, although it is rather too resinous for present require- ments. In the interior of British Columbia, there is another species of pine called the Bull Bine, Pinus ponderosa, which is a wood quite variable in. character. This wood is supposed to be very resinous, but an av- erage sample examined by the writer, was found to contain but 0.67 per cent, of resin, which is quite within the workable limit. As scrub this is a faster-growing wood than the sjiruce, and it is somewhat surprising that it should be heavier in weight. The specific gravity of this wood will average 0.4715, and the ash 0.35. To those interested in the study of woods from either their scientific or com- mercial aspect, it is a well recognized fact, that any species having a wide dis- tribution, will, when growing under diff- erent influences of climate, soil, altitude, etc., show a considerable variation in its structure and physical characters. Any fixed data, therefore, although it may re- present the results of a number of ob- servations, can only be taken as a basis from which other specimens may be judged. In the above descriptions it has been the writer's endeavor to show from the properties of the various woods, those at- tributes which are essential in any wood for tlie present requirements of pulp mak- ing. The conditions of growth in a northern country seem to be best adapted for the development of those species which have a soft and non-resinous wood. Naturally these woods will be exploited and used in the production of pulp and paper, until the costs of working from this source are such as to allow the profitable working of the cheaper but more resistant woods. The Brown-tail Moth in Canada. The history of the Brown-tail Moth in Canada is briefly as follows : . . 1902. Mr. Wm. Mcintosh, of St. John, New Brunswick, took a single male speci- men about twenty miles from St. John, N. B. Mr. G. Leavitt also took one. 1905. In July, Mr. John Russell took a specimen of the moth at Digby, Nova Scotia. 1907. A i-ingle winter web was received by the Divit-ion from" Mr. C. P. Foote, Lake- ville. King's County, Nova Scotia. Imme- diate inves-tigation rcvea^.ed the presence of several thousand weljs in Annapolis and King's Counties. 1909. Winter webs containing living cat- erpillars were found in shipments of seed- ling nursery stock imported into Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia, from France, as a result of the inspection of these ship- ments. 1910. A single egg mass received in Au- gust from St. Stephen, New Brunswick. 1911. Winter webs discovered at Pome- roy Ridge, Charlotte County, N.B., being conclusive evidence of the establis-hment of the insect in New Brunswick. The infesta- tion in Nova Scotia also discovered to Ije greater. — Eeport of JJominion Entomologist for 1911. Value to a Farm of a Woodlot. (Will. F. I'aviio, III Farm ami h.urv Tlio \alui' of any farm is ;^roatly in- creased hy liaviiiy; a wixxllot lar;,'o onoii;;!! til fiiniisli a |>('rmam'iit supiily of fiit-l ami timlior lor use on the farm. About 'J") per cent of the farm in timber wouM furnish sinMi a supjily and when the tim IxT is maturcil tlicro would be (|uite a sur- jdus to dispose of and contribute to the revenue of the farm. Jn the ease of mnjde busli tiie su^jar and syrup that may bo manufaitured from it adds still more to the revenue. On our own woodlot, which contains about li'i acres on a farm of about (>.■) acres, we have a constant supjdy of lirewood and also jdenty of timber for buildin<; jiuriioses, and some to sell be- siiles, each year; and by jirotectin;^ the youn^i f^rowth and weeding; out the crook- ed and leaiiin'i and mature and dead trees, the (|uality of the timber will f,'radually improve so lonj^ as one sells only what he doesn't need for his own use. The varieties of trees represented natur- ally in my woodlot are: Cedar, hemlock, s|iruce, [line, basswood, soft majile, su;;ar in winter from blowin;; oil" the fall wheat maple, beech, ironwood, black liinh, wliit.- bireli, black ftNh, whit' sam, yrey elm and An The (growth of timber annuallv i- siderable; the lar;;cr ' ,i makes tiinlx-r till it i .> the wastefulneHN of tliinnin;,' out iinjfs from anions the lar;;er tt r.- than is necessary for firewiiiid ,r- ent, since a tree -, ,, thirds (if an inch ' m etor in one seaHon. Then the woodlot is further uneful in that it adds humidity to the air. A triH* in hot weather fjivcs off a lartre amount of moisture tlirou;:li its I -it life in the fields will thi a moist atmosphere. Where there is ■ shelter belt of timber it prevents the noil from dryinj^ out as rnpiiilv in «lry weath- er, as the j;re;iter the \el. •' th«' winti in passin;^ over a fiehl tli "T it will dry out, and so hinder the (growth of the crops. It also helps to prevent the nnow and clover fiehls and so nfTordit them bet- ter pr«)tectioii. !n cold weather it f>re \eMt< SI. LTcit .•( liiss iif licat from flu. |C«artM)r "Fw In Mr Payne • Woodlot. 51 52 Canadian Forestri/ Journal, Mar.-Apr., 1912. l)uil(liii;4s ^vheIl tlioy arc )ii(itccti') to advise as to the provision re(iuired for the instruction of \\oodmen. The Com- mittee is constituted as follows: Sir Staf- ford Howard, K.C.B. (Chairman) ; Mr. F. D. Williams-Drummond ; Sir S. Eardlev- Wilmot, K.C.LK.; The Right Hon. R. V. Munro-Ferguson, !M.P. ; Lieut. -Col. D. Prain, C.M.G., ('.I.E., F.R.S.; Mr. E. R. Pratt, President of the Roval English Arborieul- tural Societv: Profes-sor Sir W. Schlich, K. C.I.R., F.R.S. ; Professor Wm. Somerville, D. Sc. ; The Hon. Aithur L. Stanley. Mr. R. L. Robinson, of the Board of Agricultui'e and Fisheries, will act as Secretary. Sir E. Stafford Howard has teuderet<-itioii af l' a^^o.•latlon is to protect i„rnittire I. nil. liny, from (ire the tiiiiherlainls of the valley of ^ ^,J^^ |„.,.„ .t„,„,, i,,.,i the St. Manri.e river. This river supplies ,|„. ,,hvsi.al .pialities u'hi*.'-h a lar;^e aiiioiint of power, 1»\' means of the i\j. y^ |."a-ilv worke.l, :i Shaweiieyan Kails, for Montreal aiio .lerive their ,|„ral.ilitv. ^ti. i.^'th an.f r^«^i^tal...■ to .«... power from the St. Maurice. pres>ion are le.piire.l. The as!-ociation is c -how that Douglas lir will ^n)lport n . St. Maurici' Luml.er Co. of Three Uivers, the vM-iyht without taking a | Lauicntiile Co. of (irami .Mere, the I'liion -ill loii>i!eaf pine. an. I l!a;i ami I'aper Co. ami the Cues Tails will support almot-t us yreai a tvei^ht a* Co. of Three Kivers, the Wayajjainac I'aper yellow pine I efore lireukint;. Co. of Three Kivers, tlie Heljio-< 'ana'iia-i Moiiylas lir is not as -tifT an I I'lilp ami I'aper Co. of S)iawini<;an Tails, pine anociation will, through its inana;;rr. aiiie presMiie p.-i ■• •'• " patrol tile whole valley, jilacing men on all On the I'acitic . tlie larmier streams to follow tlu' river heru!eii ami prospectors to ■•nrluiihliiiii. ^ee that they |iut out their cjimp-lires ami hoiiylas lir is e;i Miimlyes ami oliserve the yovj'rnineiit re^jii i-a'tiiie.! is fne t; lations. These ranyers will also see that the It takes a hiifh | o!i-h ir settlers liurii their i-'eariii^- only when it is for all < lic.i safe, ami will coiii|:el them to take preiaii t.eilrooni'. tioiis to prevent (ires sprealiny. On the -chcKd. lo.lm- un.l lailvvays men on ^n^ollne 's|ee.lers' will fol le >tMiiiei| to it. low the trains any sparks or hot coals. Lookout --fatiiiii" will lie estaMishe.l on hi;,'h hills from wln.li (ires can lie ilete.te.l, ami the*e will lie con »••! necteil liy telephone with the inMiret iHl. I _ nients so that help can l>e nlitaiii. Minu. tl I'lioiie lines ami trails will le liiiilt "'■ li^htiiii; tools place.! in convenient I'Mucationiil work will le un.lertakcn teuih the settlers ami furiners the value • the forests ami the noeesoity of protectini; them. The iiieinliers of the as«.oeiation hn ayreeil to a^^ess theinselvi's one fo' ' < >{;»' cent per acre for the coining yea ' |>rotection. In n»spon.>'e to a leftet •' l)y the asso. iation, explnininc th. a?i.| ii;etho.|<. Hon. .Iiiles .\|l:ir.l \! liaiiils ami Tores t^'. ha* ] ]>rovim-ial >;f>vernn)ent will thoiisaml .lollars ($a.(1(i(M»0) to the a- it. n ,..wr tlw 5i Canadian Forestry Journal, Mar.-Ajr., 1912. N. B. SHADE TREE LAW. The only legislation directly ap- l)lying to shade or street trees in New Brunswick seems to be tile 'Act respecting Local Tinproveiiient As- sociations', passed in 1903 (3 Ed. VII. c. 22.) By this Act it is enacted that ten or more persons may be incorporated for the purpose of improving and ornamenting the streets and pu1)lic squares of a city or town by plant- ing and cultivating ornamental trees, under the provisions of the New Brunswick Joint "Stock Companies Act. Any city or town may hand over to such an association the care of the parks and the ornamentation of its streets and is empowered to make the a-sociation- a grant for the ])urpose of assisting in its work. This grant may be levied and col- lected as part of the regular assess- ment. A fine up to twenty dollars is pro- vided for anyone injuring or inter- feruig with the work of such an as- sociation by driving animals or vehicles across its property, playing ball thereon, etc., the fine to be pay- able to the association. Predericton, the capital city of the province, has an association formed under this act, which has done much in beautifying the city. Lt.-Col. Loffsrie, Deputy Surveyor- General of the province, is the presi- dent of this association. The iniplenieiit mamifaeturers of Mani- toba paid in 1910 aliout $67 per thousand feet for oak which they imported from the Ignited States. WHiite oak is native to Mani- toba and reaches large sizes in the Turtle Mountain Forest Reserve. This reserve has been cut over and burned over, but it is now being put under scientific management. When properly stocked this reserve will pro- duce 0,000,000 feet of white oak timber per year. The local production of this timlaer will be of great assistance to the industries of Manitoba. This is an instance of what can be done by the proper management of waste lands. C.F.A. Treasurer's Report, 1911. RECEIPTS. Balance from 1910, $1,033.67. Membership fees, $2,002.22; copies of Canadian Forestry Journal, $19.90; adver- tising in Canadian Forestry Journal, $242.34; grant from Dominion government, 1910, $2,000.00; grant from Dominion gov- ernment, 1911, $1,-500.00; grant from N.B. government, $100.00; grant from Quebec government, $200.00 ; grant from Ontario government, $300.00; grant from B. C. gov- ernment, $200.00; interest, $3.5.-50. Total, $7,633.63. EXPENDITURE. Salaries, $1,875.00; clerical work, $130.08; annual rejiort, $200.75; expenses of secre- tary, $200.00 ; printing and suj^plies, $292.46; lantern and lectures, $121.81; Que- bec convention, $2,095.00; Canadian For- estry Journal, $1,019.51; commission on cheques, $11.57; postage and telegrams, $53.94; typewriter, $120.00; refunds, $9.00; wreath, .$10.00. Total, $6,139.12. Balance on hand, $1,494.51. M. ROBINSON, Treasurer. Ottawa, Dec. 31, 1911. Audited and found correct, Jan. 9, 1912. FRANK HAWKINS, T. E. CLENDINNEN, Auditors. A Banker's Statement. In Canada and the United States the use of fireproof building material and of cement and iron generally in i)lace of wood is grow- ing rapidly. Already it is suggested that the United States has passed the highest point of per capita consumption of lum- ber. As yet, however, we use only a frac- tional amount of fireproof material as com- pared with an old-world country such as Germany, so that an important readjustment of our lumber requirements relatively to other things will gradually come about. This will certainly not lessen the necessity for conservation, lint it may cause the pun- ishment for our wastefulness to fall a trifle less heavily than we deserve. — Report of the General Manager of the Canadian Banlc of Commerce, 1911. The mines of Canaila used, in 1910, 52,- 848,000 linear feet of round timber, which cost $523,339. This is an average cost of $9.90 per thousand. They reported the use of twelve species of wood in their mining oi^erations. Oak, together with yellow pine, made up nearly one-third of all the wood used in the furniture and car industry of Canada in 1910. Practically all is imported. With the Forest Engineers. NOTES FROM THE SCHOOLS. iioloKy. suils, i'nn-Ht zixiloj^y, hilvicul- tare, r«*for«'st}itiori. iiiaiuiKi'iin'iit. Tlu' Farullv of Forrstrv ..f tho '"""^"'■'nv-:- ^voo.l i„.h,Mri..H t. ' ri.ivrrsilv of Toronto has 'this v-Mi- ""'"^'>'- i<'n-st K.-uuraphy. I,,.,, forty fiv,."stu.lL-nts in alt.-n.hm.M.; tht- "'^"-k^ts. statist.rs an.l law . an.l sani'.. nnn.h.T as last year. Of thoso. ''•'"'••"♦^ '»» mnlu-uw an.l surtf-ry. six men an- talrts a sueeessful year. iUi- course men. there are also a nmiih.r '•'•' '"^''-^f ad>tnietion of whi.'h \\>is dono by the and one from Kn^dand. The stand- -"idents th.inselv.-s on the !■ ard for entrance to tiie fa.-ultv is '"••f^'» ""' university itselt. A !■ to .senior nuitrieulation. The stan.j- ><-nption ..f the l.uil.lintr an.l m ii^ ard d.'.nand.'d on .'xaminations will "•nstru.-tion. from the pen of IV.. he forty per cent, on each pap.>r an.l l"^'*"'' M'H'T, will appear in . sixty per cent, on the afrjri-.'trate, ex- '■^>'ne (d the .JotRNvi.. cept in Knjrlish. for which the min- inium is sixty six per cent. A course Mp. \v. N. Millar. M of lectures hy Dr. von Sehreiik on ^pointed District li Disi-a.ses of Tre«'s and a course of lee id.piarters nt <'a tiires in First Aid to the Injur.Ml ar.; have entire dire«*tioM ot ail ihc Al new features of the curriculum. The I.ertn reserves. Mr. .Millar li.i ' "i For«'stry ("luh is found to he a v.-ry -..i- a numher nf \.ars in eh. usid'ul and interesting; adjunct to tin Kaniksn 'nal For rejrular ela.ss work. iontana. whieh t» some thi Thi" Forest Scho..l .d' Laval I lu ;'>m aere.s in e\- ' ■ •' vi-rsity has an attendanc.' of forty • ..ntrol of its a.i stud.'iits: of thes.' sev.'ii are in their injf the oruaiiizatioii of a fire ra- ■ final year an.l will jrraduate thi- - foree. th. sprintr. The se.MUiil-y.'ar class ii' " d of > uf l!»l:{) has twelv.> stii.h-nls. . i> «ilhi. the (irst-year class tw.«nty on.- i • siiinmer ofllUO. wl in attendance. Of the total o' - of life ai men. twenty seven have s.diol ho nn«! and work in the jtrovincial 1 ^. tl>«* ' Service. The courses comprise - '•»! nlnio^t mentary and hit,dnr mathematics '" '' \o. an.l inclu.linLT. calculus, n; : mathemati.'s (surveying, mc'i .-onstruction of mills, road aiii trniU nn-i ' buildiufT. drawinir and ma| forest science i forest l)otan\ . • 56 Canadiini Foreslnj Journal, Mar.-Apr., 1912. 'Slv. II. Ii. MacMilhiu is now in the West and will \isit vai'ious offices of liic liranch witii a \ icw to iiiipi'ov- ing organizal ion and mclliods of ■\\ oi'k. ]Mi". 1). Roy Cameron has heeii a|>- pointed to take general supervision of tir(^ protection and otlier work in the Dominion forest reserves in lirit- ish Columbia. Api)ropriations for forestry work under the Department of tlie Interior amount for the ensuing fiscal year to $:5r)5.000. an increase of sj^l 00.000 over last year. I)i-. J. F. Clarlc, of ^"ancouver, I'CMched home about tiie middh' of Marcli after an extended trij) east. Prof. Filibert Rotli. who is at pres- ent the only honorary mem))er of the Canadian Society of Forest En- gineers, has been appointed head of the recently revived department of forestry at Cornell T^ni versify. The purchase of the Niiassiui;- Central railway, an eleetrio road nmniiii^ from Cobalt to TIaileyburv, hy the 'riiiiiskaining and Northern Ontario railway, is thought to foreshadow the electrification of the latter road. This step would be a mea- sure of tremendous in!]iortaiice for the ])rotection of Northern Ontario forests, and is a consummation devoutly to be wished. Tn the French forest of Chantilly rab- bits have become so numerous as to threaten the destruction of the entire forest. Cedar is the wood most frequently used for poles in Canada, as it is practically the only Canadian wood growing to a convenient pole fize which is cheap, eas-ily handled and durable. There were 7.'iS,209 cedai' poles ])iircha-ed in Canada in lit 10, or iitt.2 per cent, of the total number purchased. The state of Maine will again this vear receive from the T\ S. fe,0()0 board feet of tiniLer, costing .^2,987,210. That the timber used in these industries is ct a miu-h higher average quality than the null run of Canada's saw mills is shown by ine fact that it cost .$2.o.3.5 per thousand, where- as the average i-elling price of tho iumoer produced in Canada in 1910 s\ac only .+ 1.1. SI. ^hnh of the tinil,e:- us-ed in Canaila for the manufacture of furniture and cars is imported. In 1910 one-thinl of the total lued was imported, (diietly fiom the Ihiited States, at an average cost of $-')3.S6 per thoiif-aiid board feet; two thirds were na- tive-gro vvn timber and cost only $20.82 per thousand board feet. Nothing could more cleaily fhow the general inferiority of the conunon Canadian tind)er for use in manu- factures than the fact that Canadian manu- facturers are forced to buy fully one third of their sui)ply from a foreign country at a i>rice exceeding, Ijy over f-ixty ) er cent., that paid in the houie market. It is ini- po^>ible to secure in Canada, in sufficient quantities, Avoods A\hich combine beauty with strength hO as to be suitable for fur- nishing high-grade furniture and passenger cars, or which are strong enough for ear frames or sidings. Imduding round and sawn timber, timber to the value of .$827,.'??)7 was useil in Canada during 1910 for mining purposes. This total is made up of .12,848,000 linear feet of round timber, worth .$.12.3,;!. 'if I, and 22,- 8('.1,000 lioard feet of sawn timV)er which cost .$;50H,998. CHANGES OF ADDRESS. The secretary would be grateful if members of the Association would promptly notify him of any change in tlunr addresses, so that the ad- dresses on the mailing list of the Journal can be kept correct. Per- sons removing from one place to another should give both the old ad- dress and the new: this will greatly assist in the corrections. R. ©. SWEEZEY, CIVIL 8l forestry ENGINEER Timber Surveys, Lumbering' and Water Powers. Metropolitan BIdg. QUEBEC, Canada. Canadian forestry journal Vol. VIII. MAV-.irM-:, r.ni Nu. ;', Single White Pine on L;ichut« (P Q ) Sand HiH IIoi>;ht. Ml ft., iliHinoN't ' • OTTAWA, CANADA Forest Engineers Wanted. Opportunity is offered in the recently organised Forest Branch of British Columbia for the immediate employment of several Canadian Foresters. Only graduates of Prolessional Forest Schools need apply. Address, enclosing full statement and photograph, FOREST BRANCH LANDS DEPARTMENT, VICTORIA, B.C. THE CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. IS the national organization for the in- forming of public opinion in the effort to secure a rational development of the Can- adian Forests through the co-operation of national, provincial and municipal organi- zations and private enterprises. The ob- jects of the Association are: (1) The exploration of the public domain, so that lands unsuitable for agriculture may be reserved for timber production. (2) The preservation of the forests for their influence on climate, soil and water supply. (3) The , promotion of .iudicious methods in dealing' with' forests and woodlands. (4) Tree planting on the plain.s, ajid on streets ] and highways. (51 Reforestation where advisable. (tj) The collection and dissemination of in- formation he ring oil the forestry problem in general. ; To promote these ends the Association publishes the Canadian Forestry Journal, issues bulletins, arranges for the delivery , of free illustrated public lectures, and ; holds conventions in different parts of Canada. The Association desires as members all (both men and women) who are in sym- pathy with this work. The membership fee, which entitles the member to the Journal, the annual report and other lit- erature issued, is one dollar per year, (life membership $10). Applications for mem- bership or requests for information may be addressed to the Sp-'.retary, Canadian Forestry Association, Canadian Buildi^ig, Ottawa, Canada. CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Patron, VI. R. H. tlie Governor General. Honorary Pres., Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden. Honorary Past President, Rt. Hon. Sir VViltrid Laurier. President, John Hendry, Esq. Vice-President, Hon. VV. A. Charlton. Secretary, Jas. Laxvler, t'anadian Bnildingf, Slater St., Ottawa. Asst. Secretary, F. W. H. Jacombe. Treasurer, Mis>, M. Robinson. Directors: VVm. Little Hiram Robinson. Aubrey White, E. Stewar., H. M. Price, W. B. Snowball, Thomas Southwoith, Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y. Chown, Hon Sydnej' Fisher, R. H. Campbell, J. B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B E. Fernow, Ell wood Wilson, Senator Bostock, F. C. Whitman', G. C. Pich6, Alex. MncLaurin, Carl Riordon ; Mgr. O. E. Mathieu, Bishop of Reg'ina ; A. P. Stevenson, Wm. Pearce, Wm. Power, G. E. E. Ussher, Denis Murphy, C. [ackson Booth, Wm. Price. J. W. Harkom. A. S. Goodeve, M.P., W. C. J. Hall. J. S. Dennis. Territorial Vice-Presidents : Ontario— Hon. W. H. Hearst. Quebec — Hon. Jules Allard. New Brunswick — Hon. J. K. Fleicuning. Nova Scotia — Hon. G. H. Murray. Manitoba— Hon. R. P. Roblin. Prince Edward Island — Hon. J. A. Matheson. Saskatchewan— His Honor G. \V. Brown. Alberta — Hon. A. L. Sifton. , Briti.sh Columbia — Hon. W. R. Ross. Yukon— Geo. Black, Commissioner. Mackenzie — F. D. Wilson. Keewaiin — His Honor D. C. Cameron. (Jngava — His Grace Mgr. Bruchesi, Archbishop of Montreal. Canadian Forestry? Journal Vol. V'lll. OrxAUA, May-Jtnk 1912. No. 3 Tllli official org^an of tlic Cin.-idi.in Forestry addrc\«, a" ' .1... ^^,,, ,., ,,,^ Association. A ina^a/iiie devoted tit il\.- Sccrctarj > 1, l°an««luko ■ ..terestH oi forestry and in general to the advocaiv Buildini;. >' of the wise and conservative use of the natiir.i! resources of Canada. The Canadian pore«try Journal It • good advertlsInK medium Annual Subscription, - $1.00 Advertising rales on application. Sinele Copy-, - - - 25c Ki>triiHiAi < i>r : regarding^ editorial matters together with com- worth. K. H. C'ainpbrll, J. .M. .Macimih muiiications rei^arding siihscriptions, change! ol F. W. H. Jacoinbe. -'i'nblc of (I'ontcnts Next Koipj-tiy Convt'iition . •'»7 \ Fore.«-try StiKlciits ' ('aiii|t: U. 15. .\lillj;o.s e<» I'roviiice Starts Fort'.st Planting ''3 Our Foiot l{o^e^ve Prohlcni : .1. H. l»ifkHoii *')6 I'i-t' of Tfl«'|>h()iio Lines in Kinlitiny Kin- 72 I 'on-MMvation ('()iiiiiii>>i<)ii A|i|>oints Forivtor "•' Muasiires for the I'ri'ViMitiun of Fore»t Fire.H 'i (^ana.ia'.s 1!»11 I'lilpwootl Consumption 7»* r. S. Fori'st l{aii;;t'r (^naliflcationH HO An Ontario l'or»-.«t Survey . ''I Nott's ~ "2 With tho Forest Knginccrs Dominion Forestry Urain n -Not< Not.'- Our Next Forestry Convention. Victoria B.C . Sept 4 G. 1912. At a nu'ctiiiK of the Diivctni^ li. 11 ofttrinl iiivitntioii '• OTi Mav I) in tho offifo of th.' n '»t of that p of Fon-.strv. (Ottawa, a laiL'- uvsi.m. in ^^ » , wprt* **" ilerltl- .••I ti> hol.l tl '■ •>• la. -' of corrcspoiidoiico was ron-- ropard to the time ami |»hu'«' or n- iiip the iifxt Annual ronv.'nti.«n In "f Viotor vitations were in liand from Winni antumn. '>< pop and Victoria. B.C.. the latter ai> which n.^1 not here he gone into, the nf 58 Canadum Forestry Journal, Maij-June, 1912. question of the date was even more difficult to decide. It was finally re- solved to leave the selection of the date to the President, ^Ir. John Hen- dry, and the Premier of British Col- um])ia, Hon. Richard ^IcBride. These gentlemen at the time of the meeting were in London, England, and they cabled the Directors strongly urging that this yeai- the Conventio i be held in British Columbia. It was sug- gested by the Directors, however, that Sept. 4 and 5, other things being equal, would be a suitable date. The results of this meeting were caliled to London, and the dates were accepted by the gentleman above named. On Mr. Hendry's return from England he met a number of the Directors of the Forestry Association at an infor- mal meeting called when he was pass- ing through Ottawa on May 27. At this meeting the subject of the date was again gone into and the suggested date was confirmed with a rider that Sept. 6 be added if found necessary to accommodate all the features on the program. It was also decided at this latter meeting to direct the Sec- retary to proceed as soon as possible to British Columbia to consult, in company with the President, with the Hon. Richard ]\IcBride and the Hon. W. R. Ross. ^linister of Lands, in regard to the program and its dif- ferent features. Both the Premier and Mr. Ross are taking a very en- thusiastic interest in the subject. British Columbia has just enacted a new timber and forestry law and is adopting a very i)rogressive atti- tude in regard to the conservation and proper disposal of its immense forest wealth. Great interest pre- vails on the Pacific coast in regard to the new law, and to modern methods of lumbering, but the interest of the Convention will not be confined to these but will embrace projects and topics relating to all the provinces and to the work of the Dominion Government. At the season of the year when the Convention will be held here there are in force special rates from eastern points on the dif- ferent railways, and it is hoped to announce in the next issue what the best rates available from Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, Regina, and other points will be. This will be the first Convention held on the Pacific coast since 1906, and in addi- tion to the enthusiastic attitude of the government as above noted, Mr. Hendry and the leading members of the Forestry Association on the Pa- cific coast are determined to make the Convention worthy of the great tim- ber resources of that province. Our members are urged to make a note of these dates and to hold them open so that if possible they may be able to attend and take part. It is hoped that by the next issue of the Journal to have a full statement of the pro- gram and other details for the mem- bers. Those who expect to be present will greatly facilitate the work of preparing for the Convention if they will notify the Secretary. Canadian Building, Ottawa, of their intention. OIL-BURNING LOCOMOTIVES. At the meeting of the Directors of the Canadian Forestry Association on ]\Iay 9 the following resolution was adopted : — That the Board of Directors of the Canadian Forestry Association place on record their hearty approval of the proposal that at the earliest practicable date a regulation be brought into force compelling the use by railways of oil-burning locomotives in dangerous districts and during dangerous seasons, and that a copy of this resolution be sent to the Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada. A conference on fai-ni forestry will be a feature of the Seventh International Dry Farming Congress, which is to be held at Lethbriilge, Alta., Oct. 21 to 26, 1912. The plantation of 40,000 white pine, f-et out last !-i)ring by Dr. A. R. Myers, of Moncton, N. B., i'^ thriving. The owner is planting 50,000 trees this spring and ex- pects to put out 100,000 more next spring. I I'hoto A. Kii<*«hu>l. l»V2. University of New Brunswick Foresters' Log Camp. A Forestry Students' Camp. By R. B. Miller, M.I ., Professor of Forestry, University of New Brunswick Tln'ic has lutii ;i •jiouiiiff f«'eliiij; on llic part of fhi' Fon-sti-v Depart niont of tin." I'riivcr.sity of .\«'\v llruiis- wick that th«y .shniihl hav«' a jirr- maiiciit hiiihliii^' on their own hiiitls. within walking' (lislaiicc of the col- Ipjjc. so that stiKhiits inij;ht havr. from the first. th»> ri^'ht m'ttinir for fht'ir profession. The Kn^incrrin^; I )i|iailMiini ii^' fall (leei(U>(l tliat instiati of I'avi' someone ah)n^,' the Keswick for privih'ffi's of a camp site an«l t"r clearinf; ont lines for iinatrinary rail roads that the camp mi^'ht he \'^^ protitahly transferred to the eol lands. Sui-h (deared lines eoulii lii' '; serv«' adnui'ahly. at little extia ex pense. tor roaiis. trails, and tire lines. wliile the whole tract would ofTer a! most inexhaustilile opportunii carry inp on all lines of < Aji'1 in file piefiire of this operation between the fon*Mler>« aitd eiijfinecrs loomed lar^'e a • camp with preat open lii- ; stead o( musty, smelly tentn. with no chance for office work to dull nuuiotony of the inevr days- oft»'n a total t-xs • dent anUll i>l .: two di'sires has i *' n a log camp, on a k ning to Corl>ott*s I' ply of ^jiHiii ' \ to clear off a pl a slight ri ' - 59 60 Canadian Forestry Journal, May- June, 1912. around the camp. As it was desired to have the inside dimensions sixteen by twenty feet this meant that the logs must be nineteen and twenty three feet in length, allowing a foot and a half projection at the corners. Straight, sound fir logs were foi- the most i)art chosen, varying in size from ten to fourteen inches in diam- eter at breast-height. A few straight and over-mature popple were cut and all trees were marked before cutting so that too heavy a thinning might not be made in any one place. About fifty trees were required in all, and every man was found eager to fell trees but not so eager to clean up the tops and pile brush afterwards. In pursuance with good forestry regula- tions it was insisted upon that the crews cut off and pile all branches before taking another tree — a decided innovation to those used to the ordi- nary lumbering methods in New Brunswick. This lesson will no doubt be a valuable one for all classes of students and will give them an idea of how the woods should look after lumbering in a conservative manner, with proper slash disposal. Most of the New Brunswick boys, engineers as well as foresters, have been raised near the woods and are excellent axemen, felling their trees to a nicety and 'sampsoning' them over with a short pole to the desired spot, when necessary, with the skill of veterans. Many haggled stumps be- tokened the work of the inexperienced but these men hung to the task, de- spite blistered hands, until their trees were either down or comfortably sup- ported by four or five others. After felling came the sawing up into proper lengths, and several were initiated into the mystery of cross- cutting with the saw without causing the other man excruciating agony. Crews were then put to peeling the logs which, in knotty timber, is no easy task until the proper kink is learned. The work of felling and peeling proceeded for a few Saturdays with a crew of men varying in number from fifteen to thirty, from all de- partments. Some logs w^ere then car- ried on the shoulders of the men across the brook and up the slope — no easy task with green, balsam- covered logs. Three of the men, who had seen lumber camps erected, began notching the corners and putting the fii'st logs in place. As the logs were quite large and had considerable taper, in order to keep the walls level, some had to be notched very deeply, and in many cases small drop logs had to be let in between. The work was carried on at intervals until, at Thanksgiving, the camp was three or four logs high. During this short vacation it was decided to push the w^ork more rapid- ly and three men went out and made a temporary camp across the brook, putting up the usual 'lean-to' tent used by the guides and lumbermen. The camp outfit was taken out by pack-horse in true western fashion, with the famous 'diamond hitch' (learned from a New Brunswick guide) over all to advertise the fact that we were not ' tenderf eet, ' even if we had never been west of the 100th meridian. The pack-saddle, by econo- mizing with canvas girths and using straps of moose-hide, was construct- ed for us by the same guide at, a cost of less than $10.00 and serves every purpose of the higher priced article for short trips. There are two ropes which accompany it, one about one- quarter of an inch in diameter and thirty feet long, and the other, used for the final hitch, a half-inch rope about 36 feet long (which seems of ample length the first time you use it). With only three or four men work- ing on the camp during this short vacation it was found impossible to carry big logs over the brook, al- though we found they grew percep- tibly lighter after being peeled for a week or more. T he ingenuity of the boys overcame this difficulty in short order. The broad girth of the pack- .1 Forestry Stmlents' Catn/f. 61 saihllf out lit was passeii ai'ouiul tin- breast of the horso (who knew iiion> about the woods lli.in \\r diil. ii i»n)\ ed) fastened in placr by Un- sinallfi' rope, and llic U)U>i lopc used as t races. bein^ tiiially attached to a short spriiec siii^le-lree, with a loiip; eiioii^li end h'fl foi- a noose to take the jthice ol" h)ggin^ tone's, liy snubbiti},' tlie ends of the h){^s and swainpinj? out paths, enough h)gs were soon yarded tor th(^ I'est of the construction wf)i-k, and liie walls soon lirouglit up to a height of seven feet, wliich was con- sidered aini)le. Hafters of round, peeled, spruce poles wei-e thi'ii put up, about two and a half feel apai't. and spiked to the side logs. The ones at eaeli eiul of the building were made double, that is about six inches apart, so that the short logs foi-niing the gable couhl be dropped down in between. A tight sheathing of second-gi'ade hemlock boards was then nailed on over the rafters and a layer of thi'ec- ply felt put on lengthwise, and the edges tarred, a i-oof warranted to last ten years or longer. After levelling oiY the ground in- side, sills of peeled logs were sunk about two feet apart and two layers of hemlock boards put down as a tloor. the llrst layer of cheap ma- terial, the last surfaced on one side. The chinking, or 'stogging' of such a camp is more of a task than appears at lii'st thought. .Mo.ss was gathered from the high ground in the woods and carried in sacks to a plai alongside the building, an inimcns • piantity being re<|ui?-ed. This w; - pounded in with a tamp from the on' side at first, but cold w»'ather setting in. the rest of the camp was chinked from the insid«'. The camp will become, in time, the (•enter of a large field of future oper afions — the construction of r" trails, and fire lines, telephone 1 of brush-burning, of thinnings cleanings, of ctitting of logs and *■<•' wood, of surveying, nui|>pinir tiiiuding, and ])ei-li;qw laf-f experimental woi » .i. mi^i- whose results nuiy become an lesson to owuiM-H of tiinlKT. The en- tire camp has cost not over $25.00 all told. an. tlt.ii -.jiril which makes him a ligliti-r and trun- seends salary or worldly honor and leads its recipient to struggle through muskegs and over moun' ■'■" "i>M(f the unlilazed trail 'a ] a new profession. ' The total vntuiv :if fVi- ix-.tX of r'rv lue» ■i, of the ni '8* tor •'Vr 9. »nt of xm>' of world. Two fifth" of ih« !■ • p«r -nana* Les usages du Bouleau a Papier. (Kxtiait du rajipoit annuel du Ministre des Terres et Forets de la Province de Quebec pour 1910-11.) II serait interessant de detailler les divers usages auxquels le bouleau a papier tonvient et de montrer les ressources que Ton en pourrait re- tirer. Tout d'abord on en fait des bobines pour filatures, aussi des sa- bots (industrie ineonnue ici), des chevilles et des enforts pour chaus- sures, des cure-dents, des epingles k linge, des jouets d 'enfant (eette In- dustrie est tres florissante dans le Maine), des barreaux de chaises, des goujons, des navettes, et autres bois tournes. On ne fait encore des regies et des eqiierres. Les jeunes tiges ser- vent a faire des cercles et aussi a la confection de balais. L'ecorce servait a nos indiens pour la construction d'excellents canots. Nous ne pouvons resister a la ten- tation de reproduire ice une page de M. JMathieu, dans sa Flore forestiere, au sujet des emplois accessoires du bouleau verruqueux, qui a beaucoup d 'analogic avec notre bouleau a pa- pier : — 'L'ecorce de bouleau, particuliere- ment le liber qui en est la partie la plus active, contient du tanin, 1.6 p.c. d'apres Davy; elle est tres reeherchee par les habitants du Nord de 1 'Eu- rope, pour la preparation du cuir, auquel elle communique une couleur particuliere et une odeur caraeteristi- que. On en extrait par voie de dis- tillation seche, une huile essentielle avec laquelle on enduit les cuirs de Russie. Elle s'enflamme facilement et fournit un bon combustible. 'L'ecorce blanche renferme, pres- qu'en moitie de son poids, une resine particuliere, la betuline, que I'on pent extraire par I'alcool, puis faire cris- talliser. C'est sans doute I'abon- dance de eette su])stance (|ui assure a son ecorce une inalterabilite et une impermeabilite si remarciuables. . . La premiere de ces (pialites est telle, (|ue dans des tourbes et des lignites, on trouve des portions d 'ecorce de bou- leau parfaitement intactes, tandis que le bois est totalement detruit. On le met a profit dans les regions du Nord en revetant d 'ecorce les portions des pieux qu'on enfonce en terra. On sait que 1 'impermeabilite de eette ecorce la fait rechercher pour en fa- briquer des tabatieres; on pent aussi en faire des semelles aussi bonnes que celles de liege, pour garantir contre riiumidite; enfin, en la distillant dans des fours, elle produit un gou dron. Ce goudron est fort recherche, il egale 86 p.c. du poids de l'ecorce; en redistillant ce produit on obtient un huile dite huile du goudron de bouleau, qui sert a donner I'odeur du cuir de Russie aux imitations. 'L'utilite de l'ecorce est telle, qu'en Russie elle est soumise a une exploitation periodique, tout comme le liege en France (et en Espagne). En ayant soin de ne pas entamer le liber (partie verte de l'ecorce) la partie subereuse et lamelleuse se re- genere facilement, sans ([ue I'arbre ait aucunement a en souffrir. 'Les verrues et les bourgeons con- tiennent aussi de la resine, mais celle- ci ne cristallise pas comme la prece- dente. 'On retire de la feuille une ma- tiere colorante employee en peinture sous le nom de styl de grain. 'La seve du bouleau renferme une notable quantite de sucre, 8.7 par 1,000 K. Concentree, puis soumise a la fermentation avec addition de Sucre et de differents aromates, on en fabrique une boisson spiritueuse tres appreciee dans ces contrees. . (F. Forestiere pp. 414-415).' 62 Les Hftfiges du liouleau d I'apirr. 63 Nous ajouteroiis unv recoree ai-ties. dt> forme iilenti(]Ue et de mrMiie volume. cote plat et face rebondie. pour d«''- corer la residence d'ete i|u'il s'est construito sur les liords du lac No- miningue. C'omme on voit, il y a uu inunense parti a tiiir du bouleau a |»?ii>i»»r. tant tie son ImjIh, que de son ft nn"'im' de ses feiiillcs qui, d .ipii« (lirai'd. piuviiit servir cfiiiiini- four-. rage. 11 serait a souhaiter que nos iiulus- ti-i»'ls clierelient a uliliwr O'S f»ro. prit'trs. Nos fci-miei-H surtout de- vraient. diii'ant les longs nioin (I'in- action, a I'instar de leur« confrrn-H d'l'hirope, rcchi-rchcr a protiti-r ilrs qualilt's qui rt-ndent If iMjuUau pro- I)re a uuf foide d'usiigcs et tr^ va- ries. developj)er la petite indiistri*- du bois. (|ui flonne dt-s revenus si con- sidt'-ralilis ;iux pauvn-s jtaysans d«*}j Flandres, du Jura, des X'osges. IjC Service Forestier, lorsqu'il srra niieux organise, s't'lTorct-ra dr rfpandn- ces idt'-fs dans la population rn rxhibi- taiit. jors des expositions n'-gionaien, i|Ui'lques-uns de ees produitM. en don- nant des conferenres. en divulgunnt par la pres.se. drs bulletins. ct<'., ces eonnai.s.sances. Quebec Province Starts Forest Planting. The planting up of the wa.ste .sand lands at Lachute, P.Q.. has been ac- tively taken up this year by tin- pro- vincial government, and dui'iug tin- first two weeks of May the stu«lenfs of the graduating cla.ss of the fores- try .s<'hool of Laval Tniversity Wfie engaged in the work of plan'ing i portion of the area known as tin- .\i genteuil Sand Hill. The work was done undt-r the direction of Mr. (i. C. Piehr. .M.F., direct(u- of the for- estry school and chief forestry en- gineer of the Depai-tmcnt of Lamls and Forests of the province. On .May 10 a repre.seiitative of the Fonstry Journal visited the scene of the planting, and was eourieously Bhi>wu around l»y the stjjdent point- ers. Lachute is a town of some 2.000 inhabitants, situated on the north shore of the Ottawa, and on the North Shore line of the (MMi. from Ottawa to .Montreal. It is distant some 44 miles from .Montreal and Tfi from Ot- tawa. In the neighlM>rh«M»d "'* '' e town are three an-as when- li sand has covered the In^tter si.1 is about four miles in varies in width The p on which i' almiit four Much, if not all. i>' ered bv it was oi old resident of t' ed to the wrjt< r ' lion ago the d several vears in *» pi; - **• - ' I"- and it was so«>n 61 Canadian Forestry Journal, May-June, 1912. sand, by that time deprived of i\\\ the grass roots which had formerly hekl it in place, began to drift. Little was thought of it at the time, but tlie drifting became worse and worse until it got beyond the power of the people to stop it, and for many years the area has lain uncultivated. Look- ing over an expanse of a couple of hundred acres, which included the land just planted, the narrator con- tinued, 'I have ploughed every field you see here.' While the soil is pure sand, and be- comes very dry on the surface, yet owners of tlie farms, evidence of which is to l)e seen along the way out to the planting area. As far back as 1898 the Central Experimental Farm assisted by sending out i)lanting ma- terial to farmers in the vicinity. The chief trees sent out by them have been white pine, white spruce, Norway spruce, balsam fir and tamarack. On this hill the provincial govern- ment has purchased some 375 ar- pents (about 820 acres) of land, with the intention of eventually planting it up to species of valuable trees. The original owners of the land are .fOs ft-^^^ [Photo F. W. H. J., May, 1912. Fields Covered by Drift Sand Near Lachute, P.Q. (Note Buried Fence). even in the driest times abundance of moisture is found four or five in- ches below the surface. Some trees of good size are found growing on it, among the species found being white pine, tamarack, balsam fir, white spruce, white cedar, balsam poplar, aspen poplar and white birch. Wil- lows planted there have been very successful. A certain amount of planting has been done in former years by the to be allowed to 1niy back the forest- ed land, after a term of years, if they so desire, at a price that will recoup the government for its outlay. This spring a l)eginning of the work is being made on a small area of about thirty arpents purchased from Mr. Paul Nicholl. The area is triangular in shape, and is well suited for the purpose, being well protected by trees on two sides, especially to the north and west. When the planting Quebec Province Sbirlti Forest I'Uinl'uKj. 05 [Photo F. W. H. J.. May, 191-'. Part of 1912 Plantation at Lachute. P.Q. is coiiiplflcd. ;i \vi|-f li'iicf will lie erected aruuiui it. so ;is to k»M'p out all stock. Sonic tliif1\' tliousaiirl trees will ix' rtMiiiiifii, wlii, li are sui)|)li(Ml from tie- proviiM iai t"or<*st nursery at HciMliirr- villc. Till- trees are tlii-ee-year-old stock, ilivided almost eijuaily hetweeii white pine and white spi-ti< e. A small niimhef of ash and elm ai"e u.seil on the most favoraMe sites. 'V\\v \nuv and spruce are planted in alternate rows, five feet apart each way. that is to say, the i-ows of trees are tivi feet apart, and the trees are plaeed five feet apai-t in tiie r(»w. The land on which the planlMl^' i> heinj; done has the Nofth liver !<• the north and the ('anatlian Nortliern Quehec railway to the south. fhou>;li neither the I'iver nor the railway touches the area. The i-o;id out from the villajre leatl> thnuifjli a prosperous farminvr coun try. I)ut only a shoi-t distance out from thevilla^e indications of drifting' sand are to he .seen and all alonjj the road are frequent instances of plant in^' chiefly of (Mudfers ( spiMic*-. pine, etc.' and of willows. The planting will he eontinu«'l Inc ;ii"ii plantiM tins ,\ '-.ir, and this fall a strip will he sown with heach ifi-ass .so as to furnJHh pr> tion for next year's planlint' Th«' students who are plant mj: inc area are .Messrs. F. Lnlilwrl'V <" .T J). .Manpiis. H. (lueriii, .1. R. ' \\. Menard. (I I'oisvtTt and ii lv«>v. A Good Average Specimen cf the Spruce Scedlinjjs Planted Thi« Jr... uhil«* I'll" 11 Hi. I'"*: Our Forest Reserve Problem (Paper read at Annual Convention of Manitoba Horticultural and Forestry Association, Winnipeg, February, 1912.) By J. R. Dickson, M.S.F. This subject, namely 'Our Forest Eeserve Problem,' is a very large and broad subject, with many and diverse ramifications and interrela- tions. Let us see if we can outline some of the more important factors in what I have termed our Forest Re- serve Problem. In the first place it is a complex problem. The great ultimate object which the Forestry Branch has in view in every piece of work undertaken on the forest re- serves is a 'Normal Forest.' And when one says 'Normal Forest' every simon-pure forester has at once a picture before his mind, a forest where every acre is fully stocked with tall, clean, straight, thrifty trees, of the most valuable species which that climate and soil will grow. A 'normal forest' is a piece of land producing the largese quant- ity of the most valuable timber pos- sible, in the shortest possible time. But that ideal must remain for- ever unsatisfied. No forester has ever yet been, or ever will be, able to say: 'There, that is the most which that acre can produce.' Even in that famous forest of the City of Zurich — the Sihlwald — which has been producing its crops for a thou- sand years, the quantity and quality is still improving. Its revenue re- turn last year was some twelve dol- lars per acre. A normal forest, then, on each re- serve is what we are after, and to secure it we have only to surmount the tAvin d'lifieulties of protection and reproduction, for that other ter- rible bogie of the private timber owner — tJie taxation question — does not concern us as yet on the forest reserves, and perhaps never will. Forest Protection. AVhen I say 'Protection,' you think instinctively of fire and the fire-hazard ; and rightly so, for the damage done each year in our for- ests by insects, fungi and wind is us- ually insignificant when compared with the fire loss. To secure real protection which protects is the very first essential and basis upon which all further forestry work must rest. For whether we consider mature timber, or reforestation work, it is very clear that to start forest man- agement would be a mere absurdity so long as the investment were even liable to be burned up. At every forestry convention in Canada up to the present this vexed initial problem of fire protection has received almost sole attention and discussion. No doubt much good re- sulted from these conventions, but the evil still flourishes and the great careless public looks on in good-na- tured tolerance. Outside of more or less indirect as- sistance from legislation and educa- tion there are in America to-day two general direct schemes for combat- ting the fire danger; these are tlie warden system and the patrol sys- tem. The former, in use by many of the United States up till recently, was found too inelastic to answer the purpose, and is now rapidly be- ing discarded or modified. Fire Prevention. The principal of prevention and its elastic adaptability are the two things which make the patrol system so efficient, for in fire-fighting the proverbial ounce of prevehtion is worth a ton of cure. I take issue 66 Our FiiiTst Rcstnt I'roUtin. 61 with ;ill pessimists who say: '()|i, \oii can iR'Vor reduce the liiT-daiiK'-r Miriicifiiily to make I'oi'cstry wortli whili'.' It is true tiiat tiie dry interior climate here and hi^di winds make the dant,'er latlier {jjreater for us tlian it is in Europe; but not ser- iously so, antl over there, except in Kussia, the aniuuil fire loss is now an entirely negligible quantify. The Forestry Hrancli is this very winter adopting active measures to install, extend and buttress the patrol system on all the reserves, with special attention to the Hiding .Mountains. Some lifteen good look- out hills were located around that reserve, and as fast as possible tow- ers will be erected on those and men installed in the danger season, with telephone connection to the Chief Kanger. Trail extension and im- provement is being pushed. Tin- 2(52 miles of boundary line round this re- serve has jiractically all bfen cut out eight to sixteen feet wide and will be turned into a road or bridle-path, as the local topography will l)est permit. This boundary trail will also have some value as a fire line. To safeguard this reserve still fur- ther against insweeping settler and prairie fires, a jdowed guard is now l)eing made al()ng the s(»uth and west, twelve to sixteen feet wide. As a start .'^5 miles was done last sum- mer, with two team of oxen on a breaking plow, if the pidilie will but grant its sympathetic co-opern- tii^n and a decent amo\int of money, the Forestry Branch will umicrtakc to adely protect the reserves. Renewing the Forest. Mr. Warren, a forester from the I'nited States, who visited over ir»(> rierman coniferous forests in I'.'ll reports that on ordy three of them was natural reprodurman for- ests natural regeneration has be«>n discarded as beinu' too uncertain. Planting gives them straight, uiii- form trees, whiidi have a market value right from the first thinninff to the final cut. Jn our case, however, the fact that we have on these western reserve* sufh large ar<-as to re-clothe, as c«»m- pared with (Jermany, coupi«MJ with the further fart that labor her«- ccjsts three to five times as much a.s there, makes it obligatory for us \< ' da to contiinie diligent exp lAs, looking first toward developing, if possible, satisfactory methods of na- tural reproduction of •• ' - tim- ber as it is cut away, or, . — ..^ tliat. the successful sowing of seed on a large scale. It looks at present as though the planting out of nursery- grown trees might be too c(t.«,tly an operation for general adoption on our reserves. And yet. would it be? Kvery \'-.u. you, the owners of these reserves, are losing thousands and thousands of (lollars on account of the vast areas of land now lying idle a.s the residt of original denudation l»y lire • •r lundierman and repeated fires since. I thiid< we should all be ap|>alled if we eould once get a clea'- .int.rn- eiation of the tremendous volved in the continued holding of all this land as unproduetix^ True, one might say in cn»> .; _ Kiding Mountain reserve, that there was not nnieh of the land but iiad frees of sonu' sort on if Hn* *' *'er .N'ature knows nauglit of bi, <>r eeononjies — in fact sht ledly favors the comparatively u poplar or balsam fir instead <• ■• really valuabb- spruce. Topl.Tr i^ normally so defe«'tive from di frost-crack, wiml '•» r>e hardly worth lum • -^dl _\ MU ari' peiihiiiing 'f lnnd that will grow the fin or, for all that is ' **»n- trary, i-ven re«l or - . ■ , •• One hundre«l years niro th«» public forests of Denmark were an almost pure stand of relatively valueW 68 Canadian Forestry Journal, May -June, 1912. hardwoods ; to-day, as a result of patient labour and co-operation over sixty per cent, of the land is grow- ing the highly profitable and rapid- growing Norway spruce. What is to hinder Canadians achieving a like success on their reserves if they just go after it in earnest and leave poli- tics out ? The cluiotic conditions found on Canada's reserves to-day are quite similar in general to those of Europe one hundred years ago. Like us, they were then spending about one cent per acre for protection and maintenance and getting in return an infinitesiiual revenue. But year after year the Germans, for instance, have been spending more money and getting larger and larger net re- turns. In 1909 the average expendi- ture per acre over the entire gov- ernment-managed forests of Ger- many was some three dollars and twenty five cents, while the financial net revenue per acre was two dol- lars and twenty five cents — a net money return of two dollars and twenty five cents per acre, quite out- side of all those enormous auxiliary forest benefits which nourish the very life of the nation, cjuite outside, too, of the living made by the many thousands of workers which is re- presented in the expenditure of that other three dollars and twenty five cents. Do not forget, however, the long initial period of expenditure. of sacrifice and of patient experi- ments, of which this grand result is the fruits. What Will It Pay? Let us see now about what the Riding JMountain reserve could do as a wealth producer and consumer of labor were it covered, say, even with white spruce — a native species that flourishes there — and we had reach- ed that stage of forestry where the annual cut can be based on the an- nual growth. The public forestland of France — much of it being thin Al- pine soils and in no way comparable to our rich, though stony, Riding Mountain soils — is producing an average of 240 board feet per acre per year; the Austrian forests, 300; the German forests, 380. Accurate measurements taken on the Pacific Coast show that the climate and soil there will groM' six to eight hundred board feet per acre per year. Surely then, the Riding Mountain w^ould grow two hundred. The total for the reserve would thus reach, in round numbers, 200,000,000 board feet a year. That quantity would tax the combined sawing capacity of the great mills of Ottawa and Hull. It would annually supply to each one of fifty saw-mills as much timber as is now being cut each year for all purposes over the whole reserve. The net annual return derived, if we figure stumpage at only five dollars per thousand feet, board measure, would be, on the German 1909 ratio, at least 400.000 dollars. On the basis of the forest labor employed in Saxony, the production and crude manufacture of the above-mentioned crop would support a population of ten thousand workers. The timbered area of Nova Scotia is only two and a half times the size of this reserve — yet no fewer than 240 saw-mills are now supported by its annual cut, and this cut promises to be maintained and increased by the progressive forest policy being adopted in that province. Again, in Great Britain public opinion is be- ginning to clamor for an active na- tional forest policy. Take, for in- stance, the following statement is- sued in February, 1911, by the Gen- eral Federation of Trade Unions in the United Kingdom : 'To absorb surplus labor an urgent appeal is made for atforestation. The employment furnished by the pres- ent uses — mostly grazing — to which our wild land is devoted, may be taken to average one man per 1,000 acres. This does not represent one tenth of the permanent employment afforded by the maintenance of a similar area under forest. The labor Our Forest lieserve Problem. m fonncftcd witli iiiipoi-tcd timlxT and limljcr in-udiicts is i>»M-t"(jniicd al)r<»iid ; the lal)()r iiicidciital to lioiiic-t^i-own timhtT would 1)1' pcrforincd in our own country aiul would atVoi-d main- ttMiaiici' tu many tlmusands ot" i'aiii- ilifs." ( >i- takr tln' t'oilowinjr from a ic- port issued only last fall l)y a cau- tious liritisli K'oyal Commissinn lui Forestry : 'Tho final and conclusive test of tlic value of afforestation must he its ahility to imj>rove the existing con- dition of a »riven district as to |>op- ulation. employment and economic returns. If. l»y means of att'orcsta- tion on a financially sound hasis. laiul whi<'h is too j)oor to cultivati- can hf made to ula- tion than it is capahlc of doin^; un- der pastoral conditions, then the future of afforestation as a nu'ans of increasinay its way. but hrintr in a considerable return.' Business Management Necessary. If fur nu other reason than be- cause of the *lont;-time element' in- volved, forestry is essentially a busi- ness proposition ■ — ni-itlu-r |)olifics nor sentiniiiit can In- trusted to maintain over lonp periods a corr«'cf and unif(wm forest policy, ("aiuid ians are most fortunate in the help they nuiy pet from their pood neiirh l)or the I'tnted States in solvinp flieir natioiud forest |)robh'm both how to do it. as in their federal forest ser- vice, and just as truly how not to do it. as seen today in the preat commotnvealths of .Michipan and New York. New York State's for estry poliey is the preatest anonudy I know. The law decrees that n«»t a stick of timber deao-calle(l non-renewable res«inreeH which are mined, as oils and min- erals; and to the renewable re.sourtes which are croppe*!. such as Hsherios and forests. Test it on this set of loppinp rub'S now beinp applie!•■ ^* for instance, must we not approach It in thi' same r ' li- nens man would ■ • -'•* her wiTe \us and ti ' **"* merely on thirty to tor' life, hut on a thousan«l viars ju->t 70 Canadian Forestry Journal, May-June, 1912. as the present owner, the Canadian people, can? This business man would regard the reserve as a big tree-farm from which he must produce the largest quantity of the best possible timber in the shortest possible time. To do this he makes use of those two ulti- mate natural factors of production, sunlight and soil fertility. By pa- tiently fostering the best conditions for these two factors to work togeth- er for the production of timber, the Germans and the Japs have built up their magnificent forests : and we in Canada can do the same. The oppor- tunity and possibilities for forestry on the Riding Mountain reserve are splendid, and in this it is only a type of all the reserves in these prairie provinces. Experiments Needed. Now, outside of economic effi- ciency, the ultimate success of such a forest policy must depend, as you well know, upon a close knowledge of the natural laws underlying and controlling all tree life and growth, and our skill in applying this knowl- edge under given local conditions — in a word, upon the science and art of silviculture. Forestry practice cannot be adopt- ed wholesale from another country, because our conditions are different ; often on two parts of the same re- serve they differ greatly. What Canadian foresters need to-day to guide their fieldwork aright is the compiled result from many definite local experiments. AA^e need a num- ber of forest experiment stations. Isn't it rather odd that the Canad- ian people maintain some fifteen ex- perimental farms, where experts search out the laws underlying the best local farming practice and how best to apply them, and yet make no study whatever of their forest crop? If all this research is needed in the case of soil products which grow in sixty to one hundred days, how much more for one requiring sixty to one hundred years? Lumbering is the third greatest industry in Can- ada, yet as a nation what are we do- ing to guarantee its future prosper- ity and permanence? And this seems all the more remarkable when one reflects that fully two thirds of our cropable land in Canada is suited not to the growth of food crops lut wood crops. The explanation, of course, is that up till now the lumberman has not had to grow his crop like the L'armer does. lie has cared nothing about the cost of production. He has mere- ly harvested an unearned increment. But from now on that condition will change and definite knowledge of the life-history of our trees become more and more necessary. More and more must our lumberman — whether on Crown lands or not — make provi- sions for future need by planting, rather than by purchase. The People's Interest. As the result of a wise land policy our Canadian timberland has not been alienated, so that forestry in Canada will ever be primarily gov- ernment work, and this is well. As more and more of this cut-over licensed land reverts to the Crown, it — along with the rest of our wild lands — should undergo an expert soil survey and classification, and all that is absolute forest land be made part of our National Forests. (The term 'Reserve' is an unhappy one, because their usable products are not locked up but under due safeguards are for full and immediate use). But whatever the name, let its status as forest land be fixed beyond doubt. Permanence is the very first essen- tial for a forest reserve. Just let me emphasize in one fur- ther word that the people of any forest-supported community have a vastly greater interest at stake in perpetuating that forest wealth than has the lumberman who is exploiting: it. For every dollar of profit that lumberman clears, he pays out four for labor, supplies, machinery, trans- portation and taxes, so that from a Our Fond Uencrve I'mhUin. l financial slandpoint merely and out- side of all auxiliai'y benefits, the general local public have four times as fart denude agri- cultural land. Itut sandy plains anernuin is a useful • luecr. lie is instrumental in tranH- miffing a natural re '.> na- ti(uial prosperity and ;..., , , "'dy lie needs to be 'wisely r< i,' The people nuisf form a pji ip with him and frankly and lu. operate according to benefits (i . . (1. There h in Canada to-day a great field of oi)[)ortuinty awaitint; the genius who will evolve, on e(|iiit- able principles, a triangular basis of co-operation among the following trinity of interests : (1* All the peo|de— whether na- tion or province- sovi-reign owner of the land, the fjisf t'aetor in pro- duction ; (2) The Community- proviilers of the labor, the seconcl factor in pro- < I net ion ; (3) The Lumbernum -ce of ' nterprise. ••apital, organ.. .. n. the third factor in pnxlucfion. Such a workable partnenthip. en- >uring con.servation by conferring on eacji interest its prop bilities and rewarils. is ;.. badly needed to-day on our lit timber lands. Afterwanls. it« me- thods would naturally ' > - > and adapted to the man... unlicenser«. d or f- depiortible resultd in the I and in many of on ' should warn U'« •' mn.sl unfair as licenaees — for if those M U»nnen who actually • ir cut-over lafid d'"'' "• w much nuin- can li' -d to dot Use of Telephone Lines in Fighting Fire (From American Forestry.) In fire-fighting a minute may mean millions. To realize the truth of this statement one has only to inspect a trained fire department, used to guard the lives and property, in any city. ]\lost of us are more or less familiar Avith their time-saving de- vices; Ave have admired the splendid horses taught 1)y months of patient labor to spring to their places at the sound of the gong, have seen them harnessed to the truck in the time it takes to press a button, and have ob- served men drop to their places from the tloor above. All this training and expense to save a minute's time in the battle against the fire-demon, in a city where man has used his ut- most ingenuity to build so as to thwart the ravages of this element. Compared Avith such a Avell organ- ized system the (U. S.) Forest Ser- vice methods seem crude indeed. One man Avith an axe and shovel guards from 100.000 to 200.000 acres of tim- berland. worth from $500,000 to $5,- 000.000. In the greater part of these forests nature seems to liaA'e invited their destruction by strcAving the ground Avith a carpet of dry leaves and resinous needles, and covering the branches and trunks Avith moss that. Avhen dry. burns almost as quickly as gunpoAvder. For one man to attempt, single-handed, to check a conflagration under such circum- stances seems Avorse than foolhardy; and yet. let it be told to the credit of the tribe Avho Avear the Forest Service badge, that Avhen necessity demands they pit their strength and cunning against the flames, and sometimes, aided by night dcAvs and bulldog endurance, Avin out. The Forest Service records could reveal many such cases of Avhich the public has never heard. It is only when the battle has been lost and the fire becomes a public menace that the matter gets into print. It is obvious that chances are all against eonriuering a fire of any magnitude under these conditions ; consequently, every human endeaA'or is used to prevent the starting of such conflagrations. During the dry summer mouths a ranger's Avaking hours are spent in patrolling the routes frequented by traA^elers, to ex- tinguish neglected camp-fires, and in searching his district Avith a field glass from some lookout point, to detect the first faint column of smoke that means the beginning of a forest fire. With so much territory to coA^er. it is a physical impossibility to haA^e all parts of the district under his super- vision at all hours of the day. There Avill come a time when several fires Avill start at once. The causes are A'arious : sometimes they are set by lightning from the electrical storms that are common in a mountainous country ; more often they are due to carelessness of campers or tourists ; occasionally they are started Avant- only by some person Avho objects to the arm of the laAv, as represented by the forest ranger, reaching back into the Avild places; again, it may be that an unextinguished match, or a spark from a pipe or cigarette is dropped in the dry humus, as the hunter or prospector Avanders in places remote from the generally traveled trails. The spark ignites the sloAv-burning duff, Avhich smould- ers perhaps for days unseen, the thin smoke being lost in the blue of the spruce tops above it; sloAvly it burns its Avay to the resinous roots or mossy trunk of some conifer; the mountain breeze fans it to a flame ; 72 i'se of TtUpiiont Lints in Fiijht' '"i /'"'• 73 it leaps ii|i ami seizes ui)t)U tin- di-y t\vi»rs aixl tlit- j)itcli-la()4. until he resigned lo take up his duties with the CoinniiH- sion of (on.servation on April l.'j last. .Mr. Leavitt commen<'ed hi.s for- estrv studies at Cornell University. under Di'. Fernow. hut cornph-f.-d hiM work at the I'niversity of .Miciiigan. from which he graduated with the de- gree of .M.S.K. in 1!>U4, having pre- viously, in 11*01. obtained the degree of H.A. from the same university. In H>04 he received the appointment of forest assistant in the Forest Ser- vice, in 11MJ7 was appointed ' " uit Chief of the Ufticu of Drg "U (and later Chief », in DeeemlnT was appointed District Forester in charge of the second district, with h«'ud- "luarters at Ogden. Utah, in .March. 1!H0. became .\.ssistant Fon'ster in the Hraneh of Operations, with head- •» spending s«'Veral weeks in the Hidn»g .Mountains (with i . . ' u .rf. rj, ai Dauphin. Man. i ei ly of the ins*"*'! life of ihe r- eially the bark lH»ren< I' of which he has uimI. ;» - In thr tremtmcnt of ng off.' •ppU • atioiui of wo. ha^'' "•ultn in thr • - "f Br»n"h. Measures for the Prevention of Forest Fires, Froin the German of Dr. M. Kieniiz, Boyal Forester and Professor of Forestry at the Forestry Academy of Eherswalde ; translated by Ellwood Wilson. Fire is one of the greatest dangers of the forest, not only for a virgin stand with its litter of dead trees and fallen dry limbs, but also for a cultivated forest with its thick even-aged stand which in its youth is so easily destroyed by fire. A forest fire is 'absolutely dependent on the inflammability of the ground cover, and if this consists of green herbs or if it is entirely removed so that the mineral soil is exposed a fire is impossible. Every fire has a small beginning, burn- ing at first in dry moss, grass, fallen leaves or needles, without harm to the trees, until, according to the amount of combustible ma- terial and the character of the stand, it sooner or later strikes into the crowns and the whole forest sinks in a sea of flame. Arrived at this stage, a conflagration knows no boundaries, the crown fire rushes ahead of the ground fire, leaps over great ob- stacles, showers burning sparks across water- courses or meadow-land, kindling new fires on the farther side. A crown fire can only continue to burn if the ground fire follows it and if the flames can continually rush up the trees. If the ground fire loses com- bustible material over a wide strip, the top fire goes out. On these facts are based our methods of fire-fighting. Extinguishing Forest Fires. It is easy to put out a fire just started, a green branch covered with leaves or needles swept over the ground in the opposite direc- tion to that in which the fire is travelling, not beaten up and down on the flames, soon drives back and extinguishes it. Once the flames are out, all glowing coals must be smothered by stepping on them, beating them out, or covering them with earth, or the fire can be confined by a furrow made with a grub-hoe, spade or plow, throwing the earth toward the fire. The same principles apply to large fires as long as they are ground fires; but it may happen that the heat is so great that near approach is impossible or the number of men available too small to cover the front of the fire. In that case it must be gradually reduced by fighting from the sides until it is conquered. (See Figure 1.) The newly extinguished places behind the fire must nat- urally be watched to prevent it springing up anew behind the fighters. If the fire has already reached the crowns, these means will be of no avail and a back-fire must be started. A back-fire can be used where the front of an oncoming fire gives an opportunity to light a row of small fires which can burn towards the main one without spreading backwards. Good places are roads, trails, railway lines, brooks, moist hollows where the grass is green, etc. Naturally the back- fires burn into a closed line against the wind, slowly along the ground, and without catch- ing into the tops and except in very young stands will do no material damage. As soon as the back-fire reaches the wind- driven main fire it will be seized by the rising air cur- rent, and will be carried into the tops against the latter, with which it will unite. This meeting kills both fires because there is nothing in the path of the fire on the ground to burn, and the crown fire, having no nourishment, dies out. Preventive Measures. In cultivated forests places to start pos- sibly necessary back-fires should be provid- ed at the time of planting. In favourable situations strips fifteen feet wide must be left bare and in seasons of especial danger they must be kept bare by plowing or dig- ging. These strips answer the purpose ex- cellently. The loss of ground is trifling, as fifteen feet is soon practically covered by the meeting of the crowns in middle age. Besides they serve as roads for removing thinnings, or they can be sown with fodder crops, — saradella, for instance, which fur- nishes food for game and prevents deer from feeding on young trees. In well regulated forests, it is not suffi- cient to make rules for extinguishing fires, but means must be taken to see that no fires start. Police and legal regulations practi- cally prevent fires started by human agency. In countries like Germany, where the knowl- edge that it is necessary to protect and care for the forests has penetrated to practically every class of the population, it has become possible steadily to decrease the number of fires set through malice and carelessness. Eegulations requiring every dweller near a forest to help fight fires without pay are willingly obeyed by the majority, and in countries where conditions are as favorable as they are in Germany, the number of fires would yearly diminish were it not that one circumstance increases them. The Railway Danger. This is the growing number of new rail- ways through the forests and the steadily growing traffic on those already built. Every 74 Mea!iure.<( for thr Prmntimi of Fon-^i r-'res. 75 3^ 0 i >1 '^-*^ £yt^fc t-ofi ^i^t I* Tra.rtii,n^ ^ ^ Q *> >. ^ f'^' >'* V F»^. I-Methoa of ChecKinq a Fore, engine using a fuel which throws off )iiiii|ihli't puMisho"! \>\ thi |•^ll^• sian State Kiiiluav f'oInIni^'sion in ll"'! treating of th«? I'rovontion of Forest I'lro*. it is e'\n oil \>\ ii" ■• motives. Tln>y hnvr siic.««i> led in making fire-boxes tight. "liiing of coal>. I>iif the'c Intfi-r are not very liangerons, falling, a** fhcv iln, on »*n' frnrk. It is the glowing - smokestacks which i , and cannot he hela<>k wit I ing «ith the .Iraft; this is . caso with fast trains. Patrol of way is al^o no o number of trains hi le locomotive on a trip can »et i lire? in rapid sucoes«!«ion in ^' • '■ . ^-.trat*' ' places. It i.H therefore ■a k on Ixitli \.y, .. .1. .. . or thin ptirp hi'ic'sarv ffl- AS 'onr***, !»e I hi f) ncftr tW 76 Canadian Forestry Journal, May-June. 1912. track. It' the fore:-t-lloor cover is only slightly or with difficulty inflammable, it is sufficient to keep bare a strip between the right of way and the woods, so that a fire starting caniiot jiass it; even this is some- times not necessary as the light far-flying sparks are not dangerous. Protection of Pine Forests. The conditions are quite different if the railway crosses a wood with highly inflam- mable ground-cover. There is especial dan- ger for extended stands of pine on poor dry soil. In such stands, the danger la'ts near- ly all the year, and the flau'es, running swiftly over the ground, easilv reach the crowns; they are safe only as long as the snow is on the ground, or as long as it is raining. In these stands, as well as all others, in which there is a large amount of easily inflammable, dry material, special precautions must be taken. Ordinarily the?e consist of treeless spaces, which are either used as farming land or planted with hard- wood managed on short rotation. But on dry forest soils, where the danger is great- est, hardwood will not grow, and farming does not pay, in which ease broad, entirely unused strips are left on both sides of the right of way, v.hich must lie plowed each year, entailing expense and bringing no re- turn, and sometimes also entailing danger to the railway through drifting sand. Protection Strips. If these strips are needed to stop sparks, they must be very wide. A width of ninety feet on either side does not protect, for Burkhard has observed that sparks have set fire 240 feet from the track. But a strip 33 feet wide and a quarter of a mile long contains one acre, therefore a strip 33 feet wide on each side of the track would mean eight acres per mile, not only lying useless, but in some cases increasing the danger of fire, as it has been proved that where a railway runs through a forest which lies close to the track, there the danger is, on the average, less than when the woods are farther away. If the trees are cloi-e the wind is compelled to follow along the narrow lane of the track, while if the trees are far- ther away, the Mind can blow from the side and drive the sparks among the trees." To overcome these disadvantages, and to protect the forest from the danger of fire from locomotive sparks, it is necessary to manage the wood near the track, and to pre- pare a strip on Avhich all fire will die out before it can set fire to the crowns, or kill the trees, and at the same time catch all sparks. The glowing sparks are rather large and fall inunediately to the ground as soon as they strike the still air stratum inside the protection stand, just as snow-flakes fall behind a hedge or sand-clouds behind fences an(l grass tufts. The protection strips, which the author of this pamphlet has recom- uieuiled I'oi- pine forests of North Hnropean plains, ansver a double purpose. They per- mit the ute of woodland right up to the track, even in districts most subject to fires, protect the track from drifting sand, and are relatively cheap to keep up. They consist of strips of trees, 36 to 45 feet wide, which have a bare ditch or path 4.-5 feet wide toward the fores-t, and a strip. 3 feet wide, of bare ground next to the track. The two bare strips are joined by foot-paths, kept bare, every sixty or ninety feet. As mentioned above, every fire starts from a small beginning, which cannot harm the trees, and is dangerous only when it has succeeded in spreading, ^'ery often the dry grass or moss on the railway embankment catches, and has quite a large front by the time it reaches the edge of the woods, and that it may not spread over into the wood, the edge of the wood is kej)t bare for three feet. Then the fire goes out. The glowing sparks which fall directly on the strips of wood beyond the first bare place can start only small fires, and if the^e spread, they must die out on reaching the second bare strip of 4.5 feet, or one of the cross lanes. Wooded Strips to be Narrow. Care must be taken that the fire on the protection strips never reaches the size of a crown fire, and thus spreads over the bare strips. This end is achieved by the narrowness of the wooded strips. If there is not much fuel on the ground, a fire 36 to 45 feet from its origin is not high; height comes only when a fire has reached deeper into a forest, over a larger surface, which much increases the heat. The amount of inflauunable material on the protection stand, both on the ground and above it, must be kept down as much as possible ; all dry brancdies, weeds, juniper and other in- flammable objects nuist be removed; sup- pressed and dry branches of the trees up to breast-height must also be pruned off. Only the green branches on the edges of the stand must be ke})t as near the ground as possible. The closer the green branches are on the side toward the track, the better the protection strip fills its second important purpose, ie., to stop the lighter far-flying sparks. To attain this end, the stand on the pro- tection strips must be (dosed and without large gaps; a stand which is too thick is not favorable, for between the close stand- ing trunks, the flames easily rise higher thau where the trees are not so close, and crowded trees do not develop gooil crowns. Since very old stands become too thin and the high trees are likely to be thrown on the tracks by storms, or at least may damage the telegraph lines, it is necessary to choose a short rotation for protection strips. In determining this rotation, the first consider- ation is the p)urpose of the protection stands; the second is the yield. The rotation Mtiisurea fur the I'lntnliun af Forest Firen. I f ^ * t \ I ^ ? ^ M * 1^ J^ 4- « ♦ ♦ J % I \ I t^ \ I- i|i M * t ♦ i * > ^ It* f * f ^ ^ f ^ f ^ M f » f * t- ^ > t t ^ f * f * ,t ^ ? f > E ^= i » » 4 » - r—r 4M » » f 4 f T-r 11 f t ♦ 1*1 I I 1 I I I J t I « .^ ^ ^ .t ^ r ;^ A £ i. .1 t - -^ kXkX i i ' Jt i K i ! _z ' I .♦ i A > i M. ♦ » « J : = ♦ i t » » » ■ * =* i : ; ' J I I i^ ^ U^iil* • » « :=! ^ ^ j» A * » > i » i I I :zi : t ^ ♦ ♦ zzr. = I i . : ft! > M f t t - F»r»l» 4 «; " '■= p...,...,- S'-. 9-^mi »* Fig 2.— Right of Way With Protection Strips on Both Sides. W — Strips of Bare Karth. of j-tiip^ ill |Min' nil >aiiil iiiii!-t lie lit'twtH*n sixty ami tM>;ht_v years. A too '•hurt rotation is to lio avoi'ii'il, for a ^-trip ouly liocoines of wfe when it r«'achos a hoi^,'ht equal to that of tho fnmicl of th<* loi'Oiiiotivo. SiiiiT thi' -laiim'r of >|iarks llyinj; far i- esjKTially jjri'at if tho wind lin«ls nothiiiK to chotk it on I'ither >^iiiles of the ri^ht of way niu>t never l>e iiit at the same time; at !• side nm>t lie left. The stands l.i-l: protection strip, too, must not Ik? cut and replanted as lonj; a-n tho proteetinR trees are so low that they do not fully pre\eiit sparks from tlyiiijj ov«'r them. If reforestation mu»t take place behind an in.Mufficient protection system, then u second protection strip must Jk> lai'l out e» actly like the first, and he kept up until the first strip is a sufficient protection. Cuts, Curves and Fills. The dan^jer i-< leu^t it the road r •- thron>;h a cut that is >o de«"p that the of the smokestack does not reach a edge. In this ca.'e, a >trip thret- \- between the edge of the cut and th. enough. Since, however, thee ■! generally short and the air oirrn cult to judge, it >eems in n sary to carry the .I'i foot \ past the^e also. The danger is esjH'cially great on 'I'c .m vex side of curves. Often her* the »ntni> iM that of tb« of the railway i« fh prevailing win.j, wd not coincide, with ti are thrown in large > protection •■tand^. It i- i the stand inu-t I c . !.. >• ■. ampli- height. makes no .iiiVer. . . ing train cannot eml out enough to 'r\ directly to the crown;". The ■lariger i» n^'" -k*^'"*' «H'"n th^ f^n* pas'eo aloii;; a 1 •' of th«' wind ^t.'..,. t tte denie tly fnrth" r thiin in a <' they take l..ii„'.T t«» rt- - t the danger i< ihiI 'T the f Ont from a «ui>«Tti< lal <-an throw the s|>n if it Mr • when it nwnt it fails, m it, anil »h f till air tbr tn. • ;- can tlio«e which to the lr» k The dr r 78 Canadian Forestry Journal, May-June, 1912. Only if the protecting strips are J'oimg, it is safer to have a second strip, 36 feet wiile and arranged like the first, kept up It'liiiul it. When a new railway is built, a menaced stand will be handled like any other forest, i.e., only a broad enough lane will be made for the right of way, and on both sides a protecting strip as described above. The forest is not changed except to clean up the ground, remove all material which in burning would generate much heat, as dry t^vigs, heather, etc. At the edge of the road- bed and on the outside of the forest toAAard the protection strip, the ground must be cleared entirely, 4.5 feet wide, so that the mineral soil will prevent any spread of the ground fire. The trees on this 4.5 feet strip may be left; they must, however, be pruned so that the yearly clearing of this strip can be done by horse-drawn harrows. If the timber on a protecting strip must be cut off on account of overmaturity, the strip must be replanted immediately. The protecting strip on the other side of the track, as well as the forest lying next the strip to be lumbered, must not be cut until the young growth has reached a height sufficient to prevent a transverse wind from blowing the sparks into the forest. Choice of Species. The kind of trees to be chosen for plant- ing must satisfy the following conditions : — (1) The trees must be adapted to the soil, so that they start well and continue to thrive. (2) They must form a thick bark early, so that they will not be killed by ground fires. (.3) Their crowns must be thick enough at all seasons to catch flying sparks and to shade the soil in order to prevent a thick growth of grass. According to a current opinion, hard- woods are better than pines; this view is based on an incorrect observation. Where hardwood thrives, as a rule the ground is fresher and the fire risk less than where pine grows. The young pine, one inch in diam- eter, is safer from a running fire than the same-sized hardwood tree (beech, oak, birch) because it early forms a thicker, non- conducting bark than the other. Its crown is a better spark-arrester, because it is green in the danger season, spring, before the leaves of the hardwoods have appeared. It must, however, be pruned to a sufficient height to prevent a weak fire striking up into the crown. For the narrow protecting strips, pruning up to 3 to 4.5 feet is suffi- cient. On the dry sand of the North European plains the common pine is the only indi- genous tree which forms a safe protecting stand. In other forested areas, there are evergreens which have the same refistance to fires, and are suitable as Pinus silves-tris. Formation and Care of Strips. Sowing is the best way to start a stand, for the main object is to have s-troug even- growing plants, and it allows us to keep the ground between the plants clean for several years. If the ordinary pine is chosen, it is best to plant in rows parallel to the track 3 ft. G in. apart; in the ro^vs, 18 inches is the spacing for strong one- or tAvo-year-old pines. If possible, a little good soil should be put in the holes. Strong plants with well-balled roots, or three-year- old transplants should be set three feet apart. Between the rows a horse harrow should be used once a year, so that if a running fire starts in the young growth, it will go out at once. If the ground is too rough for horses, it must be bared by hand. This harrowing must be kept up until the stand is so high that ground fires cannot catch in the tops. In order to reach this stage as soon as possible, the lower, dry and suppressed branches are cut off as soon as the pines are three feet high; only on the outside row are all the branches left, so that they form a mantel reaching nearly to the ground to catch the sparks. Simultaneously with the pruning, all super- fluous trees are cut, i.e., those which stand too close to another tree. In their early years, a spacing of 3 ft. to 3 ft. 6 in. is about right. Later all suppressed trees are cut, so that only thrifty trees with thick crowns remain. By means of the thick close crowns the undergrowth of grass, lichens, etc., is prevented, so as to furnish little nourishment to a ground fire, which then runs harmlessly through. It is desir- able that these protecting strips should burn often, so that no accumulation of fuel can occur to be dangerous for a later fire. If there is no fire for a year from sparks, the advisability of setting a fire under favor- able weather and wind conditions (toward the track) to burn the ground-cover, should be considered. As soon as it becomes impossible to work the ground between the rows, precautions should be taken that a fire catching in the protecting strip does not run into the stand to be protected. For this purpose, before mentioned, the bare strips are laid out, whose surface must be made fireproof, each year, by raking off inflammable matter or by working the soil. On the woodward side, the strips are 4.5 feet wide, and those to- ward the embankment and the right-angled strips 3 feet. This baring of the soil can be well ac- complished by using a spring harrow. In this case the bare strips must be arranged so that the animals drawing the harrows can work uninterruptedly, and a' uniform width of six feet should be chosen. A form as shown in the sketch is good. The iConrliidcil on P((f/(' 81). Canada's 1911 Pulpivood Consumption. Thf Fori'strv Hraiirli ol" tiic Departiiifiit of thf Intorior has (inishoil the i'Oiiii>ilati(>ii of the statistii's of |>iilji\vooil consuiiiiitioii for 1911, aihl will shortly |iiililish thf rf suits as thfir liiillftin No. M. The coiisiiiiiptidii of pulpwood ^hl>\ve•l an increase of 7.'{,K(I1 cordfi (or iL'.Jt jifr cent) namely, from ri{ts,487 forf coinpilerl in 1908. The increase in the production of pulp was 22,229 tons, viz.. from 474,0t»4 tons in 1910 to 49r),8:ia tons in 1911 (an increase of 4.7 per cent). Fifty-four linns sent in reports, an increase of three. (^ueliec mills. 2.S in niimher, consumed 5^ jer cent of the total <|uantity of wood Ui-eil ; Ontario, with fourteen mills used al- most oiu" third; the four mills in New Brunswick took (i.8 {>er cent of the total and Nova Scotia's seven mills aliout half that quantity. The actual ..S24 corrls, and Nova Scotia, 22,221 cords. Pulp manufacture in British Columhia is still in the e.xperimeiital sta^;e. The etTect on the price of pidpwooij of Quebec's prohildtory rejjulations as to ex port of wood cut on crown lands has been awaited with interest. The comdusion to be drawn from the fij^ires of the bidletin is that an increase of almost one ilollar per cord has resulted. The avera>;e pri thirty cents per cord. Spruce iH Ktill far in the lead an a pulp wood, over four fifths of the wood nwd beini; of this spi-cies. Soiiiewhat le^M than (itie fifth of the total coM^umptmn wan bal- sam fir, and poplar and heudork ea< h fur nished le.s8 than one |K'r c<>nt of the total. The proportion of balsam (ir used for pulp is constantly increasing- Only four s|>fcies same lir, poplar an^l h' for pulp in 1911. Quebec UM>d nit tour, Ontario and Nova Scotia all but hemlock, and New Brunswick only spruce an*'t llrunswick: spruce, 96 per .. ..; •'■• f \n-r cent. Of the processes the sixty jM-r cent of th«> ; was nuide by thix )•- cent of the pul|i wu- ;. ;;_ phite pr< ss, an>l about eight per cent by the soda jirocess. Qiudiec leads in the production of !«•• • hanii-al anrovince are as folloM" .Me. teu ."Spruce Malsam Fir Hemlock . I'oplar . . 23.1% Soda. 8.7% 0.7% In 1911, 72.9 iKT cent of the pu was produce by this nu>thod. .New- other band, manufactur< of its pulpwoo.l by th' with the remainder liiy betwft'n the «tlnT t The annual coi mill in the I>omi: most the same as that for cords) and quite an incr. . 1910 (ll,7;i.'. cords I. n highest average cut per mill, stA., iu^oJ cords. The aK>crej;ate export of 2ri9/>14 tons, of wh ' chanii-nl pul|i nnd T! $1 ton. In ! at *■ ' '" - c.'t !►« or • - formeii >> the • the cbrini' ■ "• Stale* re K Tl 80 Canadian Forestry Journal, May-June, 1912. cessfiilly competing with Canadian pulp, probably owing to the lower cost of labor in thei-e countries and perhaps, also, to the fact that smaller profits may be satisfac- tory to capital. The home market, also, has increased its production by home forty per cent since 1908, when it took 34 per cent, and in 1911 took almost 48 per cent. Canada now supplies approximately half of the United States import of pulp. Less pulpwood in the unmanufactured state was exported in 1911 than in any year since 1907. The decrease is confined to Quebec, which sent to the United States over 140,- 000 cords less pulpwood than in 1910; On- tario and New Brunswick, on the other hand, have both increased their imports to the United States. Still, of the 1,520,227 cords of pulpwood produced in Canada in 1911, considerably over half (nearly .56 per cent) is exported unmanufactured, the quantity being 847,939 tons. The total value of the pulpwood produced was $9.- 678,616, that of the pulpwood manufactured in Canada $4,338,024, and that of the ex- port being $5,340,592. Had Canada manu- factured into pulp the pulpwood she ex- ported, she would have received, instea'l of the $5,340,592 she actually got, approxi- mately $15,000,000. The pulpwood thus ex- ported would have supplied sixty eight n.ills of the average size of those operating in Canada, and the Dominion, instead of hav- ing fifty four pulp-mills, would thus have a hundred and twenty two; Quebec could supply, with her export, forty five mills of the average size operating in the province, and New Brunswick could double her num- ber. Imports of wood-pulp nearly doubled in value, namelv, from $49,000 in 1910 to $94,000 in 191]. U. S. FOREST RANGER QUALIFI- CATIONS. The requirements and duties of forest rangers on National Forests in the United States are thus described in ' The Use Book, ' which contains the regulations and instruc- tions for the use of the National Forests: 'A ranger of any grade must be thor- oughly sound and able-bodied, capable of en- during hardships and performing severe la- bour under trying conditions. He must be able to take care of himself and his horses in regions remote from settlement and sup- plies. He must be able to build trails and cabins, ride, pack and deal tactfully with all classes of people. He must know some- thing of land surveying, estimating and scal- ing timber, logging, land laws, mining, and the live-stock business. 'On some forests the ranger must be a specialist in one or more of these lines of work. Thorough familiarity with the region in which he seeks employment, including its geography and its forest and industrial conditions, is usually demanded, although lack of this may be supplied by experience in similar regions. 'The examination of applicants is along the jjractical liues indicated above, and ac- tual demonstration, by performance, is re- quired. Invalids seeking light out-of-door employment need not apply. Experience, not book education, is sought, although abil- ity to make simple maps and write intelli- gent reports uj'on ordinary forest business is essential. ' Where saddle horses or pack horses are necessary in the performance of their duty, rangers are required to own and maintain them. The Forest Service furnishes no per- sonal or horse equipment. ' Rangers execute the work of the Na- tional Forests under the direction of Super- visors. Their duties include patrol to pre- vent fire and trespass, estimating, surveying, and marking timber, the supervision of cut- tings, and similar work. They issue minor permits, build cabins and trails, oversee grazing business, investigate claims, report on applications, and report upon, and ar- rest for, violation of forest laws and regula- tions. ' The examination consists of questions re- garding the use of the forest, supplemented by a field test to show the applicant's fit- ness to do the actual work of a ranger. Edu- cation and experience are rated on the answers to the questions on these subjects in the application form and on the appli- cant's use of English in the written test. Horses for the tests in riding and packing are provided by the Forest Service. The examination is under the control of the Civil Service Commission, and not of the Forest Service. The law requires that, when practicable, forest rangers must be qualified citizens of the State or Territory in which the National Forest on which they are appointed is situ- ated. Since the list of local eligibles must be exhausted before eligibles residing in other States can be appointed, the chance of citizens of outside States who go to the Na- tional Forest States and take the examina- tion to secure an appointment is small. The per capita lumber production in Can- ada in 1909 was about 684 board feet, pro- bably the greatest in the world. The per capita production in the United States in 1909 was 470 board feet. It is probable that with an increased demand due to forest depletion in other countries, with the devel- opment of transportation system to northern forest regions, now inaccessible, the forest production of Canada will still further in- crease even though it has already reached proportions which under present systems of administration the forest of this country^ cannot permanently support. An Oiiltiritt Fnrtsl Survey. 81 Measures for the Preventiim of Fire (Concluded from i)age 78.) place for the strips to be Imrcil must be chosen when planting. The laving out and keeping up of the protection strips naturally costs something, and the strips are only a sure protection if carefully kept up. But the cost of this system is far less than the sarrifice, which must be made to keep i\\> the heretofore little useful, bare protecting strips, used in North Germany, and a management used, as is the railway, to install all means for safety of J>as^engers and to run its business with the most painstaking care, will easily carry out the relatively simple rules laid down here. The wood-owner must strive to protect his forests from devastating fires, and it will be to his own interest as well as that of the <(nintry in general to co-operate with the railway management. PAY MORE FOR PULPWOOD. The Montreal corresponilent of the Paper Trade Journal, one of the leading journals of the paper trade in the I nited States, sent to that journal lately an interi-sting note on the efre<'t of the prohibition of pulpwood export. After noting the fact that it is only recently, for the first time, that the l' nited States mills are cfimpelled to come to Can- ada for their supply, and the reasons for this, the despatch continues: 'They find that the price has aaper manufacturer.' Forestry seeks not only to prevent the de Ptruction of the forests but to secure •>'<■•' imjirovement so that they will be in n • tion to produce each year, ering of their value, even gr^ they have yet produced unrler mr' exploitation. To secure this re'* must achieve fire jtrotection, p- waste in the logging, r of lumber, and the rci. and put-over lands. AN ONTARIO FOREST SURVEY. Diiiitig tiii.s loiiiiMg s the ( 'aMUi for a phm of jnaiuiffcnicnt. The en- tire area is alniut 1.500 Hquarf miles in extent. The survey is under the Huperin- tendence of Dr. li. E. Fernow. the (iehl work l)einj; done hv I)r ('. I). Howe atid .Mr .F. II. While, with thn-e stutleiits. The survey was start- ed during? th«' fotirth week of .^!ay, in the townshij) of Mjirtnora i H;i«- tings county). This is at th- 'h- rast corner of the area tu In y- ed. which includes all the townKhips n(trth of Sturm'on and St<»?iy lakes, ;is far west a.s Victoria "'v The information vs\ sought is the diNtribution of farm jiiid fiiniit latid.s and of forest typ<-s Tli<- lirnt oltj<'Ct of the survey is t<> ^ • •'••- tailed int'ornuition, not <> ural conditions, hut also of o .p an*l wonomie conditions of tli. luun- try surveyed. The Dominion ^mvernmcnt hnA » distinct intercHt in the part of the country to W st. '« havinjf sp - ?», during th' tU on the building of danui r of en- s of i''"?i. .... the s He ' th« ( ommimon of ' takint? the work V of h •h .'I ■ w ill Im> tri^raa*. — <>tu 82 Canadian Forestry Journal, May- June, 1902. Use of Telephone Lines in Fighting Fire (Concluded from page 73.) While the principal reason for building these lines is for fire pro- tection, tliey pay for themselves in other ways by facilitating the busi- ness and administration of the forest. Hardly a week passes but the ranger finds it necessary to communicate with his supervisor upon some mat- ter of business. Mail routes are scarce in these remote districts. To get to head-quarters he may have to ride one hundred miles, or even more. This means several days of labor lost, to say nothing of the risk of leaving the district Mathout any patrol. With a telephone the matter can be settled in fifteen minutes and the ranger does not leave his work. During the summer months the forests are used to pasture thousands of head of sheep, cattle and horses, that are trailed for scores of miles to these summer pastures. The tele- phone is a boon to the owner in en- abling him to keep in touch with his foremen and outfit. This is why the Forest Service spends thousands of dollars of its ap- propriation each year in the con- struction of telephone lines. Besides those built and owned by the Service they have the free use of many miles of telephone built by settlers in co- operation with the Service. Free right of way and poles are granted to any company, corporation or pri- vate party to cross the forests with such lines ; in exchange for these privileges the Forest Service asks the right to connect its lines, or to place an instrument where needed. Settlers and miners are glad to have an instrument placed in their cabins free of charge, the only fee required being that they notify the rangers of any smoke seen in their vicinity. Often an abandoned telephone line, that has been built into a once pros- perous mining camp, is purchased or leased at small expense. Tempor- ary lines are often strung to some lookout point, where the instrument is placed in a box and nailed to a tree ; such lines are generally strung on trees or brush and taken down when the season is over. A comprehensive plan for a tele- phone system has been worked out for each forest ; few of these have been completed to date, but some- thing is being added to them each year as appropriations are available. With their completion, and an in- creased force for patrol during the dry season, a serious forest fire on the national forest will be a rare oc- currence. The Forestry Division of the Laur- entide Co., (Grand Mere, P.Q.), is this spring planting 15,000 seedlings, having in view the re-stocking of cut- over lands near their mill. A forest nursery will also be established. Map- ping and valuation survey work will be continued. The Timherman (Portland, Ore., U.S.A.,) reports a number of forest fires in the states of Washington and Oregon. The early part of ]\lay was very dry, and hence the season was favorable for forest fires. Five lives were lost in a fire which destroyed one logging camp. Nine camps and one mill, besides other property, are also reported destroyed. The College of Forestry of the Uni- versity of Washington is to have a demonstration forest ; it will fill the double purpose of an experiment sta- tion and a field laboratory in which the students of the college may carry on work. A press despatch, dated May 28, from Prince Albert, Sask., stated that bush fires had been sweeping the country north of the River Saskat- chewan for two weeks before that date. One house belonging to a set- tler had been destroyed, and a sur- vey camp of the Canadian Northern Hudson Bay railway burned. With the Forest Engineers. DOMINION FOKESTKV liKANCIl NOTES. Th.- Forestry Branch of flit- Dc- parfiiu'iit of tilt' Interior will this suiiiiiier have s«'Veral i)arties in the fiehl. Work is heinp taken up in a couple of regions in which no forestry work has so far heeii done. In one of these, viz., the Lac la liiche coun- try, in the province of Alherta. Mr. S. H. (^lark will he in charge of the work. Another new region is south- eastern Manitoba, where Mr. L. ('. Tilt will be in charge of a survey party, with Mr. F. S. Newman as as- sistant. Mr. \V. L. Scandrett will take up the work begun last suiiuner by Mr. W. J. Vandusen hi the Pas- (|uia Hills district, where an ade is stipervisor of the Hrazeau re8<'rve. an«l Mr K M. Brown is forest a.ssistant for the re- .serve. .Mr. \V. .1. \'andu.S4'n is at [.•—•••♦ a.ssisting Mr. \V. N. .Millar. In- for Alberta. .Mr. L. H. AntlreWN has been ap- |it)intei| forest a.ssistant on the Hid- ing .Mtmntain iiserve. in plnrr of Nfr. .1 Iv Dick.son. -Mr. I'. K llcrchmcr has I»o«'n «p- pointeil Inspector of Forest H'-st-rvwi for the proviu' • "*' ^1aniti»ba The list <»f officers of ^' .St»cie|y of F«>rest Engui- ' -' shows no change fn»ui that of 1311, all the officers In-ing re-eliTliMl The list is as f<»ll«)W8: — I'resitleni Dr. li K l-tn..- \'iecpr«'siih'nt — H II < ■«fn|»U'II S«f.-treaM. — K. W. II .lacoiiitx Kxwutive Coniniilttt' -II. R. Mar- Mdlan and KIIwimhI \Vil<«nii. .Mr. II K .MmMillan I- . ....f..i the pofiition of Chief For DipartnienI of I^andn of iiniiHh t ol- uinbia. Mr. H l» Craig, foniu-rly of l>oinininn Kon-j»f I. ill bu.sin»-xs in \ bii\ing .'iri! s. making or •• now >t« 83 S4 Canadian Forestry Journal, May- June, 1912. Mr. A. Knechtel, Inspector of For- est Reserves, visited Fredericton, N. B., in April, as representative of the forestry Branch, spending the week from April 4 to April 10 in examin- ing the timberland belonging to the University of New Brunswick, in ■company with Prof. R. B. Miller, and conferring as to the policy to be .adopted in the treatment of the tract. As a result of the conference, a forest working plan will be prepared and a strip survey has already been started as a preliminary to this. Studies for ■volume and yield tables will be pre- pared next fall on tracts adjoining the property, and thus the cutting of the University's forest will be ren- dered unnecessary. A trail will be ■cut along the boundary at one side of the tract; certain necessary clean- ings and thinnings have already been begun. Kenneth R. Machum, of the junior class of the U. of N. B. forestry de- partment, is working with the fores- try branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway's new department of natural resources. Prof. R. B. Miller, of the Univer- sity of New Brunswick, in a recent newsy letter to the Editor, gives in- teresting notes of activities in the Maritime Provinces. An important part of his spring's programme has been the supervising of a plantation of 15,000 Norway spruce seedlings on land belonging to the Rhodes Curry Co., at Little River, N.S. The stock used was three-year-old transplants, strong and hardy stock, secured from Ostermann & Sons, Germany. A tract of some ten acres was laid off in a burned area and all debris re- moved. A fire guard will be plowed around the plantation and a fence erected to keep out the deer. He also supervised the planting of several hundred ornamental trees on the sum- mer estate of Mr. N. Curry, of Mont- real, president of the Canadian Manu- facturers' Association, at Tidnish, N. S. Work in prospect at the time of writing included a summer camp on the college lands for a short time, fol- lowed by the oversight of a party of students making an estimate of 3,000 acres for private individuals in the province. After a short visit to Prof. Hawley and a party of Yale Juniors engaged in some timber-marking work near Woods Lake Siding, in the Adirondacks, New York State, for the International Paper Co., he will spend the summer at his home in Indiana. He considers the prospects of the forestry department decidedly encouraging. Mr. R. R. Bradley, of the New Brunswick Railway and Land Co., will have a party of three U. of N. B. students with him this summer. Mr. A. 11. D. Ross will again spend the summer in the employ of the Can- adian Pacific Railway Company as consulting forester. Foresters now in British Columbia include Dr. Judson F. Clark, and Messrs. R. D. Craig, H. C. Wallin, A. S. Williams, L. Margolin, H. C. King- horn and P. L. Lyford. Asa S. Williams, F.E., is British Columbia agent for the Allis-Chal- mers-Bullock Co., manufacturers of logging machinery. Business seems to be pretty good, as he has just sold three more over-head skidders for Vancouver Island. Former ones have proved very successful in handling the heavy Coast timber. Mr. Overton W. Price, former As- sistant Forester for the United States, is now in British Columbia, acting as consulting forester for the B. C. gov- ernment in the organization of their forestry department. The United States took 63.8 per cent, of the mechanical wood pulp and 95.7 per cent, of the chemical wood pulp exported from Canada in 1909. The fire at Porcupine is a repetition of the story that has become common where- ever standing timber is still to be found. Some day there will be an official awak- ening to the need of real precautious. — • Toronto Globe. OTTAWA, CANADA Canadian Torestrylournal Vr.T.. \III, JLILY AT^r.T'SI'. l'.)12. N 4 I. Main Ki»t»aiiC«,. ProvihciaIj, ^T BtBbs. PARtlV,cTORIA,B C CONVENTION. VICTORIA. B C SEPT 4. 5 AND 6 FOREST ENGINEERS. Koi'cst Surveys l^ogging ]\I:ips TIMBER ESTIMATES Water Power Water Storage. CLARK, LYFORD, & STERLING 1331 Real Estate Trust Bldg., Philadelphia CLARK & LYFORD, LYFORD, CLARK & LYFORD, ^o-^ Crown Blilgf. . VANCOUVER 26 Board of Trade Bldg-. MONTREAL THE CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Extends a cordial invitation to tho^e inter- ested in the forests of this country, from whatever point of view, to join its ranks, and help to s^pread knowledge of, and in- terest in, the forests of Canada in partic- ular, and in general of the world. During the past few years the interest in the proper use and the protection and perpetua- tion of the forests has greatly increased, and to this increased knowledge and interest the (Canadian Forestry Association, by its propaganda work, has contributed its share. Founded in 1900, with a membership of 12, it has in twelve years increased its mem- bership to 2,700. During these years it has held conventions throughout Canada from <-oast to coast, in the Ancient Capital and in the bustling cities of the prairies and Pacific coast, in the manufacturing east and the agricultural prairie country. Its official organ, Tlic Canadian Forestry Journal, was started in 1905 and is now in its seventh volume. But as forestry goes on, circum- stances change and neAv needs spring up, and the Association is anxious to do its duty in arousing public interest and point- ing out ways of getting things done. One object of the Association was achieved when forest reserves were established; but that is merely a beginning and now proper ad- ministration of these reserves, on the basis of the public good, irrespective of any pri- A'ate or partizan interest, must be secured. When that is done other problems will pre- sent themselves for settlement. The Asso- her, R. FT. Campbell, J. B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Or. H E. Fernow. Ellwood Wilson, Senator Bostock. F. C. Whitman, G. C Piche. Alex. MacLaurin, Carl Riordon ; Mgr. O. E. Mathieu, Bishop of Repina : A. P. Stevenson. Wm. Pearce, Wni. Power, C. E. E. Ussher, Denis Mu-phy. C. [ackson Booth. VVm. Price. J. W. Harkoni, A. S. Goodeve, M.P., W. C. J. Hall. J. S. Dennis. Territorial Vice-Presidents : Ontario— Hon. W. H. Hearst. Quebec — Hon. Jules .\nard. New Brunswick — Hon. J. K. Fleimiiing. Nova Scotia — Hon. G. H. Murray. Manitoba— Hon. R. P. Roblin. Prince Edward Island— Hon. J. A. Matheson. Saskatchewan— His Honor G. W. Brown. Alberta— Hon. A. L. Sifton. British Columbia— Hon. W. R. Ross. Yukon— Geo. Black, Commissioner. Mackenzie — F. D. Wilson. Keewatin— His Honor D. C. Cameron. Ungava — His Grace Mgr. Bruchesi, Archbishop of Montreal. Canadian Forestry? Jounial Vol. \III Ottawa, .h i.\-Ar(;rsT. l'.H2 No 4 I'HE official orifiiu ol llie Canndinn I'lTolry * A>soci;itu>n. A ti<>e di-voicJ to llic i.iterests ot lorcslry and in K^'ieral to the adviH-acy c>( the wise anj coriscrvaiuc um- »1" ihc natural resources ot Canada. adJrc*«, anil aJti-rliinrnU khouM b* »eat to iIm Srcrrlary Canadian I'Weklry AkMWulion. C'anMlun Buildini:, Ottawa. Canada. The Canadian Forestry Journal l« a good Annual Subscription. - $1.00 SlnKle Copy, - - - 25c Literary C"ontrit)Utions and i-onimtinicatio;iK regarding editorial matters together Willi com- munications rei^ardini; suliscriptiims, chango .>! advertlslni; medium Ad\crti»iii|{ ra:c» on application. KiuroKiAi. Ci'MMtiirt- : L.- I .i %'cf F.t. tor : Ct. C Pii.he, .\»-..'.iale tdi worth. K. H. Can.ph.ll. J. M. .M K \\ . II. Jacoinbr. '4'tbii^ nf {l* IT 11 t 1'' 11 t 't ^ 1 1 k> I ^ I.' I I'agc. The Nictiiria. I'. <"., CiiiiMMitioii S5 Kfiilway VrriiiiiziMiu'iits s7 Oiiator/it'iiie C'oiivi'iitioii ... . ^ Tlif liritish ('olumhia Foicvt .\' t H* Hiirniny Oil in H. (" 91 Kxpt'iinieiit Nredi'il in Papt-r .Mak \uk: MacMillau !»'J i.c Biiil^^i't lies Fon-ts en Xoiv«>k«» : iVrrin 9X Sonio I'.'lL' ^()^<•^t Fires ... in-j Tlie Chi.'t' For»'stt;r ot R. C ion Al>|>ointnuMits liy Merit 1«>4 (idverninent Forevts in Saxon v: W ri^ht I<''» .\-]nii Tree in the N()ith\\e>t : Kn •ihtel I].\l>ort of ChristinHs Trees ... : !■■ Forestry liranth I'lililieations Ill With the Forest Knuineers . 112 The Victoria, B*C. Convention, September 4. 5 and G the Dates Decided Upon Wednesday, Thursday and Fn day, Sept. 4. 5 and 6 are the dates set for the holding of the conven tion at Victoria. B.C. The proceed ings will open with a reception on the evening of Sept. 4, and on the two following days morning and afternon sessions, at 10 a.m. and 2.30 p.m. respectively, will be held in the commodious and centrally located hall of the Alexandra Club. On Friday evening. Sept 6. it is ex pccted that a banquet will be held :it the Empre.-^s hotel. The government and people o: British Columbia have awakened to the value to them of their foresU. and when the people of the Pacific province become roused prompt and vigorous action is the result At .s.> 86 Canadian Fcrestnj Journal, J uhj- August, 1912. Looking Towards Victoria from the Parliament Buildings. the last session of the provincial legislature there was passed a For- est Act, which is in many respects the most advanced piece of forestry legislation that has been enacted on this continent. So favorably is it regarded that the State of Cali- fornia is said to be about to pass legislation which is largely a repro- duction of this Act. Not only will Hon. W. R. Ross, Minister of Lands, who has jurisdic- tion over the province's forests and in whose department the new For- est Branch is placed, take an active part in the convention, but the pre- mier of the province, Hon. Sir Rich- ard McBride, K.C.M.G., is taking a personal interest in the convention and will deliver an address. Fore-ts and forestry in British Columbia will naturally take up the greatest share of attention at the meetings, but the papers and dis- cussions will not be confined to these only. Many of the leading foresters and lumbermen of the province and of the whole Dominion will be present at the convention, and sessions of the greatest interest may be looked for. To Easterners who attend, not only will the convention be interest- ing but the entire journey to the Pacific coast will be of the greatest interest and their visit to the pro- vince will afford them the greatest enjoyment. In Vancouver the Paci- fic province possesses one of the most substantial and rapidly grov/- ing cities of the. North American continent. It has now a population of 140,000 (including suburbs) and is looking forward to great things in the future, especially after the Panama canal is completed. The city includes the famous Stanley Park, with its big trees, in which the tree lover will find special de- light. Capilano Canyon is another point of interest that will divide general attention with the famous park. From here, the capital city of Vic- toria, the scene of the convention, is some five hours' sail down the Strait of Georgia. Not only does it include many beautiful buildings (of which the Parliament buildings are the chief), but it is famed also for the beauty of its surroundings. The immense timber resources of Vancouver Island, and its possibilit- ies in many other directions will also engross the attention of the visitor. The railway development cf the mainland must be «n additional source of wonder to the tourist. Tin \ ifliiii,! Il (' ( '•intutiuH- S, RAILWAY ARRANGEMENTS. — -^ Arriiii;;«'iiu'iits hav«* ln-i-n iiiuilf uitli tin* laihuivs wliiih ciiuMo thv A^sdciiition to jiroiiiiM' a rate of a siiinU- far«- for tlio ruiiixl trip tu all attfihiiii}; the < (Jiivoiition from all l>oiiit» ill Caiiaila. This rati- is, of opoii to lailii's atti'ihliiii; tin- Coiivcni In orilcr to |iarti<'i|iat<> in this n-iji far«». >li'U'jjat»'s nm^t piinhaM' lir>t class u;.. way tickt'ts to \'ii-toria, H.C, aii(<•(/; i ri rii prill (s ti> llml iff'irl on tin Stiiiidaxl I'l rtififiiti form from th«' railway a^ii-iit ^^•ll in;^' tlu' tiikt't. ik'ailway tiikct auciits ar«' Mipplii'il with tlii'M' i'«'rtilie ctTtifirati's \>ill Ik- pr«'>-<'iit«''l lo iiir Socrotary at thi- iiifctiiiK, aii«>ntatioii of thi' i*«'rtili<-at«' to the railway tifkft ayiMit at Victoria. Thr 'ii'tails of railuay ilatos, etc.. arc as follows: — I'ORT AUTIIIH AM) W KST. (JOINC^. — Datks «ik sai.k ask Tkansit Limit — ()iu*way tickets ami stamlanl roii- viMitioii certificates to ho issued to Victoria, B.C., Anyiist :.'Sth to IHst in.lnsive. tickets to bear final transit limit of Septemlier 4th. F^AicK — Lowc>-t onewav first class fare. leKTlK-MNfJ.— liKTlK-V LiMiT.s— fertifi «at«'.s. to lie honoreil at X'ictoria, Ii.<'.. np to ami inclmlin^ October 4th for free ticket back to .-tartiny point, such tiikets to bear final Transit limit of tiftei-n 'lays. l"l:t)M AM. I'OINIS l.\ t A\.\l>.\ I.A>I OF I'oirr .Mi'Tinu. (JOI.XC;. -- Date.s ok Sai.k and Tka.nsit Limit. — One way tickets ami staiMJiriJ con- vention certificates to be isMieil to \'ictoria, H.( ., via all rail routes on .Xn^inxt L';tr«l to .'tfith inclu>iv«-, ami via (Jreat Lake^ roite*. tickets to le ^ol«l to eoiiiiect with --teamers sailing on Safiirilay, Moinlay anl N^ ■ .lay. .\ii«u>t L'fth. •Jf.th an. I L'Mh. tickets to tear final tran>it limit of Sfptein- ber 4th. Fai;k I.m \f>t oiii- .\av tir^t■eIa^!« turv plus •_'.'» rent* for the >;oiiiy trip. KKTI KMNCi. Kktikn Limit- iVrtifl- cates to bi« honorel at \ictoria, 1 ami inclmliii); October 4th, for I back to xtartiii); point, siiirh tickets to Itear final tran-it limit of fifteen .la\> LAKH AKI'.ITUAIMi:."^. Th. ailititional ainoints to U- pail :< when certificates av li >'{ I: Ml TirirATi H: .journey if pa•^en;JeI Lake Routes : — 1. (ioiiiK all rail. Lakes, ^'.> a blitional. 'J. tioinj; \ ia (trc:it rail, ^4 a'blitional .'l. (loini; anil reimimi.. $i:{ aililitional. to tnl^ rotiiruitiK 1.;ifcc-. rrtn^-nir;: aM L l'nle«-s ticket for L'niij • rVi.-i- f'\ .\iiynst J'lr.j to Arthur anil vM-^t, Aiikh-i _-.ii i »ive). 1'. I f not ^it;ne<| at th' Secret airy. • '.. I'nle»» siirremlere »rr «> .V, L'A>'>'oeiation fore»tti^r'• . iM'-i.li.'imi :n:iiil accept*' riiivitatioii ihi ,. Colombie Mritaniiiip ' /ieine con\ention ai< les 4. ."> et <• *«'ptembie, lS»l-. .McHri'le. |>renii«'r ministre Nr la I'"" .!.• !"A. JAM :aTi 88 Canadian Forestry Journal, J iilij-.'. iiyii.st, 1912. Hon. Sir Richard McBride, K.C.M.G., Prime Minis- ter of British Columbia. The British Columbia Forest Act* The province of British ('ohiinl>ia. in its 'Forest Act.' passed at the last session of the Legislature, has taken what many consider the most advanc- ed ground yet taken on this continent in regard to the preservation and per- petuation of its forests. The Forest Branch. By this Act the Forest Branch of the Department of Lands was creat- ed and given most extensive powers in regard to the timber and tim])er- lands of the province. These powers include the entire administration of the crown timberlands, control of all revenue arising therefrom, the con- .servation of the forests, including their protection from fire, reforesta- tion, sales and disposal of timber- lands, scaling and i-egulation of traffic in timber and logs and the enforce- ment of statutes relating to the regu- lation of the forests. All officials and servants of the Forest Branch are to be subject to all 7'//*' y>/y the .\i-l. is to <'Oiisist ol" the ("liit'l" Koi'fstcr. / ./• ojji- ;Mi/.e«l and «'ontinned in future, hut as certain leasi's r.im. lip for renewal new terms will he im posed liy th»' forestry departmeiil in view of the terms anei- so ns to maintain them all on an e pialily as far as po.ssiMe. In rejjard to tim- ber licenses, if is |>rovid»'d that all surveys of sftei iai Ii« i eses s' COmpl''fed lii'fovc till' l:i?)i of 1!'1S. the j;<»vernm< .. . '.iiii»'>i>" tt,.- power to compel and control If due di! he not «• i by the holder. [II.- •lepartui' surveys to he nuidi- .' penses up to the liol lnt w ill he put in fon •'. n-pr illation ami litensi' I sriders. The pre.sent law in r««*p«*t to «!<•' her marking, and manufactiiri> ^ in the provinte of timlH>r pro4luetii will practically remain nnehanftetl West of the ('.IS ail'-s thi- British ('olumhia lot; scale is to Ih- Ur»<-<1 . .-ast of this, what ever lojf waif may he «le- cided on hy the I^ieutenHUt-ltovornor- in( 'ouncil. Protection from Fire The most important fealun**! of \\\e law relate to the pn>veiition of fire. and tin's.- are .-nlire! '" ticjil purpost's ili.v to two jiarts « ' pojiition of deliriM. niuI 1 tn the priM-aiition.H lo ' • th<» iiHi' of tires. In the ca.Hi' of tin- flr»t it is made ••oinpiilsory »■ of the dao* pTouH ac '• 90 Canadian Forcsinj Journal, Julij-Auyuxt, 1912. Group of Forestry Officials Taken at Victoria, B.C., May, 1912. This photograph is reiiiaikahlt' in its way, f-howiiig, as it does, reprefentatives oi' several different forest services and graduates of the leading forest schools of America. It was taken outside the Parliament Buildings, A^ietoria, last May. Hon. W. R. Ross, Xlinister of Lands, who is in charge of the forests of Britis-h Oolunihia, is in the centre of the foreground. Reading from left to right the names of the men are as follows:- — R. E. Benedict, Chief of Operation, B. ('. Forest Service; R. D. Prettie, Fore^-trj Superintendent, C.P.R. Department of Natural Resources ; U. R. Cameron, I nspector of B. C. Forest Reserves, Dominion Forest Service ; Hon. W. R. Ross, Minister of Lands for B. C. ; A. H. D. Ross, Lecturer, Faculty of Forestry, Fnivers-ity of Toronto, and Conf-ult- ing Forester C.P.R. ; Clyde Leavitt, Forester for Commission of Conservation and Chief Fire Inspector for Railway ('ommission; .John Lafon, Chief of Management, B. C. For- est Service; B. M. Winegar, Chief of C.P.R. Fire Protection Service. sioii, vvjis careful to recognize the financial difficulties in the way of putting them completely into efi^ect. The new rt^gulations will conform largely to those which ai'e in force in the western States. Special pro- visions are made for the clearing away of debris around camps and mines, mills, engines, on I'ights of way, telephone, telegraph, electric power and other lines. In respect to i-ailways a safety zone is ci'eated on either side to the width of 200 feet, wliieh must be kept clear of all com- bustil)le material. In every case tlie department retains the power of doing at the expense of the party responsilile what the pai-ty fails to pei-form in accordance witli the re- (|uii'ements of the act. Logging opei'alors may l)e required, in the case of dangerous slash, to make special pi-ovision for the pre- vention of fire wluMi tile minister re- (juires it, by cutting out fire-lines. The nuiin featui-e of the provision in respect to fire prevention is the creation of a forest protection fund. Every owner of timber lands, whe- ther in the nature of crown grants, leases or licenses, will be required to contribute a cent an acre to the ex- pense of looking after fires and fitting out fire-crews. Crown-granted lands wliich do not pay royalty on the cut are re(|uired to \y,\y two cents an acre. Against the amounts so con- ti'ibuted the govei'iuiient puts dollar for dollar. These contributions are not in the nature of taxation, but Till- lirilislt f '■III ,,,i,;,i /.',,,,./ j ,./ I, I «,'() to cn-iilf ii ruiiil \\ liicli is i-xjH-ndfil ii is proviili-d that tin* liiMitciiuiit- (■(II- spt-citii- purposes ciimin-i-iilrd. as Koveriior-in-coimril may frf)iii*tiiiie to t'di- tilt' I'.xpciisis of patrol. Ifli-plioiif tiini- aiitliori/*- flu- miiiisfi-r t. i,t ami ti'lt'«,'rapli appliaiKrs and tin- mkIi licfiisfs in di.s!rir»H in w . a- iiiakiiijr it\' trails, afcordiiij,' to tln' jiii-i<-s to iIh* crown or otlu-r tiiiilM>r most up-to-date and improved me- lands is iu)\ likt'ly to reHiill. Hiilijf<'t tliods of li;,ditiii^' tire. Am antomatie to eei-tain exeeptions. Pjirl wven of anaii'TemeMl is put into etVeet lor the act deals with royaIti«'h, la.xeh and special a.sse.ssments it' the fund so ejiarfjes, collef-tions, acrountH and n*- eieated is not adecpiate lor its re- tni-ns. 'i'he provisions of tliJH part i|uiremenls in any pai-ticuiai' sea.son. rovei- all kinds of liniher prod': * On the other hand, w hei-e the fund 'riie scide of royalties has In-en m .so ereated is more than sul'tieiiiit I'm iall_\ inerfa.se(|. anuriii>{ the fir'-t \v«M'k iii .'■■'' •• hv the railwavs. who must also main- "'•"« oil »- '•"•'I h«til''.l t«i. . ■ ■ .. ' !• 1- I I • yi' train on tli< tain a loi'ce ol lire wardens durin-<|iiiiiiult u that the i-i-rht of wav has heen • 7*'*' ••M'«-ri""'''t ««- I I .. . .• ■ .• t ti>rv, the run «>l tortv n .; et u|» lie nif starfiii'T operations. .\ •, . , ' 1 niJi'le cm tune, the w tine not eXit'cdin^T one thousand do!- ^Hf|sfa.■torilv. Ah a r. lars is imposed on the railway com- the roa.l -avs th?)' - • panics in ( a.se of tires which are start- »". •'"' I"-'"'"''' , . , , I ' .1 , l>lan provision is made for the use of \\y< V<-ntive devices ill the case of lou'^'inu' . enj;ines. hn-omotives. Ntcam-hoats and '"'' '|"'- "•* portal)lc cnjfines. Proper precautions ^"^^^ arc also to he taken in the operation of open hiiriiers and incirieratoi's. ( 'ontrihulors to the regular fnihl for tire pn>tcction who have trotihli- ^.^.^ ^ ^^.^^^ ,. \\itli fires and wiio ar«' placed at e\ i,k..|y t. peiisi- tor extra protection and in tiiihtillK' hush (ires are recouped li\ the jfoveriimcnt. to tlic oxti'iil of one half of their expenditure. This in a mea.surc has heen the practice for some years past, hut is now f > \V .. I. . .. 92 Canailian Foref^fri/ Journal, July-Augu.sf, 1912. John Hendry, Esq., President Canadian Forestry Association. Experiment Needed in Pulp Making. By H. R. MacMillan in Pulp and Paper Magazine. "When the various governments of Canada, federal and provincial, have lieen considering appropriations and plans for aiding and developing the productive industries which consti- tute the life of tlie country, one im- portant industry has ])een overlook- ed. Agriculture, in all its branches, owes much of its progress to experi- ments conducted ]>y the dit¥erent gov- ernments and to educational facili- ties provided by the governments; the fisheries of Canada are protected and propagated by the government; government exploration parties have located many of the most wealthy mining fields, and a Department of Klines is maintained to investigate li.rperiinenl Xrttlnl m J'ulji MaJ^my. 93 <'iii(l improve the iiiiniiitj niclhods iiiiulp iutlustry will profit the country one hundred fold, both dii-ectly and indirectly. The direct ret\irn will come from a closer and wider utiliza- tion of the forests of ( 'anada whi«di are owned by the ditTerent Ljovern- ments auil which are large sourc«'s of revenue tor the goverrunenls. There ai'e three trees in Canada which occur in pulpwood forests that are not adapted for pulp under |»resi'nt iik: thoils of numufacture and which, hv- cause of their low value foi* any other j)urpo.se. are at present, to a larg«' extent, wasted when pulp limits ar<' loLTired over. These trees are jack June, liendock and tamarack. If any government experiments «'ould tle- vi.se a eonuiiercial means of convert- ing these trees into pulp and pjiper. the added reviMiue ac«'ruiiig to the government from tlie who of the«e trees would pay the cost of these ••\- ]>eriments. Similar tn>es in western Canada whicli await experimenting are Western hinh, Douglas fir, wi-st- ern heiidoi k and l<>dge|H»lc pine. These Iret's jn',. eul for .it pre.sfiil, and a great w • .. j^.. cause the snudl logs. and other porlioriH cannot 1 ,| an- left in the woods, mid on ' royally paid. If fh.- - a wotdd demonstrate and ei, ^ i,e u.se of these specieH. the clfMier logging of the forest would mean a great in- crease in due.s. The pi-otit which wooM < to pn»- iluee a ton of mechunieai pulp in Canada and $2<).47 to jjroduee a ton of sulphite cliemical pulp. Tl. i. v - a total expenditure of alMuii 00(» for IJH' nuinntai lure of pulp iii <'ana.!a in l!>lo. The av.ratre inill in < .inada produces 7.2»iO ions of in.- ehanical pulp and 2 lislied InlNtratoricN and ei perls for the study o( eal methods . *' ' ,j learn, if po-.- r Hhres. At Wnusiiu. Wis \., n w'round w«M> I pii' t by the federal go\ • . "X- press purpn««' of r. |. 94 Canadian Forestry Journal, Juhj-Augnsl, 1902. Loading Logs, Vancouver Island. Logging Train on Vancouver Island. F.rji) riintnt Sid"! ,'„ I'ulji MaLiiuj. 95 IIH'llts lisrl'lll illlil III' lIltiTrst t(» |)Ul|> tile Lakf Stull'S. TIk' riin(MitM iiiakrr-s. 'I'liis mill is not i-(|iii|»|M-il carried on have \im[ hh tlirir • willi a papi'i- iiiacliiiii'. the nijikini; of a iii-\\s|»riiil pa|M-r H'mu 'I'lic «M)sl of iiislalliiitr tlif iiiacliiii- jack pint- or ln-mloi-k, or from iiiix- i'vy ill tin- mill was alioiif $4(l.(»()0. tiirrs of ja«-k piin-, li«'iitl(N'k and The yearly cost of ean-yiii<,' on the sjiniee. which woiihi he sii' ry experiments has lieen alioiit .•^L'O.OlMi. from the |ioint of co|(»i-, Htn-n;;* n ,tii*i The mill is operatetl hy a lechiiieal linish. anilp was sent to a paper mill experience in the jiaper industry and :'' I*'"' Kdwards. where l.-st paper at electrical enj;iiie.-rinf; Ixdore tak- wa.s made of the following s«*vt'ii com- ing' up this work. He supervises the l>inalions: lahoiatory work, prepares plans for l-'irst. an all hemlock sheet of neWH eariyinjr out the dilTeient tests and |»aper. <'«»ntainin^f 2.') per eiMit. of hem- kee|>s the electrical iM|uipment of the lock sul|»hite and ".') \u'r cent, of plant in I'unnint; order. The chemical hemlock ^roundwood. .'ii'xine.r also makes examinations of Si-eond. a sheet eontainini? 25 |ht ^'•'■•'- cent of hemlock sulphite. 2') per rent There are tw;rountl ««mm|. test.s aii.l comliK-ts such analytical .,.,,;,.,, ^, ^,„.,., ,.„„,„i„i„jj 25 iht work as h.- can look alter, lie acts ,,,.|^, ,,j. ,„.,„i,„.|, sulphite and 75 per as manairer when the mana-er is ah- ,.,.,,, „,- j^,,.,. j,;,,,. ^,,.„„„.| ,v,>,>«l sent. I he other is almost eiilirelvoc- . I • I «• 1 '.. .1. l'oui-|l. a sheet eoi u J.» p< r eui>ied ui carrvui i»«'r assists III conduct inir laooraloi-v tests. . .. • i • i i ,.,,,,, cent ot jack piiie (fround uoo«|. I he skilled lahor consists ot a ,.-.., , . . • .,- , . ,• .1 Mfth, a sln-ef eonlauiin^ J.> per irninler man. wet nnu'liine man and i • •. .»- ,,,, , , cent sulphite. 2.> per cent Hpruec pressman. I he irnntler man operates • , , i., . i '., I III •. .:,i. irround \\v«'nlli. a m •iilniiiMif; 5 |ht machine man. These men are al nl heinljH'k sulphile niul M5 i»er e.«nl employed ill the sawin^f. Imrkinir and nprure irmuinl wikmI. |>r.paration of the wood for urindin^r. Kaeh of the h.-\ . ' *^ All have had |>raetical j)aper mill e\- wa.s .Hjitisfaetory. perienee. U'ller tluill nlin-rH I ■ ■- The woods ex|)erimented with have of ihi-jM- experim.'iiis hei-n furnished hy the American elmled that it in i- Paper and Pulp Ass^wiation. The u>«il»le and •wileahl. v;i. species used to datt- (jack piiio. hem- fntin lirinlo<-k and jack pin. . and thnt lock. tamara»'k and sprueg) are from niixliin's of this pulp with *ulphile ^6 Canadian Forestnj Journal, July- August, 1912. jspruce make satisfactory newsprint and wrapping papers. The Wausau laboratory will now undertake the manufacture of ground wood pulp from lodgepole pine, western hemlock, western larch, west- -ern yellow pine and white and red fir. The use of these species for ground wood pulp will mean much to the provinces of British Columbia and Alberta. Experiments in the manufacture of chemical pulp are carried on in the Forest Products Laboratory at ^ladison, Wisconsin. This is the largest and most complete laboratory ■of its kind in the world. The buikl- ing, costing $100,000, was erected by the University of Wisconsin. The equipment, statf and operating ex- penses are supplied by the United States Forest Service. The laboratory started work in June of this year. The results of the work liave not yet licuii publislied, Imt it is known that a good quality of kraft paper has been manufactured from the saw-mill waste of western yellow pine, that the saw-mill w;:ste of AVisconsin has been found satis- factory for chemical pulp maniifac- turc that great advances hav^ been uuide in the manufacture of a good quality of chemical pulp from dead and green tamarack, hemlock and jack pine. The staff at ^Madison have also examined samples of pulp from prac- tically all the mills in the country, and have worked out satisfactory me- thoils of standardizing, comparing and grading wood-pulps. Similar work has been taken up in India by the Imperial Forest Re- search Station which is maintaine 1 at Dehra Dun b^' the Indian Forest Ser- vice. An experienced paper and pulp man, AV. Raitt. has been retained by the imperial government to investi- gate the suitablity of diiferent Indian e»'f!!jaM In the Tall Timber, Vancouver Island. E.vpn Dili lit \ I I ih il ill I' I, J I, \f(i/;i ng 97 woutls and ^ivissrs lur the niamilac- ture ol" iJiilp. Thf (Icvi'IojMiH'iil t)l' the sci»'iu'«' a'lil ti'i'liiiit|UL' of pulp ami paper making' to siifli ail extent that coimiH'ivial plants will find it possihle to support tln'iiiselves upon the vast (pnintitifs of wooil waste and of inferior speeies of wooils now annually lost in this eountry will i-e«|uire eontinuous sys- teniatie in\ t-stij^Mlion hy experts. A eertain amount of this work will he y private individuals, hy pulp- mill operators and hy consultint; en- ^'ineei's. hut no pi-ivale individnal ean afford the time and expense neees- sarv to a thoroui;h studv of the whole question. < )ii the other hand, the sup- port of sueli experiment stations as those at ^fadi.son and Wausau. whieh cost $2r).(KK) ami $2(>.()0() respeetively per year to operate, would he an easy matter for a ^ovei-miieiit. esp«'eially if the pidp and paper manufacturers of Cainida followed the example of tiie Aineriean Pulp and l'a|»er Manufae- tiirers' As.soeiatioii and assisted to .somi' extent. Cei-tainly ever\ pvdp and paper manufaeturer in ('anada W(»ul ernment. The K" readily secure eoniidential an portant traile informaliun i'< private individual. Wnik .... , by the ffovernmeiit would !»♦• , i to be disinterested and ini|iartiMl. N'alnabje resnits si-enred by t! ernment would quickly and fr nuide availuble to all penion.s. u U'ood results would be more wi.k-- spread than if the same infoi ' , hiid been .secured by private duals. The best work can b- only by a Wnnld be more likelv to !►«■ ; l>y the government than by a private individual. The lo^jical branch ni the la- ment to undertake the work ...... i Ik- the Forestry Mranch. The For- estry Mranch has now a jfreMter knowledj5e of forest conditio' comitry than any otinr orj; — i in Canada. It has during tiie puHt few yeai-s made spj-i'ial studies of *hr pulp industry and othei- u. ' imiustries. and is in touch w.::. forest industries of Canada T' ployii's of the Forestry Bra c«)vered the coniitry from tin A; bany riv»'r to the I'acitie. nnd «dl probably, in the next few ycuni. !► much scien title work in V Caini.hi. Work ' • ' ' ■' estr\ Mranch \v ly for the frond of the count r the i;ulp and |)ii: and to d«'ii: ■ •■'•'•• race eoiihl i as niiieh by a lietter coii.snmi • (luclion anv nil St»«o of - ;..rr«t \m" - frncr than • with •hflTrrrnt x tioo. 98 Canadian Forestry Journal, July-August, 1912 ■\ - ^i^r^m ^ r-j^^ -jKj^^^HH ^^dRI^^iii^F^I ^KkI^''^'^^^,:'^^-: ' ::-^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^p " "' - ' MilM ^< ^Qf'ffpRQfi^^^B^^^^BHai^HF ^^.^ y|M jgt J J^i^E^^ W^'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^l G^MB Tteflffy^'''" iJHKffiT'ir^^^ri^^fW^Bff ■■ 'V MiM^r.:..'. Portage Inlet, one of the Beauty Spots near Victoria. Le Budget des Forets en Norvege. Par H. Perrin dans la Revue des Eaux et Forets. 11 m'a semble interessant de porter a la connaissance des lecteurs de la Keviie les ehiffres arretes par le Storting norvegien pour le budget des forets de 1 'exercice courant ; a un moment on Ton etudie tout spe- cialement cliez nous la possibilite d\me intervention de I'Etat dans la gestion et Tamelioration des proprie- tes partieulieres boisees ou boisa- bles. ainsi (|ue les moyens de relever les soldes des fonctionnaires fores- tiers, cette publication indiquera comment on solutionne la-bas ces dif- ficiles prol)lemes. . en consaerant aux depenses ainsi engagees la majeure partie des recettes. ]\Iais il faudra bien se garder de faire, eutre les ehiffres qui vont suivre et ceux elgbores par notre parlement, un rapproeliement tant soit pen pousse (qui serait d'ailleurs tout a notre desavantage), car les conditions d'etablissement des l)ud- gets des deux pays ne sont pas com- parables: c'est, en effet, d'une i)art, la propriete privee qui detient la presque totalite des forets de rap- port en Norvege; et, d 'autre part, nos collegues seandinaves ont, de par leur hierarchie, I'etendue de leurs eirconscriptions, et les pouvoirs qu'ils y possedent. des attributions qui ne eoneordent guere avee les iiotres.^ 'Cf. A'oyage en Norvege (Revue dies Eaux et Forets des ler et 15 mai 1910). Li liudijil lits I'urils en Aontyi. 99 I. — Budget de lEconoime forestiere privee. II rst Miltlll'fllfllH'Ilt tout III ){('•- pfllSCS. I lOcok's priiiiaircs I'c » rest !("• res di- riOtat. ;{:{.. 'US IV. (!f;»i.(;(i!).(i()). All iioinhiT (If .{. t'l {|iri«rrc.s par lies clict's (Ic cailtotllirliifllt, cfs (m-oIcs (loiincnt un<> insti'iictioii siirtoiit pra- liipii' aiix jciiiifs ^ciis »l(*sii"fux (rfiii l»i-assi'r la t-arrifrc rnrcstirri-. iics ruiirs (•(Hiiiiiciift'iit en iiiai ft diii-fiit nil an: pour Ifs amiffs IHIO ft ll'll ivuiiifs. il y a cii lJ.">(; df nialidfs dfii trff ft sfiilfiiifnt !ifi adiiiissioiis. II fst l(»j;iqiif (If porter cfs (Ma- MissfMifiils dans la paitif dii Imdv'ft rclativf anx Itois part if ulif rs. car ils t'ournissf nt snrlont des forest if rs jirives ct. si Ifiii* diphniif est in'-cfs- saire pour ol)tenii- iin eiii|>loi de I'lv tal. il iif diiiiiif pas. |iar funti-f. un droit ahsolii a fct iinploi. 2" Snl)Vfntion a li'-folf forestiere de la |)rovinee de lledeliiarU, 8,:{7!» fr. (*1.«;7:).S(). i. Heli(|Uat dll liK'llie article «|e rexcrciee preetMleiit. r>.:{44 fr. (.^l.OdS.SOi. Total. l:{.72:i fr. (.+2.744.»;0>. La foiiimune de Stordvcdal a mis a la disp(»sition de la |>rovinee de JledeinarU son cloniaiiie (I'lOvenstati. (pli eoniprelld 2. •>'•() hectares hoises, potir y ilistallcl- line (''cole t"<»resli("'re ; 1 eiisf ij^'iif iiif nt te(diiii(|Ue n'«''tant jiis(pi'ici asswrt'" dans le lledcniarlv (<|iii est p(tiirtaiit la province la phis Iioist'-e de la Norve^'ei, (|iie par line section de r«''C()le d 'auriciilt lire t\i- .lonshertr. cette cr«''ation a olitenu un plein SUcc(''s. l-e directeur •!•• r«'C(dc d Kvcusta*! est noniiiK' par le niiiiisti-e de ^A^^'n• culture; retrectif ost de 20 rlt'Vi'S. la ri'triluif ion scolaire de 11'- f'" ($22.40 I : les etudes colMlllcUccnt en Janvier et durcnt niie aiinee. avec un pro^iiainme confornu' a (M'iui dw ecolcs de I'Mtat sur t.nis Ics p.»ints esselitiels; on fera ultcrieur.in. iit des coiirs vrratuits d»' fnihlf iiisieurs ceiitaincM de niille francs; (•"est elle (pli r(''partit, cuiinne elie le jii^e a propos, les Nnhvention.s de I'Ktat I notaniiiiciit iiiie suliviMition oltliu'atoirc de 7n francs (."fl4..' i/elUploi des follds ' rord('s • -t Hiirvcilie par les f«»ne- tioiinaircs forest iers proviiiciaux et contr("il»'' par des inspections dii «dief (■(' hlireail de la H(»ci«'te, leipiel (•mat'- ^'c all l)U«ls.et. 4 Trail emeiit du chef de hiireaii de I, Societ*'* ft- '-'■•• •)'••■> jfienne M.»>4o fr. 5** Sulivention pour les traiteniontK et les frais do voyajri- uf- ti«uinaires forestiers pro\ neiiiiix .'••;.!M(» fr. i.'fl.i:t*'2<» Keliipiat de I'cX' preeedent :{.7S(» fr. {$7.')i;.< Total ii«).r.f>o fr. ($i::.i...^.»Hi . ("hoisis et partielleinent ; — ■ ••- les conseils des |>ro\ illces. tionnaire.H sont en «|Ucl<|U(> Hortf an servi<*»» do8 Moeieles \ ineialos. pour (!■•• ■• - • eiitrepris par > • et . coiiMniiiifK et partienli«TM dnnn In irestiitn tie lelirs ." Lenr inHtitution ten.. Her. car elle donne d *> sultatH. 6" Application Dans li'M |ir«»vinci's d< iionilireu.HeM. oil d' interveniies pom HiniiH niiniiiiuiK (pnuviTneunt ! I 'null 100 Canadian Forestry Journal, July -August, 1912. bourser par TEtat la moitie des de- penses occasioiinees par Tapplica- tion de ces regleraents. 7° Indemnisation des dommages causes aiix forets par les castors 2,800 fr. ($560.00). Encore assez repandus en Norvege, et meme en voie de multiplication dans certaines regions, ces animaux causeut de graves degats aux peu- plements feuillus, surtout a ceux de tremble; dans le but d'empecher la disparition de I'espece, leur eliasse fait, jusqu'a nouvel ordre. I'objet cl'une regiementation si)eeiale qui interdit la destruction des colonies. Le total des depenses, pour la pre- miere partie du budget, s'eleve done a 307.401 fr. (.$61,480.20) contre 267,414 fr. ($53,482.80) pour le ter- me echu. II. — Budget des forets de I'Etat. EECETTES. 1° Exploitation des forets de I'E- tat 1,372,000 fr. ($274,400.00). 2° Exploitation des pepinieres 50,- 400 fr. ($10,080.00). 3° Quote-part des etablissements publics dans les traitements des fonctionnaires forestiers 37,800 fr. (.$7,560.00). Total 1,460,200 fr. ($292,040.00). soit une augmentation de 123,000 fr. ($24,600.00) sur I'exercice prece- dent. DEPENSES. 1° Achat de forets (non compris le reliquat des credits accordes an- terieurement), 56,000 fr. ($11,- 200.00). 2° Traitements des fonctionnaires forest] ei^s du cadre superieur, 153,102 fr. ($30,620.40) contre 126,980 fr ($25,396.00) pour I'exercice 1911. Nos collegues norvegiens ont vu. en effet, leur situation notablement amelioree cette annee ; depuis 1895, leurs traitements etaient les sui- vants : Inspecteurs, de 4,200 a 5,040 fr. ($840 a $1,008) apres 10 ans de services. Amenagistes, de 3,640 a 5,040 fr. ($728 a $1,008) apres 16 ans de services. Chefs de cantonnement : de 2,800 a 4,200 fi-. ($560 a $840) apres 16 ans de services. Assistants de 2,100 a 2,660 fr ($420 a $532) apres 6 ans de services. Planteurs 1,400 fr. (.$280 j. Le directeur des forets a reclame 1 'augmentation de ces soldes en des- lermes energiques : "En presence de la cherte tou- jours croissante de la vie, la situation peeuniaire des fonctionnaires fores- tiers est devenue peu a peu si mecon- tente (utilfre distillende) qu'il serait inexcusable de la prolonger. Le ren- deraent des forets publiques est maintenant de 5 a 7 fois plus eleve que celui realise en 1895 ; le nombre cle ces forets a double depuis la meme epocjue, et leur surface a augmente de 237,000 hectares (585,650 ac.) ; les effectifs' et les traitements des fonctionnaires n'ont pas eu un ac- croissement parallele. ' ' II est certain que 1 'extension des travaux de reboisement, de culture et d 'amelioration occasionne aux agents un surcroit cle besogne et de- responsabilite, en ce qui concerne la tache materielle et la comptabilite ; et la seule consideration de 1 'impor- tance des sommes et des interets d 'ordres divers que gerent ces agents devrait etre un motif valable pour leur octroyer des emoluments en rap- port avec leur responsabilite. Actuellement, les meilleures forces sont souvent enlevees a I'Etat. a son grand detriment, par I'appat de situations plus avantageuses (par- exemple deux ou trois fois mieux remunerees) que celles qu'il pent offrir. ^L 'effectif des ageuts etait, en 1909. Je 4 inspecteurs, 2.5 chefs de eantounemeut, 1 ameuagiste, 4 assistauts, 12 planteur§ ; .ie no- crois pas qu 'il ait ete modifie depuis lors. /,< liiidiiit th .- FurtlH rn Sorvl-gc. 101 \.t' iiiiiiislri-c s'csl associt- aii wl)li(iu<' ct in.justf vis-a-vis lies I'onctionnaircs t'oi-ostiers do fain- attr-ndro foiix-ci i)lns I<>nud^'ot ct la d«''pcnso (lu'occasionnera pour I'Hlat riiicor jioration do oos fonctionnaircs a la caissc dcs iM'ti'aitcs Idnt oldij;*'- a sounicttrc an Stortintr uno eeliollo de. traitcMuents un pen infci-icurc a cdlc rcclamce par \v dircdcur dcs forels: Tn'«ipc('tcurs : nn<' sculc dassc a '). t;o() t'r. (^1.120 I. Anicnacristo: d.* 8.(140 IV. a r).320 ir. (^12^ a .1^1 .004) par classes do .')»;0 fr. (!|;ir2i tons Ics trois ans. ("Ijct's i\v cantonnoincnt, do :5.:i(»(i fr.a r).(i40 \'v. (.1<)i72 a >;l.(tOHi. par classes de 560 fr. (!|ill2) tous Ics ti'ois ans. Assistants: d.- 2.100 fr. a 2.040 t'r ($420 Ti $r)S8). par classes dc 280 fr. fjfi^J)) tous los trois ans. P!antours: de 1,680 tV. a 2.240 fr. ($386 a $448') par classes do 280 fr. ($r)6i. tous Ics <|uatrc ans. TiCS apents scront en onlr.- dcxu- niais obli»ros do fairo dcs vorsonients a la cnisso dos pensions de I'Ktat. ( 'c projot a »''to approuv*'* a ruiumi- niitc par Ic Stortin«: dans sa st'-ance du 22 nuirs i:n2: uiais le directeur dos forets insisto et dcniande 1 in sertion an pr<»chain l»ud>;ot ^W sc> j>ro|i(»sitions. qui etaient los sui vantcs : Inspecteurs. 6.300 fr. ($1,260 Anienajjristo ot chefs do cantonne- nu'Ut. 3.02O a -'..(MO fr ^1<\ a $1,008 I. Assistants. 2.800 a 3.360 i • a $672'. rianteurs. 1.680 a 2.r)20 fr ($336 a $r)04 . De la discussion du tnoino chapitro. il rosulto que .Icux .Ics quatro inspoo- tcurs .scroni doHormaii .. ' h lu direction; oetto iiiesure s. nduo au troisionio dans le eouraiit do I'an- nee ; selde. 1 'inspect ion (ill Nordlaud ( Kxtrenic Nord !. i^ .i..;.r,..'.. .t.. Kristiania i-cstera (pi'a nouvel ordro. On realiHern ainm ■'line utilisation n ' 'is econoniiqiic du trav .40- 5 K'clioisonionts: 168.r»60 fr. - 712.00 . 6 A«'lial dc tciiains pour ia «r'a- tion de forets siir la cote '«"•-' (reliquat dos exercices | dents i. Pr inenioirc. 7' Loves de plans et n nionts dan- ' ' ■•' ' l:t,740 fr. 8' noi»cnse.> pour roxpl»»itation d<»«« forets do I'Ktat. 476.(^)0 fr 20(1 II s'amt la tics tra •>■ ration: creation ct on;. :.o- III ins. aolioveniont d'un ;»I do tlottaf?e a In easonde do 11: rtV'darisat ion dc com ' ^ji'a. claldissciiiont d'un ' dr t'onotionnairc" h Konila! ■^2 12s. (Id rt siili- .-ntioti I'r. i$7(Mi.(Mi a I'l. tics cliasscun* ot j dost met ion dea animatix niiinibh'A. lloufMes de voyny- \$420.0<' 7,<^H) fr. rl.l'*^' . Dan- ' ••- 7 0(U"» fr sr.nt .^miipris: 1,- 4t^) fr nier tiers (i 20<1 fr *$>M' t le dor- ibventioii oii» «lirrcl*ar. 102 Canadian Forestry Journal, Julij-Auyust, 1912. iTient (rniie carte forestierc do Nor- vege, et 1,400 fr. ($280.00) pom- pre- parer la participation de rAdminis- tration des forets a 1 "exposition de Kristiania en 191-1. \jQ total des depenses se iiioiite a 974.342 fr. ($194,868.40). en excedent de 40.200 fr. ($8,040) snr I'exercice pre(*edent. Comme conclusion des donnees ci- dessiis, I'expose du budget comporte un apereu siir le 3)roduit net, en 1912, des massifs soinnis an regime forestier, apereu dont voici le resu- me : Recettes: 1,460.200 fr. ($292,040.- 00). Depenses: 974,342 fr. ($194,868.40) Excedent : 485,858 fr. ($97,171.60) Mais il convient de retrancher du montant des depenses certains de- hours etrangers, en realite, a I'ob.jet ([ui nous oceupe : achat de forets ou de terrains a reboiser, subventions a divers pour constructions de chemins. etc., en tout 100,240 fr. ($20,048.00) ; le revenu reel est done de 586,098 fr. ($117,219.60). II faut encore a.iouter a ce chiflfre : Le revenu net des forets d'eta- I)lissements pul^lics, 695,!)40 fr. ($139,188.00). La valeur des l)ois delivres aux usagers dans les forets publi- (lues, 280,000 fr. ($56,000.00). de sorte que le produit net des forets gerees par I'Administration est ap- l)roxiiriativement de 1,562.000 fr. ($312,400.00) soit, pour environ 860,000 hectares (2,125,146 ac). 1 fr. 85 par hectare (a pen pres $0.15 par acre). D'apres le '^Tidskrift for Skog- brug ' '. Vesoul, 17 avril 1912. The government of Western Australia is taking up the question of reforesting the cut-over areas in the southwestern ]iart of that state. Their valuable hardwoods have Ijeen so deeply cut into that it is realiz- ed radical steps must be taken if the forests are not to disappear. SOME 1912 FOREST FIRES. The present season has not, u]- to the present, at any rate, been char- acterized ))y many or severe forest fires. Though a number of forest fires were reported from southern British Colunil)ia in ^lay, e.g., around Yale, little damage was done, the fires be- ing extinguislunl ])y rain. The fires in the Bulkley valley, in nortliern British Columbia, re- ported during the first week of June, were mostly ground fires. The loss- es consisted mostly in buildings be- longing to settlers. At Coqnitlam lake, despatches of June 8 reported, the fires were not in themselves ser- ious, though a large force of men Avas occupied in extinguishing them. The forest fires in the Yukon Ter- ritory (referred to in the last issue of the J(URNAlJ were finally ex- tinguished by heavy rains, though not until hundreds of square miles had been Inirned over and thou- sands of cords of wood piled along the river had l)een destroyed. The Yukon District Council has since passed an ordinance increasing the penalty for starting forest fires. The forest fires in Newfoundland towards the end of ^lay Aviped out five A'illages on the north coast of the island, ])urned seA'eral small lum- l)er mills and destroycnl some 100.- 000 logs ; they Avere extinguished by rain. The loss is put at $250,000. Golden, B.C., had a bad fright during the second Aveek of June, ])e- ing tAvice threateiUMl by forest fires. The first time, on June 8. it Avas saved by a favorable Avind. but the fire destroyed tAvo camps and a large quantity of saAv logs; it Avas fought by 225 men. Again on June 10 it Avas in danger. A heavy rain soon afterAvards came on and put out the fires. Superior Junction. Ontario, on the^ line of the Grand Trunk Pacific rail- Avay, reported serious fires on June- Till C/iul fnirsttr nf lit io:{ V'i (111(1 liil. Till- tilt- IukI .iNsimitMl stT ioiis pi'opoi-t ions oil I III- iircvioiis ^loiiday (.Imic 24 i. Sfvcr.il ln-idtrcs Wi'W destroyed iiiid tliousaiids of ties I linied. the aliioilllt of d.-|iilii>re he- .ii},' pl.iced ;it $1(K).(»(I(I. Saidt Ste. Millie. Out.. <»ii .Inly 1st. repoi-ted tires in the vicinity of Shell jjake. Half a inillioii feet id' lii<,'h-t,M-ade white pirn- had then Iteeii destl'oyed, and four hundred men were li^ditin«r the lii-e. South I'oreiipine also reported that some ;irk, iiea rtlie .Memorial tower, wliili- on tlir Dai-tmoiith side of thf liarhor a hundred volunteers werr employed in heatin*; out a lii'e. The Chief Forester of B.C. .Mr. II. li. .MacMillan. the reeeiilly appointed Chief Forester of the llritish ("oliimhia |)e|)artmeiit of Lands, left ()ttawa i)»i. after a l»rillaut course, obtaining the d«'j;re«' of B. S. A. from the I'liiversity of Toron- to. H. R. MacMillan. M F., Chief Fores- ter, Dept. cf Land.s, British Columbia. In the fall of that year he euti-n-ti tin- Yale I'niversity Forest Sehotil. Lrraduatin^' at the head of his cJiuw in 1!)0H, with tlw d.-trree of Ma-nter of Forestry. His vaeatituis. in the meanlinn', had lieen spent in aetive forestry work, mostly with the K«»r- est ry liraneh. and he then he< re^'ular memher of the stHfT. MUre then he has heen triven a numlier of important and ilitheiilt .issiL'uimMitM. both in tieldwork anil •«'- \\(»rk. whieh ha\«- bi-i-n ■ "lui e ie' the Dominion ami tl • w "i {■lime nil' of the in.i-d to ;• serviee for the |*.i ntiil- :tll 104 Canadian Forestry Journal, July-August, 1912. APPOINTMENTS BY MERIT. The Nor' -West Fanner recently had a vigorous comment on the Cana- dian Forestry Association's resolu- tion in regard to making nil appoint- ments to the dominion and provin- cial forest services only after exami- nation. The editorial is as follows : — One very hopeful sign of the times is the increasing strength of public sentiment in favor of removing our civil service entirely heyond the reach of political parties and placing it under non-partizan control. I\v fre- quent resolutions our western farm- ers' conventions have asked for this change, and now we find a similar request coming from another influen- tial body, which, happily, has the advantage of closer contact with the legislators at OttaAva, and which un- doubtedly enjoA'S the confidence of the leaders of both sides of the House. "VVe refer to the Canadian Forestry Association, which, at its recent Ot- tawa convention, passed the follow- ing resolution : ^Whereas efficiency in the adminis- tration of the forests of Canada, which are one of the greatest of the national assets, can lie obtained only by adopting a permanent policy car- ried out by a staff ajipointed on the grounds of special fitness for the posi- tions which they are to fill, and re- movable only on grou)id of ineffi- ciency ; 'Therefore, resolved that lliis as- sociation urges on the federal and provincial governments the necessity for providing a system of examina- tions to test the qualifications of ap- pointees and of making appointments permanent during good bebaviour, and that in the case of the federal government for this purpose appoint- ments should be placed in the hands of the Civil Service Commission.' There is a special reason why par- tisan considerations should have no place in the forestry service. The work of the trained forester, in what- ever branch, is of a highly .specializ- ed nature. Take, for example, the task of the field inspectors, who visit our prairie farms and advise farm- ers as to the phmting of wind-breaks, and the proper layout of the farm grounds. This is a kind of work for which only few men are fitted, and in which a man devoid of an intimate knowledge of trees could soon do an inestimable amount of harm. And when one considers any of the other branches of the forestry work one soon discovers that it, also, demands the trained man. Indeed, one of the greatest difficulties so far encounter- ed by those in charge of forestry work in Canada has been that of se- curing enough men of the right class. What damage could be wrought by rampant, ruthless partisanship in such a department of the public ser- vice, if at any time it should, by some evil chance, happen to fall into the hands of a leader whose love for the party wholly upset his common sense ! The damage would he incalculable. In this service, calling for special knowledge on the part of the work- ers, it is plain to see that continuity of service, irrespective of party su- premacies, is of paramount impor- tance. And it is so in most of the other branches of public service. The agri- cultural department, the inland reve- nue department, the post office de- partment, the railway department — - in fact, all of them — demand that the workers shall be fit for the job, rather than that they wear a certain stripe of political coat. The day when entrance to, promo- tion in and expulsions from our civil service shall be a matter of fitness, rather than a question of political favor, cannot come anv too soon. The Univoirity of Missouri has decided to establii^h a siimmei' f-amp for Inmbermeu and wooilMiien in connection with the sum- mer ^es>ions of the dejiartnient of forestry of the institution. Prof. J. A. Ferguson, the ilireitor of the department, will be in charjje. Government Forests in Saxony. By W. G. Wright, Wurdner. B C. Tlif Kiiij^irr, ami not least so as regards its forest policy. Seieiitilic sylvieiiltiiral niethols have here (levelopeil to a luaxinuun. I'ritcs* for tinilier run hiyh, owinf^ in jiart to the jiroxiniit y ot' tlic i-onsiinier to the sii|i|ilier, anil in |iart to the ai| soi-ial ami political develoimient of the state; ami, in forestry as in agriculture, hiyh jirices bring in their train more intensive niethols. This limls expression in more liberal ex|>eniliture on roails, realTure^tation and otlu-r ini- jirovements, more thorough ami more sys- tematic utilisation of products and in a short rotation. Apjiroximately half of Saxony's timber land belongs to the GoAernmeiit — almut 4;t:{,iMi() acres or thirteen per cent of the total area of Saxony. The rest is divided among private estates, municipal forests and the like. The methods of management fol- lowed in the ca>e of jirivate o\\nership dejiend largely on the extent of the estate and the wealth of the pro[»rietor. Muni- cipal forests, when of sufficient size, are as a ruli> well managed and yield a good reve nue. fn liin'.l >tate forests yielded *0, Jirivate forests $_'.!I7, and municipal forests .$.3.92 per acre. Wooded lands iHdoiiging to the villages ( rtdics of old feudal days) are, on aciount of their limited area and the impossibility of working them under other than a M-lection system, a ^onrce of -"mall, if any. profit to their jiroprietors. Their chief use is to provide firewood. In other jiarts of (Jerinany it has free\«'ral of the^e village liol. lings under one state a|>|>ointeil forester, and this system usually meets with succes.*. It is, however, the ol>ject of thi."* artielo to gi\e some idea of the forest policy of the Saxon (Jovernment as regards its own for- ests, anil to give >omo insight into the me- thods )>mp!oyed. Character of the Woods. Of the State Foro.tt.s 97 jht cent are .«Mn loosed of conifer(»us frees. Si - '" ii isrrlsii) is thi> preiloiiiiiiiitini,' ing "S per cent, whil' * .Hi/l rr.it n.i) forms only iio woods. This is due in great pnrt \o gpo- •The ' price ' here umlerstood is the }>rir« ]>aiil by the manuf'acturer to the -t for the timber delnered on th- g area. gia|ilii< al east of tl • less and sandy soil preii. i'ine is found taking tb •il per cent. As one pr the rainfall ini'r< < ]>ortion of pine teniberg and lladcn ihi- i about 10 per cent. The ^: Saxony has a rainfall i-ome average of that for Kuro|« . i hills of the southern boundarv ' ■ is often exceeded. Thci- Very suited to the growth , -, ami in the hills, with the i of » t'vw Iw-ech woods, it li ' Siher fir ( .ihits /i, , to a \ery limited extent now in S«»onr, thi<« species having been more or '• ^^--^ minatetl by factory funiei*. I..11 I iiropia) is met with very r.. in mixture, the • liniate not its growth. .fapaiiere I.ar.h />orii<-(i) ha.s lufn introduicd. th«. „:. fill success. Many North American \aric ties have been introduced, though for ornamental piirpii>»'«. (if fh.« |>rodiii'ing trees ( I'm IIS xtntbuf} tnugn mucronata) arc the chief. White pire has met with »ome ••• ' •' ~ cover or auxiliary -i ■ making it particiilarl.v while hoiiglas fir ha« spruce with very good r«'-iilf«. tb- iMilty lioing its liabihr- • "^ - Jack pine ( t'inu» !• pine (/'inM* impruvement ties, though the\ h;»\i- ip • for timber. Jack pine ts pr« ;..•-. .... ..,,- pur|K>>i>, ajt it give^ more litter. Of the «i/i'iifi<-iiil<>d ' rrturn at ■< limlt^r, of which .t lOo 106 Canadian Forestry Journal, July-August, 1912. portion is used for pulping, can bo f^rown in from 70 to SO years, while pine re(iuircs 120 years to reach a marketable size. Lat- terly the formation of mixed i)lautations has been gaining favour. The hardwoods are mixed to a certain extent, Imt pure beech predominates. As regards system of management, the state woods are worked almost exclusively under a system of high forest with clear cutting. There are some coppice woods and a few woods worked on the selection sys- tem, but they are not large enough to war- rant their being considered separately. Among smaller non-state-owned woods, on the other hand, the coppice and selection systems are much more in evidence. Of the wood felled in Saxony 97 jier cent is coniferous, and of this 84 jjer cent, is merchantaljle timber. This finds a market as building material, mining piops and pulpwood. The pulping industry originat- ed in Saxony, and has consideral)le influence on the system of management of the woods. Material for pulping is almost exclusively supplied by spruce, though in Prussia, where spruce is scarcer, pine is sometimes used for this purpose. Of the hardwood felled only about half is manufactured, the rest finding a ready market as fire-wood. The chair and toy factories absorb the greater part of the beech lumlier, the last-named industry being of consideralile importance. Tending of the Woods. Pellings are not commenceil on a cutting area rantil the safety of the adjoining plantation from the attacks of natural and animal agencies is assured, so that a period ■of from seven to ten years usually inter- venes Ijetween fellings on two adjacent areas. After cutting over, the area is, as a rule, left for one or two years on account of the danger from the large brown pine weevil, and then planted. After-culture is usually necessary for from five to ten years, accorcling to the locality and the head of deer maintained on the range. At an age of about fifteen years, the plantation be- gins to close in, and at this ])eriod 'weeds,' such as birch, may be taken out. Prom the age of twenty years, self-pruning sets in and thinning is beneficial. According to the theory of ' the highest interest on the forest capital,' the heavier the thin- nings, within certain limits, the more re- munerative is the forest. Accordingly, thin- ning is very important, for this reason, as well as for the reason that thinning im- proves the growth of the remaining trees. This is regulated by the Organisation of Woods Bureau in Dresden every ten years, and a special part is set aside for this item in the working plan. The chief prin- ciples of thinning as practised in Saxony are embodied in the three words ' early, fre- quent and moderate. ' From the thicket jieriod on deail trees are taken out every year. This iliminishes the risk of fire and insect calamities and yields enough to cover the cost of renio\al. Formation and Organization of the Working Section. The range is divided into compartments by rides and main rides, the latter being from eight to ten yards wide, and as a rule jiarallel to the direction of the prevailing \vinds (in Europe west and southwest), while the former are between two and three yards wide and at right angles to the main rides. These rides form the frame of the working section, facilitate any surveying to be done and serve as logging roads. By making them broad enough, the trees on their edges develop bushy stems and strong roots, thus acting as a series of wind-belts. The compartments vary in size from thirty-five to seventy acres, and the ten- dency is to arrange them so that the length is about double the width, and so that the long side faces the wind. Customary di- mensions are 600 and 300 yanls, though these depend largely on the road net- work, and, in hilly country, entirely on the sur- face formation of the range. The compart- ment is a permanent forest division, but is sjjlit up into a number of non-permanent subcomjjartments. The subeompartment is the unit of the working section, without which the pro- per carrying out of the working plan would be impossible. Each of the subdivisions differs from its neighbours in some impor- tant respect, and may change or lose its individuality as one rotation succeeds an- other. The ranges in Saxony are of suffi- cient uniformity in themselves and small enough to allow of all the woods on any range being included in one working plan, so that the working section is identical with the range. The working section is divided up into a number of felling series, the tendency being to make these short, of at most two compartments. Cutting is started on the east and, with intervals of from seven to ten years, continued toward the west. Temporary felling series are started as occasion demands, as, for instance, when a severance cutting is made, but these are absorlted into permanent felling series sooner or later. The short felling series was first intro- duced in Saxony, its great advantage being that it gives great elasticity to the system of management. The idea is to build as many felling series as possible, and, by means of broad rides, make each one quite independent. Under this system there is a large choice in selecting the cutting areas for any period, whereas in the case of long, and therefore few, felling series, the choice is more limited, and the disorganisation and loss is much more serious in the event of any extraordinary felling, such as an insect (lorernimnt FonntH in Saxinuf. H)7 attai'k may n-ihlrr m-i ^•^^al■_v. Tin- -i/.i- in^iuii-i m_» ( h. <>■, aiitri|>, rniiiiiii;; arrows the iliri'ctioii in wliiih aii tho iili'ul. tlu> ratiKi* aii '"'''•^ »'«" is troato.i as so mmh material to J on ^»'"'' «'"' ""l'.'»rtan. ... ami .; verto.l into .•mron.v as .|"i• >«-ar-. lal.oi ami .-x as pos.sil)lo. whil.' "in tli.- lattor th<- timlM-r •■ "■"!" '"'' ''»/" 'V ' is treatf.l as capital, from whi.h an annual l''"|' "• ••v<»l*'-l. H' iu.ome must lu- .>l.taine.l. This prin.ipl,. of '-^"l »'"• « l«rio.|i.- part. th. !.ustaim-,l vlH.I forms thr l.asis of all silvi "•■•■♦•••;^ary for th.; i^--- eultnra! mana«.mu'nt. th..|utt..r. Fh.- Iir^t a- The normal vioM is foun.j l.v -livi-lint: '•'"' ''7';'l'»'"" ' ' thf total aroa l.v the nnmlKM- of voars in »'" " ^Mutv. a .1. • the rotation. This is li.ve.l so that the in- ••«»'>'|-"rt.M. nt an.) - terest on the capital sunk in the timl.er ^"••h ''••'"''", "' j"""'"' au.l in the lan.l on ^vhi.■h the tin.L.r stan.lf '"\"' *"•'"'«'•, '»""• '»• reaches a maximum. This rate of interest ''•''"■'' "' >"''''• " is ealle.l the in-licatin^ i.er cent, an.l is. cial rn!e> lor lu' i|. ■ u tains the felling plan, tbr final thi- work is left • of till' raii);e officer anU' of the in.iicatin;: percents of the .iifVerent u.m.ls. •"':'l'»t;' fHlin^- an.l the rotation is KaM-l .m th- -.-.Its anore-tat.on pan , . • , l.lan. The or.ler olitaine.l. J, .. _,. . , ,.. To iletermiiie the a.tual viel.j U>i ;in\ perio.l, the .jitierent woo.ls are apportione.l , , ■, • . ■ 1 1 I .1, ...l. •• »k.> "'"«' fel inc. plantin;: an'• l'*|J«' •' . rea>e.| above the normal to a correspon.l ;'""' '" ""' '' • ^ _ . , 1 • .1 •» ,. .f- Ih'Mijj r^'-erve.l for filiinK •" th«« war in ini: I'Xtent. an.l in the opposite .ax'. ot l t .u ... i ...» ^ V. 1 1 1- I .u II ..... which the'e in^lriK'ti' I «»»it. .ourje. it IS < ecrea>e.|. I mler the oM com , ' . .u 1 1 „., I "V this inraiis very .. • arw partment system, or metho.l by area an.l .Iraw- volunie, the yiebl was estimate.l for several periods of twenty years. This was found iinpra.ti.abh'. owinj; to more or less fre DiSDOSal Of the FelllHgH. "|ueiit changes in the area an.l .hara. ter of the woo.ls, an.l it is now th. ■ i-t..m to The InniU'r and pnlpint! •- »" .leterniine the yiel.l for a p- i ten .Saxony are Inryely in th.- I ^" vears only, an.l to have a re\i-i..ii ni the mannfa and th-- ■- '■■ "• middle of that perio.l. so that any rhanirc liirce ' to the «i in the woo. Is, owinj; to lire, iii-ct :ilt:i. k>. 1 lie (.. pllrcha^e an.l the like, may Ik< takiii a.>."iiit ""'• '•• of and the felliny plan altered aceor.lini:ly. in i-mall loin by public The actual yiel.l ome deterinine.l, ther. •»•• ''.•"■" • "■ > T remains only the ^election of thi- wim)!-" whence this yiel.l is to le taken. In nm this M'h'ctioii the woo>|s ent«'r«"l > felliiiK plan first arc thofe which r«'<|uire to be cut <»ver in order to facilitate the proper manajjement of ihi' re!ed ot. tl.. of the yield is ina-le up of the wo >• '•> imlicatinK percents have ju»t '■ a|>proximate to. a maximum. The working plan for eaer. This is, of course, free of all cost of removal. Firewood brings only $2.86 per cord. These prices are for the year 1909. With the cost of i)i"oduction absorb- ing 36 per cent of the gross income, the net profit per acre was for the same year $6.06, bringing a revenue of over $2,500,000 inti) the Saxon treasury. Eegeneration of the Woods. For successful natural regeneration, fre- quent and good mast years are sine qua non. Owing to the short summer in the hills and to the effects of factory fumes generally, this recpiirement is seldom, if ever, ful- filled for the conifers. In the case of beech woods, however, natural regeneration is practised with success, though a good deal of after-culture is necessary. But, as the state forests are, for the most part, conifeious, clear cutting combined with ar- tificial regeneration is general in Saxony, both sowing and planting being practised. Formerly pine woods were almost always regenerated from sowings, though now the planting of yearlings is gaining favor. For spriu;-e, ])lanting is better suited and this method is generally followed. Sowing. — The usual method is to cul- tivate in the autumn, hacking strips al)out one ft. broad and from three to four ft. apart (these figures depending on species, lo- cality and growth of weeds) and sow these prepared strips in the spring. For pine about four pounds of seed is required per acre, and for sjiruce about twice that quan- tity. Pine seed costs about 50c per pound, ■«hile spruce seed is much cheajier, costing from 20c to 40c. The total cost depends on the nature of the ground, quantity of veeds, distances, etc., and varies lietween $3.50 and $5 per acre. Planting. — The method of cultivation used for sowings may be followed here, though it is more customary to hack patches or holes. The ground may with advantage lie prepared for planting in the autumn, though it is not so necessary as it is for successful sowino-. The plants are put into the ground as late as possible in the spring so as to obviate the risk of sj^ring frosts. As regards spruce, two to three year old seedlings are commonly used, and three-to- four-year-old transplants in un- favorable localities. In the case of pine, which develops a much larger and more vigorous root system, one- or two-year-old seedlings are the rule. Under favorable con- ditions it is customary to plant yearlings. These are preferable to two-year-olds, for the reason that they are very much cheaper to plant and do not suffer so much during the process. For exceptionally unfavorable localities, use is made of two-to-four-year- old transplants. The number of plants varies from 2,500 to 4,000 per acre, ac- cording to local conditions and the size of the plants. The cost of planting differs so much under different comlitions, that it is impossible to give any representative fig- ures. The cost of preparing the ground and planting may, under normal circum- stances, lie between $10 and $15 per acre, but may rise, under abnormal circum- stances, as high as $20 to $30. This is exclusive of the cost of the plants them- selves, which are, as a rule, raised on the range. It is usual to have one or two permanent nurseries placed at ])oints easy of access, and several temporary nurseries distributed about the range. It is recom- mended in the general rules contained in the working plan to lay out a temporary nursery on or in the immediate neighljour- hood of each felling area whenever pos- sible. In this way all ordinary needs of the range in this direction are satisfied. Any surplus is sold and, in the event of the stock not being sufficient, ]>lants or seed- lings are bought in as required from pri- vate or government nurseries in the vicinity. The following prices per one hundred are averages taken from the 1911 annual price-list of nursery stock for sale on the different government ranges, published by the ^Minister of Finance: — Spruce : yearlings for transplanting, 4 to 5c ; two-year-old seedlings, 7c ; three-year- old seedlings, 8 to 9c; four-year-old seed- lings, 9c; three-year-old transplants, 12 to 20c, and four-year-old transplants 15 to 25c. Pine: yearlings, 5c; two-year-old seed- lings, 7c; two-year-old transplants, 9 to 19c, and three-to-four-year-old transplants, 15c. Dr. Fernow's forest survey of the Trent water-shed has been going on satisfactorily during the sumnu^r, and it is expected that it will be concluded al)out Sept. 15. Let- ters received from members of the party indicate that they had a good deal of diffi- culty with wet weather during the earlier ]>art of the season. Up to midsummer they had seen very little timber except maple, the greater part of the country having beeu burnt over. The Aspen Tree in the Northwest. By A. Knechtel, Inspector of Forest Reserves. Til tlip oastorn ])r()viiic('S of ( 'aiiada aoi so ni^miuiis ami \nvu>- a- ii tilt' as|>cii is (M>ii.si(l»'n'(| a trcf <>t" little lie found r«»viT«Ml with souikI •, iinpoilaiKM'. l\'rliaj)S the only fra- the tn-rs with trunks tail. t ture wiiich (Oiiiiih'ikIk it to the ordi- an' ''•^' '"»'"•'« "•''• '»'"'' ' l.einjj brittle, are easilv broken off bv l^'«-''"tly considerable .luantifies liavc the wind, oi- hv ;i heavv deposit of ' " <"»"••'> '"'" ImnlN-r. It nmk*-n Snow. In the sprintr the catkins litter ••>:<'''ll'*'d rio<.rin^'. is durabh when tho ground, an.l the down falls '<''l'» ''«•>'• »""• ''"^ f""' several years and sticks to the clothing of persons '"'«'" '"«'•■»' "^•••' '" the con.Htructioii of passing near the trees. The roots '"">'''» '""l'l'">r^. ^»"'»' »« K • ** have the disagreea])Ie habit of throw- andstabh-s It «lr -• ing up su.kers. and so the tree is iM.t 'sI'-'-JhH.v ^^^^••n tm, a desirable one to have in close pn.x- , '•' ""• I"'"'"' l'n>viiic.-s |M.pl«r IS imitv to tho lawn or garden. As an ''•<"'>■ "! »"' '»"• ^''••:«' ••""'l'"^' ""^ orna'mental tree, therefore, it is not "/ <•"' »'»»;'•"■ . " "* "' ".' ' mueh in favor. ' ""» «ood u. that region that v duce.s ea.HHv from lh«* root. Whit© In the Kast the tie grows most in i,;,.,.,^ ,,,^,, Hpr.)uts from !) • " " it mixture with other trees and .seldom j,^ .,„„„titv is .small, eomi « reaches a large .size. On account ot ,,„,,|,,,. -pj,,. ,.„„if,.,^ xvill suppiv the the brittl.'iiess of Its branches, whieh. ,„„,.|j,., for onlv a nhort time heuce. when broken off. leave wounds where ^^^^ -^^^ and I' ' f>- spores of fungi Mml ea.sy lo.lgement. 1,;^^.^. midilv fron v it d.'cays at an early age. In the ^,^^^^, glowlv. Poplar vnnvs rai West, however, it forms large tonsls j j^'^^.^, ^^/^^ nianv . il The Kiding .Mountain Keserv.-. whieb ^^ j.^^^. ^'^^^^^^^ ^^j. j^.'^.^.^ „ covers an area of l.r»:r> Hquare miles. ^^^ jj^^. |„.ij,|,, „f ,, ,f. <'onsists mostly of poplar, and the ^^f^^,^. „ fl^fv Moose Mountain H. serve of Ulil ^^ poplar for.st em, I s.|uare miles is eovered with this j^^ i. . .... . ^ speci»'s almost exclusively. j^j , ^ ^.^ The trees in these wd the timUr n • ii ing thirty inehes in dijinn-tcr in'. to burn the lnnt "^ many tifte.n imiies at bn-ast height. a.shi-M will riw n >■ ^ II. re. as in th.' Kast. the poplar i.s will prndtiro timU-r ti sul»jeet to atta«k by fungi, but on Imn litable for y account of the dryness of climate in puij "^ •" '- the W.'st the irnnvth of the t'uniri i« munity 10^> 110 Canadian Forestry Juiir/ial, .1 nhj-Amjust, 1912. STUDYING CANADA'S FORESTS. ]^r()f. Giinnar Anderssoii. of the TJnivcrsity College of Commerce. Stockholm, and Jagmastare A. Holiu- gi'eii, of Oslersund. Sweden, are at present on a vi.sit to Canada, making a special stndy of the forests and ■wood industries of this country. They recently spent a couple of days in Ottawa, looking uj) information par- ticidarly in regjird to the forests un- der Dominion administration, and visiting the wood industries of the Capital and vicinity. On leaving they expected to pay a visit to the pHrty engaged in reconnaissance work in Central Ontario, and after visiting the Pacific Coast, will retiu-ii liome about the end of August. EXPORT OF CHRISTMAS TREES. Mr. S. S. Bain, uurtei yiiiaii, Montreal, re- cently had a very interestiug letter iu the Montreal Wiiness on the question of the export of Christmas trees from the eastern to\vnshii)s of Quebec. He states that just before Christmas each 3-ear a number of men come over from the Uniteil States and buy np thousands of spruce trees from six to fifteen feet high, to lie useil as Christ- mas trees. For these they give three fourths of a cent to one and a half cents in the ■woods, and the farmer usually gets the job of haiding them to the railway. Mr. Bain i-ontemls that this shows great ignorance on the part of thot-e who s-ell trees from their land for such a trifle. The larger of these trees, he says, if fit for fence posts, are worth from eight to ten cents each ; and with the growing scarcity of timber they would soon be worth much more. As showing what might be done he I'efers to Ms experiences on a forest plantation in Britain. There, land unsnited for agricul- ture was planted with ti'ees from three to four feet apart each \\&\. When large enough for fence posts the first thinning took place, the trees to be cut not being taken out hai)hazard l)y any Tom, Dick or Harry, but marked by a forester. The next thinning took place when the largest part of the tree would make a light railway tie. The next section was sold for pit props and the remainder was large enough for a fence post. These two thinnings ]-epaid the cost of the original investment, and the rest of the cioj) was left to mature to be cut into tindier. Some people argue that this cannot be done in Canada where the land belongs to a farmer, but Mr. Bain contends that the Dominion Government, exercising its l)Ower of eminent domain, could designate what areas were unfit for any other crop than trees and comjiel the owner to always keep such lands under a tree crop. If the farmer when felling Christmas trees would have them cut on the j)lan of. thinning out so that the remaining trees would have a better chance to develop there would be no ol)jection ; but as it is the buyer goes in and slaughters everything without regard to the future crop. He holds that something must be soon done because of the excessive cutting now going on. From the County of Brome last December there were shipped sixty seven carloads containing from l,l!00 to 1,500 Christmas trees each, and these wei-e not culls, but the most perfect .sym- metrical trees, leaving nothing but crook- ed and deformed trees on the land. Mr. Bain is very anxious that government action should l)e taken to stoji this loss and show the farmers what an immense revenue they are losing by denuding the hilltops and hill- sides of the eastern townships of the mag- nificent forests that once crowneractice of exjiorting in large cjuanti- ties Christmas trees of spruce and balsam and recommends legislation to prevent such jiractice. A more sweeping resolution was not pass- ed, because as Mr. Bain pointed out, there would be no great objection to the prac- tice if the farmers got a sufficient price for their trees, and also if the trees were taken on a systematic thinning plan which would allow the development into useful tindier of those left behind. Journals ¥7anted. in order to eomplete his file, a mendier of the Association requires the second and third issues of Vol- ume 4 (June and October. 1908) of the Canadian Forestry Journal. Thirty eents eaeh will be paid for each copy of these issues sent to the Secretary. Canadian Building. Ot- tawa. Forealifi liranch iihliailiunn. 1 1 1 I •... I.. ■ . . / 1 FORESTRY BRANCH PUBLICA iMUi... . TIONS. ItM.MHull. MiilU'tin L'y, Timltcr f*oiir!itinti« in the Jjc* ,„ ,. nT Slavo I.nk<' I{. I llO tolluuill^ IS ;i li-t ot lilllli'tllis, OU*., iJnIlctiii .-{(I. r<.'.-' |>. i . n ■■ .• v» ^ lrM;;iition Hiilli'tiii No. LJiiIii'tin L". I'lantiii;; ani ('an- of a Fin Sa-kat 'liowiinf Irriyntior ' (Out of print). nation S.homrs in \ Itull.'tin ^. FortKt I'ro.liht> of Cana.la, at.h.'«an. S.-ali-. ]i)(),s. Map 'howini; l>i-tril ^hr Bulletin'.'. Foi.-t Fir.'s in • ana.la. 1'."'.'. Fon-try Bran.h ir> ,, ,, .. ,., ,p, ,, . ,,, . . ami Su'katrlioxan ^ Jfnllotin li». . 1 h«' larnicr s iMantation. , . tht' imh. HnlU'tin 11. Fort-t I'roln.ts of Cana.la. m.,|, .howini: For.-t i;. ^:,.i.- .• • aaaaa. ]!»!•!•; Lnnilu'r. Sipuuv Tinil.or. Lath an.l S.al.'. .".(i niilrs to th.- m: h •'^'•'";rl<'^- lU-av.T HilN For.-t W.- ' hw mile to Bull. 'tin iL'. Forest Brchnts of Cana.la, „„ ii„.h). litdit. I'iil|.\voo.l. CookiiiK J'Hlt"' ^'«»•••"•t IC Itnlh-tin 1.5. Forost I'roihnts of Cana.la, t.. an in.ht. llMi'.i. Croj^s-ties I'lir.ha.M'.l. (Ont of Cvi-r.-s ||il|« Kor."t Rcmtvi* 'Ofw mih* I'rilit). "to an in. hi. Bnlletin 14. Fori'st I'ro.lin-ts of Cana la. Ihi.-k MuiitiUiii Kor««?t K n. • ISMiJi: Poll's. ^>. (Thrw inih'w to ai Bnll.'tin L". Forest I'ro.lu.ts of Cana.la. \(,, Mountain F-. *»•. l""-'- on.' mill' to an in. I Bnll.'tin Hi. T'orcst Fir.-s ami Kaihvays. \i>.|M>t Kort>rt Komm •ii1<> to an Bnll.'tin 17. If.'port on Timlx'r Ctin.lition?* iiioh). ulonn th«' I'ropo-o.l Hont«' of thi* Hn.l l'in««» Forwt l{. to aa M»n Bay Hallway (\. Bnll.'tin is. Th.' Ko. ky .Mountain Fon-wt I'or.iipino Kor«»»t U> I{«"«'rvo (with map). Thr in**' Bnll.'tin !!». For.'st !'r...ln.f- ..'" C:i,,;,.!:i I: ii,,,' M If.-.-rvr 'Ttir«<> I'.MiJJ: Coopt'ra^t' an.l B<»>.'~ • ' to ai' Itnll.'tin •_'•>. Forest I'ro.lm ts ..i < ;ii i i.i M.Minti.m- . ••.. . ..• •> **■' I'.tniP: Tanliark an.l TanninK F\trn.t — tu an in.h). I'm-,!. K..-K* M. Biilli'tin •_'!. r..i. -t I',,.,Iii.tM ..f r'linn la. •■>■• n I llHii: I'ol.'s. Bnll.'tin -'2. I orc^i i'ro.iti. i- ..i - :.";i '^< l'.»P": Cro^s-tic^. Bnll.'tin '2:\. Forest I'ro.lu.ts ..f Cnnn.ln. i.j^.. t.. li'lo: Minint; timlKT;.. Bnllftin 24. Wool ii.«inj» hnl' a.la. ll>lt>: Ajjri.-iiltnral in v.'hi.Ies. furniture an.l .ar* Bulletin !.'."». Fon-t I'r-. UMH: LuiuImt, «-.iii:i'. shinRlc-s. Itulletin *J«>. For.'-i i . i... i^ . HMO: Pnlpwoo.l. Bnll.'tin 27. Forest Pro.lurt?- of « ana.U. «• '}. l^i** I C.I 11. . 'iio|H*r.n;;»'. Th.- f) of fh«" f"' I)' With the Forest Engineers. New Foresters. At the •June commencements of tlie various forest schools (namely, those connected with the University of Toronto, Laval University and the University of New Brunswick) a number of ncAv foi-est engineers Avere graduated. At the University of Toronto nine men received the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry, and three others are eligible for the degree after passing supplemental examin- ations. The fortunate recipients of the degree were Messrs. E. M. Brown, F. G. Edgar, E. J. Finlay- son, II. S. Irwin, R. G. Lewis, C. Mc- Fayden, E. C. Manning, W. L. Scandrett and T\". -I. Vandusen. All of tliese entered tlie employ of the Dominion Forest Service. Their present disposition is as follows : R. M. BroAvn, forest assistant Brazeau forest reserve, Edmonton, Alta. ; F. G. Edgar, forest assistant Bow River reserve, Calgary, Alta. ; E.J. Finlayson, Inspector of Fire Rang- ing ; R. G. Lewis, head office, Ot- tawa ; ('. McFayden, forest assist- ant, Crowsnest forest i-eserve, Pincher Creek; AV. L. Scandrett. in charge of forest survey party near the Porcupine forest reserve No. 2, Saskatchewan ; AY. J. Vandusen, supervisoi'. Crownsnest forest, re- serve, Pincher Creek, Alta. Mr. Ir- win has since joined the British Co- lumbia forest service. Laval University (Quebec) bestow- ed the degree of Foretst Engineer on seven men who had completed the course for the degree. These were Messrs. Henri Roy, L. J. ATar- (|uis, Felix Lali])erte, Georges Bois- vert, J. R. Gareau, Ernest Menard and Borromee Guerin. All have en- tered the forest service of the pro- vince of Quebec, and are in charge of parties. The University of New Brunswick confen-ed the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry on two men, 1 namely, Gilbert II. Prince and Guy A. Fitzrandoiph. Air. Prince has joined the staff of the British Co- lumliia Forest Branch, and is work- ing near Creston, in that province, and Air. Fitzrandoli)li will go into the lumber business. Air. R. G. Lewis, B. Sc. F.. has been for some time engaged in the compilation of the forest products bulletins for 1911 at the head office of the P'orestry Branch at Ottawa. He Avill leave shortly for the Alari- time Provinces, in connection with the compilation of the study of the wood-using industries of the Afari- time Provinces on which the For- estry Branch is entering. Alessrs. G. II. Edgecombe. P. Z. Caverhill, F. AV. Beard. E. G. AIc- Dougall and 11. C. Kinghorn have resigned their positions in the Do- minion forest service to accept posi- tions with the Forest Branch of the British Columbia Department of Lands. J. D. Gilmour. late of the C.P.R. forestry department, has been ap- pointed supervisor of the Brazeau forest reserve, Avitli lieadquarters at Edmonton. L. R. Andrews has been appoint- ed forest assistant on the Riding Alountain forest reserve, Alanitoba. L. C. Tilt has charge of a forest survey party in eastern Alanitoba. H. C. Belyea, who was a member of the 1911 forestry class of the UTni versify of New Brunswick, has taken a position with the Riordon Paper Co.. at St. Jovite, P.Q. G. Skiff Grimmer, of the U. of N. B. class of 1908. is engineer and for- ester for the American Canning Co.. near St. Andrews. N.B. The com- pany has a considerable tract of timber and will grow timber for box shooks. G. A .Fitzrandolph (U. N. B., 1912) is joining the staff of the Baker ancl Randolph Co., lumber- men. 12 OTTAWA, CANADA. Canadian Torcstrv journal \nL. VIIT. SEFr. (HTOliKK. 11J12. No. 5 CUL T i — ^ — t um^u^^^v^ SIWASH J^^OCK. (mo of the points of interest near N .mcouvcr. A I j«^ % I -^ Till' THE CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Extends a cordial invitation to those inter- ested in the forests of this country, from whatever point of view, to join its ranks, and help to spread knowledge of, and in- terest in, the forests of Canada in partic- ular, and in general of the world. During the past few years the interest in the proper use and the protection and perpetua- tion of the forests has greatly increased, am! to this increased knowledge and interest the Canadian Forestry Association, by its propaganda work, has contributed its share. Founded in 1900, with a membership of 12, it has in twelve years increased its mem- bership to 2,700. During these years it has held conventions throughout Canaila from coast to coast, in the Ancient Capital and in the bustling cities of the prairies and Pacific coast, in the manufacturing east and the agricultural prairie country. Its official organ. The Canadian Forestri/ Journal, was started in 1905 and is now in its seventh volume. But as forestry goes on, circum- stances change and new needs spring up, and the Association is anxious to do its duty in arousing public interest and point- ing out ways of getting things done. One object of the Association was achieved when forest reserves were established; but that is merely a beginning and now proper ad- ministration of these reserves, on the basis of the public good, irrespective of any pri- vate or partizan interest, must be secured. When that is done other problems will pre- sent themselves for settlement. The Asso- ciation wants the interest and enthusiasm and, in some degree, the contributions of the public. The annual membership fee is ^1.00; this entitles the member to The Cana- dian Forestry Journal for a year, the an- nual report of the society, and other litera- ture. Life membership costs $10.00. Ap- plications for membership should be ad- dressed to James Lawler, Secretary, Cana- dian Forestry Assn., Canadian Building, Ottawa. There are many ways in which we can serve our state and the future, but we can do it in no way as effectually as by grow- ing trees in many places which are little adapted to other uses. It is possible to plant millions of trees in the ninety-two counties of Indiana, which will add millions of dollars annually to its wealth ami, in the meantime, increase its beauty and the com- fort of the people. — Former (U.S.) Vice- President Fairbanks. CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Patron, H. R. H, the ijovernor General. Honorary Pres., Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden. Honorary Past President, Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier. President, John Hendry, Esq. Vice-President, lion. W. A. Charlton. Secretary, Jas. Lawler, Canadian Building-, Slater St., Ottawa. Asst. Secretary, F. VV. H. Jacombe. Treasurer, Miss M. Robinson. Directors: Win. Little Hiram Robinson, Aubrey White, E. Stewar., H. M. Price, W. B. Snowball, Thomas Southwoith, Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y. Chown, Hon Sydney Fisher, R. H. Campbell, J. B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B E. Fernow. Ellwood Wilson, Senator Bostock, F. C. Whitman, G. C. Pich6, Alex. MacLaurin, Carl Riordon ; Mgr. O. E. Mathieu, Bishop of Regina ; A. P, Stevenson, Wm. Pearce, Wm. Power, C. E. E. Ussher, Denis Murphy, C. Jackson Booth, Wm. Price, J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve, M.P., W. C. J. Hall, J. S. Dennis. Territorial Vice-Presidents : Ontario— Hon. W. H. Hearst. Quebec — Hon. Jules Allard. New Brunswick — Hon. J. K. Fleiimiing. Nova Scotia — Hon. G. H. Murray. Manitoba— Hon. R. P. Roblin. Prince Edward Island — Hon. J. A. Matheson. Saskatchewan — His Honor G. W. Brown. Alberta — Hon. A. L. Sifton. British Columbia— Hon. W. R. Ross. Yukon — Geo. Black, Commissioner. Mackenzie — F. D. Wilson. Keewatin — His Honor D. C. Cameron. (Jngava — His Grace Mgr. Bruchesi, Archbishop ot Montreal. FORESTRY LITERATURE. In reviewing the stock of literature on hand, the Association finds that there are a number of extra copies of certain issues of the Journal and An- nual Report printed before the mem- bership was as large as now. As these contain many excellent articles it hr.s been decided to send them out as far as they will go. Members who receive such literature will know why If is sent. The State Conservation Commission of New York has decided to use prison labor in advancing the forestry interests of the Empire State. It has directed the establish- ment at Comstock, where the Great Mea- dows prison is located, of a nursery large enough to bring the output of the state nurseries up to double its present amount; in other words, to increase the production to 12,000,000 trees per year. — National Nur- seryman. It is reported that an immense quantit\' of timber was destroyed by insects in the summer of 1911 in the neighborhood of Deer Lake, Newfoundland. The damage is estimated at over .$100,000, and the area covered is about 35 square miles. Canadian Forestry? Journal Vol. VTTT Ottawa, Skitkmhfr-Octobkr, 1912 No. 5 TIIK oIKcial or>{an of llic ( 'an.ijian h'ore«lry A>socialu>ii. .\ m;iKaziiie JcvDtrd to the i-.trrcNti oJ JorcMtry aiiJ in ^ii:nrr»\ to the advocacy of the wise and conservative ii»c nf the natural resources of Canada. Annual Subscription, SIhkIc Copy, $I.UO 25c addrris, and adtrrtix-mrnl* «houlJ b« *«nl lu iKc Secrelar) Canadian K*rr>ir) AmucuIkm, Canailun Huildinv, t.>tiaw4. Canaaa. Ihc Canadian l-orcstry Journal l< a go*d ■ d\ertl«ln|{ medium Ad\erti>lng rate* cll. |. M. \|j».'.,n munications regarding auhscriptions, change* ot K. W. II. Jaconibe i';\blc of C^outcuts I '»«.•. Tl N'ictoria, M.C"., Fun-.^lrv < "onvi'ntion \Vc«-s.>mn, UG; Tliiirsdny .\ft«rti«M>n Sos.sion, 12*2 : Tin- (lunli n I'arty, 123: The HaiHiuct. 12:5; rridiiy Morning Siwion, 126; Kritluy .\ftrrntKjn Session, 129; Hm>lution«, \M) . Kntlay lOvfiiiiig Sfssioii. \'M : Tlios*- Tn-si-nt. l.'i^L Otis StupU'-s With I lie Forost KriRinriTs ill tho MC. Kuri'sl Scn'irr Noto« '*''. '•*"• '•^** ILi 14(1 t.l, The Victoria, B. C, Forestry Convention. Brief Report of the Proceedings of this important gathering. What all ajrrtM' has 1>.'»'U tht> hfst and most iiiKtniftiv.- coiiv.-ii- tioii of th.- ('aiia.liaii Fonstry Association <-oin-lu«l«'(l last own- ini: in lli«' Aloxainlra <" ' I)t>spitt> th.' (iistaiK'f which RVcal MUMiImT of the tlUM1l»»«T« ha. I to travel, the nttriitlanrc nt the t'oiivfiition wns not far short of •* Jlll,> •■' ill ' st Tl N).«/. The nUn-e ■ I • i 1 > , eultien hail to bo nv I'lul eminentl\ in the innin «•';.,. .. • L.. illS tll't)' the 113 114 Canadian Forestry Journal, Septefnber-Odoher, 1912. was the enthusiasm and cordial sup- port of the government ol British Columbia, and the other the assistance of members of the Canadian Forestry- Association in eastern Canada, who made long journeA's in order to be present at this meeting. Among these may be mentioned the Hon. J. K. Flem- ming. Premier of New Brunswick: Hon. Jules Allard, Minister of Lands and Forests, Quebec; Hon. W. A. Charlton, ]\I.P., Vice-president of the Association; ^Mr. Aubrey White, Dep- uty ^Minister of Crown Lands for On- tario; Dr. B. E. Fernow, Dean of the Faculty of Forestry of the University of Toronto ; I\Ir. R. H. Campbell, Do- minion J)irector of Forestry, and a number of leading lumbermen, tim- ber-limit holders and forestry officials. From ]\Ianitoba came the lion. Colin H. Campbell, i\Iinister of Public Works ; from Saskatchewan Mr. A. F. Mantle, Deputy JMinister of Agricul- ture, and from Alberta Mr. Geo. Har- court, who occupies a similar position in that province. The United States sent a number of representatives, including Judge Flewelling, President of the Western Forestry and Conservation Associa- tion, and :\Ir. E. T. Allen, Secretary of the same organization; Mr. Joseph B. Knapp, Assistant United States Forester at Portland, Ore.; i\rr. Geo. M. Cornwall, editor of the 'Timber- man.' and others. The names of those who attended the different sessions of the Conven- tion will be found in the list of dele- gates at the end of this report. The sessions of the Convention were held in the commodious and hand- some hall of the Alexandra Club, one of the few women's clubs in Canada which possesses a building of its own. It was originally intended that Sir Richard McBride, the Prime Minister, and members of the Cabinet should receive the delegates on Wednesday evening in the Legislative Chamber, but, owing to the amount of work which iiad accumulated on the pro- gramme, it was decided to change this for the opening session in the Alexan- dra Club on Wednesday evening. This was a most successful change, as it permitted time foi- welcoming the delegates and for their replies thereto, which would have been impossible had this been reserved until Thursday morning. The change was also ap- preciated by the citizens of Victoria, who were thus enabled to hear the ad- dresses of the distinguished men at- tending the Convention. On Thursday afternoon His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor and ^Trs. Paterson were 'At Home' to the delegates at a garden party at Gov- ernment House, and on Thursday evening the lumbermen, in conjunc- tion with the citizens of British Col- umbia, entertained the Convention at a magnificent banquet in the main dining-room of the famous Empress Hotel. The social functions were thor- oughly carried out in the true style of Pacific Coast hospitality. The pro- gramme was filled with papers of the most practical character, and the dis- cussions showed that keen interest was taken in every item. Before and after the convention delegates from distant points journeyed to different points along the coast, motored through Victoria and adjacent parts of Vancouvei' island, and thus got a good idea of the flourishing Pacific Coast and particularly of its great timber resources. Wednesday Evening, Sept. 4. The chair at the opening meeting on Wednesday evening Avas occupied by i\Ir. A. C. Flumerfelt, Chairman of the Citizens' Committee which made the local arrangements for the convention. It may be mentioned in passing that Mr. Flumerfelt not only devoted a large amount of his valu- able time to this convention, but that it was especially fortunate he should take a prominent part in it from the fact that he was chairman of the For- estry Commission upon whose report the present Forest Law of British Columbia is based. Tlir Victoria, li.C. ( umitilmn 11 Hon. \\ . K. Ross, MinistiT of Lands for IJ.CJ. AVith tin- rhiiirmaii nii tli.- platlnrin wore Sir I\i»liarn's«>ntiii>r His Worsliip tin- Mayor, uiiav al»s»'iit on civir Itusini-s-s in <»..;.... Mr. .1. .f. SlialltTosN. PiTsi.li-nt of th. Hoard usr his (»\vn cxpn-ssivi' phrasf. * touch ed the button' and the pnx'tfdinipi Ih'- gan. Sir Kii'hard .McBridc wnnnly wol corned the eonvention to Hriti.Hh Col- undiia and spokr of the honor don. the Proviui'e by the pathcrini: in i' of such a distin^ruished lM»dy of men He reeapitulated the einMnn.stane««ji V. Imli Irti l>) iiritish ('olund)i.. dcr the lion. W K Horn: h«' •■d the audirnee that HritiMh < ■-■ un- >inin(i- ult of ( 'ummiMNion on i In . • ' < lO\ 1/iiHf the Fo- care had ' on thin f*outi \vn in • T M liini* U" • 111' !• !>!-. st I IV a Roval ' 1. .«• •I- Ht t .f The rmultji were <\ e eieiit in every part of ita work. He 116 Canadian Forestry Journal, September-October, 1912. acknowledged the assistance given to the (Jovcrnnient by the lumbermen, timber-owners and the general pub- lic in enforcement of the laws ; on every hand was evident a desire to protect the forests and husband the immense timber resources of the Pro- vince. The citizens' welcome was conveyed by Alderman Cuthbert, and that of the Board of Trade by Mr. Shallcross. The first called upon to reply was the Hon. J. K. Flemming. Premier of New Brunswick. He thanked the Pi-ovince and City for their vrarm welcome and complimented very highly British Columbia in showing the way to solve the larger problems of forest protec- tion. The Hon. Jules Allard, while he apologizetl with true French-Cana- dian politeness for his English, proved how little he needed to ask any indul- gence. In eloquent terms he con- gratulated the Government of British Columbia on what it was doing for forestry and for the protection of the natural resources generally. He showed the progressive step taken by Quebec when it sent two young men to Yale to be educated as foresters, and that these men had been placed in charge of the work on tlieir re- turn, and he also spoke of the suc- cess of the new forestry school estab- lished in connection with Laval Uni- versity, ten graduates of which were in the employ of the Quebec Govern- ment. Mr. Aubrey White, on behalf of the province of Ontario, thanked the people of British Columbia for the welcome extended and spoke of the efforts of Ontario to con(iuer the for- est fire demon by constantly increas- ing the organization since 1885. The Hon. Colin II. Campbell said that this was the first forestry con- vention to which his province had been able to send a representative. Formerly Manitoba had been engaged iu producing No. 1 hard wheat, but now, thanks to the extension of its boundaries, it was interested with other provinces in forest problems. Dr. Fernow spoke on this occasion as representing the Conuuision of (■onservation. He congratulated the province on its remarkable advance in forest matters. He agreed with the Premier that he was right in consid- ering the British Columbia legisla- tion the most advanced in America. The thing that struck him most was the rapidity ami eiTectiveness with which British Columbia had complet- ed its work. Mr. John Hendry brought the pro- ceedings to a close by a speech in which he conveyed the thanks of the Association. Mr. R. H. Campbell, :\Ir. James White, Secretary of the Commission of Conservation, i\lr. A. F. Mantle and ]\Ir. George Harcourt had promis- ed to speak at the opening, but owing to the lateness of the hour it was de- cided to reserve these speeches for another session. The Hon. W. R. Ross, ^Minister of Lands for British Columbia, who had made a race against time from New York in order to be present at the convention, arrived before the close of this session and was greeted with t heers. Thursday Morning', Sept. 5. The proceedings opened with Mr. Hendry, the President, in tlie chair, and he immediately proceeded to deliver his presidential address. Tn this he pointed out that the public was now coming to realize that the old idea that forests and lumbermen must disap])ear as time passed was giving j'laee to the new conception that jforests would continue forever on the lands unsuited to agriculture, and that the ideal was jiermanent saw-mills and wood-working factories supplied with timber from permanent forests on the non-agricultural lands. Tie emphasized the need of much greater exertions against fire, and also better laws to keep out 'fake' settlers from agricultural lands. To this end surveys should be made as rapidly as possible to ascertain what is absolute forest land, and the forest ser- vices all over Canada should be kept fear- less and non-]iartizan by placing them un- der civil service reaulations, where1)y ap- pointments, jiromotions and dismissals cr ft re .^" r, O 3 <^ 3 118 Canadian Forestry Journal, Septeniher-Odober, 1912. What Fire has done in some British Columbia Forests. should be made upon merit. Reference was made to British Columbia's great timber wealth and to the new Forest Law. Sir Richard McBride and Hon. W. R. Ross were commended for their activity in the matter of forest conservation and development, and the delegates from other provinces welcomed in coming to assist in solving the forest problems not only of British Columbia but of all Canada, as the gathering would not lose sight of the na- tional character of the Canadian Forestry Association. HON. W. R. ROSS. The Minister of Lands, in preface to his paper on 'The Guardianship of the Forest Wealth of British Columl>ia,' re- ferred to the premier's remarks the even- ing before. Sir Richard, he said, had made it plain that this ])rovince, so far as the others are concerned, proposes to take the lead in matters affecting the modern policy of conservation of forests. It was particularly fitting that the pres- ent convention should be held in Victoria, as it gave British Columbia an opportun- ity to give firsthand notice to its friends from other provinces that from now on it would expect that for the latest word in forest conservation all must come here. Mr. Ross, in his paper, traced briefly but concisely what has been done in British Columbia for the protection of the forests, and explained fully the composition and working of the forest branch of his de- partment, starting his review from the ap- pointment of the forestry commission, the work of which he praised highly. In the course of the paper he said:" Timber Reserves. 'Since the end of 1907 no timber has been alienated by the government, and, while making provision for timber sales in the Forest Act last session, I was most anxious to avoid burdening the new staff with much detail work of this descrip- tion during the important organizing per- iod of this year. The only sales we are putting in hand at present are those of small areas of timber that operators are anxious to take out while working on ad- joining land, there being no question as to the desirability of disposing of these. In Oj-der to continue our policy of encour- agement to the paper and pulp industry, we are conducting investigations of cer- tain areas which are reported to be spe- cially suitable for the production of pulp. 'Another duty falling to the forest branch is that of land classification. We have such enormous areas in this province that are extraordinarily fit — and fit only — for the growing of timber that every effort should be n-ade to cut out from our timber reserves, as soon as possible, all land suitable for agriculture. Forest as- sistants with technical training have there- fore been assigned to the examination of cut-over timber limits and_ leases in order that our departmental action may be based on accurate inforn'ation. Fraudulent at- temjits to secure timber lauds under cover of the Land Act will be ball^od by similar examinations. 'In the short time at my (lis|iosal, 1 Imt mention a few of tlie other matters tliat are receiving attention, for instance, the examination of certain regions in the in- terior, where it is feared that the forest is failing to reproduce itself; the special study by trained men into the effects and defects of the log scales in use in the ]iro- vince; the nublishinff of reliable informa- tion that will advertise our B. C. timbers and our forest industries; the studv of waste in all its forms; and the cartipaign of publicity that we consider the most valuable, in fact, the fundamental, means of combating the public carelessness that The \'iortaiit pliawf of uiir work- -fi)re8t protection. FoUK.ST i'ltolKCI ION .MkaM ICHS. ' 1 liavo already mentioned the fact that we practically douMcd the firewarden force for the season of 1911. The jjovern nient at this time was carrying; on the work at the puhlic expense, and it was* very ^enerall\ a;,'reed that owners and holders of timber lands ou;;ht to be re quired to contribute their proper share. The Forest Ai-t therefore, established the Forest Protection Fund, to which ail own ers, lessees and licencees of timber lamls are recpiired to contribute, the fjoverninenf j)uttin;,' up dollar for dollar. The standard levy is one cent per acre, with the |iro viso that whenevci' this proves insuflicicnf to meet the aTinual expenditure there shall be an automatic increase to whatever figure may be necessary. 'We have found it desirable to create new lire districts during' the present sea son, ••hiefly on account of the rapid settle- ment that is taking place in the regions north of the railwav V>elt, and in conse quence the inHpcction diviaiona have been incr««aHcd from t<-ii t<. fir'- ■ it owthif to the frci|ii<-tober 1, forest I' ' '• haji t>veQ to leave the matter in the hands of the for est service, which is empowered to de«l with this slash at the expense of the for- Ranjicrs Cabin m C-lnlliwack District. HC. The ranger s cabin sh..wn in thj« tlbi-trntton wn.« b«nl» l>v Mr A R Hipkne jloyed by the Fon^lry Hnmrb ns v'ofumbia. It was btiiit durinR the,-, time not being mcludinl^ of W^i .*iO. eff>- I 120 Canadian Forestry Journal, Septemher-Octoher, 1912. est protection fund, so as to favor the growth of the new crop of timber and to give it as much protection as possible against fire. This work and the clearing up of dangerous debris alongside public roads and in other specially dangerous localities will necessitate a slash-burning campaign in many portions of the province. Experiments already made by us in this line have proved most successful. Attitude of Public to Fires Changed. ' We are all conscious of the remarkable change that has taken ]ilace in public opinion with regard to forest fires. Ten years ago people in the west looked upon the burning of entire watersheds as a na- tural alteration in the scenery that went with rail\\ay construction, mining or land- clearing as a matter of course. There was a good deal of wagging of heads at such wholesale destruction, but the pre- vention or controlling of forest fires seem- ed to be too ])ig an undertaking, and there was consequently a general feeling of help- lessness in the matter. That was so even five or six years ago. Today in this pro- vince there is an outcry if precautions are not taken to prevent fires in places where dangerous conditions exist, and when fires occur jieople expect the fighting of them to be organized promptly, and look for just as much money to be expended as the circumstances require. 'Public opinion, in other words, has been educated to higher standards, and this result has been accomplished almost entirely by the steady publicity that for- est jirotection has received through the press, through public speaking, through the efforts of forestry associations, and through the enforcement of the permit law and other local work. Waste in Manufacture. 'Six years ago we in this province felt powerless to prevent the annual waste by fire; today we see our way with con- fidence. If one great problem can thus be solved, why not another? Today, for in- stance, each million feet of lumber manu- factured on the Pacific Coast means the wholesale butchery of low-grade material for which our operators can find no market. 'Other waste there is that is (irevent- able, for examjile, the using of high-class material in the woods for purposes for which inferior timber would suffice, and the cutting of lumber into even lengths only, on account of which trade practice investigation shows that two per cent, is lost; but before the main problem of the low-grade log, we are as helpless today as we were regarding fire protection a few years ago. T look to co-operation between the operators of this province and the for- est service, in order that this disease of waste that affects our forest may be studied as carefully as doctors study human diseases and that every possible way of improving matters be discovered and made use of. ' Time forbids that T should say more on this occasion, and I will confine my- self to emphasizing one final point The conservation movement has succeeded in making the public realize that, region by region, and state by state, many of the forests of this continent are being cut out. It is human nature for people to console themselves with the thought that the forests will last their time and that nothiikg much can be done. 'I think that it is just here that the failure to give jieople a real interest in forest business has occurred. . . . What we need to drive into the understanding of the people is that forestry, as we practice it, means the scientific management of the gov- ernment 's immense timber business, so that the citizen who would otherwise have to pay $15 in taxes has only to pay $10; so that in years to come the citizen will have to pay still less; so that while producing these effects on revenue, the system of forest finance will be so adjusted as to offer the maximum of encouragement to the growth of the lumbering industry; and, above all other considerations, so that our forest capital, the source of our prosperity, may be preserved intact.' COMMITTEE ON KESOLUTIONS. The Resolutions committee named by the president was composed of Hon. W. R. Ross, Mr. R. 11. Campbell, Dominion Director of Forestry; Dr. Fernow, dean of the faculty of forestry of the University of Toronto; Mr. Aubrey White, deputy minister of lands, forests and mines of Ontario; Mr. Wm. McNeill. Vancouver, and Mr. A. C. Flumerfelt, Victoria. Lumbermen Approve Forest Act. Mr. T. F. Paterson, B.S.A., representing the British Colum]>ia Liim])er and Shingle As- ^ociation, read a pajier on 'The Forest Act of British Colnmbia as Viewed by the Coast Lumberman. ' On the whole, he said, the lumbermen thought the act a good one, and were prepared to co-operate with the forest branch in carrying out a policy of conservation. Not knowing the members of the service yet, he refrained from any criti- cism of them, but accepted the minister's statement that the best men Were being se- lected. In the appointment of fire wardens and log scalers, he said the lumbermen de- sired to see no man given a position unless he was a man of some ability and experi- ence. They recommended an examination for scalers, and the ajipointment of fire wardens for the year round at adequate salaries. The Victoria li.C. Conventiuu. 121 From tlic oxjuTifiici' ;;aitii'i| in ii r«'fir. A lot of timln'r from ^ixfrt'ii ini-lw?* ilov\n was left in tlu' wooils here, Imt the time was near at hand when this wuuhi have to be utilized by the hiiubermen. The New B.C. Foue.'itrui-tiun wotk the government had utaflTN of rant;i*r<> uudrr Mi|K>rviKorii and the companifH panl half the vx{>«'nHe. On Uovernnient n^fcrven the Oo* ernnieiit appointN and pavx all tbr rant;«-r*. FoKCMT Hnkmicm. Mr. K. II. .Mexatider advo<-at<-i| Ihr |>av- ment of all the root of figbtin|{ fln*< out of the foreht in^urance fun<4-d the alIo^^in^ of settlement on or adja-i-nt to any lands be<>t fitted for timli«*r i;riiMinK. For the lack of market for lower ifradr* of tindier, N!r. Alexander blamed thr roD snmer to a considerable extent anf (("insj clear Itifidwr th«» hM> i«li«'»> ri(;ht (Ic'dar Forest on (loliimhia Ki\ir. IJ.( erally. It. I'erno« recalled that in the ear lier days of forest con^e^vation the liimU-r men were not so friendly as they ' become. They did not have a »•■ wide enou^;h to >ay all the uncom|dimeniary things they desired about the fore«ter«» and their |>oli<'y, and m) they invente-l ' denii datiis' - 'denude" «ith the "an ndintJ as lunatics (lauj;hter>. It »%a.'« "loubly |>lea sant, therefore, to ••hj the npirit of ro operation now manife.st. Mr. R. !I. «amp»K'll an.l Mr. A«ibr. White spoko alonj; the same line* and con ijratulated the province on wcurinji Mr. 11. H. MacMillan as chief forester. Mr. NMlite explained that in Ontario the b n now [«ay the whole C€)st of lire | >. on their limits and anpoint the tire rnnjji-rs. these being un-ler the "upcrvision o( five district rangers appointe«l by the govern- hundred or a thou«an'l r«u» to trTo.> whrrr • heap luinl er could be UMtl. Mr. l'aler»on warn«««l Ibf againKt the twgui prrrroptor. Thief Forester ' gentUMiieii who h:t referenctm to the the liiiiilMnn«a kind ..I in 122 Canadian Forestry Journal, September-October, 1912. Economy in Manufacture. Mr. E. J. Palmer, president of the B. C. Lumber and Shingle Association, read a paper on economical manufacture. He em- phasized the need for utilizing the timber now wasted and declared that a market could be established for it. There was some education of the public necessary, however, and it would be well for governments also to take a hand and for railways to co- operate by granting lower rates for the transportation of cheap grades of luuiber. The statement had recently been maile to him (Mr. Palmer) by a prominent railway- man that coast mills annually wasted fifty thousand carloads of lower grades. Mr. Palmer cited numerous uses to which these grades could be put. He mentioned the case of limits logged over fifteen years ago, which his company is now logging again and getting twelve thousand feet an acre off, the reason being that there is no.v a market for the smaller tindier which it would not have paid to cut when the limits were first logged. Forestry in Quebec. Mr. G. C. Piche, chief of the forest ser- vice of the department of lands and forests of Quebec, congratulated British Columbia on having such a splendid forestry system now in elfect. Tn Quebec the government is now engaged in a classification oif lands which are suitable for agriculture, and those which are fit only for timber. There is strict control of logging operations, as to taking out all the merchantable timber and so forth. The disposition of debris is a matter still for the future, and will require lengthy experiment, Mr. Piche said. He gave the convention some interesting de- tails of the f ore' t service of his province, and the work which is being done in re- forestation. Mr. A. C. Flumerfelt urged the adoption of a resolution by the conventiou a kiiig the Dominion government either to pMt thart of BriMsh Columbia,' said Mr. Macoun, in conclusion. 'Not that the trees are the largest or the best, but there is the largest primeval forest on earth, and it should be preserved. There are there the finest examples of Douglas fir you can find. The government is certainly to be highly commended for the steps it is tak- ing to make this a national park.' The Viclurid, li.C. i'unvenliun. 123 Kir. (iri'ii fell |>ar wkJi • gtvnl ixu- • tI i lb* o of the KMipre«<« Ilotid, i-t'fK, anij on«> of the it fuiictionM in which the i a-kfd to pa'' A- the !• umlx-rmKn of lb* pro- vince, Mr. John lii-ndrv i>i-<-iipifd l\w '-bair, and Mr. A. C. Kluii.erfilt. ' |>rovincial comniitte** of tn ed as toa'»tnia!ein(; in tact ivj in(; tu the large nunib«^eated at the head taidc. the chairman were Sir Htchard ■''. c. Mop. \V. ,\. Charlton, M.I'.; .Mr. K. T. Al>«, K...J On th< Governmenl lloiiso, \ ictoria. B.C.. wluTf llu- l)ilc)»atos to the Convention wire iiitirtaincd on Tluirstlay .\ftirnoon. .ntus. At Kock Hay, he told the deli'guti-?. 45 lives hnect nei^jhhor ly treatment from our neijihiiors, and we believe that we shall receive it.' U. S. VisiTOKs Kkmkmhkkku. Mr. R. H. Campbell, the dominion Director of Forestry, proposed the toast of 'The Forest Interests of the I'nit ed States of .\merica,' and, in doinj; so, laid emjdiasis upon the dose relationship which existed between Canada and the Tnited States, not only socially and com- mercially, hut |)ers()nally as well, and ex presseil his luipe that this close rel.'ition ship would always continue. Botli coun tries had been equally |irodi^al in their treatment of their natural resources; but both had now awakened to a realization of the iii»ed for conservation of those pifts which (lod had j^iven tt> both. Much of this knowledjre had come about as the re-iult of the labors of men such as Dr. Fcrnow, to whom both countries owed a debt which could never be repaid. Mr. K. T. Allen, of I'ortland, Ore, I" S. A., replied in a happy si>eech whicli l>reathed the sentiment of brotherly love. .\t the outset he paid a compliment to British Cobimbia by describinj; its for estry law as the most adv.im'i'd forestry le;.'islation on the continent. While there had been an opinion in the Tnited States that Canada ha>l dr.iwn lar;'ely upon Am erii-an sources for its fori»st exj'erts he was ;.'oin>; back to tell his folks at home that they mi;:ht well borrow a few Cnna dinns to teach them some thin>r». Much more was involved in such '.'ntherintrs than sentiment They involve.! business principles ami bu-iness treatment of bu<«i ness quetttions and in that regard eiirh eotiM learn fro-n the other. ' We mav call our work for«»»it crtni»«»rva lion or fores' i>r«"nal and pub lie insurance and It nhould be administer ed just as wisely and just as «anelv nt if it was a mattiT of per««onnl insurance Kven thotiirh HritiMh • m excellent law, there were ."• which it micht learn from the I nite.| Sfatt«s. One of these wn<» to tench that all se.-tions of the i-ommunity had a common interest in the fore-.trv i- «. n<> matter whether covernmeni ermen or the ordinary public In the states of Washintrton, Oreiron and Idaho. »>'■ ber owner-^ were patrollinj; acres am! doin^; their share in a commoo business contract with the rewt of the mm inunity. The problemn uf the two ruuD- tries were the same. Such problems re- s|M'cte.| no t." ' rtjr should be sol .-r- hood of the .Vii. in a si.irit of romradci!.., ... . , . .-..L.jn. TlIK AhM»»<-| ATHlN Hi (MIMED The toast of 'The Canadian Korestrj .Vssociation, ' was pro|><>ervation of lh« forests had rightly Imnmi taken by the pro- vince of British Columbia, the proviore «hit. .. .umlda and as n vice-president of the f^anailian For- estry Assoi-iation, and dwelt u|«>n the ex- pansion which was inevitsbl- in the lim ber industry of British •' i Me aa sure«l his hearers that ti. ,. . rnment of British Columbia was animateveriiMiclit li:iil ■•'' »•• f" the debauchery of t' «>f the province He ex, . ' "^at the new provincial univerwitr wooM in elude R •chmd of foreatry c- with practical te«t« of limber eonditions. *I can see ''•' vi-Hom t-m-- i>f ('alifomia eointf '^■ p.. bv k • howr 1 ciatinn wn» bo lonr" • yonth. t Ifronn t<> elad to ment ha ' '^- menls to • '^ ffr4 to p«IitK«. and frooJd take the wee 126 Canadian Forestry Journal, Septeutber-Ocloher , 1912. sage back east that men of the east came here to sit at the feet of the giants of the west in forestry knowledge. 'The better we know each other, the better we shall love each other,' was now as ever the motto of the Forestry Association. The final toast of 'The Press' was pro- posed by Hon. J. K. Flemming, the prem- ier of New Brunswick, and responded to by Mr. C. H. Lugrin, who dwelt upon the great asset which Canada possessed in its practically transcontinental forest, and urged that 'we should take as much care of that forest as we should of a trans- continental railway. If one of our rail- ways were to be destroyed it could easily be replaced within a few years, but it would take generations to replace the great transcontinental forest which was the backbone of Canada.' able timber and valueless for any other purpose, at 65,000,000 acres, this being a conservative estimate. Of this, he f)ut down 25,000,000 acres as being rendered unmerchantable under existing conditions by fire, but containing considerable amounts of large timber and coming rap- idly into second growth. It was certain, he said, that within ten years the forests would increase their annual cut to four or five billion feet, while in twenty years the production would be limited only by the supply. This limit of supply of six billion feet a year would be reached in fifteen years. This was worth to the gov- ernment $6,000,000, and to the community $100,000,000 a year, and to win this stake fire must be kept out of an area of one hundred million acres. Mr. Benedict explained in detail the or- Burned-over Benchland near Revelstoke, B.C. The proceedings closed by the drinking of the health of Mr. John Hendry, the l>resident of the association, 'one of the greatest captains of industry in Western Canada, ' as Sir Richard McBride describ- ed him. Friday Morning, Sept. 6. At the opening of the morning session, in the absence of Mr. R. E. Benedict, as- sistant forester of British Columbia, Mr. M. A. Grainger, chief of the department of records, read his paper on 'The Pro- tection of the Forests of British Columbia From Fire.' Mr. Benedict ])laced the acreage capable of producing mechant- ganization of the fire-fighting force and the fire protection fund of two cents an acre, half contributed by the timber own- ers. He insisted on the necessity of most thorough forest patrol. Despite all laws and their strict enforcement, fires would occur, just as in a city, and the comple- ment of expensive city fire departments was necessary in the forests in well-or- ganized patrols. This would cost money, but the stake was well worth all that could be spent. Chief Forester MacMillan stated that the province now has 142 fire rangers and wardens, each having an average of 500,- 000 acres to look after. It w^ould be n*^- The \'ictorui, li.i . ( oiuttttiun. 127 cessary to rediKc this an-a to Moiiiethin;.' like 30,(i(>i) airi'.s |u'r man. To iiropcrlv cover tlie |>roviiice there shoulil he 2,30(J fire wardens per season, ami this Htajje must be reached. The numlier niiylit seem lar},'e, the chief forester said, liut in Ontario there were over 1,000 wardens in service during; the season. Speaking after Mr. Benedict's pa]*er, .Mr. Maurice (^uinn, of Saj^'inaw, Midi., U.S.A., referred to the lack of fire protection in the Alherni district, where he saiil in the ease of a recent fire on Cameron Lake mountain tliere was no one present to send word of the dan^rer and no one ap peared to be interesteil. lie spoke «if an urgent necessity for the eilucation of the peo{)le in the vicinity in re;,'ard to the danger of forest fires. He asserted the work should be the combined care of luin bermen, farmers and railways. On Al berni Canal the 8i)eaker instanced the special difliculties met with. Alberni Canal, he said, was fifty five miles in length with high mountains on the shore line. Men found it impossible to climb the mountains, and to obtain assistance boats are necessary. In the event of a fire occurring at Oreat Central lake, he said, ten million feet of lumber would bo destroyed before a lire-fighting force could be assembled to cope with it, and prevent its spread. The only remedy, said the speaker, was the expenditure of money in the provision of conveniences for trans mission of inform;ition ami the maintcn anoe of an efiicienf fire fightinir force. Mix fdea for efliciencv in fire-fighting forc»*n was supported by the other speakers. KaILW AV KlHK SlTlTATInN. Mr. Clyde Leavitt, chief fire inspector for the Hoard of Railway Commissionerit and Forester of the Commission of Conser \ntion, read a paper c»n 'The Kailway Fire Situation in Canada.' In part he said: ' While many fires have been attributed to the railways, for which thev were not. as a matter of fact, res; •■ ln»4 from this s«)nrce has im Uvn far more than the country could afford. Forest fires are priictically preventable, but to accomplish this it is nore^snrr to spend Mxmey for jirevi-ntivr 'The Hoard of Kailway <■ r« for Canada has had the matter of lore't fires under consiileration for several year* and has issued reifulations front time I" time. The hi' ^•r of ' r,\ on this subject w:. i May -'. and provides for the use of spark iirr.'stcr*. the non-use o' lignite coal, the . -» •' ' -h ment and maintenance of Pre-Kt i* ri>gulation of the burning of in' '<• material along ri-.'ht-. of way. t >n- ization of special ratrols by the r.-iilway companii»s and other measure* bv Boch companies ner.>««Mry to the di^ruverv and extinguishing of tireH along riKbts of way. The two latter ar.- the nuMt • ,nt new features of the new order, ml of the other provisiooH wore provtuiuU ia effect. ' For the administration of thea« provi- sions of the onler and th -• '-rion of the work of the railway « -, undi>r it. a cooperative |.|iii I with the fore.-t bran, h oi lands of Hritish Columbia, and with the fori'stry and park» branchm, Itominion department of the interior. Certain offi cials of thi-sc dejiartiiMTif " havr bvf-n ap pointed olliciTs of tin- bo.ifl with author ity to deal direct with the railway com panics and to vary the requirements U|> or down, as local conditions at any time or place may re» in tlir forected sections of Hritish <'"b!'»it(ia, AU»rrta. Saskatchewan and " i. The plan is working very sati ... : .;ly so far. It is expected that a similar system of rail way patrols will be establi.of ' tor the new order in the i'a»tcrn [ ' next spring. The railways are : inter eated in preventing forwt fir .. great or extent than any other tingle iDterr«i in the country. 'The patrols specified by th*> ••hi*'f Hr» inspector have in every on discu.ssed in ailvance at coi.: railway oflfieiala. so there is no ■ Me ground for » charge that arbitrnry artion has been taken. 'The gradual • electricity and power may be especte*! to materially d» crease fori^st fire dan.'-" 'In order to l>o ' .-oi»«i«leBl and lo «««eure the fi; outlined for the pr Area, step* should n p.. . .., th. • lilting frotii the ■• road*, and also for ' burning or by h- •' all brush resultin,,- '■ lions Old .J.<»>fi» » r..- ie» •hould be - Only in ti tion he seeured at a rr •The »!- gulatinns ,v • ■•. cot'.on il ra;.way nree 128 Canadian Forestry Journal, September-October, 1912. Discussing Mr. Leavitt 's ])aper, Mr. E. H. Finlayson, of the Doniinion Forestry Service stationed in Alberta, Saskatche- wan and Manitoba, tohl of the harmon- ious results obtained since the first ar- rang-enient of fire patrols on the prairies. Rangers are now established in sections that can be covered once a week. He said that patrols would be found cheaper than fire-guards. Mr. James White, secretuvv of the Commission of Conservation, followed with a reference to the old law whereun- der the onus of proof of fires from railway causes rested yc\.1\\ the prosecutor, and spoke of its alteration by Hon. Geo. P. Graham, who caused amendments to the effect that railways should provide fire- fighting forces, and bear the onus of proof. The fact that British Columbia did not agree on the matter of oil fuel for rail- ion Forest Reserves for Alberta, read a paper on 'The Organization Work of the Dominion Forest Service in Western Can- ada. ' In this he sketched the size of the Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve of twelve million acres, one of the largest on the continent. He showed its resources in timber, minerals, water-powers and game, and spoke of its high value from a scenic standpoint. The reserve had been divided into five administrative units, varying in size from one million acres to four million acres, each in the charge of a Forest Su- pervisor. Some of the problems present- ed were given. There were no maps of the district, not even such as might be made by rapid reconnaissance. The Forestry Branch had neither funds nor equipment for this work, but was endeavoring to get the Topographical Surveys Branch to un- dertake it. There was no knowledge of An Example of Wasteful Lumbering in British Columbia. ways after 1914 was also mentioned, the provincial opposition being on account of the detriment to the coal-mining industry. Mr. White bore testimony to the value of the work being done by Mr. Leavitt and urged that in order to secure absolute con- trol of all railways the provincial gov- ernments should adopt similar regulations to those put in force by the railway com- mission in regard to lines under federal jurisdiction. Mr. Charles F. Lindmark, Revelstoke, intimated that he would later bring be- fore the association a resolution recom- mending the placing of the forests in the control of an independent commission re- moved from politics. Mr. W. N. Millar, Inspector of Domin- the kind and state of the timber. While the reserve was under the Forestry Branch, the regulations as to cutting were under the Dominion Lands Office. When the making of these regulations was trans- ferred to the Forestry Branch the latter must study carefully the question of dis- posal of 'slash' as related to reproduction and the keeping down of fires. A better standard of qualification for the rangers was advocated, and in this regard better terms and more permanency of employ- ment and the separation of the service from politics. Reducing Waste. Mr. J. B. Knapp, assistant district for- ester in the United States Forest Service, The \'iclon(i, li.C. Convention. 129 sjiokr nil tlif cldstT ut ili/iition ol I'miiic Coast tirnlicr, jiihI |iiiintiM| out tin- iiiniiy iustarKcs in which waste was allowed which was unnecessary, both in the woods and the mills. He ]ilaced u ^'ood deal of blame on the retailer and consumer for some forms of waste, as, for instance, in the insistence on leii;,'ths of even fe<>t, which led to much waste in trimming in the mills. A recent attempt by snw-mill men to introduce the use of odd feet len;.'ths was defeate|> also referred to the lack of science in tin- handling of dry kilns, which he charged with a waste of from ten to forty per cent., largely unnecessary, and to a great extent affecting Douglas fir. Mr. H. I). I'rettie. su|.erinteiLdent of forestry of the Canadian I'acific Railway, stated that that company was one of tin- largest users of lumber in the country, anrl its policy was to purchase Canadian pro duct. He claimed that railways li.-nl been blamed for very many fires with the start ing of whi<-h they had nothing to ilo. If the farmers, lumbermen, ranchmen, fisher- men and others were educated in the same way the railw.-iys had be(-n educat- ed, some results would be secured. The comi)any had secret service men out, and would trace uji every fire that occurred. Mr. I'rettie asserted that a number f»f saw- mills were not etitive bids per thousand feet, »nd that in paying fS to $10 per thousnnd Ihr lumbermen "ere faking more interest in timber |>reservation than any other prr sons. The government had also pl.nced the responsibility of selecting Are force* on the lumbermen ■ had done exery thing poh- ,■ > \),,. appointnionts fri>m being |>olitical. Friday Afternoon, Sept. 6. The firHt address of the .-ifti-ruoon wa» by .Mr. K. T. Allen, forester of the Western Forestry and Conservation A n. of ['ort'land, Ore C. S .\., on ' .N! .if Forestry Campaigning.* Mr. Allen show ed that the great aim was to get exrry man, woman and chiM to realiz*' tb« situ- ation as to the forests, that tl • >\<\ be preserved, atnl rouM Ik-. Tl.. -al plan was to gain the goo• that could be reacht-d. Mr .\ .1 dress was a revi-lation to those preaetil of how to arouse public attention. I>r. .ludson F. Clark, of Vancouver, read a pa|>er on 'The ' al Vali: ''"r- estry to liritish ' la. ' II ■ e-l the difliculty of putting a flnnn- iil value on some of the advatt* f the formls, such an an improved and the op- portunities for ri'Kt a- 'l- /ens which forests pr >ulw. As to the |M. of de of wood ■ er t^ „: . : --^t < in kaadhnf ln'fore, even in ■•••»■ ~ reference t-- r to lumber th<:r limits. Mr i< H. r!imT'b«-'» '' of Forestry, r tion throu-.'* ■• state of t praine pr mi«? »"■■"• " Tnreetor •Se ; !b* e for- 130 Canadian Forestry Journal, September-October, 1912 ests of Canada might last indefinitely if the fire-fiend were conquered, but this was not being done in any province. It seem- ed likely that timber revenues would di- minish from this onward and nothing was being done to secure reproduction. The fire-ranging systems, while extensive in some provinces, needed the adoption of a definite policy in order to get results. ' To sum up, in the eastern and prairie provinces, the supply of timber is decreas- ing without adequate means being taken to replace it; the Government revenues from timber are declining and, therefore, the ability to take proper means for sav- ing the forest is decreasing, as the ne cessity increases. When these provinces awake to the need, they may find the fin- ancial strain too great. The Dominion Government while handling well the for- ests in its own jurisdiction, might fairly be asked to come to the helj) of the pro- vinces, for forest assets are assets of the wiiole country as well as of the provinces. British Columbia is in the unique position of having large areas of fine timber and also a buoyant revenue. It is, therefore, in a more favorable position than any other j^rovince to inaugurate a good for- est policy and it is a satisfaction to all citizens of the Dominion to know this is being undertaken in an adequate manner. The good features of the system being or- ganized are the following: — 1. Advantage has been taken of expert knowledge in the laying out of policy and organization. 2. The staff is being placed on a civil service basis so that appointments will be made on considerations of merit. 3. A strong head-quarters staff has been provided. 4. Provision has been made for investi- gating the conditions affecting the forests and the timber industry. 5. This organization will administer all matters relating to the forests and timber, and not, as in other cases, separate tim- ber administration from forest conserva- tion. Mr. H. K. Robinson, Assistant Forester of British Columbia in charge of forest surveys, pointed out the enormous worlv of securing data regarding the forests on an area 700 miles long and 400 miles wide which comprised British Columbia, and making timber maps of the same area. To do this as rapidly as possible, a number of parties were being sent out and ten were now in the field. The forest service of British Columbia was only three months old, but no time was being wasted and they were confident of completing the re- connaissance survey by 1915. Mr. W. H. Breithaupt, C. E., of Berlin, Ont., read a brief paper, illustrated by diagrams, on 'A Lost Opportunity in For- est Conservation. ' The opportunity was in the western peninsula of Ontario. Here was a district with a rainfall of about thirty three inches with forests and swamps to retard the run-off and keep the rivers, in equable flow. It has been stripped, with the result that, while there has been no appreciable change in precipi- tation, the luctuation of the streams has become so great as to destroy their use for power purposes. He instanced a case coming under his own observation in the Grand Eiver, (Western Ontario) where the flood flow was 20,000 cubic feet per second, and the minimum summer flow forty cubic feet ])er second. He asked (vhether the destroying of rivers and for- ests had been ])aid for by turning all in- to cleared land when much of it was third and fourth quality agricultural land and some of it entirely useless. Resolutions. The Resolutions Committee reported through Mr . Aubrey White, and, after some discussion, the report was adopted as follows: (1) Resolved, that the Canadian For- estrv Association endorses the suggestions submitted by the British Columbia Lum- ber and Shingle Manufacturers' Associa- tion in favor of the establishment of a course in logging engineering in the new British Columbia University. (2) Believing that actual working co- operation between ])ublic and private for- est management is essential to mutual un- derstanding and complete success, we urge upon Canadian lumbermen the study and emulation of the lumber-owner's co- operative fire associations of the Pacific Northwestern States which are proving of great value, not only in their own fire control but also in bringing about closer and better relations between all agencies engaged in forest preservation. (3) Whereas, the proper disposal of de- bris resulting from lumbering operation is essential to the effective protection of for- ests from fire, therefore resoluved, that the association urges u]ion the Dominion and Provincial Governments, the advisa- bility, as soon as practicable, of adopting measures to this end. (4) Resolved, that the Canadian For- estry Association is of opinion that it is in the public interest that squatting or settlement should not be allowed on lands that are chiefly valuable for their timber, and that all non-agricultural lands should be reserved ];ermauently for timl>er pro- duction. (.5) Resolved, that the convention of the Canadian Forestry Association desires to call attention to resolution Xo. 3, pass- ed at the last convention of the Associa- Tfu \'icturia, B.C. Convention. i:n tion ami a^'ain t'xprosses the opinion that it is inipurtant that all appointments in the forest service of the Dominion and Provincial (]ov<>rnmouts shmiM 1,(. haHod on cafiahility ami exi>erionco.* (;es furtlier reservation of suit- able areas and tin' retention of existing reserves in their entirety with the object of afTordin;; to the surrounding; districts the best results for all time in regard to fuel and timber su|>|dy, ^ra/ing, the pro tection of ^ame and re;,'ularity of stream flow. (}0) Kesolved. that the thanks of the convention be, and are hereby, tendered •Resolution No. 3 pnMed at the Ottawa Convention (Feb. 7 and H. 1012) was a* follows: — (3) Whereas, efliciency in the ndminin tration of the forests of Canada, which are one of the ;;rentests of the nation il assets, can '• • i.biauied only by ndoptinj: a |>ermanent jiolicy cnrrii'd out by n itnfT appointed on the >;ri>iinds of «<|n'. lal lit !»•«•< for the positions which they arc to fill, and removable only ■•« .>r...iti,!q of inert'. ciency. Therefore Kesolved. iiial ' urj;es on the federal anil \ ernments the necessity of provulniK' » "V tern of examinations to t»»st the «|unliflcn tions of appointees and of makinit «|> pointments j>ermanenf durinv' coimI hr*^ ■ iour. and that in the • a-e of fh.> fc jiovernment for this purpose a: should be placed in t'\" limd-* Service Commission those gentlemen from the United HtalM who assisted by their presence and by their papers in the work of the conven- tion. (11) Kesolved, that this convent i..n dr siri»s tr> place on recc»rd its ap; a of the kindness of the I'rernier, -ir mr-h ard McMride, and the membern of the Kxecutive Council, e«; lion W, K. Koss, for the many k: . -• and al>un- r li' tjr shown the convention in the (;arden partj ({iven them at Ciovernment Mouse. (13) Kesolved, that this convention de sires to exjiress its appreciation of the ac- tion of the lumbermen and • itirens of Hritish Cidumbia in tendering; them tba ma;;nificent ban(|Uet which wa« »'■ — "^l feature of this convention. (14) Kes«dved. that thix ■• .i tie sires to express its warm ap >n of the kindness of .Mr. A. <'. Klumerfelt, chairman of the local committee ot ar ranyements, who, in a busy period of the year, jjave up important ■■ - and spareerjacks who have come out here because there are no longer logs large enough in the woods to carry them in the rivers. Between Lake Winni- peg and the Rocky mountains there was no lumber beyond a small local supply, and it was certain that there would be developed in the prairies an enormous market for the forest products of this province. He be- lieved that the tremendous extension of the hinder industry would not reach its limit until at least .$100,000,000 was brought in annually by the sale of forest products for distribution among the people of the pro- vince. The chief forester explained very graphi- cally the effect of denudation of hillsides on the storage of water and the maintenance of the flow of the rivers and streams, upon which depended the utilization of the water- powers, of Avhich this province had so many. In the jiictures which were thrown on the screen afterwards, the result which has fol- lowed the destruction of forests in portions of the States, in France and in other coun- tries, was brought home. In concluding The Victoria, B.C. Convention. i:i3 bin aoiiit(«|)i'(| forest |)oli< v in < iinaila ln'lonjjs to thi' Province of liritish < 'oliiinliia. It was Dr. IVtiiow «ho first planteil the teed of forestry on this continent; it was GifToril I'inchot wiio first showeil the men of western America that forestry meT)t; it was Sir Kii-haril McKriile whose pro[)hetic instinct ^aw that the whoK- future commercial life of this province ile- peiiiieii upon the jjenera! jtoiicy aiiopte.l hy his government; it is Hon. \V. K. Ho>s who is giving to the details of the shaping anersonal attention which forestry has never before receiveil from any cabinet minister in < 'anaiia. ' Concluding Wokds. Hon. .Mr. Ross, being askcreciation of the many kiny Mr. U. H. ('ampl)ell, was passeerM of the association to the peo|>le of Victoria for the welcome accorildl them. TIIOSK PKKSFAT Alphabt^ticnl Li.sf of flioRo nttornlimr tho Victoria Foroslry Cojivofition, Sopt. 4-fi. I!n2: - .Adnir. K.lwnrd. M l«ir .Mminc Co. H*" .S.4tiinel.> Mfit. .\»)in . I.til . V«n<-onT«>r .Mlard. Hon. Julo*. Minuter of \.%nA» and I'-r put*. Qupbof, r.Q. .\llpn. A. K.. 2'.*9 (ioTrrnmrnt SI. Vlrtoria. »nd Mrs. .Mien. .MIrn. K. T. For«««t«>r. Wmtrrn ForMlrr * Con terralion .Viwn., PortUnd. Or» . »nd J*r« AlUr .\llrn. Kulirrt |{ . Kdiior I'arlSf I. an..-. . . *4a .lournal. H-. \Vb«I> .VndrrMtn, Aid. (i. W. i4JI Klnss Ko«d VLr(..ria. H <*. NiidffMin, llkrr)'. The Ulob*, Toreaio. \tiilfrMin, J%m. it., Ri Deputy MtnUlrr of Kfti riillurr. VlrfiirU. Aiidrr-w, Klln-I <",. ranipl- ' !t Arlitithnot, John, John l.umbvr C« , Virluria and Wiiini|M-K Arrlai;h, K. - V'r.-r. ran l.uMilM-rman. Chira<-nman .Si, Virtotia UuiT. W. W., Kditor Timr*. Virlnria |{iik'«hawi'. K. ('. II. lo.'ll KirhardM>n .H( lona. H.r. Itttktr, Aid. J. II.. 1417 Krrnwood Koad iiiria. Iln|it>. Ur. Wallrr. 8.11 Port HI. Virlorlk. !t,irl.«'y, (i , Vatiridivrr, It.ir.lny, .S W.. Kor.li Itranrh. Virtorla. Uiirk«-r, Kn-d C. Norwich. Onl Itnrnard. (i. II . .M I' , Virtnria itnrrii-t. Jan.. Vanimivrr. ■tall-. Miwi K H . )'• l I Muhiican Kl.. Virlnria. I{fa>.li-y. H. K . .siupt K * .V. Ky . Virlori*. Mi-rkrii Canada i'owvr Co . Vanrouvrr lllarkhall. V K. Manar< -^ ' Mowal X.umhmt Cii Campltplllon, N H Itlar. ' O., |{rprr>rti'*:iTr il«ard of Trai. Kvinc. Mana^rr Hank of Hamilio" V*r P t. . M»nae«r Briliab TaAadian »»-r t .. . \ ^ llurer**. .1 I .rd fk . Vt'lnr a • altin. Iliram A. i.ard«n taland. Onl. aad Mrs CalTifi U Roy. rvioilnion ronmtrr Brasrl^ %«afk« Krarai. I S04 t*nk Campb-IU J. H.. Mmmmttt Molaow Bask. T«». roflT^r. ■ -'p»»II. J M • -ia . pImII. M»« V - * ■ ■• R H, I'^m- -. ,-r-' -t ■■.r»««rT. > Oni R»» Dr. ll«' >"'^' "' Vwtora Roy A . nr»r ) 134 Canadian Forestry Journal, September-October, 1912 Carson,. I Bev.Hermon A., Y.M.C.A., Victoria. Carson, P. A., Dept. Interior, Ottawa, Out. Challies, J. B., Interior Dept., Ottawa, Onl. Chapman, George, 2401 Shakespiaro St., Victoria. Charleson, Alex., New Westminster, B.C. Charlton, Hon. W. A., M.P., Toronto, Ont., and Mrs. Charlton and the Misses Elsie and Ethel Charlton. Christie, A. E., Manager Union Bank, Vic- toria. Clark, H. Maxwell, Canadian Highway Associa- tion. Clark, Dr. Judson F., of Clark & Lyford, 1164 Pacific St., Vancouver. Cleveland, E. A., P.L.S., Vancouver. Coburn, John W., Nanainio, B.C. Cook, Rev. Gilbert, Cook St., Victoria. Cornwall, Geo. M., Editor The Tinil)ernian and Secretary Pacific Logging Congrt.ss, Portland, Ore. Craig, Roland D., F. E., Dominion Lumber & Timber Co., Vancouver. Crawford, F. L., Manager Canadian Bank of Commerce, Victoria. Cronk, C. P., Rep. James D. Lacey & Co., Port- land, Ore., and Port Haney, B.C. Cunningham, P. J., Nelson, B.C., and Mrs. Cun- ningham. Cuthbert, Aid. Herbert, Victoria. Davey, Fred, M.P. P., Victoria. Davey, L., BUinchard St., Victoria. Davy, H. M., 26 Sweetland Ave., Ottawa, and Mrs. Davy. Dawson, G. H., Surveyor General of B. C, Vic- toria. Deacon, R. E., 1926 12th Ave. W.. Vancouver. Delaney, Dr. William, Asst. Supt. Woods and Forests for Quebec. Derrick, Fred F., 803 Haywood Ave., Victoria. Dewdney, Hon. Edgar, Victoria, and Mrs. Dewd- ney. Dickson, J. R., Dominion Forestry Branch, Edson, Aha. Dier, R. B., Mayor of Ladysmith, B.C. Dilworth, Aid. John, Victoria. Doig, D., Manager IBank of B. N. A., Victoria. Dowler, W. J., 1418 Cook St., Victoria. Drader, J., 1460 Taunton St., Victoria. Drury, Ken. C, Victoria. Drury, R. L., 918 Government St., Victoria. Duff, Hon. L. P., Supreme Court, Ottawa. Duncan, E. J. B., 33 Cecil St., Toronto. Dunwoodie, E. H., Coquitlam Lake, B.C. Dyer, Mrs. W. E. L., 310 Grosvenor Ave., Mont- real, Rep. Montreal Women's Club. Eigenmann, Carl H., 630 Atwater St., Blooming- ton, Ind., and Mrs. Eigenmann. Elford, T., Manager Shawnigau Lake Lumber Co., Victoria. Ellis, L. M., Forest Inspector C.P.R., Calgary, Alta. Ellison, Hon. Price, Minister of Finance and Agri- culture, Victoria. Elworthy, F., Secretary Board of Trade, Vic- toria. Estlin, Alfred B., Melita, Man. Evans, J. M., Dept. of Natural Resources, C.P.R., Lethbridge, Alta. Ewart, W. I., Henry Bldg., Seattle, Wash. Fernow, Dr. B. E., Dean of the Faculty of For- estry, University of Toronto. Findlay, Mrs. H. M., 508 5th Ave. W.. Calgary, Alta. Finlayson, E. H., Forestry Brancli, Ottawa. Firth,' Wm. G., 526 Michigan Ave., Victoria. Flanigan, J. W., Corn Exchange Bldg., Chicago, 111. Flavelle, A., Vancouver. Flewelling, A. L., President Western Forestry and Conservation Assn., Spokane, Wash. Flemming, Hon. J. K., Premier and Surveyor- General of N°w Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. Flumerfelt, A. C, President, British America Trust Co., Chairman B. C. Commission on Forestry, Victoria. Foxgord, S., Victoria. Fortier, Samuel, 2310 ]9th St., N.W., Wasliington, D.C., and Mrs. Fortier. Pox, A. S., 1546 11th Ave. Wes*, Vancouver. Frank, C. W., 731 1/2 Fort St., Victoria. Eraser, J. S. C, Manager Bank of Montreal, Victoria. Freeman, Judge A. A., Victoria. Frind, H. Otto, 1801 Nelson St., Vancouver. Frost, A. C, Corn Exchange Bldg., Chicago, 111. Gallaher, Hon. Mr. Justice W. A., Victoria. Gallatley, A. J. C, Victoria. Gartley, Ernest, 238 6th Ave. E., Vancouver. Gibson, Robt. W., Oak Bav, Victoria. Gill, J. C, Kamloops, B.C. Gilmour, J. D., B. C. Forest Branch, Victoria. Gladwin, W. C, Supervisor of Fire Wardens, B. C. Forest Service, Vancouver. Goepel, Mrs. A. J., 634 Michigan St., Victoria. Gonnason, A., Lemon-Gonnason Lumber Co., Vic- toria. Gonnason, Alvin B., 3010 Quadra St., Victoria. Gonnason, Ben.i., 3010 Quadra St., Victoria. Grainger, M. Allerdale, Chief of Records, B. C. Forest Branch, Victoria. Grant, G. H., 71 Linden Ave., Victoria. Grant, J. C, 200 Jamieson Ave., Toronto. Greaves, Geo. A., 2717 Rock Bay Ave., Victoria, and Mrs. Greaves. Green, Geo. Hudson, Dominion Trust Bldg., Van- couver. Green, R. F., M.P., Victoria. Gregory, Hon. Mr. Justice P. B., Victoria. Grunsky, H. W., 530 N. Commerce St., Stockton, Calif., and Mrs. Grunsky. Hamilton, Lloyd D., Vancouver. Hamilton, M. D., Asst. Manager Canadian Bank of Commerce, Vancouver. Hamilton, Robt., Vancouver. Harcourt, Geo., Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Edmonton, Alta., and Mrs. Harcourt. Hartley, R. .J., Victoria. Hastings, Rev. H. S., Dunedin St., Victoria. Hawkins, C. W., 863 Pandora Ave., Victoria. Haywood, W. H., M.P. P., Cowichan, B.C. Heaps, E. H., Heaps Lumber Co., 445 Hastings St., Vancouver. Henderson, E., 3030 Quadra St., Victoria. Hendry, Arthur J., Supt. B. C. Mills T. & T. Co., Vancouver. Hendrv, .John, Pres. Canadian Forestry Assn., Pres. B. C. Mills T. & T. Co., Vancouver. Henshaw, C. J., Robson St., Vancouver. Herchmer, P. K., Dominion Forestry Branch, Winnipeg. Hett, Dr. J. E., 115 King St. E., Berlin, Ont. Hibberson, J. A., 853 Oakland Rd., Victoria. Hibberson, Robt. W., 1827 Hampshire Rd., Oak Bav, Victoria. Hill, "D., 66 Pacific Ave., Toronto. Hill, R. J., 2350 Smith St., Regina, Sask. Hillis, H. M., Timber Broker, Lumber Exchange Bldg., Victoria. Hime, W. L., Pemberton Bldg., Victoria. Hoard, C, Victoria. Hopkins, H. J., 1362 Pandora Ave., Victoria. Hopkins, N. J., 1362 Pandora Ave., Victoria. Houghton, Rev. C. W., Columbia Coast Mission, 429 Pender St., Vancouver, and Mrs. Houghton. Howie, Jas. F., 731 6th Ave., Seattle, Wash. Humphrey, F., 1648 13th Ave. E., Vancouver. Ingall, O. D., B. C. Forest Service, Victoria. Inglis, T. B., Victoria. Jaquest, H. P., 1021 Cook St., Victoria. .Tardine, John, Esquimalt, B.C. •Tennings, S. A., Seattle, Wash. Johnson, D. J., Cranbrook, B.C. Johnson, H. Clement, Fire Inspector, Alberta Div. C.P.R., Calgary, Alta. Jones, Aubrey H. C, 633 Michigan St., Victoria. Jones, Stephen, 249 Douglas St., Victoria. Jones, Wm. B., 306 Worlington St., Boston. Mass. Kaufmann, Mrs. Gordon B., Shaughnessy Heights, Vancouver. Keith, J. C Broker, 142 Hastings St. W., Van- couver. Kelly, R. N., Regina, Sask., and Mrs. Kelly. Kennedy, Jas. B., 245 Columbia St. E., New West- minster. Kennedy, F. G., McClure St., Victoria. Ker, D. R., Brackman-Ker Milling Co., Victoria. Tilt I iittmii. Ji.( . ( ouvenliuii. nn K.T, J. B . Vii-torin K«rr, .InincK, Th«' Hun, \ aiiooiiver. Kirk, A. M.. KNi|iiiiiinlt K<1.. Viclori» \Vf«.t. Kna|ip, J. It., AKHiiilaiil Kiiri-iitiT and Ch'i'f u( liu ri'iiii of Proiluc-tx. I'. S. Forest .Scrvici-. Porl liiiiil. Ore. Lnfoii, .loliri, AnhI. Knri-Hti-r ami Chief of I'lili/a tioii Hrutirh. B.C. Ki»rcHl Scrviw. Lant;nn. .lolm K., VirePrcNiticiit Koynl h'lnanrial AhKll.. VllllriUlVtT. Ijsnef, Mink Pauline, 130S I)iiui;lah .St.. Virlorin. I.,nni;for(l, .1., T.'lrt Vates St., Victoria. I.arkin, C. A., 701 Confeihration Life Bldj., To route. I.arney, T. C, -Ifii IJth Ave. \V., Vanrouver. I.niiehton, K. K., 21i» Kini;hlon .St.. Virloria Laurence, Mi.Ks I,. .\., Parry .Sound, Ont. I..awry, .1 K. I{.. Victoria. Law.son, K. "It Princes.s .Vve.. Victoria. Leard, Mrs., Brandon. Man. Leavitl, Clyde. Chief Fire Iniip«Ttor for B lard of Railway ConiniisRionern and PorentiT for the ConiinifiKion of ConHervation. fittnwn. I.iepson. E. W ., Vancouver. Lei.Her, Simon. Victoria. Leventon. ErneKl D.. Vancouver ( luli. \ ancouTpr. Levy. Miss Beatrice, "!<«'vy'» MaiCBzine." Van couver, Lewis, I). <)., I>i»trii-t Kncincer C X. P. \i\ .. for Vancouver Ixland. Ivowis. L. .\., Manatcer Flrunette .Saw Mills, Ltd , Vancouver. Liiras, .\., 1 01 8 Pendrell .St.. VniHuuwr. Lindmark. C. F., [..unilierniaii. |{>-veUioke. B f Luerin, C. H., Kditor The Colonis*. Victoria. Lyford, C. .\., F. K.. Clark k Lyford, \'nncouver Bloik, Vancioivi r. Mc.MIister. H. r. Vancouver, and Mm. McAPlalpr, Mr.Vrthur, Dr. .1. .V., Govrnment St., Victor a McBride. Sir Kichard. Premier of British Col Minliia. MacCnffrev, (Jeo., Calwav, Ireland. McCat-hey". W. D.. F, T Thomas '■■ <,>...!-. ^fcCaIIlInnn, C. L., Victoria. MacMiinald, A, .F., Victoria. ^(a■'•l'>nald. Hon Chief .luslice. Victoria Mcl>oiii;all, I).. I I 19 Beach .St . Vancouver .McF.vo». A.. Vancouver. McKvoj. B., .McKvoy. Whitenide « Biddl" B»i ters, Vancouver. McKwen. W. H.. Carleton Pl»c*. Ont Macfarlaiie. Mrs. D. M , Vancouver, ami Mi*- F.diih Maifarlane Mctiaffey. Krnest. .Secretary. Vancouver i-'^'.-i fVvelopment LcKKue. Victoria. MctJowan. W. .1., Frank, \lta. MiKav. ti. l) . Vancouver McKaV, Neal Fil/rov, M P P.. Kash.. 1! C Ma.kcn/ie. Mm. L. B. 'lH Michiicnn - Ml I.arcn, W. (!.. fll". Nt.n.-.rn * Macniillan, .Ino. M. !^t . Vanrouv. t McNiMilty. .r. V , Cn II MiNa'MBrB. Frank, 'I ip ir.;fi..- Van'-otnrr McN- 'I. V M . Vancouver Mc.\. ill. II C . Minlo. Mail McN. ill Wilhrun. Xsnt tieiicral Manacfr. Wr«l»rn Caifli P.-werCo, I.lil Vnii.MH,r McPhillirs, Hon .\. F... Mai' r S , M'.t. of the I Macoiin, Prof .John. A«»l. I>trecl«r t.eoloeiral Sni^-ev, Ottawa Macoun' la. M CMO. O««oloftral SnrYoy. Of Malkin, \V II, Pre. W H Malkin * Co. iJd . Vamouver Malla-wUine. Chas . '• ■ -^ ^«.. Virloria Manch. .'er. C. S . 1 VanfoqT»r. Mann, .'as <«., H--' ' » Mantle. A. F . I' "«» *<»r .Saskatchewan. Maracle. B. «« Pacitir \«.- lomn'.. Markland. Fred P., nivi...>ii«l Fir.- Wartlro. for est Branch, Victoria Mather. R A . Pre*. Maih.r * N'tlr I id, Vmi> couver. Mathem. W. .1., «50 Bidwetl St . Vancouver. Mnih.*oM, A. J„ C.E., 36211 Cornwall gt, Vm ner. B. C, Manacrr B. 0. OnanlBC Co.. UT« run .St., Vi. Mirhen.r, C idenl Parille Coaal Ca«| \' ». Ltd., ,.». \V. .v.. District Iii»|M>«-|ur of Kofr«t K» M-s, Forestry Branch, I»ept. of ih* la- 'crior. Califury .Moorr, .1, II , Canadian Puget Hound Luabrr Co^ Victoria. .Munsle, W. M . Hhawnlgan l^k* l^mbrt C»,, \'ictariB. .Murtihv. Ilarry, Frank. Alia. .V ■ . I>r.. Victoria. ^- 'm, Leaiiiiiiiftnn, Ksitex Co., Ont. U. A., President Ouchlred lumber <"«» . in, Que. ..ml (i., ,s... r.t.r n,,.i-. i.imji I|„!,l ., \-Mi.. Qurlx'C, I'.iliii.-r. K. .1., Pi • and .'^i. .Mfrs \siin., CI, Parker. Fn-d C , .N Parry, Walter, Parry k Siurruck, lUciua, (iaak. Patrick. W'., Victoria. Paterson, T. F.. B S A . PalefMn Timbrr < \'Bncouver. I'. Frank O.. ynnf.ii,.., BC I' F.. F'ditor llnn.li t'.iluinhia Macau**, wr. Pi-nilray. W. .1., 309 llc!l-»ill.- St, \irioria I'.fiiii.ck, C. IS., Manager Bank of ••••a»» V»n ' "liver. n..liin. C, B. 8., r.l'. Trn'rh <»t '. Phillips, .Tan., 9.TJ I Pichi'., (}. C, MF ' .'M ■ if Lands an-l Pither, Luke. N P P. ProvinrUI Rirrlrtrat lotpertor for < Vsikt Mil \ i-r Mta II 1; ri«on B I- ^\ H P M 1. . W , '•rally of T- l(- H |{ I! li « s ■ ^ Mayur -.' '.' »-'-4 Mrt Koifc •«ria fl ■' H. Mana^TT Bask of V% fkwtta. Sooon. i». P, T\»t>er HiMpao*. B. J, •!• r .4 An Trsr' ^a Cat 136 Canadian Forestry Journal, September-October, 1912 Simpson, Jas., 611 Superior St., Victoria. Small, George, 619 Third Ave., New Westminster. Small, M. 0., Wood Superintendent, Laurentide Co., Ltd., Grand Mere, P.Q. Smith, Abraham, United States Consul, Victoria. Smith, Hugh C, 526 Michigan St., Victoria. Smith, Montgomery, 2949 Hemlock St., Van- couver. Sm.vth, Robert, 103 Queen St. S., Berlin, Ont. Solly, L. H., Land Agent, E. & N. liy., Victoria. Spring- Rice, Gfrald, Pense, Sask., and Mrs. Si)ring-Rico. Standish, Miles, President California Forest Pro- tective Assn., San Francisco, Calif. Stanley, Wm., 2.317 Main St., Vancouver. Staples, Winston, Law Chambers, Bastion St., Victoria. Steers, C, 1313 Vancouver St., Victoria. Stephens, W. J., Princess Ave., Victoria. Stephenson, Geo. E., Haverford, Pa. Stevenson, Miss Kathleen, Vancouver. Stevenson, M. E., Orangeville, Ont. Stewart, D., 621 Andrew St., Victoria. Stewart, Mrs. H. A., -127 Lansdowue Ave., Mont- real. Strong, W. -T., C.P.R. Forest Service, Wolseley, Sask. Sturrock. Donald .V., 17.58 Scarth St., Regina, Sask. Sutherland, R. Ross, 930 Pemberton Road., Vic- toria. Swainsbury, F. S., Victoria. Sweeney, A. L., C.P.R. Forestry Branch, Cal- gary, Alta. Tate. C. M., Vancouver. Tavlor. .1. A., Vancouver. Taylor, R. D., 813 Cook St., Victoria. Taylor, R. F,, Manager Merchants' Bank, Vic- toria. Thacker, T. L., Little Mountain, Hope, B.C. Thomas, Alfred .Tames, D.D.S., 647 Fort St., Vic- toria, and Mrs. Thomas. Thompson, A. E., Tate, Sask. Thompson, S. J., Vancouver. Thomson, Henry B., M.P.P., Victoria. Thornhill. John B.. P.R.G.S., 613 Avalon Rd., Victoria. Tobiu, E. W.. M.P., President Trois Pistoles Pulp Co., Lotbiniere Pulp Co. & Tobin Mfg. Co., Bromptonville, Que. Tracy, Col. T. H., C.E., Vancouver. Travis, Mrs. W. P., Viking, Alta. Trorey, G. E., Managing Director Henry Birks & Sons, Ltd.. Vancouver. Ulin, E., Taylor Mills, Victoria, B.C. Ulrich. Egon, Munich, Germany. Vowell, A. S., Vancouver. Wade, Heury J., 1439 Pender St. W., Van- couver. Walker, A. F.. 1802 Pender St., Vancouver. Walker, Walter, 1750 Oak Bay Ave., Victoria. Wallace, S. T., Vancouver. Wallin. H. Claughton, M.F., Forestry Branch, Dept. of the Interi(n-, Ottawa. Warnicker, Rev. J. B,. 523 Harbinger Ave., Vic- toria, and Mrs. Warnicker. Wellman, Arthur Holbrook, Room 1040 Old South Bldg., Boston, Mass. Wetmore, Jessie E., Woodstock, N.B. Wheatley, M. S., 1604 Jubilee Ave., Victoria, and Mrs. Wheatley. White, Aubrey, Deputy Minister of Lands and Forests, Toronto. White, James, Secretary Commi.ssion of Conser- vation. Ottawa. White, J. B., Manager Woods Dept. & Sawmills, Riordon Paper Co., Calumet, Que., and Mrs White. Wiley, Hon. Jesse, 199 Harvard St., Brookline, Mass. Wilkins. Mrs. I. S., Viking, Alta. Wilkins, Mrs. L. M., 848 Ma.son St., Victoria. Williams, Asa S., 814 Dominion Trust Bldg., Van- couver. Williams, Fred G. H., 1224 Chapman St., Vic- toria, and Mrs. Williams. Williams. J. A., 723 Fort St., Victoria. Wills, F. H., 1002 Caledonia Ave., Victoria. Wilson, H. G., Wholesale Grocer, Victoria. Wilson, J. Keith, 730 Burdette Ave., Victoria. Wiltsir, W. B., 850 Bidwell St., Vancouver. Wing, W. D., Lethbridge, Alta., and Mrs. Wing. Wollaston, Percy, 1732 Oak Bay Ave., Victoria. Wonder, G. J., 1407 Robson St., Vancouver. Wood. .1. G. C, M.P.P., New Westminster. Wood, Wm., Hotel Strathcona, Victoria. Worsfold, C. C, District Engineer, Public Works Dept., New Westminster. Young, Hon. H. E., Minister of Education, Vic- toria. Zavitz, E. J., Forester, Ontario Dept. of Agricul- ture, Toronto, and Professor of Forestry, Ont. Agrl. College, Guelph. FIRE-RANGING SUGGESTIONS. All Alberta clergyman, writing not long ago to the Secretary, expressed himself as follows: — ' I have grieved very often over the dread- ful destruction of timber that we see on every hand. Then we have suffered so se- verely with fire from year to year in the Crow 's Nest Pass, that I am very glad to be brought into touch with the Association. ' I have long felt that one of the first steps that the Dominion Government should take is to compel all loggers to burn their slash. This would make fire-fighting a very much more simple thing than it is now. It would work no hardship on the lumber- man, as all would fare alike, and the in- creased cost would be borne by the public in the end. 'Again, from our experience this summer here, I feel that no fire-ranger should be appointed who has to defend property of some one who is heavily interested in only one section of the country, and who, re- ceiving his pay in part from such a person, wi.l naturally give himself to the care of his employer 's timber to a greater extent than he otherwise would do if he were paid entirely b)' the government and under obli- gation to do his very best for the whole community. 'Again, such men should be appointed not for one or two months of the year, but for the whole summer. He should know very thoroughly the district in which he is locat- ed, be familiar with every point of vantage where a fire could be easily checked, be under obligation to prepare rough maps of the trails and creeks and ridges where fires can be most easily stopped. ' Further such fire-rangers should have the power to order out any man to assist to put out a fire. ' I am sure that if active, earnest men could be got for this work many millions of feet of timber would annually be saved to the country. ' Much of what is above advocateil is pre- cisely what the Forestry Branch is endeav- oring to carry out, not only in the Rockies, but on all other forests under its jurisdic- tion. The Victorid, B.C. Convention. VXi FORESTRY IN KOREA. The iii()>t visilile iiiisfortuno of Korea ih the lo>iH of h<«r forests, hays President Starr Jonian, of Stanfor(i University, writing; in the AmiTictin lievicw nf litviewn. Kxrept alon^ the ^':ilii l{ivcr in the north, whore still remain the pine fore>t> which the Hus sian promoters had taken, Korea is prac- tically a treeless land. Originally the forests were ilestroyed to get rid of tij.;ers aiiij leopard*'. Now every young tree or Itu^h that springs up is taken for iirewood. The people luirn weeds and hay, and suflFer greatly in the winter time. Good cattle are rai.M'd in Korea, being us»>d nuiiidy as heaits of burden, nevi>r fur milk. tie chance row n pim-i. in forbidden. A com- plete and careful fort-try iiiu|i of Knr>-a )uu been completed and c\c- • ri to fnri'-try for brintri'iL' > 'in u»e. Lt. <'ul. T. H. AtkiuMMi. m member of the Ontario l^egixlative .\'-*eiidi|y for N .Norfolk, is a strong advocate of rvfori :a tion in Southern Ontario. In one of th* debates during the .»e>Nion juxt piuiM'd, b« di^cu^^ed th«' >iti:ation. Me argued that tin- pr(jvirice was not giving nearly ctnxigh money for this work of re fore-tat ioii. He thought there ^houbl l>e thre*! hundred or four hundred acri's of .\aste land '■ " ' ' I each year. He aUo critici^ed what ' 1 the ' cut aner ca"'e«t great w , of land by wash of the hills. One hnn.i;. . and .-eventy thou^and acres of land arv taken to the ^ea every year. The wa»h of the land destroys the breeiling grounds of herring. The .Ia|>ane.'e have taken the task of rr foresting v«>ry .»eriously. O. Saito, the head forester, has in experimental ml' nearly all the trees of value in te regions. This year thrive million pim- ir»-»«' were planted. (Vrtain privileges are grant ed to farmers who rear the tree^ which are ■ ' !' .»ii the nnd iitr Inr .. , . -inent tin. Ix' cut on mirh a plan that ' would have a good "^ • over the area. In '' try conhl lf« rrfore*t»'.l »i ••xjx'n'e. -. e t h 1' mot 1 1> ail T DO fVC^ f. pulfi Import ;nitl given them, while the «riod. 138 Canadian Forestry Journal, September-October, 1912 OTIS STAPLES. A sad circumstance in connection with the Convention at Victoria was the absence therefrom of one who otherwise would have been one of its most enthusiastic and active partici- pants, Mr. Otis Staples, of Wycliffe, B.C., whose untimely and sudden death early in August deeply affected the lumbering community. ^Ir. Sta- ples was fishing about twenty miles from home, when in casting the fly the hook caught in his left eye. The hook baffled Mr. Staples' efforts to extricate it, and as no one else in his party was able to run his motor car he was forced to drive the car home while suffering excruciating agony. He was then hurried to Cranbrook, where the hook was extracted. He was sent to Spokane Hospital, but in spite of everything that could be done, died after a week's suffering. His remai]is were taken for interment to Stillwater, Minn., his old home. Mr. Staples was a native of New Brunswick, where his successful ca- reer is regarded with great pride. Starting out to seek his fortune in the lumber business, he went first to Michigan and then to Minnesota, where he spent the greater part of his working life, building up an immense business and becoming one of the lead- ing lumbermen of the state. Witli the decrease of the timber in Minne- sota he acquired interests in the Pa- cific coast states and later in British Columbia, where he made his home at a village which he created and named Wycliffe. Mr. Staples, who leaves a grown-up family to carry on his work, was keenly interested in all lumber- men's organizations, and his loss will be felt on both sides of the interna- tional boundary. As showing a growing intercut in forestry it may be noted that at a recent meeting of the Woman's Institute at Embro, Ont., Miss Effie Koss read a paper written by Mr. James G. Ross, C.E., of Montreal, showing the present status of forestry in Canada, and urging that greatly increased work for taking care of our forests be inaugurated by both provincial and dominion govern- ments. The paper was published at length in the Emhro Courier. During 1911 the nurseries of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Department produced ap- proximately 2,"000,OU0 seedlings. With the exception of 50,000 seedlings which were furnished to private individuals all the: e were planted on state reserves. In the same period the state provided 32,713 acres of land which were added to the state re- serves. The department of the work having to do with campers and others securing health and recreation in the state forest reserves is rapidly increasing. According to the permits issued it is estimated that at least 10,000 people spent vacations on the reserves. This is an increase of about 2,500 over last year. I have seen many places in Indiana where great damage will result to the future un- less an enlightened system of forestry is employed. We owe it to ourselves, and par- ticularly to those who shall come after us, to do our share to preserve all of the valu- alile resources of the state. We owe it to the state itself to make good the waste places and preserve her natural wealth, sul)- jeet to our reasonable needs, for future gen- erations. — • Former (U.S.) Vice-Presiiieut Fairbanks. Dr. Stanley Mackenzie, Principal of Dal- housie College, Halifax, in lecturing before the Canadian Club in Ottawa, made a strong plea for a government laboratory to conduct exhaustive experiments in regard to the pro- jjerties of the various Canadian woods to dis- cover how they could be used to the greatest advantage. This laboratory would also con- duct experiments to find the best methods of preserving woods. In this way a much Avider range of usefulness would be given these woods, and many of the inferior kinds would be so improved by preservatives that they could be used for railway ties, fence posts, telegraph poles and cross-arms, and the life of the timbers in these exposed situations would be greater than that of the lietter timbers not so treated. New York has added another nursery to its list of State forest activities. It has put under cultivation at Geysers, some two miles from Saratoga Springs, about six acres in charge of F. A. Gaylord, with M. D. Steele as local superintendent. Of the 1,400,000 seedlings transplanted, 1,100,000 were white pine, 250,000 Scotch pine, and 50,000 tamarack. With the Forest Engineers, IN THE B.C. FOREST SER\ iCK. The Government of Jiritish Colum- bia has secured the services of nim-- teen foresters for the new b'oresl Branch of the Lands Department. The foUowing is a statement of the present personnel and orfranization of the force : Consulting l^'orester, Overton W. Price. Chief Forester, H. R. MaeMillan. Chief of Keeords, M. A. Crainger. wiio lias charge of the clfrieal slatT and all office work. Chief of Operatio!!. K. E. Benedict, who controls the tire preventive force of the province, consisting of two Sup- ervisors, nineteen Divisional Fire Wardens, and upwards of 140 Dis- trict Fii'e AVai'dens, besides |)atrol men. He is also chargeil with the gen- eral field oi-ganisation. Chief of Management, d. La Ion. who has under him the force of timber inspectors and government scalei*s. and attends to flu* commercial side of the forest business. Chief of Forest Surveys. II. K. Kob- inson. who is in charge of th<' reion- naissance work. Forest Assistants employed on spe- cial reports an*l investigations of lapsed leasi'S. i-tc. under .Mr. Lafon, are Messrs. lieard on the coast, and Prince in the interior. There are employeil on pieliminary reconnaissance : — G. IL Edgecombe, on the (Tpper Eraser wilh liead<|uarters at Tete Jaune Cache. He is to do the work of a tind)er inspector and issue permits for timber for railway construction in .iddition to his other work. n. C. Kinghoni. on the Cpp.T Era- ser at Fort (ieorge. and P. X. Caver- hill, at Hazelton. have the same work ;is ■NTr. Edgecombe. The following are out for recon- naissance, but are available for any special reports tluil may Ir- ri-juind in their territory : — .1. I'.. .Mitchell in the OminiH'u rouii- try, h'ort St. James. H. S. Irwin. Adams K'iv.r loops. riinuer. nkanairaii 1 liggs. N'ancoii . . i Kaiii- Ka«t. JNland N'crnon. L. S. .North. The following have l)eeii but have not yet takiMi up tli< ir du- ties: .Me.ssi-s. -McDougall. Muiiifoni. • cial note of lam: culture atul to - of sui'h arra.s : the .Mini.HtiT of LantU 1 U llU mail V u are The lori T»..:.:^j. i\.T ).'<„ had a very >• Saturday following the .■\.H.so<'ialioii Ian, < 'hief I .. tically of tht' k We had a ver>' gotwl n Soi'iety of Forest ' (Victoria^. T' foresters at tli- teen at the luneh«"on uhirh we had on 1.39 140 Canadian Forestry Journal, Septeinber-October, 1912 Saturday noon. The luncheon was the best meeting that I have attended yet. It was not a l)usiness meeting in any way, but just a gathering together to get better acquainted. NEW ZEALAND REFORESTING. Pei'foiis who have recently visited New Zealand speak in warm terms of the suc- cess of tree planting on that island. The authorities have discovered that at the pre- sent rate of cutting the New Zealand forests will not last for more than thirty- five years, even if none of the standing timber is destroyed by fire. They have, therefore, begun the work of planting bar- ren areas. Most of the districts now being planted are a very difficult field because they consist of the slopes of volcanic moun- tains from which all the vegetation was swept by an earthquake and volcanic erup- tion about twenty five years ago. This has left the hillsides covered with a deposit of ashes, underneath which is a stiff clay, too stiff to be swept away by the torrents of water from the upland lakes, which at the time of the eruj^tion boiled over and eroded the hills. It was felt that the native trees would not live in this upland, but good suc- cess was met with in planting imported larch, and of these about 3,500,000 trees per year are being planted. The planting is being done by prisoners of the better class, that is to say, first offenders and men who can be, in a measure, put on parole. The officers over them carry no firearms. Every man is allowed eight credit marks per day for good work, and these credit marks go to shorten his term in prison. At the end of their prison term the prisoners may remain at planting work, and for this they receive two dollars per day. In this way many are enabled to earn sufficient to give them a new start in life. Up to the i;)resent New Zealand has spent $930,000 in this W'Ork, and it is expected that within twenty years when the second thinnings are begun they will have a very considerable revenue from the poles taken out A\hich will be used for railway ties, mine props and fence posts. The experiment is considered a success from the standpoint of both fores- try and prison reform. TREES ON HOMESTEAD. On the average homestead of a ((uarter section does it pay to plant trees for wind- break? If so from what standpoint? — M. E. K. Ans. — Yes, it pays any man who settles on the open prairie to plant trees as soon as possible. It pays in the matter of shel- ter from storms, making the home more easily heated and the stock more easily kej^t; it pays in avoiding excessive loss of moisture from the fields incident to a straight sweep of the wind; it pays in af- fording shelter for stock from the hot sun. Such reasons can be given in any number. But chief of all from the money stand- point is the increase in value of the quarter section. If an anxious purchaser were to go to your locality he would pay consid- erably more for a farm on which stood a house and outbuildings surrounded by fine shelter belts than he would for similar land with similar buildings but lacking the trees. Then, do not forget the general satisfaction of a fine house among trees. — Farmers' Ad- vocate (Winnipeg.) So serious has the chestnut blight become in the United States that there has recently been held in Harrisburg, Pa., at the call of the Governor of that state, a conference of representatives of the different state organizations to discuss ways and means of dealing with this dan- ger. The blight upon chestnut trees was first noticed near New York City. It has now spread till chestnut trees are affected in New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virgi- nia, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massa- chusetts. It is estimated that it has al- ready caused a loss of $50,000,000. The damage is caused by fungi which work in the inner bark. The damaged area soon forms a ring about the tree and stops the flow of sap and causes death. The result of the Harrisburg Conference was a call to the governments, state and federal, of the United States and Canada to undertake a vigorous crusade against the blight. Alreaily a number of the officers of various govern- ments are searching for means to destroy this fungus growth and save the trees. The American Lnm'bermait, in pointing out the great need of education on the sub- ject of conservation instances a case in the little town in the State of Washington in a district that had suffered somewhat from forest fires. A merchant of the town ex- pressed to the representative of the ne\ys- paper in question the wish that the entire district should burn over, his view being that mills would have to be erected to cut the burnt timber as quickly as possible to save it from insects, and thus the pros- perity of the town would be immediately increased. Washington is not the only part of the world where this erroneous idea pre- vails, but this instance emphasizes the need of educating the general public on this subject as rapidly as possible. CanadlanToresiryjournal Vni.. \ III. \()\ |)|;c.. l'.»12. .No. 1 1 Iinit'linann Spriico in (tow's Nest \;»IU\v. \lt;i. OTTAWA CANADA CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. THE CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. t'atron, II. K. H. the Governor General. Honorary Pres., Rt. Hon. K. L. Borden. Honorary Past President, Rt. Hon. Sir VViUrid Laurier. President, John Hendry, Esq. Vice-President, Hon. W. A. Charlton. Secretary, Jas. Lawler, C'anadian Building, Slater St., Ottawa. Asst. Secretary, F. W. H. Jacombe. Treasurer, Miss M. Robinson. Directors: Wm. Little Hiram Robin.^on, Aubrey White, E. Stewar., H. M. Price, W. B. Snowball, Thomas Southwo th, H'5n. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y. Chown, Hon Sydney Fisher, R. H. Campbell, J. B.Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B E. Fernow. EUwood Wilson, Senator BostocU, F. C. Whitman, G. C. Pich6, Alex. M.icLaurin, Carl Riordon ; Mgr. O. E. Mathieu, Bishop of Regina ; A. P. Stevenson, Wm. Pearce, Wm. Power, C. E. E. Ussher, Denis Murphy, C. Jackson Booth, Wm. Price. J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve. M.P., W. C. J. Hall. J. S. Dennis. Territorial Vice-Presidents : Ontario— Hon. W. H. Hearst. Quebec — Hon. fules Allard. New Brunswick— Hon. J. K. Flamming-. Nova Scotia — Hon. G. H. Murray. Manitoba— Hon. R. P. Roblin. Prince Edward Island — Hon. J. A, Matheson. Saskatchewan— His Honor G. W. Brown. Alberta — Hon. A. L. Sifton. British Columbia— Hon. W. R. Ross. Yukon— Geo. Black, Commissioner. Mackenzie — F. D. Wilson. Keewaiin — His Honor D. C. Cameron. Ungava — His Grace Mgr. Bruchesi, Archbishop ot Montreal. Fixing the Value of Shade Trees. The Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court has confirmed a judgment of the lower court, fixing what may be called a good round value on trees in the city. A construction company doing some work on a street found that the trees hindered their progress. They thereupon cut down the trees without so much as considering for one moment their value to the owner's pro- perty. Suit was at once brought against the company, the damages being laid at $500 for each tree cut down. The plaintiff re- covered for the full amount as the value of the trees, and the court added $1,000 more for punitive damages. It was this verdict which was carried to the Appellate Court and has been sustained. Five hundred dollars may seem a large sum for a tree in the city, but it must be remembered that the value of the tree as kindling wood or as lumber, or even as the material for house-trim or furniture, is not the thing to be considered. The tree re- quired many years to grow. It not only ladorned the property, but it afforded health, comfort, enjoyment and protection to its owners. Its place, when destroyed, could not be filled by another tree inside of fifteen, twenty or thirty years, and all this time the Extends a cordial invitation to those inter- ested in the forests of this country, from whatever point of view, to join its ranks, and help to spread knowledge of, and in- terest in, the forests of Canada in partic- ular, and in general of the world. During the past few years the interest in the proper use and the protection and perpetua- tion of the forests has greatly increased, and to this increased knowledge and interest the Canadian Forestry Association, by its propaganda work, has contributed its share. Founded in 1900, with a membership of 12, it has in twelve years increased its mem- bership to 2,700. During these years it has held conventions throughout Canada from coast to coast, in the Ancient Capital and in the bustling cities of the prairies and Pacific coast, in the manufacturing east and the agricultural prairie country. Its official organ, The Canadian Forestry Journal, was started in 1905 and is now in its seventh volume. But as forestry goes on, circum- stances change and new needs spring up, and the Association is anxious to do its duty in arousing public interest and point- ing out ways of getting things done. One object of the Association was achieved when forest reserves were established; but that is merely a beginning and now proper ad- ministration of these reserves, on the basis of the public good, irrespective of any pri- vate or partizan interest, must be secured. When that is done other problems wUl pre- sent themselves for settlement. The Asso- ciation wants the interest and enthusiasm and, in some degree, the contributions of the public. The annual membership fee is $1.00; this entitles the member to The Cana- dian Forestry Journal for a year, the an- nual report of the society, and other litera- ture. Life membership costs $10.00. Ap- plications for membership should be ad- dressed to James Lawler, Secretary, Cana- dian Forestry Assn., Canadian Building, Ottawa. owners of the property are deprived of its lienefits. When the courts take all these facts into consideration and assess construction com- panies $500 for each large tree wilfully de- stroyed by them, trees will be safer and the work of shade tree commissions will be bettor protected and more highly respected ! — NewarTi {N.J.) Evening News. Canadian Forcstri? Journal Vol. VIII Ottawa, Novrmhkk-Dkckmbku, I'.HJ No. 6 TIIK official orKan of the ('anajian Forrilry aJdrc»«. and a (hould ba ««al to ik* As A>WH't«lt'>*>. Canadtaa i..tore->tx of foro-itry and in kfrncral to thr advoiMcy Kuildiiiv, Ottawa. ( 'anaua. of the wise and ciiiiscrv.iiiv.' ns^' .f iln- nainr.al rcMiMirces ut C'anada. I fir Canadian I'ureitry Journal U a KO*d tfil\crtlsln|{ medium Annual Subscription. - $1.00 AdvertLInu rale. ..n application. SiOKle Copy. - - - 2Sc KoiriiMlAL CoMMimiK : — Ja*. I aolcr , Kdi Literary ^"onlrlljution* anJ iiiniinunii-atik>:ii> tor; l«. (". Pkhc. Asvi.-iate KJ>l>>r : 1 hi>« *«ith- re^nrdinif i-dltunal niatlcr« loxelhor willi com- worth, K. H. Campfjcll. J. M. Ma..'hi. A. IWdarJ. miinic.itiun> ronardinj; lions. (.'han^r* ••! K. W. H. Jaconil" -i'ablc ot O'ontcutb 15:^ I* AUK Kxj>erimt'iit iii WoO(|ii.«'iii>j liidut^trit's HI A Caninlian \Voo(l-i>roail l'**' A.ssociation l)ir^•l•to^^ liitiTvic.v I'lfuiier 1' ' Some Kot-ent Forestry Hooks . 1 '•• Forest Sehool Notes 159 Forestation on National Forests in the United rttate^ ( Wool^-ey ) lrt»> With the Forest Friyinwrs 1'^' \ot.-s 1 1'', n:. US. l.'l Expenment in Wood-using Industries. Some Account of the Wood Products Laboratory at Madison, Wi*c. Ill (his i.ssuf Iht' Jnuninl tjikt's This Inlxtratory wn.s I '^i I'ltusure in pr.'scntinjf to its ivndfrs -'""o 4. 1010. th« w-r- — - .. . ,. roKW , .. .,, ... , hfinif held in the i> • «>f « Inrgr a number ot illu.strntion.s shtuvuik' 7 # •» ' , .»,«. ..,i,«cr not number of visitors, represiMiUnir noi tho difTerent brnnchtvs of th.- I'oresf ^^j^j^ ^^^ ^^ ^ For.s' S nnd Product.s laboratory of the rnitrd thf tinivorsity. but also ''" Stato.s Forest Scrvjfc, ItM-ated at Inrjjer hksm. i.itions of MadLs..!!. Wise. U.S.A.. and tarried and other makers of woo*i pro«1uoti». on in connection with the statn I'ni railways nnd other intrrwitod ver.sity of Wi.setMisin. bodies. Ml 142 Canadian Forestry Journal, N ovember-Decernber, 1912. \( iiuriiS;! A iit( ricdii Foirstrij. Experimental Pulp and Paper Mill, U.S. Forest Products Laboratory. The laboratoiy l)uildiny; itself is a substantial two-story brick building, 180 feet by 80 feet in size. The state of Wisconsin erected the building and supplies water, light, heat and power. The United States federal govern- ment, through the Fore.^t Service, provides the equipment, the stail, and all other maintenance. Ihe railways furnish free carriage for the supplies of the laboratory, and lumbermen and other associations and companies are uiviug material of great vahie for cx- ])rri mental purposes. Tlie work of the laboratory, ex- rlusive of the section of Mainten- ance, is divided into eight sections, namely. (1^ Timber Physics, (2) Timber Tests, (3) Wood Preserva- tion. (4) Wood Distillation, (;!) Wood Pulp, (6) Chemistry. (7) En- gineering, and (8) Pathology. (The last-named is conducted in connec- tion with the Bureau of Plant Pa- thology, at Washington.") The section of Timber Physics has as its work the study of the struc- tural and physical properties of wood and the ascertainment of how these properties are affected by dif- ferent methods of drying and hand- ling. The (M|uipment of the section includes microscopes, microtomes and other apparatus required for microscopical work, apparatus for taking microphotographs, a cylinder designed for the study of the differ- ent methods of drying wood and an experimental dry-kiln. balances, ovens, calorimeters and other mis- cellaneous equipment. In the section of timber tests studies are made of the strength. stiffness, hardness and other me- chanical ])roperties of commercial wood. Tests are made on Avoods that have been treated with preser- vatives and other substances, to de- termine the effect of the i)reserva- \\\v treatment upon the mechanical Kx()enimnl m \\ ood-u.smy I tulunlitin. 1 JJ l»io])i'iti('!5 ol tlif natural uoutl. piuctMl jn lltih i»il, unU iitultttccl ui I'ests lit n- iiiadf ol the iclulive »liaiiiliurM, The «fiIiciL'uey of the wuod sii-('ii«,'tli, i()U}4liia-s.s, liardin'ss aiul tn-aliMunl i.s iiidn-aifil hy thi* al>iliiy otJier prupt'ilit'.s ol' dilliiiiit woods of tin- wood tr«-itt*'d to ward oil ihe will l)e ol" value in liudiiij; sid)sti altarks ol tin- Juiiki iiiidiT tli»'»f lult'S tor woods MOW tMM'oiiiiiig rojidilionK. .scarci-. Tests as lo ihc iiillueucf ol .,-,„. woo.l-distiilatjon laboratory i» km.t.s. .-hecks and other deleets u. , .,i„j,,,^.,, ,,.11, a steam diHlillaiiou luMd.er wdlheor valuetoarehiteets, ^,„^ ..xtra.-l.on n-tort. one o.lju.-k- .■njrmeers and others m making' ,.„,,, ^^..^trurlivr disldlation n-lorl siMM-dH-auons and ^'radin^ rules lor ,^,„, ,,„,.,. ,„.„duet ronl.nuou* retiu- strneniral tind,er Trsls ol th.- ,„^, ^till and aeeessorv ajiparaiui*. stnngth oi wood under (idlerent -p,,,. ,,.^,.i, „,• ,,„. luhoralorv .l.-aU loais wdl assist n. drterniuunt,' the ...j,,, j,,^ ,.xtraeti..n of aleohoi. tur working stress that .nay h- pla.-.'d ,„.„i„u.. woo.l .reosote. ae.-lat.-^ ami upon tnnher struetnres. ^j,,,.,. ,„.,„i,„ts fron. wood. TIm- dt- Tile e(iuipnient of this lahoratory Nij,'n ol' tin- lahoratory ix t<» rondiK't inelndes one 2()(».l)00 Ih. extension- t xpcriinenis to determine what pro- base Jirihlc testing,' machine, one duets of this kind can lie Hcetireti ir»0.( )()()- II). ixtension-base Olsm Irom (liflTt-rint wooils and thf btiil testinj,' maehine, tlirce :jO,()()()-lb. (U- processes o I obtaining' Hum. tti Mtuily sen universal testin«j machines, one the design ami operation of niaehin HO.(»«)0-ineli-j)oiind Ueilile torsion ma- cry best adapted for the produetion (bine, one l)oiy abiasion machine, .d these by products so that they can one iiii|iaci lestinj: ma< bine, detlec- be jiroduecd most eecMiomically. l>oth t(nnetors and other instrumcids used as to quantity and jjuality. and to ill tostin«r structural materials. study the refininff of crude pro MM 1 »• II. ducts. 1 lie wood-preservation lalxtra- lorv's werk involves the studv (d' '''•'"• equipment ol the uootl pulp woi.d-d.-str(»vinu' funtxi and also the laboratory includes a workn.»r mod- preservatives used to lentrthei. the 'I "f «ll "'•• apparatuH of H"' l'"l|» l.l'c ul wood ami their ctTects on the :""' P«I"'»' """• ••X«''l'» «»"• "\'" /"»■ w.iod. Its c.piipment includes a n- niakinp jfround-wood pulp iThinliai. production of a lullv .,pii|.|.cd com- ' " RU»»>cMUcntly loc.'cd nt Wnw- mereial 1 imber-trcat iim plant. In d "*»>»• ^^ »•'»"' TI'IH ^^^ aic inclmlcd • treatinu cvlindc ^""'". •»««• '-""M'^ '^ three and a lialf fei-t in diameter Da; "-r iiuichine. n '^ and twelve Icei in length and a nij'cr lilteen melirs w M. In s.nall exp.-rimcntal cylinder one and m-Itidrs uietliodH of mnkinff irn.uml a hair fee; in diameter and three «""«l Pulp » ' '"' feet Icni:. The aoi-aralu-, is en '•"' •'onim. . ... , .. Ar nectc.l with a svstem ui tanks, fnn-e. frrm M| s other tlinii Ifte air and vacuum luimps for handluitr l-nieticahility of tnntu.ir nt the.se preservatives and forcinir Ihem ""'"''• with the s' ' • nnu - •'"■• owtrldv ilieu'atcd with the destnir- ducts t-ve fniiL'i. "Wo.ids treated with the The - i,. „. ^trv hw a difT.rent i.res.rv.Ttivcs are then woH equii;- i d I* *n- 144 Canadian Forestry Journal, November-December, 1912. [CourU'tiii Ameyiran Forestry. Wood Preservation Room, U.S. Forest Products Laboratory. Open-tank tieatiuoiit on left; commercial treating plant in centre. gaged in investigating such prob- lems as the analysis and grading of (•ommercial creosote, the analysis and grading of wood turpentine, an<] methods of analyzing treated wood to determine the kind and quantity of preservative in it. The section of engineering has to do with the design of machines and apparatus to be used in saving wood waste, and so complete tlie woik ( f other hal'oratories which have found that certain wood waste is capable of beiiic utilized. Tliis section takes up sucli work as the design of an ex- perimental grinder for the manufac- ture of ground-w^ood pulp from woods other than spruce; the de- sign of a dry-kiln for experimental purnoses; the desi<'-n of a hack for shallow chippina- in turpentine ex- periments and the j>"enaration of standard desisrns for differonl types of treating plants. Some Results. The work of the laboratory has shown good results. In little more than a year after its establishment important discoveries had been made. It was found, by the wood pulp section that jack pine and hem- lock were satisfactory for ground- wood pulp, with the ordinary com- mercial equipment, slight variations in the process of manufacture only being necessary. Jack pine, dead or green tamarack and wood waste have been found satisfactory for chemical pidp, and good Kraft i>ap- er has been made from the clear waste of Western yellow pine and l^outhern yellow pine. Western yellow pine has been tried for the ]irocluction of various resinous products, and 's found to nvoduce more resin per year tlian the F^outhern yellow pine. A .•^tiM lias been devised for the minnfa''- Experiment in Wuod-iminy IruluMtriea. m:> ture of turpentine from red or Norway pine by tlist illation wliii-h will re- move the objeclionahle odor that this proiluet has hitherto possessed. Many tests have been matie of the strent,Mh of various lind)ers, and the result nf some of these has luM-n in- eorporateil in tfie buildinj; laws of the state of New York. Te.sts of fire-killed Douglas fir have shown tliat this species d(M's not suffer ap- preciably in stren^'th fi-om bein^; killed ill this way. so lonjj as it re- ij.ains sound. Kxperiiiu'nts in wood preservation liave shown thai, by varying the temperature and pressure in a va- cuum-pressure plant it is possible to treat spruce and hickory, which un- der orilinary methods of numipula- tion cannot be treated. In the work on wooeriments in Minneapolis' (Homli : 'The Ab- sitri'tion of (^-eosoto by the Cell Walls of Woo.r (Toesdale and Uuantity imd (^nnlily ol Creosot. Found Ml Two Treated I'iles afte. Lonir Service' (HatenuinV Man otlier stmlies an> under way whic will be foiMid usefiil to vnrion wood-usine intlustries. SOMK (.IKMAN SHADJ ri.AMI.NC* IKKK Ont- of tti ffatureH of i . iH itM wemith of venlurv. In BtMition t« tho famouH i'uliiiftii^arten, thr /r ' • n' (iiir-t of |>arkii »ii-«-iitb «Mi«ir< Ic the icnttT of the town. I." •• • ■ U-iHo jiart of thf rity i» lH-autifir;h«ayH art* plaotelantiii(; of »halniite-^| "ith ureat can-. Thi- uroiinl i« I liv :i hole I :i' f.i iLi, . whith h in which the partietilar trw i l» ra.'e of drought treet are t*- ' i..| «>?).••• a ^^e^•k or mill' oi >• are triinnie^i • Hi fiort. The noil of the clay an-n* i> f.. ., ! tr. l* \ery fertile, an«l alrea-ly n ' the to\» n^hip ha» \ ■ ■ III iiio-t .a*"'" »l ' ■'■ irer ... i!.^ to the J ' 1 Ilk' rcnio\i-.l the oritiinal ht-a* » yrunifc ..I • • ' • •' Vft . . . • t. % ; 6.V Kobrrt Ha l-'al>rr town'Mt' by I^ke Ti Sr I . M .. Nearly ei'.;!!* j-er cent. • luniher cut in Cnn.Trla is m hoxo>«. water from ,< P»r«i. .N. 146 Canadian Forestry Journal, Novemher-December, 1912 {Coinicsii Anxricav Forestry. The Wood- working Shop, U.S. Forest Products Laboratory. A Canadian Wood-products Laboratory, Progress of the Project and Some of the Work it May Effect. The Canadian Forestry Associa- lion, it will be remembered, at its meeting in February, 1912, passed a resohition endorsing the proposal to fstablish an experimental labora- tory in connection with the Domin- ion Forestry Branch. Even before that the matter had been discussed in the Branch and preliminary in- quiries made as to the establisliment of such a laboratory, the lines of work to be taken up and the facil- ities at present existing in the Do- minion to carry out such investiga- tions. McGrill University was known to have done some work in wood-test- ing and other lines, and after some discussion it was decided to effect. if practicable, an arrangement witli the university for the use of its ap- paratus, the Branch furnishing other necessaries. Experiments in the manufacture of wood-pulp are also mooted, as well as work in Avood preservation. The more such work is considered, the more it seems to be in the gen- eral interest that sucli experimental work should be carried on. In many of the bulletins of the Brancli work in wood preservation has been urged, especially in regard to ties and poles, and it has been shown what important savings could be effected in annual maintenance, were the policy to be generally adopted of using these materials on-' . I Cuniulitin \\ nnd-]tro(iucls Lnhoratury. 14; 1) altci- pitSfrvativf I ie efTect- ed were a |>raclical apparatus brought into use by which fence- posts couUI he tri'Hted and their lives pi'olongtd to say, douhle the present length. Another (|uestion nl interest to (Jaiuidians. especially in the West, is the possibility cd" substituting ')<>uglas fir fru-v of wooil during.' rcrcnt vonrH rcmi'nt li:is rl<', taken from Mr. I{irlinri..".i;; • 1 00s :x \n-, -,r,\ uatixr wood can .succeHstull> ■ ■in pete with the imported. Other problems, Hiieli, for iu stance?, as the deNi.siiig of a suitabU* means for treating wood in euiupar- atively small ipiantitien for use in paving, tor smaller eoiumunitieh, readily suggest themselves. The manuta<'turers of wood pulp aUo liavc many problems of their own, and it is apparent that were such a laberatorx' established there woidd be no latii-. Ii. • • ' . W 1 ||< .\ •■r ■ • •! t. .'! lulior with 1 t. He lititlK'd niul .... -.'.A 4 n VliM-k in the 11 1 hit sup|<'r of ■ ' nlx'Uf in ' Ten ft of the tr t . liore 111 fore when • the tr. ■• It • •'if fill 1.: , Mr wor Ut tt- t abviter Tb« Forest Research in India* In connection with the Indian Forest Sei'vice, research work is be- ing developed by the Forest Re- search Institute at Dehra Dun, where is also located the Forest School for training the lower grade of forest officers. The constitution of the institute was announced by order of the government of India in 1906, six officers being provided for. The list of officers has been some- what modified since that thne, and is now constituted as follows: — (1) Silviculturist, (2) Forest Zoologist, (3) Forest Botanist, (4) Forest Chemist, and (5) Forest Economist, Pr^or to th's date research work had to a certain extent been done by forest officers as opportunity pre- sented itself, (especially on leave) and some work of considerable mer- it accomplished, e.g., the late Sir Dietrich Brandis's "Forest Flora of India." Owinsr, however, to lack rf any recognized medium for pub- lication much valuable original work done by departmental officers was lost. The progress of research work, however, has not come up to the hopes entertained, owing, partly, to lack of funds, partly, to the officers having had much of their time tak- en up in educational work. Among the results of the research work, however, have been the intro- duction of a better system of work- ing sal and teak forests, improved methods in the distillation of tur- pentine, and important investiga- tions in paper-making. Investiga- 1ions into the question of woods use- ful for match-making have resulted in the establishment of at least one match-factory. ]\Iany bulletins have been issued by the Institute on various lines of forest research, some of these, e.g., 'Indian Woods and Their Uses' (Troup) being large works in them- selves. A large Research Institute buildinsr is to be erected, at a cost of 160.000 rupees (about $52,000), t]ir land — one of the finest sites in Dehra Dun — having been secured some time ago. IN GERMAN FORESTS. It is very interesting, too, at this time of the year, to wateh the \voo(lciitters at work slaving, skinning, and trimming the giants of the forest. The timber from the Schwarzwahi is a tremendous source of reve- nue to the State. Freiberg is fortunate in owning the large tracts of forest imme- diately surrounding the town whence it de- rives a large income. Tn our walks we !-?e hundreds upon hun- dreds of these trees, mcJtlv firs, and beech, bereft of bark, lying prone ready for trans- portation. So long, f^o straight are they, I often wonder if they will all be used for ships' masts. Odd sorts of trees, smaller, or crooked ones, it wo-dd feem, are cut up for firewood, for we also f-ee yard- length logs stacked for fifty yards or more beside the paths. On two days in the week the pea-^ants are permitted to collect the twig^, bark, and chips for firewood, but permits must be procured from the town. The two davs ap- pointed for the purpose are aVo the davs when the school children have half holi- days. In these mid-November davs, there- fore, a very common sight in the loneliest depths of the wools is a who'e fa"i!y, grandparents, parents, and numerous child- ren, with all sorts of improvised push carts, collecting their firewood for the win- ter.— Louise H. Birchall in Toronto Star. Already about 30,000 Scots pines have been planted at the j-ource of the Carthage water-supply near Indian River in New York State. Ten thousand more trees are being planted this year, and it is the intention of the village of Carthage to reforest the en- tire t"0 thousand acres of land o^vne I by the municijialities at this place. The muni- cipality exf ects to derive benefit both in the c-ou'ervation of its watei'-supply and als© in the shape of timber for sale. 148 i! ,u.'.';i< .1 r.rru-an h'ort One Knd of Pulp ;iiul Capi-r Mill, I -S. t-uresc Products I.ubor>itor> Les Dunes et ies Landes de Gascogne. Sui- l I.I fit- portion "hi lit ronviTto limons et ahan-lonn«> tcmpormiromonl |*r le rotirant unUii>s»-u\. >\m t;inl A .Irs cxploitafions liMirtu.us.-.s ''' '""' J"'""' '*" ***•' •'» ''* r.'-pau.l.-iit il lallail dcs rouh-s .!.> p.'n.'f r;.f mn. «>»r ti.ul.- la . oiitm.. romiii.. iIh r.'-paii- dos c'liemins de IVr. ''l*'!*^ '•'•"* »?'*»•"•• »"* ••'«"* parfuiii «|f ,, • ,, , n'-siiH'. Ct's IhiIh. tout"' la puitulalion VAX uiM! uuiuzauii' d anin'i-s, vv , i • i i . i i- • ,. ' , ' fst «'iiipl<)yf<- a IcM fxploilrr. a li-j* fa n»aj^iiifi(|Ut' pi-()<,'i'aiinii(' » 1 • 11 -. ,,, 1 1 •. 1 . pnniucs. dcs paves dc Imuk. *W la pate I lioinnic, Ic clias.sait !> .nnipn-nant lcs dunes d lcs 1. . dt- ctait dc M ans !> nioi.s. die est main- (ja.scojfiie etait prcM.|Uc mun vuleiir tenant sur Ic noinhn- dcs il.'e.-s ct lap' dcs ,.|„'.,.„ ,!,.., villa^'es nc trouv.f ••' I'rtu deccdes dc ."W ans 11 wms , I V.\ jours, ai-hetcur a .'lO ou tlO francs 1 w FN us dc 4 ans d'cxislencc j;jik''ics par o,, raeonle incine ipie dauM Ii-m rcfnonM elia.|ue citoyen dc la patric lan.laisc! |,.., ^,\^^^ dcs.'rt.>s. .piaiid on voulail Kt .|uellc transfoiiiiation plus nicr- vcndrc une tcrrc. on condniHait I'a veillcu.sc encore dana .son existence rheteur 8ur un.' cminci t on lui nlle-inciiic! (^ucl prodikMciix accroi.ssc codait pour .pichpi.-a francs touir ment d'ai.sanec. dc lucn ctre. d.> pras- IVt.'ii.lue ou il |Hiuvait faire enten pcritel La ealiute .sortlidc en lM)is ou ,?,-.. jui voix. en eliaunic ou. pendant Ihivcr. I'll Aujounriini retle immcniif Hurfa.c. bitant .sans feu ^rrdoltc du froi.l. dc plantce prm-pie partout de piiM mari la ticvrc ct parfois d«' la faiiii. ou times, txiwrte ,h«s pf ' la- toutc la famille devorce par la .H«-ro- t^,. ,.,)||,m Ju mondc 1 n- fiile. la pcllajjre. s'entajwc dans une tot une valour de plua dc 1., .j^ .saincs. confortaltlcs. ou dans lcs die- halutantM. »> 1 minces, pendant lcs froid«*s journ/'cs. laircj*. do pftits 1 flamhc constammcnt la tlammc petil- nierriaux. un tnluit nt ■ piua «ir laiite du Iwiis n'sineux. cit ■ „ > ' ("est (pl'il vient tie Tarpcnt m.nin- ! • . -nt tenant dans ce pauvre pays! k la foret tpi'dle Forest Insect Conditions in the Riding Mountains, Manitoba^ By J. M. Swaine, Assistant Entomolog ist for Forest Insects, C.E.F., Ottawa. During May of this year the writer influencing its control is in the intro- visited the Riding Mountain forest duction and distribution of its para- reserve, Manitoba, with the objects of site and fungus enemies. Its young introducing European parasites of or larvae feed upon the larch leaves the larch saw-fly and studying the like caterpillars, and strip and kill forest-insect conditions of the region, the trees when present in large num- The weather was excessively wet and bers. Although not yet destructive cold throughout the month. On the in Northern and Western Manitoba, upper plateau there were practically the saw-fly has committed serious rav- no buds started before the end of ages to the larch, in recent years, May, and insects were nearly all still throughout Western Ontario, in hibernation. Bark-beetles are present in the re- in view of the rapid western spread serve in great numbers in fire-injured of the larch saw-fly, its great devasta- timber and slash from cuttings. Aside tions throughout Eastern Canada, and from the larch saw-fly these beetles the value of the larch to western are the chief insect danger for the farmers, the Entomological Division future. They are small black, or dark attempted the colonization in Mani- brown, hard-shelled beetles, whiek toba of the European parasite of the excavate tunnels and deposit eggs in larch saw-fly, Mcsolcius tenthredinis. the inner bark of living or dying This ichneumon has been particular- trees. The grubs which hatch from ly efficient in controlling the saw-fly the eggs feed upon the bark, often in Great Britain. Through the ef- cutting individual mines. They pu- forts of Dr. C. G. Hewitt a large sup- pate in the ends of these larval mines, ply of parasitized cocoons of the saw- and after maturing to the adult form, fly was obtained from England. These eat their way out through the bark, were planted in two larch swamps in leaving small round holes like shot- the Riding Mountains, east of Clear holes. Some species are the most de- Lake. The abnormal lateness of the structive of all forest insects, season this year was unfavourble to Only a limited amount of cutting the attempt, but effective results are is allowed in the reserve, and this is hoped for. It is important to note chiefly in fire-swept areas. There that the parasitic fungus of the saw- were several considerable burns in the fly, Isaria farinosa, was introduced spring of 1911, and in these the bark- in the same cocoons. beetles were present in spruce and The larch saw-fly, Nematus erich- pine, in immense numbers. There sonii, is now widely distributed in were no fires of importance in the the larch of Manitoba. In the Rid- reserve this spring, and consequently ing Mountain forest reserve, and in little cutting of green timber. There the Spruce Woods forest reserve it is danger of an outbreak of bark- is abundant, although not yet particu- beetles of the genera Dendroctonus larly destructive. It is without doubt and Polygraphus in the neighbour- spreading to the west and north, and hood of these 1911 fire areas. One will ultimately extend wherever the species of these {Dendroctonus mnr- larch is found. . The only hope of rayanae Hopk) has already destroy- 152 Forest Inaecl Conditions in the HuLntj Mountain* IM \Cfmrtffy AmrT\can Forestry. WOoil-distillation Koom, I'.S. Forest Products I ;iborjfur>. *'(1 s(»riir fiiTilicr llicrc; l>iit it is not Moticralily coininon in hcalfliy trees. A ft'W «l('iiilro('tc)tius-kill»'tl jack pin»*H may ho noon niong the Clear Lake trail. Condif ions are l)eiiijr nirefiilly watched hy the <>l'tic»>rs of the res«'rve and any outhreaks will re<'eive prompt attention. The larch dendroctoniis. /' sunjiUs Lee., is v»'ry common throuj;hout the parts visited. It was found in jfreal numhers in dead, standing? larches: hut whether or not it had hecn the primary cau.se of the death of the tre<'s could not ho then determinod. This species prefers hark ill a dyinjf <'o?idition. hut may hccome an impor- tant auxiliary of the larch saw Hy in future years, hts }u rturhntus Kiehh. and//).* varlatus Kiehh. are very nhun- r hark of H|»ru«f larch and jack pine. Tlu-sk' .sf-- i.- are able to kill weakened or r trees which mijfht otherwise n>cover Other spc«-ii'.s of hark-U-rilfM of JcflBior interest are abundant in .!vi»i" t>'irk of spruce. pin«' and land. Timlx-rdwetles of wvcral !iimvu«»i arr plentiful T ' ' T ••,.,. the [)Oplar . if. and T. linratus Htr 'n- U'r-Uftle. in spruce nntl pine, an* the thi'ir s or ll•K^ or n-- freshly i value fi.r They nisi I of fun • M; - ar Tl biuui, at,v tin* a|)poiMt mont of Mr. Iv .l.'Zavitz. M.S.F., to the position of I'ctiestry Coimnis- sionor for the pr(»\iiiee. This is a pn«:ition just erealetl (so far. at least, as title trartnient as to euttinjr iriethods. disp«»sal of hnish, and f;enerally as \u hunher- inp: methods on Crown lands in the provinee. and reforestation in vren- eral. For the present the work at the Ontario At;rietiltural ("nllepe and in waste land planting in Nor- folk county will also he undi-r the direction of Mr. Zavit/. This ap- pointment looks like an important forward step in the forest policy of the provinet- and the Jnurnnl re- echoes tln' wishes of Mr. Zavitz's many friends for all sueeess in his new oflRee. MEETING OF DIRECTORS Important Interview with the Rifi:ht Honourable the Prime Minister and the Minister of the Interior. An important inivtinK of f^•' r>tns-tori« of the ('nnailinn Foro-try A 'i «»" ItpM in the l>otir.l room of tho i . .. .* Monril»lc for the Prr'i.U'nt. Mr. .If>hn Hi-n-lry. of Vanfoiivor, to afft-n.l, it «i»- i-xp-. ti'.l that the Vicp Proii.lont. Hon. NV. A. « through im|»««rm tivo parli.imi'nfary t)\i«ino-«, thi' "-hair wa* taken upon motion l>y Mr. (5. V <"hn««i>. P*«t Prori'lent. .\ niimt'or of th- nnatVe to l>o prcont forwar-lo'l ?' on the q\ic?tion.'< coming «ip tor anit thew in «'v«>ry ra-'o wero ii doi'i>ion'< reai'he••»■ -'T- •- (if the lioiiiinioii <■> Mer«« pr«' impro\<'<| ( I ) iliKpo^al ul ilri' tiiiil .T lan.|^; ' .'D • , aiiil ( 4 ) 'iTiiri 'I'lc I^J^e^t '••rviir. '1 in- 'eiiti'"! with a finv v««)rt. At I'J. t ^>ir^•^•tor^ Prime Mine-lfr, anter of the Interior, in th«' formtT, the itrpiitation li-ini; Mr. <'hown an Me'^n<. Win. I.ittli-. iiiM>n, Ottux^a; Thuniu.* riinto; Gorilon < '. Kilwar^l' \Vil^on, Jiran-I Mm-. i^\u !>«Miis Murphy, Ottawa; l.l M.'ll.oiirii<-. i^ut'.; W. < '. J an«'nilin(; to • ual ill ' '■ ' * Ih.- f. ri- V;i;. ..... . gram from the an«l Shingle ' rontaininu' t t«'nor ■ of eoi (^ie>)>«H*. All verv h.-i: : lion A' th.- on tm in thr out H< abo \i\vvn to forest firoH an. I thi'ir oxtinKiii^bfTient ; ch- tinmtinu the iliima^e iloiie \>\ a forest fire IP aho liriellv treated. In the chapter on Timber K*timatin^ the ii>e of* volume tatile«t is explaine>y a map of the re^^ion •nlri' 1 anJ forty half tone ciiti*. Wood Idenlification. T'rof. Roronl 's book* con^i^ti* of » grn- «ral l!ifctl••^ion of the pr. of nootaic«. Part I of the l>ook ileaU with the olru ttirai ami phv«ic»| pro|>ortio«« at i*oo«l in jjenerai. It

an* •thcr. IVcuIiaritie* of wn- ' * — ttiri», Mich aft tyloses, pith flecks ao'l »anio ar« *Kronnmic Woodn of thr I nttrd States, by Samurl J. Record. Sar J'ort: John WiUv •/• SoHJi; London: I'hiipman J- Hall. The writer « lirfiDition' ti'Xtiire" •h<»iil'l ti-nl tti I that '<• ..• ,,f • in tb« writer • ~ \tr af al>o ilealt with of ' grain ' aid remove the ' ' from the inju ■lealing with merely jfives n an>l littif* nil the •tnirtnral mikI | of "iich rhemical p' , ta^tc for the purporr of ieation i« ' -'•• in-licate.l. ' I of the tiotik i*. prartieallr vpt*! Hi);, only an > of timlier ph ing to it. Follow ing ' of the • -t • -• . - ' the a 'V t more p»h:i i nrX 11 ' ron>)>'<*(e I* If. Vl .1. M ro- i;rrat ral rit... -I* 'tjD .158 Canadian Forestry Journal, November- December, 1912. \^oo(ls ail' ^eliioin coiii^istent, anil, while they may serve to tell certain specimens apart, they cannot be relied on in the ma- jority of cases. This difficulty also applies to deciiluous woods, but to a lesser degree, as the individual peculiarities of a species are usually more consistent with these woods. Distinctions that rely on the difference in color between heartwood and sapwood are freely used, in s})ite of the fact that these are useless with small hand specimens, in the majority of cases. The writer attem}>ts to distinguish between the woods of the four Southern pines and of the different species of sj)ruce, but explains that the dis- tinctions are not always reliable. The gross distinctions are not clearly distinguished from the microscopic ones, and the pecu- liarities in cross-sections are liable to be confused with those of radial or longi- tudinal sections. The identification key is also accompanied by a complete list of re- ferences to the existing literature. The book was designed for the iise of foresters, timber inspectors and wood-users, but would be of more value as an outline of a course of study than as a handbook. It is a trifle too technical for the average wood-user, but should be invaluable to for- estry students. A forest map of the United States and a. series of thirty photo-micrographs of characteristic wood sections is appended, and the introduction contains a brief out- line of the methods of preparing s])ecimens for niicrobotanical study. The Larch Saw-fly. The Large Larch Saw-fly, the subject of this bulletin*, is no doubt the most widely known species of insect destructive to forests in Canada, though of late years the Spruce Budworm has come into prominence. Over the whole of Eastern Canada this saw-fly has lulled wellnight all the tamarack, or larch, and of late its ravages have spread to the middle western provinces of the Dominion. The Dominion Department of Agriculture is fortunate in having in its emjiloy, as Dominion Entomologist, in the person of Dr. Hewitt, one who has given to the insect an amount of study and careful investi- gation such as no other student of entomol- ogy has bestowed on it. The results of *Tlie Large Larch Saw-fly (Nematus erichsonii) with an Account of its Parasites, other Natural Enemies and Means of Con- trol, hy C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc Dominion Entomologist. {Dominion Department of Agriculture, Experimental Farms. Bulletin No. 10, second series: Entomological Bulle- tin No. 5). Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1912. Pp. 42. One colored plate, four half-tone illustrations and 22 figures in the text. his investigations up to the present, both in Kngland and Canada, are embodied in this bulletin. The first part of the bulletin is taken up with an account of the history and distribution of the insect, the technical description of it and an account of its life-history. This is followed by a discus- sion of the injury to trees (through oviposi- tion by the mature insect and through de- foliation by the larvae). A point of spe- cial interest to foresters is that Dr. Hewitt has found the saw-flies on the Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis), generally supposed to be immune. Natural enemies described are field mice and birds. Special attention is given to parasites and predaceous insects; some twenty or more insect parasites and one predaceous insect are described. The study of Dr. Guessow, Dominion Botanist, of the parasitic fungus Isaria farino.^o is also outlined at some length. Much of the practical value of the l)ulle- tin lies in the section on Preventive and Remedial Measures. Constant vigilance, care in planning a plantation (not planting larch ' pure, ' i.e., as the only species in the plantation) is urged, also the encouragement and protection of birds. Remedial measures for small plantations include spraying, de- struction of cocoons, hand-picking, jarring the trees and banding. The most hopeful means of restricting or stopping the spread of the insect is the aiding of the natural enemies of the insect by fostering its natural parasitic enemies. An outline of the work already done at the Central Experimental Farm is given. A short account of the economic value of the larch is included in the bulletin, credit for which is given to the Dominion Forestry Branch. The author, Dr. Hewitt (Dominion Ento- mologist, Central Experimental Farm, Ot- tawa) will be glad to receive information in regard to the insect. Copies of the bulletin may be obtained by applying to the Publications Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. Dr. Schenk's 'Sylviculture.' Under the title of ' The Art of the Second Growth, or American Sylviculture,' Dr. C. A. Schenck, Director of the Biltmore Forest School, has issued a revised (third) edition of his * Biltmore Lectures on Sylviculture. ' The form and arrangement of the work re- main the same. As compared with the first edition many emendations are to be noted, and a number of changes in nomenclature, e.g., ' sprout ' forest instead of ' coppice ' forest, 'composite' instead of 'coppice un- der standards, ' ' seed ' forest taking the place of 'high' forest. The book is, as al- ways, a handy manual of the art, and is worthy of a place in every forester 's library. A iiifti. 150 An Elementary Manual. I'rof ( 'hiipinaii 's ' Korostry : An Klfinen- tary Tn'atiso'^ is truly naiiioati^o. Mr. Chapiiian tolls litt!«» now nltoiit forestry, l>nt his liook is moii(> thi- li'-« u-«'Iiil for that. In a ]>o|Milar f«>rin In- has toM tin- elonuMitary facts alxmt fore^'try in thirty thousaml worils Ix'twoiMi fws|»ai>fr. In tho hook it.'-«'lf this means fiyhty pa^i-s of larjjo type, easily rea'l liecaii'e of the nature lK)th of the writing iiu>\ the jirinfinjj. Amonj; the suhjects r.--i 1%.!?. The IwMik i-" n l.rii!, (Nt.Hit ion of fi)re-i f . of the ohjeetH of ' ionrt>rvation. It U'twivn what i«. i what iH I" formation widely iliftrilniteil in ^ of forent eonfervatioi. ...i . thi imirh M*«r Trial%*r, 6y Ittrmann II. fhapman, \i h f- ' pro- f, .\xor nf FitriAlrit, Yalr ' I'm^- li.thtti bti Tht An hiniitnt. f'ki- Kif/o. III.. r.s.A. . Forest School Notes* Brief Progress Reports from Three Universities Prot. \{. W. .\liii«r. ui" ilif Inivers- ity of Nfw liriinswick, in a rocrnt letter to til.' editor, fjivos the follow- iiip nf»tf ,is to the work in that iini- versity I his year : We hiivr J.') sltidonts here at the li.N.li.. an«l the interest is gradual ly inereasinir. Ky recent action of the Senaic. intini: iipoti the advice of Mr. Knechtcl and myself, I hav«- heen put in chari/c t.f secnrinu' tln' 'olIeKo wnoil upon the collei;e lamU fsome l«iO .(•nisi and will cut it in aicorfliUH .• with fonslry reijnla tions. \V.- may al.so do a little low' i;in^ on this tract and tfive the stu- dents some practical cxfM'rience in thinninirs. makiiiu roiuls. yardini.' ;ind scalin!.: I<'^r<. ••'•'. rij^ht «ni oin own lands. Dnrint; the last year the students have mapped sonn' .'»(H> acres of the c(dlei»«' hnuls annl time has the fol- low ini; atteiidane. • lass of l!li:{. 12 Mtii >^ of V.n\. I'l s- ' • ' , \H sludenlM, _ Of theM'. thirty hold NcliolnnthipH. uiiich they ohtaified after i V- .1": ;r:.'tt inrr- ••■ ■' :* •• h fi** n olhrrw an' •>■ payiiiff th'ir ftiifi..n Duuit; t" nil'id inrr« .IS. •" •' ■ - ' — ■' h'UH now .iris, ti injr it iaru" ' iu.irfrs of the Pni- -• • iirhool wil! ha^'f* a huii.tinir ot it.< own 160 Canadian Forestry Journal, November-December, 1912. before long. Another contemi)lated step is the organization of a school for the instruction of forest guards for the government and the lumber companies. A preliminary building is to be built this year at Berthier- ville, on the nursery grounds, and no doubt within two years the under school will be in operation, as there is a greal demand for such instruc- tion. The lumbermen of Quebec are tak- ing a great interest in the work of education. They have given employ- ment to some of the students during their months of practise, and it is ex- pected that they will co-operate be- fore long in the organization of the chairs of lumbering, wood industries, etc. University of Toronto Notes. The Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, which graduated twelve students last year, has in the registration for the present academic year filled up its ranks to the number of 44, two old students who had interrupted their course returning and 17 new ones being registered. The grad- uating class has ten names, the first year of the four-year course eight names, the second year ten, and the third year five, l)esides eight in the six-year course in vari- ous years, and three occasional students. Mo^t of the graduates found employment with the Forestry Branch of the Dominion Department of the Interior, and a few with the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. The call for foresters, owing to the sud- den organization of the British Columbia Forest Branch, has been so urgent that the J^ominion Branch has not been able to retain all its men, and a number have joined the new department. The market for foresters has been brisk with consequent raises in salaries to an unusual level for young men, and altogether a hopeful development for employment is anticipated. There have been no essential changes in the curriculum as followed hitherto, except that the practice camp has been held at the beginning of the session instead of at the end. An unusually satisfactory location for the camp was found at Frank's Bay, Lake Nipissing, Ontario, where an old depot of the John B. Smith & Sons Lumber Com- pany was at the disposal of the fifteen students who attended the camp, with two instructors, and a virgin stand of led pine (limits of the Strong Lumber Company), to be logged this winter, together with other types, gave excellent opportunity for prac- tice work in forest survey, and gathering data for working plan, studying detail of types, constructing growth tables, etc. The work was carried out according to careful plans and has been so complete and satisfactory with regard to red pine growth- studies that it is expected to publish the results. Forcstation on National Forests in the United States By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr., Asst. Dist. Forester, U. S. Forest Service. United States government foresters have realized for some time the enor- mous task before them in order to ar- tificially reforest land that should be perpetually timber-producing. The total area of National Forests is ap- proximately 190,000,000 acres. It is estimated that there are 15,000,000 acres within the forests which have *Based upon the National Forest Manual and upon the report of the Forester for 1911. been deforested and that half of this area is reforesting naturally at the rate of 150,000 acres a year. This leaves the enormous total of seven and one half million acres to be plant- ed and sown artificially. The policy is now pretty well es- tablished that watersheds should first be reforested, and then areas where a good stand of timber can be quick- ly ol)tained at a low cost and where the local need for timber supplies is Fort'statutn fin Xatiunal ForrstM Hil ^iratcsl lii-ruif iMiriiiiH'iifiii^; work Oil a lai"f,'f scale, il is felt thai iiifm- sivo cxpcriiiieiitM must Im> iiia.0(M) acres. Two general methods were employ- ed, namely, direct seeding on the best sites and planting thrifty nursery stock on the less favoi'able sites.* The «lirect st'eding covt're«l a total of 2'-i,- 2;ir).()4 acres. This re8.4r) llw. at $1.24 per lb.; the hardwoo«ls, 10.632 lbs. at 11. fie per lb. The conifers purel -- ed amounted to 2<»,7i{4 lb. at a ».).>: of 78c per lb.; the hardwoods 28.- 162.5 lb. at :M;<' per lb. The total amoMtit of .seetl .secured ainoU'ifed to 118.:{2«i.:t:> lb. at a cost of .fsS.riHriiO. It has Ix'en determined thnt the cheai>est and beat metho,, the best sea.son for sowing has U-en the I'all, and, since most of the H«*eiiN- ly lionated by the Indian Forest S4T- vice ditl not germinate. The sowing oj)erations have Iwen mainly by three methods: (1) broad- casting; (2) see«>lai earlier tlian spring .sowing. In the future the siles will Im* map- ped in advanc«' and will Im* ]■■ • tl with wheat Inith In-fore and at >- ing to curtail the ilaniage by riMienta. The chief species UHcd in ' are yellow pine. Dougla.s fir. \v " T amounts of Kngebnann ny .:• • pole pine, sugar pine, black walnut, white oak. Jiml still ^ ^ of iiuiriliiiie pine • t luethodH sfKits placeci 6 ft. X ti ft. vith twenty to thirty " h •■ ■' . is$} "- • •■ ' this I $.'{..'>() to $t (NJ an acre. While n .'sf of • i be done by sowing, .>•■ "-'iii* j-niruinf 162 Ganadian Forestry Journal, November-December, 1912. will be attempted, chiefly for experi- ment. At present the Forest Service maintains seven large nurseries, with an annual capacity of from one to four million plants in addition to twenty-two small nurseries, and there are now 35,000,000 plants on hand for use during the next two years. The policy of maintaining large nurseries rather than small ones has been pretty generally adopted, not- withstanding the shipping cost and the danger of the stock drying out in transit. A few years ago a large nmnber of so-called ranger nurseries were established on almost every for- est, but this proved expensive and unsatisfactory. ]\Iany of the rangers wasted time on their nursery work and it seriously interfered with their regular executive duties. The trans- plants in the past have averaged from $8.00 to $12.00 in cost per thousand, but it is hoped in the future that two-year-old seedlings (conifers) can be raised at 75c per thousand, and two-year-old stock once transplanted for $1.75 a thousand. Seedlings will be used only in the more favorable sites, and two-year- old stock, once transplanted, and oc- casionally three-year-old stock, once transplanted; or three-year-old stock, twice transplanted, on the more un- favorable situations. Yet it must be borne in mind that even planting will be confined to situations where there are excellent chances for suc- cess. For example, the Forest Ser- vice would not attempt to reforest a dry southern slope until the cool moist northern slopes had been planted. The chief species to ])e used in planting are yellow pine, Douglas fir. lodgepole pine, sugar pine, Engel- manii s]iniee. with some eucalyptus and a number of other species for purely experimental purposes. The ordinary spacing is 6 feet x 6 feet. In the past plantations have cost, in- cluding nursery stock, $20.00 to $22.00 per acre ; in the future it is hoped that this cost can be reduced to from $8.00 to $12.00 an acre. The national forests which are situ- ated in the western United States liave been divided roughly into six administrative districts. They are as follows : 1. Montana, northeastern Washing- ton, northern Idaho, northwestern South Dakota, northern Michigan, northern Minnesota, and southwestern North Dakota; 2. Colorado, Wyoming, South Da- kota, Nebraska, and western Kansas : 3. Arizona, New Mexico, Okla- homa, Arkansas and Florida ; 4. Utah, southern Idaho, western Wyoming, eastern and central Ne- vada, and northwestern Arizona ; 5. California ; 6. Washington, Oregon and Alas- ka . This wide diversity of conditions naturally presents an enormous num- ber of reforestation problems. At present, most of the reforestation is to be confined to the northern dis- tricts, namely, 1, 2, 4 and 6. In dis- tricts 3 and 5 the work will be chiefly experimental. The present budget calls for the reforestation of 30,000 acres annually; 1,000 acres in the two southernmost districts (3 and 5), and 29.000 in the northern districts. In Washington and Oregon the best re- sults are expected from Douglas fir sown in seed spots; and in district one from yellow pine sown in seed spots. In Southern California the at- tempt to replace chaparral with a valuable timber species has been un- successful, ai^d in the future the re- forestation will be confined to higher elevations. The results from eucalyp- tus plantations in Southern Califor- nia have been very poor, and the only results that promise success have been with seedlings in pots 2 in. x 2 in. x S in., so that they could be planted without disturbing the root system. In Florida, maritime pine promises to be successful, and the species yields a larger quantity of resin that long- leaf pine and grows much more ra- pidly. Continued Oil page 16^. With the Forest Engineers. In the B.C. Forest Service Thi- t'ollowiii^ uccuiint of thi- lucjitioii of the fit'M vtJilT of tin- Hriti>-li < 'oliiiiiliia forf'-t s«'r\i«'r has lio-n kiihllv fiirnivlifil \>y H. K. MacMillan. Chief Forester: — .Mr. L. K. .\ihlr«'\\s wnw I'ligayftl for thi month of ()rtolicr aii-ttiily of the mi-hIc in the inill.s of thi* interior. His main opera lions were «oni|MttoeI_v. Mr. F. \V. Meanl was in the months Jnlv to S«'ptenilier in iharye of a party north of the liailwav IJelt ln-tween the Harriere anil Ailams HiNer--. In this time he covereil \h'- tween L'cn ainl -tCMt Mjiiare miles anreet\ve«'n twenty five ami forty sni\ in thi i'oliiinliia aiiil Western Lan>l (trant. Messrs. <'uverhill, Ki|;;eroml>«' aii<'n IuiiiIh jilon^ the line of <'on>-truetioii for the pur po.'fs of tie inakiii^. The feaiture of the>e |>rrmit.H is that all llrll^h is to Ih- pileil ami itiirheil within tift_\ feet of the riyht of way, therehy making a total ileare.l 'trip of two hunilreii ille^'ally oM them at ^-..'i" |><*r \\. fw«t, lioiinl mea'-iire. Thi» pru-e is iiiiliea tive of the hi(;h stnmpnKe whnh olitniiix .'ilon^ the lines of ronstrtn-tton in Canaiia. He al'ii rriii-eil two . whieh are now iiinler < of the fire killeil timlMT. He hii« al>f> iiwii eii^a^eil III the rolleetion iif royalty un the tiinlH-r eiit. Mr. ('nverhiU'o Murk arounij Ha/elton uimI Mr. Kii ' ' . »• , Oeorp- ha\e lut-n of f Mr. .1. K. (Sarear m and Wiiiilermert' '■ .%.. tiu-r work. The \'alley ha." Iiei'n luirnisl ovrr. and IS now tovereil with repr. ' ' n Ilr han nom eome to take part m - rs nf the <'olum|iia and We«ter mt on the North fork o( the K- Me«vrsi. H. .1. Marvin an. I \ ^ •iiU^.rt havi" Im-cii »i ■ the timlier a mile f^trip aloin; the line of the li.'r.l*. t: the Alberta lioiindary t«> • • ■■■ii |7.'» n....- Weft. They have l>e«Mi • rini; to find what land ^hould \f withJjiM ui In-r xdd. They ha\e ul'o Uimi . mill sites alony the FruM-r ruer. Mr. J .1). (Silinoiir has U-«'n i-ritiatng titn l>«>r on lands for ^ale aloni; the roa*t. Th<- Forest Hraiich is now di'| ' ." I'odies of linrned tiridter ui that should l>e >' liy ojtfrators in the viriuity a» a n living \va.ste. For one* month hr wa* in '|K>(-ting lofjgini; •ainpN to ' ^ th< new Fore-t \enmark, (iermany anil India, luu> hail I harge of a party making a >U' ' ' Illation of lands near h!holt t just what is ^ood for timU-r and Hh^t ituKbi I e iiJ-ed f(»r agririilliire. Mr. L. S. Hige^ thin Hummrr Max in tkr Salmon Iliver valley, Yanrouver \'\t, ;;a^ed in a deterininntion of Ih** amoiintii of a^r: and ' He re|>orts one \i • In. h .. and a half Idllion fe«*t timlx'r. He aim re|K»rt» a ^ .\ acrieiiltural lan.i nivere.! with whirh in n r. . If ■ l\ Hininattoii i.f U'\ on thi W Mr. II. .'^